■ Glass. TL&G& Bonk .N while the burning lava, as it fell into the water, was shivered into millions of minute particles. The coast was extended into the sea a quarter of a mile at this time. For three weeks this terrific river disgorged itself into the sea, heating the water for twenty miles along the coast, and destroying multitudes of fishes. The breadth of the stream, where it fell into the sea, was about half a mile, but inland it varied from one to four miles, conform- ing, like a river of water, to the face of the country over which it passed. It varied in depth from ten to two hundred feet, according to the inequali- ties of the surface, and the whole length of the stream was forty miles. During the flow night was converted into day, the light being seen over one hundred miles at sea, and the finest of print could be read forty miles away at midnight. According to Prof. J. D. Dana, 15,400,000,000 cubic feet of matter flowed from Kilauea at this eruption — a mass equal to a triangular ridge eight hundred feet high, two miles long, and one mile wide at its base. And so we might go on and enumerate thousands of recorded instances of volcanic action, but enough have been given to show the reader the grand and wonderful power that lies hidden somewhere in the bowels of the earth, and which from time to time exerts itself in this manner. The reader will also get some idea of what may be done by volcanic action, and when he looks upon the lava-covered hills and mountains of Napa County he can see that, while this action has been great here, it has been as nothing compared with many other places in the world. It is recorded that one single eruption of Skapter Jokul, mentioned above, would cover an area thirty miles square to a depth of one hundred feet. Napa County is not much larger than that. The other grand agent in changing and modifying the surface of the earth is water, and we will give the reader some idea of the importance Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 25 and activity of this factor. Improbable as it may seem, the falling of rain upon the rocks of the mountain sides continually wears them away, until eventually they are changed much in appeai'ance and size. As tlu' rain-drop descends through the atmosphere it becomes impreg- nated with carbonic acid, which is able to decompose many kinds of rock, especially those of a calcareous nature. Frost is a powerful modifying agent. Water finds its way into the fissures of the rocks, where it' freezes and rends them asunder, often sending the loosened fragments headlong into the valley below, where they are taken up by the torrents of mountain streams, and eventually find their way to the river bed as smooth and nicely rounded boulders. On the top of St. Helena there is a great pile of broken fragments of stone, which very much resembles a dump pile of a mine, which has been formed by this agency alone. The rock was origi- nally deposited in strata, and projected as a great peak on the summit of the mountain. The water permeated between the strata, and the cold tem- perature of the summit did the balance of the work. The rock was forced off in fragments just as deep as the water had gone. Springs produce rapid and remarkable changes by depositing the sub- stances held in solution by them, such as lime, iron, soda, silica and magnesia, thus forming beds of calcareous tufea, bog iron ore, and serpen- tine. Every one is familiar with the sediment that is deposited by the mineral springs in Napa and Lake Counties. The heaviest deposit made by any springs in these two counties is to be seen at the soda springs on the ranch of Messrs. Priest. There a plateau of over an acre has been formed, varying in depth from a few feet to fifty, and the formation extends down the stream in which the water flows, for a distance of over a mile. In So- lano County, at Tolenas Springs, a few miles north of Suisun, a fine body of white onyx has been deposited. Rivers cut channels in the superficial accumulations, and through the solid rocks, and transport loose material to the valleys below, and into the water basins, and what is true of rivers may be said of all streams of water, no matter how small they may be. Every mountain brook, during flood seasons, bears with it much of the substance along its banks down into the streams of the valleys, and they in turn take it up and bear it to the rivers, and they to the bays. An estimate of the greatness of this action may be had when we state that a large portion of Louisiana has been brought down the Mississippi River, and the land is still advancing into the Gulf of Mexico, it being estimated that 28,000,000,000 cubic feet is annually carcied down by this river and deposited at its mouth. The Amazon is so charged with sediment that its waters can be de- tected by their discoloration three hundred miles from its mouth. The Nile has formed vast deltas at its mouth, and there is good evidence that 26 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. nearly all of Egypt has been formed in this manner by that river. The Ganges carries such vast quantities of sediment and detritus to the sea during the four months of its flood season, that it would require a fleet of eighty vessels, each freighted with one thousand four hundred tons of mud, to sail by a given point every hour of the day and night, to carry an amount equal to it, and during the entire year there is an amount equal to 20,000,- 000,000- cubic feet deposited at its mouth. Can the human mind grasp even an idea of such vast sums ? Indeed, it cannot ; and yet, this is only really a fraction of the amount that is being transported from the mountains, hills and dales of the whole earth, to the mighty and capacious maws of old Mother Ocean. Would we see near at home this action and its result, we have only to look at the Sacramento River and its tributaries. There was a time when the American River de- bouched into the bay ; but now the mouth of the Sacramento River is forty or fifty miles to the south of it. The San Joaquin River once had its mouth far up, near the site of Stockton, or even above that. All that sec- tion of country now designated as " tule lands," embraced in Sherman, Union, Andrus, Staten, Grand, Schoolcraft and Brannan Islands, was once covered with a deep body of water, and it has only been raised to its present altitude by long and continued depositions of sediment by the streams which empty into it. Of these Cache and Putah Creeks have played no small part> and much of the matter that is now lying in the substratums of Schoolcraft Island were once a portion of the mountains of Napa and Lake Counties. Tule and other vegetable matter have been found at a depth of eighty and one hundred feet in the locality of Georgetown, Sacramento County, and on Dr. Ziele's place, at the lower end of Brannan Island. This action was comparatively slow and it must have consumed a vast age of time to accomplish it. But since the advent of the white man, especially the Americans, the work has gone on very rapidly. The hardy miner has aided in the matter very materially, and almost in the third of a century the streams have been all filled up, and the Bay is having great encroachments made upon it. In 1850 quite large steamers plied with ease as high up the Feather River as Marysville, while now only light draught steamers are able to reach it during the flood season. Then steamers went up the Sacramento to Red Bluff, and now when a small launch reaches the place it is a matter of rejoicing and cannon are fired, and the citizens turn out en masse to see it. As late as 1852 the water was over fifty feet deep in the Sacramento River for some distance below the State Capital, and such ocean steamers as the " Senator," made the trip from there to San Francisco with ease, while at the present time only very light draught stern- wheel steamers are able to keep above the sand bars. Coming nearer home, we find an excellent example in the Napa River. Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 27 All the tule land that lies between the city and the bay was formed by this Agency. It is not improbable that the Bay of Napa was once a handsome sheet of water, reaching from the present line of the railroad on the east to the foothills on the west, and extending noi'th to the present site of Napa City, or even further. Since the advent of agricultural pursuits in Napa County, this action has progressed very rapidly. Who that has seen the Napa River in a time of flood can doubt as to the amount of sediment borne by it to the bay below. The streets of Napa City attest to that fact after every overflow. Waves produce geological changes, and the fact can be seen on any of the mountain sides of Napa, where the traces of their action have not been obliterated by subsequent action. The shore line spoken of above, which is to be seen in the western slope of the range to the east of Napa Valley attests this fact. In many places small caves have been hollowed out, and at one place, near the Crystal Springs Hotel, north-east of the town of St. Helena a few miles, there is a cave over eighty feet in length, in a strataum of clay and shale. Along the present shore line of the Pacific many such places can be found, and are designated by the term " blow-holes." Near Mendocino City there is one so large that a schooner once went into it with one man on board, and neither man or vessel were ever seen or heard from afterwards. How extensive these cavities are is unknown, but they have been explored for the distance of a mile. Near Cahto, in- Mendocino County, over forty miles distant from the ocean, and over a high range of mountains, there are some mud springs which ebb and flow with the tide, and it is thought that there is a possibility of these springs being connected with the Pacific by means of one of these " blow-holes." Thus it will be seen that the great agencies of the world have been busily at work in Napa County as elsewhere. Passing from the general to the special geological features of Napa County, we will name and describe the various metals and minerals to be found within its borders. Metals. — Metals are found either native or in the state of ores, the former being pure or simply mixed, but not chemically combined, with some other substance, while the latter is chemically combined with foreign matter. Metals occur in layers or beds, in veins intersecting the rocks, or disseminated through them in grains and crystals. They are only found in the two last forms in Napa County. Iron. — This metal is found native only in meteorites — those wonderful bodies which occasionally fall to our earth — hence we need not expect to find it in any quantities here. Iron, as an ore, does not occur in any great 28 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. bodies in the county, but in its several forms is very generally dissemi- nated over the surface of the country. It is the oxyd of iron which gives to the rocks, lava, and soils their reddish color, and the protoxyd which gives to all mineral substances their yellowish color. Chromate of iron is an ore of a dark brown color, and is usually found in serpentine. Persons familiar with this latter substance will remember that it bears a large percentage of chromate in this county. Iron pyrites, or sulphuret of iron, is the most common of all the ores, except the oxyds, and is diffused throughout all the minerals and rocks of the county. It is better known as " Fool's Gold," from its yellow color and close resemblance to free gold. Manganese. — This metal occurs in small quantities in certain sections of Napa County. Its presence is detected by the color of the water that has flowed over it after a rain, rather than by its appearance in bodies. Tin. — Tin ore, or the oxyd of tin, is said to exist in small quantities at the lower end of Chiles Valley, and a man has a large amount of work done on a tin ledge in that locality ; but he has not yet developed the fact to the satisfaction of his neighbors that the metal exists in quantities sufficient to pay for working. That some tin is in the ledge, they all believe. Silver. — This metal occurs in three forms in Napa County — native, chlorides, and sulphurets. In its native form, it is found in union with gold ; as a chloride, it appears in black streaks in the substance through which it is disseminated, and as a sulphuret, it occurs in flaky-appearing spots or specks in the quartz in which it is incorporated. In all the mines in the vicinity of Calistoga, it is found in some one of these forms, and often, and indeed, generally, in all three. Gold. — Gold occurs in union with silver in all the silver mines in the county, and in quite large quantities. It does not occur free, however, as a rule, and but few ledges have been discovered where it is so found. Quicksilver. — This metal is found in greater or less quantities all over the northern portion of the county, the principal lodes extending from south-east to north-west. The ore on which the Redington Mine is situated extends as far north as the Sulphur Bank in Lake County. The ore on which the Ivanhoe and Oat Hill Mines are situated extends as far north as the Great Western, the Great Eastern lying between the two. The ledge on which the Phoenix and Washington are located/extends to the top of St. Helena Mountain, while the Oakville is located on the west side of Napa Valley, and that lode extends well into Sonoma County. When we speak of a lode extending to such and such points we do not mean to say that a mine can be opened at any and all points along the line, but that the same Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 29 general systems of rocks and minerals extend over the designated territory. Cinnabar is the form in which this metal usually occurs, and is composed of 81 f grains of quicksilver to 18J grains of sulphur. It does not usually occur free, but there are a few instances where it does. It usually occurs in veins of soft talcose rock, and in serpentine districts, but the Ivanhoe and Oat Hill are exceptions, for in them it often occurs associated with sandstone, and so closely that it can not be detected until a metallic sub- stance has been rubbed harshly against it, when the cinnabar is seen by the red streak left upon the rock. Minerals. — We will now pass to the consideration of the minerals that are to be found in Napa County. Quartz. — Quartz or silica is the most widely diffused of all the minerals which go to make up the surface of the earth. It is found of every shade of color, owing to the readiness with which it combines with other sub- stances. Beautiful specimens of quartz crystals are to be found in all the mining section around and above Calistoga, and those taken from the Sil- verado Mine, referred to above, are among the choicest to be found in California. Feldspar. — This substance enters largely into the composition of the earth's crust, and differs from quartz in having a regular cleavage, a pearly luster, and in being somewhat softer than the latter. When this mineral is decomposed it forms a clay called kaolin, much used in the manufacture of pottery. Common brick clay is impure, decomposed feldspar, and the color is due to the oxyd of iron in the clay. There are several localities where brick clay, as well as potter's, is found in Napa County. Limestone. — This very valuable mineral occurs in Napa County in quite extended quantities and in many localities. A ledge of it extends from the northern end of Berryessa Valley, across the upper end of Pope Valley, and thence into Lake County. Some of this will burn to good advantage, the re- sult being a fair quality of quick-lime. There seems to be an impression that a rock is not limestone unless it will burn and make lime. Such an idea will mislead any one, for there are large bodies of true limestone which will not make lime at all. Limestone is the carbonate of lime. Gypsum. — The sulphate of lime occurs in several localities in Napa County, beginning at the lower end of Berryessa Valley and extending across the range to the lower end of Chiles Valley. It is a firm, solid, heavy rock, and easily acquires quite a polish, and as readily loses it when exposed to the action of the atmosphere. Hornblende. — This is a tough mineral, generally dark colored, and occurs everywhere in rocks of volcanic origin, and in some of the older slates and 30 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. in syenite. It is found, in small quantities in Napa County in connection with serpentine. Talc. — This is the softest mineral given in the scale of hardness, and has an unctious or oily feeling. It is in talcose rock, mostly, that cinnabar is found, hence it can be seen in any of the quicksilver mines in the county, except, perhaps, the Oakville. Serpentine. — This occurs in its massive form in many sections of Napa County, especially near Rnoxville, and the Phoenix Mine. It is a grayish color, and may be easily discerned by the smooth, almost oily surface of it. It is mottled by the chromate of iron. None of the finer varieties, such as verd -antique, are met with here. Shale. — Shale occurs in large quantities in Napa County, and may be seen in most of the road cuts along the mountain sides, notably in the grade up St. Helena. It is formed from clay, which is hardened into rock by pressure and chemical action, together with a species of crystalization which occurs in the mineral base of the clay. Silicious shale is the most common, if not the only kind to be found in Napa County. Sulphur. — This substance is to be found everywhere in Napa County in composition with other minerals, and in many of the springs of the county, notably the White Sulphur, near St. Helena, and the Hot Springs at Calistoga. Soda. — This mineral, in the form of carbonates, sulphates and chlorides, is to be found in connection with the waters of many springs in the county, such as the Napa Soda and the Walter Springs. Ammonia. — This substance is developed in large quantities in the pro- cess of reducing the ores of the Oat Hill Mines. Goal. — Coal of a good quality has been found in Browns Valley, the vein being four and a half feet thick, but for some cause it has never been advantageously worked. It is not a true coal, however, but is brown or lignitic, and not well adapted to economical purposes. It is sometimes stated that the coal of this State, and, in fact, all coal, is the product of petroleum — that is, asphaltum hardened into the condition in which it now appears— but such is not the case. There has only been, so far, one locality discovered where such a coal occurs, and that is in Albert County, Canada, and the coal is known as Albertite. Petroleum. — This very useful substance occurs almost all over Napa County in greater or less quantities, being present in all the mineral springs and in many of the pure water springs. On Mr. Cutler's place, north-west of Napa City a short distance, there is quite a considerable quantity of it to '(TUM Wi^&fr Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 31 be found, and Professor Denton visited the locality and gave it a careful examination, and pronounced the showing good for a paying yield. Pro- fessor Denton's theory of the source of petroleum will not be without inte- rest to the readers of our work in this connection. It has always been a mooted question as to what was the true origin of petroleum, many holding that it was the oil of those monster animals which infested the earth during the Carboniferous and subsequent ages of the world. Others held that it was the product of coal, and was closely allied thereto, having been driven out of the coal beds by the force of pressure and heat. Then there were a number of other ideas not worthy of record here, but interesting only as adornments to the great curiosity shop of the theories and vagaries of man- kind. The Professor's solution of the problem is, that the oil is a deposit made by a species of coral insect which existed in the Silurian and Devonian seas, and known as the favosite. They constructed their coral in the shape and style of a honey-comb, and filled the cells with an oily substance. In the course of time other ages deposited their formations upon these beds of coral, and the weight of superincumbent matter crushed these cells and lib- erated the oil. The limestones of the Devonian and Sub-Carboniferous periods were not porous enough to retain the oily matter, nor were the coal fields of the Carboniferous age. The Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous systems all contain rocks too compact to retain the oil, though it is probable that it remained in the sandstones of them all until crushed out by the weight of the upper layers of the earth's structure. In the Tertiary the sandstone is coarse and porous, and well adapted to receive the oil, and as there has not been such a great amount of matter deposited upon this formation, it is there that it is to be found. In substantiation of the asser- tion that the oil was formed by the favosites, the Professor states that he has often found the cells of this insect filled with the pure oil in Pennsyl- vania and West Virginia. It is evident that the oil came from somewhere, and that it was formed by some law of nature, and the thing to do is to decide what is the most feasible theory. The above seems to be that theory, and we incline to believe in its truthfulness, but leave our readers to believe whatsoever may seem best to them. Basalt and Trap.— Passing into the realm of volcanic action, we find basalt and trap rock as the two best representatives of these rocks. They are hard, compact, and basalt is well adapted to the uses of man. They occur in greater or less quantities all over Napa County. Tufa and Scoria. — These substances, which result from volcanic action, are found scattered all over the face of Napa County in rank profusion. They are useless in an economic view. Obsidian. — This is another volcanic substance, and resembles bottle glass 32 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. very much. A mountain of it exists north-east of St. Helena. It was used extensively by the Indians in the manufacture of arrow and spear heads. SPRINGS. — Napa County is noted far and wide for the abundance and variety of the Springs within its limits, they being both mineral and pure, cold and thermal. From every mountain side beautiful streams of water gush forth and find their way to the nearest brooklet, where their united rivulets form into a beautiful babbling stream, that sings a merry song as it dances over the pebbly bed, or leaps like a merry-hearted school girl, from rock to rock, in its gleeful chase to the valley below. The water from these springs is soft, pure and sweet, and it is truly a delight to quench one's thirst with the pearly draught. The flow of these springs vary from a few gallons to enormous quantities per day. The water is very useful for the purpose of irrigation, and is much used for that. The mineral springs of Napa County are worthy an extended notice, and the reader is referred to the Township histories, where full and complete sketches will be found of them all; but here only an outline will be given. These springs are divided into two general classes, thermal and cold, and the hot sulphur springs at Calistoga, and the iEtna Springs afford fine illustrations of the former, while the Napa Soda and "Walter's Springs represent the latter. Soda, iron, sulphur and magnesia, are the principal minerals contained in all these springs, their peculiarities existing only on account of the amount of each in the individual springs. TIMBER. — While Napa County is not pre-eminently a timbered section, yet almost all varieties of wood that are indigenious to this section of Cal- ifornia may be found within its limits. As many of the coniferce which grow in California are represented in Napa County, we append the following list, more as a matter of reference than anything else, feeling that it will serve a good purpose for all of our readers who are at all observing of the different trees which grow in their county : — 1. Picea nobilis, a magnificent tree, growing up to two hundred feet in height, flourishing principally in the Shasta Mountains. It has dark green leaves, which appear silvery underneath. It yields excellent timber, and is cultivated largely in Europe for ornamental purposes, being grown there from the seed. 2. Picea amabilis, a similar tree, growing especially near Truckee, where large forests of them exist, called by lumbermen red fir ; it has, however, different cones and lighter foliage than the fir. 3. Picea grandis, a fine tree, rising up to two hundred feet in height, called by lumbermen white or balsam fir. The lumber is, however, not Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 33 much esteemed, being soft and coarse-grained ; but it is exceedingly hand- some as an ornamental tree. 4. Picea cracteata, perhaps the handsomest of all conifers. It is found growing in the Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties. It is a tree of surpassing beauty, and highly esteemed in England, where young trees of this species are growing. The seed is extremely valuable, on account of the fact that many years pass by before the cones become perfect and produce seeds capable of germination. There is in San Luis Obispo County a grove of one hundred of these trees, worth a trip any time to see. Nowhere else are many found. Unless this grove is protected it will soon become extinct, as no young trees are growing in it. The tree would seem to have ceased to reproduce itself here. It must have aid and protection. No one has laid eyes on the handsomest cone-bearer who has not been so fortunate as to look up at the Picea cracteata, the beautiful tree, as they call it in Europe, where they consider it a rare gem. 5. Abies Douglasii, a most valuable tree of California, growing easily in almost any soil, excellent for timber, and found largely in Northern Cali- fornia and north to British Columbia. 6. Abies Menziesii, and seventh, Abies Williamsonii, grow chiefly in northern California. The lumber is used only for rough purposes, and is not very valuable. The first four are of the true firs, while the fifth, sixth, and seventh are the spruces of the coast. 8. Pinus Lambertiana, the sugar-pine, the grandest tree of the country ; cultivated in northern Europe now, largely because of its excellent timber qualities, and most of the growth there is from seeds sent from here, especially from British Columbia, and by the Hudson Bay Company during the last twenty -five years. 9. Pinus Jeffreyii, a beautiful pine growing especially thick near Carson, Nevada. It is esteemed highly in Europe because of its foliage, its usefulness for lumber, and its applicability for ornamentation, and because it will grow upon the meanest soil. It reaches an average height of one hundred and fifty feet. It is one of the hardiest of evergreens It has large cones, with pyramidal hooked scales. 10. Pinus Coulteri, found only in the Coast Range ; rises about sixty or seventy feet; distinguished as having the heaviest cones of any of the family of conifers. 11. Pinus Manchesteri, named after the Duke of Manchester, who dis- covered it in the Yosemite Valley. Botanists believe it to be only a variety of Pinus ponderosa. It has, however, larger cones. 12. Pinus tuberculata, a small evergreen found mainly in the Shasta Mountains. The cones do not, often, open for years, and in order to get out 34 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the seeds a high degree of heat has to be applied, such are the resinous qualities of the cone. 13. Pinus insignis, the Monterey pine, one of the handsomest of the whole species. It has beautiful light green foliage, which is too tender for Europe, where it fails under cultivation. 14. Pinus ponderosa, or heavy wooded pine. It is the pitch-pine of the mountains above the altitude of four thousand feet. 15. Pinus monticola, grows at an altitude of from six thousand to eight thousand feet. It is a tall and erect sugar pine, and is used largely for railroad ties because of its durability. 16. Pinus aristata, grows rarely in California. It is called the awned- cone pine. Some of the trees are to be found near the Calaveras Grove. It reaches fifty or sixty feet in height. 17. Pinus concorta, an exceedingly tough wood, and does not rot. It has recently been introduced into Europe. Douglas found it on swamp ground on this coast, near the ocean. It is found in many northern parts of the continent. It is very hardy. 18. Pinus edulis, a small tree found largely in the lower country, and yielding edible nuts. 19. Sequoia gigantea, the big trees of California. Its synonym is Wellingtonia gigantea, and it is also known as Washingtonia gigantea. The cones are described as about two inches long, ovate, terminal, solitary, and with numerous prickled stipitate scales. The honor of the discovery of the great trees is in dispute, as is also the derivation of the name sequoia. 20. Sequoia semperviren. This is the half-brother of that last named, and is the redwood tree of the coast. ' 21. Libocedrus decurrens is the California white cedar. The trees grow very large, reaching a height of two hundred feet. It is excellent timber for use underground. Many of the trees are affected by dry-rot. 22. Cupressus fragrans, or the fragrant cypress. It grows principally in Oregon, and is there called the ginger pine, because of its aromatic flavor. It is a fine wood, and is used largely in the best furniture in Oregon. Of the coniferai mentioned in the above list, let us see what ones are indigenous to Napa County. Beginning with the coast or common red- wood (Sequoia sempervirens), we find that it grows all along the range of mountains west of Napa Valley, and also on Howell Mountain. It would seem a little strange that this tree should be found on the mountains of the Mayacamas range south of Mount St. Helena, and not north of it. In an early day there was quite an amount of milling done among the redwoods of this county, especially in the canon above Dr. Hitchcock's place, where there were no less than three sawmills. The next coniferce in importance is the yellow fir (Abies Williamsonii), Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 35 which is found all over Napa County in greater or less quantities. It makes excellent lumber, and several mills have been engaged chiefly in working this timber. It is used very extensively, also, in timbering up mines. It grows tall and straight, and makes a beautiful tree. A congener, white fir (Picea grandis), grows sparsely in Napa County. It is, however, a much more beautiful tree than the red fir, growing lithe and straight to a lofty height, and having a fine, smooth, light-colored bark, not so very dissimilar to the ash. The stranger would choose it every time in preference to the red fir, for economical purposes, but great would be his surprise to find at the end of a year that his beatiful tree was nought but ashes, as it were, that length of time being sufficient to almost entirely rot the whole body of the tree. Another congener is the red fir (Picea amabilis), commonly known by the name of Oregon pine, but which is really not a pine at all. This is not so generally spread over the county as either of the other two brothers, and is not considered as good lumber here as it is farther north, although it is prized for its toughness, but not for its durability or fineness of grain, in both of which qualities it is sadly lacking. Of the remaining conifercs the sugar pine (Pinus Lambertiana) is by far the most important, and is in fact the only kind of pine that can be used at all for economic purposes. It is the choicest of all soft woods which grow upon the Pacific Slope. Its fiber is compact, and its grain fine, while it works very easily, and beyond the fault of " season checking " is altogether a desirable lumber. It is used principally for doors, sash, blinds, counters, shelving, and similar purposes. While it does not grow to any extent in Napa County, some good trees of it have been found on Mount St. Helena, and in that vicinity. The California white cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), is found quite ex- tensively scattered over the surface of Napa County, though it is getting much scarcer than in the earlier days of the county. It is a beautiful tree, growing to a good height, with stately proportions. It was much sought after by the early settlers from the fact that it worked so easily. The last coniferce that we shall mention as being indigenous to Napa County is the heavy coned pine, commonly known as the " Digger " or " bull pine " (Pinus Goulteri). It is a scraggy, worthlesss tree, and is fit for nothing except kindling wood or cheap firewood. Its cones are very large, and contain large quantities of nuts, which in olden times the In- dians used to relish very much, hence the name " Digger Pine." There is a great amount of pitch in the cones, and the Indians would build a fire and hold them over it till the pitch was melted and the nuts thus released. These cones are now the delight of the camping party in the mountains, and many happy hours are spent in the early night around the cheerful and high blazing fire which they are famous for making. 36 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Of the other varieties of trees which grow in Napa the chestnut oak (Quercus densiflora), is the most important, as it is from this tree that the tan-bark is derived. Quite large bodies of it grow in the mountains in the upper end of the county, and large quantities of bark are exported an- nually. The wood is good for fuel only. The laurel (Oreodaphne Californica) is a wood much prized for veneer- ing and ornamental purposes, and some very fine trees of it are to be found in Napa County, it being pretty generally distributed all over this section of the State. The live oak (Quercus virens) is the most numerous of any of the oaks which grow in Napa County, but its chief use is for firewood. It is con- sidered the best wood for fuel that grows upon the coast, and always com- mands the highest prices in the markets where it is offered for sale. It is to be found on all the mountain sides in the county. There are several other varieties of oak, such as the black, white, valley, etc., in the county, but none are of any importance except for firewood, and some of them are not to be praised very much for even this purpose. Probably the widest diffused tree and of the least value in Napa County is the madrona (Arbutus Menziesii). It is to be found in all the moun- tains, and the traveler becomes so accustomed to seeing its face that he really falls in love with it. Quite a considerable alder (Alnus) grows along the streams of the county, and is useful for nothing except light, summer firewood. There is occasionally a white ash (Fraxinus alba) and rarely a white poplar (Popu- lus alba) growing on the mountain sides, but not in any bodies. Passing from trees to shrubs we find the manzanita growing everywhere in the mountains, its bright red bark and deep green leaves contrasting beautifully, and producing a charming effect on the landscape. Here and there, in clumps and clusters, the buckeye (jEsculus pavia) grows all over the county, and in time of blooming they make the air redolent with rich perfume. Another shrub, which is the chief of all the flowering shrubs in the county, is the azalea, which is found along the banks of almost all the mountain streams. It is a member of the rhododendron family, and its flower is white. During the time of its first fresh blooming it presents a very handsome appearance, the flowers being almost as pure and wax-look- ing as orange blossoms. All over the mountains there is a shrub called chemisal (pronounced cheme'ese), with which every citizen of the county is familiar. It is useless for any purpose, and grows so dense in places that even a mountain sheep is bothered to find its way through it. The wild hazel grows quite commonly all over the county, but does not seem to be so prolific a bearer of nuts as its Eastern congener, nor do the bush or hull look quite like those found at the East. Wild grapes are found in great Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 37 profusion in the mountains of Napa County, but they are small and sour, with an excessively large seed, hence are unfit for use. The poison oak is found all over the mountains and is well known, to the sorrow of many pleasure seekers. There are other trees and shrubs growing in Napa County, such as the willow, pepper- wood, etc., but those of any importance have been mentioned above. There is one other shrub, however, which deserves special mention, the holly {Ilex opaca). fit is commonly known as the bear-berry, from the fact that the berries were a favorite relish of Bruin's, in the days of his free raniblings over these mountains. The shrub grows in height from three to ten feet, the leaves are glossy and bright green, and the berries turn a beautiful red about midwinter, and are used much for purposes of adorn- ment for festive occasions during the holidays. The berries soon wither and lose their beauty, however, after they are severed from the parent stem. SOILS. — The soil of Napa County may be divided into five classes, viz : argillaceous, adobe, loam, lava and tule. The first named is the result of the decomposition of sandstones and shales, and fine examples of it may be seen on all those mountain sides in the eastern portion of the county where there are sandstone outcroppings or boulders. Ordinarily it is not very productive, but is good for grasses and cereals, as much silica is re- quired in the production of straw. Fruits and vegetables do not do so well here. It will be noticed that Berryessa and Chiles Valleys are pre- eminently adapted to the growing of grain, and it is owing to this quality of the soil. When loam and argillaceous soils are well mixed, a compound is formed which is well adapted to the growing of fruits, vegetables and cereals. Thus it will be observed that the former thrive best near the banks of streams ; while cereals may grow as rank, if not ranker, here, yet the quality of flour will not be equal to that grown further back, and upon the purely sandy soil. The soil that we find now upon the surface of the country is but the result of the decomposition of the underlying rocks. As we said above that argillaceous soil is found in sandstone sections, so we must look for the next variety, adobe, in limestone sections. We find adobe soil in Napa County on the west side of Putah Creek in Berryessa Valley, in spots all over Chiles and Pope Valleys, and near the foot of St. Helena, and in Brown's Valley. It is a stiff, cold and disagreeable soil, and one that is not easily worked. In the winter, when it is wet, it is tenacious, and sticks to a plow-share so as to almost preclude its being worked ; and in the sum- mer season it is full of widely yawning cracks which seem ready to engulf anything that may pass over it. Cereals thrive upon it, but it will be no- C 38 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. ticed that the straw is always short, owing to the lack of silica in it as a straw-builder. It is common in the adobe sections to mix sand with it, to reduce it to a compound that will grow vegetables and flowers in gardens. The berry of the wheat is always very plump and full, owing to the fact that in the soil there is a large quantity of the phosphate of lime, which is a great berry-builder in grain. The flour will be always dark and heavy, and is not a favorite with the thrifty housewife, who prides herself upon white and spongy bread. It makes, however, rich food ; and when ground into graham flour, is a great up-builder of bone and brain. We now come to the consideration of the best of all soils to be found in the county, namely, loam. This is found in all the valleys of Napa County, especially in the broad and beautiful Napa Valley. It is composed of the sedimentary deposit which is washed down from the mountains and country above, and is thus composed of all the various kinds of soil that are to be found in the region over which the stream passes. It is hence well adapted to the growing of all kinds of vegetables, cereals and fruits. It is a rich alluvium, and is much sought after by the agriculturalist. Tule soil is composed of decaying vegetation, roots, sediment, guano, detritus, and whatever else may have been borne down on the bosom of the stream. Much of this soil is to be found from Napa City southward, and along the margin of the bay. It is very rich and productive where the water can be kept off from it. Much of it in this county is so charged with salt from the overflow of the tides of the bay that it is not very pro- ductive. Where such is not the case, it produces vegetables in great profu- sion, and grows fruits and cereals quite well. We now come to the consideration of the last characteristic soil of Napa County, that formed from lava. This is produced by the decomposition of lava and other volcanic products, and it may be seen on almost all of the mountain sides of the county. It is characterized by its strong shades of color, being mostly red or yellow, owing to the presence of the oxyds of iron in it. It is, however, sometimes white, as the result of decomposed volcanic ash, again it is bluish, and is very often quite spotted. There is also a greenish soil formed from decomposed serpentine. This volcanic soil is spoken of generally by the residents of the county as chemisal lands, and it is claimed that it is excellent for the production of vines. Large tracts of it are being planted into vineyards on Howell Mountain. Should these vineyards prove a success, there is a large amount of this class of land yet available in Napa County for the same purpose, and the future yield of the vine will be something wonderful to contemplate, when all these red chemi- sal hill and mountain sides become thrifty vineyards. Thus have we noticed all the soils of Napa County, and noted what is produced to the best advantage in all of them, but it is not to be understood that we have Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 39 stated all that will grow in the soils. It is well, however, for people to know the nature of the soil they are cultivating, and to study what is the best adapted to it. Money will be made by it. WATERCOURSES. — The watercourses of Napa County are small as a rule, but quite numerous, as may naturally be expected in a mountainous country. We will begin with Napa River and its ti-ibutaries. Napa River. — This stream rises at the head of Napa Valley and at the western foot of Mount St. Helena, and flows in a south-eastern direction in a very sinuous course, and empties into Napa Bay, an arm of the San Pablo Bay. It is navigable as far up as Napa City, at which point the rise and fall of the tide is very considerable, being perhaps five feet on an average. This river serves as an outlet for the drainage of all the western portion of the county, and as the water-shed is quite extended and precipitous, over- flows are not uncommon, and large amounts of water are discharged into it in a very short time during a heavy stonn. White Sulphur Creek. — Beginning at the source of Napa River, and passing southward, the first tributary of importance we come to is the above- named stream. It rises in the mountains west of the town of St. Helena, and flows eastward through the southern limits of that town, and thence into the Napa River. It is of no importance, however, except for drainage. Coxn Creek. — This stream rises in Chiles Valley, and flowing westerly through Conn Valley empties into Napa River. It is a small creek, but quite a body of water is discharged through it. Dry Creek. — The next stream to the south is Dry Creek, so named on account of its being almost dry during the summer season. It rises in the mountains west of Tountville, and flows south-easterly and its waters are discharged into Napa River. Saco Creek. — This is a small stream which rises in the mountains east of the Napa Soda Springs, and flowing south-westerly debouches into the Napa River. Napa Creek. — This stream has its source in the mountains north-west of Napa City, and flows south-easterly, and unites with Napa River at Napa City. It carries a large body of water during the flood season, and it is from this stream that the city suffers the most during an overflow. Soscol Creek. — This stream has its source in the mountains east of Thompsons' place, and flowing westerly, it passes through their farm and discharges into the Napa River. Carneros Creek. — This is the last stream that empties into the Napa River. It rises in the range of mountains south-west or west of Napa City, 40 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. flows south-easterly, and empties as above stated. It is also an inconsider- able stream. Rector Creek.— Belonging to this system, but not emptying directly into Napa River, is the above named stream. It rises in the mountains north-east of Yountville, and flows in a westerly direction into Conn Creek. Putah Creek. — The drainage of Napa County is comprised in two general systems — the Napa River and the Putah Creek; and what the former is to the western portion of the county, the latter is to the eastern. Putah Creek, or " Rio de las Putas," as the Spaniards used to call it, has its source far away in the summits of Mounts Cobb and St. Helena, in Lake County. Thence, it flows easterly, until near the Napa County line, when it trends to the southward, flowing in a southerly direction, through Berry - essa Valley. It then bends its course easterly, and flows through the rugged pass known as Putah Canon, to the plains of Solano County, and thence easterly to the Sacramento River. It is not navigable in any portion of it, but is a wild, fearful mountain stream in the winter season, assuming the proportions of a river. Ettcura Creek. — This is a small stream which has its source in the mountains west of Knoxville, and flowing south-westerly, empties into Putah Creek. Pope Creek. — This is a stream of quite goodly proportions, and has its source in the mountains at the head of Pope Valley. Thence it flows south- easterly through that valley, and thence through a pass in the mountains to Putah Creek. Other Streams. — The above comprise all the watercourses of Napa County that are of any importance, except for drainage. They extend from the babbling brook in the mountains, to the considerable stream. Some of them are known by some local name but are not of enough importance to require a general name. Many of these are most beautiful streams, and are filled with schools of finny beauties, especially trout. Truly, the disciple of old Isaak Walton can find an elyseum here. CLIMATOGRAPHY.— To write of the excellence of the climate of Napa County, would require the pen of a master. To say that it is lovely, salubrious, and to apply all the other adjectives expressing the optimism of it in the highest degree, would not portray it in overdrawn colors. Truly, this is the resort of the Goddess of Health. Here, with proper dietetic and hygienic habits, desease may become practically unknown. We will begin with the winter season and follow the year through, and try to portray to the reader what each season develops. The rains usually begin about the Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 41 month of November. The weather just previous has been quite cold, for California, and frost is no uncommon thing, especially in the valleys. But now a perceptible change occurs. The weather moderates quite consider- ably, and the frosty nights are not so common. When it rains here, it generally makes a business of it, and soon the dry and parched earth be- comes saturated. The vegetation begins to spring into newness of life, and the russet spots on the mountain sides are turned to green, and the entire face of the country assumes an emerald hue, presenting a prospect un- excelled anywhere. Then come days of sunshine and days of storm, days of beauty and days of dreariness, interspersed with each other, till the spring-time comes. Finally, the days of sunshine begin to be in the majority, and the rains are broken up into showers, until the April days come all smiles and tears, like the face of a maiden when the first flush of her new-born love breaks suddenly upon her innocent soul. The vegetation and foliage grows daily denser, and now the whole face of the land is fresh and green. The joyous birds are again swarming the woods in flocks, filling the air with their sweet melodies. These are the days of mating and nest-building, and man can learn both a lesson of love and industry from the merry songsters of the woods. The flowers begin now to peep forth ; first the violet, then the buttercups and daisies, poppies, etc. The trees are also full of bloom, har- bingers of the fruitage that is to come later, and to bless and cheer the heart of man. Spring-time wanes and early summer begins, and then comes the sweetest, loveliest days of the year. The world is now an emerald tapestry as far as the eye can reach. Mountain and vale, hill and dale, field and glade, fen and brake, meadow and fallow, all, all is of one and the same charming hue. Then comes to the sweet valleys of Napa County days of royal splendor, days when the unobstructed rays of an ascending sun fall in grand profusion upon a world of serenest beauty, days when the heart of man cannot help being exhilarated by the charming landscape, and the blood courses through his veins in the full and strong pulsations of re- newed health and vigor, and as he drinks in the pure air, redolent with the perfumes of many flowers, bracing and sparkling as champagne or the very elixir of life, he is brought to a full realization of the wonderful bounties he enjoys at the hands of a beneficent Providence, and is led to thank God that his lines have been cast in such pleasant places. Later on and the summer proper is upon us. The grass begins to sere on the mountainsides, beginning always at the lower end of the valley, and the russet spots thus formed contrast beautifully with the green of the shrubs and trees around them, being a landscape painted by the veritable brush of nature, and no human limner can begin to touch the scene with 42 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the sweet and delicate tracings of this master artist. The sun now shines down upon the world from a zenith almost above our heads, and across its flood of radiant light never a hand breadth's cloud passes. The days are now quite, though not often uncomfortably warm, but the nights are truly har- bingers of paradise itself. The trade winds now sweep up from the ocean, cool and refreshing, and bearing comfort to the fevered valleys upon their wings. Across the lower end of the valley they blow quite strongly, and are, sometimes, in a measure, disagreeable, but farther up their sharp chill has been exhausted, and they become gentle zephyrs, which must be en- joyed to be fully appreciated. The nights are cool and cheerful, and weary humanity lies down to sound and refreshing slumber, and awakes rested and happy, to go forth and witness charming sunrises, and to breathe de- licious and exhilarating air. Last of all comes the autumn — the season of fruitage. It is the dying of the year, but the lines of the poet — ' ' The melancholy days have come The saddest of the year," Is not at all true in this section of the State of California, at least. The air that has been so light and pure for the past several months, begins to be filled with haze, and a light film seems to rest on all the mountain sides, which serves in a measure to hide them from view. The air is just as balmy and delicious as it has been during the spring and summer, and more so, indeed, if such a thing were possible. The trade winds come in fitful gusts, veering occasionally to the south-east, betokening the coming storms of winter. Field and orchard are now groaning under their burden of ripened grain and fruit, and the husbandman is reaping in plenteous measure the reward of his summer's toil, and basking in the sunny smiles of Fortune, he cannot but be happy. Farther south each day recedes the declining sun, and shorter and shorter grow the days, betokening that the winter solstice is fast approaching with its meed of storm and rain. And so the years go by in this Arcadia of the Pacific, gliding along in a merry round, made up of but little shadow and storm, but much of sunshine and joy. Thrice blest is he whose home is here ; blest in health, blest in climate, and blest in the thrifty products of a rich and fertile soil. What more but the love of wife and children to bless his home and heart, and the love of God in that heart to make him thankful to the Author of all our good, to make a man supremely blest, supremely happy, and supremely con- tent with his lot in life ! There are some shadows to the picture, however, else it would not be a true portrait of things as they exist in this world. Lights and shadows make up all the pictures in this life, and he who blends them most har- NATHAN COOMBS Geography, Name, Topography, Geology, Etc. 43 moniously is he who best adapts himself to his environments, and derives the best and sweetest pleasures from his earthly living. Perhaps the darkest shadow in the picture is the fog, which at times envelopes the whole valley in a dense cloud, rendering the early morning hours damp and disagreeable, but it seldom continues through the day. These fogs of course are more common in the winter season than in the summer. Then there are trade winds, which are sometimes rather too sharp and chilly for comfort. That scourge of California, the north wind, sometimes comes howling down from his home in the upper regions, and gives the people of these delightful valleys a test of his withering strength, but, fortunately, these occasions are rare. But all in all, the lights are far in the ascendency of the shadows, and at the end of the year, when a retrospect is had, the latter pass into such utter insignificance that they are lost sight of altogether. There are some remai'kably healthful sections in Napa County. When the Branch Asylum was about to be located, a committee visited all sections of the State, and determined upon Napa Valley as presenting all the advantages of a health- ful climate ,and hence it was located here. Lately a State Commission has been casting about for a suitable place to establish a sanitarium for con- sumptives, and Atlas Peak is spoken of by them as being most favorably located for the purposes required, and it is quite probable that this institu- tion will be established at that place. Added to the excellent, healthful and charming climate of Napa County, is the fact that there are many health resorts, and the hundreds who annually flock to them attest the appreciation in which they are held by the suffering humanity of the State at large, and especially of San Francisco. We will close this notice by serving it all up in one word — desideratum. 44 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. INDIANS OF NAPA COUNTY. The beautiful valleys and mountain recesses of Napa County afforded a grand home for the aboriginal tribes. Here they swarmed in great num- bers, went through the drama of life, birth, consorting and death with stolid indifference. How far back in the course of time this race extends, whence came their progenitors, no man knoweth. If, as some scientists state, the very first evidences of the human race appear on the Pacific Coast (at Angel's Camp, Tuolumne County), why should we doubt that they are not the descendants of this primitive race ? Wars, disease, natural phenomena and other causes may have conspired to destroy the original race from the face of the earth, or it may have remained for the pale-faced progeny of a kindred, yet far removed race, to do the final act in the great drama of their existence as a race. Be all this as it may, the great fact still remains, that when the Whites came to this coast they found it inhabited with a race of copper-colored people of peculiar physique and habits, differing very much indeed from their brothers of the East, the Algonquins. Napa Valley was no exception to the general rule, but was infested by a horde of these rude barbarians. To describe these people, their habits and customs, will be the province of this chapter. H. H. Bancroft, in his excellent work, " Native Races of the Pacific Coast," states, giving Mr. Hittell as authority, that there were originally six different tribes living in Napa Valley, designating them as follows : Maya- comas, Calajomanas, Caymus, Napas, Ulucas, and Suscols. He also gives, on the authority of Mr. Taylor, the Guenocks and Tulkays, but does not give the location or tribal boundaries of any of these people. Mr. Menefee, in his " Sketch Book," gives Mr. George C. Yount, who arrived among the Indians of Napa Valley as early as 1831, as authority for there being six tribes of them here, designated as above, and he locates them as follows : The Mayacomas tribe dwelt near the Hot Springs, now Calistoga ; the Cal- ajomanas on the lands now known as the Bale Rancho, near St. Helena ; the Caymus on the Yount grant, near the present site of Yountville; the Napas occupied the Mexican grant of Entre Napa, that is, the lands between Napa River and Napa Creek ; the Ulucas on the east side of Napa River, and near Don Cayatano Jaurez's rancho ; and the Suscols had ther habita- tions in the vicinity of Thompsons' place. Indians of Napa County. 45 Of the two tribes mentioned above, as noted by Mr. Taylor, the Guen- ocks had their home in the valley of that name in Lake County, and the location of the Tulkays is unknown to the writer. It will be observed that no mention is made in the above lists of any tribes who dwelt in Pope, Chiles or Berryessa Valleys. These valleys were filled with Indians, how- ever, no less than six very large rancherias being in Berryessa Valley alone. We regret that we are unable to place on record the names of these people, but all knowledge of them seems to have passed away. We will now take a cursory glance at these people as they were in their primitive state. Truly they were a primitive people when the white set- tlers first began coming to the valley. What a race of people that hardy old pioneer, George C. Yount, must have found in possession of this fair valley when he first entered it ! These people did not differ essentially from the other tribes in this section of the State, presenting very similar physical characteristics, habits and customs to those of the central portion of the State. They were of medium stature, broad shouldered, strong, lazy, filthy, and vagabondish generally. Nature had provided with a lavish hand for her children in this favored valley, and all they had to do was to reach forth their hands, pluck and eat. No vain ambitions lured them on in the great race of life. No baubles of riches enticed them into hardships of labor, either mental or physical. Theirs only to exist and die. Whence or why they came upon the stage of action, it was not theirs to inquire ; and "whither are we drifting?" was a question over which they stopped not to puzzle their dull brains. And who shall say that they were not as happy in their listless life as are we of the higher type who wrestle with the in- evitable almost from our infancy to our dotage ? From an ethical stand- point, and viewing the matter through the lenses of our education, of course we would say that their lives were worse than wasted ; and when they van- ished before the overwhelming tide of civilization, the world was rid of .so much garbage. But it is the old story of the man and the lion repeated : seeing a picture of a man, the man remarked to the lion that " there stood the lord of creation." The lion asked who painted the picture, to which the man replied, " a man did." "Ah ! " said the lion, " it makes all the dif- ference in the world who paints the picture of the lord of creation. I should have painted a lion." And so it is in this case. Indian ethics are not our ideas of duty to self or man ; and it is not improbable that they lived up to the light they had on that subject quite as near as do their suc- cessors. These people lived in wickeups, which were very small huts made of the boughs of trees, or in thatched lodges, which were huts of a larger pat- tern, and constructed of poles stuck into the ground in a circular shape, and the tops all bent to a common center and fastened, and the sides were cov- 46 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. ered with thatched wild swamp grass. The climate was so mild that little or no fire was required beyond the purposes of cooking, and this latter art was not a very general custom among them. Raw flesh was as good, if not better to them, than the cooked article. In the matter of clothing they were very indifferent, the males generally roaming about perfectly nude, while the women wore a small protection about the waist, made of the fibres of bark, or grass, or tule stalks. Of their language, but little is left. Here and there a word has fastened itself upon some ranch or town, and will be handed down through at least a few generations. Thus we have Napa, Tulucay, Caymus, Soscol and a few others. Their language was a deep gutteral, resembling in many respects that now spoken by the Chinese, though we will not venture the assertion that there is any relation existing between the two tongues. As their general habits, customs, legends, etc., were so nearly like those so fully described in the body of this work, in the history of Lake County, we will refer the reader to that chapter for a further consideration of the matter. It was stated by Mr. Yount, that there were in Napa and Lake Counties some ten or twelve thousand when he arrived in the country, and of this number, from one-third to one-half were in Napa County. A short half cen- tury has sufficed to see them become so entirely extinct that the sight of an Indian has become a great rarity. And what has done this ? Disease was the prime cause, for it is stated that the cholera took them off by thousands in 1833 ; and it is said that they died so fast that the living were unable to care for the dead. Whole tribes became extinct, it being reported by a traveler on the Sacramento River, that all of one tribe died within a few days except one little girl. Then came war and its kindred calamities as another great decimator of their ranks. Contact with civilization had much to do with it also. Soon after the Whites came among them, prostitution became general, and the women quit bearing children, and the tribes gradually died off, and no young ones grew up to take the places of the old ones. Truly, it seemed a matter of destiny, for it was impossible for the two races to exist in contingency. Mr. Cronise states that the Mission system had much to do with the degradation and final extinction of the Aborigines, but as there never was a Mission in this valley, nor were the Indians of this section ever subject to a Mission, except, possibly, in a very general way, this charge will not hold good here, and the Indians seemed to have dis- appeared here about as soon as anywhere else. Their great " cure all " was the sweat-bath which was taken in the " sweat-house," which institution was to be found in every rancheria. A fire was lighted in the center and the patient taken into the " sweat-house " and kept at a high stage of perspiration for several hours ; he then rushed out and plunged into a bath of cold water, and the result can be imagined, Indians of Napa County. 47 without stating that it ultimately proved fatal. Some years ago a gentle- man in Lake County paid a visit to one of these " sweat-houses " during a festal occasion, and he thus graphically gives his experience, which we reproduce here, although it first appeared in the Napa Reporter, and was copied thence into Mr. Manifee's " Sketch Book." We will give it for the benefit of those of our readers who have not had an opportunity of reading it before. It is too good to be lost, and will surely bear repeating. It is as follows : " A sweat-house is of the shape of an inverted bowl, and is generally about forty feet in diameter at the bottom, and is built of strong poles and branches of trees, covered with earth to prevent the escape of heat. There is a small hole near the ground, large enough for Diggers to creep in one at a time ; and another at the top to give out the smoke. When a dance is to occur, a large fire is kindled in the center of the edifice, and the crowd assembles, the white spectators crawling in and seating themselves anywhere out of the way. The apertures, both above and below, are then closed, and the dancers take their positions. " Four and twenty squaws, en deshabille, on one side of the fire, and as many hombres, in puris naturalibus, on the other. Simultaneously with the commencement of the dancing, which is a kind of shuffling hobble-de- hoy, the ' music ' bursts forth. Yes, music fit to raise the dead. A whole legion of devils broke loose. Such screaming, shrieking, yelling and roaring was never before heard since the foundation of the world. A thousand cross-cut saws, filed by steam power — a multitude of tom-cats lashed to- gether and flung over a clothes line — innumerable pigs under a gate — all combined would produce a heavenly melody compared with it. Yet this uproar, deafening as it is, might possibly be endured, but another sense soon comes to be saluted. Talk of the thousand stinks of the City of Co- logne ! Here are at least forty thousand combined in one grand over- whelming stench, and yet every particular odor distinctly definable. Eound about the roaring fire the Indians go capering, jumping and screaming, with the perspiration streaming from every pore. The spectators look on until the air grows thick and heavy, and a sense of oppressing suffocation over- comes them, when they make a simultaneous rush at the door for self pro- tection. Judge their astonishment, terror and dismay to find it fastened securely — bolted and barred on the outside. They rush frantically around the walls in hope to discover some weak point through which they may find egress, but the house seems to have been constructed purposely to frustrate such attempts. More furious than caged lions, they rush bodily against the sides, but the stout poles resist every onset. Our army swore terribly in Flanders, but even my Uncle Toby himself would stand aghast were he here now. 48 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. " There is no alternative but to sit down, in hopes that the troop of naked fiends will soon cease from sheer exhaustion. Vain expectation ! The uproar but increases in fury, the fire waxes hotter and hotter, and they seem to be preparing for fresh exhibitions of their powers. The combat deepens. On, ye brave ! See that wild Indian, a newly elected captain, as with glaring eyes, blazing face, and complexion like that of a boiled lobster, he tosses his arms wildly aloft as in pursuit of imaginary devils, while rivers of perspiration roll down his naked frame. Was ever the human . body thrown into such contortions before ? Another effort of that kind, and his whole vertebral column must certainly come down with a crash ! Another such a convulsion, and his limbs will assuredly be torn asunder, and the disjointed members fly to the four points of the compass ! Can the human frame endure this much longer ? The heat is equal to t that of a bake-oven ; temperature 500 degrees Fahrenheit ! pressure of steam 1000 pounds to the square inch ! The reeking atmosphere has become almost palpable, and the victimized audience are absolutely gasping for life. Millions for a cubic inch of fresh air ! Worlds for a drop of fresh water to cool the parched tongue ! This is terrible. To meet one's fate among the white caps of the lake, in a swamped canoe, or to sink down on the bald mountain's brow, worn out by famine, fatigue and exposure were glorious ; but to die here, suffocating in a solution of human perspiration, carbonic acid gas and charcoal smoke, is horrible ! The idea is absolutely appalling ! But there is no avail. Assistance might as well be sought from a legion of unchained imps, as from a troop of Indians, maddened by excitement. " Death shows his visage not more than five minutes distant. The fire glimmers away leagues off. The uproar dies into the subdued rumble of a remote cataract, and respiration becomes slower and more labored. The whole system is sinking into utter insensibility, and all hope of relief has departed, when suddenly, with a grand triumphal crash, similar to that with which the ghosts closed their orgies when they doused the lights and started in pursuit of Tarn O'Shanter and his old gray mare, the uproar ceases, and the Indians vanish through an aperture opened for that pur- pose. The half dead victims to their own curiosity, dash through it like an arrow, and in a moment more are drawing in whole buckets full of the cold, frosty air, every inhalation of which cuts the lungs like a knife, and thrills the system like an electric shock. They are in time to see the In- dians plunge headlong into the ice-cold water of a neighboring stream, and crawl out and sink down on the banks, utterly exhausted. This is the last act of the drama, the grand climax, and the fandango is over." Mexican Grants. 49 MEXICAN GRANTS. The Caymus Grant. — The first tract of land ever granted by the Mexi- can Government to parties in what is now known as Napa County, was ceded to that wonderful pioneer of 1831, George C. Yount. He was here when the whole domain lay in its virginity ; when the foot of white man had not even trod upon it, and his was the first to press it. The Cay- mus grant lies in the very heart of Napa Valley, and just east of where the present village of Yountville now stands, and was ceded to Mr. Yount by Nicolas Gutierrez, March 23, 1836. The grant comprised two square leagues. The petition for confirmation of title was filed before the Board of Land Commissioners May 26, 1852. This Board confirmed the title February 8, 1853, and the United States Courts re-confirmed it, or concurred in the action of the Board, July 7, 1855. The grant contains eleven thou- sand eight hundred and fourteen and fifty- two-hundredths acres. The Entre Napa Rancho. — This tract of land lay where Napa City now stands, and the grant was ceded to Nicolas Higuerra by Manuel Chico, May 9, 1836. The claim to eighty and forty-eight-hundredths acres of this grant was made before the Board of Land Commissioners by Nathan Coombs March 3d, 1853, and that body confirmed his title April 11, 1854. It was also confirmed by the Courts March 2, 1857. Rancho El Rincon de los Carneros. — This tract of land lay to the west- ward of Napa City, and came up to where a portion of the city now stands. It was granted to Nicolas Higuerra May 9, 1836, by Manuel Chico. The claim to it was filed before the Board of Land Commissioners by Julius Martin September 4, 1852. The Board rejected the claim September 19, 1854. The decree of the Board was reversed September 2, 1856. This is a part of the Entre" Napa Rancho, and was bounded on the east side by the Napa River, and on the west by the Arroyo de los Carneros. The Court confirmed the title to this tract of land May 15, 1857, and it contains two thousand five hundred and fifty-seven and sixty-eight-hundredths acres. The Napa Rancho. — Salvador Vallejo, and his wife, Maria de la Luz Carrillo Vallejo, filed their claim before the Board of Land Commissioners March 3, 1853, for a title to the tracts of land known as Trancas and Jolapa, containing three thousand and twenty acres, more or less, being a 4 50 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. part of the Napa Rancho granted to Salvador Vallejo February 21, 1838, by Juan B. Alvarado, Governor ad interim of Upper California, and ap- proved by the Departmental Assembly September 23, 1838. The claim was confirmed by the Board November 7, 1854, and it was confirmed by the Court February 23, 1857. Mrs. Vallejo's interest in the property was conveyed to her by Narciso Ramires May 12, 1851, and it covered three thousand one hundred and seventy-eight and ninety-three-hundredths acres. Julius K. Rose filed a claim before the Board of Land Commissioners March 2, 1853, for five hundred and ninety-four and eighty-three-hundredths acres of the Napa Rancho. His claim was confirmed by the Board Decem- ber 13, 1853, and the title was re-confirmed by the Court March 2, 1857. Angus L. Boggs filed his claim to a portion of the Napa Rancho March 2, 1853, before the Board of Land Commissioners. This claim was con- firmed by the Board April 11, 1854, and by the Court March 2, 1857. It contains three hundred and twenty and fifty -five-hundredths acres. The Yajome Rancho. — This tract of land was granted to Damaso Antonio Rodriguez March 16, 1841, by Juan B. Alvarado, then Constitu- tional Governor of the Department of the Californias, and approved by the Departmental Assembly May 18, 1841. Claim to this land was filed by Salvador Vallejo before the Board of Land Commissioners April 20, 1852, and the Board confirmed it February 21, 1853. The Court confirmed title to it February 9, 1857. It contained one and a half leagues, or six thousand six hundred and fifty-two and fifty-eight-hundredths acres. The Locoallomi Rancho. — This grant of land was made by Manuel Jimeno, Acting Governor of California, to Julien Pope, September 30, 1841, and embraced two leagues, or eight thousand eight hundred and seventy- two and seventy-three-hundredths acres. The heirs of Pope filed their claim to the grant before the Board of Land Commissioners March 2, 1853. August 1, 1854, the Board confirmed their title to it, and August 25, 1856, the Court also confirmed their title. This tract of land was located in what is now known as Pope Valley. The Tulucay Rancho. — This tract of land lies just east of Napa City, and was granted to Cayetano Juarez by Manuel Jimeno October 26, 1841, and approved by the Departmental Assembly June 16, 1845. The claim to this land was filed with the Board of Land Commissioners March 23, 1852, and confirmed by the Board April 11, 1853, and also confirmed by the Court February 25, 1856. The rancho contains two leagues, or eight thousand eight hundred and sixty -five and fifty-eight-hundredths acres. Rancho Mallacomes or Muristul y Plan de Aqua Caliente. — This was a four-league grant, which was made to Jose" Santos Berryessa October 14, Mexican Grants. 51 1843, by Manuel Micheltoreno. The claim to the tract was filed before the Board of Land Commissioners February 20, 1852, and confirmed by that body June 27, 1854, and by the Courts March 24, 1856. This ranch con- tained seventeen thousand seven hundred and forty-two and seventy-two- hundredths acres, and was situated near the head of Napa Valley, embracing the present site of Calistoga and the country adjacent thereto. Martin E. Cook and Rufus Ingalls as claimants to a portion of the above rancho, filed their petition before the Board of Land Commissioners February 28, 1853, and the Board confirmed their title to two square miles of it August 7, 1855. Their portion was located in the north-west part of the ranch, and comprised two thousand five hundred and fifty-nine and ninety -four-hundredths acres. An appeal was taken on the part of the United States, but was not prosecuted, and on the 16th day of April, 1857, the Court confirmed the title. Rancho de la Jote. — This grant of land was made by Manuel Michel- toreno to George C. Yount October 23, 1843, said grant to be one square league of land situated in Napa Valley. April 5, 1852, Mr. Yount, as claimant, filed his petition with the Board of Land Commissioners. Octo- ber 21, 1853, the Board rejected the claim. The claimant took an appeal in the matter, and it came before the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of California, for hearing, and it was ordered that the decree of the Land Commissioners be reversed, and that the claimant be given a valid title to one league and no more. This contained four thousand four hundred and fifty-three and eighty -four-hundredths acres. Las Putas Rancho. — This is an enormous grant of land, comprising eight leagues, or thirty-five thousand five hundred and fifteen and eighty- two-hundredths acres, and is situated in and covers the most of Berry- essa Valley. It was granted to Jose" Jesus Berryessa and Sisto Berryessa, by Manuel Micheltoreno, November 3, 1843. The wives of the grantees, Maria Anastasia Higuerra de Berryessa and Maria Nicolosa Higuerra de Berryessa as claimants, filed their petition before the Board of Land Com- missioners May 21, 1852. Their claim was confirmed by the Board September 5, 1854, and confirmed by the Court August 13, 1855. The Huichica Rancho. — This grant was made to Jacob P. Leese in two parcels, as follows : First, for two leagues of land issued by Manuel Jimeno, October 24, 1841; second, for three and one-half leagues additional issued by Manuel Micheltoreno July 6, 1846. The title to the rancho was confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners April 18, 1853, and by the Court April 22, 1856. It contained altogether eighteen thousand seven hundred and four and four-hundredths acres, and was situated to the south-west of Napa City. 52 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. The Catacula Rancho. — This tract of land is located in Chiles Valley, and was granted to Col. J. B. Chiles by Manuel Micheltoreno November 9, 1844. Claim to this grant was filed before the Board of Land Commis- sioners April 21, 1852, and confirmed by it November 4, 1853. Confirmed by the Court August 13, 1855. It comprised two leagues or eight thousand five hundred and forty -five and seventy -two-hundredths acres of land. The Chimiles Rancho. — This grant was made to Ygnacio Berryessa by Pio Pico May 2, 1842. William Gordon and Nathan Coombs, as claimants, filed their petition before the Board of Land Commissioners April 28, 1852, and the claim was confirmed April 11, 1853. Confirmed by the Court July 27, 1857. It comprised four leagues or seventeen thousand seven hundred and sixty-two and forty -four hundredths acres. The Gayne Humana Rancho. — This tract of land comprised the whole of Napa Valley lying north of the Caymus Rancho, and was granted to Dr. E. T. Bale. It has gone through all the legal processes, and a patent has been granted, but is not recorded; hence we are unable to give any further facts or dates in reference to it. ■ V A® General History and Settlement. 53 GENERAL HISTORY AND SETTLEMENT, " I hear the tramp of pioneers — Of nations yet to be ; The first low wash of waves, where soon Shall roll a living sea." " O'er the mountain's height, Like ocean in its tided might, The living sea rolls onward, on. And onward, on, the stream shall pour, And reach the far Pacific shore, And fill the plains of Oregon." Strange as it may seem, the first settler in Napa County was an American. The Spanish-Mexicans, who had been in California almost three quarters of a century before the discovery of gold, had visited all the border counties on the bay, and had settled on the best lands in them. This was also true of all the country south of San Francisco, but here and there an American, who had drifted far away from the environments of civilization, was living in isolation in this great country. Notable illustra- tions of this are Dr. Marsh, who settled in Contra Costa County as early as 1835. That brave old Scotchman, John Gilroy, who landed on the shores of California in 1813, and wended his way to the Santa Clara Valley soon afterwards, and George C Yount, who settled in Napa Valley as early as 1831, thus being the first settler in the valley. The Spaniards had visited the country long previous to this, but had made no settlement — at least none that extended for any length of time. In 1876, General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo delivered an address in Santa Rosa, of a historical character, in which he said : " Padre Jose - Altimira and Don Francisco Castro went in June and July, 1823, with an armed escort, under ensign Jose* Sanchez, to select a proper site for a new Mission. Padre Altimira went on with his survey to Huichica, now the property of Messrs. "Winter and Borel, and on the fifth day, after exploring the Napa Valley, ' like to Sonoma in every respect,' the party climbed the ridge of Suysunes, now the property of Cayetano Juarez, where the State Insane Asylum stands, and there found stone of excellent quality, and so abundant that a new Rome might be built. Between 1840 and 1845, a considerable number of emigrant wagons arrived across the Sierras, bringing American 54 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. families, and families of other nationalities, most of whom settled among us, and to whom these valleys owe much of their progress." A writer, in a work published by Smith & Elliot, in 1878, says: "In 1776 a fort was erected by the Spanish Governor, Felipe de Neve, a short distance north-west of Napa, on an elevated plateau. Part of the original fort is now standing, the wall being of adobe, and three feet in thickness. It is situated on the Rancho Viljo, and is occupied as a residence and wine cellar by J. J. Sigrist." We are obliged to take issue with this statement. We do not know the writer's authority, but are conversant with the history of the movements of the Spaniards in this part of California during that year. It was in 1776 that the first location was made at San Francisco, and the grant to the Mission is dated October 9th of that year. While waiting for the vessel to arrive, which had been dispatched with supplies, etc., excursions were made into the interior, and the circuit of the bay was made by way of San Jose*, and far up the Alameda side. Another party crossed the strait at Saucelito, and passed as far northward as the Olom- poli Rancheria, south of Petaluma a few miles, where they taught the Indians how to make adobe houses, and one was erected which stood there until a very few years ago, when it was torn down. The writer has seen adobes from the old structure, which was evidently the first one ever built north of San Francisco Bay. But in none of the records of these excursions is any mention made of the erection of a fort at the place mentioned above. We should be glad to establish the fact if it were possible, and to confer, sub- stantiated, upon Napa County, the honor of having such an ancient relic of the Spanish regime within its boundaries, but a due regard for the truth prevents us from giving the statement unqualifiedly. As stated above, George C. Yount came into Napa Valley in February, 1831, and was thus the first permanent settler in the county. He was piloted hither by a young man by the name of Guy F. Fling, or Flynn. This guide afterwards became a settler in the county also, but it is not known when he came here to locate permanently. Evidently, he did not remain with Yount at the time they came here in 1831. It is known that Flynn came to the State in 1825, and that he became more like an Indian than a white man, and that his last days were spent among the Indians, near Napa, he living in a little old house at their rancheria. He died in 1872. After Mr. Yount arrived in the valley, he followed the occupation of hunting and trapping. In 1836 he built the first log house ever erected in California by an American. It was eighteen feet square below, with an upper story, which was twenty -two feet square, in which there were port holes, through which it often became necessary for him to defend himself from the savages, with which the valley then fairly swarmed. He obtained a grant to the Caymus Rancho, and lived there until his death, which oc- curred October 5th, 1865. General History and Settlement. 55 Next in order comes Don Cayetano Juarez, who came into the county as a permanent settler in 1840, although he had stock in the valley since 1837. lu 1S40 he built a small adobe house on his present place, the Tulucay Rancho, and brought his family from Sonoma, and has ever resided within sight of the City of Napa, and has seen a wilderness and jungle transferred into a beautiful city, and has seen the wild plains, on which Indians and wild animals roamed at will, changed into wide stretches of smiling grain. He still survives the storms of life, and is as hale and hearty as he was thirty years ago. The next settler in the county was Nicolas Higuerra, sometimes referred to as Jose Higuerra. It is not now known just what year he came in, but certainly previous to 1841. He located on the banks of the Napa Creek, about half a mile above its mouth, where he had a wicker house, plastered over with a thick coat of mud, and covered with a thatched roof of tule and grass. Here he lived, having a large family; the two daughters marrying the Berryessas, of the valley of that name. In 1839 Dr. E. T. Bale, an Englishman, obtained a grant to the Corne Humana Rancho, and settled there some time afterwards. He married a sister of General Vallejo, and lived upon his immense estate, which in- cluded all of the Napa Valley north of the Caymus Rancho, until his death, in 1850. Salvador Vallejo obtained a grant to the Napa Rancho September 21, 1838, and subsequently erected a very large adobe house, north-west of Napa some three miles. It is not known now just when his settlement dates to, as he really made his home at Sonoma. In 1843 Jose" Jesus and Sisto Berryessa obtained a grant to the Las Putas Rancho, and shortly afterwards located upon it, constructing a large adobe house, which went to ruin, and a second one was built, a portion of which is still standing on the estate of Abraham Clark. In 1840 E. Barnett came to the valley, and remained with Mr. Yount till 1843, when he settled in Pope Valley. William (or Julien) Pope obtained a grant to the Rancho Locoallomi in September, 1841, and moved his family there in 1843, where he shortly after lost his life by an accident. He and William Gordon had come via Mexico, in which country Pope had married a native wife. She subsequently married the pioneer mentioned above, E. Barnett. who lived in Pope Valley until a few years ago, when he died. In 1844 William Baldridge arrived at Napa Embarcadero, and thence he proceeded to Yount's place, and is still residing near Oakville, a hale and hearty old pioneer. Bartlett Vines, son-in-law of Yount, crossed the plains with him, and came to Napa County at the same time, on board Captain Sutter's schooner " Sacramento." To the Vines family was born the first white child in Napa County, and, it is claimed by some, the first white child 56 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. in California, but this is a mooted question, the honor lying between the Vines family, of Napa County, the Julius Martin family, of Santa Clara County, who crossed the plains with Baldridge and Vines, and the James Gregson family, of Sonoma County. Colonel J. B. Chiles, who first came to California in 1841, came again with the Baldridge party in 1843, and lo- cated in Chiles Valley in 1844 or 1845. With this party came also Miss Elizabeth Yount, daughter of the old pioneer, who, in 1849, was married to John C. Davis. In 1845, John York, John Grigsby, William Hudson, Harrison Pierce, David Hudson, Benjamin Dewell, William Elliott and sons, William Fow- ler, Sr., Henry Fowler, William Fowler, Jr., Calvin C. Griffith, Col. James Clyman, Harvey Porterfield, and William Hargrave, came in and settled in different portions of the county. When Mr. York arrived in the valley in 1845, he found the following settlers in the county. Ben. Kelsey lived on the place now owned by Peter Teal, which was then the property of Ralph Kilburn. This was about one mile south of the present site of Calistoga. Next to him, and on what is now the George Tucker place, E. Barnett was living, in a small log house. This is the man referred to above as having married the widow Pope. Sam Kelsey lived at the place where Bale's mill now stands, and he had a wife and two or three children; his wife being among the first, if not the first woman who ever came overland to California. At this time Ralph Kilburn had begun the erection of a saw mill on Napa River, just a little north-east of Krug's wine cellar, and for this work, and the running of the mill for a certain length of time, Dr. Bale was to give him three-quarters of a league of land. Dr. Edward Bale then lived in an adobe house, which was about 60 x 20 in size, and situated near the foot-hills west of Pine Station. The next settler was George C. Yount, who also lived in an adobe, near the present mill property of F. W. Ellis. The next place was the Salvador Vallejo estate, on which there were three adobes, one at the site of Barth's wine cellar, one at the Trancas, and one on the opposite side of the river. He made his home when in the county at the former. Nicolas Higuerra had an adobe (wicker, plastered with mud) at the Patchett place ; Cayetano Juarez had an adobe between Napa and the Asylum, and General Vallejo had an adobe on the Suscol Rancho, where he kept a few of his retainers. The Pope family were living in the valley of that name ; the Berryessas in the valley of that name, and Col. Chiles, and William Baldridge in Chiles Valley. Peter Storm was living on the Kilburn place at that time. Nathan Coombs came into Napa Township during this year. When Mr. York arrived in Napa County he proceeded at once to the vicinity of Calistoga, then known as Aquas Caliente, as did William Hud- General History and Settlement. 57 son. William Elliott and family also spent the first winter there. Of the young men who came over the mountains with Mr. York, Benjamin Dewell, John Gibhs, H. Sanders, Ford, B. Fowler, who was so brutally murdered during the Bear Flag excitement near Santa Rosa, all settled in the county. David Hudson's first house at Calistoga, built in the fall of 1S45, was a cabin constructed of little round logs, "chinked" with mud, and covered with shakes. Mr. York cut and split a redwood log, and con- structed his cabin out of slabs, and covered it with shakes. It was 10x12 in size, but afforded ample protection against the rigors of a California winter. In 1846 there came in Enoch Cyrus and family, William H. Nash and family, John S. Stark and family, Col. M. D. Ritchie and family, Charles Hopper and family, and John Cyrus. In this year F. E. Kellogg and family arrived from Illinois, and settled on what is now known as the Lyman place. In 1847 the Bale mill was completed, and John York drew the first logs to it from the adjacent hills. It was during this year that the first celebration of the natal day of our country occurred. The place of meet- ing was under the shade of a mammoth oak tree at the mouth of Rector Canon. The families of York, Hudson, Bale, Vines, Yount, Rector, and Grigsby were present, and a good social time generally was had. During the day singing was indulged in, and the grand strains of the " Star Spangled Banner " echoed through the hills and up the canon for the first time. It will be remembered that California was yet a part of Mexico, and the celebration of the day on foreign soil was rather incongruous, but prophetic. Among the settlers who came in in 1847 were William Edg- ington, who settled in Chiles Valley, J. "W., S. J., R. P. and G. W. Tucker, who settled near Calistoga. In 1848 there came in John Custer, who settled near Napa ; John Adams, also near Napa ; George N. Cornwell, at Napa. At this time John Kelley, Frank Kellogg, William McDonald and Hiram Acres are known to have been in the county, but it is not known j ust when they came. Also William Russell, J. P. Thompson and Capt. Brackett. In 1849 there came Peter D. Bailey, George Linn, Turner G. Baxter, and James H. McCorcle. In 1850 J. H. Seawell, William Dinning, in Hot Springs Township ; Leonard Tully, in Yount ; P. D. Grigsby, in Napa ; William A. Haskin, Hot Springs ; T. F. Raney, Napa ; H. Amesbury, Napa ; E. G. Young, Napa ; J. S. Trubody, Yount; and Jesse Grigsby, Napa. In 1851 William Locker, T. Grigsby, Yount ; P. G. Gesford, Hot Springs ; J. H. Howland, Napa. In 1852 A. W. Norton, Napa; John M. Davis, Napa; Matthew Vann, Hot Springs ; John Lawler, Hot Springs ; John T. Smith, Napa ; 58 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. P. T. and G. W. Teale, Hot Springs ; W. S. Jacks, Napa. In 1853 M. A. Elgin, Napa ; J. G. Randall, Napa ; B. Little, Napa ; William Middleton, Napa ; Charles Robinson, Napa ; C. H. Allen* Napa ; H. Goodrich, Napa ; H. H. Harris, Yount ; H. A. Pellet, Napa ; W. A. Fisher, Napa. In 1854 Joel Barnett, Hot Springs ; Robert Miller, Napa ; John S. Kister, Hot Springs ; Jesse Barnett, Knox ; R. F. Lane, Knox ; J. Watson, Napa. In 1855 Connelly Conn, Yount; W. E. Anderson, Napa. There are many- other pioneers whose names will be found mentioned elsewhere, that are omitted here. The reader is referred to the township histories, and to the biographical departments for further names. Of course it is impossible at this late date to make the list complete, but we have it as full as it is pos- sible to make it. We will now take up the principal events which have occurred in the history of Napa County, and record them in the order of their occurrence. As early as 1841, John Rose and John C. Davis built a schooner and launched it from a point of land just above the stone bridge on First street. This must have been a small affair, probably not much larger than a whale boat. In 1845, they built a barge which was used as a trading boat in all the bay inlets. In 1847, they constructed a saw-mill for Salvador Vallejo, on the east side of Napa River, about seven miles above town, and the site is still visible. Among the early pioneers who came over the unknown and untraveled desert and mountains to California, in 1846, was ex-Governor Lilburn W. Boggs. In those days, it will be remembered that California was a Mexican province, and it was necessary for an American citizen to have a passport from his Government to secure his safe passage through the country. The passport given to Governor Boggs was as follows : UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. To all to %vhom these Presents come, Greeting : No. 951. I, the undersigned, Secretary of State of the United States of America, hereby request all whom it may concern, to permit, safely and freely to pass, Lilburn W. Boggs, wife and eight children, a citizen of the United States, and in case of need to give him all lawful aid and protection. ^_a^^ Given under my hand and the impression of the seal of the / seal \ Department of State, at the City of Washington, the 25th j Department I d&y Q £ ^^ ± ^ jg^ ^ ^ sevent i et h y ear Q f foe Illde- s^^y-.^ pendence of the United States. (Signed) James Buchanan. General History and Settlement. 59 August 1, 1S49, an election was held at Sonoma, in the Territory of Cal- ifornia, at which James Cooper, John G. Ray and Nathan Coombs acted as Judges, and Richard H. Maupin and George Pearce acted as clerks. The poll list was certified to by H. W. Halleck, then Brevet- Captain and Secre- tary of State. Ex-Governor Boggs, as First Alcalde of the District of Sonoma, filed the following certificate in regard to this election : Alcalde's Office, Sonoma, August 21, 1849. I, L. W/Boggs, First Alcalde of Sonoma, do hereby certify that the above returns are correct, with the exception of the vote for First Alcalde, which office is not vacant. Given under my hand and seal at my office in Sonoma, the 2d day of August, 1849. (Signed) L. W. Boggs, First Alcalde. The vote certified to above was as follows : For Delegate to the Con- vention, Schoolcraft, 1 ; Stephen Smith, 3 ; M. G. Vallejo, 4 ; Salvador Val- lejo, 23 ; Robert Semple, 32 ; John B. Frisbie, 16 ; Lilburn W. Boggs, 34 ; James Clyman, 37 ; Jasper O'Farrell, 38 ; Joel P. Walker, 65, and Richard A. Maupin, 75. For Judge of the Superior Court. J. E. Brackett, 85. For Prefect, Charles P. Wilkins, 45 ; William E. Taylor, 26 ; Jose" Berryessa, 19, and John Cameron, 7. For First Alcalde, John G. Ray, 19 ; John A. Griffith, 5 ; George Yount, 3, and Peter Campbell, 1. For Second Alcalde, Ralph Kil- burn, 43. For Justices of the Peace, Peter Campbell, 28, and James Griffith, 14. For Sheriff, Israel Brockman, 86. The first record of the Alcalde's Court in Napa County is under date of October 20th, 1849, when the following proceedings were had : " Napa Valley, Territory of California, District of Sonoma. For Petty Larceny : And now comes the said parties, Charles L. Cady appearing for the Territory of California, being ready for trial, a jury of six men was subpoenaed and sworn, viz : D. Q. Tucker, William Russel, J. Brown, William Edgington, William Morgan arid John Taylor. Case adjourned till 6 P. M. Parties and jury appeared, and after hearing could not agree on a verdict. Case ad- journed till 10 o'clock Sunday, 21st October, 1849. Sunday, October 21st, 1849, parties appeared Another jury subpoenaed and sworn, viz : H. John- son, C. Briggs, A. Guthrie, N. Kennedy, William Watson and I. Boles. N. McKimmy, Constable or Sheriff, and R. L. Kilburn, Alcalde. The next case recorded is under date of November 8, 1849, and was a civil action, entitled " Nicholas Agara vs. — Jarrus." The judgment rendered in the case was as follows : " Judgment is hereby rendered in favor of said Nicholas for damages, $75.00, and for costs of the suit, also the 60 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. further sum of $10 ; total, $85.00. On further proof that said Jarrus has no property, and with his consent, and the petition of said Nicholas, it is ordered that the said Jarrus work for said Nicholas, at wages to be agreed upon between them, at as high a rate as Jarrus could obtain elsewhere, continuously from day to day until the said sum of $85.00 is fully paid and satisfied." The District Attorney at this time was Joseph W. Brackett. In August, 1850, the Justice for Napa County was John S. Cripps, and in November of that year S. H. Sellers is found to hold that position. Charles P. Wil- kins was Prefect in Sonoma in 1849. Among the curiosities of the olden days, many of our readers will re- member the pioneer carriage of this section, which was the property of General Vallejo. It was at one time the state carriage of the Duke of Wellington. General Vallejo purchased it in London in 1833, and brought it to California shortly after. The driver rode on one of the horses. The first election held in Napa County after its organization was on the first Monday in April, 1850. The first deed recorded in Napa County is dated April 3, 1850, and is fro)n Nicholas Heguera to John C. Brown, and acknowledged before M. H. N. Kendig, Recorder. The second is "dated February 15, 1850, from Nathan Coombs and Isabella, his wife, to Joseph Brackett and J. W. Brackett, " of Napa Valley, District of Sonoma, in the Northern Department of California." The property conveyed was " lot 3, in block 5, Napa City," acknowledged before R. L. Kilburn, Alcalde. The next deed is dated November 29, 1848, from Nicholas^Higuera to Joseph P. Thompson, acknowledged before L. W. Boggs, Alcalde of Sonoma. Another early deed is dated October 18, 1845, from George Roch to Jacob P. Leese, conveying the grant called "Guenoc." It is in the Spanish lang- uage, and acknowledged before Jose" de la Rosa ;j seventh Constitutional Alcalde of Sonoma. As an illustration of the value of money in those early days, we may mention that a mortgage was given October 20, 1850, from Jose" S. Berryessa to W. R. Bradshaw for $1,000, at 10 per cent, interest per month. The principal and interest were paid in a few months. The first Grand Jury in Napa County comprised the following gentle- men : Thomas Knight, Enoch Cyrus, William A. Haskin, William D. Dearing, George C. Yount, Joseph Green, George W. Moodie, Angus L. Boggs, Edward H. Cage, John Barbour, Anderson Farley, Horatio N. Ames- bury, Lyman Chapman. The following persons were subpoenaed for this jury, but did not put in an appearance ; Thomas Hensley, Leonard Miller, Joseph Mount, Joseph White, Turner G. Baxter and Joseph Reed. The meeting of this jury was held August 4, 1851. On the same date the following gentlemen were subpoenaed, comprising the first Trial Jury in Napa County : Preston G. Gesford, Henry Boggs, General History and Settlement. 61 William Baldridge, John Grigsby, Anson White, F. J. Benjamin, John Guthrie. Isaac McCoomhs, and Edward McGarry. The following were absent, William James, Em. A. d'Himicourt, Robert Catherwood, and John S. Cripps. In December, 1851, Edward H. Cage, better known as " Ned " Cage, was appointed to the position of Judge of the Plains, for the lower precinct, and the Sheriff of the county was delegated to perform the same duties for the upper precinct. As that position and its duties are long since things of the past, a word of explanation will not be out of place here. It will be remem- bered that in the early days everybody's cattle ran at large here, and as a matter of course the bands got very promiscuously mixed up during the year. Once each year there was a general grand gathering up of all the cattle in the county, and the young stock was branded. This was called by the Spainards a rodeo, pronounced " rodero." It often occured that disputes arose among the stockmen in regard to the ownership of the stock, and it was to arbitrate these matters that the Judge of the Plains was appointed. The first Board of Supervisors of Napa County convened December 6, 1856, and was composed of the following members. John M. Hamilton, Florentine E. Kellogror and Jessie Whitton. J. M. Hamilton was chosen chairman of the Board. Pressley Thompson presented the first claim against the county, which was for building a bridge across Napa Creek, and the amount of the claim was 81,190.00. May 17, 1853, Napa River was declared to be a navigable stream by the Legislature. April 10, 1855, the following Act of the Legislature was approved. " The people of Napa County may levy a tax not to exceed one-half of one per cent., half of which is to be applied to the removal of snags from the Napa River, and the other half to the construction of a wagon road from Napa Yalley to Clear Lake via Pope and Coyote Valleys." November 7, 1855, the Board of Supervisors ordered that the Treasurer purchase a safe for the county, not to cost more than 8200. April 7, 1856, the first school districts were organized in what is now Lake County, but was then a portion of Napa. There were two of them organized. May 19, 1856, the Board of Supervisors issued an order for funding the county debt. The new bonds were to be of the denominations of §50, S100 and 8500, and the rate of interest was to be 10 per cent, per annum. 62 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. The condition of the finances of the county in 1856 is indicated by the following report of the Treasurer, rendered October 31st of that year : Balance in County Fund $1,319 78 Balance in Contingent Fund 171 82 Balance in Road Fund 444 20 Balance in Sinking Fund 427 74 Balance in School Fund 287 63 Total on hand $2,651 17 The indebtedness could not be ascertained at that time. Among the historical curiosities which we have uneai*thed in Napa County, we present the following copy of an old political poster, which was issued in 1856, as being of considerable interest : REPUBLICAN RALLY. " There will be a meeting of the Republican party at the Court-house in Napa City on Saturday, October 18, 1856, at 2 p. M., to adopt such measures as will promote the success of Republican principles, and the triumph of the party. Trenor W. Parks, Esq., of San Francisco, will be present and address the meeting. Let all come who are in favor of the im- mediate construction of the (Central) Pacific Railroad ; opposed to violence and bloodshed at the National Capital, and who believe that the truths of the Declaration of Independence are practical. Come one! Come all !!" (The following names were signed to the call.) C. Hartson, Dr. Henry, James Glasford, Thomas Knight, William Hargrave, S. Wing, William McDonald, J. M. Mansfield, Reese Smith, Seth Dunham, Isaac Allen, John Wilford, Jacob McCoombs, Levi Hardman, J. W. Osborne, Josiah Trubody, Isaac Pastelow, Dr. W. W. Stillwagon, J. McCoombs, George C. Yount, James Lefferts, A. L. Haven, Phil. Howell, Charles H. Allen, Ed. Chesebro, Silas Ritchie, John McCloud, Capt. L. T. Wilson, Dr. White, Capt. Clayton, William Fisher, Lyman Chapman, D. L. Cheeney, H. R. Curtis, L. G. Lillie, Israel Putnam, Benjamin McCoombs, A. C. Welch, John Wolf, Samuel Cook, James Blake, Stephen Broadhurst, S. T. Mount, Simon Loveland, James Record, Capt. Nichols, James Buckman, David Howell, Pierce Wig- gins, William Lord, W. S. Jacks, Joseph Baker, George F. Reeves, Henry Baker, William Sherman. The first move toward telegraphic connection in Napa County was made in 1857. In November of that year we find that tAventy-five shares of stock at $100 each had been subscribed towards constructing a line of telegraph from Napa to Vallejo. Only ten shares more were required to be sub- scribed to insure the success of the enterprise. February 13, 1858, the John Yoi^k General History and Settlement. 63 first meeting of the Napa and Vallejo Telegraph Company was held, and the following officers were elected : President, James Lefferts ; Vice-Presi- dent, R. D. Hopkins; Treasurer, Richard Dudding ; Secretary, Robert R. Pierpont. Directors — G. N. Cornwell, W. H. James, Smith Brown, Henry Sage and Thomas Earl. It would seem that nothing further than getting the thing to booming on paper was accomplished until 1859. On the 25th day of January of that year the first pole was set, and the line was soon after completed. NAPA AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.— There was a small Agricultural Society organized in 1854, but it did not amount to very much, there being only a small exhibition in a building in Napa City. October 17, 1857, active measures were taken looking to the organization of an Agricultural Society in Napa County, and a meeting was called on that day of the citi- zens of the county to take the matter under advisement. This convocation was organized by calling J. W. Osborne to the chair, and J. M. Dudley was chosen to act as Secretary. Hon. Pulaski Jacks introduced the following resolutions : Resolved, That a committee of three citizens be appointed to make pre- liminary arrangements in reference to holding a County Agricultural Show on or about the 5th of November next, said committee to make the neces- sary inquiries, and make report to this meeting by Wednesday next, the 21st instant, at 2 o'clock P. M., and also report the probability of reorganiz- ing the old society. The following gentlemen were appointed on that com- mittee : A. D. Pryal, B. Grimes and Thomas Earl. On motion of Mr. Ogden, it was resolved that a committee of three be appointed to devise ways and means, and collect subscriptions necessary for incidental expenses. The following gentlemen were appointed : Smith Brown, Major Easterbrook and George E. Goodman. It was also resolved that the Secretary be requested to place in several of the stores subscription lists, that those wishing to subscribe can specify the articles for exhibition. In pursuance with the resolution above quoted, another meeting was held October 21st, when the committee first mentioned above reported in favor of reorganizing the present Agricultural Society, and, on motion, the report was adopted. The following officers were then elected : J. W. Os- borne, President; George C. Yount, First Vice-President; Thomas H. Thomp- son, Second Vice-President ; W. A. Haskins, Third Vice-President ; L. T. Musick, Fourth Vice-President, and Boone Fly, Fifth Vice-President ; James McNeil, Corresponding Secretary; Robert R. Pierpont, Recording Secretary; Thomas Earl, Treasurer, and R. C. Haile, Pulaski Jacks, L. F. Baker, James Hornbeck and Brice Grimes, Directors. 64 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. The Board of Directors met at Napa on the 2 2d, and, upon consulting the best interests of the Society, it was decided by the Board that an exhi- bition of stock, farm, orchard, dairy, household and manufacturing products be held at Napa, on the 4th and 5th days of November next (1857), and that the following programme of exercises and amusements be adopted, viz: For Wednesday, the first day, there will be a plowing match, trial of teams on draft, ladies' riding on horseback, and an address. For the second day, a trial of road teams, gentlemen riding and practicing with the lasso. The exhibition to close with a ball in the evening. Certificates of member- ship may be had of the Treasurer, Thomas Earl. Tickets for the ball were held at $3.00 each, and the ladies of Napa were requested to turn out and adorn the building in which the ball was to be held. We know nothing of the success of the exhibition, and find no mention of its repetition. February 1, 1858, the following Act of the Legislature was approved : The Board of Supervisors of Napa County shall levy a tax, not to exceed one quarter of one per cent., for the purpose of constructing a public road from the city of Napa, by the way of Knight's Valley in Napa County, to Russian River Valley. Said road to pass up Napa Valley on the west side of Napa Creek ; and also for the purpose of constructing a public road from Napa City, running up the east side of Napa Creek to Clear Lake by the way of Chiles Canon. In 1861, William Baldridge experimented on cotton growing in Napa County; it did not do very well, as the soil and climate is evidently much better adapted to growing grapes than cotton. We would remark en pas- sant that to Mr. Baldridge belongs the honor of introducing the black locust tree upon this coast. The seed was sent to him about 1845, and he planted it, and from that came the stock now in California. March 3, 1863, the Legislature passed an Act, providing for the levying of a tax of fifteen cents on the $100, in both Napa and Lake Counties, for improvement of the road running through Chiles and Butts Canons. August 11, 1863, Charles Britton was hanged in Napa, which was the first execution that ever occured in the city. September 7, 1863, the Board of Supervisors of Napa County, by a special motion, added the word " forever " to their order, for a road from the Benicia road to Gordon Valley, thus making it a " highway forever." We do not know that the order has ever been rescinded, nor do we know how it will affect matters in the eras yet to be. December 24, 1863, Samuel Brannan advertised for five hundred and seventy-five telegraph pole's, with which to construct a line from Napa City to Calistoga. April 4, 1864, the following Act of the Legislature was approved : The Board of Supervisors of Napa County may levy a tax of twenty cents on General History and Settlement. 65 each £100. in Napa County, for the purpose of purchasing Fair Grounds and constructing suitable buildings thereon, for the use of any Agricultural Society now formed or that may be formed hereafter. Said tax to be levied whenever the San Pablo Bay District Agricultural and Mechanical Society is permanently located at Napa City, or whenever two hundred tax-payers of said county shall, in writing, petition said Board to make such levy. Native or wild tobacco has been found on the Pacific Coast, from Cape St. Lucas in Lower California to the Upper Sacramento, which in every respect closely resembles the cultivated article. The first account of it is given in the history of the voyage of Cabrillo, in 1541, who met with it in common use among the savages. Sir Francis Drake also mentions it at Point Reyes. The plant is found very generally dispersed all through Napa County, and the writer has seen it in rank growth all over the hillsides in the vicinity of Knoxville. In 1864, Messrs. George N. and John Cornwell, planted a crop of tobacco near Napa, which grew well, and there is no doubt but that it would do as well here as anywhere in California. In 1864, the stage business between Napa City and Calistoga was in a flourishing condition. In that year, the line was owned by Messrs. Brannan & Coombs, who ran a 24-passenger coach on it. Mr. Coombs also had a stage line between Napa City and Benicia. The condition of the county finances in August, 1864, was as follows : Total indebtedness $21,678 . 25 Cash on hand 3,964.09 Balance of debt $17,714.16 From the report of the Internal Revenue officer, in 1865, we find that there were in Napa County, business subject to tax as follows : Retail dealers, 12 ; retail liquor dealers, 6 ; butchers, 1 ; hotels, 5 ; dentist, 1 ; doc- tors, 4 ; lawyers, 4 ; pianos, 1 ; buggies, 3, and billiard tables, 1. PETROLEUM. — Pursuant to a notice, a meeting of persons owning or intei-ested in oil lands in Napa County, was held at the office of G. W. Towle ; in Napa City, on the 30th day of September, 1865. The committee ap- pointed for the purpose, reported the following rules and regulations for the district, which were adopted : The district shall be bounded by the county lines, and be called the «' Napa Petroleum District." Each claim may be one hundred and sixty acres or less, but shall in no case exceed one-half mile in length. All claims shall be defined by metes and bounds, or by the sections of the Government survey as numbered. 66 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. No person shall hold by location more than one claim in the District. The County Recorder of Napa County, for the time being, shall be the Re- corder of this district, and shall be allowed such fees as are allowed for other recording. Any person taking up a claim in this district, shall post a written notice thereon, signed by him, and describing the boundaries of such claim, and shall cause said notice to be recorded in the Recorder's office, within twenty days thereafter. Any person locating a claim shall, within sixty days after recording the same, perforin thereon three days' work, which shall entitle him to hold such claim for twelve months. The Recorder may, on evidence satisfactory to him, issue certificates that such work has been duly performed. If a company owning two or more adjacent claims, shall perform the above required amount of work on any one of them, it shall be considered as work done upon them all. E. N. Boynton, President. R. T. Montgomery, Secretary. The first mention of the discovery of petroleum in Napa County, is made under date of May, 1865, and the place where it was found was on Capt. Samuel D. Goodrich's place, about four miles north-east of Napa City. In July of the same year, it was discovered on Gen. Keyes' place, near St. Helena. The oil was said to be clear and of good quality. In May, 1866, it was discovered at the head of Capelle Valley, fifteen miles from Napa City. A ledge of white quartz in which there are small cavities containing petroleum, a spoonful or so in a place, here and there, in the solid rock. A company was organized, called the " Alladin Petroleum Company," for the purpose of prospecting. Evidences of petroleum are to be found all over the county, but no great quantities of it have been found. ASSASSINATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.— The principal event that occurred in the United States in 1865 was the heartless striking down of the head of the nation, Abraham Lincoln, by the fell assassin, J. Wilkes Booth. This was a matter so fraught with interest to every citizen of the Union that we shall devote a portion of our space to a narration of the subject, giving when practicable, the editorial mention made of the deed by the Press of the county, both Democratic and Republican, and such other notices and resolutions that will be of interest in this connection. We regret that the files of the Reporter are not to be found of this date, and hence are confined to the columns of the Register for our quotations. Under date of April 22, 1865, the Register appeared with inverted column rules, or dressed in mourning, and published the following in its editorial columns : General History and Settlement. 67 " The nation is in mourning over the death of a good and great ruler. Abraham Lincoln is assassinated ! Great horror and unspeakable anguish tills every loyal heart in the land at this announcement. A week since the country was everywhere jubilant ; the joyous roar of cannon rang over hill and through valley, proclaiming the fall of the rebel dynasty. But ere the smoke had ceased curling towards the heavens — while the echo of joyous salutes still vibrated upon the air, and before the cannon-breech had fairly cooled — the terrible tidings that President Lincoln had fallen a victim to the assassin burst over the startled country, bowing many a head in anguish and sending a thrill of horror to the strongest heart. Lincoln, the crushed ruler of a free people — a second ' Father of his Country' — launched into eter- nity without a moment's warning — guilty of naught save a devotion to the country ! ' God grant it may not be true,' was the prayer of all. But, alas for us ! the telegraph performed its office, and tells us the terrible truth. " We read in history of ambitious chiefs and rulers having fallen by assassination ; but the records of the dark ages — where crime and anarchy ran riot — furnish no parallel to this damnable and atrocious act. The brain throbs and the heart grows faint as we meditate over the awful catas- trophe. The deed was committed on the night of the 14th of April, in Ford's Theatre, Washington. President Lincoln had consented to be present — went, though against his will, with his wife and son. His mind was occupied in devising ways and means for the speedy restoration of peace, .and he preferred the Council Chamber, where he had spent the day in deliberation with the Cabinet, to the Opera House. But he took the fatal step, and there, while in his private box with his family, unconscious of harm, the assassin did the work. " Though shaken to our very center by the terrible and unexpected blow, the Nation stands strong, and will travel on forever, shedding the light of our glory on all coming ages. Dark though our past may have been, our future is bright with promise of returning peace and prosperity ; but Americans never will, nor can they, forget this dark blot upon their country's history, however resplendent may be our future record ; and O, how bitter will be the anguish of those who are in any way connected with or responsible for the hellish act ! What a weight of woe and lasting infamy will rest upon their children and their children's children — the conscious- ness of their fathers' guilt in having sustained, by word or deed, the doings of traitors, North or South, whose acts have resulted in the death of Presi- dent Lincoln. Mass Meeting. — Pursuant to a notice, a large meeting of the citizens of Napa assembled at the Court-house on Monday evening, the 17th, and made arrangements for appropriate funeral ceremonies on the following Wednesday, the day that President Lincoln was buried. The meeting was 68 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. called to order by A. Y. Easterby, and the following officers and committees were appointed : President, Hon. Robert Crouch ; Secretary, A. A. Hume- well ; Vice-Presidents : James Lefferts, Nathan Coombs, George Fellows, Dr. W. W. Stillwagon, J. H. Goodman, A. Wheeler, Smith Brown, E. S. Chese- bro, N. A. Greene, J. F. Lambdin, J. H. Moran, J. M." Nichols, J. M. Carter, R. T. Montgomery, Henry Edgington, Rev. P. Deyaert, A. Y. Easterby, L. Bruck, A. Higbie, W. S. Turner, A. H. Humewell, Rev. W. J. McClay, Rev. P. V. Veeder ; Committee on Resolutions : R. T. Montgomery, J. M. Carter and A. Higbie ; Committee on Arrangements : N. Coombs, G. Fellows, J. H. Goodman, A. Wheeler, George E. Goodman, Smith Brown, A. A. Hume- well, E. S. Chesebro, N. A. Greene, J. F. Lambdin and J. H. Moran. Resolutions. — Whereas, The causeless and unsuccessful assault which has been made by traitors in the revolted States, and by their abettors everywhere, against the liberties of the American people and the lawful Government of the United States, has culminated in the cowardly assassi- nation of our revered Chief Magistrate, Abraham Lincoln, and the attempted murder of William H. Seward, the Secretary of State ; therefore Resolved, That the loyal citizens of Napa County recognize, in this last desperate act of the unscrupulous tools of traitors, new evidence of their barbarousness, and the character of the wretches who have so long made war against the Government and Administration, and regard this atrocious murder as the legitimate fruits of the fiendish spirit of opposition which has appealed to the brute passions of the brute man. Resolved, That, in our view, the actual perpetrators of this murder, un- paralleled in American history, are less guilty than the traitors, North as well as South, who have for the past four years fermented discord, de- nounced the officers of the Government and incited treason ; in that in our belief the assassination of the President is to be attributed, not to a single murderer, but that a secret organization, whose members are to be found in every community, and which, either directly or indirectly, or through its satellites, has been and still is actuated by the single purpose of destroying the Government and securing success to the Slave-holders' Rebellion. Resolved, That the clemency and forbearance with which this class of traitors have been treated by loyal citizens has been interpreted by them as evidence of cowardice and indifference, and emboldened traitors and ruffians in our midst to continue their vile abuse of the Government and its officers, and this unchecked license to treasonable sentiments has led to this crown- ing act of infamy — the murder of the President of the Republic. Resolved, That swift and severe punishment should be meted out to the authors and instruments of this hellish crime — a crime against the human race — as well as to all who justify it, and that from this hour we will hold no man guiltless who shall approve the act or apologize for its General History and Settlement. 69 perpetrators, but will heap upon any such, if detected in this community, the heavy indignation of a loyal people. Resolved, That as citizens of the American Republic, we profoundly lament the loss of the great and good man who, through four terrible years of the Rebellion, has conducted our national Government with success and honor; that his untimely and violent death, when just upon the eve of returning peace, which his heart yearned for, and toward which the last energies of his life were devoted — was a calamity not only to the Nation, but to civilization everywhere ; that while we weep over his loss, our hearts are rilled with thankfulness to the Giver of good, that even thus far in the Nation's life struggle, he hath vouchsafed to us the clear head, the pure heart, the firm will, and the unfaltering truth of Abraham Lincoln ; that while in anguish we yield to the bitter consciousness that he has flown, and by the treacherous hand of an assassin, we rejoice in the knowledge that he leaves to the coming ages, a spotless record as a Christian and a patriot; that no words of praise from living lips — no inscriptions on sculptured marble can fitly set forth the greatness of the man, or declare the poignant sorrow of the Nation that loved and revered him, but the living and lasting record of his lofty patriotism shall be found in the heart of every man that has known opposition or learned the value of liberty. Resolved, That in view of this cowardly and atrocious attack upon the Nation in the person of its executive head, and the lurking danger that threatens every loyal man, we pledge ourselves anew to devote our influence, our property, our lives, if need be, whenever and wherever they may be required, to maintain the entirety of the government and punish all traitors against its authority. Resolved, That on Wednesday next, the day of the obsequies of the President, we recommend that all business places be closed ; that all flags and public and private buildings be draped in mourning; that a funeral oration be delivered on that day, with suitable religious services, and that the several military and fire companies, benevolent societies, public and private societies, and every man who feels the deep outrage which this terrible assassination inflicts upon him as a citizen, be invited to join in the funeral procession on that day and attend the public exercises. At a meeting of the Washington Light Battery, held at their rrmory on Friday the 21st, the following preamble and resolutions were adopted : Whereas, Abraham Lincoln, the beloved President of a free people, has been basely assassinated, while in the discharge of his official duties, at the Nation's Capital, and — Whereas, While in his official career, in time of the rebellion and civil war, when the life of the Nation was in peril, his wisdom and impar- tiality gave us confidence in his judgment and the final issue of the war, 70 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. and while his patriotism and love of liberty gave full assurance of the advancement of the great question of this enlightened age, the extinction of human bondage, and — Whereas, His kindness and magnaminity gave us promise of a speedy and peaceful reunion with the Nation's foes, Therefore, be it — Resolved, That we look upon his untimely end as a calamity, not alone to the nation, but to the lovers of freedom throughout the world. Resolved, That we cherish the principles he advocated, and renew in this solemn hour our fidelity to the Union and its course. Resolved, That the armory be dressed in mourning for thirty days. E. M. Boynton, Secretary. Obsequies of the President. — No event ever drew such a concourse of people to Napa as the burial services of the Chief Magistrate, Abraham Lincoln, on the day indicated in the resolution above quoted. The pro- cession was nearly half a mile in length, and was led by the " Rangers," Capt. Lambdin ; then followed the " Guards," Washington Light Battery, Pioneer Engine Company, citizens, Odd Fellows and Masons. The services were held in the Court-house square, which was densely crowded by a sor- rowful multitude, who had assembled to pay their last homage to the earthly remains of one of the greatest and best of men. After a touching and appropriate prayer by Rev. McClay, Hon. Henry Edgerton delivered an oration, replete with wisdom, truth and pathos. His words, with a melan- choly sadness, fell upon the ears and touched the hearts of an attentive and tearful audience. Rev. Higbie delivered a benediction at the close of the ceremonies, after which Mr. Easterby came forward and requested the flag to be raised to full mast, and invoked the blessing of Almighty God upon President Johnson. The day was generally observed throughout, and the whole town being draped in mourning gave it the solemnity due so great an occasion. At a meeting of the Pioneer Engine Company the following preambles and resolutions were adopted : Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God to have taken from among us, by the hand of the assassin, that great and good man Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States ; and Whereas, We have heard of the assassination with mingled feelings of sorrow and indignation ; therefore, Resolved, That in the death of Abraham Lincoln, the late President of the United States, the Nation has lost a statesman, whose patriotism was the most unselfish, whose character was spotless, and whose honor in all the dealings of his lifetime was unsullied. General History cmd Settlement. 71 Resolved, That in respect to the memory of the deceased, we will wear the usual badge of mourning, and cause our engine house to be shrouded in mourning for thirty days. At a meeting of Franklin Lodge, No. 29, Independent Order of Good Templars, the following preambles and resolution were adopted : WHEREAS, Assassination has taken from the position which he held with such honor to himself and the people, the President of the United States ; and Whereas, Through his death we have lost a lover of his country and a friend of all good enterprises, not the least among which was the cause of temperance ; and as, under such circumstances, it becomes all patriots, whether as individuals or associations, to make an appropriate expression of their grief ; therefore, be it Resolved, That Franklin Lodge of Good Templars of Napa City con- demn the traitors who can be guilty of such a crime ; and, acknowledging the worth of the illustrious dead, do hereby tender their most heartfelt sorrow at the death of the Chief Executive of their country, and that their hall be draped in mourning for the space of thirty days. V. J. Van Doren, P. Prior, N. B. Gower, Committee. On the night of November 8, 1865, the prisoners in the County Jail, four in number, succeeded in making their escape. During the day the cells had been scrubbed out, and the prisoners were left in the corridor that night. They removed a stone 10 x 20 inches in size, which allowed them to pass out easily. These stones were supposed to be dove-tailed, so that they could not be removed, but this one did not seem to be. March 17, 1866, an Act of the Legislature was approved, giving to John Lawley the right to construct a turnpike road from Ed. Ebry's house, in Napa County, through St. Helena Canon, and over the St. Helena range of mountains to Siegler Valley, in Lake County. April 2, 1866, an Act of the Legislature granted to Dr. G. B. Crane, Dwight Spencer, Jesse Grigsby and R. B. Woodward the right to contruct a Macadamized road from Napa to St. Helena. The matter was to be sub- mitted to the people of the county. All old pioneers will well remember Ned McGarry, who served in the State Senate for several terms from this district. In December, 1877, he ended his earthly existence with a penknife, "in the Occidental Hotel, in San Francisco. 72 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. CLIMATE OF NAPA COUNTY.— The following table, which is the record of temperature from April to December, 1867, will serve to indicate what the general climate of the city is : Month. Degrees. Month. Degress. Min. Max. Min. Max. A r Ms ( t t t t ( Ju I I I t Ju ril 15 70 50 60 60 60 60 50 62 70 80 75 65 70 70 67 60 60 60 68 65 65 65 65 60 80 85 78 70 66 70 70 60 64 65 67 65 70 64 66 90 80 60 70 66 80 78 74 64 60 66 76 86 86 74 80 90 70 70 76 76 80 78 9 90 88 88 103 101 101 96 80 88 80 96 70 72 75 80 84 82 80 Aug ust 1 64 68 65 65 70 70 60 70 68 60 65 60 65 70 62 60 70 65 65 70 68 60 58 54 54 60 70 65 60 50 55 70 70 60 60 frost 60 55 50 50 75 ' 20-27 2 80 ' 28 3-5 75 ' 29 6 7 74 86 8 78 2-3 10-13 75 1 4-10 14-16 85 11 17-18 80 12 19 70 1 13 20-21 80 14-21 22 75 ' 22 23-24 80 ' 25-27 25-26 85 ' 28-29-30 ' 31 T 27-28 70 29 75 ne 1-5 30 80 31 75 ' 6-7 ' 8-9 , Septemhfir 1 - ■ " 75 ' 10-14 " 3 80 1 15-19 4 5 75 ' 20 70 ' 21-22 " 6-7 75 ' 23-25 " 8-11 70 ' 26-29 " 12-14 66 ' 30 " 15-17 75 ly 1 " 18-21 90 " 22 80 ' 2-3 " 23-29 70 ' 4 ' 5 Ot< )ber 7 65 ' 6 ' 8-9 72 ' 7 - 10.. 80 ' 8.... '.. ' 11 ' 21 75 ' 9-11 80 ' 12-13 ' 31 70 ' 14-15 No 1 ? Dec " 10-11 '. ' 16-18 ' 19-20 64 70 ' 21-22 " 22-29 70 ' 23 ' 24-27 62 ' 28-29 " 15 62 ' 30 ' 31 General History and Settlement. 73 B «, Cfc Pa 1 ■ = ■ r- < PS •SAVQ CM t- CN a r- CN eo S3 CN 5 J t— •siva CM 2 © ■^" 3 © CO CO : ! H X CO m to ts i -1 ,_, fr- *m fr- ^. >--: 00 CO © re ee » £; o CO >- 2 •BAYQ - OB © cc t«- O) id fr- x iG S - fr- CO CO _ fr- cm : : -* -* © © CO £ s CO on X N 1-1 : CN siva - - CO © cc c CC CO -41 : * : -*< fr- x T IQ CO cc ■* i m i X T* CO Cl © ^H ■* © « £ CO X (H * 1-1 siva - »o © X ifi ■* -f H fr- * oo X ^ CO y* ta © -< M © o © © © u= © > 2 l-H •sAva X cc © © fr- CC - : : ©) CO X (M CO et X © « : ; U5 c= ■* © £ s CN fr- to CN •SATd ^ cc I- i> -«* ■* x — ■* i '. CM ^ CO cc ■x, cc © CN "* 5 2 H •SAYd - CN CM fr* © CN K- CC CC 1-1 ^ j 3 x o OS t~ < =» — o « © lH - -* ■* CC X H cc CO C-l IC -* >- 2 • 2 CI •SATd - " X & © c- © -* : : ■* x X CO -, cc ^, ■< fa fr- oc b- X -* CO o > 2 iO cc fr- e- ■^ •sAva | © K © iC -# i- o X t- o- co co »a © CO r* x CN ' "** © r- CO -A ; as z; •< o s Pi pa m e E C & s 1 > c - f_, Si I r c & - r G 63 > s 2 J g CQ C > 2 U i - & - < ^ >?•?-< 74 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. COUNTY INFIRMARY.— In accordance with an Act of the Legisla- ture, approved April 18, 1867, it was ordered by the Board of Supervisors, March 18, 1808, that they proceed to establish an Infirmary in Napa County. The Board of Supervisors then took the oath as Directors of the institution. March 10, 1869, bids for the erection of buildings were adver- tised for, and April 13th of that year, the contract was let to Beeby, Robin- son & Son, for the sum of $81,218.55. The building was completed August 2d of the same year, and is located in a spacious tract of land to the south- west of Napa City, a short distance. In 1869, the following tax statistics were culled from the Assessor's books : Value of real estate in Napa County $2,538,089 Value of personal property in Napa County 1,075,164 Total $3,613,253 Number of Acres taxed, 211,131. • State tax on above $35,115.87 County tax on above 66,973 55 Road poll tax collected 4,125.00 Road district tax collected 9,050.00 Dog tax collected 804.00 '& Total tax collected $116,068.42 OLD DEBT FUNDED.— In accordance with an Act of the Legislature, approved April 16, 1880, the Board of Supervisors funded the debt of the county as follows : Railroad debt of $228,000, bearing interest at the rate of 10 per cent, to 6 per cent., payable June 30, 1900 ; and the road district indebtedness of about $80,000, funded from 7 per cent, to 4-| per cent., payable June 30, 1890. RAILROAD HISTORY.— There is no subject more closely allied to the general history of Napa County than the railroad which extends through Napa Valley, and for which the people have to pay, but do not own. It is not within our province to comment on matters of this kind, but to give the facts as recorded in the Press and records of the county, and leave the reader to draw his own conclusions. The first mention of a railroad enterprise of any kind in Napa County, is found under date of December 26, 1863, which states that a company has been organized in San Francisco for the purpose of constructing a railroad from Vallejo to Calistoga. No further mention is made of this company, and it is fair to presume that nothing more was ever done by it. & General History and Settlement. 75 In 1 si!4, the ball for the Napa Valley Railroad was set to rolling, and as early as January 9th of that year, we find that subscription books to stock in this enterprise were open at the bank and the store of A. Y. Easterby & Co. March 26th of that year, Hon. Chancellor Hartson introduced a bill before the Legislature providing for the issuance of county bonds to the amount of $225,000 to aid the project. It was provided that bonds should l>c issued at the rate of 310,000 per mile for the first five miles constructed ami s").000 for the remaining thirty-five on to Calistoga. This proposition was to be submitted to a vote of the people. It was argued that all the bonds along the line of the road would be enhanced in value at least ten per cent., and that would more than remunerate the added tax. April 4, 1864, the Hartson bill was approved by the Governor, and its provisions, as finally passed, were in brief as follows : The Board of Super- visors shall call a special election, to be held on the second Wednesday in May next (1864), to vote on the proposition of the taking of railroad stock by the county at the rate of $10,000 per mile for the first five miles and $5,000 per mile for each mile thereafter. Two miles of the road must be completed before any money can be paid on it, and the bonds shall be of the denominations of $10,000 and $5,000 each, and shall have coupons for interest attached, and the interest^ shall be payable on the second day of January of each year. A tax shall be levied not to exceed 25 cents on the $100, which shall be known as the interest tax. In the year 1870, and each year thereafter until the bonds are all paid, the Board may levy a tax not to exceed 25 cents on the $100 for the purpose of raising a fund for the payment of said bonds, to be known as the " Railroad Fund." In accordance with the provisions of the above Act an election was held May 1 1, 1864, which resulted as follows : Name of Precinct. Railroad. Majority. No. Yes. No. Yea. Gordon Valley 23 1 47 40 36 21 2 86 235 49 92 22 21 Hot Spring9 85 Napa 188 Yount 9 Sf. Helena 56 Soscol 1 Totals 168 486 21 339 It will be seen by the above that the proposition of " Railroad yes " carried by the handsome majority of 318 votes in a total vote of 654. In only one precinct was a negative majority cast. 76 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Shortly after this election, and during the same month, the company was organized and the following officers chosen : President, C. Hartson ; Vice-President, A. Y. Easterby ; Treasurer, Sam. Brannan ; and Secretary, A. A. Cohen. June 13, 1864, the Board of Supervisors officially complied with the requirements of the Act of the Legislature of April 4, 1864, and subscribed to the stock of the railroad company for the County of Napa in the amount of $10,000 per mile for the first five miles completed, and $5000 per mile for each subsequent mile completed. Outside of the subscriptions of the county, many private citizens sub- scribed very liberally towards the enterprise, agreeing also to donate a right of way sixty feet wide through their premises. These subscribers were as follows : S. Brannan $3000, R B. Woodward $3000, C. Mayne $3000, A. A. Cohen $3000, C. Hartson $2000, N. Coombs $2000, W. R Garrison $3000, H. Barroilhet $3000, C. F. Lott $3000, S. Alstrom $3000, E. J. Weeks $5000, J. Graves $2000, T. Knight $2000, G. C. Yount $2000, J. H. Goodman $1000, A. Y. Easterby $1000, J. Lawley $1000, Smith Brown $1000, S. C. Hastings $1000, G. W. Crowey $1000, George Fellows $1000, J. S. Trubody $1000, H. Fowler $1000, E. Stanley $500, J. F. Lambdin $500, C. H. Holmes $500, R Ellis $100 and W. Hargrave $500. The following additional subscrip- tions were added : R B. Woodward $2000, S. Brannan $5000, J. Trubody, $2000, and sundry persons $3000. Arrangements were all completed and everything got in readiness so that the first ground was broken November 21, 1864, a short distance below Napa City. In accordance with the provisions of the railway bill a tax of twentj^- five cents on the $100 was levied for 1864 by the Board of Supervisors. By January 10, 1865, the road was completed as to grading and track- laying from Soscol to Napa City. It was built by Messrs. Patterson & Gray for the sum of $32,000. The rolling-stock, which had then been ordered, consisted of two cars, with a capacity of 105 passengers, and a pony engine. The track entered Napa City by way of Main street, and was laid along that street to Third. Most of our readers will remember the old arrange- ment in this regard. The rolling-stock did not arrive until about July 1, 1865, and on the 11th of that month the first train passed over the track. A collation was spread at the Revere House and free rides were given to all who wished to embrace the opportunity. At the first annual election the following officers were chosen: President, A. Y. Easterby; Vice-President, R B. Woodward; Secretary, A. Badlam, Jr.; Treasurer, S. Brannan ; Directors, S. Brannan, A. Y. Easterby, C. Mayne, J. H. Goodman, J. Lawley, C Hartson, and R B. Woodward. November 4, 1865, a new locomotive was purchased to take the place of the " pony," which had first been put upon the road. The driving wheel General History and Settlement. 77 was four and a half feet in diameter, and the cost of the engine was $9000. It was named "Napa City." The business done by this little railroad at that time may be gleaned from the following report, rendered December 31, 1865, and covers the first six months of its existence : RECEIPTS : Passengers $2,525.75 Freight 2,213.63 84,739.38 EXPENSES : Fuel, oil, etc 8841.69 Salaries 1,969.60 $2,811.29 Total Profits $1,928.09 Average per month 321.35 Any one good at calculating interest can soon find out how much the road was paying on the investment. The trains ran to Soscol, where con- nection was made with a steamer for San Francisco. In January, 1866, Mr. Hartson introduced a bill before the Legislature pro\"iding for the additional subscription by the county of Napa of 815,000 per mile to the proposed railroad from Napa City to Calistoga. This met with a considerable opposition, and the following petition was signed quite extensively and sent to the State Senate : " To the Honorable House of Representatives of California : We, the undersigned, citizens of Napa County, respectfully protest against any bill appropriating or in any manner using the money or credit of the county for the purpose of making or building a railroad from Napa City to Calis- toga, or to or from any other place in said county. The reasons for thus protesting are in print as follows : The road will not pay the expenses of ninning when completed, therefore every dollar subscribed or loaned by the county will be lost, and have to be collected by taxation from taxpayers, amounting to more than one-tenth of the assessable valuation of the whole county. It will not be of any practicable use to more than one-fifteenth of the agricultural lands of the county, and we believe not one-fourth of the people of the county will be benefited thereby ; that the county is already deeply indebted for a subscription made to a road already con- structed ; that in consideration and in consequence of the present high taxation from various sources, it will place a burden too heavy to be borne, and that it will be a gross injustice to put a heavy tax on the whole for the benefit of the few." The above petition did not prevent the passage of the Hartson bill, for it was approved January 25, 1866. Its provisions were as follows : The 7& History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Board of Supervisors shall direct a special election to be held on the third Wednesday of February, 1866, for the purpose of voting on the proposi- tion of taking stock in the railroad to the extent of $10,000 per mile for each mile of the portion of the said road which is unfinished within the limits of the County of Napa. The Board may levy a tax sufficient to pay the interest on the bonds ; and in the year 1880, and every year thereafter till the bonds are all paid, the Board may levy a tax not to exceed fifty cents on the $100, for the payment of the bonds. The passage of this bill fell like a bombshell upon the community. Every man who opposed the measure appointed himself a committee of one to secure votes against what they termed an outrage. On this subject, under date of February 17, 1866, the Register says : " Every voter in the county who values his home and property should turn out on Wednesday next (the 21st) and vote against the scheme which, if successful, will surely bring bankruptcy and ruin upon himself and family. By voting " no " upon the railroad bill he will discharge a duty required by every consideration of reason and justice toward himself and all who are dependent upon him. Let no lack of interest in the matter keep men from the polls or prevent them from working for the defeat of the iniquitous and burdensome measure. Its defeat will be worth more to every farmer than the entire value of his crops, and no fears of pecuniary loss by leaving work should cause any man to stay away from the polls on that day. Its friends are working for its success, and having an abundance of means wherewith to control the vote of the floating population, will make close work for us, even with our strength." When the day of election came, February 21, 1866, it was demonstrated that the people had all the railroad debt to carry that they desired, and that they would have no more, as will be seen by consulting the following vote : Name of Precinct. Subsidy. Majority. Yes. No. Yes. No. 115 143 25 66 66 1 69 3 75 636 38 43 15 94 64 46 140 50 570 38 43 15 28 63 Totals 416 1037 186 807 General History and Settlement. 79 Real majority " no," 621. Out of 702 votes cast in Napa City only 66 were for the proposition. The vote of Carneros, Gordon Valley and Pope Precincts were rejected, on the grounds that there was no evidence that the officers of election were sworn. This reduced the majority to 477, which wa.s, all things considered, very overwhelming. The railroad parties had gotten a set-back at the above election, but that did not daunt them any. They then set about to get a grander scheme than ever foisted upon the people, and a bill was passed April 2, 1866,w r hich provided that an election should be held for the purpose of deciding whether or not the railroad company should have donated to them as a free gift the entire amount of bonds that had been previously voted. About the same time a party sprung into existence who advocated the feasibility of a Macadamized road to Calistoga instead of a railroad. Finally, the matter culminated in an election, which was held September 5, 1866, at which the proposition of a Macadamized road and the donation of the bonds to the railroad company were both voted upon. The vote was as follows : Name of Precincts. Macadamized Road. Donation to Railroad. Yes. No. Yes. No. 76 3 3 192 60 82 50 18 64 54 73 54 202 12 11 18 Totals 82 402 241 243 320 2 It will be seen by the above that the vote was not nearly so large as at the previous election, and that the railroad company only lacked three votes of getting a majority in favor of donation. The people seemed to realize the fact that they would have the bonds to pay any way, and that the railroad company would eventually get possession of them, and that they might as well get them first as last, hence let that matter go by de- fault. A new trouble now presented itself to the railroad company. The Board of Supervisors refused to issue the bonds in accordance with the provisions of the Act of the Legislature and the vote of the people. A mandamus was served upon the Board to compel them to issue the bonds, which they contested and the matter was carried to the Supreme Court, which body decided that the Board must subscribe to the stock. 80 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. The following list will show the date of issuance, numbers of the bonds issued, and total amount issued on each several day : October May June July August Septem. Decern. Feb'y May July August Decern. Janury 15, 1866 1 to 60 $30,000 7, 1867 61 — 171 14,500 4, " 172 — 191 10,000 20, " 192 — 211 10,000 3, " 212 — 231 10,000 18, " 232 — 251 10.000 15, " 252 — 271 10,000 10, " 272 — 291 10,000 10, " 292 — 311 10,000 29, 1868 312 — 331 10,000 20, " 332 — 371 20,000 21, " 372 — 411 20,000 24, " 412 — 424 6,500 19, " 425 — 468 22,000 14, 1869 469 — 470 1,000 Total . .$194,000 In April, 1867, the work of constructing the road up the valley was begun, with Calistoga as the objective point. September 2, 1867, the rate of interest tax on railroad bonds was increased ten cents on the $100. In October, 1868, the road was completed to. Calistoga, and a grand excursion was had. Samuel Brannan, with his characteristic hospitality, assumed the role of host upon the occasion and feasted everybody right royally. May 27, 1869, the Napa Valley Railroad was sold to Messrs. Rulofson & Ryder, for the sum of $500,000, which put the road under the management of the California Pacific. Capt. N. A. Greene, who was the first conductor on the Napa Valley Rail- road, was accidently killed on the Western Pacific Railroad, October 28, 1869, where he was running a freight train. January 1, 1871, the right of way was granted to the railroad through Main street, Napa, but it was never used further than Third street. After the road was extended to Calistoga, trains used to run up to the depot, at the corner of Fourth and Main streets, and then back down and strike the main track in the vicinity of the gas works, and then pass out through the western portion of town. January 4, 1877, the change to the present route through East Napa was made. The entire length of road in the county is forty-one miles. General History and Settlement. 81 COURT-HOUSES.— Napa County has had three Court-houses. With the organization of the county in 1850, came, of course, the necessity for public buildings. At the December term of the Court of Sessions, a con- tract was let for the building of a Court-house, " which shall be 20x30 feet in size, erected of good, substantial materials, with a corridor the whole length, six feet wide, covered overhead by an extension of the roof, the stairs to be in said corridor, outside ; the second story to be divided by a hall four feet wide, running through the center, and into four rooms, 10x13 each, all rooms to be ceiled, both walls and overhead ; seven doors, fifteen windows, a plain desk and railing for the bar, and six benches, each eight feet long." This building was located on the north-west corner of Coombs and Second streets, just west of the Revere House, and was a small two-story building, innocent of plastering, with Court-room below and clerk's office above. Persons sentenced for long terms were confined in the adobe jail at Sonoma, while petty offenders were placed in the upper rooms of the Court- house. The Court-room was often used as a place of worship, and also for itinerant lecturers, jugglers, etc. Among the first Acts of the Legislature in reference to Napa County, is the following : " The Court of Sessions may levy a tax not to exceed one- fourth of one per cent, for the purpose of building a Court-house." The subsequent history of this building is thus recorded in the Reg- ister : " The fire on Monday, August 25, 1875, destroyed a historic build- ing. This structui'e was the first Court-house in Napa. It was an old two-story frame building which was framed in the East, and brought around the Horn in 1849 or 1850, by a Mr. Ely, afterwards attorney in San Fran- cisco, and bought by the county for county purposes: It did duty in this capacity until about 1855, having the clerk's and perhaps other offices in it, and also apartments for petty malefactors, who were chained down to the floor. . When the county sold it, C. Hartson bought it and moved it to where it stood when it was destroyed. The building was 20x40, and had a mate which was built in the East and came to this county with it." This building was then the residence of R. Peddie, on the east side of Main street. The matter of a new Court-house began to agitate the minds of the people in 1855, as by that time the old building had become inadequate in all respects, and the want of a jail was keenly felt. Accordingly, bids were advertised for, and on August 11, 1855, the Board of Supervisors accepted the bid of Messrs. Webb & Kincaid of San Francisco, for the sum of $19,- 480. This action did not seem to meet with the approval of the people, and so, on the 31st of the same month the Board rescinded their action in 6 82 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. i the matter, and submitted it to a vote of the people, at the following gen- eral election, which occurred September 7th of that year. There is nothing on record to show what the decision of the voters was at that election in reference to the matter. We find, however, that on April 8, 1858, the Board of Supervisors received a remonstrance signed by the citizens of Yount Township against the erection of a Court-house and jail. A Court-house, however, had to be erected, for the old one would not longer answer the purpose. Hence we find that on May 5, 1856, despite the remonstrance, the following gentlemen were appointed by the County Judge for the purpose of selecting and appraising a site for the new county buildings : R. M. Hill, Riley Gregg, and George N. Cornwell. They decided that the location of the building should be as follows : The center of the building shall be in the center of the lot, east and west, and the front of the house on the center of the lot north and south, the building to front north. The site chosen is the same as is now occupied by the county buildings. The corner-stone to this building was laid with appropriate ceremonies by the Masonic fraternity, in the presence of a great number of Napa people. The stone was a square block with a hole cut down into it, which was covered with a piece of sheet iron, which was cemented down. On the side of the stone was the following inscription : " Laid July 29, A. D. 1856, A. L. 5856, by W. H. Howard, Grand Past Master of Masons for Cali- fornia." When this building was torn down to give place for a new structure in 1878, the contents of the corner-stone were removed. They were found to be a number of time-blackened and mildewed pamphlets and newspapers, and several coins. It was a wonder that the newspapers were so well preserved as they were, as there was no lining to the cavity in the stone. Some of the papers were almost rotted, but by careful handling could be read. There was a Masonic pamphlet dated 1856, a copy of the by-laws of Benicia Lodge No. 5, F. and A. M., and the following San Francisco papers : Daily Town Talk, P. B. Hall & Co., proprietors, and Richard H. Bowlin, editor ; number 3 of volume 1 of the Daily California Chronicle, Frank Soule* and W. L. Newell, editors and publishers ; Daily Herald, John Nugent, editor and publisher; Daily Evening Bulletin, Thomas S. King, editor ; Daily True Calif ornian, edited and published by Rhodes & Bartlett. There was also the Sacramento Daily California American, the Napa County Weekly Reporter, dated Saturday, July 19, 1856, which was number 3 of volume 1 of that paper. The coins Avere one gold $3.00 piece and a $1.00 piece, both of the issue of 1856 ; a silver one-half and one-quarter dollar piece, of the same date ; two dimes coined in 1853, and a three-cent piece coined in 1851. General History and Settlement. 83 The jail cells were made of boiler iron, three-sixteenths of an inch thick, well riveted together, the top to be punched with one-half inch holes, six of them to the square foot. The doors were grated and securely hinged. The floor of the jail was of brick, laid edgewise in cement. Originally, the jail occupied two-thirds of the lower floor. All the offices on the lower floor, except those of sheriff and clerk, were constructed five years afterwards. The whole of the second story has been again and again remodeled. The cupola was originally at the east end of the building, instead of the center as when it was torn down. Probably no other build- ing underwent so many or costly changes as did this one. It is stated by the local press that probably from $50,000 to $60,000 was expended on the building from first to last. The original cost will be shown by the fol- lowing : Contract to A. C. Latsom $19,990 Expended for box window frames 350 Expended for cupola 750 Contract to Benjamin & Sanford for jail, June 25th, 1859 7,000 James & Co., painting and re-glazing in Court-house, June 5, 1865 750 E. M. Benjamin, vault in clerk's office 1,900 Total $30,740 This building was completed, and accepted by the Board of Supervisors, December 16, 1856. The Court-house plaza was occupied in 1855, by Lawley & Lefferts, as a lumber yard. After the erection of the county buildings, the Supervisors contracted with John EL Waterson to construct a fence around it for $572. In 1857, A. D. Pryal took the contract of grading the grounds and planting shrubbery, the expense of which was partly met by the Board of Supervisors, which body ordered $200 to be paid, and the remainder was met by the private subscriptions of the citizens of Napa, amounting to about $300. In 1864, great cracks were discovered to be making their appearance in the walls of the building, and it became a source of much concern among the county officials whether or not the building was safe. In March of that year, E. M. Benjamin was appointed to examine into the matter, and report to the Board. He did so, and measures were taken to stop the spreading of the openings. At the same time, bids were asked for for the construction of a vault and for other improvements. The matter went on for a decade, when the subject of erecting a new building came up for serious discussion on every hand. The old building was deemed to be in an 84 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. unsafe condition by the occupants, and also by architects. The public press was clamerous for a structure that would do the place and the county credit, stating that the old one had long since outlived its usefulness. August 24, 1874, the following resolution was adopted by the Board of Supervisors : " That any permanent repairs on the said building (the old Court-house) will be unwise and inexpedient, and a waste of the public money." Shortly afterwards, the Judge deemed the building so unsafe that he refused to hold the sessions of the Court in it any longer. Strange as it may seem, after all this, the matter dallied along for an- other two years, with nothing definite being accomplished by the Board in regard to the matter. Finally, April 6, 1876, the following resolution was presented to the Board : " That the Board think it advisable to build a new Court-house and jail for the accommodation of Napa County." This was carried by the following vote : Deweese, Robinson, Mecklenberg and Safely, affirmative ; and Ink and Harris, negative. Still, two more years rolled by before bids were asked for, and it was not until June 25th, 1878, that the contract was let, on plans drawn by Ira Gilchrist, to John Cox, for the sum of $50,990. The old Court-house building was sold to D. Ross for $400. The bonds for the new Court-house were placed upon the market in August, 1878, and sold for 6| per cent, premium, F. H. Woods being the purchaser. The corner-stone to the new building was laid September 21, 1878. About 1 o'clock P. M., of that day, the Masonic fraternity to the number of eighty, all in regalia, marched from their hall, headed by the Napa Brass Band which discoursed appropriate music. The majority of those in line were members of Yount Lodge, No. 12, of Napa City, and there were also delegations from the Lodges at St. Helena and Calistoga, and among dis- tinguished Masons from abroad were Dr. J. M. Brown, Most Worshipful Grand Master, and J. W. Shafer, Grand Lecturer. The assemblage was called to order by F. E. Johnson, W. M. of Yount Lodge, who stated that before the exercises began, J. W. Brayton would photograph the scene, which was done in short order. It was estimated that about one thousand persons were present. The platform was filled with ladies and members of the Masonic Order. The exercises were opened with music by the choir, which consisted of J. A. Keller, organist ; Mrs. Richard Wylie, soprano ; Mrs. Dennis Spencer, contralto; Prof. W. A. Packard, tenor, and C. B. Stone, bass. The selection given was a Masonic hymn set to the tune of "Rule Britannia." The oration was then given by Dr. J. M. Brown, M. W. G. M. of the Grand Lodge of California, which was brief and appropriate. The speaker referred to the time-honored usage, by which it had been the custom to delegate to the Masonic Order, the laying of the corner-stones of public General History and Settlement. 85 buildings. "This ancient fraternity rarely breaks its seclusion to attend public demonstrations of any kind. It covets retirement, not proselyting, never seeking public parades, but peaceful and independent lives by laws within itself. With raiments spotless, and teachings pure, it clings to the old landmarks, and only appears in procession on the public streets when in the performance of some public duty intrusted to it. Such an occasion is this to-day. The usage is essentially Masonic. It is fitting that a body springing from a band of positive Masons, should exercise the same duties in a public work of this kind, as though they were practical Masons. " Apart from this, it is appropriate that Masons should lay the corner- stone, because they compose an organization whose members are quiet, peaceful citizens, and hold among themselves the great principles of law, liberty and equality. It is a fraternity which fosters political liberty. Power precedes liberty, and from the nature of things liberty is dependent upon power. The Masons are always the advocates of secular improvement. We live in an age of singular movements — a time when the foundations of States are shaken, and our form of government seems subjected to powerful solvents. But the aim of our Order is to perpetuate. It has stood long ages, by the ancient landmarks of truth, justice, loyalty and charity, and it still rises above the floods eternal as the stars in their course. To such a fraternity is entrusted the work of laying the corner-stone. On the edifice about to be erected may symmetry and order rest in each line and curve ; may strength and beauty grace each arch and pillar from base to capstone ; and may the beautiful proportions of the whole structure be for the admiration of the beholder." At the close of the oration there was music by the choir, and then the beautiful and impressive ceremony of laying the corner-stone was pro- ceeded with. When the metal box containing the deposits was placed in the cavity made for it in the lower stone it was cemented in by John Cox, the contractor, and the upper stone was slowly lowered on to it by block and tackle. After it was settled it was tested with the silver tools of the Order — the square, level, plumb and gavel. The list of articles placed in the stone was read, and corn, wine and oil was poured on it from gold and silver vases, with the usual salutes and responses. The M. W. G. M. then said : " It has been the custom from time immemorial, when requested to do so, for Masons to assemble to lay the north-east corner-stone of public buildings. It has also been the custom to deposit therein certain memorials of the age. The Grand Lodge have been invited by the Board of Super- visors of Napa County to superintend this duty. It is my will and pleasure to announce the ceremonies completed." He then made a brief invocation to the Divine Architect of the Universe for His blessing on the work. Another hymn was sung by the choir, and 86 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the Masons proceeded to their hall to the music of the band. The inscrip- tion on the stone is as follows : LAID JULY 29, 1856. RELAID SEPTEMBER 21, 1878. The contents of the metal box deposited in the stone were : Specimens of all the United States postage stamps ; historical sketch book of Napa County : copies of the Daily and Weekly Register; Napa City "Reporter, of July 19, 1856 (the one taken from the old stone), and of late date ; the St. Helena Star ; Napa Classic ; picture of the Collegiate Institute ; charter and ordinance of the City of Napa ; local laws of Napa ; catalogue of Napa Female Seminary ; catalogue of Oak Mound School ; reports from the Insane Asylum for 1876-7 ; Republican, Democratic and Independent State and County tickets for 1875 ; copy of proceedings of the M. W. G. L. F. & A. M. for 1877, together with all that was removed from the former stone. The building was completed, and accepted by the Board of Supervisors February L 17, 1879. The following complete and succinct historical and descriptive sketch of the new Court-house is taken from the columns of the Register : " On March 27, 1878, an Act of the Legislature to provide for the building and furnishing of a Court-house, offices and jail for Napa County, and for improving the Court-house grades, was approved by the Governor. The Board of Supervisors of this county were authorized and directed to issue bonds of the county to an amount not to exceed $80,000, payable at any time after 1883, and within twenty years of the date of their issuance, at the option of the Board; said bonds to bear a rate of interest not exceeding seven per cent, per annum ; to be in denominations of $500 each ; interest coupons to be attached. To pay the interest a special tax is to be levied each year. In and for 1884 and each year thereafter until all of said bonds are paid, the Board of Supervisors are to levy and cause to be collected a tax sufficient to pay one-fifteenth part of the whole issue of said bonds, the tax thus collected to be set apart as a special fund, to be known as the ' Court-house Bond Redemption Fund.' When there shall be $1000 or more in said fund the County Treasurer is" to advertise for sealed proposals for the surrender of bonds. These bonds were furnished by D. L. Haas of Napa City. One hundred and twenty of them have been issued, two- thirds of them having twenty-one coupons attached, the remaining one-third having twenty. Each of these calls for $35, when due, except the first and last ones of the first lot mentioned. These coupons are fac-similes of United States bonds. " Plans for the building were submitted to the Board of Supervisors on May 9, 1878, Ira Gilchrist, of Napa, submitting one; Kirk, of Oakland, General History and Settlement. 87 one, and Daly h Praun, of Napa, three ; that of Gilchrist being accepted. As a Building Committee to act for the Board, Supei*visors Robinson and Deweese were appointed, and Mr. Gilchrist, the architect, had a general oversight of the work. Nine contractors put in bids on the 25th day of June, 1878, ranging from 860,460 down to S50,990, the latter being by J. Cox, of San Francisco, to whom the contract was let. Ground was broken for the foundation on or about July 7th. Trenches five feet wide and three feet deep were dug, in which was put the best of concrete, which was allowed to settle for six weeks, at the end of which time it had become as hard as a solid rock. The work of laying the walls, when commenced, was rapidly carried forwai'd, and on September 21st the corner-stone was laid with im- posing Masonic ceremonies. "All the brick used in the construction of the Court-house and jail were made at the old brick yards on the Sonoma road. About 90,000 were made, which were pronounced by competent judges to be of excellent quality. The outer dimensions of the Court-house are 95x86 feet. The outside walls are sixteen inches thick, firmly held together by iron rods, which are firmly imbedded in the solid foundation, and extend therefrom to the plate on top of the walls, arching the building firmly. The partition walls are twelve inches thick. The jail is 58x30 feet outside, with the same kind of foundation as the Court-house, and the walls are firmly bound together by iron bands, rendering them very solid. The outer walls were coated with Rosendale cement, adding much to the beauty of the building. The cornice is of galvanized iron. " The hipped roof of both buildings are covered with tin, which is covered with fire-proof paint. The tower, which rises from the front or eastern end of the building, is twenty feet square at its base, and immediately above this is a cupola which tapers to a point, on which is placed a weather-vane, and over all, on the topmost spire, a golden globe reflects the light from rise to set of sun. The main entrance to the Court-house is on Brown street, and is reached by a broad flight of seven granite steps. The floor of the vestibule is composed of diamond-shaped marble blocks in two colors. The walls are all richly wainscotted four feet from the floor, above which on either side are placed bulletin boards, and overhead the ceiling is beautifully ornamented with stucco-work, from the center piece of which depends orna- mented gas fixtures. " Massive wooden doors, grained in imitation of black walnut, with Cali- fornia laurel panels, open from this vestibule to right and left, admitting one into the grand hall, which is seventy-four feet long by sixteen feet wide and eighteen feet high, extending from one end of the building to the other. The floor of this hall is also of tassalated marble. The first room from the front entrance on the right of the hall is that of the County Treasurer, 88 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. which is 26 x 15 feet in size, with a private office therefrom 7x11 feet. An arched vault, for the Treasurer's special use, is entered from the main office, and is both strong and convenient. " The room next adjoining the Treasurer's office, and entered also from the main hall, is that of the Superintendent of Schools, which is 15Jxl4| feet in size. This room was not extended to the north wall of the building, but was partitioned off, the upper portion of said partition being of glass, through which and a glass door is admitted all the light of the room. Just beyond this room a small transverse hall, 6 x 30 feet, extends from the main hall to the north or Second street side of the building. " The entrance of the Assessor's office, which is in the rear of the Super- intendent's room, is on this hall, and the office is 20x15 feet and is well lighted. On the opposite side of this hall is the room of the County Sur- veyor, which is 24 x 14 feet, which is also well lighted. The first room entered from the main hall beyond the small hall is that of the Janitor, and is the counterpart of that occupied by the Superintendent of Schools. These are the only two rooms in the building that have no outside windows. Next beyond the Janitor's room, and under the main stairway, is a small hall, through which is reached the Supervisors' room, in the north-west comer of the building. At the foot of this small hall, as one enters it, is the Jailor's room, which is 11x11 feet. This completes the list of rooms on the northern side of the main building, lower floor. " Commencing as before at the main entrance, the first room on the south side is the Sheriff's office, which is 26 x 15 feet, with private room attached, 17x11 feet. Just beyond this is the office of the County Clerk, which is 35^x16 feet, with a vault 14x13 feet and 14 feet high. Adjoining this room is the office of the County Recorder, which is 35£ x 21 feet, and is situated in the south-west corner of the building. There is a vault also to this room, which is 20 x 13 feet, and adjoins that of the Clerk's office. With the exception of some private offices, all the rooms on the south or Third street side extend from the main hall to the wall, and are well lighted. Opposite the first entrance, and at the rear end of the hall is the grand stairway, which is quite broad, has very rich, heavy black walnut balus- trades, with massive new el posts, on which there are gas jets. Ascending these stairs the upper hall is entered, which is well lighted by a vaulted dome of many colored glass. In the first room on the north side of this hall, the District Court (now the Superior Court) is held. Its dimensions are 37 x 36| feet, and 20 feet high, and well lighted. It is also entered by a private stairway communicating with the jail, so that prisoners are brought direct from the jail to the Court-room. In the north-west corner of the upper story is a spacious Jury-room, entered from the Court-room, which is provided with many conveniences. Adjoining the Court-room on General History and Settlement. 89 the east is the Judge's Chamber, which is 26 x 15 feet. At the east end of the hallway is the District Attorney's office which is 20 x 13 feet. " Opposite the District Court-room, and on the south side of the hall is the County Court-room, which is 31| x 32J feet. There is also a jury- room attached to this, in the south-west corner of the building. On the other side of the room is the Judge's Chamber, and beyond this his private office. A stairway leads from this upper hall to the tower, which is well finished. A splendid view of Napa City and Valley is obtained from this outlook. In this tower there is a very fine bell, weighing about one thousand pounds. " The jail is eight feet from the Court-house, on the Brown street side, and is connected with it by a small hallway, the entrances of which are securely guarded by iron doors. The floor beneath the lower cells was first prepared by putting in earth five feet deep, thoroughly tamped, over which was put two feet of concrete, which became as solid as a rock. Over this, after the cells were completed, was put a thick coating of asphaltum. On this floor are two rows of cells made of boiler iron, thoroughly riveted together, containing ten cells, well painted, conveniently arranged, and separated by a corridor. Another corridor extends around three sides of these cells. From the lower to the upper tier iron stairways ascend, and on this floor are two rows of cells as below, six on each side of the main cor- ridor. The jail is well lighted, well ventilated, and provided with every convenience that prisoners could require." STATISTICS OF NAPA COUNTY.— From the annual statement of the Assessor we compile the following facts and figures regarding the financial interests of the County : Value of real estate other than that listed below 83,769,222 Improvements on same assessed to owner. 1,134,223 City and town lots . ... 622,631 Improvements on same assessed to owner 844,159 Improvements on all property assessed to other than owners .... 13,680 Mining claims 25,275 Improvements on same 36,950 Telegraph lines 1,840 Railroad, bed and rails 676,500 Total value of all description of real estate 9,124,287 Total value of personal property 2,036,240 Western Union Telegraph Company : Number of miles 46 Value per mile $40 Total assessed value 1,840 90 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Mount St. Helena Toll-Road : Number of miles 10 Value per mile $500 Total assessed value $5,000 Burh's Toll-Road : Number of miles 2| Value per mile $60 Total assessed value $150 Number of trust deeds and mortgages 697 Total assessed value of them 1,645,197 State, County or Municipal Bonds $104.06 Money on hand or special deposit 115,383 Beehives, No 127 186 Brandies and liquors, galls 36,644 18,403 Calves, No 2,464 13,720 Cattle, stock, No 3,077 36,391 Coal, tons 154J 1,510 Colts, No 919 21,075 Consigned goods 1,800 Cows, thoroughbred, No 21 936 a^ESL,} 4 ' 082 81 ' 694 Farming utensils 20,045 Firearms, No 567 6,622 Fixtures of stores, saloons and other business places 5,930 Furniture 166,150 Goats, common, No 1,012 1,358 Goods, wares and merchandise 222,401 Grain, tons 1,130 17,486 Harness, robes, saddles, etc 25,057 Hay, tons 355 2,143 Hogs, No 6,475 13,079 Hops, lbs 11,000 1,300 Horses, thoroughbred, No 9 1,950 Horses, graded, \ ifH9Q5 Horses, American, j '■■■' l ' dbZ 10o,295 Horses, Spanish and half-breeds, No. 2,267 61,997 Jacks and Jennies, No 10 650 Jewelry or plate 4,773 Libraries — law, medical and miscellaneous 8,925 Lumber, M feet 925 11,870 Machinery 49,665 Mules, No 498 35,435 Musical instruments 175 8,400 Pianos 209 31,445 Poultry, doz , . 12,823 General History and Settlement. 91 Quicksilver, in flasks 175 $ 4,973 Sewing machines 927 13,340 Sheep, imported or fine, No 44 173 Sheep, common, No 50,317 75,514 Lambs, No 10,251 5,072 Solvent credits, after deduction of debts 363,904 Steamers, vessels, water-craft, No 8 275 Wagons and other vehicles, No 2,166 117,135 Watches, No 792 19,077 Wine, galls 1,442,450 229,532 Wood, cords 3,781 6,783 Other property 84,185 Total $2,036,240 Land inclosed, 150,158 acres. Land cultivated, 55,401 acres. Wheat, 27,064 acres. Wheat, 620,761 bushels. Barley, 2,328 acres. Barley, 55,913 bushels. Oats, 625 acres. Oats, 18,490 bushels. Rve, 10 acres. Eye, 300 bushels. Corn, 1,575 acres. Corn, 36,960 bushels. Peas, 1 acres. Peas, 880 bushels. Peanuts, 10 acres. Peanuts, 4,000 pounds. Beans, Beans, Potatoes, Potatoes, Onions, Onions, Hay, Hay, Hops, Hops, Sugar Beets, Sugar Beets, Butter, Cheese, Honey, Wool, 16 540 72 285 5 150 10,817 16,585 58 58,750 7 32 123,900 7,000 3,650 160,993 acres. bushels. acres. tons. acres. bushels. acres. tons. acres. pounds. acres. tons. pounds. pounds. pounds. pounds. MADE IN 1880. Wine, 2,106,900 gallons. Brandy, 45,714 gallons. Distilleries, Breweries, 12 63,500 gallons. Lemon trees, Orange trees, Olive trees, Apple trees, Pear trees, Fig trees, 2 bearing. 45 bearing. 8 bearing. 40,180 bearing. 10,780 bearing. 740 bearing. Plum trees, 6,010 bearing. Peach trees, 17,795 bearing. Quince trees, 815 bearing. Grape vines, 6,055 acres. Value of fruit crop, 406,540 dollars. IMPROVEMENTS. Grist mills, Steam power, Run of stone, Water power, Run of stone, 2 Barrels of flour made in 1879, 8,500 Bushels corn ground in 1879, 7,300 92 Histoiy of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. B T-H ^J w So *i w 2 S e® 8 B =3 S e S -^ t3 ~ S s < e CO -^ C ea o g Si ^ ^ *i 3? UO s~ "0 O M CO o M ■*^* S <-< '.-, *! on ""I g S o ^ CO s. a e e "v. e S ft s a 5a 8 o B 'as V 5, < tn 8 o rS < *§ M « < H r - s i*. s o s - m i. H < &■ (X 0881 CO (N CO CO o co ! 1 ift GO 6ZSI i c '. 1 1 CO CO 1ft >ft CO ift CO ift 1 o . O ift O CN rH O r-i J CO CO i CM 898X CM ift CO ift o ift OO ift CM O i-H 1ft Z98X .ift-<*©©qO©tM 00 CM 1 o o io ia ia *n oo ZS8X ; -: "°. -! ° N . ° ° : 00 I— 9 < > C 3 £ i j : 1 i 1 t 1 M S - 13 O " r- ^ "3 ? 3 0Q E> ■ X c : c • p '. c e * H •v ; ( 3 t '> \ c : ex Q ( j : c ! i I £ 3 c a. s 3 5 5 3 : i ! 3 l i ^ ' S 3 £ ' J 3 1 - c 3 £ i r, 3 c ' P < i i 4 C ■ I | j = ! s j 5 ? i ■ p ■ " ^p : • 'E ) • C5 ; ^ * ; o a) i, '1 I 1 s .2 -g c ? ^ : c j ( I i ■ '. ' "'■ : : p < ? 1 ! 3 O ( > « ? ; j 3 i 3 10 5 5 o o H o X EH -< g General History and Settlement. 93 SCHOOLS. — The first school-house in Napa County was built by William H. Nash, near Tucker Creek, above St. Helena, in 1849, in which a private school was taught by Mrs. Forbes, whose husband had perished with the Donner Party in 1846. As late as 1854, there was not a public school in the county, although there were two or three private schools. In 1855, the first public school in the county was erected by subscription in Napa City. In 1857, there were only nine hundred and eleven children in both Napa and Lake Counties, which were then one. We give below the census returns for the years 1858, 1865 and 1881, so that a comparison may be made, and the growth of the school system readily seen : Districts. American Canon . . Atlas Peak Buchanan Bennett Berryessa Carneros Calistoga Chiles Cherry Valley Chiles Valley Conn Valley Capelle Valley. . . . Crystal Springs . . . Cinnabar Franklin Fuss Valley Gordon Valley. . . . Hardin Harmony Howard Howell Mountain . High Valley Jefferson Liberty Lodi Lone Tree Mountain Napa Oak Grove Oak Knoll Number of Children. 1858 56 30 131 1S65 106 51 32 60 46 20 45 74 64 360 1SS1 27 15 97 80 63 43 235 66 18 16 31 25 24 47 55 22 40 25 65 64 34 15 32 56 27 19 22 978 18 41 Districts. Oakville Pope Valley Putah Redwood Soda Canon Soscol Salvador Silverado Spring Mountain St. Helena Sulphur Spring Summit Tucker Upper Pope Valley. . . . Vineland Wooden Valley Yount Zem Zem Fisher's School House . Browns Valley Squatter Valley Hot Springs No. 1 Hot Springs No. 2 Hot Springs No. 3 Clear Lake No. 1 Clear Lake No. 2 Monroe Total. Number of Children. 1858 1865 1881 43 141 57 50 63 89 122 33 50 38 903 48 35 87 212 67 56 36 72 1,623 28 16 19 22 36 40 38 25 23 334 50 25 39 32 107 10 47 11 3,202 CURIOSITIES OF THE GREAT REGISTER.— Some enterprising newspaper genius, a few yeai-s ago, overhauled the Great Register of Napa County with the following result, which we are sure will not be without interest to the general reader : Out of upwards of four thousand voting citizens in Napa County the nativities are as follows : Two thousand nine hundred and seventy-three 94 History of Napa and Lake Counties— -Napa. were born in the United States and over one thousand and thirty are foreign born. Of the former, one hundred and sixty-three were born in California; of the latter, three hundred and thirty-one are from Erin's Isle; two hun- dred and thirty -nine hail from " Fatherland ; " one hundred are from our mother country, England ; forty-seven are from Canada ; forty-seven are from the mountains of Switzerland ; thirty-six from the misty highlands and lowlands of Scotland ; thirty -three from sunny France ; twenty-six from Sweden ; twenty- five from Mexico ; eighteen from Denmark ; eighteen from Norway ; eleven from fair Italy ; two from China (American parents) ; and two were born at sea and consequently have no native land. The remainder of the foreigners are distributed in small numbers among the European countries of Austria, Russia, Spain, Portugal, Poland, etc. It will be noticed that our largest inflow is from Ireland and our smallest from the countries last named; and we suppose Napa's distribution is a fair criterion for other counties. The occupation of these four thousand citizens are varied. The principal ones are as follows : Farmers, one thousand six hundred and fifty -three ; mechanics, eight hundred and seven ; day laborers, six hundred and seven ; clerks, seventy-nine ; teachers, forty-one ; doctors, thirty-four ; saloon- keepers, twenty -four ; clergymen, twenty-one ; printers, nineteen ; lawyers ; thirteen ; law students, five ; editors, six. Nineteen of these citizens have no registered occupation ; we suppose they would term themselves " gentle- men." There are a number of odd and curious occupations registered — at least, odd and curious for this vicinity. Among them are two bottlers, one carp- tender, two soldiers, one propagator of game cocks, two firemen, one tinker, one 'longshoreman, one patent-maker, one bootblack and general business man, (we suppose he means Jack-at-all-trades) and one actor. The re- mainder are distributed among the lesser occupations. The parents of our Napa County citizens must have had high hopes of their progeny if they expected them to emulate the virtues of the great men after whom they were named. We find no less than forty-five George Washingtons with which to head the list; fourteen Thomas Jeffersons, five James Madisons, fourteen Andrew Jacksons, one Martin Van Buren and two William Harrisons, complete the Presidents. Then we find five Henry Clays, one Albert Gallatin, thirteen Benjamin Franklins, two William Penns, one Patrick Henry, one Daniel Boone, one Samuel Houston, one Alexander Stephenson, four Isaac Newtons, five John Wesleys, two Christopher Col- umbus, three Charles Wesleys, one William Wirt, two Lorenzo Dows, four Byrons, one Maximillian, two Pulaskis, two Louis Napoleons, three Horatio Nelsons and six William Wallaces. Among the heroes of antiquity, we find Leonidas, Quintus, Cincinnatus, Solon, Lycurgus, Theophilus, Archelaus, General History and Settlement. 95 Erasmus, Achilles, Augustus Caesar, Hannibal, Caesar, Cassius, Lars and Homer. The following " queer, quaint and curious " names are found : Pardon, Champion, Gallhelp, Pedro, Keason, Fountain, Christian, Prudence, Salter, Chancellor, Welcome, Grandison, Berry, Littleberry, Greenberry, Brown- berry, Greenleaf, Cilley, Fountederry, Dye, Leven, First, (the parents of these last two probably numbered their children instead of naming them), Razor, Finis, Purchase, Greene, Chasteen, Steptoe, Lamhut, Pleasant, Orall, Valorous, Amatus, (Latin for " having been loved,") Doe, Napa, Francisco, Nahum, Victoria, Angelo, Azariah, David Jonathan, Squire, Forest, Eliphalet, Lank, Valentine, Ole, Ishman, Adonisam, Talover, Zuar, Batt, French, Page, Ringrose. Greenup, Bani, Albion, Actor, Jesus, Adda and Hasker. The surnames are as varied and curious as the given names ; fifty-six citizens rejoice in the name of Smith ; of these, five prefix John. It is said that names originally grew out of the occupations the persons followed. As the sons do not always inherit the tastes of the father, a good many of the names are misnomers. For instance, Mr. Baker is a storekeeper ; Mr. Cooper is a miller ; Mr. Butcher is a farmer ; Mr. Carpenter is a drayman, etc. Following are some of the occupations which would be designated by the names : A Butcher, three Barbers, one Baker, one Bender, seven But- lers, one Barker, twelve Cooks, six Coopers, two Carvers, one Carpenter, three Cuttors, four Chancellers, one Currier, one Carrier, one Clinger, one Cartwright, four Carters, one Dresser, two Dyers, three Fishers, four Fowlers, two Forresters, one Felter, one Glazier, five Gardners, one Goldsmith, one Hunter, ten Millers, two Masons, one Porter, one Packer, two Parsons, one Reader, one Rector, six Sawyers, one Stonebarger, two Sellers, one Stringer, nine Turners, four Tylers, six Tuckers, one Tailor, one Thatcher, five Walkers and a Wheeler. Some of them are also men of rank, judging from the following : An Abbot, two Bishops, one Chamberlain, one Dean, one Earl, eight Kings, two Nobles, two Priests and two Popes. The kinds of men are also illustrated as follows : A Berry man, Brown- man, Countryman, Cashman, Richman, Dryman, Eastman, Farman, Foman, two Goodmans, Greenman, Grassman, Godman, Gassman, three Hardmans, Honeyman, two Manns, Newman, Seaman, two Tallmans, Teaman and Wayman. These men also probably have sons as follows : Chapson, Grayson, Robberson, Shepardson and Stillson. Under this head we also have a Darling, Deare, Duguid, Friend, Fond- away, Goodnow, Hunger, two Husbands, Newcomer, Love, Music, Witte, Whitehead, Sleeper and Swain. UNCLASSIFIED NOUNS AND VERBS. Baldridge, Bale, Bitters, two Bachelders, Bomsall, two Chords, Christmas 96 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Carroll, Holliday, Cain, Coffer, Coffermore, Crooks, Demerett, Danbenspeck, Devilin, Fee, Galway, Gift, Grant, Hang, Ink, Justice, two Jewells, Job, Kildoff, Ketchum, Lineback, Musset, Millsof, two Nesbites, Overdick, Wells, Seawell, Penwell, Cornwell, Kettlewell, Philpot, Ash, Burns, Woodburn, Coles, Lovett, Married, Powers, Purchase, Price, Paine, Parrish, Rex, Starr, Squibb, Service, Shade, Slaughter, Standard, Trubody, Upchurch, Webb, Wildberger, Lynch, Maddew, Maddigan, Stalkey, Tuck, Tripp, Workover, Walover, Waite and Wash. TIMES AND SEASONS. Day, Weeks, Monday, Spring, Summer and Winter. QUALITIES. Are referred as follows : Bragg, Blank, Cross, Close, Goodrich, Goodmen, Graves, Harsh, Happy, Keene, Meeker, Raney, Swift, Scrach, Slack, Sage, Sharp, Savage, Sallow, Sweet, Strong, True, Wooden, Wooley, Young, Stout, Safely, Wise and Waterous. ANIMALS. Buck, Coons, Doe, two Flys, Fox, Hinds, two Kidds, three Lyons, two Lambs, Steere, Wolfe and Worm. BIRDS. Bird, two Cranes, Crow, Fowle, Gosling, two Hawks, Peacock, Raven, Sparrow, Teal and Wren. FISHES. Two Crabbs, Herren, Klam, Leach, Pike, Ray and Salmon. ANATOMICAL. The anatomy of animals, including human beings and billy-goats is thus illustrated, two Beards, Boyle, Foot, Huff, three Hydes, Haire, two Heads, three Harts, Korn, Pulse, Shinn and Withers. SIZES AND SHAPES. Of these bodies, are three Biggs, High, Long, three Littles, Light, Love, Petty and Small. COLORS. Nineteen Browns, six Blacks, eight Greenes, four Grays, Maroon, and eight Whites. NATIONALITIES. Our population is quite cosmopolitan. We have two Coolies, one Dutcher, one France, one French, one Holland, one Irish, seven Moores, one Poland, and six Welshes. MONEY. Cash, Dollarhide, Groat and Penny. General History and Settlement. 97 UTENSILS. Two Bells, Brush, Clock, Ewer, Fawcett, Hopper, Hammer, two Keyes, Mallett, two Potts, Towel, and Whetstone. BUILDING MATERIAL. Irons, Marble, Post, Stone, Steel and Wood. ARCHITECTURAL. Four Barnes, four Churches, Chapel, Foxhall, five Garretts, seven Halls, two Houses, Lodge, Mills, Newhouse, Pier, Spires, Stackpole, Story, Shop, Wing, Ward and Waterhouse. EATABLES. Allcorn, Bacon, Curry, Gruel, Milks, Pulse, Pickle, Rice and Grubb. FRUIT AND VEGETATION. Fruits, two Bartletts, Cobb, Cherry, Gage, Hull, Hayes, seven Murphys, three Moss, six Roses, two Reeds, Thorn and Crabtree. CLOTHING. One Hat, one Coat, one Vest, one (Gilder) sleeve and Sheets. WEAPONS. One Gun, one Pike, one Spear, two Shields and a Spur. LANDSCAPES AND WATERSCAPES. The last and one of the most interesting classifications. Four Fields, Bloomfield, Butterfield, two Greenfields, two Mansfields Mayfield, Merry- field, two Akers, two Brinks, two Banks, Dell, Hill, Churchill, Mount, Greenwood, Green, two Parks, four Lanes, two Streets, Heath, seven Moores, Marsh, five Boggs, two Ponds, two Fountains, Frost, Snow, Falls three Lakes and one See. MOUNT ST. HELENA.— At the head of Napa Valley stands this ma- jestic monarch of the Mayacamas Mountains, and a history of Napa and Lake Counties would not be complete without a due mention being made of this hoary-headed patriarch of the Pacific. A writer in one of the daily papers gives the following beautiful and graphic description of the grand scenes to be witnessed from its summit : " ' Great heights charm the eye,' said Goethe, ' but the steps which lead to them do not ; ' yet it seemed to us as we ascended that at every step the view became wider and more complete, and that some new beauty was pre- sented either in the surrounding landscape or on the slope itself. Upward 7 98 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. we traveled, now making turns as crooked as the manzanita sticks which we carried, now examining the frost, which was peculiarly formed into basalt-like columns along our path, now cutting canes and gathering speci- mens, until finally, footsore and tired, we found ourselves on the highest summit. It was a glorious scene which Nature on every side unfolded. Yet early in the morning, the cool, fresh air exhilarated like champagne, and the mists, having already disappeared under the influence of the rising sun, the beauty of the landscape was almost perfect in detail. The moun- tain upon which we stood is situated on the corner of Napa, Lake and Sonoma Counties, and rises somewhat precipitously to a height of four thousand five hundred feet. Forty years ago a party of Russians under Commander Rotscheff visited Mount Mayacamas, as the peak was then called, and upon the summit left a copper-plate bearing an inscription in their own language." In 1853 this plate was discovered by Dr. T. A. Hylton, and a copy of it preserved by Mrs. H. L. Weston, of Petaluma. The metal slab is octagonal in shape, and bears the following words in the Russian language : " Russians, 1841, June. E. L. Voznisenski iii, E. L. Chernich." This inscription was referred to Mr. Charles Mitchell Grant, of Oakland, a gentleman long resident in Siberia, and he makes the following state- ment : " iii means that Voznisenski is the third of the third name in his family, the other two being still living, or at any rate alive when he was born. Evidently two Russian sailors ; the first is a Polish name, and the second a name common in Little Russia." " The mountain was named St. Helena in honor of the Princess De Gaga- rin, the commander's beautiful wife, and in this connection a romantic inci- dent has been related by General Vallejo. He said : ' The beauty of this lady excited so ardent a passion in the heart of Prince Solano, chief of all the Indians about Sonoma, that he formed a plan to capture, by force or stratagem, the object of his love ; and he might very likely have succeeded had I not heard of his intention in time to prevent its execution.' " The mountain is supposed to be an extinct volcano, from which were poured out at one time the tufa in which the Petrified Forest is buried, together with the range of basalt dividing the Petaluma and Sonoma Valleys, and there remain two summits, one of which is four hundred feet above the other. Viewed from different points the change in the appearance is some- what striking. Looking at the peak from Santa Rosa the shape is not unlike that of a huge elephant ; at Fulton it has been called the ' giant in bed ; ' from Litton Springs the outlines closely resemble those of St. Peter's at Rome ; from Napa Valley St. Helena presents a gorgeous panorama of shifting colors with cap of pearly gray : while from Diablo it makes a mag- \ General History and Settlement. 99 nirieently long outline against the sky, like some lofty monument of ancient story. The Alpine glow seen at this season on the slope at sunset is in its way unexcelled, and the huge mass is lighted up with a rose tint as if from some internal fire. The foliage is of numerous varieties — manzanita, scrub oak, scraggy pine and mountain cedar being especially predominant, while even vineyards have been found to thrive in the lower canons. Like Diablo and Shasta, St. Helena is largely isolated from its surroundings, and is the presiding genius of the section in which it is located. To the specta- tor standing on the summit the world seems to be tossed into a tempest, and on whatever side he looks chaos reigns supreme. The view is confined only by distant mountains and the horizon. The valleys sink away like settings on the landscape ; towns and villages appear like collections of toy houses and men and animals disappear from the sight altogether. Rivers are changed into tiny streams, wagon roads are narrowed to spiral-like trails, and tall trees are little higher than shrubs just beginning to shoot. There are mountains covered with timber to the top, and there are mountains covered with snow all the year round. There are mountains as high as the Jungfrau or Mont Blanc, and there are others with more pinacles and spires than the Cathedral of Milan. There are creeks, rivers, a bay and an ocean ; there are thousands of miles of land and water spread out like a map. It is order as well as chaos ; it is distance brought within range of the human eye ; it is sublimity and majesty combined ; it is out of the ' Perfection of such beauty that God himself hath shined.' " Directly in front of us, as we looked to the west from the summit, was Knights Valley, that favorite sketching place for artists, on the extreme eastern boundary of Sonoma, the dark color of its freshly plowed fields alter- nating with the brighter shades of its grain fields and meadows. It seemed but a stone's throw from where we stood to the magnificent residence of Calvin Holmes, while Kellogg's was yet nearer on the Calistoga road to the Geysers. Further to the west, and separated from Knights Valley by a spur from the main chain, was Russian River Valley, the river flashing in the sunlight like a stream of molten metal, and the play of colors upon its foothills and mountains defying the best tints of a Bierstadt or Turner. From Cloverdale to San Pablo Bay the level space stretched in an unbroken line for a distance of nearly sixty miles, and highly cultivated fields and pretty farm-houses followed each other in quick succession. From our dis- tant height we could see Geyserville, with its Post-office and store and depot, snugly situated near the river ; Litton Springs, with its schools and cottges, located beautifully on a rising plain ; Healdsburg, overtopped by Fitch Mountain and with half a dozen spires ' pointing the way to heaven ;' Wind- sor, Mark West and Fulton, each with a depot, and surrounded by fields as level as a floor ; Santa Rosa, over thirty miles distant by the trail and road, 1 100 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. yet so near that its streets and buildings could be plainly distinguished with the naked eye ; the hill, behind which could be seen the smoke rising from Petaluma, though the town itself was obscured ; and then the valley shad- ing off into the bay — and the eye and sense were bewildered by the mighty prospect afforded. Beyond this central valley, to the west and north, was an interminable waste of mountains, spur crowding spur so closely that level spaces were lost sight of altogether, some peaks bare and cheerless, some covered with trees to the summit, some showing deeper canons and steeper slopes than St. Helena itself. Crowning the view to the west was the ocean covered with fog to the north, which no human eye could penetrate, and the outlines fading off in the distance until sky and water seemed to join. To the left of Santa Rosa in the south we caught a glimpse of Point Reyes, while farther to the right we knew were the Farallones. Separated to the east from this central valley at its Petaluma end was Sonoma Valley, ex- tending in an unbroken line south-westerly from the main chain, fronting on the bay and narrowing perceptibly upwards, and with an array of vineyards scarcely equaled elsewhere in the State. Further east we could see Napa Val- ley, thirty-five miles long and five miles wide at its widest part, its mountain lines covered with a magnificent foliage, including the oak, madrone, cedar, fir and pine ; its mountain streams fringed with the willow, ash, gigantic brakes, flowering manzanita and California laurel ; its river following the line of foothills on the east and narrowing into a thread in the distance ; with every available spot of territory covered with wheat fields, orchards vineyards, and with beautiful homes secured to their possessors by years of unremitting toil, perseverance and self-denial. In the center of this valley, as in the center of Russian River Valley, a railway stretched from the bay to the upper end, and the smoke from a passing train rolled off in a great streamer to the horizon. " Beyond the bay, whose waters were a ' sparkling sheet of tremulous brightness,' we saw Diablo, its huge outlines appearing against the morning sky like some giant sentinel on the landscape, and still beyond, the ridge back of Redwood City formed a pleasing background to the view in that direction. To the right of Diablo, Mount Hamilton came plainly in our view, and yet farther in the distance were the mountains beyond Monterey. The city of San Francisco, situated upon more hills than those of which Rome itself boasts, loomed up to the eastward of the points just described, and over a part hung a fog, which rolled in from the sea in fleecy clouds. To the east of the city was still another immense waste of mountain peaks and spurs, and from our distant height Pope, Berryessa and other smaller valleys appeared like single fields of ordinary extent. This chain, extending from the hills beyond Monterey to Clear Lake, shut out in a measure the great central depression from the view, but through Putah Creek Canon the General History and Settlement. 101 sight stretched across the San Joaquin. It was a magnificent spectacle which met our gaze as we turned directly to the east. In front of us was an opening in the spur extending to the north, beyond which hung a huge fog bank like that over the San Joaquin, and overtopping which were the Sierras, like icebergs in the midst of a frozen ocean. This fog was not stationary, and as it was now and then dispelled, passing glimpses of the world underneath were obtained. The Lassen Buttes, with their one hundred square miles and more of volcanic grandeur, towered above the lower range in front, and still further to the left was Loconomo'Valley, with the village of Middleton in the center. The distance from the point where the Sierras met our view on the south to the point where they were lost on the north was fully four hundred miles, and over this immense territory peaks followed each other in almost endless succession. " ' The longer -I stayed among the Alps.' says Ruskin, ' and the more closely I examined them, the more I was struck by the one broad fact of their being a vast Alpine plateau, or mass of elevated land, upon which nearly all the highest peaks stood like children set upon a table, removed in most cases far back from the edge of the plateau, as if for fear of their falling ; while the most majestic scenes in the Alps are produced, not so much by any violation of this law, as by one of the great peaks apparently having walked to the edge of the table to look over, and thus showing itself suddenly above the valley in its full height.' Looking from St. Helena, the same characteristic was true of the Sierras. " The mighty range was before us in all its wild and majestic grandeur, and upon the edge of this elevated plateau stood great snow-capped masses, which rivaled in height the loftiest peaks of the Alps. These were sur- rounded by comparatively level fields of mountains, and overhanging the whole were clouds tinted with all the gorgeousness of sunrise splendor. See that huge snowbank over there to the left of Lassen Buttes ! That is Shasta. It is distant probably two hundred miles. It is fourteen thousand four hundred and forty feet high. It is covered with snow the year round a vertical mile from its summit. Even as we looked in the direction indicated the clouds gathered about the top of the great white mountain, like an eagle swooping down on its prey, and a shadowy white mass was soon all that remained. " The sky became darker and the air grew colder before we left the top of St. Helena. A rainbow formed in the north-west, one end bathing the mountains back of Russian River with a flood of variegated liffht, the other end fading off in the clouds like a veil of gossamer. The wind began to blow, and soon the sun disappeared. From the bay and from the ocean the fog began to move towards the summit whereon we were stationed. Onward it came like some attacking phalanx of the elements, now across 102 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the mountains to the west and south, now over the central valleys of Sonoma and Napa, now up the slope and beyond,, and immediately our view was at an end." THE FUTURE.— The future of Napa County is destined to be a grand one. Her varied resources will always bring into her coffers almost untold wealth. Her wine industry is yet in its infancy ; mines are yet in an un- developed state, but promise great things for the future ; her agricultural products are almost boundless, and her fine pleasure resorts and grand climate will always attract a host of tourists into her boundaries. THE PIONEERS. — We are now about to bring this chapter to a close, referring the reader to the chapters on township or special history for further information, where we think will be found treated every matter of historical interest that can be found in the county. We have preferred to make this chapter rather meagre in some respects that we might the more fully write up the townships. In closing this chapter it is but proper that we should pay a tribute to the brave old pioneers who led the van and sacrificed their comforts and often their lives that we might have the great blessings we now enjoy. Ah, those hardy old pioneers ! What a life was theirs, and how much of life was often crowded into a year, or sometimes even into a day of their existence. Now that the roads are all made and the dim trail has been supplanted by well-beaten and much-traveled highways, how complacently we talk and write and read of their deeds and exploits. The writer of fifty years hence will be the man who will have the license to color up the heroic deeds of valor, and set forth in fitting words a proper tribute to the valor and prowess of the generation that is just now passing from our midst. We of to-day cannot, dare not, say it as it should be said, for there are living witnesses who would say it was too highly colored, too romantic, too fan- ciful. Heroic deeds do not seem so to the enactors of the drama of Pioneerism. It has been theirs to subdue the wilderness and change it into smiling fields of bright growing grain. Toil and privations, such as we can little appreciate now, was their lot for many years. Poor houses, and even no houses at all, but a simple tent or even an Indian wickeup, sheltered them from the rigors of the storm and the inclemency of the weather. The wild beasts of the woods were their night visitors, prowling about and making night hideous with their unearthly noises, and working the nerves of women, and often, perhaps, of men, up to a tension that precluded the pos- sibility of sleep and rest. Neighbors lived many miles away, and visits were rare and highly appreciated by the good old pioneer women. Law and order prevailed almost exclusively, and locks and bars to doors were then unknown, and the only thing to fear in human shape were the petty General History and Settlement. 103 depredations by Indians. For food they had the fruit of the chase, which afforded them ample meat, but bread was sometimes a rarity, and appre- ciated when had as only those things are which tend most to our comfort, and which we are able to enjoy the least amount of. But they were happy in that life of freedom from the environments of society and social usage. They breathed the pure, fresh air, untainted by any odor of civilzation ; they ate the first fruits of the virgin soil, and grew strong and free on its strength and freedom. They spent their leisure hours under the wide- spreading branches of the giant forest monarchs, and their music was trilled forth upon the silver air by the feathered choristei - s of "God's first temples." But changed are all things now ! Where was then the wilderness, are now the fields of shining grain. The rude cluster of huts has developed into a handsome village, with its church spires pointing like finger-boards the way the worshipers at its shrine are wont to travel, from the church militant below to the church triumphant above. At every mile-post almost along the road are reared the bulwarks of our religious liberty, social free- dom and of our vaunted civilization — the public school -houses — in which the youth of the land receive instruction in all that goes to make the free American citizens. The arts and trades thrive, and on every hand the marks of prosperity are visible. And, above all, standing out in bold relief, are the happy homes of the people who now live where the pioneers en- dured such hardships, and, best of all, is the fact that many of the good old pioneer fathers and mothers still remain with us, in the full vigor of their manhood and womanhood, to enjoy these hard-bought privileges and pleasures. Others still are with us, but in the waning, mellow glow of Life's setting sun, looking back upon the life they have led, with a remembrance mingled with joy and sorrow, shaded and lighted by their varied experi- ences ; looking out upon the results of their labor with feelings of exultant pride, knowing and feeling that the generations yet to come will rise up and call them blessed ; looking forward with glowing hearts, full of hope, trust and loving faith to the joyful time when they shall hear the Master's voice bidding them come up higher, and enter into his joy ; when the glad- some welcome " well done " shall thrill their hearts with a pleasure that shall never die. Others have gone on before to that reward already, and their places are occupied by their children and even their children's children, and a strange people who knew them not will soon fill the land. So, here on history's page, let us render a fitting tribute to their revered memory. " No more for them shall be Earthly noon or night, Morn or evening light ; But Death's unfathomed mystery Has settled like a pall Over all." 104 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. The final close of this chapter cannot be made more appropriately than to quote the following beautiful lines, penned by M. S. Beers, and entitled "NAPA VALLEY." I spied a beautiful valley, All nestled cosily down In the laps of some grand old mountains, That were flecked in green and brown. It was like a wondrous vision, Which comes in our purest hours, Of the garden made in Eden, All filled with fruits and flowers, And trees that were green forever, With a river rippling through, That waters the beautiful valley And its blossoms of e^ery hue. 'Twas a land enriched with vintage, And flowing with honey and wine ; A valley, like that of Hermon, With its dews and golden sunshine. Legislative History of Napa County. 105 LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF NAPA COUNTY. ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY.— The first organization of counties in the United States originated in Virginia, her early settlers becoming proprietors of vast amounts of land, living apart in patrician splendor, imperious in demeanor, aristocratic in feeling, and being in a measure dictators to the laboring portion of the population. It will thus be remarked that the materials for the creation of towns were not at hand, voters being but sparsely distributed over a great area. The county organ- ization was, moreover, in perfect accord with the traditions and memories of the judicial and social dignities of Great Britain, in descent from whom they felt so much glory. In 1634 eight counties were established in Virginia, a lead which was followed by the Southern and several of the Northern States, save in those of South Carolina and Louisiana, where districts were outlined in the former, and parishes, after the manner of the French, in the latter. In New England, towns were formed before counties, while counties were organized before States. Originally, the towns, or townships, exercised all the powers of government swayed by a State. The powers afterward assumed by the State government were from surrender or delegation on the part of towns. Counties were created to define the jurisdiction of courts of justice. The formation of States was a union of towns, wherein arose the representative system, each town being represented in the State Legislature, or General Court, by delegates chosen by the freemen of the towns at their stated meetings. The first town meeting of which we can find any direct evidence, was held by the congregation of the Plymouth Colony, on March 23, 1621, for the purpose of perfecting military arrangements. At that meeting a Governor was elected for the ensuing year, and it is noticed as a coincidence, whether from that source or otherwise, that the annual town meetings in New England, and nearly all the other States, have ever since been held in the spring of the year. It was not, however, until 1635 that the township system was adopted as a quasi corporation in Massachusetts. The first legal enactment concerning this system provided that whereas: " Particular towns have many things which concern only themselves, and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of business in their own towns ; therefore, the freemen of every town, or the major part of them, 106 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. shall only have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurtenances of said towns ; to grant lots and to make such orders as may concern the well ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders established by the General Court. They might also impose fines of not more than twenty shillings, and choose their own particular officers, as constables, surveyors for the highways, and the like." Evidently this enactment relieved the General Court of a mass of municipal details, with- out any danger to the powers of that body in controlling general measures of public policy. Probably, also, a demand from the freemen of the towns was felt for the control of their own home concerns. The New England colonies were first governed by a " General Court," or Legislature, composed of a Governor and small council, which com-t con- sisted of the most influential inhabitants, and possessed and exercised both legislative and judicial powers, which were limited only by the wisdom of the holders. They made laws, ordered their execution, elected their own officers, tried and decided civil and criminal causes, enacted all manner of municipal regulations, and, in fact, transacted all the business of the colony. This system, which was found to be eminently successful, became general as territory was added to the Republic, and States formed. Smaller divisions were in turn inaugurated and placed under the jurisdiction of special officers, whose numbers were increased as time developed a demand, until the system of township organization in the United States is a matter of just pride to her people. Let us now consider this topic in regard to the especial subject under review : — On the acquisition of California by the Government of the United States, under a treaty of peace, friendship, limits, and settlement with the Mexican Republic, dated Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848, the boundaries of the State were defined. This treaty was ratified by the President of the United States, on March 16, 1848 ; exchanged at Queretaro May 30th, and finally promulgated July 4th, of the same year, by President Polk, and attested by Secretary of State, James Buchanan. In 1849 a Constitutional Convention was assembled in Monterey, and at the close of the session, on October 12th, a proclamation calling upon the people to form a government was issued " to designate such officers as they desire to make and execute the laws; that their choice may be wisely made, and that the government so organized may secure the permanent welfare and happiness of the people of the new State, is the sincere and earnest wish of the present executive, who, if the Constitution be ratified, will with pleasure surrender his powers to whomsoever the people may designate as his successor." This historical document bore the signatures of " B. Riley, Bvt. Brig. General U. S. A., and Governor of California ; and official H. W. Halleck, Bvt. Capt. and Secre- tary of State." Legislative History of Napa Comity. 107 Prior to the first partition of the State into counties, the section now known as Napa had been included in the district of Sonoma, a division which had originated with the Mexican authorities during their power, and that included all the counties now lying west of the Sacramento River, between the Bay of San Francisco and the Oregon line ; it had not been interfered with on the accession of American rule, but retained the official designation given to it b}- the Spaniards. April 11, 1850, an Act of the Legislature was passed organizing a Court of Sessions, which defined its composition as follows : — The Court consisted of the County Judge, who should preside at its ses- sions, assisted by two Justices of the Peace of the county as Associate Justices, they being chosen by their brother Justices from out of the whole number elected for the county. The duties imposed upon this organization were multifarious. They made such orders respecting the property of the county as they deemed expedient, in conformity with any law of the State, and in them were vested the care and preservation of said property. They examined, settled, and allowed all accounts chargeable against the county ; directed the raising of such sums for the defraying of all expenses and charges against the county, by means of taxation on property, real and per- sonal, such not to exceed, however, the one-half of the tax levied by the State on such property ; to examine and audit the accounts of all officers having the care, management, collection and disbursement of any money belonging to the county, or appropriated by law, or otherwise, for its use and benefit. In them was the power of control and management of public roads, turnpikes, fences, canals, roads and bridges within the county, where the law did not prohibit such jurisdiction, and make such orders as should be requisite and necessary to carry such control and management into effect; to divide the county into townships, and to create new townships, and change the division of the same as the convenience of the county should require. They established and changed election precincts ; controlled and managed the property, real and personal, belonging to the county, and purchased and received donations of property for the use of the county, with this proviso : that they should not have the power to purchase any real or personal prop- erty, except such as should be absolutely necessary for the use of the county ; to sell and cause to be conveyed, any real estate, goods, or chattels belonging to the county, appropriating the funds of such sale to the use of the same ; to cause to be erected and furnished, a Court-house, jail, and other buildings, and to see that the same are kept in repair, and otherwise to perform all such other duties as should be necessary to the full discharge of the powers conferred on such court. Terms were ordered to be held on the second Monday of February. April, June, August, October and December, with quarterly sessions on the third Monday of February, May, August and November of each year. 108 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. In accordance with section fourteen of Article XII of the Constitution, it was provided that the State be divided into counties and Senatorial and Assembly Districts, and at the first session of the Legislature, which opened at San Jose" December 15, 1849, there was passed, and approved February 8, 1850, " An Act subdividing the State into counties and establishing the seats of justice therein," which directed that the boundary lines of Napa County should be as follows : Commencing in the Napa River at the mouth of the Soscol Creek, and running up said creek to the point of said creek nearest to the range of mountains dividing Napa Valley from Suisun Valley ; thence in a direct line to the nearest point of said range ; thence along the summit of said range north-westerly to its northern extremity ; thence due north to the for- tieth parallel of north latitude ; thence due west twenty miles ; thence south-westerly to the nearest point of the range of mountains dividing Napa Valley from Sonoma Valley; thence south-westerly along said range of mountains to its termination in Carnero Mountain ; thence in a direct line to the nearest point of Carnero Creek ; thence down said creek to its junc- tion with the Napa River ; thence to the place of beginning. The seat of justice shall be Napa City. It will be seen by the above that the territory embraced in the above boundaries included all of what is now known as Lake County. There were no changes in these lines until April 16, 1852, when an Act of the Legisla- ture defined the boundaries of Napa County as follows : Commencing in Napa River at the mouth of Soscol Creek, and running up said creek to the point of said creek nearest to the range of mountains dividing Napa Valley from Suisun Valley ; thence in a direct line to the nearest point of said range ; thence in a northerly direction to the east side of Chimiles, or Corral Valley ; thence in a direct line to the east side of Berryessa Valley, to the northern end of said valley ; thence in a north- westerly direction to the outlet of Clear Lake ; thence up the middle of said lake to its head ; thence in a westerly direction to the north-east corner of Sonoma County ; thence south along the easterly line of said county to the place of beginning. The boundary lines of the county were destined to not remain the same for any great length of time, for on the fourth day of April, 1855, we find that there was an Act passed by the Legislature to amend the above Act so as to make it read as follows : Commencing at a point on the Guichica Creek where the said creek empties into San Pablo Bay ; thence running in a direct line due east to the top of the ridge of mountains dividing Napa Valley from Suisun Valley ; thence in a northerly direction along the top of said mountains to a point parallel with the southern boundary line of the ranch known as the Chimiles Legislative History of Napa County. 109 Rancho ; thence easterly along said line to the top of the mountains known as the Vaca Mountains, which divide the Vaca Valley from the Chimiles Rancho ; thence northerly along the top of the main ridge of said Vaca Mountains to the Putah Creek ; thence northerly across said creek to the top of the mountains dividing Berryessa Valley from Sacramento Valley ; thence northerly along the top of said ridge to the outlet of Clear Lake ; thence easterly to the top of the mountains dividing Clear Lake Valley from Sacramento Valley ; thence northerly along the top of said mountains to the head of Clear Lake ; thence westerly to the top of the mountains that divide Clear Lake Valley from the Russian River Valley ; thence southerly along the top of said mountains to a point on the top of said mountains one mile east of the eastern boundary line of the rancho known as Fitch's Rancho, on the Russian River ; thence in a direct line southerly to the westerly branch of the head waters of the Guichica Creek ; thence westerly to the top of the main ridge that divides Guichica Valley from Sonoma Valley ; thence in a southerly direction along the said dividing ridge to the tule bordering on San Pablo Bay ; thence southerly to the center of Guichica Creek ; thence following the center of said creek to its mouth, the place of beginning. The county seat shall be Napa City. The boundary lines of Napa County remained as above described for some time, but there was some considerable effort made on the part of the Solano County people to have the lines between Napa and Solano so changed that Solano would get the best of the change. Some trouble grew out of the fact that the people had been assessed and the taxes collected in Napa County, when Solano people claimed that they were residents of that county. These parties who had thus paid their taxes into Napa County evidently were more desirous of living in Napa than Solano County. At the session of the Legislature of 1856 a bill was introduced by the rep- resentative from Solano County, establishing the dividing line between the two counties, so that it would run only four miles south of Napa City. To this, of course, the whole of Napa County was opposed. The Board of Supervisors passed a resolution, requesting their representatives in the Assembly and Senate to oppose to the utmost any such change. They did so, and nothing: more came of the matter at that time. At the next session of the Legislature the matter again came up for dis- cussion and settlement. Again the people of Solano County felt aggrieved, from the fact that the taxes which rightfully, as they thought, belonged to Solano County had been collected by the Napa officials. Mr. A. Stevenson was then in the Assembly from Solano County, and he introduced several measures, all of which looked to the settling of the question much to the advantage of his own county, and as often the people of Napa would re- monstrate, and the measure would fall dead. Finally, the excitement got so 110 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. high that members of the Legislature saw that something had to be done to quiet the feelings of animosity that were being fostered between the sister counties. Accordingly, a Commission was appointed to arbitrate in the matter, and settle all differences as amicably as possible. Judge Warm- castle, of Contra Costa County, Hon. William S. Wells, of Solano County, and Judge J. B. Horrell, of Napa County, composed this Commission of Arbitrators. They had full power and authority to act in the matter. When they came to investigate the subject they found that the disputed territory rightfully belonged to Solano County, but that the citizens living in it were unanimous in their desire to become attached to Napa County, as they traded in Napa City, and the county seat was much more accessible to them in this county than in Solano. Taking all this into consideration, they awarded to Solano County the amount of taxes which had been col- lected by Napa County, also the costs of the Commission. The first amount was $1175, and the costs were between $300 and $400, making a total of about $1500 which Napa County had to pay to Solano. The Commission then awarded to Napa County the disputed territory, which included about twenty thousand acres, making a very cheap purchase of some very valu- able land for Napa County. As stated above, the boundaries of Napa County originally included all of the territory now known as Lake County. In 1861 the County of Lake was organized, and its boundary lines established as follows : Commencing at the south-eastern corner of Mendocino County ; thence running in an easterly direction along the dividing ridge between Russian River and Knights Valleys on the west, and Clear Lake and Coyote Valleys on the east, to the highest point on Mount St. Helena ; thence easterly in a direct line to the point where the second standard line north (United States Survey) crosses the line dividing Yolo and Napa Counties ; thence along the line of Yolo County to the Mendocino County line ; thence along the Men- docino County line to the place of beginning. The boundary lines of Napa County were destined to other changes in the near future, for we find that on the 29th of February, 1864, the bound- ary lines of Lake County were changed so as to affect Napa County as follows : Commencing at the south-east corner of Mendocino County ; thence run- ning in an easterly direction along the dividing ridge between Russian River and Knights Valleys on the west, and Clear Lake and Loconoma Valleys on the east, to the highest point of Mount St. Helena ; thence eastwardly to the most northern point of Las Putas Ranch, commonly known as the Ber- lyessa Ranch ; thence easterly in a direct line to a point where the second standard line (United States Survey) crosses the line dividing Yolo and Napa Counties ; thence northerly along the highest ridge of mountains dividing Legislative History of Napa County. Ill the waters of the Sacramento on the east, and Berry essa on the west, until it intersects the line dividing Yolo and Colusa Counties; thence along the main ridge of mountains dividing the waters of Long Valley on the east and Clear Lake on the west; thence up said ridge to the summit of the Coast Range ; thence along the summit of Hulls Mountain ; thence west, in a direct line, to Mount St. Hedson; thence southerly on the ridge dividing the Russian River on the west and Clear Lake on the east, to the place of beginning. The boundary lines of Napa County remained as thus described until 1868, when, March 24th, the following boundary lines were established, which of course affected Napa County: Beginning at the south-east corner of Mendocino County ; thence east- erly along the summit of the ridge dividing the waters flowing into Russian River and Knights Valley on the west, and Clear Lake and Loconoma Valley on the east to the highest peak of Mount St. Helena ; thence easterly along the heretofore established line to the Butts Canon road ; thence easterly in a right line to the northern point of the Las Putas Ranch (commonly known as the Berryessa Ranch); thence easterly along the northern line of said ranch to the north-east corner thereof ; thence east to the line between Yolo and Napa Counties ; thence northerly along the summit of the range of mountains dividing the waters of the Sacramento River from those flow- ing into or through Berryessa and Morgan Valleys on the west, to Cache Creek ; thence east to the summit of the spur of the Coast Range which divides the waters flowing east into Bear Creek and Stony Creek, and those flowing west into the north fork of Cache Creek ; thence northerly along the said dividing ridge, following the divide of said waters to the summit of the Coast Range of mountains ; thence northerly along the said summit to the highest point of Hulls Mountain ; thence westerly in a right line to the highest point of Mount St. Hedson ; thence southerly, following the summit of the mountains which divide the waters flowing west into Russian River, and those flowing east into Clear Lake, to the beginnino;. Matters remained statu quo with Napa County for another four years, when a change occurred in the line between Napa and Lake Counties, which was very much to the advantage of the former. March S, 1872, an Act of the Legislature was approved which established the dividing line as follows : The northern boundary line of Napa County and the south-eastern boundary line of Lake County shall commence at the highest point of the Mount St. Helena ; thence running in an easterly direction along the pres- ent boundary line between said counties to the Butts Canon road ; thence north-easterly, in a direct line to the junction of Jericho and Putah Creeks ; thence up Jericho Creek to the junction of Hunting Creek, to a large pile of rocks on the south-east side of the county road, at the lower and most 112 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. easterly end of Hunting Valley ; thence in a straight line in the direction of the intersection of Bear and Cache Creeks to the county line of Yolo County ; thence along the line of Yolo County in a south-easterly direction, to the present county line dividing Yolo and Napa Counties. This Act of the Legislature further provided, that the Board of Super- visors of Napa County should order paid the claim of Lake County for the sum of $3500, and that the Auditor of said County of Napa should draw a warrant for the sum on the Treasurer of said county, payable from. the general fund, and that the Treasurer of Napa County should pay the same. It will thus be seen that for the paltry sum of $3500, Napa County had a whole township, including the village of Knoxville and the Redington and other valuable mines added to her territory. There is a large amount of fine farming and grazing land also included in the section ceded. Surely it was a good bargain for Napa to make. But the good luck of Napa County did not end here, for in the month of May of the same year, 1872, it was discovered that the dividing line, between Napa and Sonoma Counties, had not been properly located in many respects, and that Napa County was entitled to the taxes on a large portion of property hitherto assessed in Sonoma County, including a large share of the Buena Vista Vineyard, amounting in all in value to $25,000 or more. So when all the additions and just dues were finally summed up and added to the assessment roll of Napa County, it was found to be very materially increased. No further changes have occurred in the boundary lines. The Court of Sessions has already been mentioned and their executive functions given, and we will now give their judicial powers : The Court was composed of the County Judge and two Associates, who were chosen by the duly elected and qualified Justices of the Peace in the county, from their number. The judicial jurisdiction of the Court of Sessions extended to cases of assault, assault and battery, breaking of the peace, riot, affray, and petit larceny, and over all misdemeaners punishable by fine not to exceed $500, or imprisonment not to exceed three months, or both such fine and imprisonment. We now pass to a consideration of the Board of Supervisors as a body and to the legislative enactments which have any reference to them, and also certain acts of the Board which may properly be placed under this head. From the period of the organization of the county until the year 1852, its affairs were controlled by the Court of Sessions, above mentioned, and a In the last named year a change had come over the governmental dream, and an Act passed May 2d of the above year, entitled "An Act to create a Board of Supervisors in the counties in this State, and to define their duties and powers." For better reference the ninth section of the above Act is quoted Legislative History of Napa County. 113 in full: "The Board of Supervisors shall have power and jurisdiction in their respective counties: First, To make orders respecting the property of the county, in conformity with any law of this State, and to take care of and preserve such property. Second, To examine, settle, and allow all accounts legally chargeable against the county, and to levy for the purposes prescribed by law, such amount of taxes on the assessed value of real and personal property in the county, as may be authorized by law: provided, the salary of the County Judge need not be audited by the Board ; but the Countv Auditor shall, on the first judicial day of each month, draw his warrant on the County Treasurer in favor of the County Judge for the amount due such Judge as salary, for the month preceding. Third, To examine and audit the accounts of all officers having the care, management, collection or disbursement of any money belonging to the county, or appro- priated by law, or otherwise, for its use and benefit. Fourth, To lay out, control and manage public roads, turnpikes, ferries, and bridges within the county, in all cases where the law does not prohibit such jurisdiction, and to make such orders as may be requisite and necessary to carry its control and management into effect. Fifth, To take care of and provide for the indigent sick of the county. Sixth, To divide the county into townships, and to change the divisions of the same, and to create new townships, as the convenience of the county may require. Seventh, To establish and change election precincts, and to appoint inspectors and judges of elections. Eighth, To control and manage the property, real and personal, belonging to the county, and to receive by donation any property for the use and benefit of the county. Ninth, To lease or to purchase any real or personal property necessary for the use of the county ; provided, no purchase of real property shah be made unless the value of the same be previously estimated by three disinterested persons, to be appointed for that purpose by the County Judge. Tenth, To sell at public auction, at the Court-house of the county, after at least thirty days' previous public notice, and cause to be conveyed, any property belonging to the county, appropriating the pro- ceeds of such sale to the use of the same. Eleventh, To cause to be erected and furnished, a Court-house, jail, and such other public buildings as may be necessary, and to keep the same in repair ; provided, that the contract for building the Court-house, jail, and such other public buildings, be let out at least after thirty days' previous public notice, in each case, of a readiness to receive proposals therefor, to the lowest bidder, who will give good and sufficient security for the completion of any contract which he may make respecting the same ; but no bid shall be accepted which the Board may deem too high. Tvjelfth, To control the prosecution and defense of all suits to which the county is a party. Thirteenth, To do any and per- 8 114 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. form all such other acts and things as may be strictly necessary to the full discharge of the powers and jurisdiction conferred on the Board. In accordance with the provisions of the Act organizing a Board of Supervisors, the Court of Sessions established the following townships in Napa County, with the boundaries as herein set forth, on the 6th day of October, 1852 : Number 1, Napa Township. — To comprise all that portion of Napa County lying south of a line commencing at a point on the western bound- ary of said county, directly west of the most westerly portion of Dry Creek in said county ; thence running due east to said creek ; thence down the middle of said creek to its mouth ; and thence due east to the eastern boundary of said county. Number 2, Yount Township. — To comprise all that portion of Napa County between the northern boundary line of Napa Township and a line running due east and west across said county so as to pass through the center of Hudson's Sulphur Springs in Napa Valley. Number 3, Hot Springs Toivnship. — To comprise and include all that portion of said county not included in either of the foregoing townships as described. The election precincts of Napa County were established at this time by the Court of Sessions, as follows : The townships of Napa and Yount shall each constitute one electoral precinct, and the township of Hot Springs shall constitute two electoral precincts, one of said precincts to comprise Pope Valley, Coyote Valley and Clear Lake Valley, and to be called West Precinct ; and the other precinct to comprise all the rest of the township and to be called East Precinct. November 6, 1855, Clear Lake Township was established with the fol- lowing boundaries : Commencing at Mount St. Helena and running on the divide between Napa, Lupe-yomi and Callaomi Valleys ; thence across to the eastern line of Napa County in a direction so as to include Lupe-yomi, Callaomi, Clear Lake, Cobbs and Scotts Valleys, and to include all the Clear Lake Valleys. During the session of 1861-2 the Legislature passed a law for the organization of townships, regulating the powers and duties of officers, and provided that the same should be submitted to the vote of the people. This law made each township a corporate body, the powers of which were vested in three trustees, with the same or similar powers as those had by the Board of Supervisors. A similar set of officers were to be elected for each town- ship, to perform the duties thereof, under this law, as were elected for the whole county, with the exception of a County Judge, District Attorney and £^^€_ Legislative History of Napa County. 115 Sheriff. Each township became in all important affairs a county, with county powers, county officers, and county expenses. In the place of one tax collector and one assessor, by this arrangement the county would have these officers for each of the townships, and the expenses of the county be increased eight-fold. The Act mentioned above provided that there should be one supervisor elected from Napa Township, who should hold his office for the term of three years ; one from Hot Springs Township, who should hold for two years, and one from Yount, who should hold for one year. To show how strongly the people of Napa County disapproved of the measures of this Act, and how emphatically they expressed their disfavor, we append the vote on this question given when it was submitted to them. It stood- — for township organization, 7 ; against township organization, 1207 ! That was the end of that proposition in Napa County, and the people certainly acted very wisely in voting as they did, thus saving to themselves a great and needless expense. The township boundaries remained as above described until the segrega- tion of Lake County, when a lai-ge portion of Hot Springs [township was absorbed by that county, and the northern boundary line of the county became the same line for that township. Of course this line was changed from time to time to suit the changes made in the county line, which have been noted above. At length when the final change was made in 1872, by which a whole township was added to the domain of Napa County, the boundary lines of this new township, which was known as Knox Township, were described as follows : That portion of the territory recently added to Napa County and taken from the County of Lake, lying east of Putah Creek, shall constitute and be known as Knox Township, and that portion of said territory lying west of Putah Creek shall be added to Hot Springs Township. An entirely new set of boundaries were established, which appear in the records of the Board of Supervisors, as follows : Napa Township. — Beginning at a point on the Sonoma County line due west of the source of a small creek on which was situated Fisk's saw-mill ; thence due east to the source of said creek ; thence down said creek to its mouth ; thence down Dry Creek to its mouth in Trubody's Slough ; thence south-easterly, passing one hundred yards north of the residence of G. W. Crowey to the top of the ridge west of Soda Canon ; thence northerly along said ridge to the top of a sharp point on the south side of Rector Canon ; thence north-easterly in a direct line, to a point on Tebipa or Capelle Creek, one-half mile below the house of George Clark ; thence east to the top of the mountain north of Capelle Valley ; thence south-easterly along the top of the ridge to the south end of said ridge near the head of Rag Canon ; thence 116 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. due east to the line between Napa and Solano Counties ; thence southerly and westerly along said line, to the line of Sonoma County ; thence north- erly along said line to the place of beginning. Yount Township. — Beginning at a point on the Sonoma County line described as the beginning point of Napa Township : thence northerly along said line to a point due west from the head of Dry Creek ; thence in a straight line to the middle of the bridge on the road across the slough, known as the Bale Slough, near the residence of Thomas Chopson ; thence in a direct line to the middle of Conn Creek, in front of William Dinning's house ; thence up said creek to Chiles Creek, and up Chiles Creek to Moore's Creek, to the line of La Jota Rancho ; thence along said line northerly to the line of Chiles Rancho ; thence along the western and northern line of said rancho to corner number one of said rancho ; thence northerly along the ridge west of Berryessa Valley, to the old line between Lake and Napa Counties ; thence easterly along said line to the east boundary of Napa County ; thence south- erly along said line to the north-east corner of Napa Township ; thence along the northern line of said township, to the place of beginning. Hot Springs Township. — Beginning at a point on the western boundary line of Napa County, due west from the head of Dry Creek; thence along the line of Yount Township, north-easterly and northerly to the old line between Napa and Lake Counties ; thence westerly along said line to the middle of Putah Creek ; thence up said creek to the present line between Napa and Lake Counties ; thence along said line southerly and westerly to the north-west corner of Napa County ; thence south-easterly along the line between Napa and Sonoma Counties to the place of beginning. Knox Township. — Beginning at a point in the center of Putah Creek, where the old boundary line between Napa and Lake Counties crossed said creek ; thence up Putah Creek to the mouth of Jericho Creek ; thence up Jericho Creek to the mouth of Hunting Creek, to a large pile of rocks on the south-eastern side of the county road, at the lower and south-eastern end of Hunting Valley ; thence in a straight line in the direction of the in- tersection of Bear and Cache Creeks to the county line of Yolo County ; thence south-easterly on the line of Yolo County to the north-eastern corner of Yount Township ; thence westerly on the former line of Napa and Lake Counties to the place of beginning. Matters remained thus until March 3, 1875, when the Board of Super- visors established the following as the boundaries of Knox Township. — Beginning on the line between Napa and Lake Counties, at a point about two miles in an easterly direction from the Legislative History of Napa County. 117 Mountain Mill House, and on the divide between Pope and Localliomi Valleys ; thence southerly on said divide to the main divide between Pope and Napa Valleys ; thence along said divide south to Yount Township line ; thence along said line south-easterly to the intersection of Knox Township line ; thence along said line to Yolo County line ; thence along said line northerly to Lake County line ; thence westerly along the dividing line of Napa and Lake Counties to the point of beginning. The first meeting of the Board of Supervisors of Napa County was held December 6, 1852. The following-named gentlemen comprised the Board at that time : John M. Hamilton, Florentine E. Kellogg and Jesse W. Whit- ton. Mr. Hamilton was chosen Chairman of the Board. Presley Thompson, presented the first claim to the Board, being a bill for the construction of a bridge across Napa Creek, and the amount was SI 190. August 9, 1855, the Board of Supervisors divided the county into three supervisorial districts, as follows : Number One shall include Napa voting precinct ; Number Two shall include Yount and Berryessa voting precincts ; Number Three shall include Upper and Lower Lake, Hot Springs and Pope voting precincts. The Supervisors districts were changed October 7, 1856, as follows : Number One shall include Napa, Carneros and Soscol voting precincts; Number Two shall include Yount and Berryessa voting precincts ; and Number Three shall include Hot Springs, St. Helena, Pope, Upper and Lower Lake voting precincts. In 1858, Big Valley precinct was added to the third supervisorial district. April 4, 1864, an Act of the Legislature was approved, which provided that the Supervisors should be elected by the electors of the whole county, but that each Supervisor should be a resident of the district which he was elected to represent. One of the most peculiar things that ever happened in the history of Napa County transpired in connection with the Board of Supervisors, in 1874. At that time the Board consisted of three members, but in accord- ance with an Act of the Legislature, which was approved February 25th of that year, providing for the election of five Supervisors for Napa County, and dividing the same in four Supervisors' districts, the Board divided it as follows : The township of Napa shall constitute District Number One and shall be entitled to two Supervisors. Yount Township shall constitute District Number Two and be entitled to one Supervisor. Hot Springs and Knox Townships shall constitute two Supervisors' districts, and shall be bounded and described as follows : The present boundaries of said townships shall be the boundaries of the Supervisors' 118 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. districts, except the line dividing said townships north and south, and the line dividing said Supervisors' districts north and south shall be the summit of the ridge dividing the waters that flow into Chiles Valley, Pope Valley and the creek known as the north-west tributary of Putah Creek, to the northern boundary of Napa County. That portion of the above that includes and embraces the upper end of Napa Valley shall constitute District Number Three, and be entitled to one Supervisor. That portion included in the above and embracing Pope Valley and Knoxville shall be and constitute District Number Four, and be entitled to one Supervisor. We now come to the interesting part of this programme. There is nothing strange or curious in what has gone before. In accordance with the above Act, a special election was held April 11, 1874, for the purpose of choosing Supervisors to serve as the Board under the new regime. This call specified that two Supervisors should be elected from District Number One, one from District Number Two, one from District Number Three, and one from District Number Four, making a total of five members on the Board. It was also provided in the Act of the Legislature under which this election was called, that at the general election in 1875 and every two years thereafter, on the day of the general election, there should be elected one Supervisor from the First District and one Supervisor from each of the two other districts, to be determined by lot. Also, that at the general election in 1876, and every two years thereafter, the alternates should be elected. The result of this election was as follows : First district, E. G. Young and B. James ; second district, A. F. Goodwin ; third district, A. Safely ; and fourth district, T. H. Ink. The Board in office at the time of this election, and who had promulgated the order for it, consisted of the following gentle- men : Robert Brownlee, F. W. Ellis and Joseph Mecklinburg. After the election was decided, this Board granted to the newly-elected Supervisors cer- tificates of election, but, to the great surprise of the new Board, they refused to give up their office, holding that the law under which they were elected was post facti. The matter looked serious for awhile, as both Boards were duly elected and qualified according to the laws of the State to serve at the same time and in the same capacity. The matter was formally submitted to the Legislature, and a special Act was passed March 10, 1874, authorizing both Boards to act jointly and as one Board. Napa County was then blest (or otherwise) with the largest Board of Supervisors in the State of Cali- fornia, except the City of San Francisco, and perhaps Sacramento. The meetings of that "double-header" Board of Supervisors were marvels of astuteness, so contemporaries state. They agreed to disagree from the start Legislative History of Napa County. 119 and held firmly to their "joint resolution." The Clerk of the Board, Mr. C. B. Seeley, contributed largely to the literature of the day by writing a series of pen pictures of the members. They were written in his well- known caustic manner, and cut deep into the sensibilities of some of the members. If it were not for that fact we should reproduce them in this connection, for they are worthy of it. An Act of the Legislature, approved May 18, 1853, provided that the District Court of the Seventh Judicial District should hold terms of Court in Napa County on the first Mondays of February, May and November. The terms for holding the different Courts in and for Napa County were established by the Legislature in 1855, the Act being approved Feb- ruary 14th of that year. Its provisions were as follows : The District Court (Seventh Judicial District) shall be held on the third Tuesday of February, May and August, and on the second Tuesday of November. The terms of the County Court shall be the second Monday in August, December and April. The terms of the Court of Sessions shall be the first Mondays in August, December and April. The terms of the Probate Court shall be on the third Monday of August, December and April. An Act of the Legislature, approved April 20, 1858, provided that the terms of Court should be as follows : Court of Sessions, first Monday in April, August and December of each year. County Court, second Monday of March and July, and the first Monday in November. An Act of the Legislature, approved April 15, 1859, provided that the terms of Court should be as follows : Court of Sessions, first Monday in April, September and December of each year. County Court, second Monday in March and July, and the first Monday in November. An Act of the Legislature, approved April 27, 18G3, provided that the terms of the Court of Sessions should be held on the third Monday of May, and the first Monday of September and December. This was only for the year 1863, as the Court of Sessions was discontinued January 1, 1864, and the County Court was given the judicial functions of that Court, while its political functions were relegated to the Board of Supervisors. An Act of the Legislature, approved April 1, 1864, provided that the terms of the County Court should be held on the first Monday of Decern- 120 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. ber and March, the third Monday of June, and the first Monday of Sep- tember. In the olden days, before there were any newspapers in Napa County, it became necessary for the Legislature to declare what paper should be the official organ of the county. May 3, 1853, an Act was approved designat- ing the Sonoma Bulletin as the paper in which all legal advertisements should be inserted. May 17, 1853, the Legislature fixed the salary of the County Judge of Napa County at $2000 per year, and the salary of Associate Justices at $8.00 per day of service each. February 7, 1857, the salary of the Judge was reduced to $1000 per year. April 17, 1863, the office of Recorder was made separate from the County Clerk, who had been hitherto ex-officio Recorder. February 29, 1864, the Treasurer was made ex-officio Tax Collector, in lieu of the Sheriff, who had held the position before that. March 28, 1868, the business of collecting the taxes reverted to the Sheriff. Political History of Napa County. 121 POLITICAL HISTORY OF NAPA COUNTY. Prior to the acquisition of California by the Government of the United States, the large District of Sonoma, which included all the territory between the Sacramento River and the ocean on the one hand, and Oregon and the Bay of San Francisco on the other, was under the rale of the Mexican Gov- ernment, and divided into Prefectures, amenable to a Grand Council at Sonoma, the holder's of office being designated by the Spanish name of Alcalde. It will be seen that the present territory of Napa County was comprised in these boundaries. Between the years 1846 and 1849 the country remained under the control of the military. Let us see what was the state of the political horizon during that time. According to Tuthill — as to civil law, the country was utterly at sea. It had a Governor in the person of the commandant of the military district it belonged to, but no government. While the war lasted, California, as a conquered province, expected to be governed by military officers, who, by virtue of their com- mand of the department, bore sway over all the territory that their department embraced. But after peace had come and the succession of military Governors was not abated, a people who had been in the habit of governing themselves, under the same flag and the same constitution, chafed that a simple change of longitude should deprive them of their inalienable rights. The first civil officer in Sonoma was John Nash, who was commissioned by General Kearney as Alcalde of the district. This man, so legendary report states, had a most wonderfully exalted idea of the dignity of his office, and assumed ministerial as well as judicial powers. He had a very curious way of signing himself " Chief Justice of California." At length he was removed by the military Governor, but he refused to acknowledge the authority of that arm of our Government over the judicial branch, especially the exalted position held by him, hence he sought to retain the office. Lieutenant — now General William T. Sherman — was sent in quest of him, and finally succeeded in capturing him and bringing him before Governor Mason at Monterey, who reprimanded and released him. This first civil officer of the District of Sonoma — " Chief Justice Nash " as he called himself, and " 'Squire Nash " as he was generally called — was a good- natured man, illiterate, but honest. When the rumors of gold reached 122 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Sonoma, Squire Nash was employed by a number of persons to go to the gold mines and spy out the land, and if there were the " millions in it," which rumor said there was, to return and report to them. This was in 1848, and he returned with gold dust to the value of eight hundred and thirty- seven dollars. He then went to Mormon Island with a party of Sonoma miners, and died there that winter. He was succeeded in office by Lilburn W. Boggs, ex-Governor of Missouri, a man eminently capable of performing the functions of the position, as the records of his office still extant in the County Clerk's office in Santa Rosa will fully establish. General Persifer F. Smith, who assumed command on arriving by the "California," the first steamship that reached San Francisco (February 28, 1849), and General Riley, who succeeded him (April 13, 1849), would have been acceptable Governors enough, if the people could have discovered any- where in the Constitution that the President had power to govern a territory by a simple order to the commandant of a military department. The power was obvious in time of war, but in peace it was unprecedented. Left entirely to themselves, the people could have organized a " squatter sover- eignty," as Oregon had done, and the way into the sisterhood of States was clear. They felt that they had cause for complaint, but in truth they were too busy to nurse their grievance and make much of it. To some extent they formed local governments, and had unimportant collisions with the military. But, busy as they were, and expecting to return home soon, they humored their contempt for politics, and left public matters to be shaped at Washing- ton. Nor was this so unwise a course under the circumstances; for the thing that had hindered Congress from giving them a legitimate and constitutional government was the ever-present snag in the current of American political history, the author of most of our woes, the great mother of mischief on the western continent — slavery. When it was found that Congress had adjourned without doing anything for California, Brigadier-General Riley, by the advice, he said, of the Presi- dent and Secretaries of State and of War, issued a proclamation, which was at once a call for a Convention, and an official exposition of the Adminis- tration's theory of the anomalous relations of California and the Union. He strove to rectify the impression that California was governed by the military arm of the service ; that had ceased with the termination of hos- tilities. What remained was the civil government, recognized by the existing laws of California. These were vested in a Governor, who received his ap- pointment from the Supreme Government, or in default of such appointment, the office was vested in the commanding military officer of the department, a Secretary, a Departmental or Territorial Legislature, a Superior Court with four Judges, a Prefect and sub-Prefect and a Judge of the First Political History of Napa County. 123 Instance for each district, Alcaldes, local Justices of the Peace, ayunta- mientos, or Town Councils. He moreover recommended the election, at the same time, of delegates to a Convention to adopt either a State or Terri- torial Constitution, which, if acquiesced in by the people, would be submitted to Congress for approval. In June, 1849, a proclamation was issued announcing an election to be held on the 1st of August, to appoint delegates to a general Convention to form a State Constitution, and for filling the offices of Judge of the Superior Court, Prefects, sub-Prefects, and First Alcalde or Judge of the First Instance ; such appointments to be made by General Riley after being voted for. The delegates elected to the Convention from the District of Sonoma were General Vallejo, Joel Walker, R. Semple. L. W. Boggs was elected, but did not attend. The manifesto calling the Constitutional Convention divided the electoral divisions of the State into ten districts; each male inhabitant of the county of twenty-one years of age, could vote in the district of his resi- dence, and the delegates so elected were called upon to meet at Monterey , on September 1, 1849. The number of delegates was fixed at thirty-seven, five of whom were appointed to San Francisco. As was resolved, the Convention met at Monterey on the date above named, Robert Semple of Benicia, one of the delegates from the District of Sonoma, being chosen President. The session lasted 'six weeks ; and, not- withstanding an awkward scarcity of books of reference and other necessary aids, much labor was performed, while the delegates exhibited a marked degree of ability. In framing the original Constitution of California slavery was forever prohibited within the jurisdiction of the State ; the boundary question between^Mexico and the United States was set at rest ; provision for the morals and education of the people was made ; a seal of State was adopted with the motto Eureka, and many other matters dis- cussed. In August, General Riley issued commissions to Stephen Cooper, appoint- ing him Judge of the First District, and C. P. Wilkins, Prefect of the Dis- trict of Sonoma, while one of General Riley's last appointments before the adoption of the Constitution was that of Richard A. Maupin, well remem- bered among the district's old residents, to be Judge of the Superior Tribunal, in place of Lewis Dent, resigned. Another well-known pioneer who was at the Convention from Sacramento County, was Major Jacob R. Snyder, a res- ident of Sonoma till his death. We find that the " Superior Tribunal of California " existed at Monterey in 1 849 ; for, in September of that year a " Tariff of fees for Judicial Offi- cers " was published, with the following order of the Court : " That the several officers mentioned in this order shall be entitled to receive for their 124 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. services, in addition to their regular salaries, if any, the following fees, and none others, until the further order of this Court." Here is added a list of the fees to be appropriated by Judges of the First Instance, Alcaldes, and Justices of the Peace, Clerks of the several courts, Sheriff or Comisario, District Attorney, and Notaries Public. We have already said that Stephen Cooper was appointed Judge of First Instance for the District of Sonoma. He commenced his labors in that office in October, 1849, as appears in the early record of the proceedings of that Court extant in the office of the County Clerk of Solano County. The record of one of the cases tried before Judge Cooper is reproduced as an instance of the quick justice that obtained in 1849 : The People of California Territory vs. George Palmer. And now comes the said people by right of their attorney, and the said defendant by Semple and O'Melveny, and the prisoner having been arraigned on the indictment in this cause, plead not guilty. Thereupon a jury was chosen, selected and sworn, when, after hearing the evidence and arguments of counsel, returned into Court the following verdict, to wit : " The jury, in the case of Palmer, defendant, and the Territory of Cali- fornia, plaintiff, have found a verdict of guilty on both counts of the in- dictment, and sentenced him to receive the following punishment, to wit : " On Saturday, the 24th day of November, to be conducted by the Sheriff to some public place, and there receive on his bare back seventy-five lashes, with such a weapon as the Sheriff may deem fit, on each count respectively, and to be banished from the District of Sonoma within twelve hours after whipping, under the penalty of receiving the same number of lashes for each and every day he remains in the district after the first whipping. " (Signed) Alexander Riddell, Foreman. " It is therefore ordered by the Court, in accordance with the above ver- dict, that the foregoing sentence be carried into effect." The Constitution was duly framed, submitted to the people, and at the election held on the thirtieth of November, ratified by them, and adopted by a vote of twelve thousand and sixty-four for it, and eleven against it ; there being, besides, over twelve hundred ballots that were treated as blanks, be- cause of an informality in the printing. Political History of Napa County. 125 We here reproduce two of the tickets which were voted at the time, and were distributed in and around Sacramento and the upper portion of the State: PEOPLES TICKET. FOR THE CONSTITUTION. FOR GOVERNOR, John A. Sutter. FOR LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR, John McDougal. FOR REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS, William E. Shannon, Pet. Halsted. FOR STATE SENATORS, John Bidwell, Upper Sacramento, Murray Morrison, Sacramento City, Harding Bigelow, Sacramento City, Gilbert A. Grant, Vernon. FOR ASSEMBLY, H. C. Cardwell, Sacramento City, P. B. Cornwall, Sacramento City, John S. Fowler, Sacramento City, J. Sherwood, Elisha W. McKinstry, Madison Waltham, Coloma, W. B. Dickenson, Yuba, James Queen, South Fork, W. L. Jenkin, Weaverville. PEOPLES TICKET. FOR THE CONSTITUTION. FOR GOVERNOR, Peter H. Burnett. FOR LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR, John McDougal. FOR REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS, Edward Gilbert, George W. Wright. FOR STATE SENATORS, John Bidwell, Upper Sacramento, Murray Morrison, Sacramento City, Harding Bigelow, Sacramento City, Gilbert A. Grant, Vernon. FOR ASSEMBLY, H. C. Cardwell, Sacramento City, P. B. Cornwall, Sacramento City, John S. Fowler, Sacramento City, H. S. Lord, Upper Sacramento, Madison W T altham, Coloma, W. B. Dickenson, Yuba. James Queen, South Fork, Arba K. Berry, Weaverville. The result of the election was : Peter H. Burnett, Governor ; John Mc- Dougal, Lieutenant-Governor ; and Edward Gilbert and George W. Wright sent to Congress. The District of Sonoma polled at this election but five hundred and fifty-two votes, four hundred and twenty-four of which were for Burnett. Of the representatives sent from Sonoma, General Vallejo went to the Senate, and J. S. Bradford and J. E. Brackett to the Assembly. Some difficulty would appear to have risen at this election, for Mr. R. A. Thompson says : " General Vallejo's seat was first given to James Spect, but on the twenty-second of December, the committee reported that the official return from Larkin's Ranch gave Spect but two votes instead of twenty-eight, a total of but one hundred and eighty-one votes against Gen- 126 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. eral Vallejo's one hundred and ninety -nine." Mr. Spect then gave up his seat to General Vallejo. We now produce the following interesting account of some of those who formed the first California Legislature, not because it bears specially on our subject, but as a matter of curiosity, interest and reference : The following is from the Colusa Sun of April 26th : Hon. John S. Bradford, of Springfield, Illinois, who was a member of the first California Legislature, procured from some of his colleagues a short biographical sketch. Thinking it might be a matter of interest to the people of California at the present time, he sends it to us. We have the original document, with the sketches in the handwriting of each member. Most of these gentlemen have figured conspicuously in the history of the State since, but we believe there are but few now living. Three of the sketches — Jose" M. Covarrubias, M. G. Vallejo and Pablo de la Guerra — are written in Spanish, but we have had them translated. SENATORS. David F. Douglass — Born in Sumner County, Tennessee, the 8th of January, 1821. Went to Arkansas with Fulton in 1836. On the 17th of March, 1839, had a fight with Dr. Wm. Howell, in which H. was killed ; imprisoned fourteen months ; returned home in 1842 ; immigrated to Mis- sissippi ; engaged in the Choctaw speculation ; moved with the Choctaws west as a clerk ; left there for Texas in the winter of 1845-6. War broke out ; joined Hay's regiment ; from Mexico immigrated to California, and arrived here as a wagoner in December, 1848. M. G. Vallejo — Born in Monterey, Upper California, July 7, 1807. On the 1st of January, 1825, he commenced his military career in the capacity of cadet. He served successively in the capacity of Lieutenant, Captain of cavalry, Lieutenant-Colonel, and General Commandant of Upper California. In 1835 he went to Sonoma County and founded the town of Sonoma, giving land for the same. He was a member of the Convention in 1849 and Senator in 1850. Elcan Heydenfeldt — Born in Charleston, South Carolina, September 15, 1821 ; immigrated to Alabama in 1841 ; from thence to Louisiana in 1844 ; to California in 1849. Lawyer by profession. Pablo de la Guerra — Born in Santa Barbara, Upper California, Novem- ber 29, 1819. At the age of nineteen he entered the public service. He was appointed Administrator- General " de la rentas," which position he held when California was taken by the American forces. From that time he lived a private life until he was named a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the State. Represents the district of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo in the Senate. 6%2^_ ^/jU^tz^/^t^y- Political History of Napa County. 127 S. E. Wood-worth — Born in the city of New York November 15, 1815. Commenced career as a sailor A. D. 1832. Sailed from New York March 9, 1834. Entered the navy of the United States June 14, 1838. Immigrated to California, via Rocky Mountains and Oregon, April 1, 1846. Resignation accepted by Navy Department October 29, 1849. Elected to represent the district of Monterey in the first Senate of the first Legislature of California for the term of two years. Thos. L. Vermeule — Born in New Jersey on the 11th of June, 1814. Immigrated to California November 12. 1846. Did represent San Joaquin district in the Senate. Resigned. W. D. Fair — Senator from the San Joaquin district, California. Native of Virginia. Immigrated to California from Mississippi in February, 1849, as " President of the Mississippi Rangers." Settled in Stockton, San Joaquin district, as an attorney-at-law. Elisha 0. Crosby — Senator from Sacramento District. Native of New York State. Immigrated from New York December 25, 1848. Aged thirty- four. D. C. Broderick — Senator from San Francisco. Born in Washington, City, D. C, February 4, 1818. Immigrated from Washington to New York City March, 1824. Left New York for California April 17, 1849. E. Kirby Chamberlin, M. D. — President pro tern, of the Senate, from the district of San Diego. Born in Litchfield County, Connecticut, April 24, 1805. Immigrated from Connecticut to Onondago County, New York, in 1815 ; thence to Beaver, Pennsylvania, in 1829 ; thence to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1842 ; served as surgeon in the United States army during the war with Mexico ; appointed surgeon to the Boundary Line Commission February 10, 1840 ; embarked from Cincinnati, Ohio, February 15 ; arrived in San Diego June 1, 1849, and in San Jose December 12, 1849. J. Bidwell — Born in Chautauqua County, New York, 5th of August, 1819. Immigrated to Pennsylvania; thence to Ohio; thence to Missouri; thence in 1841 to Calif omia. Term in Senate one year. H. C. Robinson, Senator from Sacramento; elected November 15, 1849. Born in the State of Connecticut. Immigrated at an early age to Louisiana. Educated as a lawyer, but engaged in commercial pursuits. Arrived at San Francisco February, 1849, per steamer " California," the first that ever entered said port. Benjamin S. Lippincott, Senator from San Joaquin — Born in New York. Immigrated February, 1846, from New Jersey. By pursuit a merchant. Elected for two years. ASSEMBLYMEN. Elam Brown — Born in the State of New York in 1797. Immigrated from Massachusetts in 1805 ; to Illinois in 1818 ; to Missouri 1837, and from Platte County, in Missouri, 1846, to California. 128 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. J. S. K. Ogier — Born in Charleston, South Carolina. Immigrated to New Orleans, 1845, and from there to California December 18, 1848. E. B. Bateman, M. D. — Immigrated from Missouri April, 1847. Resi- dence, Stockton, Alta California. Edmund Randolph — Born in Richmond, Virginia. Immigrated to New Orleans, 1843 ; thence to California, 1849. Residence, San Francisco. E. P. Baldwin — Born in Alabama. Immigrated from thence in January, 1849. Arrived in California May 1, 1850. Represents San Joaquin district. Resides in Sonora, Tuolumne County. A. P. Crittenden — Born in Lexington, Kentucky. Educated in Ohio, Alabama, New York and Pennsylvania. Settled in Texas in 1839. Came to California in 1849. Represents the County of Los Angeles. Alfred Wheeler — Born in the City of New York the 30th day of April, 1820. Resided in New York City until the 21st of May, 1849, when he left for California. Citizen and resident of San Francisco, which district he represents. James A. Gray, Philadelphia — Monterey, California. Immigrated in 1846, in the first New York Regiment of Volunteers. Joseph Aram — Native of State of New York. Immigrated to California 1846. Present residence, San Jose", Santa Clara County. Joseph C. Morehead— Born in Kentucky. Immigrated to California in 1846. Resides at present in the county of Calaveras, San Joaquin district. Benjamin Cory, M. D. — Born November 12, 1822. Immigrated to the Golden State in 1847. Residence in the valley of San Jose\ Thomas J. Henley — Born in Indiana. Family now resides in Charles- town, in that State. Immigrated to California in 1849, through the South Pass. Residence at Sacramento. Jose M. Covarrubias — Native of France. Came to California in 1834. Residence in Santa Barbara, and representative for that district. Elisha W. McKinstry — Born in Detroit, Michigan. Immigrated to Cali- fornia in March, 1849. Residence in Sacramento district, city of Sutter. George B. Tingley — Born August 15, 1815, Clermont County, Ohio. Immigrated to Rushville, Indiana, November 4, 1834. Started to California April 4, 1849. Reached there October 16th. Was elected to the Assembly November 13th, from Sacramento district, and is now in Pueblo de San Jose. Mr. Bradford himself represents our (Sonoma) district in the Assembly. On Saturday, December 15, 1849, the first State Legislature met at San Jose', E. Kirby Chamberlin being elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and Thomas J. White, Speaker of the Assembly. In the year 1850, Senator M. G. Vallejo became convinced that the capital of California should be established at a place which he desired to Political History of Napa County. • 129 name Eureka, but which his colleagues, out of compliment to himself, sug- gested should be named Vallejo. To this end the General addressed a memorial to the Senate, dated April 3, 1850, wherein he graphically pointed out the advantages possessed by the proposed site over other places which claimed the honor. In this remarkable document, remarkable alike for its generosity of purpose as for its marvellous foresight, he proposed to grant twenty acres to the State, free of cost, for a State Capitol and grounds, and one hundred and thirty-six acres more for other State buildings, to be apportioned in the following manner : Ten acres for the Governer's house and grounds; five acres for the offices of Treasurer, Comptroller, Secretary of Stab/. Surveyor-General, and Attorney-General, should the Commissioners determine that their offices should not be in the capitol building; one acre to State Library and Translator's office, should it be determined to separate them from the State-house building; twenty acres for an Orphan Asylum; ten acixs for a Male Charity Hospital; ten acres for a Female Charity Hospital ; four acres for an Asylum for the Blind ; four acres for a Deaf and Dumb Asylum ; twenty acres for a Lunatic Asylum ; eight acres for four Common Schools ; twenty acres for a State University ; four acres for a State Botanical Garden ; and twenty acres for a State Penitentiary. But with a munificence casting this already long list of grants into the shade, he further proposed to donate and pay over to the State, within two years after the acceptance of these propositions, the gigantic sum of $370,000, to be apportioned in the following manner : For the building of a State Capitol, 8125,000 ; for furnishing the same, $10,000 ; for building of the Governor's house, 810,000 ; for furnishing the same, $5000 ; for the building of State Library and Translator's office, $5000; for a State Library, $5000; for the building of the offices of the Secretary of State, Comptroller, Attorney-General, Surveyor-General and Treasurer, should the Commis- sioners deem it proper to separate them from the State House, $20,000 ; for the building of an Orphan Asylum, $20,000 ; for the building of a Female Charity Hospital, 820,000 ; for the building of a Male Charity Hospital, 820,000 ; for the building of an Asylum for the Blind, $20,000 ; for the building of a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, $20,000 ; for the building of a State University, $20,000; for University Library, 85000 ; for scientific apparatus therefor, S">000; for chemical laboratory therefor, 83000; for a mineral cabinet therefor, 83000 ; for the building of four common school edifices, 810,000; for purchasing books for same, $1000; for the building of a Lunatic Asylum, 820,000; for a State Penitentiary, $20,000; for a State botanical collection, $3000. In his memorial, the General states with much lucidity his reasons for claiming the proud position for the place suggested as the proper site for 130 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the State Capital. Mark the singleness of purpose with which he bases these claims : — "Your memoralist, with this simple proposition (namely, that in the event of the Government declining to accept his terms it should be put to the popular vote at the general election held in November of that year — 1850), might stop here, did he not believe that his duty as a citizen of Cali- fornia required him to say thus much in addition — that he believes the location indicated is the most suitable for a permanent seat of government for the great State of California, for the following reasons : That it is the true center of the State, the true center of commerce, the true center of pop- ulation, and the true center of travel ; that, while the Bay of San Francisco is acknowledged to be the first on the earth, in point of extent and naviga- ble capacities, already, throughout the length and breath of the wide world, it is acknowledged to be the very center between Asiatic and European commerce. The largest ship that sails upon the broad sea can, within three hours, anchor at the wharves of the place which your memorialist proposes as your permanent seat of government. From this point, by steam naviga- tion, there is a greater aggregate of mineral wealth within eight hours' steaming, than exists in the Union ;" besides, from this point the great north and south rivers — San Joaquin and Sacramento — cut the State longitudi- nally through the center, fringing the immense gold deposits on the one hand and untold mercury and other mineral resources on the other ; from this point steam navigation extends along the Pacific Coast south to San Diego and north to the Oregon line,, affording the quickest possible facilities for our sea-coast population to reach the State Capital in the fewest number of hours. This age, as it has been truly remarked, has merged distance into time. In the operations of commerce and the intercourse of mankind, to measure miles by the rod is a piece of vandalism of a by -gone age ; and that point which can be approached from all parts of the State in the fewest number of hours, and at the cheapest cost, is the truest center. The location which your memorialist proposes as the permanent seat of government is certainly that point. Your memorialist most respectfully submits to your honorable body, whether there is not a ground of even still higher nationality ? It is this : that at present, throughout the wide extent of our sister Atlantic States, but one sentiment seems to possess the entire people, and that is, to build in the shortest possible time, a railroad from the Mississippi to the Bay of San Francisco, where its western terminus may meet a three weeks' steamer from China. Indeed, such is the overwhelming sentiment of the American people upon this subject, that there is but little doubt to apprehend its early completion. Shall it be said then, while the world is coveting our possession of what all acknowledge to be the half-way house of the earth's commerce Political History of Napa County. 131 — the great Bay of San Francisco — that the people of the rich possessions are so unmindful of its value as not to ornament her magnificent shores with a capital worthy of a great State ? " Upon receipt of General Vallejo's memorial by the Senate, a committee composed of members who possessed a thorough knowledge of the country comprised in the above-quoted document, both geographical and topographi- cal, were directed to report for the information of the President, upon the advantages claimed for the location of the capital at the spot suggested in preference to others. The report in which the following words occur, was presented to the Senate on April 2, 1850 : — " Your committee cannot dwell with too much warmth upon the magnificent propositions contained in the memorial of General Vallejo. They breathe throughout the spirit of an enlarged mind and a sincere public benefactor, for which he deserves the thanks of his countrymen and the admiration of the world. Such a propo- sition looks more like the legacy of a mighty Emperor to his people than the free donation of a private planter to a great State, yet poor in public finance, but soon to be among the first of the earth." The report which was presented by Senator D. C. Broderick of San Francisco, goes on to point out the necessities which should govern the choice of a site for California's capital, recapitulates the advantages pointed out in the memorial, and finally recommends the acceptance of General Vallejo's offer. This acceptance did not pass the Senate without some opposition and considerable delay ; however, on Tuesday, February 4, 1851, a message was received from Governor Burnett, by his Private Secretary, Mr. Ohr, informing the Senate that he did this day sign an Act originating i^jthe Senate entitled " An Act to provide for the permanent location of the seat of government." In the meantime General Vallejo's bond had been accepted ; his solvency was approved by a committee appointed by the Sen- ate to inquire into that circumstance ; the report of the commissioners sent to mark and lay out the tracts of land proposed to be donated was adopted, and on May 1, 1851, the last session of the Legislature at San Jose" was completed ; but the archives were not moved to the new seat of government at Vallejo then, the want of which was the cause of much dissatisfaction among the members. The Legislature first sat at Vallejo on January 5, 1852, but there was wanting the attraction of society which would appear to be necessary to the seat of every central government. With these Sacramento abounded, from her proximity to the mines. The Assembly therefore, with a unanimity bordering on the marvelous, passed a bill to remove the session to that city, ball tickets and theater tickets being tendered to the members in reckless profusion. The bill was transferred to the Senate and bitterly fought by the Hons. Paul K. Hubbs and Phil. A. Roach. The removal was rejected by 132 History of Napa and Lake Counties— Napa. one vote. This was on a Saturday, but never was the proverb of we " know not what the morrow may bring forth," more fully brought to bear upon any consideration. Senator Anderson, it is said, passed a sleepless night through the presence of unpleasant insects in his couch ; on the Monday morning he moved a reconsideration of the bill ; the alarm was sounded on every hand, and at 2 P. M. on January 12, 1852, the Government and Legis- lature were finding its way to Sacramento by way of the Carquinez Straits. On March 7, 1852, a devastating flood overwhelmed Sacramento, and where they had before feared contamination, they now feared drowning. The Legislature adjourned at Sacramento May 4, 1852, the next session to be held at Vallejo. On January 3, 1853, the peripatetic government met again at Vallejo, whither had been moved in May the archives and State offices. Once more the spirit of jealousy was rampant ; Sacramento could not with any grace ask for its removal thither again ; but she, working with Benicia, the capital was once more on wheels and literally carted off to the latter town for the remaining portion of the session, when a bill was passed to fix the capital of the State at Sacramento, and thereafter clinched by large appropriations for building the present magnificent capitol there. The last sitting of the Legislature was held on February 4, 1853, when it was re- solved to meet at Benicia on the 11th of the month, the vote then taken being as follows: Ayes — Messrs. Baird, Denver, Estill, Hager, Hubbs, Hudspeth, Keene, Lind, Lott, Lyons, McKibben, Roach. Smith, Snyder, Sprague, Wade, Wombough — 17. Nays — Crabb, Cofforth, Foster, Gru well, Ralston, Walkup — 6. But to return to our particular subject. During the first session at San Jose", but little was done beyond dividing the State into counties and organ- izing their governments. At this time Robert Hopkins was elected District Judge and Assemblyman, J. E. Brack ett Major-General of the Second Divi- sion of Militia. Mr. Hopkins, who, with the Hon. George Pearce, had been appointed a committee to visit the capital in order to prevent, if possible, the establishment of a boundary line which would include the Sonoma Valley in Napa County, was a resident lawyer of Sonoma. On arrival at San Jose", the question of appointing a Judge for the Sonoma district was attracting attention, and the only candidate was W. R. Turner, who, though a gentleman of capabilities, did not reside there, and probably had never visited the spot. Pearce proposed to Hopkins to run for the office ; he allowed himself to be put in nomination, and beat Turner, who knew not of opposition, just as he was putting forth his hand to seize the prize. The vote was unanimous for Hopkins, and Turner received some other district. Pearce went to San Jose for one purpose and accomplished another, while Hopkins came back a full-fledged Judge of a most important district. The State of California was admitted into the Union September 9, Political History of Napa County. 133 and January G, 1851, the second Legislature met at San Jose'. Mar- tin E. Cook at this session represented the Eleventh Senatorial District, which was composed of the Counties of Sonoma, Solano, Napa, Marin, Colusa, Yolo and Trinity — in short, all that territory west of the Sacra- mento River, while in the Lower House Marin, Napa, Sonoma and Solano was represented by John A. Bradford and A. Stearns. September 3, 1851, the first Gubernatorial election was held under the new order of things. In this contest, John Bigler, who received twenty- three thousand seven hundred and seventy-four votes in the State, against twenty-two thousand seven hundred and thirty-three got by P. B. Redding, bis Whig opponent, had the assistance of that new power which had com- menced to creep into the State in the shape of the squatting element. He was democratic in his manners, being "hale-fellow" with all. Not so his opponent, who was a gentleman of more genteel bearing than the kind- hearted, unambitious, landless Governor, who was always mindful of his friends. Bigler, in all his messages, urged economy, but found it difficult to prevent an office being made for a friend. Tuthill remarks : " It was his pet project to unite the Southern and Western men of his party, and let the free-soilers shift for themselves ; but it is not in that direction that party cleavage runs. The Southerners scorned the alliance. They were ' high- toned,' and looked down upon a Missourian as little better than a man from Massachusetts. The Governor's project would not work. He carried water on both shoulders, and spilt very little on either side." Passing now to the special subject in hand, we find that by the Act of March 11, 1851, Napa, Solano, Marin, Sonoma and Mendocino Counties were organized into the Seventh Judicial District. At this same session of the Legislature, Napa, Solano, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Yolo, Colusa and Trinity were set apart as comprising the Eleventh Senatorial District. At the next session of the Legislature, May 18, 1853, a change was made in the Senatorial Districts, and the Counties of Napa, Solano and Yolo was organized into the Tenth District. The Act of April 1, 1864, placed Napa and Lake Counties in the Third Congressional District. Upon the organi- zation of Lake County, it was so arranged that Napa and Lake should elect an AssembljTnan jointly, and both counties be represented by the Assem- blyman so elected. At this time the counties of Lake, Napa and Mendo- cino were organized into the Eighteenth Senatorial District. Matters re- mained thus until 1874, when a change was made which placed Napa, Lake and Sonoma Counties into a Senatorial District, which was designated as the Twentieth, and at the same time it was provided that Napa and Lake should each elect and be represented by an Assemblyman in each county, and that provision remains in force to the present time. Mention has already been made of the Coui't of Sessions, and we find 134 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. that the first Court was composed as follows : J. S. Stark, Judge, and Johnston Horrell and M. D. Ritchie, Associates. The first general election in and for Napa County, was held April 1, 1850, with the following result: John S. Stark, County Judge; H. H. Lawrence, County Clerk ; N. McKimmey, Sheriff; R. L. Kilburn, Treasurer; J. P. Walker, Assessor; J. E. Brown, Surveyor; and B. F. E. Kellogg, Coroner. Of these J. P. Walker, filed his official bond first, and his was, hence, the first official bond on record. At the general election in 1855, the question of the prohibition of liquor was submitted to the people, and the result in Napa County was; Prohibition — yes, 198 ; Prohibition — no, 205. It was seen from this that the temper- ance sentiment of the people even at that early day was not so far behind what it is now. In fact, it is doubtful if the vote would be so close if it were submitted to the people to-day. The vote for Governor at the election of 1855 was as follows : For Gov. J. Bigler, 261 ; for J. Neeley Johnson, 519 ; making a total vote of 780 in Napa County. At the election held in 1863, the soldier vote was nineteen. It would thus seem that that number of the citizens of Napa County were in the service. The political phases of the county were without interest, except in a general way, until the question of a new organic law for the State began to be agitated. That the old Constitution was defective in many respects was granted by all, and some favored a new instrument, while others thought that the old one could be so amended as to cover the ground and save much expense. That they were right on the last proposition is doubt- less true, but as to whether or not the former was feasible was a mooted question. The question was submitted to the people from time to time, but no definite result was obtained until the general election of 1877, at which time a large majority was given in favor of calling a convention, for the purpose of framing a new instrument. During the next session of the Legislature, a bill was framed and passed, providing for the election of delegates to this convention, which was approved March 30, 1878. Thirty-two delegates were to be elected from the State at large, not more than eight of whom should reside in any one congressional district. In accordance with a proclamation issued by the Governor, an election for the purpose of choosing delegates to the convention was held June 19, 1878. Hon. Robert Crouch was elected at this time to represent Napa County in this convention. The delegates convened at Sacramento City, September 28th of that year, and continued in session one hundred and seventy -five days. When their labors had been completed the new instrument was submitted to the people for their rejection or approval, 7^ ^r Political History of Napa County. 135 and the day set for the vote was May 7, 1879. There was a very strong and, in many instances, bitter fight made against its adoption, while its advocates were as energetic in their efforts to cause its adoption. Below we present the vote of Napa County in tabular form : ■ Precincts. For. Against. M f£ ty A^nst* Soscol 27 22 5 Napa 573 539 34 Yountville 82 106 24 Rutherford 10 27 17 Chiles Valley 20 14 G Monticello 28 43 15 St. Helena 203 133 70 Calistoga 12G 86 40 Pope Valley 32 38 6 Knoxville 22 32 10 Totals 1123 1040 155 72 Total Majority For 83 We will close this chapter by calling the attention of our readers to the political table herewith appended. In it will be found a full list of all the officers who have served in the county, from State Senator to constable, and the date of their election. Also notes showing all appointments made by the Court of Sessions and the Board of Supervisors between each general election. This table is as complete as it is possible to make it, and all records of the county have been thoroughly searched for the purpose of making it perfectly correct and reliable ; and it is with no little degree of pride that we present our readers with the result of our labors, feeling well assured that it will be fully appreciated by all who have occasion to refer to it. 136 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. ms 00 o IS ^ 00 ^ 5» tfS o -=> ss I ^ Cq o MS MS CO I * o MS MS a ■ - 1 s j a S s«S I §H « -a a H . « w >3 ^-4 l +3 . a « oo o 4?» 3 -S o a • o o tH 5 ^g^'i-; a , *a O ;> [_J bow i)a s O Oi-a-^Q'5'^'-ai-iW S o v ™ ^ m 3 . a^d'H&'B . "O . . • j . o . . 1-5 W h-|?> ■ -'S • • a) s • ^ : a a o> -^"^ ~ A! _ W 3 oj a s a W g Q ^' * -2 I a I ao ^^ ggw'wg s - H 3 1-5 t^fe^o ' » 5 *£ jWi-'pq a 2 X 3 On' 1-5" ■*-s 0) a; 03 60 ,■ £"& be Wpqo O gd »3 5 : '-i •A! ■ m CD • w,S5 Ogd K Q OS? t-:o 3^3 ^3 :S ■ a la l-5fa<-» — • s o"sa - - a a = w a a -.5 S t. a 3ct2 030 OcoO :3 • I •: : S § " ' • 'g i- a> 1 6§a > a o o ■3 60 t-f 1 o bo O = o o 3W a^PP^a a « »K a||&j a^fi'l ad^ai oi ^'a s - O.S 1-s a S3 v 33% =2 oj bo a u a §11 a&n a .02 -;a' 'J: -' E-* S3 «' 1 3 03 ftp. .SJfcom-c P.P.S spa a -a o o & & 0,0. c i-S-S ._* * a a aa^'s^^ o o mm new »Hf< 1 S £ & =e i' J 5P ® «> S ? is & a" s° » ° 'OOfnHTE" I O ef^fH l< >< s s ,HH^^ C&^^ J, Eh Eh ^ ^ S'S'iJ J H5SdCC«"« 1 .H« [ iSCC a » ll m 3»>iS2o»!fi?oooo»«'?ddoooo_i_i ^->-aB5o |.s«- Political History of Napa County. 137 o id CO 8 - id S2 ^ GO 2 .8 ■4 to H »d "C ,.• a » © O U C Q. 2 < — r — = CO ~ cT 5 S '7 ■ < £ aT — Mil :-I .1 a t> ■" 1 S 3 | * "3 ° * » » >> o r a! .2 "3 *^ 8 £. — I- >> 3. flj "5 = 5 r 32 - T '- -2 5 5 x s- 33 5° -Co - 3 on 3 ■ "^ ^ x* ^ - 5 -tf 55 O ^ - -1 £ . .1 3 3 "5 a* © > •3 O B9 >. ■S *C b 5 ». -3 - ^ — 8 8 a> 5 « H - o » o »-. •** S ■ '- 2 -s § ^ « 3 ^ < | fc '5 2 = = — § o Soils". | 3 8 8 5" e 2 3 1| ■§ «r i ^ 3 ■*-• O C 8 ^3 « 3 QQ C-. 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O r % 1 ,r -t 1 o 8 3 *• 2 S < O O t» _- r < | 2 > — " — " _- S >. 3 D _- - -- © 2 s I %~%~i 'i H | © tn C -2 ■'■ - - •= M S g r = £ d ej ^ si ri * « a ^ 55 5 ffi -i rj S 1 55 -^ -= CJ -i ^ 53 138 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. r-S? -hi • » •cO 03 3 Si W o s •^ w ■4) to «o >-H « s« O <51 ■Si S "0 *5 5- w 55 ^ <» iO s CO o ?■» < O CO 0=s » ■M S. s <» 3 ^ o » O CQ 8 *•->, a* o £ ^3 8 S- o ^ pq co ^> ?-. ■« >3 O 5» .§"< co §• s CO S £ ^3 52 W o ?>s so s ^ 5* ^r CSS -to .§ s (4 o -c co -+o &. CO g O 2 fe5 o i-C CO ^> r-o rfl « bH ip^d 9 ■• S £? l-5< o u V — 2S •■■S 3 EhggOh -j §11=31 &sg 11 5-o..o.!u. ! r-^ : . k/. & 5 b See to d£is a . o ^••S «, S 2 ;.« lii nil 1 Hpai-aaj^iOojfegccMh; S s » E£- s PV3 t° O.S C3 **" 1-5 3 c3 gg4ai|Q W aid^C;^ ^^Oiir;ei3'^& : -ai-r;^p3^ O 3 £§■$ o g «CQ s ° CL|W ti r. ci S •- 3: Hi 1-5 ^ ^ fa ffl d •< H -5 ai < ■<< 1-5 53 P^ 3 Ij v« o u) c .- c.2 co-S 3 3 ScM--a>=a| >1 flqgBpJfa&E^Q -5 B 1-5 w d 1-5 d O -3 2 o 35 c S s g >; • g j s - ^s^s^Br: "^I^-'.b^o -; ph p4 1-5 i-i B to ftp,S P*?^ ™ ?.i3 J) cS t3 O O00»»^ P.O.-; ■S*«H d. o. 3 3 2 o> P.P.& &| § £ £ m •£ Eh Eh O O ■JCC. a,^ 1 EH gg^fetctot»a> S g o o c c^-^ EHEH^c.a-H,J js s-S-gcQco^ „ STd o o o o «4J Political History of Napa County. 139 - i ; 5 •- r Dt I - a, - i 7 ? _ .. -5 .3 4 - 1 S I - ; - c x 2 Sex* 3 5 s f- si ■'- - U g a < X 3 I f fi oo ca Cd cc S " s 1 2 j= ©a * 3 >> 00 I I & a a « fe ' I s d§ til fee ■f Is * 1 1 * a o I ° E i ■? © n ee o ■- ' x = S : .5 p a s I c. a » S 5 .5 ?« .. 00 rf 3 -E . to - S g o o ^ o H E. J2 __ 00 » E. c « S'X _ •= a ° a? = 't I ° "£ K "2 5 o ■2 H s .=• a 3 H «£ IIS t| I § . CO "9 w © X — - » r c ® . -_ r ._ ^ > T ^ ^ u :^> a b ; * s < s ;d g •* & O =S X o g 3 I J J 5 s % - ° ° - s ■< O fc ^ "< < ffl 3 . b" ° ( O o" 3 • g o 2 !9» * « j^f t -- 3 — rt - £ ° - : 3 t I "I f 1 " 1 u 1 5 ^ 2 » S f of, C oq s ^ "- S 5 s" i 1 = z -s « i !5 ► S "£ » 00 ^ oo o. iQ H ^ 00-1 CD o 00 00 S <5 3 «> . - 00 „- ^ >. a. Z; So to s m " o ^ 00 3 3 W CO -' ^ ^ ^ « O ?3 --- z a x ' . Q. -. X E o 5 s ■3 se H el - 1 el S5 b d g a c 2 w c . ° S S <£« S 2 So ^ s x £ P. CO ^ .3 3 — Zj ~Z "3 < * 111! il •2 55 -r - — - "-- - -- j« ■— K o O ^ .^ J 2. S b " -° H. © a 3 u X ■ 3 ^ % ^ 1 § y >> O 3 ■- — - X M £" -3 = t-* t-" 55_. 3 if •/, g 3 a John Luw 0. W. Tow L Wlla a. y ? Q -" "3 T> A. A. Hun Win. Fain G. A. Lvoi •-> el CO t>< e 3 BBS CO CO J few-; 140 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. «> » -<>> CO 3 i — i © S g • > ?^ ^ oo >h « o s~ to © ^> © 4- Cb to <-H cs CO » S © Q3 ^> £i s ^> •» -< 1-© g CO 5- o O < CO • 1 O >, 8 © «H '■©• r^ *« fe5 © S» oq < CO -to 5; J=> O i-O S .§< g hSrf CO CO £ R ^ bn -to •^ - a ►« O O ©5 S ^> • ■s> © ^ fei © -to s CO » r-o iO i3 t- I CD co — ' £ • ^ & CO Eh J d Q «! M §>°? 4 J 0&; S & . & a d . fl s b> a . ^ s .jc;a O O i£* b > e « rtT3 ^Wga ^a'cannd 0.3 flHml^ScoioSiis ^^EH - >-idei,-^^EhEh "S 5 : I - o c ^ > — j ^co xi3 « «i-i^d^&aj^ Eh CO ac'o OKt.O^-<: Bh^ l-§gaS| & S d o a d : ."d : : : • .■« » • ■ ^OddMP5 ■ o • • S & :.s o S • e. "3 5 ,g" § : ■¥ Sags jl j W M g 5 ?o a'<^dwg &<■ -^ -aj Bj h )-i - . • p, CO . : .j m b .S : ■< ai M ■> H i-;' Q S J m & o s S • o » £ o "J fe cq ;BSih ■-» tC Eh rTfa « « S o S ^ ^O^hhhO BJ^'KJEH'^iS •©do- f?j*o Is • . . • ^ »2 03 I-; >-i Eh' ►,' a In T3 « . U T3 e3 g o g pH £ a ^ i-s i-a E-i >j co a ■S >. S is "C .2 .5 s a«se s b a ^- -^ v- -; t; k a> co<^!flWMW-S^lz;!>H>H 3 s u a2^ s « » g OOV30J300 p O O.O. '"§■§ c c ^^ * ^ X - O O Cup- SEHrHSS > &»3>c g 3 C C S ? h 'E X ° ° a ccEhEh coaj x x *3 +3 o o CO c c ~ -i- ~ ~ Political History of Napa County. 141 CO ^ 2 2c .. «s « S ** "Si " -T S" a « = — ■3 « H o " r~ °° ■» CO ** ?»ss •g 2 co 2 a - qo irT CO o 00 00 — r-t (jj g <3 --a g « t- ^ .- >. o a « - — so %, a> © 3 ^ ^ ft "3 " -5 -5 -S 2 «» C ri a x ^- c — .5 & © Is ■5 S ,a £ a 3_ * "3 o a, > © = o „- £ S ^ a a <* *£ +± 2 * ? 3 o 5 e- 1 -*1 |&| 55 - c >< >- fe t - .2^3 m « " •3 -s 1- S O .3 .2 ji EH SCO o .. - III W § C5 sea as<:^fc.-j;^< 5 — S- ° 5 "5 is o O to fc. .3 fa c o a 3 ■£ 3 ,- G. 3 ^ 5 C 3 To CO tiS so 5 ^ t- © 3e3S m« * o 2 2 § til a O -a ij 3 « eS 2 2 =>' <* 55 H O ^ 3 of °° - 2 R H J 2 ►» B: ■ O _7 CO a c 3 2 , ?" CO *Cj te - 1 « - C» ■&CN 2 K 3 5 ° - fa o 3 - - — o E- _. if SI II s^ . t- ** a. •= ■= 3 a fe s • 9 « h ' ~ O to 3 3 3<3. * £ °. 3 3 S 1 is ^3 -a a I d s DO B0 H DD ^ 33 — s 5 a w > aa fc g iz; a c 3 g s z 3 m 2 3 ~ 5 '£ r. 3" 3 O a - Z - | m GO 5 O — 3 ~ -^" □ 3 t- O — *3 f- £ fe fc. S J3 O CJ H fa 02 5: 3 H .- a ^; < a » 142 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. O =3 53'"' 11 S ™ « 5 flhi = £ u -g fee g 2 1 s ».■< BmS ptd od>-= >4B >>3i o « a 3 4 s hS&S o S 5 c ea sea- 1 l«S tJ II II! -3 3 5SH 5 Q ?43 i?.H J "S £ 3 S 3ot 3 3 O-t, 3 O. ^t0OJ3O-j-O03OO3 B- S to o c> S^ cS ^s >> ^ rt ^ Gi u S g •ci g ^ o ^ r-=5 co )N p. P >>£? s rt 2 . Q ■£§* co £*£ *35 co— i; — efSo go* x -3H = o S =3 55 S o-°W £» .. o L.-O'"^ c~.23 fc-. £•=- * j- « 2 S 3 t3 'a> -3 ^ — ' CO -co" ° ^« " . ills 3 >. > - ^ > g o e.Jr H" ?^ a. ■g bo c ■- 3 S.S f » oil 2-E-i s •JI-sIm I11I§ i-ji-jajdw Homicides of Napa County. 143 HOMICIDES OF NAPA COUNTY. There is no subject which the faithful historian finds so hard to treat as that of the homicides of a county. It is difficult to learn of all that have occurred, as in many cases the perpetrators are never apprehended, or if they are, but little or no evidence is left on record of the fact. Again, there is much difficulty experienced in getting at the full and exact truth of the matter. Newspaper accounts are not always to be trusted, still they are the most reliable source of information accessible except the testimony given in Court. Of this, but little generally remains on record. Stenographers are paid large sums of money for reporting these cases, and yet practically it avails nothing to the State, for of what benefit is a book of short-hand notes to the majority of the people ? It should be so provided that each county shovdd have a regular stenographer at a given salary per annum, who should be an officer of the Court, be present at all times, and his notes should be written out in full in a book of record prepared for that purpose. The time will come when such will be the case. We will now proceed with the Homicides of Napa County, and will premise by saying that no undue prominence has been given to one case above another except so far as the facts have been attainable. The most of the facts have been gleaned from newspaper reports of the affair which were published at the time, and on the most reliable information that is now to be had, except in a few cases where the testimony is on record. Murder of S. H. Sellers. — Sometime during the year 1850 George C. Yount and Isaac Howell had a lawsuit which grew out of some trouble con- cerning their stock. This man Sellers was a Justice of the Peace and ren- dered a decision in favor of the Howell side of the case. A man by the name of Hugh McCaully, who was a relative of Yount's, met Sellers some time after the trial, in a store, and began to upbraid him for the way he had decided in the case mentioned above. Sellers was sitting on a barrel and was answering McCaully in a very sarcastic manner. Finally the latter be- came enraged, and whipped out a large knife with which he cut Sellers through the back, killing him almost instantly. McCaully was arrested, tried, and found guilty of murder in the first degree, and was sentenced to be hanged. His friends then set about to obtain a pardon for him, which they prevailed upon Governor McDougal to grant. Some Napa people 144 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. chanced to be at the State Capital (Benicia) that day and learned what had been done. Captain T. G. Baxter .chanced to be at Benicia with his little steamer, and these parties chartered him to bring them to Napa with all possible speed. He crowded his little engine to her utmost and reached the destination ahead of the party who was bringing the pardon, who came overland. The news was spread and the people determined to make short and quick work of the matter, but decided to wait if possible till nightfall to do it. The ferry was disabled so that when the officer came from the Governor bringing the pardon he could not be ferried over. Nobody would give him any assistance, and left him to get over the stream as best he could. He proceeded by way of the Trancas, but when he arrived in town everything was as still as death. He proceeded to hunt up the man for whom he had the pardon, and found him hanging by the neck, dead and almost cold. The building in which he was hanged stood on the south-east corner of Main and Second streets, and was shipped around the Horn, all ready to put together when it arrived here. Murder of Prieto. — This occurred in July, 1859, in that part of Napa City known as Spanishtown. There was a general row going on among the Spaniards and Prieto was stabbed several times, any one of seven of them being severe enough to have proved fatal. One Geralda Feliz was held for the commission of the deed by the Grand Jury, but there is nothing further on record concerning the case. Murder of George Ettenbrough. — This occurred in Berry essa Valley, July 28, 1 860, and the deed, which was said to have been a very cold-blooded one, was perpetrated by Thomas Lofton. The difficulty grew out of a dispute about a tract of land, and Lofton had a navy revolver with which he shot his victim. He had, besides this revolver, a rifle, and the citizens and officers were unable to arrest him, hence he made good his escape. Killing of James Cwmmings. — Berryessa Valley was also the scene of this homicide, and, while the trouble grew out of land matters, as had the last one, the circumstances were much different. John See, the man who did the shooting, had a claim on a piece of land in the valley. He also had charge of a band of sheep, which belonged to another party. It became necessary for him to take the band of sheep to the lower end of the valley and to remain absent from his claim for some length of time. He left his place in charge of a younger brother and a man named Wood. The man, Cum- mings, who got killed, had the name of being a bad man, and as soon as See was gone set about making preparations to "jump" his claim. The first thing he did was to bribe Wood with forty dollars to leave the place. Homicides of Napa County. 145 He then went to the house and, with threats and a show of firearms, frightened the younger See off the place also. He then proceeded to take possession hy throwing See's things out of doors and installing himself as master of the domain. A few days later the older See came to the place in a wagon with a party of hunters, and, seeing his things cast out of doors, proceeded to the house to see how matters looked. Just then Cummings put in an appearance with a cocked revolver and ordered See to quit the premises. See went to the wagon and procured a gun, with which he shot and almost instantly killed Cummings. This occurred on the 24th day of November, 1860. See was arrested, or gave himself up to the officers, and was acquitted by the Justice of the Peace. Murder of Thomas Wilson. — Wilson lived in a small cabin by himself in Wild Horse Valley, some five or six miles east of Napa City. On the 10th day of October, 1861, he was found in his house with a black silk cravat (handkerchief) tied around his neck, and it was evident that he had been strangled to death. No clue was ever found to the perpetrator of the deed. Murder of Joseph Warren Osboime. — He was killed by Charles Brit- tian April 18, 1863, on his own premises, now known as the Woodward estate, near Oak Knoll station, under the following circumstances : Brittian had worked for Osborne on his farm as a laborer, and for said services he received a check on. a bank in San Francisco for the sum of two hundred and sixty -five dollars. On presenting his check payment was refused on it. He then went to see Osborne, who promised to settle the matter within a few days. Brittian then returned to San Francisco, and after a few days procured a revolver at a store, and started for Osborne's place. On his way up to Napa on the steamer he stated that he was going to have his money or that he would kill Osborne. Arriving at Oak Knoll he proceeded to the house of his victim and inquired for him, and was told that he could be found in the orchard. Thither he went on his ghastly errand, and began a conversation with him. No one was present to hear the language used by either party, but parties at a distance soon saw by the motions being made that there was some trouble between them, and saw some aggressive motions made by Brittian. Osborne then picked up a rock, and at once Brittian shot him, and he died in a few moments. Brittian was arrested and lodged in jail, and indicted May 18, 1863, and the trial was called June 1st of that year, when the prisoner plead not guilty. The jury in the case was composed of the following gentlemen : Kobert Greenlaw, Charles Drew, Charles Thompson, J. H. Gooch, L. H. Murray, C. Musgrave, D. 10 146 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Manuel, R T. Lane, G. N. Cornwell, H. M. Allen, A. S. Knapp, and William Greenleaf. A verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree was rendered by the jury. A motion' for a new trial was made and overruled, and on the 12th day of June, 1863, the Judge passed the sentence of death by hanging upon him. On the 7th day of August, 1863, he expiated his crime upon the gallows, being the first man ever hanged in Napa County under the sentence of the law. When the day of execution came he marched boldly upon the gallows, refusing all counsel or consolation from friend or priest, and faced his death with a fortitude worthy a nobler cause. Murder of Patrick O'Brien. — This foul murder has some elements of horrid hellishness about it which are not to be exceeded in the annals of crime. An old and peaceable man was living with his daughter, a young girl of some seventeen summers, on a small farm in Wild Horse Valley. A young man, not yet thirty years of age, came into the neighborhood, and seeing the circumstance, at once begins to plan his fiendish plot. He conceived the idea that if he would kill the father he could step in and befriend the girl in her affliction, marry her, and thus secure the property. Accordingly, on the 20th day of January, 1864, he set about to consummate his hellish design. On that morning the father, little dreaming that his days were numbered, went to work as usual in his field. The murderer, J. Gilbert Jenkins by name, went to the house of a neighbor, Mrs. Sanders, and borrowed a rifle, stating that he wished to kill a deer. In two or three hours he returned the rifle. This was on Wednesday. Time passed and the father did not return, and the daughter became alarmed. The neigh- bors were aroused and a thorough search was instituted, but without avail. Queries began to be rife as to the cause of his disappearance. Suddenly Mrs. Sanders remembered the incident of loaning the gun to Jenkins on the morning of the disappearance of O'Brien. This fact she communicated to the people, and on the strength of it Jenkins was arrested. But he understood the loops of the law too well to remain long in custody, and was released on habeas corpus, there being nothing to prove his guilt or connection with the affair except the incidental borrowing of the rifle. And so matters continued until the Tuesday following the disappearance of the murdered man, when the search for him was rewarded in finding his grave, which was located about three hundred yards from his house. It was about two feet deep, and was covered with leaves, so that it eluded dis- covery until that time. Jenkins was again arrested. It appeared that when shot, O'Brien was in a stooping position, and the ball entered near the back bone, between the fifth and sixth ribs, ranged upward, passing through the left lung and windpipe, and lodged in the butt of the jaw. The Coro- ner's jury returned the following verdict : " The deceased was about forty- Homicides of Napa County. 147 six years old, and came to his death by a gunshot wound ; and that said killing was the act of J. Gilbert Jenkins." February 6, 1864, Jenkins was arraigned for the commission of the deed. The following named gentlemen composed the jury: Wells Kilburn, M. N. Haile, P. Hunt, H. T. Barker, B. F. E. Kellogg, Wm. Edgington, Ed- ward Evey, E. A. Mount, A. J. Stark, F. Western, B. H. Gordon and J. D. White. When the matter was submitted to them they retired, and in just fifteen minutes brought in a verdict of murder in the first degree. The Judge passed sentence upon him, setting March 18th following as the day of execution. The prisoner took the matter very coolly indeed, proving how hardened a wreteh he was by saying, " I wish it was to-morrow ; I don't want to wait so d — — d long." The day of execution came, and found him cool and collected ; and he ascended the gallows with a firm tread, meeting his fate with a nonchalance that any Indian might well envy. At seven minutes past three o'clock p. M. the trap was sprung, and his soul, which, according to his own confession, was steeped in the blood of eight victims, was launched into the presence of the Great Judge of the Uni- verse. " And he went to his own place." His confession states that, beside imbruing his hands in the blood of eight men, he had committed innumer- able robberies in almost half of the States of the Union. He was a native of North Carolina, and was only twenty-nine years of age at the time of his execution. Killing of Turner G. Letton. — This occurred in Napa City, Monday evening, January 23, 1865, at the American House, under the following cir- cumstances, as brought out in the testimony : Letton had, until within a few weeks previous to the homicide, been in the employ of T. Frank Baney as barkeeper, but Baney had discharged him. He afterwards heard that Baney had stated that the ground for his discharge was dishonesty. On this day he became intoxicated, and was going about town using threaten- ing language against Baney, and went to the American House twice during the day, becoming very much excited, and using violent language to Baney on both occasions. The latter succeeded in pacifying him without serious trouble both times, and he went away. In the evening he came into the bar-room of the hotel again, accompanied by three other men : Bobert Boley, Elias Hamlin and A. A. Edgar. Boley was also a discharged barkeeper, and the man who had told Letton that Baney charged him with dishonesty. The other men were only casual acquaintances. Both Letton and Boley were intoxicated. They first called for something to drink, but did not take it. They then began to talk to Baney, and to walk violently up and down the room, becoming more and more excited. At last Boley took off his coat and threw it down, and Letton advanced to the passage 148 History of Napa and Lake Counties — NArA. leading out from behind the bar, thus hemming Raney up in the space be- tween the counter and the shelving of the bar. Raney then drew a re- volver, and ordered Letton three several times to leave the house, and upon his failure to obey him Raney fired, or attempted to. The cap exploded, but the revolver did not shoot. Letton then seized a tumbler from the counter and threw it violently at Raney, but missed him. Raney then fired three shots at Letton, and finally struck him over the head with the weapon. The first ball entered Letton's breast, the second struck him in the iaw, while the third passed through his cheek into his mouth, knocking out a tooth. Letton did not speak after the first shot, but in a few seconds fell dead behind the bar. It appeared in evidence that the deceased when sober was a peaceable man, but when under the influence of liquor inclined to be violent. He came to California from Lexington, Missouri, in 1860, and was about twenty-six years of age. Raney was arrested and examined before Justice Hunnewell, J. E. Pond and W. W. Pendegast appearing for the People, and Henry Edgington for the defense. March 9, 1865, a bill was found against Raney for manslaughter by the Grand Jury. In June of that year he was tried, and the jury found for the defendant. Killing of a Chinaman. — May 13, 1865, James Keeley killed a China- man, name unknown, under the following circumstances : He owed the Chinaman a wash-bill, which he had failed to liquidate. The Chinaman became enraged finally, and, in company with some of his countrymen, undertook to collect the bill by force, or, at least, to frighten Keeley into the payment of the amount due. Keeley grasped an axe handle, and, using it for a bludgeon, struck and killed the first one that came within reach of him. He was arrested and discharged. The Jonathan Davis Murder and Suicide. — On Saturday evening, August 5, 1865, a most tragic affair occurred near the western limits of Napa County, and almost due west from Napa City. A man by the name of Jonathan Davis lived with his wife on a farm in this locality. Both of them were addicted to the vice of drunkenness, and when under the influ- ence of liquor they were very quarrelsome. On the night in question Davis returned home from Napa City at a very late hour, and began at once to quarrel with his wife, who, it is stated, had also been drinking. The noise awakened a servant girl and two men who w r ere sleeping in the house, but nothing was thought to occur of a serious nature, as it seemed to be the old story over again of a rabid war of words. The noise increased, however, and it became evident that a struggle between them was in progress. At length the woman screamed for help, which so frightened the servant girl Homicides of Napa County. 149 that she escaped from her room through an open window. Davis then went to the barn and awakened a young man, and told him to go to the neigh- bors and tell them that he had killed his wife, and would himself be dead within five minutes. On his way from the barn he discharged a revolver twice, one ball passing through his hand, and another entering his head. It was found that he had thrown the woman upon the floor, and stamped upon her breast with his heavy boot, crushing in her whole chest, breaking seven of her ribs, the fragments of which entered her heart and lungs, and caused instant death. He lingered along for a few days and finally died. He left a note, stating that he had killed his wife, but asked his neighbors and friends to lay it to the charge of liquor. They were both natives of Wales, and had been married for some years. Killing of John Clark. — This homicide occurred in Capelle Valley, about twelve miles east of Napa City, October 23, 1865. The particulars of it are as follows : Oscar and John Clark, two brothers, owned a place in Capelle Valley, and had rented it to Fred. Coombs. On the day of the killing the two Clarks went to the premises occupied by Coombs, w T hen an altercation occurred, culminating in the killing of John Clark by Coombs. The latter came to Napa City and gave himself up, and a Coroner's inquest was held the next day. At that Mrs. Coombs testified that her husband was sitting in the house occupied by them on a chair, when the Clark brothers came in and attacked him, asserting that they would dispossess him of the property by forcible ejectment, and that her husband fired the shots in self-defense. Oscar Clark was thereupon arrested, and, waiving examination, was held in the sum of $2000. No further action was taken in the matter. Killing of Patrick Goodivin. — Goodwin had some harness in the American livery stable in Napa City, of which C H. H. Manuel was the proprietor. On the 7th of September, 1866, Goodwin went to the stable to see about it, when an altercation arose between the men. Finally Manuel grasped a shovel and struck Goodwin over the head with it, inflicting an injury, from the effects of which he died the following Monday. Manuel was arrested and bailed for the trifling sum of $500, and of course left for parts unknown. Killing of Daniel English. — On the evening of March 14, 1868, a party of Americans, consisting of Daniel and Charles English, two brothers, Albert Haines, J. C. Jones, R. Coddington, B. B. Durbin and W. D. Treanor, went to the house of Dolores Coronado, in Spanishtown, (East Napa,) where a dance was in progress. In a short time some difficulty sprang up between the Americans and Spaniards, and Coronado attacked Dan English with a 150 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. revolver. His brother Charles came to his rescue with a pistol in his hand, when a Spaniard by the name of Anastacia grabbed it from him and began firing at him. Both of the English boys were severely wounded, and Dan died soon after, but Charley recovered. The following is the verdict of the Coroner's jury : "We, the Coroner's jury, convened to examine into the case, on investigation do find that the name of the deceased was Daniel English, a native of the United States, and resident of Solano County, California, aged thirty-four years, and that he came to his death by a pistol-shot, which pistol was in the hands of Dolores Coronado, and was fired on the evening of the 14th of March, in the county of Napa, State of California, at the house of Dolores Coronado." This made the fifth brother who had died a violent death. It does not seem that the Spaniard was held, for in a few days afterwards he came to a hotel in Merced County, kept by Dr. Griffiths, with whom he quarreled, and who shot and killed him. Killing of Katie Ennis {Indian). — Alouzo Davis, a boy only about thirteen years of age, shot and killed an Indian girl by the name of Katie Ennis, at the house of M. D. Markley, in Putah Canon, August 20, 187l> under the following circumstances, as brought out in the testimony : The Indian girl was living at Markley 's as his housekeeper. Markley was away from home a great deal of the time during the day, and was often away for days at a time. It would seem that the girl got the idea into her head that the boy wished to destroy Markley 's property during his absence, and she threatened to shoot him should he pass by the premises again. There were two roads leading by the place ; one just in front of the door, and one up the hill a short distance. One day he passed along the lower road in com- pany with another boy, and he states, being corroborated by his companion, that she fired at them with a rifle, after they had got past the house some distance. The next day he got a small pistol, and having an errand that way, took occasion to go along the lower road, as usual. When the girl saw him she said : " I will shoot you, you s — of a b ! " and started into the house. Just as she crossed the threshold, the boy fired, and the bullet en- tered the girl's brain. The body was found some time afterwards in a mutilated condition, rats and coons doing the work. The boy was arrested, and Justice R. C. Gillaspie of Yount Township, committed him to jail to await the action of the Grand Jury, on the 26th of August. That body found a true bill against him, September 6th, and he was tried October 5th. The jury in the case comprised the following named gentlemen : David Edwards, James Dunhig, S. Winters, Asa Chapman, David Yount, W. H. Beagles, W. A. Haskins, J. G. Francis, E. K. Wood, Wm. Locker, J. B. Chiles and T. G. Rodgers. Their verdict was : " We, the jury, find the defendant not guilty." Homicides of Napa County. 151 The Fred, Coombs Murder and Suicide. — One of the most appalling affairs that ever happened in Napa County, occurred in Napa. City, Feb- ruary 20, 1871, under the following circumstances : During the previous term of the District Court, proceedings in divorce had been begun between Fred. Coombs and his wife, who had been living previously , on Howell Mountain. The matter was referred to the Court Commissioner, Mr. F. E. Johnson, who had been taking testimony on the day of the fatal affair, in the office of Messrs. Pendegast & Stoney. Between five and six o'clock in the afternoon, he adjourned the session, and all parties were preparing to leave the room. Coombs asked his wife to accompany him. She replied that the time for a reconciliation was past. Coombs thereupon drew a revolver and fired twice at her, the first ball passing through her arm, while the other penetrated the center of the breast-bone. He then turned his pistol on himself and fired, the ball taking effect in the right temple and lodging under the scalp, killing him instantly. Mrs. Coombs was taken to the office of Dr. M. B. Pond, but she was beyond the reach of medical aid, and died within twenty minutes. Coombs left a letter stating what disposition to make of their children and property. It was thought that he was laboring under a fit of temporary insanity. Killing of Peter Guadalupe (Indian). — He was shot and killed by Jesse Walters in Pope Valley, May 21, 1871. Walters was arrested and brought before Justice L. N. Duvall for preliminary examination, when the following testimony was adduced : — James Ingels, sworn : " Have heard threats ; the Indian told me about three or four months ago that Jesse Walters had to leave the country or he would kill him ; also told me about four weeks ago that he intended to kill him, and showed me the pistol that he was going to do it with ; Pete, the Indian, said that he would kill him on sight." William Clark Ralston, sworn : " I was present and saw a part of the shooting ; there were three shots fired ; at the time the first shot was fired the Indian was running from Jesse ; at the second he was still run- ning ; at the third the Indian was on his knees, when he fell and shortly after expired ; * * * about two weeks ago the same Indian came down to the store and wanted to fight Jesse, who did not want to have anything to do with him ; the Indian was then armed with two pistols and Jesse had none." A true bill was found against Walters by the Grand Jury, June 21, 1871, and the case came up for trial October 4th of that year. The follow- ing named gentlemen were on the trial jury : J. A. Johnson, D. O. Hunt, Wm. Owsley, N. E. Stewart, A. Stafford, D. C. Squibb, E. True, J. N. Bennett, S. W. Jacks, Alex. Korns, S. Winter and J. McCoombs. They returned a verdict of not guilty. 152 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Killing of John B. See. — On Wednesday, May 1, 1872, at 4 p. M., at Monticello, Berryessa Valley, John B. See was killed under the following circumstances : The See brothers, three in number, were standing in the street at Monticello, when Le Grande Thompson passed by. Some hard words passed between them, growing out of an old feud, when they agreed to fight it out there and then. Thompson and John B. See clinched, and after scuffling for awhile Thompson drew a dirk knife and cut See twice with it. Just then Granville Thompson, a brother of the one in the fight, rushed up and drew a pistol and shot, the ball taking effect in See's breast. See only lived a short time. Killing of John Thomas. — He was killed by Edward Day, at the Meyers Hotel in Napa City, November 15, 1873, under the following cir- cumstances : The two men were engaged in a game of cards in the bar- room of the hotel, when Day took seven cards when he dealt, instead of six. Thomas accused him of cheating and they began to wrangle over it and Day called Thomas some very hard names. They finally quieted down and went and drank together. Day then went across the street to Clifford's livery stable and began afresh to abuse Thomas and to use vile epithets. Thomas then went across the street and asked him to desist, when Day attacked him with a knife. Thomas retreated, but when about midway across the street Day overtook him and cut him across the abdomen, from the effects of which Thomas soon after died. The Grand Jury found a true bill against Day December 1, 1873. The trial was deferred until June, 1875, when the jury brought in a verdict of murder in the first degree, and he was sentenced to the State Prison for life. Killing of Major Harry Larkyns. — This occurred at the Yellow Jacket Mine, about seven miles from Calistoga, October 18, 1874. Neither party was a resident of Napa County, but as the shooting occurred within its limits the matter came up for trial in its Courts. Muy bridge was an artist or photographer in San Francisco ; Larkyns was an adventurer, of English birth and Australian education. He came to San Francisco and there met with the usual ups and downs of men of his ilk, but in some unlucky hour formed the acquaintance of Mrs. Muybridge. He was dashing, suave and captivating, and formed quite a contrast with her steady going, industrious, business-like husband, and she soon became infatuated with the gallant Major. As a result of this Muybridge sent his wife to Portland, Oregon, to her mother, thinking that thus he could break the spell of the charmer. In this he was mistaken, for she soon began to write to an intimate friend in the city inclosing letters to Larkyns. These were shown to Muybridge by the lady. Larkyns had conceived the idea, or was perhaps employed to Homicides of Napa County. 153 make a map of the Calistoga Mining District, and was engaged upon this work at this time. When Muyhridge saw the letter from his wife to Larkyns, he became very much enraged ; and, after brooding over the matter for a couple of weeks, another letter arrived from her through the same channel. This was too much for him. He took the train for Calistoga and there got a team and was driven out to the Yellow Jacket Mine, arriving after dark. He proceeded to the hotel and called for Larkyns, remaining just outside the door. Larkyns came into the hallway and advanced towards the front door, and when within a few feet of it Muybridge stepped into the full light and said, " I have brought a message from my wife, take it," and at the same time tired. The wounds proved fatal almost instantly. Muybridge was arrested and lodged in jail, and December 8, 1874, the Grand Jury found a true bill against him. His case came up for hearing February 5, 1875, and the jury, after being out thirteen hours, returned a verdict of not guilty. Killing of Alexander McDonald. — Silverado, the scene of this homi- cide, was the name of the silver mine on St. Helena Mountain. Franklin Headley, of that place, missed a bottle of whiskey, and suspected that McDonald, commonly known as " Scotty," had stolen it. On the morning of November 11, 1874, quite early, he went to the house where " Scotty" lived and called him out to shake hands with him. As they clasped hands Headley dealt him a furious blow on the head with a heavy instrument which he held concealed in his left hand, from the effects of which the man soon expired. Headley was arrested subsequently at the Mountain Mill House. Murder of Mollie Williams, alias Swartz. — This murder took place in Spanishtown, Napa City, May 9, 1875. The woman had been in a house of prostitution, but had become enamoured with a man named Hemy Pearce, and had become engaged to be married to him. She thereupon went to live with his sister. On the day of the murder Pearce got drunk and was going along the street in Spanishtown when the woman came to him and tried to induce him to go home. This he promised to do, but made some excuse for going further up the street, and they separated. She turned after proceeding a short distance and came up with him again, and began her importunings, going so far as to put her arms around his neck, thus to persuade him to accompany her home. At this he out with a knife and stabbed her two or three times. She did not scream, but sprang over a fence and started across a lot, but fell in the middle of it. Parties who saw her went to her, but found that she was dead. The Coroner's jury charged Pearce with her murder, and his trial came up October 9, 1875. The jury 154 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. found him guilty of murder in the second degree, and he was sentenced to the State Prison for a term of twenty years. Killing of Edward Paul Carron. — This homicide occurred November 24, 1876, at a store in Pope Valley, under the following circumstances : Three men, E. P. Carron, Warren Adams and Charles H. Fitch, were sitting in the store talking on religious subjects, the two former being the principal talkers. Carron claimed to be a Catholic, while Adams said he was a Free- thinker. The discussion was being conducted in a friendly manner, when suddenly, and without any provocation, Adams jumped up and used a very offensive epithet, at the same time producing a large size Smith & Wesson revolver, and fired at Carron. The ball entered his body about three inches below the left nipple and came out just above the hip-bone on the opposite side. Carron lived four hours, when he expired. The Coroner's jury charged Adams with the murder and he was arrested. The Grand Jury found a true bill against him December 4, 1870, and his case came on for trial Feb- ruary 26, 1877, with the following jury in the box: W. D. Owsley, R. S. Thompson, A. Van Aucken, Ira Kilburn, J. P. Lewis, T. C. Peterson, Josiah Sellers, J. Henning, J. Harnett, Wm. Edgington, J. H. Ray and H. C. Sim- mons. The trial began on Wednesday and the case was given to the jury on the following Saturday at 5 P. M. They remained out till 2 p. M. the following Monday, when they returned a verdict of guilty, but insane. Murder of William Perkins and Guadalupe (Indian). — The murdered man Perkins, better known as " Dutch Bill," lived about four miles west of St. Helena, with a half-breed woman. The man Guadalupe was an old Indian who lived with Perkins. On the evening of July 11, 1877, two Indians, Andreas Mateo and Jose" Maria Benigo, came to Perkins' place and desired to remain all night, which privilege was granted them. During the night they got to drinking and quarreling, and in the morning Perkins joined in the fray. He was jealous of the Indians on account of his half- breed woman, hence the part he took in the matter. At last Benigo started away, while Mateo remained and continued to quarrel with Perkins. Finally, Perkins caught up a spade and started after Mateo with it. The latter ran some distance, when he came upon a stick, which he picked up and struck Perkins with it, knocking him down. He then took the spade and battered Perkins' brains out, crushing his skull like an eggshell. He then took the spade and started back in quest of his hat, which he had lost in his retreat, and coming upon Guadalupe he proceeded to serve him as he had done Perkins. He then went on and overtook his companion, Benigo, and related what he had done. They went to St. Helena and told what had occurred, and were there arrested and brought to jail. They were tried Homicides of Napa County. 155 October 2, 1877, and Mateo was found guilty of murder in the second degree for the killing of Perkins, with a sentence of twenty years to the State Prison. Benigo was discharged, as there was nothing to show that he was at all implicated in the matter. Mateo was then tried for the murder of Guadalupe, and the jury, after being out three hours, brought in a verdict of murder in the first degree, and affixed the death penalty. October 8th he was sentenced by Judge William C. Wallace to be hanged November 30, 1877. At three minutes before 1 o'clock p. M. of that day the drop was sprung, and the prisoner fell about four feet, and in twenty minutes he was dead. His neck was not broken, and death resulted from strangulation. He was executed on the same gallows that had been used in hanging Charles Brittian in 1863, and James Gilbert Jenkins in 1864, making the third and last man ever hanged in Napa County by a legal process. Mateo's parents were members of the Yount tribe of Indians. Killing of Thodore Schurs. — Thomas Workover lived in a lonely and secluded spot on the Pope Valley side of Howell Mountain, and was engaged in raising stock. Schurs was a laboring man, and had been employed by Workover, but was discharged some six months before the homicide. Near nightfall on the day previous to the shooting, Schurs came to the house and asked for lodgings, which were granted to him. He had been drinking, and acted so strangely that Workover went to his barn and got two of his hired men to come and sleep in the house with him. Nothing of importance hap- pened, however, that night. The next morning Schurs was told to leave the place and never return. He went to a wine cellar and drank very freely that day. About midnight of October 9, 1877, Workover was aroused from sleep by some one trying to force an entrance through the doors and windows. He looked out and saw that it was Schurs, and taking his shot- gun fired through a window at him, the charge taking effect in Schurs' breast. He lived about an hour and a half. Workover gave himself up and was taken to St. Helena. The Coroner's inquest developed the above facts. He had his preliminary trial before Justice Haskins, where it was brought out in evidence that Schurs was a dissolute man. He had resided around Pope Valley for some time. Workover was acquitted by Justice Haskins on the ground of justifiable homicide. Killing of Jesse Hawkins. — William P. Carter resided in Pope Valley, and had a daughter, between whom and Hawkins a mutual attachment sprang up. Carter was in Oregon at the time, and they proceeded with the marriage without the father's knowledge or consent. When he heard of it he was very wroth, and shortly afterwards returned home and set about 156 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. undoing what had been done. At the end of three months he prevailed upon the girl to return home and leave her husband. Hawkins became en- raged at this and threatened to take the lives of both if she did not return to him, going so far as to tell one man that Carter had just two more days to live. On the day before the homicide Hawkins left a note at Carter's gate addressed to his wife, asking her to meet him at the gate the next morning. On the morning of May 7, 1878, (the one designated in his note) he rode up to the gate. Carter was secreted behind a bush, and as Haw- kins stopped he rose, and drawing a bead upon him said, " defend yourself," and at the same time fired at him, the charge taking effect in Hawkin's head and side. He fell from his horse with the exclamation, " Oh ! " breaking his arm in the fall, and died almost intantly. Carter went to St. Helena and gave himself up and was tried before a Justice and acquitted. The Coro- ner's jury charged him with murder, and he was again arrested and brought to Napa. His case came up again for preliminary hearing before Justice Henning, by whom he was a second time acquitted. It was stated by Car- ter on this trial that Hawkins had tried to kill him once with a revolver. It was evidently a case of war to the knife, and he who drew first blood was the victor. Killing of Charles R. Rice. — Rice was a blacksmith at the Redington Quicksilver Mine, and worked in a shop at Knoxville. On the day of the shooting, June 3, 1879, Jacob Fuquar came into the shop with a mule which he desired shod. After the work was done he refused to pay for it, where- upon Rice said that the mule should not leave the shop until the work was paid for. Fuquar then became abusive, and Rice drove him from the shop. He went to a house near by and procured a revolver, and going back to the shop, shot Rice through the heart. Killing of August Ruesch. — This occurred in the " William Tell " hotel, in Napa City, October 25, 1879. It appeared from the testimony adduced, that G. W. Crowey, and his sons John and William, were in the hotel on the night of the homicide, and got into an altercation with Ruesch, and finally a general melee ensued, in which the latter got pretty badly pun- ished. He then went out into the yard, and was followed by John Crowey, who had a billiard cue in his hand. Here the fight was renewed, when Crowey struck him over the head with the cue, from the effects of which he died. All three of the Croweys were arrested, but the father and William were subsequently acquitted. The Grand Jury found a true bill against John at its session of December 4, 1879, and his case came up for trial May 3, 1880. The jury comprised the following named gentlemen: H. J. Lewelling, J. T. Cooper, S. R. Dickey, D. F. Whitlatch, R. F. Montgomery, Homicides of Napa County. 157 S. A. Garnett, C. Cutler, J. Forrester, W. J. Baker, Asa Spear, S. Newcomer, and G. W. Haynes. Their verdict was returned May 14, and was as follows : "We, the jury, find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree, and recommend him to the mercy of the Court." His attorneys moved for a new trial on the following grounds : First, the Court erred in refusing to grant the defendant's challenge to the panel. Second, the Court misdirected the jury in matters of law. Third, the Court erred in the decisions of questions of law arising during the course of the trial. Fourth, the verdict is contrary to law, and also to the evidence. The Judge passed sentence on him June 1, 1880, which was confinement in the State Prison for ten years, and on appeal it was taken to the Supreme Court, and the remittitur was issued September 28, 1880, for a new trial in the lower Court. The new trial came on October 19, 1880, with the follow- ing jury in the box : G. Hulse, C. P. Smith, H. Flynn, H. C. Neil, C. Walsh, A. H. Marsh, L. W. Speilman, J. Patterson, J. Hale, J. B. Bloss, T. B. Curtis and H. Roland. This jury disagreed, standing nine for conviction and three for acquittal. The case is still pending in the Courts. Killing of Isaac Wilson. — Quite late in the evening of September 19, 1880, three men, J. Hartshorn, and John and Ward Adams came to the house of deceased, at the northern end of Berryessa Valley. Hartshorn rode up to the house and engaged in conversation with Wilson and his family. Shortly afterwards, a noise was heard in the brush, and it was evident that some one was coming on horseback. Wilson took a gun and advanced to meet the horsemen, who proved to be the Adams's, and called to them : " Stop ! go back ! who are you ? go back, or I will drop that horse from under you ! " At this, one of the horsemen fired the charge taking effect in Wilson's leg. A rifle was then discharged by the other horseman which did not take effect. Then a second charge of buckshot was sent crashing through Wilson's abdomen by the first horseman. They then rode off and Wilson fired twice after them with a revolver. He died in a little over an hour. The Adams's were tried in Napa in February, 1881, and acquitted. 158 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. MINES AND MINING. That there is precious metal within the limits of Napa County there can be no question now, for the matter has been too well attested. Gold, silver, quicksilver, iron and coal are all found in greater or less quantities in various sections of the county. Of gold there has not so very much as yet been discovered, except in connection with silver ore. We believe that there has been no quartz found yet that contained free or native gold, though we were recently shown a piece which the possessor claimed con- tained it, and also stated that it was the first that had been found in Napa County. Of silver there is quite a considerable to be found in the Calistoga section and it has been mined very successfully there in years gone by, and there are many fine prospects there now, and doubtless some fine mines will be developed there in years to come. Of quicksilver there is quite an abundance in several localities, and mines have been developed in this county second only to the New Almaden. Of iron there are large bodies of ore, but they have not been worked any as yet, though a company has been recently organized and a claim laid, and work will probably soon begin. Of coal there are good indications in several places, but it is probable that there is no true coal vein in the county, or it is so broken up that it cannot be followed. The first mining excitement broke out in this county in the winter of 1858-9, and is thus graphically portrayed by Robert T. Montgomery in Menefee's "Sketch Book:" "In the winter of 1858-9 there arose an excitement really worthy of the ' good times ' in the mineral districts. All at once, nobody could very well tell why, a great silver excitement arose, which permeated the whole community. It was found by various parties that the mountains on the east side of the valley were full of the ores of silver of untold, because unknown, richness. Simultaneous with this good discovery, every unemployed man from Soscol to Calistoga turned prospector. Blankets and bacon, beans and hard bread rose to a premium, and the hills were lighted up at night with hundreds of camp-fires. Hammers and picks were in great demand, and there is ocular evidence even to this day that not a boulder or projecting rock escaped the notice of the prospectors. There was silver in Washoe, why not in Napa ? It was a question of probabilities which was bound soon to harden into certainties. Indeed it Mines and Mining. 159 was only a short time before silver prospects were possessed of a defined value. Claims were opened, companies formed and stock issued on a most liberal scale. Everything wore the couleur de rose. As usual, upon similar occasions, there was great strife about claims. Some were 'jumped ' on the ground of some informality twice in twenty-four hours. Heavy prices were paid for ' choice ' ground, and it is quite safe to say that our mountain sides and summits have never since borne such enormous valuation. It seemed as if the whole country had been bitten by the mining tarantula. " One man, whose name we withhold, in his perambulations in the pro- found canons of Mount St. Helena, in company with his son, discovered a ledge of solid silver. As neither had brought either blankets or grub, the old gentleman concluded to stand guard over the precious discovery during the night, armed with a shot-gun, while the son went down into the valley for those indispensable supplies. When the morning broke the old man was still at his post, shot-gun in hand, but tired, sleepy and hungry. The son laden with food and other inner comforts, ' toiled up the sloping steep' with the de quoi manger strapped to his back, and both father and son sat down in the gray of the morning by a hastily lighted fire, to discuss their rude breakfast and the limitless wealth before them. It would not do to leave such an enormous property unguarded. It would be 'jumped' in ten minutes, so the shot-gun was transferred to the son, while the father, with an old pair of saddle-bags, stuffed to repletion with ' silver,' descended the mountain. His mule soon brought him to Napa, the denizens of which town he was shortly to astonish with his great discovery. He walked into the Reporter office, saddle-bags in hand, opened the fastenings with an excellent smile but a trembling hand, when out fell some brilliant specimens of iron pyrites. Alas, that it should be told, but such was the scope and extent of his great silver discovery. " But the opinions of the unskilled were of no value. A regular assayer would of course tell a different story. And, we suppose on the principle that the ' supply always equals the demand,' there were discovered in San Francisco large numbers of ' assay offices,' at which for the moderate price of SI 5, a certificate of quantitative analysis of anything from a brick-bat to a lump of obsidian could be had, showing silver anywhere between $20 and §500 per ton. We were shown numbers of those certificates, and probably gave them all the credence to which they were entitled. There were a few individuals here who had understood from the beginning the character of the whole excitement. One of these G. N. C. (presumably George N. Corn- well) was the recipient of a sample of a very dark pulverized ore of some- thing, and being fond of a joke, dissolved a two-bit piece in nitric acid, and added the resultant to the powered ore. When the assayers certificate got back there was an enormous excitement. The specimen forwarded had 160 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. yielded $428 to the ton. Of course when the joke had been duly enjoyed, the secret was revealed to the great disgust of the lucky proprietors. " Judge S. (John S. Stark), formerly Sheriff of the county, had been up the valley on business in the muddiest part of winter, and on his way back met a chap on his way to the ' mines.' ' Have you been to the mines ? ' said the fellow. ' Yes,' answered the Sheriff, ' but everything is pretty nearly taken up — at least, all the best claims.' ' But d — n it,' said the would-be proprietor, ' isn't there anything left ? ' ' Oh yes,' returned the Sheriff, ' you might, perhaps, get in on some outside claim.' Without wait- ing to make any reply, the fellow clapped spurs to his Rosinante, headed up the valley, and, as the Sheriff declared, ' in less than two minutes you couldn't see him for the mud he raised.' " The excitement lasted for several weeks and grew better and better. Scores of men, laden with specimens, thronged the hotels and saloons, and nothing was talked of but ' big strikes ' and ' astounding developments.' A local assay office was started, for the miners could not wait the slow process of sending to San Francisco. It is probable that this local assayer, Mr. Frank McMahon (since engaged about the Knoxville mines), did more than any one man towards pricking the great bubbles of the time. His assays were far less favorable than the imported article, and it came to pass that his customers were dissatisfied with the results of his experiments. Finally, as these threw a shadow of doubt over the value of the argentiferous dis- coveries, some of the heavy operators concluded to consult some of the most skillful and well-known assayers of the city — men whose decisions were beyond the reach of suspicion, and whose reputations were above cavil or doubt. Several specimens, considered to be of the highest value, were for- warded. " The general disgust of claim-owners may be conceived when the formal certificates of assay were returned. Most specimens contained no silver at all, and the very best only ' a trace.' Nothing of value had been discovered. Thereupon ensued a sudden hegira of prospectors to the valley. The mil- lionaires of a day left their rude camps in the mountains, and, with ragged breeches and boots out at the toes, subsided at once into despondency and less exciting employments. The hotel and saloon-keepers, saying nothing of the editors, proceeded to disencumber their premises of accumulated tons of specimens of all kinds of ' shiny rocks ' to be found within an area of thirty miles square, making quite a contribution to the paving material of the streets of Napa City. Thus subsided the great mining excitement. The result was that a few were a little poorer, but many hundreds a great deal wiser than they hoped to be." Passing now to a consideration of the mines which have been developed and worked in Napa County, we find that quicksilver was first discovered Mines and Mining. 161 ■s in the Mayaeamas system of mountains by A. J. Bailey and J. Cyrus, in January, 1860. This discovery was made to the north-west of Calistoga, and near the Geyser Springs. When the rocks were broken here the native metal appeared. It is stated that eight hundred men rushed into the new Eldorado at once and staked off claims. In the May following Edward Evey and J. N. Bennet discovered a ledge of cinnabar in Knights Valley. Both of these discoveries were outside of the limits of Napa County, but were, however, in the same general system of mountains, and were, as it were, tributary to Mount St. Helena. The first quicksilver mining com- pany which was organized in this county was the Phoenix Mining Company. — The certificate of organization of this com- pany was filed November 15, 1861 ; term of existence fifty years. The original trustees were C. B. Sharp, A. H. Botts, John Waterson, John New- man and J. A. Butler. The capital stock was $19,200, which was divided into one hundred and ninety-two shares, valued at $100 each. The original locators were John Newman, R. P.Tucker, F. B. Gilmore, J. A. Butler, J. H. Waterson, J. W. Tucker, William H. James, James Lefferts, W. J: Church, G. W. Morris, A. H. Butts, S. A. Moms, G. W. Amesbuiy, C. B. Sharp, Jacob Ellsbury, C. H. Holmes and E. Bouhofsky. January 13, 1868, the capital stock was increased to $955,000. At present, John Lawley and parties in Napa City own almost the entire stock of the company. The following particulars concerning the Phoenix Mine were furnished for the " Sketch Book" by George Fellows, Esq., who was at that time superintendent of the mine. His communication was dated December, 1872, and is as follows : " The Phoenix Mine is situated on the side of a steep mountain, sloping to the north-east. It is twelve hundred feet in breadth, and includes the main portion of a well-defined mineral belt, commencing at an altitude of four hundred feet above the valley, and extending back four thousand feet to the top of the mountain. The ore is in true fissure veins, running diagonally through the belt, and crossing the mountain in a south-east and north-west direction. " The first discovery of cinnabar was made in September, 1861, by John Newman. A company was organized soon after, and some prospecting done, when a considerable quantity of ore was found scattered over the surface of the ground at the extreme lower end of the claim, having apparently broken off and rolled down from the numerous ledges above. "Some time in the winter of 1862 the mine was leased to James Ham- ilton, who worked it for about one year, but failed to make it pay (as tradition has it), through bad management and inexperience in mining. After the Hamilton Company suspended operations there was no more 1L 162 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. work done at the mines for three years, and most of the owners disposed of their interests at a low price. In the summer of 1867 work was again resumed, and in the spring of 18G8 a new bench of retorts was put up, the work being carried on under the management of Daniel Patten, but again without meeting with financial success, and during the succeeding winter work was wholly suspended. In the spring of 1870, having been appointed superintendent of the mine, I commenced work on the 12th of April with six men. In the May following three of the old retorts were fixed up and we began the reduction of ore, working altogether in the mine and on the retorts only sixteen men during April, May and June, and producing sufficient quicksilver (sold at the market price) to put $10,000 in the treasury of the company over all expenses. " In August a new bench of six retorts was put up, together with a crushing mill for breaking the ore, and a circular saw for cutting the wood. A steam boiler was put up at the mouth of the tunnel, a steam pump put into the mine, and a steam engine attached to the boiler on the outside for driving the crushing mill at the retorts. Commenced reducing ore again the first of September ; run until January, 1871, and closed down for the winter, having produced during the season nine hundred and sixty flasks or seventy-three thousand four hundred and forty pounds of quicksilver, which amounted to $50,673. " Continued to work eight men in the mine during the winter, and commenced reducing ore again the first of April, 1871, and run until the last of October, when we stopped and commenced building furnace. Worked twenty-five men during the summer, and produced seven hundred and sixty-four flasks of quicksilver, or fifty-eight thousand four hundred arid forty-six pounds, which amounted to $40,326. Commenced erecting furnace October, 1871, and completed it January, 1872, but did not get it to working right until the first of July. Have kept forty men employed this summer (1872), and have produced up to the present time, October 1st, six hundred and seventy flasks, or fifty-one thousand two hundred and fifty-five pounds. We are now working sixty flasks a week. Since April, 1870, there has been a double shaft put down one hundred and fifty feet, and two thousand two hundred feet of tunneling done, besides taking out the ore that has supplied the reduction works. The richest ore worked this season has been taken from the lower level, and there is now a sufficient quantity cut to keep the furnace running for two years. " The improvements consist of one furnace of the Knox & Osborn patent, capable of reducing six hundred tons of ore a month, costing with fixtures some $30,000 ; * * * * one twenty-five horse-power boiler set in stone masonry, with a Blake pump for feeding ; one twelve horse-power hoisting engine at the top of the shaft at main tunnel ; one No. 8 steam- Mines and Mining. 163 pump at shaft, capable of throwing thirty thousand gallons of water in an hour; als<> No. 6 steam-pump in shop to use in sinking air shaft; one twelve horse-power engine, set in brick masonry, for driving blower and snot fan at the furnace. There are some thirty buildings which give the place the appearance of quite a town." The mine was worked until 1878 with good success, when the price of quicksilver got so low that it was decided to suspend work for awhile. There is said to be a fine body of ore there yet, and it Is considered to he a very valuable piece of property. The machinery is now rusting and the buildings going to rack, and altogether the place presents a very dilapi- dated appearance. Unfortunately we have no means of knowing the total yield of the mine, but know that it continued as good as it began. Redington Quicksilver Mine. — This was originally known as the X. L. C. R. Mining Company, and is located in Sulphur Canon, north of Berryessa Valley. The certificate of incorporation was filed December 1G, 1861, and the capital stock amOinted to 8420,000, divided in four hundred and twenty shares of 81000 each. The original trustees were George N. Cornwell, R. T. Montgomery and George E. Goodman. The locators of the mine were _<• N. Cornwell, R. T. Montgomery, A. Y. Easterby, James Lefferts, P. Hunsinger, John B. Phippin, Seth Dimham, Isaac Day, W. H. H. Holderman, Francis A. Sage, W. W. Stillwagon, George E. Goodman, M. G. Ritchie, L. D. Jones and J. S. §tark. This company leased their mine in 1862 to srs. Knox & Osborn, the inventors of the well and favorably known furnace which bears their name. These gentlemen "worked the mine for a year or two, and found it to be one of the richest on the Pacific Coast, second only to the New Almaden. Most of the stock had been bought up in the meantime by Messrs. Redington & Co., of San Francisco, who still remain the principal owners. George N. Cornwell of Napa City, however, still retains a large interest in the mine. Of the discovery of this mine Robert T. Montgomery gives the following account in the "Sketch Book :" " The writer, having been one of the original locators, is familiar with the circumstance [of its discovery]. In 1860 a company of twelve was formed in Napa City for the purpose of prospecting for mines and minerals, and two old pioneer prospectors, Seth Dunham and L. D. Jones, were sent out to examine Napa and adjacent counties. What might be found was a matter of doubt, but the company informally organized concluded to pay a small assessment of 8250 per month each, in order to find out what might be the resources of the land. The prospectors were wont to bring in, about one- a month, the results of their labors. The prevalent idea then was that silver abounded in the mountains of the county, and accordingly all eyes were directed to the discovery of the ores of that metal. The company 164 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. individually, and the prospectors as well, were well-nigh equally ignorant of mineralogy, and the ' specimens ' brought in ranged from iron pyrites to bituminous shale, all of which were supposed to contain silver. Every newspaper office and hotel bar were replete with these samples of the wealth and value of the mineral resources of the county, all of which, economically considered, were only inferior specimens of macadamizing stone — glistening, but valueless. " At last Messrs. Jones and Dunham, in their perambulations among the hills, struck a new road, then recently built between Berryessa Valley and Lower Lake, and, on ascending a hill at the head of Sulphur Canon, just above the Elk Horn Ranch, where the soil and rock had been removed to permit the passage of teams, discovered, on the upper side of the road, at the turning point, that the rocky point, partly removed by the road-makers, was of a peculiar color and texture. Fragments broken off were very heavy and of a liver color. They were brought to town, and by the experts of those times pronounced cinnabar. And such they proved. The first discovery led to the rich mine of which it was but the indication. The ignorant workmen who had constructed the road had rolled down into the canon below many tons of cinnabar, which would have yielded from fifty to sixty per cent, of metal." Mr. C. A. Livermore, the superintendent of the mine, has kindly fur- nished us with the following resume of the history and workings of the mine : " The Redington Quicksilver Mine is located in the north-eastern portion of Napa County, about eighteen miles from Clear Lake. The mine was discovered some twenty years ago, and has been worked more or less suc- cessfully ever since. Some three hundred men, with their families, forming quite a little town known as Knoxville, owned by the company, are usually clustered around this mine, thus making, with the farmers around, a com- munity of some five hundred people. Owing to the present low prices of quicksilver, the number of men employed now, and during the past year, is very small, being a total of about fifty, all of which are white men, there never having been a Chinaman employed about the premises by the present superintendent. The policy of the company is, at present, to employ barely enough men to pay the expense of keeping up the mine, without exhaust- ing the ore bodies at so trifling a profit as can be realized at the present ruling prices of quicksilver. Should the price advance, the number of men would, of course, be augmented, and the former large production of the mine would soon again be attained. The product of this mine for the past twelve years is as follows : Mines and Mining. 165 Year. Flasks. Pounds. 18(59 4,683 358,244 1870 4,619 353,353 L871 2,055 157,077 1872 3,206 245,259 1873 3,369 257,728 1874 7,200 550,800 1875 8,080 618,120 1876 8,702 665,703 1877 9,447 723,695 1878 • 6,812 521,118 1879 4,516 345,474 1880 2,114 161,739 Total 61,808 4,958,315 " This mine is worked both by shafts and tunnels, and is what is known as a contact vein, having a hanging-wall of sandstone, and a foot-wall of serpentine. The course of the vein is south-east and north-west, with a dip to the eastward of about forty-five degrees. The mine has been opened to a depth of six hundred feet, but the ore body has not been worked to any great extent below the 500-foot level. The working of the mine has de- veloped ore bodies over a thousand feet in length, the ledge being in many places over two hundred feet in width, with seams of ore of more or less richness and magnitude all through the whole. " The first operations of the mine were with retorts. Afterwards two large Idria furnaces were put up, and these were followed by four Knox & Osborn furnaces, and finally two Livermore fine-ore furnaces were erected, ami the two Idria furnaces were converted into Livermore fine-ore furnaces. There are in all eight furnaces on the premises, but at present only two are in use — the Livermore fine-ore. The machinery of the mine consists of a hoisting engine, with link motion, and a 12x24-inch cylinder. The cable is a flat wire one with six strands, and has a breaking strain of ten tons. The cage is supplied with safety hooks, and all modern improvements are applied to the shaft. There is a pumping engine with a 12x24-inch cylinder, driving an eight-inch pump, which raises water from the 600-foot level with three lifts. There is an engine which drives the crusher, as all the ores at this mine are now crushed so as to pass through the fine-ore furnaces. This is found to be the cheapest method of handling and reducing the ore. There is a blower at the shaft for the purposes of ventilation, but the mine has since been made self-ventilating. The Knox & Osborn furnaces are furnished with an engine to drive exhaust fans to create the necessary draft, the fine- ore furnaces running with a natural draft. 166 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. " The mine is well timbered, and the method of conducting all the oper- ations connected with it are systematic. In the shaft the following levels have been established : At forty-seven feet, ninety feet, one hundred and fifty feet, two hundred and ten feet, two hundred and seventy feet, three hundred and thirty feet, four hundred feet, five hundred feet, and six hun- dred feet. A tunnel extends to the eastward of the shaft to the distance of six hundred feet on ore of these levels, while on another level a tunnel extends to the westward a like distance. From these main tunnels drifts and cross-cuts have been driven into the ore-body in various directions, and in almost countless numbers. Stulls have been carried up through the ore- body from one level to another, through which a winze and chute have been kept open, the former for the purpose of ingress and egress and ventilation, and the latter is used to conduct the ore to the level below, whence it is taken to the shaft in cars. " At the shaft it is placed in the cage and hoisted to the surface. There the ore is dumped into the crusher, and thence it is taken to the furnaces, a distance of perhaps three hundred yards, in horse cars. Here the method of reduction is simple and perfect, and the quicksilver, as it runs from the condensers, is conveyed to iron kettles. It is then bottled in iron flasks, each containing seventy-six and a half pounds, which are properly labeled, and then sent to San Francisco, there to be distributed through the markets, to the various countries of the world where it is used. " The town of Knoxville is the property of the company, and they also own some four or five thousand acres of pasture and woodland adjoining the mine. They have large bands of cattle and supply the table for their employees. There is also a store at which the employees and the adjacent country is supplied with merchandise. In the town of Knoxville there is a Wells, Fargo & Co.'s office, a post-office, a public hotel, a school -house and a church. It is located about fifty miles from Napa City, whither all freight from the mine is drawn by heavy teams. " This property has brought into the county of Napa a large amount of money, and has paid a large percentage of the taxes. At present, the business is under a cloud, owing to the low price of quicksilver, but the owners of the mine expect that the price will soon advance to a remunera- tive figure, when it is their intention to work the mine to its fullest ca- pacity. " Mr. G. N. Cornwell of Napa City, and Mr. John H. Redington of San Francisco, are the chief owners. The officers of the company are at present as follows : President, Jno. H. Redington ; Treasurer, H. P. Livermore ; Superintendent, C. A. Livermore ; Secretary, in San Francisco, Geo. Red- ington ; Bookkeeper, at mine, A. Mc William. The office of the company in San Francisco is at 531 Market street." Mines and Mining. 167 The product of this mine has brought as high as one dollar and sixty- tive cents per pound, but the ruling prices range from thirty to fifty cents at the present time; hence, it can be easily seen that quicksilver mining does not pay as it did in days of old. Quicksilver volatalizes at TOO degrees Fahrenheit, and hence, it is necessary to raise the temperature of the furnace up to that degree to effect a separation of the metal from the slag. There are several kinds of furnaces in use in the reduction of cinnabar, but the principal ones are the Knox & Osborn, Livermore, Litch- field, and Idria. For a description of the Knox & Osborn furnace, the reader is referred to the history of the Sulphur Bank Mine, in Lake County, and for a description of the Litchfield, see history of the Great Western Mine, also in Lake County. Mr. Livermore claims for his furnace many advantages over all others, while others claim that it has its weak points. It certainly has two merits : simplicity and cheapness. It consists only of a series of trenches placed at an angle of about forty-five degrees, in which there are riffles placed to retard in a measure the motion of the ore as it passes downward. There is a channel just above the ore which gives ample draft, so that there is no need of a blower or exhaust fan. The fire passes with the draft over the face of the ore in the channels, and thus nearly the entire body is equally heated all the time, and the movement of the ore is gradual and continual. It is not necessary to superheat the ore next to the fire to get the portions further away from the fire heated enough. The cost of these furnaces are about one-half of the amount which it requires to construct others, and the capacity is unlimited, as firing places may be opened in front of the furnace. The fumes pass into a large brick receiver, and from that into a series of iron chambers, about four by six feet in size, so constructed as to form square elbows, on which a stream of water plays continually. Here the quicksilver is condensed, and the soot is precipitated. Finally, the residue of fumes pass off through long flumes and find egress from a tall chimney. Much more might be written concerning the minute details of this furnace, but sufficient has been said to give the reader a general idea of its plan and work. The Washington Mine. — This mine is located in Pope Valley and adjoining the Phoenix Mine. The certificate of incorporation was filed December 2, 1862, with the following as original trustees: C. B. Sharp, D. I). Wickliff, R F. Miles, J. M. Hamilton and W. W. Stillwagon. The locators of the mine were J. M. Hamilton W. W. Stillwagon, Wm. Brigham, D. D. Wickliff, C. 0. Billings, R. F. Miles, Jacob Elsbury and Joseph Clayes. The capital stock was originall}' $50,000, but it was subsequently increased 00,000 with fifty thousand shares held at $10 each. The stock was sub- 168 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. sequently mostly owned by Napa parties, Dr. W. W. Stillwagon holding a controlling interest. The mine was prospected to some extent in 1865-6, but nothing of importance was found. In 1870-1 Messrs. Stillwagon and Patten leased it and erected reduction works; and the surface ore was found rich enough to yield $1000 per month with the labor of six men. Of this mine the " Sketch Book " says : " A recent discovery has been made of a mass or ledge of good ore (some of which is of the highest grade) which extends nearly horizontally into the hill a distance of two hundred feet and of unknown depth. It is suffi- cient, even as far as already developed, to supply a 10-ton furnace for two years. This ledge will yield probably five per cent, of quicksilver on an average, although some portions will yield as high as sixty per cent. Work on this ledge is still in progress and no signs of it giving out are yet seen. On the contrary the ore improves with every foot of progress. It seems now beyond question that the Washington will prove highly valuable property. The company have a United States patent Jfor their mine and for one hun- dred and sixty acres adjoining, making altogether two hundred and seventy- four acres." When the crash in the prices of quicksilver came this mine met the fate of all the other smaller ones, and suspended operations. The place has been so long deserted now that it looks in a very dilapidated condition. The Valley Mine. — This mine was located in Pope Valley, and where the now celebrated zEtna Springs are. The certificate of incorporation was filed May 16, 1867. The capital stock was put at $30,000, and the shares were held at $50 each. The original trustees were John Newman, Ezra Carpenter, R. T. Montgomery, H. F. Swarts, Joseph L. Duchay, and Jesse Barnett. The capital stock was increased April 21, 1871, to $300,000, held in sixty thousand shares, at $5.00 per share. Soon after its organization it was leased to Col. J. W. Colt, and he erected reduction works of his own invention. These, however, proved a complete failure, and his lease was abandoned, the mine reverting to its original owners. Extensive works were afterward erected, and the mine at one time yielded as high as fifty flasks a month, but eventually the whole matter was given up, and but few vestiges now remain to show where the Valley Mine was located. The Summit Mine. — This mine was originally located by the Whitton family, of Yountville, and patiently prospected by them for years. It was situated three miles from Rutherford, upon the very summit of the Mayaca- mas range of mountains dividing Sonoma and Napa Counties. The reduction works were situated a mile to the eastward. About 1872, J. '£ tUf&T/us Mines and Mining. 169 Ferahbaker purchased the property, paying therefor 835,000. The claim wa- very extensive, and there were attached to it one hundred and sixty acres of timber land. The surface ore was found on the west side of the mountain for a distance of over one thousand feet. A great amount of tun- neling, drifting, and cross-cutting was done, the mine being worked upon two levels. There was a railroad track along the main tunnel, and winzes from the upper to the lower level. Of this mine the " Sketch Book " says : " Work upon this mine upon a large scale was commenced in August last (1872). The former proprietors, Messrs. Whitton Bros., up to that time transported the ore upon the backs of mules to their furnace, which was a small affair of one and a half tons capacity, and situated upon the site of the present reduction works. The profits of the mine worked even upon that scale, were very great, considering the capital invested. After the purchase by Mr. Pershbaker, a fine mountain road was con- structed from the mine to the reduction works, which were greatly enlarged. The capacity of the present furnace is twenty -four tons per day. New buildings have been erected, very complete and convenient for ore sheds, boarding houses and other purposes. The furnace is of a new and improved construction, and can be fed and discharged hourly, thus capable of being kept in constant motion. The chimney is some eighty yards from the furnace." The Oakville Quicksilver Mine. — This mine is located on the west side of Napa Valley, above Oakville. The certificate of incorporation was filed January 22, 1868, and the capital stock was put at $300,000, held in three thousand shares at $100 each. The original trustees were E. N. Boynton, S. Hutchinson, and O. P. Southwell. The locators of the mine were W. W. Stillwagon, E. N. Boynton, S. Hutchinson and O. P. Southwell. In the course of a few years the original stockholders disposed of their interest in the mine for the sum of $30,000, to San Francisco parties. The new company began at once to work in a vigorous manner, making extensive explorations and electing works on quite an extensive scale. The first furnace erected had a capacity of ten tons per twenty -four hours, and the yield was from seventy -five to one hundred flasks per month. In December, 1872, a furnace of fifteen tons capacity was completed, making the l-educing capacity of the works equal to twenty -five tons of ore per day. The ore was found in quite large quantities on the surface, and consisted of rich carmine-col- ored cinnabar, mixed with clay. This was made into rude adobes or sun- dried brick, and then passed through the furnace, the yield of this ore being about one per cent. This San Francisco company disposed of their property in 1873, to the Napa Mining Company, but, in company with the majority 170 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. of the mines in the county, it was suspended some years since ; its ma- chinery is rusting out, its works going to decay, and the mine caving in. The Manhattan Mine. — This mine is located two miles north of the Redington, and is on the same lode. It is the property of Messrs. Knox & Osborn, and they opened it in the fall of 1869. There is one Knox & Os- born furnace at the mine. There is a shaft two hundred feet deep, but the most of the work has been done in tunnels, of which there is upwards of two thousand feet. They suspended work in 1877, and have not since re- sumed. There is said to be a very fine body of ore here. Napa Consolidated Quicksilver Mine. — This mine is commonly known as the Oat Hill, and is situated at the head of Pope Canon, and about three miles north of iEtna Springs and two miles north of the Phoenix and Wash- ington mines. It is, however, in no wise connected with either of these mines, the lead of both of these ending at the summit of the range on the south side of the canon, over a mile from the Oat Hill. In February, 1872, a party of four men, W. P. Cook, Geo. Porter, Henry D. Vivian and Ed. Welch, all working at the time for the Phoenix Mine, were out hunting on the ridge back of the present site of the mine. A flock of grouse flew up in front of Mr. Cook and whirred away down a canon just north of the present shaft about one hundred yards. He followed them, and being a miner and on the qui vive for " prospects," discovered some sandstone with a reddish- brown substance in it. The color of the metal was all right, but to find it in sandstone was what excited his distrust as to its being cinnabar. He put a few " chunks " of the rock in his pocket, took it home, and after due tests decided that it was cinnabar. He then took into his confidence the parties who were with him on the hunting expedition and proceeded to prospect the country for the ledge whence had come the fragments found on the hill- side. They soon found where they thought it should be, and began to run a tunnel, going on with it at odd times until it was thirty-two feet in length. They did not come to the ledge as they had expected and they became dis- satisfied and began casting about for a purchaser of their claim. Then came Joseph, Elias and David Roberts and M. V. Owens, who purchased it for a trifling sum compared with the untold wealth which lay hidden beneath the surface. This new company prospected for about a year and a half, but did no real work in the way of developing the mine. They then sold out their claim to J. E. English, J. B. McGee and A. Hawkins & Co., which transac- tion occurred in the fall of 1876. These parties remained proprietors until January 1, 1881, when a Boston company purchased it. This mine is in many respects quite an anomaly. First, the cinnabar is freqently found incorporated in the coarse sandstone which forms all the Mines and Mining. 171 rock in the vicinity, and which belongs to the Tertiary geological period. Tin- ledge, however, is a decomposed serpentine formation, and is called by the miners, for convenience, talc. It is very soft, and is, in fact, nearer a clay than anything else. Whence it came is a great query. It seems that beds of sandstone, which are very deep here, were rifted by some vol- canic forces in the ages long agone, and that the seams have filled up with this talcose substance, in which the mineral seemed to be incorporated. Whence it came no one knows, for, like all precious metals, its source is a mystery. Pressure, or the natural volatility of the metal, may account for the incorporation of it with the sandstone walls of the crevice or dike. What the miners call " horses " are often found in this mine. A " horse " is a body of barren substance found in the trend of the vein, and it may be either a portion of the vein rock, or of any other foreign rock. It is usually, however, a portion of the side- walls which extends across the lead. There is no telling how deep this crevice extends into the earth, and it is fair to presume that it reaches the bottom of the sandstone formation, and as that can be traced to the bottom of the canon to the south of the mine, which is at a much greater depth than the present shaft, it may be supposed that they are not near the bottom yet. Another peculiarity of the mine is the fact that when the ore is being reduced in the furnace, great quantities of ammonia are evolved. This is something that is not to be found at any other quicksilver mine in Napa or Lake Counties. Generally, there is a rank odor of sul- phur, almost unbearable, but here it is different. But little sulphur fumes generated — so little, in fact, that they are not noticed at all, while the ainmoniacal fumes are virulent, and an operator is not able to endure them but a short time. The question, whence comes this ammonia ? is often asked, but is not so easily answered. We have examined into the subject to some extent, and give the following as our solution of it : Sal-ammoniac is a volcanic product, and is found in all sections where there has been volcanic action in greater or less amounts. This is in close proximity to St. Helena, which has evidently been, in days long since gone by, an active volcano, and this sal-ammoniac doubtless came to the surface through that channel. It was then washed down the mountain sides, and leeched out of the lava, and eventually found its way in large quantities into these dikes where the quicksilver is now found. It must be borne in mind that sal- ammoniac is a salt and not volatile, as we usually see ammonia on the druggists' shelves. These salts are passed along with the ores and undergo all the processes, the same as the quicksilver, being driven off by the heat of the furnace and precipitated in the condensers. When the soot is drawn from the condensing chamber, quicklime is applied to it to liberate the globules of metal, and behold, that is the very substance that is used to 172 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. liberate volatile ammonia from the sal-ammoniac salts, and as a resultant we find that the air is laden with the fumes of ammonia. There is no doubt but this is the true source of the ammonia found in this soot. The fumes of ammonia are readily driven off by heat, and their presence is dis- covered about the furnaces as well as at the soot-pan ; but quicklime is a better re-agent than heat, hence they are the rankest during the process of treating the soot. There are two distinct mines here so closely connected that they may, for all practical purposes of working, be considered as one. They are known as the " Manzanita," and the " Mercury." One shaft reaches them both, going out on different levels. The dip of both is the same, being about thirty -five or forty degrees to the north-east. There is a tunnel which taps the ore-body at about the 90-foot level, which opens on the side of the hill ; and in the shaft there are three levels : the 200-foot, 400-foot, and the 500-foot. The next level will be 6504oot. From the 400-foot level there is a tunnel or drift of seven hundred feet. Leading from the shaft are main tunnels, which are very large and roomy. The mine is kept well timbered, and only one man has been killed in the mine, and that was from his own carelessness. The ventilation of the mine is excellent, and the temperature never gets excessively warm, and is often below what it is at the surface in the summer season. The 200-foot level is warmer than the 500-foot. There is so little water in the mine that no pump is necessary at all. Railroad tracks are laid in the main tunnels, and stoops are carried up through the ore body from one level to another, and winzes and chutes are carried up with them the same as in other mines. To a stranger, the spec- tacle presented in the deep recesses of a mine is wierd. The dim and flick- ering light of the miner's candle throws an indistinct glimmer upon every- thing ; and the hollow ringing sounds caused by the miner's pick as it cleaves the rocks sounds like the echoes from another world in regions far more subterranean than where we are. Clambering over debris along the stoops, or up the long and narrow winzes, and gliding through the low pas- sages in a stooping position, makes one feel that truly it is a precarious place to be in ; but. the miners say not, and that they would not exchange their work underground for any vocation on the surface. To us the novelty was pleasant, and we enjoyed the prowling around in [the very bowels of the earth. The furnace is some distance from the shaft, and the ore is taken thence in horse -cars. It being of the soft and friable nature which we have de- scribed, it cannot be burned as ordinary ore is, but has to be passed .through a mill similar to that used in grinding clay for brick-making purposes. Adobe or sun-dried brick are then formed, and these are passed into the furnace. There is only one furnace at this mine, but it is an excellent one, } fines and Mining. 173 .-3 being a " Stack," a eonil>ination of the Knox »v Osborn and the Green, and having the good qualities of both incorporated in it. Its capacity is twenty - four to twenty-eight tons a day, and the slag is drawn every one and a half bonis. The yield of metal at this mine for 1879 was 1.98 per cent., and for 1880 it was 2.01 per cent. The yield of the mine since 187G has been kindly furnished us by Mr. M. G. Rhodes, the superintendent, and is as follows : Year. Flasks. Pounds. 187S Mr. Charles Krug came to Napa County, and on what is known as the Patchett place, then adjoining Napa City, he made about one thousand two hundred gallons of wine. This was the first wine ever made in Napa County by other than Spainards and Spanish processes. His appliances wore crude, consisting of a small cider press only. The next year, 1 859, Mr. H. A. Pellet, also now of St. Helena, followed Mr. Krug as wine-maker at the Patchett place. He remained there two years, making four thousand gallons the first year and three thousand the next. And thus was the great industry of wine-making introduced within the borders of Napa County. About this time Dr. G. B. Crane saw that grapes thrived well in Cali- fornia, and conceived the idea that it would be a profitable venture to plant a vineyard. He began casting about for a suitable location for a vinery, where land and climate were well adapted to the growing of the vine. He figured it out that a vineyard would produce one thousand gallons to the acre, and that he could easily market it for one dollar a gallon. Thus, on paper, the enterprise seemed to be a great bonanza. He was at that time a resident of San Jose', California, and from what he could learn from the sources of information at hand, he decided that the Napa Valley possessed the requisite qualifications to a greater degree than did the Santa Clara Valley, so he came into Napa Valley and purchased the place he now owns near the town of St. Helena. Here he planted the pioneer vineyard of the great St. Helena district for wine purposes. What a grand pride must swell the heart of the hardy old pioneer in wine vineyards when he now looks forth upon the broad acres of the lovely valley all covered with thrifty, bearing vines, saying to himself in the meanwhile, " I set the movement on foot which has accomplished all this ! " And did he not ? He broke the path, and what followed was in his footsteps. At this late date it is impossible to follow up the chain of progress that has been made in this industry in the district, but the records of the St. Helena Viticultural Society will give the requisite information. We will here note the fact, however, that as soon as Dr. Crane had established the fact that cuttings would live and grow vigorously on a dry, gravelly soil, without irrigation, a large number of enterprising men were ready to follow his example. Among the most prominent and first to embark in this business should be named Charles Krug, H. A. Pellet, John ! Lewelling, Matthew Vann, H. W. Crabb, General E. D. Keyes, on the place now owned by William Scheffier, and to whom is due the credit of erecting the first cellar which might be really called first-class. These vineyardists were supplemented by a large number of smaller ones, whose vineyards ranged 204 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. from five to twenty acres, until in a short time all that section known as the St. Helena district was entirely filled up. The St. Helena Viticultural Club was organized December 18, 1875, with the following membership: Charles Krug, Connelly Conn, H A. Pellet, Charles Wheeler, R. A. Haskin, C. Heymann, J. H. McCord, H. W. Crabb, Dr. G. B. Crane, Seneca Ewer, J. C. Weinberger, John Thomann, John Lewelling, Oscar Schultz, John York, D. 0. Hunt. The first officers were: Charles Krug, President; H W. Crabb, Connelly Conn, Seneca Ewer, Vice-Presidents ; H. A. Pellet, Secretary ; J. C. Weinberger, Treas- urer. From its organization the club met regularly twice a month, added rapidly to its members, and now has a membership of over one hundred. Of the good the club has done by the dissemination of knowledge as to the various and best modes of viticulture, the introduction and propagation of choice varieties of grapes, both for wine and for the table, we will let its President, Mr. Charles Krug, say by reproducing the following from his re- port as a member of the State Viticultural Association : " The vast amount of good the St. Helena Viticultural Association has done during the few years of its existence cannot be doubted. It has, by publication of its minutes and deliberations, spread a great amount of in- formation among the grape-growers and wine men of this county and State. It has drawn the attention of many persons looking out for vineyard land to this section, caused them to buy and settle among us, and to assist the building up of our county. It has lent its help and applied its influence to frustrate the immense exertions the French emissary, Leon Chotteau, made in Congress to change the specific duty of forty cents per gallon on wine to twenty-five cents ad valorem. If he had succeeded, our grapes would not bring more than ten dollars per ton. It has started an organization to keep the pernicious phylloxera from our beautiful vineyards, and you are well aware one man alone can do nothing in this line — only united action by all can ward off the dreaded calamity. " It intends to secure great benefits to this neighborhood by collecting and publishing valuable statistics showing the superiority of our climate, the great fertility of our soil, the energy of those who are engaged in viti- culture, the great demand for our cuttings, and many other points well adapted to attract culture and wealth to our district. Its intimate connec- tion with the State Viticultural Commission offers us ample opportunity, with a very small outlay, to have our soils and products analyzed, lectures given on important subjects connected with our interests, such as manuring, etc. It will import, or cause to be imported, phylloxera-proof cuttings from best sources of the Mississippi Valley and elsewhere. In short, our associa- tion has done a great amount of good, and, properly conducted, will do Viticulture in Napa County. 205 much more in future for our district and wine interests, just in the propor- tion as we enable it by our support financially and personally to do so." In 1878 the St. Helena United States Revenue Bonded Warehouse, a building 40x60 feet, fire proof, was erected under the auspices of the Society, for the purpose of storing grape brandy in bond. In 1880 Viticultural Hall, a two-story building, finely finished, was also erected, the lower hall for the wine-growers, and the upper for the grangers. In 1881 an addition of seventy-five feet was added to the bonded ware- house to accommodate the increased demand for room to store brandy, making it now a fire-proof structure 40x135 feet — both buildings an ornament to the town, and a monument to the pluck and enterprise of the Viticulturists of the upper valley. Pioneer Sherry Making. — But while awarding to the St. Helena Viticultural Society, in its associate capacity, the credit of systematizing the above-named leading industry of the section of country in which it is located, it would be unjust to withhold an acknowledgment of what is due to individual enterprise, and especially that kind of enterprise in which serious loss might be reasonably anticipated. A case in point we find in the introduction of the manufactory of sherry wines, and that, too, by a process not only unknown, but even then unheard of by California vine- yardists generally. John Ramos, a Portuguese, at the time when Mission wine was being crowded out of the market by the superior quality of that made from the foreign grapes, claimed that he was practically familiar with the method by which ordinary wines were converted into a good merchantable sherry on the Island of Madeira by the " estufa," or heating process. Dr. Crane took the risk, furnished the means for building a twenty-six thousand gallon heater, and sold Ramos some eleven thousand dollars' worth of wines, Mission and foreign, on credit. The experiment was a complete success. Crane was paid, and, after running his cellars and a one hundred acre vineyard for three years, Ramos and the partner, Frank Scaroni, with whom he had become associated, not only were able to pay their rents and other expenses, but had made money enough to establish each individually in the sherrying business. And in this way it was demonstrated that Mission wine was equal, if not superior, to foreign for conversion into sherry, thereby greatly enhancing the value of many hundreds of acres of vineyard that had been planted be- fore it was possible to obtain a supply of foreign cuttings. The Napa Viticultural Society was organized in May, 1881, having the same general purpose in view that is held by the St. Helena Society, 206 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. viz : the advancement of the wine industry of Napa County. The meetings of the society are held monthly, at which time matters of interest are thoroughly discussed. We have not the space to give to these societies their just meed of praise for what they are doing, but would say that they are well worthy of being sustained, as they are a great source of benefit to the wine-growers of the county. Table showing by districts the acreage of bearing vines, those planted in 1879, 1880 and 1881; also number of vines estimated on a basis of one thousand vines to the acre : Name op Vinetardists. Ashton, Frank. . Beguhl, David. Bennett, J. J . . Butler, Mrs . . . Brown, Ed .... Boase, W. & Co Boynton & Chapel. . Burgess Brothers. . . Bruck, Mrs Burk, . . CALISTOGA DISTRICT. Bearing. 1879. 1880. Blake, D. Jas . Bounsall, J. C. Collins, S. W.. Carter, M. M . . Contre, P Chambers, M , . Demartin, R . . Garnett Ranch Griffin Place. . . Guile, S. S . . . . Greer, Jno .... Gibbs, H. L... Hoss, J. B Hoover, A . . . : Horn, Jas Hitchcock, Dr. & Mrs Head, John . . . Hansen, Wm. Huntington, E Ingram, D. C . Johnson, G. W B. Coit 10 3 11 9 4 33 3 18 2 60 1881. Total Acres. Total Vines 20 28 28,000 4 4 4,000 8 8 8,000 12 12 12,000 9 12 12,000 5 9 9,000 12 12 12,000 25 50 50,000 15 25 25,000 25 25 25,000 3 3,000 2J 2| 2,500 5 22 22,000 9 9,000 12 12,000 4 4 4,000 3 3 3,000 33 33,000 10 10 10,000 10 15 15,000 20 38 38,000 . . . 2£ 2,500 3 3 3,000 10 10 10,000 2 6 6,000 65 128 128,000 16 16 16,000 3 3 3,000 4 4 4,000 . . . 5 5,000 10 10 10,000 Viticulture in Napa County. 207 N U] Of VlSEYARDlSTS Jewell, Chas King, J. S Klote, C. G kellett, Sam Lincoln, H. L Lincoln, E. M Linscott, O light, A Miller, Martin, H McGregor, J Manuel, D. A McEachran,C.T... Miscellaneous Pratt, E Pickett, C. N Pickett, M. C Pratt, Mrs Phillips, Wm Peterson, .... Randall, H. J Rowe, Jas Rose, D Sweitnetzer, A Safely Bros Simmons, A Schram, J Shamp, Mrs Teale, Jas Tucker, J Teale, C. L Teale, Geo Tucker, Geo Teale, P Turner & Faulding. . Tolly Walsh, AD Weybright, J. G... Wilmott, S , Walker, J Zoeller, H Bearing. 1879 10 8 3 15 5 h 13 21 50 10 10 1 1880 1881. Total Acres. Total Vines. 6 4 10 10,000 n 9,500 15 25 25,000 4 14 26 26,000 30 30 30,000 6 6 6,000 2 1 6 6,000 5 20 20,000 5 5,000 4 5 9 9,000 5 H 5,500 25 25 25,000 2 1 16 16,000 12 33 33,000 20 20 20,000 11 9 20 20,000 6 12 18 18,000 . . 4 5 5,000 30 15 45 45,000 4 4 4,000 3 6 9 9,000 . . . 3 3 3,000 20 20 20,000 15 15 15,000 15 15f 15,750 4 12 12,000 4 6 60 60,000 • . . . 10 10,000 15 15 15,000 4 4 4,000 10 10 10,000 17 17 17,000 10 10,000 44 H 5,500 3 3 3,000 4 4 4,000 9 9 9,000 10 2 124 12,500 9 9 9,000 2 4 6 6,000 13 16 16,000 208 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. ST. HELENA DISTRICT. Namk of Vineyardists. Bearing. 1879. 1880. 1881. Allison, J. H 10 7 Amesbury, Thomas 15 .... 2 \ 2 \ Artich, J 4 Adamson, C. P 30 .... 25 10 Andrazzy, J. M. & Co 20 Anthony, J 2 Amsbury & Davis 55 Atkinson & Co. . . . 190 Burke.W. F 25 Bruch, L 9 Beringer Bros 30 Behnken, F. . . 5 5 Beretta Bros 7 .... Buehren, AH .... 25 5 Barrett, F. F 10 .... 2 Booker, J. W 3 2 .... Breitenbuecher, G 5 .... 6 Benner, Geo. L 14 1 .... 3 Brun & Co 2 20 Bourn, Mrs 40 .... 75 150 Brodt, A. W 6 . :-. . 10 11 Brockhoff, C. M 12 6 4 Beach, Geo. H 6 .... Bell, C. E 3 1 4 5 Beerstecher, F 10 Blair, J 10 Bradley, W 20 Braghetta, J 1 1 Bateman, H 15 Black, Alex 2 Bailey, J 17 Beardsley, A. G G 3 Benson, J 80 .... 50 Bateman, J 80 Bailey, E. A 2 18 Bateman, H 15 Crochat, G. & Co 20 7 10 13 Cleghorn, J 13 Conn,C 30 .... 6 .... Carver, D. B 2 .... 2 23 Total Acres. Total Vines. 17 17,000 20 20,000 4 4,000 65 65,000 20 20,000 2 2,000 55 55,000 190 190,000 25 25,000 9 9,000 30 30,000 10 10,000 7 7,000 30 30,000 12 12,000 5 5,000 11 11,000 18 18,000 22 22,000 265 265,000 27 27,000 22 22,000 6 6,000 13 13,000 10 10,000 10 10,000 20 20,000 2 2,000 15 15,000 2 2,000 17 17,000 9 9,000 130 130,000 80 80,000 20 20,000 15 15,000 50 50,000 13 13,000 36 36,000 27 27,000 Viticulture in Napa County. 209 N*mk of Y1SF1ARPIST8. Bearing. 1S79. 1880. 1SS1. Chiles, J. C 1 CookJ 6 Corthay.L 18 .... 3 14 Campbell, D 5 5 Caramella, B 2 Christie, A 5 1 Castner, 14 9 Castner, Jr 14 Clark, S. G 7 Cruey, J 9 Clock, A 1 Cole, D 12 10 Crane, G. B 100 Crabb, H. W 200 20 20 50 Carr, Mrs 8 Cadlola,J 18 Cook, C. W 5 Chopson, T 4 19 Calderwoud, A 1 12 4 Church, E. J 10 Doak, D 4 10 10 10 Davis, J. C 90 .... 9 12 Dinning, W 35 Dent, J 30 5 5 Downey, D 2 20 Drew, Mrs. C. C 6 Drew, J. K 12 .... 20 5 Dowdle, Jas ' 20 Dinsmore, Mrs. J. P 20 Dwyer, Thos 40 Davis, J. M 10 Darling, 1 12 Edwards, D 10 3 2 Ewer, S 6 .... 3 65 Ellis, F 12 Ewbank, R G 5 6 11 Fuller, W. P 2 Forbes, A B 2 12 Fulton, M. A 6 4 5 Fealey, M 5 4 .... 14 Total Acres. Total Vines. 1 1,000 6 6,000 35 35,000 10 10,000 2 2,000 6 6,000 23 23,000 14 14,000 7 7,000 9 . 9,000 1 1,000 22 22,000 100 100,000 290 290,000 8 8,000 18 18,000 5 5,000 23 23,000 17 17,000 10 10,000 34 34,000 111 111,000 35 35,000 40 40,000 22 22,000 6 6,000 37 37,000 20 20,000 20 20,000 40 40,000 10 10,000 13 13,000 15 15,000 74 74,000 12 12,000 22 22,000 2 2,000 14 14,000 15 15,000 9 9,000 210 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Name of Vineyardists. Fountain, G. C . . . . Field, C.J....... Field, W. A Fealey, W , Fealey, Thos Fry, J. D Farrell, T. N Gibson, Mrs. G. W. Gluyas, G. K. Bearing. 1879. 14 2 3 6 .... 13 45 1 4 50 3 22 30 Gallitan, D. S 10 Grattan, W. H Graham, J. M Gates, Thos Greer, Jno Griffith, C Goodman, Jno Grant, J. N Gressot, A 7 Gaique, L 5 Hegele, C 15 Hackney, H. W 4 Hanna, J 5 Hudson, Mrs 4 Heyman, E 15 Hudson, M Hewes, F. W 5 Hapman, E Heidhoff, AH Heald, L. S Hunt, D. O Howell, J Harker & Son Hanrahan, D Harris, H. H Holt, P Huls, J Hastings, S. C Inman, M. F Ink, T. H Jordan, W. H Johnson, J 12 1 20 5 1 70 1880. 12 9 4 60 6 10 10 12 12 10 6 10 20 6 40 5 1881. 10 12 10 35 14 60 15 35 5 10 7 50 U Total Acres. 36 14 10 4 5 110 3 28 52 10 10 13 10 92 1 4 14 15 5 20 7 5 4 21 9 11 7 5 6 18 1 80 25 41 15 6 100 17 90 17 6* Total Vines. 36,000 14,000 10,000 4,000 5,000 110,000 3,000 28,000 52,000 10,000 10,000 13,000 10,000 92,000 1,000 4,000 14,000 15,000 5,000 20,000 7,000 5,000 4,000 21,000 9,000 11,000 7,000 5,000 6,000 18,000 1,000 80,000 25,000 41,000 15,000 6,000 100,000 17,000 90,000 17,000 6,250 Viticulture in Napa County. 211 N mi« or Vijcrtariiists. Bearing. Jaoot >.v Jaquet 24 Jeanmonod, A 3 Julian, H Kunkle. G. & S Kraft, F Keefe. F Krekeler. W 30 Kenney. G. L 15 Ki.ff spH'td *44> Viticulture in Napa County. 221 come close up to the railroad track, displaying their tempting purple clusters. Mr. Krug tells us some reasons why Napa wines are superior to foreign. This climate is perfect ; the grape ripens fully every year. There are no early frosts, as in France and Germany, to hasten the picking. Our vineyardists manage the picking and pressing of the grapes, and the earlier fermentation of the wine, more clearly, intelligently and skillfully than in Europe. Also, the whole after process is a great improvement. Better casks are used and the cellars here are almost always above ground, owing to the evenness of the temperature ; and are clearer and sweeter, and the whole treatment is better. For those reasons especially, Mr. Krug's wines have acquired a reputation second to none in California. Berringer Brothers Cellar. — Berringer Bros.' fine vineyard and property is one of those beautiful building spots in which the valley abounds, and was formerly well known as the " Hudson Place," and was purchased in 1875 from William Daegner by its present owners, Messrs. J. Berringer (for- merly the well-known and popular foreman of Charles Krug's wine cellar) and his brother, F. Berringer, of No. 40 Whitehall street, New York City. The whole place consists of ninety-seven acres hill and valley land, and embraces twenty-eight acres of vineyard, most of which were foreign vines, the remainder having since been grafted into Riesling and Chasselas. On the place is the large old-fashioned building, for so many years the home of the pioneer, David Hudson. There is also a good orchard, as well as a large number of orange, lime and lemon trees. They have also graded the county road in front, drained off the mountain water that ran down the hill in the rear, and made many minor improvements. From articles in the St. Helena Star we condense the following descrip- tion of their large and substantial wine-cellar : The wine-cellar of Berringer Brothers is the most handsomely finished of any in the valley, and for solidity of build and completeness of appoint- ments can have no superior anywhere. Its whole size is 40 x 104 feet, and its walls are stone, handsomely cut, with the monogram of the owners, " B. B.," neatly cut in the keystone. The building is of three stories ; there are no partitions, and each story forms but a single room, with no divisions but the rows of stanchions that traverse the length of the building. The ground floor is of cement and has a slight pitch for drainage. The second floor is built like a ship's deck, regularly caulked and water-tight. It is laid entirely of 3x3 stuff, cut so as to leave the edge of the grain up, and thereby prevent splintering. It has also water-tight base-boards, so that it could, if necessary, be filled with water to a depth of several inches. The third story is where the crushing is carried on, the cellar standing against the hill-side and a road leading around the back, so that wagons can unload 222 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. their grapes upon the third story. Eight hatchways provide openings for conducting the juice into tanks below. The cellar itself is built against this hillside, so that at the back the ground rises to the height of the first floor, and still rapidly inclining up- wards. Through the back wall is pierced one archway, pointing straight into the hillside, and already entering about seventy feet in, and about seventeen feet in width. This is used as a store-room for the better class of wines. The location is in the hillside back of the dwelling, where the ascent is steep enough to leave at the rear only five feet of the wall exposed. This arrangement is for the purpose of unloading wagons of grapes into the third story, where the crushers are found. A roadway has been graded around through the place, leaving the county -road at one side, and entering it at the other, and describing in its course along the hillside a semi-circle that passes along the front of the cellar, while a " side-track " goes around past the rear of the same, and thus affords the facilities for the unloading referred to above. The corner-stone was laid in the presence of scores of citizens who had assembled to do honor to the event. The center of attraction was the stone itself, neatly chiseled out by Baillie, and appropriately inscribed "B. B. 1877," and containing various excavations for the deposits that were to be made therein. These consisted of copies of the " Star," and many cards of per- sons attending. Professor Smith deposited a photograph. Aug. Tonolla, the popular landlord, a Hungarian bank-note ; and Charles Krug a twenty- dollar gold coin. Bottles of native wine and champagne were also interred here for future generations to resurrect and sample. After short speeches, Dr. Michell baptised the stone with champagne until the cover was lowered to its place. Several quite extensive improvements were made in 1881. The grapes are crushed with a Heald's patent machine, driven by steam. Beretta Brothers' Cellar. — Is located on the road from St. Helena to the brewery, and is a wooden structure 48 x 28 in size, with a capacity of fifteen thousand gallons. They began business in 1879, just north of their present place, where they made small quantities of wine from year to year. C. Lemmes Cellar. — This is a small affair, located in the vicinity of St. Helena. The amount manufactured in 1880 was thirteen thousand gallons. C. Wegele's Cellar. — Another small cellar near St. Helena. The amount made in 1880 being ten thousand five hundred gallons. " Edge Hill " Cellar. — This is located about two miles west of the town of St. Helena, and is the property of William Scheffler. This cellar was erected by General E. D. Keyes in 1867, and was the first one of any con- siderable size built in Napa County. Keyes disposed of the property - Viticulture in Napa County. 223 to General Heath in 1872, and Mr. Scheffler became proprietor in 1879. The original vineyard was planted by a blacksmith, and comprised ten acres of Mission vines. General Keyes planted ten acres more and General Heath added sixteen acres, and Mr. Scheffler has since planted thirt} r -five acres. The cellar is three stories high, and built of stone, and is 37 x 100 feet in size, and has a capacity of one hundred and seventy-five thousand gallons. This is filled with large oval casks, which will hold on an average about twentv-thousand gallons. In 1880, Mr. Scheffler constructed a large fer- menting house, just west of the cellai\ He has all the appliances and conveniences necessary for the prosecution of _the business to the best possible advantage. Besides his home place he has several vineyards rented, from all of which his wine-yield is good, and he has become one of the largest wine-makers in Napa County. Has a very fine still in St. Helena, which is operated on the vacuum principle. B. Tossetti's Cellar. — This is a small cellar of a capacity of eighteen thousand gallons. A. Rossi's Cellar. — Also a small affair, making only ten thousand gallons in 1880. 3*. Deguoy's Cellar. — He is making wine in a cellar in the western part of the town of St. Helena, where he began in 1878. The cellar has a capa- city of one hundred thousand gallons. There is a still connected with it, having a capacity of three hundred gallons. Oscar Sckultze's Cellar. — A small cellar in the St. Helena District. E. W. Woodward's Cellar. — A small affair on the estate of Mr. Woodward. Gila Brothers' Cellar. — A cellar of goodly proportions in the St. Helena District, having a capacity of upwards of fifty thousand gallons. H. A. Pellet's Cellar. — This cellar was built by Messrs. Pellet & Carver in 1866, and the partnership remained until 1878. The building is partly under ground, or rather sunk into the ground, is two stories high, is 50x60 feet in size. It is estimated that a total of eight hundred thousand gallons have beeen made at this cellar. Dr. Crane' 8 Cellar. — This cellar is among the oldest in the St. Helena District, and, indeed, in Napa County. It is a double building, having a total dimension of 80x150 feet. There is one underground cellar which is 50x25, and a wing on the main building which is 120x30 feet. On the premises there is a stone sherry house which is 150x40 feet in size, and two .stories high, having a capacity of sixty thousand gallons. There is also a "llery with a capacity of two hundred gallons. '. Heyrnan's Cellar. — Is located in the southern portion of St. Helena, vas erected in 1879. It is a wooden structure 40x50 feet, and one high, with a capacity of twenty-four thousand gallons. 224 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. 1876. The building is 45x75 feet, and has a capacity of fifty thousand gallons. F. Sciaroni's Sherry House. — Is located in the southern part of St- Helena, and was erected in 1880, the building being two stories high, and 28x37 feet. It has a capacity of thirty thousand. The sherry made both here and at the house on Dr. Crane's place, is an excellent article. J. Thomann's Cellar. — Is situated on the road leading south from St. Helena, at Vineland station, and is one of the most completely arranged cel- lars in the county. He began business here in 1874, and erected his cellar that year, which is 40x100 feet in size. In 1876 he erected a wing 18x100 feet, and in 1880 he built another wing 30x60 feet, and two stories high. The present capacity of the cellar is one hundred and fifty thousand gallons. He began the business of distilling also in 1874, with a copper still of a ca- pacity of three hundred gallons. In 1880 he put up a wooden still with a capacity of seven hundred and fifty gallons. He has a Heald crusher, and all his machinery is driven by steam. The Heald crusher is a very complete contrivance, as it also stems as well as crushes the grapes. The one owned by Mr. Thomann has a capacity of ten tons an hour. J. H. McCord's Cellar. — Mr. McCord began wine-making in 1871, in partnership with T. A. Gaique, on the place now owned by G. A. Stamer After only a few months the cellar caught on fire, and the building and about thirty thousand gallons of wine were destroyed. He then sold his grapes for the next three years, and in 1 374 he made wine in the cellar of W. P. Weaks, at Pine station. For the next four years he used his barn for a cellar, and in 1880 he erected his present building, which is 48x60 feet, and two stories high, having a capacity of one hundred thousand gallons. Nouveau Medoc Cellar. — Is located at Oakville, and is the property of Messrs. Brun & Chaix. They commenced operations in 1877, with a small cellar, only 20x34 feet in size. Since then they have added to this building, until it is now 160x34 feet, and they have another building near by which is 40x54 feet. They now have a total capacity of one hundred and thirty thousand gallons. They have imported nine different varieties of excellent wine-making grapes from Medoc, France, and have a vineyard of twenty acres planted with them on Howell Mountain. H. W. Crabb's Cellar. — Mr. H. W. Crabb is the owner of the " Hermosa Vineyards," situated at Oakville station. He is a careful and very success- ful grape-grower, and has one of the largest vineyards of the county. In January, 1868, he purchased the present described tract of land, situated at Oakville, on the line of the railroad, twelve miles north of Napa Cit, containing two hundred and forty acres, without any improvement except a tenement house and barn. He commenced the planting of vines at once, Viticulture in Napa County. 225 and continued to do so each year until one-half the tract was in vineyard, con- taining two hundred and twenty thousand vines, consisting chiefly of the following varieties: Zinfandel, Malvasia, Burgundy, Chartreuse and Ries- ling, Chasselas, Berger, Hamburg, Tokay, and Muscat. The latter two are generally sold for table purposes, and the others are manufactured into wines and brandies. The production last year was about three hundred thousand gallons of wine, and four thousand three hundred and thirty-eight gallons of brandy. The cellar is constructed of wood, and its capacity about seventy -five thousand gallons. He began distilling in 1878, and in that year made two thousand two hundred and one gallons of brandy; in 1879, six hundred and thirty-three gallons; in 1880, two thousand four hundred and ninety-nine gallons, and in 1881 four thousand three hundred and thirty-eight gallons, making a total of nine thousand three hunched and seventy-one gallons. J. C. and G. A. Starrier s Cellar. — Is located east of Pine station a short distance, is built of concrete and is forty -four by one hundred and four feet, having a capacity of seventy-five thousand gallons. It was formerly the property of Mr. Gaique. G. Groezingers Cellar.— Is a fine large brick building located at Yount- ville, which is one hundred and fifty feet square and has a capacity of about four hundred thousand gallons. He has a fine distillery in connection with it which he built in 1872, having a capacity of six hundred gallons. There are two wooden and one copper stills. All his machinery is run by steam, and he has all the modern improvements and appliances. Frank Salmini's Cellar. — Is located about six miles north-east of Napa City and is formed by an excavation in the side of the hill. It has a capacity of about fifteen or twenty thousand gallons. Occidental Wine Cellar — Is the property of T. L. Grigsby, and is built of stone. It is in size 112 x 58 feet and three full stories in height. The first and second stories are used for storing and the third for working and ferment- ing wine. The entire walls are built of stone, nicely dressed and beautifully laid, with four large doors, eight feet square, so as to admit of the passage of wagons for loading or unloading wine and grapes. The total height to the peak is fif ty-four feet. The walls are two feet in thickness. The stone was obtained from the foot-hill, at a quarry about one mile distant, and is of the (superior building stone heretofore mentioned. The basement, or cellar, in which the wine is stored is well ventilated, and the building is so situated on the hill-side as to enable one to drive on to each floor and on one floor to drive entirely through the building. Grapes are carried by the wagon-load to the crusher on the upper floor, where all the work is done. The juice or wine runs down to the tanks on the next floor, and at the proper time is 15 226 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. taken down to the basement. The building is capable of storing two hun- dred and fifty thousand to two hundred and seventy-five thousand gallons of wine, besides having ample working room. There are side dormer win- dows, from which can be disposed of easily the waste, pomace, boxes, etc., by a slide which carries them to the ground. The roof is also well ventilated. In connection with the wine-cellar is a still-house for manufacturing brandy, situated about sixty feet south of j the main building. It is 26 x 28 feet, built of stone. White Rock Cellar. — Is the property of Dr. J. A. Pettengill and is located six miles north of Napa joining the Napa Soda Springs, and is one-quarter of a mile from the county road leading to the Springs and situated in a little valley containing about thirty acres bottom land, unsurpassed for fertility. Twenty acres of vineyard and six acres of orchard of the finest fruit lays on one of the slopes with a southern exposure The vineyard and orchard rest on a white porous and soft rock, supposed to contain magnesia and which crumbles on exposure to the atmosphere. He at once set to work and built a stone cellar with a neat wooden building over it and equipped it with everything new, and made, in 1871, two thousand three hundred gallons of wine, which he has since sold for one dollar per gallon. After this cellar was filled he erected a larger one entirely of cut stone from an inexhaustible quarry found on the ranch. The stone when taken from the quarry can be cut with a sharp axe almost as fast as redwood ; becomes hard on exposure, is fire-proof and looks like granite. G. Barth's Cellar. — Is located about four miles north-west of Napa City. There are two buildings, both of rock, which are very fine indeed. The one last erected is an especially excellent building. We are sorry not to be able to give figures concerning this cellar, but we visited it two different times, and failed to see the foreman each time. H. Hagan's Cellar. — Is located north-east of Napa City a few miles, and is a very complete arrangement, though not as large as many in the county. His wine is very excellent, being made chiefly of grapes grown on hill-land. Uncle Sam Cellar. — P. Van Bever and W. W. Thompson began making wine in 1870, in a building near the First street bridge, where they manu- factured for two years. They then moved to the present location of the Uncle Sam Cellar, corner of Main and Fourth streets, Napa. The building is of brick, and has a capacity of about one-half million gallons. Subse- quently Mr. Thompson sold his interest, and the firm was composed of P. Van Bever, C. Anduran, and C. Carpy ; and in 1881 Mr. Van Bever dis- posed of his interest. There is a distillery in connection with the cellar, which has a capacity of five hundred gallons. It was put up in 1872. In Viticultiire in Napa County. 227 1 ,s?4 a vinegar factory was added to the business, having a capacity of from two hundred to two hundred and fifty gallons a day. The cellar and all baildings connected with it is one hundred and sixty by one hundred and forty-four feet, and two stoi - ies high. G. Migliavacca's Cellar. — Is located near the foot of Brown street, Napa City, and was erected of brick in 1874. It is 100x80 feet in size, and two stories high, and has a capacity of one hundred and fifty thousand gallons. There is a distillery connected with it, having a capacity of four hundred and forty gallons. Other Cellars. — There are a few small cellars in the county which we have omitted above ; but the fact of their existence, and the amount of wine made in 1880, will be found in the table. We feel that we have de- voted a great deal of space to this interest, but not any more than it de- serves, as it is the leading industry of the county, and will doubtless always stand at the head. 228 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. NAPA TOWNSHIP. GEOGRAPHY. — Napa Township is bounded on the north by Yount Township, on the east and south by Solano County, and on the west by Sonoma County. July 7, 1873, the following boundaries were established by the Board of Supervisors : Beginning at a point on the Sonoma County line due west of the source of a small creek, on which was situated Fisk's saw-mill ; thence due east to the source of said creek ; thence down said creek to its mouth ; thence down Dry Creek to its mouth in Trubody's Slough ; thence north-easterly, passing one hundred yards north of the residence of G. W. Crowey, to the top of the ridge west of Soda Canon ; thence northerly along said ridge to the top of a sharp point on the south side of Rector Canon ; thence north- easterly, in a direct line to a point on Tebipa or Capelle Creek, one-half mile below the house of George Clark ; thence east to the top of the point north of Capelle Valley ; thence south-easterly along the top of the ridge to the south end of said ridge, near the head of Bag Canon ; thence due east to the line between Napa and Solano Counties ; thence southerly and westerly along said line to the line of Sonoma County : thence northerly along said line to the place of beginning. TOPOGRAPHY. — The topography of this township is fully as varied as that of any of the other sections of Napa County. Beginning at the western line, we find it on the summit of a range of mountains. Passing to the east, we come to the Napa Valley, which in this township is much wider than in the ones to the northward. It opens out into a broad open flat a few miles south of Napa City, which is covered with tules. Passing on to the eastward, the remainder of the township is very rough and mountainous, having here and there small and fertile valleys interspersed amid the mountain peaks, such as Foss', Wild Horse, Capelle and others. SOIL. — The soil of this township is similar to other portions of the county, being very rich and productive in the valleys, and equally well adapted to the production of all classes of fruits, vegetables and cereals. The soil in the tule section is quite rich, and is very productive where there is not too much salt in its composition. The soil of the mountains is the common red detritus from volcanic substances, and is well adapted to the Napa Township. 229 growth of the vine. In Browns Valley the soil is adobe, having been formed by the decomposition of limestone, but there is enough sand mixed with it to make the adobe light and friable, and fruits and vines do well in it, which is not common in that class of soil. GEOLOGY. — Beginning on the west side of the township we find that the mountains are formed mostly of sand and limestone of the Tertiary period. The traveler along the banks of the Hudeman Creek is afforded a magnificent opportunity to study the geological formation of that section. There are large beds of limestone there and doubtless it would burn into quite good lime. The sandstone and shale stratas are also very prominent features of that section, and the nodular formation of the shale is a won- derfully interesting subject of contemplation. Passing down the creek we find the bed of it filled with boulders of lime and sandstone, which are continually triturating and the detritus is forming rich soil of a light adobe nature in the flats below. It is wonderful what great quantities of lime- stone boulders have been collected off from the land in the vicinity of the Salvador Vallejo adobe house. Passing to the mountains on the east side of the valley we find the great masses of volcanic ash and tufa deposited there upon the occasion of some mighty eruption, and gradually, through the action of ages, formed into solid rock, affording much very valuable stone now for economical purposes. The student of geology will find here a wide field for study and research. Farther on to the eastward these mountains are still of a volcanic origin, there being much trap and basalt in the ranges near the eastern limits of the county. CLIMATE.— From the " Sketch Book " we extract the following truth- ful statement concerning the climate of Napa and its vicinity : " The lower end of Napa Valley is open to the breezes which sweep inland from the sea during the summer months, and serves to lower the temperature to a remarkable degree. The lower part of the valley south of Napa City being level, is exposed to its direct action, but not to so great an extent as to be disagreeable. The wind is greatly modified in its force and tem- perature in passing over the warm surface of the land, and its effects are felt less and less as it penetrates inland. Probably the jpleasantest climate is found in and near Napa City. The sea breeze, passing over a long stretch of level land, loses its roughness, and yet keeps down the summer heat, and renders the winters mild. About Napa City the thermometer rarely gets above eighty degrees, although it has been in rare instances as high as one hundred and five degrees. In winter ice is sometimes formed at night half an inch thick upon standing water. Snow is a great rarity 230 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. in this part of the valley. None has fallen except L in three instances during the past twenty years, and then to the depth of only a few inches. The surrounding mountains sometimes put on a snowy mantle for a few hours, but it soon disappears." (This was written in 1873, and in December of that year the fourth snow fell, which was to the depth of several inches. Since then several light snows have fallen in the valley.) The smaller valleys being shut out from the sea breeze, are hotter and colder than the Napa Valley. PRODUCTS — The products of this township are varied, extending to everything that can be grown in a genial, semi-tropical climate. Fruits and vines thrive in Brown's Valley ; cereals in the heart of Napa Valley ; fruits, cereals and vegetables in the southern portion of the township ; vines, small fruits and cereals in the mountains and mountain valleys, while vegetables grow everywhere. The future will reveal the fact that it is peculiarly adapted to the growth of the vine, and second to no section in California, except possibly that of St. Helena. TIMBER — The timber of this township is not an object of boast among the citizens of it. Along the west line there is quite a belt of redwood, but aside from that there is no timber to speak of, except the oaks and scraggy digger pine. EARLY SETTLEMENT.— To Don Cayetano Juarez belongs the honor of being the first settler in Napa Township, coming in as early as 1840. He had stock in this vicinity as early as 1837, but his family resided in Sonoma, whither he went of nights. In 1840 he built the small adobe house still standing on the road to the asylum. Here he has since resided continuously, and is now enjoying the fruits of a well spent life, in a neat cottage on his estate. He raised a large family of children. The next settler was Nicolas Higuerra, who came in and located per- manently in 1840. He had a wicker house, on which was plastered a thick coat of mud, giving it the appearance at a distance of an adobe building. It was thatch-roofed with tules and grass, and was a small structure not more than twenty feet square. It was located on what is known as the Patchett place, not a great distance from the Calistoga avenue bridge. In 1847 he constructed an adobe house to the westward of Napa City, which is still standing. But little concerning this old pioneer is known, except that he was a Mexican, and had a family, two of his daughters being united in marriage to the Berryessa brothers. Don Salvador Vallejo came in very early, and erected an adobe house at the Trancas, and at the " Big Ranch," as it is called, also. Both of these : Napa Tozvnship. 231 I houses are yet in existence, and the one at the Trancas is used as a residence. Tin 1 one at the " Big Ranch," now the property of G. Barth, is a very large one indeed, being about forty feet wide and nearly one hundred feet long, and two stories high. It is now fast going to ruin, and in a few years at most, nothing will be left to mark the site but a mound of decaying debris. And so the old landmarks are passing away, and the links which bind the present, or American regime to the Spanish-Mexican or past, are disappear- ing, one by one, and soon indeed nothing but the pages of history will be left to tell of the wonderful glory of the olden days of this almost paradise. Neither the people nor their works will long survive now, and the over- whelming tread of American enterprise has all but trampled into nonentity the former occupants of the land, and the few relics of that people will, in another half century, be matters of legend and of history. It is not known who the first settler, other than Spanish, was in this township. There were probably but few persons up to 1847, and it is not till 1848 that we can learn of any permanent settlers. It will be remembered that George C. Yount's place was the headquarters of the Americans pre- vious to this, and that as a consequence most if not all of them settled on his place as renters, or above it. We will append a list of the pioneers as far as we are able to obtain their names, and where obtainable give the year of their arrival. In 1848 the following persons were in the township : John Trubody, George N. Cornwell, Harrison Pierce, Ralph Kilburn, William H. Nash, William Russell. J. P. Thompson, John Custer, John Adams ; in 1849, Peter D. Bailey, T. G. Burton ; in 1850, Dr. W. W. Stillwagon, Thomas Earl, P. D. Grigsby, T. F. Raney, H. N. Amsbury, E. G. Young, Jesse Grigsby ; in 1851, J. H. Howland ; in 1852, W. S. Jacks, A. W. Norton, John M. Davis, John T. Smith ; in 1853, W. A. Elgin, J. G. Randall, B. Little, William Middletown, Charles Robinson, C. H. Allen, H. Goodrich, H. A. Pellet, W.A.Fisher; in 1854, Robert Miller, John Watson, and in 1855, William E. Anderson. Of course there are many others whose names have been forgotten by our informants, and then there are others whose names will be found mentioned elsewhere in this work. The reader is referred to the biographical department for further facts concerning the early settlers. NAPA CITY. — To the visitor at Napa City to-day the statement that only one-third of a century ago the site of the now beautiful city was nothing but a howling wilderness, sounds more like a fable than a reality ; and yet such is the case. That length of time takes us back to 1848 — the year in which the first house was erected in the place. Previous to that the whole town-site was a good field of wild oats, which grew in wonderful luxuriance here, owing to the richness of the soil. The original town-plot was planted in beans in 1847, which was the first evidences of civilization 232 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. which the place had ever known. In the short space of thirty-four years what a grand transformation has occurred ! Truly the results and fruits of energetic and well-directed industry are to be found no better developed than here. At this time (1847) there was not a house in the county except a few adobes, occupied by Mexicans and a few hardy American pioneers, such as George C. Yount and Julian Pope, who had penetrated the mountain fast- nesses which lay between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean and had found a resting place from their journeyings in the sweet valleys of this section. There was not a store, hotel, saloon, church or school within the limits of the county. There were neither roads, bridges nor fences, excepting a few small corrals, one of which was on the rancho of Don Cayetano Juarez, east of the river. There were no buildings near the town- site, except two adobe houses, one occupied by Nicolas Higuerra and situated not far from the present Calistoga avenue bridge, and the other, the resi- dence of Don Cayetano Jaurez on the Tulucay Rancho. The former has disappeared from sight long since, while the latter still remains as a tie, binding the present to the far-away past ; not so far away, however, in the matter of absolute time as in the radical changes which have occurred since then. The " Embarcadero de Napa " was established very early, probably before there were any residents in the valley at all. It is known that it was in existence in 1844, for in the early spring of that year General Sutter sent his schooner " Sacramento " to the Embarcadero for lime, which he had purchased of Nicolas Higuerra. William Baldridge and others came to Napa Valley from Sutter's Fort on board the schooner at that time. The first mention in a newspaper of what is now Napa City was made in an article published in the Califomian, then under the management of Brannan & Kemble, in 1848, in which it is stated that the ship " Malek Adhel " had passed up the Napa River, and found plenty of water to a certain point, and that beyond that was the " Embarcadero de Napa." Early in May, 1848, the first building was erected, which formed the nucleus around which the present city has grown. It was one and a half stories high, and in size 18 x 24 feet, and was built by Harrison Pierce for a saloon. The building is still standing, and in good condition, near the river on the south side of Third street, and in the same enclosure with the " Shade House." The lumber for this building was sawed by Ralph Kilburn, Har- rison Pierce and William H. Nash, at Bale & Kilburn's mill, two miles above St. Helena, and was hauled to Napa by William H. Nash. Six buildings were framed the previous winter at this mill and shipped to Benicia and San Francisco. The town-site was surveyed and laid out by the late Hon. Nathan Coombs in the spring of 1848, and the original limits of the town only included the land lying between Brown street and the river, and ex- Napa Township. 233 tending six hundred yards from Napa Creek to the steamboat landing. Captain John Grigsby and Nathan Coombs did the carpenter work on the new adobe house of Nicolas Higuerra, situated west of the present town-site, and took this tract of land in payment for their work. Shortly afterwards Captain Grigsby disposed of his interest to Mr. Coombs. They had taken a bond for a deed from Higuerra, but when the final papers were made out Mr. Coombs purchased the additional tract known for several years as the " Commons." Since then several other additions have been made to the town-plot, by various owners of land adjoining it, among whom are Thompson, Briggs & Russell, Hill, Hartson, Cornwell and Lawley. All these additions are now considered for all legal purposes as portions of Napa City. The town was formerly divided into sections known as " Napa Alta," or Upper Napa, and " Napa Abajo," or Lower Napa, the latter consisting of Thompson's addition of over one hundred acres, and these names are sometimes still used in descriptions of land. The embarcadero or landing was at the head of navi- gation, and the ford just above it determined the location of the town. There being no bridges in those days, the ford was a place of much im- portance, probably much more than was the embarcadero. When Pierce came to erect his building he got bewildered amid the forest of newly planted surveyor's stakes, and placed the structure in the middle of Main street. This was certainly a significant beginning for the erection of a saloon. The effects of what the building was destined to contain seem to have impressed themselves upon the projector very forcibly, or may be he had a stock stored away under the wide spreading branches of a neighboring tree, and took occasion to visit it quite frequently to see that it was all there, barring the quantity he imbibed himself. But, be that as it may, the building was discovered to be in the middle of the street by Nicolas Higuerra and the proprietor, after the building had progressed nearly to completion, the rafters only remaining to be put on. It was, upon the discovery of its misplacement, moved to its present site, and there completed. During that year, 1848, Mr. John Trubody mowed almost the entire town-site, which was covered with a rank growth of wild oats, and sold the hay to the Government. On the 8th of May gold was discovered, and by the time the pioneer building was completed the news had reached the residents of this valley, and on the twentieth of that month a party com- prising Harrison Pierce, William H. Nash, Ralph Kilburn, John Kelley, Frank Kellogg, William McDonald, Hiram Acres and Benjamin Dewell, together with an old Indian, Guadalupe, and his wife, whohad been brought from Mexico by William Gordon and Julian Pope, left Napa for the newly-discovered gold fields, thus being about the first to arrive there. 234 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. It will thus be seen that the newly-constructed edifice was deserted even before it had been initiated into the mysteries of a saloon. Pierce remained in the mines during the summer season, and that fall returned to Napa to find his building just as he had left it, and he put in a stock of liquors and opened the " Empire Saloon," a place well remembered by all old pioneers. The following summer it offered accommodations in the shape of lodgings, and " square meals " of beef, hard bread and coffee at one dollar each. The first election in Napa County was held in this building in 1849. It was subsequently occupied for various purposes, R. T. Montgoinery using it at one time as a dwelling-house. The old sign " Empire Saloon," was still visible in 1857. In 1849, a rude bridge was built across Napa Creek, near the line of Brown street, which fell in the autumn of 1851, under the weight of a load of wheat belonging to J. W. Osborn, killing two horses. Another in its place was built on Main street, which was carried away by a freshet in the winter of 1852-3, and the drift and debris lodging against the trees, threw back the waters and flooded the town. Another bridge was thrown across the creek at First street the same year. As stated above, there was a ford just above the head of navigation. There was a ford also near the foot of Second street, which was passable at low tide, and over which men swam their horses at high tide. In the fall and winter of 1848-9, a ferry was established by William Russel and a partner, at a point between Second and Third streets. In 1851, a toll bridge was built across the river just above the Vernon Mills, by J. B. Horrell, who obtained a franchise for the same from the Court of Sessions. During the fall of 1848, and the following winter, other buildings small temporary structures, half canvass, half redwood " shakes," were erected. The first store was opened in 1848, by J. P. Thompson, in a build- ing at the foot of Main street, on the site of the Star Warehouse. The next store was located on the tongue of land lying at the junction of the river and creek, and between the two streams, on the present site of " China- town." In 1849, Messrs. Vallejo & Frisbie (Gen. Mariano Guadalupe Val- lejo and Gen. John C. Frisbie) had three stores : one in Napa, one at Benicia and one at Sonoma, in which George N. CornWell was also inter- ested, and had charge of the one at Napa, which was the store mentioned above as being situated on the point between Napa River and Napa Creek. In the winter of 1848-9, there was another rush to the mines, and nearly all the male population of the community proceeded to the " diggins " to seek a fortune. Messrs. Corn well and Thompson remained in charge of their respective stores, and a few old men who did not care to brave the asperities of the weather, nor the hardships of a miner's life, tarried also. Some idea of the fabulous prices which commodities commanded at that Napa Township. 235 tame may be had when Ave state that lumber at the Capt. Stephen Smith mill at Bodega was worth $300 per thousand. The freight by wagon to Sonoma was $80 per thousand, and it was brought thence by vessel at quite an additional cost. Mr. Cornwell paid John Wooden, in 1849, $100 each for two stringers for a bridge, each sixty feet in length. That same year he fenced forty acres of barley, which was then growing on what is now known as " Corawell's Addition," with rails which cost him one dollar apiece. He paid $400 for thrashing the barley in Mexican style, $400 for a fanning mill, and $125 each for old-fashioned cradles. He did well, however, by the venture, as he raised from sixty to seventy bushels per acre, and sold it readily from $8 to $15 per cental. The next store was erected by Capt. Brackett and R L. Kilburn, which was located on Main street, below the American Hotel, and will be remem- bered as the office of the Reporter, in 1856, then published by Messrs. Montgomery & Cox. Within the next two years several other buildings were erected for business purposes, among which was Messrs. Hart & Mc- Garry's, on Main street, near the site of Messrs. Goodmans' Bank. This structure was erected by Archibald Jesse, and was originally used for a dwelling. Jacob Higgins built a store on the south-west corner of Brown and First streets, now forming a part of the German Music Hall. On the north-west corner was the store of Messrs. Seawell & Gregg ; also, a one- story frame building owned and kept by J. Mount, and another subsequently by Angus Boggs, and afterwards by J. H. Howland. There was a dwelling- house on Main street, which was subsequently used for mercantile pur- poses. There were two other stores on Main street, one on the south-west corner of Main and Second streets, and another on the north-west corner of the same streets, occupied by Messrs. Penwell & Walker. The McCombs Building, on the north-west corner of Main and First streets, was occupied as a meat market by rt. M. Hill, and for several years subsequently as a saloon. On the south-east corner was a blacksmith shop, presided over by one Mr. Guthrie. Excepting a few dwellings on Coombs street, there were but few buildings west of the Court-house previous to 1854 except mere shanties. The -first of any considerable size or pretensions was the dwelling of Major John H. Seawell, which has since been remodeled, and is now one of the buildings connected with the Napa Ladies' Seminary. South of this street all was an open common, with here and there a shanty, down as far as Colonel W. S. Jacks' place, on Jacks Point. The first warehouse was erected on the south side of First street, at the then steamboat landing, but it was earned away by the flood of the following winter. Another ware- house was put up in 1850 by John Trubody, near the foot of Main street, on what is known as Short street, and directly upon the river bank. This 236 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. building was occupied successively as a warehouse, store, saloon, post-office, church, Magistrate's office and boarding-house, and was still standing in 1871, as a relic and remembrance of early days. Another warehouse was erected by Angus L. Boggs in the spring of 1851, a block north on the same street. In consequence of the enormous prices of lumber and labor in those early days, buildings already framed were often shipped to California, and some of these are still standing in Napa City. Three of them united formed Gregg & Seawell's store, and now constitute the German Hotel, on the cor- ner of Brown and First streets. The stone building so long occupied by Messrs. A. Y. Easterby & Co., and the store opposite to it, which was de- stroyed by fire many years since, a portion of the old Court-house, the Napa Stable, the first building erected at Oak Knoll, a small store erected for Lawrence & Kimball, and the building so long occupied by Mr. George N. Corn well as a residence on First street, were among these imported buildings. In 1851, the bark "Josephine," which had been in Moorehead's expedi- tion to Gila, was purchased by George N. Cornwell, and Captain Chadwick sailed it up the Napa River to the " Embarcadero," for the modest (?) sum of one hundred dollars. The new proprietor proceeded to dismantle her, and house her over. She was then anchored to the bank of the river near the point of confluence of the river and the creek, east of First street bridge, and used for several years as a wharf -boat and store ship. She was ulti- mately sold to William A. Fisher, who rented her for the same purposes, and finally removed her, on the change of leaving the place, to the present steamboat landing. The population of Napa in those early days would have afforded a grand field for the student of human nature, as it was made up of a motley col- lection of representatives of all the nations under the sun. The New England Yankee elbowed the " Sydney duck," and the Chinaman and Negro stood cheek by jowl with the Digger Indian. Napa was a favorite resort for miners in the winter, whether they were " flush " or " dead broke." The chief places of business were the saloons, and gold dust was the medium of traffic, and scales stood upon every counter. Very little United States coin was in circulation, and as late as 1856 the medium of exchange was either gold dust, foreign coin, or a substitute for coin issued by the assay office of Kellogg & Humbert in San Francisco. They issued gold pieces of the value of five dollars, ten dollars, twenty dollars and fifty dollars, which were of full weight and equal fineness to the Government standard ; these were everywhere accepted as legal coin. All old settlers will well remember the fifty dollar " slug " as it was Qalled, which was so common in those days. The French franc and the English shilling passed freely for a quarter of a dollar and the five-franc piece for one dollar. No change was used smaller than a " bit," or ten-cent piece, and they were not reckoned to be of much Napa Township. 237 Consequence. The prices of everything, especially labor, was enormous, money being the only thing that was plentiful. Alas, how things have changed since then ! Gambling was the most fashionable pursuit, and men of all classes engaged in it. San Francisco saw itself repeated on a smaller scale in this embryotic city. A more rollicking and reckless set of men was never seen. Fights were of hourly occurrence and practical jokes of all sorts were the order of the day, and no better entertainment can be afforded than to listen to the recital of those e very-day jokes by a crowd of old- timers. There were neither churches nor schools, and practically there was no law, each man being " a law unto himself," and very few had settled habits. The mass of these men had no family ties to hold them in check, and there were no places of public resort excepting the bar-rooms, saloons and gambling houses. " It is not strange," says one who passed through the ordeal, " that very many of the early pioneers contracted ruinous habits, causing the premature death of many and a life-long regret to those that survive. They lived in a fever of excitement, careless of the morrow and determined to enjoy the present at all hazards to the full." With the organizing of the county in 1851 came the necessity of erecting a Court-house, which was built on the corner of Coombs and Second streets, and was a small two-story structure. The present Court-house plaza was occupied by Lawley & Lefferts as a lumber yard in 1855. It had long pre- vious to that been a vacant lot, covered knee-deep with tar-weed. In November, 1849, Captain Turner G. Baxter and Dr. Bracket arrived in Napa City and the Captain immediately embarked in the saloon and grocery business, which he followed till the spring of 1850, when he erected the " Valley House," on the site now occupied by David L. Haas' book store, which he conducted for a short time. The " American Hotel " was erected in 1850 by Nathan Coombs. Lyman Chapman and Samuel Starr, and the " Napa Hotel" by James Harbin in 1851. Several lodging-houses and res- taurants had previously been opened as appendages to saloons. In addition to the hotels mentioned above, there were in 1854, a blacksmith shop on First street, near the corner of Main ; a butcher shop on the corner kept by R. M. Hill, a restaurant just below it, kept by H. Sanderson ; a saloon just below it kept by J. M. Dudley, and a store kept by J. C. Penwell and A. B. Walker, on the present site of the bank of Napa. On the east side of Main street were Charles Hoits' store, the Shade House, and a few temporary buildings, mostly occupied as saloons or restaurants. Archibald Jesse built a dwelling, afterwards used by Messrs. Hunt & McGregory as a store. The building stood upon the present site of the Goodman & Co. Bank. Mr. George N. Corn well, who came to Napa in 1848, gives us the fol- lowing statement concerning what was here when he came, and the progress of the city for a year or two afterwards. " In 1847 Nicolas Higuerra erected 238 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. a new adobe house, and Nathan Coombs and Capt. John Grigsby took the contract of making and putting on the shingles, for which they received the tract of land which comprised the original town-site. In the fall of that year, the services of Mr. James M. Hudspeth, now of Green Valley, Sonoma County, were brought into requisition, and the town-plot was surveyed. The first building was a store erected by Southard & Sweezy, and it was located on the back of the river, just in the rear of the Uncle Sam wine cellar vinegar house. (This is evidently the same building spoken of above, as being built by Harrison Pierce. The apparent discrepancy lies, we think, in the fact that Pierce was the owner of the building, and the other named gentlemen did the carpenter work on it. So also in regard to what it was used for. Stores were apt to have a saloon attached to them in those days, and vice versa.) . The second building was also a store built by J. P. Thomp- son, and was located at the foot of Main street, where the mill now stands. There was a building also where the " 0. P. C " store now stands, on the corner of Main and Third streets. Archibald C. Jesse had a building on the corner of Second and Main streets, a little above where the Goodman Bank now stands, and it was then used for a dwelling. A man by the name of Brown had a little building, now occupied as a saloon, on the north-east corner of Second and Main streets. All of these buildings were here in the fall of 1848. The next building was the Vallejo & Frisbie store, at the junction of the creek and river. Ralph Kilburn, also constructed a dwelling in the fall of 1848. There was a little saloon on the corner of Main and Second streets, on the site of the bank of Napa, which was kept by two brothers named Johnson. Either in the fall of 1848 or the spring of 1849, the McComb's building was erected on the corner of First and Main streets, on the site of Alden & Co.'s store. The principal event of those pioneer days was the lynching of Hugh McCaully, a full account of which will be found in the chapter on homicides. In 1850, N. McKimmey, afterwards Sheriff of Napa County, had a ferry- boat near the foot of Second street. Mr. Thomas Earl, who came in that year, estimates the number of inhabitants at fifty, and the buildings at one dozen. The Napa House was then conducted by Frank Juarez. Mr. Earl was the first saddler in the place, and Charles Allen the first tinner. What is known as the " Lawley Addition " was purchased by Matt. Harbin from Nicolas Higuerra, and in 1853 Mr. Earl bought it from him, and subse- quently sold it to Mr. Lawley. A. W. Norton had a bjacksmith shop in the place at that time also. In the spring of 1855, the first brick building of any character whatso- ever was erected by John S. Robinson, and was a small dwelling-house located in the western part of town, and then really outside the city limits. Shortly after this, Thomas Earl and William H. James united forces, and pur- Napa Township. 239 1 I nick in Sacramento, and erected the first brick building in Napa for badness purposes. Mr. Earl purchased the brick in Sacramento and they were shipped to Napa on board the schooner " Susan Owens." The building was located on the south-west corner of Main and First streets, where it still stands. This statement is authentic, and should set at rest forever the mooted question of who built the first brick building in Napa. Shortly afterwards. A. W. Norton erected a brick blacksmith shop ; and the Revere House, the second Court-house, and some other business houses were all built of brick in 1856. From 1849 to 1854 the population of the town increased very rapidly, and in the latter year the place could boast of about four hundred people. As a matter of course, the business interests increased proportionately ; and in all about fortj r buildings graced the town-site with their presence. In . the first school-house was erected, and the first church building, the Presbyterian, was completed that year. The bank of the river was then covered with a dense growth of willows and alders, and the Indians were about equal to the whites in point of numbers. J. P. Thompson laid out that portion of Napa City known as " Napa Abajo " in 1853. As late as 1856 very little effort had been made to improve the streets or highways, and both were almost- impassable in the rainy season. There were only two places on Main street where a pedestrian could cross, one opposite the American Hotel, and the other nearly opposite the Napa House. The crossings were made of bundles of straw, thrown into the mud until the bottom was found. Woe was unto the unlucky wight who got belated, and had too much " tangle-foot " aboard, for a single misstep would send him into the mud up to his waist, to flounder out as best he could. The streets in wet weather resembled mud canals rather than thoroughfares for men and horses. In the summer season they dried up and became solid enough, but were full of undulations, which, to say the least, were not very gentle or regular ones. The streets in summer time became about as vil- lainous as they did in the winter season. Owing to the traveling of heavy teams over them they soon became cut into great ruts, and canopied with intolerable clouds of dust, through which people floundered over a strange mosaic of rubbish, cast-off clothing, empty bottles and sardine boxes. These were the days in which every man wore heavy boots, into the tops of which his pant were snugly stuffed. In the winter season these great boots were covered with mud up to the very tops of them, while in the antipode the wearer floundered as helplessly in clouds of dust. Everybody laughed at these annoyances, knowing that they were common to all, and the usual concomitants of a new settlement in a wild and unoccupied country. On the 4th day of July, 1856, the first newspaper ever published in 240 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Napa City or Napa County made its appearance. It was a small sheet, under the proprietorship and editorial control of A. J. Cox, and the name Reporter was placed at the head of the firstling. Robert T. Montgomery was its first subscriber, and did much in after years to shape and control its destinies. For the historical matter given above concerning Napa City we are under obligations to the early settlers, and also to Mr. Menefee's "Sketch Book." The chapter on the early settlement of Napa City in that work was compiled by R. T. Montgomery, one of the pioneers of the place, and no more capable and reliable man for the duty could have been found; hence we feel that what we have copied from that work is decidedly reliable. We will now take up the history of the city by years, recording whatever there is of interest, as we have found the matter stated in the local press of the place. We will, therefore, begin with 1856. — Unfortunately, the Reporter was published in those days "semi- occasionally," or in other words, it was a " tri- weekly " paper. It was issued one week, and they tried to issue it the next, but were as apt to fail as otherwise. The first bound number of this paper, which is now extant, is dated November 23, 1856, and is Volume 1, number 19, of the issue. It was then a 4-column folio, edited by A. J. Cox. The subscription price was five dollars, and advertisements were charged for at the rate of three dollars per square for single insertions. To give an idea of the business interests of the place at that time, we include here the advertisements which we find in that copy of the paper : L. J. Walker & Co., drugs, etc. ; J. M. Dudley, commission merchant, and agent of Wells, Fargo & Co's Express ; Eaton, M. D. ; Earl & Parks, saddlers, harness, etc. ; Lawley & Lefferts, general merchandise ; Easterby & Co., general merchandise ; N. Lawrence and J. Butterfield, general mer- chants ; Gilmore & Taylor, Napa Hotel ; A. Wegl & Co., (Yellow House) general merchants ; Schultze & Co., Napa City Mills ; Haller & Dorr, furni- ture ; B. Grims & Co., successors to A. L. Boggs, warehouse and storage ; John Strickland, Master of the fast sailing sloop " Kiturah," plying between Napa City and San Francisco; American Hotel, by Thomas Alker and Philip Hunsinger ; J. W. Smith, attorney-at-law, and notary public for Napa County ; S. R. Uncles, M. D. ; D. K. Rule, M. D. ; L. Bruck, notary public ; Johnson Horrell, attorney-at-law ; Henry Edgerton, attorney-at-law and District Attorney for Napa County ; Robert R. Pierpont, attorney-at- law ; W. W. Stillwagon, M. D. ; W. E. Taylor, superintendent of schools ; A. C. Latson, brick for sale ; Patrick O'Brien, tailor ; H. Sanderson, res- taurant ; " the elegant and fast steamer ' Guadalupe,' Capt. P. F. Doling, having been newly refitted, will leave Pacific street wharf, in San Fran- cisco, for Napa and way places, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays." %>.yt. &^c Napa Township. 24 1 Markets. — The following prices current will show that the cost of many things in 1856, were not so very much in excess of the present rates : Flour, SO ; wheat, $2 to $2.27i ; barley, $2.12£ to $2.18 ; oats, $2.18 to $2.20 ; sweet potatoes, 3& cents ; onions, 5 to 6 cents ; butter, 45 to 50 cents ; eggs, 60 cents; chickens, $5 to S7 ; corn, $2.25; hay, $18 to $20; bags, 13 to 13 J cents ; hams, 22 to 28 cents ; coffee, 16 to 17 cents ; sugar, 12| to 17 cents ; rice, 16 cents; lard, 27 cents; syrup, $1.25 ; dried apples, 1 6 cents ; dried peaches, 40 cents ; bacon, 12£ cents ; mess pork, 22 to 25 cents ; lumber, $35 to 840, and shingles, $6.50 to $7.50. 1857 — New Tears Day. — The following description of this occasion is taken from the Reporter, and the introduction is characteristic of the times in which it was written : " Another year has rolled around, and every ani- mate being is one year older than twelve months ago — a natural conclusion. All we have to say of 1856 is, Good Bye, old Muggins ! Many a hard tussel we have had togither. You are defunct now. Good Bye, old Mug ! On New Year's Day in Napa, everybody became convivial, even Joseph D. and Captain V. P. hugged each other in the manner in which Damon and Pythias were supposed to have done. The first day of January passed most pleas- antly in Napa, for the people in this place are proverbially distinguished for sobriety (in a horn as big as that of Plenty). Mr. Fuller gave a ball on Thursday night, and Messrs. Baxter, Wolfe, and ' Uncle Tommy, and others did the good thing, and everybody wished everybody a Happy New Year, long life, etc' We were in high luck that day. A good-looking young lady condescended to say ' I wish the printer much happiness.' We touched our hat, and retreated under a shower of egg-nog. Such was the day in Napa." Trial of Ned McGoivan. — One of the most interesting events of 1857 was the trial of the then famous Ned McGowan. All old settlers of Cali- fornia will well remember what a great excitement there was over the at- tempted capture of Ned McGowan by the Vigilance Committee in San Francisco. In the course of time, after being hunted like a wild beast from house to tule and from tule marshes to mountain fastnesses, receiving shelter and food at long intervals at the hands of God's ministering angels — women, who could not see the man starve, no matter what his crimes, he came back to the city and demanded a trial at the bar of Justice. This was granted him ; and on the 29th day of May, 1857, his trial began in Napa City, with the following gentlemen on the jury : David Hudson, P. D. Bailey, R. C. Gillaspie, W. H. Younge, James Glassford, Charles McBride, George Ware, Thomas Twist, Ralph L. Kilburn, Harrison Hornback and Charles Stillman. The jury was out only ten minutes, when a verdict of not guilty was rendered. 16 242 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Napa Guards. — The first election of this military company occurred November 23, 1857, and resulted in the selection of the following officers: Captain, F. S. Vaslit ; First Lieutenant, J. Bell ; Second Lieutenant, A. J. Cox ; Third Lieutenant, T. Moyer ; Surgeon, W. W. Stillwagon ; Quarter- master, J. Darnies ; Orderly Sergeant, G. Dennison ; Second Sergeant, C. H. Clark ; Third Sergeant, G. Crawford ; Fourth Sergeant, A. Raymond. 1858 — An Odd Advertisement. — In the issue of the Reporter of Sep- tember 25, 1858, the following curiosity appeared : BIBLES AND RELIGIOUS BOOKS. For sale by F. Bates, Bible Agent. I expect to be at the coming race, There I shall see many a smiling face ; I'll have Bibles and books of many kinds, And such as are best to store and improve the mini. Now the best bet that you ever won Is to buy Bibles and books to carry home. Ho, Everybody ! Come and buy Bibles and books a good supply, At the Christian State meeting, near Younts Mill, I will be happy your orders to fill ; I have Bibles both common and fine, So as to suit everyone's mind. When you come to know the price You will say they are nice. I have books of many descriptions, Religious, historical — but no fictions. Come, young and old, married and single, Buy Bibles and books and let the money jingle. F. Bates, Bible Agent. 1860 — The Stone Bridge. — The stone bridge across Napa River on First street was constructed in 1860, by Murphy. This bridge fell in during the flood of January, 1881, and a fine truss structure now spans the stream at that place. 1861. — Good Templars. — Franklin Lodge, No. 36, of this Order was in existence at .this time, and the following officers were elected April 1st of this year: Samuel Heald, W. C. T; J. M. Hamilton, W. V. T.; J. Van Doren, W. S.; Miss L. A. Willett,W. T; Martha C. Heald, W. F. S.; George W. F. Carter, W. M.; Rev. P. V. Veeder, W. Ch.; D. B. Magee, W. I. G; and R. T. Montgomery, W. O. G. 1862. — Academy for Boys. — Rev. P. V. Veeder opened an academy for boys in March of this year. As to the success of the venture, we are not informed. 1863. — The Napa Register was launched upon the sea of journalistic Xapa Township. 243 existence August 10th of this year. It was a rive-column folio, Republican in politics, anil under the management and proprietorship of J. I. Horrell. Hanging of Charles Britticm. — This execution was the crowning event of the year, viewed from a sensational standpoint. The drop fell at twenty minutes past three P. M., August 7th. The convict manifested the utmost indifference to his fate to the last moment, and obstinately refused all counsel from the priests who visited him. This was the first execution in Napa County. wvtary and Soldiers Relief. — During the war of the Rebellion, quite an 'amount was raised in various ways in aid of the above-named objects. On Christmas evening, 1864, a fair and festival was held in Napa for the benefit of the former which netted So 16 in gold, equal to 8700 in currency at that time. For the latter there was raised $100, equal to 8140 in green- backs. The society also shipped at this time four boxes of goods for the Soldiers' Relief, and one for the Sanitary Commission. 1864. — Xapa Guard. — The annual election of officers for this organiza- tion, in January, 1864, resulted as follows : Captain, E. S. Chesebro ; First Lieutenant, Jacob Blumer ; Second Lieutenant, E. Kimball ; Second Brevet Lieutenant, L. B. Kester ; Orderly Sergeant, J. G. Norton ; Second Sergeant, August Miller ; Third Sergeant, Joseph Elliott ; Fourth Sergeant, Imrie; Fifth Sergeant, D. Fairfield; First Corporal, C. B. Walker; Second Corporal, T. J. Dewoody ; Third Corporal, W. R. Cooper ; Fourth Corporal, Oscar Steinback ; Treasurer, E. S. Chesebro ; Investigating Committee, E. S. Chesebro, J. Dukes, R. J. Van Doren, E. Kimball and E. S. Smith ; Auditing Committee, W. R. Cooper, T. J. Dewoody and W. C. S. Smith; Music Committee, E. Kimball, J. Haskins and M. Dorr. .1 rtillery Company. — In 1864 Napa City boasted the only Artillery Com- pany outside of San Francisco. Napa, City — A Reminiscence. — The following resume of Napa, as it ap- peared in 1854, was published in the Register of February 27, 1864 : " This town, by some aspiring genius of early days, misnamed Napa City, has passed through great changes within the last ten years. The city ten yeai-s ago did not contain over forty buildings, all of wood, and mostly of the most primitive and slovenly style of architecture. The streets were just as nature made them, excepting the continually increasing upper stratum of old hats, boots, broken bottles, and sardine boxes contributed by the pioneers of our civilization. Wheeled vehicles, excepting for transporting heavy loads, were comparatively rare, almost all traveling being done on horse- back. It was a common sight to see over one hundred horses tied to the fence on First street, of a Saturday or Sunday, waiting to take their owners home at night-fall. Occasionally some hombre would get oblivious and leave his Rosinante with nothing but redwood rail diet for twenty-four 244 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. hours together. Small as the place was, Napa was one of the busiest little towns in the State. Avast quantity of goods were sold at high prices. The credit system was next to universal, and seemed to work well, for most men were not only able but willing to pay. The country around produced abundant crops of wheat which sold from three to four cents a pound ; cattle were worth five times their present price, and the cost of raising them was nominal, as one-half of the country was devoted to stock ranges. About half of the farmers were squatters on other people's land, and so had neither purchase money or taxes to pay, hence it is no wonder that money was plentiful. Most everybody had a pocket full of silver or some other Cali- fornia coinage, which came easily and went still more so. The floating population was much more numerous than at present. Scores of younw men, engaged in various pursuits, crowded the hotels. Among them were chaps of every shade of character, but the spirit of merriment pervaded them all. All manner of jokes were perpetrated, and fun was the upper- most object of one-half the population. They bucked 'ye tiger,' drank freely, worked hard, enjoyed themselves hugely, and were ready for any semi-innocent piece of devilment. There was more real amusement in a week then, than in a year now. There was at one time in full blast, a lyceum, a reading-room, a theater well attended, a company of minstrels, a band of music, an Agricultural Society and a Jockey Club. Our streets were pathless in wet weather, but we floundered through them cheerfully, caring very little for mud, or indeed for anything else except present enjoy- ment. Diggers of both sexes used to sun themselves at street corners by the score, in all the dignity of dirt and drunkenness. Churches we had none; schools only semi-occasionally. The Court-house was a wooden shanty, and we relied upon other counties for jail accommodations." Earthquake.- — Several shocks of earthquake have been felt at Napa, among the heaviest of which was that on the 12th of March, 1864. Freedmen's Aid Fund. — The people of Napa City have always sus- tained a reputation for generosity and liberality. No worthy charitable object was ever presented to their consideration, and allowed to go away illiberally subscribed to. May 28, 1864, a subscription of one hundred and forty dollars was raised at the Methodist Church, in aid of the Freedmen's Aid Fund. Contributions to the Christian Commission. — As a further proof that the assertion made in the last paragraph is true, we have it to record, and with pleasure we do it, that the total contributions to this most worthy object amounted to three thousand dollars on the 9th day of July, 1864. George Fellows subscribed two hundred dollars, and several of Napa's other citizens did nearly or quite as well. It will thus be seen that the fire of patriotism was burning brightly in the bosom of this people in the hour of the Nation's direst need. Napa Township. 245 1867. — Gas. — Permission was given to William Smith and others, May 1 lth of this year, to lay gas pipes in the streets of Napa. Nothing further seems to have heen done in the matter until December 14th, when the Board of Supervisors issued an order locating the street lamps of Napa City as follows : One at each stone bridge ; corner of Main and First streets ; corner of First and Brown streets ; corner of First and Randolph streets ; corner of First and Coombs streets ; corner Second and Main streets ; corner Third and Main streets ; corner of Fourth and Main streets ; corner of Second and Brown streets ; corner of Third and Brown streets ; corner of Third and Randolph streets, and the corner of Methodist Church and Randolph streets. The gas company were to receive the sum of nine dollars per month for supplying each lamp. 1S68. — Napa City as it was then. — Under date of January 11th of this year, the Register has the following : " To say that Napa is one of the few prominent towns in the State that have from the first maintained a prominent and healthful growth, will be but repeating a fact that is already generally known. Our citizens have justly felt a pride in the usually thrifty appearance of the town, and of late have given another substantial proof of their enterprise, by encouraging the introduction of gas works and liberally patronizing the enterprise. The stranger coming into our town after dark, now finds a generous gas light at nearly every street corner, and one can hardly believe, though having witnessed the transformation, that the Napa of to-day, with its excellent and fine schools, churches and public buildings, its streets and shops lighted with gas, and its railroad facilities, to be the same hamlet of a half dozen years ago. But because we have far advanced in modern improvements, and have outstripped some of our neigh- bors, we must not be idle, while more remains to be done. Particularly what Napa now requires most is some kind of local government, some practical and economical plan that will answer all the purposes of a town incorporation, without entailing the usual expenses of such. The popula- tion is becoming numerous enough to warrant this, and some system of street improvement is needed, that can be reached through a local govern- ment. Streets and sidewalks are now allowed to become abominations, because there is no help for it, but if property holders were compelled to improve their premises as the same should be, the value of property would be increased to such an extent as to more than balance the extra taxes." Incoi-poration. — Evidently the above article had the desired effect and set the ball for incorporation to rolling in fine shape, for under date of February 29th, we find the following : Several meetings have been held for the purpose of incorporating the town of Napa, but for some cause no acceptable plan was hit upon. At one of these meetings there was a com- mittee of three appointed to draft a charter, but they could not agree, and 246 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the result was that there were three reports brought in, one by each mem- ber of the committee. Some were in favor of incorporation under the general law, and others under a special Act of the Legislature. 1869. — -Small-pox Epidemic. — Early in this year the small-pox broke out in " Spanishtown " in a virulent form, and had quite an extensive run. A Sanitary Committee was appointed, who took charge of the matter, and on the 20th of March made the following report : To the Citizens of Napa : Your committee respectfully report that they have discharged the duties assigned them in such a manner as they trust will meet your approval. The total number of cases of small-pox in the county was 60, as follows : CASES. DIED. In Spanishtown, whites 6 1 In Spanishtown, Spanish 46 7 In Spanishtown, Indians 1 1 In the Redwoods, whites 6 2 In the hills east of town, Spanish 1 Total 60 11 The total disbursements by the Committee to date amount to $7681 . 04. Bills yet to be paid will raise the sum, in round numbers, to $9000. The following is the financial statement of the attending physician, Dr. W. W. Stillwagon : NAPA COUNTY. Dr. To cash paid for sundries in Hospi- tal $213 00 To cash paid nurses 303 00 To medical services $1,500 00 $2,016 00 Gr. By cash from Sanitary Committee . $165 50 By cash from Father Deyaert 5 00 By cash from J. McKenzie 10 00 By order, General Fund, $922 at 90 cents S29 80 By order, Indigent Fund, gold .... 216 00 By greenbacks, $216 at 80 cents. . 172 80 Balance 616 90 2,016 00 Actual amount received for services, $883 . 10. At this meeting of the citizens the following resolutions were unani- mously adopted : Resolved, That, in the opinion of this meeting, the above amount of $883 . 10 is inadequate remuneration for the invaluable services rendered the county by saving it from the dreadful scourge with which it has been threatened. Resolved, therefore, That this meeting considers it inexpedient and illibe- ral to cut down the moderate charges of the physician and nurses, to whose Napa Toivnship. 24 7 attention and skill this community is mainly indebted to for its present immunity from the disease. Resolved, That the Board of Supervisors be respectfully requested to reconsider their action in the premises, and to pay the county indebtedness to Dr. Stillwagon in full, he having been authorized by the Sanitary Com- mittee, at the urgent request of the citizens in mass meeting, to spare no expense in fighting the disease. 1873. — The bridge across the river at Third street was completed in April of this year, at a cost of $9,000. It is a draw-bridge, and a fine structure. Old Indian G/raveyard. — In cutting the crossing of Franklin and Laurel streets, the workmen came upon the bones of over one hundred skeletons, also a stone mortar, pestle, and other aboriginal implements. The place had doubtless been used by the former denizens of this vicinity as a place of sepulture. Records of Napa City. — The " Town of Napa City " was incorporated by a special Act of the Legislature, approved March 23, 1872. From the minutes of the Board of Trustees we have compiled what follows : The first Board was composed of John Even, J. A. Jackson, T. F. Raney, Henry Fowler and L. Bruck. The first meeting of the Board was held May 9th. The officers of the Board were : Chairman, L. Bruck ; Clerk, S. E. Smith, who was also Treasurer. May 10, 1872, Trustee Raney introduced the following motion: "That the trustees of this corporation do not recognize the authority of any con- tract made by the Board of Supervisors of Napa County for the supplying of gas for the town of Napa City after the organization of the corporation." It will be remembered that the Board of Supervisors ordered street lamps to be erected at certain places, and that an order was also promulgated that the sum of nine dollars per month be paid for each lamp to the gas com- pany. The motion quoted above was the beginning of a warfare between the city and the gas company, which ultimated in leaving the streets of the city in Egyptian darkness; and now the stranger arriving in the city after night is surprised to find a place of this size with gas works within its limits without a single light throughout its length and breadth. J. Even introduced the following motion, May 10, 1872: That the Board of Supervisors of Napa County be requested to turn over to this corporation the engine house, together with any other property paid for by the Napa City Improvement Funds. The Board of Supervisors complied with the request. The second Board of Trustees was composed of the same members as the first. The Chairman of the Boai'd was T. F. Raney ; Clerk, J. C. Pier- son; Treasurer, C. Haller ; City Marshal, Jesse Grigsby, and City Assessor, C. E. Comstock. 248 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. September 29, 1873, a Babcock Hook and Ladder Truck was purchased by the city, for which $950 was paid. The city officers for 1874 were as follows : Trustees, George N. Corn- well, Z. W. Keyes, H. H. Knapp, W. W. Stillwagon and C. H. Allen ; Mar- shal, Thomas Earl ; Clerk, John Kean ; Chairman of the Board, George N. Cornwell, and City Attorney, G. W. Towle. August 19, 1874, it was ordered by the Board that William P. Hum- phreys make a map and establish the grades for the streets of the town, and also establish a system of sewerage. The sum of $2200 was the price agreed upon for this service. The officers for 1875 were the same as for 1874, except that S. E. Smith was Clerk and Treasurer. December 6, 1875, the office of Chief of Police was filled by vote of the Board, which resulted in the choice of J. B. Walden. February 23, 1876, J. C. Pierson was appointed Clerk and Treasurer, vice S. E. Smith, resigned. A law went into effect in 1876 by which three of the members of the old Board should hold over for one year. This was determined by lot and C. H. Allen, Geo. N. Cornwell and Dr. W. W. Stillwagon were the ones chosen. The officers of the city for 1876 were : Trustees, for the long term, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff and T. F. Raney, and for the unexpired term of C. H. Allen, S. B. Wilson, and these together with G. N. Cornwell and Dr. W. W. Stillwagon formed the Board ; Treasurer and Clerk, J. C. Pierson ; Marshal and Assessor, Thomas Earl ; Attorney, C. B. Towle ; Chairman of the Board, Dr. Benj. Shurtleff. For the celebration of the Centennial Anniversary the Trustees appro- priated the sum of $200. March 5, 1877, C. B. Seeley was appointed to the position of Clerk and Treasurer, and on the same date H. Fowler was appointed a member of the Board of Trustees, vice G. N. Cornwell. The city officers for 1877 were : Trustees, G. Barth, Jos. Henry, W. R. Cooper, Dr. Benj. Shurtleff and T. F. Raney. Chairman of the Board, Dr. Benj. Shurtleff. Marshal, W. H. Holliday ; Clerk and Treasurer, J. N. Wall- ingford. The officers for 1878 were: Trustees, Dr. Benj. Shurtleff and J. H, Mallet elected, and the hold-over members of the last Board; Marshal. George Allen ; Clerk and Treasurer, J. N. Wallingford ; Attorney, G. W. Towle. The officers for 1879 were : Trustees — J. Henry, W. R. Cooper and G. Barth, elected ; Marshal, G. W. Allen ; Treasurer and Clerk, E. S. Gridley ; Chairman of the Board, Dr. Shurtleff. Napa Tozunskip. 249 The officers for 1880 were : Trustees — A. Sampson and H. H. Knapp, elected ; Marshall.. G. W. Allen ; Treasurer and Clerk, J. N. Wallingford ; Chairman of the Board, H. H. Knapp. The officers for 1881 are : Trustees— C. B. Seeley, Dr. E. Haun and W. \V. Thompson, elected ; Clerk and Treasurer, T. F. Kaney. Legislative Enactments. — The following Acts of the Legislature have reference to Napa City, either specially or generally. Bridge Across Na/pa River. — March 5, 1852, an Act was passed to con- Hnn the action of the Court of Sessions of Napa County in relation to granting a franchise to John B. Horrell to erect and conduct a toll-bridge across the Napa river. We may state, as a matter of history, that this bridge was subsequently purchased by the individual subscriptions of the people of Napa, and made free. Mr. Thomas Earl took the lead in this worthy and business-like enterprise, and circulated the subscription list himself, which the late Hon. Nathan Coombs headed with $200. Wharf at Napa City. — March 9, 1857, a franchise was granted to Brice Grimes to construct a wharf at the foot of Fourth street, in Napa City, said franchise to extend for ten years. Animals at Large in Napa City, — April 10th, 1862, the following Act was approved : From and after May 1, 1862, it shall not be lawful for any horses, mules, cows or other horned cattle, goats or hogs to run at large in the streets of Napa City. April 17, 1863, this Act was so modified that any resident or householder in Napa City " may have and let run at large one cow, but he shall be responsible for all damages done by said cow." Napa City Lmprovement. — April 1, 1864, the following Act was approved: The Board of Supervisors are hereby authorized and required at their next meeting, to levy a tax of half of one per cent, on each $100, of the assessed value of all taxable property, both real and personal, in Napa City and all its additions, which money shall be under the control of the Board of Supervisors, for the purpose of constructing cisterns, for building a truck or engine house, for purchasing new hose for the engine, and for repairing the engine. The Board is authorized to construct one cistern in the Court- house square in Napa City, and pay for the same out of the county fund. January 24, 1870, an Act was passed as follows: A sum not to exceed §2,500, shall be set aside by the Board of Supervisors, which shall be em- ployed for the purpose of lighting the streets and supplying the cisterns with water, and repairing the engine house. The Board may also establish the grade of the streets, and a system of drainage for Napa City. Lncorporation of Napa City. — The Act incorporating the " Town of Napa City "was approved March 23, 1872, and the following boundaries were established. Commencing at the north-west corner of Spencer's addi- tion on Lincoln avenue ; thence, eastwardly along said avenue, including 250 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the same, to Trancas street ; thence south-westerly to its intersection with Lawrence street in Cornwell's Addition ; thence at right angles, eastwardly to Napa River ; thence down said river to the north-east corner of Napa Abajo ; thence westwardly along the southerly line of said Napa Abajo, to the south-west corner thereof ; thence southerly along the westwardly line of Napa Abajo to the south-east corner of Corn well and Hartsons Addition ; thence westwardly along the southerly line of said Cornwell and Hartsons Addition to the south-west corner thereof; thence northerly along the westerly line of said Cornwell and Hartsons Addition, to the north-west corner thereof; thence northerly to the south-west corner of Boggs Ad- dition ; thence northerly along the westwardly line of Boggs Addition, to the south-west corner of Spencers Addition ; thence northerly along the west-side of Madison street of said Spencers Addition to the place of beginning. The Board of Trustees cannot incur an expense exceeding one thousand dollars, except there be money in the treasury. Robert Crouch, E. N. Boynton, P. Van Bever, Thomas Earl and George N. Cornwell, or any three of them are to hold an election on the first Monday in May, 1872. February 24th, 1874, the city was re-incorporated under the name of " City of Napa." The boundaries remained the same as before. The Board of Trustees was to be composed of five members, whose remuneration shall be one dollar per year. The pay of the other officers shall be such as the Board may decide upon. Street Railroad. — It is quite possible that but few of the citizens of Napa City now remember that a franchise for a street railroad was ever granted, and it will be news to a host of them. It is nevertheless true, however, that on March 3, 1872, a franchise was granted to H. F. Barker, J. Even, A. B. Walker, J. F. Zollner and E. N. Boynton to construct a street railroad in Napa City, beginning on Main street and running along said street as far as practicable, then to the land owned by the Odd-Fellows, about one mile west of town. Orders of the Board of Supervisors. — The following orders of the Board of Supervisors have reference to Napa City, hence are appended here: Cisterns for Napa City. — September 22, 1864, an order of the Board provided for the establishment of cisterns in Napa City as follows : At the intersection of First and Brown streets, the intersection of Division and Randolph streets, and at the south-west corner of the public square. Engine House.— The contract for erecting the engine house was let to William Richmond, May 9, 1867, for the sum of five thousand four hundred and fifty dollars. Napa Township. 251 Water for Napa City. — For nearly fifteen years this vexed and vex- ing question has agitated the minds of the people of Napa, and it is, we arc very loth to record, no nearer solution to-day than it was at the begin- ning. It may, however, come to pass within the next few years that the town will be supplied with water, as the people seem more determined on the question, and have a more centered purpose than ever before in this natter. We will give a brief resume of the history of the many projects which have been advocated, with more or less favor, for the achievement of the desired object. The first mention that we find of any effort being made to supply the city of Napa with water, is copied from the Register of March 7, 1868, which is as follows : "A move is being made to bring fresh water into the city of Napa. Good water can be got within four miles of town and brought into the place at little expense. There are but few good wells in the place, and those within a few hundred yards of the river are more or less brackish or tinctured with iron." November 24, 1869, the Napa and Vallejo Water Company was organ- ized, with a capital stock of $200,000, divided into two thousand shares of $100 each. C. Hartson, J. F. Miller, M. M. Estee, E. J. Wilson and R Bur- nell were named as the directors of the company. It was the intention of this corporation to procure their water supply from Milliken Canon, some three miles from Napa City. It was thought then that this canon would afford a sufficient quantity of water to supply two towns the size of Napa, and it was estimated that the cost of bringing in the water would not amount to more than $25,000. It seems that nothing was ever accom- plished by this company. September 10, 1870, another enterprise bloomed into existence, under the name of the Napa City Water Company, which had, on paper, a capital stock of $250,000, divided into shares of $100 each. The trustees of this incorporation were A. Cholot, C. H. Potter and Dr. P. Barstow. This com- pany accomplished just what its predecessor did — nothing. In February, 1871, the good people of Napa were subjected to another water excitement, and, as usual, to another disappointment. A company was organized in San Francisco at this time, and water was promised in short order, but it never came through the agency of that corporation. In the fall of 1871 the excitement of getting water into Napa ran very high, and three different companies were organized for that purpose. No- vember 4th of this year the Caymus Canon Water Company was incorpo- rated, with a capital stock of $500,000, with S. C. Hastings, William Doolan and C. Hartson as trustees. This company proposed to take water from Rector Canon, and it was their intention, as stated in their articles of incorporation, to supply Napa, Vallejo, Mare Island and San Francisco with water. Their aspirations were grand, but their achievements nil. 252 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. About this time the Unoyomi Water Company was organized with a cap- ital stock of fifty thousand dollars, having as trustees, Nathan Coombs, T. H. Thompson, and J. H. Howl and. It was stated as the intention of the incorporation to supply Napa City with water taken from the Unoyomi Creek, or the south branch of the Tuolucay Creek. It never proceeded further than on paper. During the same fall the Soscol Water Company was set on foot. It had a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars, with Robert Sheehy, T. H. Thompson, and William Governeur Morris as trustees. Like all other previous companies, it accomplished nothing. In January, 1875, the Napa Valley Water Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of five hundred thousand dollars, held in shares at one hundred dollars each. The trustees were G. S. Burraze, C. 0. St. John, B. M. Schofield, William A. Stuart, and Samuel B. Steele. The object of this corporation was to take water from the Rector and other creeks, and supply water to Napa City, Vallejo, Mare Island, Benicia, and other places. The usual outcome attended this company's efforts. Matters seem to have remained statu quo on the water question until August 11, 1877, when a San Francisco company, represented by Messrs. Garrett, Smith, and Colver placed a petition before the Board of City Trus- tees, asking for a franchise of twenty years duration, to put in water, free of any subsidy. The Napa Water Company then came in and proposed to give bonds for ten thousand dollars, and to bring water into the city in ninety days. The San Francisco parties were going to bring their water from Rector Canon. There was a petition signed by ninety-seven citizens, asking the Board of Trustees to grant the San Francisco company the right to go on with their enterprise, but the Board gave the Napa company the preference. It is not necessary to comment on this action of the Board, nor is it within the province of our work to do so. We simply wish to call attention to the fact that there was a " dog in the manger" in this transac- tion, evidently. It would seem from the above statement that bonds for ten thousand dollars were a consideration in the proposition, but we find no records showing that the bonds were ever executed, and the absence of water to the present day would indicate their forfeiture. It appears that the Napa Water Company failed to do anything in the matter, and the trustees then returned to the proposition of the San Fran- cisco parties ; for under date of August 31, 1878, we find it stated that "the thing went so far that a contract was drawn up and sent to San Francisco for approval by the Rector Canon Company. An ordinance was also passed by the Board of Trustees granting the company the right to lay water- mains and pipes in the streets of Napa." From some cause or other a " hitch " arose in the consummation of this plan to supply the town with mi^ Napa Township. 253 water, ami so that hope for the famishing people died, as had all its prede- TS. In 1876, a hill was introduced into the Legislature to allow the city of Napa to create a debt for the purpose of bringing water to the place. With some amendments and changes it finally passed both branches. No action was taken in the matter until late in 1880, when the subject of city water as a city enterprise began to be vigorously agitated. December 13th, 0. H. Bucknam, a civil engineer, employed by the Board of Trustees to sur- vey the line and make estimates on bringing water from the Hudeman Crock, made a very full and elaborate report, in which he estimated that the plan w r as feasible at a cost of from 857,250 to 871,750. The question of creating a city debt to the amount of §100,000 was then submitted to the citizens of the place. At one of the public meetings held, pending the election, Dr. Benj. Shurtleff made a speech in favor of the measure, which so fully covers the ground that we quote from it copiously : " In accordance with law, the Board of City Trustees have submitted a proposition to the electors of Napa to create and bond a debt of 8100,000, the interest thereon to be met within a term not to exceed twenty years from the issue of the bonds. With this fund the trustees propose to furnish the city of Napa with an ample supply of pure, fresh water. For the first time in our municipal history this brings the w^ater question face to face before the people themselves. If you vote them the means the trustees design supplying the city with the waters of the Hudeman Creek and adjacent springs. This is the most feasible proposition the Board could submit to the people, hence it will receive the support of every man who is in favor of water, and should be carried, as it doubtless will, by the requisite two- thirds vote. I believe the waters of Hudeman Creek and its springs, wisely appropriated, will meet the w r ants of a city with a population of fifteen thousand and will be sufficient to supply Napa for the next thirty years. The judgment of practical men, long familiar with the waters of Hudeman Creek, accords with the report of the engineer. Our fellow townsman, Joseph Henry, built a saw-mill on Hudeman Creek in 1853, and ran it some eight months out of tw x elve for six years. He informs me that without dam or reservoir, using only the running w T ater of the stream, he success- fully ran his mill, some years as late as the month of July. '■ We cannot have water wdthout a temporary debt ; but the debt need not be oppressive. The highest annual city tax that can be levied is but 83.50 on the 81000, and I do not believe it will be necessary to levy this amount after the first year when the works are completed, which wall yield a revenue to the city from the sale of water. " There is another important consideration to be borne in mind. This S100.000 will not all take wings and flee from the city and county. The 254 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. laborer, the mechanic and the teamster will all come in for his share. The money will be expended among ourselves, reviving every industiy and every channel of business ; for it is the laborer, the poor and middle classes who send out their earnings through every department of business, while the miser, whenever he finds the American eagle perched upon a piece of coin, sits down upon the proud bird with the crushing weight of an ele- phant. " There are few a men who want water but hate a city debt more than they love water. They say, we will vote down this water proposition, then an incorporation, company or some enterprising individual will bring water into Napa ; then we shall avoid a debt, and those who want water can pay for it. This is the saddest delusion of all. Why, has not Napa been deluged on paper for the last twenty years ? Water companies and water schemes have sprung up by the score, but the only parties that ever came forward, went to work, and put money in the enterprise, was a company of young men from Modesto, who attempted to supply the city by boring wells, which, proving a failure, they soon abandoned. There is not another city in America that has had such a boom from wild-cat water companies as Napa. Now, what have all these pretentious, high-sounding water com- panies done ? Why, all their combined energies have not brought water enough into Napa to give a canary bird a square drink ; not enough to moisten the mucilage on one of Uncle Sam's postage stamps. You say, wait a little longer, and a company will bring us water. Yes, these wild-cat water companies will bring water. They will bring us water when the sun rises in the west and goes down in the east. They will supply Napa with water when the capitalist calls in his loans upon city property because that city brings an abundant supply of water to protect property against the ravages of fire, and makes the capitalist's loan doubly secure. " I feel confident that water will triumph in the issue, but should victory crown the efforts of the anti- water party next Tuesday it will be a gloomy hour for Napa. If the friends of water fail in this struggle we can get no water for the next ten years, for I do not believe there will be a dozen men in this city who will vote against water next Tuesday who could be induced to support any proposition that the trustees might submit for the introduc- tion of water. But we shall not be defeated. If there is a young man in Napa who is opposed to water I do not know who he is. The young men are not only in favor of water, but they are working hard. This contest is a battle between the active, vigilant, indomitable forces of progress on one side, with gouty, gravelly, dyspeptic retrogression on the other. Such a contest cannot be doubtful. Ten years ago, on a windy, boisterous October evening, a vicious cow kicked over a lantern in a stable and kindled a fire that laid the great flourishing city of Chicago in ashes. Let the citizen of Napa Tozunship. 255 Napa, who casts his vote next Tuesday against water, be mindful that he gives a beastly kick at the future growth, safety and progress of his own fair city.'' The election was finally held and by a vote of four hundred and sixty- one to fifty-four the qualified electors of the city of Napa decided that the trustees might contract such indebtedness as might be necessary to secure a water supply, providing it does not exceed the sum of $100,000. The total vote polled was five hundred and twenty-one, or fourteen less than that recorded at the last municipal election. The polls were held in the Engine House, R. Peddie, Beeby Robinson and S. A. Scott acting as judges of election, and T. N. Mount and W. T. Johnson as clerks. The canvassing of the vote occupied about one hour's time, and was concluded at 9 o'clock. In the first hundred votes counted there were fourteen to one in favor of water ; in the second hundred, ten to one ; in the third, eight to one ; in the fourth, seven to one, and the last fraction of a hundred five and one-half to one ; all of which show how well the water advocates did their work. Six votes were rejected as illegal. When the result was known there were wild demonstrations of joy among the people — bells were rung, cannons fired, bombs exploded and fire works set off— many of those who had at first opposed the debt joining in celebrating the victory. Churches. — It seems perfectly natural for mankind to have a place of worship, and no matter how long they may be isolated from the influences or teachings of the Gospel, when an opportunity presents itself they attend upon the services with a great degree of regularity, and give very liberally of their means for the support of the li^inistry and the erection of church edifices. As a striking evidence of this fact we have but to refer to the old mining days, when the best contributors to the Gospel ministrations were gamblers and saloon-keepers, not because they had any more desire to see sacred institutions flourish and divine influences spread, than did the horny- fisted miners, but because they had more ready cash at their command when the subscription was taken. In those days denominationalism did not flourish to any great extent ; the population was altogether too cosmopolitan, and in fact remains so to this day. The minister went into a camp and prom- ised the " boys," as everybody was then called, that he would preach to them, not as the representative of the Methodist, Baptist, or any other sect, but simply as a minister or proclaimer of the Gospel truth, as set forth in the life, example and death of Jesus Christ, and away down in the hearts of all those sturdy, sun-browned men there would be a feeling that they had not felt before for many and many a day. The remembrance of the early religious training of their youth, the songs and prayers of a now sainted mother, the blessings and invocations of a father who, as the boy was just 256 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. about to step over the threshold of his boyhood's home into the realms of the outer and to him all untried world, had placed his hand reverentially on his young head and said, as tears, scalding, burning tears flowed down his fur- rowed cheek, all furrowed with care and anxiety for this same boy : " My son, may the God who has been so merciful to me and to you, and spared your life and mine to see the day of your complete and full manhood, ever keep you in the paths of duty, rectitude and truth, ever protect you from all the ills of life, shielding you from the tempter's snare, with the great strong wing of His love, and finally guide you to that haven of eternal rest, that mansion of light not made by hands, eternal in the heavens, where the wicked cease from troubling and the weary be at rest." All this came up in their memory, and a longing to hear once more the " old, old story of Jesus and His love," would seize them, and out would come the buckskin bags, and the shining dust would be poured out without stint or measure. In the early days of Napa, before there were any church edifices, there were several denominations represented which held occasional services in the old Court-house. There were several sects represented in Napa then, which had little bands of worshippers, which have now disappeared. Among these may be mentioned the Congregationalists, Cumberland Pres- byterians, Universalists and Unitarians. Originally any itinerant preacher who happened along gave a sermon in the Court-room, and those religiously inclined attended irrespective of denominational proclivities. Those were the good old days when the first man who arrived at the building would play the part of janitor, and taking a broom would sweep the floor, usually covered with discarded quids of tobacco and cigar stumps. If the services were at night, each attendant would bring along a candle, and whatever was left after the service was over was carried home. But a wonderful change has occurred since those primitive days, as may be seen by following the history of the various churches through the following pages. Presbyterian Church. — From the records of this church we find that in April, 1853, Rev. J. C. Herron was sent from Philadelphia to Napa Valley, as a missionary, by the Board of Missionaries of the Presbyterian Church. Accompanied by his wife, he took up his residence with Col. M. D. Ritchie, then living at the head of the valley, through whose efforts, seconded by his son-in-law, the late Hon. John S. Stark, Mr. Herron was requested to occupy this field. During the summer and fall of 1853 Mr. Herron preached regularly at different points in the valley, holding services, when in Napa, in the old Court-house, which formerly stood on the comer of Second and Coombs streets, just west of the Revere House, that building then serving as a hall of justice, a jail and church. The interior of the Court-room as it appeared on the Sabbath is thus vividly described by one of the original members of the church, who worshiped there : Napa Township. 257 " The inside appearance of the Court-room was rather sorry for a place of worship, especially when Court had been held there the preceding day. The furniture of the room consisted of narrow slabs placed on roughly hewn logs, no work of drawing-knife or plane being visible, which were arranged around three sides of the room for seats. A plain board table and three or four rickety and uncushioned chairs graced the center of the room, while in front of the Judge's stand, on a slightly raised platform, stood a desk. No carpet and no curtains, no paint, no finish of any kind, had been wasted on this public hall. No lamps, or even candle-sticks were there ; but when services were held at night, old bottles — empty black bot- tles, that had evidently done duty in another capacity — wei-e called into requisition, and held the melting tallow candles, not very erect sometimes, nevertheless held them. It was the custom of the attendant first arriving to procure a broom and sweep the room and otherwise arrange for the com- fort of the worshipers. The upper part of the building was used for pub- lic offices, and a jail ; and it was not at all an uncommon thing for the nerv- ous and timid ones of the congregation, during service, to be annoyed by the rattling of chairs and other discordant sounds proceeding from the pris- oners' apartments." It was amid such surroundings that the Presbyterian Church of Napa was formed in the fall of 1853. Mr. Herron and family moved to Napa, opened a school and preached regularly, without any church organi- zation, until January 19, 1855, when the Presbyterian Church was organized, with the following named persons as organizing members : J. M Hamilton, W. S. Jacks, Hamlet Jacks, Mrs. Anna P. Hamilton. Mrs. Annie L. Jacks, Mrs. Kate A. Gilmore, Mrs. M. L. Ogden, Mrs. C. M. Herron, Mrs. Amelia W. Jacks, Miss S. A. Smith, and Miss S. A. Woodruff. They adopted as their code of faith and rule of practice the Westminster Confession of Faith. J. M. Hamilton was chosen as ruling elder, and J. M. Mansfield James Lefferts, R. Pierpont, Fred Ogden, and W. C. S. Smith as trustees. Rev. J. C. Herron was engaged to supply the pulpit for one year at a salary of .%00. He remained until January 17, 1858, receiving during that time from his congregation and the Board of Missions enough to make his salary amount to SI 200 for the year. After a proposition being made in the fall of 1857, to introduce instru- mental music into the service, to which Mr. Herron made objection, it being contrary to the discipline of that branch of the church to which he belonged j he offered his resignation, which was accepted January 17, 1858. The church was thus without a steady pastor, until May 9th of the same year, when Rev. P. V. Veeder, of Sacramento, was called, and began his pastorate on the 16th of that month. The society had in the meantime erected a 17 258 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. comfortable house of worship on Randolph street, which was built by Mr. J. Horrell, in the winter of 1857-8, at a cost of three thousand six hundred dollars. Hon. N. Coombs donated the lot on which it was erected. In 1858 a debt was hanging over the church like an incubus, when the trustees assumed the debt, and assessed themselves one hundred and sixteen dollars each, and freed the church of all liabilities. Mr. Veeder remained as pastor until July, 1865, when he removed to San Francisco to take charge of the City College there. Rev. Condit was then engaged to supply the pulpit for an unlimited time. He was, however, called to another field, and finished his ministrations the following April. The church was then without a pastor, and so remained until August 19, 1866, when Rev. Richard Wylie began his labors as stated, filling the pulpit for a term of six months, when he was elected and duly installed pastor of the church July 21, 1867. In March, 1868, the congregation voted a leave of absence to the pastor, in order that he might attend a meeting of the General Assembly at Albany, New York, Rev. James Wylie supplying the pulpit in the meantime. In 1869 the church building was enlarged and improved, being widened, lengthened, repainted and refurnished, at a cost of $3000. The late James Wylie and his son Richard at that time donated to the church a bell, which cost $600, which was put in place, and has ever since, in full, rich tones indicated the hour of prayer. On the 18th of October of this year, Mr. Wylie, the pastor, was forced on account of ill-health, to temporarily leave his charge and goto Minnesota, where he spent the following winter; thence to Europe, traveling through England, France and Scotland, and returning to Napa with fully restored health, November 15, 1871. He then assumed the duties of pastor, which relation he still sustains. During Mr. Richard Wylie's absence, covering a period of about two years, the Rev. James Wylie, now deceased, who was greatly beloved by the entire Christian population of Napa, discharged the duties of pastor with great acceptability. After May, 1864, the church was self-supporting. At the present time, one hundred and eighty-one members belong to the church. Of the eleven original members, only one, General W. S. Jacks, still resides in Napa. In 1874, five of them were dead, and the other five lived elsewhere. At a meeting of the members and congregation of the Presbyterian Church, held April 5, 1874, at which R. Dudding presided, it was resolved to incorporate in accordance with the laws of the State, whereupon the following Board of Trustees were elected : W. C. S. Smith, David McClure, W. A. Fisher, David Emerson, G. M. Francis, J. N. Larimer and George E. Goodman. Articles of incorporation were proposed and the association was duly incor- porated, under the name of " The Presbyterian Church of Napa." A charter to the association was issued from the Department of State, at Sacramento, April 7, 1874. Napa Township, 259 At a mooting held May 30, 1874, plans for a new church, executed by Daley & Eisen, architects, were adopted, and on Thursday, July 9th, of that war, the contract was awarded for building the same to J. W. Batchelor, of Vallejo, at a contract price of S17,375. In the meantime a transfer of pro- port v was consummated between the trustees and Rev. Richard Wylie, by which the former received 120 x 80 feet on the corner of Third and Ran- dolph streets, on which to erect the new building. Work was immediately commenced on the new structure, and the contract for painting the same awarded to E. Shultis, August 13, 1874, for $1700. The corner-stone of the new building was laid at 4:30 P. M., Thursday, August 20, 1S74, with appropriate and interesting ceremonies. The exer- cises were begun by singing, the choir consisting of Messrs. R. Peddie, J. M. Mansfield and A. C. Wood, and Mrs. George E. Goodman and Miss Fannie Jacks, the latter presiding at the organ. Rev. J. E. Barnes then delivered a brief and impressive prayer, after which, Mr. G. M. Francis, secretary of the society, read the following list of articles, which had been deposited in the corner-stone : 1st, a condensed history of the Presbyterian Church, from its organization up to the present time, including a complete list of its officers and pastors ; 2d, one copy each of the Napa papers ; 3d, catalogue of the Napa Ladies' Seminary, for 1874 ; 4th, catalogue of the Napa Col- legiate Institute, for 1S74 ; 5th, circular of Oak Mound School, with a list of its scholars ; 6th, a list of the names of the contributors to the new church ; 7th, a pamphlet containing the charter and ordinances of the city of Napa. Rev. Richard Wylie, pastor of the church, then read from Isaiah xxviii: 16 and 17; also from Zachariah iv: 1-10, and Revelations xxi: 1 and 2, and 19-27, inclusive. Rev. Wylie then delivered a short but interesting address, in which he said : " There is a particular interest in this stone as being the only one in the whole building. It is a solitary stone. Often, in Scotland, the traveler, in crossing some lonely moor, comes upon a solitary stone, which marks 'the history of a people or religion long since passed away. This stone has this peculiarity : It is not only the only stone in the building, but was also the corner-stone of the old church. It is the original corner-stone — a relic of the past On it will be inscribed the dates 1854 and 1874, the date of its original laying and of its present relaying. These dates are full of moment. The)' embrace within their compass almost the entire history of Napa. There are those present who aided in taking it from its oi'iginal resting place in the hills not far from town, and who are, by God's blessing, per- mitted to witness this ceremony more than twenty years later. The stone is here again, a connecting link between the past and present. If there is such a thing as gratitude welling up from the human breast, the people of Napa should know that emotion, as they have been richly endowed with 260 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the blessings of God. It should call forth our gratitude to God for His favor towards us. I have often thought that the people of Napa ought to be the best people on earth. They are so richly and abundantly blessed, and in this way, in the raising of such structures as this to the glory of the Almighty, can we make our feeling of gratitude and thanks evident." After the close of this discourse the laying of the corner-stone occurred, which was done by the following officers of the church : Elders Wing, McClure and Thompson ; Deacon W. S. Jacks, and W. A. Fisher, President of the Board of Trustees. The stone bears the following inscription : LAID 1854. EELAID 1874. Then followed a prayer by Rev. S. Bowers, singing by the choir, ending with the doxology, and a benediction by Rev. William Leacock. The first Presbyterian Sunday School was organized by J. M. Hamilton, in July, 1852, with twelve scholars. Mr. Hamilton continued to fill the position as Superintendent until 1860, when T. B. McClure was chosen to the position, and was succeeded by F. A. McDonald, and he by E. S. Churchill, the present incumbent. Methodist Episcopal Church. — Rev. S. D. Simonds is said to have been the first Methodist preacher who visited and preached in Napa Valley. This was in 1851. In 1852, Rev. J. Brier was sent to this valley by the Califor- nia Conference, and was succeeded after the close of one year by Rev. E. A. Hazen. Napa circuit then embraced the whole of Napa Valley, Suisun Valley, and much territory beside. Mr. Hazen collected money and built the first parsonage in Napa City. The house was erected on a lot given to the M. E. Church by Mr. Nathan Coombs, and embraced what is now the corner of Second and Randolph streets. This was affcerwardsold, and the present site was purchased. Mr. Hazen was re-appointed in 1854, the Con- ference being held in February. At that time worship was held in a build- ing erected by the Cumberland Presbyterians, which was the first church- house built in Napa City. It has since been used as a paint shop, and still stands, a dingy relic of the early days of Napa. In 1855, Revs. James Corwin and J. J. Cleavland were appointed to Napa circuit. The year fol- lowing, Mr. Corwin was re-appointed with Rev. Calvin Anderson as col- league. In 1857, Sonoma and Napa City were united and called Sonoma circuit, with Rev. James Corwin preacher in charge. During that year Mr. Corwin built a saw-mill on what was then known as the Kellogg ranch, hauled his lumber to town and built the first Methodist church-house in Napa City, which was dedicated in June, 1858. The Conference this year was held in September, at which time Napa City was made a station, with Rev. Dr. Napa Towns hip. 261 Morrow preacher in charge. In 1859, Rev. Wm. B. May was appointed preacher in charge. During this year a good parsonage was built. Mr. May was re-appointed the following year, and he was succeeded by Rev. X.lson Reasoner. Rev. P. L. Haynes was appointed to succeed Mr. Rea- soner, and remained two years. In 1864, Rev. W. J. Maclay was appointed to Napa station. A few days after his arrival the parsonage caught fire from an adjoining building, and was consumed with its entire contents, including the church records. Mr. Maclay was appointed to this charge three successive years, during which time the present church-house and parsonage was erected at a cost of about fifteen thousand dollars, on the site of the former building. The old church- house was sold to the colored people and removed to its present position, and the present house was dedicated August, 1867. Rev. D. A. Dryden suc- ceeded Mr. Maclay. In 1868, J. L. Trefren was appointed Mr. Dryden's successor, and was re-appointed to the charge the year following. He was followed by Rev. Wesley Dennett for two years. Rev. T. S. Dunn was appointed Mr. Dennett's successor in 1872, and September, 1873, Rev. S. Bowers was appointed. In September, 1874, Rev. W. R. Gober was sent to Napa, and remained for thi-ee years. In September, 1877, Rev. E. S. Todd was detailed to this field, where he preached until September, 1880, when Rev. A J. Wells received the appointment, and is the present pastor. The first Methodist class organized in this city consisted of Mr. and Mrs. Squibb, Mrs. Judge Horrell, Mrs. Judge Hartson, Mrs. John Horrell and Mrs. Dr. Stillwagon. The first Methodist Sunday School in Napa City was organized in 1858, Rev. Dr. Morrow, Superintendent, and Mrs. Judge Horrell, Assistant Super- intendent. Mr. Morrow and Mrs. Horrell visited from house to house, and secured the attendance of twenty-one children on the day of organization. This number was largely increased before the end of the year. The follow- ing gentlemen have acted in the capacity of Superintendents : Rev. Dr. Morrow, J. E. Pond, D. Squibb, J. F. Lamdin, J. E. Pond (a second time elected), W. S. Turner, T. Smith, A. Taylor, Mr. Oliver, F. A. Sawyer, J. R. Coe, B. F. Sawyer, and W. C. Damon. Christ (Episcopal) Church. — The following historical sketch of this church has been kindly furnished us by the present Rector, Rev. W. Lea- cock : The parish of Christ Church was organized Sunday, August; 29th, 1858. A meeting was held. with Rev. F. C. Ewer, of Grace Church, San Francisco, in the chair, and Thos. P. Stoney as Secretary, and the following declaration sicmed : " "W e, whose names are hereunto affixed, being desirous of establishing the Protestant Episcopal Church in this place, do consent to be governed by the constitution of the Protestant Episcopal Church in *the United States 262 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. and by the constitution and canons of this diocese. R. D. Hopkins, James McNeil, E. B. Gibbs, R. T. Montgomery, J. B. Smith, A. Coles, Richard Dud- ding, James Lefferts, C. M. Nichols, Thos. P. Stoney, C. W. Langdon, A. I. Donzel, J. L. Egleston, C. B. Eaton, George Fairfield, Wells Kilburn. " The first vestry was composed of Richard Dudding, R. D. Hopkins, Wardens ; James Lefferts, Thos. P. Stoney, Wells Kilburn, James McNeil, R. T. Montgomery, vestrymen." September 13th, 1858, Bishop Kip gave his canonical consent to the organization. At a regular meeting of the vestry in September, 1858, the Rev. E. W. Hagar was called as rector. Mr. Hagar entered on his duties on Easter Sunday, 1859. Mr. Hagar having resigned, Rev. Wm. Goodwin took charge of the parish in December, 1859. On February 28th, 1860, a building lot eighty feet square was purchased from Richard Dudding for the sum of $400. Messrs. Hopkins and Sterling, being appointed as a building committee, reported a plan and specifications. The contract for building was given to John Horrell. The making of the pews was given to Messrs. White and Bradts ; pulpit and altar to Barnes Brothers. The building was ready for use in 1861. The Rev. A. S. Nicholson was rector for a year and a-half, till the sum- mer of 1868. The Associate Mission and College Faculty of St. Augustine at Benicia, supplied services after Mr. Nicholson's resignation. The summer of 1871 the Rev. William Leacock, of Louisiana, after officiating for three months, took charge of the parish ; and there followed him as rectors from 1874 to 1880, the Rev. George D. Silliman, Walter H. Moore and R. H. Kline. The present rector, the Rev. W. Leacock, assumed charge of the parish on November 8, 1880. The church building is valued at $3000, lot $1000, school building $800. The present vestry is composed of H. C. Parker, J. B. Dorr, Wardens ; Wm. Sharp, C. R. Gritman (Secretary), John Stowell, R. H. Sterling (Treasurer), vestrymen. Baptist Church. — This denomination was organized in Napa as the "Baptist Church of Napa," on the 18th day of August, 1860, with some eighteen members. Rev. J. B. Morse, Pastor ; John Lawley and S. W. Wil- liams were chosen as Deacons, and Lyman Chapman as Treasurer, and Thomas B. Coghill as Clerk. The brick church at the junction of Franklin street and College avenue was then built. Rev. Morse was here some six months, when he was followed by Rev. Lyman Carpenter. This gentleman's pastorate extended over a period of four years. Rev. G. W. Ford succeeded him in November, 1865, and served as pastor until 1873, when he resigned. Rev. J. E. Barnes took charge early in 1874 ; and during his pastorate there occurred a division in the church which lasted nearly two years. After the division of the church, one party, with Rev. Barnes as leader, purchased the Napa Town si lip. 263 old Presbyterian building, and moved it upon its present site April 4, 1876; and it was dedicated as the First Baptist Church. In 1876, the Rev. Barnes' pastorate terminated ; and February 2d of that year Rev. J. A. Gray was ordained to the position. During his stay the original society was brought together and made one body under the old name. He served but a short time, and was followed by Rev. H. A. Sawtelle in September, 1876. It is stated that this gentleman was very popular with the members of the church, and did a good Avork. He, however, received a call from one of the Eastern States, which he accepted. The pulpit was next filled by Rev, H. H. Rhees, of Southbridofe, Massachusetts, who served until 1877. At present no services are held in the church. St. John the Baptist (Catholic) Church. — On the 20th of September, 1856, the lot on which this church building now stands was donated to Bishop Alemany by George N. Cornwell. The old brick church building was erected in 1858, and dedicated by Bishop Alemany November/6, 1859. The first pastor was Rev. Father Rousche, who had for his assistant, Rev. Father Larkin. In June, 1860, Rev. Father Deyaert took charge of the parish, and so remained until his death, which occurred January 1, 1876, at the age of fifty-eight years. He was a man who was very much beloved by all his parishioners, and his death was greatly mourned by them all t Through his labors the church was furnished throughout, and the lands adjoining owned by the church made into a beautiful ground. In February, 1876, Rev. Father Michael Mulville was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the former pastor. He remained in charge until Novem- ber 20, 1877, when Rev. Father M. D. Slattery took charge. On the 7th day of January, 1881, the new Catholic Church in Napa city was begun, under the supervision of Father Slattery. About the first of March the corner-stone was laid. The ceremony, which was performed by the Most Reverend Alemany, Bishop of this Dio- cese, assisted by Father Slattery, rector of this parish, consisted of the ritual which the Roman Church uses on all such occasions. The first por- tion of the ceremony, the blessing of the salt, significant of the preserva- tion and life of the Holy Church, was performed within the walls of the building on the spot where the sanctuary will be when the edifice is com- pleted. The remainder of the ceremony was performed at the south end of the building, where the stone was laid, and consisted of litanies, sprink- ling of the holy water, the signing the stone with the sign of the cross, and depositing in a cavity in the stone a tin casket which contained a copy of the daily Register and Reporter of the 19th inst., and a copy of the San Francisco Monitor, and the following inscription : In Perpetuam Rei Memoriam. A. D. MDCCCLXXXI, Die Vigesimo Februarii, hanc lapidem angularem Templi in honorem Dei Omnipotentis, 264 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. sub auspicio Sancti Joannes Baptistisi aedificandi Revanms Josephus Sadoc Alemany, Archieepiscopus hujus diocesos Sancti Francisci ; Universalem Ecclesiam Gubernante, P. P. Maximo Leone Decimo Tertio ; Mauritio D. Slattery, Rectore ; R. B. Hayes, Prsesidio Statuum Foedaeratorurn American Septentrionalis ; Georgio G Perkins, Gubernatore Californise ; Joanne Cox, Muratore ; Moyisa A. Slaven, Fabro ; Bryano J. Clinch, Architecto ; Julius Royer, Ostiano. Posuit. Quod Bonum, felix faustumque sit ! After the stone was placed in position, the bishop and priest and their attending acolytes made the circuit of the building, sprinkling the founda- tion with holy water, and at the conclusion of the ceremony the bishop ad- dressed a few well chosen words to the assembled people. On Sunday, July 17, the new Catholic church was dedicated in a solemn and impressive manner by the Rev. Jos. Sadoc Alemany, Archbishop of San Francisco. The edifice is a beautiful structure, purely gothic in archi- tectural design. It is fifty feet by ninety in the clear, and surmounted by a golden cross. Twenty-eight stained glass windows, obtained at a cost of $1200 admit a softened and subdued light to the interior. The front window is a masterpiece, and presents figures of the four evangelists, Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. The interior of the church is handsome and attractive. Seven beautiful and finely constructed g'othic arches span the auditorium. The pews are not yet all in place, but those already in are of a novel design and correspond with the interior decoration. The church furni- ture was purchased at a cost of $2000. A stairway leads through the tower to a gallery erected in the rear portion of the church and fitted up for the accommodation of the choir. The building was erected by Terris & Slaven, contractors, at a cost of $12,500, Bryan Clinch being the architect. At 11 A. M. the service commenced. The Archbishop, decked in his epis- copal robes, preceded by the Rev. Fathers Louis Daniels of Vallejo, Cassin of San Francisco, and Slattery of Napa, escorted by a corps of acolytes, bearing lighted candles aloft, passed in solemn and impressive procession through the building, sprinkling its various parts with fragrant hyssop, and on out through the front doors and around the exterior of the structure, chanting Latin hymns and prayers appropriate to the occasion. A very large congregation was assembled, many unable to obtain seats, occupying chairs in the aisles. It is estimated that seven hundred people were present. At the conclusion of the dedication ceremony a high mass was said by Rev. M. Slattery, assisted by other clergy. During the service the Arch- bishop delivered the dedicatory sermon — a learned and erudite address, which was replete with advice and ^counsel. The new church bears the same name as the old brick structure adjoining it — the " Church of St. John the Baptist." The efforts of Rev. M. Slattery have been crowned Napa Township. 265 with success, and much praise is due him for the proud position in which the Catholic Church Society to-day finds itself. Christian Church. — The Christian, or as they are sometimes called the Ounpbellite Church, was organized in Napa City in 1870. In 1871 the present tine church building was erected, at the head of Randolph Street, ww tang 87000. The first pastor was Rev. Burnett, and he was followed by Elder C. W. Webb, and he by Elder Thomas Potter. In the latter part of 1874, Elder J. Beardslee took charge of the church and remained over a year. He was followed by Elder Nathan Potter, and he by Elder B. S. Gardner. The German Reformed Church. — This church building was erected in 1873, and is located on Third street, below Seminary street. Rev. Fox took the position of pastor upon the organization of the church and held it till 1877. Rev. De Geller is the present pastor. As its name would indicate, its members are mostly Germans, and services are held in both the German and English languages. Seventh Day Advent Church. — This church was organized in July ; 1873, and the building was erected in the winter of 1873-4, near the site of the German Reformed Church, at a cost of 82200. The organization was effected by Elders Loughborough and Cornell, who conducted a series of tent meetings here, and converted quite a number to their faith. This denomination does not supply a stated pastor, but are dependent upon their own members for exhortation, etc., with an occasional sermon from some itinerant Elder. They believe that the seventh day or Saturday is the Sabbath of the Bible, hence they keep it sacred. They inculcate strong principles of abstinence from all that injures, in the way of intoxicating drinks, tobacco, and even go so far as to prohibit tea and coffee. They teach principles of hygienic living, and all in all they are accomplishing a good work. They look for the early reappearance of Jesus Christ upon the earth, and believe that death is an unconscious state, or death in the absolute sense of the word, and that at the judgment day the physical body will be raised, and the wicked will be utterly destroyed, root and branch, while the saints will inhabit the earth, which will then be freed from all the stains of Adamic disobedience. Man is mortal in its absolute sense, and immortality is given only to the saints at Christ's coming. African Methodist Episcopal Church. — The colored people of Napa for- merly worshipped with the white people in their regular churches, but at the time of the erection of the present Methodist Church, they purchased the old one, [and in May, 1867, they moved it to its present site, on Wash- ington street. They never had any regular pastor, and now the building is the abode of bats and mice, being entirely dilapidated. 266 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Public Schools. — A little more than a short quarter of a century ago there was not a public school in Napa County. Private schools were first organized, but the public system soon came into general use. Among the private schools of those early days, may be mentioned one opened by Rev. J. C. Herron, in October, 1857, which he styled the " Napa Female Semi- nary." As late as March, 1862, we find the system of private schools still in vogue, and Rev. P. V. Veeder was in charge at that time of an academy for boys. But since then, things have as greatly changed in this respect as in any other. Now there are three large and commodious school buildings in the city limits. The buildings are placed in different parts of town, so as to accommodate the scholars to the best advantage. The building: in the northern part of town was erected in the winter of 1880-1, and is an ele- gant structure. The cost of the pi'operty is as follows : lot, $2750 ; building, $5000 ; furniture, $500 ; making a total of $8250. An attempt was made to burn the building just as it was completed. The Central School Building. — This was completed in 1870. The lower story contains two rooms 26x38, one recitation room 15x25, and two cloak rooms 8x16, and a hall 16 x22. In this hall is a double stairway leading to the second floor. There are also in this hall conveniences for washing. The second story is divided into two main school rooms, each 26 x 38, with recitation and cloak rooms the same as on the first floor. The ceiling of the first floor is fourteen feet, and of the second, thirteen feet in the clear. On the center of the roof stands a cupola eleven feet square and sixteen feet high, upon which stands a bell tower six feet square and sixty-four feet high from the ground. The total cost of the building was $12,600. Na'pa Collegiate Institute. — Professor A. E. Lasher, principal of this institution, has kindly furnished us with the following historical sketch : The Napa Collegiate Institute is beautifully situated in Napa City, on a high point of land, commanding a fine view of the town and surrounding country. The campus of five acres was purchased by Mr. A. H. Hamm, who erected the main building. The college building is a brick structure four stories high, containing chapel, recitation rooms, dining-room, and par- lor, besides private rooms for the gentlemen boarders, all well supplied with conveniences for warming and ventilation. The school opened in 1860, with Mr. Hamm as proprietor and principal A little less than a year after this, the Rev. W. S. Turner, A. M., a graduate of Wesleyan University, purchased the property. For nearly seven years the school was prosperous and had a good patronage. Mr. Turner's arduous duties were too much for his strength, and he was compelled to seek a change of labor. He leased the school to Mr. Smith, who conducted it about a year, after which it was closed for some time, until it was purchased by six men, viz : Hon. C. Hartson, G. Fellows, N. Coombs, A. W. Norton, Napa Township. 267 G. Linn, ami H. Fowler. These gentlemen greatly improved the building, adding the porches, covering the walls with cement, and finishing the fourth story. In August of 1870, it was purchased by the California Annual Confer- once of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Conference elected a Board of fifteen trustees, and the articles of incorporation are dated November 22, 1870. The Napa Collegiate Institute originated in the conviction of the need of an institution of learning, under Christian influences, of high grade, north of the bay. Its rapid growth and great usefulness demonstrated the wisdom of the conviction. It is under the supervision of the Conference to insure Christian supervision, but is not sectarian in its teachings or re- quirements. In January of 1871, the school was opened with Professor T. C. George, A. M., as principal, with four asssistants. Professor George acted as prin- cipal until June of 1874, when he resigned in order to rest and regain his health. The school prospered under his management, and was well patron- ized. Professor L. L. Rogers, A. M., was next elected principal. During his administration of three years, two new buildings were erected, the princi- pal's cottage, and the ladies' hall. In July of 1877 the present principal, Prof. A. E. Lasher, A. M., of New York State, was elected. During the summer vacation of 1878 the build- ings were refurnished and put in good order. A commercial department was organized, and a room on the first floor furnished for this department. In the vacation of the next year extensive improvements were made in new buildings and repairs. The growing commercial department demanded more room, and a fine building for the use of the primary department was erected. A fine gymnasium and tank -house were built. Water-pipes were laid to the different buildings, and on the front campus. Bath rooms were, also made in each of the buildings. In the spring of 1880 the grounds were tastefully laid out with drives, walks, grass plats, shrubs and flowers, and to-day no grounds in the city are more attractive or inviting. The institute has a faculty of nine experienced teachers, each chosen with special reference to his department. There are five regular courses of study, and seven distinct departments. A diploma is given to students completing the course and passing the examination. The school has a most excellent library, which is read and used for daily reference. No school of similar grade on the coast has as much fine apparatus for illus- trating the principles of the sciences. The student not only sees the experiments performed, but must learn to handle the apparatus and perform the experiment for himself. Additions to this department are 268 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. constantly being made. All members of the art department are first re- quired to take model and object drawing before they can work with crayons or colors. The class spend one afternoon of each week in sketching from nature. In the commercial department theory and practice are combined. In the latter the student will receive careful drill in actual business practice, and will be required to draw up and use in his transactions the various forms of business paper. Throughout the course the student receives individual instruction, and thus is not kept back by others of less ability and application. Commercial law and political economy are required in this course. The first class graduated in 1874, and each year the number of the alumni has been increased and now numbers fifty-two. The institute was one of the first schools on this coast to proclaim its belief in co-education. To-day the majority of the leading schools of the State admit ladies and gentlemen. Everywhere under wise Christian influence, the plan refines and enobles, and is working well. With each sex occupying separate buildings, and in each building teachers living with the students, a healthful home-like influence is secured. The improvement under these conditions in manner, self-reliance and social culture, and the development of manhood and womanhood is often marked. More than fifteen hundred students have received instruction in its halls since 1871, and more than two thousand since its first opening. Old students are found in all sections west of the Rocky Mountains, and others are scattered in some twelve States. The Faculty is progressive and energetic ; the Board of Trustees efficient and liberal. The day is not far distant when, with liberal endowments and increased facilities, its course of study and influence will be greatly enlarged. The Napa Ladies' Seminary. — We are under obligations to Prof. D. W. Hanna for the historical notes of this institution : The Napa Ladies' Seminary was established under the auspices of Miss Harris, and conducted by her as principal during a term of four years. After her resignation, and an interim of a few months, the school was resumed by Miss Maria S. McDonald, through whose untiring energy and indefatigable labors it yearly increased in numbers and influence, by accessions from home and abroad. Miss McDonald assumed the position in 1864, and conducted the institution for five years. It is but due to her memory to speak of her eminent executive ability, her rare art of discipline, her tact and originality, and more than all, her scholarship and Christian character, all of which adapted her pre-eminently for the profession she had chosen, and in which she achieved such signal success. After the death of Miss Maria S. Mc- Donald, which occurred in 1869, her sister, Miss Sarah F. McDonald as- sumed the active management of the school, and conducted its affairs in Napa Township. 269 such a manner as to win for herself and the school an enviable reputation throughout the coast. For ten years Miss McDonald discharged with fidel- ity and success the arduous duties devolving upon her. She was succeeded by her nephew, Mr. F. A. McDonald, who had been connected with the school for some years previous to his aunt's death, and who managed the business of the school for two years, resigning his position at the close of the school year, May 25, 1881. The school is now in charge of D. W. Hanna, A. M., who has taken hold of the work with an energy and zeal that warrants success. Having had, with his wife and daughter, lai-ge experience in this work, the future pros- perity of the seminary is fully assured. The present year opened with a large increase of attendance, which has been so greatly augmented that at this time the limit which he has set has been almost reached. The grounds are being beautified, walks laid out, a large fountain has been placed in the yard ; bath-rooms have been added, gas brought into the buildings, and in fact everything put in the very best condition. Neither have other things been neglected. The corps of teachers is full, and of the best talent ; a special teacher of elocution has been employed, and a philo- sophical and chemical laboratory is being added to the other apparatus of the seminary. Oak Mound School. — Prof. C. M. Walker, principal of this school, has kindly furnished us with the following: In the year 1872, a few enterpris- ing and liberal gentlemen, among whom were Geo. E. Goodman, W. C. S. Smith, Jesse Grigsby, A. G. Boggs and W. C. Wallace, seeing the necessity for increased educational advantages for boys, to prepare them for admission to the State University or for the active duties of life, established a school under the instruction of Rev. Mr. Blake. The following year they erected a small but well arranged building in the southern part of the town, and procured the services of C. M. Walker, A. B., a graduate of Bowdoin College, Maine, to take charge of the school. The term opened with ten pupils. In three years the number had increased to sixty. The building was enlarged to twice its original size, and other teachers employed to meet the growing demands of the school. The great aim of the Board of Directors is to have a select and good school. The curriculum of studies embraces all the English branches, usually taught in the high schools of the country, together with the ancient and modern languages. Bookkeeping and business forms also receive special attention. The school is exclusively for boys and is non-sectarian. It is in a word, a high school for boys. Many pupils, having completed the course of study at Oak Mound, have entered the State University or some Eastern college, while others are filling positions of responsibility in business. The following teachers are at present employed: C. M. Walker, A. M., 270 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Principal ; F. 0. Mower, A. B.; Prof. G. Schulte ; Miss Carrie E. Walker. Special teachers in penmanship, elocution and other branches are employed, from time to time, as the interests of the school require. Newspaper Biography. — Under this head the Napa Daily Gazette published the following: "The first newspaper published in Napa City was the Napa County Reporter, by A. J. Cox, in 1856, and is at present (1870) published by Lank Higgins. The next was the Weekly Herald, in 1858, which ran but a short time as a Democratic paper, and then died. Next came the Napa Sun, a small weekly paper, by A. J. Cox, in 1859, which lingered but a short time. In 1861 the Pacific Echo, published by Alex. Montgomery, came upon the stage. It was run as a Democratic paper (of the secession caste of sentiment) until the assassination of President Lin- coln, when it wisely folded its tent and quietly stole away. In 1863 the Napa Register made its appearance, published by Horrell & Strong as a Republican paper. In 1866 the Daily Reporter was started by Higgins & Leach (Lank Higgins and Frank A. Leach). Higgins withdrew shortly after, leaving the management to Leach & Gregg, which they managed very successfully for nearly one year. They then sought a better field, and moved to Vallejo and established the Chronicle. And, not last of all, comes the Daily Morning Gazette, an independent paper, which was started March 1, 1870, by L. S. Barnes & Co., with W. J. Bowman, editor." The Register copies the above, and then adds : " This ' Biography ' is very well as far as it goes, but it is incomplete as it omits the Napa Times, and to mention several newspaper men who have had quite as much to do with the papers of Napa County as the persons named, and perhaps a little more than either of them, or all of them together. It would seem to us that a newspaper biography for Napa County without the name of R. T. Montgomery and that of Mason D. Brownson must be about as deficient as Hamlet with the ghost left out, or Paradise Lost without the devil. These men have probably performed more newspaper head and hand work than all the rest combined. R. T. Montgomery became a half owner of the Re- porter in 1856, a few months after its establishment by Mr. Cox. The paper was then a small affair of four columns. " The material consisted of four small founts of second-hand type, an old Washington hand press, whose platen was 14 x 17 inches, the whole scarcely more than a dray-load, and the paper was in articulo mortis, with- out patronage or support. Indeed, it could hardly claim to be a fully estab- lished newspaper until the firm of Montgomery & Cox purchased new material and enlarged the paper, began to publish it regularly instead of semi-occasionally, and made it a newspaper instead of a sheet more than half full of dead advertisements, which no one ever read or paid for. Not Napa Towns hip. 271 until February, 1857, did the Reporter command anything like a decent circulation or oven make its expenses. From that time may be dated its prosperity and influence as a public journal. "In April, 1857, Lank Higgins began his apprenticeship under Mont- gomery .t Cox, and remained in the office until April, 1860. On the 6th of September, 1858, Mr. Cox left the concern, and, in connection with Frank Farrell, since deceased, started the Napa City Semi- Weekly Sun, which was published less than six weeks. Mr. Cox removed to Sonoma County smring following, and for the past twelve years has neither edited nor published a paper in Napa County. Mr. Montgomery, in connection with M. D. Brownson, A. M. Parry and J. I. Horrell, as printers and co-editors continued to publish the Reporter until October, 1863, when it passed into the hands of Miner & Higgins, and finally the latter became sole proprietor. Mr. Brownson was connected with the paper for more than five years, and was recognized as an able contributor to its editorial columns. In 1870, he -till doing yeoman's service on the Daily Vallejo Chronicle. At the same date Mr. Parry was editor and publisher of the Independent, at Eureka, Humboldt County. " The Register was started August 10, 1863, by J. I. Horrell, under the name of the Napa Valley Register. October 20th of that year, L. Hoxie Strong became a half owner in the concern, and on the 14th day of the following November, he died of apoplexy. On the same day, less than four weeks after he severed his connection with the Reporter, Mr. Montgomery took editorial charge of the Register, where he remained until January 1, 1864. Mr. Horrell then sold a half interest to N. E. White, Mr. Montgom- t-rv still contributing to its columns, and at the end of a month he pur- chased Mr. Horrell's interest in the establishment, and remained a partner with Mr. White until January 1, 1866, when he sold to the latter. On the 1st of May following, Mr. Montgomery became sole proprietor, and so con- tinued till October 23, 1869, excepting a period of six months, ending July 1, 1868, during which Mr. White was sole proprietor, and Mr. Montgomery was connected with the San Francisco Daily Times. " It appears, then, that Mr. Montgomery has been connected with the - of this county fully twice as long as any other editor or publisher in the county, and since the days when Napa was a hamlet. The name of J. D. Lillard, editor and founder of the Herald, must be mentioned, those of his successors, Wm. D. Townes and Thomas J. Tucker. The Daily Reporter was not the first daily paper issued in Napa City. The Napa Daily Adver- was the first, started by R. T. Montgomery, on the 22d day of Sep- tember, 1866 ; but the publisher had the sagacity to abandon it after two issues." 272 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Napa Reporter. — The following sketch of this paper has been furnished us by Mr. John Walden, the present editor : " The Reporter was the first paper published in Napa County. The first number was issued on the 4th of July, 1856, by A. J. Cox. R. T. Mont- gomery became joint proprietor in the following December, and in the next February new material was purchased. When the paper was first estab- lished Napa had neither business nor population to support it. During the first six months it maintained a sickly existence, being issued sometimes once a week and at others two and sometimes three weeks would elapse between issues. It was a small sheet of four columns, with two pages constantly filled with dead advertisements. The subscription list in 1857 did not contain twenty paying subscribers. " The office was a rickety old shanty about eighteen feet square, next below the American Hotel on Main street. It was neither ceiled, plastered nor papered, and the floor was of rough lumber, through which were cracks an inch wide. In the roof was a large hole, apparently left for a flue or chimney, through which the rain descended in torrents. There were no windows except a couple of sashes nailed securely to the wall. It was with great difficulty in winter, even when wood was obtainable, that the place could be kept warm enough to work in ; and it often happened that wood could not be had at any price, in consequence of the horrible condition of the roads. In the winter of 1856-7 the publisher paid $5.00 for as much as filled the box of a buggy. It was hauled less than twenty rods and the seller got 'stalled' on Main street, buggy and horse sinking in the mud, and it cost him more in 'treats' than the price of the wood to get the outfit on terra firma. The editorial lodging room was in the garret, and an iron camp-bedstead and a few blankets comprised the entire furniture. " The material of the office was on a par with the building. It con- sisted, all told, of a Washington hand press, foolscap size, with a platen 14x17 inches, on which the paper was printed one page at a time; a small fount of second-hand Minion, and another of Long Primer. There was no jobbing material whatever. This press, which is now in the possession of the Sonoma Pioneers, was brought to San Francisco from Mexico, at the close of the war, and taken by Mr. Cox to Sonoma, where it was used some three years in printing the Sonoma Bulletin. He then moved it to Vallejo, and in the fall of 1855, in connection with Dr. E. B. Eaton, published the Vallejo Bulletin, for a few weeks. In June, 1856, he brought it to Napa, where the Reporter was printed on it until February, 1857, when a new press was purchased, and the office removed to the corner of Third and Main streets, where Hartson's brick building now stands. On the 6th of September, 1858, Mr. Cox left the Reporter, and in the division of the ma- terial the old press fell to his share, and was used for three months by Cox fc, MT"l>i'fc Napa Township. 273 b Farrell in publishing the Semi-Weekly Sun. Shortly afterwards Mr. Cox removed his office to Healdsburg, and used the same press in printing the Review, of that place. Thence the press went to Lakeport, Lake County, and did service in printing one or two political papers, each of which died a natural death. Probably its labors are now at an end, as in the hands of the Pioneer Association it will be kept as a relic of the olden times. Of this press R. T. Mongomery says : ' The writer (himself ) has earned many a thousand dollars, and performed many a hard day's work upon it in the days of high prices, when very common cards and bill-heads were three dol- lars per hundred, and small sheet posters thirty dollars per hundred.' " The Reporter was started as an independent paper, and took no part in politics until the great split occurred in the Democratic party, on the Kan- sas question, when it became the advocate of the principles of Stephen A. Douglas. Mr. Montgomery, in connection with M. D. Brownson, A. M. Parry and J. I. Horrell continued to publish the paper till October, 1863, it being under their management a supporter of the Lincoln administra- tion, and an advocate of the principles of the Union party. At this date it passed into the hands of Miner & Higgins, and finally into the hands of Lank Higgins alone. The political character of the paper was then changed, and it became a vehement opposer of the Lincoln administration. In the winter of 1870, it was sold to W. F. Henning, who still continued it as a Democratic paper. In October, 1871, R. T. Montgomery purchased the es- tablishment. Soon, C. A. Menefee became a partner and in August following became sole proprietor. Shortly after this a half interest was sold to A. A. R. Utting, and the paper was published under the firm-name of C. A. Menefee & Co. During this administration the Daily Reporter was estab- lished, and still continues to be issued in the morning. In 1875, Capt. G. W. Gift purchased an interest in the paper and continued its management until he died, which occurred in* 1878. The paper is now conducted by his wife, with John Walden as editor and business manager, and is a bright, newsy, and well-conducted journal, receiving a just and liberal share of the city and county patronage. There is also a fine job department connected with it." Napa Herald. — In 1858, the Napa City Herald first made its appear- ance. It was owned by a joint stock company, comprising the most in- fluential Democrats in the county, and was a strong advocate of the meas- ures of Buchanan's administration, and of the Southern view of the slavery question. J. D. Lillard, a young lawyer from Kentucky, was its first editor, and he was succeeded by Wm. H. Townes and Thomas J. Tucker. The paper, however, proved unsuccessful, and was discontinued within a few months. The establishment came into the hands of Frank Farrell and J. 18 274 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Wallace Higgins soon after ; and in 1859, they issued a paper of the same character under the name of the Napa Times. This paper also died in a few months from lack of support. The Echo. — July 20, 1861, Alexander Montgomery commenced the pub- lication of the Napa Echo, which violently opposed the measures of the administration of President Lincoln, and every measure taken to subdue the Southern rebellion. Its circulation and patronage were limited, and in a pecuniary point of view it was never successful. Its publication was sus- pended the morning after the assassination of President Lincoln. Mr. Montgomery then went to Marysville and thence to other parts, and finally became proprietor of the Mendocino Democrat, and he was in Ukiah in 1880. Napa Daily and Weekly Register. — In addition to the above general statements of the history of the Register, we have been supplied with the following sketch by Mr. G. M. Francis : " The Register was started in Napa by J. I. Horrell, August 10, 1863, under the title of Napa Valley Register. In October of the same year, L. Hoxie Strong became associated with Mr. Horrell in its publication, but his sudden death a few weeks afterward terminated the partnership thus formed, and the founder of the paper was again alone in its management. January 2, 1864, Mr. N. E. White bought an interest in the paper, and at that time its title was changed to The Napa Register. February 6, 1864, N. E. White became sole proprietor, and R. T. Montgomery, editor, the paper remaining under this management until April 28, 1866, when Mr. Montgomery came into full possession. He enlarged the paper to seven columns, and remained at the helm until Nov- ember, 1867, when the office was turned over to an association, Mr. Mont- gomery being retained as editor and business manager. In January, 1868, Mr. N. E. White again became publisher and proprietor, but in a few months thereafter, turned the property over to its former owner, Mr. Montgomery. October 30, 1869, Montgomeiy sold out to R. D. Hopkins and John M. Coghlan, the business being conducted under the firm-name of R. D. Hop- kins & Co. up to October 29, 1870, when G. M. Francis, its present publisher, purchased Mr. Coghlan's half interest in the paper, shortly after enlarging it to thirty-two columns. February 10, 1872, G. W. Henning succeeded Mr. Hopkins as half owner; May 17, 1873, Charles A. Gardner in like manner succeeded Mr. Henning ; January 9, 1875, Mr. Gardner sold to S. M. Tool; May 8, 1875, Mr. Francis purchased Mr. Tool's interest, and was alone in the management of the paper from that date to December, 1876, when H. S. Spalding bought a half interest. The partnership of Francis & Spalding continued to February 1, 1881, when G. M. Francis again be- came sole proprietor. The Register was started as a Republican paper, and from the day of its birth has advocated Republican principles. November Napa Township. 275 2.V 1n72. a daily evening edition was started in connection with the // RegisU r, and has since been published regularly, having been twice enlarged, and gained a large circulation and extensive advertising patron- age. An extensive job department is connected with the press-room. Napa Gol<] Dollar. — This was a little daily sheet, started in the fall of 1878, by Ebersole. He sold an interest to J. H. Cooper, who eventu- ally became sole proprietor. Its field was limited, and was finally suspended. Robert T. Montgomery. — Much of the above historical matter concern- ing the newspaper history of Napa is from the pen of Mr. Robert T. Mont- gomery, when not credited elsewhere. No man that ever lived in Napa was better fitted to write a full and correct history of the Press of the place, hence we have copied copiously from that chapter in the " Sketch Book." Ami in this connection it is fitting and proper that we append a short bio- graphical sketch of this pioneer journalist of Napa City. He was born in 1821, in Richmond, Virginia. He was apprenticed to the printers' trade, and followed it all his days, in all its branches, from the case to the tripod. In the latter position he was at his best, and in it he did a work in Napa City that will never be excelled and seldom equalled. He had a massive mind, a quick and keen perception, a good use of language, recognizing the delicate shadings of words. His expressions were always chaste in his editorials, and the moral sentiments inculcated always pure. He knew what was meant by the term gentleman, and such, when he was himself, he always was. He came to CaUfornia in 1853, and engaged in school teaching until 1856, when he connected himself with the press of Napa City. June 10, 1S57, he was united in marriage with Miss Sarah B. Cox, sister of his partner, A. J. Cox. The issue of the Reporter of the 13th was printed in red ink, in commemoration of the event. His journalistic record has already been fully written up. Poor Montgomeiy ! No man was capable of holding a higher and prouder position in his relations, social and intel- lectual, than he, and none suffered themselves to sink lower. His name is found on the records of church organizations, financial corporations, tem- perance societies, and the police court. The demon alcohol possessed him, and drove him from the summit to the chasm, and he died a vagrant in the county hospital, on the charity of the people he had so long lived among and so faithfully served in the discharge of his editorial duties. His death occurred December 4, 1878. Let us draw the veil of utter forgetfulness over his short-comings, and let only the bright spots of his genuinely true char- acter live. Requiescat in pace. Free and Accepted Masons. — Yount Lodge, No. 12, F. & A. M., was organized January 2-i, A. D. 1851, with the following charter members: W. D. Deering, J. M. Small, M T. McClellan, W. W. Stillwagon, George C. 276 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Yount, Joseph Mount, B. Vines, Thomas Chapman, J. M. Moody, and M. H. N. Kendig. The officers U. D. were: W. D. Deering, W. M.; J. M. Small, S. W.; M. T. McClellan, J. W.; W. W. Stillwagon, Secretary, and George C. Yount, Treasurer. The charter was granted May 15, 1851. The first officers IT. C. were W. D. Deering, W. M.; J. M. Small, S. W.; J. H. Seawell, J. W.; W. W. Stillwagon, Secretary, and George C. Yount, Treasurer. The following named members have filled the position of W. M.: W. D. Deering, J. M. Small, J. H. Seawell, Wesley Vaughn, Ed. McGarry, J. M. Dudley, Robert Crouch, H. H. Knapp, W. B. Carlton, F. M. Hackett, T. J. Tucker, Ralph Ellis, William Bradford, F. E. Johnson, and C. R. Gritman. The present officers are H. H. Knapp, W. M.; A. J. Hull, S. W.; F. N. Giles, J. W.; P. Van Bever, Treasurer, and F. M. Hackett, Secretary. The present membership is eighty. Napa Chapter, R. A. M. — Napa Chapter, No. 30, R. A. M., was organ- ized U. D. November 10, 1860, with the following charter members : H. A. Gaston, H. H. Knapp, M. L. Haas, 0. A. Peck, E. E. Harvey, W. B. May, D. Spencer, G C. Yount, W. W. Stillwagon, and F. B. Gilmore. The first officers were H. A. Gaston, H. P.; D. Spencer, K.; G C. Yount, S.; H. H. Knapp, C of H.; W. B. May, P. S.; M. L. Haas, R A. C; W. W. Still- wagon, G M. of third veil, and F. B. Gilmore G. M. of second veil. The following members have held the position of H. P.: H. A. Gaston, H. H. Knapp, R. Crouch, R. Ellis, W. Bradford and C. R. Gritman. The present officers are C. R. Gritman, H. P.; B. Johnson, K; G. Bustelli, Scribe ; P. Van Bever, Treasurer, and D. L. Haas, Secretary. The present membership is forty-one. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. — Napa Lodge, No. 18, 1. O. 0. F., was organized November 26, 1853, with the following charter members : J. D. Stetenius, D. Monnett, Robert Hopkins, E. A. Hazan, J. H. Waterson, D. C. Tripp. Unfortunately the records of this lodge are lost up to 1855, hence the first officers cannot be given, nor any of the N. G.'s previous to that date. The list of N. G.'s so far as attainable is as follows : C. Page, J. H. Waterson, G. N. Cornwell, J. M. Dudley, J. M. Wilson, T. Earl, R. D. Hopkins, J. Cosgrove, R. T. Montgomery, J. Horrell, J. Butler, P. Hunt- singer, W. H. Clark, A. B. Walker, G N. Tuthill, J. Salmunson, J. C. Pier- son, G. F. Reeves, L. M. Corwin, J. Israelsky, W. W. Pendegast, J. N. Reynolds, W. R. Brown, E. N. Boynton, G B. Clifford, A. Sampson, R. N. Steere, A. G. Boggs, H. L. Amstutz, Robert Clark, H. T. Barker, W. Laugh- lin, L. Chapman, Z. W. Keyes, D. R. McLennan, P. T. Gomer, H. Christian- sen, C. Levansaler, E. W. Hottel, J. N. Wallingford. T. M. Moody, D. Smith, J. W. Ward, Jr., J. A. Kane, J. F. Hottel, and D. S. Keiser. The present officers are : J. B. Newman, N. G; B. Johnson, V G.; W. W. Bachelor, R. Napa Township. 277 S.; H. L. Amstutz, Treasurer ; and R. Clark, P. S. The present member- ship is one hundred and thirty-three. The lodge owns a splendid two-story brick building on Main street, which was erected in 1877. The lot is 44x90 ; and cost S5000, and the building is 44 x80, and cost $12,000. The lower story is used for stores, and the upper one for lodge purposes. The lodge- room is 36 x 56, with twenty-foot ceiling, and is handsomely furnished. Live Oak Encampment, I. 0. 0. F. — Live Oak Encampment, I. O. O. F., No. 40, was organized April 29, 1879, with the following charter mem- bers : J. N. Reynolds, L. Chapman, E. Biggs, A. B. Walker, E. N. Boynton, W. R. Brown, H. Christiansen, T. R. Parke, and J. P. Clark. The first offi- cers were : J. N. Reynolds, C. P.; W. R. Brown, H. B.; A. B. Walker, S. W.; L. Chapman, J. W.; E. N. Boynton, Scribe ; and E. Biggs, Treasurer. The following members have served as H. P.'s : J. N. Reynolds, A. B. Walker, L. Chapman, J. C. Pierson, E. N. Boynton, C. Pearch, J. O. Shafer, E. W. Hottel, C. Levansaler, Theo. Ellis, C. E. Kiefer, J. F. Hottel, H. Christiansen, T. M. Moody, J. C. Rowley, F. Salmini, A. Muller, G. Bustelli, and E. Biggs. The present officers are : E. Biggs, C. P.; D. Smith, H. P.; R. Clark, S. W. ; J. A. Pedersen, J. W.; J. C. Pierson, Scribe ; and E. W. Hottel, Treasurer. The present membership is thirty-three. Independent Order of Good Templars. — We cannot get at the original records of the first lodge of this order ever organized in Napa. We find that in April, 1861, Franklin Lodge, No. 36, was in existence, and the following officers were elected : Samuel Heald, W. C. T.; J. M. Hamilton, W. V. T.; V. J. Van Dorn, W. S.; Miss L. A. Willett, W. T.; Martha C. Heald, W. F. S.; G. W. Carter, W. M.; Rev. P. V. Veeder, W. Ch.; D. B. Magee, W. I. G; and R. T. Montgomery, W. 0. G. Aqua Pura Lodge. — Aqua Pura Lodge, No. Ill, I. O. G. T., was organ- ized November 3, 1879, by Levi Leland, Grand Lecturer, with the following charter members : James Mason, Ida Dennison, J. Moody, A. T. Stanley, F. Harris, Z. E. Rowell, S. R. Dickey, Flora L. Allen, E. H. Dennison, Millie Harris, M. Story, O. Pye, J. Davis, A. Chapman, Mrs. Chapman, R B. Todd, Stella Kerfoot, Margaret McCaskell and J. A. White. The first officers were : J. Mason, W. C. T.; Ida Dennison, W. V. T.; S. R. Dickey, W. T.; A. T. Stanley, W. R. S. The present officers are : A. J. Cameron, W. C. T.. Mary Pierce, W. V. T.; H. V. Alley, W. R. S.; Ella V. Dunn, W. T. The Lodge meets on Saturday evenings, and the present membership is thirty- seven. Knights of Honor. — Napa Lodge, No. 1,897, K. of H., was organized November 28, 1879, with the following charter members : J. H. Boke, F. L. Coombs, N. Coombs, Levi Coombs, T. V. Chadbourne, T. H. Epley, L. H. 278 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Fowler, G. W. Fraser, C. R. Gritman, H. C. Gesford, Ed. Grogan, Z. W. Gar- field, J. H. P. Gedge, E. Hamm, J. W. Hostetler, F. M. Hackett, B. C. Hartson, Wm. Imrie, H. Jansen, J. F. Lambdin, T. Lane, O. P. Meyers, F. A. McDon- ald, T. McBain, J. C. Noyes, T. P. Parker, I. N. Pearson, A. J. Raney, J. T. Smith, George C. Shurtleff, M. L. Stillwagon, A. D. Stockford, J. P. Tru- body, J. T. Vanderlip, J. W. Ward, Jr., C. M. Walker, G. A. Wright, W. West, and J. N. Wallingf ord. The first officers were : C. R. Gritman, D. ; W. W. Hostetler, V. D.; A. D. Stockford, A. D.; F. M. Hackett, Rept.; B. C. Hartson, F. R; J. N. Wallingf ord, Treas. The Directors have been: C. R. Gritman, A. D. Stockford, J. W. Ward, Jr., Dr. J. W. Hostetler, and W. West. The present officers are : W. West, D. ; 0. P. Meyers, V. D. ; J. B- Walden, A. D.; F. M. Hackett, Rept.; J. N. Wallingf ord, Treasurer; and J. F. Lambdin, F. R The present membership is sixty, and the amount of benefit $2000. Knights of Pythias. — Fidelity Lodge, No. 23, K. of P., was organized August 6, 1873, with the following charter members : D. M. McClure, J. F. Pugh, J. Kean, R. M. Swain, W. Bradford, G. Bustelli, S. Reinertsen, C. A. Menefee, K. Gudmundsen, H. Christiansen, E. Lane, J. S. Howland, C. J. Carlsen, N. L. Nielsen, W. Overdick, R. N. Steere, J. Musburger, L. N. Zubric, M. Begelspacher, A. Muller, J. W. Sharp, R. H. Daley, I. Gilchrist, L. N. Parsons, G. W. Lawrence, M. F. Sherwood, J. J. Martin, I. Fancher, E. New- felder, W. H. Parsons and L. M. Corwin. The first officers were J. F. Pugh, P. C; D. McClure, C. C; N. L. Nielsen, V. C; R. N. Steere, P.; J. Kean, K. of R. & S.; W. Bradford, M. of F.; L. M. Corwin, M. of E. The following members have filled the position of C. C: D. McClure, R. M. Swain, G. W. Lawrence, C. A. Gardner, J. C. Pierson, H. Christiansen, A. Muller, T. N. Mount, N. L. Nielsen, W. Overdick, G. W. Olds, W. Mellor and C. Lulwes. The present officers are : J. F. Lambdin, C. C; C. M. Wiprut, V. G; G. W. Lawrence, P.; J. Kean, K. of R. & S.; T. N. Mount, M. of E.; H. L. Amstutz, M. of F.; John Kean has filled the position of K. of R. & S. ever since the organization of this lodge. Ancient Order United Workmen. — Fortuna Lodge, No. 13, A. O. U. W., was organized December 21, 1877, with the following charter members : C. R. Gritman, J. W. Ward, Jr., E. H. Bragg, E. S. Gridley, E. P. Mitchell, A. D. Stockford, C. H. Wilson, D. A. Fraser, T. McBain, J. Mitchell, C. Stuart, and J. W. Hostetler. The first officers were C. R. Gritman, P. M. W. ; J. W. Ward, Jr., M. W. ; E. H. Bragg, G. F. ; E. S. Gridley, Overseer ; C. H. Wilson, Recorder ; A. D. Stockford, Financier ; D. A. Fraser, Receiver ; E. P. Mitchell, Guide ; C. Stuart, I. W. ; and J. Mitchell, O. W. The following gentlemen have filled the position of M. W. : J. W. Ward, Jr., C R. Grit- Napa Township. 279 man, A. D. Stockford, J. W. Hostetler, 0. P. Meyers, C. B. Stone, B. C. Hartson, M. C. True, W. F. Henning, W. West and H. Brown, Jr. The present officers are : Hemy Brown, Jr., M. W ; S. P. Westover, F. ; J. W. Stephens, O. ; J. E. Walden, Guide ; E. S. Gridley, Recorder ; T. N. Mount, Financier ; B. E. Hunt, Receiver ; J. W. Hoover, T. W. ; A. M. Hardman, 0. W. The present membership is one hundred and thirty-three. Industries. — The industries of Napa City are quite numerous, as will l>e soon by perusing the following pages, and there is no good reason why thev should not be more so. No city in California presents better advan- tages for a manufacturing point than is to be found here. Transportation, the ultimatum to be considered in this case, is very cheap, and the shipping facilities are unexcelled — communication with San Francisco being had direct by both water and rail. It is in close proximity to the center of trade, and to tide water. The industrial future of Napa City cannot but be great if it is properly nurtured, and the requisite amount of encourage- ment given to men who would invest their capital in that direction in the place. Very much indeed of this future rests in the hands of the citizens of Xapa ; but judging the future by the past, there is no doubt but that all will be done that is possible to advance the industrial interests of the city. Sawyers Tannery. — This enterprise was begun in 1869 by F. A. Sawyer, with only one man as his assistant. He had two small buildings, and only two small vats. In 1870 his father, B. F. Sawyer, came out from New Hampshire, and entered into partnership with him, under the firm- name of B. F. Sawyer & Co., which is still the style of the firm-name. The business was started on Jacks Point, and it was then moved to its present location at the foot of Grant avenue. They put up a building 30x60 feet, with two shed roofs, sixteen feet wide on each side, the whole length of the building. They then had ten vats. At this time the firm consisted of B. F. Sawyer, F. A. Sawyer, and W. H. Woodbury, and they employed one white man and four Chinamen. The capacity was then one hundred and twenty-five sheep-skins per day. In 1871 the capacity was increased to three hundred pelts a day. In March, 1872, A. W. Norton purchased a half interest in the concern, and the capacity was increased to five hun- dred hides a day, and also one hundred deer-skins. They then erected a two-story building, 30x90 feet; also a bark shed 30x20 feet, making a total bark shed 30x50 feet. They run along about this way until 1875, when the capacity of the tannery was doubled. During this year S. E. Holden was admitted as a partner in the wool branch of the business. About this time the then foreman of the business, E. Manassee, discovered an improved method for preparing sheep-skins for glove leather, and in partnership with the firm, secured a patent for the process. Too much 280 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. in the way of commendation cannot be said of the leather prepared by this method. They then added eighteen feet to the length of the two- story building, and to run the business twelve white men and seventy Chinamen were required. They increased the capacity for deer-skins also to one hundred and fifty a day. In 1876 they erected a six-story dry -house, 40 x 24, also a two-story dry-shed, 36 x 90. In 1879 B. F. Sawyer died, but the business continued in the hands of the same firm until April 1, 1880, when S. E. Holden and E. Manassee were admitted as partners in the enterprise. The capacity was then increased to one thousand two hundred sheep and two hundred deer skins daily. In 1879 they put up a dry-shed, 48 x 90, also a two- story grading and finishing room, 16 x 50, in the spring of 1880. During the present year (1881) they have erected a three-story drying-shed, 70 x 40, and have put on an addition to the rear of the main building, 68 x 26, and two stories high, which is used for a wool-pulling room down stairs and a finishing room up stairs. They have converted the dry-shed, which was built in 1875, into a two-story building, which is used for the dyeing and deer-skin department. They have also erected a wood-shed, 40 x 70. with a suspension roof ; also a bark house, 40 x 80, with a suspension roof, fourteen feet high. They have remodeled the building erected in 1870 into a build- ing three stories high, and one hundred and ten feet long and forty-five feet wide. They have also put up two tanks holding from thirty thousand to forty thousand gallons. In 1879 they erected a warehouse, 48 x 55, in connection with the steamboat landing, which thus brings them into direct communication with that means of transportation. The buildings of the concern now cover one and a-half blocks, equal to two and a-half acres of land. When the business was begun, the bark was ground and the water pumped by horse-power. In 1876 they put in a ten-horse power engine. In 1879 it was found inadequate to meet the requirements of the business, and a twenty-five-horse power one was put in, and at the same time a forty- horse power boiler. In 1880 they put in another boiler of the same size, and now all their drying rooms are supplied with steam. Their business is conducted in a strictly methodical manner, and all the latest improvements are used. A record is kept of every article handled, so that no matter in what department it may be its whereabouts is known. Strict account is kept of the expenses of each department, and of the amount of material handled, so that any leakage is easily detected. Their capacity is now in- creased to two thousand sheep-skins and two hundred deer-skins a day. The firm also deals in wool and heavy hides. They have a warehouse and office in San Francisco, also an agency for their leather in New York, and one for their wool in Boston. Their wool is graded into five separate kinds, and is then baled and shipped to Boston. Their supply of hides comes from the Napa Township. 281 whole Pacific Coast, Oregon affording quite an amount of them. In 1881 the firm showed their spirit of liberality by increasing the wages of their men 14 per cent., and they now range from 75 cents a day for boys be- ginning to S- . 75 for foremen. Napa City Tannery. — This business is conducted under the firm-name of T. McBain & Co., which is composed of T. McBain, J. F. Zollner, and J. Even. They began business in 1874, and had a capacity of one hundred hides per week, which has since been increased to two hundred and fifty. They handle heavy hides entirely, and have now sixty-five vats. In 1880, they put in an eigh teen-horse power engine, with a forty -horse power boiler. Their main building is 100x80, and they erected in 1880, a bark shed, which is 100x50, and sixteen feet high, and will hold six hundred cords. The busi- ness at this place was started in 1867, by T. H Algo, who began in a very small way, and developed it up to what it was w T hen the present owners came into possession. When they put in their engine they erected a two-story build- ing 34x50 in which to put it. The most of their tan bark is secured from the upper end of Napa Valley. The buildings are situated in East Napa, and north of the river. Vernon Mills. — This enterprise was set on foot by the Langwell Broth- ers, and the building was originally located between the railroad track and the mouth of Napa Creek. In 1859 Messrs. Heald, Cooper and Kester pur- chased it, and in 1861 it was moved to its present site. The present size of the main building is 55x60, and four stories high. One half of the ware- house part is 120x60, and the other half is 30x120. The engine-room and coal shed is 160x120. The flour warehouse is 30x60, and was erected in 1880, and is situated on the east side of the main building. There are four run of buhrs, new boilers put in in 1880, and a forty-horse power engine. The boilers are forty-eight inches in diameter, and four- teen feet long, of which there are two. The capacity of the mill is from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five barrels. Does custom and general work. Messrs. Cooper and Kester purchased Heald's interest in 1869, and Mr. W. R. Cooper became sole proprietor in 1875. The build- ing is on the north bank of the river in East Napa, and vessels can load and discharge at the door. Napa City Mills. — This enterprise was set on foot in 1878 by William Stoddard. The mills have a capacity of one hundred and twenty barrels in twenty-four hours. A fifty-horse power engine drives four run of stones. All the requisite machinery for an establishment of this kind is found here, and the very latest improvements. The mill is adjacent to the warehouse, at the foot of Brown street. Moody's Carriage Factory. — This enterprise was begun by T. M. Moody, in 1871, and the shops are located on Main street, between First and Pearl. 282 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. He does a general blacksmith, wagon and carriage-making business ; also, repairing machinery, horsQ-shoeing, and plow manufacturing. T. G. Green- field is the wood-worker of the establishment. In the shop there is an iron turning-lathe run by steam. Hunter's Carriage Factory. — Located on First street, and business begun in 1871. Does a general blacksmith, carriage and wagon-making business. William Topham is the wood-woi'ker. Wright & Fowlers Carriage Factory. — Located on Third street, near the bridge, where a general blacksmith and wagon and carriage-making business is conducted. L. H. Fowler has charge of the iron department, and G. A. Wright of the wood-work. Napa Soda Works. — M. Silver, proprietor, corner of Main and Stuart streets. This business was begun in 1878, and the machinery has a capacity of one hundred dozen a day. The demand for the soda has increased very much, running as high as six hundred dozen a month. Napa Coffee and Spice Mill. — B. W. Roberson begun operations in Octo- ber, 1880, on Main street, near Stuart. The flood of 1881 drove him from those quarters to his present place on Brown street. He has a rotary coffee- roaster with a capacity of one thousand five hundred pounds per day, and a mill that will grind the same amount ; also, a spice mill. Machinery is run by steam. Supplies the trade of this whole valley. Napa City Marble Works. — Conducted by Messrs. Newman & Wing who began business in 1878, near the Tulucay Cemetery. They erected a new building 28x40 in 1881 ; and they do a general business in granite and marble. They turn out some superb work. Napa Drain Tile Factory. — W. B. and E. H. Dennison, proprietors, be gan business in September, 1880. The building is located on Third street, east of the railroad, and is 52 x 30, with a kiln building 30 x 48, and a dry- ing room 104 x 26. The clay is gotten in the vicinity of Napa City, and is of good quality for tiling, but not for glazed ware. The machinery consists of a tile machine and a portable engine. The machine will mould two hundred rods of tiling in a day. They mould in sizes from two to six inches. The kiln is twelve feet in diameter, and fourteen feet high, and made of brick and stone, and will contain one thousand rods of tile, which requires three days in burning. They also manufacture flower pots, etc., in their line. Napa Cream of Tartar Works. — The cream of tartar manufactoi-y in East Napa was established December, 1880. The supply of wine settlings used in making the cream of tartar is obtained from cellars in Sonoma and Napa Counties. Six or seven thousand pounds of crude tartar — bi-tartrate of potash — have been made since the opening of the factory, and a much larger amount will be manufactured next season. Work will recommence Napa Toionship. 283 immediately after wine-making shall begin in the fall. The tartar forms in small, brown crystals, sometimes on a thread suspended in the tanks somewhat resembling brown rock-eandy. Other crystals settle to the bot- tom whore they lie loosely, and after being removed are dried in the sun. It is then taken to San Francisco and refined. The crude article sells for twenty-two cents per pound ; when it is refined it commands thirty -two cents per pound. The proprietor, Mr. A. Bertrandias, seems well pleased with his location and the success attending his labors here. Bachelder Manufacturing Company. — Was organized as a company in 1876, but J. Bachelder was then and is still proprietor. The manufacture of pumps, wind-mills and general machinery is made a specialty. He has lately taken out the wood- working department, and put in a canning busi- ness. The building is one hundred feet square, two stories and a basement, with an L 24 x 24. The wind-mills manufactured by this company are first-class in every respect. Location of works, in East Napa. Napa Glue Works. — C. N. Souther, proprietor, began business in April, 1877. The works are located in East Napa, just north of McBain & Co's tannery, and fifteen hundred pounds of glue per week are manufactured, and more could be done if the stock could be had. The quality of the product is excellent. The building is 90 x 32, and three stories high. There is an eight-horse power engine connected with the works. Napa City Gas Works. — This is the property of an incorporated company, of which J. H. Goodman is President, and L. R. Parker, Superin- tendent. The gas is made from coal, and the capacity of gasometer is ten thousand feet. There are four retorts. Napa Planing Mill. — Corner of Third and Brown streets, M. A. Schwab proprietor. Business began in March, 1881. The machinery consists of a planer, band scroll saw, lathe, circular saws — rip and cross-cut — moulding sticker, and a fifteen-horse power engine. All kinds of planing and sticking done : also fruit boxes made. Barth's Brewery. — G. Barth, proprietor, is located on the corner of Main and Stuart streets. The building is a large one, constructed of stone, and two stories high. There is also a stone bottling house 30x38 feet. The beer room is 48x60 feet. There is a twelve-horse power engine to drive the pumps, etc. The malt kettle is on the second floor, and will hold one thousand gallons. The malt dryer is 20x20 feet, and the fermenting room is 24x48 feet. The cooler has a capacity of one thousand gallons. There is also a large beer cellar, which is an excellent addition to the establish- ment. It is one of the largest brewei'ies on the west side of the Sacramento River. Bank of Napa. — Organized September, 1871, with the following trustees : J. F. Zollner, W. C. Wallace, C. Hartson, E. Stanley, W. H. Nash, 284 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. R. H. Sterling, E. L. Sullivan, A. B. Walker, W. W. Thompson, G. M. Fisher, K. B. Woodward, H. L. Davis, T. H. Thompson, I. N. Larimer, J. Lawley, D. McDonald, and D. L. Haas. At that time the following officers were elected : C. Hartson, President ; W. C. Watson, Secretary and Cashier, and R. H. Sterling, W. W. Thompson and T. H. Thompson, Finance Com- mittee. C. Hartson remained President of the bank till January 1, 1880, when L. Lewton was chosen to the position which he still retains. W. 0. Watson remained Cashier until January 1, 1881, when C. R. Gritman was elected to the place, and still retains it. The present Finance Committee is J. M. Mansfield, J. Preece and M. Shaw. The present Directors are L. Lewton, C. A. Derby, M. Shaw, J. M. Mansfield, J. Preece, J. Roberts, W. Maynard, C. Robinson, G. Barth, S. Ewer, S. M. Chapman, D. Smith, Dr. G. B. Crane, W. A. Trubody, S. E. Holden, J. Harnett, and E. W. Robinson. The capital stock at the time of organization was $250,000, but has since been reduced to $186,300, with a surplus of $75,000. A general banking business is conducted, and the Anglo-Californian Bank of San Francisco, and J. & W. Seligman & Co., of New York, are its correspondents. The bank was opened October 2, 1871, in a building on Main street, and their elegant and substantial structure on the corner of Main and Second streets was erected in the spring of 1872. Banking House of J. H. Goodman & Co. — Was established in 1858, with James H. and George E. Goodman, proprietors. Does a general bank- ing business, and have correspondents in all the principal cities in the Union. Banking House op Seeley & Bickford. —Was established April 1, 1879, and does a general banking business. The proprietors are C. B. Seeley and L. A. Bickford, and the location is on Brown street, next door to Wells, Fargo & Co.'s express. Business Interests of Napa City. — We have collected facts and figures showing the business interests in Napa City, in the years 1856, 1858, 1860, and 1881, and present them below in a sort of tabulated form, so that the reader may see at a glance, what has been the business growth of the place since it was a " hamlet," as R. T. Montgomery was wont to call the city in the days of its swaddling clothes. 1856. 1858. 1860. 1881. General Stores 9 10 12 15 Liquor * 3 Hardware Stores 1 1 Stationery 1 3 Hotels 2 3 4 11 Blacksmith Shops 3 2 5 Napa Township. 285 1856. Plow Factory •a Makers 3 Shoe Shops 2 Clothing Stores 1 Meat Markets Fruit Stores Vegetable Stores Saddlers 1 Tin Stores 1 Sewing Machine Agent 1 Drug Stores 3 Express 2 Printing Offices 1 Billiard Halls 2 Bakeries 1 Flour Mills 2 Warehouses 2 Livery Stables 3 Churches 1 Saloons 12 Doctors 2 Lawyers 4 Jewelers Total number of buildings Votes cast in 1859 826 Ambrotype rooms Assay Office Barber Shops Bag Factory Banks Cigar Stores Dry Goods Stores Furniture Stores Fire Companies Fish Market Gunsmith Lumber Yards Machine Shops Paint Shops Public Hall Restaurants 1858. 1 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 5 3 14 5 10 2 ISfiO. 1881. 3 4 3 6 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 4 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 4 2 5 5 3 8 14 21 7 12 16 10 2 4 430 286 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. 1856. Tailors Schools Wood Yards Feed Store Photograph Gallery Wine Cellars Glue Works Tanneries Spice and Coffee Mill Gas Works '.. Cream Tartar Works Pottery Marble Cutter Milliners Confectioners Markets Second Hand Dealer Glove Factory Brewery Soda Factory Carriage Factories Dentists 1858. 1860. 2 4 1881. 4 8 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 6 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 Steamboats. — Since 1850, steamers have plied between Napa and San Francisco almost, if not quite, continuously. The first steamer to be put in the trade was the " Dolphin," Capt. Turner G. Baxter, Master, and her first trip was made in 1850. She was not much larger than a whale-boat, and her boiler was similar to that of a locomotive. Her passengers had to " trim ship " very carefully to keep from upsetting. It is said that when coming up the river, the captain, who is very tall, came in sight long before the smoke-stack did. Gen. W. S. Jacks still preserves the bell of the "Dol- phin " as a relic. The next steamer was the " Jack Hays," which was run by Capt. Chad- wick, who afterwards lost his life on the " Brother Jonathan." The "Hays" was brought around the Horn, in pieces, in 1849, on board the bark "La Grange," and was shipped hence by a joint stock company, of which Mr. W. W. Wilkins of Bolinas, Marin County, was a partner. The steamboat was discharged from the vessel at Benicia, where she was put together, and was the first steamboat that ever made the trip from the latter place to Sac- ramento. Upon its completion it was called the " Commodore Jones," in honor of Commodore Ap. Catsby Jones. Her builders soon disposed of her, Napa Toivnship. 287 and her name was changed to " Jack Hays," under which she got unto her- self quite a reputation. In 1856, the steamer "Anna Abernatha " was run in this trade by Cap- tain Folger. In April, 1857, the steamer "Sophia" was run to Napa by (. 'apt. P. F. Doling. The " Vaquero " was run at one time by Capt. Baxter. The steamer " Express " ran here for a number of years, and is now going to decay at the old Soscol wharf. In 1859, the steamer " Paul Pry" was on the route. She was a speedy affair, making the trip in three hours. In 1864, the "Cleopatra" was run by Capt. T. G. Baxter betw r een Napa and B -col, in connection with the Amelia, which ran from there to San Fran- cisco. The steamers " Ellen " and " Emma " are now in this trade. There have been other steamers here, but their names have been forgotten. Odd Fellows' College and Home. — In 1871, quite an excitement prevailed over the location of the above institution at Napa. In the Grand Lodge the vote stood : for Napa, 445 ; for Sacramento, 82. The citizens of Nana did all in their power to get it located here, but from some cause it was decided to take it elsewhere, which was a great disappointment to the people of this place. The Fire Department. — Pioneer Engine Company, No. 1, was organized in April, 1859, by the election of Robert Crouch, President; E. S. Chesebro, Foreman ; J. H. Moran, Assistant ; J. W. Hemenway, Second Assistant ; Harvey Wilder, Secretary; and B. F. Townsend, Treasurer. The first trial of the engine was on the 6th of June, 1860. Since then a hook and ladder truck and eight Babcock Extinguishers have been purchased, and altogether the apparatus is quite efficient and the only thing lacking is a supply of water. It has been impossible to get a full history of the department, owing to the absence of many of their records. COAL. — September 24, 1870, it was reported that a vein of coal four and one-half feet thick had been discovered. ifoi I 1 LIME. — In May, 1866, F. Sage burned a kiln of lime from stone found in Xapa Valley. We do not know anything of the quality of it but infer ii; that it was not very excellent from the fact that the enterprise was aban- 2 doned. 1 FERRY AT SOSCOL. — In an early day the crossing at Soscol was an important place, and a ferry then did a big business. The first ferry that we find mentioned was in 1852, when a franchise was granted to H. Lutten ; and the next was in 1857, when a franchise was granted to E. W. Thurber. He had formerly lived in Big Valley, Sonoma Couuty, and now resides in Pleasant Valley, Solano County. In 1858, the franchise was granted to 288 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Valentine Hathaway. In 1874, M. C. True held the franchise, and relin- quished it, and J. T. Machado obtained a franchise February 1, 1875. The business amounts to but a trifle now. DAM AND LOCK.— William H. James got a franchise April 18, 1859, to construct a dam and lock in the Napa River, at or near Soscol, for fifteen years. The dam was to be constructed of stone, and to be fifty feet wide. The franchise was transferred to James H. Goodman, who renewed it May 3, 1861. WHARF AT SOSCOL.— May 6, 1858, a franchise was granted to S. and T. H. Thompson, for twenty years, to construct a wharf at Soscol, on the east side of the river, beginning at the ferry, and extending southward five hundred feet. REV. ELEAZER THOMAS, D. D.— This gentleman, who was one of the Peace Commissioners who met such a cruel and untimely fate at the hands of the Modoc Indians in the lava beds, April 11, 1873, was at that time presiding elder of the Petaluma district, and was well known in Napa City and County, where he had often preached, as a most worthy man and exemplary Christian. TULUCAY CEMETERY.— On the 24th day of December, 1858, a meeting of the citizens of Napa was held for the purpose of providing a burial ground for the accommodation of the public. James Lefferts called the meeting to order, and W. S. Jacks was chosen Chairman, and G. W. Towle, Secretary. A committee of five was appointed by the chairman to prepare a plan of organization of the Cemetery Association ; to find out as to the quantity and price of ground that could be purchased ; to suggest a plan of laying out the grounds ; the probable expense of so doing, and the expense of fenc- ing the proposed cemetery. The members of the committee appointed for this purpose were William H. James, C. W. Langdon, A. L. Boggs, N. Coombs, and W. S. Jacks. The next meeting was on the twenty-eighth of the same month. The committee appointed at the previous meeting made their report, which was adopted. A committee of three was then appointed to solicit subscriptions to be applied to defraying the expenses of surveying, laying off burial lots, and other incidental expenses that might be incurred previous to the sale of the lots. A committee of five was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws ; to report at the next meeting. This com- mittee comprised J. Lawley, R. Dudding, Hambleton, A. L. Boggs, and J- Lefferts. The committee appointed at the last meeting for the purpose of prepar- ing a plan of organization, reported that they had consulted with Senor Don Cayetano Juarez, the proprietor of land in the neighborhood of Napa City, Napa Tow us hip. 289 and that gentleman had generously offered to donate to trustees, to be ap- plied for that purpose, a quantity of land suitable for a cemetery, the area of the whole amount to be twenty-five or thirty acres. The amount finally donated was forty-eight and four-fifth acres. The committee recommended that, as soon as the ground was laid off into lots, and before the sale of any lots whatever, Don Cayetano Juarez be permitted to select a lot for a family burying-ground, and that a certifi- cate of such location be presented to him gratuitously. They also stated that they had examined the land offered and deemed it well suited for the purposes contemplated, said land being that known as the Tulucay (accent on the last syllable) Cemetery. The committee also recommended that as a basis of franchise a subscription list be provided, in which a sum of money not to exceed twenty -five dollars to each person be subscribed, to be applied in defraying the expenses of surveying, laying off burial lots, and other incidentals ; that the amount subscribed be returned as soon as funds are received from the sale of lots ; also, that the persons subscribing elect five trustees to receive the deed, to be known as the " Trustees of the Napa County Cemetery Association." A portion of the cemetery was to be set apart for the use of the Catholic Church, which was to be selected by Don Cayetano Juarez. The committee also recommend that the trustees procure a conveyance of the land, and that a substantial fence be erected around the cemetery. A vote of thanks was then tendered to Don Cayetano Juarez for his generous gift. At the next meeting the Committee on Constitution and By-Laws re- ported. The constitution provided that the association be known as the " Tulucay Cemetery Association ;" that the business be transacted by five trustees, to be elected by the owners of the lots : that as soon as the lots were laid off a public sale of them take place, proceeds of sale to be applied to necessary expenses, which being paid, the balance of the money to be expended in ornamenting the grounds and keeping them in repair. The trustees are to be residents of Napa County ; none of the officers to receive any salary except the Secretary, who, on receiving and filing a deed to a lot, shall recive a fee of fifty cents. The first Board of Trustees elected consisted of N. Coombs, A. L. Boggs, J. Lefferts, Smith Brown and J. Lawley. Sixty-six persons subscribed in sums ranging from five dollars to twenty-five dollars, at the opening of the subscription list. On the ninth of April, 1859, a public sale was held at the cemetery grounds, the price of each lot having previously been fixed at $10. June 14, 1859, the stone wall which had been recently completed around the cemetery was accepted, said wall being one hundred and eleven and two- thirds rods long; and an order was drawn on the Treasurer for the sum of $558.75, being at the rate of $5 per rod. The cemetery grounds were sur- 19 290 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. veyed by N. L. Squibb May 30, 1865. A. L. Boggs having removed from the county, J. F. Lambdin was elected trustee in his place, and George Fellows was elected to fill the place of J. Lefferts, resigned. December 17, 1865, J. F. Lambdin was authorized by the trustees to contract with J. Henckle for one year's service at a price not to exceed $550, Henckle to board himself, and find his own tools, and to work for said association, and take general charge of the cemetery under the direction of the trustees. Trustees Lambdin and Fellows were appointed a committee to purchase one hundred trees, and superintend the planting of them. J. F. Lambdin was also elected Treasurer of the association. March 10, 1869, J. F. Lambdin was authorized to contract with C. Cha- bol to care for the cemetery at $12.50 per month, he to have all he could make by digging graves, and caring for lots. At this meeting the price of lots was fixed at $20 each. At a meeting of the trustees held August 1, 1873, the President was authorized to convey to the Supervisors of Napa County the tract marked "Poor" on the plat of the cemetery. April 16, 1874, Jesse Grigsby, J. A. McClellan, C. H. Allen and A. G. Boggs were chosen trustees of the association, and L. Bruck, clerk. April 10, 1876, it was resolved that lots purchased be paid for in advance, and that prices for part's of lots should be as follows : one-fourth lot, formerly sold at $5, should now be held at $7.50; one-half lot, formerly $10, raised to $12.50; and so on in proportion. A contract was entered into with William Keeley, by which the trustees bind themselves and their successors in office to care for lots 23 and 24, block 73, the property of said Keeley, as long as the association had an existence, for the sum of $100, paid to them by said Keeley. In the spring of 1877 a wind-mill was erected, and a tank constructed, containing three thousand gallons, also laid two thousand feet of iron pipe. In June, 1877, G. Barth and A. G. Boggs were appointed a committee to negotiate with the bank of Napa, for $650, to pay the indebtedness incurred for improving the Cemetery grounds. The Independent Order of Odd- Fellows purchased block one hundred and eleven, for $237.50. The present trustees are A. G. Boggs, J. A. McClellan, W. C. S. Smith, G. Barth and Jesse Grigsby, and T. F. Raney is Secretary. NAPA STATE ASYLUM FOB, THE INSANE.— Mr. J. B. Stevens has kindly furnished us the following: With the view of providing for further accommodations, for the care and treatment of the insane in this State, the Legislature at the session of 1869-70, passed an Act authorizing the appoint- ment of a Commissioner to visit the principal insane asylums of the United States and Europe, for the purpose of obtaining all accessible and reliable information as to the management, the different modes of treatment, and Napa Township. 291 the statistics of insanity, especial attention being called to the asylums of Great Britain, Ireland, France and Germany. In pursuance to the provisions of the Act above referred to, Governor Haight appointed as such Commis- sioner Dr. E. T. Wilkins, who at once entered upon the duties assigned him; and during his investigations, he visited one hundred and forty -nine insane asylums. Forty-five of these were in the United States, one in Canada, fifteen in Italy, three in Bavaria, seven in Austria, eleven in the German States, two in Switzerland, thirteen in France, eight in Belgium, three in Holland, twenty -four in England, ten in Scotland, and seven in Ireland. During these investigations a number of plans of asylums were pro- cured, and from these the plans of the Napa Asylum were selected, Messrs. Wright & Sanders, of San Francisco, being the architects. The Commissioner made his report of his investigations to the Govenor, December 2, 1871, and on the 27th day of March, 1872, an Act was approved, providing for the appointment of a Commission, to select a site for the erection of an institution for the care and treatment of the insane, and making an appropriation of $237,500 towards the erection of the building. In the spring of 1872, Governor Booth appointed as the Commissioners to select the site of the proposed asylum, Judge C. H. Swift of Sacramento, Dr. G. A. Shurtleff of Stockton and Dr. E. T. Wilkins of Marysville ; and on the 2d day of August of that year said Commissioners submitted their report to the Governor, having selected Napa as the site for the new asylum. At the session of the Legislature of 1873-4, a further appropriation of 8600,000 was made for the completion of the asylum, but that sum being insufficient for the purpose, the Legislature of 1875-6 made a further appropriation of $494,000. Section 9, of the Act of March 27th, 1872, provided that the plans and specifications of this asylum should be upon the basis of accommodating not exceeding five hundred patients at any one time. On the 31st day of May, 1878, there were five hundred and one patients in the Asylum, and at the time of the meeting of the Legislature on the 5th day of January, 1880, the number had increased to eight hundred and eight, rendering it necessary that further accommodations be provided. Consequently at that session of the Legislature an appropriation of $20,000 was made for the purpose of fitting up and furnishing the attics in the rear of the amusement hall and over the laundry building, which work has been completed, giving accom- modations for one hundred and eighty patients. At the session of the Legislature of 1881 a further appropriation of $18,000 was made for fitting up and furnishing the attics over the extreme north and south wings of the building for the accommodation of one hun- dred and forty-six patients. 292 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. The asylum is located about one and one-half miles south-east of Napa City. The building faces the west, and consists of a center building with wings extending on each side, which are exactly alike ; the division for the sexes being equal. The center building consists of the office, library, Superintendent's private office, public sitting room, and officer's apartments. In the rear of which are the amusement hall, drug store, trunk-room, dining- rooms, kitchen and store-room. There are twelve wards on each side of the center building, besides one on the fourth floor, and one in the attic of the center building, two in the rear of the amusement hall, and one over the laundry building. Each of the wards, included in the wings, are divided as follows : At- tendant's room, dining-room, pantry, clothes-room, bath-room, wash-room, closets, one dormitory, intended for six beds, one room, 10 x 10, intended for two beds, and thirteen rooms 8 x 10, intended for one bed each, every room being lighted by a large window. The corner-stone of the building was laid in the month of March, 1873, and the first patient was admitted on the 15th day of November, 1875, since which time, up to the first day of July, 1881, two thousand nine hundred and fifty-five patients have been admitted, one thousand four hundred and forty-three have been discharged, four hundred and fifty-eight have died, and thirty-three have escaped, leaving in the asylum one thousand and twenty-one patients. The officers of the asylum are : Trustees, Benjamin Shurtleff, M. D., President ; J. C. Martin, A. G. Boggs, F. E. Johnston, and N. D. Rideout ; Treasurer, C. B. Seeley. Resident officers, E. T. Wilkins, Resident Physi- cian ; L. F. Dozier, Assistant Physician ; F. W. Hatch, Jr., Assistant Physi- cian ; J. B. Stevens, Secretary ; J. M. Palmer, Steward ; J. T. Johnston, Steward's Clerk ; Mrs. E. F. Arey, Matron ; John Hawkes, Supervisor ; Eliza Kennedy, Supervisoress ; George R. Walden, Druggist. NAPA SODA SPRINGS.— The early history of these springs is full of storm and cloud. Here was a valuable piece of property situated on public land, and naturally several claimants sprang into existence. Amos Buckman dated his time of settlement at the springs August 10, 1855. .George 0. Whitney located a land warrant on the property June 13, 1859. John Henry Wood dates his settlement on the place at August 17, 1860 ; and Smith & Grigsby claim June 10, 1863, as the date of their location. Buck- man was for a long time in undisputed possession. He prevailed upon E. L. Sullivan, a gentleman of means, to advance a considerable sum of money > and also Captain Willard Allen did likewise. In the course of time the ownership was claimed by the three men jointly. In the winter of 1855-6 a small hotel building was erected by these parties, with Buckman as Su- Napa Township. 293 porintendent and resident partner, which was located only a few rods to the northward of the present bottling house, on the first " turn out " in the road. This was a very " cheap " affair, as it is testified to a being a cloth-lined and papered house, and its size must have been not very great, judging from the foundation site. In the August following, a fire broke out in the hills back of the springs, and some sparks were carried through an open window into the house, which was utterly destroyed. About this time Charles H. Allen, of Napa City, began to project with the water, to determine what would be the re- sult of bottling it up. He went to work and manufactured a small zinc gasometer, being himself a tinner by trade, and with this he collected quite an amount of gas. He then put in pipes and so arranged them that the force of water would charge a cylinder with water and gas at the same time. He charged a cylinder, and brought it to Napa, where he made a connection with a bottling machine, and thus was bottled the first soda- water from the now justly celebrated springs, and from this humble begin- ning the business has increased to about three hundred dozen bottles a day during the summer season. The water was found to be excellent, and to possess good keeping and medicinal qualities, and Messrs. Allen & Buckman foresaw the grand possibilities of the future of the place, both from the revenues to be derived from the bottling of the water, and the establish- ment of a health and pleasure resort. The next thing to he done was to get a good title to the property ; but in this Mr. Buckman failed. From the " Report of the Register and Re- ceiver of the United States for the San Francisco Land District," made in 1864, we quote : ''Amos Buckman claims to have made a settlement as a bona fide pre- emptor, on the land claimed by him, as early as the 10th day of August, 1855, and to have continued his occupation down to the present date * * The contestant, Wood, claimed that said Buckman never entered upon said land as a pre-emptor ; that he never had or manifested * * any desire to become a pre-emptor * *; that such rights as he claimed were those of an equal partner and joint owner with one Willard Allen and Eugene L. Sullivan, whose rights and interests in said land * * said Buckman always acknowledged and respected down to the latter part of the month of October, 1856 ; that such joint ownership was for the purpose of specu- lation merely, and not for agricultural purposes ; that after said last date, said Allen sold out to said Buckman and Sullivan * * *. " From his (E. L. Sullivan's) testimony, it appears that said Willard Allen was the first person to occupy and improve said lanrl claimed by said Buckman ; that said Allen was upon the land as early as 1854, and con- tinued to hold and control it, and all the improvements thereon, down to 294 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the 25th of Octoher, 1856 * * *; that Sullivan continued to advance money for improvements until he had furnished $20,000 ; that upon said land were soda springs, which constituted its chief value ; that the im- provements consisted in improving the springs, building a hotel * * * the building of a barn, out-houses and roads ; that all this was accom- plished prior to the 1st day of August, 1856 ; that about this date said hotel was destroyed by fire * * and on the 25th day of October, 1856, the sale was perfected and the title-papers passed (from Allen to Buckman and Sullivan). Said Allen was to have $5000 ; the property was then valued at $30,000 * * * " From a review of all the testimony, we find : First — That Amos. Buck- man did not enter at any time, before or after the 1st day of March, 1856, upon the land claimed by him, in good faith, with any intention to pre- empt said land, or to appropriate it to his own exclusive use or benefit. Second — That, prior to the 25th day of October, 1856, said Buckman never had more than one-third interest in the said land claimed by him, and that he recognized the ownership and occupancy of the other two-thirds in Allen and Sullivan. Third— That said Buckman entered upon the same for the purpose of spemlation merely, and not for agricultural purposes ; that said land is made up entirely of volcanic mountains, hills and rocks, * * wherefore we find that Amos Buckman is not a bona fide pre-emptor, * * and that he is not entitled to enter the land claimed by him. * * " There being no prior claim to said land other than that of Amos Buck- man, which was held to be invalid, it became the duty of the Register to make the proper entries, and certify the land over to said State, which duty he has performed. Therefore, practically, it is unnecessary to decide on the merits of the pre-emption claims of Woods, Smith and Grigsby, as, inde- pendent of any and all evidence, they must be rejected. Nevertheless, we beg leave to call the attention of the department to the testimony * * which, in our judgment, establishes the fact that neither the claimants, Wood, Smith or Grigsby, entered upon their respective claims in good faith as pre-emptors, but merely for speculative purposes." The testimony taken before the Register was transmitted to the Land Commissioner at Washington, who decided it in favor of the claimant Buckman. The matter was taken from this tribunal, as a finality, to the Secretary of the Interior, who decided that it was State land, and so the clouds were lifted from the title, and the present proprietor, Colonel J. R Jackson, has a perfect and complete title. He purchased the property in 1872. The contest over this property was long, fierce and bitter, and it is the greatest wonder that somebody was not killed. It is stated that Dr. Wood was shot at one night while passing down the road. The torch was freely applied to the improvements made on the premises, and the parties #^w- Napa Toivnship. 295 lived right upon the premises, each watching the movements of the other all the time. When Dr. Wood had his title cleared up he set about to im- prove the place, and planted a number of trees and did some grading ; he also erected a large stone bottling-house. The present improvements, which are elegant and substantial, have, with the exceptions mentioned above, been placed there by Col. Jackson, and a full description of them will be appropriate in this connection. We will begin with the most striking feature of the premises, the mammoth rotunda. It is constructed of stone, rough hewn, and rests on the backbone of a ridge which puts out from the mountain side some distance below the level of the road. It is two stories high in front and four in the rear. The front presents a facade, while the main body of the building is circular, and was so designed by the proprietor to gain the double object of gaining i the most space possible inside a given extension of walls, and to cause it to comport with the natural surroundings. All of Nature's lines are curvi- linear — and angles in the midst of Nature's works would be out of place. The entrance to the building is through a wide hallway which leads to the rear. On either side and adjoining the entrance are elegant rooms intended for the use of the attendants about the place. Beyond these we enter the circular body of the building, on the outer edge of which are arranged eighty stalls, in which there are three thicknesses of floor. The upper one is of three-inch plank, and the seams ai*e pitched and calked as tightly as the deck of a vessel. Near the center is a grate trap, and the floor is so laid that there is a slight declivity towards the trap. The mangers are self-feeders, the supply coming from above, where the feed is stored. Inside the stalls is a drive-way, and inside of that is a bank for saddles, serving also to separate the drive- way from the central area which is designed to be the receptacle of carriages. This bank has four openings at opposite sides for convenience of ingress and egress. The upper story has the halls and rooms in front similar to the lower story. The space occupied below for stalls and drive-way, will be utilized here as a store-room, while the inner circular area makes an excellent skating rink. The water from the roof is conducted in pipes to the sewers underneath the stalls, and serves the purpose of flushing them out. We now descend to the first under- ground story, which is to be used principally for stable purposes. We descend again and find ourselves in the basement, which is ultimately de- signed to be a wine cellar. The natural declivity of the ground is such that the casks may be placed in tiers one above another so that the wine may be drawn with a syphon from one to another without disturbing the casks at all. The painting and graining and all carpenter and other work about this building has been done with as much care and excellence as though it were a mansion for human beings of noble birth instead of a habitation for man's best friend of the brute creation — the horse. 296 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. The next thing brought to our notice is a large shed for the reception of the teams of transient visitors. It is open to the north, but closed at the west, south and east, so that the horses may be thoroughly protected from the winds and sun. Strong iron rods extend from the posts downward, and are anchored to large rocks at a depth of twenty feet. Next in order comes a stone building, containing three very large rooms which are furnished with elegant suits of furniture. They each have a fire-place, and the walls are adorned with handsome paintings. The next building contains the kitchen and dining-room on the lower floor, which is on a level with the road on the west side of the buildings. We ascend an iron stair- way and reach a green- sward terrace, from which the upper rooms are entered. They consist of a dining-room, reading-room, etc. On the west side of this building there is a veranda, from which one of the most beautiful landscape views in Cali- fornia may be had. The lower story of the. next adjacent building is used, for bottling purposes. As the water comes from the springs it is passed under a gasometer, and the gas is retained in that while the water passes on into a reservoir. A hydraulic engine operates a compound pump, which forces the gas and water together again, one suction pipe leading to the gasometer and the other to the reservoir. The union is effected just beyond the pump, and the associated mass is led into two copper cylinders each with a steam gauge to indicate the pressure of the gas, and a water gauge to show the amount of water. The gas remains so thoroughly incorporated with the water that no agitator is necessary in the cylinder, as is often the case when mineral is being bottled. From the cylinders the water is conducted to the bottling machine, where, "by a simple twist of the wrist," a bottle is filled, corked and fastened with the patent wire cork-fastener, and the amount that may be bottled in a day is wholly dependent upon the skill and celerity of the operator. In the upper story of the building, reached from the terrace mentioned above, is a pleasant suite of rooms. To the north of this building, and within a few yards, are two of the soda springs from which drinking water is obtained. A neat brick awning is erected over each of them, surmounted with a dome-shaped ventilator. Between the last building and the first spring a wide stone stairway leads to the garden, in which will be found almost everything that grows in a semi-tropical climate. Oranges and lemons thrive well, indeed, as is evinced by the fruit-laden trees to be seen there now. The delicate rhododendron or oleander grows to be a handsome tree, while a Japanese persimmon is as thrifty as if to the manor born. Oak, fir and other native woods are stand- ing just as Nature planted them, to which have been added eucalyptus, Monterey cypress and pride of China trees. In the garden there is a spring that comes up through a fissure in the rock, just as Nature has left it. A basin has been scooped out as a receptacle for the water, and the rock ledge Napa Township. ' 297 has been hewn away so as to leave a raised block of solid stone containing the basin. The grounds are artistically arranged, and flowers and shrubs grow in profusion. In the forks of a great oak there is a platform with seats and ■ailing around it, which is known as " Lovers' Retreat." It is reached by a stairway, and is an acoustic curiosity from the fact that the slightest sound about the place can be heard in it. If it were vice versa it probably would not deserve the name of Retreat. In the cosiest places seats have been placed, from some of which the prospect is most beautiful, comprehending in one view the foot-hills just below, the wide expanse of Napa's most lovely valley, then the mountains beyond, and the vista finally ending with the lofty proportions of Mt. Tamalpais piercing the sky, like a giant sentinel on some grand old Titan fortress on the outer bulwarks of creation. The Club House, lately completed, and is a paragon of perfection. The building is of hewn rustic stone, which gives it a beautiful outward appearance. It stands on an elevation commanding a view of the entire grounds. The approach consists of wide steps leading up to an open tower which serves the double purpose of entry and portico. The outer corners are supported by stone pillars, and the inner surfaces are all curvilinear. The hallway is capacious, and extends entirely through the building. On the left of the hall at the entrance is the bar-room. Back of this is a raised dais and a bowling alley eighty feet long. The stairs pass up from the rear end of the main hall ; and on the newel post there is a figure holding a flambeau, which, when the gas is lighted, proves a verity. At the rear of the main stairs is a ladies' private entrance from the dais leading to the room in the south-east corner of the building on the lower floor. This is exclu- sively a ladies' room, and has a bagatelle table in it. Between this room and the front room on the right of the main hall is a folding door, which, when occasion demands, will permit of the two rooms being thrown into one. This front room is used as a gentlemen's billiard room. Ascending the stairs we find five handsome rooms for the accommodation of guests which have all the modern conveniences, and are furnished in excellent style. There is a main hall up stairs which is the counterpart of the one below. The front opens out upon a verandah. All the appointments about this building are as perfect as mechanical ingenuity can make them, and the sewerage is complete. Bath-houses are provided for the accommodation of the guests. The climate is most excellent here ; being elevated, the air is light, pure and revivifying. We have said already that the sceneiy is lovely, but it must be seen to be appreciated, and new prospects are pre- sented from every vantage ground. The feebler people can find abundance of level ground for exercise, while the more robust can find mountains to climb to their hearts' content, and for rambling just for the pleasure of the 298 ' History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. thing, there is an ample and excellent field. Mr. L. Kelley of the Palace Hotel, is the present lessee of the Springs. The analysis of the waters of these springs is as follows : Temperature, degrees 68 Grains. Residue from the evaporation of a gallon 68.76 Bicarbonate of soda 13.12 Carbonate of magnesia 26.12 Carbonate of lime 10.83 Chloride of sodium 5.20 Subcarbonate of iron 7.84 Sulphate of soda 1.84 Silicious acid 62 Alumina 60 The following splendid description of this property was published first in the California Horticulturist : " These springs are located at the head of a canon in the mountains which form the eastern boundary of the Napa Valley, six miles northward from Napa City. From this point, and about eight hundred feet above the level of the valley beneath, the artists Keith and Virgil Williams trans- ferred to their canvas the natural beauties of a landscape so rich in tower- ing peaks and green -enameled vale, sinuous creeks and open bay, russet- brown hill-side and grain-veneered field, that their pictures form the most pleasing gems in some of our best art collections. The valley below, for twenty-five miles, with its rectangular fields of varigated crops, looking like an elongated chess-board ; the bay. reflecting from its sun-lit waters the white-winged sails of the world's commerce ; and the mountains in Contra Costa County, with Tamalpais, King of the Coast Range, presenting in con- trast his graceful outline to Diablo's heavier front, form together a series of contrasting beauties which may well claim to be unmatched for sublimity. And, as if to leave no doubt upon this point, there arises over and beyond all these, the great sea view, which gives the final and a kingly grace to this country-seat, thus ocean-bound. Such daily sights as these made Alexan- der Smith a poet, and tend to dispel all narrowness from the soul of the spectator. This illimitable stretch of vision, which allows no earthly ob- ject to stay it, but at the horizon blends with the spacious heavens, where the setting sun seems to bathe himself in the deep ere he rainbows the Orient with his pathway of fire, truly " lends enchantment to the view," and gives additional zest to rural enjoyment and the life Arcadian. "Looking to the local pictures which make the place attractive, we find groves of patriarchal trees, the live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and the black Napa Tozvnship. 299 oak (Quercua Sononiensis), with boughs gracefully festooned with the gray Spanish moss or the ' dark druidical mistletoe,' and which command respect for their stately pre-eminence, dignity of strength, and inviting fullness of shade, constituting them elders amid the modern growths — a barrier to the tempest and a solace from the sunburst. ' Not a prince In all that proud old world beyond the deep E'er wore his crown as loftily as these Wear the green coronal of leaves with which His grace has crowned them. ' " Other trees of lesser growth, with tops as wide-spread as those that grace the English lawns, some having arms gnarled and shaggy, and others with boughs that droop as gracefully as willows or the Eastern elm, adorn the open grounds. " The Eucalyptus (Australian gum) towers high above its neighbor, the mountain pine, in its graceful aspiring. The Italian cypress adds an exotic charm to the natural scenery, and the palm tree, the almond, the olive and the orange (growing from seeds here sown), give variety to the view, and testify at once to the semi-tropical mildness of the climate and the generous fertility of the soil. "Along the ravines and gulches, and overshadowing the walks, are the Buckeye (jEscuIus Califomica), redolent of perfume ; the brilliant laurel (A reodaphne Califomica), a fine evergreen, with fragrant leaves ; the ash (Praxmus Oregana) ; the large-leaved maple (Acer macrophylla), and, most magnificent of all, the madrona (Arbutus Menziesii), with bright green waxen leaves ; these, with the flesh-tinted manzanita, constitute the forest scenery of these mountain sides. " Of the beautiful flowering shrubs are the Ceanothus (California lilac) ; the Spircea; the sweet-scented and favorite Calycanthus, with color of a deep claret; the dog- wood (Cornus), conspicuous for its snowy white flowers ; the snowberry (Symphoricarpus); the Azalea Occidentalis, having deliciously sweet-scented white and yellow flowers in profuse abundance ; the chestnut (Castanca Ghrysophylla) , and the wild rose. " Of climbers, among many others, we only name the wild California grape (Vitis Calif arnica,), forming natural and most graceful bowers, as con- tinuous and shady as those of the far-famed banyan tree ; the virgin's bower (Clematis), and the honeysuckle. " California bulbs grow here in great abundance and rich variety. Of the finest are the Cyclobothra, the Calochortus, the lily, the brodidas, the iris, and others of truly charming colors. "Most attractive of all the flowering plants are the columbine (A qui- kgia), the ever-pleasing red larkspur (Delphinium nudicaule), the Cali- 300 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. fornia poppy (Eschscholtzia), the lupin, the evening primrose (Oenothera), and the monkey flower (Mimulus glutinosus). " Along the shady hill-side the ground is literally covered with our fine California ferns, such as the Polypodium, the Adiantwm, the Pelloea, the Gymnogramme, the graceful Woodwardia, and the Aspidium. Over a wide extent of wall, on fences and house-sides, the slow-growing ivy and climbing roses extend themselves. The lemon verbena — not a flower-pot plant as in the East, but here a bush six feet high — emits the fullness of its grateful fragrance ; the loquat invites by the immaculate purity of its white blossoms ; and the scarlet berries of the madrona dotting hill and roadside engage the sight by the conspicuous brilliancy of their coloring. " Numerous living springs of fresh water burst from the mountain sides at such an' elevation as to send the natural flow over the entire six hundred and forty acres which constitute the Springs property ; and throughout the year this water is as cold as though it flowed over subterranean beds of ice. Indian relics found here in abundance indicate that these were chosen spots by the aboriginees; and doubtless, countless times the western Leather- Stocking has here brushed aside the leaves, and quaffed the sparkling cur- rent at its fountain. " Along one side of the property a mountain brook gathers the hill-side offerings of congenial springs, as it curvets and frets itself through canon passes — now loitering to gather fresh strength against a temporary embargo, and then dashing away in a white gush of waterfall — now with swift current dancing about the beds and eddies of sycamore-guarded banks, and again filling the deep rock-encircled pool (where the speckled trout coyly display their beauties, and anon hide themselves away,) whose crystal waters temptingly invite to a grateful bath. On the other boundary a rocky gorge resounds with the ripple of numerous streamlets, until the swelling torrent's of winter's rain sends the combined waters raging over a perpendicular fall ninety feet in height, a miniature Niagara. " Inviting paths, miles in extent, lead with gentle grade to the various points of interest ; now to a grottoed cave and anon to a mountain grove ; here to a vine-covered bower, and there across a rustic bridge, beneath which living waters leap and sparkle, and terminate at last at the summit of Castle Peak, beneath whose outlook rolls the whole broad panorama of Napa Valley. Reservoirs dug from their rocky beds, holding each two hundred thousand gallons, gather the waters for domestic use, and the stone quarried from the spot supplied the material for the buildings that adorn the premises. An orchard in full bearing furnishes varied and abundant fruit, and the vineyard, of choicest selection, has proved its merit by the numerous premiums from our State fairs that already indorse its wine. " But the feature which most peculiarly distinguishes this favored spot, Napa Township. 301 and makes it therefore especially attractive, is its mineral springs, which have been famous for their curative powers. From the hidden treasury of Nature's chemistry in her subterranean laboratories, a perennial flow of about four thousand gallons daily is developed, mingling iron, soda, mag- nesia, lime and muriate of soda with free carbonic acid gas in such happy combination as to impart pleasure, health and physical improvement as the result of their use. From one of these springs is poured forth the article well known in the commercial world as " Napa Soda." The water is bottled and sold just as it flows pure from Nature's laboratory, with all her sparkling freshness still upon it. No adulteration mars its native, health- giving and tonic properties, and its long and continuous use in the market attests its merit. The same elements are held in solution which give to the Carlsbad Springs in Bohemia their rank as the first in the world. "A hotel is now projected for these springs in place of one destroyed some years since by fire ; and in addition to the natural beauty of the situa,- tion, the genial, even mildness of the climate and the attractions of artful ornamentation, one of the greatest, if indeed not the first consideration in the minds of visitors, will be the medicinal qualities of these waters, that strengthen for active life the hand, the heart and the mind." We can not better close this sketch than by a quotation from the golden letters engraved by Imperial decree above the springs at Carlsbad, and which are also inscribed on a marble tablet and placed over one of the springs at this place : "To suffering man from Nature's genial breast A boon transcendent ever mayst thou flow. Blest, holy fount, still bid old age to know Reviving vigor ; and if health repressed Fade in the virgin's cheek, renew its glow For love and joy ; and they that in thy wave Confiding trust and thankful lave, Propitious aid, and speed the stranger band, With health and life renewed, unto their native land. " ATLAS PEAK. — Among the charming resorts in Napa County, but few, if any, excel Atlas Peak. From the report of the " Committee on the 'establishment of a State Hospital for Consumptives," we quote as follows : " This region, situated on the ridge of the Coast Range of mountains, east of Napa Valley, has of late years attracted considerable attention, on account of its equability of temperature, its freedom from fogs, or from harsh winds, the dryness of the atmosphere, and its supposed advantages as a residence for the consumptive. Its elevation is about fifteen hundred feet ; its mean winter temperature is fifty degrees ; its summer temperature seventy-four degrees, and its mean annual relative humidity only forty-five per cent., or fifty-one in winter and thirty-nine in summer. It is within 302 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. twelve miles of the city of Napa, easily accessible from the entire central portion of the State and from the coast, and the soil is well suited to the cultivation of grain, fruit and vegetables. The climate of this ridge is re- markable for its healthf ulness ; no malarial diseases are known there ; there is an abundance of pure water ; the atmosphere, though sometimes warm for a short period at noon, is never oppressive ; the evenings are agreeably cool and invigorating ; the winters are mild, and excellent facilities are afforded for camp life and out-door exercise at all seasons of the year. " Taking into consideration all the facts presented * * and when other things are equal, the relative accessibility of the different localities visited, the committee feel justified in awarding a preference to Atlas Peak." Messrs. A. V. Evans and J. W. Harker each have a fine place on Atlas Peak, and the former has grown some of the finest fruits and vegetables to be found in Napa County, while the latter has an excellent young vineyard, and proposes to plant very largely. The soil is very deep and rich, being composed of volcanic matter chiefly. There is an excellent mineral spring near the peak, and others may be developed. The view from the peak is unsurpassed, except, perhaps, from Mount St. Helena. Many have already reaped the benefits of a sojourn at the place, and from year to year the number will increase, and we are sure we are not saying too much when we assert that it is destined to be one of the chief sanitariums of California. OTHER RESORTS.— There are several other places of resort in Napa Township, but the principal ones are the Hudeman place, and Mount Veeder ; all of which are lovely places and well worth visiting. Yount Township. 303 YOUNT TOWNSHIP. GEOGRAPHY. — Yount Township is bounded on the north by Hot Springs and Knox Townships, on the east by Yolo and Solano Counties, on the south by Napa Township, and on the west by Sonoma County. July 17, 1873, the Board of Supervisors established the following boundary lines for this township : Beginning at a point on the Sonoma County line, described as a begin- ning point of Napa Township ; thence northerly along said county line to a point due west from the head of Dry Creek ; thence in a straight line to the middle of the bridge on the county road, across the slough known as Bale Slough, near the residence of Thomas Chopson ; thence in a direct line to the middle of Conn Creek, in front of William Dinning's house ; thence up said creek to Chiles Creek ; thence up Chiles Creek to Moores Creek ; thence up Moores Creek to the line of La Jota Rancho ; thence along said line northerly to the line of Chiles Rancho ; thence along the western and northern line of said rancho to corner number one of said rancho ; thence northerly along the ridge west of Berryessa Valley to the old line between Lake and Napa Counties ; thence easterly along said line to the eastern boundary of Napa County ; thence southerly along said line to the north- west corner of Napa Township ; thence along the northern line of said township to the place of beginning. TOPOGRAPHY. — The topography of the township is varied, as is natural in a mountainous country. The western boundary line is located on the summit of a range of mountains. Passing to the eastward we come to Napa Valley, which is much wider in this township than in the one above. We then come to a range of mountains lying on the east side of the last named valley, and running parallel with it, but in this township it is intersected laterally by Conn Valley. To the east of this range lies Chiles Valley, and then we come to another range of mountains. To the east of this lies the broad and fertile Berryessa Valley, and the eastern boundary line, like the western, hies along the summit of a mountain range. GEOLOGY. — Much indeed might be written under this head in this township, but only a cursory glance can be given here. Beginning on the western side, we find the mountains formed of very old rock, some going back as far as the Devonian period. There is also more or less of creta- 304 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. ceous sand and limestone to be found. The mountain range just east of Napa Valley is all of volcanic formation. In Chiles Valley we come to the sandstone formation again, the mountains lying on the east side of it being formed chiefly of it. There are many peculiar formations also, in that vicinity, and a wide field for geological research is opened. Gypsum occurs in greater or less bodies here. In the Berryessa section it is principally limestone and sandstone, of the cretaceous age. The ridge to the east of the valley is all composed of coarse sandstone of that age. SOIL. — The soil of this township is generally very good indeed. No better soil for the production of vegetables, fruit or cereals, need be desired, than can be found in the Napa, Chiles and Berryessa Valleys. The soil of the first named valley is better adapted for fruit perhaps than for cereals but that of the last named is exceedingly well adapted to the production of cereals, as is evidenced by the enormous crops of grain which are annually produced in that section. All the mountain land in this section is of that peculiar formation, which is so well adapted to the growth of the vine, and the time is not far distant when extensive vineyards will cover all those mountain sides. CLIMATE. — The climate of this township is on a par with the entire county — it is simply grand. In the Napa Valley it is somewhat cooler than in Hot Springs Township, as the trade winds have freer access to the lower end of the valley. In Chiles and Berryessa Valleys, the days are somewhat warmer than in the Napa Valley portion of the township, during the sum- mer season, but the nights are always cool and delightful. PRODUCTS. — The products of this township are varied, extending through all the grades of fruits, grains and vegetables. The soil is so greatly diversified in the different sections, that almost everything which can be produced in a semi-tropic climate can find a congenial place in which to grow. Vines are as thrifty as there can be any use of being, and the quality of the wine produced by Mr. Groezinger and others is second to none in the county. TIMBER. — We may virtually say that there is no timber in this town- ship. The common oaks grow to their ordinary size here ; firs are small and very far apart, while bull pines are about the most common trees in the woods. Smaller trees flourish, but their are no bodies of timber that will make lumber in the township. EARLY SETTLEMENT.— To Yount Township belongs the honor of having the first white settler that ever located in Napa County. That grand old pioneer of pioneers, George C. Yount, came into the valley in the ^^v Yount Township. 305 war 1831, ami in 1836 built a small house on the tract of land afterwards granted to him and known as the Cayinus Rancho. This was a peculiarly con- structed house, being two stories high, and built of logs. The lower story was about nine feet square, and the upper one was about fourteen feet square. The lower part was used for a sort of fortress or block house, while he lived in the upper portion. At that time the valleys and mountains were all full of wild Indians ; and how he managed to escape all their at- tacks, and to live among them in that early day, is decidedly a mystery. He treated them with uniform kindness, however, and soon had a strong band of friends about him who would fight harder for him than they would for themselves. It is not now known who was the next settler after George C. Yount ; but in 1849 the following persons lived in Napa Valley within the limits of this township : Yount, of course, resided on the Caymus Rancho, and he had constructed a fine, large adobe house by this time. Bartlett Vines, a son-in-law of Yount, lived at the upper end of the township, and about one mile below Dr. E. T. Bale's place. He lived on the west side of the valley, in a small redwood house. Charles Hopper lived on the opposite side of the valley from the Yount place. He had a family consisting of his wife, one boy and several girls. James Harbin, the locator of the Harbin Springs, and father of Matt Harbin, lived about half a mile below Hopper's place. He had a family consisting of a wife and several children, and they lived in a log-house. The Groezinger estate at present comprises a part of the Harbin place. Capt. John Grigsby lived on the east side of the valley, and on the west side of the river and near it, and just about west of the Napa Soda Springs. Passing over into Berryessa Valley we find that the first settlers there were Jose" Jesus Berryessa and Sisto Berryessa, two Spaniards, to whom this whole valley was granted in 1843. This tract comprised eight leagues, and contained thirty -five thousand five hundred and fifteen and eighty-two- hundredths acres. They built an adobe house there at a very early date, the remains of which can be seen in Mr. A. Clark's corral at the present time. It had been razed to the ground long before the Americans begun to visit the valley, and its existence was unknown until Mr. Clark discovered it when leveling down the hillock which the debris had made. They erected another house, a part of which is still standing, and in a good state of pres- ervation, near Mr. Clark's house. Here may be seen a grand contrast. On the one hand is the adobe house of the Spaniards, which was the best they had or desired to have. It was to them the ultimatum of buildings. On the other hand, and in grand contrast with it, is the handsome, stately, and elegant mansion of Mr. Clark. The first is the culminating point of archi- tecture of the Spanish regime, and the latter is the height of American 20 306 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. genius. The first American settlers in the valley were Captain Hardin, John Adams, Willam Moore, Edward Cage, and Andrew Wester, all of whom came in before the grant was divided. Following the adobes spoken of above as being erected by the Berryessas, was one built by Mr. Wester, which is still standing, and one put up by Captain Hardin. After the di- vision of the grant, R. C. Gillaspie erected the first house for J. H. Bostwick, and Ezra Peacock built the first house in Monticello. Wonderful stories come down to this generation of the deeds of the Berryessas in those far away days. What a grand place that valley must have been in its primitive glory ! Just imagine for a moment that we are suddenly dropped into the midst of it on one of those glorious spring morn- ings which so often come to the valley at that season of the year. Look where we will, and one grand scene of vernal splendor meets our gaze, be- sprinkled with myriads of multi-colored flowers. The mountains are walls of living green, surrounding the valley like a grand frame to the picture. The bright sun bathed the scene with a flood of golden light, and balmy air stirred the growing vegetation into a rythmical motion. To be for years the beholder of such a rare scene of grandeur and beauty, to breathe the fragrant air and bask in the silver sunlight, with the copious supplies of mother nature showered upon them with a lavish hand, and at the expense of little or no exertion on their part, was enough to make the dwellers in the land an indolent people. Truly, theirs was the beau-ideal of an Arca- dian existence ! Of the many stories referred to above as coming down to the present time we will give room for only one. All old settlers will remember the famous brigand and outlaw known as Joaquin, who was the terror of all the country in bygone days. It is stated that at one time he was the guest of the Berryessas, either by force or by invitation, and while he was there an American came to the place on his track, as a large reward was offered for his head. As the American rode up to the door Joaquin stepped into an adjoining room. The American alighted and smoked a cigarette with Ber- ryessa, and cautiously inquired concerning the highwayman. Berryessa disclaimed any knowledge of his whereabouts, of course, and then pro- ceeded to question the American concerning the latest news of his desperate deeds. The garrulous Yankee sat there and spun yarns concerning the brigand's deeds, and wound up by stating that he was then in quest of him, as a large reward had been offered for him. Suddenly the door opened, and Joaquin presented himself, with a pistol in each hand. He said : " I am Joaquin; prepare to die!" and with that he emptied both pistols into the man's body. Yount Township. 307 TOWNS. — There are only two towns in this township : Yountville and Monticello ; and we will take them up in the order in which they were M'ttled, beginning with YOUNTVILLE. — This place was originally known as Sabastopol and it retained that name until May, 1867. The town-site was chosen on the south line of the Caymus grant and the name of Yountville was given to it. but a lot of houses were built outside of the limits of the grant and the people who lived in that portion of the town desired to have it called Sabastopol. This will account for the two names which the place has had. The first place of business in the town was a store, which was erected in In 1856 the Sabastopol Exchange Hotel was erected by Davis Wise, and Clayton built the hotel known as the White House. J. H. Robinson had a blacksmith shop in the place also at that time. These buildings are all still standing. In 1856 or 1857 B. W. Arnold built a store in the town. Business Interests. — There is at present in the town of Yountville, one store, one saloon, two hotels, two blacksmith shops, one tin shop, two shoe shops and the popidation is about one hundred and fifty. Independent Order of Good Templars. — Yountville Lodge, No. 385, I.O.G.T., was organized March 11, 1881, with the following charter members : Dr. S. C. Brown, J. H. Potts, J. W. Blair, D. Z. Hawkins, Fred. Muller, D. A. Cassaday, A. J. Morton, Mrs. S. D. Moore, Miss Flora Chui-ch, Mrs. Ada Holland, L. Grigsby, S. Winter, Rev. T. J. Weil, W. B. Stephens, Miss Lillie Moore, Miss Nannie Hawkins, Miss Minnie Ellis, Mrs. L. Cassaday, A. Mc- Laughlin, W. D. Johnson, Theo. Hook, Willie Ellis, Miss Lillie Hook, Henry Hook and Charles Schovell. The first officers were : J. H. Potts, W. C. T.; Mrs. S. D. Moore, W. V. T. ; W. B. Stephens, Secretary ; and Miss Flora Church, Treasurer. The present officers are : J. H. Potts, W. C. T. ; Mrs- S. D. Moore, W. V. T. ; S. Winter, Secretary ; and D. Z. Hawkins, Treasurer- The present membership is forty. Baptist Church. — The following sketch of this church has been kindly furnished us by the pastor, Rev. T. J. Weil : This church of the Lord Jesus Christ, was organized May 14, 1874, after the model of the first church of Jerusalem, which was organized by the Apostles. The principles that governed the church of Jerusalem were adopted by this church. Some of these are : It was a local organization ; the membership were all professedly regenerate in heart before being im- mersed ; immersion was the profession, on the part of the member, of the faith of the Gospel by which he was saved ; the Lord's Supper was observed as a local church ordinance, to remember Christ only. Thus do we sustain the claim of Apostolic succession, by succeeding to the principles of their church government laid down in the New Testament, which is under Christ, 308 History of Napa and Lake Counties— N apa. our only rule of practice and faith. Rev. J. E. Barnes, pastor of the Napa City Baptist Church, preached to the people once a month in the meeting- house of the Christian Church. When through preaching on the morning of organization, an invitation was given to those desiring to form or organize a Baptist Church to remain. Brethren Charles Hopper, Francis Clarke, Wm. T. Ross, Sisters Eliza Rector, Rosa Mayfield, Elvy Clarke, C. Ross, V. E. Brown, Martha Forrester, F. Fawver. The church adopted, what is known as the New Hampshire Church Covenant. Brethren Charles Hopper and Francis Clarke were elected Acting Deacons ; Brother S. C. Brown, Clerk and Treasurer. This organization was to be completed at the next regular appointment, second Lord's Day in June, 1874. At this meeting Sister Francis Davis was received as a candidate for immersion, then to church membership; Sister Ann Poston and Brother J. H. Potts were received by letters ; Brother Jas. R. Davis by church experience. The second Lord's Day in August, 1874, the church resolved to make application to the Pacific Association, to meet with the Santa Rosa Baptist Church in September. The messengers to the Association were Deacon Charles Hopper, Brethren J. R. Davis, J. H. Potts and Sisters V. E. Brown and F. Davis. Sister E. Clarke died January 19, 1875. In September, 1875, a series of meetings were conducted by Rev. J. E. Barnes, lasting until October 7th, when the following candidates were im- mersed : Bro. S. H. Hill, Sister Louisa Hill, Bro. William Upchurch ; Bro. Thos. Johnson and wife were received by letters. November 14th Sister E. Griffin was received as a candidate for immersion, and the ordinance ad- ministered. Sister Louisa Burkett joined the church by letter. This closed Bro. Barnes' services with the church. Brethren Brown and Davis were appointed to visit Baptists through the valley, with the view of employing a minister as local Baptist missionary. Bro. Brown was ordered to correspond with Rev. E. B. Hatch as to his willingness to enter this field. At a subsequent meeting Bro. Hatch was duly elected, and com- menced his labors as pastor January 16, 1876. In March, 1876, the advisability of building a house of worship was discussed. Bro. Potts was appointed in company with Mr. George Linn, to call on Mr. Groezinger, to solicit from him a lot for said building. May 21st Bro. A. B. Hill was received as a candidate for immersion, and the ordinances administered. Bro. Potts reported to the church that Mr. Groezinger would donate half of a lot on Main street, second from Slough, and that Mr. George Linn and himself would donate the other half. This offer was accepted, and a committee appointed to solicit contri- butions for building purposes. The Grangers' Hall was then rented and service held there until the meeting-house was ready. September 13, 1876, the meeting-house was dedicated to the worship of God. Sermon preached I Yount Township. 309 by Rev. R. Parshall, prayer by Rev. Joseph Roberts, reading of Scripture by Rev. S. A. Taft. October 22d a series of meetings were commenced by State Missionary Rev. C. A. Bateman. October 31st, Rev. C. A. Bateman being called away, Bev. R. Parshall took the lead. November 10th Sisters Mollie Fawver, Annie Drew, Susan Potts, Carrie Church and Minnie Davis were received as candidates for immersion. December 2, 1876, Bro. A. Pottell, Bro. C. Burkett, Sister Nettie Fairman received as candidates for immersion. De- cember 6, 1870, Rev. E. B. Hatch, Sister Laura Hatch, Sister Lida Hatch received by letters. January 6, 1877, Bro. D. Z. Hawkins joined by letter ; Bro. T. B. Hopper and Sister Mary Hopper joined by church experience. February 3, 1877, Bro. J. H. Potts elected Deacon. March 3rd, Bro. E. A. Parker received by letter. Sister Nina Dozier, received as a candidate for immersion. April 11th, Brethren Jas. R. Davis, Jno. Finnell, J. H. Potts, elected trustees. April 20, 1877, Pacific Baptist Association met with this church. April 25th, a series of meetings commenced by Rev. C. A. Bateman. April 28th, Bro. C. Hopper and Bro. W. Hopper received for immersion. May 3rd, meetings closed; Sisters Julia Hawkins and Luella Hatch received for immersion. May 5th, Bro. Jno. Fawver received for immersion. May 6th, Sister Sallie Hughes joined by letter. June 30th, Brethren F. Griffin, S. C. Brown, E. A. Parker, were elected deacons. July 17th, Brethren Griffin, Parker and J. H. Potts were ordained deacons. July 11th, 1877, Sister Kate Eubank was received by letter. April 7, 1878, Sister C. McKissick received by letter. May 4th, Bro. F. Griffin elected treasurer, Bro. S. C. Brown, clerk. May 8, 1878, Bro. J. Rassmussen received for immersion. January 4, 1879, Bro. S. Johnson and wife received by church experience. May 5, 1879, Brethren F. Griffin, J. R. Davis, D. Z. Hawkins elected trus- tees. D. Z. Hawkins elected treasurer. Not able to report any special work of grace, yet our course has been steadily onward. Four have united with us by immersion. We enjoy the labors of our pastor only one-half of the Sabbaths, and he is obliged to be absent a large share of the time. Our Sunday School, which is conducted as a Union school, numbers sixty-four, and is prosperous. Our congregations are good, and a weekly prayer meet- ing is well sustained. We owe eight hundred dollars on our church property. During a large part of the year we were in a very languishing condition, but a few felt with the Psalmist, that it was good at all times to give thanks unto the Lord. Have maintained the weekly prayer-meeting. On the seventh of October, 1879, our pastor, Rev. E. B. Hatch, was forced by circumstances to relinquish this field of labor. On the 16th of March, 1880, Rev. T. J. Arnold commenced a series of meetings with us. The church 310 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. was aroused, sinners convicted and converted. The church invited Bro. Theo. J. Weil, an unordained minister, to supply the pulpit, with a view to fill the pastorate. In due time the church unanimously called Bro. Theo. J. Weil to ordination. A council, consisting of Cornell Baptist Church of Vallejo, Baptist Church of Dixon, Napa City Baptist Church, Be vs. J. T. Prior, J. B. Hartwell, T. J. Arnold, and J. Roberts, were invited for his ex- amination and ordination, as well as that of two deacons just elected, viz. ; Bro. James R. Davis, Bro. F. W. Ellis. This council in part convened September 26, 1880 ; and after a careful and critical examination, proceeded with the ordination of candidates. Dur- ing the month of September, death claimed for his own, our Senior Deacon, Bro. Charles Hopper. Our indebtedness was $1300, of which $300 has been paid. Bro. R. G. Eubank was immersed by our pastor, Rev. Theo. J. Weil, his first candidate. On the first Sunday of April, 1881, the Union Sunday School ceased to exist. Our Baptist Sunday School was organized under favorable auspices, with the following officers : Superintendent, Deacon S. C. Brown ; Vice- Superintendent, Deacon James R. Davis ; Secretary and Treasurer, Rev. Theo. J. Weil. Deacon James R. Davis has resigned and Deacon F. W. Ellis ap- pointed Vice Superintendent. The Finance Committee, Deacon F. W. Ellis and Bro. George K. Drew, succeeded in paying off the mortgage of $800, by the efforts of the members and the kind aid of friends of Christianity, who gave liberally. The church now, July, 1881, numbers sixty members. Christian Church. — We are under obligations to Elder Ware for the fol- lowing sketch of the Christian Church in Napa County ; and as that gen- tleman makes his home and headquarters at Yountville, we have given the sketch a place in this township. The first sermon of the belief of the Disciples of Christ, or " Christian Church," preached in Napa County, was delivered by Elder J. P. McKorkle in 1853, at the place now known as the town of Yountville. The preaching took place under a large madrona tree, near the town-site. There were few churches in those days, and few public meetings of any kind ; hence, the announcement of preaching in the neighborhood always drew a crowd. Elder McKorkle labored more or less in this valley for more than twenty years. Principally through his labors congregations were organized at Yountville, St. Helena and Berryessa. About the year A. D. 1860, Elder Nathan Porter (now deceased), moved to the valley, and located near Napa City. He preached at various places in the valley for several years. March the 26th, 1865, a small organization was effected at Browns Valley, two miles west of Napa City, by Elders G. Burnett and W. N. Pendegast. Elder Pendegast was the father of the Hon. W. W. Pendagast of Napa, whose untimely death was so deeply deplored by the citizens of Napa and Yount Township. 311 of the whole State. In 1870 the little society meeting in Browns Valley resolved to move their organization to Napa. They secured the hall now occupied by the Napa Reporter, and there they held their first meeting in the city of Napa. The following named persons constituted the charter members of this new organization : G. W. Deweese and wife, J. L. Marshall and wife, Elder Nathan Porter and wife, W. S. Smith and wife, J. N. Pear- son and wife, J. C. Wilson and wife, Mrs. Sarah Youngr Mrs. A. E. Inman, and perhaps one or two othei-s. Elder Burnett preached for them one year one-fourth his time. At the beginning of 1871, Elder J. W. Webb, present editor of the Lompoc Record, was called to take charge of the church. On the 16th of April of the same year, he was formally installed in the work. From this time dates the beginning of the church's progress. During the summer of this year a lot was purchased on the corner of Ran- dolph and Pearl streets, and the present church edifice was erected, at a cost of §6800. In February, 1873, the new chapel was opened for service. Elder Webb preached the opening sermon. Since that time the church has had Elders Burnett, Porter, Webb, Gardner, J. 0. Beardsley and Ware, in the order named, as pastors. Elder Ware is now on his second year. The church is now in a very prosperous condition, is free from debt, and has a flourishing Sunday School ; the membership, though not large, is quite up to the average of churches in towns of like size in California. There have been one hundred and seventy persons received into the fellowship of the congregation since its organization and there have been ten deaths. Monticello. — To E. A. Peacock belongs the honor of building the first house in the town of Monticello, which he did in the fall of 1866. This was a dwelling house. B. F. Davis put up another dwelling house and also a blacksmith shop in the fall of 1866. The blacksmith shop was the first place of business in the town. In the spring of 1867, David Tally erected a hotel building, which is now known as the Fitch Hotel. In the same spring I. N. Van Nuys started a store. In the spring of 1868, Robert Thompson built a hotel on the opposite side of the street from the Tally House. In 1867 Beebee started a blacksmith shop. Business Interests. — The present business interests of Monticello com- prise two hotels, one store, two blacksmith shops, one saloon, one carriage and paint shop, one doctor and one shoe shop. The population is about one hundred. BERRYESSA VALLEY. — As stated above this valley was named after the Berryessas, to whom it was granted by the Mexican Government. It passed through several hands, the history of which is not now known, and finally one Sholtz became proprietor, and he disposed of it to Messrs. J. H. Bostwick, John Lawley and J. M. Hamilton. They decided to place it upon 312 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the market in 1866, and had it surveyed into sections for that purpose. In November, 1866, Abraham Clark brought the first load of lumber into the valley. There were twelve hundred and twenty-three feet of lumber on the wagon, which he brought over the top of Wild Horse Mountain with four horses. He was moving in from Sonoma and he concluded the road over the mountain was too rough, so he brought the next load, consisting of household goods by way of Suisun Valley. At that time there were living in the valley S. Buttoff, J. Finnell, R. C. Gillaspie, McCall, H. Marshall, J. . Coleman, J. Smittle and Houghton. In 1867 the whole of the valley was taken up and settlers were more numerous then than they are now. The valley is about ten miles long and about three miles wide, and has been converted from the wild pasture lands which the settlers found there in 1 866 to one massive field of waving, smiling grain. There were three adobe houses standing in the valley when the settlers came in : one built by the Berryessas, where A. Clark now lives ; one built by Capt. Robert Harding, where P. D. Grigsby now lives, about five miles north of Monticello ; and one where Andrew Wester now lives, about the same distance south of Monticello. The one at Clark's place was ninety feet long and twenty feet wide, one story high, and contained five rooms- The one at Grigsby's was some smaller, while the one at Westers was about sixty feet long and twenty feet wide. From the Napa Register we quote as follows : " Berryessa is the land of wheat ; from north to south and from east to west, through all its length and breadth does its surface echo to the rustle of the plant that is to be golden with the staff of life. For fifteen miles its surface stretches away, an unbroken, waving mass, that glistens in the sunlight, and nods and bends, and toys and wrestles, and grows strong in the rustle of the waving breeze. " Berryessa, as the ' Rancho de las Putas,' containing eight sitios de ganada mayor, or square leagues, was granted to Jose' de Jesus Berryessa and Sisto Berryessa, November 3, 1843, by the Mexican Government, under the broad seal of Manuel Micheltoreno, ' Governor of the Californias.' May 21, 1852,Maria Anastasia Higuerra de Berryessa and Maria Nicolasa Higuerra de Berryessa, wife of the aforesaid grantees, petitioned the Board of Land Commissioners for a title to the tract. After due process the patent was granted January 5, 1853. " It was not to be expected that the grantees would long hold their princely possessions. The proverbial improvidence of pioneers generally, and the Spanish race particularly, was too much for that, and the rule found no exception in this case. Piece by piece it frittered away — for a few hundred dollars here and a few thousand there; and they do not, after all, seem to have thriven on the sales, for in June, 1860, we find a deed recorded from John S. Sterark, Sheriff, to Edward Shultz, to satisfy a judgment of Yotmt Township. 313 SI 653, of the last remaining interest of Sisto Berryessa and his wife in and to all that splendid property. Where they had once owned as far as the eye could reach, had had cattle almost literally on a thousand hills, had reigned supreme over a tract of nearly forty thousand acres, and could say to this man ' go and he goeth, and to that, come and he cometh;' they were sold out of house and home for the paltry debt of less than $2000. Sisto passed his last days in a rude cabin in Steele Canon, where he died a few years ago. Let us hope that the distinctions of property make no dif- ference with him now, and that he sleeps in his nameless grave as peacefully and as well as if all the broad acres of ' Rancho de las Putas ' still stood in his name on the record books of Napa County." The following succinct and yet complete description of Berryessa Valley was written by a lady resident of that section for Messrs. Smith & Elliott's Wa/pa Illustrated. " One of Nature's peerless gems set in a frame ' rock- ribbed and ancient as the sea,' is Berryessa. The tourist, wending along the tortuous length of a seemingly endless mountain grade, entranced at every turn by new beauties, suddenly finds himself looking out upon a scene of smiling, restful beauty, hard to believe in. This valley is a little oblong basin, nestled between grand old mountains, which lift their proud heads protectingly above the happy homes of scores of farmers. The village of Monticello is near its southern end, Putah Creek skirts the west- ern edge of the valley, and finds an outlet through the picturesque canon which takes its name from the creek. There are two outlets for the travel and freight of the valley. The first is a substantial grade built across the mountains, a distance of twenty -four miles to Napa City, the other down Putah Canon to the town of Winters, a distance of sixteen miles from Monticello. There . are two schools in the valley proper, and others in the adjacent canons. There are two church organizations, but as yet no build- ings. The yield of small grain is very large and has never failed. Winter- sown wheat averages twenty-five to thirty-five bushels per acre, and the yield from fallow land is simply enormous. The corn crops are always excellent. Hay and barley are produced in abundance, vegetables come in early and are very fine. Fruits are more or less nipped by the late frosts. The climate though warm in summer is exceedingly healthful, the atmos- phere being light and dry. The winters are similar to those in other portions of the county, except that the frosts are a little more severe." The following is an extract from the Vallejo Chronicle : " We take the stage from Napa and ride ■ over the hills and far away ' until we reach Monticello, the little village at the southern end of the valley. A straggling village it is, with its one store, post-office, two hostelries, school-house, ubiquitous Chinese wash-house, and the dark accessories of every California village — saloons. The inhabitants are 314 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. most kindly, but they do like to know where you cut your first tooth and how old you were when you were born. But farther up the valley widens in every sense, and such a lovely valley it is ! — broad fields 'dressed in living green,' foot-hills beautiful with tender grass, and grand old moun- tains that stand as sentries on either side, over which sunshine and shadow play these fair April days. Putah Creek runs along by the foot-hills on the western side and affords opportunities for boating and fishing at some points, and is a desirable locality for romantic rambles, if one is so inclined. It was Thackeray of pleasant memory who wondered that any should live single where there were ' shady lanes,' and it is surprising, when there are not only ' shady lanes ' but winding brooks, and such ! The ranch-homes here overflow with plenty, and wear an air of comfort and hospitality. Their hearths are wide and their larders never bare, as many a hungry tramp can testify. The whole valley was once owned by Senor Benyessa ; and it is said, furthermore, that by the ill-luck of one night it ceased to be his. He has passed into the future, and sleeps all still on a knoll by the roadside far down the valley. I often wonder if he ever looks down on the broad acres of which he was once autocrat, and when the grain is brightening them, and the larks sing, and children trip to school, if he knows the old adobe house, which was once his home, still stands, and is full of interest, with its low rambling rooms, thick walls and deep window seats. I fancy I can hear the echoes of the merry-makings it has known in its ' salad days,' and through the mist of years I can see the dark-eyed sefioritas and gallant senors who once held revelry there." CHILES VALLEY. — This is a lovely little valley, high up in the moun- tains, lying between Berryessa and Napa Valleys. It was named for Col. Joseph B. Chiles, who led a party of thirty daring men across the plains in 1841, among whom were Charles Hopper, the Kelseys and many others, mention of whom will be found in the body of this work. Ben Kelsey's wife accompanied the party, and was thus the first white woman who ever came over the Sierra Nevada Mountains into California. He visited the valley in 1842, but the Catacula grant was not ceded to him until Novem- ber 9, 1844. His first house, which was the first one ever erected in the valley, was built about that year, and was made of rough logs, and was 15 x 20 feet in size. It is still standing, but is housed in to protect it from the ravages of the tooth of time. The Colonel guards it with jealous care as a relic of by -gone pioneer days. William Baldridge was at first a partner with him, and he built the mill in the valley in 1848. The valley is now settled very thickly, and with a very enterprising and intelligent class of men, who have done much to develop its resources. A writer in the Napa Register gives the following interesting historical Yount Township. 315 sketch of Chiles Valley : " Across a slight divide from Pope Valley, reached by the grade starting in at Van Arsdale's, Chiles Valley is reached, which is named after one of California's pioneers. In 1841, Col. J. B. Chiles, then a citizen of Missouri, read an account, written by Dr. Marsh, then living at the foot of Mount Diablo, of the wonders of the California climate and productions, and with thirty companions, (John Bidwell and others), he started out to find the land where winters were always as pleasant as sum- mers in their own State. They reached the Pacific slope in safety, and the next year Chiles and others returned for their families. They came out again in 1843, and then Chiles commenced exploring for a vacant tract of desirable land to get a grant of. The next year — 1844 — after examining the country thoroughly, from Monterey north, he located upon the fertile valley which has since borne his name, and at once applied for a grant of it from the Mexican Government, which he received under the name of the ' Rancho Catacula,' an Indian name. " At that time all the land in Napa Valley was taken up. Dr. E. T. Bale, had it from Calistoga to Bale Slough, George C. Yount from this to Dry Creek, and Nicolas Higuerra, Cayetano Juarez and others thence to the tide- land ; even Pope Valley was gone, William Pope having located upon it with his Spanish family two years before. The grant of Catacula included two leagues, one square league in the lower part of the valley, and the balance extended up the valley to near its head. The Colonel settled at the present site of the old family house, at the head of Chiles Canon, and the original dwelling, a log-house, is still standing, though removed a short distance from its first location, and converted into an out-house. It is now carefully roofed in and preserved from the weather, a relic of the pioneer days. In the same year the large adobe house, which is 46 x 60, still the family man- sion of the place, and in an excellent state of preservation, was begun, as also the mill, which, through various mutations and improvements that have completely obliterated the original structure, has survived the lapse of a third of a century, to rise at this late day into one of the important enter- prises of the country, and supplying, under its favorite Catacula brand, the breadstuffs of all the country around. " The beginning of this mill was in consonance with the general rude order of things in those days of primeval California. A rude wooden block procured from the woods was mortised by William Baldridge, who is still living near Oakville, into a tub wheel, and a shaft running from this, had on the other end of it one of the stones that did the grinding. Probably no other than a pioneer of Chiles' stamp, accustomed from early boyhood and wild adventures to accommodate himself to every emergency, could have fashioned from these rude materials the requisites of a flouring mill. But to him the elements cf nature were as the tools of civilization, and he could 316 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. find abundance where the child of a more advanced age would be as help- less as a babe. Col. Chiles was a very large man, being over six feet in height, and of a commanding presence." CONNS VALLEY.— This is a lovely little dale lying to the east of Napa Valley, and latterly in the range of mountains which skirts the latter valley on the east. It is neither very wide nor very long, but is indeed a charming place. It was named after John Conn, who came into it at an early day. It is not known now in what year he came there, but it was evidently somewhere back in the '40's. He was at one time very wealthy, owning a large tract of land and much stock, but the fiend of intemperance obtained possession of him, and made a total wreck of his manhood and his fine estate as well. His last days were spent in the county hospital, and in May, 1864, he was removed from earthly scenes by what he doubtless con- sidered the kindly hand of death. GORDON VALLEY. — This is a small valley lying on the eastern side of Napa County, and was named after William Gordon, a pioneer of 1843. Gordon first settled on Cache Creek, and his place was one of the land- marks of the country before and for several years after the discovery of gold. It is not now known when he came to Gordon Valley to reside, but certainly at an early day, as he was the first settler in it. He died in 1876 at his residence in Cobb Valley, Lake County. The valley is a rich and fer- tile section of the county, and many most estimable citizens reside there. CAPT. JOHN GRIGSBY.— This old pioneer citizen of Yount Town. ship came to California in the spring of 1845, coming in company with John York, Benjamin Dewell, David and William Hudson, W. B. Elliott, William B. Ide, Mrs. Delaney and sons, Messrs. McDowell, Ford, John Brown and others. At Fort Laramie, John Grigsby was elected captain of the company, and they arrived at Sutters Fort in October. Capt. Grigsby located soon after on a place near the Napa River, and a little south-east of where Yountville now stands. At the breaking out of the Bear Flag War, he was among the very first to take active measures in the matter ; and it was he, in company with W. B. Elliott, who went to Sutter's Fort to hold a consultation with Fremont in regard to the matter, before the movement was inaugurated. It fell to his lot to take charge of the first prisoners of war captured by the Bear Flag Party at Sonoma, and to convey them to Sutters^Fort. These prisoners were M. G. Vallejo, then Commandante General of Upper Calif ornia, the late Capt. Salvador Vallejo, Victor Prudon, who held the commission of Colonel in the Mexican army, Jacob P. Leese, brother-in-law of the Vallejos, and Alcalde of Sonoma. Capt. Grigsby was placed in charge of these prisoners, with only five or six men to guard Yount Township. 317 them. An attempt was made to rescue the prisoners near Napa, as they wore on their way from Sonoma to Sutters Fort ; but owing to the cool presence of mind of Capt. Grigsby, the attempt was thwarted. He threat- ened to shoot his prisoners rather than to suffer them to be rescued by the Mexicans ; and the would-be rescuers were warned off by General Vallejo, and the prisoners were safely conducted to their destination. The Captain was afterwards in command of a company in Fremont's battalion, and served for six months, being one of the most efficient and trustworthy offi- He was discharged honorably from the service at Los Angeles on the cers. receipt of the news of the treaty of peace. He was one of the first settlers and farmers of Napa Valley, and was permanently identified with many of the enterprises of the early days. He was one of the early members of Yount Lodge, F. & A. M. In 1861 he returned to the East, and was said to have spent most of his time in Texas. He died in March, 1876, in Mo- selle, Franklin County, Missouri, at the advanced age of seventy. REDWOOD FALLS. — Among the natural curiosities of Napa County probably none are more worthy of mention than these falls. They are romantically located about twelve miles from Napa near the head of Mill or Napa Creek, in the redwood belt of Napa County. Striking the stream a few hundred feet above the upper fall, and following it down, we find ourselves walking upon a solid body of stone, with walls of rock rising perpendicularly on either side to a height reaching from ten to fifty feet, and not more than five feet apart. This rocky chasm leads to the upper fall, which is a nearly perpendicular descent of fifty feet, and it must make a magnificent waterfall in the winter season when the stream is swollen. The rocky, precipitous walls tower high above the falls, and as one looks up and down from the head of the falls, he sees little but a clear-cut rock forming the walls of the deep abyss. Retracing our steps and making a detour down the line of the stream, its bed is reached at a point a few rods below the lowest of the three falls. This fall is some twenty feet in height, and its head is reached by a little hard climbing up a short, cir- cuitous path. We then find ourselves at the foot of the middle fall, in the most picturesque little grotto imaginable, bounded by precipitous stone walls, apparently from thirty to one hundred feet in height. The middle fall makes a descent of some twenty-five feet perpendicularly, and at its foot there is a pool some six feet across and nearly twenty feet in depth. A few square yards of solid rock constitute the floor of this rocky chamber. A visit to this romantic spot will well repay any one. YOUNT MILL. — This mill is located about half a mile to the north-east of Yountville, and was erected by George C. Yount in 1853, or thereabouts. 318 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. The building is a large and substantial one, and has undergone but little changes since it was first erected. When it was built it was truly a mam- moth structure. It is run by water power and with a wide overshot wheel. There are two run of stones in the mill, and the capacity is about thirty barrels per day. The machinery is all first-class in every respect. The flour from this mill used frequently to receive the premium, and the mill was long known as "The Star of the Pacific Premium Mill." Mr. Yount conducted the mill till his death, in 1865, when Fred. W. Ellis leased it for five years. In 1870 he purchased it and has since conducted it in a most successful manner. Hot Springs Totvnship. 319 HOT SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. GEOGRAPHY. — This township is bounded on the north by Lake County, on the east by Knox Township, on the south by Yount Township, and on the west by Sonoma County. July 17, 1873, the Board of Super- visors of Napa County established the following as the boundary lines of Hot Springs Township : Beginning at a point on the western boundary of Napa County, due west from the head of Dry Creek ; thence along the line of Yount Town- ship, north-easterly and northerly, to the old line between Napa and Lake Counties ; thence westerly along said line to the middle of Putah Creek ; thence up said creek to the present line between Lake and Napa Counties : thence along said line, southerly and westerly, to the north-west corner of Napa County ; thence south-easterly along the line between Napa and So- noma Counties to the place of beginning. TOPOGRAPHY. — The topography of this township is very simple in its main features. In the center lies the beautiful Napa Valley, skirted on either side by a high range of mountains. Piercing these ranges are a host of lateral valleys and canons. Napa River runs through its entire length and affords an outlet for its water-shed. GEOLOGY. — This township presents many very interesting geological features, many of the most interesting being outside of the study of the rocks and their formations. The study of the lava-flows, the mineral deposits, and the extinct volcano of St. Helena would furnish subject-mat- ter for a whole volume. The lava-flows from St. Helena came out quite early in the earth's existence, and the rocks found under them are all of very ancient origin. There is a great deal of volcanic matter around St. Helena, of course, and all the adjacent mountains, and this is true of both sides of Napa Valley in this township. There is some sandstone on the western side, of the Tertiary period, and some sand and limestone of the same age on the eastern side. There are a host of tissues and dikes in the mountain sides here, which resulted from the eruptions of St. Helena, and some of them are filled with lava, but many of them are filled with detritus and are now lovely quartz leads in which more or less precious metal is being found. The action of ages, yea, eras, has entirely obliterated all 320 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. evidences of a crater on the summit of St. Helena, but the lava and scoria which it vomited forth all over the face of the county is still visible on every hand. SOIL. — The soil in the upper end of this township is generally quite good, but is light in many places, even in the valley. It is a loam in most places near the center of the valley. It is mostly made up of volcanic products, hence it is white or reddish. It is often cold and not so very pro- ductive, and in the summer time gets very hard, and in the winter is rather impervious to water. There are a few spots of adobe, especially on the eastern side, near Mount St. Helena. South of the Lodi Ranch the soil as- sumes a different character, and becomes warmer, lighter, more friable and more productive. Here the valley is mostly a rich loam, and is well adapted to all kinds of products. Flanking the foot-hills the soil is of a gravelly nature, and mostly of a volcanic formation also ; hence is better adapted to the growth of grapevines. In all the mountains of this town- ship, the soil is of the whitish or reddish caste, which betokens a volcanic origin, and is remarkably well adapted to the production of wine grapes. The time is not far distant when all these mountains will be covered with vines, and even now large vineyards are being planted on Howell Mountain. CLIMATE. — The climate of this township is superb throughout, being mild, warm and gentle. At the upper end of the valley it gets quite warm during the summer season ; still the heat is not oppressive. The air is light and dry, so that the heat does not become burdensome. Farther south, in the vicinity of St. Helena, the weather gets quite warm during the summer, but there is generally a breeze blowing, which serves to make one feel more comfortable than at Calistoga, although the thermometer may indicate the same degree of temperature. In all this section the nights are mostly cool and pleasant, and, in fact, it is a joy to exist during the delightfully lovely moonlight nights of the summer months. Sometimes the wind comes howl- ing down from the north, and then are " the days of our discontent," for this wind is like a sirocco, scorching and withering everything in its path- way. But, fortunately, these visits of the fiery north wind are not fre- quent, and never of more than three days' duration, and generally of not more than one. In the winter season it gets quite cold at the upper end of the valley, and snow is on the brow of St. Helena for many days during that season. It does not get cold enough, however, to interfere with the growth of grapevines to any great extent, and it is claimed, and with apparently good grounds, that there is frost in Napa City oftener than in Calistoga. There is what is known as the thermal belt, about half way up the mountain sides, where it is much warmer than it is either in the valley Hot Springs Township. 321 below or on the mountain tops above. Here figs, oranges and delicate towers grow unmolested by the frosts. PRODUCTS. — The products of this township are varied, comprising fruits, vegetables, cereals, berries and grapes. The soil is so varied in its nature that it is capable of producing almost all varieties of things that grow out of the ground to very good advantage, indeed. It is, however, especially adapted to the growth of the grapevine, as is evidenced by the fact that the St. Helena Vinicultural District stands at the head of the grape-growing sections of California, both as to quantity and quality, and especially the latter. The wines produced in this district stand to-day at the head of the wine product of the world, and it is yet in its infancy, and the time will come when it will be unmatched. The products of this town- ship are not confined to what grows out of the ground alone, but there are vast mineral bodies here which are destined to yield large returns to the labor and skill of man. Silver and quicksilver abound and gold and iron are found. The items of cord wood and tan bark are not to be overlooked in this connection, both of which are largely represented in the list of exports. TIMBER. — This township is fairly represented in the line of timber, there being oak, pine, fir, redwood, cedar, alder and laurel in it. The oak is represented by the usual varieties in California, viz : the live, mountain, white and black oaks. Of pines, there is the " digger " or " bull," with perhaps a few white trees on St. Helena. Of firs, there are the white and red, both stately trees and much used for lumber. Of redwoods, there have been quite extensive forests in the days gone by, but they have long since been cut out, and only their fast decaying stumps remain to tell us where the mighty monarchs of the forest once stood. Young trees are growing up to take the places of the fallen giants, but it will take at least a century for them to get to be the trees their ancestors were. The other kinds of trees are inconsiderable, and a mention of them is all that is required. EARLY SETTLEMENT.— To that hardy old pioneer, John York, now a resident of St. Helena, belongs the honor of being the first white settler in Hot Springs Township. On the 15th of April, 1845, he, with his wife and one child started overland for California. At Independence, Missouri, he joined a company of which the following were members: Benjamin Dewell, now of Lake County, John Grigsby, David Hudson, William Hud- son, W. B. Elliott, late of Lake County, but now deceased, William B. Ide, Mrs. Delaney and sons, Messrs. McDowell, Ford and John Brown. This company arrived at Sutters Fort in October of that year, under command of Capt. John Grigsby. Later that same fall, Mr. York, in company with David 21 322 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. and William Hudson and W. B. Elliott, came to Napa Valley and stopped a few days at Yount's ranch. He then proceeded to Calistoga where he erected a log cabin, which was the first building in that part of the country. He also put in the first crop of wheat ever sown in the vicinity of Calis- toga, and doubtless north of Yount's place. We do not know whether or not William B. Elliott went there that fall, but he did very soon afterwards. He had a family consisting of his wife and several grown sons and daughters, one of whom is now Mrs. Benjamin Dewell, of Upper Lake. The experiences of this pioneer family would make a whole book, if fully written up. While here at Calistoga in that early day, with no neighbors but wild Indians, bears and California lions, it was no uncommon thing for the wife and children to remain alone for days at a time, while the father and older sons were away on hunting or other expe- ditions. They lived in a tent, which of course afforded no protection from the nightly intrusions of the grizzly. This brave woman was not the one to succomb to the ravenous attacks of the huge monsters without adopting some expedient to escape an encounter with them. At such times she would take the children and veritably roost in the trees, high above the reach of bruin. A scaffolding was prepared in the forks of a mammoth oak tree, and on this she would make her beds and she and her children would sleep safely if not soundly. The bears would make nightly visits to the place and eat up every scrap that could be found. She did not fear the visits of the daytime, for she could easily mount to her perch in the tree, and fetch his bearship to the ground with a well-directed shot from the rifle, which she could handle as well as a man. Such was the life those pioneer women led, and all honor is their due for the noble courage they displayed in facing the dangers they did. Among other early settlers in this township may be mentioned William Fowler and his sons William, Jr., and Henry, who came there in 1846 and purchased four thousand acres of the "Aqua Caliente" grant. William Hargrave, who was a partner with them in the stock which was put on the place, John Cyrus, F. E. Kellogg, R P. Tucker, David Hudson, William Hudson, L. Keseberg, a survivor of the ill-fated Donner party, Col. M. G. Ritchie, Arch. Jesse, William H. Nash, James Harbin, Enoch Cyrus, all of whom came there in 1846. In 1847 S. J. Tucker, J. W. Tucker and G. W. Tucker, located about three miles south of Calistoga. In 1850 William Moore and William Dinning, and in 1852 Peter Teale settled near Calis- toga. There are other names which should be included in this list, but they are not obtainable now as they have passed out of the memory of the old pioneers. This list comprises about all, however, who came in previous to 1852 and became permanent settlers. Through the kindness of Messrs. J. H. McCord, John York and others, Hot Springs Tozvnship. 323 ire are able to give the names of all the settlers in the township in 1849 and their locale. Beginning at the head of the valley the first settler was John Cyrus, who lived in a log house about one and a half miles north-west of Calistoga, on the road leading to Knights Valley. He had a wife and six children. The next place was occupied by the Fowlers, William, Sr., William, Jr., and Henry, and their associate, William Hargrave. Their house was a log one, and stood just at the foot of the mountain west of Calistoga. Calvin Musgrove also lived on the premises with his wife. The next place was owned by Wells and Ralph Kilburn, and they lived about one mile south of Calistoga. They both had families, and both lived close I her. About a mile south of the Kilburn place a man by the name of* Owsley lived in a frame house. He had a log-house at first, but in 1849 he had built a frame one. He had a wife and eight children. He had the oldest orchard in that end of the valley. William Nash was the next settler that we come to passing down the valley, and his place was about half a mile south of Owsley's. He had a family, consisting of a wife and fourteen childreen, and lived in a split- board house. M. D. Ritchie lived half a mile south of Nash's place. He had a wife and five children, and lived in a log-house. Reason Tucker lived across the road from Ritchie's place, in a split, redwood board house ; he had a wife and three or four boys. Irvin Kellogg lived about half a mile south of Tucker's, in a frame house. He settled there in 1846, and had a wife and seven children. David Hudson lived up on the hills, about half a mile west of where the Berringer brothers now have their vineyard, and also owned the land on which it is now planted. He had a family, consisting of a wife and one child, now Judge Rodney Hudson, of Lake County. His house was built of split redwood, and was located on the north side of Hudson Creek. John York lived on the south side of Hud- son Creek, and further up in the hills. He had a wife and two or three boys, and lived in a split redwood house. Dr. Edward T. Bale was the last settler who lived in this township, going south, as we have done. He had an adobe house, about three miles south of where St. Helena now stands and what is still known as the Bale place. It is stated that he came to California in 1832, as a ship-carpenter on a whaling vessel, which he there deserted. He was married to one of the daughters of Nicolas Higuerra, and died in 1849 or 1850. He received a grant for the Rancho Carne Hu- mana from the Mexican Government, and did much to start the ball of im- provement to rolling in Napa Valley. L. Keseburg, who was one of the pioneers of this township, was the last man rescued from the Donner Camp, and he is the man about whom such horrid stories are related in the sensational papers concerning his relations with Mrs. Donner, and his connection with her death, etc. It is not our 324 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. purpose here to review this matter, and only mention it to call to mind the wonderful privations which those early pioneers were called upon to endure, and to what dire extremities they were sometimes driven. Nothing but the records of God will ever reveal all that occurred at that fearful place, and it is time that the mantle of charity was drawn over the whole affair. Put yourself in his place, kind reader, and say to yourself, what would you do ? Life is sweet to all, and self-preservation is the first law of nature. A man may be willing to lay down his life for his own wife in almost any exigency, but he will not starve in the heart of the Sierra Mountains, thirty feet under the snow, while there is a weaker party to succumb. "Neither robbery nor rape could possibly have been his prompting motive, when death from sheer starvation was staring him in the face. There is no evidence that he did commit any act of violence, and as he says he did not, he must have the benefit of the doubt. Among other characters who floated to the surface in an early day in the vicinity of Calistoga was Peter Storm. This old pioneer was bora in Christiansend, Norway, in September, 1799. When he was fourteen years of age he left his home and followed the sea until he came to California in 1833, having traveled over many parts of the earth. His life in the early days of California was full of adventure. While he lived in this county he followed hunting and trapping mostly in this and Lake and Mendocino Counties. He was a member of the Bear Flag Party, and many believe him to be the man who made the Bear Flag. Such, however, is not the case. There is a flag in existence which is known as the Storm Bear Flag and which was made by him, but it was made several years after the occa- sion of using the first Bear Flag, and was designed in imitation of the original, and was used on the occasion of some celebration of Admission Day in Napa or Sonoma. In November, 1873, Rev. Asa White of the Methodist Church died in Calistoga. He was the pioneer preacher of California, coming here in 1849. He held his first services in a tent on Powell street, San Francisco, and he built the first Methodist Church ever erected in that city on Powell street. Col. M. D. Ritchie came into the township in 1850. He was born in Pennsylvania April 19, 1805, went thence to Indiana at a very early day, and thence to Illinois, where he engaged in the Blackhawk War, having command of a regiment during that time, and hence his title of Colonel. In 1846 he crossed the plains to California, there coming with him in the same train his son-in-law, Hon. John S. Stark, who was afterwards Sheriff and County Judge of Napa County. Col. Ritchie settled in Sonoma County, where he resided until 1850, when he came to Napa County, and located in Ritchie Canon. He remained there until 1865, when he moved to Napa City, where he resided until August 20, 1874, when he died, being S. (/■ ^fefe-w fr.£* Hot Springs Township. 325 then in his seventieth year. He was a Justice of the Peace in Hot Springs Township for several years, and was also an Associate Justice for Napa County at one time. TOWNS. — The two principal towns in this township are Calistoga and St. Helena, both of which are lovely, thriving places. There are some em- bvyotic places along the line of the railroad, which may in time spring into quite villages. For convenience we will consider Calistoga first, and then pass on southward, taking the places in their regular order as they come. Calistoga. — The beautiful town of Calistoga is situated in the upper end of Hot Springs Township, and near the head of Napa Valley, and is the terminus of the Napa Valley branch of the Central Pacific Railroad. It has become famous on account of its medicinal springs, its great mining re- sources, fine sceneiy and lovely climate. To Samuel Brannan belongs the honor of being the founder of the place, and in this connection we will in- corporate a biographical sketch of this gentleman, which we find in Mr. Menefee's " Sketch Book :" " Samuel Brannan was born at Saco, Maine, in 1819, and there spent his youth and received his education. In 1833 he moved to Lake County, Ohio, and was apprenticed to learn the printing business, but did not serve out his full time. In 1836-7 he was infected with the great mania for land speculation that so raged in those years throughout the whole Union. But he did not succeed so well in this land-jobbing arrangement, and soon re- turned to the press, and for the next five years traveled from town to town, and from State to State, experiencing the grim delights (fully known and realized only by his fraternity) of a journeyman printer. During these five years of toil and vicissitudes he learned much of the world, that was afterwards used to advantage. In 1842, having become acquainted with Joe Smith, the great Mormon Prophet, he connected himself with that sect, and for years labored in disseminating its doctrines. He was for a con- siderable time engaged in publishing the Mormon organ, the New York Mes- senger. In 184G, having heard so much of the Pacific Coast, he determined to come here, and, if possible, establish a colony. " He chartered the ship ' Brooklyn,' fitted it up for passengers, and invited adventurers to embark with him. Two hundred and thirty -six pas- sengers, about sixty of whom were women, and forty children, embarked. These passengers were mostly, if not entirely Mormons. Mr. Brannan at that time, most likely, entertained the idea of planting this Mormon colony on the coast, gradually growing powerful, till this coast should be in posses- sion of the sect, and an independent government established. Mr. Brannan provided a liberal outfit for his colony for a new country. Among the articles supplied was a printing press, types, and a stock of paper, machinery for 326 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. flour mills, and various agricultural implements. The ' Brooklyn ' sailed from New York on the 4th day of February, 1846, and five months after touched at the Sandwich Islands, where provisions, arms and ammunition were purchased for the colony, and they arrived at Yerba Buena, (now San Francisco) on the 31st of July of the same year. His colony settled on the sand hills back of Yerba Buena, and all their business was carried on under the firm-name of S. Brannan & Co., until 1847, when the concern dissolved. In 1846 Mr. Brannan erected two flour mills in that place, and in January, 1847, he commenced the publication of the pioneer paper of San Francisco, the California Star. This paper was the parent of the Alta. " Mr. Brannan was also engaged in farming in the San Joaquin Valley and in merchandise at Sutter's Fort. In the first he failed entirely, but in the latter succeeded beyond expectation. The discovery of gold drew crowds to California, and his store was the only one in the whole Sacramento Valley, so that fabulous prices could not only be asked but obtained. It is stated on good authority that during 1848 and 1849 the average monthly sales reached the enormous sum of $150,000. At the same time Mr. Bran- nan was a large speculator in town property in the then infant city of Sacramento ; and, owing to the unprecedented rise in real estate there, caused by the great mining excitement, he found himself suddenly possessed of vast wealth. In 1849, in addition to his business as a land jobber in San Francisco and Sacramento, he embarked in merchandising with China, and in 1851, purchased extensive property in the Sandwich Islands. In nearly all of his early business transactions in California he was eminently successful. Indeed, it seemed that, Midas like, whatever he touched turned to gold, till he was considered the richest man on the coast. " In 1859 Mr. Brannan came to Napa Valley and purchased of Capt. Ritchie a square mile of land at Calistoga, on which tract are situated the famous Hot Springs. Soon after he purchased other lands from Messrs. Fowler and Hargrave, till his landed possessions about Calistoga exceeded two thousand acres. It was his design to make this place, called by him the Saratoga of the Pacific, a great watering place. His expenditures for buildings, laying off of grounds and other improvements at this place has probably not been less than half a million dollars. Mr. Brannan has spared no efforts to make his chosen town of Calistoga and the whole upper part .of the county prosperous. He has, since permanently locating there, added largely to his landed possessions, and has ever been liberal to actual settlers and those desiring to carry on trade and business, calculated to enhance the value of property by making the community more prosperous. " Since locating in Napa Valley, Mr. Brannan has continued his various business affairs, but it seems that his talisman is gone, for of late years serious financial reverses have overtaken him. He has, since the foundation Hot Springs Township. * 327 of the State Government, taken deep interest and performed an active part in all public measures." Added to his financial troubles was the great clod of marital infelicity, which eventually led to a separation between himself and wife, and a divi- sion of the property. He had a regal estate in Santa Clara County, in which he resided for years. Lately he has gone into a grand land scheme, Mi-xieo being the scene of his operations. He has got a claim on a vast domain of land there, and as soon as he gets his title perfected he expects to open it for settlement, and intends establishing a colony there. That is the key that will open the doors of that rich and grand country to American settlers. A few colonies established on a thoroughly good basis there, would do much to insure success and establish confidence. We do not know that he expects to colonize it solely with Mormons, but it is possible that he ■ working in the interests of that sect, who doubtless know and feel that they have about had their day on free American soil. In April, 1868, an event occurred in Mr. Brannan's life, which it is proper to record in this connection. It would seem that he had gotten into a dispute about the ownership of a mill, to which some parties laid claim, and one night as Brannan was approaching the mill he was shot. The following, taken from the Register, of Napa City, will detail the particulars of the affair : " Brannan had arrived at Calistoga on Thursday, the evening of the affair, and from evidence it appears, that while in the store, at the premises, some remarks were made about taking the mill. Brannan turned to the defendant, McDowell, and asked to go to the mill. He replied, ' all right.' After some further parleying, Brannan started out of the store in the direc- tion of the mill, accompanied by Swift. There were some six or eight in the crowd leaving the store, but only Brannan and Swift advanced nearer the mill than some hundred or more yards. It was shown that no one of those leaving the store was armed, and that none of the party, with the exception of Brannan, Swift and Garrett, went upon the mill grounds. Brannan commenced advancing towards the mill, but was ordered by some one in the mill to halt. They continued, however, to advance until within some fifty or sixty feet of the mill. Snyder, as Brannan was advancing, asked Brannan what he wanted. Mr. Brannan replied, ' I want the mill.' Snyder said ' You cannot have it, I have possession of the mill and intend to hold it.' Brannan then said ' I will come in the daylight and take the mill.' " While standing in this position, and after some person in the mill had requested Swift to stand to one side, the firing commenced. At the time they were ordered to halt, Quinn, oneof the defendants, remarked that if they, Brannan and Swift, advanced a step further, they would blow their brains out. And Lee, defendant, also said, ' If you come a step further I 328 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. will put a hole in you.' Some one in the mill said, ' Step aside, Swift,' then an expression by one of the mill parties, ' Give it to the s — of a b — h ;' then came two or three shots. Swift said, - 1 am shot.' After he was shot an order was given by Snyder, ' Come away, boys.' Brannan turned and walked towards Garrett, who was standing in the rear, and eight or ten steps to one side, and remarked, ' I am shot.' Brannan then walked a step or two and fell. After he fell some two or three shots were fired. He was then taken to the road-side, being dragged there by one or two men, and found to be unconscious ; his clothes were very bloody, and he was bleeding very freely from a bullet wound in the neck. The coat that he wore was all riddled with shot, all showing that the firing was upon Brannan while he was in the act of retreating. Mr. Brannan received some eight shots in all upon his person. One wound, the most dangerous one of all, was in the neck. It came from the right and rear and entered upon the right side, passing the trachea and oesophagus, injuring the 'Adam's apple.' One passed obliquely through his right arm about four inches above the elbow. One close down to the hip, passed from the rear and right to left of the spine. " It was shown that the defendants had heard that Brannan intended to take possession of the mill, and had armed themselves for the purpose of resisting any such attempt ; that they had shot-guns, revolvers, and that one or two of the defendants left Brannan and his party and ran to the mill and got the others in readiness for receiving Brannan. No shots were fired by Brannan, or any one with him, and no one of the party leaving the store was armed. Some thirty shots in all were fired from shot-guns and revolvers. Eight away after the first firing Brannan commenced walking back to the place where he fell, and had gone some fifteen or twenty steps when he dropped. The firing commenced from the mill. The evidence of some two or three witnesses fastened the order to ' fire ' or ' come away, boys,' upon the defendant Snyder ; and the words, ' Give it to the s — of a b — h ' upon defendant Larbig." In this connection the Register has this to say editorially concerning Mr. Brannan : " Mr. Brannan has done more, perhaps, than any one or two other men, for Napa County — has expended his means freely and extensively in developing the resources of the valley, and should his death follow from his wounds, his place would not be filled. It is only now, when death seems about to rob us of him, that his good qualities are recognized and appre- ciated according to their real merits." In 1866 Messrs. Henry Gettleson and M. Friedberg came to Calistoga and erected a store building 20x36, one-story high, and put in a stock of goods. This was the first place of business ever opened in the place, and they came at the solicitation of Mr. Brannan. There were no improvements or build- Hot Springs Township. 329 ings there then, other than those which Brannan had erected in connection with the springs. The Fowler house stood across the creek to the west, and the store was located about midway between the two places, and about in the heart of the present town. Mr. Friedberg is still in business in the original building, which stands on the north side of the main street of the place, and just east of the Lodi Stables. The name of Calistoga was given to the place in the fall of 1867, by Mr. Brannan. It was his boast that he was going to make the place the Saratoga of California, so he just spliced the names and called it Cal(is)toga, the middle syllable being inserted for euphony. The place had already been previously called Hot Springs by the few Americans, and Agua Caliente by the Spaniards and Indians. While Messrs. Gettleson & Friedberg may justly claim the priority of doing business in the town proper, a man by the name of Woodward must really come in for the honor of having the first business place in that part of the valley. He had a small store and kept the post-office, near the Fowler House, when the former gentlemen arrived there. G. B. Clifford built the Lodi Stables in 1868. Messrs. Letter & Chesebro built and opened a saloon in that year. Then the railroad reached the place, and a number of business places sprang into existence, and a number of people settled in the place. At the time of the completion of the rail- road there was an excursion train, which brought three thousand people into the place, and Mr. Brannan tendered the visitors a grand reception. J. M. Finley, an old miner, was the first man to make the discovery of quick- silver in this section, and he located the Great Western Quicksilver Mine, in Lake County. But, as is usual, the locator never reaped any great benefit from his discovery, and he fell from a bridge and was drowned some years later, dying a poor man. The first hotel in the place was built by Mr. Delosh, and he called it the Mountain House. Calistoga Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons. — Calistoga Lodge, F. & A. M., No. 233, was organized March 21, 1874, with the following charter members: John D. Crittenden, L. H. Hopkins, H. H. Mitchell, H. Get- tleson, F. P. Nicholson, James Mitchell, D. J. Gloyd, C. A. Demick, W. P. Boyce, J. T. Noel, William A. Hopkins, T. H. Kickman, W. F. Fisher and J. A. Chesebro. The officers U. D. were : J. D. Crit- tenden, W. M.; L. H. Hopkins, S. W.; H. H. Mitchell, J. W.; H. Gettle- son, Treasurer ; and F. P. Nicholson, Secretary. The charter was granted by the Grand Lodge October 24, 1874, and the first officers elected U. C. were : F. P. Nicholson, W. M.; J. Drysdale, S. W.; C. A. Demick, J. W.; H. Gettleson, Treasurer ; and J. T. Noel, Secretary. The following named gentlemen have been honored with the position of W. M.: J. D. Crittenden, F. P. Nicholson, J. S. Fruits, L. H. Hopkins, J. R. Wright, W. N. Harley, E. : 330 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. B. Wooley, and J. C. Wright. The present officers are : J. C. Wright, W. M.; J. B. Brown, S. W.; N. Conner, J. W.; H. Gettleson, Treasurer; and F. A. Freeman, Secretary. The present membership is thirty-five, and the lodge is in a prosperous condition. Calistoga Lodge of Independent Order of Odd-Fellows. — Calistoga Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 227, was organized August 8, 1874, with the following charter members : H. H. Nunnally, Enoch Snow, T. T. Walker, J. Cyrus, C. A. Menefee, C. W. Northupp, J. D. Crittenden, W. D. Owsley and G. W. Gullaver. The first officers were T. T. Walker, N. G; J. Cyrus, V. G; C. W. Northupp, Treasurer ; C. A. Menefee, Secretary. The following gentle- men have filled position of Noble Grand : T. T. Walker, J. Cyrus, C. A. Menefee, W. D. Owsley, S. W. Collins, George Lillie, Charles Lillie, O. P. Cash, B. F. Bradshaw, M. Murphy, 0. H. Linscott, G. W. Weeks and James Yarrington. The present officers are James Yarrington, N. G.; R. P. John- son, V. G.; R. Decker, Treasurer ; A. M. Gardner, Recording Secretary ; and S. W. Collins, Permanent Secretary. The present membership is forty-five, and the lodge is in a healthy condition. The meetings are held in a very nicely furnished hall. Monroe Lodge Independent Order of Good Templars. — Monroe Lodge, I. O. G. T., No. 368, was organized December 3, 1879, with the following charter members, W. R. Teale, J. H. Blunt, J. Muir, Annie Jewell, Mary Tucker, Helen Bryant, J. H. Downey, W. M. Ingram, C. L. Cole, E. S. Mur- phy, William L. Ames, 0. H. Linscott, F. B. Lardner, M. Murphy, L. S. Cherry, J. McFarling, J. W. Cyrus, Mary A. Cyrus, Fannie Downey, Mrs. M. E. Mather, Mrs. W. S. Bryant, Grace W. Jewell, Mrs. E. B. Butler, E. Light and W. S. Bryant. The first officers were, J. McFarling, W. C. T.; Fannie Downey, W. V. T.; Grace W. Jewell, W. S.; W. R. Teale, W. A. S.; E. Light, W. F. S.; and James Cyrus, W. T. The present officers are W. B. Crossis, W. C. T.; Miss H. E. Bryant, W. V. T.; F. B. Lardner, W. S.; Miss E. Downey, W. A. S.; F. Athearn, W. F. S.; and Miss M. Cyrus, W. T. The present membership is forty -five, and the lodge is increasing in numbers and interest all the time. The meetings are held in the elegant hall of the Odd- Fellows. Presbyterian Church. — The Presbyterian Church at Calistoga was or- ganized by Rev. Thomas Fraser, Synodical Agent on the Pacific Coast for that denomination, January 28, 1871. The organizing members of this church were : A. Safeley, Mrs. Margaret Safeley, Miss I. G. Saf eley, Miss A. R. Safeley, Thomas F. Towle, Mrs. Josephine Towle, J. I. Logan, Mrs. U. J. Logan, Mrs. Ann M. Fairfield, J. G. Randall, M. Garnett, Mrs. Cath- erine A. McDonald, Mrs. Lizzie McCrory, John McCausland, Mrs. Rachel R. McCausland, Mrs. Annis F. Wass, Miss Lizzie R. Wass, Gallen M. Fisher, Mrs. Susan F. Fisher, Miss Florence Fisher, John Wass, Mrs. Eliza A. Wass, Hot Springs Township. 331 J. R. Wright, Mrs. E. Wright, Austin J. Roberts, Mrs. Mary A. Tavor, Miss E. Tavor. Rev. C. H. Crawford worked the church up, and was instru- mental in its organization. In June, 1873, Rev. James Mitchell took charge of the church in connection with the Presbyterian Church in St. Helena, peaching in both places every Sabbath, alternating the morning and even- ing services. He has served the people very acceptably indeed, and has built up strong churches in both places. When he came to Calistoga the church was not in a very prosperous condition, but now it is flourishing. They have a building which is 54 x 32 in size, and of very handsome architecture. It was erected in 1872, at a cost of $2300, and the lot and furniture added made the cost of the property $3000. The present mem- bership is forty-seven, and gradually increasing. There is a Sunday School connected with the church, but it is small, the attendance being about fifty. Methodist Episcopal Church. — The following historical sketch of the Calistoga Methodist Episcopal Church has been kindly furnished us by the ent pastor, Rev. M. D. Buck: In 1868, under the labors of Rev. W. S. Bryant, the foundation for the church was laid in Calistoga. Soon after, the railroad company needing the lot, purchased it. Sam Brannan gave another lot, and in 1869 the church was completed. The society has been served by the following pastors : 1869-70, W. C. Curry; 1870-1, G. W. Henning; 1871-2, H. B. Shel- don; 1872-3, R. M.Williamson; 1873-4, William Gordon; 1874-6, H. C. Tallman. During this time a parsonage was built ; 1876-7, A. R. Sheriff; 1 -8, J. F. Burkholder ; 1878-9, S. Kinsey ; 1879-81, M. D. Buck. In 1880 the parsonage was sold, and a debt of $800 on the church property was canceled. The value of the church and lot is $1000. The building will seat one hundred and fifty persons. The society numbers sixty members. It has, during most of its history, been united with the society at St. Helena, and under the charge of one pastor. The first trustees were William McDonnell, Peter Teale and Alonzo Hopkins. Calistoga School. — The building was erected in 1873 at a cost of 16000, and is a model of neatness and good taste. There are two depart- ments, and the attendance is about two hundred and twenty-five. The best of teachers are employed, and good schools are always maintained. Calistoga Flour Mill. — This mill was erected in 1880 by a joint-stock company, of which Mr. E. B. Wooley was President, and W. H. Harley Sec- retary. It is 40x80 and two stories high, and cost $8000. There are three run of stones, two for wheat and one for corn, and it has a capacity of fifty barrels every twelve hours. There is a forty-horse power engine in the mill, and all the latest improvements in the way of machinery, and the flour manufactured at this mill is second to none in the State. Mr. William Hansen is the present lessee. 332 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Business Directory. — The business interests of Calistoga are as follows : One bakery, three livery stables, two blacksmith shops, two shoe shops, three stores, one furniture store, one carpenter shop, one confectionery, one tailor shop, two hardware stores, two meat markets, one barber shop, two hotels, one saddlery, two millinery stores, one jeweler, one drug store, one carriage shop, one paint shop, three doctors, one real estate agency, one newspaper, and five saloons. Calistoga being the terminus of the railroad, is consequently the point from which numerous stage lines diverge. From here there is a stage line running to Lakeport, one to Lower Lake and Sulphur Bank, one to Harbin Springs, one to the Geysers, one to Kellogg, and perhaps others, but these are the main ones. The place presents a very lively appearance during the summer season upon the arrival of the passenger train from San Francisco. Scores of tourists are rushing helter-skelter, seeking for the stage they are to take, or inquiring for routes and desirable places. All this makes busi- ness for the hotel men and livery men, not to mention the enormous stage business that is done Mr. W. F. Fisher, the owner of the two Lake County stage lines, keeps the best of stock and drivers upon his routes, and when one of his large passenger wagons, with six horses attached to it, filled to over- flowing with passengers and baggage, swings into the street, and starts out upon the " keen jump," as the drivers say, it presents a fine sight. Calistoga has a post-office, and Wells, Fargo & Co. express office, and has telegraphic communication with San Francisco, and with all points along the line extending from that place, through Lake County to Colusa. " THE BUNGALOW." — Among the places of summer resort and resi- dences in Napa County, the home of Mrs. Lillie Hitchcock Coit stands in the front rank. She owns about three hundred and twenty acres of splen- did valley land, situated about four and a half miles south-east of Calis- toga. It is all valley land, very rich, and is kept in a high state of cultiva- tion. On the place there are from three to seven acres of orchard, and about sixty acres of vines, among which are some very choice varieties. The proprietress is a fine stock fancier, and on the place may be found some of the best blood in Napa County and in the State. In cattle she has fine specimens of Jersey Downs and Durhams ; in horses she has the little mare " Tom-boy," which captured a premium in San Francisco in 1874 ; also a fine four-in-hand team, over which she draws the reins with an ease and grace that would cause the envy of any Jehu. Her house, the " Bungalow," is her pride, however — and well it might be. It is constructed just as the houses in India are. There is a verandah entirely around the building, with two main halls passing through it at right angles. There are four rooms, one in each corner, and the doors of them open upon the verandah. Hot Springs Toivnship. 333 The rooms are each painted a different color, and are furnished in a quaint and almost fantastic style. The doors are made of stained glass, and there is a cupola to the building which is truly unique. Here Mrs. Coit lives in almost regal splendor, and entertains her hosts of friends who annually visit at her most hospitable home. ST. HELENA. — St Helena is the next town we come to passing south- ward, and it is much larger than Calistoga, being the second town in size in Napa County. It is located nine miles south of Calistoga and eighteen miles north of Napa City, and in the heart of Napa Valley, and in the very center of the great St. Helena wine-producing district, hence its present status is one of extraordinary activity, and its future is assured to be a grand one. Some time previous to 1853, and about that time, Henry Still, an Englishman, purchased a tract of one hundred acres of the Bale grant, lying on the west side of what is now Main street, St. Helena, and extending from Sulphur Creek to Madrona avenue. In that year he built a small split-redwood building, which was only just one grade above a shanty, and put in a stock of goods. A Mr. Walters seems to have had some connection with the matter, but not as a partner in the land, or if so, Still purchased his interest soon after. Still also had a small split-board dwelling. The store was located just west of the present site of the hay scales, or on the rear end of the first lot south of the Palace Hotel. He had foresight enough to see that this was in the heart of a rich agricul- tural section, and he rightly surmised that the time would come when there would be a flourishing town grow up around the nucleus which his store had formed. To be sure to give the embryotic place a good footing he made the liberal offer of donating to actual settlers a lot on which to build and start business. This was in 1855, and among those who accepted the offer was Mr. John Kister, who erected two buildings on the lot near the north-west corner of Spring and Main streets, now occupied by the Van Tassel Hotel. One of these buildings Mr. Kister used for a dwelling and one for a shoe shop. He dealt in all kinds of leather. In 1855, also, A. Tainter erected a building just south of Still's store, which was used for a hotel, and was the first hotel in the place. This was a small story and a-half rough redwood building. In the spring of 1856, he sold out to Hiram Louderback. During this year, H. Dickson and John Howell put up and opened a blacksmith shop on the lot now occupied by the Palace Hotel. Kobert Catherwood (or Calderwood) moved a building to the lot on the north-east corner of Spring and Main streets, in which he opened a wagon and carriage making establishment. This was also in 1856, and Still gave him the lot for the building. Still had the first well ever in the place, and Mr. Kister dug the second or third. Kister 's lot was the first 334 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. one in the town that was fenced with palings. In 1856, also, Christian Turkeldson erected a store building where Potter's blacksmith shop now stands, which was the first building to be erected on the east side of the street. This was a good substantial building. In the fall of 1857, W. A. Elgin erected a small building for a store just opposite the termination of Spring street, and he conducted the mercantile business in that place for some time. In 1858 David Fulton erected a story and a-half building just opposite the Van Tassel Hotel, and began the saddlery business. This building is now occupied by Wells, Fargo & Co.'s express. In the spring of 1857, H. Dickson erected a dwelling-house. Mr. Kister is authority for the state- ment that to Messrs. Henry Still and William Taylor belongs the honor of naming the town, stating that a party was in Still's store one night, when the subject of a name for the town came up for consideration, and the name of St. Helena was suggested by those gentlemen, and finally adopted by the entire party, and since then the name has been St. Helena. Mr. Menefee, in his " Sketch Book," says that " the infant town was christened St. Helena from the name given to the division of Sons of Temperance estab- lished there about this time (1856)." We give both versions, either of which seems probable, and leave the reader to judge between the two, or to find the true. In 1860 the hotel erected by Tainter was destroyed by fire. The first school-house in the place was located on the bank of York Creek, near Mr. Ewer's present residence, and was a small, rough affair. Its date of erection is unknown, but in 1858, or thereabouts, the building was moved to the town-site proper, where it was used for school purposes until the erection of the present commodious building. The first church in the place was erected by the Baptists in 1857. The second hotel was erected in 1862 by John Wolf, on the same site as the first one, and it met a similar fate, being destroyed by fire in 1866, and was never rebuilt. In 1865 Mr. Ramperdahl completed the National Hotel, now the Van Tassel. In 1867 J. Vich erected the large and commodious brick building, the St. Charles Hotel, now known as the Palace. In 1881 Mr. Alstrom erected the fine wooden structure, to which he has given the title of Windsor Hotel. The present population of St. Helena is about one thousand four hundred. Incorporation of St. Helena. — We have thus followed the growth of the town of St. Helena from its swaddling clothes, as it were, up to the time it was prepared to take upon itself the duties and to wear the laurels of an incorporated city. The act incorporating the town of St. Helena was approved March 24, 1876, and when the second centennial year rolls around, and all the American people are rejoicing and holding bi-centennial celebrations, the good people of the then great metropolis of the upper Hot Springs Township. 335 Napa Valley will join in a double celebration, the one for the Nation and the other for its own centennial existence as a corporate city, and on that occasion a copy of this History of Napa and Lake Counties will be brought upon the platform, and some grand mogul of the place will open to these pages and read the early history of the great city. The mon- ument mania may strike the valley about that time, and a great marble or granite shaft may be erected on the site of the first building, with the date of erection and the builder's name cut in the enduring rock. Sections one and two of the Act of Incorporation read as follows : tiox 1. The people of the town of St. Helena, Napa County, shall be a body politic and corporate, under the name and title of the " Tow r n of St. Helena." Skc. 2. The corporate limits of the town of St. Helena shall be as follows : Commencing at a point in the center of Napa River in a direct line north-easterly from the continuation of the westerly side of Sulphur Spring avenue (being the easterly line of Dr. G. B. Crane's homestead) ; thence south-westerly in a direct line to the end of Sulphur Springs avenue in the county road ; thence following the said westerly and northerly line of said Sulphur Springs avenue until the intersection of said line with the line of the Tracey survey in the foot-hills ; thence north -westerly, follow- ing the line of said Tracey survey until the same intersects that part of A. B. Forbes' land, which lies easterly of said Tracey line ; thence easterly along the line between said Forbes' land and J. York's land to the York Creek ; thence up York Creek to the said Tracey line ; thence northerly along said Tracey line to a point opposite the most westerly boundary of Charles Krug ; thence north-westerly to said Krug's westerly line ; thence on said line to the center of Napa River ; thence down said river to the place of beginning. The said territory shall form a separate road district in Napa County. Section 3 provides that the Board of Trustees shall consist of five mem- bers ; the other officers of the corporation shall be a Treasurer, who shall be ex-oficio Collector ; a Marshal, who shall be ex-affido Assessor. Elections shall be held on the second Monday of April in each year. In accordance with the provisions of the last section referred to, an election was held on the second Monday in April, 1876, when the following gentlemen were chosen to fill the respective positions indicated. Board of Trustees : David Cole, H. A. Pellet, D. 0. Hunt, W. T. Simmons, and G. C. Fountain ; Treasurer and ex-offvcio Collector, D. B. Carver ; Marshal and ex- ojjirio Assessor, J. H. Allison. The first meeting of the Board was held April 17th, at which time H. A. Pellet was chosen as Chairman, and Charles A. Gardner was appointed Clerk. N. M. Bonham was also appointed to the position of City Attorney, and M. G. King as City Engineer. A jail was erected in June of that year, at a cost of SI 58. 336 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. The election which was held in April, 1877, resulted as follows : Trus- tees, W. T. Simmons, D. Cole, D. 0. Hunt, J. J. Dickinson, and J. R. Kettle- well; Treasurer, L. Lazarus; Marshal, S. G. Clerk. Charles A. Gardner was again appointed to the position of Clerk of the Board. In April, 1878, the election resulted as follows : Trustees, H. A. Pellet, J. L. Berringer, W. T. Simmons, W. A. Elgin, and J. J. Dickinson ; Treas- urer, L. Lazarus ; Marshal, J. H. Allison ; Charles Young was appointed Clerk of the Board. In 1879 the officers elected for the ensuing year were as follows : Trus- tees, J. J. Dickinson, W. A. Elgin, W. T. Simmons, H. A. Pellet, and J. Allyn ; Treasurer, L. Lazarus ; Marshal, J. H. Allison. Charles Young was retained in the position of Clerk by the new Board. The election of 1880 resulted as follows : Trustees, W. T. Simmons, W. A. Elgin, J. Allyn, H. A. Pellet, and A. Tonola ; Treasurer, L. Lazarus ; Marshal, J. H. Allison. Charles Young was still retained as Clerk of the Board, a position which he filled until September 1st of that year, when F. E. Dickinson assumed the responsibilities of the position. In April, 1881, the following officers were elected : Trustees, H. A. Pellet, Owen Wade, W. E. York, G. K. Gluyas, and J. C. Potter ; Treasurer, L. Lazarus; Marshal, J. H. Allison. F. E. Dickinson still holds the position of Clerk of the Board. The charter to the city was granted by a special Act of the Legislature, and is a well written document, containing only those provisions which are calculated to advance and develop the best interests of the town. Matters have moved along very smoothly under it from the first, though it was deemed advisable to have it revised in a year or two after its adoption. Much work has been done in the way of grading the streets, sewerage, etc. In that line, under city government, the town of St. Helena has developed from a country village, with ungraded and poorly drained streets, into a city with all those things that go to give a place the air and appearance of a city. St. Helena Baptist Church. — The Baptist Church at St. Helena is the oldest church edifice in the town, and that denomination is the oldest Chris- tian organization in the place, and dates back almost, if not quite co-equal with any organization in the county. In 1857 Hiram Louderback donated a lot for the purpose of a church-site, to the Baptist Home Missionary Society. John Cyrus, Henry Owsley and David Fulton were the first Trustees. A suitable building was erected on the lot donated, which, in the fall of 1872, was moved to the rear portion of the lot and thoroughly repaired. The following excerpts from the records of the church, which have been kindly furnished us by Mr. J. W. Sayward, the present church clerk, give a good synopsis of the workings of this organization : T zri^irf o^l^>oy< Hot Springs Township. 337 The tirst record is dated January 24, 1850. On this date an organization was effected by adopting the articles of faith of the regular Baptist Church of Napa, and it was called the United Baptist Church. Stephen Riley was Moderator, and James M. Case, Clerk. July 25, 1850, the doors of the church were opened for receiving mem- bers and three were duly received. August 22, 1850, the doors of the church were again opened and three members received ; officers same as above. September 25, 1852, a business meeting was held and W. A. Rector was chosen Deacon, S. Riley, Moderator, and J. M. Case, Clerk. May 22, 1853, the church met for business and agreed to send S. Riley, C. S. Grigsby, Thos. Lensley, Bradis Williamson and A. Rector to the Pacific Association. July 24, 1853, a meeting was held after services, and it was agreed to release Rev. S. Riley from the pastoral charge of the Napa Church. William Rector was the clerk at this time. August 27, 1853, Rev. A. A. Guernsey was called to the pastoral care of the Church of Napa. The next entry is dated, Napa Valley, September 10, 1854, and is as follows : The brethren of the Baptist faith, convened in the school-house in Hot Springs Township, and organized the Sharon Baptist Church, the Rev. Stephen Riley presiding, and William Pendleton acting as clerk pro tern. The same articles of faith and church government of the First Baptist Church, Napa, were adopted. The following persons united with the church at this time : William Hudson, from Santa Rosa ; Enoch Cyrus, by letter ; Mrs. Cyrus, by letter; T. J. Porter, Henry Owsley, Mrs. Francis Owsley, Mrs. (or Miss) R. E. Owsley, by baptism ; W. H. Pendleton, by letter, from Sacramento ; Lucinda York, William Rector, Mrs. Rector, Stephen Broaddus and Mrs. Broaddus. (It would seem from the above that the original church organization had ceased to exist from some cause or other, and that this was a resuscitation of it.) November 19, 1854, the Sharon Baptist Church held a business meeting, and a license to preach the gospel was granted to William H. Pendleton. March 10, 1852, William Hudson was chosen clerk. July 8, 1856, John Cyrus and wife and William H. Nash, were admitted as members, by baptism. The church seemed to be growing and prosperous under the care of Rev. Stephen Riley, as pastor ; William Hudson was the clerk. August 9, 1856, five more members were added by baptism. December 13, 1856, the church had a business meeting and elected Henry Owsley, David Fulton, William Rector and John Cyrus, as trustees for the purpose of erecting a church building at St. Helena. At the same time William H. Nash was appointed treasurei - . 22 338 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. June 13, 1857, D. G. Lowell and Henry Owsley, were elected deacons of the church. September 12, 1857, John Cyrus was chosen clerk. In February, 1858, Rev. T. R. Franklin was received by letter, from Six Mile Mission, and he was elected pastor for one year. S. Riley was modera- tor, and John Cyrus, clerk. May 8, 1858, a business meeting of the church was held, and it was voted that the name of the church be changed from the Sharon Baptist Church to the St. Helena Baptist Church. The records show that the church was now in a prosperous condition, and that additions were made at almost every monthly meeting, either by baptism or by letter. The officers remained the same as above. In September, 1858, D. G. Loveall was elected clerk. At this meeting- collectors were appointed to collect outstanding debts against the church and house, and they were to act as a committee for the purpose of raising the funds with which to meet those debts. In October, 1858, under the pastorate of Rev. T. R. Franklin, and assisted by T. V. Parker, a protracted meeting was held for nine days, and at the next meeting of the church in regular session, thirty-one members were added by experience and baptism. November 13, 1858, Bro. John Cyrus resigned his clerkship. Rev. S. Riley also resigned his pastorate upon the same date, and Henry Owsley was elected moderator, and J. V. Porter, clerk pro term. The question then arose as to whether this should be a free or close communion church, and was voted upon in favor of the former, but upon a reconsideration of the motion, it was declared a regular close communion Baptist Church. In January, 1859, the church elected Rev. J. Barns, pastor, S. Riley, moderator, and John Cyrus, clerk pro tern. At the regular church meeting in March, Rev. Barns was appointed moderator for the first year, and John Cyrus was elected clerk. The sum of $71 .75 was raised to remove church debt. In April of 1859, Andrew Hudson was appointed to raise funds to remove the entire debt. In December, 1859, Rev. J. D. Brown accepted the pastorate, John Cyrus continuing clerk. In 1864, the church elected J. Roberts, moderator, and J. R. Franklin, clerk pro tern. In 1869, Rev. J. P. Hungate assumed care of the church as pastor, with John Cyrus as clerk. On November 12, 1869, the church elected Deacon Henry Owsley, Flemming Spencer, Eban Hilton, P. H. Summer and J. W. Sayward as trustees of the property belonging to church. Nov. 16, 1871, Rev. C. W. Henas commenced holding union services and continued" about three years. In October, 1875, C. W. Henas acted as pastor ; J. W. Sayward, clerk. Hot Springs Township. 339 February 6, 1876, the church, assisted by the State Missionary, Rev: C. A. Bateman, was resuscitated, and the first communion was held, as a close communion church, that had been held for several years. On vote, the church united with the San Francisco association, and received the hand of fellowship to the same. Rev. C. W. Henas resigned as acting pastor on January 6, 1877, and Rev. J. H. Teal supplied the church, commencing Februaiy 4, 1877. December 18, 1877, Dr. Frost of San Jose, delivered a lecture for the purpose of raising means with which to reseat the church. January 6, 1878, Rev. J. E. Ambrose of Colorado, assumed the pastorate and resigned September 8, 1878. The church was then regularly supplied by Rev. O. C. Wheeler, D. D., L.L. D., Rev. Dr. Pearson, Rev. C. A. Bateman and others. June 29, 1880, Rev. J. A. Fisher of Chicago Theological Seminary be- came pastor. July 10, 1881, Rev. J. A. Fisher resigned the pastorate, and at present the church is without a pastor. Methodist Episcopal Church. — The following historical sketch of the M. E. Church at St. Helena has been kindly furnished by the present pastor, Rev. M. D. Buck : In the year 1853, by the faithful labors of Rev. James Corwin, the " White Church " was built on Father Tucker's farm, half way between St. Helena and Calistoga, these centers of influence then unborn. The church took its name from the fact that it was the only painted house in upper Napa Valley. The whole of Napa and Sonoma Counties was then embraced in one preacher's work. Rev. Messrs. S. D- Simonds, J. W. Brier, E. A. Hazen, Jas. Corwin, J. J. Cleaveland, Colin Anderson, Walker, Lassiter, Speck and Jacobs preceded W. S. Corwin, who built a parsonage in St. Helena in 1863. Methodist services were then held in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Rev. A. C. Hazzard was the next pastor and he was succeeded by Rev. W. N. Smith, who was appointed to the St. Helena work in 1865. In 1867, by the labors of Rev. W. S. Bryant, the present church and parsonage buildings were erected, the former parsonage being sold. The Trustees under whose management the edifice was erected and the improve- ments made, were William McDonnell, Peter Teal, J. B. Risley, and John Howell. Since that time the following clergymen have been in charge of the church : 1869-70, W. C. Curry; 1870-1, G. W. Henning; 1871-2, H B. Sheldon; 1872-3, R. M. Williamson; 1873-6, William Angwin; 1876-7, J. W. Bluett; 1877-8, J. F. Berkholder ; 1878-9, S. Kinsey; 1879-81, M. D. Buck. The church-building has been improved from time to time. The main portion is 30x40 feet, and is capable of seating one hundred and fifty 340 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. persons. It is valued at $2500, and the parsonage at $600. The property is free from debt. The society numbers sixty members. Cumberland Presbyterian Church. — The Cumberland Presbyterian Church at St. Helena was organized August 17, 1863, by the election of a Board of Trustees consisting of Thomas B. Townsend, L. Murray, and A. J. Hudson. The minister under whose labors it was organized was the Rev. Y. A. Anderson, who came from Missouri in 1855, and died May 19, 1862. The corner-stone of the church-edifice was laid with Masonic ceremonies, July 14, 1860. Speaking of this occasion, Mr. Menefee, in his "Sketch Book," says : " At the laying of the corner-stone of the (Cumberland) Presbyterian Church, there was the grandest time that the town had ever before known. People came from Sonoma, Napa and other places to witness the laying of the corner-stone, and hear the oration delivered on the occasion. The fol- lowing are some of the articles placed in the corner-stone : A copy of the Napa County Reporter ; the confessions of faith of the Cumberland Pres- byterian Church ; names of the members of the church, and of the Sunday- school ; Constitution and By-Laws of the Sons of Temperance, and of the Temple of Honor, and also of the Masons ; a copy of the ' Cumberland Presbyter;' a church paper published at that time in Santa Clara County, and some pieces of coin." This building was 40 x 70 in size, and was an elegant structure. In 1873 a spirit of jealousy, or perhaps ib is better to say, of pure cussedness, developed itself in somebody's bosom, and on the 26th of July of that year an attempt was made to destroy the building by fire. That it was the work of an incendiary there can be no doubt, for bags saturated with coal oil were fastened all the way up the belfry rope, and the fire communicated to these combustible articles. Fortunately, the fire was discovered and extin- guished before any great damage was done. But this was not to be the last of the fiend's diabolism, for in February, 1874, the building was completely destroyed by fire, never to be again rebuilt by that body. We know noth- ing of the causes which led to the ill feeling towards this denomination, but must join with all respectable people of all denominations and faiths in censuring the cowardly deed that destroyed public property to vent private or personal spleen. They have no organization in St. Helena now. Presbyterian Church. — The Presbyterian Church at St. Helena was organized May 30, 1874, with the following organizing members: J. I. Logan, Mrs. U. J. Logan, J. Cleghorn, Dr. C. F. A. Mitchell, Mrs. L. G. Mitchell, Mrs. Mary Green, L. Spear, Mrs. Eliza Spear, Mary A. Penwell, Mrs. Sophia Hunt, Miss Jennie Carson, R. F. Lane, Mrs. Elizabeth C. Lane, Philip Elting, Mrs. Clarinda Mills, Mrs. Phcebe A. Woodburn and Miss Mamie Gluyas. The organization was effected by Rev. James Mitchell, Hot Springs Township. 341 under the auspices of the Home Missions in connection with the Presby- terian Church. Upon the organization of the church the house of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was rented for half the time, and in a few days there- after that building was destroyed by fire. Whether or not this transaction had anything to do with the actions of the incendiary is not known, but it , is presumable that it did not, as the first attempt to burn the church had been made several months anterior to the organization of the Presbyterian Church. It will be noticed also that there is a discrepancy in the dates given above. We cannot reconcile this difference, as both statements are from good authority. The date on which the Cumberland building was finally destroyed by fire was taken from the files of the papers of that date, and the date of the organization of the Presbyterian Church was given us by Rev. Mitchell from the church records, and he is our authority for the statement that the Cumberland building was leased by the other body, and the fire occurred subsequently. After the Cumberland house was burned the Presbyterians used the Baptist building for services until January, 1876. In October, 1875, they began the erection of their present handsome structure on the lot on which the Cumberland building had stood, and which this church had subsequently purchased ; and the dedicatory service occurred January 30, 1876. This building is 34x52 and cost $4000, and with the lot and furniture cost S5000. Rev. James Mitchell, who is an earnest and effective worker, and a graduate of one of the best theological schools of Europe, has remained in charge of the church ever since its organization ; and some idea of what he has accomplished may be had from the following figures : There have been ' baptized, since the organization of the church, seventy -five persons ; received into membership, one hundred and fifty-four ; present membership one hun- dred and eighteen. Upon one day there were forty accessions to the church. A Sunday school was begun under the auspices of this church at the time the new building was dedicated, which has ever since been in a very prosperous condition, having an attendance of one hundred and forty schol- ars. Mr. J. I. Logan was the first superintendent, and Mr. J. Mixon has 611ed that position for the past four years. Seventh-Day Advent Church. — The church of Seventh-day Adventists of St. Helena was organized May 16, 1874, by Elder J. N. Loughborough, with twenty members, as follows : John Mavity, Amelia W. Mavity, James Creamer, Hannah Creamer, Emory J. Church, Millard Church, Hugh Hack- ney, Elizabeth Carter, Sarah J. Anthony, Sarah Spencer, Ruth C. Cruey, Mary Ann Stephenson, Anna Boyd, Margaret Cooper, Martha Hudson, Em- ily H. Wood, L. Thomson, Thomas Barry, Samuel Jacks, Julia Jacks. They have at present a membership of fifty -six, and are in a flourishing 342 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. condition. They have a property which cost about $2000, and is free from debt. Catholic Church. — The pulpit of this church has always been supplied by the pastor of the church at Napa. It is not known just when services began to be held here by the Fathers, but about 1866 a building was erected by the Rev. Father Peter Deyaert. This answered their purpose until May, 1877, when the present structure was begun under the supervision of Rev. M. Mulville. Rev. Father M. D. Slattery completed the building, and it was dedicated March 28, 1878. It is in size 30x60, cost $3500, and is a very nice edifice. Schools. — The first school in St. Helena was held in a small building erected for the purpose, which was situated on the bank of York Creek, near the present site of Mr. Ewers' residence. About 1858 this building was moved to near the center of town, and was still used for school pur- poses. Since then a substantial, though not elegant, structure has been erected, and there are now four departments, which are under the super- vision of a competent and efficient corps of instructors. Free and Accepted Masons. — St. Helena Lodge, F. & A. M., No. 93, was organized at Sabastopol (Yountville), U. D., November 24, 1855, with the following charter members : S. Rosenbaum, J. W. Deering, George C. Yount, J. M. Wright, J. J. May, S. S. Christman, William Baldridge and J. R. Hazelton. The first officers TJ. D. were : S. Rosenbaum, W. M.; J. W. Deering, S. W.; George C. Yount, J. W.; J. M. Wright, Treasurer, and J. J. May, Secretary. The charter was granted May 8, 1856, and the name of the lodge was then Caymus. The lodge was moved from Yountville to St. Helena June 3, 1865, and the dispensation to change the name to St. Helena was granted by the Grand Lodge at its next session after the removal of the lodge. The first officers U. C. were : J. J. May, W. M.; Ed. Evey, S. W.; George C. Yount, J. W.; J. M. Wright, Treasurer, and William Baldridge, Secretary. Just after receiving the charter the lodge erected a building, and the hall was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. The following named gentlemen have been honored with the position of Worshipful Master : S. Rosenbaum, J. J. May, Ed. Evey, Ed. L. Levy, George C. Yount, William H. Holliday, James Allfrey, William J. Clayton, S. Mead, F. D. Evarts, John H. Allison, D. B. Carver, C. F. A. Mitchell and W. T. Sim- mons. The present officers are : D. B. Carver, W. M.; W. W. Bradbury, S. W.; J. E. Straus, J. W.; J. C. Weinberger, Treasurer, and Charles A. Gardner, Secretary. The present membership is fifty-three, and the order is in a prosperous condition. They have a very nicely furnished hall, which they rent. Independent Order of Odd-Fellows. — St. Helena Lodge, No. 167, I. O. O. F., was organized January 31, 1870, with the following charter Hot Springs Township. 343 members : Alexander Korns, S. C. Penwell, H. A. Pellet, John S. Adams, C E. Davis, H. G. Wyman and J. I. Logan. The first officers were : S. C. Penwell, N. G. (who died during his term of office); Alex. Korns, V. G.; J- S. Adams, Secretary, and C. E. Davis, Treasurer. The following gentlemen bave filled the position of N. G.: S. C Penwell, H. A. Pellet, J. C. Adams, 0. E. Davis, G. W. Montgomery, P. Hastie, J. Mavity, W. L. Wilson, J. K. Hall, W. A. C. Smith, J. E. Straus, C. T. McEachran, J. S. Kister, W. M. McCormick, W. A. Field, John McFarling, Theodore Van Tassell, N. A. Morford ; S. T. Hammond, F. E. Dickinson, P. G. Hottell, W. W. Lyman ami F. Pellet. The present officers are : F. Pellet, N. G.; J. Haskins, V. G.; Theo. Van Tassell, Secretary and Permanent Secretary, and G. A. Stamer, Treasurer. The present membership is eighty-nine, and the lodge is in a flourishing condition, and they have a nicely furnished hall. Independent Order of Good Templars. — St. Helena Lodge, No. 271, 1. 0. G. T., was organized July 17, 1879, with the following charter mem- bers : Mrs. A. L. Spire, Mrs. A. A. Inman, Miss Allie Warren, Miss Jessie Elgin, Mrs. Maiy Howell, Mrs. Clara D. Mills, Mrs. Minnie Van Deworker, Miss Kate E. McGeorge, Mrs. L. Cooper, Miss Florence Mills, J. E. Lawson, M. L. McCord, F. Mixon, W. H. Armes, B. F. Kettlewell, G. M. Larder, R. Bussenius, W. A. Mackinder, Rev. James Mitchell, Miss Lizzie Beach, Mrs. Elizabeth F. Beach, William F. S. McGeorge, W. H. C. Reese, Miss Grant Elgin, Miss Annie Dixon, H. E. Conver, J. O'Brien, Miss Mary Cole, Miss L. Bennett, Miss Josie Risley, and Rev. S. Kinsey. The first officers were : B. F. Kettlewell, W. C. T.: Miss Josie Risley, W. V. T.; W. A. Mackinder, W. S.; G. W. Lander, W. F. S.; Mrs. A. L. Spires, W. T. The present officers are : W. A. Mackinder, W. C. T.; Miss Jessie Elgin, W. V. T.; W. F. Nixon, W. S.; Miss Lena Davis, W. F. S.; and B. F. Kettlewill, W. T. The present mem- bership is fifty. Ancient Order United Workmen. — Eureka Lodge, No. 15, A. O. U. W., was organized December 31, 1877, with the following charter members: J. H. Allison, H. E. Alden, H. F. McCormick, G. H. Brown, Charles Young, H. J. Lewelling, J. E. Straus, W. L. Phillips, H. A. Pellet, Theo. Van Tassell, L. W. Eby, J. N. Faulkenstein, T. Greer, J. Greer, W. W. Bradberry, George Lander, A. C. Rampendahl, J. S. Fruits, O. C. Blaney, L. H. Mc- George, A. C. Simpson, G. W. Fisher, James McGee, and J. Hall. The first officers were : J. H. Allison, P. M. W.; J. E. Straus, M. W.; George Lander, Foreman ; W. L. Phillips, O.; H. F. McCormick, R; G. W. Fisher, Finan- cier ; Charles Youngs, Recorder. The following members have filled the position of M. W. : J. E. Straus, H. E. Alden, H. F. McCormick, George Sander, S. P. Conner, and Charles A. Gardner. The present officers are: Charles A. Gardner, M. W.; M. Braghler, Foreman ; W. T. Simmons, O.; D. B. Carver, Receiver ; Charles Youngs, Recorder, and J. H. Steves, Financier. 344 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. American Legion of Honor. — St. Helena Council, No. 431, A. L. of H., was organized February, 17, 1881, with the following charter members : J. I. Logan, C. E. Davis, J. H. Allison, H. A. Merriam, Theo. Van Tassell, W. A. Mackinder, J. E. Straus, J. C. Mixon, F. E. Meilenz, F. E. Dickinson, A. Patterson, James Cruey, Mrs. F. M. Woodward, Mrs. M. E. Mixon, James A. Allison, C. N. Hale, H. E. Alden, M. C. Cook, C. F. Rice, W. J. G. Davison, W. W. Lyman, and C. H. Butler. The first and present officers are : J. I. Logan, C; W. W. Lyman, V. C; Theo. Van Tassell, Secretary ; and J. E. Straus, Treasurer. The present membership is twenty-four. It is a bene- ficiary order, and the amount of benefit ranges from $500 to $5000, accord- ing to the age and the degree of which deceased is a member. The Fire Department. — St. Helena Hose Company, No. 1, was organized August 28, 1878. The officei's for that year were J. Haskins, Foreman, and E. J. Levy, Secretary. For 1879, S. Risley, Foreman, W. A. Bingham, Assistant Foreman, and J. A. Allison, Secretary. The present officers are S. Risley, Foreman, J. A. Allison, Assistant Foreman, and W. A. Bingham, Secretary. The appliances of the company consists of one hose-cart, six hundred feet of hose, hooks, ladders, lanterns, axes, etc. The company now numbers twenty-two members. There are ten hydrants in St. Helena, and the head of water is strong enough to force a stream over the highest build- ing in town. St. Helena Water Company. — This company was incorporated July 19, 1877, with the following directors: S. Ewer, Charles Krug, J. S. Berringer, G. K. Gluyas and J. York. In 1879, D. B. Carver succeeded J. York as director, that being the only change that has ever occurred in the Board. S. Ewer has been president, and Charles Krug, secretary of the company since the date of its organization. The water is taken from York Creek, just within the limits of the corporation, and led in a flume about one-fourth of a mile, from the creek to the reservoir. The reservoir covers about ten acres, and is formed by throwing a dam across a ravine. This dam is about forty feet high, and three hundred and twenty feet long, and gives to the reservoir a capacity of about twenty million gallom. If the dam were made ten feet higher it would have a capacity of about fifty million gallons. The fall from the reservoir to the town is one hundred and seventy feet, hence the head is very strong indeed. The principal main is six and eight inch pipe, and is about one and a half miles long, and there is about three miles of sub-main and service pipe. The stock of the company was divided into twenty-five thousand shares, held at $10 each, of which two thousand were issued. The works have cost about $26,000, and one assessment of $2 on the share has been levied. There have been three dividends of one per cent, each declared, and the finances of the company are now in a prosper- ous condition. It is a notable fact that St. Helena is the only town or city Hot Springs Township. 345 in Napa County, which is supplied with city water, which is only one of the many evidences of enterprise which her worthy citizens have evinced over her neighbors. Hi nking House. — The private banking house of W. A. C. Smith was opened for business in February, 1876. It does a general banking and col- lection business and has for correspondents the Bank of Napa, Napa City, and the banking house of Lazard Fre'res, San Francisco. St. Helena Star. — The first number of this sprightly journal was issued September 23, 1874, by DeWitt C. Lawrence. The present proprietor, Charles A. Gardner, purchased it in January, 1876. It is a six-column folio and is all printed at home. On Tuesdays Mr. Gardner issues a small edition which he calls a The Junior, for circulation in St. Helena, which virtually makes it a semi-weekly. In the office there is a hand press and a jobber. The following handsome compliment we find in the Napa County Vini- culturist, which we endorse and append in this connection: " We desire to say a word for our local press, the St. Helena Star, to the enterprising editor and proprietor of which our community owes much of its present prosperity. Mr. Gardner, in this connection, has labored hard in developing the interest of the upper valley, and especially so in calling attention to the wine industry of the county, and in gathering data and statistics relative to the subject and imparting valuable information, weekly, through the columns of his paper ; also in town matters Mr. Gardner has ever proved himself wide awake, favorably mentioning and encouraging every local enterprise that has been started. He publishes an interesting and valuable local paper, one that should have the full support and endorse- ment of the community." St. Helena Cream Tartar Works. — Charles Farrand & Co's Cream Tartar Works consist of a plain but neat frame building, 20 x 40 feet in size, standing between Pope street and the creek, east of the railroad, and the various appurtenances for carrying on the work. These latter consist principally of a three hundred gallon boiler, set over a brick furnace, six wooden tanks of three hundred gallons each, and two copper tanks of the same capacity. The cream tartar is made from the sediment, or lees, of wine, and also from the " argols " which form in wine casks. Without entering minutely into the process, this sediment, looking like red mud, or the argols, looking like gravel, as the case may be, is first boiled in the kettle over the furnace ; then it is placed in the wooden tanks where it forms crystals. These crystals are then boiled again and placed in the copper tanks, where they form pure cream tartar, which needs only a whitening process to fit it for market. The establishment is large enough to make live hundred pounds of cream tartar per week. 346 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. St. Helena Brewery. — This is the property of E. Fautz, and is situated about one mile north-west of town. It has a capacity of about five hun- dred gallons a day. It has been running about eight years, and everything about the place is complete, and the building is commodious. St. Helena Business Interests. — The business interests of St. Helena are represented as follows : nine stores, six saloons, five hotels, five blacksmith shops, three milliners, three shoe shops, one hardware store, two tinware stores, two furniture stores, one bakery, three livery stables, one newspaper, two wagon shops, two paint shops, one tailor, two saddlers, two meat markets, three barber shops, two confectionery and stationery stands, one jeweler, two drug stores, two lumber yards, one bank, one real estate office, post-office, Wells, Fargo and Co.'s express, and telegraph office. General Remarks. — "We have thus fully given the early history of St. Helena, and its present status, but a few words still remain unsaid. To appreciate the real beauty of the town one must pay it a visit, not of a few hours or a day, but of weeks, for it will take that length of time to drink in and comprehend all its charms. We never spend a day in the place but we see new features in it that please and commend. There are broad, well-kept streets, which make excellent drives ; there are elegant residences and handsome lawns for the eye to feast upon ; flowers in profu- sion grow on every side, which add much to the beauty of the scene ; and, all in all, one will travel over many States before finding another so cheer- ing a place. The climate is all that the heart of man can desire, while the people are genial, generous and hospitable, and happy, indeed, is he whose lot is cast among them, in their lovely and embowered city. SPRINGS. — -There are two mineral springs in this township, which have achieved notoriety, viz : Hot Springs and White Sulphur, the waters of both of which contain sulphur as the chief characteristic. We will give their history by beginning with the Hot Springs. — These springs are located at Calistoga, and though known to the Indians and Mexicans long before the advent of white settlers, yet they seem to have attracted but little or no attention until about 1859, when Samuel Brannan purchased the extensive tract of land on which they are situated. They were known to the native Californians, Mexicans and Indians as the aguas calientes, or hot waters, and they were visited occa- sionally by these people for their curative qualities. The springs are situ- ated in the level valley, and are surrounded, except on the south side, by high and picturesque mountains. After the purchase of the property, Mr. Brannan immediately commenced improvements on a very large scale, in- tending, as he said, to make this the Saratoga of the Pacific Coast. He set h^yy^V Hot Springs Township. 347 about making all the improvements and furnishing all the comforts neces- sary to render this the most attractive place of resort for tourists and inva- lids in the State. The main grounds belonging to the springs proper consisted of about one hundred acres, near the center of which stands a small hill, to which he gave the name of Mount Lincoln. On the summit of this he placed an observatory, from which a fine view of the whole of Calistoga and of the surrounding country could be obtained. On this hill he also put a reservoir, which held ninety thousand gallons, the supply of water for which was brought from Napa River by means of steam. At the foot of Mount Lincoln, on the western side, were the hotels, cot- tages, and pleasure grounds, as well as the most of the springs. There were erected about twenty-five neat cottages on these grounds, for the accommo- dation of guests, and some of these were owned by private individuals. The grounds were laid off into walks, and ornamented with choice selections of trees, shrubbery and flowers. To the west of the grounds lies the town of Calistoga, and between the two passes the railroad. In the days of its full glory this was truly a grand place. Three hundred thousand dollars were spent, yea, sunk, by Mr. Brannan at this place. The servants about the place were all liveried, and moved about with a more consequential air than the millionaire guest, (James Lick for instance) who used to frequent the place. Oil paintings worth thousands of dollars, were pendent from the walls of the hotel parlors. But the pristine glory of the place is gone. With the departure of Mr. Brannan went all that kept the place up to anything like a mediocre resort in the estimation of the public, and in 1875 it could not be sold at public sale for any reasonable figure at all, and the sale was deferred, as the writer well knows, being present on the day of the attempted sale. It has since changed hands several times at merely nomi- nal figures compared with the money Mr. Brannan invested there. The water of the springs hold in solution, sulphur, iron, magnesia, and various chemical properties. Several years ago a well was bored directly in front of the hotel, and at the depth of seventy feet rock was struck which prevented further progress, and water stood in this well at the uniform temperature of one hundred and eighty-five degrees. There was a Russian steam bath formed by having the bath-room erected immediately over a spring which had a temperature of one hundred and ninety-five degrees, with apparatus for letting steam come up into the room. There are a host of springs there, each differing from the others in some peculiarity. One of them has a small summer-house erected over it, over the door of which is the following significant and suggestive legend : " The Devil's Kitchen ; Cook for Yourself." The water of this spring is highly charged with sul- phuretted hydrogen, which, being the property that imparts the peculiar flavor to eggs and chickens, gives to this water a taste very much resembling 348 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. chicken broth, and with the addition of a little salt and pepper a very good imitation of the real article is readily concocted. We have frequently had occasion to narrate this fact to friends from the East, who, though not doubting our veracity, charged it up to the list of " California yarns," as all Eastern people are prone to call everything surprising they hear about our wonderful State. In illustration of the completeness of the deception that this water, when so prepared, will perform, we will narrate the following incident to which we were an eye witness : In 1875 we paid the springs a visit, and, like all others, had our dish of bogus chicken soup. While we were disposing of it quietly, soup just below boiling, still steaming, and the thermometer at one hundred degrees in the shade, a gentleman and his wife entered the spring house and proceeded to procure a lunch, having some crackers with them for the purpose. They were evidently strangers, from their remarks, and we awaited developments. The first saucerful was duly prepared, and handed to the lady, who proceeded to devour it with various and sundry commendatory exclamations. Presently the husband, seeing that her saucer was about relieved of its contents, essayed to replenish it, and in so doing spilled not a little of the water on the lady's dress. She forthwith proceeded to give him no gentle " curtain lecture " for spilling " the nasty, greasy stuff " upon her new silk. The gentleman was thrown into convulsions of laughter, which so nonplussed her that she set to think- ing what there was to laugh about. Suddenly she bethought herself that the "nasty, greasy stuff" was only harmless spring water. Her confusion can be better imagined than described. In Bancroft's " Tourists' Guide," published some years ago, the follow- ing appeared : " There is evidently some mysterious agency at work underground at Oalistoga, not quite comprehensible to visitors. Chemists and savans, indeed, explain the matter in a most learned and scientific manner, by speaking of chemical reaction among mineral substances and the like, and make out a very plausible theory. But the explanation, to l \ many people, needs as much explaining as the mystery itself ; and when a man finds the ground under his feet to be hot, and the waters issuing from it to be in the neighborhood of the boiling point, he can not well help harbor- ing the suspicion that the diabolus ipse is at work within perilous proximity, especially since the imagination is somewhat helped to the sinister conclu- sion by a prevailing and most stygian odor. " A well was bored at this place preparatory to the erection of a bath- house, to the depth of sixty -five feet, when the boring instruments were blown out with tremendous force high into the air, as if some unseen power beneath was resenting the intrusion of mortals upon his domain. The workmen ran for their lives and co\ild not be induced to resume operations Hot Springs Township. 349 on any terms. An attempt was made to pump water from this well, and ■fter a few strokes a violent stream was blown out of the well ten or fifteen bet high. If the pumping were stopped the blowing would stop also, but was renewed afresh as often as the pumping was resumed. The water being cold at the top, seemed to hold in abeyance the steam and intensely hot water below ; the action of the pump relieved the superincumbent pressure when the hot water below rushed out." In the olden days it was marvelous how many people visited these springs. The number of pleasure and health resorts was limited then to what it is now, and these springs were so easy of access that they were re- sorted to by great crowds. During four months of 1872, April, May, June and July, the unprecedented and unparalleled number of three thousand ami twenty guests arrived at the Hot Springs Hotel. In 1880, Mr. A. C. Tichenor became the proprietor of this property. Now, Mr. Tichenor is a natural born genius, and he saw at a glance that the possibilities of this place were great, although the realities had been hitherto quite small. He began to project with the water, and the first anybody knew, he had a steam-whistle and some machinery in motion, op- erated by the steam of one of the springs. He claims that he can gather enough steam to run all the machinery in Napa County, more or less. He then went out into the marsh south of Mount Lincoln, where there are in- numerable springs welling up, and placed a gas receiver over one of them, and attached a burner to it, and behold! he had a lighted jet ; and with the gas that is daily going to waste there, he says he can light a whole city. Everybody knew that there was sulphuretted hydrogen gas there, but no one dreamed that there was carburetted hydrogen until he demonstrated it. Then he suspended very thin strips of lead foil in the vapors emanating from the springs, and behold ! he finds upon cupelling that he has quicksil- ver. But this is not all. Either of three things happen now. Either Mr. Tichenor is an alchemist, and has found the " philosopher's stone," or he manipulates matters fraudulently, or there is gold held in large quantities in solution in these waters. We have never seen the process, but have seen the buttons of gold in the bottoms of the cupells, or what appeared to be gold. The processes, he claims, are secret, and are patented ; therefore, the world must remain in the dark concerning them for the present, at least. We have been informed that he does not deny the putting of gold into the water, but says that it takes gold to eliminate the metal from the water by a law of affinity, and that he only puts in about one-sixth of the amount which he takes out. The following, from a San Francisco paper, will serve, perhaps, to throw some light upon the subject. We give it for what it is worth ; and if Mr. Tichenor has got the wonderful treasure that he claims to have, it will not interfere in the least with the yield of the 350 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. precious metal ; and if it be that he puts into the water all the gold which he extracts, it may save some one from purchasing an elephant. We believe in presenting both sides of any question, and in consonance with that prin- ciple, give room to the following : " In the latter part of January, a man visited the United States Mint in this city and requested of the superintendent, Mr. Dodge, permission to procure some of the waste water discharging into the sewer after being used in Mint processes. The applicant stated that he had a process by which he could eliminate gold held in solution by water, and showed in proof about $188 worth of gold, which he claimed to have extracted from three barrels of water from the springs at Calistoga. Mr. Dodge told him that he had no objection to allowing him the water to experiment upon, as it was a privilege he had granted several other parties, but assured him that he would find no such quantity of precious metal in the water from the Mint, and told him that he could not understand why he should wish to try it if he had such a rich thing already. A few weeks elapsed and a second visit was made to the Mint, the man this time giving the name of A. C. Tichenor, and asking an assay from a bar of gold which he brought. The assay was made and the gold pronounced 9.93£ fine. A day or so later the same bar was returned for coinage, under a different name. The Mint employes in handling the metal remarked its exceedingly brittle nature, an almost unheard-of characteristic of gold so nearly pure, and they were obliged to "toughen" it for coinage. This brittle state is precisely the con- dition which the gold would assume if it had been precipitated from chlo- ride of gold by lead, and as it was plainly proven at the time that the gold exhibited from the water of the springs was introduced by means of this fluid chloride, the connection may be readily traced." But let Mr. Tichenor's gold processes be what they may, he certainly deserves great credit for the manner in which he has taken hold of the property and refurnished and rebuilt almost the cottages, baths and other buildings about the premises. There are now eight elegantly furnished cottages, which will accommodate thirty-five guests ; ten single hot and cold baths, and a plunge bath 20 x 30, and a steam or vapor bath. In July of the present year, 1881, the main hotel building was destroyed by fire. White Sulphur Springs. — These Springs are situated about two miles west of the beautiful town of St. Helena, and were discovered by John York in 1848. David Hudson and D. G. Lillie became the owners of the property in 1851 or 1852, and Hudson sold to Judge Evey. This place soon attracted attention, and as early as 1855 Messrs. Taft & Brewster erected a fine hotel on the premises. In February, 1859, this hotel was destroyed by fire, but was soon after rebuilt, as there was annually a large number of visitors to the Springs even at that early day. In 1864 S. Hot Springs Toivnship. 351 Alstrom purchased the property and continued to conduct it until 1879. In 1880 Theo. Van Tassell had charge of the place, and during the winter of 1880-1 the floods made sad havoc with the grounds, and the place is vacant this season, 1881, after a continuous run of over a quarter of a cen- tury. To give our readers an idea of what this once famous place was in the days of its full glory, we copy the following from Mr. Menefee's "Sketch Book : " " These Springs are situated in a deep but romantic canon, nearly two miles west of St. Helena. Nature has lavished her beauties upon this place and art has added many attractions. A stream of the finest water, and beautifully shaded with trees and shrubs, flows down the canon or gorge in the hills, which adds much to the scene, and affords a fine place for anglers. The mountains on either side are high and rugged, mostly covered with a dense growth of a chemisal. The hotel is a large and commodious one and the cottages, of which there are quite a number, are all cosy and pleasant. The scenery from the north of the canon is grandly beautiful. The valley, dotted over with vineyards and farm houses, and the rugged hills to the east and north, form a contrast that impresses every one who views it, and com- pares favorably with many of the celebrated scenes of the Old World. The water contains white sulphur, and is tepid in temperature, pleasant to drink, and delightful to bathe in." Crystal Springs. — This is a sanitarium or health resort, situated two and one-half miles north-east of St. Helena, at an elevation of about three hundred feet above the valley. The building was erected in 1878, by W. A. Pratt, A. B. Atwood, and M. G. Kellogg. It is now owned by J. W. Rice, Pratt, and Atwood. The building is 72x28, and two stories high, and can accommodate about fifty guests. It is a delightful place, and one where invalids should surely find return of health if pure air, clear sunshine, right living and the drinking of pure spring water will give it. CLAY CAVE. — Among the places of interest in this township, mention must be made of the Clay Cave, which is situated about one mile from Crys- tal Springs. But little attention has been paid to it as yet, although it has been explored to a depth of eight hundred feet, and many beautiful cham- bers have been revealed. PETRIFIED FOREST.— We believe that the territory on which this is situated is not now a part of Napa County, but it has been so long, and the place is so full of interest that we give a mention of it here. A writer in the Santa Rosa ifepu&Ztccm, recently gave the following facts and theories, concern- ing this wonderful place: "Aside from the curious petrifactions of whole trees, some as large as ten feet through, the Petrified Forest has many attractions. Charles Evans, better known as ' Petrified Charley,' lived there many years 352 History of Napa, and Lake Counties — Napa. the life of a hermit, busied in fencing, digging and clearing up the land. It is situated on the range dividing Santa Rosa from the Napa Valley, among rounded hills, some of which are white with ash rock. Near the scene of the wonderful prostrate trees rises a sharp ridge with perpendicular walls of black tufa crested with rock as white as chalk, apparently the remains of a crater where lava and ashes were belched forth with torrents of scald- ing water on the surrounding woods. Evidences of the fact are found in the piles of scoriae scattered about, and in the circumstance that nearly all the trees turned into stone lie north and south, as though they had only fallen in the throes of an earthquake after ashes and rocks had piled ten or fifteen feet around them. A further and most conclusive proof of the sup- position is to be seen in the dip of the stratified formation where ledges are exposed, rising towards the extinct crater like the roof of a house frdfai the horizon. The convulsions could not have been caused by Mount St. Helena, which is ten miles distant, beyond a wide valley from twelve to fifteen hun- dred feet deep, without filling it. It must have been a local disturbance, and quite limited in its effects. There are redwood trees yet growing there, showing that they have existed hundreds of thousands of years in this locality, and that our fears of their becoming extinct are groundless." The road from Calistoga to the forest is picturesque and beautiful be- yond compare, and one who has not had the pleasure of enjoying it has missed a rare treat. The hills are covered with groves of pines, oaks, ma- dronas, manzanitas, and other growths ; and as the tourist passes over the road, he can not but be struck with the beauty and grandeur of the scene. The trees are from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet in length, and from two to seven feet in diameter, and bear almost the exact ap- pearance of logs, and are in every state of crystalization. Many believe that the lava flow which overwhelmed these forest giants came from Mount St. Helena ; but from our own inspection we are inclined to the opinion set forth in the extract quoted above. The existence of this forest was first made known in 1870, by Mr. C. H. Dennison, of San Francisco. In that year Prof. 0. C. Marsh visited the place, and made the following report: " It is about two thousand feet high, and is mainly composed of meta- morphic rocks of the Cretaceous age, which are in places, as we ascertained, overlaid unconf ormably by later Tertiary strata, consisting of light-colored, coarse sandstone, and beds of stratified, volcanic ashes. A careful examina- tion of the locality where the first prostrate trunks had been discovered, soon made it evident that those now on the surface had all been weathered out of the volcanic tufa and sandstones which form the summit of this part of the mountain ridge ; several large silicified trees were indeed found sub- sequently in the vicinity projecting from the side of a steep bluff which had partially escaped denudation." Hot Springs Township. 353 Poor Petrified Charley ! He went to San Francisco a year or so ago, and accidentally fell down the stairs of a hotel, from the effects of which he died, and the haunt on the mountain-top which knew him so long, will know him no more forever. The visitors of other days at the Forest will well remember the quaint genius which presided over its destinies, and the goat for which he was always ready to beg a chew of tobacco. DR. HITCHCOCK'S FISH HATCHERY.— About five miles north- west of St. Helena Dr. C. M. Hitchcock has a lovely little retreat in the mountains, through which a fine stream of water passes. He has quite an ex- tensive trout hatchery, where he has that delectable fish in all stages of growth, from the eggs to great spotted toothsome beauties. A visit to this beautiful place will repay any one. MANGANESE MINE.— In June, 1869, Captain Chadwick, who was in- terested in the Russ Mine, about six miles from St. Helena, discovered a fine of massive pyrolusite or soft manganese. It was said at that time that as much as two thousand tons of ore could be taken out, of a purity of ninety per cent. A sloop load of the ore was taken to San Francisco and shipped to England, as at that time there was but little demand for manganese in this State. Since then quite a demand has sprung up for this substance in the processes of sulphuret chlorination, and also for silver chlorination. NEWSPAPER HISTORY OF CALISTOGA— We are under obliga- tions to Mr. J. L. Multer, editor of the CoMstogian for notes concerning the history of the press of Calistoga. The Tribune was the first newspaper published in Calistoga, the initial number appearing in 1871. Its editor, Thomas McGeorge, was induced to engage in business here by Sam. Brannan, who was anxious to have a paper published in the town. In 1873 McGeorge died, and the publication of the paper was then discontinued. In 1874 the printing material previously used in the Tribune office was purchased of Brannan by 0. P. Hoddy, who, on the 18th of April of the me year, issued the first number of the Free Press, which appeared weekly until October 16th, 1875, when its publication was suspended. The print- ing material was moved to San Buenaventura, Ventura County. The Weekly Calistogian was next printed here, its editor and pub- isher being J. H. Upton. The first number of the paper appeared on the 6th of April, 1876. The publisher obtained very little patronage, and he was therefore obliged to discontinue business here, and the last number of his paper was issued on the 16th of August, a little more than four months 23 354 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. after the initial number appeared. The material used in the office was taken to Hollister, San Benito County. A few months after Upton discontinued business, the publication of an amateur paper was commenced here. It appeared weekly during a period of fourteen or sixteen months, when it was discontinued. On the 24th of December, 1877, the first number of the Independent Calistogian was issued, its editor and publisher being J. L. Multer. The paper is now in the last half of its third year of publication, and has there- fore been sustained longer than any of the papers that preceded it. It is independent in all things, is a well conducted journal, and is popular among the people of Calistoga and vicinity. The publisher located in the town when a paper was greatly needed to assist in maintaining the business interests of its people, and in attracting attention to this beautiful locality. Though the publisher's field for business here is now limited, he looks to the near future when an increase of business of the town and vicinity will afford him greater remuneration for his work. For thus remaining among the people of the upper valley, he should be rewarded with very liberal patronage when the country is more populous and prosperous. VINELAND SCHOOL DISTRICT. -The following sketch of the his- tory of this School District has been kindly furnished us by Mr. W. J. Ham- ilton. We would be glad to insert a brief sketch of every district in the county, but it is impossible to obtain them : " Vineland District, which is one of the largest school districts of Napa County, is adjacent to the town of St. Helena. The district is appropriately named, being located in the heart of one of the largest wine-growing sec- tions that we have. " The district was organized about May, 1870, with J. M. MePike, John Lewelling, and Matthew Vann as School Trustees. The first session of the school was held under the trees in the school-yard, owing to the absence of a school-house, and that session was presided over by Mr. Sewell, somewhat after the fashion of the old academicians of ancient Greece. The memory of that session still lingers in the pupils' minds, and is replete with strange and happy associations. One afternoon during the session the school was suddenly closed by circumstances over which the teacher had no control. A regular old-fashioned rain-storm came pouring down through the primitive roof and teacher and pupils sought shelter as best they could in neighbor- ing barns. A few months afterwards a large, substantial concrete building was erected, supplied with appropriate furniture and apparatus. School is maintained for ten months during the year, and owing to the financial standing of the district its teachers always receive good wages. Among the pedagogues who have held forth, may be mentioned Sewell, Wood, Miss Hot Springs Toivnship. 355 Kate Wirt, Miller, Rogers, Gouchu, Pointdexter, Shaw, H. C. Wilson, Miss Thompson, H. H. Heath, D. M. Eddy, and W. J. Hamilton, the latter named bring the present incumbent. The present trustees are : Messrs. John Thomann, R. K. Lane, and H. Meacham." THE MAIDS OF ST. HELENA. To call one maid divinely fair When hundreds more are blooming there With grace and beauty, rich and rare : It may be true, but scarce is fair. True, St. Helena's massive mountain, And Calistoga's steaming fountain, O'erlook a valley none surpasses For stalwart men and bonny lasses, For flowers and vines and lovely grasses. On the left is Howell Mountain, From whose breast springs Conn Creek fountain; And wild cascades can there be found, With rainbows painted on the ground. On the right Mount Henry stands, Whose twin peaks overlook fair lands, And all the serrate ridge along Would claim a mention in a song. The vineyards on the rounded hill Instinct with lovely beauty : still The vineyards on the level plain, And waving fields of golden grain, Should surely take a poet's eye, And not be passed so coldly by. So overpraise is hardly fair; When hosts of girls are blooming there. John Allyn, in St. Helena "Star. 356 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. KNOX TOWNSHIP. GEOGRAPHY. — Knox Township is bounded on the north by Lake County, on the east by Yolo County, on the south by Yount Township, and on the west by Hot Springs Township. The boundary line of this township is so very crooked, that it is almost an impossibility to follow it on a map. This territory has belonged first to Napa County, then to Lake, and then to Napa again. When it first formed a part of Napa County, it was comprised in what was then known as Clear Lake Township, and at the time of the segregation of Lake County it naturally went with that county, and was for a time included in the limits of Lower Lake Township. August 13, 1869, the Board of Supervisors of Lake County established the boundaries of Knox Township as follows : Beginning at the dividing ridge on the westerly side of Morgan Valley, and south-east of the house heretofore known as Geo. McMillan's house, on Soda Creek; thence following said divide south-easterly to the ridge of mountains at the southerly extremity of said valley; thence southerly down said ridge of mountains to the eastward of the valley known as Jerusalem and Jericho, until the line dividing the counties of Lake and Napa is inter- sected ; thence easterly along said dividing line between Lake and Napa Counties to the county line dividing Lake and Yolo Counties ; thence north- erly along the dividing line between Lake and Yolo Counties to Cache Creek ; thence up said creek to the dividing ridge, between the waters of said creek and a branch of the same, heading at or near the house formerly known as William Goldsmith's house ; thence following said ridge to the point of beginning. Later the territory, or a portion of it at least, which was embraced in the above boundaries, was set over to Napa County, and on the 17th day of July, 1873, the Board of Supervisors of Napa County established the fol- lowing as the boundaries of Knox Township : Beginning at a point in the center of Putah Creek, where the old boundary line between Napa and Lake Counties crossed said creek ; thence up Putah Creek to the north of Jericho Creek ; thence up Jericho Creek to the mouth of Hunting Creek, to a large pile of rocks on the south-easterly side of the county road, at the lower and south-easterly end of Hunting Valley ; thence in a straight line in the direction of the intersection of Bear and Cache Creeks, to the county line of Yolo County ; thence south-easterly Knox Township. 357 on the line of Yolo County to the north-eastern corner of Yount Township; thence westerly on the former line of Napa and Lake Counties to the place of beginning. These boundaries remained until March 3, 1875, when the Board of Su- pervisors promulgated the following order in regard to the boundary lines of this township : Beginning on the line between Napa and Lake Counties at a point about two miles in an easterly direction from the Mountain Mill House, and on the divide between Pope and Loconoma Valleys ; thence southerly on said divide to the main divide between Pope and Napa Valleys ; thence along said divide southerly to Yount Township line ; thence along said line south-easterly to the intersection of Knox Township line ; thence along said line easterly to Yolo County line ; thence along said line northerly to Lake County line ; thence westerly along the dividing line of Napa and Lake Counties to the point of beginning. TOPOGRAPHY. — The surface of this township, in common with the whole of Napa County, is very uneven. Beginning at the eastern boundary line, we find ourselves on the summit of a very large range of mountains ; and passing west we come to what is called Sulphur Canon, which is quite a little valley. We then come to several ranges of mountains, or rather, divisions of the same general range, between which there are small valleys, such as Sanel. Passing over these mountains, we come to Pope Valley, which is an extensive section of country, quite level and fertile, and reach- ing from iEtna Springs on the north to Wardner's store on the south, a dis- tance of six miles, and having a width of perhaps three miles. Then on west of this lies the Howell Mountain range, which divides this town- ship from Hot Springs. One does not wish for a lovelier sight than the view that is to be had of Pope Valley from the road over Howell Moun- tain. There are several streams which serve as outlets to the water-shed of this section, the principal one being Putah Creek, to which all the rest are only tributaries. GEOLOGY. — The geological features of this township are quite varied, extending through several grades of aqueous and igneous rocks. The ridge of mountains which forms the eastern boundary line is formed of Tertian sandstone, which has been lifted perpendicularly to a great height, exposing a face of solid sandstone of many feet in thickness. The range of moun- tains lying immediately west of Knoxville is composed of sand and lime- stone, over which there is a thick coating of volcanic rock and serpentine. On the western side of this range the outcroppings are all sand and lime- stone. There is a ledge of limestone which runs north-westerly and south- easterly entirely through this township, and extends northward far into 358 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Lake County. On the west side of Pope Valley, the rock is mostly vol- canic, with here and there bodies of serpentine, sand and limestone. Good lime has been burned on Mr. G. Barth's place in Sanel Valley, which is on the ledge spoken of above. In the vicinity of the Oat Hill Mine, the formation is entirely of Tertian sandstone ; and the remarkable fact of cin- nabar occurring in that rock is to be found at this mine. SOIL. — The soil of this township is as varied as the kinds of rock from which it is formed. In Sulphur Cafion the greater portion of it is argilla- cious, with here and there adobe spots, and also, on the western side, the red soils which result from decomposed volcanic matter, also the greenish and blu- ish soils which are formed from serpentine. In Pope Valley the soil is decid- edly spotted, the adobe and sandy soils appearing in great confusion. This is especially true of that portion of it lying on the eastern side of the ridge which divides the valley from north to south. On the west side of this ridge the soil is of a sandy nature, mingled with quite a considerable of red and white volcanic soil. Owing to this spotted character of the land it is almost impossible to get a tract of any considerable extent of any one char- acteristic. CLIMATE. — The climate of this township is quite uniform throughout its limits ; that is, there is no difference to speak of in the different portions of it. In all the valleys it is mild and pleasant during the summer season, being quite warm generally, but seldom oppressively hot. It is much warmer on an average than it is in Napa City, but about on a par with the temperature at the upper end of Napa Valley. Here the days are bright, the air fresh and light, and the nights are cool and refreshing. In the winter season it is much colder, owing to the elevation, than it is in Napa Valley, and snow is not an uncommon thing in that section during that season of the year. All in all, however, it is hard to find a more congenial climate than this part of Napa County affords, and during the summer sea- son many tourists and pleasure and health-seekers spend months here, breathing the grand, fresh, mild air, and enjoying the beautiful scenery which is spread out on every hand. PKODUCTS. — The products of this township are varied, and the dif- ferent characters of soil present a possibility of growing a large variety of products. The argillacious soils are well adapted to fruits and vegetables, also to cereals ; the adobe is especially adapted to the production of cere- als, limestone sections being always famous as wheat-producing sections, while the red and white volcanic soils produce most excellent grapes. The time will come when all these mountain sides will be covered with flourish- ing vineyards. There is also a wide extent of grazing country included in Knox Township. 359 the limits of this township, and some considerable stock is grown there, and • much more could be. All in all it is quite as good a farming and stock- raising section as is to be found in the mountains of California. TIMBER. — The timber of this township is quite extensive, comprising the oak, fir, redwood, laurel, bull pine, cedar and several minor kinds. The oaks are represented by the live, mountain, white and black varieties, all of which are good for firewood, but of little consequence for anything else. The firs are principally of the red and white varieties, and grow to great size and height on the mountain sides, affording an abundant supply of lum- ber and timber for mining and other economical purposes. The redwood is the sequoia sempervirens, and grows on Howell Mountain to stately propor- tions, and is much used for lumber. There have been several mills engaged in cutting this and fir, during the past quarter of a century. The other varieties of timber are not of much use to man, hence nothing more than a mere mention of them is necessary. EARLY SETTLEMENT.— To Julian Pope doubtless belongs the honor of being the first white man in the township, other than Spaniards, and to him certainly is to be accorded the credit of being the first white settler of any nationality. It is not now known when he first paid it a visit, but evidently before 1841, for in that year a grant was ceded to him by the Mexican government for that territory now known as Pope Valley, and he was doubtless familiar with it at that time. September 13, 1841, the Locoallomi grant was made to Julian Pope by M. Jimeno, acting Governor of California. It was a two-league grant, and when confirmed was declared to contain eigth thousand eight hundred and seventy-two and seventy -three-hundredths acres. In 1843 he went to Pope Valley and began the erection of a log house, and while hewing one of the timbers for it he accidentally cut his leg, from the effects of which he died in the latter part of that year. His wife was a California woman and they had five children. He had his family with him at this time. The place where he was erecting the house was on the old Pope or Juan Burton farm, on the west side of the valley. William Barnett afterwards married Mrs. Pope and lived there for several years. An adobe house was constructed in another portion of the valley by Joseph Pope, and is still standing, and is spoken of s the Pope adobe. This is calculated to mislead a stranger, who would naturally infer that the house was built by the man for whom the valley was named. In 1854 Mr. Jesse Barnett, son of the gentleman spoken of above as having married Mrs. Pope, came to Pope Valley, and from him we have gotten the following list of settlers who were in Pope Valley at that time : James Daley lived at the lower end of the valley, and had a family 360 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. consisting of wife and children. Robert Hardman now lives on the place where he resided at that time. Joseph Pope lived at the adobe house, and was then lately married, and had no children. Philander Hunt, a bachelor, lived on the creek just above where Mr. Jesse Barnett now resides, and still owns the place. S. Mc Williams lived where the Du vails now reside, and he had a family consisting of wife and children. Jacob Newman lived at the upper end of the valley and had a wife and children. Thomas Anderson had lived in the valley previous to 1854, and was gone at the time of Mr. Barnett's arrival ; he had no family. Peter Storm was in the valley in that year as a tenant. Joseph Halterman, a brother-in-law of Mr. Barnett's, came into the valley in September, 1854, with Mr. Barnett, and is still liv- ing in the lower end of the valley. Both these gentlemen had families at that time. In 1854 or 1855, Joshua Hardman came in and settled on what is now A. Gallitan's place. Robert Hardin came in during the year 1854, and his family came in with his brother, in 1856. Other portions of the township were not settled until a much later pe- riod. Mr. Barnett relates that a homicide occurred in the valley at a very early date, of which there is no record in the archives of the county, hence we incorporate it here rather than under the head of Homicides. In the spring of 1854 John Lemon, who was a son-in-law of Pope's, traded horses with one Gainya, and some trouble grew out of the matter, and Lemon killed him. Lemon fled the country, and went to Los Angeles, and from there he went to New Mexico, where he remained during the war, and his wife joined him in that country. After the war he got killed in a sort of general row or riot. TOWNS. — There are but two small villages in the township — Knoxville and a little place called " Wardners." Every mining community presents the appearance of a little village, but we can hardly catalogue them as towns. Knoxville. — This is quite a little village which has grown up around the Redington Quicksilver Mine, and is the property of that company. Operations in this mine were begun in 1862, and immediately, as a natural result, a village began to spring up about it, and it has continued to increase until there are buildings sufficient for three hundred people. There is a general merchandise store, a notion and tobacco store, a hotel, post office, Wells, Fargo & Co.'s express office, a church, and a school-house in the place. There is a great curiosity here. A blind man keeps the post office, and does his duty with great proficiency. When the mail arrives, some one opens it and calls the mail off. The letters are all put in the boxes in such an order that he remembers just where each one is. There is a tri-weekly stage be- tween this place and Napa City via Monticello. Knox Township. 361 Knoaeville Catholic Church. — The Knoxville Catholic Church was erected in 1 8 — , and is a very neat little building. It has a seating capacity of about two hundred, and is well attended by the members of that faith when services are held in it, which is generally once a month. The pulpit is sup- plied from Woodland, the priest supplying Lower Lake also. Wardners. — This is a very small place indeed, there being only a Store, one blacksmith shop and some half dozen dwellings in the place. It is situated in the lower end of Pope Valley, in the heart of a good country, and there is room for much improvement in the future. MILLS. — This is not pre-eminently a lumber producing section, hence mills have been scarce in it. Mr. W. Boardman at one time had a mill near where the town of Wardners now is. It was a portable mill, and was taken from there to Howell Mountain. There is also a mill in connection with the Oat Hill Mine. It is of small capacity, and is used chiefly in the saw- ing of lumber and timber for the mine. There may have been other mills in the township, but thej were small and of little capacity, and did not remain long in any one place, for the body of timber was not sufficient to justify the erection of large mills. MINES. — Under the head of mines and mining will be found a full history of all the mines in this township, but we will give a list of them in this connection. They are the Redington, located at Knoxville, and owned by the Redington Quicksilver Mining Company; the Phoenix, located north - of iEtna Springs, and the property of John Lawley et at.; the Man- hattan, located adjoining the Phoenix; the Washington, located on the same lode as the last two ; the Ivanhoe, located on the north side of the range in which the above occur, but on a separate lode ; the Oat Hill or Napa Consolidated, which is located on the north side of the canon run- ning to the north of the Ivanhoe, and in the same formation of rock, but not on the same lode ; the Valley, located at the iEtna Springs, and others of minor importance; of these only three are now in active operation, the Redington, Ivanhoe and Oat Hill. They are all quicksilver mines, and there are no other kinds of mines in the township. SPRINGS. — The following very applicable and appropriate remarks concerning the medicinal springs of California appeared in the San Fran- cisco Alia a few years ago, and they are so pertinent in this connection that we incorporate them here : " The medicinal springs of California have a great future, and deserve much more present attention than they receive. Some bear a close resemblance to the most famous springs of Europe, so that a publication of the compared analytical tables of their solid contents is all 362 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. that is necessary to prove their high value, and the diffusion of the infor- mation through the Eastern States would attract thousands of invalids ; but there, as here, much of the custom of the springs is influenced by gross ignorance of the therapeutic effect of the water. People go, without med- ical advice, to springs that have never been analyzed, and then use the remedy blindly. Medicinal waters, like other therapeutic remedies, should be taken under competent medical advice. Every spring should publish a pamphlet, giving an analysis of its water, with explanations and authorities in reference to its medicinal use, and a general statement of information valuable to invalids who would like to visit the place. Several of the springs have already published pamphlets, and the best that we have seen is that of the iEtna, in Pope Valley. The water is the counterpart of the Ems, which was made the subject of a comprehensive medical report by the German Government. This report being applicable to the Mtnsb, is translated in its pamphlet, which is the most complete of its kind in the State. The Ems springs now attract ten thousand visitors annually, and send away one mil- lion ^six hundred thousand bottles of medicinal water yearly, so that the matter deserves the fostering care of the Government. Besides attracting visitors and supplying water for exportation, some European springs also furnish large quantities of medicinal salts to be used as remedies at a dis- tance. The Atlantic States have many mineral springs, but they are poor in therapeutic value as compared with those of California, and therefore there is the more motive for studying and advertising those of our State, which seem to be without competition on our continent." iETNA Speings. — These springs are sixteen miles north-east of St. Helena, in Napa County, in a charming little valley at the northern extremity of Pope Valley, and separated therefrom by low hills. There are two springs of considerable capacity that flow to the surface, and one large spring that discharges itself into a shaft one hundred and twenty-five feet below the surface. The spring that supplies the shaft and the bath-house was discov- ered while mining for cinnabar, and is of a temperature of 106 degrees at the spring, and is so heavily charged with gas that it was accompanied with a constant noise in its flow into the tunnel while it was worked for ore. The flow of water and issue of gas were so great, and the heat so intense, that the working of the mine had to be abandoned. The two springs that flow to the surface are of the temperature of ninety-eight degrees, blood heat, and contain fifty-eight cubic inches of carbonic acid gas to the gallon. The lower spring contains more heat and gas. There are also two large soda springs, which are supposed to contain a considerable quantity of iron, about eighty rods from the the thermal springs on the iEtna grounds. The valley in which these springs are located has an elevation of one thou- sand feet, and is warm and dry, with the most picturesque and charming Knox Township. 363 mountain scenery around. The waters are pleasant, purifying, exciting and exhilarating, and many have asserted that they were heavily charged with electricity. Here is a water that bears a close resemblance to that of Ems, one of the most noted in Europe, highly prized for the cure of many diseases, and especially for chronic bronchitis, granular pharyngitis (clergyman's sore throat), and catarrhs of the stomach, hepatic ducts, bladder and uterus. The Ems water, however, produces constipation when it is used to excess. The ^Etna water would probably not have this injurious influence, because it has none of the acrid sulphate of potash found at Ems, and has a small proportion of the purgative sulphate of soda which is lacking. Contents in a Gallon. Ems. jEtna. Carbonate of Soda, grains 81 75 Carbonate of Magnesia, grains 7 14 Carbonate of Lime, grains 10 10 Carbonate of Iron, grains trace Sulphate of Soda, grains trace 8 Sulphate of Potash, grains 3 ... Chloride of Sodium, grains 62 29 Silica, grains 3 trace Total Solids, grains 170 137 Carbonic Acid, cubic inches 59 58 Temperature, Fahrenheit 115 98 The carbonate of soda and magnesia in the iEtna Springs are double or bicarbonates. The excess of chloride of sodium (common salt) in the Ems Springs is not an advantage. The Vichy and Fachingen, the two other best springs of the same class in the world, have about the same amount of that substance as the ^Etna. These baths are so pleasant that some have pronounced them champagne baths. The waters are drank by many in considerable quantities and with great unction. The use of the waters unlocks the pores, expels the un- healthy secretions and dead deposits, and thus excites action in all the organs, and invigorates the system. For camping there is an extensive and desirable grove, with an abundance of pure, fresh spring water. Although these springs have been known to and visited by white men for the past thirty years, no efforts were made to bring them into the notice of the public until about 1878. In the few years just previous to that campers had come to the place in greater or less numbers, but there were no accommodations except those which nature afforded. In 1877 the num- ber of campers was so great that the proprietor, Hon. Chancellor Hartson, decided to make the necessary arrangement for accommodating visitors and to throw the springs open to the public. Accordingly in that year Mr. W. H. 364 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Lidell took charge, and began the erection of buildings, and from time to time their number has been augmented, until there are at present about a dozen, comprising a dining-room and kitchen, a laundry, an elegant bath house of twelve rooms, with tepid and hot water, reading-room and library, summer house, double and single cottages. There is also a livery stable con- nected with the place. Nothing further remains to be said except that many wonderful cures have been effected by this water, and that a fair trial of them will cost but little, either in time or money, and may cure others similarly afflicted. Walters Springs. — Are situated on the western side of the mountain range bordering Pope Valley, and have gained the reputation of being among the best in the State. They were first discovered in the fall of 1871 by J. J. Walters. A joint stock company purchased it soon after who made a few improvements, but after three or four years Mr. Walters and ex- Supervisor J. W. Smittle, of Berry essa, became and are now, sole owners. The surroundings are as rugged and romantic as one can well conceive, the springs being hidden away, as it were, in the quiet of the mountains which rise on the east, north and west, several hundred feet above the valley. The hills parting to the right and left on the south, give a grand view of Cedar Mountain, a few miles distant, thickly covered with chemisal brush in places, and in others with dense thickets of cedars, the limpid waters of Pope Creek flowing at its base. There are two springs on the grounds a short distance from each other, the waters of which possess remarkable curative powers, a fact to which scores gladly bear witness. The improvements made in the past have not been extensive, the proprietors desiring to know for a surety that the springs possessed qualities that would justify them in expending large sums. Assured now that they have something substantial to work on they will build a hotel near the lower spring, also a bath-house and a bot- tling establishment, which will be ready for next season's visitors. Many marvelous cures have been effected here, the water, air and quiet combining in the good work. Dyspepsia, and kindred complaints, asthma and heart disease are put to rout and the rheumatic cripple soon after coming here throws away his crutches and climbs the hills in search for the deer and rabbits that are found in numbers. A dining room and kitchen and six cottages have been put up this sea- son. Mr. Walters is at present running the Springs, the boarding depart- ment being under the charge of Dr. M. Thomas and wife. Several parties rent cottages ; others have pitched their tents here and there. The water has never yet been analyzed, but they are known to contain soda, magnesia and iron, and the other is very heavily charged with carbonic acid gas. This is the strongest soda spring in Napa or Lake Counties with one exception — the Witter. BIOGRAPHICAL. ^>l^C^ YUst*r€cey BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ALLEN, CHARLES HENRY. Whose portrait appears in this work, is the fourth son of Rhodes and Rebecca Bowen Allen. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, April 24, 1817. He resided at his birth-place until he was twenty years of age, and during this time he received the advan- tage of a common school education. In June, 1837, he sailed on the ship " Atlas," of Mystic, Connecticut (touching at one of the Azores for supplies), for Possession Island, one of the Crozet group in the Indian Ocean, for the purpose of obtaining sea elephant oil, at which point the ship arrived on the 6th day of September following. A few days after the ship and ten- der — a schooner of about eighty tons — were wrecked at the same time upon that desolate island, six thousand miles from home. The crew and officers numbered thirty-seven men. Fifty-two days after the men were taken on board of the French frigate " L'Heroine." While cruising on the Indian Ocean they spoke the whale ship " North America," of Wilmington, Dela- ware. She lacked two whales of being full of oil. A number of her men were sick with the scurvy, and therefore unable to man the boats. Mr. Allen and nine others were placed on board. By their aid everything that would hold oil was in a few days filled. The ship sailed for Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, for supplies ; thence for the Cape of Good Hope. Upon her arrival a strong gale was blowing from the land, which made it unsafe to enter the harbor. The ship's course was then changed for the island of St. Helena, where Mr. Allen arrived in February, 1838. Soon after landing at Jamestown, early in the morning, the ten ragged and barefooted men were formed in line by the American consul, in front of his office, and presented with a rupee each and told to go and enjoy themselves. Having experi- enced many hardships, and been confined on shipboard at sea for months, they felt like caged birds let loose, and therefore concluded to try their free- dom by making a pilgrimage to Bonaparte's tomb, about four miles dis- tant. They found a portion of their way difficult to travel without shoes. Upon their return at evening with bruised and bloody feet, Mr. Allen, being an American citizen and a destitute shipwrecked sailor in a for- eign land, went to the American consul and asked for the assistance and protection of the United States Government. He received food, cloth- ing, and a passage home on the ship " John and Elizabeth," of New 368 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. London, Connecticut, at which place he arrived in March, 1838, within seven miles of the point of his departure, being absent nearly ten months. His compensation was an actual knowledge of a sailor's life. In July, 1838, we find Mr. Allen in Stonington, Connecticut, where he embarked in the hardware and tinware business, and during his residence in the above named town he was twice honored by being elected to the Lower House of the State Legislature. This occurring in the years 1845-6. He obtained the title of Colonel by being elected and commissioned to that position in the Eighth Regiment of the Third Brigade of the Con- necticut State Militia. August 10, 1849, he sailed from Stonington on the ship " Calumet " for California via Cape Horn. The ship sprung a leak, went to St. Catherine, Brazil, for repairs ; sailed thence on the voyage, arriving in San Francisco March 8th, 1850. He, with six of the crew, purchased of the supercargo, for $406, a small sail boat brought upon the ship, and which he had formerly owned in Stonington, and valued there at about $40. When loaded with men and provisions the gunwale of the boat was but a few inches above the water. He left the ship early in the morn- ing, the bay fortunately was calm, and proceeded up the Sacramento, Feather and Yuba Rivers to Marysville, where he sold the boat for $200, and in that vicinity commenced prospecting and mining along the river from Parks Bar to the head waters of the north branch of the north fork of the main Yuba, about ten miles above Downieville. In the fall of 1850 he returned to Parks Bar. In the spring of 1851 he prospected on the north fork of Feather River, and returned to the Yuba at Roses Bar in May following, and bought what was considered a worked- out claim, for six ounces. The miners agreed that the new comer had been badly cheated. By thorough work he struck a rich lead which extended across several claims, and he took out gold by the pound instead of ounces. Then the miners said he was lucky. He became generally known in that vicinity, and was frequently called upon to act as an arbitrator in settling disputes between miners, and to serve upon miners' juries, to protect them against thieves and scoundrels. He mined on Sucker Flat during the winter of 1851-2 with good success. In the spring of 1852 he returned home via Nicaraugua route ; staying but a short time he returned to California the fol- lowing October. On his arrival for the second time in the Golden State he proceeded to Stockton, where he resided during the winter of 1852-3. In the spring of 1853 he proceeded to the mines on the Yuba River, above Marysville, where he became very much reduced with the chills and fever. Learning that the climate of Napa Valley was healthy, on the 3d of No- vember of that year he came to Napa, discontinued the use of medicine, soon recovered his health, and has not experienced a sick day since. He purchased a farm in Browns Valley, two miles west of Napa City, and Biographical Sketches. 369 engaged in farming. In 1855 he opened a hardware and tinware store on Brown street, in which he continued until 1856, when he sold to Mr. W. Smith. Prior to this time he had experimented with the Napa soda water, and found he could make it marketable. He then contracted for the Soda Springs, he furnishing everything to start the business and receiving one-third of the net profits ; the contract to run for three years. Soon after the business began to pay, the title to the Springs became involved in litiga- tion. He then gave his attention to his old ranch in Browns Valley, where he continued farming. In 1857 he was elected one of the County Supervi- sors, and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he was elected Sheriff, his term com- mencing in October of that year and ending in March, 1864. September 22. 1863, he was commissioned Captain of the Napa Guard, a volunteer military company, composed of loyal men, organized for the purpose of assisting in preserving the peace of the State in time of war. His com- pany was attached to the Second Brigade, and was ordered into camp in Alameda County in October, 1863. In 1873 he was appointed Treasurer of the City of Napa, and elected a City Trustee in 1874, serving two terms. He made his home in Browns Valley until 1867, when he removed to Napa City, and in 1869 became a partner in the firm of Allen, Parks & Kimball, in the general hardware business, in which he continued until 1876, when he removed to his present ranch of fifty -three acres, near Napa City, where he is engaged in farming and grape growing. He was united in marriage to Miss Caroline A. Forshew, who was born near Maiden on the Hudson River, New York, October, 1821. ANDERSON, W. E. Was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, July 2, 1845. When he was ten years of age, his parents came to California. They came by water, and arrived at San Francisco November 29, 1855. After about one month they located in Napa Valley, where the father died in the fall of 1861. In 1869 the subject of this sketch returned East, where he remained until February, 1881, when he returned to Calif omia, and located at St. Helena. Here he is engaged in merchandising. He was mar- ried December 31, 1872, to Miss B. Y. Patterson, by whom he has two chil- dren, William T. and Guy P. ALLYN, JOHN. Son of Mathew and Clara Merrill Allyn, of English descent, was born in Litchfield County, Connecticut, August 29, 1820, and esided in his birthplace until he was fourteen years of age. He then moved to Lorain County, Ohio ; and at the age of twenty he undertook to educate himself ; and by teaching in the winter, and working at his mechan- ical trade in the summer, he was enabled to enter Oberlin College, where he prosecuted his studies for two years. He then spent the same period at a High School at Quincy, Illinois, and then entered the Lane Theological 24 . 370 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Seminary at Cincinnati ; and upon graduating from that institution he had the honor of delivering the valedictory address of the class of 1846. After graduating, the subject of this sketch moved to Illinois, locating in Carroll- ton, and there read law ; was admitted to the bar, and practiced his pro- fession until 1851. In July of the above year he sailed from New York, coming via Panama, and arrived in San Francisco August 30th of the same year. He then followed mining for some time, and again returned to the East, and resided until the breaking out of the war, when he once more came to this coast, and was appointed Superintendent of the Marine Hos- pital at Port Townsend, W. T., for one year ; and in March, 1864, moved to Oakland, and engaged in the real estate business. In May, 1870, Dr. Allyn moved to Napa County, and in January, 1873, purchased his present de- lightful home of six acres in the limits of St. Helena. The Doctor was married in New Hampshire, June 2, 1861, to Miss Sophronia Scott, a native of that place, and has one surviving child, Charles H, now engaged in mer- cantile business in Ventura County in this State. ALSTROM, SWEN. Was born in Carleshom, Sweden, October 5, 1825, and there resided until he was twenty-five years of age, where he received a common school education. In May, 1851, the subject of this sketch came to America, arriving in Boston, Massachusetts, July 10th of the above year, where he sojourned until March, 1852. He then sailed for California on board the "T. B.Wales," coming via Cape Horn, and after a voyage of one hundred and forty-five days arrived in San Francisco. He immediately found em- ployment in the Rasset House, where he remained only a short time, and then proceeded to the mines in Grass Valley, but by reason of the Sacramento fire and the flood of that year he returned to San Francisco, and found employ- ment as porter in the Occidental Hotel, which situation he held for six years. He then, April 12, 1859, became proprietor of the above hotel, where he remained until the spring of 1861. In the meantime he purchased the White Sulphur Springs property, in Napa County, and from 1861 to 1866 he was partner in the Lick House, under the firm name of Alstrom & Co. In the latter year Mr. Alstrom moved to Napa County, and engaged in running his hotel at the above mentioned springs. He owned this valuable property some twenty years, and conducted the hotel for fifteen years, when it was sold in 1879. He then moved to St. Helena, and in April, 1881, he erected the fine hotel he now occupies, the Windsor, which was opened to the public, June 11, 1881. Mr. Alstrom is generous to a fault and is obliging and accommodating in his business relations, and withal the right man in the right place. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage, in San Francisco, in 1860, to Miss Mary Bremberg, a native of Sweden, by which union they have the following children : Sophia, Josie, Annie, John, Mamie, Oscar and Herbert. Biographical Sketches. 371 ADAMS, JOHN. Was born in Howard County, Missouri, April 16, 1834. In 1842 he moved to south-western Missouri, where he resided until the spring of 1845. He then joined a train commanded by Mr. English and went to Oregon, being six months on the route. He settled with his father's family in Yamhill County, and remained there till July 9, 1848. His father, himself and two sisters, then came with pack horses to California, and went direct to Greenes Springs, and from there to the Salvador Ranch in Napa Valley, where they spent the winter. In 1849 they went to the mines, and in the fall of that year they moved to Yolo County and located on Cache Creek, and ranched and traded in stock till 1850. The summer of that year was spent in Napa Valley, and in the fall John began working for J. M. Harbin. In 1853 he returned to Missouri, and in 1854 recrossed the plains to California, and settled on Cache Creek, and farmed till 1857, when he moved to Suisun, Solano County, where he resided for one year. In 1858 he came to his present place, where he now owns twenty-four hundred acres, and is engaged in farming and stock raising. He was married Octo- ber 1, 1854, to Miss Polly Adams, a native of Howard County, Missouri, born September 15, 1828. Their children are Ward, born May 27, 1857, Nellie, born August 27, 1859, and Arthur, born January 11, 1864. ADAMSON, CHRISTIAN R Son of Nicholas and Mary Anderson Adamson, was born in Holstein, at that time under the Danish Government (his parents being German), August 13, 1834. He resided in his birthplace until the age of sixteen, when he went to sea, and followed a seafaring life until he came to California. He sailed from New York in a clipper ship via Cape Horn, arriving in San Francisco in April, 1854. He immediately went to Sonoma County, where he only stayed a short time, when he came to Napa, and worked for W. A. Fisher, staying around Napa for about eighteen months. He then went to the mines of Parks & Long, on the Yuba River, and remained for one year and a half. He then moved to Eldorado County, and there embarked in mining, where he continued about six months, when Mr. Adamson next went to the Fraser River dis- trict, and prosecuted mining in that place. He only remained six months, having some trouble and a few skirmishes with the Indians, when he re- turned to Napa, and farmed until 1860. In that year he went to Cariboo, where he remained one year; and then in 1861 Mr. Adam- son once more returned to Napa County, and rented the farm now owned by Garfield, and followed farming for three years. He next went to Berry essa Valley, and rented the Lawley place, where he farmed one year. He then rented a farm owned by Clark, and remained the same time as on his previous place. He then purchased his present place, but still rented a tract of land of two thousand acres on the New York grant, near Antioch, Contra Costa County, where he farmed three years. He then 372 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. took some forty mules and machinery and farming implements, and moved to Stoney Creek, Colusa County, and rented two thousand acres of the Welsh tract, remaining on that place for four years, and then came to his present place, where he has since resided. Mr. Adamson owns one hundred and seventy-five acres of land, eighty-seven of which are in grapes. Married April 11, 1878, to Miss Lizzie Mills, who was born in Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania, May 22, 1858, by which union they have two children : Frankie, born May 19, 1879 ; William G., born June 17, 1880. AMESBURY, HORATIO N. The subject of this sketch was born in the town of Stonington, New London County, Connecticut, July 25, 1814. He received a common school education at North Stonington, in that county, and at the age of sixteen commenced learning the trade of wagon and carriage making, serving an apprenticeship of five years. He followed that trade for the eight succeeding years, and in the meantime was married, March 9, 1836, to Miss Lucy W. Shaw, of his native town. In 1843 he sailed, as cooper and carpenter, on board the ship " Romulus," on a whaling voyage to the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific, being absent on this cruise three years. On his return, in 1846, he engaged in the business of boat building, which he followed successfully for three years, or until the breaking out of the excitement created by the rich discoveries of gold in California, which led him to go to that far distant section of the country to seek his fortune, in company with many others of his neighbors and fellow townsmen. On the 21st of January, 1849, he sailed, with eighty-five other passengers, on board the ship " Trescott," and, after a stormy voyage of six months' duration, arrived at San Francisco on the 6th of August. After remaining a few days at San Francisco the ship proceeded to Benicia, where the material, partially prepared for a sloop of eighteen tons, was taken on shore from the ship and the vessel constructed, which was named the " J. L. Devotion," in honor of one of the passengers. Mr. Amesbury and four others constituted the owners of the sloop. After making several trips to Stockton they finally disposed of the "Devotion" for the sum of $5500. After the sale of the vessel, Mr. Amesbury was next employed by Dr. Semple to superintend the construction of a small steamer, which was intended for freight and passenger traffic on the Sacramento River. On the completion of the steamer he was engaged in work on the Solano Hotel, of Benicia. In July, 1850, he went to Napa, and was employed in building the Ameri- can House, and on the completion of that structure he commenced farming, by leasing land of the late Hon. Nathan Coombs, north-east of his present place, and farmed for two years. In 1852 he purchased the farm on which he now and has ever since resided, being engaged in wheat and fruit rais- ing. He now owns two hundred and twenty-seven acres, twenty of which are devoted to orchard and vineyard. In March, 1852, he returned to Biographical Sketches. 373 Stonington, and, after remaining three weeks, returned, accompanied by his wife, who has ever since resided here. They have one adopted daughter, who was inairied to Mr. Frank F. Wright, of Reno, Nevada, on the 11th of March, 1880. ALDEN, HENRY EBEN. The son of Lyman and Elizabeth Williams Alden, was born in Lincoln, Knox County, Maine, April 4, 1847. There he re- ceived a good common school education, and resided until the age of twenty. Mr. Alden then branched out for himself and proceeded to Bangor, in his native State, and secured a position in the wholesale mercantile firm of Thomas Hersy & Co., as salesman, and after three years close application to busi- ness, was promoted to head salesman, a position he held for three years. He was then given sole charge of a branch retail store for the same firm for two years more. Mr. Alden then purchased the store from his former em- ployers, and embarked in the mercantile trade, and did an extensive and successful wholesale and retail business until, through the dishonesty of his head salesman and book-keeper, he was swindled out of not only the profits but part of the capital of the store. This, in connection with his failing health, prompted him to remove to this coast, which event occurred in June, 1875. He first located in Vallejo and followed several different occupations, and his health being somewhat improved he concluded to go into the mer- cantile business again. He first entered the employ of A. P. Voorhees, of Vallejo. In a few months after a brother of the subject of this sketch bought a half interest with Mr. Voorhees. The new firm then started a branch store in St. Helena, with the subject of our sketch as manager, until 1878, when Mr. Merriam bought a half interest in the business, and January 17, 1878, Mr. Alden bought his brother's interest, and then was created the present well-known clothing and furnishing house of Alden & Merriam, and it is but just for us to say that Mr. Alden enjoys the con- fidence and esteem of the people of Napa County, and to his perseverance and energy belongs much of the extensive business they now enjoy in their well-appointed store under the Windsor Hotel. Mr. Alden was united in marriage in Vallejo, October 12, 1875, to Miss Carrie S. Jones, a native of Maine, and by this union they have one living child and one deceased : Sarah M., born September 4, 1876 ; died December 4, 1876. Alice M., born January 12, 1878. BOGGS, EX-GOVERNOR LILBURN W., (deceased). Was the eldest son of John M. and Martha Oliver Boggs, and was born in Lexington, Kentucky, January 14, 1798. His parents emigrated from the eastern shores of Mary- land at an early day, and his father died when he was quite young. At the age of sixteen he went with the Kentucky troops to the War of 1812, under Governor Shelby, his company being commanded by Captain Levi Todd, of 374 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Fayette County, Kentucky. He was at the battle of Thames or Tippecanoe. He was absent eighteen months, and on his return from the Indian Avar he accepted a situation as book-keeper for the old Insurance Bank of Kentucky. At the age of eighteen he went to St. Louis, Missouri. He married Miss Julia Bent, daughter of Judge Silas Bent, of that city. He then removed to Franklin; on the Missouri River, opposite to where now is the city of Boonville, where he was engaged in mercantile business ; and, after fail- ing in business, he settled up his affairs at Franklin, and obtained a situation at Fort Osage with George C. Sibley, as deputy factor for paying Indians their annuities. While there his wife's health became delicate, and he re- turned to St. Louis and took her to her father's home, where, after giving birth to her second child (Henry), she died. He then returned to his situa- tion at Fort Osage, and in the spring of 1821 he was joined by his mother and family. The whole family suffered with sickness, and it was decided that they should return to Kentucky. They left in the fall of that year, and went to St. Genevieve, Missouri, and remained there until the spring of 1822, and then proceeded to Kentucky. After leaving the family at St. Genevieve, Lilburn returned to his occupation at Fort Osage. He was part of the time engaged in business at Marias DuCene, in connection with Ballio & Sibley. He was married the second time in 1823 to Miss Panthea G. Boone. She was the daughter of Jesse Boone, son of old Daniel Boone, of Kentucky fame. At once, with her and his two children, Angus and Henry, he removed to and resided at Harmony, Missouri, an Indian agency on the Neosho, a branch of the Osage River, at which point he was extensively engaged in trading with the Indians for furs and peltries. While at this place his first child by his second marriage was born, Thomas Oliver Boggs — now a resident of Las Animas, Colorado, where he has resided for the past forty years, and where he was engaged by Bent's company of fur traders as a trader among the Indians. After remaining some time at this post, Mr. Boggs removed to a farm near Fort Osage, Jackson County, Missouri, and settled in that rich and fertile region known for many years after by the name of the Six-Mile Settlement. At this place his second son, William M. Boggs, was born, in October, 1826. About this time he selected the town site of Independence, Missouri, for many years the fron- tier town of the Far West, where he continued in the mercantile business. While the family were residing at the Marias DuCene a little incident occurred worth relating, as it shows what presence of mind the untutored savage of the prairies possesses. It was winter time, and the river near the trading post was frozen over, so much so that it became necessary to cut a hole in the ice to procure water for the use of the family and persons around the post. The two boys, Angus and Henry, were amusing themselves slid- ing on the ice, and the eldest slid a little too far and fell into the opening, Biographical Sketches. 375 and the swift current swept him down under the ice to where there was an air-hole. An old Indian, whose wigwam was near by, was looking at the hoys from his camp, and he seized a rail, ran down on the ice, and laid flat on his stomach and shoved the rail along in front of him over the thin ice until he reached the opening where the boy was clutching at the edge of the thin ice that gave away as fast as he grasped it. But he soon became benumbed from cold, and would have sunk out of sight, but the Indian by this time reached out and caught him, and hauled him out upon the ice, and soon had him in his father's arms, who, on hearing the scream of the younger boy, stood paralyzed with fear that his son was lost. A few hours rubbing and warming brought the youngster around all right. The Indian, who had risked his life to save the boy, stalked off to the lodge as though nothing unusual had occurred. But soon a message from the " Big Trader," as the subject of this sketch was called by all the border tribes at that time living along the frontier of Missouri, called him ; and on heing questioned as to what he most desired, he said, pointing to a huge pile of trade blankets, " One blanket." But instead of receiving one, they were heaped upon him until he was loaded, with not only blankets, but whatever else he could carry that an Indian would most desire. Such treatment of the Indians, in thousands of instances, made him a great " father " among them, and he was remembered by the chiefs and leading Indians for many years as the man with a " big heart." While residing at Independence, Missouri, he was pursuing his mercantile business, and was not only the merchant, but also lawyer, doctor and postmaster of the place, and his house was always open to the new-comer, and hospitality was a reigning feature in his character. His extensive knowledge of the surrounding country enabled him to point out to the new-comers the most desirable places to settle, and he would often leave his business, and accompany parties for days in looking at the best points to locate and open up new homes. Jackson County, Missouri, was his most favorite place; 'twas there that all his children, by his second marriage, were born, excepting one named George W., who was born on the 22d of February, at Jefferson City, the others being born in and about Independence, Missouri. He was a man of fine physical development, the very embodiment of health, and gifted with the art of pleasing conversational powers, and his quiet and pleasant manner of talking always interested his hearers, who listened to him while he was conversing with them as though he were reading a book, and many times in the first settlements of the West would he enjoy himself in some new-comers' log cabin, with a bevy of rosy cheeked children around a huge log fire, and entertain them with anecdotes and good advice, how to grow rich, etc., etc., which always pleased the old lady of the family, and with a little one or two on his lap, would pass away nearly the whole evening, 376 ffistory of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. supremely happy. His popularity soon spread over a large section of the new State, and he was among the first number who framed the laws of his favorite State, Missouri. He was in her Legislative Councils, then in the Senate, and then. Lieutenant Governor and afterwards Governor. But prior to his engaging in public life as a leading statesman, he embarked among the first overland merchants in the Santa F^ or New Mexican trade, and took goods out to Santa F^, and returned to Independence about the year 1829. At that time the country west of the Missouri State line was only inhabited by roving tribes of Indians, many of whom were hostile, and it required a strong party and much caution to make the journey to Santa Fe\ His description of the plains and the herds of buffalo and wild horses was graphic indeed. They were sometimes in danger of being run over by the vast herds of buffalo. His early associations in the Far West brought him in contact with the most noted of frontiersmen, mountaineers, trappers and guides; men like the celebrated "Bill" Sublette, Capt. Joe Walker, "Peg Leg" Smith, "Bill " Williams, the Choteaus, and many of the leading business men in St. Louis. In the year 1836 he was elected Governor of the State, and removed with his family to Jefferson City, his family at this time consisting of twelve children, all living — nine sons and three daugh- ters, including the two eldest by his first wife. Angus and Henry were at this time grown men, and Angus was associated with his father in the mercantile business, and the firm name was A. L. Boggs & Co. They bought out the store of a Mr. Fisher, formerly of Baltimore. This business did not prove a success. The Governor, although an experienced merchant, and attending to the business in person, was not a success. He went East, as far as Philadelphia, and purchased largely. About this time the new State House was built in Jefferson City, the old one having been burned a year previous. Governor Boggs was empowered to act in procuring certain material while East for roofing and finishing the Capitol. He was authorized to buy copper for roofing, and lumber for finishing up the building. This splendid edifice was begun about the year 1837 or 1838, is built of fine white freestone, and has six fine granite columns in front, that are thirty feet between cap and base, six feet in diameter, and are placed in a circle in front of the Capitol and the main entrance to the building, over which is a large stone slab, with Governor Boggs' name cut in large letters, giving the names also of the officers of the State under him. His political troubles now began to appear. Colonel Thomas H. Benton was and had been the ruling spirit of the Democratic party — the party in power — and Governor Boggs was elected over his opponent, General Ashley, by a very large majority, and was about as popular as Colonel Benton in the party. The appointing of the State offi- cers was vested in the Governor, and he proceeded to make some appoint- Biographical Sketches. 377 merits which displeased Colonel Benton, whose power over the different Governors and whose will was almost supreme in filling the offices of State with his favorites. Governor Boggs had appointed the Secretary of State, State Auditor of Public Accounts and State Treasurer without consulting Colonel Benton, or, as he was termed, " Old Bullion." Colonel Thomas H I l.nton, United States Senator from Missouri for thirty years ; he whose motto was " Union, harmony and self-denial ; everything for the cause, nothing for men" — he whose will was law in the party, the control of which he had held for thirty years, became offended at the presumption of the Governor of Missouri for daring to make appointments outside of his per- sonal or political friends, and he made some threats, which he never carried out. Governor Boggs remarked, on hearing of Colonel Benton's displeasure, in his usual quiet and easy manner, that if Colonel Benton was going to act as Governor of the State, he would take his family back to their home in Jackson County, and he would retire from public office and resign, but as he was elected Governor he would remain at Jefferson City and discharge the duties of chief executive of the State, regardless of Colonel Benton or any of his friends. This decided course gathered around him quite an array of warm personal friends, many of whom took issue with Colonel Ben- ton on political questions, and thus began the " Anti-Benton " party in Mis- souri, which finally caused that great statesman's downfall and final defeat in his own State. During Governor Boggs' term of office at Jefferson City, he maintained and kept an open house. His parlors in the Governor's resi- dence were always full, and his hospitality became proverbial. The poor and the rich were alike welcome to his home and board. While at Jefferson City the Governor received much company, and his house was scarcely ever clear of guests. He was particularly fond of receiving his old backwoods and frontier friends, and with treating them with great cordiality. He appointed one of his old neighbors from the Six-Mile Settlement State Treasurer. After the resignation of the old State Treasurer, Mr. Walker, Governor Boggs appointed Abraham McClellan, an honest old man who had been for many years a neighbor of the Governor at Fort Osage, in the Six- Mile Settlement. This honerable old man was put in charge of the State Treasury about the time of the commencement of the new State Capitol building, and the business of the office required close attention. On the loss of the old capitol building by fire, the Governor had the office of State Treasurer removed to his store, and the Secretary of State, James L. Miner's office, placed in a building opposite the Governor's residence, and Governor Boggs rendered the various officers of State all the assistance and advice necessary to carry on the State affairs with exactitude and good manage- ment. The old State Treasurer, an honest old farmer, formerly from Tennessee, was inexperienced in the duties of his office, but the Governor 378 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. kindly aided him and kept everything moving on correctly. After the completion of the new State Capitol building, Mr. McClellan, being tired of office, tendered his resignation, and on settling up his accounts, the com- mittee appointed by the Legislature to settle with the retiring officer, found that there was some six hundred dollars more money than belonged to the State, and the old gentleman could not account for it or tell how it came into the State Treasury, and it was tendered to him as belonging to his pri- vate funds, but he declined to accept it, stating that it was not his money and he would not have it. Governor Boggs made several appointments of State officers that displeased some of Colonel Benton's hangers-on, and con- sequently created some ill feeling towards the Governor. Among the appointees was Hiram H. Baber, Auditor of Public Accounts. He was a brother-in-law of the Governor and was residing at Jefferson City, which had been his home for many years. Mr. Baber was an intelligent and com- petent man, and proved to be one of the most efficient officers the State ever had; so much were his services appreciated by the State that he was retained in that department by succeeding Governors until his health prevented him from the further discharge of the duties of the office. Another appointment of Governor Boggs was made under very peculiar circum- stances. On the Governor's arrival on the north side of the Missouri River, opposite the city of Jefferson, on his way to occupy the Governor's house, his family accompanying him, the party arrived late at the ferry landing. The Governor concluded to pass the night at a new log house, that was erected by the owner of a farm near the ferry. A man with a family was encamped near the ferry landing who seemed to be poor, but had evidently seen better days. His wife, daughters and two sons appeared to be very nice people. The Governor, as usual with him, began to make inquiries about their destination, etc., and was informed by the father of the family that he had suddenly been deprived of his property and was seeking a new home ; was without means, and did not know where to go to better his con- dition, but thought he would rent a house somewhere if he could get one, until he could look around and get something to do. The Governor informed him that he would aid him to get a house as soon as he could cross the river into town, and th^t he would also try to find him employment. This so pleased the gentleman that he grasped the Governor's hand and pointed to his family, at the same time stating that he had made them his friends for life. On the Governor's arrival in Jefferson City the next day he pro- cured a comfortable residence the first thing he did for this homeless family, and some few days elapsed when the gentleman received a note from the Governor, desiring to see him at his office. The gentleman, whose name was Burch, called promptly, and was somewhat surprised when the Governor handed him an appointment to fill the office of Warden of the State uJ/eAs Biographical Sketches. 379 Prison, an office that paid a handsome salary and provided a fine two-story stone building, furnished, for the Warden and his family. This placed the newly-made acquaintance of the Governor in comparatively easy circumstances, his family among the best of society, and enabled him to educate his children, one of whom has since represented the Northern Dis- trict of California in Congress, and is at the writing of this article a prominent lawyer and politician in this State — the Hon. John C. Burch. Governor Bogg's quiet and independent manner of discharging his official duties made him many warm personal friends, while at the same time it created some bitter political enemies even in his own party. About this time much trouble was created by the Mormons, a religious sect who had been driven some years before from Jackson County, Missouri, from the immediate neighboi'hood of Governor Bogg's old home at Independence. These Mormons, led by Joe Smith, Lyman White, Sidney Rigdon and other prominent men of the faith, after their expulsion by a mob of citizens from Jackson County, settled m the north-western part of the State, and caused so much trouble by their peculiar laws and customs that the people of that section petitioned the Governor to do something to relieve them of their disagreeable neighbors. The Governor advised patience and forbearance, hoping that the civil authorities would be able to quell all disturbances, but the complaints and petitions of the people continued to reach the Governor and finally he was informed that the citizens were arming for their own protection. He at once issued a proclamation and called for five thousand troops or volunteer State militia, which call was promptl}- answered by various counties in the State sending armed, uniformed and equipped com- panies to the seat of war. Several fine mounted military companies passed through Jefferson City and presented themselves to the Governor, who by this time had appointed his staff of officers and proceeded to review the troops under his command. He appointed General John B. Clark, an experi- enced and highly intelligent gentleman, to take command of the expedition, with orders to remove the Mormons from the State, which were promptly executed by General Clark without bloodshed, save some little skirmishing by the Jackson County troops, under their old commanders, Generals Lucas and Wilson, acting without orders from their superior officers. They pro- ceeded to the scene of difficulties and attacked the Mormons near Far West, capturing their leaders and the town of Far West before the arrival of Gen- eral Clark and the main body of the troops under his immediate command. The Governor, on learning of the capture of Smith and his confederate leaders, sent a messenger post-haste to General Clark commanding him to turn over the prisoners to the civil authorities at once, to be tried for the crimes and charges preferred against them, which order was promptly obeyed by General Clark's command. It is much to be regretted that the official 380 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. acts of Governor Boggs, and much, if not entirely all of his official corres- pondence has been lost and destroyed, so much so that dates and events are only to be obtained from those whose recollections and personal intimacy with the Governor could give account of these proceedings in a general way. Barrels and bundles of public papers preserved by him during his lifetime, which have been lost and destroyed, would have thrown much more more light on his very eventful public as well as private life. The neces- sity that called forth this public act of Governor Boggs, in causing the Mormons to be removed from the State, embittered them against him as the chief cause of their difficulty in establishing the " Church of the Latter Day Saints," as they termed themselves, in Missouri, and it brought down on him the revenge of Mormondom. It was prophesied by Joe Smith, in the New Temple, at Nauvoo, Illinois, where they had established themselves, and had become prosperous for a time, that the ex-Governor of Missouri would die by violence inside of twelve months, and in order to fulfill his prophecy, he employed one Orin Porter Rockwell to proceed to In- dependence, Missouri, whither the Governor had removed at the expira- tion of his term of office, and where he was residing at his old home with his family of little children around him in peace and qui- etude. This emissary of the apostle Joe Smith came to Independ- ence in disguise, and hired to a citizen of the place as a common hostler, and made himself familiar with the ex-Governor's habits, his place of residence, and all the surroundings of his home at Independence. About this time the ex-Governor was a candidate for senator from his old senato- rial district. This midnight assassin, Rockwell, had so managed as to get a discharge from his employer, and after the elapse of some two or three weeks returned to Independence, and at the dead hour of night, under cover of dense darkness, stole up to the Governor's house, and fired through the window close to the Governor's head, discharging a heavily charged German holster pistol, containing some sixteen balls, into the back of the Governor's head, four of which took effect, two of them penetrating the skull and lodging in the left lobe of his brain, and. one, passing entirely through the hollow of his neck, came out at the roof of his mouth ; the fourth one lodged in the fleshy part of his neck. The remainder of the charge struck the plastering of the room, passing all over and around the heads of his two younger daughters, one an infant in its crib, immediately in front of him, and the elder child, standing in range with his body and the window, was rocking the little one. The other members of the family were yet in the supper-room with their mother. The sudden scream, loud report of a pistol, and the noise of jingling broken glass all seemed simul- taneous, and the family rushed into the room, filled with smoke and smell of gunpowder, to find their father, who a few moments before left the sup- Biographical Sketches. 381 per-table in the perfect health and strength of matured manhood, a mass of blood, stunned and bleeding, with his head hanging back over his arm-chair, unconscious, and apparently dead. The noise, and screams of wife and chil- dren, soon brought the surrounding neighbors in the suburbs to his residence- The news spread rapidly, and in half an hour or less some two or three hundred of his fellow townsmen, with physicians, had gathered in. After getting him out on the porch he came to, and was perfectly conscious of all that was passing, but very weak from loss of blood and sick from what he had swallowed. The doctors, some four being present, one of whom, Dr. J. 0. Boggs, was his brother, questioned him as to his wounds, and he expressed himself as not knowing that he was shot; felt no pain, and seemed to be perfectly rational and easy. The examination of the head showed that two balls had penetrated the skull to the frontal part, the others as described above. These wounds, either of which the doctors said was sufficient to kill an ordinary man, did not end his mortal career, but came very near doing so, as it prostrated him for one entire year, but did not prevent his election to the Senate, and he re- turned to Jefferson City the following winter. His efforts that winter in the Senate to do something to relieve the distress brought on by the very hard times of the years 1838-9 is well remembered by the citizens of Missouri. His bill for the relief of hard times was prepared and cir- culated long before he took his seat, and was fully discussed by all parties. It passed the House, but was defeated in the Senate. The writer, although present at the debates on the merits and demerits of the bill, was not old enough to remember the provisions of the bill, but it was popular with those who understood its merits. It is utterly impossible to give a full and complete history of the public life of ex-Governor Boggs, which extended throughout his entire residence in Missouri for over thirty years, as it would be too voluminous for this work, and too incom- plete for want of proper data and public documents long since destroyed. He officiated at the laying of the corner-stone of the new State Capitol, erected and completed in 1840. His name is cut in stone over the main entrance to the building, and will no doubt remain there as long as the Capitol stands. While the Governor was at Jefferson City for the last time as Senator, one morning, whilst conversing with some members of the Legislature on the portico in front of the Capitol, one of the balls that entered his neck had worked its way out, and, putting up his hand to the back of his head, as was his custom long after receiving these wounds, he gently squeezed the affected part and the ball slipped into his hand, and, holding it out to one of the gentlemen, said, " See here, I can pick bullets out of my head." This little incident happened in the morning before the usual hour for the Legislature to assemble, and Governor Boggs was the 382 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. topic of the day, and was frequently spoken of as the man with his head full of bullets. He returned home to his family at the close of the session, having left his wife and younger children at the farm of his son, Henry C. Boggs, some twenty-five miles south of Independence, where they had passed the winter. From there the family removed to a farm a few miles farther east on the prairie, and after remaining only a few months at this place the family removed to Independence again for a short time, when the Governor, in company with his brother-in-law, Alphonso Boone, eldest brother of his wife, purchased a fine farm in Cass County, where both he and Colonel Boone moved with their families. About this time his son Thomas, the eldest boy by his last wife, left home and went to the Kocky Mountains, and engaged to Bent's company, on the Arkansas, as a trader with the In- dians. The Governor made some improvements on this new home, but losing his eldest daughter Martha at this place, he became dissatisfied, and after in- terring his daughter at Independence, he returned and disposed of the farm, and together with his family removed to a small farm near Independence, where he erected a comfortable home again, in the vicinity of some fine springs of cold water, and at this place he and his younger sons engaged in farming. His attention at this time was taken up with an idea that he had for a long time been meditating, and that was a removal to the Pacific Coast. His constant theme of conversation was directed to a map of California, on the Pacific Ocean. This was about the years 1843-4, and a party of his old neighbors from Jackson County had gone out to explore the country west of the Rocky Mountains, had penetrated as far as the Pacific Ocean. Among this party was Captain John Bickman, Charles Hopper, (the same Uncle Charley Hopper who died recently and was buried in Yountville, Napa County, California,) Colonel Bartleson of Jackson County, a large man, a good judge of new countries. These men gave good accounts of the climate and natural resources of the country, but could not see how emi- grants with families could make the journey safely, as the country was unex- plored and there were many difficulties to overcome. Notwithstanding all this, Captain Rickman believed that the country would eventually fall into the hands of the Americans, and he had been as far in California as Yerba Buena, now the city of San Francisco. Captain Rickman was an enthu- siast and advocated the idea of an overland railroad across the continent, and he and Governor Boggs would converse for hours over the feasibility of constructing a railroad to the Pacific Ocean, from some point on the Missouri River, and the old man actually purchased forty acres of land on the Missouri River near Independence, and proceeded to cut and fell the timber with the view of making that his starting point and depot for the great overland railroad, which was to follow over the route which he had made with such difficulty on pack mules, a year or two previous. The Governor wrote an Biographical Sketches. 383 article in 1842 on the subject, which was addressed to the editor of the St. Louis Reporter, edited by Shadwick Penn. This article described the route over which the road was to pass, also an estimate of the cost, basing his calculations on the costs of the railroads of Pennsylvania. He chose the route by way of Santa Fe - , which is about the same as that of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe* Road, only his starting point was to be from Independence, Missouri, and the terminus was to be at San Diego, Lower California, along the thirty-fifth parallel. This original article on that important subject, at such an early day, is not far from the correct estimate, and cost of construction of the roads now being built along that route. The document is still preserved and was handed over to the Pioneer Association at Sonoma as a relic. The emigration to Oregon had been talked of, and one or two parties had started from Independence. Governor Boggs declared his intention of removing with his family to Cali- fornia, and he and his old friend Captain Rickman talked often and dis- cussed the best means and method of making, at that time, what was con- sidered a very hazardous trip, especially with families. Before starting to that distant land his old friends would often advise him to give it up, but his knowledge of a great portion of the route derived in former years from his old trapper friends, enabled him to overcome all scru- ples or fear of taking his family on so dangerous a journey. His two eldest sons, Angus and Henry, were residing on farms in Jackson County, and appeared to be permanently settled. Thomas, his first son by his second marriage, was in the Rocky Mountains, or at Bents Fort, now Colorado; his next oldest son, William M., had been out to New Mexico, and spent one year with the Indians on the Plains, and in the Rocky Mountains had associated with experienced men of the Plains like Kit Carson and other noted guides, and, of course, was ready to accompany his father to his new home on the Pacific Slope. The outfit was prepared at Indepen- dence in the spring of 1846, and about the 10th of May started on the long journey with ox-teams. The overland party of that year consisted of about one hundred wagons and families, among whom was the Conner family, that suffered in the Sierra Nevadas in a snow-bound camp. Wil- liam M. Boggs married, just before starting, Miss Sonora Hicklin, daughter of John Hicklin, Esq., a former friend of the Governor's, who, when a young man, often accompanied the Governor in his business of trading with the Indians on the frontiers of Missouri. William, with his bride, embarked on the journey for a bridal trip a few days after his wedding, in fine spirits, with a good rifle and fair outfit, consisting of a good supply of clothing and provisions, and plenty of pluck. He was elected captain of the emigrant train at Ash Hollow, on the Nebraska River, and conducted his father's party safely through to California, hunting and scouting most of the 384 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. time, and always bringing to his party plenty of buffalo-meat, and finding good camping-grounds. The Governor arrived at Sutters Fort in the month of November, 1846 ; but previous to his arrival in the Sacramento Valley, he had been met by Colonel Fallon, of Fremont's party, who informed him that the American flag was flying in California, and that hostilities had actually commenced ; and the Colonel's business was gathering recruits for the army of Colonel Fremont, who was then at Sutters Fort organizing his forces. The Governor was kindly received by Captain Sutter ; and after spending a few hours in his hospitable fort, he took leave of him, and crossed to the west side of the Sacramento, and reached Sonoma about the 8th of November. After camping a few days during a heavy rain, he was visited by General Vallejo, and Lieutenant Revere of the United States Navy. General Vallejo tendered him the use of his house on the Petaluma Rancho, where he spent the winter of 184G — a long and dreary wet winter, with no society but the members of his family and an occasional visit from General Vallejo, whose hospitality knew no bounds. His son William recruited a small party of volunteers and crossed the bay and tendered his services and those of his party to the United States officers at San Francisco, and was despatched at once to reinforce the troops at Santa Clara and Monterey, and served until the close of the Mexican War. The Governor returned in the spring to the town of Sonoma, and entered into the mercantile business with a Mr. William Scott, who had a small stock of goods. Colonel Mason, the Military Governor of California, appointed him Alcalde of the Northern District, his jurisdiction to extend to Sacramento, including Sutters Fort ; thence northward to the Oregon line and down the coast to the bay, and all the country north of the bay of San Francisco. The duties of this office were to tiy all cases that would now come before a Superior Court, and to preserve and maintain order in his department, with authority to call on the military when he needed assistance. These duties the Governor discharged to the entire satisfaction of the commanding officers and Military Govern- ors who succeeded Colonel Mason. About this time a trial was to come off before his court at Sonoma wherein Captain Sutter was a party to the suit, and charged Armijo, of Suisun, with kidnapping his Indians, and the cause or complaint was made to the Alcalde, at Sonoma. Governor Boggs sent a summons by his Sheriff for Captain Sutter to appear on a certain day for trial, at Sonoma. The distance, about one hundred miles, to Sutters Fort, was made on horseback in those days. Captain Sutter failing to put in an appearance, judgment for costs of suit was entered against him — costs amounting to something near $300. The Alcalde was surprised one morn- ing by an Indian handing him a letter and package from Captain Sutter, stating that owing to the discovery of gold on the American River, his business was of such importance that he hoped the Alcalde would excuse Biographical Sketches. 385 him for not obeying his summons, and in the package accompanying the lot tor was a bottle of gold dust amounting to some $300, to pay costs of suit, etc. This was the first news that Sonoma had of the discovery of gold, and the Governor was kept busy for several days exhibiting the gold to the eager citizens of all classes, and a rush was made to the mines. The Gov- ernor remained at Sonoma and pursued his mercantile business. The returning miners brought sacks of gold and deposited with him for safe keeping, purchased largely of him, and his business increased rapidly, and in a few years he was enabled to settle up his old debts, which were caused from the hard times and failures in Missouri. These debts were all looked up and paid off. The Governor then retired to his farm in Napa Valley, where he lived until he died in 1861. Among the many official acts of ex-Governor Boggs, while acting as Alcalde in the occupation of California by the United States authorities, and before the organiza- tion of any State Government, was that of performing the marriage ceremony, which duty he took great pleasure in doing, and on many occasions would ride twenty-five or thirty miles on horseback to ac- commodate parties who wished to be united in wedlock ; and the Gov- ernor being the only judicial officer at that time, and, in fact, the only authority outside of the Catholic Church, was frequently called upon to perform that important ceremony. Among those whom he united in wed- lock was Dr. Robert Semple, of Benicia, to Miss Frances Cooper, daughter of the venerable pioneer, Stephen Cooper, of Colusa County. Dr. Semple being the founder of the city of Benicia, and Mr. Cooper the first to erect a hotel in the place about the year 1848. The Governor rode from Sonoma to Benicia on horseback to perform the marriage ceremony. He also married William Edgington, Esq., an old resident of Napa County, to Miss Nancy Grigsby, daughter of Captain John Grigsby, one of the Bear Flag party. These families are now living in Napa. David Hudson to Miss Griffith, and Judge James H. McCord to Miss Griffith, all of Napa County, and have large families. The Governor always set a good example to the bridegroom, by first saluting the bride with a kiss. This little joke was always well received by the bridal party, as he had a happy way of pleasing all present with his familiarity. He was assisted principally in his mercantile business at Sonoma by his son, Albert G. Boggs, who for years was County Treasurer of Napa County, and who yet resides in Napa City, attending to the duties of that office. As a farmer the Governor was not an expert ; he followed farming more from taste than as a profit. He was fond of seeing good farming, and was a great admirer of fine stock. He at one time, about the year 1852, sent his son Albert, with his elder brother Thomas, to Missouri with some Si 5,000 to purchase blooded cattle. They succeeded in bringing across the plains a drove of fine Durham cattle, to Napa County, 25 386 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. purchased from the best stock-raisers in Missouri and Kentucky, and from this drove Napa County stock was much improved. About the year 1860 his health began to fail ; his physicians pronounced his complaint dropsy of the heart, which caused him much trouble for nearly a year. His strong constitution bore up against this distressing malady for many months of suffering, but it finally terminated his life at his farm in Napa Valley, March 19, 1861. His correspondence with the leading men of the country brought him many letters from distinguished persons, one dated at Copenhagen, from the secretary of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquarians, written April 21, 1840, informing him of his election by that society to number among its members his name. This document is partly in the Danish language, and is a beautiful specimen of penmanship — signed by the president and secre- tary of the society, with the seal of the society attached. Their object in making Governor Boggs a member of their society was in furtherance of perpetuating the pre-Columbian history of America. This letter was found among some of his old papers in a good state of preservation. His remains were removed from the farm to the Tulucay Cemetery at Napa City. His wife survived him until September 23, 1880, and their remains rest side by side in the family lot near the center of the cemetery. ' BORREO, F. Was born in Italy, November 24, 1837. In 1851 he went to sea, which life he followed for about one year ; then came to Cali- fornia. He went up the Sacramento River, and followed fishing for the Stockton market for about two years. We next find him in Shasta, where mining was followed until 1857 or 1858, when he returned to Stockton. Here he engaged in the vegetable business for one year ; then followed the grocery business until 1860. He then went to Virginia City, and was en- gaged in mining two years ; then engaged in the grocery business again for a short time ; then mined for one year, after which he opened a restaurant, and conducted it for a few months. He next opened a billiard saloon, which he run until 1866, when he came to Napa, where he is engaged in the grocery business, dealing also in wood, coal and liquor, as well as in farming. Married in 1865 Miss Mary Arata. They have five children : Josephine, Nellie, Mary, William and Ernest. BOUNSALL, R. C. Was born in Canada, January 12, 1852. In 1870 he went to Oshkosh, Wisconsin, and engaged in the hardware business. In January, 1874, he came to California. He spent the first year in San Francisco, engaged in his business ; and in the spring of 1875 he came to Napa County, and worked on the Insane Asylum. He then worked in St. Helena for about six months. March 16, 1877, he came to Calistoga, and embarked in his present business — tin and hardware — associated with his brother, J. C. Bounsall, under the firm name of Bounsall Bros. They have recently erected a fine building. Biographical Sketches. 387 BOUNSALL, J. C. Was born in Rochester, New York, July 21, 1848. At the age of three years, he, with his parents, moved to Hamilton, Canada. At the age of sixteen he went to sea as a sailor, which he followed for two years during the summer season, and was engaged in lumbering during the winter. He then moved to Wisconsin, and at the end of four years began farming near Waupun, that State. He then went to Oshkosh and remained there till December 12, 1876, when he came to California. He tirst settled in Humboldt County, where he remained for two years, when he came to Calistoga, where he is engaged in mining. He was married June 18, 1872, to Miss Mary A. Ford, a native of New York. Their children are, Charles J., Georgiana, and Florence L. BOOTH, JAMES RILEY, (deceased). Was born in Patrick County, Virginia, March 1, 1822, and resided in his native State until he was eight years of age. Then his parents moved to Jackson County, Missouri, and there remained until 1852. Then, with his family, he came across the plains to Marion County, Oregon. There the subject of this sketch embarked in farming and mercantile pursuits until 1867, when he came to California, locating in Suisun Valley. He remained there until 1871, when the family moved to their present home of nine hundred acres. He was married October 26, 1843, to Miranda Williams, who was born in Jackson County, Missouri, December 7, 1827. There are eight living children: Clayton A., born October 24, 1849 ; Sabin A., born July 26, 1851 ; Jedediah, born Jan- uary 17, 1854 ; Sarah M., born November 25, 1855 ; Alfred, born June 25, 1857 ; Rosetta, born March 27, 1859 ; Meta M., born October 8, 1862 ; Nellie, born February 25, 1866. BALDRIDGE, WILLIAM. This worthy pioneer of pioneers, whose portrait we take pleasure in presenting to our readers in the body of this work, was born near Newport, Cocke County, Eastern Tennessee, December 2, 1811, and is the son of James and Mary Thrash Baldridge. His father was of the Scotch-Irish descent. He remained at his birthplace until 1819, when he started West with his father's family, and arrived in Missouri January 2, 1820, settling in Saline County. At the age of seventeen he went to learn the mill-wright's trade, under an Englishman by the name of Michael Rice. He followed that business in various places in La Fayette and Jackson Counties, Missouri, and in the Indian Territory (now Kansas), until 1843. In 1830 he spent a night at a hotel in Lexington, Missouri, and there heard a man by the name of Mills, who was a partner of the famous William Sublette, telling wonderful stories about California, and giving a glowing description of the country generally. He said that he had been out there for the purpose of buying mules for the firm of which he was a partner. This set Mr. Baldridge to thinking that he would like to pay the country a 388 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. visit, and determined that, should an opportunity present itself, he should certainly embrace it to come out. At the close of the Florida War Colonel J. B. Chiles returned home a well and hearty man, having been afflicted very severely with dyspepsia before that, and he attributed his cure to the fact of his rough life during the time of his service, and was loth to go back to his former habits of life, lest his old affliction should come upon him. In the course of a conversation with him, Mr. Baldridge told him what he had heard about California, and proposed that they pay the country a visit. To this the Colonel readily assented, and all arrangements were made for starting out on the trip in 1841. Mr. Baldridge was detained, however, on account of a mill which he had on hand, and was under contract to com- plete. Colonel Chiles, however, proceeded to organize the company, and crossed the Plains during that season. There came with him Charles Hop- per, lately deceased, and for years a resident of Napa County, John Bidwell, Andrew, Samuel and Benjamin Kelsey, three brothers, and others, whose names are not now at hand. Benjamin Kelsey brought his wife along with them, and she was the first white woman other than Spanish ever in Cali- fornia. In 1842 Colonel Chiles returned to Missouri, and gave a good account of his trip to California. In the spring of 1843 a party was made up, consisting of Colonel J. B. Chiles, William Baldridge, Thomas Wesley Bradley, afterwards a resident of Contra Costa County, Jesse Beasley, Wil- liam Hicks, who subsequently lived on the Cosumnes River, San- ford, Major Walton, who had come to California with Colonel Chiles in 1841 and returned with him in 1842, P. B. Reading, Samuel J. Hensley, who afterwards lived and died in San Jose', Atkinson, commonly called " Old Wheat," on account of his sterling worth of character, Julius Martin, the pioneer of Gilroy, Santa Clara County, Mrs. Martin and their two children, Bartlett Vines, son-in-law of George C. Yount, Mrs. Vines and their two children, Miss Elizabeth Yount, who subsequently married J. C. Davis, Adam Fisher, Milton McGee, William Martin, who was the Colonel of the Oregon emigration, Captain John Grant, formerly an officer in the United . States regular army, now dead and buried in the graveyard at Yountville, Milton Little, Charles Mcintosh, John Conn, of Conns Val- ley, since deceased, James, John, Squire and Isaac Williams, four brothers, who afterwards settled at Santa Cruz. This list comprises the whole party, with perhaps one or two exceptions. The party left Westport, Missouri, May 30, 1843, with a full equipment for the long and tedious trip over new and undiscovered routes and mountain passes. They passed up the Platte by old Fort Laramie, on the north fork of that river ; thence to Fort Bridger; thence to Fort Hall. Here the party divided, Chiles, Hensley, Reading, Grant, Bradley, McGee, and the four Williams brothers going on ahead on horse- back, by way of Fort Boise, Idaho, to the head of Pitt River, and thence &Jl/2^L& Biographical Sketches. 389 down the Sacramento to Sutters Fort. The ohject of dividing the party was, that those who remained with the teams might have provisions enough to last them through. The horseback party secured their own provisions as they went along. At Fort Laramie the party had secured the services of that noted old trapper and hunter Joseph Walker, to pilot them through the mountains, paying him the sum of S300 therefor. From Fort Hall the party with the teams, of which Mr. Baldridge was one, proceeded to the Humboldt River, near the head of the north fork, and followed that stream to the sink ; thence south by way of Carson, Walker, and Owens Lakes, on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. At Owens Lake they left their wagons, not being able to proceed further with them. They had with them a full set of saw-mill irons, including three sash saws, and these were cached there. Some years ago some miners unearthed them, and they were the subject of much speculation as to how they got there, and who could have buried them in that out of the way place. They then packed their goods on mules and rode their horses, and proceeded on their way. They went along on the eastern side of the Sierras until they came to what is known as Walker's Pass, east of where Visalia now stands. Here they crossed the mountains, arriving at the summit at eleven o'clock, December 3, 1843. The snow was then six inches deep, and soon after it was so deep as to bar the passage altogether. They pushed on into the valley, and then started for Sutters Foi-t. Walker insisted on crossing the Tulare Val- ley, stating that there was an abundance of game in the mountains on the west side of it, and water in it. So finally they consented to go, and they were three days and nights without anything to eat or any water to drink, the valley proving to be a barren desert. Colonel Chiles and his party arrived some time previous to this at Sutters Fort, and with three men he proceeded to Walkers Pass to meet the party, but failed to find them. At the end of the third day Mcintosh succeeded in killing a mountain sheep, which was the first thing they had found that was eatable during the trip across the valley. When they got to the west side of the valley they found game very plentiful, consisting of deer and antelope, which were as thick as sheep, also wild horses, which were very fat, and so palatable that their meat was preferred to that of either deer or antelope. Walker kept bearing off" to the westward, and the first they knew they were very close to Monterey. Mr. Baldridge and Atkinson went to that place to purchase passports, and it took them three days to get them, owing to the indolence and indifference of the Mexican officials. At last, growing exasperated, he used some Saxon oaths which had the desired result. By this time the rest of the party had gotten so far away that they never saw them again as a whole. Julius Martin and others stopped in that vicinity or a little farther north, while o there came on to Sutters Fort. Mr. Baldridge and " Old Wheat " came up to Gilroy's, 390 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. and there they met with James M. Hudspeth, now a resident of Green Valley, Sonoma County, and Alexander Copeland, who were at work at that place, and they provided them with fresh horses and escorted them as far as the Pueblo de San Jose*. Chas. Weaver then took them to Juan (John) Liver- more's place, and thence they proceeded across the San Joaquin River, near where Stockton now stands, and thence to Sutters Fort, where they met the most of their party, and also Colonel Chiles, who had returned from Walkers Pass. Just at this time General Sutter was about to dispatch the schooner " Sacramento," a craft which had been included in his famous pur- chase of the Russian effects at Fort Ross in 1841, to Napa Embarcadero to get lime from Nicolas Higuerra, and Colonel Chiles, Mr. Baldridge, Miss Yount, and the Vines family were given passage upon the vessel. But all this tedious journey was not without its pleasures and its romances as well, one of the latter of which it is well to record in this connection. When the party had gotten well out upon the plains they fell in with an Englishman and his family, consisting of a wife and a sixteen-year old daughter, by the name of Eyer, who were bound for Oregon. The man was brutally cruel towards his family, it being no uncommon thing for him to severely casti- gate both wife and daughter. Mr. Baldridge was younger then than he is now, and his heart may have been a little more tender, and his sym- pathies a little more easily wrought upon ; but be that as it may, he saw a sweet-faced, innocent girl subjected to the brutal treatment of a father with a vicious and capricious temper, and his chivalrous nature resented the insult thus given to injured innocence, and he resolved to liberate the girl from the abject bondage of her inhuman father. He asked Mrs. Julius Martin if she would take the girl in her charge and care for her on the way to California if he could succeed in inducing her to come with them. To this that excellent lady readily consented, so he proceeded to the camp of the Eyer family, and consulted the mother on the subject. She was only too glad to give the girl a chance to escape the outbursts of the father's wrath, and the consequent punishments. He then made the proposition to the girl, who "jumped at the chance " to get out of the reach of her father's stinging lash and heavy fist. Accordingly, she was transferred, bag and baggage, to the California party ; and the poor mother was left to bear the brunt of rage, which evidently welled up in torrents when the father discovered what had taken place. When the Martin family decided to stop at Gilroy, Miss Yount prevailed upon the girl, Mary Eyer, to accompany her to her father's home in Napa Valley ; and accordingly, when Mr. Baldridge arrived at Sutters Fort, he found them both at that place. We now leave our heroine, for we must go to look for the hero. While Mr. Baldridge has already shown himself a true hero, and was destined to do yet more noble and unselfish deeds, yet he is not the hero Biographical Sketches. 391 of this truthful romance. We must go back twelve years, and take the reader to the then frontier town of Lexington, Missouri, then the rendez- vous of many of the trapping and hunting parties that made periodical peregrinations into the almost unknown, and but little traveled, mountains and wildernesses that lay beyond toward the setting sun. In 1831, there arrived in Lexington a party of thirty men, under command of Captain Wyatt, bound for Oregon. They were all old sailors, and were dressed in uniform as marines, and marched out of town in grand style, and on into the dim haze of the wide, outstretching prairie. Along with the party, in the capacity of private secretary and book-keeper for Captain Wyatt, was a young Scotchman, of genteel appearance, and a man of evident intelli- gence. His name was John Cinclair. Among those who stood upon the street, and saw this party pass through the town of Lexington, was Wil- liam Baldridge, then a stripling boy of only twenty summers. The party passed on, and of its history but little is known. Captain Wyatt was the man who built Fort Hall. Cinclair went to Oregon, and thence to the Sandwich Islands, where he was married to a Kanaka or native woman. He then came to San Francisco, and engaged in business ; and finally located on the place now known as Sinclair's ranch, near Sacramento ; and was at Sutters Fort when the party, of which Mr. Baldridge was a member, arrived. In the meantime his Kanaka wife had died leaving one child, a bright girl of some five years, who could talk almost a language for each year of her life. In Mr. Baldridge's protege - , his veritable "Prairie Flower," Cinclair saw all that his heart desired, a woman of his own language and blood, and he forthwith laid seige for her hand and heart. Like the dutiful child that she was, she consulted her guardian, Mr. Baldridge, who after making due inquiries in regard to the character he sustained, gave his con- sent, and they were married, and the match proved to be a fortuitous one in every respect. Truly " there is a destiny that shapes our ends, rough hew them though we may." Mr. Baldridge worked at his trade of mill-wright for the first year or two after his arrival here. In 1845 Colonel Chiles and he made preparations to put up a mill in Santa Clara County, getting out all the timbers and shafting at the Yount Saw Mill, but the Micheltoreno Revolution broke out at that time, and the project had to be abandoned. In 1845 Colonel Chiles got his grant from the Mexican Government for the Catacula Rancho, and Mr. Baldridge being a partner in it, they went upon it and began operations, taking a band of cattle into the valley and building a house there. In 1846 the indistinct mutterings of threatening troubles with the Mexicans began to be heard, and the American settlers were all agog to learn what it would culminate in. Neighbors lived far apart, and communication between them was rare, especially in such out of the way places as Chiles Valley. One day in June, Mr. Baldridge and Mr. Thomas 392 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Wesley Bradley, took a mule and went over to the Sandstone Mountains, (the Blue Ridge,) east of Berryessa Valley, to get some grindstones which he had previously cut out. Two poles were cut and fastened on either side of the mule like the thills of a buggy, and the ends were allowed to drag on the ground. The stones were lashed securely to these poles, and a genuine Indian vehicle was thus constructed. That night they camped on the west side of Putah Creek in a clump of willows, and while sitting by the fire after partaking of their evening repast, and discussing the aspect of the impending difficulties with the Mexicans, Mr. Baldridge spoke up suddenly and said, " We will know all about it before we leave this camp." " Why, what makes you think so," exclaimed his companion. " I don't know," he replied, " but something tells me that we will." They continued talking for perhaps an hour, when they suddenly heard the tramp of horses' feet, and some one shout out, " Hold up ; don't come here." They recognized the voice of Captain John Grigsby, and immediately went to him, making themselves known. He was accompanied by William Elliott, and they had been to Sutters Fort to have a consultation with General Fremont, and were then passing back into Napa Valley by this little-fre- quented route, and in the night, so as to avoid being seen by the Mexicans and thus arousing their suspicions. The trail led up to a steep bank of the creek, and turned abruptly to one side and passed down into it; but Grigsby's horse had gone right over the bank in the dark, hence the exclamation quoted above. And so Mr. Baldridge's prophecy was fulfilled there and then. Who can tell whence came the impression that so soon became a verity ? Mr. Baldridge proceeded home, and, on the day following the cap- ture of Sonoma, he and Colonel Chiles started for Sutters Fort, being anxious to join Fremont's force and engage in the active campaign. That night they stopped at William Gordon's on Cache Creek, and during the night a courier came by on his way to Fremont's camp, stating that a large force of Mexicans were marching toward Sonoma for the purpose of recap- turing it. Mr. Baldridge and Colonel Chiles set out at once to go to the relief of the American party, and arrived at Sonoma on the 16th. He remained at the town of Sonoma until Fremont started to Sutters Fort to begin the active campaign. The 4th of July was celebrated at Sonoma, and the Declaration of Independence was read by Lieutenant Woodworth, of the United States Navy, from a book belonging to Mr. Baldridge, which he had brought across the plains, and which he still has in his possession as a relic of those by-gone days. On the 5th an organization of the American volunteers was effected. Mr. Baldridge was chosen chairman of the meet- ing which was held for this purpose, and John Bidwell was secretary. The force was divided into three companies, and the captains were voted for viva voce, resulting in the election of John Grigsby — who remained in charge of Biographical Sketches. 393 Sonoma with his company — and John Ford and Granville P. Swift, who took their companies upon the campaign with Fremont. Mr. Baldridge was elected orderly sergeant of Captain Swift's company at this time. On the 6th the whole force, including Fremont's men and the volunteers, took up the line of march for Sutters Fort. Fremont and his men went by way of Soscol, Green Valley, and Knights Landing, while the two companies passed through Berryessa Valley, for the purpose of gathering up some horses. They found none, however. They proceeded down Cache Creek to a point opposite Sutters Fort, where they crossed the river in small boats. They dismounted, and began making preparations for camping near the fort. Mr. Baldridge, desiring to procure some supplies from the fort, took his rifle in his hand and proceeded to the door, which, to his great surprise, he not only found shut, but also barricaded. This was an unu- sual state of affairs, for the doors of the fort usually stood open for all who chose to enter. He knocked loudly at the door, and an Indian, who was a guard, told him that he could not enter. Just then General Sutter opened the wicket of the door, and on seeing who it was, opened the door, saying: " I surrender to you ; I held out as long as I could, but you were too strong for me." Mr. Baldridge could not make out the meaning of such a queer expression, for there stood two large field pieces facing the door, besides other guns at the embrasures, and a lot of small arms. The truth was that Sutter was a Mexican officer, and as such had to make a show of resistance, at least, to the " Americanos," although he was heart and soul in sympathy with them. And so it was that the subject of this sketch added one more romantic adventure to his already long list, and to him can truly be given the honor and credit of capturing a well armed fortress single-handed. A man by the name of William Scott brought the news of the war with Mexico to Sutters Fort. From that place Mr. Baldridge proceeded with Fre- mont's Battalion to Monterey, where he was first appointed and then elected by the members of the company to the position of Lieutenant of Company " C," Fremont's Battalion, which position he honorably filled till the close of the war. From Monterey they went in vessels to San Diego, and there made an incursion or two into the interior, but were not in any very hard- fought battles, and were at Cauango at the time of the surrender. It was generally supposed by the soldiers that they would see Pico's forces drawn up in grand array, and that they would march into camp and lay their arms at the feet of the victors, as they had seen pictures in their old his- tories of the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. What, however, was their surprise and consternation, about 10 o'clock in the morning, to see a couple of " Greasers " come over the hill, each with a riata fastened to the horn of his saddle, to the other end of which was a mountain howitzer. That virtually closed the war on California soil. At San Diego the marines 394 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. were taken ashore first, to capture the place, and the volunteers were kept in the background. In the plaza a crowd of people congregated to see the strange soldiers, and among them was a dashing-looking personage, mounted on a well caparisoned horse. Finally, he attracted the attention of Lieutenant of Marines Maddox, and he inquired who he was. The man overheard the inquiry and answered, " I am Andreas Pico, and I will see you later." With this he rode away, leaving the Lieutenant to swear at his own stupidity in not being able to capture the leader of the Mexican forces when he was in the midst of his vaunted marines. Mr. Baldridge assisted in constructing the breastworks that are still to be seen on Fort Hill, in Los Angeles. At the close of the war he returned to civil pursuits, and in 1852 moved upon his present place, and has since followed farming and stock raising, and is to-day one of Napa's most honored and respected citizens, and a gentleman it is certainly a pleasure to meet. He is a Master Mason, and is an honorary member of Jerusalem Lodge, No. 1, organized in that city by Robert Morris, in 1875, being probably the only member of that lodge in California. He is still unmarried. BARNETT, ELIAS JOEL. Son of Jesse and Lavinia Clark Barnett, was born in Pine Grove, in Lawrence County, Ohio, June 19, 1849, where he resided till the spring of 1851, when, with his parents, he moved to Hanging Rock, same county ; and at the end of one year they moved to Haverhill, Scioto County. In 1854, with his parents, he crossed the plains to California, and settled in Pope Valley, and resided with his parents till 1875, when he began for himself, purchasing at that time his present estate, consisting of three hundred and twenty acres of land, where he has since been engaged in farming and stock raising. Mr. Barnett marrien October 10, 1875, Miss Anna Wallace, who was born in Benton County, Arkansas, March 23, 1849. By this union, they have Ida May, born August 18, 1876 ; Henry, born October 31, 1878 ; Ada Lena, born January 13, 1881. BAILEY, PETER D. A native of Ireland, emigrated to America in 1841 and settled in Ohio. His occupation while in that State was assistant engineer on the Zanesville and Maysville turnpike road, and school teaching. In November, 1844, he moved to Jackson County, Missouri, and there engaged in buying and selling real estate, and school teaching. May 10, 1849, he started with a pack train across the plains to California, arriving in Sacramento August 8th of that year. From Sacramento he proceeded to the mines on the Yuba River, where he mined till November 1st. He then came to Napa and remained till the spring of 1850, when he once more returned to the mines on Feather River, where he remained till October. He then returned to Napa and embarked in farming, which he continued till 1876. He then retired from business, since which time he has not been engaged in any business whatever. Mr. Bailey is unmarried. Biographical Sketches. 395 BROWN, JACOB B. Was born in St. Martins, New Brunswick. Re- sided at his birthplace until fourteen years of age. At the age of eighteen months his father died, leaving his mother with a family of twelve children. The mother died when he was seventeen years of age. Then moved to St. Johns, New Brunswick, and was bound an apprentice to a firm named Harris & Adams. Served six years, three years in a blacksmith shop, and three years in a machine shop. At the expiration of that time he per- suaded his brother, W. H. Brown, to start in business, which he did, and worked in company with him for two years. Then started for Boston, Massachusetts. He worked in Boston and Chelsea at three dollars per day. December 4, 1849, started for Bath, Maine, and sailed in the bark " Emma " for California, under contract with a company that brought out the steamer "' H. T. Clay," to pay his passage on which he agreed to work thirty days, putting the machinery in said boat. He worked his thirty days, and at the expiration of that time he was paid three hundred dollars a month to finish putting in machinery and run the same from San Francisco to Sacramento. February 1, 1851, he started for the mines, on the north fork of Yuba River, Poverty Bar, and worked three months. He then returned to San Francisco and placed his money in the bank, and continued his trade of machinist and blacksmith, receiving eight dollars a day for several months. He then moved to Bidwells Bar, and embarked in mining, re- maining there until the first of June, 1852. On the discovery of the " Rich Bar diggings," on Butte Creek, he proceeded there, but remained only a short time, having but little success. He drew his money out of Adams Express Company's Bank only a few days before that institution failed. He then removed to Scotts Bar on the north fork of the Yuba, and con- tinued mining, having to put in a flume, and paid one hundred dollars per thousand for the lumber, and then carrying it one mile from the top of the mountain. Having finished the construction of the flume he proceeded to work, and washed one pan of dirt, which cleared him sixty dollars. A heavy storm coming on the river rose to a torrent, and the trees floating down carried away his flume. Mr. Brown again found himself financially ruined and fifty dollars in debt. Borrowing some money he again returned to Bidwells Bar, where he got employment in a saw mill at one hundred and fifty dollars a month. He remained there until the spring of 1853, the company then failing. He then started a blacksmith shop at Bidwells Bar under the firm name of Brown & Spear, continuing until 1854, when he was burned out, again losing nearly everything. He then mined awhile at a new digging called " Sky High," meeting with good success, and then bought an interest in a hotel, the " Mountain House No. 1," eighteen miles from Bidwells Bar, and followed this with good success until the following spring, and then sold out. He then bought a train of pack mules, which he 396 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. ran for three years. He followed mining and running hotel until 1860, when we next find him erecting a quartz mill at Bull Frog, Plumas County, running it but a short time. He again bought a lot of pack mules, and continued packing until 1864. He then moved to Indian Valley, Plumas County, and started a blacksmith shop, and here he continued until 1874. He then sold out on account of ill-health, and moved to Napa Valley, locating in Calistoga, and continued at his trade, and in 1876 bought his present property, erecting thereon the buildings he now occupies, and is now doing a prosperous business. Mr. Brown married in Taylorville, Plumas County, in March, 1869. BUSSENIUS, H. R. The subject of this sketch was born in Hanover, Germany, Province Hanover, August 31, 1820, and there received his edu- cation at the Gymnasium in Luneburg, and afterward graduated from the Johanneum College, in the spring of 1840. The following five years Mr. Bussenius spent in visiting different parts of the globe, arriving in San Diego in March, 1841, and spent some two years on this coast and in Central America. In 1845 he returned to his native country. He graduated as apothecary in Hanover, and engaged in the drug business for three years. In February, 1848, Mr. Bussenius again crossed the ocean to America, first locating in Wisconsin, and engaged in farming, where he resided for one year ; but the climate proving too cold and severe for him, he then, in com- pany with his brother, started for California, crossing the plains and arriv- ing September 20, 1849, and first located in Nevada County, where he was engaged in mining, and afterward in a drug store in Nevada City, until 1873. We next find Mr. Bussenius in St. Helena, Napa County, engaged in his present business of druggist, on the corner of Main street and Railroad avenue. Mr. Bussenius was united in marriage 'in Nevada County, at Blue Tent, December 26, 1861, to Miss Johanna Gebhard, daughter of Mrs. Dr. Pfeiffer Stone, Oakland, a native of Mainz, Germany. The names of their children are Robert, Adolph, Lillie, and Ernst. BRUN, JEAN ADOLPH. This gentlemen, whose portrait appears in the body of this work, was born in France, July 25, 1845, and is the son of Jean Brun and Jeanne Delphine Delaveaux. He resided in France until 1872, having had much experience in his native country in wine, cider, and oil making. In the last-named year he came to Montreal, Canada, where he remained for fourteen months, being engaged in the manufacture of pho- tographic materials. He then went to England, and after a stay of thirty days in that country he sailed for Australia. Here he engaged in the same business, and continued in it for eight months. In September, 1874, he came to California, and shortly afterward came to Napa County, and began as a laborer, being engaged in several cellars as wine-maker. In 1877 he Biographical SketcJies. 397 formed a partnership with Mr. Jean Chaix, and began his wine cellar at Oakville, a full description of which will be found in the proper place. In 1870 Mr. Brun took an active part in the great Franco-Prussian war, being in the service for a period of sixteen months. He was married October 23, 18S0, to Miss Emma Mermoud, who was born in San Francisco, September 10, I860. BERINGER, JACOB L. Was born in Mainz, Germany, May 4, 1845, and is the son of Louis and Marie Gruber Beringer. He resided at his birth- place until he was twenty years of age, receiving in the meantime his edu- cation and also learning the cooper's trade and wine-making. In 1865 he wont to Berlin and there took charge of a wine cellar for Messrs. Tim & Kloske, in which capacity he spent two years. In 1867 he went back to Mainz and took charge of the wine cellar of J. A. Harth & Co., where he had learned his trade. In 1868 he came to New York and was engaged by Truchess & Winkenbach as foreman in their wine cellar and remained with them for one year. He then opened a depot for German wines and the famous seltzer water, which he maintained until 1872. He then came to California and took charge of Charles Krug's wine cellar and retained that position until 1878. In 1877 he erected his present cellar, and in the fol- lowing year he moved upon his place and has since then been engaged in the manufacture of wine. A full description of the place will be found elsewhere. The senior member of the firm is Frederick Beringer, the well- known malt dealer of No. 40 Whitehall street, New York. Mr. Beringer was elected to a position on the Board of Trustees of St. Helena in 1878. He was married April 5, 1879, to Miss Agnes Tscheinig, a native of Austria, who w r as bom February 19, 1853. They had one child, which died in' its infancy. BATEMAN, JOHN. This respected citizen of Napa County is a native of Jefferson County, New York, and was born October 29, 1821. At the age of ten years, his parents moved to Herkimer County, same State, where the subject of this sketch was educated, and employed on his father's farm until March 4, 1849. On that date he sailed from New York, via Vera Cruz, for the land of gold, arriving in San Francisco in June of the same year. He first found employment in Sutter's saw mill, El Dorado County, for a short time, receiving in compensation twenty dollars per day. Mr. Baternan, thinking this was making money too slow, embarked in min- ing, in which he was successful ; and in September, 1850, he returned to his home in the East, where he sojourned for four months. He returned to San Francisco, and in 1854 paid another visit to his home in the East. This time he was married, and after a stay of eighteen months, once more returned to this coast, locating in Big Valley, Lake County, and engaged in 398 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the dairy business, which he successfully prosecuted for ten years. April, 1866, found Mr. Bateman located in Napa Valley, engaged in agricultural pursuits ; and in the spring of 1880 he purchased his present valuable farm of one hundred and thirty -six acres, and is now chiefly engaged in vinicul- ture. Mr. Bateman was united in marriage in Herkimer County, New York, in February, 1855, to Mrs. Catherine Willoughby, a native of that State, and by this union they have one son, Henry. BELL, ROBERT B. Was born on Prince Edwards Island, Dominion of Canada, November 10, 1854, and remained in his birthplace until he was eighteen years of age. He then came to California, arriving on this Coast in June, 1873, and first located in Aptos, Santa Cruz County. Remain- ing there but a short time, he, in the following September, moved to Napa County and to St. Helena. He first found employment on a dairy ranch, where he remained about eighteen months, and then accepted a situation as salesman in D. B. Carver's store, a position he held almost two years. His next move was to Watsonville, Santa Cruz County, where he was a member of the firm of Grant & Co. in the livery business, and in this firm he con- tinued for two years. At the end of this time he returned to St. Helena, and again to his former position as clerk for D. B. Carver. August 20, 1879, Mr. Bell, in company with C. N. Hale, opened their now extensive grocery business, under the firm name of Hale & Bell, and is now enjoying a good patronage, and the confidence of the whole community in which he lives. Mr. Bell was united in marriage in St. Helena, March 4, 1881, to Miss Eva F. Risley, a native of St. Helena, California. BENNETT, JAMES N. Was born in Clermont County, Ohio, April 7, 1816. In 1841 he moved to Illinois, and in 1851 he crossed the plains with ox teams to California, arriving in Sonoma Valley September 19th of that year. He first located at Sonoma, where he spent one year. He then went to Bennett Valley, being the first settler in the valley and the man for whom it was named. In 1857 he moved two miles below Santa Rosa, and in No- vember, 1859, he moved to his present place, two miles north of Calistoga which consists of ninety-six acres, a portion of which is in vineyard. He was married October 28, 1841, to Miss Catherine Clark, a native of Clermont County, Ohio. Their children are, Thomas J., Reuben W., Isaac N, Harriet T., now Mrs. Northupp, Junius J., Laura A. and Oliver P. BARNETT, JESSE. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Johnson County, Kentucky, February 25, 1826, where he lived until 1831. In that year his parents moved to Missouri and settled in what was then Jackson County, now Van Buren County, where they remained until 1836. In that year they removed to Scioto County, "faMiJL Biographical Sketches. 399 Ohio, where he resided until he started for California, which occurred in 1854. He crossed the plains and on his arrival in this State he immediately proceeded to Pope Valley, and in the fall of 1855 Mr. Barnett settled on his present ranch of one thousand acres, and is engaged in general farming and stock raising. He was married September 28, 1848, to Miss Lavina Clark, who was born in Lawrence County, Ohio, January 16, 1828, and by this union they have seven living children : Elias J., Mary E., James P., William A., Jesse W., Samuel P. and Margaret L. BURGESS, CHARLES M. Son of Luce and Wealthy Huntsley Bur- gess, was born in Ontario County, New York, August 11, 1836, where he resided until he was twenty-two years of age. He then sailed from New York January 16, 1858, for the Golden State, coming via Panama, and arriving in the metropolis of the Pacific Coast February 18th of the above year. Remaining in San Francisco a short time, he went to Butte County and engaged in mining, and prosecuted that business for two years. We next find Mr. Burgess in San Francisco, in the employ of Mr. Lusk, then proprietor of a livery stable, and he remained in this place for eighteen months. He next entered the employ of Connor & Nye, working in their livery stable for a short time, and next was secured by the proprietor of the Cliff House, as manager of the stable and sheds connected with that famous resort, a position he filled some fifteen years. The subject of this sketch in 1868 paid a visit to his home in the East, where he remained some three months and was there married. He then, with his bride, returned to this coast, and in 1870 bought the property where he resides, consisting of one hundred and thirty-seven acres, situated four miles south-east of Calistoga. He did not, however, take up his residence here until 1880. He is now ex- tensively engaged in viniculture, having some sixty acres of vines. Mr. Burgess was united in marriage in Ontario County, New York, August 5, 1868, to Almira C. Harmon, a native of that State. Their children are, Wilfred H, born July 10, 1870 ; Gracie W., born September 19, 1872 ; Cora S., born August 2, 1874 ; Edna M., born December 30, 1875. BURBANK, CHARLES HENRY, (deceased). Was born in Chautau- qua County, New York, August 7, 1825. Came to California in 1850, and settled in the Sacramento Valley, where he resided for some time. He then moved to Yolo County, where he followed farming until 1874, when he moved to Chiles Valley, and continued farming until his death, which oc- curred November 30, 1880. He was married October 29, 1875, to Miss Clara Wescott. She still resides on her birthplace, where she was born July 16, 1857. They had three children, John Albert, born August 29, 1876 ; George Henry, born August 11, 1878 ; Lena May, born January 14, 1881. 400 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. BIGGS, EBENEZER. Was born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1826, and is the son of James and Sarah Wilkins Biggs. At the age of seven years, he, with his parents, emigrated West, and settled in Franklin County, Ohio, where he resided till he was twenty-one years of age. In 1846, at the age of twenty years, he took a drove of cattle, two hundred head, from Columbus* Ohio, to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and was probably the first who, at such an early age, was entrusted with a charge of such a nature. In 1848, he went to Louisville, Kentucky, from thence to New Albany, Indiana, and, in connection with Hugh Wilkins, opened an upholstery shop, fitting up several steamers then running on the river. On the occasion of General Taylor's journey to Washington to occupy the Presidential chair, he was one of the party who went down the river from Louisville to escort the General to that place. In February, 1849, he joined Capt. Hervey's emigrant company, and was a mem- ber of the detachment sent to Missouri to purchase stock. In the same month he went to Boonville, and there went into the country and bought forty mules ; remained one month, and then proceeded to Independence. On this trip occurred Mr. Bigg's first experience in camp-life, and with coyotes. On Sunday, April 29, 1849, the party started in earnest from St. Joseph for California, making fifteen miles on the first day, and that night he was elected wagonmaster. On the day before arriving at Blue River, six of the six-mule teams ran away, killing a man before they were gotten under control. While at Blue River a storm arose, forcing the men in charge of an ox-team that happened to be camping near by, to corral their cattle, the noise of which led the guard of Mr. Bigg's company to imagine they were attacked by In- dians. He gave the alarm, and called up all hands. One of the men, in tak- ing his gun from the wagon, in some manner knocked the hammer, causing the weapon, loaded with buckshot, to be discharged, the charge entering the head of and killing a man, who was at a distance of thirty yards. Mr. Biggs' experience with firearms was limited, so he armed himself with what in his hands was a more destructive weapon, an axe, remarking, " Boys, you shoot 'em down and I'll cut off their heads." At Deer Creek the captain of the train took charge of a team, and while going down a hill the mules became frightened and started to run. In attempting to check them the Captain was thrown down and severely injured. His daughter (Mrs. Lieutenant Thompson), jumped from the wagon, one of the wheels running over and cutting off a part of her ear. At Fort Laramie Mr. Biggs and others withdrew from the company, and with one team came through to California, arriving at Sacramento August 27, 1849. Mr. Biggs here disposed of his team and as driver went into the employ of the purchaser. This was the first team ever driven on the west side of the river from Sac- ramento to Clear Creek. In six weeks he cleared one thousand dollars in trading, etc. On his first trip he paid five dollars for a meal consisting of Biographical Sketches. 401 crackers, bacon and three eggs, the eggs being charged for at the rate of one dollar each — a fact which caused Mr. Biggs to open his eyes in astonishment, inasmuch as, in the place from whence he came, eggs were retailing at three cents per dozen. Nevertheless, the bill was paid without a murmur, an«l our hero proceeded on his way, a wiser if not a richer man. From Sac- ramento he went to Deer Creek, back to Sacramento, and then to Weaver- town, remaining at the latter place during the winter of 1849-50. Leaving Weavertown, he hired out as teamster at Coloma. Greenwood Valley was his next objective point, at which place he entered the general merchandise business in partnership with a Mr. Brown. In 1851 the partnership was dissolved, and Mi'. Biggs went into the packing and teaming business with Samuel Ringold. Having disposed of this, they opened a livery business in Sacramento, and in a few months Mr. Biggs became sole proprietor. Was burned out in 1854. In 1856 he took charge of a stable at Folsom and re- mained three years. In 1859 he came to Napa, and in the fall of that year opened the American Stables, on the corner of Brown and Third streets. In two years he was at his old vocation of teaming, which, together with contracting, he has since followed. In 1872 he was elected Marshal of Napa City, being the first such officer of the town. Although Mr. Biggs is an ardent admirer of the fair sex, and has ever been most gallant to them, yet he has proved callous to their wiles and remains a single man. BARTH, G. Whose portrait appears in the body of this work, was born in the Kingdom of Saxony, Germany, November 16, 1821, and is the youngest child of John and Henrietta Mellor Barth. His father had a fine estate, and his dwelling was a castle. He first had a private tutor, and at the age of fourteen entered the high school, which he attended for two years. He was then sent by his father to super- intend a large farming interest, where he remained for two years. He then became administrator for several wealthy gentlemen. In 1854 he be- came the owner of a large tract of land, and then, on account of failure of crops, he lost everything he had. In 1859 he came to America, arriving in San Francisco May 15th of that year. He spent the first two months in this State in visiting all the prominent places in it, in company with the Austrian Consul, Edward Vischer, General Cipriana, and Adolph Thomal. He then went to San Mateo County, and began working on a farm for Mr. Topas, where he remained for one year. He then came to Napa County, and began working on a farm owned by Mr. Osborne, where he labored faithfully until 1861. In October of that year he was married, and began keeping a small boarding-house, which he continued until 1870. In that year he went to Europe on a commission from Governor H. H. Haight, in the behalf of the agricultural interests of California, where he had a pleasant 26 402 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. time, and was well received by the representatives of the different coun- tries. He spent four months in Europe, and then returned, and has since paid his attention chiefly to agricultural pursuits. He has a tract of three hundred and twenty acres in the redwoods above the Hudeman place, where he has a fine elk park ; also, four hundred and sixty acres of what is known as the Salvador Vallejo Ranch, on which he has one hundred and fifty acres of bearing vines, and twenty-five acres of young vines, and two fine wine- cellars, a full history of which will be found in the proper place. In Sanel Valley he has a tract of one thousand four hundred and forty acres, which is wheat land and a sheep ranch, and he is now planting vines upon it. He has a fine brewery, also, a history of which will be found elsewhere. In 1880 he was a member of the City Council of Napa, one of the trustees of the Bank of Napa, chairman of the finance committee of said bank, and interested in the general advancement of the county and city. He was married October 16, 1861, to Mrs. Mary Pheffer Shepherd, relict of Joseph Shepherd. They had one daughter, who died in 1878. BOYCE, WILLIAM P. The subject of this sketch was born in Balti- more, February 8, 1807, and is consequently now in his seventy-fifth year. At the age of fifteen he moved with his parents to Cincinnati, Ohio, and in that city learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, at which he worked about eight years. He then, with his parents, moved and settled in Saint Clair County, Illinois, where he continued at his trade until April 4, 1832. He then enlisted in the Third Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, and took part in the Black Hawk War, serving for two years. After leaving the army he traveled through several States, and finally settled in Shellsburg, Wisconsin, and from that place, April 19, 1850, he started across the plains for Cali- fornia, first locating in this State at Hangtown, now Placerville, where he remained a short time. He then followed mining at different places until 1866, when he moved to Napa County, locating in Knights Valley, then in Napa County, now in Sonoma, where he remained for two years. He then moved to Calistoga, and purchased his present homestead in 1876. He was elected to the office of Constable and has held the office of Deputy Sheriff for three successive terms. Mr. Boyce was married in Petersburgh, Illinois, March 14, 1839, to Susan A. Reed, who was born in Kentucky. By this union they have three living children : William E., Mary L. and Jane F. BUTTON, J. A. Was born in Monroe County, Kentucky, February 12, 1840, and resided in his native State until his thirteenth year, when, with his parents, he moved to Scotland County, Missouri, and there he lived until 1867. He then moved to Lawrence County, that State, where he remained until 1873, in which year he came to California and settled in Elmira, Solano County, and there began farming which he followed until 1880. Biographical Sketches. 403 He then moved to his present place in Wooden Valley, Napa County, where he is now following the same business. Mr. Button married November 11, 1861, Miss M. E. Tillotson, who is a native of Scotland County, Missouri, born September 27, 1843, and by this union they have eight children: Robert A., born August 3, 1862 ; Lubena I., born April 28, 1864 ; Martha 0., born November 11, 1866; Ellen, born October 15, 1871; William D., born October 28, 1873; Lydia, born June 25, 1875; George T., born May 30, US77 ; James W., born May 20, 1879. BROWN LEE, ROBERT. Emigrated to America in 1836, and settled in the city of New York, where he sojourned four months, working at his trade of stone-cutter. In September of that year he proceeded to North Carolina, and was employed for thirteen months in the capital of that State ; at the expiration of which he moved to Arkansas, arriving in Little Rock on Christmas day, 1837. He there prosecuted his calling for four years, working on the Capitol and State Bank, when he embarked in the cultiva- tion of land. In 1848 he retired from the occupation of farming, and commenced prospecting for lead, getting blown up during this employment. Mr. Brownlee was a resident of the State of Arkansas altogether thirteen years. In 1849 the world was set agog by the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia, and he was one of the many hardy sons of toil who crossed the plains, enduring all its hardships, hoping occasionally against hope, and put- ting aside any knowledge of fear, laboring incessantly to buoy up those who were bordering on despair, allaying the woes of the suffering, and cheering the despondent. In this year, after a journey occupying six months and a half, coming by way of Santa ¥6, this band crossed the Colorado River in the latter end of August, and entered California, the land of promise, on the first day of September, 1849. For days before this event, water with them had been scarce, the canteens which they wore slung over their shoul- ders being nearly empty ; at last, however, pools of water were discovered, and he, riding at the head of the cavalcade, was the first to lave his parched throat with the wearily looked-for liquid. Dipping his pan deep into the pool, to procure the water in its coolest state, he found it on drinking to be potently charged with alkali ; to resort to the first rude method of counter- action, namely, the eating of quantities of fat pork, was the work of a moment, and he recovered ; not so two of the others, who, even when cau- tioned, recklessly partook of the beverage, both dying in great suffering on the evening of the same day. They were buried by their comrades, while one of the number, gifted above his fellows with the power of speech, offered up a prayer at their graves, which, for impressive eloquence, Mr. Brownlee asserts he has never heard equalled. From the oldest to the youngest there was not a dry cheek. Let us now follow the fortunes of Mr. Brownlee. He 404 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. arrived in Mariposa County in the first rains. He labored in the mines for six days, in the first hour and a half of which he dug up $80 worth of ore, his only implements being his jack-knife and tin pan. This was in Octo- ber, 1849. With this sum he entered into partnership with John W. Clarke, of Vermont, who had also been moderately lucky, purchased a team of six pack-mules, and commenced what is known as a " packing " business, be- tween Stockton and Ajuafria, two towns one hundred miles apart. The first trip took these two pioneers some six weeks to accomplish. The roads were so bad from the excessive rains that the hardships endured were sufficient to deter men of less perseverance. Always, at their destination, however, such matters were treated lightly, for, after all, their business prospered, and miners would pay SI. 25 per pound for tea and flour, while other necessa- ries commanded as high a price. Mr. Brownlee thus describes some of his experiences on this eventful first trip. On leaving the Stanislaus River, an eight-mule team, drawing a boiler, was come up with, but such was the de- plorable state of the roads that mules, boiler, and truck had sunk into the mud, nothing being left to view but the heads of three mules and the high- est point of the boiler. Here was a fix. What was to be done ? Quick of resources, desperation lending wit to native acumen, the teamsters inconti- nently drove their animals on to the boiler, from which perch they daintily picked their steps on to the backs of their less fortunate brethren, one after the other, until once more terra firma was regained. There were four of these adventurers — James McVicar, Mr. Brownlee, his partner, and a negro. During a blinding snow storm they proceeded onward, and arrived at Dry Creek, where each mule had to be repacked, the cargo having shifted, on account of the many slips and falls which the quadrupeds had sustained. On relieving them of their burdens and placing the sacks of flour on the clay, the first two tiers sank out of sight, causing no inconsiderable damage. There was not the wherewithal to build a fire whereby food might be pre- pared, so they supped on flour, mixed with water and raw fat pork. Cold and hungry, they lay on the saddle blankets, striving to wheedle the gentle goddess — the four of them — Mr. Brownlee next to the negro. During the night the snow and sleet ceased, and a hard frost set in, making the cold intense. The water in a pair of long boots, the property of the darkey, froze to a solid mass, which was not perceived until he had tried to put them on ; but, whether on account of the size of his feet or the frigidity and rigidity of the ice, they would not be coaxed into their proper resting place till thawed by the water of a convenient stream. The morning, how- ever, lent a brighter aspect to the state of things, for daylight showed where fuel was to be obtained ; a hearty meal was made off coffee and flapjacks, which they enjoyed, for, on the principle of hunger being the best sauce, McVicar would now and again observe " Eh, man, Bob, but aren't they Biographical Sketches. 405 good \ " On the following day the Tuolumne River was gained, in another snow storm, they camping in a " wash " of the river. This night a splendid tire was built. Three large trees, which were lying in the bed of the now dry stream, were piled over with brush and set alight, while the banks gave shelter from the driving sleet and snow ; and comparative comfort, with a certain amount of satisfaction, was being taken out of the burning mass of timber, some forty feet in length. Of a sudden, without the slightest warn- ing, their gigantic hearth was seen to float away ; the water rose with in- credible speed, so that they were wet to their waists while securing their packs. At length all was made snug, and the quartette, climbing up to the fork of a tree, out of the reach of the now rushing stream, in the driv- ing snow, philosophically awaited the dawn of day. Of such were the hardships endured on this memorable journey. In the spring of the year 1850 the subject of our sketch established a store, having a mule team in connection therewith. The former combined all the min- ing luxuries of a boarding-house, ten-pin alley and card-room, as well as the agency for Adams' Express. At the time when the first snow fell Mr. Brownlee found himself with a large accumulation of staple goods, for which there would be a ready market ; he therefore turned out his animals to pasture on what was known as the Texine Ranch, when one day he was informed that a force of Indians had been seen driving them off. This was a cause of the hastening of another Mariposa War. On the receipt of this intelligence Major Burney, then Sheriff of the county, raised a company of twenty-two volunteers, started in pursuit, and, overtaking the Indians, engaged them for three or four hours, when they fled, leaving behind them partially eaten portions of the beasts, which had been cooked between the time of their capture and the conflict. At this juncture the war had assumed proportions which were likely to develop. The Major, therefore, appealed to Governor Burnett, at San Jose', for aid, when he despatched Neely Johnson to organize three companies of militia in Mari- posa County, Mr. Brownlee being sutler of the battalion, and as such he found himself possessed of a large amount of scrip paid to him by the force, which he wished to have recognized by the officers of the State. To gain this was the object of his first visit to Vallejo in 1851, on which occasion he remained only two months, returning to Mariposa County, and thereafter visited Sacramento in 1852 on the same errand, after which he once more went back to Mariposa, wound up his affairs, and started to return to Scot- land, but having missed the steamer from San Francisco to Panama, he re- mained for three weeks in Vallejo. On the first day of March, 1852, Mr. Brownlee sailed from San Francisco, visiting en route Arkansas and Ken- tucky, where he met his wife, went to Scotland, but in two months from his arrival, having visited a few of the most noteworthy places in his native 406 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. land, once more turned towards the United States and landed in New York, where he was married soon after his arrival. In October, 1852, we find Mr. Brownlee on his second voyage to California, on this occasion accompanied by his bride and his brother, his wife and son traversing the route, not by the plains, as he had done three years before, but by the more pleasant and swifter one of Panama, arriving in San Francisco in the end of No- vember, and, having pleasant recollections of Vallejo, immediately there- after proceeded thither, where both families located in December, ]852. Early in the next year he commenced farming and a dairy business on a small scale, purchased a tract of fifty acres of land two miles north of the town limits, which he afterwards exchanged with General John B. Frisbie in 1857 for his present place, now in Napa County, but which was then in that of Solano. Since his arrival, up to the present time, Mr. Brownlee has been inseparably connected with Vallejo and its associations, and though he does not reside in the county, he is still spoken of by all as the most reliable source of information in regard to the doings in early days. His residence is a magnificent two-storied building, having rooms of fine pro- portions, situated about fourteen miles from Vallejo ; he farms over one thousand one hundred acres of land, six hundred and fifty being in Solano County, while this season he has under wheat and barley no less than one thousand one hundred acres. The line of railroad to Sacramento from South Vallejo passes his gate, while there is an averagely good road to his dwelling. A more genial companion, a better citizen or hospitable host does not exist than Robert Brownlee. He was born at Bunkle, in the parish of Cambus- nethen, in the County of Lanark, Scotland, in 1813, married Annie Lamont, October 24, 1852, born in Tamhorn, in the Carse O'Gowrie, Perthshire, Scotland, in 1834, by whom he has Robert A, born October 14, 1853, (the first white boy born in Vallejo); Mary J., born August 1, 1855; Margaret R, born June 4, 1857 ; Gracie A., born July 10, 1862 ; George, born Feb- ruary 23, 1864 ; William, born November 25, 1866, died March 17, 1868 ; and Frederick J., born August 19, 1870. BAXTER, TURNER G. Was born in Adair County, Kentucky, Jan- uary, 10, 1821. He resided at his birthplace until he was fifteen years of age, when he started out into the world to do for himself. His first move was to go to Sangamon County, Illinois, ascending the Sangamon River in the little steamer " Talisman," which was the first steamboat that had ever plowed the bosom of that stream. In going up the Sangamon River, they were detained by a mill-dam across the river. There he made his first acquaintance with that good man, Abraham Lincoln, who was clerking in a grocery store, and he will never forget how he looked. This was in a little village by the name of New Salem, twenty miles below Springfield, and the mill belonged to a man by the name of Cameron. This was in Biographical Sketches. 407 1836. He remained here for three years, learning the cabinet and carpenter's trade in the meantime. In 1839 he moved to Jackson County, Missouri, where he had an uncle living, and was engaged chiefly, during his brief sojourn in that locality, in journey work. He then went to Piatt's Purchase, on the north side of the Missouri River, where he spent two winters. His next move was to Louisiana, Missouri, where he followed his trade until March 15, 1849, when he started across the plains, with ox teams, for the land of gold. He arrived at Sacramento, September 15th of that year. Here he met an old friend, Mr. Martin, and they proceeded to Readings Springs, and started a trading post. But this was of short duration, and on the 13th day of November, 1849, in company with Dr. Brackett, he first set foot within the limits of Napa City. He at once opened a grocery store and saloon, which he continued till the following spring. He then built the Valley House Hotel, which was situated on the ground now oc- cupied by David L. Haas' store. After conducting this enterprise but a short time he sold out, with the intention of going East, but the cholera was very bad at the Isthmus just at that time, so he abandoned the idea. In the summer of 1850 he purchased the steamer " Dolphin," in San Fran- cisco. He took her to Benicia, and after undergoing repairs, put her on the Napa River route. This was the pioneer steamer of Napa, and the first one that ever came up the river. At first he made trips between Napa and San Francisco, but soon changed his terminal point to Benicia, being thus able to make close connections with the river steamers in both directions. At the end of two years he sold the " Dolphin," and again engaged in the hotel-keeping business at his old stand. This he'followed but a short time, when he went upon the steamer " Jack Hays," which was soon afterwards sold. During all this time he had not been neglectful of his best financial interests, but had purchased several lots in Napa City and had erected thereon several buildings. In 1856 he went to South America, seeking a suitable place to run a steamboat. At Valparaiso he secured the exclusive right to run a tow-boat about the harbor for twenty years, but the enter- prise was soon abandoned. He then returned to Napa and opened the Valley House restaurant, which he conducted for one year. In 1860 he began work for the California Steam Navigation Company, and ran on the Napa River in their employ for three years. He then ran awhile on the Sacramento River for the company, and then took charge of a boat plying between Napa and Vallejo, in opposition to the railroad: He remained in the employ of this company until 1870. In 1874, in company two others, he bought the steamer " Vaquero," and ran it between San Francisco and Napa for one summer, and then sold her. In 1877 he was on the steamer 'Princess " for one summer, and since that time Mr. Baxter has been engaged at the carpenter's trade. 408 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. BOOTHE, JEDEDIAH. Was born January 17, 1854. In 1867 he came with his parents to California, and settled in Suisun Valley, where he remained till the fall of 1871. He then moved to Chiles Valley, and settled two miles above the mill. In 1877 he went to the Sacramento Valley and farmed till the fall of 1880, when he returned to Chiles Valley and settled on his present place, comprising eight hundred and forty -five acres, and is engaged in farming. He was married November 25, 1879, to Miss Carrie A. Simmons, a native of Perry County, Illinois, born August 18, 1856. They have one child, Edwin J., born August 26, 1881. BACHELDER, JOHN. Was born in New Hampshire, March 7, 1817. At the age of twenty he began life for himself. In 1838 he went to Bos- ton, where he was book-keeper in the Middlesex Canal Depot. At the end of three years he became a partner in a similar business enterprise. In 1844 he began the dry goods business in Boston, which he followed for four years. In 1847-8 he invented the Bachelder improvement for sewing ma- chines, which consisted of the yielding presser-foot and feeder. In 1852 he began cotton manufacturing at Lisbon, now Sprague, Connecticut, and continued in that business for sixteen years, and was also in the meantime interested in a woolen mill near Norwich, Connecticut. He came to Cali- fornia in 1873, and in 1875 began the manufacture of wind-mills, etc., at Napa, which he still continues. He was married in July, 1842, to Miss A. Wason. Their children are Herman, Emma L. and Charles S. BEACH, GEORGE H. Bom at New London, Connecticut, October 5, 1817. His father, Chauncey Beach, was born on the fertile banks of the Connecticut River, near Chatham, now changed to Portland. His mother was Mary Holton, born in Winchester, New Hampshire, opposite Brattle- boro, Vermont. His parents moved to New London about the year 1800. In the War of 1812 with England, his father being in the mercantile busi- ness, received the appointment of sutler to that portion of the army sta- tioned at New London. At a time when there was danger of the landing of the enemy at Light-house Point, he locked up his store, volunteered his services with hundreds of others, and joined the ranks of a company, stand- ing guard on his turn, until such time as the British withdrew to a point nearer New York. Just prior to their withdrawal they threw ball and shell all one night into the American camp, located near the shore, at the junction of Long Island Sound and the Thames River. At a moment when the shell were falling thickest, one volunteer, named Charles Louden, who had never before been under fire, in his fright, slipped unseen out of camp, and jumped a stone wall, dropping one foot into an iron pot of hot soup, which the mess-cook was preparing for a midnight serve-up to those on duty. The moment the cook saw the foot go into his hot soup, he called out, " Take your foot out of that pot ! " The man obeyed promptly, leaving Biographical Sketches. 409 a portion of the flesh of his foot in possession of the cook. From that time on, that became a lasting by-word : " Take your foot out of that pot ! " When a man stepped where he should not, or sat where he should not, or slipped and fell on the ice, Charlie Louden's memory had to suffer. On the withdrawal of the British from New London, Mr. Beach's father resumed his business as sutler. In the year 1821, when Mr. Beach was four years old, his father died, leaving six children, three daughters and three sons. At the age of sixteen, Mr. Beach left school, accepting a position with Mr. Charles C. Williams as bundle carrier, or youngest clerk, in the dry goods' business. After some two years' experience in the business, having become a salesman, he accepted a position with Messrs. William A. Buckingham & Co., Norwich, Connecticut, with whom it may be properly said he finished his business education. This firm were wholesale and retail dry goods' men and carpet manufacturers, sending hundreds of rolls of carpeting to New York annually. Mr. William A. Buckingham will be remembered as Governor Buckingham, and was called in the time of the Rebellion the " Connecticut War Governor." That State had long been Democratic ; Governor Buckingham's great popularity elected him at the very outset of the Rebellion ; and his great popularity and ardent support of Mr. Lincoln, our President, remodeled the politics of the State, carrying it over to the Republicans. Mr. Buckingham held the Governorship until the close of the Rebellion, when he was elected United States Senator. And at just about this time, Mr. Beach being at the Calaveras Big Trees, named one, the largest and handsomest tree, then unnamed, "Governor Buckingham;" and, on his return to San Francisco, sent up a marble tablet engraved, which was spiked to the tree, and remains now in good condition. It was some two years before Mr. Buckingham learned who his great admirer and friend in this transaction was, when he wrote to Mr. Beach acknowledging his ap- preciation of the act. Mr. Buckingham is now with Abraham Lincoln, and leaves a name only second to his, except it be that of George Washington, to whose memory all do homage. In 1845, Mr. Beach entered into the dry goods business in Norwich, with Mr. James B. Goddard, son of Calvin God- dard, one of Connecticut's most eminent lawyers, under the firm-name of Goddard & Beach. June 1st, Mr. Beach was married to Miss Elizabeth Tracy Morgan, daughter of Dr. Consider Morgan, of East Windsor, Con- necticut, where she was born. Her mother was Miss Lucy Hyde. Dr. Morgan was one of three brothers, all physicians and surgeons and all bear- ing eccentric names — Dwill, Lot, and Consider. Mr. Beach and wife have had bom to them four children, three sons and one daughter, three of whom are now living, and all at home under their paternal roof. The youngest, Carl Morgan, died at the age of sixteen, from injuries received from a fall from hrs horse, and is buried in the Odd Fellow's Cemetery at 410 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. St. Helena. Mr. Beach is an Odd Fellow of many years standing, a present member of the Abou Ben Adhem Lodge, No. 112, San Francisco ; and is a member of the Pioneer Association, that city. To return to Connecticut : w.e should say that after some two years' connection in business with Mr. Goddard,he purchased his interest and received his brother Chauncey as part- ner. About the first of January, 1849, he, by long and close confinement to business, had become somewhat impaired in health, which, together with the exciting news of the discovery of gold fields in California, determined him to change his base of action, and try his luck in the new El Dorado. He sold his interest to his brother. He had a store 20x50 feet framed, with all the materials for completion, with a small stock of merchandise shipped ; part on the bark " Croton," from New York, and the rest on the ship "Mentor," from New London, both vessels sailing the first part of February. At the earliest moment he obtained a through ticket from New York to San Fran- cisco via the Isthmus, for which he paid $300, bid good-bye to his wife and her sister, leaving them in their own pretty home which he had purchased at time of marriage, which has never been parted with to this day, and it is kept in good preservation, yielding a fair interest in rental money. Stop- ping off one day at New London to make a farewell visit to his mother and sisters he pushed off to New York, sailing from there on the steamer "Falcon" February 1, 1849. Was detained about four weeks at Panama, awaiting the steamer " Oregon," which had started in December via Cape Horn. The first part of March his steamer came into port and was immediately filled to overflowing, many paying $300 from Panama up with no berth accommoda- tions, it being understood on the start that they must even furnish their own blankets. Some who had taken tickets with this understanding, resold at $500 and in two or three instances $700 was obtained, those selling awaiting their chance on the next steamer. Among the list of passengers were clergymen, lawyers, physicians, merchants, sea captains and naval officers — between three and four hundred passengers. The ship's boats were filled nights with lodgers. The company was graced with two lady passengers, the wife of Governor Geary and wife of Captain Bezar Simmons. General Geary and Captain Simmons were passengers also. On the first day of April they entered the bay of San Francisco. The " Oregon " was the second steamer which entered the port of San Francisco, the " California " being the first, having preceded the " Oregon " just thirty days, which at the time of the arrival of the " Oregon " lay at anchor with but her officers attached to her, the crew all having run away, as did the crew of the " Oregon." One hundred and fifty dollars a month had to be paid to obtain crews to take these steamers to Panama again and back. At this time San Francisco was mainly a town of canvas tents, and governed by an Alcalde, Doctor Leavenworth holding that posi- Biographical Sketches. 411 tion, succeeded afterwards by Governor Geary. This was John W. Geary, afterwards General Geary, in the Union Army at the time of the Rebellion. On the fourth day after arrival Mr. Beach completed a purchase of a business lot on Sacramento street for $3000, paying $1000 down. On the 7th he started for the southern mines via Stockton, taking a small stock of mining 1 goods with him, and returned to San Francisco last of June, with money sufficient to pay up the balance due on his property, $2000, with sufficient left to pay freights on arrival of his ships. The 4th of July one ship, the •• Mentor," with his stores, came in, and on the 10th the bark "Croton," with merchandise, arrived. In addition to merchandising, Mr. Beach had three consignments of vessels to him sailing from different ports of Connecticut. He purchased invoices of goods brought in by adventurers. He purchased interests in small sail vessels and steamers, receiving the agency and direct- ing their business. Was agent for the ship " Glenmore," running to Pan- ama; the brig "Sarah McFarlain," running to Portland, Oregon; the schooner "Alfred," to the Sandwich Islands, and the steamer "West Point," running between San Francisco and Sacramento. After having passed through two heavy conflagrations, in 1850 and 1851, losing store and heavy stocks, each time suffering heavy losses, a little fortune each time, it may be said, he, on the arrival of his wife, in August, 1851, moved to Marys- ville, Yuba County, where he had a branch store, under the firm of Beach & Brown, and upon investigation Brown was found to be a defaulter in the sum of $10,200. Brown was arrested, but only a small por- tion recovered. About the last of December, 1849, he purchased the steamer " Lawrence,'" and put her on the route between Sacramento and Marysville, and invested considerable money in town property at Marys- ville. In less than one month after disposing of his property in San Francisco and moving to Marysville, his store, as also the whole block, was burned, he saving nothing from it. This was the third conflagration passed through, all within eighteen months, and in those days there was no in- surance to be obtained. By this time Mr. Beach had become discouraged about trade. He was a bold operator, made money in almost every trans- action, but the fiery element was too much for him. By it he had not only lost much of his courage, but much capital which his vessels had been making for him. Joining John Perry, Jr., and Benjamin P. Smith, of San Francisco, and Henry D. Beach, of Sacramento, he opened an office for the purchase of gold dust, then being brought in large quantity, which he shipped to San Francisco, daily, receiving gold coin in return. In a little over one year he had shipped about one and one-half million dollars in gold dust. This went in lots of three, four, five, and even as high as ten thousand dollars some days. Here again Mr. Beach was doomed to loss as well as profit. Having been admonished by physicians that he must desist 412 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. from blowing dust (the only process known then of separating the sand from the gold), he employed a competent clerk — a well-educated young man, a good book-keeper, and son of a Presbyterian clergyman in Ohio. A part of his duty was to sleep in the office, partly as a matter of safety against burglars. This young gentleman, by name Frank Morse, proved too great an expert. He absconded when Mr. Beach was absent, attend- ant upon his wife's illness in San Francisco, robbing the safe of about $4000. This loss fell upon Mr. Beach, as he managed his end of the line upon a special contract of salary, and percentage on amount of pur- chases, he (Mr. Beach) defraying all the expenses at his end of the line. Some three months prior to this loss he had inaugurated the business of Wells, Fargo & Co., taking the business into his dust office. This was in the spring of 1852. Prior to this his dust all went down in the express of Adams & Co., but none through his own agency (Wells, Fargo & Co.) He retained the business of Wells, Fargo & Co. until a Mr. Frank Rumrill offered to do the company's business at a much less price than Mr. Beach was receiving. A compromise was offered to Mr. Beach, but he re- fused to do the business at any less rate, and the business was trans- ferred to Mr. Rumrill, and the result was that in less than two years Mr. Rumrill became a defaulter to the company of about $50,000. All these facts above are provable, and matters of record. Mr. Beach owned a section of land on the Feather River, which he had taken of General John A. Sutter in payment for money loaned him, $5000. In the winter of 1853, gold dust having run up to so high a price in the mines, from $16 to $18, leaving little or no margin to the purchaser, and finding the business of cleansing the gold a positive injury to his health, he gave up the business and moved upon his farm. A year previous he had imported fruit trees of every variety, grapevines and nursery stock on a large scale, laying the foundation for the orchard, vineyard and nursery business, and putting men in charge of the work. This place he named the " New England Garden," and was popularly known all over the State, especially with nurserymen and San Francisco fruit dealers. His first importation of foreign grapevines numbered about fifty varieties, and the second in 1853, twenty-five more, and from this stock he set his vine- yard and grape nursery. The following season he was able to supply the country about him, and even filled orders from San Jose" nurserymen. From this stock came most of the foreign vineyards in the northern portion of this State. His sales of vines and trees extended into all the neighbor- ing counties, even iivto Plumas, Trinity and Siskiyou. In this business Mr. Beach found his search after happiness satisfied, as he thought. He is a great lover of nature. He had got away from fires and dishonest partners and thieving clerks, and he could see no enemy in his path. Biographical Sketches. 413 In this he had to contend with inexperience in the line of business, as also in the nature of the soil and seasons. It was a pioneering undertaking ; but Mr. Beach was not one to hunt difficulties ; he was much more apt to brush them to one side. All seemed a probable success. Mr. Beach studied all the horticultural works he could obtain ; was bold in experimenting, solving problems only to be obtained by experiments. Hundreds profited by Mr. Beach's work. As we have said, his labors seemed to prosper and give the fairest promise, until in 1855, when grasshoppers in myriads for a whole month covered his entire grounds, as did they his neighbors' small grain fields, leaving him not a vestige of fruit for market, and doing thousands of dollars damage to his nursery. In 1856 he harvested a hand- some income from his orchard ; 1857 saw him again perfectly devastated by the same pests. These two years of pests entailed a large outgo, with no income ; 1858 gave him a crop of $20,000, but yet he was behind ; 1859 caught him again, with the same result nearly as in 1855 and 1857. This scourge, together with the floods in his low lands depositing millions of tons of the miners' debris, discouraged him beyond endurance, and he sold out for $17,500, leaving him without a dollar to his name in California, as he devoted the last dollar in liquidation of obliga- tions entailed through these many reverses. In 1857 Mr. Beach was elected a Vice President of the State Agricultural Society; in 1858 he was the Recording Secretary of the same, which constituted him one of the Board of Directors. All the funds of the Society, about $30,000, which came into the Society that year, were received and dis- bursed by him ; he received and deposited with the Treasurer, and no money could be paid out by the Treasurer without the order of the Record- ing Secretary, countersigned by the President. That year, 1858, the Rev. 0. C. Wheeler was Corresponding Secretary. The Society published sta- tistics in book form, of each year, giving the full details of all its doings. That year Mr. Beach received a vote of thanks, and the Society voted him S500 for his services, but the money Mr. Beach did not accept, as the Society really needed it more than he thought he did. In March, 1864, Mr. Beach left Marysville and entered the large commercial house of N. J. Brittanfc Co., wholesale stove and iron merchants, San Francisco, (now Holbrook, Merrill & Stetson), as salesman. Towards the close of the year a friend requested him to call on a large tobacco and cigar firm, who felt anxious to make his acquaintance. He did so, and the result was an en- gagement with them as commercial traveler, and at much increased salary. But a primary object then was a change from an encaged life to one mostly in the open air. The orchard and vineyard business had about spoiled him for an indoor life. He pursued that business for some twelve years, until in the fall of 1876, when by accident he was thrown from a 414 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. buggy, breaking his leg, the femur bone, which laid him up some months, bidding fair to leave him a cripple for life ; but with good coun- sel, a good constitution, a system in the very best of condition, and an iron will within him, he came out of his bed apparently as sound a man as ever, and now, four years after, shows no signs of ever having met with such an accident. On getting out of his bed he determined to travel no more ; and in the spring of 1877 built a store on his property, alongside his residence in St. Helena, Napa County, and filled it with goods which pertain to a stationery, fancy variety store, miscellaneous reading, periodicals, keeping a handsomely assorted stock of between three and four thousand dollars. Arthur B. Beach, his eldest son, is manager of the business. In July, 1877, Mr. Beach took a trip into Puget Sound, Eastern Washington, and Oregon, which restored his impaired health and strength, caused by his long confine- ment from his accident. His trip was a complete success ; he still makes this trip annually. Mr. Beach tells us that he took a lively interest in the organization of the Republican party in his county in 1856, and of the elec- tion of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, organizing clubs in his county, Yuba, and the counties adjoining north of him. He inherited his Whig principles from his father. Was a Whig from the time he had any thought in politics, and so continued until the formation of the Republican party. His first presiden- tial vote was cast for William Henry Harrison in 1840, and with his club sang their popular campaign songs through the canvass. He was one of the seven to organize the First Congregational Church in San Francisco. He organized the first two church choirs that ever sung in this State : that of the First Congregational and First Baptist, both of San Francisco. Also, organized the first choir in Marysville, Yuba County, California : that of the First Presbyterian Church. Mr. Beach never played a game of cards or a game of billiards in his life. Has been, and is, a great lover of music. Had the honor of leading a large choir at the age of twenty. Is a great lover of boating. Being brought up on the Thames River, near Long Island Sound, Connecticut, had the opportunity, and did become an expert both in sailing and rowing a boat. He, when a child, had a perfect mania for the water. Has fallen overboard a dozen times, and was virtually drowned twice. Says he believes drowning must be the easiest death one can die ; but that it is no agreeable time when being brought to. We copy herein from the published history, in book form, of the First Congregational Church, San Francisco, his letter to the trustees on the occasion of the celebration of the golden wedding — the twenty-fifth anniversary of the church. It will be found full of interest and amusing. We also publish a letter from Mr. H. T. Hutchinson to the St. Helena Star, naming Mr. Beach's identity with the early steamboating on the California waters. These seem to be of interest, and in making up his biography, we feel it our duty to Biographical Sketches. 415 bring them in. He could give us items of interest of the pioneer days that would half fill our book, were he disposed to do so. Mr. Beach moved from San Francisco to St. Helena in May, 1872, having purchased a resi- dence on Main street, but a hundred feet from the post-office. His store adjoins his residence. He intends, the coming year, moving his house back, fronting it on Oak avenue, and erecting a building for business purposes on Main Street. This will be the result of a plan laid by him when he first made his purchase ; and all his efforts — his tree planting, etc. — on the Oak avenue end of his property, have been with this result in view. It is said by his friends that he is rather self-confident ; that the law of his being is to conclude whatever he undertakes ; that let him engage in any task, no matter how difficult or how small its worth, he cannot quit it till he has mastered its whole secret, finished it, and made the result of it his own. The following letter of reminiscences was read from George H. Beach, of Napa, one of the original founders of the First Congregational Church, though never connecting himself with its covenant : " Stockton, July 15, 1874. — Rev. A. L. Stone and others : Your note of the 25th ult., extending to me an invitation to be present at your twenty-fifth Anniversary, was duly received, but business engagements will prevent my being present. Allow me to state a few incidents of the pioneer days, perhaps worth treasuring : On leaving New York on the 1st of February, 1849, in the steamer " Falcon," there being on board two ladies, Mrs. John W. Geary and Mrs. Bezar Simmons, sister of Mr. Frederick Bil- lings, I organized a choir composed of those ladies and two or three gentle- men. Judge Geary officiated on the Sabbath, reading the Episcopal Service on the steamer. Rev. Albert Williams, who arrived by the steamer " Cres- cent City " at Chagres about the same time, officiated while we were at Panama, about three weeks. Our choir held together all the time. We came up from Panama on the steamer " Oregon," and came to an anchorage off Saucelito on Sunday, April 1st. The same evening we steamed over to San Francisco, a number of the passengers landing that evening, and the rest next day. We found it mostly a canvas town, but there were some adobe and wooden buildings. The white canvas tents from the previous steamer of the 1st of March were dotted here and there ; and when the tents from our steamer were set up next day, to accommodate about four hundred pas- sengers, it had the appearance of an army having arrived and encamped in the town. There were but very few women there, and, to use the expres- sion of an old schoolmate whom I met for the first time in many years, ' The very ground on which a refined lady trod in San Francisco was almost worshiped.' You may judge that all were anxious to get a sight of the new- comers by our steamer. On the second or third day on shore, while standing 416 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. with Mr. Charles L. Ross, then a merchant, near his door, we noticed a gen- eral rush from the various buildings on the opposite side of the street. We ran out also, and found this exodus had taken place all along the line from both sides of the street. I asked the cause of the alarm from the first man I met, supposing a fire had broken out somewhere. ' Alarm ! ' said he ; ' I guess you've just arrived.' ' Yes, that's so,' said I. ' Well, those two ladies with that gentleman just turning the corner above caused all this excite- ment. It's a very rare thing, sir, to see a white woman on the streets here.' Fifty men or more were then running in the direction the ladies had taken, that they might get another sight at them. The party so curiously observed were John W. Geary, his wife, and Mrs. Simmons. We learned that the Rev. T. Dwight Hunt was holding Divine service in the little 20x30-foot school- house on the public plaza. Having made Mr. Hunt's acquaintance, Mrs. Simmons and the gentlemen of the choir agreed to go in and aid him on the following Sabbath. On that day, the 8th of April, we took our seats as a choir, with our three or four note-books, which we had the thoughtfulness to put in our trunks, and two of which I have at this day. Soon after the singing commenced, the little room being filled, a living girdle began to form around the building, until, when the service had closed, the people — men in all sorts of attire, pants in boots and over boots, with red, blue, white and checkered shirts — had thickened around us to a depth perhaps of twenty to thirty feet. On emerging from the building, I asked if that was a common occurrence, and was told that it was not, but an entirely new feature ; that as soon as the lady's voice had been heard on the outside the news spread like wildfire, and its effect was not lost until it completely broke up, for the time being, the gambling circles around the tables in the famous Parker House, then situated on the east side of the Plaza, where the Hall of Records is now. Even Robert Parker himself, the proprietor, followed the retreating crowd to the school-house. This living mass had been drawn there to get a sight of the newly-arrived lady and to hear the sweet tones of her voice. When told that she was the center of attraction, Mrs. Simmons laughed heartily, and said she would stick to the little school-house as long as her presence proved an auxiliary to Mr. Hunt's labors. But it was not so to be. She was suddenly attacked by typhoid fever, and lived but two weeks, leaving a husband, brother and many fellow passengers to mourn her loss. Here, in justice to every '49er, I will add that never since, in the history of California, has a lady been more safe from the possibility of hearing an offensive word than in those days of chaos — of red shirts and miners' boots. The least insult to a lady then would have brought down a thunder- storm on the perpetrator's head. The roughest seemed to vie with the most refined in striving to do her homage. When I look back through the quar- ter-century to that little school-house, that sentry-box, that dim speck in Biographical Sketches. 417 the horizon, and contrast it with the now effulgent light, shining to all the world, it seems but a dream." The letter in the " Star " concerning Mr. Beach's connections with the steamboats, alluded to above, is as follows : " The Second Steamboat. San Francisco, July 26, 1880. — Editor St. Helena " Star," St. Helena : Dear Sir — Friends at intervals send me your spicy little paper, in the last issue of which I read an account of the first steamboat which plied on the waters of California. And now I will tell you of the second, especially as it relates to an especial friend of mine who is a resident of your town. The news of the great gold excitement reached the East in the fall of 1848. In the spring of 1849, there being a pretty little steamer named ' Lawrence,' measuring about seventy-five tons, plying on the Merrimac River, Massuchusetts, it was purchased by a company numbering sixty-four. They had her taken to pieces ; each piece of wood and every bolt was numbered. They chartered the ship ' Mayflower,' of Boston, in which was shipped all the parts of the little steamer ' Lawrence,' boilers and everything. They shipped their provisions, advertised for and obtained a goodly number of passengers, and sailed for San Francisco, which port they reached in September. After three or four days' investigation, anchor was raised, sail set, and with a fair wind went up to what was then called New York of the Pacific, a town laid out on Suisuin Bay by Colonel Jonathan Stephenson. Here the material, provisions, etc., were all landed, and the steamer set up. About the 1 5th of December she was ready for a trial trip. She was run up to Stockton. On returning she encountered a heavy blow and came near foundering. Discontent immediately took possession of a majority of the company, most of them desiring to give up this enterprise and try their luck in the mines. Captain Oliver Allen and Captain Merri- hue, old acquaintances of Mr. George H. Beach in the East, immediately took the steamer's small boat, reinforcing themselves with two or three others of the company, paddled and sailed to San Francisco, where on arrival they immediately called on Mr. Beach at his store on Sacramento street and stated all the facts to him, informing him that they were empowered to make sale of the steamer for $30,000. Mr. Beach, after an evening's reflection, informed them that he would send sufficient freight by sail- ing vessel to the steamer which would warrant her making a trip to Marysville, and if everything pleased him as regards to the good working order of the steamer, he would likely purchase her. The proposition was accepted. The next day Mr. Beach sent the sloop 'Alfred ' off with fifty tons of freight, more or less. This being transferred at New York of the Pacific, the little steamer pushed out for Sacramento, Mr. Beach, himself, on board. The little ' Lawrence ' had some narrow escapes before she reached Marys- ville, much alarming many of the company. Mr. Beach made money by the 27 418 History of Napa and Lake Counties— N ap a. charter, as he took on board at Sacramento a hundred passengers at twenty- five dollars each, to be landed at Marysville. On the way down, and before reaching Sacramento, Mr. Beach had completed the purchase at $27,000 or $27,500. As soon as he had the papers perfected, he raised the guard of the steamer and added twenty -five feet in length to the bow, making her faster, safe against the rapid currents, and enabling her to carry twenty-five tons more freight. Mr. Beach retained Captain Crosby as her master, and as many others as he desired to remain by her. I was given the posi- tion of clerk at a salary of $250 per month. We made our first trip to Marysville from Sacramento, about the 25th day of December, 1849. The business was a great success for so small a craft. Mr. Beach disposed of three-eighths of her while she was being added to, he retaining the^control- ing interest. He must have made $50,000 out of her earnings before heavy competition made it his interest to sell. But while this pretty little steamer was coining money for him, the conflagration of San Francisco had leveled his building and stock of goods twice, perhaps amounting to $75,000, and in those days no insurance to be obtained. H T. Hutchinson. " P. S. — Captain Oliver Allen, who was the originator of the whale gun, and one of the projectors in this enterprise, was a neighbor of Mr. Beach's in Norwich, Connecticut, and now has one of the largest dairy ranches in California, and is located a little south of Tomales, Marin County, and has made a number of valuable inventions since that of the whale gun. H. T. H." " Since receiving the above we have submitted it to Mr. Beach for his approval. Mr. Beach says the letter is a very correct report, and does not underrate his profits in the steamer or losses by fires ; and adds that the third steamer which went into the Sacramento and Yuba River waters was of his purchase — the steamer ' Phoenix.' Then the fourth, the ' Martha Jane,' also purchased by the Lawrence Steamer Com- pany. The last two were too small for profit — Were purchased simply to prevent competition. The 'Phoenix' was afterwards sold to an association called the Linda Company, as a dredging boat — dredging for gold in the Yuba River — and the ' Martha Jane ' to parties living on the San Joaquin River, near Stockton, for a tow-boat. Judge E. D. Wheeler, now of San Francisco, then a mere lad, was employed as a fireman on the first little steamer, ' Pioneer,' the little steamer preceding those purchased by Mr. Beach. Captain Cornelius Storms, now living in San Francisco, is con- versant with all these facts, as well as Judge Wheeler. Storms was one of the company to bring out the steamer ' Linda,' which, with the splendid steamer ' Governor Dana,' knocked the little steamers off the line." CRANE, GEORGE BELDEN. Whose portrait, at seventy-three years of age, will be found in the body of our work, first saw the light in the Biographical Sketches. 419 State of New York, sixty miles north of the city of that name, and eighteen Bailee east of the Hudson River, in what was then, 1806, Dutchess County, now Putnam. His father was Belden, and grandfathers Zebulon Crane and David Paddock. To follow him in his delineations of the educational facilities, business conveniences, and industries of the people generally, so near the commercial emporium of the nation, we obtain a graphic account of the manners and customs of the people who were familiar, practically, with the hardships of the War of Independence, and their immediate de- scendants. These, when contrasted with the present state of things in those relations, give us in a condensed view a clear idea of our wonderful growth during the six central decades of our country's history from 1820 to 1880. And to follow him in his wanderings after leaving the Empire State at the age of twenty-six, till he became a permanent resident of our El Do- rado, we become familiar with the spirit and instincts which justifies the oft-quoted declaration of Bishop Berkeley : " Westward the Star of Empire takes its way." But preparatory to this, and to show our boys what perse- vering energy can do in achieving a good practical education, with but little of the advantages they now enjoy, we will listen briefly to his recollections of the character of his first " going to school," sixty miles from New York City. The school-house was a mere shanty ; a fire-place in one side, a door in another, a broad plank framed into the other two sides, sloping down towards the center of the room for a writing table, and the central part filled with seats without backs, from eight to twelve feet long, made of slabs brought from his father's saw mill on the west branch of the Croton, the water of which river now supplies the great city of New York. On these seats the little boys and girls would sit, study, go to sleep, fall off, and get whipped for falling, while the larger ones would sit at the writing table, keeping the " master " busy much of the time " mending " their goose-quill pens. He remembers having heard it urged by parents who felt they could not afford their children the use of tallow candles (and no other were known) to study " o' nights," that Martin Van Buren, born and educated not far away, and who had become a great lawyer, used to get " light- wood" to see by in night study. Like about all the boys in the Eastern and Middle States in those early days, he would work on the farm in the summer, after getting old enough to work, till he was fit to enter what is now called a high school ; and the winter after his sixteenth birthday, a certificate of competency from the school inspectors placed him in the proud position of a teacher. The ruling wages for common school teachers at that day was $10 to 812 a month and board. Four years later we find him in the Medical Department of the State University in the city of New York ; then soon a licentiate, practicing medicine and surgery in the central por- tion of that State; then, in 1832, a graduate of that college; then wending 420 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. his way westward, traveling from Albany to Schenectady on the first pas- senger railroad in that State, or in the United States ; then on board a canal boat drawn by horses, at the rate of fifty miles in twenty -four hours, to Buf- falo, at which place he was told that a new town called Chicago, had just started near Lake Michigan, which "might become something of a place," and that he had better go there and grow up with it. He left the steamer at Cleveland, Ohio, however, thinking this Chicago, a name and place of which he never heard before, was too far beyond the limits of civilization. From Cleveland, in 1832, he rode on a boat on the Erie and Ohio Canal, to Chil- licothe, which canal was finished only to* that place, forty miles north of the Ohio ; thence by stage to Portsmouth, the southern terminus of the canal, near the mouth of the Great Scioto River, near where had been, some thirty years before, the Little Scioto Salt Works, about which a few words will show our youth the possibilities within their reach. Four youngsters worked there, relieving each other day and night, keeping up the fires. One of them, " Tom." Ewing, became United States Senator ; another, " Bob " Lucas, Governor of Ohio; another, "Joe" Vance, also became Governor of that State in 1836, and the fourth, his informant, was one of the pioneers in the development of the great iron interests in southern Ohio. They should remember in this connection, President Garfield, at a later date, on the canal tow-path. Here, on the border land, between North and South, he saw cropping out the feud destined thirty years later not only to destroy social harmony, but to convulse our whole political fabric. With the South- ern settlers on the Ohio side, " Yankees " were in bad odor. An old " Tuck- a-ho," as the Southerners were called, without the remotest idea from what State our friend hailed, told him that York Yankees were the meanest kind. He had never before heard the then opprobrious epithet " Yankee " applied to any but New Englanders, save but by English writers. Here (in Scioto County) he followed his profession between four and five years, marrying, meantime, the oldest daughter of Daniel Young, a pioneer from New Hamp- shire to southern Ohio, author, while member of the Senate of the former > State, of the first legislative enactment which separated Church and State in New England, and subsequently a leader in the development of the great iron interest in Ohio, president of the Ohio Iron Company. The health of his wife demanding a change of climate, the winter of 1836 found them in North Alabama, where he continued to live, enjoying the professional pat- ronage and social kindness of a superior class of people, till he found his constitution about broken by hard labor in what was then not only a hot, but a highly malarious climate. Seeking restoration to health in a higher lati- tude, we next find him on the right bank of the Mississippi, in Pike County, Missouri, a place and people made at a later day conspicuous by California emigration. However this distinction originated, or whether creditable or Biographical Sketches. 421 otherwise, he is quite free to confess or boast that for more than a decade of years he was a citizen of a county from which hail such men as United States Senator Henderson, J. O. Broadhead ; the late Republican candidate for Governor, Patrick Dyer ; the present Lieutenent-Governor of that great State, R. A. Campbell ; three Congressmen, and one Presidential Elector, whose name was in everybody's mouth during the Hayes-Tilden imbroglio, besides our own John F. Swift, Commissioner to China. And in this con- nection, while averse to referring to his professional credentials before the public, he states en passant, the fact that while a citizen of Pike County, in 1848, he had, unsolicited, the honor of being one of the two or three phy- sicians of that State on whom the medical department of the University of Missouri conferred the Honorary Degree of M. D. Like other old men with progressive instincts, he likes to compare the past with the present, and draw the contrast. Returning to his native State and county, after twenty years absence, he found the labor of weeks compressed into as many days. Rapid railroad transit to the city had superseded the wagon and the old North River sloop, and we soon find him in this far-away region, encouraging the march of improvement by a substitution here of railroad for wagon and steamboat; but with the preparatory steps to this, begins that future of his his- tory with which Calif ornians are more immediately interested. Succeed- ing generations who will live amidst the splendid surroundings which are destined to distinguish our valley and mountain sides, will be curious to know how their ancestors reached the western coast before its waters were stirred by steam and the thousand of miles of mountain spanned by rail- road. While a vast majority of the early immigrants boldly encountered the hardship of crossing the continent with their teams, others crossed the Lithmus, or sailed " direct," as it was called, though in fact an exceedingly circuitous route "round the Horn." In January, 1853, we find the subject of this narrative, with family and effects, on a staunch thirteen-hundred-ton clipper, sailing far toward the coast of Africa ; then, from a south-east, the good ship "tacks" and takes a south-west direction, and in forty days rounds the " stormy cape ;" seventy days farther sailing their ears were cheered by the welcome words, " Land, ho ! " from the mast-head, the second sight of any portion of old terra in sailing fourteen to sixteen thousand miles. It proved to be Mount St. Helena, our friend little dreaming then that he was destined to assist in pioneering one of the most important industries of the State nearly under its shadows. Turning back, the Farallones were soon in view, and near which the clipper surrendered o a pilot that met and conducted her through the Golden Gate. And here we would gladly indulge in his description of what San Francisco was then, with its surroundings, with the shores of the bay, Oakland, ferry facilities, etc., and contrast with the magnificent proportions to which 422 History of Napa and Lake Counties— Nat a. all these have attained ; but an account of his journey to Santa Clara and San Jose* must suffice for the present. Competition in travel and transpor- tation at that early day protected the public against the robberies of soulless monopolies, and if extortionate prices became unendurable a rival line or business would soon regulate and bring them to a healthy standard, even though great sacrifices were made in bringing things to a proper balance. On the 3d of May, 1853, for twenty-five cents he was taken to Alviso by steamer, and on by stage to San Jose - , the seven miles of staging meander- dering in every direction over the unfenced plains, to find the dry est ground after an unusually wet season, and enabled him to see for the first time the ground-squirrels and coyotes about which he had read and heard so much. At San Jose - he lived and prospered for four years, when, his wife conceiv- ing that the prevalent north winds aggravated her cough, he relinquished the charge of the City and County Hospital and a large private practice, and sought a more healthful change in Napa City. Here the luxuriant growth of Mr. Patchet's vineyard attracted his attention, but his reading of French and German authors on vine culture led him to inquire whether a fine wine could be produced by an adobe or any kind of superior grain- producing soil. It was claimed that vineyard ground should be selected more with reference to the quality of wine it would make than the quan- tity ; that a small crop from land unfit for the production of breadstuffs would command more money than a large one grown on rich land. Com- paring the physical geography of this valley with that of some of the most celebrated vineyard regions of Europe, to which we might superadd our confessedly superior climate, he came to the conclusion that if Nature had specially designed any one spot of earth for vineyard purposes, Napa County had that or those spots. He had noticed in the books that vineyard prop- erty in Europe was regarded as the most reliable for securing a competency for the support of families, and on a large scale for the accumulation of wealth, notwithstanding the frequent failure of crops from frosts, excessive rains, oidium, and other diseases, while General Vallejo assured him that his thirty- year-old vineyard in Sonoma had never failed of a crop and never called for manure. All this, to which he added a very natural desire to engage in a vocation at once as remunerative as his profession, and unlike it — freer from unavoidable hardship and exposure, caused him to turn attention seriously to the question of abandoning the one and engaging in the other. It had not, nor did it on subsequent reflection and inquiry, occur to his mind that native wines might not prove acceptable to palates accustomed only to the imported varieties, and, at the best, that it would be a long time before our wines could figure in the commercial world as a staple commodity — but of that hereafter. The business aspect of the case being settled, a consideration of much graver character arose : Will the addition of an abundant supply of Biographical Sketches. 423 the fermented juice of the grape to the intoxicating distilled liquors in gen- eral use as a beverage increase the amount of drunkenness ? An affirmative answer to that question once established, he held that no conscientious man could feel at liberty to engage in the business. But an appeal to history, sacred and profane, and a reference to the habits and state of temperance of the human family throughout Christendom, clearly led to the conclusion that a pure wine would not only fail to increase the amount of intoxication among the people, but would prove an auxiliary to the temperance cause. To justify himself in the estimation of his old associates in the temperance movement, and in the minds of the friends of temperance generally, he jns, among others, the following reasons why he believed, and still be- lieves, that a prohibition of the use of pure wine by the rules of temper- ance societies is not only impolitic, but fatal to the philanthropic object of their organization. He reasons thus : In sacred history we find wine gen- erally associated with the indispensable necessaries of life ; its use never forbidden, but its abuse always condemned. This is a precedent in favor of the use of wine from which it is strange that Christians ever appeal. Would temperance reformers allow all to drink it, young and old, as they did in the apostolic age — as they did in the days of Moses, Elias and Eze- kiel, without damage to physical or moral health, so far as we can learn — and employ every agency within their reach to restrict to the artisan and apothecary distilled alcohol, the happy result would soon be apparent. Distilled spirits, when used as a beverage, have been proved by experience to be ten-fold more potent in the formation of intemperate appetites and habits than the undistilled, fermented juice of the grape. This fact, so vitally important to the welfare of our country, did not escape the saga- cious mind of President Jefferson. Encouraging the people of Virginia to engage in vine culture, he wrote : " In all countries where wine is cheap, drunkenness is rare ; but in all countries in which wine is so costly as to cause people to satisfy their natural desire for stimulants by the use of dis- tilled spirits, drunkenness is common." That truly great man and genuine philanthropist was not only a careful observer of the habits of men and nations, and the causes which led to their different manners and customs, but he knew that human nature in general demanded something in addi- tion to mere satiety of food. He knew that no people had ever been found on the face of the earth so savage, or so refined and civilized, as not to be in possession of something, aboriginal or imported, that was used as a luxury in the shape of stimulants or narcotics or both. These facts convinced him that it is natural for man, after supplying the necessities of life by food, to desire to multiply his enjoyments, intellectual and animal, and for the time to exalt them. And the history of the so-called temperance reform in our own country abundantly proves, that whatever is really and truly founded in 424 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. nature cannot be successfully opposed. Over a third of a century had already passed since the ruin left in the wake of intemperance had aroused the alarm of the philanthrophist, the statesman, and the divine. Appeals had been made in the name of our common humanity, to every class of peo- ple for their co-operation, in efforts to stay the progress of the fell destroyer. Men, women and children, were induced to pledge themselves to abstain totally from all inebriating liquors as a beverage, which resulted only in spasmodic and temporary reform, if indeed it did not weaken the sense of moral obligation, by habituating people to the violation of solemn pledges. Legislation was invoked and superadded to moral suasion, liquor laws enacted and evaded or openly defied. A generation had lived and died amid the most zealous and energetic exertion on the part of the humani- tarian, political economists and reformers generally, the best of men and women meantime, ever ready to barter their hearts' blood for the protection of their sons from the drunkard's grave, and their daughters from drunken husbands. When, after thirty or forty years had been devoted unremit- tingly to this cause, a cause that appealed alike to the common interests of society and the deepest and tenderest sympathies of our nature, its advocates were made to stand aghast by the discovery that the statistics of poverty and crime caused by intemperate liquor drinking was not only not dimin- ished but absolutely increased, and it was found by reference to the custom house and returns of domestic distilleries, that consumption of distilled liquors had also increased 'pari passu with the population. From the above facts he was driven to the conclusion, that it is impossible to so change the nature of the Caucasian, as to induce him to consent to live without the luxury of stimulating beverages of some kind, and consequently that wisdom and prudence call for such a regulation of his appetite as it is possible to effect, and this possibility we find in the remedy for the prevention of drunkenness, hinted at by the sage of Monticello, Mr. Jefferson, "make wine cheap." Experience demonstrates that the free use of wine from youth to old age in France, Germany, Switzerland and other countries, inhabited by our own race, where wine making is a leading industry, engenders but a tithe of the beastly drunkenness which characterize the habits of people where wine stimulation is more costly than distilled spirits, and we have among us an abundance of superior constitutions, physical and mental, from those countries, who are living witnesses to the correctness of Mr. Jefferson's statement. And if further testimony is needful to prove that wine is useful to the world and not dangerous to morals, we have only to invoke more particularly that of Holy Writ. Noah's first enterprise after leaving the Ark, if we are to accept the account as historic, was the planting of a vine- yard. Moses reserved the choicest of the wines for his priests. David, the " man after God's own heart," said " wine makes the heart glad." Solomon Biographical Sketches. 425 was not in favor of red or mixed wine, and cautioned all against using any kind to excess. He knew that good things could be abused, but the climax of approval of wine drinking we find at the wedding feast in Cana of Galilee. With all these facts and reflections he naturally concluded that wine making was compatable with a clear conscience, and the next thing was to seek a locality and soil most likely to produce a superior article. This he believed he found in the upper part of Napa Valley, and over twenty years of experience has confirmed his opinion. At that time he could find no one who would admit that vines could be made to grow without irrigation. Soils too light for the production of wheat and on which water could not be artificially conducted were thought valueless. A large proportion of the upper valley land was of this charac- ter, with some rather fertile spots here and there. He was made the butt of gibes and jokes for paying six or seven dollars per acre for three or four hundred acres of this kind of land, one-half covered densely with chemisal brush and on none of which could cereals or esculents be successfully culti- vated, and fruit culture was considered impossible for want of water. In self-defence he facetiously claimed that his aim was to raise rabbits for market. He procured Mission cuttings from San Jose', there being no foreign ones in the country, and put them down three feet deep with a crow- bar, in the expectation that moisture at that depth would remain till roots could sprout at the lower end. Tears afterward he found that these lower ends of the cuttings had neither sent out roots nor even swelled in growth, but roots were plentiful near enough to the surface of the ground to feel the sun's heat sufficiently. About sixty per cent, of the twelve acres planted in this way in February, 1859, grew well, and by the next season he had learned to plant with a spade, and so supplied the missing places, planted many acres in addition, besides cuttings from a nursery of foreign vines, which by that time he was able to procure in San Jose' and from Europe, by the help of Colonel Haraszthy, paying in San Jose* $40 per thousand for cuttings ten inches long, and he continued to plant from year to year till he had a full hundred acres of vineyard. But the above-named, and what remains to be told about the want of a market, etc., by no means cover all the difficulties he and his neighbors were compelled to encounter in getting the vine-grow- ing business in running order in the St. Helena district. To the ravages of the army of hare, squirrels and cotton-tail rabbits in the destruction of young vines was superadded the opposition of temperance fanatics. A preacher who was wise above what is written, and who was more temperate than the Savior, attempted to correct an error of " Him who spake as man never spake," by praying that " God would blight the vineyard business now being commenced in this valley." At this point our friend the Doctor vocif- erated — " spoke out in meeting," as the newspapers have it — in a voice 426 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. audible to everyone in the large congregation, exclaiming, " That prayer won't go six feet high." This irreverent anecdote has gone the rounds of the Press about once a year ever since, correctly adding that vineyard pros- pects continued to brighten after the sacriligious invocation for their blight. Before this time, however, his neighbors, of whom he had but few, began to admit that brush and naked upland was worth something, and it has in- creased in demand, and what has proven on trial to be perfectly worthless for cereals and esculent roots will now sell for $100 or more per acre, and yield, when well cultivated in grapes, from two to four or five times as much annual net profit as the best bottom land devoted to general farming, and bring a large amount of cash to the State for the sale of wines, instead of sending to Europe to pay the foreign laborer there. He claims the credit of pioneering, at a large expense to himself, the utilizing of worthless land as a politico-economical measure. But the next and unforeseen contingency was forced upon him. His cellars, which he had very unwisely dug into the ground, instead of adopting the present mode, became full, and, unable to sell a gallon in our Bay Oity, he hauled to Napa on wagons some twelve thousand gallons and sent it around the Horn to New York for eight or nine cents per gallon freight. Crossing the Isthmus himself, he met his wine in our great commercial metropolis, but could not find one dealer in that great city who would buy a barrel of it. Fortunately, he had taken money enough with him, or he could not have paid the freight by the sale of the wine, every hundred of his coin at that time (1867-8) bringing one hundred and forty of currency. His white wine, owing to soil, age of vines, or its handling by H. A. Pellet, fermented in pipes, was mainly very good. His claret not clear. Some of the foreign dealers would condescend to examine it. Other California wine also was there. But while the wholesale dealers refused to buy, they did not fail to take alarm. Large sums of money were raised by foreign houses, and special agents sent to Washington to get import duties on foreign wines reduced. After fruitless delay he determined to seek a market in the west, where Nicholas Longworth, of Cincinnati, and the Hermon Missouri Company had already familiarized the people with native wine. Finding at that time that he could not stand the cost of sending his stock by rail- road, it was shipped via New Orleans and the Mississippi to Saint Louis, where he found plenty of native wine made of the Catawba and other American grapes by the aid of alcohol and New Orleans sugar, a large pro- portion of which was " gallized." The low saccharine quality or strength of grapes in every locality in the Atlantic States in which wine was made, compelled the employment of sugar. Glucose was then unknown. He was told by one of the proprietors of the Croton Point Vineyard, on the Hudson, that he paid $2000 for the sugar that year for six thousand gallons of Isa- Biographical Sketches. 427 bella juice, and the gentleman was astonished to learn that that was more than the whole cost to the California producer of an equal amount of pure, unadulterated wine, and he said the days of Eastern native wine growing were numbered. He worried along as best he could in Saint Louis for two years at destructive expense to himself physically and pecuniarily, realizing when too late, that if he had understood the business like the practical vintners who succeeded him in that city, that his enterprise would have been a success. But finally, worn out by the sweltering heat and benumbing cold, he traded his cellar of wine and brandy, which had been largely increased in quantity by importations from home, for a Saint Louis County farm, which he ultimately lost after refusing $16,000 cash for it, by causes and complications irrelevant to the object of this Napa County History. Making his effort to create a market for the product of California vineyards, let him down financially over $20,000 below where he would have been if he had remained at home and sold during the Franco-Prussian War for such prices as he could then have realized in San Francisco. But mistakes and errors are unavoidable in all attempts to develop new industries, yet in the present case he has the gratification of knowing that those who were encouraged to embark in the vineyard business, by his example have avoided many of his errors and are now not only reaping a rich reward, but have enriched the county by causing the poorest lands to make larger returns than were realized from the deep alluvial soils before the inauguration of the vineyard business in our valley, and he has the more selfish satisfaction of realizing that what was regarded as his folly and want of business fore- sight in 1860, and for years afterwards, and in spite of his ignorance of the business and many mistakes, the wine-making enterprise has placed him financially beyond the contingency of want in his old age. This he is enjoy- ing on his " rabbit patch," within the corporate limits of St. Helena, in the company of a lady who was the widow of A. J. Grayson, the ornithologist who lost his life while painting the ornithology of Central America and otherwise developing its natural history in the interest of science. He made many contributions to the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, D. C. The former Mrs. Crane, after participating in the cares and arrangements necessary for the conversion of a " barren wilderness " into a literally " fruit- ful field," was not permitted in earth-life to enjoy the full developments which characterize the surroundings of her worthy successor, but the Doc- tor's happy faith assures him that she still regards with lively interest the welfare of her grand-children, the McPike family, and hopes they will never be forgetful of the moralizing and industrial lessons she impressed on their infant minds while she was subjected to the discomforts incidental to laying the foundation on a virgin soil of comforts and luxuries for time and culture fully to develop, and his realization of this development now presenting an 428 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. aspect so different from primitive appearances and conditions twenty years ago afford him a pleasure that is not diminished by the fact of having been outstripped by some of his neighbors in the march of improvement. Then he saw near by a little hamlet of redwood shanties, called St. Helena, occupied by one hundred and fifty or two hundred people, and a landscape devoid of all ligneous or vegetable growth, except what kindly Nature planted, which have now given place to vines, fruit, ornamental trees and shrubbery, teeming with wealth and beauty. Then the territory that now embraces four regularly organized school districts was embraced in one, which led but a poor dying life for want of pupils. Now, the largest district of the four alone numbers three hundred and forty-four census scholars, a proportionate amount of school-house room, with convenient and even luxurious appointments, and he hears the " church-going bell," and counts six edifices within the town limits dedicated to Sunday-schools, re- ligion and sectarian morality. Then, though but two hundred rods from the post-office, he was sometimes unable to reach it in consequence of floods and mire. Now, a substantial bridge and solid road gives him access to that establishment on the arrival of two San Francisco mails a day, the year round, and he well remembers being shut from the outer world two weeks at a time by the impassable condition of the road to Napa City. Then, when traveling was good, the St. Helena and Sulphur Springs people could take a stage at or before sunrise, connect with steamer at Napa City, and about sunset reach San Francisco. Now, they can leave after breakfast, do business in that city, and be home at supper time. And the reader in the next generation will be desirous of learning how these public conveniences were so speedily obtained, and what the character of our civil service has been to bring about the existing financial condition of the county, which bids fair to entail a public debt on him and it. If our archives and their records fail to explain, to forewarn and consequently to forearm our suc- cessors against the crooked ways by which the producers — the creators of the wealth of this county have suffered by designing men, by public ser- vants and capitalists who betrayed and swindled them in spite of the honest efforts of many worthy officials to prevent it, it will become a matter of serious regret that the limits of the present history — a book to which all may have access — prevented a full expose - ; but the subject of our narrative believes that a mere reference here to the history of our railroad, and the fact that the county was swindled out of its ownership by special legisla- tion ; that exorbitant salaries of officials have been caused and maintained by special legislation ; that capitalists have virtually escaped taxation ; that county expenses generally, have far exceeded reasonable limits, and the rod in terrorem has been held over Grand Juries to prevent investigation of the administration of county affairs, he hopes will suffice to put the future Biographical Sketches. 429 voter and taxpayer on the alert, to guard against a repitition of such abuses and against all attempts to repeal that provision of our New Constitution which prohibits special legislation. We are indebted to Mrs. G. B. Crane, of St. Helena, for the excellent portrait of the old pioneer George C. Yount, and also for the sketch of his history which she furnished us, and which will be found in the body of this work, written by Mrs. Day, of the Hesperian, in 1859, at Mr. Yount's own home in Napa Valley. Mrs. Crane's fellow feeling for the adventurous is but natural, and has led to the preservation of the history of many early immigrants with whom she was personally acquainted. Her own immigra- tion to this coast partook largely of the romantic. It supplemented on an extraordinary scale her wedding tour, and protracted in a most unusual manner the honeymoon, till even after the advent of a third party. Much the same may be said of Mrs. William M. Boggs, of Napa City, who started upon the western journey when a bride of but a few days. Her father-in- law, ex-Governor Boggs, of Missouri, with his train joined that of A. J. Gray- son, and to their number was also added the painfully historic Dormer party, whose separation from them at Fort Bridger led to their terrible fate. None but the most daring spirits at that day (1846) would risk their lives on the arid plains, barren mountains and savage wilderness generally, which separates the great central valley of the continent from the Pacific Ocean. Of these Mrs. Crane's former husband was confessedly one. His advertise- ments in the St. Louis papers of that date soon called together resolute men and women equal to the emergency. Colonel Grayson and his family went to San Francisco, then a mere hamlet known as Yerba Buena, in the midst of the Mexican War, which added California to the stars and stripes, and in which most of the company were destined actively to par- ticipate. To narrate her experience in this and incidents in the lives of prominent men whom the gold excitement brought to and through San Francisco en route to the mines, would be most interesting to the general reader, but rather out of place in this local history, although it is within the purview of our subject to add her statement to the effect that the sum- mer of 1859 she spent on the ground where the flourishing village of Calistoga now is, while Colonel Grayson was painting the ornithology of the Mount St. Helena region, the place being then only known by the less musical names of " Sam. Brannan's sheep ranch " and " Hot Springs "— Aguas Calientes, as the Indians and natives who visited them called the waters. COOMBS, HON. NATHAN (deceased). The subject of this memoir, whose portrait will be found in the body of this work, was born in Middle- borough, Massachusetts, in 1826, and at an early age went with his mother 430 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. to the Territory of Iowa, and settled near the then embryotic city of Muscatine. His father was dead, and his mother was then married to a Dr. Carpenter. In 1842 the family went to Oregon across the plains, and in 1843 came to California, locating in Yolo County. In 1845 the subject of this memoir came to Napa Valley and purchased a farm from Salvador Vallejo, which was located about one and a half miles north-west of where Napa City now stands, and where he resided till his death. He also owned the land on which a portion of Napa City now stands, and laid out the original town site in 1848. He served in the State Legislature, and always took a very active part in whatever conduced to the welfare and advancement of the city and county in which he resided. He was a very liberal contributor to public improvements, and was well known all over the State as a raiser of blooded stock and a patron of the turf. He reared a family of intelligent children, one daughter having married Hon. John M. Coghlan, and one of his sons is the present District Attorney of Napa County. Much more could be said of the life of this most worthy pioneer, but we regret that the proper data could not be obtained, and we were de- pendent upon the press notices for all the facts stated above. His death occurred December 26, 1877. On the 29th of that month, the following resolutions were placed upon the records of the Board of City Trustees of Napa : Resolved, That the Board of Trustees of the City of Napa deplore the death of Hon. Nathan Coombs, an early pioneer and a distinguished citizen of California, and the founder of this city. Resolved, That, as a mark of respect for his memory, the Board do now adjourn. CHAPEL, B. A. Was born in Chenango County, New York, July 10, 1831. When nineteen years of age he went to Illinois, and in March, 1854, started for California. He came by steamer, and arrived at San Francisco, May 19th, of the above year. The following two years were spent in the mines of Placer County. He then went to Nevada County and engaged in milling for about four years. We next find him once more in Placer County, where he followed different occupations until 1868, when he sold all his in- terest in Placer County and went to San Jose - , where he engaged in hotel- keeping. In 1869 he sold out and moved to San Diego, where he followed carpentering about fifteen months. He then went to Colusa, where he re- mained a short time. In April, 1871, he went to Olympia, Washington Ter- ritory, where he remained until the fall of the same year, when he returned to California, and resided at Healdsburg, Sonoma County, until July, 1872 ; then moved to Oakland, and after a short time went to Sacramento. Here he remained six years, and then returned to Oakland, and from there he came to Napa County, where he has since resided, being engaged in farming. Since Mr. Chapel's advent into California he was in the employ of the Biographical Sketches. 431 Central Pacific Railroad Company, and Contract and Finance Company, until he located in Napa County. He married, April 1, 1863, Mrs. Ellen Vincent, a native of Quincy, Illinois. COGHLAN, HON. JOHN M. (deceased). The subject of this memoir, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Louisville, Kentucky, December 8, 1835, and was the son of Cornelius Coghlan, a native of Phila- delphia, and Lavina Fouke Coghlan, a native of Kaskaskia, Illinois. When he was but a boy he came across the plains to California with T. Frank Raney. He went to Nevada County with A. J. Raney, and made his home with him until 1859, when he came to Gordon Valley and engaged in farming till 1861. In that year he came to Napa City, and became foreman for Nathan Coombs, and employed his leisure moments in reading law. He was then appointed to the position of Deputy Recorder by J. H. Howland, but being ambitious he soon gave it up, and entered the law office of J. Brunson, and was admitted to practice in the courts of Solano County in 1864. He shortly afterwards formed a partnership with Hon. W. S. Wells. He was elected to the State Legislature in 1865, and to the Congress of the United States from the Third District in 1872. He was appointed Supreme Judge of Utah in 1875, and United States Attorney for California in 1877. He was tendered the position of Supreme Judge of Utah a second term, but declined the honor. He died March 26, 1879. Truly he was a self-made man, building up from humble foundations to almost the topmost pinnacle. He was the only man who was ever elected on the Republican ticket to Crongress from the Third District. He was married July 14, 1864, to Miss Eva, only daughter of Nathan and Isabella Gordon Coombs, who was born in Napa. Their children are Mary, born December 28, 1865 ; Willie O., born February 22, 1870, and died March 19, 1871 ; Katie E., born August 11, 1872, Nathan Coombs, born April 5, 1875 ; John O, born December 25, 1878. CORNWELL, GEORGE N. Was born in Albany County, New York, March 22, 1825. When he was quite young, his parents moved to near Lake George. At the age of eleven he moved with his parents to Lansing- burg, that State, and at that place his mother died. At the age of fourteen he moved to Fulton, Oswego County. At the age of sixteen he, with his father, went to Helena, Arkansas, where his father died. During this time young Cornwell had partially learned the cabinetmaker's trade, at which he worked two years. At the age of eighteen he went to Cincinnati, where he completed his trade. In the summer of 1846 he returned to Albany, New York, when he enlisted in Stevenson's regiment and came to California, arriving in March, 1847. He remained in the service until the fall of 1848. He was a member of Company H, under Captain J. B. Frisbie. In 1848 he 432 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. went to the mines and spent about six weeks. He then returned to Sonoma and shortly afterward came to Napa as the manager of a store for Vallejo and Frisbie. In 1850 he had a field of grain near McBain's tannery, this being the first grain raised in the vicinity of Napa City. In 1852 he pur- chased the vessel " Josephine," and used it as a store-ship in Napa. In 1853 he was elected to the Legislature. At the end of his term he returned to Napa and engaged in farming. In 1860 he was one of the locators of the Redington Quicksilver Mine, and still owns a large interest in it. He has served on the Board of Supervisors for three years — from 1860 to 1863. In 1875 he was elected to the Legislature a second time. In 1876 he was sent from this district to the National Democratic Convention in St. Louis. His present beautiful residence, located in the south-western portion of Napa City was erected in that year. Mr. Cornwell has always been prominently identified with the interests of Napa County from its incipiency to the present time, and in all his relations of life, both social and political, he has been found a worthy and honorable gentleman. He was married, Novem- ber 20, 1854, to Anna J. West, a native of Bangor, Maine. Their children are : Fannie G., Clara F., Morris L. and Carleton M. CROUCH, HON. ROBERT. Was born in Harrison County, Ohio, in the year 1823. He was educated in the town of Hopedale, and, after leav- ing school, lived on a farm until the waning of his minority. When twenty he lodged in Farmington, Fulton County, Illinois, and there, after a course of pharmacy, clinical instruction, and surgical experiments, began the prac- tice of medicine. The gold of California had more charms for him though than the healing art, and in 1850 he, with others, started out on the long journey across the plains to the Pacific. He reached the Napa Valley, and it is small wonder that he has not cared to reach any other part of the State. It was not in his present position that he took up his residence among the oak-covered knolls of that garden corner of the earth, but, bidding good- bye to iEsculapius — whom he found would have to be attended with more patience than patients — he accepted an offer to work at good wages in a carpenter's apron. In those days, when a handy man could make from half an ounce to an ounce and a half gold a day at mechanical labor, lawyers, doctors, merchants, and soft-handed people of all kinds were glad to harden them for such good pay. Mr. Crouch did not find himself one whit less respected because he pulled his coat off to work ; to the contrary, in fact, and in 1855 he was made Deputy County Clerk of Napa, and in 1857 elected Clerk by a large majority. This latter office he retained until De- cember, 1863, at which time he was elected County Judge, holding that position for nearly eight years. Law here seemed to offer advantages as a profession, and, studying, he was soon admitted to practice in all the courts Biographical Sketches. 433 of the State, and to-day is one of Napa's prominent lawyers. He is mar- ried — those for whom he works being a wife and two children. Mr. Crouch lected on the Republican ticket to the Constitutional Convention which convened at Sacramento during the winter of 1878. COOPER, WILLIAM R. Was born in Buffalo, New York, January 7, 1830. At the age of fourteen, he learned the miller's trade. Februaiy 1, he sailed for California on the steamer " Ohio," via Aspinwall, and arrived at San Francisco March 3d of that year. He went to the mines on Bear River, and at the end of a month returned to San Francisco and en- gaged in his business, which he followed, with the exception of one year spent in Sacramento, till June, 1859, when he came to Napa County. He began working for Heald, Seawell & Oregg at the milling business, and at the end of eight months purchased Mr. Gregg's interest. He continued in the business until June 11, 1877, when he became sole proprietor, and has since conducted the business— the Vernon Mills. He was married in 1856 to Elizabeth Bunting, a native of Erie County, New York. Their children are Ella M., and Herbert L. COOK, J. Was born in Canada, May 10, 1841, and resided at his birth- place until he was twenty-two years of age. May 10, 1863, he came to California ; and after spending a month in San Francisco, he came to Napa Valley, and began work on a ranch for Mr. Grigsby, near Yountville, where he remained for two years. He then farmed one year at that place, when he came to Calistoga, and engaged in driving a stage from that place to Harbin Springs, which he followed for two years. He then opened a saloon and fruit stand, which he has since followed, except two years of the time, when he was working for J. A. Chesebro at the Magnolia Hotel, and stage- driving. He was married in August, 1875, to Mrs. Snow. They have one child, Gertrude, born August 18, 1876. CRADDOCK, SILAS M. Was born in Pittsylvania County, Virginia, December 25, 1825. Leaving there in his tenth year, he moved to Wilson County, Tennessee, where he resided until 1846, being then twenty-one years of age. He moved with his parents to Laclede County, Missouri, and there followed farming until 1852. April 1st of that year he started across the plains with an ox-team, and driving a drove of cattle, arriving in Napa County in December of that year, having first stopped a few weeks in the mines. He located at Yountville, and remained there until the fall of 1853, when he returned to Missouri, where he remained until April 14, 1856, when he once more returned to California, driving a drove of cattle to Sonoma County for his brother-in-law, Elija H. Duncan. He then again returned to Yountville where he farmed until he removed to Chiles Valley in 1873, purchasing his present farm, consisting of four hundred and fifty- three acres. 28 434 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. CRADDOCK, JAMES COLEMAN. Born August 16, 1827, in Pittsyl- vania County, Virginia, and followed the moves of his brother, Silas M., and is at present with him. Both are unmarried. CARRILLO, A. F. Was born in Santa Rosa, California, May 1, 1855, and is the son of Julio Carrillo, and a nephew of General M. G. Vallejo. He remained at his birthplace until he was of age, receiving his education, and learning the butcher's trade in the meantime. He then spent two years in San Francisco, working at his trade for J. Y. Wilson & Co. He then re- turned to Santa Rosa and followed his trade for two years. In 1876, he came to Calistoga, and worked at his trade for Mr. Wooley. In 1881, he, in company with Mr. Bennett, opened a meat market. He was married Sep- tember 20, 1879, to Miss Maggie Enright, a native of the city of New York. CONN, CONNELLEY. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait will be found in this work, was born in County Londonderry, Ireland, June 13, 1832. He came from Liverpool, England, to America, leaving the former place April 28, 1852, and arriving at New Orleans June 20th, of that year. He proceeded to Illinois, where he engaged with an uncle in the cattle busi- ness, and remained there upwards of two years. Thence he went to Phila- delphia, where he made arrangements to proceed to California to join an uncle, who then lived in Conn Valley, Napa County, and who was a pioneer of the valley, and from whom it was named. His uncle had written to his friends but once in many years. After arriving in Conn Valley in 1855, he soon proceeded to the mines with a small party from Napa County. He engaged in mining with varied success until 1856, when he returned to Napa County, and has since resided in Conn Valley, being engaged in farm- ing and stock-raising. COOMBS, FRANK L. Son of Nathan and Isabella Gordon Coombs, was born in Napa County, California, December 27, 1853. He received a common school education in the public schools of his native place, and graduated at the Columbia Law School, in Washington, District of Colum- bia, June 10, 1875. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme Courts of Washington, District of Columbia, in June, 1875, and to the Supreme Court of California in March, 1876. He was elected to the position of District Attorney for Napa County in September, 1879. He was united in marriage, December 27, 1879, with Miss Belle M. Roper, a native of Boston, born November 14, 1855. She was educated at Mount Holyoke Seminary, and a teacher in the public schools of Boston. They have one child, Nathan Foster, born January 1, 1881. CRABB, H. W. Was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, January 1, 1828, and is the eldest child of Henry and Esther Walker Crabb. When he was twelve years of age, he, with his parents, moved to Adams County, Ohio, Biographical Sketches. 435 and he received his education at the common schools of that county. Jan- uary 4, 1853, he sailed from New Orleans for California, and arrived in the State on the 31st. He immediately proceeded to the mines, and en- 1 in that occupation in Placer and Nevada Counties for about six months. He then settled in Alameda County, and engaged in farming near the town of Haywards. He remained here till 1865, when he came to Napa County and began the grape business, and he is now one of the largest wine makers in the coimty. A full description of his wine cellar, etc., will be found in its proper place. He was married in 1851 to Rebecca A. Donohoo, who died in 1862, leaving three children, Amanda M., Adda H. and Horace A. He married secondly Miss Elizabeth P. Carmer, a native of New York, and by this union they have one daughter, Cora Carmer, born in 1864. CLARK, SIDNEY. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait ap- pears in this work, was born in Kentucky, October 21, 1829. While he was still quite young his parents removed to Boone County, Mis- souri, where young Sidney resided until 1850. April 22d of that year he started for California, coming with ox-teams across the plains, and arriv- ing in September of the same year. He began mining operations at once in Calaveras County, which he followed some seven months. He then opened a store on a tributary of the Amador River, which he conducted for one year. May 28, 1852, he moved to and settled in Suisun Valley, his place still being one of the well-known landmarks on the road leading from Suisun to Vacaville, and being adjacent to the famous Tolenas Springs property. Here he engaged in farming and stock raising till 1876, when he moved to Berryessa Valley, and engaged in the same occupation. He owns eight hundred and five acres of valuable land in the valley. He held the office of Supervisor for one term in Solano County. Mr. Clark married Mi-- Elizabeth Jane Devilbiss, December 23, 1869, who is a native of Missouri, born March 23, 1849. Their children are Sidney G., born Decem- ber 19, 1870 ; John R., born September 18, 1872 ; Elizabeth Jane, born June 18, 1874; Emma Ella, born July 23, 1876 ; Lulu Margaret, born Octo- ber 29, 1878 ; Sarah Ann, born April 6, 1881. CARTER, JOS. Was born in Ireland, where he resided till 1850. He then emigrated to America and resided in Wisconsin and Illinois, where he was engaged in surveying until 1854. He then came to Cali- fornia, and was engaged in mining for three years. In 1856 he came to Napa County and began the mercantile business in connection with which he was engaged in buying and selling real estate. He continued in this until 1875, and since that time has not been engaged in any active business. Mr. Carter is one of Napa County's well-to-do citizens, and now owns some 436 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. of the choicest business blocks in that city, and is highly respected by all. During the last five years he has visited the European countries and the Eastern States twice. His visits to Europe were made for the purpose of settling the estates of his deceased mother and brother. CLEGHORN, JOHN. Was born in Haddington, Scotland, November 11, 1820, and there, at an early age, he learned the trade of harness-maker, and resided in his native county until March, 1847, when he started for America. He sailed from Glasgow and arrived in New York in May of the above year. Remaining in that city a short time, he went to Cleveland, Ohio, and remained one year. He then traveled through the Southern States, and in the spring of 1862 left Macon, Georgia, for California, coming through Texas and Mexico, and thence to Havana, from which place he took passage to San Francisco, arriving in August, 1862. He first located in Sonoma County and remained one year, and the following three years the subject of this sketch spent in Australia, and returned to this coast in 1867. In July of the above year he proceeded to Napa County, locating in St. Helena, and opened his present business of saddle and harness-maker, located on the corner of Main and Spring streets, and in 1874 built his present shop next to the National Hotel. Mr. Cleghorn is yet unmarried. CONNER, JOHN. Son of William and Amelia Cheny Conner, was born in Miami County, Indiana, December 8, 1846. He remained in his birthplace until he was twenty-one years of age, and was educated at the common schools of that place. He then, with his parents, left the farm they had resided on'for thirty-seven years, and moved west, first settling in La- bette County, Kansas, and began the general merchandise business in Labette City, remaining there for some years. In the fall of 1874 the subject of this sketch came to California and came immediately to Napa County, locating in Calistoga, where he secured a situation as clerk, which position he held for two and a half years. He worked for the Clear Lake Stage Company for eighteen months, and then started in his present business of livery and feed stable, near the depot in Calistoga. He was united in mar- riage January 12, 18 — , to Miss Jerusha Bollevine, a native of Licken County, Ohio, born April 27, 1853, and by this union they have three chil- dren : Walter E., born October 21, 1874 ; Daniel E., born Deeember 11, 1878 ; Daisy, born March 28, 1880. COLMAN, FREDERICK W., M. D. The subject of this sketch was born in Portland, Maine, September 15, 1838, and resided in his birthplace until he was nine years of age, and then moved with his parents to Ogdens- burg, New York, and there sojourned about one year. They then moved to Salem, Massachusetts, where he was educated at the Philipp School of that city, and afterward served an apprenticeship as a druggist, about 1855. We Biographical Sketches. 437 next find him in Boston, still ensued in a drug store, where he remained until he came to California, which occurred in 1860. He sailed from New York on board the steamer " Ariel " to Aspinwall, and on the Pacific side un board the " Sonora " to San Francisco, arriving at the latter place June 88, 1860. He there entered the employ of W. B. Keith in a drug store, staying only a few months. He then moved to Stockton, where he remained a short time, and proceeded to Hornitas, Mariposa County, and remained until the spring of 1862. He then returned to Boston with the intention of enlisting, but owing to physical disabilities at that time was refused admittance into the army. He then once more sailed for the Pacific Coast, via Panama, arriving in San Francisco for the second time November 20, 1863. He then went to Washington Territory, and remained there until 1870, when he sold out and removed to California, locating in Napa City. He purchased a drug store, and then began taking a course of lectures at the Medical College of San Francisco, graduating from that insti- tution November 4, 1873. In September of that year the Doctor was elected to the office of Coroner of Napa County, which position he has continuously held since, and is the present incumbent, giving satisfaction to the people and doing credit to himself. Also, in 1873, was appointed physician for the County Hospital, located in Napa City, for one year. August 29, 1880, he removed to St. Helena and opened his present office, on Hurst avenue. Is a member of the State Medical Society, and is now enjoying a lucrative practice. Doctor Colman was united in marriage at Walla Walla, July 10, 1867, to Miss Emily W. Sylvester, who was born in Brooklyn, Long Island, June 26, 1840. By this union they have five children: Annie S., born July 26, 1869: Emily D., born October 7, 1870; Charlotte G., born February 7, 1872 ; Florence, born February 25, 1879, and Mary, born May 28, 1880. CLARK, ALFRED GREEN. The subject of this sketch was born in Butler County, Ohio, November 10, 1818, and is the son of Jonathan and Catharine Jonas Clark. When he was six years of t age his parents moved to Montgomery County, Indiana, where he remained, receiving his education in the County Seminary and in the Wabash College until seventeen years of age. In 1835, having a strong predisposition for mercantile life, he com- menced the study of merchandising in a store in Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he remained as apprentice and clerk for two years. He then moved to Michigan City, La Porte County, Indiana, where, following his former occupation, he remained till the fall of 1838. He then moved, cross- ing the Mississippi at Bellevue, on the first through stage from Chicago to Galena, to Jackson County, Iowa, and there settled down to a farmer's life, which he continued till 1844. In 1841 he cast a vote at the election which changed Iowa from a Territory to a State. In 1844 the old mercantile 438 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. spirit took possession of him, and he sold out his farm to settle in the town of Andrew, where he remained in the merchandising business till June, 1849. In that year the " golden pictures " of California caused him to turn his steps westward. The winter, however, stopped him at Council Bluffs, and there he remained till May 20, 1850, when he again took up his march towards the setting sun. He crossed the plains by the northern route and arrived at the Dalles, Oregon, where he sold his teams, and by means of a small boat proceeded to the Cascades. There they took passage on the " Columbia," a steamer of such diminutive size that it became his duty to roll a barrel of flour from side to side of the little boat, and thus " trim ship." At New Astoria he took passage on board the steamer " Panama " for San Francisco, at which place he arrived September 29, 1850. His first business transaction in California, after seeing his family comfortably located in a hotel, was to borrow $30, and then commenced to look ai'ound for something to do by which he could earn a few dollars. Seeing that, though he had served no apprenticeship, he was a better workman than the so-called carpenters of those days, he went to work as master workman in carpentering. But two weeks found him with funds enough on hand to repay the loan and carry him through to the mines, his objective point from the day he left the town of Andrew, Iowa. Leaving San Francisco, he went to Woods Creek, and mined with good success. His success was such that after six weeks' min- ing, he returned to San Francisco, and moved with his family to Corte Ma- dera, Marin County, where he helped to erect two saw -mills. In January, 1852, he returned to San Francisco, purchased an interest in Port Orford City from Captain Tichenor, and on the 23d day of January embarked with the captain on the steamer " Sea Gull " for the purpose of viewing his new purchase, and on the 25th of that month arrived at Humboldt Bay. On the morning of the 26th they steamed away from Humboldt, and, attempt- ing to pass over the bar at low- water and a rough sea, they met with the usual consequence — a totally wrecked vessel. Mr. Clark had on board a large supply of groceries and provisions, of which he was fortunate enough to save a comparatively large amount, only to have the greater portion thereof stolen by wreckers. He was taken across the beach to Bucksport, and then erected the first dwelling-house in what is now the city of Eureka. He then engaged in the lumber business, which he followed success- fully until May, 1855. He then tried mining again, first in Cottonwood. Siskiyou County, then with a party prospected Hungry and Beaver Creeks, Four of the prospecting party laid out the town of Soda City. There, two pack-trains, accompanied by fifty miners, coming in, drew down upon the place a large band of hostile Indians, who massacred twenty-two of the party. Mr. Clark, fortunately escaping, went to Sawyers Bar, on Salmon Biographical Sketches. 439 k, and there engaged in mining, and remained till November, 1855. He then returned to his family at Eureka, and, after disposing of his interests there, came to Napa Valley, where he located on a farm of one thousand acres, about eight miles above Napa, which he and his family improved. This farm he still owns. In September, 1871, the old mercantile spirit coming bo the front once more he moved to Napa, and engaged in the hard- ware business, which he continued till September, 1880. Mr. Clark was a member of the first Union Convention held in 1861, but has not been an office-seeker, having always declined all nominations tendered him, in- cluding the nomination for Governor, till the fall of 1880, when his temper- ance proclivities overcame his aversion to political contests and he accepted the Prohibition nomination, and became a candidate for Congress, from the Third District. Mr. Clark has been a member of the Independent Order of Good Templars for the last fifteen years, and has, for nine years, been one of the trustees of the Good Templars Home for Orphans, at Vallejo. During all the years that he has held the position of trustee, he has met every three months with his fellow members, and strange to say, not one single jar of discord has ever disturbed the harmony of that Board, of which he and Mr. W. H. Mills of the Sacramento Record- Union, have been members since the Home was established. Mr. Clark has always been identified with the best interests of the county. All other actions, however, being second and subservient to his strong and ardent temperance principles. He has occu- pied almost every chair and held every position in the Order of Good Templars, and was in 1878, elected a delegate to the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of Good Templars, and attended that session in Minneapolis, Minne- sota. In 1881, he was again elected a delegate to attend the same body, to meet in Topeka, Kansas. March 13, 1842, he was united in marriage to Cyrena Phillips of Miami County, Ohio, who still lives, happily filling the position of grandmother. They have two children living, as follows : Tam- enena De Los Clark and Cyrena Susie Clark Willey. CYRUS, JOHN. This old pioneer of thirty-five years' residence in Napa County, is the son of Enoch and Rebecca Cook Cyrus, and was born in Hancock County, Illinois, March 20, 1831. He remained in his birthplace until he was three years of age, and then, with his parents, moved to Iowa and located near the present site of •Burlington, this being several 9 before Iowa was admitted into the Union, where they remained for two years engaged in farming. In the fall of 183G he moved, with his parents, to Burton County, Missouri, where he resided on a farm for one year. He then moved to Jackson County, that State, and remained in that locality until 1845. He then moved to Andrew County, that State, and engaged in farming for one year. In the latter part of March, 1846, he started with his parents to cross the plains to California, crossing the Missouri 440 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. River at St. Joseph and coming the old emigrant route via Salt Lake and Humboldt, first entering this State at Truckee and coming by Donner Lake, arriving in Sacramento October 21, 1846. Staying there but a short time, he proceeded to Napa Valley, arriving in the first part of November, 1846. On arriving in Napa Valley, Mr. Cyrus, with his parents, first settled on what is known as the Yount grant and carried on general farming there for two years. They then moved to Calistoga where his father took charge of a ranch for Mr. Fowler. In the spring of 1850 Mr. Cyrus' father bought the farm that the subject of this sketch now resides upon, one mile west of Calistoga. Here, in 1853, the father of the old pioneer died ; his mother passing away in 1873. Mr. Cyrus has prospected in mining at different periods, and is now engaged in some extensive mines in Modoc County. He was nominated in 1877 as candidate for County Treasurer on the Republi- can ticket but was defeated by A. G. Boggs. It can be truthfully said that Mr. Cyrus is honored and respected by all those having the pleasure of his acquaintance, as he is known for his truthfulness, honesty and generosity throughout the community in which he lives, and after a residence of thirty- five years' duration, he is now enjoying the comforts of a happy home beside the wife of his youth, beloved by his children and friends and respected by the citizens of the county in which he dwells. Mr. Cyrus was married June 5, 1855, to Miss Lavina Graves, a native of Illinois, who was born July 3, 1834, and by this union they have five living children : Henry E., born April 12, 1859 ; James W., born February 10, 1861 ; Mary A, born April 26, 1863; Sarah G, born December 11, 1866, and Rachel E., born January 27, 1873. CASTNUR, WILLIAM H. Was born in Lincoln County, Maine, March 8, 1829, and remained in his birthplace until he was twenty-eight years of age, and there learned the trade of ship-carpenter. In the early part of 1857 he started west, and located in Wheatland, Rice County, Minnesota, and engaged in farming for about two years, and the balance of his time up to his coming to California was employed at his trade on the steamers plying on the Mississippi River between St. Paul and New Orleans, and continued in this until the spring of 1860. He then sailed for California, coming via Cape Horn, and after a passage of one hundred and sixty-two days he arrived in San Francisco. He immediately began to work at his trade for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, making occasional trips to Panama, remaining in their employ until 1870. He then moved to Napa County and bought his present ranch of sixty acres, located one mile north of St. Helena, and engaged in grape growing. Mr. Castnur was united in marriage in Lincoln County, Maine, October 7, 1852, to Miss Sarah C. Soule, a native of that county. They have five living children, William H. ; Lewis P., Frank E., Albert and Mary A. '<~£€4U>& £<£ Biographical Sketches. 441 (MARK, SAMUEL G. Son of Samuel G. and Roxanna Frisel Clark, was born near Montreal, Canada, October 22, 1835. Wben he was but an infant, his parents moved to McDonough County, Illinois, where he resided until 1S46. He then moved further west, locating in Council Bluffs, Iowa. In July, 1849, when only fifteen years old, he started out to do for himself; ami joining a train bound for California, came across the plains to the Golden State ; and after an unusual and weary trip of almost one year, they arrived at their destination July 12, 1851. The subject of this sketch im- mediately proceeded to Napa County, and was employed on a ranch near where now stands the Crystal Springs Hotel. After one year in that place, he settled on the place now owned by John Safeley, above Calistoga, where he resided for three years, and afterward followed farming in the vicinity of Calistoga until 1862. He then married, and purchased his present place of ten acres in the limits of St. Helena, and is now eagaged in viniculture. Mr. Clark was Town Marshal of St. Helena in the years of 1869-70, and in the latter year was District Road Supervisor. Mr. Clark was united in marriage in Santa Rosa, September 27, 1862, to Miss Agnes E. Clark, a native of Iowa, who was born August 29, 1844, and died November 21, 1880. By this union they had four sons, whose names and ages are as follows : Ralph G., bom August 17, 1863 ; Lewis G., born November 3, 1865; Frank A., born August 12, 1869; August F., born November 30, 1873. CARVER, D. B. Son of Henry and Anna Strahl Carver, was born in Harrison County, Ohio, February 9, 1831. He resided at his birthplace until his seventeenth year, during which time he was educated at the com- mon schools. He then moved to Tuscarawas County, Ohio, where he was engaged as clerk until his departure for California, which was February 1, 1852, coming via New Orleans and Nicaragua, landing in San Francisco June 4th of that year. He immediately proceeded to the mines in Yuba County, and began mining at Missouri Bar. He continued at that place until the following November. He then went to Placer County, where he engaged in mining until the spring of 1853. He then moved to Prairie City, Sacramento County, where he engaged in mining until the fall of 1857. He then moved to Tuolumne County, where he found employment in a flouring mill, and remained till 1858. In that year he returned to the Eastern States, being absent about four months, when he once more re- turned to Tuolumne County, California, where he remained until he came to Napa City. He sojourned there only a few weeks, when he came to St. Helena, and immediately began business in general merchandise, which he continued till July 1, 1881. He was appointed Postmaster at St. Helena in 1864, having, however, taken charge of the office within a few weeks after he came to the place, and has been Postmaster since 442 History of Napa and Lake Counties— N ap a. that date, with the exception of one year. Married, August 1, 1860, Miss Annie Webber, who was born in Penobscot County, Maine, March 6, 1837. By this union they have but one living child, D. B. Carver, Jr., born September 24, 1873, and two deceased, Henry E., born April 28, 1861, and died May 7, 1881 ; Laura M., born April 14, 1862, and died May 4, 1877. CLARK, ABRAHAM. Whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Buckinghamshire, England, June, 1820, and is the son of Abraham and Henrietta Falkner Clark. At nine years of age his parents came to America and settled in Oneida County, New York, where they resided for one and one-half years. They then moved to Frankford, Herkimer County, same State, where they resided till 1835, when they emigrated west, and settled in Huron County, Ohio. In 1836, he, with his parents moved to Crawford County, that State, where he resided till 1842. He then returned to Huron County and worked on a farm till 1846. In 1847, he moved and settled in Wyandotte County, Ohio, where he followed farming till 1853. We next find Mr. Clark located in Spring Grove Township, Green County, Wisconsin, but he only remained there till the spring of 1854, when he settled in Chickasaw County, Iowa, where he pitched his tent and turned the first sod in that county. He resided there till May 19, 1864, when he, with his family, came to California, across the plains, and after a long and tedious journey of five months, they, in November of that year, arrived in Napa County. On his arrival, he had but $2.50 to his name, and was obliged to beg his first meal of victuals in this county. He immediately rented the farm now owned by the Fly Brothers, mortgaged his teams for seed wheat and began farming, which he continued on that place for one year. He then rented the Davis Farm in Sonoma County, for one year, and there lost everything he had made the year previous. In the fall of 1866, he came to Berry essa Valley, $1000 in debt. But there he rented land and once more began anew. He continued to farm in Berry - essa Valley till 1871, when he moved to Colusa County, where he rented a tract of ten thousand acres of land, under the plow. He remained there till 1873, when he returned to Berryessa and purchased his present home- stead, where he has since been engaged in farming. He now owns nine thousand eight hundred and ten acres of land in this valley. Mr. Clark was married November 5, 1845, in Livingston County, New York, to Electra J. Snider, daughter of Jacob and Lena Dougherty Snider, she being a native of Cayuga County, New York, born January 28, 1820. By this union they have six children : Alonzo Cortes, born in Wyandotte County, Ohio, February 15, 1848, who was married in May, 1877, to Miss May V. Stoffbrd, and now resides in the valley ; Norman, born February 27, 1854 ; Reuben, born in Chickasaw County, Iowa, December 16, 1855, Biographical Sketches. 443 now in charge of the ranch in Colusa County ; Amanda J., born in Chick- asaw County, Iowa. June 20, 1858, now married to Mr. John Anderson, and resides in this valley ; Henrietta, born in Chickasaw County, Iowa, Novem- ber 4. I860, now Mrs. Harris, and Alice, born May 27, 1867, in Napa County, and two children deceased. Norman Clark was married to Miss Annie Gillaspy June 21, 1877. Etta Clark was married to Mr. J. W.Harris May 2, 1881. CLARK, ISAAC G. Son of Lafayette and Mary Hoyt Clark, was born in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, August 26, 1854. He, with his parents, moved when lie was ten years of age from his birth-place, and settled in Chautauqua County, New York, and resided there until October 21, 1878. In that year he moved to California, and on December 13, 1880, he purchased his present place of one hundred and twenty acres, and is chiefly engaged in farming. COLLINS, S. W. Son of John W. and Miriam R Piper Collins, was born in Nicholas County, Kentucky, June 13, 1829. He resided in his birthplace until he was three years of age, when his parents moved to Greene County, Illinois, where he received his education at the common schools, and afterwards worked a farm until 1854, when he moved to Green- field, that county, and was engaged in selling goods until 1857. He then went back on his farm and sold that in 1859, and moved to Girard, Macou- pin County, Illinois, and was engaged in selling goods again at that place, until 1862. He then sold out and moved to Linn County, Kansas, and located in Mound City, and was engaged in selling goods at that place until Decem- ber of that year. Then he sent his family to Leavenworth City, and he took a stock of goods down into the Osage Nation, about fifteen miles south of Humboldt, Allen County, Kansas. After the war had closed in 1865, he moved with his family to Labette County, Kansas, and remained there until the ninth day of June, 1875, and arrived in California June 14. He spent a couple of weeks in Stanislaus County with his brother-in-law, near Hills Ferry, then came to Napa County, and July 29, 1875, he settled on his ranch of forty acres, about one mile west of Calistoga, where he still resides surrounded by his family and respected by all who know him. Mr. Collins was appointed in August, 1879, to the office of Justice of the Peace, and the following year was elected to the same position, which he now holds. He is also a Notary Public, having been appointed by Governor Perkins in February, 1880. Mr. Collins was twice married, first, December 12, 1850, to Miss Sarah 0. Dickerman, who was born in Mount Holly, Vermont, Nov- ember 3, 1832, and died March 26, 1867. By this union they had five children, Isaac W., born December 9, 1851, and died March 19, 1853; Miriam H., born December 30, 1852 ; Samuel A., born September 18, 1855 ; 444 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Nelson W., born January 29, 1862 ; Major C, born February 20, 1866. Mr. Collins was married, secondly, in March, 1869, to Mrs. Mary A. Hawes, a native of Indiana, who was born November 2, 1831. By this union they have one daughter, Anna S., born October 14, 1871. CHESEBRO, JOHN A. Son of Gilbert and Lucy Stanton Chesebro, was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, April 20, 1832. When he was but two years of age, his parents moved to Stonington, Connecticut, where the subject of this sketch made his home until he came to California, and was there educated in the common schools. At the age of fourteen he went to sea, first shipping from Stonington, and engaged in the fur sealing trade, which he continued until his twenty-first year. In November, 1852, we find young Chesebro on board of the clipper ship " Contest," bound via Cape Horn for California ; and after a passage of nearly five months, he arrived in San Francisco February, 1853. Staying a short time in the city, he proceeded to Sierra County, and engaged in mining, residing in that county about ten years. In the mean time, 1855, he paid a visit to his home, where he sojourned some four months. While in the above county, Mr. Chesebro was largely interested in mining, at one time being one of the six owners of the " Union Claim," at that time very valuable. Mr. Chese- bro's next move was to Washoe City, Washoe County, Nevada, where he resided for three years. In 1865 he paid a second visit to his home in Con- necticut, going via Panama, and there got married, and sojourned some six months. In the spring of 1866, with his wife, he returned to this coast, coming direct to Napa County, locating in Napa City, where he engaged in the hotel business as proprietor of the Revere House, in which he continued some two years. In January, 1868, Mr. Chesebro first came to Calistoga, and was employed in the hotel at the Calistoga Hot Springs for one season. We next find him in business for himself in the building now occupied as a dry goods store by Mr. Weller. He next leased a building and opened a saloon and chop-house where his present hotel now stands, and run this for some time. He then purchased the property, and in 1876 bought the ad- joining property, and built his present commodious hotel, the Magnolia. In 1876, Mr. Chesebro made a third visit to his home, accompanied by his wife and family. The subject of our sketch was married in Wakefield, Rhode Island, to Miss June P. Champlin, a native of that State ; and by this union they have one son, Edwin. CHILES, JOSEPH BALLINGER. Whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Clark County, Kentucky, July 16, 1810, and is the son of Henr\r and Sarah Ballinger Chiles. He was reared on a farm, and had only the advantages of a common school education. In 1831 he moved to Jackson County, Missouri, and engaged in farming and stock-raising until Biographical Sketches. 445 when he joined a regiment of Missouri volunteer infantry and en- i in the Florida War, and was in the hard -fought battle of Orcha- chebee, which decided the war. He then returned to Missouri, where he resided until April, 1841. He then, with thirty-one men, one woman, and one child, started across the trackless desert and unsealed mountains, bound for California. In this party were Sam., Andy and Ben. Kelsey, the latter's wife and child. They passed up the Platte River, thence to the head of the Humboldt River, thence down that stream to the Sink ; thence southward, on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Joseph Walker Pass ; thence down the Stanislaus and San Joaquin Rivers. They arrived in the State in October, and their first stopping-place was at Doctor Marsh's, near the northern foot of Mt. Diablo. They then proceeded to Sonoma, where passports were issued to them, upon the vouching of Doctor Marsh and other American residents, for their good behavior. After receiving their pass- ports he and Charles Hopper spent the winter in traveling. In the spring they went to Sutters Fort, and there provided themselves with provisions, etc., for their return trip. In his travelings around the country that winter he passed through what is now known as Chiles Valley. In 1842, with a company of nine men, he made the return trip to Missouri. Thirteen started in the party, but at Fort Hall four of them left the company and started for Oregon. Just at this time the Sioux Indians were very hostile, so the Chiles party changed their course and went by way of Santa Fe. Once arrived in Missouri, they set about organizing another party to cross the plains to Cali- fornia. In 1843 he, with a company of fifty or sixty, well equipped with teams, wagons, provisions, etc., started for California. When the party arrived at Fort Hall they met Captain Joseph Walker, and his services as guide were se- cured. Colonel Chiles then took a party of thirty horsemen and proceeded by way of Fort Boise' and Pitt River to the Sacramento Valley, arriving safely at Sutters Fort. The wagon train under Walker moved slowly, and on their way from Carsons Lake to the Walker Pass they had to cache what goods they could not pack, and had also to desert their wagons. They finally all arrived in California about December of that year. In 1844 Colonel Chiles came to Napa Valley and went before an Alcalde and took the proper steps to secure a grant from the Mexican Government of the tract of land now known as the Catacula Rancho. All that he paid for that princely domain was $10 for a sheet of paper on which to write the deed. In 1844 he erected a log-house on the present site of his adobe. He took an active part in the Bear Flag War, and cared for the families of General Vallejo, Jacob P. Leese and others. He never visited the mines, but devoted his whole attention to stock-raising in the early days. In 1847 he returned to Missouri with Commodore Stockton, acting as pilot, for which service he received $2 per day. In 1848 he brought 446 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. his children to California. In 1853 he again returned to Missouri, and was married, and in 1854 came again to California, bringing his wife with him. He then settled in Chiles Valley permanently and has since resided there until within a few years past. His present residence is in Coyote Valley, Lake County. He also has a very beautiful dwelling in St. Helena, which he erected specially for the benefit of his children. It affords us great pleasure to present to our readers the portrait of this most excellent and worthy pioneer of pioneers, for be it here noted that he is the oldest living American settler in Napa County. He is still hale and hearty, and the prospects are good for him to spend many years yet, ere he is called hence to meet the reward of a well-spent life. It is a rare treat to sit and listen to his reminiscences of the days now long gone by. He is particularly noted for telling wonderful bear stories, all of which are " true to life," and we regret that our space forbids the reproduction of a few of his best. He was married in Missouri to Miss Margaret Jane Garnhert, December 25, 1853, who was born in Jefferson County, Virginia, January 27, 1827. DAVIS, JOHN C. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in the body of this work, is the grandson of that grand old pioneer of pioneers George C. Yount, and son of John C. Davis, Jr., and Elizabeth Yount. He was born at the Yount homestead, March 8, 1849, and was educated in San Francisco in the primary studies, and completed his course in Swiss and German colleges, traveling back and forth until 1868. He then came to Napa County and located permanently on his present ranch of six hundred acres, near Oakville, where he has since remained, being engaged in farming and grape-growing. July 5, 1870, he was married in Germany to Miss Margaretta Claus, a native of Saxony, Germany, and their children are Daisy, George, Susie and Elizabeth. DECKER, PORTER A., Son of Francis and Mary Thorpe Decker, was born in Jefferson County, Wisconsin, August 19, 1852, and resided there until he was six years of age. His parents then moved and settled in Moni- teau County, Missouri, and resided there for sixteen years, where the subject of this sketch was educated at the common schools. January 12, 1874, he started to California, arriving in this State January 21st of the above year. He went direct to Calistoga where he engaged in the livery business, and is now manager of the Harbin Springs stage and livery stable of that place. Mr. Decker was united in marriage in Calistoga, July 20, 1879, to Miss Luella Cole, a native of Illinois, and by this union they have one daughter, Mabel, born July 19, 1880. DICKINSON, JOHN J. This worthy and much respected citizen of Napa County is the son of John M. and Evalina Middleton Dickinson, and was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 10, 1829, where he attended Biographical Sketches. 447 the common schools, and afterwards was educated at a private academy taught by Jonathan Collom. At the age of eighteen, September 3, 1847, Mr. Dickinson went to Cincinnati and there remained about eighteen months. He then moved to St. Louis, and there embarked in the clothing- business, and there resided until he came to California, his departure from that place occurring in February, 1854. In company with his young wife he sailed from New Orleans via the Nicaragua route, and arrived in San Francisco April 19, 1854. He spent two months in sight-seeing on this coast, and then in company with, and under the firm-name of William Mentz & Co., he started the first cheap newspaper published on this Coast, under the title of Town Talk, this small sheet being the beginning of what is now the most valuable paper in the State, the Morning Gall. Mr. Dickin- son remained in this firm for eighteen months', and then moved to Crescent City, then Klamath County, but now Del Norte, and there engaged in mer- chandising, in which he continued for the succeeding thirteen years, in the meantime taking an active part in the formation of the latter county. He also served one term as County Judge, and received a re-nomination in 1872, but declined owing to his previous arrangements to leave the county. In September, 1873, Mr. Dickinson located in St. Helena and engaged in mer- chandising, and remained in that business until December, 1880. He then accepted his present position as traveling salesman for Charles Krug. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage in St. Louis, October 10, 1853, to Miss Susan D. Haslip, a native of Albemarle County, Virginia, and by this union they have one son and one daughter, Frank E. and Cora. DAVIS, CORNELIUS E., M. D., D. D. S. The subject of this sketch is the son of Isaac and Nancy Harrington Davis, and was born in Essex County, New Jersey, October 5, 1832. When he was quite young his parents moved and located in Coshocton, Ohio, and there remained until he was twenty-one years of age, and received his education at the high school of that place. In the spring of 1853 Dr. Davis, in company with five brothers and one sister, started across the plains for California, and arrived on this coast in October of the above year. The subject of this sketch first located at Stockton and practiced his profession, having studied and gradu- ated in medicine in his former home in Ohio. Remaining in Stockton until his health failed, he moved to San Francisco and there turned his attention to dentistry for a time, and then went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to complete his education in that profession. After graduating in dentistry, Dr. Davis returned to San Francisco, where he remained only a short time, and after locating in several different parts of the State, we find him again in San Francisco, and in rather poor health. With the idea of bettering his health he paid a visit to Napa County with the intention of remaining a short time, but liking the climate and location of St. Helena, he concluded 448 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. to locate in that place, and in 1868 Dr. Davis opened his office in Os- born's building, over Wells, Fargo & Co.'s office, and for the past thirteen years he has practiced his profession without intermission, which, through a pure love of the same, he still continues, although not through necessity, as the Doctor, through wise speculations, has accumulated a good share of this world's goods, owning now, in the aggregate, a block of buildings in the business center of St. Helena. Dr. Davis was twice married ; first in Peta- luma, February, 1859, to Miss Rosanna Martin, a native of Indiana, and by this union had two children, Ellen M. and Emma R. His second marriage occurred at St. Helena June 1, 1871, to Miss Francis E. Hall, a native of Maine, and by this union they have four children, Maud L., George H. (now deceased), May E., and Ira Frank. ♦ DOWDELLE, JAMES. The subject of this sketch was born in County Louth, Ireland, August 29, 1845, where he resided until he was nineteen years of age. He then emigrated to England and found employment in a rolling mill, and remained there for nine months. He then went to New Zealand and engaged in farming, where he resided for over three years. We next find Mr. Dowdelle on board a schooner, bound for California, coming direct to San Francisco, where he arrived July 28, 1868. Remaining but a few months in San Francisco, he started East, the point of destination being Philadelphia, arriving November 7, 1868. During his stay in Phila- delphia Mr. Dowdelle was married, and in February, 1869, started with his wife, via Panama, for the Golden State. He first worked in San Francisco and afterwards in the employ of General Keyes, on his ranch near St. Helena, in whose employ he remained for three years. During this time, having saved his earnings, he purchased ten acres of land where Mr. Story now resides, and after one year sold it and bought twenty -five acres where Dr. Crum now lives, and in 1875 added thirty-six acres more to his estate, making sixty- one acres. He is now chiefly engaged in hop and grape growing. He was united in marriage in Philadelphia, November 4, 1868, to Miss Elizabeth Corbely, a native of Ireland. The names of their children are, James W., Arthur B., Edward, Walter, Albert and Joseph. DINNING, WILLIAM. Whose portrait appears in this work, is the only child of John D. and Francis Kirby Dinning, and was born in Sumner County, Middle Tennessee, October 25, 1829. When but two or three years of age, his parents moved to Jackson County, Missouri, and settled near Independence, where he resided until 1844, when his father and he moved to south-west Missouri, and settled in Taney County, close to the town of Forsyth, where he remained for three years. Then, after the death of his father, the subject of our sketch returned to Tennessee and Kentucky, to settle up some of his father's business, and he then returned to the old and Biographical Sketches. 449 last home of his father in Missouri, with the intention of coming to Cali- fornia. In the latter part of March he started, and at Springfield, Missouri, he met a company of one hundred and four wagons, and joined them in a journey across the plains for the new El Dorado, arriving in Sacramento August 16, 1849. On the trip across the plains some of the party died with the cholera, among whom was Isaac Collet and a Doctor Tatum ; hut aside from this the trip was a pleasant one. After stopping in Sacramento one week, being sick and out of funds, he proceeded across the river and started for Fremont. At the junction of the Feather and Sacramento Rivers there was a ferry-boat which he run for a period of six weeks. He then started for the mines on the Yuba River, in company with " Billy " Moore, of So- noma, and followed mining only a short time. In January, 1850, he started with a drove of cattle, belonging to Mr. Moore, to the Yuba River Mines, and spent a portion of that winter with him there in the mines, when he then came to Calistoga, this county, where he remained with Henry Fowler. In the spiing of 1850 he, with William Elliott's son, Frank Kellogg, brother of Irvin Kellogg, John Cyrus, and Frank Bedwell, of Russian River, went to the Yuba River and hunted the most of that season, south of the Yuba and down the American River. In the fall of that year he returned to Napa County and stopped in the valley, and worked a portion of the time for David Hudson, getting out pickets to fence the fruit orchards of this valley. The subject of our sketch next moved to Mission San Jos6, and stopped with Henry Smith and Homer & Beard, and drove team for them, staying there only a short time. His next move was to engage to cut saw-logs for Isaac Howell on Howell Mountain, with which to build a saw-mill. At this he continued all that winter. He then began working for Mr. Fowler in Coyote Yalley, where he continued that summer. He then returned to Napa County, where, in the fall of 1851 or spring of 1852, he came and settled on his present place, and is now possessed of six hundred acres of land in this county, and is engaged in farming and stock-raising. He was united in marriage May 25, 1853, with Phcebe A. Howell, who was born a short distance from New York City October 9, 1832, being the daughter of Isaac Howell and Margaret Tunison. They have seven children : Francis M., born March 6, 1854; John R., born January 2, 1856; Isaac, born March 24, 1857 ; Arzelia, born December 25, 1864 ; Nellie, born April 6, 1867 ; Minnie, born September 25, 1869 ; Phcebe A., born December 29, 1871. DODGE, ALBERT HENRY, M. D. The subject of this sketch is the son of Everett K., and Clarissa Fowler Abbot Dodge, and was born in St. Louis, Missouri, March 5, 1850. In July, 1852, ho, with the family, reached California via the Isthmus of Panama. After a few years spent in other portions of the State, they made their home in San Francisco, at 29 450 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. which place Albert H. received the most of his school education having been a student at the City College, under its venerable founder, Rev. Dr. Burrows. In 1874 he entered the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating after a three years' course. At the expiration of a term of service as Assistant Physician in the Philadelphia Hospital, he returned to this coast, located in Napa City, and began the practice of his profession. The Doctor Was united in marriage, July 8, 1880, to Miss Annie M. Franklin, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. DAWSON, WILLIAM J. G., M. D. Was born in New Bandon, Gloucester County, New Brunswick, Canada, January 12, 1846. His mother dying when he was but fourteen months old, he was taken by his grand- parents to New Castle, Northumberland County, and there brought up and educated. In the fall of 1865, he went to New York City, and attended the Medical Department of the University, graduating from that institution in March, 1867. He was then appointed Assistant Physician in the New York City Lunatic Asylum, a position he held for over one year. In the spring of 1868 he was admitted, by competitive examination, one of the House Staff of the Charity Hospital, New York, acting as Assistant Physi- cian for six months, and then entering as one of the House Physicians and Surgeons in October, 1868, which position he held for one year. In Octo- ber, 1869, he returned home to New Castle, New Brunswick, and remained there practicing medicine until the fall of 1876, when he started west, sojourning a few weeks in Colorado, and then continued west to California, locating in St. Helena January 12, 1877, where he has since been practicing his profession. His office and residence are next to the Catholic Church on Oak avenue. DWYER, THOMAS. Son of Patrick and Hanora Crotty Dwyer, was born in County Waterford, Ireland, in 1828. In 1848 he, with his parents came to America and located in Boston. In 1853 he came via the Isthmus to California, arriving in San Francisco in November of that year. In 1854 he went to Shasta County and began mining on the east fork of Clear Creek. He then went to Siskiyou County in 1856 and mined at Sawyers Bar on the north fork of Solomon River. In July, 1859, he left Sawyers Bar and went to Boston and New York, at which place he was married. They left that city in October of that year for California and arrived in November. He returned to Sawyers Bar, where he resided till May, 1869, when he came to San Francisco. In October, 1870, he came to Napa County and purchased his present place of one hundred acres, where he is engaged in farming and grape-growing. He was married, September 14, 1859, in New York, to Miss Mary Cummings, a native of County Waterford, Ireland, born March 13, 1836. They have four living children: Biographical Sketches. 451 Margaret, born December 22, 1860; Edward P., born April 22, 1862 ; William F., born April 25, 1872, and Cecilia, born March 5, 1878. They have lost seven children : Annie M., Mary B., Thomas P., Therca, Katie, Philip, Valen- tine and Agnes who was born in San Francisco and died in that place in September, 1870. Five of these children died within four weeks in No- vember, 1877, with diptheria at Oakville, Napa County, and one, January 4, 1878, of the same disease. The two eldest living were born at Sawyers Bar, Siski}-ou County, and the two youngest were born at Oakville, Napa County. Four of the children that died were born at Sawyers Bar, Siskiyou County, and of the other two that died one was born at San Francisco and the other at Oakville, Napa County. ESTEE, HON. MORRIS M. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this work, was born November 23, 1833, in the town of Free- hold, Warren County, Pennsylvania. His father, Ansel Estee, was bom in Buffalo, New York, in 1806, and his mother, Phoebe Moran, was born in Rochester, New York, in 1810, and died but recently in Erie County, Penn- sylvania, where his father still resides. At a very early period of his child- hood his father, with the family, moved from Warren County, Pennsylvania, to Concord, Erie County, that State. His father was a farmer, owning one hundred acres of land, which business he followed during the whole period of the childhood and youth of the subject of this sketch. At a very early age Morris, who was the eldest of a family of nine children, was sent to the district school ; but as soon as he was old enough to be of assistance on the farm his school terms were restricted to the winter seasons only, and he worked at home during the summer months. When he was fourteen years of age, having advanced beyond the studies taught in the district school, he went to Waterford Academy, in Erie County, which institution he attended, except during the summer terms, for two years. At the age of sixteen he began teaching school during the winter terms, boarding around, as was the custom then, among the patrons of the school, and attending the academy during the fall terms, and working on his father's farm during the summer months. He continued in this manner until the summer of 1853, when he borrowed money of a neighbor, his father not being willing for him to leave home, for the purpose of paying his passage to California. He gave this neighbor no security for the money borrowed, except his personal promissory note, agreeing to repay double the amount borrowed within six months, which promise he duly fulfilled. Upon his arrival in California, September, 1853, he went to Cold Springs, El Dorado County, and engaged in mining, where he remained until 1854. He then went to Volcano, Amador County, and continued in mining at that place until 1855. He then engaged in school teaching in Volcano, and began the study of the law at the same time, 452 History of Napa and Lake Counties— N apa. under the tuition of the late Judge T. M. Pauling, who was also a Pennsyl- vanian, and a man of great culture. In the winter of 1857-8 he went to Sacramento, and entered the law office of Messrs. Clark & Gass, where he remained until the spring of 1859, when he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the State. He then opened an office in that city and began at the foot of the legal ladder, upon the topmost rungs of which he was afterwards destined to plant his feet. But the pathway of his earlier professional days was not strewn with the roses of success, and the fledge- ling found it a hard struggle at first. But his was not an ambition to be daunted by the seeming adversities of an hour, and with patience and per- severance he wrought on, hoping, ever hoping, for the brighter to-morrow. At last the clouds began to lift, and the true worth of the man began to be appreciated by his fellow men, and his election, in 1862, to the Assembly from Sacramento County, let a grand rift of sunshine in upon his. profes- sional career. That was a memorable session of the Legislature of Cali- fornia, being composed of some of the ablest men in the State, and it was in this session that the Hon. John Conness was elected to the United States Senate. In the fall of 1863 he was elected to the office of District Attorney, for the City and County of Sacramento, which position he held until 1866. He then went to San Francisco and began the practice of his profession in that city, and he has remained there ever since. In 1867-8 he published the legal work entitled "Estee's Pleadings, Practice and Forms," in three volumes, a work that has now reached its second edition, and is generally received and recognized as a standard work in all the States and Territories that have a code. During Mr. Estee's residence in Sacramento he became a warm friend of Mr. Newton Booth, and when that gentleman was announced as a candidate for Governor, Mr. Estee devoted all the energies of his character to secure his nomination. After Mr. Booth's nomination, Mr. Estee was made Secretary of the Eepublican State Central Committee, and the following campaign, in which Mr. Booth, as the nominee of the Ee- publican party, and Governor H. H. Haight, as the nominee of the Democratic party — two good and eminent men — aspired to the guber- natorial position, was one of the most memorable political contests in the history of California The organization of the Eepublican party was, at that time, brought from chaos into absolute perfection, and Mr. Booth was elected Governor by a majority of some five thousand. In 1875 Mr. Estee was elected to the Assembly from San Francisco. During that session no party had a majority in the Assembly, there being about thirty -four Inde- pendents in that body, and the remaining members were about equally divided between the Democrats and "straight-out" Eepublicans. Mr. Estee was chosen Speaker, for which position he was eminently qualified, which was evinced by the fact that no decision of his was ever overruled, Biographical Sketches. 453 and but little wrangling occurred on the floor of the House. At the close of the session Mr. Estee returned to his practice in San Francisco, which had become very large and lucrative. In the winter of 1878 he was the unani- mous choice of the Republican caucus for the United States Senatorship and received the entire vote of the Republicans in the Legislature for that position ; but the Democrats being in the majority, Mr. Farley was elected. He was elected delegate from the State at large to the Constitutional Con- vention from the San Francisco district. His well-known anti-corporation sentiments marked him out as Chairman of the Committee on Corporations and he was appointed to that position. The report of that committee, which has now become a part of the organic law of the State, shows how well the labor assigned to it was performed. He was the only member of the eight delegates from the San Francisco district, representing the State at large, who upon returning to his constituents supported the New Constitution, he believing that, while there were some things in it which were crude and ought to be amended, yet in the main it was a good Constitution and that it would benefit the people, and that it should have a fair and just trial before it was condemned. He returned again to his practice in 1880 and was elected one of the twelve men to whom was assigned the duty of framing a new charter for the City and County of San Francisco. The in- strument was duly drawn up by them ; but when it was submitted to the people for adoption it was defeated. In politics Mr. Estee is a Republican, though he is very independent in his views ; and from the earliest step he took in politics until the present time, he has most strenuously opposed, in the Legislature and out of it, the exactions of railroad corporations, and their continued interference, by the use of money, with the politics of the State. He is one of the leading horticulturalists of Napa County, having at this time a vineyard of about three hundred acres, and owning in Napa Valley in one body about six hundred acres of land under a high state of cultivation. He also takes great interest in agriculture. Upon the organi- zation of the Napa Viticultural Society in 1881, he was chosen as its presi- dent ; and much of the good that society has accomplished is due to the suggestions and energy of its chief officer. His family spend about eight months of the year at their beautiful country residence a short distance north-east of Napa City, and the remainder of the year is spent in San Francisco. At the law Mr. Estee has for years been a leading member of the bar, and now stands in the foremost ranks of his profession in San Francisco, and enjoys a most lucrative practice. He is industrious, frank, open-hearted, and loyal to those to whom he turns in friendship. He is firm in his convictions, strong of will, and when his purpose is once formed nothing can swerve him from it. As a public speaker he is always earnest, logical, sincere and fair ; few men are his superiors, and he never fails to 454 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. impress an audience ; his manners are dignified, and he often reaches the plane of eloquence. In February, 1863, Mr. Estee was united in marriage with Miss Frances H. Divine, a daughter of Judge Davis Divine of San Jose. They have had three children, two of whom are still living, one aged sixteen years and the other five years. EPLEY, THOMAS H. Was born in Washtenaw County, Michigan. October 18, 1836, and is the second child of Henry K. and Rachel Moe Ep- ley. He resided at his birthplace until 1852, receiving his education in public and private schools in the meantime. In the fall of that year, he went to Fayette County, Iowa, where he built the first house in Brush Creek. In the spring of 1853, he erected the first hotel in that place. In that year he moved to Central Point, Goodhue County, now Lake City, Wabasha County, Minnesota, where he engaged in farming for three years. He then went to work for Starr, in a saw-mill at Lake City. In 1857, he went to Davenport, Iowa, on a raft. In the fall of that year he returned to Michigan. Thence in 1858, he went to Lake City, and thence to Omaha, where he spent the summer, and in the fall he went to Savannah, Missouri. In 1859 he returned to Omaha, and during that year he crossed the plains to California with ox-teams, and arrived September 20th. He first worked on a ranch in Lassen County, and then run an engine in a saw-mill. In the spring of 1860, the mill was moved to Washoe Valley, and was the first steam mill ever put up in Washoe County, Nevada. During that spring the Piute War broke out, and he enlisted in the volunteer service, and was detailed to guard Carson City, and was not in any active engagements. After this excitement died out he finished the erection of the mill, and ran it for Penroad & Lewis, until the fall of that year. He then rented the mill, paying a rental of Si, 000 per month, and ran it for six months. In the spring of 1862, he built a house in Gold Hill, where he ran a lumber yard, and also purchased forty feet in the Crown Point Mine, and set the first engines to work on it, and worked there for six months at six dollars a day. On account of failing health he began teaming. In 1864, he traded his Gold Hill property for a section of land in Honey Lake Valley, Lassen County, California, and farmed until 1874, when, in the spring of that year he moved to Napa County. While living in Honey Lake Valley he owned a saw-mill, which he lost by fire. He began his present business of sta- tionery, notions, etc., in 1874, and conducts it in connection with Mr. L. Paccaud. He was married January 1, 1858, to Miss Mary E. Robinson, a native of Calhoun County, Michigan. They have three children : Dora M., Carl and Myrtle Leona. EDGINGTON, WILLIAM. Was born in Garrett County, Kentucky, March 20, 1816, where he resided till 1840. He then emigrated and settled Biographical Sketches. 455 in Platte County, Missouri, and for the first year he was engaged in the distilling business. He then embarked in farming, which he followed till April 28, 1846. He then started with an ox team across the plains for California, arriving in the Sacramento Valley October 22d of that year. On leaving home they expected to go to Oregon, but at Fort Hall they met Messrs. Applegate and Gough, by whom they were persuaded to change their route for California. This route led them down the Humboldt River two hundred miles, and there they found orders from Applegate and Gough that they would find a comfortable camping place near the foot-hill eighteen miles farther on. Finding no water or grass for their stock they held a meeting and took a vote whether they should proceed on to Oregon or come to California, by which it was decided that they would go to California. While on the Humboldt four of the party died, and as above stated they reached the Sacramento Valley on the 22d of October, 1846. On Bear River Mr. Edgington left the party and enlisted in Fremont's battalion, Com- pany E, under Captain Hastings, and was mustered into service at San Francisco, and from there proceeded with the company to Santa Clara Valley. He stayed in the service till March, 1847, when he was mustered out. On arriving at San Francisco he found that the company with whom he had crossed the plains was located in Chiles Valley, Napa County, and he immediately started to go there. He at once began work for Mr. J. B. Chiles, with whom he continued till May, 1848. On the 8th of that month he was united in marriage to Theresa A., daughter of Captain John Grigsby and Nancy Wilson Grigsby, a native of Tennessee, born November 21, 1830. In July, 1848, he, with his wife, went to the mines on the American River, just below Sutter's old mill, where he embarked in mining with good success, which he followed for three months. They then returned to Chiles Valley, and spent the winter of 1848-9 with Captain John Grigsby. In the spring of 1849 he, with Captain John Grigsby, went to the middle fork of the Yuba River, where they " struck rich diggings," and continued mining for two months, returning to this valley with lots of coin. He then went to the redwoods, a few miles north-west of his present home, where he cut, hewed and whipsawed lumber, which he hauled into Napa with ox teams, and there erected his first house and home in California. It was built near where James & Boggs' lumber yard is now situated. He resided there till 1850, when he moved to his present home, and has since been engaged in farming and stock-raising. He now owns one thousand acres of land in Napa County ; also much valuable property in Napa City. By his marriage he has nine children. ELLIS, FREDERICK W. Was born in New York, April 20, 1841. When he was but one year old his parents moved to Dearborn County, Indi- ana, where he resided till he was eight years of age. In 1849 his parents 456 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. died within twenty minutes of each other with cholera, and left three orphan children. The subject of this sketch was taken by the Masons and Odd Fellows, who cared for him till his grandfather came from New York and took him home with him. In 1860 he came to California. He proceeded to the mines, and thence started for Washoe on snow-shoes. In the fall he returned to California, and came to Napa Valley searching for a mill to run, having learned that trade in New York. He began work for Ellis & Erwin, in the old Bale mill, and remained there till the spring of 1863. He then went to the mines, and in the fall returned to this valley " dead broke," and began working in the Yount mill, which he has since pur- chased, and continues to conduct, in connection with farming. He owns fifty-one acres of land adjoining his mill. A full description of his mill will be found in the proper place. He was married November 27, 1864, to Miss Minnie Holland, who was born in Oregon. Their children are Minnie E., Willie and Freddie. ELGIN, WILLIAM A. This old and respected resident of Napa County is the eldest son of the Rev. Lewis and Elizabeth Thompson Elgin, and was born in Patrick County, Virginia, January 4, 1829. When he was but two years of age his parents moved and settled in Howard County, Missouri, where his father engaged in farming, and the subject of this sketch received his education at the common schools, with the exception of eighteen months, when he attended the Highland Academy, of Jackson County, same State. He then engaged in teaching school and followed that vocation for three years, his parents having in the meantime moved to Greene County. From that place, in April, 1853, Mr. Elgin, accompanied by his wife and young daughter, and in company with his brother-in-law, the Hon. William L. Anderson, of Lake County, started across the plains for the Golden State, at that time the land of promise, and after a tedious journey of some five months, finally arrived in Sacramento. He remained there but a few days, and then proceeded to Napa Valley and first camped on Cache Creek, when the subject of this sketch proceeded on horseback to seek a location in the then almost uninhabited Napa Valley. He finally settled three miles east of St. Helena and engaged in stock-raising and there resided until August, 1857, when he moved to the town of St. Helena and embarked in merchandising in the building now occupied by the Swiss Union Hotel, and continued in that business until the spring of 1860. Mr. Elgin then bought the place now occupied by E. Heyman and then engaged again in fanning until 1866, when he sold his ranch and in 1867 embarked in his present business of livery and feed stable, located on Main street, opposite the Pal- ace Hotel. In 1859 Mr. Elgin was elected a member of the County Board of Supervisors from this district, and in 1880 to the office of Justice of the Peace of Hot Springs Township, an office he now holds. Mr. Elgin is one of Biographical Sketches. 457 St. Helena's most energetic and thriving citizens, and one most highly esteemed by all who know him. He was united in marriage in Springfield, >uri, March 12, 1851, to Miss Mary A. Anderson, a native of Tennessee, and by this union they have five living children and one deceased : Sarah C, now Mrs. L. H. Boggs ; Ira P., Clarence E., Lewis H, deceased, Jessie F. and Alice G. EARL, THOMAS. This worthy pioneer, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Canada, and is the son of John and Frances Burney Earl. In 1835 he emigrated to Richmond, Ray County, Missouri, where, with the exception of a year spent in Lexington, Kentucky, he remained until 1850. May 20th of that year he, with three others, started overland from Inde- pendence, with a team of mules, bound for the land of gold. On the Platte they joined the Henry Boggs' train. The party made the trip in the short period of three months, arriving in Sacramento in August of that year. He paid Napa a visit, then mined a while, and finally, in 1851, he returned to Napa and established the pioneer saddlery in the place. In this pursuit he was very successful, and, satisfied that Napa's future was destined to be bright and prosperous, he determined to cast his lot permanently with her citizens. Accordingly, in 1853 he purchased a tract of eighty-five acres from James M. Harbin, and erected a house thereon. The tract was used by tenants for farming purposes until 1858, when he disposed of it to John Lawley, and it is now known as the Lawley Addition to Napa City. In 1853 Mr. Earl bought a lot sixty feet square on Main street, adjoining the lot on the corner of Main and First streets, owned by William H. James. In 1856, after much urging, the latter joined Mr. Earl in the erection of a substantial brick building covering the two lots, which was the first business building of brick ever erected in Napa City. The brick were procured by Mr. Earl in Sacramento. The first floor was used for stores and the second story of Mr. Earl's part of the block was occupied for several years as a Masonic hall. In 1857 he erected another brick store building of thirty- six feet frontage, adjoining the first. The upper story was finished into one room, 36x55 feet, and was used for a hall for lectures, theatricals, etc., and was known as Earl's Hall. It was subsequently occupied by the Odd Fellows for a lodge-room. This building had an iron front, and was the first of the kind ever erected north of San Francesco. In the spring of 1858, he returned to New York for the purpose of purchasing a large stock of saddlery, etc., in his line. He combined business with pleasure, and pro- ceeded to Monroe County, Michigan, where he formed the acquaintance of Miss Fannie Montgomery, and married her on the 3d of January, 1859. He then returned to California and erected a third brick building, and the second one with an iron front. In 1861 he had the honor of erecting the first concrete house ever built in Napa, it being 30x34 in size, and is his 458 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. present residence. It will thus be seen that Mr. Earl has contributed in no small degree to the improvement of the appearance of the town. In 1857, when the big fight was being made concerning the re-cession to Solano County of a strip of territory annexed to Napa by the Legislature in 1855, Mr. Earl was found in the foremost rank, standing out boldly and doing his share towards retaining this valuable property as a portion of Napa County. He also took a very prominent part in securing the making of the toll- bridge across Napa River a free bridge, heading and circulating the subscrip- tion himself. He also took a very active part in the locating of the Odd Fellows College and Home here. He also took a very active part in striv- ing to get the State Normal School located in Napa City. In 1863 he was elected to the office of Public Administrator, which he filled two years. He was again placed in nomination, but declined ; he was put on the ticket, however, and elected, but refused to qualify. He held the office of City Marshal during the years 1874-5-6. In September, 1879, he was elected President of the Pioneer Association of Sonoma, which position he has since filled. Mr. Earl is a man of worth and integrity, one who has full and unbounded faith in the future of his favorite city and county; one who has not been sparing of time or money for their advancement ; and while some have been loud in their acclamations of what they intended to do, Mr. Earl has gone quietly along and accomplished great results. To him then let us accord the honor. EVEN, JOHN. Was born in Prussia, January 21, 1829. In 1848 he came to America, and settled near Buffalo, New York. In the fall of 1849 he moved to Wisconsin. In 1851 he sailed from New York City for Cali- fornia, arriving in San Francisco January 21, 1852. He went to El Dorado County and engaged in mining, which he followed for eighteen months. He then began farming in that county, and remained in that business till 1858. He then began the mercantile business in that county, in connection with which he conducted the freighting business. In 1868 he came to Napa City. In 1869 he began the. butchering business in Napa City, and con- tinued in it till 1878. In May, 1880, he began the same business, and has since remained in it. He now owns ninety acres of land in Napa County, and an interest in the McBain & Co.'s tannery. He was married July 11, 1857, to Miss Kate Weaver, a native of Ohio. Their children are as fol- lows : Kate, John, Ellen, Lizzie, Ada, Lena, and Robert. EMERSON, D. Was born in Richland County, Ohio, February 10, 1823. In 1833 he, with his parents, moved to Steuben County, Indiana. In 1843 he went to Wisconsin, where he worked in a saw-mill for three years. In 1846 he returned to Cincinnati ; thence to Memphis, where he spent the winter chopping wood. He then returned to Wisconsin, and Biographical Sketches. 459 remained till 1849, when he came to California. He mined till the fall of 1850, when he came to Sacramento and began buying beef cattle, which he took to the mines. In the fall of 1857 he came to Napa County, and set- tled two miles above Calistoga. In 1865 he took a trip to Mexico, and thence to Walla Walla, where he remained fourteen months. He then returned to Napa Valley, and purchased a fifth interest in the Pope Valley grant. In 1866 he returned to his old home in Indiana, via Panama, and spent the winter. In the spring of 1867 he returned to California overland, and has since resided in Napa County, being an extensive farmer. He was married February 8, 1857, to Miss Lizzie Deering. Their children are Eu- gene, bom February 28, 1859, and Mary Emma, born November 7, 1870. FISHER, WILLIAM FREDERICK. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait will be found in the body of this work, was born in Bolivar, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, December 14, 1834, and is the son of George Frederick and Eva Hippie Fisher. His father was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, May 10, 1811, and his mother was a native of Pennsylvania. He remained at his birthplace until 1856, receiving his education in the meantime. In April, of that year, he sailed from New York for California via Panama, being at the latter place during the great riot. He then took passage on the " John L. Stevens " for San Francisco, where he arrived early in May. He immediately proceeded to Marysville, and thence to Bidwells Bar, where he engaged in staging from that place to American Valley. This business was followed till fall, when he came to Napa City and entered the employ of Nathan Coombs, thus becoming the agent for a daily stage line from Napa to Benicia, and which connected with boats at the latter place for Sacra- mento, Stockton and San Francisco. He retained this situation until the completion of the Napa Valley Railroad to Oak Knoll. He then accepted the position of express messenger for the Pacific Union Express Company, which he held for eighteen months, at the end of which time Wells, Fargo & Co. bought out the other company. He then came to Calis- toga and put on a line of daily stages between that place and Healdsburg, which he continued until the completion of the North Pacific Railroad to the latter place. He then sold his stage stock and purchased the Lodi stable at Calistoga. In 1873 the Clear Lake Stage and Navigation Com- pany was organized, of which he was a stockholder, a director, and also general superintendent. In 1876 he purchased the interest of the com- pany, and has since conducted the business himself, in a first-class manner. Mr. Fisher is, in the parlance of the day, a "rustler" — a driving, energetic man ; very prompt and liberal in all business matters ; firm in his convic- tions, honorable and upright in all transactions with his fellow men. He 460 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. ■ believes that success in business depends upon personal supervision by the man most directly interested, hence he can always be found at his post. He has a fine residence at Calistoga, and is enjoying not only the fruits of a lucrative business, but also the confidence and esteem of a very extended circle of acquaintances. He was married on the 11th of November, 1873, to Miss Agnes M. Safley, a daughter of Andrew Safley, who came to Calis- toga with his family in 1865. Mrs. Fisher was born in Linn County, Iowa, October 9, 1853. Their children are Howard Frederick, born May 29, 1877, and Alice Hortense, born November 17, 1879. Elma Loeda, now deceased, was born October 19, 1874. FISHER, WILLIAM A. The subject of this sketch is the son of John and Elizabeth Fisher, and was born in Rosshire, Scotland, March 13, 1820. When ten years of age, he, with his parents, moved to and settled in Upper Canada, where he resided on a farm until 1850. In that year he sailed from New York, and after a voyage of over three months, he arrived in San Francisco, in September of that year. Thence proceeded direct to the mines, and followed that occupation for one year. Leaving the mines he began farming near Marysville, for one season. Then came to Napa Valley in January, 1853, and purchased some land and farmed. Having disposed of his interests in 1854, he engaged in the purchase and shipping of grain in Napa City for one year, during which time he purchased a tract of three hundred and fifty acres from C: Fry, about two miles north-west of Napa City. Finally, again bought part of the place owned by him in 1853, con- sisting of seventy acres, and is now residing on it. Although engaged principally in general farming, he has, more or less, taken an active part in advancing principles of sound policy ; aided and sustained the Republican party since its organization, and in the late co-operative movement towards the advancement of all interests connected with agriculture, he has some- what prominently performed his part. He was married to Sarah Atwood in 1864, and by this union, they have one child, William Morse. FLTNN, JOHN D. Was born in Washington County, Vermont, May 9, 1844, and resided in his birthplace until 1862. He then, being eighteen years of age, and at his country's call, enlisted as a private in Company " I," 9th Regiment, Vermont Volunteers, May 30th, of the above year, and served his country for three years, and took part in all the actions in which his regiment was engaged. At the close of the war, Mr. Flynn was mustered out June 13, 1865, in Richmond, Virginia, and immediately returned to his home in Vermont, and engaged in farming. We next find the subject of our sketch in 1872 located in Chicago, where he resided until April 30, 1875. On the above date Mr. Flynn crossed the mountains to the Pacific Coast, first located in San Francisco, and eighteen months later we find him Biographical Sketches. 461 renting a place for five years of Mr. Wm. Baldridge, of Napa Valley, in which business he remained until he began his present business, November 1, 1880, in Oakville. Mr. Flynn was married in Chicago, April 10, 1875, to Bridget Allen, a native of Ireland, and by this union they have two children : Mary A, born September 5, 1876 ; Margaret E., born April 6, 1878. FRANCIS, G. M. Whose portrait appears in the body of this work, is the editor and proprietor of the Napa Register, and was born in Pontiac, Oakland County, Michigan, May 28th, 1844. He served an ap- prenticeship of three years in the office of the Grant County, Wisconsin, Herald, and was foreman of that establishment when President Lincoln called for three hundred thousand more soldiers to put down the Rebellion. He enlisted in Company " C," of the 25th Wisconsin Infantry, and served from August, 1862, to the end of the war, in the Department of the West, being with Sherman on his memorable march to the sea, and through the Carolinas and Virginia to Washington. His first newspaper was the Butler County, Iowa, Argus, in 1865, and was not a paying one. June 14, 1866, he married Miss Eliza H. Horton, in Lancaster, Wisconsin, and settled in Lacrosse, of the same State, being connected with the Lacrosse Republican from that date to 1869, when he came to California, settling in Napa City in August, 1870. September 28, 1881, Mr. Francis was appointed Postmas- ter of Napa City. He has three children : Mildred, the eldest, being seven years of age ; Ethel, five ; and George H., three. FRYE, JOSHUA. Son of William A and Eunice Ramsdell Frye, was born December 17, 1823, in Kennebec County, Maine. He resided at his birthplace until the fall of 1839, when he went to Lynn, Massachusetts, where he learned the shoemaker's trade. In 1845 he returned to Kennebec County and remained there till 1850, when he began the shoe business in Augusta, Maine. He followed this three years, when he settled in Lincoln County, that State, and began the same business in the town of Damariscotta, where he remained till 1865. He then came to California, locating in Nicolaus, Sutter County. At the end of two years he returned to Massachusetts, where he did a jobbing business in boots and shoes for the next two years. He then began business in Chelsea, and remained there till 1878, when he came to California again and settled at St. Helena. He engaged in business there for ten months, when he came to Rutherford and in August, 1880, in company with F. M. Nottage, began business in that place. Married July 1, 1850, to Miss Jane H. Porter, a native of Boston. FITCH, ISAAC. Son of David and Sarah Fitch, was born in Clark County, Illinois, April 11, 1846, and resided on a farm in that county until 1864, when he crossed the plains to California. He first settled in Solano County, and remained there until 1869, when he moved to Wooden Valley, 462 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. and began farming, which he followed until 1872. In that year he, with his family, went East, where they remained until 1876, and then returned to Napa County and commenced farming, which he continued until 1878, when he became proprietor of the Windy Flat Hotel, which he conducted until 1881. January ls+ of this year he opened his present hotel in Monti- cello, where he is now doing business. Married November 12, 1868, to Minerva A. Bonham, a native of Clark County, Illinois, born January 1st, 1850, and by this union they have three children: Nancy E., born Decem- ber 23, 1871 ; Charles H., born May 26, 1877 ; M. I., born February 20, 1880, and two children deceased. FRASER, GEORGE WILLARD. Second son of J. K. and Martha Crampton Fraser, was born in Shelby, Richland County, Ohio, March 16, 1855. He resided at his birthplace until he was fourteen years of age, when, with his parents, he moved to Ashland, Ohio, and there he served an apprenticeship to the barber's trade. In 1873\he located in Clinton, Iowa, and followed his trade for two years. In 1875 he came to California and settled in Napa City. In 1876 he operfed his present shop, which business he has since followed. Mr. Fraser was united in marriage with Miss Josie, oldest daughter of Harvey and Martha Porterfield, October 4, 1878, who was born in Yolo County, California, July 11, 1855. They have one child, George Willard, Jr., born December 24, 1879. FOUNTAIN, GEORGE C. Son of H. K. and Eliza Dustin Fountain, was born in Tomkinsville, Staten Island, January 19, 1826, and resided at his birthplace until he was sixteen years of age, being educated at the com- mon schools. He then entered the employ of a mercantile firm as clerk, in which position he remained for five years. In 1847, Mr. Fountain then being twenty-one, moved west, locating in Wisconsin, where he resided for two years. He then paid a visit to his home, and in February, 1850, sailed from New York via Panama for the new El Dorado, arriving in San Francisco in the following May. He immediately went to Humboldt Bay, but remained there but a short time, and then returned to San Francisco, and after a short time, engaged in the hay and grain trade, which he con- tinued until 1856. His next move was to Sacramento, where he engaged in his previous business under the firm name of Fountain & Fenel and remained there some two years. He then again returned to San Francisco and embarked in the same business until 1862. Mr. Fountain then drifted around locating in several places, at one time owning the place where now stands the Yallejo Water Company's reservoir. In the fall of 1870 he moved to Napa County and purchased his present property of fifty acres, located in the town limits of St. Helena, and is now engaged in viticulture, being proprietor of a wine cellar, a full account of which appears in its Biographical Sketches. 463 proper place in this work. Mr. Fountain married in Sacramento July 3, [858, Miss Sarah Sidgreaves, a native of St. Louis, Missouri. They have four children: Maggie, George, Bud and Alice. FIELD, WILLIAM A. Was born in Buffalo, Erie County, New York, March 15, 1834, and is the son of John W. and Ann Johnson Field. When he was but an infant his parents moved to Kenzun, McKean County, Penn- sylvania, and his father engaged in mercantile pursuits, and resided there for ten years. They then moved to Illinois, where the subject of this sketch received a common school education, and worked on a farm until he came to California, which occurred in November, 1856. His mother having died during their stay in Illinois, he, in company with his father, two sis- ters and one brother, came by steamer via Panama, and arrived in San Francisco, December 29, 1856. Mr. Field then engaged in the hotel busi- ness for one year in Santa Clara, and then moved to Solano County, and embarked in farming, where he remained until the spring of 1864. He spent the succeeding two years in the stock business in Mendocino County. We next find Mr. Field in Santa Clara County, engaged in mercantile pur- suits, where he remained until he came to Napa County, in September, 1871. He then purchased his present place two miles south of St. Helena. The subject of our sketch was united in marriage in Santa Clara, September 10, 1868, to Miss Phidden B. Shaw, a native of Otto, Cattaraugus County, New York, who was born September 6, 1836. They have one living child, and one deceased : Carrie E., born October 30, 1872 ; Mattie E., born Decem- ber 20, 1869, died September 25, 1870. FEALLY, T. W. Was born in Ireland in 1851. When he was seven years of age his parents came to America, settling first in New York. His father died in that State. May 5, 1859, he, with his mother's family, started for California via Panama, and arrived in San Francisco June 1st of that year. His mother located in St. Helena and he worked at different places at ranching until 1867, when he started into business in St. Helena. In 1870 he purchased his partner's interest. He now owns eighty-two acres, about one mile east of Rutherford, and is engaged in farming. He was married in San Francisco December 29, 1880, to Miss Mary Craddick, a native of New York. FISHER, G. W. Was born in Ohio March 5, 1849. When he was two years old his parents moved to Indiana. When he was about nine years of age his parents died. At the age of fourteen he enlisted in the 12th Indiana Volunteer Cavalry as a private and served till the close of the war. He then went to Kansas and engaged in freighting from Atchison to Denver. In 1867 he went to Julesburg and freighted from there to Fort Laramie. At the end of a year he went to Laramie Plains and helped draw the logs 464 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. for the first house in Laramie City. He then worked on the Union Pacific Railroad until the connection with the Central Pacific was made. He then went to Elko, Nevada, and freighted from there to White Pine and other points. In 1869 he came to California, locating at Calistoga. In March, 1870, he came to St. Helena and engaged in the butchering business, and shortly afterward opened a shop in connection with J. Bruce. In May, 1876, he bought his partner out, and is still conducting the business. He was married August 25, 1877, to Miss Emma Horton, a native of Wisconsin. They have had two children, both of whom are dead. GETLESON, HENRY. Son of Hessel and Rachel Getleson, was born in Hamburg, Germany, in May, 1832. He resided in his native place until 1848, when he sailed for New York, where he worked at his trade, that of sculptor, and remained there until January 28, 1851, when he sailed via Panama for San Francisco, arriving in the latter place March 28, 1851 ; remaining there but a short time, he went to Shasta, Shasta County, and engaged in general merchandising, and continued in business there until his store and almost the whole town was destroyed by fire, Mr. Getleson's individual loss being in the neighborhood of $20,000. In about one year after that the subject of this sketch, in company with Ball & Baker, rebuilt a block, and he there remained in business until 1863. Mr. Getleson next moved to Placerville, Idaho, and engaged in the general merchandise trade, and remained in that place until 1866. He then moved to San Francisco, and there followed his trade of sculptor, to which he had served an appren- ticeship in Germany. From San Francisco he came, at Sam. Brannan's request, and opened the first store of general merchandise in Calistoga, in which place and business he is still engaged, and in connection with it is interested in several good mining prospects near Calistoga. GILDERSLEEVE, GEORGE W. Was born in Glen Cove, Long Island, December 31, 1828. When eleven years old he moved to the east end of Long Island, and lived with an uncle for five years ; then returned to Cold Spring and learned the silverware trade. April 15, 1850, he sailed from New York City on the ship " St. Patrick," via Cape Horn, for San Francisco, which port he reached September 17th of that year. He immediately pro- ceeded to Stockton, where he embarked in the dairy business, which he followed till 1853. He then located on Goverment land near that town, which he farmed until 1862, in which year he sold his place and removed to San Francisco, where he embarked in the wood and coal business until 1866. He then began teaming, which he followed until 1871, when he moved to Napa County and settled on his present place, ten miles north- west of Napa City, where he is engaged in farming, wood chopping, and fruit-raising. He was married February 24, 1865, to Charlotte A. White, a Biographical Sketches. 465 native <>f Chelsea, Massachusetts, born December 22, 1842. By this union they have rive children : George W., born November 19, 1865 ; Susie M., born September 22, 1867 ; Charles H., born September 15, 1869 ; Freddie W . horn February 13, 1872 ; Eddie S., born June 29, 1874, all living with their parents on their ranch in Napa County. GREENFIELD, THOMAS G. Was born in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, June 1, 1832, and is the youngest son of James and Jane Rutherford Greenfield. He remained at his birthplace, attending the public schools, until he was sixteen years of age, when he went to Soquelle, New Brunswick, and began the carriage and wagon-maker's trade, serving an apprenticeship of five years. He then spent seven years in the same shop as a journeyman. In 1858 he began business for himself in the same place. In 1859 he sold out and returned to Nova Scotia, and remained idle for one year. He then went to Portland, Maine, and spent nine months ; thence to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where he worked seven months ; and then came to California via the Isthmus, arriving at San Francisco May 16, 1867. In a few days he went to Washington Corners, Alameda County, where he worked for A. O. Packer. In February, 1868, he went to Santa Clara County, and worked at his trade one year ; thence to Centreville, Alameda County, where, in partnership with H. Hortop, he worked for one year. In 1869 he came to Napa, where he has since been engaged in his business. He was married in 1856 to E. A. Sears, a native of Soquelle, New Brunswick. Their living children are, Charles H., Clarence F., Cassie E , William E., Fred E. and Francis E. (twins). GOODMAN, GEORGE E. Son of Harvey and Mary N. Goodman, was born in Rochester, New York, July 5, 1823, where he resided until 1842, receiving a common school education in the meantime. He then went to Memphis, Tennessee, where he was engaged as a clerk until 1852. He then came to California via Panama, arriving in San Francisco October 5th of that year. He immediately embarked in the grocery and provision business, which he followed until September, 1855. He then came to Napa City, and engaged in the general merchandising business, which he con- tinued until 1859, when, in connection with his brother James H, he began the banking business ; and now they have one of the finest private bank buildings north of San Francisco. In 1861 Mr. Goodman was elected Treasurer of Napa County, a position he held for nine consecutive years. He was married to Carrie A. Jacks, and their children are, Harvey P. and George E., Jr. GRITMAN, CHARLES R. Son of Samuel and Harriet R. Potter Gritman, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, December 10, 1838. When he was quite young his parents moved to New York City, and there Charles 30 466 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. received his primary education, and afterwards attended Yale College, grad- uating at the age of twenty-one. He then was tendered and accepted the position as secretary of the Burlock Manufacturing Company, and came to Chicago in the interest of that company. In 1865 he changed his business and became a partner in the firm of J. A. & H. F. Griswel & Co., dealers in coffees, spices and fancy groceries, in which firm he remained until 1873. Mr. Gritman then spent two years in Wyoming Territory, and in 1875 came to this coast and accepted a clerkship in the Bank of Napa, a position he held until January 1, 1881, and on that date he succeeded Mr. W. C. Watson, as cashier of said bank, a position he now holds with credit to himself, and with satisfaction alike to the officers of that institution and the general public. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage July 22, 1869, to Miss Ella C. Head, a resident of New Haven, Oswego County, New York, where she was born July 13, 1841. GOODRICH, HIRAM. Son of Alvin and Pauline Monroe Goodrich, was born in Cayuga County, New York, August 7, 1814. He was given the advantages of a common school education, and resided on a farm until he was twenty-one years of age. He then moved to Berrien County, Michigan, where he began life as a laborer. In 1840 he began the livery business in Niles, Michigan, which he conducted in connection with farming until 1853, when he came to California. In February of that year he pro- ceeded to St. Joseph, Missouri, where he fitted up ox-teams and started across the plains, coming via the old Carson route, by Salt Lake. He ai'rived in California, in September, 1853, and immediately joined his brother-in-law, Isaac Sackett, in Napa County, and began farming. In the spring of 1857 he settled on his present place, consisting of one hundred and sixty -four acres, and is engaged in wheat and grape growing. In 1864 he took charge of the Revere House in Napa, and conducted it for thirteen months. He was married December 25, 1840, to Miss Etta Sackett, who was born in Sodus, Wayne County, New York, April 8, 1822. Their children are Harriet J., Luman L., Alice, Ida R., Lee G., and Minnie E. They have lost one child, Lilburn, aged five years, five months and twenty days. GILES, JAMES. Was born in Rockport, Essex County, Massachusetts, June 16, 1817, where he resided until the age of thirteen years. He then followed a sea-faring life for fifteen years, until he was twenty-eight years of age. He next settled in Boston, until he came to California, which was in November, 1849. He sailed on the schooner " Savilion," via Cape Horn, having the stern boat filled with onions. The vessel was owned by the passengers. He sold his onions for fifty cents each, on their arrival in San Francisco, where they landed in March, 1850, after a passage of four Biographical Sketches. 467 months and fifteen days. He immediately proceeded to the mines, and em- barked in mining in the vicinity of Hangtown and Georgetown, which he followed until November, 1850. He then, on account of ill health, shipped for the Marquise Islands, but went to Valparaiso, where he remained two months. He then once more returned to San Francisco, arriving in July, 1851. Here he stopped until December of that year, when he returned via the Isthmus of Panama, locating in Boston, where he engaged in the manufacture of piano-fortes, which business he followed until 1859. He then returned to San Francisco with his family, where he sojourned for six months, and then came to Napa City and engaged in the cabinet busi- in which he has been steadily engaged since that time, and is the oldest furniture dealer in this city. The subject of this sketch was married October 12, 1849, to Hannah Elizabeth Lange, who was born in Whitefield, Maine, in 1829, and by this union they have three living children — George F., born February 22, 1855 ; Antoinette, born June 6, 1859 ; Dody, born August 4, 1866. GARNER, JOHN R. Whose portrait will be found in the body of this work, is a son of Valentine and Sarah Edington Garner, was born in Wright County, Missouri, July 22, 1838, where young Garner was reared on a farm and given the advantages of a common school education. In 1857, at the age of eighteen, he came to California, across the plains, with ox-teams, and arrived September 18th of that year, after a tedious trip of five months. He came at once to Napa Valley and began renting land of George C. Yount. In 1863 he purchased his present place of one hundred and twenty acres, and now owns three hundred and twenty acres, and is engaged in farming and stock-raising. He was married November 13, 1864, to Miss Roberts, who was born in Wayne County, Tennessee, October 5, 1845. Their child- ren are, Thomas, bom November 26, 1866 ; Joseph, born September 24, 1868 ; John, born July 25, 1871 ; Louis, born November 6, 1873 ; Frederick W., born March 25, 1876 ; and Bush C, born September 9, 1879. GRIGSBY, WILLIS P. The subject of this sketch is a native of Napa County, and was born near Yountville, December 14, 1851, and is the son of one of the first pioneers of the county, Jesse and Margaret Alexander Grigsby. He attended the common schools amd afterward completed a course at the Collegiate Institute of Napa, graduating from that institution in the class of 1872. Mr. Grigsby has remained all his life in this county, and February 1, 1880, commenced keeping his present livery and feed stable in St. Helena, under the firm name of W. P. Grigsby & Co., located on the corner of Main and Polk streets. He was united in marriage Sep- tember 12, 1872, to Miss Evaline Osborn, who was born in Ogle County, Illinois. They have three children : Willis 0., born in St. Helena, March 468 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. 24, 1873 ; Gertrude E., born in St. Helena, May 21, 1875, and George P., born near Yountville, February 5, 1880. GIBBS, WILLIAM H. Was born in Posey County, Indiana, June 29, 1829, where he resided till 1852. In that year he crossed the plains to California and settled in Colusa County. He engaged in teaming which he followed for six years, when he began farming on Stoney Creek, that county, where he remained till 1860. He then went East, but returned during the same year and settled where he now resides, owning two hundred acres of land. In 1874 he, with Mr. Cooper, opened the store at Yountville, which property he still owns but is not carrying on the business. He was mar- ried January 1, 1849, to Lucinda Williams, a native of Gibson County, Ohio, born May 1, 1833. Their children are, Charles H, born April 14, 1855 ; Samuel W., born September 25, 1859, and George, born August 5, 1865. GARDNER, CHARLES A. Son of Charles and Annice Dickson Gard- ner, was born in Middieport, Iroquois County, Illinois, August 22, 1842, and he remained at his birthplace until 1853. He then moved to St. Anthony, Minnesota, in company with his father's family. After a residence here of two years the family proceeded to Lake Pepin, where the father engaged in the practice of his profession — the law. The elder Gardner was an ener- getic and highly respected gentleman, as is evinced by the fact that he was a member of the Territorial Legislature of Minnesota in 1855-6, and was further honored with the position of Speaker of the Lower House of that body. He afterwards received the nomination by President Buchanan to the position of Governor of Dakota, but it was not confirmed by the Senate. About 1857 the father purchased a stock of goods and engaged in mercantile pursuits at Delhi, Iowa, where he remained for two years. He then moved to Franklin County, where he practiced his profession until the fall of 1859. That winter was spent by the family in Kansas, and in the spring of 1860 they started overland for California, coming the old emigrant route, and arriving in Sacramento in September of that year. Young Gardner first found employment as a clerk in the post-office in that city, under Post- master Hardenberg, where he remained for one year. He then began work on the Sacramento Union, which he followed for about one year. In 1863 he went to San Francisco, and was engaged in his father's law office, and at several other occupations. He was a carrier for the Democratic Press of that city, and was present when that building was sacked at the time of the assassination of President Lincoln. While in San Francisco Mr. Gardner was a member of the Washington Guards and the City Guards, and helped to preserve order at that time. He was also a member of the Olympic Club. In 1865 he went to Portland, Oregon, and purchased a tract of land, and on his return to San Francisco he engaged in the publication of the Commercial Biographical Sketches. 469 rd, and after disposing of that he bought an interest in the Guide. He retained this but a short time, when he sold to his partner, and engaged in the studv of law in his father's and other law offices. He was afterwards with Brooks & Ranleun, Hope, McKillop & Co., and others. He was with Bancroft for about one year on the Digest of California Reports. He then went to Portland, Oregon, with his family, and there filled the position of book- keeper for the Oregon agency of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. In 1870 he went to Anaheim, California, and there practiced In \v. being at one time Deputy District Attorney of Los Angeles County. At the end of one year he returned to Portland and engaged in the practice of law in connection with his father. He remained there but a short time, when he returned to Anaheim and purchased the Gazette of that place. In the fall of 1872, having changed the name of the paper to the Southern Galifornian, he sold out, and in December of that year came to Napa County, locating at St. Helena, and purchasing a vineyard of fifty acres. He then purchased a half interest in the Napa Register, which was con- ducted under the firm name of Francis & Gardner, for about two years. He then disposed of his interest to Mr. Francis, but remained in charge of the editorial department of the paper for another year. In June, 1876, he came to St. Helena and purchased the Star, which he has since continued to conduct in a manner that reflects great credit upon himself and best sub- serves the interests of the community in which he has cast his lot. He has been twice honored with the appointment of delegate to the Republican State Convention. Mr. Gardner was married in St. Helena, January 26, 1869, to Miss Sarah A. Clark, a native of Hartwick, Delaware County, Iowa. Their children are, Miriam Emma, born April 15, 1 870, at St. Helena ; Edith Maria, born April 28, 1872, at Anaheim ; Katy, born December 7, 1874, at Napa, and Ruth, born October 6, 1877, at St. Helena. GRIFFITH, CALVIN C. This old and respected pioneer of Napa County, whose portrait appears in this history, is the son of James A. and Elizabeth Rogers Griffith, and was born in Chatham County, North Caro- lina, March 1, 1828. When he was but seven years of age, his parents moved and settled in Macon County, Missouri, and engaged in farming and stock raising, and there the subject of this sketch received the education that the common schools of that place afforded at that early date. After a residence of ten years in Missouri, he, with his parents, with ox-teams started for California in company with others, among whom may be mentioned Mr. John York, David Hudson, James Gregson and Harvey Porterfield, and under command of John Grigsby, started from Independ- ence, Missouri, to cross the then almost unknown plains, with the intention of going to Oregon. On their arrival at Fort Hall, however, they procured a guide, John Greenwood, who prevailed on them to change their route and 470 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. come to California. A division of the original train took place — some going on to Oregon, while the balance turned their faces toward what afterward proved to be the Golden State. Among the latter, was the subject of our sketch, and with thirty wagons, out of as high at one time as one hundred and twenty -five, arrived in California, and we believe this to be the first train that ever successfully crossed the Sierra Nevada Mountains. They arrived at Johnsons Ranch October 17, 1845. In a few days they proceeded to Sutters Fort, near Sacramento, and there, building a raft, they crossed the Sacramento River and proceeded to Napa Valley, arriving on Mr. Yount's ranch November 1, 1845. After six months residence in this valley, Mr. Griffith and family were compelled to seek protection in the town of So- noma on account of the Mexican War. Calvin Griffith was a volunteer under General Fremont, during the war in California, serving in all about nine months, receiving his discharge in April, 1847, and now has a medal made out of the brass of one of the cannons captured during this war. At the close of the war, Mr. Griffith returned to Sonoma, and went thence to the mines. In 1852, he embarked in farming, and in the fall of 1853, re- turned to Napa Valley, and engaged in farming near St. Helena, for three years. In 1856, he returned to Sonoma County, continuing farming on Mark West Creek until the spring of 1871. He then purchased his present property, consisting of eighty-three acres, and engaged in general farming, about one-half mile north of Rutherford. Mr. Griffith was united in mar- riage in St. Helena September 6, 1855, to Miss Lydia Lensibaugh, a native of Wisconsin. They have seven living children : Oliver O, Mary E., Alice M., Clara A., Albert J., George A. and Jessie G. GROEZINGER, G. Was born in the Kingdom of Wurtemberg, Sep- tember 18, 1824. There he received his education, and learned the trades of hotel-keeping, baking, and wine-maker. He resided in his birthplace till 1840, when he went to Switzerland and embarked in hotel-keeping, which he continued till 1848, when he immigrated to America and settled in New York City. There he was engaged as head- waiter in the Delmonico Hotel. In January, 1848, he sailed in the steamer " Oregon" to Panama, and there engaged as steward on that steamer, but gave it up and came on to California, arriving in San Francisco February 22d of that year. He soon found employment as steward in a hotel, which he followed only a few months. He then proceeded to Yuba County, where he opened a general miners' store, which business he continued till 1854. He then made a trip to Switzerland, Germany and France, being absent one year, and returned to San Francisco, bringing along several thousand grape cuttings of best varieties. In 1858 he turned his attention to the manufacture of wine in San Francisco, buying his first grapes of Colonel Haraszthy, and paying him for the same three cents per pound. He has since continuously fol- Biographical Sketches. 471 lowed that business. In 1871 he came to Yountville and erected his present wine-cellar, a full history of which will be found in its proper place. He now owns five hundred and fifty acres of land, and has two hundred and thirty acres in vines. Married in 1872 to Rosalia Trondle, and has two sons, Gottlieb and Emile. GREER, JOHN. Was born in Ireland. When he was eighteen years of age he went to England and remained for three years. He then went to the West India Islands, and resided there two years. In 1850 he went to Albany, New York, where he worked in a hotel for five years. In 1855 he came to California, arriving December 15th. He engaged in various pur- suits till May, 1856, when he came to Napa County, locating at the White Sulphur Springs, and in the following year he took charge of the Spring's stables, and conducted them for the following fourteen years. He, in com- pany with Mr. Tainter, purchased one hundred acres of land, on which is now situated the business portion of St. Helena, and he still resides on about thirty acres of that tract, lying on Spring street. He has also other exten- sive interests in Napa Valley. He was married in Albany, New York, October 15, 1854, to Mrs. Ellen McGuire, a native of Ireland. Their chil- dren are Mary, John, Thomas, Clarence and Lizzie. GRIGSBY, JESSE. Whose portrait will be found in the body of this work, was born in Roane County, Tennessee, February 23, 1819, and is the son of George and Rebecca James Grigsby. When he was quite young his parents moved to Monroe County, that State, where he received his education and resided till 1837. He then went to Missouri and located in Pulaski County, where he engaged in farming and stock raising until 1840. He then moved to Greene County, and began the same business, which he fol- lowed until the spring of 1850. February 19th of that year he started across the plains for California, coming via Green River route and South Pass, entering the State by the Truckee route, and arrived in Napa County September 18th of the above year, and settled with his brother, Captain John Grigsby, who was then residing in the valley. Here he began farming and stock raising, which he followed till 1872, when he sold to D. Emerson. He then moved to Berryessa Valley and engaged in the same business, and remained there for one year. He then gave up his farm to his son, P. D. Grigsby, and has since retired from business. He has held the office of Su- pervisor for two terms, and has always been one of Napa County's most staunch and stable farmers and citizens. He was married June 27, 1837, to Margaret Alexander, who was born in Gifford County, North Carolina, in March, 1819, and they are still hale and hearty, after spending over forty- four years of married life. They have seven living children ; Pulaski D., William T., John W., Rebecca, Willis P., James, Jesse F., all but one of whom are now living in Napa County. 472 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. GRIGSBY, P. D. Oldest son of Jesse and Margaret Alexander Grigsby, was born in Pulaski County, Missouri, April 30, 1838. When he was but two years of age his parents moved to Greene County, that State, and there resided until April, ] 850, when they came to California, locating first in Napa Valley, where they arrived September 18th of that year. They re- sided near Yountville until 1857, when he embarked in business for himself. He began farming near Oakville, and remained there until 1859; he then moved to the Trancas, one and one-half miles above Napa City, which he rented for five years. In 1864 he purchased a farm on the " Big Ranch " road, and remained there until 1875. He then moved to his present place in Berryessa Valley, consisting of two thousand acres, and is extensively engaged in farming and stock raising. He was married August 26, 1857, to Miss Louisa Crowey, who was born February 19, 1840, and died Feb- ruary 25, 1871, leaving the following children: Margaret J., born June 1, 1858; Jesse W., born December 11, 1860; Rebecca, born September 2, 1862; John W., born February 1, 1864 ; Louisa D., born June 14, 1865 ; William W., born November 11, 1869. He married, secondly, November 14, 1872, D. Garner, who was born March 2, 1844. Their children are : Julia A., born December 29, 1873 ; Nelson, born June 19, 1875 ; Dana, born November 23, 1876 ; Estella, born September 5, 1878 ; and Homer, born April 23, 1880. GOSLING, C. Was born in England January 16, 1829. In 1836 he, with his parents, came to America and settled in Oakland County, Michigan. In 1846 he went to steamboating on the Mississippi River, running from Memphis to St. Louis. May 5, 1850, he started overland to California, arriving in July of that year. He proceeded to Sacramento and began steamboating between San Francisco and Marysville, which he continued until March, 1851, when the steamer sunk. He then returned East via Panama, and returning to California overland, brought his family with him. He went to Sacramento and engaged in the hotel business, keeping the Bee Hive House, in connection with which he ran a bakery. In the fall of 1852 he went to near Freeport, on the Sacramento River, and engaged in farming. In 1869 he purchased his present place of two thousand acres in Berryessa Valley, and has since been engaged in farming and stock raising. In 1879 he was elected Supervisor from his district. He was married August 11, 1852, and now has seven children, as follows: Adela (now Mrs. F. G. Huskey), Mary E., Lucy E., William H., Emma M., Walter J., and Alice A. They have lost Frank W., Emily E., Austin F., and Letitia A. GILL AM, JOHN. Was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, April 1, 1830. At the age of sixteen he moved to Illinois, and was engaged in blacksmithing in Rushville for three years. In 1850 he crossed the plains to California, arriving at Placerville Augut 23d. He mined there for two Biographical Sketches. 473 months and then went to Coloma, where he engaged in the restaurant busi- ness. In 1851 lie went to Mormon Island, and in 1853 to Mud Spi'ings, El Dorado County, where he engaged in blacksmithing and continued until 1 860. He then came to St. Helena, Napa County, and began working at his trade, which he followed for ten }>'ears. He then took a contract for supplying wood to the Central Pacific Railroad, and remained in that business for six years. He then went to Salmon Creek, Mendocino County, and built a saw-mill in company with D. A. and J. A. McKinley. He is next found in Lodi as superintendent of a lumber company. In 1877 he returned to St. Helena, where he still resides. May 23, 1855, he married Miss Mary Perry, a native of North Carolina. HASTINGS, JUDGE S. CLINTON. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait will be found in the body of this work, was born in Jefferson County, New York, November 22, 1814, and is the son of Robert C. and Patience Brayton Hastings. His mother's family, the Braytons, were among the first settlers in that section of New York State. His father, a native of Boston, in early life moved from Rhode Island to the interior of New York, where he married, and reared a family of seven children, all of whom are now deceased except the subject of this sketch and one sister, Mrs. Suel Foster, now a resident of Iowa. When young Hastings was but ten years of age, his father moved to near Geneva, New York, where the father died at the end of a year. After this event occurred, he, with his mother's family, moved to St. Lawrence County, where he was nominally a member of the Governeur Academy for a period of six years, under the special instruction of two tutors, who were graduates of Hamilton College, New York. At the age of twenty he became principal of the Norwich Academy of New York, and filled that position for one year with great credit to himself, and to the entire satisfaction of the patrons of the institution, having in that short- space of time fully restored the success of the academy. He then went to Lawrenceburg, Indiana, where he engaged in the study of law with Daniel S. Mayor and the Hon. Amos Lane for about two years. During the campaign of 1836 he edited a political paper in the interests of the Democratic Party. In the spring of 1837 he went to the then Blackhawk Purchase, now the State of Iowa, and settled at where is now the City of Muscatine ; and was honored while a resident of that place, with the posi- tion of member of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa for several years. In 1846 he had the still greater honor conferred upon him of being elected to the United States Congress, being a member of the famous Mexican War or Twenty -ninth Congress. Upon his election Iowa was not yet admitted into the Union ; but through his exertions she was added to the sisterhood of States, and he then took his seat. Upon his return from Congress, he 474 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. was appointed Chief Justice of the State by the Governor. In the spring of 1849 he set out overland for California, arriving in Sacramento City in August of that year. He was elected by the Legislature of California to the position of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State. Having filled his term of two years, he was elected by the people to the office of Attorney-General. Having become almost entirely impoverished during his term upon the Bench, owing to the great expense of living at that time, he sought the office of Attorney-General, so that he might be able to prac- tice his profession in connection with his office, and thus replenish his exchequer. At this time he had a family of four sons and three daugh- ters. After practicing law for a year or two, his accumulations of property became so great and his interests so varied that he ceased its practice, and has since then to the present devoted his entire time to the management of his country and city real estate. He has made his home principally in Napa Valley, where he has a fine, large estate near Rutherford station. Here he has burried his wife and two of his sons. He is extensively engaged in vineyards and vine planting in Napa and Lake Counties, and wool and wheat growing in other counties. For the last twenty years he has devoted a great amount of his time to foreign travel, and while abroad took occasion to investigate carefully the various systems of instruction in prominent institutions of learning in those countries. He has also carefully studied the systems of instruction in the law in the prom- inent law schools of those countries and the United States. In 1878 he donated to the State of California, and paid into the Treasury thereof, the - sum of $100,000 with which was founded the law department of the State University, which is known as the " Hastings College of the Law." The only conditions that restrict this magnificent bequest to the State by one of her most honorable citizens, is that no more than the amount of interest which would accrue from that sum at seven per cent, per annum, shall be expended out of this endowment for compensation to instructors in the department ; and further, the privileges and benefits of the school shall not be confined to those only who intend to make the practice of law their life work, but it shall be free to all. The founder is thoroughly impressed with the grand truth that the study of jurisprudence in all of our institutions of learning, will conduce greatly to the advancement and advantage of the future of the commonwealth, hence the last condition of the bequest. Hav- ing fixed the course of study at three years, Judge Hastings has personally devoted the most of his time since the founding of the school, now three years, in establishing the institution and getting it into successful operation. The best of talent was secured at the first to fill the chairs, and professors and lecturers of eminence were employed. Judge Hastings was also instru- mental in founding the St. Catharines Convent and School at Benicia. In Biographical Sketches. 475 1809 he accompanied ex-Governor William H. Seward as an escort, on his celebrated voyage to Alaska, when that gentleman went there to " spy out the land," as it were, examine its resources, and form an opinion of the value of that country. The party proceeded to Alaska in the Oregon Steamship Company's steamer "Active," which was tendered to the Seward party, and they were absent from San Francisco about forty days. On his celebrated voyage around the world, ex-Governor Seward and suite were the guests of Judge Hastings for two weeks. On this occasion the Judge's eldest daughter, Clara L., was united in marriage with Col. E. C. Catherwood. It was agreed at this time between ex-Governor Seward and Judge Hastings that upon the arrival in New York City of the former gentleman from his voyage around the world, the latter should join him, and they together should proceed to the North Sea and explore the north-west coast of Norway and Sweden. The Governor was very urgent in desiring the Judge to spend a few months at his home in Auburn before they proceeded on their projected tour. With this object in view the Judge proceeded to New York City, and while waiting there to meet the Governor the latter died. The excessively warm friendship which existed between these two men was remarkable in many respects. In religion their thoughts ran in widely different channels, and in politics they were at antipodes. The ground for the attachment on the part of the Judge was that in ex-Governor Seward he recognized the greatest living ethnological philosopher, and on this account he was universally known as the " Sage of Auburn." Judge Hastings stands to-day in the front ranks of California's best men. From almost impecuniosity he has climbed the ladder of fortune, till he is to-day a millionaire, owning property in almost every county in the State. As a financier he is not excelled on the Pacific Coast, and we doubt if he is equalled. He is broad and liberal in his views, strong in his convictions, and thoroughly in earnest in whatever he undertakes. His is a mind well and richly stored with the golden cream of literature, and his library at his Napa homestead is a marvelous collection of the choicest works of the world. Through his munificent gift to the State in the endowment of the Law School his name will be justly perpetuated through the generations yet unborn, until the great commonwealth of California shall become a thing of the past, so long forgotten that its records will not cover a page of history. In 1845, in the city of Muscatine, Iowa, he was united in mar- riage with Miss Azella Brodt, a native of Hamilton County, Ohio, who at the time of her marriage was only seventeen years of age. She died in 1874 at Pau, in the south of France. Her remains were brought home and are now resting in the family grounds in the cemetery at St. Helena. He has now six living children, two sons and four daughters, as follows : C. F. D., at present married and residing in Solano County, near Suisun, and is 476 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. one of the prominent farmers of that section, being also largely in- terested in, and one of the trustees of the Bank of Suisun. He re- ceived his education principally in England, at the Trinity College, Cambridge ; Robert P., his second son, was educated in England, in the primary branches, and graduated from Harvard College, and is also a graduate of the Hastings Law School. He is at present engaged in the practice of that professsion, being associated with R. B. Wallace, Esq., son of ex-Chief-Justice W. T. Wallace. His eldest daughter, Clara L., was united in marriage in 1869 with Col. E. C. Catherwood, and has been re- siding abroad for the past three years, educating her children. The second daughter, Flora A., was married in 1879 to W. S. Keyes, Esq., son of General E. D. Keyes, late of the United States army. His two younger daughters, Ella and Lellia are unmarried, and reside with their sister, Mrs. Keyes. We will conclude this sketch with the statement that we have not space to give in detail the many interesting incidents of this gentleman's life. He is a life-member of the California Pioneers, of which association he has been president ; is a life-member of the Academy of Sciences, and at the special instigation of President D. C. Gilman, of the Johns Hopkins University, of the world-renowned botanist, Sir Joseph Hooker, and Dr. Asa Gray, pro- cured contributions from several distinguished citizens, and caused to be published in two volumes the botany of the Pacific. This work was accom- plished to rescue the botany from destruction. Dr. D. J. Whitney, in his prefatory note to the second volume, thus speaks of the subject of this sketch : That the volume of 1876 and the present one could be laid before the scientific public in a style worthy of the subject, and uniform with that of the other publications of the Geological Survey, is chiefly due to the zeal and liberality of Hon. S. C. Hastings, who solicited and obtained the neces- sary means for this purpose. HARTSON, HON. CHANCELLOR. Whose portrait will be found in the body of this history, is one of the pioneers of Napa County, and has acted a very important part in the history of both the county and city of Napa. He was born in Otsego County, New York, in 1824. At the age of twenty-one, in 1845, he received a diploma from the Mad- ison University, an institution of learning second to none in his native State. Then he entered the Fowler Law School, located at Cherry Valley, from which he graduated with credit in 1848, and was soon after admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in New York. In 1850 he deter- mined to seek his fortunes in the far-away gold fields of California, and he accordingly came to the State in that year. In July of the following year he came to Napa Valley, and has since remained here, doing giant service for the advancement of everything that would go to build up the common- Biographical Sketches. 477 wealth among whom he had cast his lot. He at once entered upon the practice of law, and in September of that year was elected to the position o! District Attorney. In September, 1853, at the close of his term of office as District Attorney, he was elected County Judge, which office he held until 18")8. In 185G he was found in the foremost ranks of the Republican party, just then springing into existence, and from that day to this he has ever been a staunch advocate of the principles he then espoused. In 1861 he was elected to the lower house of the State Legislature, and in 1862 to the upper house of the same body. In both the Assembly and the Senate he was appointed to serve on the Judiciary Committee, and was chairman of both committees. He remained in the State Senate until 1866, and by his entire devotion to the best interests of his constituency gained the admiration of all. At the close of this term of public service he returned to the pursuit of his profession, in which he remained until 1871, ^hen he turned his attention to financial matters. In that year he aided in the establishment of the Bank of Napa, and was then elected to the position of president, which he tilled until January 1, 1879. In the meantime he also took a prominent part in the organization of the Bank of Lake, at Lakeport, and was for years a member of the Board of Directors of that institution. In 1879 W. J. Maclay was elected to the Assembly, but shortly after- wards he was called from earthly scenes, and his place had to be filled. In casting about for a suitable man for the position, the eyes of the entire population seemed to turn instinctively upon Mr. Hartson, and despite his protestations he was elected by a large majority. In this session of our State Legislature, he was certainly the peer of any man upon the floor of either House, and his natural abilities as a close and careful financier, came into grand use when the subjects of revenue and taxation came up for dis- cussion. His speech on Assembly Bill 404, which embodied those subjects, was the masterpiece of the session, and we may say of his life. So great was the demand for it, that in a very short time an edition of seventy -five thousand w r as exhausted. A short extract from it will give the reader a good idea of the character of the man who enunciated such grand senti- ments : " I rise under deep feelings of embarrassment and regret, inspired principally by the painful reflection that in the advocacy of this great con- stitutional measure, I am in conflict with the wishes of many highly esteemed friends, in and out of this House, whose good will I crave, and for whose opinions I entertain the highest respect. Nothing but a strong sense of duty and a clear conviction of right has impelled me to take so decided a stand, and maintain it with whatever of vigor and ability I possess. So far as I am concerned, I have no trouble in so construing that language as to tax all credits, all stocks and all property. I am decidedly in favor of roll- ing back and ott' the industries and lands of this State, and back on the 478 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. bondholder and stockholder, the great burden of taxation that belongs to the latter class to bear. I came here to do a great constitutional duty. I pro- mised the suffering men and women of my home, when elected, that I would stand up for their rights against power and wealth, and prerogative. I am here by my voice to fulfill that promise. My judgment approves this meas- ure, and the work done for its accomplishment is the work of my hand and my heart, as well as my intellect." In November, 1880, he was elected to the same position, and did good work in the Legislature of 1880-1. In 1881 he received the appointment of Collector of the Port of San Francisco, from President Garfield, the duties of which position he is now performing. For thirty years Mr. Hartson has resided among the people of Napa County ; has been honored with high positions of honor and trust more frequently than any man in the county ; has done as much as any man to advance the financial prosperity of the community in which he resides; and in no par- ticular has he been found wanting. A man whose keen perceptions cause him to see the right, and a man who never fears to do it. The intimida- tions of enemies nor the pursuasive influence of friends, never cause him to swerve from his high sense of honor and justice. He was married in Feb- ruary, 1854, to Miss E. Burnell, who is a native of New York, and their children are : Burnell C, Ernest, Channing and Asenath. HOGAN, JOHN S. (deceased). Was born in Nenagh, Ireland, May 29, 1837. His early boyhood was spent with his uncle, Henry Smithwick of Smithwick Manor. While under his charge he was placed in Youghel College, where he remained until 1849. Some years^previous, part of the family had moved to the United States, and were residing in New Orleans. Sep- tember 2, 1849, Mr. Hogan, then a boy, started from his old home, bound for America. On his first arrival in New Orleans, he engaged himself in acquiring the trade of a cooper. He served faithfully for two years at this trade, and then became a master workman. Being offered a position at the desk of the St. Charles Hotel, Canal street, he abandoned the adze and first connected himself with the hotel business, a vocation in which he passed the remainder of his years. During the ever memorable yellow fever epidemic of 1853, he was stricken by the dread disease, but careful nursing, tender care and a strong constitution, saved him from death. During his six years' life in New Orleans, he acquired a business knowledge and tact, and developed traits of character that in after life had much to do with his financial successes. The fame of the Golden State, and the opportunities offered industrious and enterprising men reached Mr. Hogan in his Southern home, and despite protestations he abandoned his position at the St. Charles, and on the morning of February 8, 1856, he stood on the deck of the outward bound steamship " Daniel Webster," and saw fade into the hazy distance Biographical Sketches. 479 the " Crescent City," the " Queen of the South." He crossed the Isthmus of Panama at the time of the riots between the natives and the passengers of the Panama Railroad, taking an active part on the side of the latter He received a wound on the head, the scar of which he carried to his grave. On the Pacific side of the Isthmus he took passage on the steamship " Oceanic," and after a pleasant trip, landed in San Francisco May 3, 1856. He was accompanied on this voyage by his sisters, Ellen and Margaret. After remaining in San Francisco for a short period he, in company with James Kelly, started for the southern mines at Sonora. Here was staked out a claim and hard work done for some time, but failing to strike " pay dirt." the mine was abandoned, and Mr. Hogan returned to San Francisco with a considerable amount of money out by the venture. Strange to say, the claim abandoned turned out afterward to be one of the richest in the district. Mr. Hogan then started for Napa, and first entered the town in the summer of 1856, and secured a position at the American Hotel, then con- ducted by " Uncle " Tom. Alcher. July 4th of the same year he assisted in turning out the first copy of the Napa Reporter that ever left the press. He remained in Napa until November, 1858, when he removed to Healdsburg, having been engaged by Allen & Dickinson, managers of the Russian River Hotel at that place. He remained with these gentlemen until the following fall. In the meantime he invested what money he pos- sessed in real estate. In May, 1859, he purchased the grounds, and buildings thereon standing, which is now the site of the Union Hotel, in Healdsburg. In October, 1859, he left Allen & Dickinson and went to San Francisco, and November 1st of that year, at St. Mary's Cathedral, he was married to Miss Ellen Barrett, Rev. Hugh Gallagher performing the ceremony. After a brief honeymoon, in company with his bride he returned to Healdsburg and opened business in the Union Hotel. Possessed of more than ordinary business capacity, and of an enterprise bounded only by his ability to act, his business continued to increase and fortune smiled upon him. During his residence in Healdsburg the Russian River Flag was started. He assisted Alexander J. Cox in presenting its first number. Here, Septem- ber 2, 1860, his eldest child was born. He was named after his father's uncle — Henry. After a fire had almost entirely ruined Healdsburg, but from which Mr. Hogan's property fortunately escaped, he visited Napa, and seeing the progress it had made, and, finding a good opening, he leased his hotel in Healdsburg and bought out the restaurant conducted by Frederick Gerkins, situated on Main street, where the stores of Levinson and Mabys now stand, and opened here in November, 1860. Being well acquainted and very popular, he commanded a large patronage, and after two years' industry he leased the Napa Hotel, and December 2, 1862, he took possession, suc- ceeding Daniel Wheelock. Here he was in his element, and all his efforts 480 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. were crowned with success. Owing to the growing extent of his business, he kept continually adding to and improving the building, and when his lease expired he purchased the hotel and grounds and subsequently pur- chased the entire square, now known as Hogan's Block. He was ever alive to the interests of the town, and, believing in its advancement, he invested heavily in real estate. One addition of twelve blocks bears his name, and several subdivisions of additions were laid out in town lots, sold and built upon through his energy and enterprise. He took no interest in politics ; although a public man and a highly popular one he never aspired to office. During the war he was what might be called a Union Democrat. He be- lieved in the indissolubility of the Union, yet held a strong sympathy for the South — the home of his boyhood. He continued in the Napa Hotel up to the time of his death, a space of nineteen years. The illness that earned him off was sudden and severe, and only of about a week's duration ; but the dread conqueror had uplifted his scythe and the blow could not be stayed by human hands or human arts. He departed this life, surrounded by his family and friends, in full possession of his mental faculties and at peace with all mankind, on Friday, March 23, 1877, a young man in the prime of life, being but thirty-nine years of age. He was buried on the Sunday following, and one of the largest funeral corteges that ever left Napa accom- panied the remains to the grave. A magnificent monument now mai'ks the place of his rest. In private life he was all that could be desired in a hus- band, father or friend — indulgent, loving and unselfish. Publicly he was a man of enterprise and ability ; honest and upright, generous to a fault, re- nowned for his hospitality and genial nature. During the time he lived in Napa he contributed much towards its advancement, and being constantly before the public he necessarily came into contact with a very large number of people, among whom he made many thousands of warm friends and scarcely an enemy. No man was more universally respected than he, and his untimely death was a loss to the community in which he resided. Peace to his ashes. HEYMANN, E. Was born in North Germany, June 26, 1845. In 1860 he engaged as clerk in the wholesale merchandising business. He continued in this till 1868, when he came to New York, and thence to California. He soon came to Napa County and located at the White Sulphur Springs, where he kept bar and had a store. In 1874 he purchased his present place of thirty-two acres, within the city limits of St. Helena, on which he has twenty-two acres of vineyard and a wine cellar. November 19, 1873, he was married to Miss Matilda Kneer, who was born in South Germany. There children are, Frieda, Matilda, Karl, and Edmund. HATT, A. E. Was born in Prussia, May 3, 1848. At the age of fourteen he began a seafaring life, which he followed for two years. In Biographical Sketches. 481 February, 1859, he arrived at San Francisco. He began boating on the Sac- ramento River and along the coast, which he followed till 1865. He then began the mercantile business on Main street, Napa, where he remained until 1867. He then began boating again, running chiefly in the Napa trade, which he followed until 1879, when he began his present business of wood, coal and produce dealer, in connection with which he owns the schooner " Amelia." He was married November 23, 1866, to Ellen Horgen, a native of Ireland. Their children are, Albert E., Nellie, Annie, Ellen, Amelia and Josephine. HORN, JAMES. Was born seven miles from Glasgow, Scotland, December 17, 1817. At the age of sixteen he went to Glasgow and worked on a canal for seven years. He then opened a store, which he continued for ten years. He then came to California, arriving November 5, 1851. He first went to the mines at Ophir, and in 1852 he went to Volcano, Amador County, and thence to Fiddletown, same county, where he followed dairying for two years. He then embarked in the hotel business at Michigan Bar and shortly afterwards he went to the Montezuma Hills, in Solano County, and engaged in the dairying business. In the fall of 1859 he moved to one of the islands, and during the flood of 1862 he lost all his stock. In 1869 he went to Antioch, and in 1871 he came to his present place of one hun- dred and sixty acres, located about two miles north of Calistoga, and is engaged in fruit-raising and dairying. He was married in Glasgow, Scot- land, August 8, 1840, to Miss Jeannie Bucknam, a native of Scotland. They have had three children, all now deceased. HAMILTON, WILLIAM J. Was born in the city of New York, Kings County, New York, July 27, 1851. While yet an infant his parents removed to San Francisco, traveling by way of Panama. Upon arriving at that place, the family experienced the trials of similar early Californians, being detained there by an attack of yellow fever. When those afflicted had sufficiently recovered, which was some weeks afterward, the family took passage for San Francisco on the ill-fated steamship "Central America," which was destroyed when only a few days out. During the panic that ensued on that occasion, young Hamilton was separated from his family, and Mr. H. Miller seeing his plight, took him under his arm, sprang overboard and swam with his charge for about half an hour, when both were rescued and taken on board of one of the boats. Upon reaching land the family were again united, and after a short delay, resumed their voyage to San Francisco without further incident. At the age of five years he entered the public schools, and three years later he was sent to St. Vincent's, which latter school he attended for two years. Left an orphan at the age of nine, the remainder of his education devolved upon his own efforts. Obliged to 31 482 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. earn his own livelihood, he traveled from place to place in search of suitable employment, and finally, in July, 1860, he succeeded and went to work in Santa Rosa. The following year he went to Napa City, at which place he remained a year and a-half, leaving it in the winter of 1861-2, to enlist in the Union ranks. Being rejected on account of his age, he worked at different pursuits until he procured means amply sufficient to permit him to finish his education. He attended various public and private schools, among the latter, the Petaluma Scientific and Classical Institute, and St. Joseph's, graduating from the latter at the age of seventeen. The same year he taught his first public school near Bernal. He afterwards embarked in mercantile pursuits, but these proving distasteful he abandoned them and launched into literary work. He worked as a reporter for various San Francisco papers, among them the Chronicle, Post and the Republican, act- ing as local editor of the latter. His health becoming impaired, he relin- quished that work, and after a short respite, he resumed teaching. He taught a number of years in Sonoma and Marin Counties, and Napa County, where he removed in 1876, and is at present engaged in Vineland District, adjacent to St. Helena. Professor Hamilton, aside from his duties in the school-room, has found time to indulge in literary pursuits, and has pub- lished the following : " Legendary Lore of the Coast Indians," " Wayside Sketches by a Census Taker," and an historical brochure entitled, " What 1879 Contributed to the World's History." In 1875, he was nominated by the Independent party for Superintendent of Schools of Sonoma County, but declined. The same fall, he " stumped " that county in behalf of the Independent ticket. July 4, 1876, he delivered the centennial oration at Nicasio, and also composed the poem for the centennial celebration held at Petaluma. Professor Hamilton and Miss Jennie A. Bower of Petaluma, were married by Rev. O. P. Fitzgerald, D. D., near Santa Rosa, Sunday, September 13, 1874. Of this union three children have been born : Jennie Gertrude, born at Petaluma, June 29, 1875 ; Mary Kathleen, born at Olema, October 28, 1876, and William Russell, born at Calistoga, July 7, 1880. HOLDEN, SAMUEL E. Of the firm of B. F. Sawyer & Co., Napa, was born in Concord, New Hampshire, February 3, 1845. His father, Ben- jamin F. Holden, was for many years engaged in woolen manufacturing at that place, and was founder of the firm of B. F. & D. Holden, afterwards incorporated, and now doing business under the name of " The Concord Manufacturing Company." Mr. S. E. Holden still retains an interest in this company, and is also a partner with his brother, B. F. Holden, Jr., in the firm of Holden & Co., woolen manufacturers of Bristol, New Hampshire. In early life most of his vacation from school, and spare time, was spent working in the factory, by which he gained familiarity with machinery, y (B.J^k**!-^ Biographical Sketches. 483 habits of industry, and an acquaintance with wool. He prepared for college at the New Hampshire Conference Seminary at Tilton, New Hampshire, where he was attending school at the breaking out of the Rebellion. In September, 1862, he enlisted in the 16th Regiment, New Hampshire Volun- teers, and served one year in the army under General N. P. Banks, during hie Louisiana campaign. Returning from the army he completed his pre- paratory course, and in 1865 entered Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, where he graduated in 1869. Returning to Concord he at once entered the law office of Minot & Mugridge, where he remained for three years, and in 1872 was admitted to the bar of Grafton County, New Hampshire. He formed a law partnership at Biistol, New Hampshire, with Hon. S. K. Mason, under the name of Mason & Holden, which continued until 1875, when he came to Napa. A charter had been obtained for the Bristol Savings Bank ; Mr. Mason was made president, and Mr. Holden, treasurer, which position he also held at the time of his coming to Cali- fornia. The bank, without any capital, in a little town of two thousand inhab- itants, in the space of three years accumulated deposits to the amount of 560,000. In 1869 Mr. Holden married Mary E. Taylor, daughter of J. S. Taylor, Esq., of Sanbornton, New Hampshire. One child, Hattie M., died in infancy. In 1875 the failing health of his wife induced him to bring her to this State, but, as is often the case, the change was made too late to be of any benefit, and she died in Napa two months after leaving New Hampshire. On his arrival in Napa he became book-keeper for B. F. Sawyer & Co., and was aLso interested with them in the purchase of fleece wool. On their reorgan- ization, April 1, 1880, he became a member of the company. He has devoted himself entirely to business during his stay in this State, and only allowed the claims of one institution, the Napa Collegiate Institute, to divide his attention. He is at present a member of its Executive Board and president of its Board of Trustees. January 8, 1879, he married Anna Smyth, daugh- ter of Hon. Robert Smyth of Mount Vernon, Iowa, a pioneer preceptress of Napa Collegiate Institute. They have one child, Robert, born May 13, 1880. HILL, DEMING D. Son of Daniel and Esther Merriam Hill, was born in Washington County, Ohio, May 14, 1836, and resided at his birth- place until his twenty-first year, when he moved to Chillicothe, Ross Count}', that State, where he worked at his trade — tinsmith — to which he had served an apprenticeship in his birth-county. There he remained until 1858, and then returned to his native county and established himself in the tin bus- iness, which he followed one year. September 22, 1859, (the day that Broderick was shot) he landed in San Francisco. After following his trade for some years in San Francisco and Oakland, he became agent for the Howe sewing machine, and continued at that business for two years. He 484 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. then went to Placer County, and for six months was freight agent for the Central Pacific Railroad. He next proceeded to Collinsville, on the Sacra- mento River, where he had charge of the wharf for a short time, and then proceeded to Fairfield, Solano County, and began his old business — that of tinner. In 1869 he came to Napa, and settled on his present estate of four hundred and forty acres, where he is chiefly engaged in stock-raising. Hill's patent medicated nest-eggs, and also medicated paint for hen-roosts, have proved to be effectual destroyers of hen lice, and great credit is due the gentleman for his patent. Married February 22, 1863, Catherine Burns, a native of Ireland, born February 8, 1839. Daniel D., Francis D., Marietta, Clarence E., Martha N., Alonzo C, and Oswell N., are their children. HOTTEL, E. W. Was born in Harrison County, Indiana, March 16, 1843, and resided in his birthplace until 1864, during which time he was educated at the common schools. In 1864 he came across the plains in an immigrant train, arriving October 10th of that year. Mr. Hottel immediately came to Napa Valley and engaged in farming for one year, when he removed to Napa and started an agricultural and general machine business, in which he continued until July, 1877. He next embarked in the grocery trade, under the firm name of Hottel & Smith, of which firm he is still a member. The subject of this sketch united in marriage, February 24, 1880, with Miss Jennie M. Brown, born in Ulster County, New York, September 12, 1856. HULL, A. J. Was born in Johnson County, Indiana, September 8, 1846. He resided there until the fall of 1857, when he, with his parents, moved to Illinois, residing there until December, 1861, when he enlisted in Company H, 2d Illinois Light Artillery. Re-enlisted in March, 1864, and was mus- tered out August 8, 1865, having served in the 17th and 20th corps of the Army of the Tennessee. He returned to Illinois, remaining in that State and Iowa, working on a farm and teaching school for awhile. He after- wards attended the Iowa State University, from which he graduated in 1873 ; was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Iowa in December, 1872. April 12, 1874, he was united in marriage with Lottie J. Waite, of Vermont, at Mason City, Mason County, Illinois, who was born in Shore- ham, Addison County, that State, March 4, 1848. April 29, 1874, they arrived in California, settling in Napa County, where he engaged in teaching school through the summer and fall of that year, and began the practice of law in December, 1874, at Napa. One child, Lottie May, born May 27, 1880. HENRY, JOSEPH. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Wayne County, Ohio, August 15, 1827. He remained at his birthplace until he was eleven years of age, when his parents moved to Iowa, and settled in Cedar County, where he resided until Biographical Sketches. 485 1849. In May of that year he came across the plains to California, arriving in the State in the following October. He at once began mining which he followed for two years. In March, 1851, he returned to Iowa, where he remained for nearly two years. In 1853 he again crossed the plains and immediately came to and settled in Napa County, and in 1862 began the stock business near Napa City, and the butcher business in that place, which he continued till 1879. In that year he was elected to the position of County Treasurer, which office he still fills with credit to himself and to the entire satisfaction of the people. He had previously served for four years on the Board of City Trustees. He was married December 30, 1851, to Cynthia Lewis a native of Ohio, born January 30, 1832. Their children are John M., Stephen A., Joseph H., Cornelius E., Rosa M. and Clarence. HAAS, DAVID L. Was born in Germany, October 7, 1842, and is the son of Leopold and Caroline Gassdorfer Haas. He resided in Germany until 1859, receiving his education in the meantime at the mercantile college at Offenbach. In 1859 he came to America, and shortly after came by way of the Isthmus to California, in the ill-fated steamer " North Star." He came at once to Napa City and in connection with his brother Martin L. he began his present business of bookseller, newsdealer and stationer. He was mar- ried March 31, 1868, to Miss Frances May Squibb, a native of Indiana, who was born September 12, 1842. By this union they have Leopold, born March 11, 1869, and Munson, born A.pril 1, 1871. HORTOP, HENRY. Was born in Ontario, Canada West, June 23, 1848, where he resided until he was nineteen years of age, during which time he served an apprenticeship of three years to the blacksmith's trade. We next find him in Oneida County, New Nork, where he followed his trade for six months, at the end of which time he returned to Uxbridge, Canada, and again engaged at his trade, where he remained until he came to Calif ornia, which occurred in 1869, arriving in San Francisco January 1st of that year. For the following two years he worked in that city, Stockton and Alameda; and in 1871, by the advice of his physicians, he took a sea- voyage for his health, going to Australia, and returning via Honolulu, arriving on this coast March 5, 1872. In July, 1872, Mr. Hortop came to Napa County, locating first in Napa City, in the employ of Mr. Hunter, where he remained until 1874, when he moved to Rutherford, and purchased a small building, and began business for himself ; and in the same year built his present extensive manufactory. In connection with his blacksmith business Mr. Hortop is a manufacturer and dealer in hardware and agricul- tural implements, and enjoys the patronage and confidence of the whole community in which he lives. Mr. H. was united in marriage in Elmira, Solano County, September 7, 1873, to Mrs. C. A. Edington, a native of Missouri. 486 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. HAGEN, HENRY. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this work, is the son of Philip and Katherine Hagen, and a native of Germany, born at Manheim, June 5, 1836. In the year 1852 he came to California, and made San Francisco the seat of his success. After holding for four years different positions, for various parties, he began a retail cigar and tobacco business on the south-east corner of Pine and Montgomery streets. He then was engaged as assistant by Messrs. Kohler & Frohling, where he acquired a thorough knowledge of the wine trade, and gave rise, after leav- ing that firm, to the California Wine Depot, on the north-east corner of Pine and Montgomery streets, which he managed with success for a number of years. In partnership with his brother Peter, who died June 11, 1880, he bought, in 1877, in Napa County, the Cedar Knoll Vineyard, which contains four hundred and thirty-six acres of land, of which one hundred and" fifty acres are at present bearing grapes, and each year Mr. Hagen enlarges their number by a perceptible extension. Not only the vineyard is of note, but also the houses and implements necessary for the conversion of its produce. Of these, the most worthy of mention are the wine and fermenting cellars, and also the sherry house. The products of this vineyard enjoy a very favorable reputation among the wine-consuming community of this and other counties. HARTWELL, GEORGE FREDERICK. Was born in Orange County, Vermont, March 2, 1824, and is the son of David and Lois Clark Hartwell. He resided at his birthplace until he was fourteen years of age, being edu- cated at the common schools and in the Bradford Academy. He then began life for himself by becoming a clerk at Wells River, a position he filled for nine years. In 1850 he went West, and was engaged with the Milwaukee and Mississippi (now the Milwaukee and Prairie Du Chien) Railroad, and was connected with different railroads in that State for the next fourteen years. In 1865 he came to California, engaging with the Central Pacific Railroad, which he followed until 1870. He then became General Superin- tendent of the California Pacific Railroad, and in 1871 he moved his family to Napa. Since 1875 he has been engaged chiefly in farming and mining, being the principal owner in the Ida Easely Mine, north of Calistoga. In 1876 he was elected Justice of the Peace, which position he held for four years, and was re-elected in 1880. He was married in September, 1859, to Miss Cordelia V. Pierce, in Delaware, Ohio. HOWLAND, JOTHAM H. Born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, April 19, 1828, was educated at the Friends' Academy of that city, and Spring Hill Academy, Sandwich, Massachusetts. When twenty years of age he left his native place and sailed from Boston on the bark " Carib," December 20, 1848, for San Francisco via Cape Horn, and arrived in that city June 23, 1849. The " Carib " was the first vessel which left the Atlantic Biographical Sketches. 487 coast for California after the news of the discovery of gold. On arriving in San Francisco, Mr. Howland, with two young friends, Charles Lumbard and Thomas G. Bates, camped on the lot on which the What Cheer House now stands. After remaining there a few days he left for Coloma and reached there July 4th. He immediately went to mining, washing out with an ordinary hand rocker one ounce per day. Not being satisfied with this, he proceeded to Big Bar where miners were averaging $100 per day. In consequence of the illness of his partner, Charles Lumbard, he remained there only a few days and returned to San Francisco. December 15, 1850, he left that city and returned to New Bedford. May 21, 1851, the day of the big fire, he arrived in San Francisco for the second time. He went from there to Jacksonville, Tuolumne County, where with fifty others, after working six months, succeeded in turning the river. When then hopes were highest for an immediate return for their great exertions, the very night of its completion the dam gave way and all their labor was lost and they were left in debt and withoxit anything. Mr. Howland then returned to San Francisco and became a member of the firm of Collins, Cushman & Co. In February, 1852, he again returned to New Bedford. April 8, 1852, he was married to Miss Potter, of that city. He left the 20th of April for California, arriving in San Francisco May 21, 1852. In July, 1852, he came to Napa and entered into the general merchandise business in the building now occupied by G. Barth, on Brown street. In 1853 he was elected Public Administrator of Napa County. In 1855 he returned to the city and revisited New Bedford in 1856, spending fifteen months there. He returned to San Francisco in 1857 and again went into business in Napa where he has since continued to reside. In 1864 he was elected County Recorder and ex-officio Auditor, to which office he was three successive times elected. In 1875 he was appointed Postmaster by President Grant, and re-appointed in 1879 by President Hayes, which position he held till Sep- tember, 1881. In all the various positions to which he has been called, he has given universal satisfaction. HAECKL, LOUIS. Son of George and Gertrude DuBoise Haeckl, born in Strasburg, Alsace, France, August 2, 1832, and remained in his birthplace until he was thirteen years of age. His parents having died previous to this time, he went to Bavaria, locating in Munich, and engaged as waiter at the Golden Cross Hotel until 1849, when he engaged as curier au famille to Prince Giza, from Roumania en route to Bucharest, leaving after three months for Constantinople, where he was engaged to travel with a party of scientific men to Asia, Bagdad and the coast of the Arabian Seas, coming in turn through Palestine and Egypt, returning to Constantinople in the sum- mer of 1851, and starting with the Russian Charge du Affaires, Mouss. Le 488 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Compt Covalevsky, for a trip around the Levant and Europe, also Egypt, and remained in his service till August, 1853, when he enlisted in the French Army, to go to the Crimean War, as a private, and was afterwards promoted as dragoman to Omeer Pasha, in which service he remained till the close of the Crimean War, when he removed to Cairo, Egypt, where he remained at Shephard's Hotel three years, and then moved to Melbourne, Australia, in 1858, where he got married August 6, 1861, to Johanna Kelly of Scotland, and moved in 1866 to California, where he arrived in November. He remained two years in San Francisco, and came to Napa City in March, 1868, and arrived in Calistoga in March, 1873, where he still remains, and has run the Star Hotel since his arrival, and at present holds the office of School Trustee. He has a family of twelve children, six girls and six boys, named as follows : Mary, Justus, John, Louis, George, Theresia, Charles, Willie (died March 31, 1881), Annie, Laura, Eva and Mabel. HARRIS, HENRY HARRISON. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Scotland County, Missouri, April 24, 1838, and is the son of P. F. and Mary J. Mize Harris. He resided at his birthplace until 1853, when, with his parents, he came to California. They crossed the plains with ox- teams, and were on the road from April 1st till September. They first settled in Napa County, one and one-quarter miles east of Yountville. In 1860 the subject of this sketch began life for himself, farming near Yountville. In 1870 he purchased his present place of one hundred and fifty-five acres, and is now engaged in stock- raising and farming. In connection with his home-place he has leased the Rutherford Park, a tract of one thousand acres, on which he raises chiefly grain. In 1875 he - was elected Supervisor, which position he held for two years ; and he has also held the office of Road Master. He is a thorough- going, active business man, and does all he can to advance the welfare of the county in which he resides. He was married February 16, 1860, to Miss Lurinda Stice, who was born in Missouri, May 6, 1844. They have one child, Minnie Maud, born September 3, 1874. They have also reared three orphan boys, two of whom are grown, and the third one is eleven years of age. HACKETT, F. M. Was born in Orange County, Vermont, June 29, 1828, being the son of Benjamin A. and Nancy Knox Hackett. Residing at his birthplace until twelve years of age, he, with his parents, moved to Rock County, Wisconsin. In the City of Beloit he received his education ; also, at that place, he began the study of dentistry under Dr. Bradley. He continued at work in this profession for two years, and at the age of twenty he started across the plains for California, arriving at Coloma August 16, 1849. He immediately began mining, which he followed for two years. In Biographical Sketches. 489 1851 he removed to Sacramento, and in 1854 he began the practice of den- tistry in that city, in which he continued for two years. He then removed to San Francisco and has since practiced his profession. In 1865 he first came to Napa and resided until 1873, when he once more returned to San Francisco, and again in May, 1879, he, with his family returned to Napa City, where they now reside. United in marriage October 16, 1878, to Mrs. Mary C. O'Neil. HALE, CARRICK N. The subject of this sketch is a native of Cali- fornia, and is the son of Marion and Mary Grisby Hale, born November 25, 1855. At the age of four years, in 1859, his parents moved to Napa County, locating and engaging in farming near Yountville, where he at- tended the common schools until sixteen. He then took a course at Heald's Business College of San Francisco. Then he returned to Rutherford and vicinity, where he has since resided, with the exception of two years spent in Stanislaus County, where he was engaged as clerk. He then came to St. Helena and engaged in his present business, being a member of the well- known firm of Hale & Bell, grocers, of that place. Mr. Hale was united in marriage June 16, 1880, to Miss Mary P. Ball, a native of Mendocino County, California. From this union was born a daughter, Edna Gladys, July 16, 1881. HEWES, FRANCIS W. The subject of this sketch is the son of Rev. Charles W. and R. M. Grafton Hewes, and was born in Lonsdale, Rhode Island, September 17, 1848. When he was but three months old his parents moved to Lansingburgh, New York, and in 1857 they moved to Albany, and here Francis received the principal part of his education at the common schools. He there resided until the fall of 1862, when he, with his parents, moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, and there remained for the following seven years. In the fall of 1869 he came to California, and first found employment in the store of Hewes & Richards, Mr. Hewes being an uncle of the subject of our sketch, and the gentleman of the golden spike fame, it being he who gave the golden spike that bound the two iron lines of the national highway together. The subject of our sketch remained in his uncle's store for two years, and then, owing to ill-health, was advised to follow agricultural pursuits, his father having purchased a fruit ranch of twelve acres one mile from St. Helena; in December, 1871, Francis moved to the place, where he has since resided. HUNT, BYRON EDGERTON. The subject of this sketch was born in Walworth County, Wisconsin, December 24, 1839, and is the son of Charles E. and Minerva Middick Hunt. He resided there until he was fifteen years old, receiving his primaiy education at the public schools, and afterward attended the Hillsdale College of Michigan for two years. He then began 490 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. teaching school, which he followed until 1861. In the above year, he came to California and located in Butte County, where he taught school until 1867, and in the same year graduated from the State Normal School, stand- ing number two of a class of eight graduates. After this he continued teaching, and in 1878, took charge of the Marysville High School, as prin- cipal, which position he resigned in 1880. November 18th of the latter year he was admitted to practice law before the Superior Court of Napa County, and is now one of the practicing lawyers of this city. He was married June 1, 1873, to Miss Martha C. Gesford, a native of McHenry County, Illinois, born March 9, 1845, and by this union they have two children : Lulu F., born September 7, 1877, and Maud G., born December 15, 1880. HOOVER, GEORGE. This old pioneer of '49 is the son of Jacob and Rosanna Orviller Hoover, born in Richland County, Ohio, in May, ] 826. He moved with his parents, when eight years old, and settled in Quincy, Illinois, where he attended school and helped his father on the farm, and remained in that place until March, 1849. He then started for California, coming the old emigrant route, and first located in the Golden State at Hang- town (Placerville), where he followed mining for two years. He then made a visit to his home in Quincy, where he sojourned until September 1st, when he proceeded to New Orleans, and sailed from that port for San Francisco September 10, 1852, coming via Panama, and arriving in San Francisco October 20th of the above year. He then proceeded to Salem, Oregon, where he engaged in farming, and followed this for three years. In the fall of 1856 we find this old pioneer anchored in Napa Valley, on the place where he now resides, consisting of one hundred and twenty acres, two miles west of Calistoga, surrounded by his family and respected by the com- munity in which he lives. He was married in Calistoga to Miss Elizabeth Bartlett, a native of Canada. Their children are Charles, Mary, Bell, and Ada. HUNT, DANIEL O. Born in Concord, Massachusetts, April 10, 1831, where he resided until he was nineteen years of age, and was educated at Lawrence Academy. August 28, 1850, he sailed from New York for San Francisco via Panama, arriving in this State October 7, 1850. After remain- ing in San Francisco a short time he then engaged in farming in Santa Clara County for two years. He then again returned to San Francisco and en- gaged in the dairying business, and remained there until he came to Napa County, which event occurred in October, 1863. He first located in St. Helena, and purchased seventy acres of land of Mr. Knapp, and engaged in farming for several years, and then embarked in the lumber trade, and con- tinued in this until 1872. He then sold out, and has since lived on the fruits of a prosperous and well-spent life, owning much valuable property in the Biographical Sketches. 491 town where he resides, and is much respected by the whole community. Mr. Hunt married, March 23, 1871, Mrs. Sophie E. Cutter, a native of Bal- timore. HANSEN, CHRISTIAN. Was born in Kongsburg, Norway, December "24, 1832, and is the son of Hans Hansen and Karena Christiansen. He re- sided at his birthplace until he was nineteen years of age, when he immi- grated to America, and settled in Batavia, Illinois. In his native country he served an apprenticeship to the tailor's trade under his father ; and on his arrival in Batavia he immediately began work at his trade, and followed it for nine months. He then went to Chicago, where he found employment for a short time. Thence he went to Aurora, Illinois, where he worked for one year. Then he moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he remained until he came to California, in 1873. He first located in San Francisco, where he followed his trade until 1878, when he, with his present partner, Mr. Olsen, came to Napa City, and began their present business of merchant tailoring, in connection with which they carry a complete line of gentle- men's furnishing goods. He was married August 7, 1878, to Miss Emma Button 1 ' who was born in Mendocino County, California, in the year 1859. INK, THERON H. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait ap- pears in the body of this work, was born in Thompkins County, State of New York, May 24, 1831, and is the son of George and Mary Rose Ink. He resided at his birthplace until 1849, when he moved to Ohio, where he was engaged in teaching school for two years. In April, 1852, he started across the plains to California, coming via Fort Hall, entering the State July 17, 1852. He soon engaged in mining on Coloma Bar, which he fol- lowed until November 29, 1853, when he came to Napa County. He at once engaged in working on a farm, which he continued till the fall of 1854, when he rented Fly's place on Carneros Creek, and conducted it for one year. He then took up a piece of land, and afterwards purchased it. In 1861 he moved to Marin County, where he began the stock raising and dairying business, beginning with no capital whatever ; but in a short time he ac- quired a fine ranch of two thousand six hundred and fifty acres ; and he resided there till 1873, when he moved to his present place, where he is en- gaged in farming and stock and sheep raising. He now owns in Napa and Lake Counties upwards of five thousand two hundred acres of land, and his old place in Marin County. In 1874 he was elected to the position of Supervisor, and he served three terms. He was appointed by Governor Perkins as a Director of the Fourth Agricultural District Fair, and is now a member of that Board. He was married December 25, 18G0, to Miss H. P. Jane Goodrich, a native of Michigan, born October 8, 1842. Their children are, May, born June 17, 1867, and I. G, born February 17, 1872. 492 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. JAENSCH, WILLIAM. Was born in Germany February 6, 1837, and resided there till 1863, when he came to Napa, California. Com- menced work at all kinds of common labor. In the year 1866 he engaged in the mercantile business on a small scale in Phcenix Block, where he pros- pered and increased his business, continuing in said place until 1870, when he removed his business to the store known as " James' Corner," the brick building known as Edgington's Block, where he continued his business until 1880, when he erected the brick building at the corner of Brown and First streets, which he now occupies and where he carries a large stock of dry goods, clothing, groceries, etc. He was married July 11, 1879, to Helen Shulz, a native of Germany, born November 7, 1851, daughter of the Royal Music Director Shulz, who is well known as Gorzer Shulz, composer. They have one child, a boy, born May 13, 1881, whose name is Edwin. JACKSON, THOMAS. Son of Dawson and Josephine Gafney Jack- son, was born in Johnson County, Iowa, March 7, 1853. In April of that year his parents came across the plains to California, arriving in El Dorado County in August of that year. There the family stopped, and his father embarked in mining until the spring of 1854, when they moved to Stockton, and in the same year moved to Suisun Valley, Solano County, and resided there until 1867, when they moved to Napa County and settled in Capelle Valley, where the subject of this sketch remained until 1875. He then came to Chiles Valley and located on his present ranch of five hundred and thirty-three acres, where he has since been engaged in farming and stock raising. He was married September 15, 1880, to Kansas Bonham, who was born in Clark County, Illinois, September 20, 1856. JAMES, BENNETT. Was born in Monroe County, Illinois, April 6, 1826, and resided at his birthplace until 1853. He was reared on a farm, and received his education in the schools of his native State and in St. Louis, Missouri. On the 8th day of April of the last named year, he set out with ox-teams to make the long and tedious trip across the plains to Cali- fornia, and he arrived in the State in September of that year. He at once began mining operations at Hangtown, now Placerville, which he followed until the summer of 1858. He then returned to Illinois via the Isthmus route, and remained there until 1868. He then once more set his face west- ward, coming via Panama. He came at once to Napa County, and shortly after his arrival he located on a farm near Napa City, which he still owns. He served one term as Supervisor, and in 1875 was elected to the office of Sheriff, which position he still fills by re-election with credit to himself and to the full satisfaction of the people. He was married April 19, 1860, in Monroe County, Illinois, to Miss Emily Bamber, a native of Monroe County, that State, born July 5, 1841. Their children are, Leander Laurel, Agnes, Annie, Edward, Willie and Frank. Biographical Sketches. 493 JACKSON, COLONEL J. P. Colonel Jackson, whose portrait appears in the body of this work, is an Ohioan. The first fourteen years of his life were passed in the beautiful city of Cleveland, and the next twenty-one years in Cincinnati, where he practiced law for fifteen years. In his pro- fession he was successful, and achieved high honors. This, too, at a bar that numbered among its practitioners whom he daily met in regular forensic rivalry the historic names of R. B. Hayes, George E. Pugh, George H. Pen- dleton, Alphonso Taft, Milton Sayler, Stanley Matthews and Edward F. Noyes. In 1862, he served with the Army of the Cumberland, under Rosecrans and Buell ; and from Pittsburg Landing to Corinth, a detached service, under Grant. He went to Europe in 1867 to negotiate the bonds of the California Pacific Railroad Company, and this service resulted in his moving to the Golden State, where he aided in building the road named, and remained its President until it was bought by the Central Pacific Com- pany. He then personally built the Stockton and Copperopolis Rail- road and the Stockton and Visalia branch, until it, in like manner, became by sale the property of the Central. Finding no further ter- ritory in the State that would justify in venture, he then turned his attention from railroading to other channels of business. From his earliest boyhood he has been prominent as a public speaker. At the age of nineteen he represented the young men of Cincinnati in the presentation of a purse of money which he accompanied by a most happy original speech. As an elector for Lincoln and Johnson, he stumped the States of Kentucky, Southern Ohio and Indiana, and afterwards did the same service for Grant and Colfax, speaking often in company with Grant's father, Schuyler Col- fax and John Sherman. His speeches in California in the Republican cause confirmed his Eastern reputation as an eloquent orator, and one of his efforts in a late canvass was made a campaign document by the State Central Committee. A specimen of his style is afforded by his speech on the occa- sion of a banquet to John Russell Young, given by the journalists of San Francisco, at which was present Generals Grant, McDowell, Kautz and others of the military, and representatives in full of the local press. It will pass as a model of post-prandial felicity in speech. Notwithstand- ing his great interest in politics, Colonel Jackson has always eschewed official life. He has found his chosen sphere of happiness in active busi- ness, home life and with his books. He has six sons, two of whom are nearly ready to graduate from college, one at Amherst, Massachusetts, and the other in Harvard University. In 1864 Colonel Jackson received the unanimous nomination of the Republican party for Governor of Kentucky, and afterwards declined to go as Congressman from the Sixth District of that State, when his nomination was equivalent to an election. Near the close of Andrew Johnson's term his friends pressed upon him the 494 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Commissionership of Internal Revenue, but he refused the appointment and subsequently declined the position of First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury under Grant. Turning his attention to journalism, he found the Daily Evening Post not much larger than a good-sized sheet of paper ; but, taking charge of it, in less than five years he has twice enlarged its size, changed its politics from Democratic to Republican, and made it a recognized power in the journalistic field. As an authority upon and defender of min- ing interests it exercises an influence unequalled by any other Pacific Coast journal. The career of the Post under Colonel Jackson's charge is the most conspicuous journalistic success in San Francisco. To meet the increased demands of its patrons a new press has been made by the Bullock Light- ning Press Company, Philadelphia. While managing the entire business of the paper and many other varied interests as well, he writes very largely the editorial column and wields a ready and able pen. Ideality and causality are both leading qualities of his temperament, and hence a poetic imagination is happily supplemented by logical reason. This makes his writing both engaging and convincing. In 1872 he became the proprietor of the Napa Soda Springs, and is now giving great attention to the improve- ment of that property, expending large sums of money annually for that purpose. In 1857, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Colonel Jackson was united in marriage with Miss Anna Hooper, a native of Kentucky. They have nine children, seven sons and two daughters, five of whom were born in Kentucky and the remaining four in California. JUAREZ, DON CAYETANO. This pioneer of pioneers, whose por- trait it gives us great pleasure to present to our readers, was born at Monterey Presidio, February 24, 1809, and is the seventh son of Joaquin and Josefa Pasquala Garduno Juarez. He received his education from private tutors. April 1, 1827, he enlisted in the Mexican Army, under Lieutenant Martinez and Alferez Sanches, and was located at Presidio, San Francisco, until August 14th of that year, when he, with the company, was sent to Sonoma to keep the Indians of Napa and Sonoma Valleys in subjection. At this time there was also another company located at San Rafael. Their duty for three months was to take a survey of the town every night and morning, including a circle of about two miles of the adjacent country. One night in the latter part of September a very curious and unnaccount- able phenomenon occurred. Suddenly it grew extremely hot, and the heavens were all ablaze like as though every star of the firmament was falling. The priests came forth with their crucifixes and implored protec- tion from what seemed to be a pending destruction, while the soldiers were frightened extremely at the unusual occurrence. Nothing more of importance occurred during the years 1827-8. On the night of February 19, 1829, while Biographical Sketches. 495 the Don was acting as corporal, an Indian came to him and stated that two thousand Indians had made an attack upon the Mission at San Rafael, and had driven the soldiers and their families away, and that they intended to kill the priest, Ivan Amorosa. He immediately took five soldiers and started for Mission San Rafael, and on his arrival found that everything was de- stroyed or stolen, and the place completely devastated. On searching around they found some of the Mission Indians and soldiers who had been di'iven away, and they told him that the priest was hid in the tules near by. He hunted him up and escorted him to where Saucelito now stands, and the tame Indians took him to Yerba Buena on a balsa. Juarez then returned to Mission San Rafael to search for ammunition preparatory to making a campaign against the Indians, but only found some shot and powder, and some Mexican coins. He then took his party of five, and a few who joined them at San Rafael, and started in pursuit of the Indians. They overtook them at the Laguna south-west of where Petaluma now stands. There was a man in advance of the main party, who was acting as pilot, and when the wild Indians saw him they made a rush for him to kill him. He turned his horse to flee, but it became mired in the mud, and the man was obliged to dismount and desert his horse, which the Indians killed. The main body came up at this time, and the Indians beat a hasty retreat, retiring to a clump of willows which grew near by. Here the brave Juarez and his dar- ing little band surrounded them, and stood guard all day, trying to get a chance to shoot some of the lurking Indians. Toward night Juarez hailed them and dared them to come out and fight, but they said they would not fight till the next morning. Fearing that the Indians would come out and overcome them in the darkness, the Mexicans retired to a secluded spot about one thousand yards away and camped for the night. Early in the morning the party returned, but found no Indians. They soon struck the trail and followed it, and about eleven o'clock they came up with the Indi- ans at the Wahluni rancheria, near where Sebastopol, Sonoma County, now stands. He found them just arriving at this place, and they were strung out for a half a mile. They had some two hundred tame Indians along with them as prisoners, which they had captured at San Rafael. The party opened fire on them with their muskets, and the Indians got frightened and broke the ranks which were guarding the prisoners, and the tame Indians came gladly enough over to where Juarez and his party were. They left the tame Indians in charge of the plunder, and pursued the wild ones, who had taken refuge in a dense thicket of underbrush which grew close at hand. They then pushed the attack into the thicket, hoping to be able to kill the chief of the band, whom they saw in the center of it. Jaurez took the lead, followed by one of his men, and they had not pene- trated the jungle but a short distance when Juarez saw the head of an 496 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Indian pop up, and, drawing a bead on him, he exclaimed, " I will shoot you !" Before he was able to fire an Indian at his left rose up suddenly, and sent an arrow whizzing at him. It just grazed his arm, and, passing through a vest of seven thicknesses of rawhide, it penetrated his body about three-quarters of an inch. Had it not been for this rawhide coat of mail the arrow would have pierced his heart. The man behind him shot the Indian, and they both retired to where the tame Indians were. Among their number there was the medicine man, who proceeded at once to gather herbs and dress the wound which Juarez had received. He had one also in his leg. They then sent the tame Indians to San Rafael, and Juarez and one man returned to Sonoma. This was on the evening of the 20th, having done all this in two days. He then dispatched an Indian to the Presidio, San Francisco, with an account of what had occurred. A body of forty men was sent out from there with small arms, and they proceeded as far as the present site of Healdsburg, when they came upon the Indians and engaged them in battle, the result of which was a victory on the part of the Indians. Most of the soldiers being wounded, they beat a retreat and returned to San Francisco, not having accomplished as much as did Juarez and his little band. Nothing further of importance occurred during the military career of Don Cayetano, and he was discharged honorably February 19, 1836, receiving his discharge at the Presidio, San Francisco. In the winter of 1837-8 he brought horses and cattle into Napa Valley, herding them during the day and returning home at night to Sonoma, where his family then lived. In December, 1837, about fifty of General Vallejo's soldiers formed a mutiny and swore that they would kill the officers in charge, General Vallejo, Salvador Vallejo, Alferez Pena, Sasuro Pena and Prado Mesa. About ten o'clock at night General Vallejo sent for Juarez to come immediately as he apprehended trouble. Juarez repaired to the General's quarters, and found that official in a high state of excitement, believing that he was liable to lose his life at any moment. He stated the case to his friend Juarez and asked his advice regarding how to proceed in the premises. It was found that the cause of the dissatisfaction among the soldiers, was the fact that they had been illy provided with clothing. As he came out of Vallejo's house to go out among the men to try to pacify them, he was met by a soldier who tried to strike his com- panion, Alferez Pena, over the head with a club. This Jaurez prevented by stepping between the two men. He then went and talked to the mutineers and promised them that they should not be harmed if they desisted from further acts of violence, and also that their wants should be supplied in the way of clothing. They finally agreed to go into the hall or assembly-room, and then General Vallejo came and talked with them, making similar state- ments. The next day the leader of the gang, one Alferez Damaso, was Biographical Sketches. 497 captured near where Napa now is, and taken to Sonoma and tried by b court-martial, in accordance with military rules. The prisoner con- 1 his guilt, and signified his willingness to accept any punishment the Court might mete out to him. His sentence was banishment, and accord- ingly, he wavS transferred to the south side of the bay and let go where he chose. In 1839, General Vallejo took a notion that it would be a capital thing to have some Indian soldiers, so he picked out twenty-four of the Indians about the place and armed them and put Sergeant Savaz in charge of them to initiate them into the mysteries of the manual of arms, and to train them to leave off their inborn habit of marching single file, and to present a solid front in ranks. It worked well for a while, and the Indians were found to be very apt scholars, but trouble grew out of the General's pet project. One night in December, Don Cayetano was awakened about eleven o'clock from his quiet slumbers and pleasant dreams, by Sergeant Savaz knocking at his door. Upon inquiring what was wanted, he was in- formed that General Vallejo desired his immediate presence at his house. Don dressed and hastened to the General's domicile, to find that dignitary wonderfully excited over the fact that his twenty -four Indians had taken their guns and surreptitiously fled to the wilderness, whence they came. The Don was consulted as to the best method of procedure in the premises, and was asked if he thought he could do anything in the way of recap- turing the crafty sons of the jungle. The Don told him that he thought he could take one man, if he had commission so to do, and return the deserters all right. Accordingly, he was despatched, taking with him only one man, to capture a band of twenty-four armed Indians. When the General asked the Don to undertake the enterprise, the Don replied that there were an abundance of soldiers in the barracks, and why not send them ? The Gen- eral replied that he could put confidence in the Don, and knew that what- ever he undertook would be accomplished. The Don and his companion came as far as the Napa River, near the mouth of Carneros Creek, where they captured one of the deserters. Just then a squad of twenty men under the command of Captain Pena, which the General had sent out as a sort of reinforcement to the Don, came up. Pena was for killing the prisoner, right there, but the Don would not hear to it, stating that the prisoner belonged to him, and not to Pena. The Don then captured the parents of four more of the deserters in the hills near Sonoma. He then heard that the rest of them were in the vicinity of where Vacaville now stands, and he pushed over the mountains in that direction, being followed by Pena's squad. Near where Suisun now stands, they came up with the Don, and they all rode on together. The deserters were found in the moun- tains near the Tolenas Springs, on a mountain called Tolenas, and the party attempted to surround them, but were unable to do so. Prince Solano 32 498 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. was met at this juncture with a band of his braves who were out hunting, and with their assistance the Indians were captured. They then sur- rounded the Indians, and the Don went out to talk with them to per- suade them to return peaceably to the Presidio at Sonoma. While he was engaged in conversation with them they opened fire upon him, and fired four shots, none of which took effect. He faced the guns bravely, and kept talking to them. Finally, the leader of the deserters came out, and Pena told him to kneel down as he was going to kill him. This the Don forbade positively, and he and Pena quarreled right there about the matter. Pena's men all came over to the Don's side. He then got the deserters all in hand and marched them back to Sonoma, and delivered them to General Vallejo, remarking at the same time, " When I go on a mission of any kind again don't send any one after rne to do my work." In 1840, he, with his family, moved upon his present place, the Tulucay grant, which was ceded to him by the Mexican Government October 6th of that year. It was a two-league grant, lying on the east side of the Napa River, between Soscol Creek on the south, and Clarks Creek on the north, and contained eight thousand eight hundred and sixty-five and fifty-eight one hundredths acres. During the year 1840 he built his first or smaller adobe house, which is still to be seen on the east side of the road leading to Vallejo. In 1845 he built his second and larger adobe, which is also still standing. In 1844 he was elected Alcalde of the District of Sonoma. In 1844, about twenty Americans assembled near where Healdsburg now stands, and Don Cayetano took a force of men and went and drove them away. The excitement then began to grow hotter and hotter, and the Mexicans and Americans began to look upon each other with general distrust. This finally culminated in what is known as the Bear Flag War. On Sunday, June 14, 1846, the Americans captured Sonoma Presidio, took General Vallejo and all therein prisoners, and raised the Bear Flag. The Don heard of this, and at once sent one of his boys to Sonoma to inquire of General Vallejo whether or not he wanted to be succored, to which the General returned answer that he did not need any assistance, and requested the Don to rest easy, as he was in good hands. June 18, 1846, he was sent for to join the Mexicans, who proposed to engage in a war with the Americans. The place of rendezvous was at the Cotate Rancho, south of Santa Rosa. When he arrived he found that the Spaniards had taken two Americans prisoners, William Todd and another man, a sort of half-witted fellow, whom they proposed to kill. The Don interposed for the two men and saved their lives. These men were re- captured from the Mexicans at the Olonpoli rancheria in Marin County, a few days later. The Don then went to Santa Rosa, and on his return he ran across a man in the dark. A few days later, on the 25th of June, Dr. Semple came to his place and was going to arrest him for being a member Biographical Sketches. 499 of Ramon Carrillo's barbarous crowd, who fearfully and cruelly mutilated Obwie and Fowler, near Santa Rosa. The Don told the doctor that he re- spected his authority and the strong arm of war, but did not think it was right to take a neutral citizen away from the bosom of his family and his business under the circumstances. He then told him where he was on the day of the occurrence referred to above, and what he was doing, how he had gone to the rendezvous to meet the Spaniards, and how he had saved Todd's life, etc. The doctor believed that he was telling the truth, and so allowed him to go in peace, and gave him a passport to preserve him from molestation by other Americans, who did not know him to be a truthful man. The next day he received a notice from Captain John Grigsby to come to Sonoma to give an account of his connection with the Carillo party. This he did not heed, and within the next three days he re- ceived ten other notices to come to Sonoma for the same purpose. He then went and was asked if he had been with the Carrillo party, to which he answered "Yes;" and then related how he had saved the lives of the two men. Captain Grigsby then gave him another passport. December 19, 1846, ex-Governor L. W. Boggs and party, just arrived overland from the East, came along and remained over night with him. In February, 1848> he was called to answer to a charge made against him by one Fernando Feliz, saying he told the Indians to kill the whites. Juarez had secured the services of Indians to guard his property in Ukiah, he being the owner then of the Ukiah grant. One Spaniard, Manuel Sais, was killed in a skirmish. Captain Brock told Juarez that he had heard that he had told the Indians to kill any white men that came into the Ukiah Valley. When Juarez stated to the Captain that he had only told the Indians that if any white men came there and interfered with their women to defend themselves, the Captain let him go. In 1849 there were thirty men who were coming to kill him, and he went to Napa and told Judge Kilburn, George Cornwell, Johnson Horrell, Turner G. Baxter, and others, and they said they would assist him. The next day the party got as far as the graveyard (Tulucay Cemetery), when they turned back, and passed through Napa, and thence to Sonoma. In August, 1846, General Fremont passed by his place with one hundred and fifty men. Sixty of them came to the Juarez rancho and killed cattle and took horses and saddles. He followed them as far as Green Valley, where he told Fremont what they had done, and he made his men give the saddles back to him. Don Cayetano Juarez was united in marriage, February 14, 1835, to Maria de Jesus Higuerra, daughter of Fran- cisco Higuerra. She was born in San Francisco, December 4, 1815. They have seven living children: Augustin, born August 28, 1850; Cayetano P., born April 28, 1852; Dolores, born April 7, 1854 ; Francisca J., born October 16, 1856 ; Pasquala, born June 28, 1846 ; Domitila, bom November 22, 1839; Sinforosa, born May 3, 1838. 500 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. JACKSON, ASA M. Was bom in Clarke County, Georgia, March 17, 1842, and is the son of Hartwell and Sarah Jackson. At the age of ten he left his native county with his parents, and moved to Jackson County, that State, where he received his education at the common schools of that county. At the breaking out of the war in 1860 we find the subject of this sketch a member of Company "L," 3d Regiment, Georgia Infantry, in which he served until July 23, 1863, when he was captured at Gettysburg and taken as prisoner to Fort Delaware, and was there confined for over three months, and then removed to Point Lookout, where he remained for over one year. He was then exchanged, and discharged in Savannah, November 4, ] 864, and immediately returned to his home in Jackson County, Georgia, and engaged in agricultural pursuits in company with his brother, H. D., until 1870, when he came to California and to Napa County, and first was employed by J. H. Bostwick to work on a ranch, afterwards taking charge of the same, in which capacity we find him now employed. He was married November 16, 1873, to Miss Lucy J. Gillaspie, who was born near Soscol, Napa County, Decem- ber 27, 1855. The names and ages of their children are as follows : Henry G., born January 20, 1875; Georgia, born February 7, 1877 ; Robert Cleve- land, born December 13, 1879, and Hartwell, born August 23, 1881. They also have one orphan child, Anna Isabella Moore, born in San Francisco, August 20, 1865. JOHNSTON, RICHARD P. The subject of this sketch is the son of David and Jane Purchase Johnston, and was born in Flushing, Long Island, June 18, 1853, where he resided until he was thirteen years of age, and then his parents moved and settled in Garden City, Blue Earth County, Minne- sota, where the subject of our sketch remained for two years. He then moved west to Madelia, Watonwan County, and was engaged with his brother-in-law, B. G. Yates, for three years, in a store. He then worked for two years on his father's farm ; then secured a situation in a store in Man- kato, and remained there for two years. He then, in the spring of 1874, started for Colorado and engaged in the stock business with his brother, Robert A. In the fall of that year he crossed the mountains to California, first locating in Calistoga, where he found employment in the dry goods store of H. Getleson & Co. In the fall of 1876 he made a visit home, where he sojourned about one year. He again started West, and after traveling through most of the Territories, finally settled in Calistoga, and is now em- ployed in his former position, as head salesman for H. Getleson. Mr. John- ston has served as Recorder for the Calistoga Mining District, and in the spring of 1881 was elected School Trustee of Calistoga District, a position he now holds. He was united in marriage July 24, 1879, to Helen V. Love- joy, who was born in Columbus, Michigan, February 1, 1860. By this union they have one son, Frank H. ( Biographical Sketches. 501 JONES, STEPHEN A. Was born in Rush County, Indiana, December 3, ls.SG, and is the son of Isaac B. and Lucy Stewart Jones. In 18-il his parents moved to Missouri, where he resided till 1857, when he came across the plains to California, arriving in September of that year. He immedi- ately came to Napa County and began farming, which he has at intervals followed, and in connection with which he is now engaged in sheep raising, his ranch being located in Capelle Valley. Mr. Jones is unmarried. JOHNSON, GEORGE W. Son of Edward C. and Jane Hooker Johnson, was born in Marion County, Indiana, December 2, 1832. He resided in his birthplace until he was twenty years of age, and received his education at the seminary of Indianapolis. He afterwards learned the printer's trade, in the Indiana Sentinel office. He then bought the old Police Gazette of Indianapolis, and moved it to Bloomfield, Iowa, and there published a paper under the title of the Western Gazette, and issued the first copy June 1, 1852. He continued in this enterprise for one year, and sold out and engaged in the hotel business, buying out the old American Hotel, located in the above place, and remained in this business until 1857. He also, in connection with the hotel, run a stage line from Bloomfield, Davis County, to Appanoose County, Iowa. In 1857 he moved back to his birthplace and engaged in general trade, keeping store in the old Bates House, of Indianapolis, and there remained for two years, when he once more returned to Bloomfied, Iowa, and bought a farm, and con- tinued in agricultural pursuits until the breaking out of the war. He then served in the State militia for about two months; and August 13, 1861, he enlisted in the 3d Iowa Cavalry, being elected Sergeant-Major of the regiment ; and then, for meritorious and gallant conduct at the battle of Pea Ridge, March G, 7 and 8, 1862, he received from Governor Kirkwood, of Iowa, through the recommendation of General Sigel, his commission as First Lieutenant of Co. "M," 3d Regiment; and May 3, 1864, he received his commission from Governor Stone as Captain of his company. He took part in all the engagements and vicissitudes that his regiment participated in. At the close of the war Captain Johnson, through the recommendation of General Winslow, for valuable services on the march and at the battles of Selma, Alabama, and Macon, Georgia, was promoted to Brevet-Major of his regiment. Major Johnson was the first Federal officer that took possession of Hot Springs, Arkansas. From this point he went to Little Rock, where the regiment re-enlisted for three years ; and they at that time, on account of having served three years, were granted a furlough for thirty days. At the expiration of that time they reassembled at Camp Rankin, at Keokuk, Iowa, and went down the river to St. Louis. At the latter place Major Johnson was appointed inspector of cavalry horses, and 502 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. transferred to Indianapolis, and remained there one month, inspecting horses for Sherman's cavalry. From there he joined his regiment at St. Louis, and proceeded to Memphis, Tennessee. He left Memphis December 23, 1864,' and went to Louisville to join an expedition that was fitting out under General Wilson, to go up the Columbia River to Gravelly Springs, and they had some severe engagements on their route. When peace was declared, he was appointed as citizen commissary of the State of Georgia, with headquarters at Atlanta, arriving there May 6, 1865, where it was his duty to issue rations to the destitute poor of the State. This important position he held for three months. At the end of that time he was ordered to Davenport, Iowa, where, August 19, 1865, after a meritorious and honorable career as a soldier, he was discharged. During his long term of service, Major Johnson was only once wounded. He at once returned to Bloom- field, Iowa, and immediately sold his ranch and moved to Corvallis, Oregon, and engaged in the hotel business. Remaining there only a short time, he moved to Portland, and from thence to Calistoga, and became proprietor of the Cosmopolitan Hotel of that place, and run this hotel for three years. He then took charge of the famous Calistoga Hot Springs Hotel, and after- ward sold it for the Sacramento Bank to Colonel Tichenor. He then moved to his present beautiful place of twenty acres situated in the town of Calistoga, and is enjoying the remembrances of a well-spent life. The subject of this sketch was married to Miss Mary E. Kittleman, who was born in Indianapolis February 1, 1833. By this union they have three children: Geo. F., born April 12, 1853; Charles E., born February 8, 1856, and Annie L., born September 22, 1865. JOHNSON, JAMES WESLEY. Oldest son of Jackson and Berthena Johnson, was born in Greene County, Missouri, March 6, 1844, and resided at his birthplace until 1857. His father died when he was an infant, and his mother married secondly William Johnson. In May of the last named year the family started across the plains for California, being on the road four months, and arriving in this State August 20th. They located at El Dorado, and remained there one year, and in August, 1858, they came to Napa County, and located two miles east of Yountville. He remained with the family until 1864, when he began life for himself, first embarking in farming, which he followed until 1873. He then began the hotel and liquor business in Woodland, which he followed for two years. In 1876 he took charge of the Sabastopol Exchange at Yountville, and has since conducted the business, adding a hotel in 1879. He was married in October, 1865, to Amanda M. Stark, who was born in Union County, Iowa. Their chil- dren are, Ida F, William H, and Cora. He married, secondly, Miss Emma Root, who was born in Santa Clara County, California. They have one child, Marion Wesley, born June 26, 1880. Biographical Sketches. 503 KLUIT, A. P. Was born in Amsterdam, Kingdom of the Netherlands, March 27, 1847. In 1870 he came to New York and thence to California, arriving in June of that year. He then traveled all over California and Oregon in the interest of the Scientific Museum of the Netherlands. In \0?Z/- Biographical Sketches. 567 hardware business. He married, January 8, 1879, Miss Ida S. Warren, a native of California, and by this union they have two children: Henry Edgar, born November 12, 1S79, and Charles Emory, born August 5, 1881. STRAUS, JULES E. Was born in Alsace, France, February 24, 1844, where he remained until he was fifteen years of age, when he came to America, sailing from Havre de Grace to New Orleans, arriving in the latter place in April, 1858. He there secured a position as clerk in a mer- cantile firm, and held this position some six years, and then sailed for California, and after a passage around the Horn of six months, he arrived in the land of promise of plenty in April, 1865. Remaining in San Fran- cisco a few days, he came to Napa County, locating in St. Helena, where he accepted a clerkship from the firm of Lazarus & Levy, in a general store, which he held for one year. He then accepted a position in a store in Kern County, and remained for two years. His next move was to Treasure City, White Pine County, Nevada, where he still pursued his former occupation. Remaining a short time there he moved with his family to Wickinback, Arizona, and opened a store, remaining in this place eighteen months. He once more returned to California, and to St. Helena in December, 1870, and started business in the building now occupied by Wells, Fargo & Co., where he continued until 1875. He then moved across the street into his present storeroom and is doing a flourishing business. Mr. Straus was married July 13, 1868, to Miss Janett Levy, a native of France, and by this union they have one child, Bernice B., born in St. Helena ; also an adopted daughter, Matilda R. Straus. SEA WELL, JOHN H. Was born in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, February 8, 1815. At the age of eight years he, with parents, moved to Sumner County, Tennessee, where he received his education and resided until 1839, at which time he went to La Fayette County, Missouri, and engaged in clerking. In May, 1850, he crossed the plains to California, and arrived in Napa County, October 7th of the above year. Here he engaged in farming and merchandising, which he continued for eight years. In 1851 he was elected to the office of County Clerk, which position he held two years. In 1858 he discontinued his mercantile business, and turned his undivided attention to farming until 1864, when he went to Washoe and engaged in mining for eight months. He then returned to Napa, and after a few months went to Mexico, where he engaged in cotton growing until 1867, when he returned and settled in Berryessa Valley, where he followed farm- ing until 1871, when he once more engaged in merchandising. This he followed for five years, since which time he has not been engaged in any particular business. Mr. Seawell married December 7, 1843, Miss Mary Louderdale. Their children are, Jonah L., Prudence, Martha, Charles and Antoinette. 568 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. SPENCER, DENNIS. Son of Dwight and Eliza Kirby Spencer, was born in Jackson County, Missouri, August 22, 1844. In 1852 he came to California with his parents, who first settled near Sacramento. They after- wards moved to Green Valley, Solano County, and after a short residence in that place moved to Napa County. In 1864 Dennis entered the Santa Clara College, where he remained for two years. In 1872 he entered the Union University Law School at Albany, New York, and was admitted to practice May 7, 1873. He then returned to Napa County, and in 1874 was elected District Attorney, and served three terms. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of California April 13, 1874. SHURTLEFF, GEORGE C. Son of Benjamin and Ann M. Griffith Shurtleff, was born in Shasta, Shasta County, California, April 7, 1854. After receiving the advantages of the public schools of Shasta City he en- tered the Brayton College School, of Oakland, after which he entered the Freshmen year of the University of California ; but in 1874 he came to Napa and accepted a clerkship with Messrs. Allen & Parks, and with them and their successors he remained in that position until August 19, 1880, when he purchased a one-half interest in the firm now known as Thompson & Shurtleft". He was married August 9, 1877, to Alice C Nichols, daughter of J. M. Nichols, who was born in Napa County, November 8, 1859 ; and by this union they have one son, Roy N., born September 14, 1878. SIMMONS, AMOS, son of Thomas and Rebecca Wilson Simmons, was born in East Tennessee, August 24, 1827, and remained in his birthplace until he was nine years of age, when, with his parents, he moved to Missouri, and located in Greene County and engaged in farming. There he received a common school education, and remained about twenty-two years. Leaving that State in May, 1857, with his family, he started across the plains for California with ox-teams. Crossing the Missouri River above Fort Kearny, and coming via the Lassen cut-off, he first entered this State at Hangtown, now Placerville, and remained there one year. He then moved, in August, 1858, to Napa Valley, and located near St. Helena, and purchased a farm and remained there for six years. He then sold out and moved to Calistoga, locating on, or pre-empting his present ranch, about one mile from the above-named town, consisting of one hundred and sixty-three acres, and engaged in farming and fruit raising, having a vineyard of eight acres and a nice orchard of all the different varieties of fruit grown in this country. He was united in marriage April 3, 1848, to Miss Martha Tyler, who was born in Tennessee. By this union they have six living children : Sophronia E., born June 25, 1849 ; Thomas J., born April 14, 1851 ; James K., born Sep- tember 29, 1854 ; Amos B., born January 27, 1861 ; Bell, born May 14, 1867, and Emma B., born February 18, 1870. Biographical Sketches. 569 TONOLLA, A. M. Was born in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, June 8, 1835. When nine years of age he, with parents, moved to Philadelphia, where he received his education. He then served an apprenticeship to the piano-making trade, of four years. In 1859 he came via Panama to Cali- fornia, and arrived at San Francisco in December of the above year. He at once engaged with the firm of Jacob & Zech, to work at his trade, that of making pianos. In 18C2 he was admitted as a partner in the bus- iness, which relationship lasted about two and a half years, when he sold out his interest, but still continued as journeyman for a short time, when the firm was closed out by creditors. After this Mr. Tonolla remained in the shop for about six months, finishing up some instruments and doing repair- ing. Afterwards he was employed at Trinity Church for about five months, then engaged at his former trade until 1871, when he came to Napa County and located in St. Helena, where he is engaged at hotel-keeping. TRUBODY, JOSIAH SIMMONS. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this work, is the son of Edward and Mary Simmons Trubody, and was born in Cornwall County, England, June 19, 1805. Here he received a common school education and resided till 1830, when he pro- ceded to New Brunswick. June 26th of that year we find him in Phila- delphia, where he soon found work in the harvest-field with the Quakers, at which he continued for three weeks. He then proceeded to Wayne County, Pennsylvania, where he hired out to work at general farm labor, at which he continued for seven years. In September, 1837, he emigrated West, and settled in La Fayette County, Missouri, where he remained for two years. He then moved to Carroll County, that State, and began farm- ing, which he continued till August 26, 1849. He then started for Cali- fornia, coming the southern route, and arriving in the State January 22, 1850. He immediately proceeded to Napa County, and located on land two miles below Yountville, on which he resided till 1873. In May of that year he moved to Napa City, and has since resided in that place. Mr. Trubody married, in Wayne County, Pennsylvania, Miss Mary Ann Lakin, October 4, 1835, who was a daughter of Joel Lakin, of Massachusetts, and Clemen- tina Sands, of New Jersey. She was born in Wayne County, Pennsyl- vania, March 19, 1811. By this union, which was formed nearly fifty years ago, they have two children : William P., born February 23, 1843 ; Edward W., born December 13, 1851 ; one child deceased, Chrisanda Jane, born August 17.. 1840, and died April 13, 1868. TRUBODY, WILLIAM A. Son of John and Jane Palmer Trubody, was born in La Fayette County, Missouri, December 5, 1839, where he resided until May, 1847, when he, with his father's family, started across the plains for California and arrived October 1st of that year. They remained 570 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. at Sutters Fort for two months, when they went to San Francisco. In 1850 he went East, and for four years attended the Mount Pleasant Academy in New York. He then returned to California and completed his education at the University of the Pacific, near San Jose". He then came to Napa County and located on his present place, consisting of a half interest in one hundred and eighty-four acres, ninety of which are entirely devoted to horticulture. In 1880 he shipped eighty tons of blackberries and averages seventy and eighty tons each year. The vines cover thirty-five acres. The Trubody brothers began the blackberry business in 1867 and have steadily increased until to-day they stand at the head of the list. In 1867 he was elected Supervisor and filled the position for one term. He was married November 17, 1868, to Miss Lura, daughter of T. L. Grigsby, who was born in Laclede County, Missouri, November 30, 1850. Their living children are, George A., born September 22, 1871 ; Lulu Etta, born October 4, 1873 ; Clara, born October 30, 1877 ; and Frank, born November 8, 1879. They lost their oldest child, Elma, born September 29, 1869, and died June 8, 1873. THOMPSON, ISAAC. Son of Ezra and Cynthia Gifford Thompson, was born in Bristol County, Massachusetts, January 16, 1824. When he was quite young his parents moved to New Bedford, same county. He was educated at the Middleborough Academy, Plymouth County, Massachusetts. When he was fourteen years old he began as clerk which he followed for six years. In 1843, he began the ship chandlers and grocery trade for him- self in New Bedford, which he followed until 1851. In October, 1852, he sailed from New Bedford on board the ship " Rainbow," and arrived in San Francisco in May, 1853. In August of the the above year, he moved to Waldo, Josephine County, Oregon where for two years he was superin- tendent of a mining water ditch. He then, in 1855, opened a general mercantile store in the above place, and continued in that business until his removal to Napa County in 1876. He first purchased the place now owned by Mr. Sharp, two miles east of Napa, upon which he resided until Feb- ruary, 1879, when he moved to Napa City, and in August, 1880, began the hardware business under the firm name of Thompson & Shurtleff. He was married November 1, 1869, to Miss Elizabeth Briggs, a native of New York, born July 28, 1848. Their children are, Rosetta, born August 20, 1870 ; Elizabeth Daisy, born in October, 1875, and Frank, born January 31, 1881 TRUBODY, JOSIAH PALMER. Was born in Wayne County, Penn- sylvania, April 18, 1836, where he resided only two years. His parents then moved to La Fayette County, Missouri, where they resided until 1847. May 1st of that year they started across the plains, and arrived at Johnsons Ranch in October of the same year. The family settled in San Francisco, Biographical Sketches. 571 and he remained there with them until 1856. In that year he came to Napa County and began farming on his present place, where he has since continued to reside. He has been engaged in the horticultural business the last few years, and Trubody's blackberries have a State wide reputation. His place consists of one-half interest in one hundred and eighty-four acres. He was married May 3, 1865, to Miss Sophronia Ament, who was born in Ken- dall County, Illinois, February 12, 1847. Their children are, Charles M., Albert W., Samuel A., and Charlotte Jane. THOMANN, JOHN. Was born in Switzerland January 30, 1836, and resided in his native place until he was twenty-two years of age. At the age of fifteen he began working in a nursery, which he followed for two years, and then worked on farms and vineyards until he came to America, which was in 1858. He came to California in that year and settled in Sac- ramento, where he engaged in the nursery and wine business, which he followed until 1874. He then came to Napa County and located on his present place, near St, Helena, where he has since resided. He has also a ranch on Howell Mountain of one hundred and thirty acres, which he is planting into vines. He has a fine, large wine cellar on his home place, a full description of which will be found in its proper place. He is an energetic, thorough-going business man, and is at present a member of the Board of Supervisors of Napa County. He was married in 1863 to Miss Josephine Esh, and by this union they have four children, Louisa, Annie, Laura, and Bertie. TUCKER, JOHN W. This old pioneer of Napa Valley is the son of R. P. and Delilah Compton Tucker, and was born in Ohio, January 26, 1833. He resided in his birthplace until he was four years of age, when, with his parents, he went to Rock Island County, Illinois. He remained in that place until April, 1846, when he, with his father, started across the plains with the intention of going to Oregon, coming the old Fort Hall route. Arriving at Fort Hall they were advised, on account of the lateness of the season, not to go to Oregon. They then turned their faces towards California, entering this State at Truckee, and crossed the mountains a little in advance of the Dormer party, and only passed the place of the terrible sufferings of that party a short time before the storm came on. On their arrival in this State they rented a piece of land on the Johnson ranch on Bear River, and put in a crop. In the spring of 1847 they moved to near Sacramento, and there bought a farm, and remained one year. Not liking that location they concluded to move to Napa Valley, locating on the farm now owned by his brother, G. W. Tucker. In the spring following they bought a farm, and continued farming until 1872, when, their title being declared illegal, and after a residence on this place for more than twenty-five 572 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. years, they were - compelled to give it up. The years following, until 1880, Mr. Tucker made his home in the valley, and in the above year he bought his present farm, comprising one hundred and eighty acres, and is once more nicely situated in his favorite valley. Mr. Tucker is in every sense of the word a pioneer, and his mind can not help wandering back to the beauties of Napa Valley thirty-five years ago, when this district had no resident save the Indian, or the herds of undomesticated cattle and horses, the beast of prey, and the fowls of the air. Mr. Tucker is now engaged in general farming. He was united in marriage, October 8, 1879, with Mrs. C. E. Weed, who was born in Moscow, Maine, December 3, 1838. He has three step-children : Bertha E. Weed, born September 10, 1860, in Carmel, Maine ; Nettie M. Weed, born March 20, 1862, in Carmel, Maine ; Edwin H. Weed, born January 10, 1864, in Bangor, Maine. TABOR, ISAAC, M. D. Was born in Smithfield, Rhode Island, Feb- ruary 28, 1817. He was educated in Providence, Rhode Island, at the Friends New England Yearly Meeting Boarding School, and at Amherst Academy, Massachusetts. In Cherry Valley, New York, he began the study of medicine, and further prosecuted his studies by attending medical lectures in Albany, that State, and Woodstock, Vermont, and graduated from the Medical College of the latter place June 9, 1841, and received a third course at the Berkshire Medical School of Massachusetts. We next find Dr. Tabor in St. Louis, Missouri, where he followed his profession for one year, and then, owing to ill-health, concluded to change and moved to Texas, and settled on the Red River in Cass County, and there practiced medicine for twenty years. The war then broke out and the Doctor's sympathies being with the North, he left his sunny home for that of Providence, Rhode Island, and there continued his practice until he removed to California, which event occurred in June, 1876. He first located in Placer County, and there remained until the fall of 1879, when he moved to Oakland, where he sojourned for a few months, and then moved to Napa Valley, locating in St. Helena, and is now building up a nice practice, and is respected by the com- munity in which he lives. The subject of this sketch was twice married. His first marriage occurred in Texas, October 23, 1844, to Rebecca S. Prewitt, a native of Alabama, who died March 3, 1861, in Providence, Rhode Island. They had three children : Benjamin Prewitt, born August 17, 1852, in Texas ; Isaac Francis, born November 24, 1854, in Rhode Island ; Mary Elizabeth, born December 21, 1857, in Texas, and died March 4, 1860, in that State. He married secondly in Worcester, Massachusetts, May 11, 1865, Miss Emily Whitney, a native of Westminster, Massachusetts. Their children are, Ernest Frederick, born February 26, 1866, in Worcester, Massachusetts; Ashley Raymond, born December 24, 1868, in Rhode Island. Biographical Sketches. 573 TULLY, THOMAS J. The subject of this sketch was born in Mason Count)', Kentucky, July 18, 1825. In early life it was Mr. Tully's intention to become a physician, but an accident to one of his eyes changed his whole course of life, as his studies had to be abandoned. He then learned the trade of plasterer, and in 1853 removed to Knox County, Missouri, and re- mained in that State until his coming to California, which occurred July, 1873. On arriving here with his family, he first located at the Hoopa Val- ley Indian Reservation, where he received a position as head farmer, in which capacity he served for nearly one year. He was then appointed clerk and commissary, Avhich situation he held until January, 1875. At that time he moved to Napa Valley, locating in St. Helena for a short time, and then changed his place of residence to Calistoga. He has purchased the " Maple Spring" property, a delightful place, situated on the Santa Rosa road, two miles from Calistoga. Mr. Tully is engaged in the fruit business, having a beautiful and, as we believe, the only orange orchard in Napa Valley, of something over fifty trees ; also all the other varieties of fruit known to this climate ; and " Maple Spring" promises to be in a few years one of the most delightful summer resorts on this coast. Mr. Tully was married to Mrs. Mary A. Robinson, of Missouri, July 22, 1869. Mrs. Tully is a teacher by profession, and it is their intention to establish a boarding school for children of both sexes at " Maple Spring " some time during the coming year. Mr. and Mrs. Tully have one child, a daughter, Clara May, born in Missouri, June 6, 1870. THOMPSON, SIMPSON. This worthy pioneer, whose portrait will be found in this work, was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, September 18, 1803. His great-grandfather, John Wilson, bought the old homestead farm, in Bucks County, directly from William Penn, and it may be remarked as something very rare in American family history that the property is still owned by his great-grandson, the subject of this sketch. John Wilson, his great-grandfather on his mother's side, immigrated with his family to America, and settled in the same township. This man was the eldest son of James Wilson, who had violated the law of the realm by marrying Isabel, the daughter and heiress of the Earl of Corsik, in Scotland, and had been compelled to flee with his bride to the County of Antrim, Ireland. Of the same family, two generations removed, was Margaret Wilson, who was, in 1685, at the age of eighteen, sentenced to be drowned in the waters of the Bladnoch, near Wigton, Scotland. An aged lady of sixty-three years, named Margaret McLachland, was condemned at the same time. Their only crime was refusing to take the oath of recantation, and to abandon the principles of the Scottish Reformation. A beautiful cenotaph of white marble was erected to the memory of these martyrs in the city of 574 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Stirling, and still commemorates their " faithfulness unto death." The following is an extract from the minutes of the Kirk session of Penningham Parish, February 19, 1711 : " Upon the eleventh day of May, 1685, these two women, Margaret McLachland and Margaret Wilson, were brought forth to execution. They did put the old woman first into the water, and when the water was overflowing her, they asked Margaret Wilson what she thought of her in that case. She answered, ' What do I see but Christ wrestling there. Think ye that we are the sufferers ? No, it is Christ in us, for he sends none on a warfare on their own charge.' Margaret Wilson sang Psalm xxv., from the seventh verse and the eighth chapter of the epistle to the Romans, and did pray, and then the water covered her. But be- fore her breath was quite gone, they pulled her up and held her till she could speak, and then asked her if she would pray for the king. She answered that she wished the salvation of all men, but the dam- nation of none. Some of her relations, being at the place, cried out, ' She is willing, to conform !' being desirous to save her life at any rate. Upon which Major Winram offered the oath of abjuration to her either to swear it or to return to the waters. She refused it, saying, ' I will not ; I am one of Christ's children, let me go.' And they returned her into the water, where she finished her warfare, being a virgin martyr of eighteen years of age, suffering death for her refusing to swear the oath of abjuration and hear the curates." Mr. Thompson grew up on the old Bucks County homestead, and was educated in the common schools of the county. In 1845 or 1846 he went to Baltimore, Maryland, where he remained for twenty months, engaged in the wholesale and retail grocery business. On account of ill-health he went to Philadelphia, and at the age of forty-five engaged as an apprentice to the plumber and gas-fitter's trade, with the firm of Archer & Warner. He worked at this for eighteen months, when he went to Albany, New York, and began business for himself, which he con- ducted till 1852. In May of that year he sailed from New York bound for California, coming via the Chagres River and the Isthmus route, making part of the journey from Gorgonato Panama upon a mule, and sleeping in the open air with a box of medicine for a pillow. He came up the coast on the steamer "Golden Gate," with one thousand five hundred passengers, among whom were some forty or fifty stowaways, who came aboard at Acapulco, and who had been wrecked upon another steamer. Those were treated rather roughly, and made to work at whatever they were able to accomplish. At last Samuel Brannan, who was on board, made a speech in their favor, and headed a subscription list with $500 for their relief. William Neeley Thompson, brother of Simpson Thompson, and Thomas H, son of the latter, had come to California via the Horn in 1849, in the ship " Grey Eagle," one hundred and twenty days from Philadelphia. Biographical Sketches. 575 William N. entered into a copartnership with Mr. Blackburn in the lumber business in San Francisco, and furnished most of the material for the State House at Vallejo, and in 1S51 three hundred and twenty acres of the Soscol Ranch were taken in payment, at SI 2 per acre, from General M. G. Vallejo, who had erected the State House at his own expense. A town site a mile square had been laid out on the place by General Vallejo, and some of the stakes are still standing. Subsequently Mr. Thompson purchased about three hundred acres more. Mr. Simpson Thompson came to California with the intention of putting up gas works, but when he arrived in San Francisco he found that coal was S50 a ton, and that gas was only 810 per thousand feet ; so he abandoned that project. He spent a few days at tallying lumber as it came off from the vessels into his brother's yard. He then came to the Soscol place and took charge of it. He found that his brother had sent men up, who had planted a small field of potatoes, at the expense of Si 2. 50 per acre for plowing alone. Nothing else had ever been done on the farm, and the men abandoned the place in disgust. Upon his arrival at the place Mr. Thompson spent the first six weeks under a big oak tree, making his own bread and doing his own washing. This tree is near the present mansion, and is surrounded by a circular arbor and cherished with the greatest care. He found the place in a state of nature ; Soscol Creek, which is now confined within artificial bounds and empties into the river, spread then over a wide area, converting it into a morass. This is now reclaimed and constitutes the richest part of the Soscol orchards. The first trees were obtained from Rochester, New York, and from New Jersey. Nursery trees of many kinds were brought out, but thousands of dollars were sunk by losses in transportation. Trees packed in charcoal dried up and died, and those packed in wet moss mostly rotted on the way ; but those packed in dry moss arrived in good condition. The first peach pits were planted in April, 1853, and most of them grew vigorously, and ripe peaches were produced from them in sixteen months from the planting. When the Mexican residents saw them put out, and prepara- tions being made for a nursery, they laughed at such a thing. They said that without water it was impossible ; that barley would not grow over two feet and wheat not over six inches without irrigation, while trees would not grow at all. Their astonishment may well be imagined when, sixteen months after, he showed them finer peaches than they had ever seen in the State. Apples were produced from the seeds in two and a half years. Garden vegetables were produced in luxuriance and abundance without irri- gation. The seedlings were, of course, inferior, but judicious grafting soon produced fine results, and the stock of apple trees in California was soon brought up to that of the East. The first basket of peaches sold from the Soscol orchards brought $23.75, or about 80 cents per pound. They were 576 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. retailed at $1 . 25 each. The first basket of plum peaches brought $34, or $1 . 12 J per pound. A small area, only about one-fourth of an acre, was planted in gooseberries, and the yield was three tons. The wholesale prices of fruit in 1856, as shown by the books of Mr. Thompson, were as follows: apricots, per pound, 70 cents ; early apples, 50 cents ; peaches, $9 to SI 4 per basket of twenty-eight pounds ; peaches, best quality, $18 . 75 per basket, or 55 cents a pound ; yellow rare ripe peaches, 60 cents per pound. In 1855 $3 per pound was offered for the cherry crop before it was picked. The prices of nursery trees were in proportion. In 1856 trees in the dormant bud sold for $600 a thousand. Peach trees one year old brought $2 . 50 each in 1855, and $1 . 50 each in 1856. Apple trees sold from 75 cents to $1 . 50 each, and as high as $5 was paid for a single fine tree. In 1856 the trees in the original orchard would have brought more than he could now command for the entire property. In that year the farm and orchard yielded $40,000, a greater sum than it has ever since produced. Mr. Thompson carried on the place for many years in connection with his two sons, Thomas H. and James M., but now it may be said that the latter is really the manager of the magnificent property, the father having resigned that position to him some years ago, and the elder brother being now in Texas, where they are jointly largely interested. The old gentleman is surrounded by everything that could render life enjoyable, and is held in universal respect and esteem by all who know him. The. family mansion is a model of convenience, widely known for its hospitality. The grounds are laid out with great beauty, and dotted over with rare shrubs and trees from every part of the Union. Mr. Thompson was married in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1826, to Miss Susan T. Simpson, who died in that county in 1844, leaving two children, Thomas H. and James M. THOMPSON, JAMES M. Was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, November 6, 1833, and is the son of Simpson and Susan T. Simpson Thomp- son. He received a common school education in his native place, and then, in 1851-2, attended the Williston Seminary, in Hampton, Massachusetts. August 4, 1854, he sailed from New York on the steamer " George Law," to the Isthmus ; came part of the way across that on a railroad, and the balance on the hurricane deck of a mule; thence on the steamer "Sonora," arriving in San Francisco August 28th of that year. He came at once to the Soscol ranch, where he has been engaged in the nursery and orchard business, in connection with his brother and father. In 1874 he went to Texas and purchased, in company with two others, a tract of ten thousand acres of land and stocked it. He now owns a half interest in that vast estate. He was married May 28, 1862, to Miss Mary R K. Gluyas, who was born in Philadelphia, February, 1844. Their children are, George S., ^^T^^^^zryL^ Biographical Sketches. 577 born June 29, 1864 ; Margaret Wilson, born September 19, 1867, and William Gluyas, born August 5, 1873. TUCKER, GEORGE W. Son of R. P. and Delilah Compton Tucker, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, December 15, 1831. He resided at his birthplace until 1838, when he, with his father, moved to Rock Island County, Illinois, where he remained until 1846. April 20th of the last- named year the family left Illinois, bound for Oregon, but, when they arrived at the head of the Humboldt River, they changed their course and came to California, arriving in October of that year. He stopped during the winter of 1846-7, at Johnsons Ranch on Bear River, and in the spring he moved to the Cosumnes River and spent two months. He then came to Napa County, and located on a place near the head of Napa Valley, living in a log house on the site of his present dwelling. In 1848 he was among the first to go to the newly discovered mines, following mining for two summers. He has since remained at home permanently, and now owns one hundred and fifty acres of land. He and his father were among the number who went to rescue the Donner party. Married January 1, 1858, Miss .Angelina Kellogg, a native of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, born October 6, 1838. 'Their children are, Lilia, Mary, Jesse, Charles, Henry, Martha, John aud Eda. TEALE, GEORGE W. The son of Peter and Mary Ann Tucker Teale, was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, October 1, 1851. When he was but one year old he came with his parents to Napa County, California, and re- mained with them on a farm near Calistoga until 1880. He then purchased a ranch of forty -five acres, and is now engaged in general farming. He married January 27, 1880, Miss Kate L. Parker, a native of Solano County, California, born July 17, 1858. By this union they have one son, born October 13, 1880. THOMPSON, CHARLES. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, one of nine sons, all born on the homestead farm that had belonged to the family for several generations. He received his education and resided there and in Philadelphia and New York, until the glowing accounts heard of the Golden State, decided him to go and see for himself the truth of the stories that were told of the land of gold, its delicious fruits and large vegetables. In November, 1856, he sailed from New York, via Panama, on the steamers " George Law" and " Sonora," and arrived in San Francisco in December. That they received a cordial welcome will be known from the fact that they brought the news that it was supposed Buchanan was elected President ; but it was not known for a certainty until the next steamer arrived, two weeks later. After sojourning a few days in San Francisco, Mr. Thompson 37 578 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. proceeded to Soscol Rancho, where he engaged in farming for several years. He then moved to the upper Napa Valley and bought land on the Yount grant, east of Oakville, and at the end of three years he sold that and leased the Yount homestead for one year. In June, 1867, he visited his home in Pennsylvania, remaining several months, and then returned and embarked in farming in Contra Costa County for five years. In 1869 the people were becoming interested in grape culture, and he purchased his present ranch, consisting of about one hundred and twenty-seven acres, considering the soil particularly adapted to the vine, and after a trial of several years he finds his opinion was entirely correct. Mr. Thompson is one of those men who always weighs well the outcome of any enter- prise before he ventures, as may be seen in his wise choice of grape lands, and his wisdom in embarking in the business when he did. He has never been an office seeker, but has always manifested a deep interest in all public affairs, and lent a ready hand to the assistance of whatever has tended to the advancement of the best interests of the community in which he resides. He has always been a prominent farmer wherever he has resided, and his opinions and conclusions concerning agricultural subjects, have been held in high esteem by his neighbors. He is now living upon his beautiful estate, surrounded by the comforts of home and the society of his family, enjoy- ing the well-earned fruits of a wisely spent life. In 1874 Mr. Thompson once more visited his native home, and February 23, 1875, was united in marriage to Miss Jennie Buckman, a native of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and by this marriage they have one living child, Edward, born in 1878. VAN BEVER, PETER. Was born in Belgium in 1825, and resided in his native country till he was twenty-five years of age, receiving his educa- tion in the meantime at private colleges. In 1850 he came to California via Cape Horn, arriving in San Francisco May 3d of that year. He brought a small stock of goods with him, but the city of San Francisco having been destroyed by fire the day he arrived, he deferred the opening of a store and went to Santa Clara County, where, in partnership with Levi Prevost, he purchased a small farm. In the fall of 1851 he returned to San Francisco, where he established himself in the general grocery business, which he fol- lowed till 1853. In that year he paid a visit to Europe, and on his return continued the business till 1857. He then went to Mariposa County and began the same business, conducting it till 1860. In 1861 he came to Napa City and opened a small restaurant, which he conducted for one season. Next he began the produce business, which he conducted for a short time, and then he opened the well-known " Bee Hive " store in 1864, which he con- ducted till 1875. He then began the wine business, which he followed till 1881. Mr. Van Bever has ever been one of Napa's most energetic business Biographical Sketches. 579 men and earnest citizens, doing all in his power to advance the interests of the city and county in which he resides. VAN TASSELL, THEODORE. The subject of this sketch was born in New York City, April 11, 1834, where he was educated at the common schools, and resided until his twentieth year. At the age of twelve he was apprenticed to the trade of hatter, and at this he continued up to his leaving his native State, with the exception of one year spent in a commis- sion house. June 18, 1854, found Mr. Van Tassell on board the steamer " Surprise," Captain Ned. Wakman, bound for California, coming via the Straits of Magellan, and after a passage of six months entered the Golden Gate December 14, 1854. After a short time spent in visiting his relations who had preceded him to this coast, he found employment in the hat store of 0. H. Boyd & Co., where he remained until 1857. After one year spent on a farm near Sacramento, he again returned to San Francisco, and took charge of a hat store for J. B. Le Gay, and in 1862, in partnership with Wm. H. Mead, and under the firm name of Mead & Van Tassell, he con- ducted a mercantile house in that city. After a short time he bought his partner's interest in the stock and moved to the Buss House Block, and there carried on business until 1867, and then accepted a position in the insurance office of R. B. Swain & Co. In July, 1871, he moved to Napa County, and after spending one year with his father-in-law on the " Hill- side " farm, near St. Helena, he entered the employ of J. A. Jackson & Co., lumber merchants. This firm selling out in 1874, Mr. Van Tassell succeeded them, and remained in this business until 1880, when he took charge of the White Sulphur Springs Hotel, which he conducted to the satisfaction of all the patrons of that noted summer resort. The subject of our sketch was united in marriage in San Francisco July 23, 1863, to Miss Emma S. Pollock, a native of Brooklyn, New York, and by this union they have four children. Their names are, Theodore S., Emily F., Florence L. and Philip L. VANN, MATHEW. This old and respected citizen of Napa County, whose portrait appears in this history, was born in Morgan County, Illinois, June 9, 1823. When he was but a child his parents moved to Tennessee, and there resided until 1830 or 1831, when they moved west and located near Boonville, Cooper County, Missouri. He remained in that State until he came to this coast, which occurred May 1, 1850. He came in company with two brothers, William H. and T. A., joining a train at Springfield, Missouri. They came the old emigrant route across the plains, and arrived in the Golden State July 30, 1850. He first stopped at Hangtown (Placer- ville), and embarked in mining for eighteen months. In December, 1851, Mr. Vann paid a visit to his home in Missouri, and was there united in mar- riage ; and after sojourning there a short time he returned to California, 580 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. arriving in September of 1852. He proceeded direct to Napa Valley, first locating on the Yount ranch, and in the following spring he purchased his now valuable ranch of one hundred and fifty acres, located about two miles south-east of St. Helena, and engaged in general farming and grape growing. He is now, in company with the wife of his youth, enjoy- ing the fruits of a prosperous life, surrounded by his family of five sons, and enjoying the confidence and esteem of the citizens of the community in which he lives. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage, in Pope County, Missouri, April 14, 1852, to Miss Elizabeth Lane, a native of Tennessee. Their children are, Charles R., Thomas L., William F., Robert M. and Jefferson J. VOORHEES, ALBERT P. Son of Samuel W. and Maria Loucks Voor- hees, was born in Sharon, New York, March 22, 1840. When he was nine years of age he, with his parents, moved to Sharon, Walworth County, Wisconsin, where he received his education at the common schools, after- wards taking a course at the Wayland University. He then worked on his father's farm in summer and taught school during the winter. October 25, 1862, he sailed from New York on board the steamer " Old America " to Nicaragua, where he took passage on board the " Moses Taylor," arriving in San Francisco November 27th of the above-named year. He immediately proceeded to the Montezuma Hills, Solano County, where he sojourned a few months, and then accepted a clerkship at the Mare Island Navy Yard, a position he held for five years. In 1868 he began the clothing and gentle- men's furnishing business in Vallejo, which he followed until 1876. During his residence in that place he held the office of City Trustee for a number of years. June 24, 1876, he began his present business in Napa under the firm name of Alden & Co., located on the corner of First and Main streets. Mr. Voorhees was united in marriage in Vallejo, Solano County, Decem- ber 21, 1870, to Miss D. Annie Farnham, a native of New Brunswick. By this union they had two children : Evelina Jaunita and Albert Leland. WALLACE, HON. WILLIAM CYRUS. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this history, was born near Lexington, La Fayette County, Missouri, November 13, 1823, and is consequently now in the fifty- eighth year of his age. At the age of about eighteen years he moved, with his parents, to Clinton, Henry County, in the same State, at which latter place he received the greater portion of his education. Here he began the study of law at the age of twenty- two, and in the year 1847 he was duly licensed to practice in all the courts of the State. He immediately entered actively upon the practice of his profession at Clinton, the county seat, and so continued until the spring of 1849, when he joined the army of pioneers whose hopes and fortunes were centered upon the gold-fields of California. Biographical Sketches. 581 He connected himself with a party of emigrants coming with ox-teams, and in this manner made the long and wearisome journey across the plains, ar- riving at Sacramento in August of the same year, and encountering only such incidents as were commonplace upon the trip in those days. In seek- ing a new home he was not seeking simply adventure, nor was he carried away with the marvelous accounts concerning the gold discovery, but relying upon the practice of his profession, he brought with him his law library, and in a very short time he was engaged in an active practice at Sacramento. At the first election under the Constitution — the spring of 1850 — he was elected District Attorney of Sacramento County. At a subsequent time, he was nominated by the Whig convention of that county for the office of Pub- lic Administrator, and was elected by a majority of more than five hundred, though the rest of the ticket was defeated. That office was at that time a very important one, and its duties very laborious, and were the more dis- agreeable because of previous bad management. After a year, having ar- ranged the affairs of the office in a satisfactory manner and settled its business, he resigned. In 1853 he visited his former home, where he was married, and then returned to Sacramento and continued the practice of his profession. In the following year he was again a candidate on the Whig ticket ; this time for the office of City Attorney, to which he was elected, Hon. Cornelius Cole being his competitor. He continued to reside in Sac- ramento until the summer of 1859, when, on account of sickness in his family, he moved to Napa County and located at Napa City. Here he remained until the winter of 1863, when he moved to the State of Nevada, engaging to some extent in mining enterprises and practicing law at Virginia City and Washoe. While in that State, he twice received the nomination of the Democratic party for Justice of the Supreme Court — in the years 1864 and 1866. He had also received a like favor at the hands of that party in California in 1861. He returned to Napa County in 1867, and this has been his home ever since. In 1869 he was nominated by his party for and elected to the position of District Judge of the Seventh Judicial District, at that time embracing the counties of Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Lake, Napa and Solano. He was re-elected to the same position in 1875, but this time without opposition. During his second term the district was changed by leaving off the counties of Marin, Mendocino and Sonoma. The adoption of the new Constitution in 1879, by which our judicial system was changed, cut short his term of District Judge, but he was immediately put forward by the people of his own county for the position of Superior Judge, and elected without opposition. There are few men who have been more thoroughly tried by his people, and at all times commanded the high confidence and esteem enjoyed by Judge Wallace. In his private life he is benevolent, social, pure and true. His friendships are extensive, and are 582 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. ever warm and enduring. As a judge, he is gifted in more than an or- dinary degree with the power of discerning truth and propriety, while his great experience enables him to weigh and solve legal questions with great dispatch and accuracy. WILKINS, EDMUND TAYLOR, M. D. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Montgomery County, Tennessee, at the residence of his grandfather, Colonel Edmund Taylor, October 20, 1824, and is the son of Dr. Benjamin and Jane Taylor Wilkins. At the time of his birth his parents lived in Christian County, Kentucky, but, for the sake of convenience and sociability, he was taken across the line into Tennessee, to be born. Until he reached the age of ten years, the sub- ject of this sketch alternated between the two States named above, after which he resided in the States of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, and at eighteen he entered the William and Mary College, where he received his collegiate education. In March, 1849, he sailed from New Orleans for Cali- fornia, taking passage on the schooner "St. Mary," Captain Chasteau. When off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the little craft, one hundred and fifty tons burden, was overtaken by a terrible storm, in which she was so disabled, that it became necessary to seek safety by going into port to replenish supplies and repair the damages of the gale. Accordingly, the captain set sail for Baltimore, where she remained six weeks ere she was again pronounced ready to pursue her voyage around the Horn; Captain Chasm having been placed in command in lieu of Captain Chasteau. After a long and perilous voyage of more than nine months, she at last safely arrived in San Francisco ; January 26, 1850. Among the persons on board were the late Thomas M. Logan, M. D., surgeon of the vessel ; Henry Clay Duralde, grandson of Henry Clay ; Benjamin T. Davis, nephew of Jefferson Davis ; Edwin Good- all, of the firm of Goodall, Perkins & Co., and fifteen other passengers, making nineteen in all. Among the other passengers were William R. Cox, J. C. Smith, Thomas Fondry, P. Carrington, J. R. Valleau, M. C. Goodwin, Captain Daniel Butts, W. E. Dabney, and Dr. Ewin Shiel and wife. The others are not remembered. After a short sojourn in San Francisco, he proceeded up the Sacramento River, in a whale boat, and thence to Bid wells Bar, in Butte County, where he engaged for a short time in mining. From thence he proceeded in company with Drs. Richard Pegram and Edward Workman to Trinity River, which he attempted to turn from its course by means of a sand-bag dam ; but after spending all the summer, and all of his means in this fruitless effort to force the river to give up its hidden treasures, he abandoned the mines forever. Returning to the valley in the autumn, he purchased a farm on the Feather River, ten miles above Marys- ville, in Yuba County, Drs. Richard Pegram, and John S. Griffin, then surgeon Biographical Sketches. 583 in the United States Army and now of Los Angeles, being co-partners. In 1853 he returned to his native State, and attended his first course of medical lectures at the Memphis Medical College, from -which he graduated at the end of his second course in 1861. When Dr. Wilkins first came to California, he brought with him a faithful colored servant, known as Major Breeden, one of the most honest and faithful of men, who stuck to his young master amidst all the allurements and temptations of those more than tempting times. They went East together in 1853, and when they returned to Cali- fornia in 1854, Dr. Wilkins brought the entire family, consisting of thirteen persons, who were his slaves in Louisiana, but who were given their liberty and a tract of valuable land, three hundred and twenty acres, near his own, upon which he placed them, and on which some of them still reside. After receiving his medical diploma, Dr. Wilkins gave up fanning, moved to Marysville in July, 1861, and from that time has paid undivided attention to the study and practice of his profession, and especially to that branch which relates to the dethronement of reason and the care and treatment of the insane. In February, 1870, the Legislature passed an Act authorizing the Governor to appoint a commissioner to visit the principal asylums for the insane in Europe and America, and it was made his duty to collect and compile all accessible and reliable information as to their man- agement and construction, and the different modes of treatment of the insane, the results of this investigation to be reported to the Governor in time to be laid before the next session of the Legislature. The great interest that Dr. Wilkins had manifested in behalf of the insane, and attention he was known to have paid to the subject, as well as his intimate and friendly rela- tions with Governor Haight, pointed him out as a proper person to fill that important mission, and the appointment was accordingly bestowed upon him. Immediately after receiving his commission, Dr. Wilkins commenced his investigations. First familiarizing himself with our own asylum, he proceeded at once to visit those in most of the States of the Union and of Canada. With the information obtained from visiting fifty asylums on this continent, and exchanging views with the most experienced, able and learned of the superintendents in his own country, he crossed the Atlantic well pre- pared to contrast and compare the asylums and the systems of management of these institutions in this country and those beyond the Atlantic. Having spent twenty-one months in visiting one hundred asylums in Great Britain and Ireland, France, Italy, Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Bohemia, Prussia, Bel- gium and Holland, in addition to half as many in America, and having attended meetings of the superintendents of asylums in France, England and the L'nited States, he returned to California and made an elaborate and ex- haustive report to the Governor on the 2d day of December, 1871, ten thousand copies of which were published by order of the Legislature then convened. 584 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. Among the first and most important results of this report was the passage of an Act by the Legislature to provide additional accommodations for the insane of this State. Dr. Wilkins was appointed by Governor Booth as one of the commissioners to select a site and location for the projected asylum, Dr. George A. Shurtleff, superintendent of the Stockton Asylum, and Judge C. H. Swift, of Sacramento, being the other two members of the Commis- sion. The location was made in Napa County, and the elegant structure known as the Napa State Asylum for the Insane now adorns the selected site, and is the best proof of the wisdom and taste displayed by the Com- mission in the choice made. Dr. "Wilkins was also named in the bill, to- gether with Dr. Shurtleff and Governor Booth, to act as an Advisory Board to the Board of Directors in reference to the adoption of suitable plans for the new asylum. Having been thus intimately connected with and inter- ested in the establishment of this noble charity, and largely instrumental, through his report, in procuring the passage of the Act authorizing its con- struction, the Board of Trustees appointed for its management showed a just appreciation of his worth, and a proper regard for the best interests of the institution, by electing him, on the 16th of March, 1876, as the Resident Physician. At the expiration of his term of office he was re-elected for a second term of four years, and is now in charge of that institution. Its management needs no encomium from us. The perfect cleanliness of the entire establishment, the comfortable condition of the inmates, the order and general harmony that seems to exist among the officers, employe's and attendants, and the good taste displayed in the improvement of the grounds, are evidences that speak for themselves, and are ever open to the inspection of the public. Dr. Wilkins was married in Marysville, in May, 1855, to Miss Matilda Pegram Brander, a native of Virginia, and by this union there were three children : Jane Taylor, who died at the age of five years ; Martha Pegram, and Benjamin Sidney. His wife died March 9, 1867. On the 24th of May, 1877, he married Miss Camilla Price, daughter of John R. Price, and niece of General Sterling Price, of Missouri, of which State she is a native. It would be doing injustice to Dr. Wilkins if we failed to state that he feels that he has been much more closely identified with the county of Yuba, where he resided for twenty -six years, than with Napa, where he has lived but six years. In Yuba he was known by everybody, was esteemed and respected by all, and in return he was greatly attached to her citizens ; and if his wishes had been consulted, we doubt not but he would have preferred to have been sketched among those in that county who had long been his inti- mate friends and associates. But in writing a history of the prominent men of California by counties, we must take them where and when we find them. In conclusion, we will state that the maternal grandmother of Dr. Wilkins, Elizabeth Lewis, was a daughter of Lawrence Lewis, a nephew of Biographical Sketclies. 585 General Washington, and Eleanor Parke Custis, the granddaughter of Martha Washington, being the only lineal descendant of Mrs. Washington with whom we have met in California. WALSH, THOMAS. Was born in Ireland, August 15, 1822. In 1847 he came to America. He followed boating on the Hudson River until April, 1857, when he started via Panama for California, and arrived at San Francisco August 15th of the above year. After spending about eight years in the vicinity of St. Helena, he bought and settled on his present place, about one mile from Calistoga, where he has since resided. He mar- ried, June 4, 1852, Miss Margaret Hilliard, by whom he has five children : William P. F., Robert, Henry, Matilda and Josephine. WATSON, JOHN. Was born in County Clare, Ireland, and resided there until 1852, when he came to America and settled in St. Louis, where he remained until 1853, when he turned his face westward, and crossed the plains to Salt Lake, where the winter was spent. In September, 1854, he arrived in California, and proceeded at once to Napa County, where he has since resided. He owns nine hundred acres of land, located near Napa Junction, and is engaged in farming and stock raising. WEINBERGER, JOHN C. This gentleman, whose portrait will be found in the body of this work, was born in Weissenburg, Bavaria, July 13, 1830, and is the son of Christian and Madaline Rebesberger Weinberger. He resided at his birthplace until 1848, during which time he was educated at the common school. At the age of fourteen he began the confectionery trade, which he followed until March, 1848. He then came to America, landing in New York the latter part of May. He remained there and worked at his trade until 1853, when he went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he worked a few months only, when he went to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he began business upon his own capital. He remained there until 1865. He then purchased a farm, in connection with W. H. Ragan, and began the fruit and nursery business, which he followed until 1870. In 1869 he j)aid Cal- ifornia a visit, and was so pleased with the country that he returned to Indiana in 1870 and settled up his affairs, and came back to California to make it his permanent residence. He came to Napa Valley and located upon his present place, a short distance above St. Helena, and has since paid his entire attention to the manufacture of wine. He is an active member of the Viticultural Society of St. Helena, and has a fine cellar, a description of which will be found in its proper place. He was married January 27, 1860, to Miss Anna V. Von Dakkum, of Cincinnati, Ohio, who was bom in Paris, France, November 5, 1838. By this union there is one daughter, Minnie, born December 27, 1861. Mrs. Weinberger died in 1866. He mar- ried, secondly, Miss Hannah E. Rabbe, a native of New Albany, Indiana, 586 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. born October 7, 1840. They have children as follows : Hannah, born June 7, 1876 ; Mary, born July 4, 1878, and John C, born March 4, 1881. WILLIAMS, JOHN W. Was born in Phillips, Franklin County, Maine, September 17, 1834, and at the age of ten his parents moved to a town called Letter E, where the subject of this sketch followed farming, and was educated at the common schools, and remained until 1864, during which time he was married. In the latter year he moved with his wife to Green . County, Wisconsin, and engaged in the saw-mill and lumber business, in which he continued until he came to California, which occurred July 16, 1875. Proceeding direct to Napa Valley, he sojourned there for about one year, and then returned to Wisconsin. In the fall of 1876 he sold his in- terests in the saw mills, and in the following spring started again for Cali- fornia, arriving a second time in Napa County July 3d of the above year, his family following a few months later. In August of that year he pur- chased his present valuable property of thirty-two acres, located near Pine station, nearly all of which is in vineyard. Mr. Williams, although com- paratively a new settler in Napa Valley, has made many warm friends, and commands the respect and esteem of all who know him, He was united in marriage in Maine, October 9, 1864, to Miss Elvira Goodwin, a native of that State, and by this union they have three living children : Elvira, George H, and Samuel. WHEELER, CHARLES. The subject of this sketch was born in Ver- gennes, Vermont, February 22, 1818. When he was five years old his parents, Horace and Laura Isham Wheeler, moved to St. Johns, Lower Canada. He there attended the public schools, and afterwards finished his education at Poultney, Vermont. At the age of fifteen he began life for himself, going to Laporte, Indiana, where he engaged with his uncle as clerk in the mercantile business, a position he held for ten years. He then re- turned to St. Johns, Lower Canada, and purchased his father's business, and engaged in the manufacture of leather, in which he remained until 1852, when he paid a visit to the Pacific Coast, remaining only a few months. On his return East he located at Oswego, New York, where he engaged in the grain and flour business, which he continued until July, 1868. Then, under contract to the California Pacific Railroad, Mr. Wheeler came to Cali- fornia, and was one of a company who built the first grain elevator on the Pacific Coast, at Vallejo. After experimenting for two years, the company came to the conclusion that it was not profitable or practicable to handle grain in bulk, consequently they disposed of their interests to Mr. Fried- lander, of San Francisco. In May, 1870, Mr. Wheeler visited Napa Valley, and, being highly pleased with its beauties, he purchased a tract of land of Mr. J. M. Thompson, at Bello station, two miles below St. Helena, where he Biographical Sketches. 587 erected his present home. Mr. Wheeler has been married twice, having six children by his first wife, five of whom are still living. WELLER, HORACE I. Son of William and Sarah Hutchinson Weller, was born in Oswego County, New York, May 5, 1837, and remained in his birthplace until he was twenty-one years of age. In his native town he learned the tinner's trade. He then, May 5, 1858, started for the Golden State, coming via Panama, sailing from New York on board the " Moses Taylor " to Aspinwall, and on the Pacific side took passage on board the "Sonora," arriving in San Francisco in June, 185S. Remaining there but a short time he came to Napa Valley, and followed harvesting for one season, and then in the fall went to the mines in Yuba County, and engaged in that occupation for two years. He then returned to San Francisco and engaged in the wood and coal business, remaining in this about six months. He then, in August, 1861, returned East, and on his arrival in New York enlisted in the 110th Volunteer Infantry for three years, and served in the 19th Army Corps, and the Department of the Gulf under General Banks, and took part in all the engagements that his corps participated in. He served two years and eight months, and then, on account of sickness, was discharged, and returned home to New York, where he sojourned for about six months. He then moved to and settled in Hall County, Nebraska, and engaged in farming, and remained in that place for ten years. He then, in 1875, moved with his family to California, and settled in Calistoga, and en- gaged in farming two miles from town, following this for four years. We next find Mr. Weller in town engaged in the butcher business, in which he continued for two years. He then sold out this business, and taking up a mining claim, located in Kings Canon, he began to operate in mining, and is now engaged in opening up what is known as the California claim, with very flattering prospects. Mr. Weller was united in marriage in Hall County, Nebraska, to Mrs. Hannah B. Shaw, a native of Wisconsin, born January 30, 1842. By this union they have two children, one son and one daughter, Cora Ellen, born October 28, 1877, and George Frederick, born January 25, 1879. WESCOTT, CHARLES ALBERT. The subject of this sketch was born in Chenango County, New York, March 19, 1828. At his birthplace he received a common school education, and worked on a farm until 1850. In February of that year he took passage from New York on the steamer " Philadelphia " to Panama, and from thence he took passage on the steamer " California " for San Francisco, arriving at the latter place in March, 1850. He immediately proceeded to the mines on the American River, and mined at Coloma until late in the fall of that year. He was then taken sick, and returned to San Francisco, where he took passage on 588 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the sailing vessel " Constitution," "with the intention of returning home ; but after a stormy passage of seventy-six days they ran into a port totally out of provisions. He remained there four weeks, when he boarded the same ship, and started for Peru, but finally arrived at Acapulco, where he remained some three months. He then took passage on board an English ship, and returned to San Francisco, arriving there in May, 1851. He immediately returned to Coloma, and bought into his former claim, and prosecuted mining until fall. He was again taken sick, and returned to San Francisco, and placed himself under a physician's care for a short time. He finally heard that two of his former partners were in Napa County en- gaged in hunting. He came here and also engaged in hunting wild game, which was sent to San Francisco. He continued in this business until 1857, when he settled on his present estate of one hundred and sixty acres, and has lived here since. Was twice married. By the first union he had two children, one of whom is still living: Clara, born June 16, 1851. There are no children by his second marriage. WEAKS, WASHINGTON P. The subject of this sketch was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, September 25, 1819, and there received a common school education, and engaged in farming until his coming to this coast. In 1852, in company with his wife and family, driving ox-teams, Mr. Weaks started across the plains for the Golden State, arriving in Sierra County in August of the above year. After a short stay there he moved to Yuba County, locating in Marysville, and resided there until the fall of 1863. He then went to Mexico and engaged in cotton raising near Mazatlan for four years, and in the fall of 1867 he returned to San Francisco, and re- mained there until his coming to Napa County, which event occurred July 3, 1872. He then purchased his present property of twenty-six acres, two miles south of St. Helena, and is now engaged in viniculture and wine- making. Mr. Weaks was united in marriage in Ohio, December 19, 1839, to Miss Mary Macklin, a native of that State, and by this union they have one child, Louisa, now Mrs. A. J. Mason. WRIGHT, REV. J. M. This very worthy old pioneer was born in Davidson County, Tennessee, October 29, 1809, and is the son of William and Rachel Sawyer Wright. He truly belongs to the pioneer corps of America, and sprang from pioneer stock. His grandfather, Peter Wright, was one of the first settlers of Boatland County, Virginia, locating in the great bend of the Jackson River, nearly one hundred years ago. Here he planted a field of corn, which was subsequently devoured by the buffaloes. At the close of the Revolutionary War, the father of the subject of this sketch moved into the then wilderness of Tennessee, where he lived for twenty years, and reared a family of thirteen children. In 1818 he, the Biographical Sketches. 589 father, sold his Tennessee farm, and moved his family to Boone County, Missouri, where he died in his seventy-seventh year. Young Wright was in his ninth year when his father moved to Missouri, and here he received his education in the old log school -houses so common in that country in those days. At the early age of sixteen he felt called upon by the Master to enter the great moral vineyard of the world, and work for the salvation of men's souls. Nor did he wait until the eleventh hour, nor till he had spent the strength of his youth and manhood in the service of the world and self, but he came up to the front at the early dawn of his manhood's estate, giving all that he had or ever hoped to have to the great cause he was es- pousing. It was not long, however, until failing health bade him desist from his labors ; and for the purpose of regaining it, he made a trip to New Mexico in the capacity of teamster for some merchants who were trading at that early day in that country. He was then nineteen years of age, was gone six months, and returned completely recuperated. This train con- sisted of thirty-three wagons, all mule teams, and seventy-three men, with Riley Gregg as Captain. An escort of two hundred United States soldiers under Major Riley accompanied them to the Arkansas River, which was then the boundary line between the United States and Mexico. After leaving the Arkansas River, they had one or two fights with the Indians, in one of which Mr. Wright is honest enough to state that his hair stood so stiffly on end that it pushed his hat off. In the midst of the fight a good Baptist brother desired him to take a dram of whiskey ; but Mr. Wright displayed his temperance principles by saying, " No ; if I have to die, I want to die sober." He made three of these trips to New Mexico, and then remained in Missouri till the gold excitement in California. He then, in April, 1849, set out across the plains, and arrived at Sacramento on the last day of July of the same year. The journey in from the Sink of the Hum- boldt was made on foot, leading a pack-mule, on which was packed all his pos- sessions. Sacramento City was then a town of tents. The next day afte landing, he sold " Old Gray," the pack-mule, for fifty dollars, and purchased an outfit. He and Thomas O'Neal and Eli Pullin were " pards," as the old miners used to say. They set out on foot for the mines, and chanced to pick up a ride, and finally arrived at Hangtown, now Placerville, where they staked off their claim. Here he worked for six weeks with good suc- cess, and then bade an eternal farewell to mining. We here incorporate his own account of his experiences in the mines. " I look back at my associa- tions in the mines with proud and pleasant remembrance. I must say, that no more honorable, social, high-minded and intelligent class have I met with before or since. I soon gave out an appointment to preach, by posting notices on the trees. I preached my first sermon between two log cabins belonging to a Mr. Spence. He had provisions in one cabin, and whiskey 590 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. in the other. My congregation was about fifteen or twenty men. They helped me to sing with a will, but with mischief in their eyes. They soon got right, however, and listened to my sermon like gentlemen. This was the first sermon ever preached in Hangtown. I discovered that Spence was selling whiskey at the same time ; hence, I removed to another place. I preached here every Sunday while I remained in the mines." At the end of the time mentioned above, he came to Sacramento, and has never seen the place since. He then proceeded to San Francisco, where he ex- pected to take passage on the steamer for Panama ; but as all the tickets were sold, he secured a position as coal passer on the steamer " California," and thus secured a passage to Panama. While on his way down, he was called from the coal bunkers to the cabin by Captain Budd, for the purpose of preaching a sermon to the passengers. From Panama he crossed the Isthmus on foot to the Chagres River ; thence down that stream in a canoe to the sea, where he took passage on the " Falcon " for New Orleans, going via Havana. He arrived at home on Christmas day, 1849, making the en- tire round trip in less than nine months. He remained in Missouri until 1854, when he again crossed the plains to California, bringing with him his family this time. They settled near Vacaville, Solano County, where a year was spent in stock raising. He then came to Napa County, and located at Yountville, where a year was spent. He then moved to his present place, three miles north of Calistoga, which consists of one hundred and twenty- two acres, where he is engaged in farming, fruit and grape growing. This old pioneer had always been so far in the vanguard of civilization that he never saw a railroad until the one terminating at Calistoga reached that place. He was in his sixty-second year when he took his first ride in a train of cars, which, to us of this day and age, who have rode on^them ever since our infancy, seems almost incredible. In 1878 he published a pamphlet entitled, "The Giant Mystery Explained: The Bible Teaches Three Distinct Original Creations of the Human Family." It shows deep research, and, to say the least, is a novel idea. It is not our province to criticise or review it. Mr. Wright was married in Boone County, Missouri, to Miss Louisiana Shaw, daughter of John Shaw of Howard County in that State. She was born in 1811, and died in the fall of 1854. There are three living sons : John R., James O, and Paul J. WOOLLEY, ELIPHUS B. Was born in Rockingham, Vermont, No- vember 28, 1828, and resided there until he was four years of age, and then moved with his parents to Canada, locating in Compton, where he received a common school education. Remaining there for nine years, and his mother in this time having died, he moved with his father back to Vermont, and there remained until his starting for California, excepting eighteen Biographical Sketches. 591 months that he attended a Jesuit College at Vicolet, in Canada. April 20, 1850, he sailed from New York on board the steamer "Philadelphia," coming via Panama, and arriving in San Francisco, June 24, 1850. Re- maining in the metropolis for a few days, Mr. Woolley proceeded to Beales Bar on the American River, and engaged in mining. Remaining only a short time he returned to San Francisco, and sojourned a while. Then in the following three years he located in several places, only staying a short time in each, until April, 1854, we find him working a claim at Summit Pass, and a short time afterwards he sold it and cleared over six thousand dollars for his year's work. May 1, 1854, he sailed from San Francisco for New York, and thence to his old home in "Vermont, remain- ing there about one year and visiting all the principal cities of the East, he again, in March, 1855, sailed via the Nicaragua route for the Golden State. On his arrival in San Francisco for the second time he remained but a short time, and then moved to Stockton, and there remained a few months. He then, October 11, 1855, went to Volcano, and there engaged in the livery and stage business, in which he continued for seventeen years, dui'ing which time he made another visit to his old home in the East. On his arrival on this coast again he settled in San Mateo, and there ran a stage from San Mateo to Pescadero, some thirty-one miles, carrying the United States mails and Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express. He continued in this place and business for three years ; then selling out, he moved to Napa County, locating in Calistoga, and engaged in running the Harbin Springs stage line for a few months from Calistoga to the Springs. He then opened a meat market, in which he still continues. Mr. Woolley was united in marriage May 20, 1859, to Miss Jane M. Foster, a native of New Hampshire. They have one adopted boy, Burt, born January 8, 1879. YOUNT, GEORGE C. (deceased). The subject of this sketch, whose por- trait we take great pleasure in presenting to our readers in the body of this work, was born in North Carolina in the year 1794, and, with his father's family, emigrated to Missouri in 1804. From Missouri he went to Santa Fe\ and engaged in the business of distilling, and made money very fast there, but owing to the dishonesty of his partner he lost all. There are men living yet in that place who remember him very well. Mr. Henry Fowler saw and conversed with one such man during his visit to that place durinsr the summer of 1881. From thence he set out for California, where he arrived in February, 1831. He justly ranks among the earliest pioneers of civilization on the Pacific Coast, being at the time of his arrival, and for some time after, the only white man to be found from the Mission of So- noma to the quarters of the Hudson Bay Company. He found the country overrun by numerous tribes of savage Indians — there being at that time 592 . History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. not less than ten or twelve thousand ranging the country from Napa to Clear Lake. They were composed of various tribes, which, perhaps, accounts in some degree for their sudden and almost total disappearance, as they fre- quently made war upon and destroyed each other. Grizzly bears were also found in great numbers. To use the words of the venerable pioneer, " They were everywhere — upon the plains, in the valleys, and on the mountains, venturing even within the camping-grounds, so that I have often killed as many as five or six in one day, and it was not unusual to see fifty or sixty within the twenty-four hours." The only traces of civilization to be found in the country at the time of Mr. Yount's arrival, were the Missions which had been founded by the old Padres, who were sent from Spain for the pur- pose of civilizing the Indians, which object they accomplished by attacking small parties of Indians, taking them prisoners, and driving them into the Mission, where they were put through such a course of instruction as best fitted them for the duties they might be expected to perform. Each Mis- sion was supplied with five or six Spanish soldiers, and when one band of Indians became somewhat tame, they were sent out, under the command of the Spanish soldiers, to attack and drive in more Indians, who, in their turn, had to go through a course of instruction or civilization. The soldiers wore coats made by pasting one deer-skin upon another, to the number of seven, which admirably served the purpose of coats of mail, as no arrow could possibly penetrate them. As soon as one Mission was well filled, the Padres would take some of the most civilized Indians, and, selecting another sta- tion, start a new Mission. In this way the various Missions were established, beginning at San Diego, and extending until every important point had its Mission. In the fall of 1833 the cholera broke out in California, and raged with terrible violence among the Indians. So great was the mortality that they were unable either to burn or bury the dead, and the air was filled with the stench of decomposing humanity. A traveler, who passed up the Sacramento Valley at this time, relates that on his way up he passed a place where there were about three hundred Indians, with women and children, encamped ; when he returned, after an absence of three or four days, the ground was literally strewed with dead bodies, all having died except one little Indian girl ; she occupied the camp alone, while around her lay the festering bodies of her dead companions, and the air was rendered noxious by the disgusting stench arising from the dead bodies which, not alone in this camp, but everywhere throughout the valley, strewed the ground. After Mr. Yount's arrival in California, he continued his occupation of hunting and trapping, together with catching sea-otter, up to the year 1834. He then spent two years in traveling from place to place, engaging sometimes in one occupation, and again in another. At this time he frequently took charge of the Sonoma Mission, while the Padre went to San Rafael to look after affairs Biographical Sketches. 593 there. In 1836 he came to Napa Valley, for the purpose of settling upon a targe tract of land which had been granted him by the Mexican Government. Here the same spirit of enterprise which had prompted him to stray so far from the land of his fathers, began to show itself in the way of improve- ments, and, in the fall of 1836, he built the first log-house ever erected on the Pacific Coast, and raised the first chimney in California, from which ascended the blue smoke to heaven. The Spanish Padres, when they saw the cheerful fire blazing on the hearth, exclaimed in alarm, " Yount ! it will make you grow old to have a fire in the house ! " And the savage Indians looked on in wonder and amazement, then, shrugging their shoulders, retired to ponder over the wonderful works of the " white man." The house was constructed somewhat after the fashion of a block-house or fort, with one room below about eighteen feet square, while above, the walls extended so as to make a room twenty or twenty -two feet square ; where the roof extended, port-holes were made for the purpose of protection against numerous hostile tribes of Indians, and through which Mr. Yount was often called upon to defend him- self by firing many a deadly shot upon the savages, who from time to time came down from the mountains to make war upon him. At this time his only companion was an old Frenchman, who had served in the war with Bonaparte, and his only neighbors five or six families of friendly Indians, who had taken up their abode near by. With these exceptions, there were no neighbors nearer than the Sonoma Mission on the one side, and the Hud- ,son Bay Company on the other. At one time the Indians of Sonoma made a great feast and dance. The Indians on Mr. Yount's place took it into their heads to go to the feast ; so a young Indian came forward and asked Mr. Yount if he might go, at the same time signifying that five or six more of the tribe would also like to attend. Mr. Yount readily gave his consent ; but the young Indian became depressed in spirit, seemed moody and sad, and finally declared he would not go to the dance, and no persuasion of his com- panions could induce him to change his mind, so they departed without him. The air was still and calm, and the night wore quietly away until just before day-break, when suddenly arose upon the air the fearful warwhoop ! Louder and louder it sounded, as if the very fiends incarnate had been set loose ; and Mr. Yount, grasping his rifle, sprang from his couch to find his house surrounded by a band of savages, who had come down from the mountains for the purpose of war and plunder. Thick flew the arrows, and the first one to fall was the young Indian who but the day before had re- fused to leave Mr. Yount. The Frenchman guarded the room below, while Mr. Yount fired from the port-holes above, killing many of the invaders, so that they were glad to retreat, carrying their dead and wounded with them. During the skirmish a little circumstance occurred, which serves to show the disposition of the brave settler. The friendly Indian women rushed to the 38 594 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. door of Mr. Yount's cabin, for the purpose of obtaining protection from the flying arrows of the wild Indians ; but the Frenchman had the door strongly barricaded, and refused to open it. At length their piteous screams reached the ears of Mr. Yount, and in a voice like thunder he exclaimed, " Open the door, you old rascal, and let those women and children in, or I will come down and put you out among the Indians ! " It is needless to say the door was opened immediately, and the women and children given such protection as the house afforded. The man who could ride right up to the face of a grizzly bear, and fight the red-skins with furious and unerring aim, whose courage in the midst of most imminent danger never faltered, could not listen to the pleading voice of the helpless Indian women and their babes, but ordered the door opened, even though by so doing he risked his own life and the life of his only companion, his trusty Frenchman. At another time Mr. Yount and his friendly Indians had had a fight with some savage tribes, and whipped them. But revenge still burned within the breasts of the savages, and they determined to make another attack. Mr. Yount heard of their approach, and taking twenty-five picked braves from the Sonoma Mission, went out to meet them. They met in Pope Valley a company of five or six hundred wild savages, and a terrible battle was the re- sult. The arrows flew thick as hail, yet the little party of braves, led on by Mr. Yount, stimulated by his example, and encouraged by his voice, fought like heroes, and after a desperate encounter, which lasted until the morning began to break, succeeded in putting the enemy to flight, hav-. ing taken forty prisoners, and killed and wounded many more, while they suffered comparatively small loss. During the engagement, Mr. Yount, who was foremost in the fight, had a silk handkerchief shot off his head by an arrow, yet he remained unhurt. When we consider what a little handful of men went out to meet hundreds of a warlike race, and yet returned vic- torious, we realize the power of him who " giveth not the battle to the strong, nor the race to the fleet," and also the fact that knowledge is power, and that it is destined by the all- wise Ruler to cover the earth as the waters cover the sea. As civilization advanced, his fights with the grizzlies and wild Indians became less and less frequent, but new and more formidable enemies appeared in the land commissioners, squatters, and lawyers. Mr. Yount's history, in this respect, is but a repetition of that of almost every one of the early settlers of the country. The land which their own daring, energy and courage rescued from the grizzly and wild Indian, they had to contend for in our courts of law. This is not as it should be. They are all men well advanced in years ; their thin locks are white with the frosts of many winters. They have played a noble part in the history of our country, and it ill becomes our Government to allow them to dwell in inse- curity, uncertainty, and anxiety, now. They have earned their repose, and Biographical Sketches. 595 should bo allowed to sit in the shade of their own vine and fig-tree, in their declining years, with none to dispute their right. Notwithstanding all he hail to contend against, Mr. Yount resided in Napa Valley, on the very place which had been to him the scene of so many trials and adventures, every foot of which he contended for with the grizzly bears and wild Indians, until the day of his death. Strange to say, he was never wounded in any of his conflicts, and bore upon his person no scars as mementoes of the past. He retained much of the energy and firmness of his youth, and preserved his memory to a remarkable degree to the last, relating incidents which happened years ago as if they occurred but yesterday, even giving the day of the week and month, without the least reference to notes. He was un- ostentatious and simple in his manner, narrating incidents of the most start- ling and thrilling nature in which he played a conspicuous part, without be- traying arrogance, egotism, or vanity, and fascinated the listener by his easy and simple statement of facts. Such a man was Mr. Yount — a fair repre- sentative of a class of people who seemed by nature fitted for trying times, and whose courage was at all times equal to any emergency. The more des- perate the circumstances, the more calm and collected the mind, the more deadly the aim. To use the words of the venerable patriarch, " the tighter the place the surer the shot." He looked with a keen insight into human nature. It was to him no sealed book, but one with which he was perfectly familiar, and with which he was so well acquainted that no garb of decep- tion could long be worn in his presence ; his sharp eye and quick perception would penetrate and rend it into fragments. So while the crafty and de- signing could make but little headway with him, the honest and worthy might approach fearlessly, sure of ready sympathy and that benevolence which is ever the accompaniment of a noble nature. He died in October, 1865, at the age of seventy-one years, and his body is resting in the ceme- tery near the beautiful village which bears his name, and in the heart of the lovely valley in which he was the first white man that ever set foot upon its virgin soil, and within sight of where he spent over a third of a century. A large monument has been erected to his memory. On one side of it is inscribed, " George C. Yount, born in North Carolina May, 1794 ; died October, 1865 ; age, 71 years." On the next side is a medal represent- ing a hunter with a rifle, and a dead grizzly at his feet, with the inscription, " Arrived in California February, 1831." On the third side is a medalion representing Plenty, with a sheaf of wheat, grapes, horses, and men plowing, and the words, " Received his grant of land February, 1836 ;" while on the fourth side is Death with his scythe. YOUNG, E. G. Was born in Bath County, Kentucky, December 12, 1830. In 1835 he, with parents, moved to Jackson County, Missouri. In May, 1850, he came to California, arriving at Hangtown, October 11th of 596 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. that year. He came to Napa and farmed till 1855. He then went to Contra Costa County, and engaged in the same pursuit, and in 1858 he returned to Napa, where he still resides, being engaged in farming. He was married, in Contra Costa County to Miss Isabella White, a native of Randolph County, Missouri, born July 30, 1840. They have one child, Guy Wallace, born September 8, 1873. YARRINGTON, JAMES. Was born in Genesee County, New York, November 16, 1830. Here he received a common school education and fol- lowed farming until 1851, when he went to Jackson County, Michigan, where he followed railroading for about six months. We next find Mr. Yarrington in Ashtabula County, Ohio, where he remained about six months working at wagon making. He then went to Cattaraugus County, New York, and followed the same business until 1873, when he came to Cali- fornia and located at Salinas City, in Monterey County. Here he conducted a wagon shop for six years, then came to Napa County and located in Calistoga, where he is engaged in wagon making. YORK, JOHN. This worthy old pioneer, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in Granger County, Tennessee, June 15, 1820, and is the son of Enoch and Nancy Hill York. When he was thirteen years of age his parents moved to Warren County, Middle Tennessee, where he resided till 1841. He then emigrated west and settled in Dade County, Missouri, where he began farming, which he followed till 1845. April 15th of the above mentioned year he started in Captain John Grigsby's Company, together with David Hudson, William Hudson, William Elliot, and over one hundred more men, across the plains to California, arriving at Johnsons Ranch October 15th of that year. Continuing his journey to this county, he arrived at Calistoga, then known as the Hot Springs, with above men- tioned three gentlemen, November 1, 1845. He resided at Calistoga till the Bear Flag War, in June, 1846, when, for protection, he moved his family to Sonoma. Lieutenant Revere, commanding a Government vessel at San Francisco, and who took command of the forces in Sonoma, entrusted the subject of our sketch and Sam Kelsey with the important duty of carrying the American flag from Sonoma to Sacramento, and delivering the same to Captain Sutter at his fort, which duty these two brave young men promptly and faithfully carried out. In the fall of 1846 he returned to Calistoga, and settled on the farm now owned by Peter Teale. On the discovery of gold in 1848, Mr. York with his family went to the mines, and began operations below Coloma, where he continued two weeks. He then proceeded to Hangtown (Placerville), where he mined until September, meeting with good success. He then returned to this countv, and settled on the ranch which he had purchased from Dr. E. T. Bale previous to going to the mines. Biographical Sketches. 597 In 1849 he again returned to the mines, being absent six weeks. He now owns sixty acres of land, mostly in vines. Mr. York married September 5, 1>4'2, Lucinda Hudson, who was born in La Fayette County, Missouri, June 20, 1823, and by this union they have nine living children: William E., born June 5, 1843 ; David, born September 3, 1845 ; Henry, born December 6, 1847; John A., born April 18, 1850; Nancy I., born August 12, 1852; Pettis S., born December 24, 1855 ; Charles, born March 3, 1858 ; Caswell, born November 14, 1860; Frank, born January 21, 1863, and Nellie, born February 13, 1867. ZOLLNER, J. F. Was born in the Kingdom of Prussia in the year 1832. Went to school in the city of Balve, commencing in the year 1837 and ending in the year 1843, when, in company with his parents and two brothers, Antone and Henry, he immigrated to the United States. His parents with their family, Antone, John F. and Henry, settled for a short time in Mine La Motte, Madison County, Missouri, where John F. was sent to school and obtained an English education. In 1846 the father, having been engaged in lead mining for three years, then purchased a farm in Perry County, Missouri, where he moved with his family, leaving John F. at that time at school in Mine La Motte. In 1847 John F. went to his father's farm and remained with the family until the year 1848, when, on the 28th day of August of that year, becoming dissatisfied, he left home with the consent of his father, and returned to Mine La Motte, where he engaged in the lead mining and butchering business until the winter of 1849. Then he purchased a stock of goods, and, in company with a young man by the name of Thomas Barton, went into the Black River Swamps, trading their goods for furs, deerskins, etc., which enterprise proved a suc- cess, but, becoming tired of that sort of laborious life, they concluded to sell the remainder of their stock, and try their luck farther west. He then, in company with Barton, went into Pulaski County, Missouri, and remained there until the winter of 1850. He then started for Arkansas, arriving at Fort Smith in the spring of 1851. Barton hired to drive a team for some farmer, and Mr. Zollner remained in the city of Fort Smith until the cholera broke out. He then enlisted in the government train running from Fort Smith to all of the frontier forts, such as Forts Arbuckle, Preston, Washiteau, Brazes and Fantom Hill. In 1852, in the month of April, be- coming dissatisfied with frontier life, having then visited, and been through about a dozen different Indian Nations in the employ of Uncle Sam, he started through Texas, by the way of El Paso, Doniana, Mimbres, Cruzes, Tuc- son, Warners Ranch, El Monte, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Stockton to Sonora, Tuolumne County, to engage in gold mining. He arrived in Tuol- umne County, which at that time was considered the banner county of 598 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Napa. the State, in November, 1852, and engaged in gold mining at Sonora Hill Gulch, but until about February, 1853, with little success. About that time the small-pox broke out in the boarding-house, where there were about thirty boarders, and all hands scattered and built cabins as best they could. It had been raining continually from November 13, 1852, up to this time. The roads from Stockton became impassable, and a great deal of the provi- sions used in the mines were carried in by Chinamen, some of which would carry two hundred pounds from Stockton to Sonora, a distance of sixty- five miles. Provisions went up until flour was sold at SI per pound, potatoes 80 cents a pound, and everything else in proportion. Common rough mining boots cost -$16 per pair. About April 1, 1853, the roads being better, goods went down so rapidly that it caused a great many failures among the merchants. At that time he sold the claim at Sonora Hill Gulch and moved, in company with seven others, to Woods Creek, to a place known as Cowskin Island, so called on account of the many small huts built by Mexicans of the hides taken off of cattle, there being a slaughter- house on the island, the owners of which were glad to have any one take the hides out of their way. Worked that claim until July, and not having met with success, abandoned the same and moved to what was known as Jackass Gulch. Mined there in company with one Rodgers, with some success until the 28th day of August. Becoming dissatisfied, he concluded to leave the mines. Went to San Jose" and soon found employment in the Campbell Redwoods, and remained there until about the middle of November ; he then went to Santa Cruz, and from there to Pajaro Valley, near Watson ville, and engaged in digging potatoes. When the potato season was over he went back to the mines, and commenced mining in a little gulch, between Jamestown and Sonora, with some success. Becoming dissatisfied on account of the flattering news that came from Cave City, Calaveras County, he started in March, 1854, to that place, but the reports not being true, soon found the undertaking a fruitless one, and returned to the old place in Tuolumne County. Remained there a short time when good news was heard from a place above Sonora, at the head-waters of Woods Creek, known as Hardscrabble. Went there and remained until June; then went to work driving a logging team for Messrs. Heslep & Traylor, who, at that time, were the kings of the lumber business in Tuolumne County, their place of business being at the county seat, Sonora. Tuolumne County at that time had a voting population of five thousand six hundred, three-fourths of which lived in and about Sonora. Remained in the mountains teaming until the fall of that year; went back to mining again as the teams were turned out during the winter. In the spring of 1855, went back into the mountains and engaged in teaming until September. Finding good news coming from Murphys Camp, Calaveras County, he went there and engaged Biographical Sketches. 599 in mining on a little creek, between Murphys Camp and Calaveritos, until 1856, with reasonable success. He then went to Mariposa County and en- a d in mining again, between Princetown and Agua Frio, but the mines not proving remunerative he abandoned them in the spring of 1857, and went hack into old Tuolumne County and commenced again to mine on a place called Peoria Bar, with excellent success. There were four partners, John F. Zollner, James Oliphant, Frank Shaw and George W. Moore. Some days they took out as high as S370 to the hand. Sold the claim and in the spring of 1858 engaged in the butchering business. In the fall of that year pur- chased a market, with Thomas J. Severus as partner, in Montezuma, Tuolumne County, and for nearly three years did a successful business. In July, 1861, was married to the only single daughter, at that time, of Mr. William McClung, the result of that marriage being five children, James, Thomas, Agnes, Ada and Mamie. In 1862 the Copperopolis copper mines, so noted for their rich ores, caused a great excitement. He sold the mar- ket in Montezuma, and purchased another in Copperopolis, Calaveras County. In 1863 the first death occurred in the family, being the death of the second child, Thomas. In 1867 the copper excitement having abated, Copperopolis went down faster than it had raised on account of the failure of C. T. Meader, in the sum of over SI, 900,000. He left his family in Copperopolis, after having sold the butchering business, and started out with Thomas Cuttler hunting for business. Landed in Napa in March, 1868, and went into the butchering business with Henry Bihler as partner and continued in business for one year, when Mr. Bihler sold his interest to John Even. In 1869 the second death occurred in the family, it being the son James, the first-born. In 1871 he was elected Sheriff of Xapa County, and in 1873 run again for the same office against L. M. Corwin. The county that year went Democratic by about five hundred majority, and Corwin, being a Democrat, beat Zollner by only seventy- six votes. After the first term of office he went back into the old firm ; also purchased a third interest in the well-known McBain 3 > S B S2acS«5.SJ >* >.3 ti S, u.o- --s >-5 i-j J d £ ^ g g g >S4S £>o ® a t* O £ x 3 5 -- J= oo, s n = ^'wos'aj ^afrj«°J ^a5W^aQS3fia''-»'-»'-»PJi 3~ .: 33 5> 3 M.; s > « -i! - « i^' /-^ .— ^~, r. ■ >> "d 5 - : jo j L -^,*MW - ■ - • • S^ u ■*aSd s w«^<^bb « : o 2 "> c gffl COfsjoc- 1 SO ^aiH^^ m &fe. *=" - c ^ 3 g ? t- F .33." • r/i tr< r; : o «o'S £ OS o Sopj ■s 0J o la :S. : t» SfcScgo "o feccgoS 3y • . • • pa _SccT- J= d - 1 pia'cj^^fe; ^^labS" S3 ^ hj N m "■» CD oj ^ CD bD CD qj C-yjP-Q>H CD o . . >» - CD - S 50 5-^003 tu ^:S >>cD> k . .3 E oc>w = *j u a ci O .ET . .fr9 «£fr_iO&Hwo a g CD m >> SJoifeSJ^M O '-i P5 i-J i-i «£; a-S.S».S?§ o ** W QJ Q. 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We have also endeavored to make our reports of them as full as possible, yet have given to none undue prominence, except as the facts justified. Killing of B. F. Taylor. — He was killed by John H. Smith, at Lower Lake, August 2, 1857. Smith was placed under arrest, but succeeded in making his escape. He was subsequently arrested in Santa Rosa ; but there is nothing to show what disposition was made of the case. It must be remembered that at that early day but little attention was paid to records. Killing of T. J. Warden. — He was killed by A. J. Hurt December 31, 1859, about one mile from the present site of Lakeport. The men were at a horse race, and some difficulty sprang up between them on account of the race, and in the row Hurt killed Warden. The following is from the Napa Register of April 5, 1873 : " Jack Hurt, whose name is familiar to all old settlers of Lake and Napa Counties, is said to have been a terror in early times and his name was linked with everything desperate. In 1859, on the last day of the year, he killed a man named T. J. Warden, in Lake County, about one mile from where Lakeport now stands. That territory was then included in Napa County, and the Grand Jury, on April 4, 1860, found a true bill, and presented an indictment against him for murder in the first degree. He was placed in jail in Napa City, and dug through the wall, with some assistance from the outside, and made his escape. About five years ago (1868) he returned to Lake County, for the purpose, he stated, of stand- ing his trial, but not having sufficient means to conduct a defense, he delayed surrendering himself. It had been given out that he would not be taken alive, and the officers had been warned by their friends not to make rash attempts nor take any chances, though Hurt asserted that he never made any threats. Officer Harry Baddeley of Napa, having learned his where- abouts, resolved upon having him, and accordingly proceeded to make the arrest. He took with him George Crummell of Calistoga, and together they went to Lake County. Their man was at work at Lee Young's shingle mill, on Cobb Mountain. They proceeded steathily, hiding behind a large rock Homicides of Lake County. 123 [W until they crept up within a few feet of him, while he was engaged in chop- ping down a tree. Crummell leveled a double-barreled shot-gun at him and remained quiet, while Baddeley stepped out with his revolver, which, in being drawn, was accidentally discharged and notified Hurt of the presence of the officers. He was surprised and bewildered and demanded to know who they were and what they wanted, for it had come to his knowledge that a brother of Warden's had said that he would shoot Hurt on sight, and he had no disposition to die otherwise than bravely. Officer Baddeley announced his mission and ordered him to drop his ax and surrender, which, upon the second order, he did with some reluctance." This was April 4, 1873, and the officers brought him to Napa and incarcerated him in the same cell that he occupied in 1860. It was now, however, lined with boiler iron, and he did not succeed in making a second escape. The Grand Jury found another bill against him, and on the 11th day of October, 1873, his trial came on for hearing. The District Attorney moved that the case be dismissed, as the witnesses had all got so scattered that it would be impos- sible to convict the prisoner. There was an extensively signed petition for his discharge. Killing of — Holeman. — W. C. Farrell and Holeman were neighbors in Scotts Valley, and some difficulty grew up between them in regard to their dividing line, and both parties claimed a portion of the same tract of land. It is stated that Farrrell would tear down the fence and drive his stock in upon Holeman's field, and then stand guard over them with a rifle in his hand while they were devastating the field. Holeman would again put up his fence, only to have the aggression repeated the next day. They finally agreed upon a plan of settlement, and the fence was being moved by Holeman to the proposed line, when Farrrell came up and demanded that the fence should be moved farther back. Words were passed and finally Farrell shot Holeman through' the head. This occurred April 8, 1761. It was claimed by the only witness to the tragedy that Holeman struck first, and Farrell was not held by the Justice to appear before the Grand Jury. Killing of William Laffin. — This man Laffin laid a plot to rob the store of Herrick & Getz, in Lower Lake, in the fall of 1861. Charles Stubbs, an officer, found out the plans and went into a room to arrest him, and ap- proaching him said, "You are my prisoner;" to which Laffin replied, "All right." He was seated at a table, and as he arose he produced a very large butcher knife, but before he could use it Stubbs fired, the shot producing almost instant death. The officer was acquitted on the grounds of self- defense. Killing of — Waggoner. — This was a most dastardly affair, but the mur- derer received his just deserts, simply because he was an Indian it is to be 124 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. presumed. In 1862 there lived an elderly, quiet, industrious, kind-hearted and inoffensive man by the name of Waggoner in Rice's Valley, about five and a half miles west of Lower Lake. One day he borrowed an ox-team from a neighbor named Jamison, for the purpose of going to Lower Lake to make some necessary purchases. Having made these he started on his way home, and when out of town a mile or so he came up with two Indians who asked for a ride. This request he granted, not suspecting that instead of angels, he was entertaining fiends, unawares. At length they arrived at the place where he turned off from the main road to go up to his house, and stopped the team for the Indians to get out of the wagon. One of them shot him, and then they cut his head entirely off with a new ax he had in the wagon. They then took the body, and hid it in the brush, and took the articles in the wagon and went their way. This was on Tuesday, and as the team was not brought home that night as agreed upon, Mr. Jamison went for it the next morning, but not finding the oxen nor Mr. Wag- goner at home he instituted a search for them. The team was found entangled in the chemisal, a few rods from where the murder was committed, and the traces of fresh blood convinced him that there had been foul play. The neighborhood was aroused and diligent search in and about the place was made, but without success till Friday, when the body was found. Of course there were no traces left of the perpetrators of the diabolical deed, and only the merest accidental circumstance led to the discovery of the guilty parties. Among the things taken from the wagon was a package of soda, and of course that was a very useless article for an Indian to have. Some days afterwards an Indian went to a farm house in the vicinity of the rancheria and exchanged the package of soda for bread, stating that it had been sold to him by the storekeeper as sugar. Mr. W. C. Goldsmith, still a worthy resident of Lower Lake, chanced to stop at that house a few days later, when the lady narrated to him the story of deception practiced by the merchant, condemning the same. It entered Mr. Goldsmith's head that the whole thing had an air of mystery about it, and that it would probably prove a mine of some kind if investigated. He took the package of soda and compared it with that of the same lot which had been sold to Mr. Wag- goner, and found that it bore the same brand, and also the trade mark of Mr. Getz, the merchant of whom Mr. Waggoner had purchased his soda. The evidence was conclusive, but to fix the deed upon any one Indian was the next thing to do. The Indians of all that section were called together and placed in a line, and the lady asked to identify the one who had brought her the soda for exchange. This she did very readily. The party then started to town with their prisoner, when he broke away from his captors and gained the brush, and eluded them completely, and has never been heard from since. The chief of the tribe, Salvador, took the matter in hand then, I Homicides of Lake County. 125 and soon ferreted out the accomplice, who proved to be an old Indian. This Indian was taken by the tribe into a ravine about a quarter of a mile south of the town of Lower Lake, and there forced to confess, and there also paid the penalty of his crime. Killing of — Alexander. — In the town of Lower Lake, on the night of November 24, 18G6, Joseph Adams killed a man by the name of Alexander, under the following circumstances : It was the occasion of the dedication of the Masonic Hall in that place, and a ball was in progress. Alexander got to drinking, and an altercation sprung up between him and Adams, and he became furious and began making wild threats. His friends took him away and returned to the hall to get Sheriff Crigler to place him under arrest. While they were talking to the officer Alexander returned to the hall, and meeting Adams in the door drew a revolver and placed it against Adams' breast, saying " Joe Adams, if you try to pass out of that door, you are a dead man." Adams knocked the pistol down and passed out, but Alexander fired two shots, neither of which took effect. He then ran to the stable and mounted his horse and started to make his escape. Adams went out and got a shot-gun and followed him, and just as he came out of the stable, he told Alexander to stop. Alexander attempted to draw his revolver, but before he had it out a charge of shot had inflicted a mortal wound, from which he soon expired. The shooting was decided to be justifiable by the Coroner's jury. Killing of John Rhodes. — On the 12th day of December, 1867, John Rhodes was killed by Charles Coram, in Scotts Valley, under the following circumstances : Young Coram lived with his mother, who was a Mrs. Gor- don. It seems that Rhodes was in the habit of abusing the family fre- quently, and on the day of the killing, he went to the house and found that Mrs. Gordon was absent. He then began helping himself to anything that he wanted. Young Coram remonstrated vainly with him, whereupon Rhodes began another tirade of abuse, in which he included the young man and his mother as well, at the same time threatening to kill him, and drawing a re- volver for that purpose. Coram was too quick for him, and fired, the shot taking effect in Rhodes' breast, while a second shot passed through his arm, from the effects of which he soon died. Young Coram was examined before Justice Cox of Big Valley Township, and acquitted, as the deed was done in self-defense. Killing of William Daily. — He was killed by Lindsay Carson in Big Valley Township, March 26, 1868. The trouble grew out of a dispute over land claimed by both parties. It is not our purpose to include a homily here, but will say that observation shows that nearly all the murders committed in the agricultural counties in the earlier times grew out of 126 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. either land troubles or drunken rows. It seems strange that in a land 30 broad and free as this is, men would carry a matter of land dispute up to the muzzle of a shot-gun. Life without the land is a treasure, but what is it if both be lost ? Land "jumping" is the curse of any newly settled coun- try, and, justly too, this class gets but little sympathy from the mass of the people at large, and when one of them gets a bullet through him there are few to mourn his loss, and no juries to convict the man who has thus de- fended his rights. This is a case in point. Mr. Carson had had this land in his possession for a long time, and Daily came along and "jumped" it. On the day of the killing, Carson, in company with five or six others, went to build a fence around the disputed tract. When they had commenced work Daily ordered them to quit, intimating that if they did not he would use violence. They paid no heed to his request, and he went away, being absent about three hours. He then returned, and, passing by the other men, went up to where Carson was at work, a distance of about one hundred yards from the other men. When he got to within thirty paces of Carson he ordered him to stop work. He continued to advance upon Carson, hav- ing his hand under his coat, as if about to draw a weapon, and making at the same time threats of violence. Carson then fired upon him with a shot- gun, but the first shot did not fell Daily to the ground. A second shot was fired, from which he fell, and died in about three hours. Carson had his preliminary trial before Justice Allen, of Big Valley Township, who dis- charged him. Killing of S. Chapman. — This occurred in Lakeport May 27, 1868. The following statement of the circumstance was published at the time : Mr. Chapman kept a hotel at Lakeport. Mr. G. W. Hinckley had been sued by his wife for a divorce, but she was non-suited. She then refused to live with her husband, and still retained custody of one of their children. On the day of the killing, Hinckley came to Lakeport and obtained possession of the child, a little girl, and was going away with it, when at the solicita- tion of the mother, Chapman went and took it away from the father. Hinckley drew a revolver and presented it at Chapman, for the purpose, he stated, of frightening him and causing him to relinquish the child. The pistol was discharged, whether intentional or not, and the ball entered Chap- man's abdomen and lodged in his back. He lived till twelve o'clock the next day, when he died. It was stated to us that the right of possession of the child had been given to Hinckley by the Court, and that the mother re- fused to relinquish it, whereupon the father took it forcibly, and then the mother rushed up to Mr. Chapman, and with tearful pleadings, implored him to save her child, and on the impulse of the moment he went, not knowing of this order of the Court, and met his death. Hinckley was eventually acquitted. Homicides of Lake County. 127 Killing of C. N. Copsey. — This occurred in Napa County, but as Mr. Copsey was an old resident of Lake County we include it here. Some time during the early part of 1868, Copsey disposed of an Indian girl to J. Mar- vin, who kept a store in Pope Valley, for the sum of $100. A note was given for the amount, which, when it came due, was paid by Marvin. Some three or four months after the money had been paid, October 18, 1868, Cop- sey, in company with a niece, a girl of some fourteen years of age, passed by Marvin's place on their way home from Napa. This was on Sunday. They stopped and did some trading, and while all were busy inside the store the girl persuaded the Indian girl to leave with her. They both got into the buggy and drove off, leaving Copsey in the store. Presently he went on and overtook the girls and proceeded on his way home. In a short time the Indian girl was missed, and it occurred to Marvin that she had been taken off by the Copseys. He mounted a mule and made chase, com- ing upon a neighbor on the road to whom he related his suspicions, and asked to accompany him. They proceeded on the way and came up with the Copseys, who were in a buggy, on the grade leading from Pope to Coyote Valleys. They demanded the girl and were met with a drawn re- volver and told to take the back track. As neither of them were armed they desisted of course, and returned. They soon met Juan Burton, to whom the circumstances were related, and he proposed that they all go and make another attempt to get the girl. To this Marvin consented, but the other party had had enough of it. They came up with Copsey again near the top of the grade. Burton rode ahead and made the demand for the girl, and words were passed, which culminated in Copsey 's firing at Burton, the ball passing through his thigh. Shots were then exchanged, Burton firing three in all, one of which passed through the heart of Copsey, killing him instantly. The Indian girl then crawled out from under the buggy seat where she was secreted, and avowed her ready willingness to return with Marvin. The two men then placed the body of Copsey in the buggy, and the niece drove on down the grade to the first house. A bill was found against Burton as principal and Marvin as accessory to the killing, by the Grand Jury December 14, 1868. June 13, 1871, the case came on for hear- ing, and the jury returned the following verdict : " We, the jury, in the case of the People vs. Juan Burton, defendant, find him not guilty." Killing of Frank Thurman. —This occurred at Lower Lake, December 12, 1868, and the killing was done by a man named Roberts. Nothing is known of the particulars of the trouble between the two men. Ten shots in all were fired — four by Roberts and six by Thurman. None of Thur- man's shots took effect, but one of Roberts' entered his antagonist's body just below the left nipple, and passed through his lung. Roberts was exam- ined before a Justice of the Peace and discharged. 128 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. Killing of George Manahan. — This tragedy took place at Lakeport, April 3, 1870, and the deed was committed by John Wright. It seems that the two men had known each other in some of the mining towns in the mountains, and that a very bitter feud existed between them. This was the day of the election on the county seat question, and the two men met in the town. It soon became evident that trouble would develop between them during the day. Manahan secured a piece of a broken spoke, which he car- ried around in his hand all day. About two o'clock in the afternoon Wright was standing in the door of the City Saloon, when Manahan entered, and, as he passed him, jostled against him very rudely. Wright paid no atten- tion to this, however, whereupon Manahan repeated the aggression. Being armed with the spoke, he thought he was safe in thus imposing upon his enemy. To his surprise, Wright whipped out a heavy revolver and struck him over the head. At this Manahan started to run, whereupon Wright fired at him, the ball passing through his body, from which he died in about an hour and a half. Killing of John Wright. — Immediately after the occurrence narrated above, Wright, who had fired the fatal shot at Manahan, made his escape from the town of Lakeport. A posse went in search of him, but no trace could be found of him. That evening information was lodged with the officers of his whereabouts. Deputy Sheriff Tonas Penny, accompanied by Henry and English Moore, started in pursuit of him. They came upon him in a field about two miles south of town. He was riding a gray horse, hence could be seen easily in the dark. They commanded him to stop, but he only put spurs to his horse and rode off. He was then told that if he did not stop and surrender they would fire upon him ; but this did not avail, and he only tried the harder to elude them. The officer then gave the com- mand to fire, and he fell dead from his horse. Killing of Daniel Wedig. — Daniel Wedig was an eccentric character, who lived in Scotts Valley, but who was an innocent and harmless man. In fact his eccentricity, which almost amounted to insanity, was of a religious vein, as the following reminiscence will prove : He was a subscriber to some paper in Boston or elsewhere at the East, which advocated the peculiar tenets to which he adhered. He was very much attached to this paper, and desired very much to see it prosper. At one time two young men, friends of his, paid him a visit for the purpose of having a hunt and a vacation in the country. While they were there he conceived the idea of sacrificing himself for the good of his espoused religious cause. He thereupon made his will, got it duly witnessed and recorded, making this religious paper and the two young men his devisees. He then procured some strychnine and went away off by himself and hid in the bush and took the supposed-to-be Homicides of Lake County. 129 fatal dose. The agony of that night can never be portrayed by words, and when he found that death had passed him by he was glad enough to creep back to the house and get assistance. In the meantime the young men had come to town and given the alarm, for it will be seen at a glance that they were in a bad box, for had lie died from poison the very night on which he had willed to them a portion of his property, no power in the world would have saved them from answering for the deed, innocent though they were. He continued to live by himself for some years, and finally, in the month of December, 1870, he was missed by his neighbors, and thinking that he had succeeded this time in his self-immolation, search was instituted for him. Upon entering his house a horrid sight presented itself to their astonished view. His body lay stretched out upon the floor before the fire-place, with his head cleft in twain by an ax. No traces of the murderer could be found, and it was supposed that money was the object. In the course of a few days an Indian by the name of Tom was found in possession of Wedig's gun, and not being able to give a very straight story concerning it, he was arrested. He made a full confession of the deed and was sentenced to be hung. He succeeded in making his escape, but was subsequently recaptured, and in due course of time suffered the extreme penalty of the law, being the only person ever hung in the county of Lake. Killing of William B. Cooper. — This occurred at Lower Lake on the 25th day of October, 1873, and Jefferson Cody did the shooting. Some time previously the two men had gotten into some difficulty, and ill feelings had existed between them ever since, and Cooper had been in the habit of threatening Cody with dire results. On the day of the shooting he had renewed his threats, and tried to exasperate Cody into a row, which he had avoided. That night Cody and his wife went to a neighbor's on a visit. Cooper having found out where Cody was, followed him to the house, and sent word in to him that if he did not come out he would set fire to the house, as he intended to kill him that night. Cody then went to the hotel parlor, and Cooper having found it out, followed him. He opened the door and made directly for him. Cody was armed with a double-barrelled shot- gun, loaded with buck-shot, and he discharged both barrels into Cooper's breast, some of the shots entering his heart. Justice R. P. Nichols held the inquest, and discharged the defendant from custody. Lynching of John Meyers. — This man, or rather fiend in human form, was a stranger in the county, and one day during the month of October, 1874, he arrived at Lower Lake. He was evidently a " tramp " of the worst stripe. In his peregrinations about the neighborhood he came to a house in which he found only an old and feeble lady and a mere child twelve years of age. At once he conceived a most hellish design, and 9 130 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. proceeded to commit upon the person of the child a most horrid and unnam- able offence, which was done by the heartless brute in the very presence of the mother, who, from age and infirmity, was unable to deter him in the least from the accomplishment of his purpose. The alarm was given, and he was placed under arrest. Fearing for his safety in the justly enraged vicinity, the officer started for Lakeport with his prisoner, but to the credit of the community of Lower Lake be it said, that the officer was relieved of his charge on the road, and the Coroner had a job. Killing of Michael Ready. — This was a sad affair, as it was purely ac- cidental, and occurred at Middletown, in February, 1875. Mike, as he was familiarly called, was a jolly, whole-souled man, and the butt of all good- natured jokes among the boys of the mine where he worked. On the day of the killing, Mike was standing outside the hotel, when Jean English went into the bar and picked up an old revolver that had been laying around loose, time out of mind, and that no one ever dreamed was loaded, remarking at the same time to the proprietor that he was going to have some fun with Mike. He went outside, and approaching Mike in a serio-comic manner, made some demand of him, at the same time drawing the revolver on him, Mike demurred, when English snapped it, and to his utter horror and dismay it was discharged. The ball entered Mike's neck, just above the breast bone, and he died instantly. The Coroner's jury acquitted English. Killing of Peter Pogue. — He was killed by John Mazingo, in Rices Val- ley, October 3, 1876, and the following facts were brought out at the trial. The two men were neighbors, and laid claim to the same piece of land. Mazingo had a fence around it, at least there was a fence around it, and Pogue and a hired man came to a place in the fence near where Mazingo was at work, and opened it for the purpose of entering the field with a load of posts which Pogue proposed to use in making some improvements on the land. They had some words at the fence, but Pogue was not molested, and proceeded to his destination. Mazingo went then and got a gun which was by a tree in the field, and went up to where Pogue was at work, and ordered him off. Words ensued, and during the dispute a brother of Pogue came up and joined it. At length the altercation culminated in Mazingo shooting Peter Pogue, who was carried about sixty yards away and placed under a tree, and shortly died. Mazingo made his escape out of the county, and changed his name, and supposed that he was free from apprehension. On Christmas night, 1879, over three years after the killing, F. M. Crossley of Potter Valley, Mendocino County, learned of the whereabouts of Mazingo, and at once informed Sheriff J. C. Crigler of Lake County. That official gave to Mr. Crossley a warrant, and authorized him to proceed at once and make the arrest, which was a commission with much hazard, and entailed Homicides of Lake County. 131 a long and weary trip during the rainy and consequently muddy season of the year. Mazingo was at Juniper Lake, Grant County, Oregon, which is in the eastern part of that State. Going to Reno, Nevada, on the train, he there took the stage for Oregon, traveling under disguise. When within a day or two's journey of his destination he left the stage, and began hunting work, or, in other words, " tramping it." At length he fell in with two men who needed his services, and went with them to the nearest town to where Mazingo was. Here he met a man who knew Mazingo — who had now adopted the name of James Haddock — and whom he could trust. After a hard half day's ride they came to a wild, wooded section of the country, and in a dense clump of willows on the borders of a stream they found a cabin, but no one was at home. The man was then sent out to scour the vicinity for Mazingo, whom he soon saw coming over a hill. The man made some excuse of looking for stock, and engaged him in conversation, going on toward the house. When near the house he called to Crossley as his hired man, and asked him to come up to them, which he did. He rode around on the opposite side of Mazingo, bringing him between the two. He then drew his revolver and covered his man, telling him to throw up his hands, calling him by name. Mazingo was so taken by surprise that before he could recover himself he was in irons. This was on the 26th day of January, over a month from the time that Crossley had learned where he was. He was safely brought back to Lake County, and May 24, 1880, his trial came on, and sentence of imprisonment during the period of his natural life was passed upon him June 1, 1880. Killing of Charles Bates. — This occurred at Middletown, October 1, 1878, and the deed was perpetrated by Thomas Dye. Bates was a quiet, gentlemanly young man, with a wife and perhaps a child, and was a com- parative stranger in that section. On the fatal day they met for the first time, and some difficulty having grown up between them, Dye shot and killed him. Dye was arrested, and had his trial December 8, 1880, and was sentenced to the State Prison for fifteen years on the 11th of that month. Killing of Edwa/rd Bynvum. — This occurred October 30, 1879, in a saloon in Lakeport. Bynum was noted as a quarrelsome young man, while the very opposite is said of Thompson, who fired the fatal shot. It is said that Bynum was very aggressive on this occasion, and not thinking that Thompson had the " sand " to fight, was " crowding him very close to the wall." Suddenly Thompson drew a revolver and shot Bynum in the eye, and he died in fifteen minutes. Thompson was tried in April, 1880, and the jury found for the defendant after being out three hours. 132 History of Napa ana' Lake Counties — Lake. MINES AND MINING. The principal mining done in Lake County has been for quicksilver, although sulphur and borax have formed no inconsiderable portion of the mineral product of the county. Gold and silver have both been found in small quantities, but not much has been done in the way of mining for them. We will begin by giving a history of the Sulphur Bank Quicksilver Mining Company. — This company grew out of the California Borax Company. In April, 1874, the present owners, John Parrott, Tiburcio Parrott, W. F. Babcock, D. 0. Mills, and the William Burling's estate became the proprietors of the property, and continued bus- iness under the old company name — The California Borax Company — till December, 1875, when it was changed to the present title. Through the kindness of the officers of the company we have been furnished with the following reports, Which are of so much value and interest that we incor- porate them in our work in this connection : With limited and imperfect means employed for the reduction of ores during the first eighteen months following the date when the production of quicksilver was first commenced, and with the improved systems of fur- naces and concentrators, which were, during the next six months, gradually introduced, the total production of quicksilver in those two years, com- mencing on the 15th of October, 1874, was twelve thousand three hundred and forty-one flasks, bringing into the treasury of the company a sum exceeding $600,000. The average monthly production of quicksilver at the mine, for the five months ending on the 30th of September, 1876, was eight hundred and twenty -nine flasks. Nor is the article of quicksilver the only source of income to the com- pany. Sulphur, which forms a great component part of the ore, and which heretofore was entirely lost by evaporation, and the presence of which seri- ously interfered with the successful extraction of mercury, may be separated from the ore, and manufactured in quantities averaging about five tons per day. The Sulphur Bank forms the southern slope of a long low ridge or hill which skirts the south shore of the extreme eastern end of Clear Lake. The ridge trends east and west. The ground lying between the Sulphur Bank and the lake shore is nearly level and but a few feet above the water. At Mines and Mining. 133 a distance of several hundred feet from the shore line the surface begins to rise gradually to the north and east until at the top of the hill the elevation is something over one hundred feet above the water. The rock composing the main body of this hill is of volcanic origin, chiefly basaltic lava, but occurring in various forms, some hard, heavy and compact, some light and cellular, and much of it more or less decomposed. The dimensions of this ore-bearing deposit give a superficial area of six hundred and sixty-two thousand four hundred square feet, or sev- enty-three thousand six hundred square yards, with an average depth of about thirty feet. According to the foregoing, the cubical contents are, therefore : One thousand three hundred and eighty feet by four hundred and eighty feet by thirty feet, amounting to nineteen million eight hun- dred and seventy-two thousand cubic feet, equal to seven hundred and thirty-six thousand cubic yards. From this gross amount there must be deducted an estimated proportion of worthless, or unworkable ground, consisting of rock and boulders. From a careful inspection of all the cuts, and from roughly estimating the relation existing between the ground already worked and the amount of ore obtained from it, the avail- able proportion of working material is two-thirds of the whole. Taking one-third, then, from the number of cubic feet before obtained, we have remaining thirteen million two hundred and forty-eight thousand cubic feet of available ground ; and allowing twenty cubic feet to the ton, we thus obtain an estimated quantity of six hundred and sixty-two thousand four hundred tons of ore. The results of • the assays may be summarized as follows : Every sample was assayed and found to contain metal. The highest and lowest assays obtained from any averaged samples of orejin place in the deposit were six and twelve one hundredths per cent, and twenty-five one hundredths per cent. The highest and lowest assays obtained from any averaged sample of ore in piles were eleven and twenty-six one hundredths per cent, and fifty- five one hundredths per cent. This is equal to one and one-sixth per cent, of the whole ground included in our measurements. The amount of quicksilver contained in the deposit, according to the foregoing is, therefore, six hundred and sixty -two thousand four hundred tons, averaging one and three-fourth per cent., or thirty-five pounds of metal to the ton, containing twenty-three million one hundred and eighty -four thousand pounds of quicksilver. This is a gross estimate. The net quantity and value will, of course, depend on the percentage of metal extracted, the cost of extraction, and the market price of quicksilver. The production hitherto has been effected under disadvantages and diffi- culties incidental to new enterprises and experimental processes. The pe- culiar character of the ore (containing a large percentage of sulphur) has 134 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. demanded specially adapted methods of treatment ; and much time and money have been spent in seeking them. The following is a summary of assays not in the preceding list of assays : Adobes 2.51 per cent. Refuse from old Sulphur "Works 2.68 per cent. Ore being passed through rockers 3.46 per cent. Tailings from rockers 3.78 per cent. The locality round about is decidedly volcanic, and though the fiery energy has for a lengthened period been subdued, there apparently still exists a certain amount of emitted heat from a deep-seated source. This may, however (and probably has), auxiliary to it, a relatively superficial heat, re- sulting from the decomposition of various compounds at shallow or slight depth. The result of this volcanic force has been to send up volumes of fumes of various minerals and metals, and by their condensation, to place before the view (immediately on the surface) a vast body of efflorescent ores, principal among which are those of quicksilver and sulphur, both gen- erally diffused, of high percentage, and consequently of large economic importance. We will now describe the smelting process as it is conducted at this mine in the reduction of their ores. As has already been stated in these pages, cinnabar is a composition of sulphur and mercury — sulphide of mer- cury — there being sixteen parts of the former to eighty-four of the latter. The ore is brought to the furnace dumps in carts, where it is segregated, the fine and coarse being kept separate. The ore is placed into the top of the furnace, and the fire is kindled at the bottom. The furnace used here is the Hunter & Scott, and is composed of a double series of shelves so ar- ranged that they project over each other in such a manner that as the ore descends from one shelf, it will be precipitated upon the one just below it on the opposite side of the chamber. The ore thus slowly woi'ks its way from shelf to shelf until it reaches the bottom, when it is drawn as slag, as it is presumed that all the quicksilver has been volatilized and passed over to the cooling chambers. This condensing chamber consists of a large brick concern with four several compartments in it. The fumes pass into this from the furnace near the bottom, and thence over the top of the first par- tition wall, and thence under the next partition wall, and so on till the outlet is reached. While going through this process the mercury is precipi- tated in and flows in disconnected globules into receptacles for the purpose. A large percentage of the mercury goes over into this chamber either in chemical or mechanical union with some foreign substance, usually here sulphur, and is deposited in the bottoms of these compartments as a black soot, and is so denominated. This is drawn as often as necessity requires, and is retorted a second time. In this soot the percentage of mercury '?&*& rzyr Mines and Mining. 135 ranges from twenty-five to eighty ; hence, the yield from the retort is almost a steady flow. This soot is mixed with a flux of lime and charcoal in the following proportions : one-fifth charcoal, one-fifth lime, and three-fifths mercurial soot. When there is no sulphur in the soot, only lime is used. The soot preparation is put into pans, and the sublimated mercury passes over into a cooler, where it is condensed and deposited in a receptacle. Here the flasks are filled, seventy-six and one-half pounds of quicksilver being the quantity put in each flask. This is an old Spanish measure, and has been maintained the world over. The entire flask weighs about ninety pounds. Iron is used for the flasks, as mercury has the least affinity for it of any of the metals. A bar of lead will act as a syphon for it, and all are familiar with Mark Twain's experience with his gold ring, and not a few have shared the same fate. After the fumes have passed through the condensing chamber they are led in a flume, two feet square on the inside, to a chimney. Of these flumes and chimneys there are two, one on the north side of the works and the other on the south. The one on the north is fourteen hundred feet long, and the chimney is eighty feet high and is constructed of brick. The flume to the south is four hundred and fifty feet long and the chimney is forty feet high. The first one is a natural draft and the other has a blast. In these flumes the soot mentioned above collects and is retorted the same as the other. The fumes escaping from the chimney are chiefly sulphurous acid, and would be very disagreeable in any large quantities, but, dissipated as they are before they settle to the earth, they do no damage. The large furnaces will consume about fifteen tons of ore per day each. A charge consists of about sixteen hundred pounds, and the furnace is charged about sixteen times in twenty -four hours. The debris is drawn from the bottom of the furnace about every two hours, and is wheeled to the far-distant dump on the lake shore. In the furnace there are sixteen tiers of shelves, and they are made up of pieces of tiling made of fire-clay. These tiles are thirty inches long, fifteen inches wide and three inches thick, and in a furnace there are seven hundred and sixty-eight of them. The company is at present sinking a shaft, and it is expected that a large body of ore will be struck at no great depth. Should such be the case the mine will prove a veritable bonanza. Mr. F. Fiedler is the present superin- tendent and Mr. J. E. Tucker is his assistant. Both are very efficient gen- tlemen and the company are fortunate in securing their services in those positions. Great Western Quicksilver Mine.— This mine was discovered and located in 1850, but no great amount of work was done there till 1872, when the present proprietors, E. Green and Hiram Taft, came into possession of it, 136 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. since which time it has been continuously developed. The mine is situated in the range of mountains lying between Mount St. Helena and Cobb Mount- ain, and on the west side of Loconoma Valley. So far most of the work has consisted of tunnelling, of which there are ten. The length of these tunnels is as follows : No. 1, one hundred feet, and crosses the ore vein ; No. 2, one thousand five hundred feet ; No. 3, one hundred and fifty feet ; No. 4, seventy -five feet; No. 5, one hundred feet; No. 6, is a shaft; No. 7, two hundred feet ; No. 8, one thousand six hundred feet ; No. 9, two thous- and six hundred feet ; and No. 10, two hundred and fifty feet. No. 9 is the main tunnel, and extends entirely through the ridge or hill in which the mine is located. The ore vein varies in width from six to sixty feet. The mine is worked on two levels, one on tunnel No. 9, and the other below that level. From No. 9 up to the surface will average two hundred and fifty feet, and is really all worked out. The present supply of ore comes from below that tunnel, and is raised by hoisting- works to that level, whence it is drawn to the mouth of the tunnel on cars by mules. The ore yields from three-quarters to one per cent., and is found in mas- sive serpentine. The side walls are rotten slate stone, while the foot wall is basalt. The most of the cinnabar is found next to the hanging wall. There are five furnaces here for the reduction of the ore ; three of the Green patent, and one Litchfield and one Livermore — the three first being for coarse or uncrushed ore, and the two latter for fine ore. Space forbids an extended description of these furnaces, as they will be found described elsewhere in the body of this work. The mine is under the able supervision of Mr. Andrew Rocca, who is certainly the right man for the place, as he most thoroughly understands mining operations. We are sorry that we have not the figures at hand to represent the yield of this mine, but it is yielding fully as well as any mine now being worked in that vicinity. Lower Lake Tozvnship. 137 LOWER LAKE TOWNSHIP. GEOGRAPHY. — The following boundaries of this township were estab- lished by the Board of Supervisors : Beginning at the highest point of St. Helena Mountain, on the line dividing Napa County from Lake County ; thence along said dividing line between Lake and Napa Counties easterly to where the second standard line of United States survey crosses the Yolo County line ; thence along the line dividing Yolo and Lake Counties, to the south-west corner of Colusa County ; thence along the main ridge of mount- ains dividing the waters of Long Valley on the east and Clear Lake on the west; thence westerly along said ridge to the point between Alters and Stubbs' ranches ; thence southerly along said ridge dividing Alters and Stubbs' ranches, to Clear Lake ; thence southerly across said lake to a point one mile east of Uncle Sam Mountain ; thence in a southerly direction to the thirty -five-mile post on the Sacramento road ; thence southerly to the highest point of Siegler Mountain, so as to include Gravelly Valley in this township ; thence in a southerly direction to the highest point of Cobb Mountain, so as to leave Cobb Valley out of this township ; thence follow- ing the county line of Lake County south-easterly to the place of beginning. In August, 1869, the Board of Supervisors made an order establishing Knoxville Township with the following boundaries, which include a portion of the territory covered by the above : Beginning at the dividing ridge on the western side of Morgan Valley, and south-east of the house heretofore known as George McMillan's house, on Soda Creek ; thence following said divide south-easterly to the ridge of mountains at the southerly extremity of said valley ; thence southerly down said ridge of mountains to the east- ward of the valleys known as Jerusalem and Jericho, until the line dividing the counties of Lake and Napa is intei-sected ; thence easterly along said dividing line between Lake and Napa Counties, to the county line dividing Lake and Yolo Counties ; thence northerly along the dividing line between Lake and Yolo Counties to Cache Creek ; thence up said creek to the divid- ing ridge between the waters of said creek and a branch of the same, heading at or near the house formerly known as William Goldsmith's house ; thence following said ridge to the point of beginning. In 1872 the Legislature passed an Act relocating the dividing line be- tween Xapa and Lake Counties, and transferring almost bodily the whole 138 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. of Knoxville Township to the former county, and this line thus hecame the southern boundary line of Lower Lake Township. This line is as follows : The northern boundary line of Napa and the southern boundary line of Lake Counties shall commence at the highest point of the Mount St. Helena ; thence running in an easterly direction along the present boundary line between said counties to the Butts Canon road ; thence north-easterly, in a direct line to the junction of Jericho and Putah Creeks ; thence up Jericho Creek to the junction of Hunting Creek, to a large pile of rocks on the south-easterly side of the county road, at the lower and most easterly end of Hunting Valley ; thence in a straight line in the direction of the intersection of Bear and Cache creeks, to the county line of Yolo County ; thence along the line of Yolo County in a south-easterly direction to the present county line dividing Yolo and Napa Counties. Hence, by the above, it will be seen that Lower Lake Township is at present bounded on the south by Napa County, on the east by Yolo County, on the north by Big Valley Township, and on the east by Sonoma County. TOPOGRAPHY. — Mountains and valleys — this is the topography of Lower Lake Township in as few words as possible. Beginning at the south- west corner we find ourselves on the summit of St. Helena, whose highest peaks pierce high into the upper ether. From its summit a lovely prospect is spread out before the eye, and the whole of the township may be seen as if in a panorama. Away to the north, and in the north-west corner of the township, the bald brow of Cobb is bared to the sun far amid the clouds. Lying between the two is the beautiful and fertile Loconoma Valley, ex- tending virtually from base to base. To the east of this valley, and over a divide of low hills, lies the gem of the township, Coyote Valley, extending for several miles along the banks of Putah Creek. Further on the east is Morgan Valley, and to the north is Lower Lake Valley, these being quite extensive and fertile. Between all these valleys there are ranges of moun- tains, and in all of the mountains there are numerous little valleys, which are as oases in the desert. They are paradises in the wilderness, lovely habitations for man in the very mountain fastnesses. GEOLOGY. — Here as elsewhere in Lake County, the geological features are of the most interesting nature. Years could be spent by the student here, and yet the subject would be hardly touched. What a fund of research would all those mineral springs afford. Whence comes the borax that so strongly permeates the waters of the lakes ? Who can solve the deep and undiscoverable mysteries that are so abundant about the Sulphur Bank ? Who can trace the earth's formation and upbuilding in this chaotic mass of rock that reveals nothing in order, but everything in the wildest of confu- sion ? Rock that was once stratified and orderly, have become metamorphic, • Lower Lake Township. 139 and huge beds of lava have rolled in between the ages. Granite appears so burned and scorched that its best friends do not recognize its face. Sand- stone is so badly charred that the savants themselves refuse to express a decided opinion as to its real character, stating that it looks like sandstone and may be for aught they know, but it may not be. Huge masses of serpentine meet one on every side, and red hills of decomposed oxyd of iron are common. Some of the finer stones are found, such as alabaster, fine grained serpentine, rose quartz, etc. Cinnabar abounds in almost all portions of the township, and has been mined for very successfully in several places, notably at the Sulphur Bank and the north-eastern slope of St. Helena Mountain. Much more might be said, in fact a whole book could be written on this subject and yet the theme would not be exhausted, hence we leave it here, hoping that some master hand may take it up in the near future and do it full justice. It is a pity that our State has not an extended and reliable geological survey. It has not even an outline that covers the entire area. SOIL. — The soil of the valleys in this township is mostly sandy, with here and there a little adobe and loam. In Loconoma Valley it is especially of a sandy nature, but in Coyote Valley and around Lower Lake the adobe and loam are in the ascendancy. On the mountain sides it is gravelly and not very fertile. North of Lower Lake, towards East Lake, the soil is en- tirely adobe, and the condition of the roads in the winter season is far from delectable, but this soil is very fertile and productive, cereals especially thriving excellently on it. PRODUCTS. — The products of this township are much the same as in the others of the county. Cereals, fruits, vegetables and small fruits thrive well in all sections, but as elsewhere in the county the climate is a little too rigorous for semi-tropical fruits or plants. Grapes do well indeed here, and much attention is just now being given to viniculture in this township. The Clear Lake Water Company have under contract the clearing off of some two hundred acres of land and fitting the same for grape planting in 1882, with choice varieties of foreign table and wine grapes as well as of the domestic varieties. This wealthy company intend putting out not less than four hundred acres into vines, and to fully test every part of the county as regards the adaptability for this great industry and source of wealth. The Water Company will, if successful in the cultivation of the vine, erect a large wine cellar, and not improbably a woolen mill and other useful branches of industries. Some attention is paid to dairying and stock raising. This portion of Lake County is not so far removed from market as the other sections, hence it is more of an object for the farmers of this 140 History of Napa and Lake Counties-*-hAKE. section to produce something of an excess over their home necessities. If there were a railroad here, it would open out to the San Francisco market a very rich and productive country. CLIMATE. — The climate of this section is just as lovely as any portion of Lake County, and that is saying very much for it indeed. In fact, it is a little more pleasant, for in the winter time it is not so cold, not being so elevated as the country further north, and in the summer season it is not quite so warm, on an average, as it is nearer the bay, and some vestiges of the trade winds float over the mountains and serve to reduce the temper- ature in a measure. In the valleys, in the mid-summer season, it is very- warm during the middle of the day, however, but the nights are mostly cool and pleasant. The days are just as bright, the air just as sweet and balmy, the misty haze upon the mountains just as gloriously beautiful, the sun sheds its golden flood of beams from out the dome of just as blue an empyrean, and falls upon just as cheering a landscape as it ever entered the heart of man to conceive. TIMBER. — There are no large bodies of timber in this township, and yet it is, perhaps, the best wooded of all in the county. Pine, fir, cedar, oak, alder, and several varieties abound, while not a few cypress trees are to be found on the sides of St. Helena Mountain. The pines, fir and cedar make good lumber, and there are several saw -mills within its borders busily engaged working these logs into a marketable shape. The other woods are more adapted to domestic purposes. Loconoma Valley is a vast wooded plain, the wide-spreading branches of the oak making it have the appear- ance, at a distance, of a great forest. EARLY SETTLEMENT.— The first settlers of this township located at or near the present town site of Lower Lake, and Walter Anderson was probably the first man here with a family. Other early settlers here were I. B. Shreve, C. N. Copsey, L. W. Parkerson, Terrell Grigsby, J. Broome Smith, — Barber, — Parker, W. W. Hale, C. C. Copsey, Allen Copsey, 0. J. Copsey, John C. Copsey, Thomas Copsey, Dr. William R. Mathews, W. C. Goldsmith, W. Slater, Charles Kiphart, Calvin Reams, A. Hill, A. S. Mc- Williams, N. Herndon, E. M. Day, 0. U. Caldwell, E. Mitchell, — Chopson, Alexander Downey, Jarvis Cable, W. E. Willis, Jacob Bowers, — Burns, M. Craven, Robert Gaddy, S. J. Tucker, Charles Ferguson, William Graves (one of the Donner party), J. R. Hale, William Brown, S. A. Thompson, C L. Wilson, Pleasant Smith, L. H. Gruwell, William Kesey, C. P. Scranton and J. M. Collins. All the above were in and about the Lower Lake section, extending to the Copsey settlement and Siegler Valley. It is said that John Greenwood Lower Lake Township. 141 and Calvin C. Griffith were in Burns Valley as early as 1846, and spent a winter. In Coyote Valley, George Rock came in as agent for Jacob P. Leese as early as 1848, probably, and lived in a log house near the site of the stone house now on the north side of the valley. J. Broome Smith had a log house here in 1852. R. H. Sterling and Captain Steele built the stone house mentioned above in 1854. Sterling had a family with him, and his wife was the first woman in the valley. W. H. Manlove, T. Hall, Henry Bond, — Barnes, W. G. Cannon, L. B. Tremper, R. F. Miles and James S. Miles were old settlers in Coyote Valley. In Loconoma Valley, W. L. Anderson settled as early as 1853, and built a house near where George E. McKinley now lives. He had a drove of cattle. In 1857 Springston and Dickson went into Loconoma Valley from Cobb Valley, where they had first settled. J. Conley and H. Warren were there also in 1857. Matt. Harbin had a band of stock in there quite early, and George Christman was the agent in charge. E. H. Smith, Douglas and Phillips settled on the east side of the creek from Middletown. A man by the name of Butts lived where David Hudson now resides, at that time. He or Springston had the first family in the valley. In 1858 Simon Bas- sett and two sons came into Loconoma Valley, and settled in the south- western portion of it. A man by the name of Marble lived there in an early day. George E. McKinley came in in 1857. Charles Morgan settled in Morgan Valley in 1854, and Calvin Cox in 1856. Charles Stubbs was also an early settler in this township. LOWER LAKE. — This is a lovely village of some four hundred and fifty inhabitants, located at the southern extremity of Clear Lake, but about three miles from the landing. The first house built in the town was erected by E. Mitchell in 1858, which was a dwelling-house. Messrs. Her- rick & Getz had a store there in I860. The first hotel was opened by Dr. Bynum in 1865, the first saloon by C. N. Adams in 1861, and the first black- smith shop was conducted by L. B. Thompson in 1860. From the time of the location of the county seat at Lower Lake in 1867, until the present, the growth of the place has been steady, and at times quite rapid. It is very eligiby located, though not nearly so advantageously as its rival sister, Lake- port, and has a good country around it. Its business interests are at present represented as follows : Four stores, one drug store, three blacksmith shops, two wagon shops, one livery stable, one hotel, one restaurant, one flour mill, one barley and feed mill, one planing mill, one shoe shop, one barber shop, three saloons, one millinery, two meat markets, one printing office, one law- yer, two doctors, and one brewery. Lower Lake, among its business inter- ests, enjoys the distinguished novelty of having a lady druggist. Miss Delia Walls, a young lady not yet in her twenties, has the honor of being 142 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. one of the very few lady druggists on the Pacific Coast. She began at the age of fourteen, and in two years assumed full charge of the business, and now conducts it in her own right and title, giving eminent satisfaction in a place so fraught with responsibilities. There is also a post-office, Wells, Fargo & Co.'s express office, and a telegraph office in the place. Lower Lake is connected with the outside world by two stage lines, one extending from East Lake to Calistoga, and the other from Lower Lake to Woodland. The mail service has been heretofore daily for some time, but is at present only tri-weekly. The Northern Telegraph Company have a branch line extending from Glenbrook to East Lake, which passes through this place. Lower Lake has been the sport of an adverse fate ever since its inception almost. The star of destiny was not in a fortuitous conjunction at its birth, and the shadow of disappointment has always hovered over it, and the sunshine of hope has always been shut out just before the eagerly sought for day of realization had any more than dawned upon her expectant inhabitants. Cruel indeed has been the decrees of that destiny which has ruled during the days of county seat contests. In 1867 the fates seemed to be in a manner propitious to the place. The county seat question had just been decided in its favor, and the county officers had their headquarters in the place. Just about this time the Clear Lake Water Company began operations, and there were possibilities in the future for the place that the most sanguine hardly dared to dream of. This company proposed to erect a large factory there, where all the wool produced in Lake County should be manufactured into cloth. They were going to have an enormous mill, where all the grain grown in the county should be converted into flour and meal, and there was to be a saw and planing mill of monstrous proportions, where all the timber from every mountain side in the county was to be manipulated into lumber, just such as the people would have need for. How grand this gigantic project looked on paper. And the people of Lower Lake believed every word of it, and we have no reason to doubt that the company intended to build up a great enterprise there, provided they could make it pay. People must remember that capital will not remain long invested where there is no outcome, and where the profits of this enterprise were to accrue is beyond the ken of ordinaiy mor- tals. At that time all [these products had to be taken to tide water by teams, a distance of over one hundred miles, and how it was expected to make it pay is unknown. The farmers of Lake County, as of every other section, have only simple wants, and they could not take the manufactured article in return for the crude, and dispose of or use it themselves. And so the hopes of the town were drawn to the highest tension. The company did construct quite an extensive building at the dam, and ma- chinery for a flouring, saw, and planing mill was put in. What more they Lower Lake Township. 143 would have done will never be known ; for in a night as it were, all their improvements were swept away before the remorseless tide of the just in- dignation of a much abused and injured people. And with it, unfortunately, perished the grand scheme for making Lower Lake a great city, whose fame should go abroad throughout the land. It was a sorrowful day for that place when the people from above put in an appearance, prepared to carry out the provisions of that higher law which fears not might when right is involved, as is too often the case in our ordinary tribunals. There had been lively times there during the erection of the dam and the buildings, and much money had been left in the town. Not content with destroying this grand stay and support of their pros- perity, the fates soon after decreed that the last beam of hope should perish, and the nickering lamp of prosperity should be extinguished almost entirely, by the removal of the county seat to Lakeport. This indeed proved the death-blow to all the brightest and fondest hopes of the unfortunate place ; and in that decision of the voice of the people of the county at large they saw their day star of prosperity sink forever behind the stygian clouds of ruthless adversity. But the people of the place evinced their good sense and their pluck and determination by taking up the watchword, " Never say die ! " and began at once to retrieve their losses. Industry and enterprise is visible on every side. The town is tidy, neat and really beautiful in appearance. The thrift of the place is manifested by the nicely painted cottages to be seen on all sides. Thrifty men have neat and beautiful homes as a rule, and there is no place where a man spends his money so willingly as in the adornment of his home. The streets of the town are wide, level and regularly laid off. There is a school-house in the town that speaks volumes for the enterprise and intel- ligence of the community. Truly it is a pity that such adverse circum- stances should have fallen upon the place, for the people are indeed worthy a much better fate. The town is growing steadily, and we bespeak for it a future yet that will show to the world of what sort of mettle the citizens of the place are made. In the old days of county seat glory, the county offices were located in the double building just across the street from the hotel, and now occupied as a store. The Clear Lake Water Company still own large tracts of land in that vicinity and are now turning their attention to wine growing, and the time may come when Lower Lake will be the center of one of the most extensive and wealthy wine-producing sections in the State. In that event the dire decrees of fate will, in a great measure, be amended. May it be so ! Independent Order of Odd-Fellows. — Clear Lake Lodge, No. 130, 1. 0. O. F., was organized January 16, 1867, with the following charter mem- bers : W. P. Berry, D. M. Hanson, William Farmer, William Kesey, H. 144 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. Allen, H. H. Nunnally and J. H. Berry. The first officers were : D. M. Hanson, N. G. ; William Farmer, V. G. ; W. P. Berry, Secretary, and William Kesey, Treasurer. The following named members have been honored with the position of Noble Grand : D. M. Hanson, William Farmer, W. C. Gold- smith, J. W. Everett, Joseph Getz, H. M. Trude, H. Allen, C. B. Hughes, J. B. Holloway, George N. Snow, J. R. Cook, J. D. Adams, M. Butler, John Smith, R. F. Miles, M. Getz, H. H. Wilson, R. H. Lawrence, J. M. Campbell, J. S. Miles, A. P. Joslyn, G. R. Lee, A. M. Atkins, J. B. Fitch, J. H. McFar- ling, William Blann, C. C. Parker and S. H. Thompson. The present officers are, S. H. Thompson, N. G. ; R. Hills, V. G. ; D. L. Miller, Secretary, and I. B. Shreve, Treasurer. The present membership is seventy-four, and the lodge is in a most flourishing condition, being the strongest lodge in the county of Lake. They have a fine two-story building here, which was erected in 1868, and dedicated July 4th of that year. The hall is 45x22 feet, and is handsomely furnished. The Encampment was organized here, but afterwards taken to Lakeport. Free and Accepted Masons. — Clear Lake Lodge, No. 183, F. & A. M., was organized U. D. February 4, 1867, with the following charter members : L. B. Thurman, Charles Wormwood, C. Noble Copsey, W. R. Mathews, T. M. Harris, D. M. Hanson, J. D. Hendricks, W. W. Davis, J. C. Crigler, Z. C. Davee, J. D. Adams, Charles Stubbs, F. M. Herndon, William Chris- tianson, C. C. Rush, L. P. Nichols. The officers U. D. were, L. B. Thurman, W. M.; Charles Wormwood, S. W.; and C. N. Copsey, J. W. The charter was granted October 10, 1867, and the first officers under it were the same as IT. D. The following members have filled the honorable position of Worshipful Master : L. B. Thurman, L. Willey, J. R. Cook, H. H. Wilson, J. W. Howard, W. H. Cunningham, R. K. Nichols, L. H. Gruwell, Sol. Getz. The present officers are, W. H. Cunningham, W. M.;, Solomon Getz, S. W.; H. H Wilson, J. W.; M. Levy, Treasurer; W. J. Masterson, Secretary; D. M. Hanson, S. D.; W. S. Snow, J. D.; J. W. Brown and F. M. Herndon, Stewards; J. E. Tucker, Chaplain ; L. H. Gruwell, Marshal; F. L. Castellan, Tyler. The present membership is thirty-eight, and the lodge is in a very prosper- ous condition indeed. They meet in the Odd-Fellow's Hall. Schools. — To Lower Lake belongs the honor of having the finest school- house in the county by far, and the only one constructed of brick. In 1876 a move was made by the people looking toward a new school building, and on the 16 th of March of that year the following bill was approved by the Governor : The Trustees of Lower Lake School District may levy a tax for the purposes of building a public school-house, as follows : In the year 1876, such a number of cents on each $100 of all the taxable property in the district, as will raise the sum of $1425; in the year 1877, as will raise the Lower Lake Township. 145 sum of $1576; in the year 1878, as will raise the sum of $1710 ; in the year 1879, as will raise the sum of $1879. January 25, 1878, this proposition was changed somewhat by an Act of the Legislature, which contained the following provisions : The Trustees of Lower Lake School District may issue bonds, not to exceed $8000, payable in twelve years after their date, at a rate of interest of 10 per cent, per annum, payable annually. The building was erected in 1877, and was of brick, two stories high, and had a French roof upon it, making a beautiful and stately looking structure. Just as it was completed a drunken man got into it some way, and attempted to light a pipe. The shavings ignited, and the whole build- ing except the walls was destroyed, entailing a loss of $3000, $1500 of which fell upon the contractor and $1500 on the district. The building was again rebuilt, and the roof changed from French to mansard. There are two reci- tation rooms below, and a public hall above. The school has two departments in it, and is well conducted in every particular. Lower Lake Brewery. — This enterprise was put on foot in 1870 by Messrs. Keitz & Co., and the building was erected about a mile north of town. Before any work had been done it was moved to its present site, just within the western town limits. The projectors sold the business to C. Hammer, and he to C. F. Linck in 1875, who is the present proprietor. A market is readily found for the product at the mines and neighboring towns. Lower Lake Flouring Mill. — This mill was built in 1869 by J. M. Everetts and William Davy, and they disposed of it to William Saywood in 1871. It is located on the west bank of Siegler Creek, and just in the western outskirts of the town. It is run by steam ; has two buhrs, one for flour and one for feed, and has a capacity of thirty barrels per day. The building is forty-two feet square and two and one-half stories high. M. N. Young is the lessee, and the mills have a wide and desirable reputation for making good flour under his management. Lower Lake Planing Mill. — This enterprise was put in operation in 1877 by S. H. Thompson, who is the present proprietor. The machinery consists of a planer, mortising machine, and several saws. He makes doors, sash, blinds, wagons, carriages, etc., in the general line of wood work. The building is 50x52 feet in size. The lumber used is secured from Rice's mill. Newspapers. — But little of the early newspaper history of Lower Lake is known now. In 1866 the Observer was published there, but we do not know who was its editor or proprietor. During that year it died under the 10 146 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. management in charge, and in December following F. L. Beckwith took hold of the helm. During 1866 the Lower Lake Sentinel was under the charge of D. M. Hanson. In April, 1877, it " climbed the golden stair," and laid its bones to rest upon the altar of proud but unrealized ambitions. The Lower Lake Bulletin was started August 28, 1869, by L. P. Nichols. This paper is now published by J. B. Baccus, Jr., who is a very competent and able journalist, and his paper is always bright, newsy, reliable, and, what is best of all, has the interest of the community thoroughly at heart, and he stands up manfully in his advocacy of it. LAKE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION.— This organi- zation was effected in December, 1879, and the incorporating gentlemen were, R. K. Nichols, J. B. Robinson, J. D. Mendenhall, D. M. Hanson and J. M. Hamilton. The officers for 1880 were : President, L. H. Gruwell ; Secre- tary, H. Winchester ; Treasurer, W. T. Young ; Directors — First Supervisor's District, D. M. Hanson, A. F. Morrell and J. Chrisman ; Second District, William Harris, W. T. Young, J. H. Renfro ; Third District, J. T. McClintock, R. G. Reynolds, A. E. Noel ; at large, J. S. Mendenhall and L. H. Gruwell. The officers for 1881 are, President, L. H. Gruwell ; First Vice-President, H. H. Wilson ; Second Vice-President, J. H. Renfro ; Treasurer, R. K. Nich- ols ; Secretary, D. L. Miller ; Directors — First Supervisor's District, H. H. Wilson, L. H. Gruwell, H. Bond ; Second District, Thomas Morlan, William Harris, J. H. Renfro ; Third District, P. Burtnett, L. G. Simmons, J. T. Mc- Clintock ; at large, R. D. Merritt and R. K. Nichols. The first fair was held the 13th, 14th and 15th of October, 1880, at the Society's grounds, which lie in a little valley about one mile south of Lower Lake. The ground for the fair was donated by L. H. Gruwell, and a splen- did race-track has been prepared, judges' stands and stock sheds have been provided. The horticultural and textile departments were displayed in buildings in town. The society, though young, is in a very prosperous con- dition, and much interest is being taken in it all over the county. And this is as it should be. There is nothing that will spur men to action so much as competition, and this is thoroughly brought out at these county fairs. Let every citizen of Lake take hold of this enterprise ! EAST LAKE. — This is the name that is latterly applied to the mining village which has sprung up at the Sulphur Bank, and is derived from that portion of the Clear Lake which puts out for the east just below the narrows. The town consists of the works and buildings of the Sulphur Bank Quick- silver Mining Company, a hotel, store and a few private residences. There is a store here, and a physician, a post and express office, and the place is Lower Lake Township. 147 connected with Lakeport by boat, and Lower Lake, Middletown and Calistoga by a tri -weekly stage which carries the mail and express. It is not proba- ble that the place will ever grow to a size or importance beyond its present status. GUENOC. — This was the name of a little village in Coyote Valley, but nearly all traces of it have been obliterated, and all its business has long since disappeared. A firm by the name of Herrick & Getz had a store at the site of the stone house north of Guenoc, as early as 1860, and it was the first store in the south end of the county. In a year or two this store was moved to Lower Lake. Messrs. Strader & Clark built and opened the first store at the pi-esent site of Guenoc, in 1866, and 0. Armstrong had a saloon there soon afterwards. An Odd-Fellows hall was built there, which was moved to Middletown in 1871. There was at one time quite a little village there, but when the village of Middletown sprung into existence the whole place picked up bag and baggage and posted off to the new town site. Why this was done it is hard to tell, except that the new place was at the junction of two main stage roads, and in closer proximity to the mines, from which any village in that section must hope to gain the most of its support. There are two or three dwelling houses still on the old town site, a store building, and the wreck of a blacksmith shop. The town site was just on the south bank of Putah Creek, and the bridge spanning the stream at this point is six hundred feet long, and was constructed at a cost of $5,000. The town site of Guenoc was not so nice as the one at Middletown in many respects, and in all probability the change was a wise one. MIDDLETOWN. — This is a beautiful little village sequestered amid a forest of native oaks, in the center of Loconoma Valley. One does not know that he is near the town until he is in the midst of it, almost. J. H. Berry built the first house on the present town site in the fall of 1870. C. M. Young bought a half interest in the town site in 1871. O. Armstrong had a saloon here in 1870, and Berry kept a hotel. D. Lobre started the first store in the place in 1872. The street running north and south through the village is called Calistoga avenue, and the principal cross street is Main. The first business in the place was located at this crossing, Armstrong's saloon being on the north-east corner, Berry's hotel on the south-west, the Odd-Fellows hall that was moved down from Guenoc, on the south-east, and a livery stable on the north-west. A fine brick hotel now stands on the site of the old one. The business of the town is represented as follows : five stores, one drug store, two hotels, one livery stable, one meat market, one barber shop, three blacksmith's shops, three saloons, one shoe and harness shop combined, one 148 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. jeweler, one doctor, one church, (a Methodist,) a school-house, a post, tele- graph and express office. The place is connected with all points on the Lakeport and Calistoga, and Lower Lake and Calistoga stage lines, by tri- weekly stages, and the mail service is daily. The population of the place is estimated at three hundred and fifty. The future of the village is cer- tainly as full of promise as the past has been, for though the mines are now closed down, the time is coming when they will all, and more besides, be at work again. There is a rich valley around the town, which will always support it at its present size. Independent Order of Odd-Fellows. — Friendship Lodge, No. 150, I. O. 0. F., was organized December 25, 1868, at Guenoc, with the following charter members : William Farmer, T. H. Berry, O. Armstrong, M. Getz, H. H. Nunnally, William Amesberry and William T. Miles. The first officers were J. H. Berry, N. G.; O. Armstrong, V. G; M. Getz, Secretary, and H. H. Nunnally, Treasurer. The following named gentlemen have filled the position of Noble Grand : J. H. Berry, 0. Armstrong, George E. McKinley, William Amesberry, J. M. Davis, D. W. Lilley, William Armstrong, W. P. Berry, M. Kerr, James Johnson, G. W. Rawson, A. G. Butler, D. Posten, P. Achey, J. L. Richardson, M. Mehan, J. Rienike and L. Wilkinson. The present officers are J. Wilkinson, N. G; J. Atkinson, V. G.; G. W. Rawson, Secretary, and W. J. Armstrong, Treasurer. The present membership is fifty, and the lodge is in a most prosperous condition. The lodge moved their building from Guenoc to this place in 1871. In 1876 they desired a more com- modious building than the old one, hence they erected the present hall, which is 24x60 feet in size and two stories high. It is a fine building and the lodge room is well fitted up. Independent Order of Good Templars. — On Monday evening, April 8, 1872, the following named persons met at Middletown, for the purpose of organizing a subordinate lodge of the Independent Order of Good Templars: J. M. Hamilton, S. W. Williams, John Good, Jr., George Farley, Frank Mc- Call, Harris Brown, Rev. H. D. Bryant, S. Sibley, Lafayette Stark, John Good, Sr., R. Farmer, R. D. Nunnally, W. G. Cannon, A. R. Hamilton, Mrs. A. 1. Kellogg, Mrs. L. S. Cannon, Mrs. M. L. Young, Miss F. A. Kellogg and Miss Annie Hamilton. The obligation was administered by Lucas Willey, D. G. W. C. T., after which the following officers were elected : J. M. Hamil- ton, W. C. T.; Mrs. A. I. Kellogg, W. V. T; S. W. Williams, W. S.; R. D. Nunnally, W. F. S.; W. G. Cannon, W. T.; J. Good, Jr., W. M.; Mrs. M. L Young, W. I. G; A. R. Hamilton, W. 0. G. ; and the appointed officers were declared to be, viz. : Miss F. A. Kellogg, W. R. H. S.; Miss Annie Hamilton, W. L. H. S.; R. Farmer, W. A. S.; Mrs. L. S. Cannon, W. D. M., and Rev. H. D. Bryant, W. C. This lodge was called Loconomi Lodge, No. Lozoer Lake Township. 149 440 ; John Good, Sr., Lodge Deputy. This lodge held its last meeting May, 1877» At that time W. G. Cannon was acting as W. C. T., and J. B. Preble, W. Secretary. On Saturday evening, August 7, 1880, a lodge of Good Templars was organized, and instructed in the work by Levi Leland, Grand Lecturer of the State of California. On permanent organization J. L. Read was elected W. C T.; Belle Parriott, W. R. H. S.; Dora Capps, W. L. H. S.; Alice Capps, W. V. T.; J. B. Preble, W. S.; Lydia Parriott, W. A. S.; Daniel De Pencier, W. F. S.; Daniel Rantz, W. T.; S. B. Preble, W. M.; J. S. Capps, W. I. G.; J. G. Sturgill, W. 0. G.; Mrs. E. W. Irish, W. CL; E. W. Irish, P. W. C. T. The rest of the Charter members were, Mrs. D. Rantz, G. W. Smith, J. H. Kellogg, Frank Perry, Jennie De Pencier, Mrs. A. I. Kellogg, Grant Read, Mrs. J. S. Capps, Annie Read, G. A. Sacry, Henry Sturgill, Susie Read, and Mrs. S. A. Edmiston. J. L. Read is Lodge Deputy. They have about sixty- five members, and meet on Wednesday evenings. American Sunday- School Union. — Lake County has been much neglected by many of the mission enterprises of the churches. But, not- withstanding that fact, there have always been some persons in the county who have sustained the missions by personal efforts and their means. In July, 1880, Rev. William E. Read was appointed Missionary of the Amer- ican Sunday-School Union for the Northern District of California. In May, 1881, he commenced work in Lake County, where he remained during the summer to organize Sunday-schools, supply schools with Sunday-school literature, etc. He is an earnest, eloquent preacher, a zealous, indefatigible worker, and," during the summer, made a record in his avenue of work. Middletown Brewery. — Was established in 1875 by Messrs. Munz & Scott. The building is 40x25, and the brewery has a capacity of fifteen barrels a week. In April, 1881, Mr. Munz purchased Mr. Scott's interest, and has since conducted the business. SPRINGS — Mineral springs abound in this township, and many of the chief health resorts of Lake County are found within its confines. The proximity to San Francisco and the ease of access, added to the beautiful scenery, lovely and salubrious climate, and the health-giving waters, all conspire to add popularity to the springs in this section. Stages make close connections with the trains for all of them and some run their own stages. The ride is through cheering mountain scenery and is not of long enough duration to become either tiresome or monotonous. Five hours is sufficient time in which to reach the farthest away, while three hours will cover the time required to travel to those nearest by. 150 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. Harbin Springs. — This well-known resort for those seeking health, rest, or pleasure, is located in a canon about two and a half miles north of Mid- dletown and twenty-one miles from Calistoga, The elevation is one thousand seven hundred feet above the level of the sea, hence it will be seen that the air is light and dry, and this altitude, with the protection of the surrounding hills, affords an exceedingly fine climate, the temperature varying much less during twenty-four hours than at many other places where greater uniformity is claimed and reported. At Harbin Springs there are twenty -five or more buildings, aside from small out-houses for various purposes. These buildings comprise a main hotel, an office, reading-room and bar combined, a dining-room and its attach- ments, several cottages, bath-houses, etc. The cottages are genuine. There is no " shake shanty " nor rustic log cabin about them, but they are inclosed with rustic siding, painted white, with nice doors and windows. There is a name painted over each door, and the list, with the number of rooms in each one, is as follows : " Tom Collins," two rooms ; " Bartlett," two rooms ; " Fern," five rooms ; " Capital," twenty rooms ; " Yuba," four rooms ; " What Cheer," one room; "4th of July," two rooms; "Pine," four rooms; "Mills," four rooms; "Hay wards," four rooms; "Rose," four rooms; "Myrtle," four rooms. The main hotel has eleven rooms above, and four bed-rooms below ; also a parlor and reading-room. In the bath-houses there are fifteen baths, as follows : one mud bath, five plunge baths, and nine tubs. The water to supply these baths comes from the hot sulphur and iron springs. All of these improvements have been made by the present proprietor, Richard Williams. The place has very much the appearance of a village, especially during the busy part of the season, when there are several hundred guests at the place. The site of the buildings is mostly uneven ground, and there is not a building on it but the site it occupies has been made level by hard work in digging down the mountain side. The buildings are located on the left side of the canon as you approach it from below, and the hills on either side of the place are very precipitous, especially on the right, and they reach an elevation of several hundred feet. Immediately back of, or up the canon from the springs, is an elevation of ground extending nearly across the canon, lessening the size of the latter to a little more than a ravine. This elevation of ground rises, perhaps, one hundred feet above the springs, and the top of it has been leveled off, and a flag-pole raised upon it, and seats provided for guests, and a croquet ground staked out. Winding paths lead- ing up in a most romantic way terminate at the summit, from which a most lovely and enchanting view of the sweet little valley below may be had. In looking down upon the scene below, one may grasp something of an idea of the great amount of labor that had to be expended before the place Lcnver Lake Totvnship. 151 could be brought to its present state of perfect beauty and comfort. When the present proprietor, Richard Williams, and a partner, J. Hughes, pur- chased the place, something over a dozen years ago, there was nothing there in the way of improvements except a rough log cabin. The new owners tore it down at once, and began their work upon a basis of nature untram- meled even by the semblance of art. The only approach to the place then was a rude trail along the canon, and a wagon could not be got within five hundred rods of the springs. Therefore, all the lumber used in making the earlier improvements about the place had to be dragged along the trail for this distance, and all else had to be packed in on horseback. These springs have been known to white men for over thirty years now. The old Indians of this section used to be familiar with the medicinal vir- tues of these waters, and in former times visited them in vast numbers. In this way Captain Ritchie came to know about them at a very early day. He obtained possession of the springs, by location or otherwise, and retained them for six years, and then disposed of them to James Harbin, who owned the place for the next eleven years, and then disposed of it to Messrs. Wil- liams & Hughes. At the end of three years Hughes disposed of his interest to Williams. They paid $3,000 for the property with its one log cabin on it, and no road leading to it, and now that the improvements are made it has commanded S80,000, and more than that is asked for it. The springs are as follows : One hot arsenic ; one hot iron and sulphur, the temperature of which is 108 degrees ; one hot sulphur, with a tempera- ture of 120 degrees ; one cold iron, ahd one cold magnesia — all coming out of the side of the hill at the same level, within a short distance of each other. The springs are designated from each other by the principal ingre- dient in the waters, though other minerals are in the water in greater or less degree. With the guests the hot sulphur seems to be the favorite, and the hot iron-sulphur is next in importance, while the cold arsenic and mag- nesia waters receive but little attention. Some marvelous cures have been effected by these waters in cases of rheumatism, dyspepsia, neuralgia, skin diseases, chronic affections, etc., and often cases yield and permanent cures are effected where they have been pronounced incurable by physicians. It is said that these waters have a .very beneficial effect upon those addicted to the use of alcoholic drinks. The Harbin Springs stage connects with all trains at Calistoga, and the time from San Francisco to the springs is nine hours. Andersox Springs. — These springs are located at the head of Loco- noma Valley, four miles from Middletown, and one mile west of the road leading from Middletown to Lakeport. They were located in 1873 by Dr. A. Anderson and L. S. Patriquin, and opened to the public in 1874. The springs comprise one soda, one cold iron, two sulphur — one of which is blue 152 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. and the other white, one hot iron, and a spring which is cold, and the water has a white or milky appearance. The deposit from this spring is white, and tastes like alum. The improvements here consist of a main hotel, some half dozen cottages, and the bath-houses. The place is decidedly rural, and is a delightful resort, and is very easy of access. It is exceedingly well adapted to camping. The hotel will accommodate about thirty guests, and was erected in 1873. The bath-houses are near the hotel, but the hot spring is two thousand five hundred feet away, the water being conducted through a wooden pipe or pump logs. There is also a steam bath arranged over a hot spring in the bank of the creek. Adams Springs. — These springs are located in the Pine Mountains, eight miles south of Clear Lake, two and a half miles south-west of Siegler Springs, two and a half miles from Glenbrook, on the Calistoga and Lake- port stage line, six miles by a good road from Harbin Springs, and twenty- eight miles from Calistoga, at which place connections are made with the Lakeport stage on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The springs were located upon by Charles Adams in 1869, and he sold the property to the Whitton Brothers in the fall of 1871. During that and the succeeding year they erected the buildings that are on the place, which consist of a main hotel and five or six cottages. In 1878 J. S. Friedman purchased the prop- erty, at least the title of Whitton Brothers to it. The matter of ownership is now in litigation, as it was Government lieu land and was filed upon by R. J. Mowry. E. R. Moses took possession of the place as lessee in 1877 for a term of five years. There are four springs here, all of which are the same in character. The temperature is fifty-six degrees in summer, thus making it very cool and refreshing to drink — that is, if you like it. If you wish to know how it tastes just get a piecee of tarred rope from some sailing vessel and chew it. That taste is its twin-sister. The guests soon get accustomed to this little oddity of taste, however, and learn to relish it so that other water se.ems insipid to them. There has been a quantitative analysis made of this water with the following result. One gallon contains : Carbonate of lime 28.714 grains. " magnesia 99.022 soda 57.036 " iron 517 Chloride of sodium 4.112 Silica 7.218 Organic matter 2.811 Salts of potash Traces only. Nitric acid Traces only. Total solid contents in one gallon 199.430 grains. Lower Lake Toxvnship. 153 In addition to the foregoing, one gallon of water also contains three hundred and four cubic inches of free carbonic acid gas. These waters are said to be especially beneficial in cases of rheumatism, dropsy, scrofula, weak lungs, dyspepsia, costiveness, catarrh, liver and kidney complaints, and all kinds of diseases arising from impurities of the blood. The elevation is two thousand nine hundred and forty feet, the air is pure, bracing and light, the scenery fine, the hunting and fishing good, the place is easy of access, and, all in all, it is a desirable place to spend a season. Howard Springs. — These springs are located at the south end of Siegler Valley, two miles from Siegler Springs, three miles east of Adams Springs, five miles by trail from Harbin Springs, six miles from Glenbrook, six miles from Lower Lake, and thirty-three miles from Calistoga. Passengers are met Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at Lower Lake, and Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays at Glenbrook. Parties can come in from Wood- land to Lower Lake and thence to the springs. The springs were located by C. W. Howard, and he opened them to the public in 1S77. In that year August Heisch became proprietor. There are a large number of springs here of all varieties known in the catalogue of springs in the world. The following are the principal ones, however: Two magnesia-potassium, one warm and one cold ; one borax, warm ; one alum- sodium, warm ; one silica, cold ; three iron, warm ; one soda, cold ; and one sulphur, cold. The temperature of these springs ranges from 58 degrees to 109 degrees. The water in them all is very palatable, there being nothing disagreeable in the taste or smell. There are six tub baths and one plunge, the supply for them being de- rived from a reservoir of hot magnesia water, which has a capacity of three thousand and fifty-four gallons. In the bottom of this reservoir there are thirty-seven springs of all sizes. The springs here all burst forth from a bed of lava, and that so many of them and of such a varied character should tbe found in such proximity is truly a marvel. These waters are purported to be efficacious in cases of dropsy, gout, rheumatism, female diseases, catarrh, dyspepsia, and all affections of the liver, kidneys or skin. They have per- formed some wonderful cures of dropsy. The elevation is two thousand two hundred and twenty feet, and the air is balmy and sweet. The landscape is beautiful, and the facilities for camp- ing and divertisement unexcelled. Game and fish are near by in abundance. There is a main hotel and twelve cottages. Siegler Springs. — These springs are situated at the north end of Sieg- ler Valley, and about five miles from Lower Lake and six from Glenbrook, on the direct route between the two places. They were discovered by a 154 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. man named Siegler many years ago, and were a favorite resort of the Indians long ages before the foot of white men trod the soil of Lake County. They had rude baths fixed up in the stream, below the hot springs, so that they could regulate the temperature of the water, not so much differently in prin- ciple from its present arrangement, though wildly different in appliances. Dr. Boone began making preparations for opening the springs to the public in 1868 or 1869, by erecting a hotel, baths, etc. Alvinza Hay ward and W. Cole of San Francisco, purchased the property in 1870, and started in on a grand scale to make it one of the most popular resorts on the Pacific Coast. Immense sums of money were spent by them in fitting up a race track, building barns, setting out trees, designing parks, adorning the grounds with landscape gardening, etc., etc. It is stated that the proprietors thought that the property was assessed very high, even in proportion to what it was worth, and exceedingly high as compared with similar property in the county, hence they stopped everything right there, and let the place go to ruin, almost. Mr. Cole purchased Mr. Hay ward's interest in 1878, and is the present owner of the property. The buildings consist of a main hotel, two cottages, a barn, and several bath-houses. There are two hot springs, temperature 106 degrees, which contain equal parts of soda, magnesia, iron, borax and common salt ; one arsenic spring, in which there is also soda, magnesia and iron ; one magnesia spring in which there is some salt and soda ; five iron springs, in which there is some salt ; a cold soda spring ; one hot iron spring with temperature of 126 degrees ; one arsenic spring, temperature 90 degrees, and a cold magnesia spring, temperature 50 degrees. These springs cover an area of perhaps five acres, and springs are to be found in an area of fifty acres, bursting out from the hill-side in every direction. At one of the hot magnesia springs there is a natural plunge bath, formed in the solid rock. The rock formation here is mostly tufa of different kinds owing to the deposit. It is mostly of a magnesia or borax nature. This plunge bath is about four feet deep and four by six feet in size. The water comes into it in a very large stream, and the temperature is just right for a delightful bath. The hot iron spring is located in the bottom of the creek, and comes out in an immense volume from in under a huge spur of tufa. The water issues just as if it were the vent-hole to a mighty cauldron of boiling water, and at the point of egress it seethes and boils like water in a small vessel on a red-rot stove. Quite a considerable amount of steam escapes also with the water, and when the day is cold and the state of the atmosphere right for its speedy and full condensation, the volume of it is immense. Water is conducted from this hot spring to a tank over the bath-houses some distance below in the ravine, while water is conducted from the stream of cold spring water in the creek to a similar tank, and the bather admits Lower Lake Township. 155 each until he has his tub full of water at any desired temperature. Cosy summer houses are erected over the cold magnesia and iron springs ; and after bathing in the warm water, one finds the waters of these springs very grateful. Lovely forests of pine, fir and oak are near at hand, in whose shady recesses the tent of the tourist can be placed, and life can there be enjoyed to the full. Walks, drives and strolls through the shady copse can be engaged in, while to breathe the rich, balmy air, laden with the sweet odors of the forest, and to drink in the enchanting mountain scenery, bathed in a halo of golden sunlight, is to be in Elyseum, truly. CARP PONDS.— The Carp ponds of Messrs. Swartz & Webber are located about three miles north-west of Middletown. The ponds of these gentlemen are quite extensive, the largest or breeding bond being perhaps as fine a one for the purpose as there is in the State. Mr. Swartz is well posted in fish culture, and is very enthusiastic over carp. He commenced operations at his present place about two years ago, with about seventy fish ; and he expects to have each year about fifty thousand carp to dispose of. At present, they are worth from 75 cents to SI per pound in the San Francisco market. At these figures the profits are simply immense, as the expense, after the construction of the ponds, is comparatively nothing, and there is no danger of overstocking the market. They have five ponds, the largest covering about one acre, stocked with an immense number of small fry. They are improving and increasing their ponds, and do not expect to rest until they have fourteen, embracing in all eight or ten acres of land. They have an abundant supply of water from a large trout stream, of forty to forty-five degrees in temperature, brought in by a ditch, and the flow regulated so as to keep the water in the ponds at about eighty degrees during the warm season. They have found the low, moist, black soil land more favorable for holding water in ponds than the higher red soil and gravel land — and believe Lake County as good as any in the State for fish culture. The proprietor of Anderson Springs has taken water from the stream mentioned above, at a higher point, to supply a large pond made upon his former croquet grounds. Carp have also been placed in the very large ponds at Boggs' old mill site, between Glenbrook and Kelseyville. CALIFORNIA BORAX COMPANY.— In 1856 Dr. J. A. Veatch, while on a prospecting tour, discovered the Borax Lake which lies south of East Lake a short distance. A company was formed consisting of Messrs. Peachy, Billings, Heydenfeldt, Ayers, Maynard and others, for the purpose of work- ing it for borax. In the spring of 1860 Dr. Veatch went there and began operations in a small way. He made an arrangement like a joint of a stove- 156 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. pipe, which he would sink into the mud and then shut a lid down on the upper end, and thus hold the contents of his pump in it by suction. In this manner a small quantity was gotten out each day, but not enough to pay. Later in the season General W. S. Jacks, of Napa, was engaged to take charge of the work. He constructed two coffer-dams which were portable, and soon had large quantities of crude borax on the bank. He was fol- lowed by an Englishman by the name of Oxland, who put in steam ap- paratus. Colonel Lightner succeeded him, and the enterprise was finally abandoned from some cause or other. STODDARD'S MILL.— -Is located north-west of Middletown about three miles, on the road to Lakeport. It is the property of Joel Stoddard, and is run by water power. It is one of the neatest and best mills in Lake County. Big Valley Township. 157 BIG VALLEY TOWNSHIP. GEOGRAPHY. — The boundaries of Big Valley Township, as established by the Board of Supervisors, are as follows : Beginning at the highest point on Cobb Mountain, at the south-west corner of Lower Lake Township; thence following the township line of Lower Lake Township, as heretofore denned, northerly to Clear Lake ; thence across the lake, following the Lower Lake Township line to the north-west corner of Lower Lake Township ; thence westerly across the ridge between Alter's and Woodward's to Clear Lake ; thence across said lake in a direct line to a point known as Peaks Point ; thence in a north-westerly direction, in a direct line, to the gap of the hills south of Ramsdale's rancho ; thence following said ridge south-westerly to the top of the dividing ridge separating the waters of Clear Lake and Scotts Creek ; thence following said lidge north-westerly to a point half a mile below the outlet of Blue Lakes ; thence across said outlet to a ridge ; thence following said ridge in a westerly direction to a point on the line dividing Lake from Mendocino County, about half a mile east from Dalton's cabin ; thence along the said county line south-easterly to the place of beginning. This was the Second Supervisors' District. It will thus be seen that this township is bordered on the south-east by Lower Lake Township, on the north-east by Upper Lake Township and on the west by Mendocino County. The principal streams in it are Scotts Creek and Kelsey Creek. There is more of Clear Lake included in the ter- ritory of this towhship than in any other in the county. Lakeport is the main center of navigation on the lake, hence the most of the description of the lake will occur in the history of this^ township. TOPOGRAPHY. — If we begin at the south-west corner of the town- ship we find ourselves on the summit of the highest mountain in the county. Passing along the line we come to Cobb Valley, a sort of garden spot far away up amid the clouds on the mountain top. It is a lovely little valley less than one mile in width, and only a few in length. From that on north- ward it is all mountains to the rim of Big Valley. Uncle Sam Mountain is the culmination of the chain, and stands on the south shore of Clear Lake. Big Valley is the garden spot of Lake County, and from its great size, com- pared with the other valleys in the county, it well deserves to be called 158 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. Big Valley. Beginning at the foot of Uncle Sam this valley extends in a circular course to the south-west, embracing Kelseyville and Highland Springs ; thence northerly to Lakeport. West of Lakeport the hills are low and rolling for a distance of three or four miles, when another small, narrow valley is encountered which ex- tends for a distance of ten or twelve miles along the banks of Scotts Creek. The valley has the same name as the creek. The range of hills back of Lakeport extends well towards Upper Lake, and fully to the township line, but in some places they get pretty rugged and develop into peaks of some considerable height. West of Scotts Valley mountains extend to the county line, with here and there a very small valley of no special importance. The exact height of Mount Cobb is not known, but that it is much higher than any other mountain in the county is made evident in the win- ter season by the amount of snow that falls upon it, and the length of time it remains on the mountain sides as compared with other peaks. Uncle Sam Mountain is about sixteen hundred feet above the lake ; all the other peaks in the township are inferior in height to these two. GEOLOGY. — The geology of this township is in general keeping with the entire county. Still there are some marked features. The greater por- tion of the rock formation is volcanic — trap and basalt being predominant here as elsewhere in the county. The great geological feature of this town- ship is the great amount of obsidian which is found in the south-eastern portion of it, the body of it seeming to extend from Uncle Sam Mountain in a south-westerly course to the foot of Cobb Mountain. Of course the body is not solid over all this territory, nor is it uniformly distributed. At some points it is found massive and in quarries as it were, and again it appears only as washed and worn boulders. At some points it is all as black as coal, and has much the appearance of anthracite. Again it is grayish and greenish, and is often found associated with trap and other volcanic rock. It also often has a stratified appearance. This rock will melt very readily, and has very much the appearance of bottle glass, and is generally known by the localism of " bottle-glass rock." It is evidently a sort of slag or tufa, formed far away down in the depths of the earth, out of silica and soda, but the properties were not just right for good tough glass. Large beds of this formation are found in Lower California and Mexico. In Lower California a bed of obsidian is lying on a level plain ; when it cooled off, of course it cracked through its entire body. A road has been made through this body for some distance, and the obsidian blocks were all removed clear down to the earth. So far no process has been discovered by which this material may be utilized. Limestone of quite good quality has been found near Lakeport, but in no Big Valley Township. 159 considerable quantities. There is but very little limestone on the Pacific Coast at best Some shale and sandstone is found in this township. The former may be seen along the road-side in Scotts Valley, and the latter in a cut on the point of a hill a short distance south of Kelseyville. This formation is peculiar from the fact that it is comparatively very recent, having been formed since any eruptions have occurred there, as is testified by the regular and unbroken stratification ; and the formation is recent, as is also shown by the fact that the stone is very soft indeed, hardly being worthy the ap- pellation. Still, there are several feet of earth on top of it, so that several centuries have passed since the deposit was made. This is a very interesting subject, and might be studied with profit and pleasure. Manganese occurs in this township also, as may be seen along the road- side towards the north end of Scotts Valley. We do not know as it occurs in any quantities, but its presence is readily detected. The oxyd of iron is present in large quantities everywhere, as the red hill-sides will testify. In some places the red dust has settled upon the trees and fences in such quantities that the winter's rains fail to wash the stain off. The yellow, or protoxyd of iron, is seen in the hills also, and the yellow clay everywhere present. SOIL. — The soil of this township is various, ranging from the richest loam to the poorest red clay on the mountain side. In Big and Scotts Valleys the soil is a rich loam, and is very productive indeed ; in truth, no richer can be found in the State. In Cobb and the other mountain valleys the soil is more of an argillacious nature. There is also more or less of adobe soil in the township, which is mostly confined to the hill-sides, though it extends to the valleys to some extent. PRODUCTS. — The products of this section are varied, the soil being well adapted to the growth of fruits, vegetables, cereals, grass and vines. All of Big Valley is excellently adapted to the growing of cereals, wheat, corn, oats, rye and barley, all thriving excellently there. All the vegetables do well in all the valleys, while fruit of superior quality and flavor is pro- duced in all of them. We have eaten as fine apples at Mr. Bassett's, in Cobb Valley, as can be found in the State of California. Small fruits and berries thrive here also, as do grapes. The future outlook for the grape- growing interest of this section is encouraging, truly, and the time is not far distant when it will be the chief industry of the whole of Lake County. The growing of sorghum is being looked upon also quite favorably as an industry ; and if it proves to be a success, of which there can hardly be a doubt, it will prove to be one of the greatest industries that can be intro- duced. Sugar beets have been cultivated to some extent in years gone by, 160 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. and found to thrive excellently. Dairying, as a business, and stock raising, are two of the principal industries of the section, the excellent grass which grows there being well adpted to the feeding of cattle. CLIMATE. — The climate of this section is quite changeable. In the winter season it sometimes gets quite cold, and snow falls to some extent in the valleys. On the 18th of January, 1868, there was a foot of snow on the level at Lakeport. and it remained on for several days. In December, 1873, even more than that fell, while every season more or less falls. The mountain tops are covered with it many times when it has only rained in the valleys, and there is seldom a rainstorm during the winter sea- son that snow does not whiten the summit of Mount Cobb. But it does not remain cold for any great length of time at once, and during the winter season there are many days of unalloyed beauty. In the summer season is when the climate of this section is in its best mood. In the spring of the year the grass begins to spring to newness of life, and all over the face of the earth an emerald tapestry is spread that is fit for the dainty tread of a princess. The trees put forth their leaves, and myriads of wild flowers lend their glories to heighten the effect of the sub- limely grand view that is spread out upon all sides. The daj^s have now become cloudless, and all day long the golden rays of the sun have shim- mered down through a film of mist, which serves to add immeasurably to the beauty of the scene by assuming, during the day, all the colors of the rainbow, and draping the mountain sides with a veil of such exquisitely colored hues that the brush of the painter is taxed to its utmost to repro- duce even a faint imitation of them. At the noon-tide there is a solemn hush upon the world, and every sound is re-echoed from hill-side and mountain-side ; the nerves are drawn to a superior tension, so that they are affected by all that they come in contact with to an undue degree; the mountains have a far away look, yet stand out boldly and distinctly in outline and detail ; the lake is so placid that not a ruffle is seen on its glossy bosom. Truly, this is an hour for rest, for all nature is in a requiescent mood. The misty veil of the mountains is now a mellow purple, yea, a veritable amethyst. Later in the day a breeze springs up from the west, and the bosom of the lake is stirred into gentle ripples, upon which the sunlight of the re- ceding day dances in a perfect revelry of delight. The sail that has been hanging limp at the mast for the past several hours begins to belly out before the freshening breeze, and the listless craft is driven through the limpid waters with ever increasing speed, as the day advances. 'Tis evening now, and the day is dying. And what a day it has been ! Ah, indeed, what glorious days are they all now ! The last rays of the sinking sun are still i Big Valley Township. 161 resting on the eastern mountains, and the rose-tinted mist is casting over them a mantle of indescribable beauty. In the valley the shadows of the western mountains have cast a look of gloom over all objects. The glowing sunset is upon us at last, and words fail to describe the rare grace of the scene. To see it once were to approach very near to the gates of Paradise, for certainly the beyond can have but few charms to excel these. At last the sun has sunk below the western hills, and the cold steel-blue of early twilight has settled upon the mountains. Later still the night has come upon the world. A gentle breeze rustles the leaves, ruffles the bosom of the lake, and refreshes the world. The hum of insect life, and the chirp of bird is added to the sounds of human existence, and all combined make a song, the melody of which would lure one out from this busy world of cares far away into the mysterious and charmed land of dreams. TIMBER. — The timber of this township does not vary in any material degree from other sections of the county. In the valleys there is a heavy growth of white oak, which gives the landscape, when seen in perspective, the appearance of a heavily-wooded tract. In all of these trees there are hosts of clusters of mistletoe, whose long verdant tendrils contrast finely with the barren limbs of the tree during the winter season. In the distance these clumps look much like birds' nests of enormous proportions. As but little or no fog comes in here there is but little moss clinging to the limbs. On the mountains pine, fir and black and mountain oak are found, and also white cedar. This deserves special mention, as it is a rare tree in California, especially this section of it. Some sugar pine is also found, though no great bodies of it. Alder is found along the streams and coarse-grained pine on the spurs of the mountains. EARLY SETTLEMENT.— To this township belongs the honor of having the first settlement in the county. It is not known now just when Salvador Yallejo did put in an appearance in this section of the country, but it was probably as early as 1840. In 1836 he is reported to have headed a military invasion of the country against the Indians, and that in consideration of this service a grant -was ceded to him, from the Mexican government. He had a band of cattle here, erected a cabin or two, and constructed a corral for his stock, which was situated just north of the present town site of Kelseyville. In 1847 he sold his stock to Stone and Kelsey, and they then came in and took charge of the place. They proceeded at once to build an adobe house, and to construct a new and larger corral for their stock. The location they chose for their operations was just west of the present town of Kelseyville, and across the creek, on a little raise of ground. In the fall of 1849 these men were killed by the Indians, 11 162 History of Napa and Lake Counties — Lake. a full description of which will be found in the chapter on General History and Settlement. There were no more settlers here until the fall of 1853, when Jefferson Worden built a house in Scotts Valley and located there. It is said that a man by the name of Scott had lived in the valley some time previously, but not much seems to be known of him, and his residence was temporary at the most. In the spring of 1854 the Hammack colony came in, consisting of Martin Hammack, his son Brice, and his son-in-law, Woods Crawford, all of whom had families. They located near the center of Big Valley, and during the summer constructed three houses for their use. Three days later they were followed by Elijah Reeves and family. Charles Goodwin, Daniel Giles, Dr. J. S. Downes, William Forbes, James Parrish, Dr. E. D. Boynton, George Tucker, George Brewington, B. Caldwell, A. J. Plate, A. Levy, and others, came in soon after. Among the other early settlers in Big Valley may be named, Robert Gaddy, J. H. Huston, W. A. Thompson and family, Peter Clarke, J. B. Cook, W. S. Cook, Preston Rickabaugh, Seth Rickabaugh, B. F. Shawl, G. W. Gard, A. Kouns, H. Cohn, R. Kennedy, J. Ingram, S. F. Tucker, A. A. Slocum, C. A. Piner, J. M. Huston, P. M. Daley, E. B. Bole, J. C. Crigler, Hiram Allen, J. C. W. Ingram, J. T. McClintock, and J. H. Jamison. In Scotts Valley, Greenbury Hendricks, E. C. Riggs, William Gessner, John Lynch, J. M. Sleeper, J. Davis, A. F. Tate and J. H. Moore. In Cobb Valley, John Cobb, Simon Bassett and his son, William D. In Cold Valley, H. R. Bolter, and in Paradise Valley, Isaac Alter. LAKEPORT. — This is the principal town in the township, and is also the seat of government of Lake County, and is located on the western shore of Clear Lake. The first business in this section of the county was not done at the present site of the town. In 1856 Dr. E. D. Boynton built a store at Rocky Point, where George Tucker now resides. He disposed of his business to Cyrus Smith, and he to George Brewington and Burr Cald- well. They moved the goods and built a new house on the mound south of Lakeport, on the A. J. Plate place, and shortly afterwards A. Levy became proprietor of the business, in 1858. At the time of the. organization of the county in 1861, commissioners were appointed to choose two eligible sites for the location of the county seat. Some little time previous to this, probably in 1859, William Forbes had pre-empted a claim of one hundred and sixty acres where the town of Lakeport now stands. He erected a small wooden " balloon " building, which was located on the south side of First street, and west of Forbes street, on what is known as the Armstrong plat of the town. When the commissioners began casting about for county-seat sites, Mr. Forbes made a GREENE BARTLETT. Big Valley Toivnship. 163 proposition to them that if they would locate it upon his property, he would deed the county a tract of forty acres. They finally decided to accept his proposition, and when the vote was taken that place was chosen, and he then made out the necessary papers. Finally, when the grant claim was quashed the title was confirmed by the County Judge, in accordance with an Act of Congress, in such cases provided. As soon as the county seat was located here the town sprang into existence. James Parrish had a black- smith shop on the east of Main street and south of First, on the site of his present shop. It is impossible to follow up the location of the different business enter- prises in the order of their opening here. In October, 1866, J. H. F. Farley established the Clear Lake Courier, and from its early issues we copy the following as the business directory of the place. This list is taken from the advertisements in the paper, and if any business is omitted it is because it was not advertised. The list is as follows: J. S. Downes, M. D.; S. K. Welch, attorney; Woods Crawford, attorney; S. Chapman, shoemaker; J. R. Mil- lett, dentist ; J. Southard, barber ; J. T. Mathes, saloon ; H. Cohen, H. Charmark and A. Levy, general merchandise ; and Colonel Lansing T. Mu- sick had a hotel here at this time also. A photograph of the place taken about that time, shows the hotel, now Greene's Hotel, as a square, box-looking building, without the veranda and wings, which it now has. Across the street is a little old wooden building, occupied by Charmark & Levy, for mercantile purposes. To the south of that are three little wooden structures, two of which have since been burned, while the one on the corner still remains, and is used for saloon purposes. The livery stable stood then where it does now. To the north of Charmark