iOerKsh''^^ h;Sto>-ic^l ^nd ^ C 1 CY\t IT » c> 3^Cienj 
 
 BERKSHIRE BOOK: 
 
 -BY ITS- 
 
 Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 PITTSFIELD, MASS. 
 
 PRESS OF THE SUN PRINTING COMPANY. 
 lSq2. 
 

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PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 The Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society makes herewith its first 
 formal bow to the public. For nearly ten years it has been busy in a quiet 
 way endeavoring to fulfil the duties with which it deems itself charged. 
 Now at length it hopefully presents to its constituents in published form the 
 first fruits of its labors. These four Papers represent about one-sixth of the 
 similar work already accomplished by the Society, and will be followed at 
 intervals of a year or two by similar pamphlets embodying the results of 
 original investieations, both historical and scientific, already made and still 
 to be made, by members of the Society. It is the purpose to have these 
 successive pamphlets bound into a volume or volumes in permanent form, 
 as presenting to the world the Society's permanent Transactions, and as 
 containing, with doubtless some other material, the History and Science of 
 Berkshire County. 
 
 It may surprise some who happen to know how prominent the science of 
 Geology was in the College of the County, and how distinguished its Pro- 
 fessors were in the first half of the century, to notice that the Society was 
 obliged to go into a neighboring State to secure the invaluable paper on 
 Berkshire Geology, with which the pamphlet opens. This local confession 
 of present weakness, however, is more than compensated for by the su- 
 preme excellence of the paper itself ; and the Society hereby publicly ex- 
 presses at once its sense of that excellence and its thankfulness to Professor 
 Dana. 
 
 A. L. P. 
 Williams College. June 1, 1880. 
 
Berkshire Geology. 
 
 By Prof. JAMES D. DANA, of Yale College. 
 
BEKKSIIIKE CiEOLOCiY. 
 
 If I liave understood jcmr wishes, I am here not to discourse 
 on the marvels of geological science, with illustrations from 
 Berkshire, not to spenk of beauties of scenery, and not of min- 
 eral resources, but to give a simple and plain account of the 
 geological structure and history of Berkshire, from my own oIj- 
 servations. The l^eauties of Berkshire scenery have afforded me 
 half the pleasure of my excursions over and among its hills ; 
 but you already know about them. Your resources in marl)le 
 and iron are old topics. But when and how, from a geological 
 point of view, Berkshire rocks and hills, its marl)le and ore beds 
 were made, is a question that has not yet been fully answered, 
 and I propose, in response to your invitation, to give you some 
 of the results of my study of these subjects. 
 
 The principal workers in this field of research who have ytve- 
 ceded me, are Prof. Amos Eaton, Dr. Chester Dewey, Prof. 
 Ebenezer Emmons and Prof. Edward Hitchcock. Three of the 
 four were graduates of Williams College : Eaton in 1T01>, Dewey 
 in 18<>(), and Emmons in 1818. 
 
 Pi'of.. Eaton, after examinations, as he says, of the Highlands 
 on the Hudson, the Catskill Mountains, the Green Mountains 
 and some other points, with old Kirwan as histext-l)ook on rocks 
 and minerals, put himself, in I8K1, under the instruction of 
 Prof. Silliman, ot Xew Haven, and heard two of his courses of 
 lectures on mineralogy and geology. In March of the next year, 
 the zealous naturalist, now doubly charged with enthusiasm, be- 
 gan a course of lectures at Williams College, with specimens 
 supplied him by Prof. Silliman, and a collection made by Prof. 
 Dewey then Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy 
 and Lecturer on Chemistry in tlie College; and "such was the 
 zeal," says Mr. Eaton, "that an uncontrollable enthusiasm for 
 Natural History took possession of every mind ; and other de- 
 
4 Berkshire Hiatorlcal and Scientific Society. 
 
 ]);irtiiieiits of leaniiiit:: were foi- ;i time, crowded (tut of college. 
 The college authorities allowed twelve students each, day (72 
 per week) to devote their whole time io the collection of miner- 
 als, plants, etc., in lieu of all other exercises." 
 
 Mr. Eaton while there, gathered specimens of rocks from all 
 directions, through his students. He also made two tours from 
 Boston across Massachusetts; and by 1S2() he had examined the 
 rocks along several sections l)etween Massachusetts and the Hud- 
 son, besides making various excursions elsewhere — 2,0<M) miles 
 of wdiich, he says, were made on foot. 
 
 In ISIT Prof. Eaton left WilHamstown for Albany, leaving 
 the special geological study of the region in Dr. Dewey's hands, 
 and three years later he acknowledges (in his Index to the Ctc- 
 ology of the United States, IS^O,) "The assistance for two or 
 three years of that very al)le and accurate naturalist, Prof. Dew- 
 ey of Williams College,'" and shows his aj^pivciation of the 
 knottv character of the region l)y the additional remark: ''He 
 resides at the very central spot of the most complicated difficul- 
 ties, and never suffers any interesting fact to escaj^e his notice." 
 
 In iSll) Dr. Dewey was ready w4th results, and publislied in 
 the first volume of the American Journal of Science, a geologi- 
 cal description of the WilHamstown portion of the Taconic re- 
 gion. In 1820 he followed this paper with another on a "(leo- 
 logical section from the Tacoiiick Range in AVilliamstown to the 
 city of Troy." By the autunm of 1828 he had much widened 
 the range of his researches, as shown in the curi'ent \'olume of 
 that Journal. On the " Geology of Western Massachusetts and a 
 small part of the adjoining States," illustrated with a colored 
 map end)racing all Berkshire, the southern portion of Vermont, 
 Canaan and Salisbury of Connecticut and eastern New York to 
 the Hudson. 
 
 The ''Taconick Hills" first took their place in Geological lit- 
 erature in his paper of 1819, in which he mentions the Indian 
 orthography of Taconic, and gave the word its present shape. 
 This first geological map of Berkshire shows the north and south 
 direction of the belts of limestone, the Taconic backbone of the 
 region, consisting, as he had found, of ''mica slate" and "argil- 
 lite," the " primitive limestone" to the east of the Taconic range, 
 
Berkshire Geuloyy. o 
 
 the "Transition limestone,'" or less crystalline, to tiie west; tiie 
 isolated ridges of quartzytc, and areas of mica schist and i;-neiss 
 farther east; tlie "gray wacke" and slates farther west to the 
 Hudson. He also observed the general eastward pitch of the 
 rocks. FolloM'ing Eaton lie sought, hy the terms " Pi-imitive,''' 
 "Transition," and " Gray wacke, " to bring the facts into paral- 
 lelism with those of English and European geologists. He says 
 in an a})pendi.\ to this paper in the same V(tlume, ^" In Fishliill 
 I found i)etrif actions in siliceous slate associated untli anjil- 
 liteP This very important discovery has not since been veri- 
 fied, but [)robal)Iy will be, since LoM'er Silurian fossils have been 
 recently found — to the surprise of our geologists — just north in 
 the slate of Poughkeepsie, and many more in the neighboring 
 Barnegat or Wappinger Valley limestone. 
 
 It deserves mention that Dr. Dewey was enough of a chemist 
 to use the science to great advantage in his geological work. \\\ 
 means of it he determined rightly the composition of the ])re- 
 vailing slaty rock of the Taconic range, and set forth his deter- 
 minations repeatedly in his pul)lished papei's. These slates were 
 pronounced l)y Eaton and others Talcose slates^ because, like 
 talc — a magnesia mineral — they felt greasy. But in IS III he 
 said, "I have been able to detect only a very minute quantity of 
 magnesia in any specimens I have tried, but much alumina." 
 Thereup(jn he, with good reason called the rock '^ very fine 
 grained mica slater But the other geologists, including Em- 
 mons and Hitchcock, did not accept of his detei-mination, and 
 the error continued in the science of both America and Europe, 
 for forty years and nujre. Dr. De^vey was a keen-eyed student 
 of Nature, and New England geological science lost much by 
 his leaving the lield after having well passed its threshold. 
 
 Prof. Ebenezer Emmons receivx^d his scientific inspii-ation 
 from Prof. Eaton, whose rousing lectures, at AV^illiams College, 
 he heard while in liis Junior year. Under its intluence he be- 
 came one of the most activ^e and faithful geologists of the coun- 
 try. He was a pupil in Prof. Eaton's Ilensselaer school, which 
 was opened in Troy in 1S24, and in 1S2<), the year of his grad- 
 uation published a small "Manual of Mineralogy and Geology," 
 for the Ilensselaer school. (This manual was my lirst school 
 
6 Berkshire Historical and, Scientijio iSoeiety. 
 
 book on the scieiices while at a High s^chool in Utica, ])etween 
 tlie years 1827 and lS3i>, wliere another Rensselaer school grad- 
 uate was our instructor in Chemistry and Natural History.) 
 Like Prof. Dewey he became an instructor in Williams College, 
 entering u2:)on his duties there, as a Professor of Natural Histo- 
 ry in 183.3 ; and then commenced his geological investigations. 
 He carefully studied the positions and distrilnition of the rock, 
 and distinguished, as had l)een done by Dewey, an eastern l)elt 
 of limestone, which he called the Stockbridge limestone, and a 
 western belt out-cropping in Petersburgh, Berlin, Lebanon and 
 beyond, which he less happily called the " Sparry limestone." 
 The intermediate limestone of the Williamstown area, he later 
 proved to be nothing l)ut the Stockl)ridge limestone, and an 
 emerged continuation of that of New Ashford, by showing that 
 the Adams limestone (or that of the valley of the Hoosic, which 
 is a continuation of the Stockbridge limestone) pitched west- 
 ward under Greylock and came out again in Williamstown. 
 He observed, also like Dewey, that all these rocks. With gener- 
 ally the quartzyte of the region, had, alike an eastward pitch, 
 or dip, as if all had been upturned together, and he hence con- 
 cluded that they were one in system. He observed, further, 
 that they were destitute of fossils, and he found what he belie\'- 
 ed to l)e, evidence that the fossiliferous slates of the Hudson 
 River valley overlaid unconformably the upturned Taconic 
 slates. The conclusion now followed : — that this non-fossilifer- 
 ous Taconic series was older than those Hudson river slates ; 
 older than the oldest known rock of the New York Silurian, 
 the Potsdam sandstone ; therefore a distinct system of rocks, 
 the Taconic system. In the geological series, the system, in his 
 opinion, came in between the Adirondack rocks or Arclia^an, 
 and the Potsdam sandstone, the rock directly overlying the Ar- 
 chaean in Northern New York. 
 
 Thus the name of the Taconic mountains l)ecame of wide im- 
 portance in geological science; for geologists abroad, as well as 
 at home, received the announcement with great interest. But 
 at the same time geologists inquired wdiether the claim for the 
 })re-Silurian age of the Taconic system was well sustained. 
 
 Prof. Edward Hitchcock commenced his geological survey of 
 
Berkshire Geology. 7 
 
 tlu» state of Massuchnsetts in ls;^>(». and contiiuicMl it at intci'vals, 
 until the close of 1S;]1), when tlie Ileport of his Second Sui'\'ev — or 
 as it niii>;ht be ri<i-htly called, his tinal re])ort on the one survey — 
 was ready for |)ul)lication. It ap[)eai'ed in 1S41, in two lar«j,-e 
 quarto volumes, a i>,rand nionnnient to the memory of the al)ie 
 and excellent autlKjr. 
 
 In his first Report (published in ls;;r)) he expressed his obli- 
 gations to Prof. Dewey's map and paper, for facts al)out Tierk- 
 sliire. But his later study of the region enabled him to im- 
 prove greatly on Prof. Dewey's map and describe (piite fully, 
 from his own observations, its rocks, resources and scenery. In 
 my conclusions I am almost always in agreement with Professor 
 Hitchcock. And in his map the general features of Ijerkshire 
 are well presented, though the details, naturally, admit of much 
 improvement. Prof. Hitchcock's Report was completed three 
 years (and published one year) before the announcement hy 
 Prof. Emmons of his Taconic system, and hence it has nothing 
 on this subject. 
 
 Twenty years later, in 1861, Prof. Hitchcock, with his two 
 sons, but chiefiy Charles H. Hitchcock, and Mr. A. D. Hager, 
 pu])lished the results of their geological survey of Vermont; 
 and here the Taconic system is directly and indirectly a promi- 
 nent to]_)ic. The rocks of the system extend continuously from 
 Massachusetts half way through Vermont, and all of its divi- 
 sions are there well displayed. The Stockbridge limestone ac- 
 cording to the Vermont Report, continues uninterruptedly from 
 Williamstown northward, and the quartzyte occurs at intervals, 
 just as in Massachusetts. Facts bearing on the age of the Ta- 
 conic rocks were hence to be expected ; and the expectation was 
 realized. The report states the discovery oi fossils in the lime- 
 stone ; fossil corals, crinoids, shells of mollusks, and other kinds, 
 in the towns of Danby, Dorset, Whiting, Sudbury, Orwell, 
 Cornwall, and also at West Rutland where are the largest mar- 
 ble (juarries of Vermont, and similar but addiMonal discoveries 
 were later reported by Rev. A. Wing of Vermont. 
 
 This was finding Lower Silurian fossils, some as recent as 
 those of the Trenton limestone of New York, in both the east- 
 ern and western Taconic limestones. The discovery was seem- 
 
8 Berksliire IliHtorical and Scientific Society. 
 
 ingly fatal to tlie Taconic system. Moreover it proved tliat the 
 Greylock mica seliist was yoimger tluin the Trenton hmestone ; 
 for Emmons, as I liave said, and Hitclieoch, have shown that the 
 limestone underlies tlie schist of tliat momitain. 
 
 But the Taconic controversy was not ended. P'or it miii;lit 
 be that Prof. Emmons was wrong in liis early conclusion tliat 
 the limestone and Taconic schists were alike in pitcli and 
 hence one in system; it might be, it was said, that a great l)reak 
 intervenes between the limestone and the schist of themonntain 
 range, so that the fossils f(jund have no bearing on the age of 
 the schists. Xow a mistake of this kind on Prof. Ennnons's part 
 wonld have l)een injurious to his geological reputation, while 
 the mistake of making the Taconic rocks older than they are, 
 was not to his discredit, since he could not have known what 
 discoveries of fossils remained to be made. According to my 
 study of the region, his geological reputation stands uninjured, 
 for he was right in his observations. 
 
 My own investigation of the Taconic region, was undertaken 
 in order to ascertain the facts on the points that were still in 
 question ; to decide whether there is, or is not, a break or fault 
 between the limestone and the Taconic schists ; whether the 
 Stockbridge limestone is continuous, or not, from Massachusetts 
 to the localities of fossils in Vermont. My study of the rocks 
 was commenced in 1871, and has been continued through sev- 
 eral of the seasons since ; and the last three seasons, those of 
 1882, 1883, 1884, have been esj)ecially occupied with the col- 
 lection of the details needed for the construction (^f a geological 
 map of tlie region. 
 
 I now pass to a general review of Berkshire Geology, from 
 my own knowledge of the region. 
 
 The ]n-omineiit topographical feature of Middle and Western 
 Berkshire is its intersection in a generally north and south di- 
 rection, l)y Hat bottomed valleys lying deep between, and 
 sometimes encircling, high ridges ; while eastern Berkshire is 
 part of an elevated plateau — the plateau of the Green Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 The most prominent geological feature of the county is the 
 existence of crystalline limestone along the bottoms of all these 
 
Berkshire Geoloyy. 9 
 
 valleys, and of ('rystalliuc slates or schists in all the iutervenini;' 
 or encircled ridges; this topographical feature, as Dr. Ennnons 
 long since explained, is a C()nse(pience of the geological, for the 
 depth of the valleys is an exj)ression of the relative rates (jf er- 
 osion or degradation in the two kinds of rocks: the limestone, 
 which is a soft rock and also is soluble under the action of ordi- 
 nary waters ; and the crystalline schists, which are the hard 
 rocks.* 
 
 To have correct views of the region, either topogra})hicaily or 
 geologically, it is necessary to drop out of sight all state bound- 
 ary lines — those of Vermont, New York and Connecticut. 
 Then your border mountains are no longer the barrier moun- 
 tains of Berkshire ; l)nt a ridge, like Tom Ball, Lenox moun- 
 tain. South monntain and others east of it, between ranges of 
 limestone, and the Taconic ridges and limestone valleys are seen 
 to continue on with their Berkshire featnres, northward throngh 
 much of Yerinout, and southward into Connecticut and south- 
 eastern IS^ew York. A general map of the county from north- 
 ern Vermont, southward and southwestward to Peimsylvania, 
 havdng its limestone areas colored, shows to the eye that the 
 system in Berkshire rocks is part of the system in the rocks of 
 eastern North America; that in early time geological progress 
 in rock-making went forward on a continental scale ; and geo- 
 logical progress through mountain-making along the Atlantic 
 border, later, on a scale almost as wide-reachini>;. 
 
 ROCKS. 
 
 I will first make some explanati<»ns as to the rocks of the re- 
 gion : 
 
 Eastern Berkshire : Eastern Berkshire, the plateau region, 
 is covered generally with the hard well-bedded crystalline rocks, 
 called gneiss, and mica schist. By well-bedded I mean lying 
 in l)eds or layers, or having distinct stratification. 
 
 Besides these two rocks, there is in many j)arts <piartz rock 
 or quartnyte, a kind of sandstone : it is the material of the 
 smooth-faced bowlders over the fields called ''hard heads;" the 
 
 *I may here add that this distinction of soft and hard does not generally exist west of 
 the western limestone, because the slates there are very soft rocks, although not sol- 
 uble. 
 
10 Berkshire Ilidorlenl and ^oientijiG Society. 
 
 roek (»f tJio to]) of Muiiuineiit luouutain ; of ledi;'es east (»f Dew- 
 ey's, ii station on the Housatonie railroad ; of led^i;vs and ridges 
 east of the railroad at Cheslure ; of Stone Hill and East moun- 
 tain in Willianistown ; of the liigli nioiuitain ridi:;e east of Ben- 
 ninii'ton, and so on. This (juartzyte is, as I have said, a sand- 
 stone, but it varies much in composition, and as Professor 
 Hitchcock observed iifty years ago, it sometimes graduates into 
 mica schist and gneiss. This graduating into gneiss means that 
 varieties occur which are like gneiss in tliat they contain more 
 or less feldspar or both feldspar and mica, with the (piartz. The 
 l)eaiitiful hearthstone from the best hearthstone locality of New 
 England, situated a mile and a half east of Dewey's station, near 
 the western border of the town of Washington, contains black 
 points which are minute scales of mica and many grains of 
 white feldspar, undistinguislial)le from the (juartz grains, except 
 under a microscope. These ingredients are n(>t abundant enough 
 to make the rock fusible, like gneiss; but enough to occasion 
 that moderate degree of lirmness which saves the rock from 
 cracking when heated. This (piartzyte in Berkshire is most 
 common along the ascent of the eastern plateau, l)ut it also oc- 
 curs in places over its top, as in the town of Washington, south 
 of Ashley lake, the Pittsiield reservoir lake which is over four 
 miles west from Dewey's station ; and also in the town of Sa- 
 voy, a little west of the village, nearly six miles from the Chesh- 
 ire station. Much of the (juartzyte is very lirm and solid ; but 
 in some localities as in Cheshire, and less perfectly near Ashley 
 lake, it is a loose sand, as loose and pure as the sands of any sea- 
 shore, or so soft as to be easily crushed to sand, for these well- 
 known localities of line glass sand are localities of the I'ock 
 quartzyte. 
 
 This looseness of texture, at Cheshire and elsewhere, is, as T 
 have found, a result of decay, a r<.'sult of the loss of one in- 
 gredient. The (piartzyte at such })laces contained dissemi- 
 nated grains of feldspar, and the loss of the feldspar through 
 intiltrating waters, has led to its falling to sand. This is 
 well shown at the princi})al (piarry two miles south of the 
 Cheshire railroad station, for the waters running from the 
 (|uarry deposit kaolin along the bed of tlie little l)rook, 
 
Berkshire Geology. 11 
 
 and kaolin (•cciirs in tlic (jnarrv in seams ln'twcen (juartzyte 
 layers, and so penetrates some of the tliiimer (|uartzyte layei's 
 that they are of no vahie for the sand. Kaolin is |mre clay, 
 tlk' kind used foi- making' porcelain. It is a conii)oiind of silica, 
 alumina and water; and has ordinarily heen made from the de- 
 composition of feldspar. Feldspar affords on analysis silica, aln- 
 mina and potash. Ka(»lin is made from it l»y the action of wa- 
 ters which have the power (because they contain some cai'lxtnic 
 acid or some organic acid) of removing the potash and leaA'ing 
 water in its place ; hence the action of waters infiltrating through 
 the rock containing feldspar makes kaolin out of the feldspar. 
 The remarkable deposit of kaolin in southern New Marlboro, 
 has l)een made, I believe, from the decomposition of the feld- 
 spar of a very feldspatie (juartzyte, and the washing out of the 
 clay so made, and its deposition by running water. The quartz- 
 yte of the eastern foot of East mountain contains, (as Prof. Em- 
 mons reported,) much feldspar. Prof. Dewey described, in 
 1827, a l)ed of kaolin in Pow^nal "on the land of Mr. Gypson, 
 five or six miles north of Williams College," and attributed its 
 origin rightly to the decomposition of feldspar in the (piartzyte 
 of the region, so that Dr. Dewey has the credit of first explain- 
 ino; the orioin of the Berkshire kaolin beds. 
 
 Besides the common mica schist and gneiss of the eastern 
 })lateau of Berkshire, there are other rocks which are, like those 
 of the Adirondacks, of undoubted Archsean age. One Arclu\?an 
 area is situated about seven miles east of Pittsfield, in a cut on 
 the railroad, only a few yards north of the Hinsdale depot, 
 where a crystalline limestone intersects a granite-like rock. This 
 limestone, unlike that of the rest of Berkshire, contains the yel- 
 low Archaean mineral, chrondrodite, and a pink mica-like min- 
 eral, wdiich appears to be rliodophyllite, a variety of chlorite of 
 the species penninite, besides pyroxene. It is a locality well 
 worth exploring, and it is quite probable that the same rock 
 may be found in some of the little explored parts of Dalton. 
 The \)\\>Ji^ cut just south of the Washington depot, is another 
 Archaean locality, and so also a ridge west of the carriage road, 
 less tlian a mile noi'th of the depot, the rock in the cut is a 
 
12 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 liornblendic gneiss, easily decomposable ; and that of the ridge 
 referred to, a syenyte containing some minnte zircons. 
 
 The high ridge in Stamford, M'hich has sent bonlders of 
 "Stamford granite," as the Vermont snrvey calls it, over Clarks- 
 hnrg, is in all prol)al)ility, Arclmean ; the granite contains an 
 occasional minnte zircon. 
 
 The knot of higli land between Sonth Lee and Monterey, 
 Avhich lias occasioned tlie east and westconrseof the Tlonsatonic 
 river, and of carriage roads and railroads, and also an east and 
 west range of low land in Monterey, probably contains a knot 
 of Archaean; I hope to settle this point another season. Tims 
 mnch for the rocks of Eastern Berkshire. 
 
 ROCKS OF MIDDLE AND WESTERN BERKSHIRE. 
 
 Over Western Berkshire the ridges consist, for the most part, 
 of a fine-grained mica schist, as determined by Dewey ; we call 
 it now hydromica schist, l)ecanse it contains some water; it 
 owes to the presence of water the greasy feel, talc-like, which 
 so long deceived the geologists, excepting Dr. Dewey. Mnch 
 of it contains a dark green niineral called chlorite, which is 
 the source of its greenish color. This is \\\q, chief rock of the 
 Taconic range. Greylock, which is al)ont seven miles to the 
 east of this range, consists, in part, of true mica schist, and the 
 same is the fact with the most of Monnt Washington, and with 
 many of the ridges in Central Berkshire. In Sheflield, west of 
 the village, at wdiat is called Bear's Den, the mica schist con- 
 tains stanrolite crystals as well as garnets— as first reported by 
 Dewey in 1824 ; and the mica schist of Salisbury, the next town 
 south of Sheffield, is generally staurolitic. Over Middle Berk- 
 shire quartzyte occurs in strata with the mica schist, and very 
 much of the mica schist is half quartzyte or an arenaceous mica 
 schist. 
 
 It has long been recognized that the I) row of Monument 
 mountain, overlooking the road going south from Stockbridge, 
 consisted of the hard quartzyte. But, on going to the foot of 
 the bluff, from the road and climl^ing the front, it is found that 
 for the lower half of the heiiJ^ht the rock is mica schist, an are- 
 
Berkshire Geology. 13 
 
 naeeous or .-^aiidy mica seliist. And tlie road ascending the 
 nionntain from tlu' south side [)asses over tliis inica schist, until 
 tlie steeper and roui;-lier part of the ascent is reached, and tlu'i'c 
 tJie change to qnartzjte takes place. Haifa mile farther south, 
 the road from Stockbridge to Great Barrington is bordered on 
 both sides by (piai'tzyte. The i-ock of the west side of Monu- 
 ment mountain, facing the river at Honsatonic is also (piai'tzvte. 
 There are two strata of (piartzyte in Monument mountain, M'ith 
 sandy mica schist between, and the same kind of mica schist oc- 
 curs under the west end. The (piartzyte and arenaceous mica 
 schist make up many of the ridges in ]Vriddle Berkshire : as, for 
 example, Rattlesnake mountain in Stockbridge ; small hills in 
 Lee ; the long and high ridge which lies east of the Honsatonic 
 river at Great Barrington and which from there extends down 
 to southern Sheffield ; and other ranges farther east in Monte- 
 rey and the eastern half of New Marlborongh ; and ridges also 
 in Canaan, Ct. ; and UK^untain ridges in Vermont, along the 
 eastern side of the great limestone belt. 
 
 It is seen from these descriptions that gneiss, mica schist with 
 some quartzyte are the principal rocks of the eastern platean of 
 Berkshire ; mica schist, arenaceous mica schist and quartzyte, 
 the Common rocks acc(jmpanying the limestone in the middle 
 p(trtion; and mica schist and hydromica schist, chiefly the latter, 
 the rocks of the western third including the Taconic range. 
 
 As yon go westward in any part of Berkshire, the schists be- 
 come less and less coarse in texture ; and at the western foot of 
 the Taconic range, they are sometimes but little more crystalline 
 or glossy than rooflng slate. So it is also with the limestones, 
 the coarsest crystalline limestones and coarsest marbles are to 
 the eastward ; to the westward, west of the Taconic range, they 
 are gray and feebly crystalline. This downward gradation in 
 degree of crystallization, from east to west, is, in a general way, 
 true for all parts of the region from Vermont . to Connecticut. 
 There is a similar downward gradation in going from sonth to 
 north, but at a less rapid rate, the change in ten miles, from 
 east to west, being about as great as that in one hundivd and 
 tM'cntv-five nn'les from south to north. 
 
14 Berhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 THE POSITIONS AND STRATIGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF THE ROCKS. 
 
 The Berksliire roeks liave generall_y a \n^i pitcli or dip, of ten 
 5(» detrrees, sometimes !:>0 degrees, and are rarely horizontal. As 
 I have said, my observations sustain those of Professors Dewey 
 and Emmons, as to the very general eastward direction of the 
 pitcli, and the absence of any break separating the limestones 
 from the schist ridges. It is certainly true, as Prof. Emmons 
 held, that the Taconic rocks are of one system., which means that 
 they were originally one continuous pile of horizontally bedded 
 rocks ; that they were upturned simultaneously and together 
 placed in their present positions. 
 
 This conclusion has been confirmed also, by the Professors 
 Hitchcock, Logan of Canada, Mather of New York and Wing 
 of Yermont ; in fact l)y all who have studied the rocks of the 
 region. There are localities where westward dip occurs, but 
 these make no exception to the one-ness of system, as I shall 
 soon explain. 
 
 Another point to be noted is that the ntcks are in a series of 
 folds or flexures; and that the north and south direction of the 
 folds determined the general north and south direction of the 
 ridges and valleys. 
 
 The folds have an inclination to the westward, and so large 
 an inclination that the dip of the beds on the west side is often 
 50 to 60 degrees east, and sometimes 30 to 40 degrees east; and 
 sometimes nearly horizontal, in which case the fold makes a 
 complete overturn of the beds. In the Taconic range and the 
 subordinate ridges within the limestone region a dip on the west 
 side, of 50 degrees east is very common. In Monument moun- 
 tain I think we have an example of a complete overturn. 
 
 A section showing the original folds, is very unlike an actual 
 section of the rocks of a region because of the immense amount 
 of erosion that has taken place ovei* the country. In the first 
 place, the erosion and removal of rock would be greatest ov(;r 
 the upward bends, because the stretching to make such a l)eiul 
 would have opened multitudes of great fissures; and then, if 
 the removal of these upward l)ends went (m until the uiulerly- 
 ing limestone was exposed to the wear, the limestone areas 
 would have l)ecome eroded far more rapidly than the interven- 
 
Berkshire Geology. \^ 
 
 ini;' ai'L'iis of schist, ;is I liave alreadv said, and so tlii' schist of 
 the downward bends wonid be left in rido-es and niaki' tlie 
 ridu'es of tlic country, just as now in Berkshire. 
 
 Hut in order that the explanation o;;iven may be without ob- 
 jection, it must \)(^ proved that the limestone fctrmatioii is the 
 underhjiiKj and older one. Evidence on this point has already 
 been given in the case of the Greylock reijion : I have been 
 over the ground and coniirmed the observations of Emmons and 
 Hitchcock. To verify the facts in Adams it is not suthcient to 
 take the pitch of the limestone in the valley near the village of 
 Adams; you must ascend the steep road going west, and find 
 out-crops of limestone west of the north and south carriage road 
 as close as they can be found to the schist of the mountain, 
 there the true relation in position to the schist may be ol)tained ; 
 but east of the north and south road, you will find the dip re- 
 versed, and several variations in dip l)etween that road and the 
 village. (3ver the limestone areas the limestone has been vari- 
 ously flexed, and oidy wdiere the limestone and schist out-crop 
 very near one another, can their true relations in pitch be as- 
 certained. 
 
 The limestone of Adams continues on without interruption 
 to North Adams. At the large quarry against the side hill 
 west of the railroad station, the limestone beds dip steeply to 
 the eastward instead of westward ; and so does the mica schist 
 of the ledges west of it. This may seem to reverse the conclu- 
 sion from the facts at Adams. But it cannot reverse them ; it 
 only gives new facts at North Adams, and shows that the fold 
 there, instead of having the shape of a wide open l)asin, has the 
 east side pushed westward. The Greylock limestone trough, 
 takiuir its whole length for six miles, is then like a broad basin 
 to the sonth, and like a careened trough to the north, with in- 
 termediate stages (as I have proved) between the two. 
 
 In the southwestern C(»rner of Massachusetts stands Mount 
 AVashington, second to Greylock in height among the Taconic 
 elevations of Berkshire, and the superior of the two in its pan- 
 orama, because of the wide extent and variety of the valleys at 
 its base. The Mount Washington schists lie in a trough \ci-y 
 much like that of Greylock, Init one relatively shorter in its 
 
16 BerTvshire Historical and Scientific Socicti/. 
 
 luuTuwcd part and reversed in position. In the northern lialf 
 the trough as careful observations show, is a verv broad, shallow 
 one, while to the soutli the east side is puslied up westward. 
 In Soutli Egreniont, at a distance of about five hundred yards 
 from the junction of the under-mountain road and the east and 
 west road (in a direction south southwest from the house of P. 
 B. Warren) the limestone and schist in near outcrops dip 1(» to 
 15 degrees westward. Nearer the road the limestone has a 
 bulge or upward l>endand dips both ways; but this local bulge 
 does not change the relation to the schist of the mountain, 
 farther south. One of the best places for observing the fact is 
 near the house of L. Roys, where the road reaches its highest 
 level against the base of the mountain and is very near the line 
 of junction of the limestone and schist. But three miles south 
 of L. Roys' half a mile from the Massachusetts boundary on the 
 road going up the mountain, the westward dip is 5(> to 55 de- 
 grees west; at Sage's Ravine, just soutli of the boundary it is 
 60 to To degrees west. Still farther south the dip bec(»mes ver- 
 tical; and opposite the Scoville ore-pit the dip is t^a.^Avard 75 to 
 80 degrees, so that in Connecticut the east side of the trough 
 has a westward push or thrust. 
 
 Tom Ball, the high ridge west of Southern Stockbridge and 
 Williamsville, is another fold of this kind. As in all other 
 ridges, the dip on the w'est side is eastward. Tlie })lace where 
 a vjestwa,rd dip may be found on the east side is at its north- 
 eastern angle, west of Mr. E. Tymeson's house. To find this 
 house you take the road that goes west from (-rlendale, and on 
 reaching the Williams River valley road, go south, cross the 
 bridge, the house is the first after crossing. This westward dip 
 shows that the limestone makes a broad open trough under- 
 neath the schist. But to the south toward and by Long Lake, 
 the dip of the schist at the east foot of Tom Ball, is every wliere 
 eastward, and the trough in this part is hence like a careened 
 trough pushed over westward. That road from Glendale to tlie 
 Williams River valley, is an interesting one to the geologist. 
 Where it leav^es the Williams River valley, the limestone may 
 be seen near the road side di])ping under the schist almost hori- 
 zontally and from this point junctions may be found northward 
 
Berkshire Geology. lY 
 
 to the (juaiTj that overlooks the valley. Again, at the top of 
 the ascent of the little stream from Mowliawk Lake, tlie lime- 
 stone may again be seen dipping at a small angle nnder the 
 schist. The facts show that the schist of the Stockbridge or 
 Lenox mountain is underlaid by the limestone. 
 
 The underlying ])osition of the limestone is beautifully shown 
 on the road crossing from the Housatonic valley into the Wil- 
 liams River valley west of the " Old Furnace." This Old Fur- 
 nace is situated about three-fourths of a mile north of Housa- 
 tonic village. At this place occurs an arched section. The up- 
 ward arching limestone has its flanks covered with the schist. 
 The schist of the west side of the arch together with the under- 
 lying limestone are continued northward, and there make a 
 ridge with abrupt eastward front, its brow of schist, its middle 
 and base of limestone. 
 
 The facts stated are sufficient to prove that the limestone is 
 the underlying rock of the region ; that it passes underneath 
 the schist of the Taconic range ; that where it comes to the sur- 
 face on the west side of the ridge, it is the Sparry limestone of 
 Emmons, the western belt of the Taconic system. 
 
 That this is the true relation of tlie Copake and Millerton 
 part of the western belt, or that west of Mount Washington, is 
 proved l)y the facts with regard to the Mount Washington 
 trough. That it is true with reference to the StephentoAni and 
 New Lebanon section of the western belt, is proved by the con- 
 tinuity of this limestone with the Williamstown limestone ; for 
 the Williamstown limestone stretches south along Green River 
 valley and beyond Hancock passes through the Taconic range, 
 and becomes the belt of Stephentown, New Lebanon and Ca- 
 naan Four Corners; and, further, near Canaan Four Corners, 
 the limestone belt returns eastward, cutting nearly through the 
 Taconic range again ; so that, at the State Line station, only 
 half a mile of schist intervenes between the limestone of Cana- 
 an, N. Y., and that of West Stockbridge and Pittslield. Thus 
 it was limestone that determined the existence of the break in 
 the Taconic range for the convenience of communication across. 
 The 25assage-way across is but slightly above the general level 
 
18 Berkshire Historical and Soientijic Society. 
 
 of tlie liniestoiie plain citliur side; it is a nearly flat alluvial 
 plain, although not wide. 
 
 The Berlin limestone is a northward branch of the New Lel)- 
 anon and Stephentown belt. North of Berlin another portion 
 of the western belt commences in southern Petersburg!!. This 
 limestone makes a broad connection with the great central Ver- 
 mont belt in Bennington — the belt that extends continuously 
 from Williamstown through Dorset and Rutland to Middlebury 
 and lieyond. 
 
 Thus it is plain that the western limestone is only a part of 
 the eastern. The Stockl>ridge limestone, S])arry limestone and 
 Vermont limestone are one in formation. It is hence the fact 
 that all the liviestone of the region belongs to one stratum ; and 
 most, if not all, of the schists and quartzyte of middle and 
 western Berkshire to one overlying stratum or formation. 
 
 The speculating geologist would go further and say that when 
 the limestone and the overlying schist were in progress of for- 
 mation, in great horizontal strata. Western New England and 
 Eastern New York were together the area of a great sea, prob- 
 ably not a very deep sea; that in this great continental sea, as 
 now in the Florida seas and many parts of the Pacific, limestone 
 was made out of shells, corals, etc., as long as the waters were 
 pure from sediment. But that afterward, there was an era of 
 marine currents carrying sediments, or earth and sand ; and that 
 thus a stratum of earthly material, perhaps 4,<)()() or 5,000 feet 
 thick, was formed over the limestone. As already explained, 
 fossils in the Vermont part of the limestone prove that these 
 events occurred in Lower Silurian time. 
 
 But the above remarks do not cover eastern Berkshii'e. The 
 quartzyte of this region is probably the same with the Potsdam 
 sandstone of New York, older than the limestone, an underly- 
 ing rock of the same series. As to the age of the gneisses, ex- 
 cepting those that plainly graduate into the (piartzyte, I have no 
 definite opinion excepting for those that are plainly Archaean, as 
 already pointed out. These Archaean areas were probably is- 
 lands in the continental sea when the limestone and overlying 
 beds were in progress, stretching off in a long train, northward 
 and eastM^ard in course, from the Highland Archaean of Putnam 
 County, New York. 
 
Berkshire Geology. 19 
 
 liEKKSIIIRE HEnS OF IRON. 
 
 I conic now to tlie question as to the oi'i<i;in of tlic Bcrksliire 
 beds of iron ore, remarkable foi- tlieir purity and extent, wliicli 
 are found alouii^ the niai'g'ins of some of the limestone valleys; 
 and not only in Berkshire, l)ut also, similarly in Vermont, in 
 Northwestern Connecticut, in Eastern New York, throui2;h 
 Hillsdale, Copake, Millerton, down to Pawlini; ; also fai'ther to 
 the southwest in Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina; whicii 
 are everywhere the same in aspect, the same in position, the 
 same, for the most part, in origin. 
 
 The beds are usually situated near the base of the ridges of 
 mica schist along the margin of the adjoining belt of limestone. 
 If they occur near the middle portions of a limestone belt, a 
 thin or thick belt of schist makes almost alw^ays one or the other 
 side of the opened pit ; and when the pit is opened in the schist 
 at the base of a ridge of schist, or elsewhere, it goes down 
 through the schist and descends into limestone. The beds gen- 
 erally lie beneath a thick covering of sand and gravel — some- 
 times more than a hundred feet in depth. But this gravel is 
 part of the drift brought by the old Glacial era or at the final 
 melting of the great glacier. 
 
 The ore is an oxide of iron containing 10 to 11 per cent, of 
 water, and is mostly the mineral limonite which is the brown 
 hematite of miners. Limonite contains, when pure, 11.4 per 
 cent, of water. All now admit that the ore is a secondary pro- 
 duet ; that is, that it was formed through the oxidation of iron 
 that originally made part of minerals in the schist, or in the 
 limestone, or else in both. The ore is always very cavernous or 
 loose in texture, often has the pendent forms of stalactites, as if 
 it had been deposited by waters in cavernous recesses ; and great 
 masses of it look as if they had been made by deposition from 
 solutions against the walls of small irregular cavities. These 
 facts and the large amount of water present, — 14 per cent. — 
 show that water, not fire, was a chief agent in its formation. 
 
 My own conclusion (and that of the Pennsylvania geologists 
 as stated in a recent report on the similar mines of that State) is 
 that the iron has come mainly from the limestone formation, 
 
20 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 and not from tlie schist or slate. Some of the limestone, as well 
 as schist, contains pyrite (or iron pyrites) a l)rass-colorecl mineral 
 consisting of 46.T per cent, of iron and 53.3 of sulphnr. But 
 we are sure that this is not the source of the iron of these beds, 
 because there is ordinarily very little pyrite present in either the 
 schist or limestone ; and secondly, because the ore is peculiarly 
 free from sulphur. Pyrite has been, in many regions, a source 
 of such ore beds ; but it was not so here. In the oxidation of 
 pyi'ite there are 53 per cent, of sulphur to be got rid of — 53 
 pounds in every 100 pounds of pyrite — and a considerable por- 
 tion is sure to remain behind and contaminate the ore when 
 pyrite is the source. At the Amenia ore pit I was informed 
 that they reject the ore that lies along the wall of slate because 
 it is impure "with sulphur ; this being so because pyrite in the 
 slate had contributed to the ore on that side. 
 
 The iron cannot have come from the iron of the mica of the 
 slate, for the mica contains also clayey and other earthy mate- 
 rials (alumina, magnesia, silica,) which make up at least nine- 
 teiiths of the mass, and these ought to be mixed more generally 
 than they are with the ore if this were the source. The iron ore 
 is often pure ore for thicknesses of twenty to thirty feet. It is 
 true that ore made out of iron in the schist might be washed by 
 running waters into basins and that thick beds might have been 
 thus accumulated. Such beds occur in many places over New 
 England and other countries ; for the well known marsh depos- 
 its of iron ore have this origin. But in the case of these ore de- 
 posits, the cavities in which the ore occurs, are cavities in the 
 limestone formation, and often of immense extent. By their 
 indefinite outlines the cavities show that they were not previ- 
 ously made caverns, but that they were made as the slow process 
 of decay went forward through which the ore was produced. 
 Now, slow decay in the slate could not have produced the decay 
 in the limestone, and thus opened the needed cavities. 
 
 All the facts point to the conclusion that the iron has come 
 chiefly from the limestone ; not from pyrite in the limestone, 
 but from limestone which contained iron as one of its essential 
 constituents. Ordinary limestone is a carbonate of calcium, or of 
 calcium and magnesium, and has no iron to oxidize. But if it be 
 
Berkshire Geology. 21 
 
 a carbonate of calciuin and niaij;nesinni and iron, then, even it" tlie 
 iron amount only to one or two per cent., the limestone will rnst 
 readily on ex])osnre to air and water, the iron (jxidizing, })assinu; 
 from the protoxide state to the sesqnioxide state, the latter the 
 state in all the ore ; and if manganese is present also, manganese 
 ore will he made. 
 
 The removal of the iron portion of a limestone loosens the 
 textm'e of the wliole rock, and sets free carbonic acid. The now 
 loose-textured limestone is easily dissolved away by percolating 
 waters;- and thus the oxide of iron, or ore, is left by itseK and a 
 cavity made for its reception at the same time. 
 
 Part of "the iron of the limestone formation is sometimes in the 
 state of iron carbonate, a light gray rock which the Berkshire min- 
 ers call "White Horse" (though they sometimes include also, un- 
 der the name, any white rock in the ore.) Iron carbonate {siderite 
 of Mineralogy) when pure consists of 62.1 per cent, of iron and 
 37.9 of carbonic acid. This "White Horse " has l)een found in 
 large ledges or masses, sometimes scores of feet in length or 
 breadth, at the Leete ore pit in West Stockbridge, at Ore Hill 
 in Salisbury, and at the Amenia ore pit in Amenia, N. Y,, and 
 less abundantly in other ore pits. It changes to oxide of iron 
 wherever water and air gain access ; and the blocks laid up in 
 heaps near one of these ore pits, in two years' exposure only, are 
 turned black, from the change outside to the limonite, so that it 
 is not easy to distinguish them from the other ore, except by 
 breaking them. The White Horse rock is, however, so com- 
 pact that the oxidation goes on chiefly in the rifts or cracks. 
 The iron-bearing limestone is more porous, and general decom- 
 position goes on more rapidly. But here also the change takes 
 place most rapidly along the cracks or fissures, making crusts of 
 ore, one crust to each surface of a fracture ; and the crust keeps 
 thickenino; as the iron of the limestone oxidizes. When the lis- 
 sures intersect one another hollow crusts are made enclosing 
 limestone, which finally become empty as the limestone is dis- 
 solved out. Thus a cavity may be lined with the lustrous con- 
 cretionary ore, or hung with stalactites consisting of the t)re. 
 
 When the iron-bearing limestone is pure from earthy or sandy 
 
22 Berlcshire Historical and Scientifio Society. 
 
 materials, it is wholly removed by tlie percolating water excepting 
 its oxidized iron. Now if this iron portion amounts to hnt two 
 or three per cent., a layer of limestone ten feet thick wonld pro- 
 duce a layer of ore less than six inches thick, or less than a twen- 
 tieth of the original thickness. A great caving in and irregular 
 settling of the overlying material would consequently go on as 
 the changes went forward; and gravel and schist descending 
 with water from the hills, might add to tlie covering of earth 
 and rock. 
 
 Since, as mining has shown, the ore and therefore the iron- 
 bearing limestone is very irregularly distributed, the ore bear- 
 ing cavities eroded in the limestone have all shapes — ^\dden and 
 narrow without seeming reason, or run out altogether and then 
 open anew ; or occur as isolated cavities. The ore, for a simi- 
 lar reason, is of great thiclmess in one part of an ore pit and of 
 very little in another, and has great irregularities in its distribu- 
 tion. 
 
 As a consequence of the discharge of carbonic acid attending 
 the oxidation of the iron of the limestone, the waters which gain 
 access to the beds have great decomposing action on the adjoin- 
 ing and overlying slate or schist ; and hence the slate or schist, 
 both that of the walls and of any overlying masses, becomes 
 changed to an impure clay. The decomposition to clay or earth 
 is often so complete that little hard material is left excepting the 
 hard white quartz that formed veins in the slate or was dissemi- 
 nated in it in masses. This is one source of the clay and sand 
 in the ore-pits. In addition, the limestone is often impure ; that 
 is, it contains sand or other earthy minerals, often ten to twenty 
 per cent, or more. Consequently, the removal of the limestone 
 by the dissolving action of percolating waters will leave these 
 materials behind. Thus a bed of limestone may leave behind a 
 thick bed of clayey material or sand; and cavities of the ore may 
 contain a lump of the same material. 
 
 Perhaps now, in closing, you would like a little more of geo- 
 logical speculation as to the origin of Berkshire phenomena. 
 
 How did the iron get into the limestone? Why is it in that 
 part of the limestone which is within a hundred yards of the 
 schist? Why is it distributed with so great irregularity, — here 
 
Berkshire Geology. 23 
 
 ill liro.id patches, there in wiiidhiii; courses abruptly, \vi(leiiiii_i;(»r 
 iiarrowuiii;, and so oii^ 
 
 If jou accept of the view tliat the liiuestoiie was first luaxk- 
 in great horizontal beds in the pure waters of a Lower Silurian 
 sea; that the scliist or slate was originally the sediment that in 
 the following era was deposited over the limestone; that during 
 the epoch of transition between the two conditions great sea- 
 border marshes might have existed, receiving, here and there, 
 like similar modern marshes, iron-bearing solutions through the 
 drainage of a bordering country, until ore deposits were made, 
 yon may perhaps put together a theory that will account for the 
 introduction and the peculiar irregular distrilnition of the ore 
 in the limestone. According to recent experiments such iron 
 salts flowing over calcareous sands might lead to a chemical 
 combination of the iron and the calcareous material, making a 
 carbonate of calcium and iron, or of calcium, magnesium and 
 iron. 
 
 Again the questions may have suggested themselves : Why 
 are the strata of limestone and of earthy sediments now in a 
 crystalline condition? Why are they bent up into great iiortli 
 and south folds ; and into folds having their tops pushed over 
 westward ? 
 
 Such questions open up a large subject with respect to which 
 geologists can furnish many opinions. This one fact appears to 
 be certain that the folds — sometimes in half a dozen parallel 
 lines over the country — are evidence of pressure ; not of pressure 
 from heneath, luit of lateral pressure in the earth crust ; and 
 facts indicate that the lateral pressure came from the eastward. 
 The facts are similar in the Alleghanies, and have had the same 
 explanation. 
 
 Within a few months it has been reported by the Director of 
 the Geological survey of Great Britain, that during some part 
 of the Silurian era, in Northern Scotland, a vast sheet of rock, 
 chiefly gneiss in the more northern portion, four hundred feet 
 thick, was shoved westward horizontally for ten miles at least, 
 over the Lower Silurian rocks of the region ; that this stupend- 
 ous movement took place over a ])readth of country ninety miles 
 long from north to south. It was a marvelous eft'ect to come from 
 
24 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 such a cause — lateral pressure In the earth's crust. It is as if 
 the o^neiss of the mountain plateau of all eastern Berkshire, or 
 four hundred feet in thickness of it, and also of forty miles 
 north in Vermont, had been shoved westward until its front 
 edge lay over the Taconic range. 
 
 In Berkshire no such stupendous overthrusts have yet l)een 
 detected, but the smaller which occur have the same origin — 
 lateral pressure from the eastward. It is interesting to note also, 
 that according to evidence from Scottish and New England fos- 
 sils, the great mountain-making events in Scotland and Berk- 
 shire may have occurred simultaneously — at the close of the 
 Lower Silurian. 
 
 Such upturnings of strata, whether ten or twenty thousand 
 feet thick, would have been attended with a vast amount of 
 friction within the moving mass. Now, friction produces heat ; 
 and chielly to this heat so engendered is the crystallization <^A 
 the limestone and slates, with the obliteration of all included 
 remains of the ancient life, now attributed l)y geologists. 
 
 I think I have gone as far in this subject as you are now ready 
 to go with me. Berkshire has been to me a great source of 
 pleasure through the few years past. And that pleasure is 
 doubled by the privilege you have given me of communicating 
 to you some of the results of my investigations. 
 
 [Since this paper was read in February of 1885, I have made 
 further explorations in Berkshire, and can now report the dis- 
 covery of fossils, just over the Taconic range in Canaan, N. Y. 
 At that time, I received, through the kindness of Mr. Daniel 
 Clark of Tyringham, a specimen of fossiliferous limestone label- 
 ed "West Stockbridge." In June I went over West Stock- 
 bridge, with a paleontological friend, Prof. Wm. B. Dwight of 
 Poughkeepsie ; but in our search we found oidy uncertain indi- 
 cations of fossils. Mr. D^\dght continued his walk westward 
 along the railroad to the depot at Canaan Four Corners ; and on 
 the way, at the tunnel near Canaan Center, and also half a mile 
 south of the iwxm!^^ found distinct fossils^ which on examina- 
 tion jyroved to he Lower Silurian and j^rohahly of the age of 
 the Trenton limestone of New York; they were shells, crin- 
 oids and a fragment of a trilobite. Thus the question as to 
 
Berkshire Geology. 25 
 
 tlie Lower Siluriiin age of the Taconic liiiiestoiie, east and west 
 of t]ie Taeonie raiiije, and of the Taconic scliist const! tutinii; tlie 
 tlie mountains, was finally settled by facts close at hand. 
 
 I learned from Mr. Clarke that the specimen I received from 
 him was iJ:;iven him hy Mr. John W. Smith of Canaan Fonr 
 Corners; and with Mr. Smith I visited the place — the lield of 
 his hrothei'-in-law, Mr. E. S. Hall. I found several loose masses 
 of the rock bnt none in place ; bnt as the loose masses Avere an- 
 gnlar they probably came from some ledge now buried, if not 
 exposed in a more northern part of the valley. The limestone of 
 the ledges about Mr. HalFs farm was unlike that of the masses, 
 and more like that at the tunnel, and one fossil apparently a 
 coral of the genus Favosites, (a description of these Canaan fos- 
 sils will be found in the American Journal of Science in April, 
 1886,) was obtained by me from it. 
 
 The limestone of the loose masses looks as if made of blackish 
 limestone pebbles ; but the rounded pieces are really a fossil 
 coral, very finely colunmar in structure; and with it occur other 
 fossils. It is identical in appearance and general fossiliferous 
 character with one variety of the Wappinger valley limestone 
 found at Pleasant Yalley, and is undoubledly of the age of the 
 Trenton limestone. I hope yet to find the ledge from which 
 the masses came. Mr. Hall's farm is only seven or eight miles 
 in a straight line from Pittsfield. It is hence certain that the 
 Stockbridge limestone — which is the limestone of Pittsfield and 
 North Adams, and also the western limestone, or that of Cana- 
 an, New Lebanon, Williamstown and beyond, was once full of 
 fossil corals, shells and crinoids, and l)ut for the crystallization 
 the rock has since undergone converting it into marble, they 
 would be distinct in the rock now. — [March 12, 1886. 
 
The Western Boundary 
 OF Massachusetts. 
 
 A Study of Induui and Colonial History. 
 
 BY FRANKLIN LEONARD POPE. 
 
THE WESTERN BOUND All Y OF MASSA- 
 CHUSETTS. 
 
 A STUDY OF INDIAN AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 The adjiistuieut of the Ijouiidaiy lines between Mnssachn- 
 setts Bay and the adjacent colonies and provinces, is a snhject 
 which for generations furnished a most prolific occasion of con- 
 troversy and disagreement between the authorities and the in- 
 habitants of the several governments concerned therein. The 
 historian who has had no occasion to inv"estio:ate the matter, 
 can form but an inadequate conception of the vast volume of 
 legislation, negotiation and correspondence relative to this sub- 
 ject which encumber the dusty archives of the ancient colonial 
 governments. It would have Ijeen well if this were all, l)ut 
 these same records afford al)undant evidence that the boundary 
 disputes originated, or at all events furnished a convenient pre- 
 text for manyangrv altercations and riotous assend)lages, which 
 not infrequently — at least in the case of the particular bounda- 
 ry to which this investigation relates — terminated in armed 
 conflicts attended with no inconsiderable loss of life. 
 
 There is perhaps no reason to suppose that Massachusetts has 
 sinned in this respect beyond any of her sister states, for it is a 
 matter of history that to a greater or less extent the same causes 
 of difference have existed elsewhere, and have necessarily pro- 
 duced similar results. It has l^een truthfully ol)served that 
 while adjacent landholders may take but little note of the title, 
 quality or culture of their neighbor's fields, they are neverthe- 
 less certain to evince a lively and abiding interest in the (pies- 
 tion of the proper location of the division fences. It is this in. 
 stinctive jealousy, a feeling which is shared by every one of us 
 in respect to the possible encroachments of neighbors upon his 
 territorial possessions, which lends a certain degree of contem- 
 poraneous human interest to the subject of tliis paper. In the 
 case of the boundary between the provinces of Massachusetts 
 
30 Berkshire Historical and Saientijio Society. 
 
 and New York, the l)itteniess of the controversy was inten.silied 
 by the presence of conditions which did not exist elsewhere. 
 It involved not only a conflict of different nationalities but of 
 antagonistic political institutions. To look upon this contention 
 merely as a trial of conclusions between the English and Dutch 
 settlers and their respective descendants would be to underesti- 
 mate its true significance, for it involved something far more im- 
 portant than this ; it was nothing less than a death-struggle be- 
 tween the free land-tenures and independent town organizations 
 of the Massachusetts colon}', and the antiquated feudal system 
 under which the adjacent territories of the province of New 
 York were held and governed. While the quarrel had its origin 
 in the selfish greed of individuals, yet from l)eginning to 
 end these ])eculiar political and social conditions exercised a 
 pc)tent influence upon the character of the proceedings, and 
 confer upon the sul)ject a degree of historical interest and im- 
 portance which under other circumstances it might not have 
 possessed. 
 
 The original rights of sovereignty and dominion assumed in 
 America by the great European powers were founded in the 
 first instance upon the basis of prior discovery and possession ; 
 rights into the origin of which it is not proposed to incpiire, but 
 which are founded upon ancient and innnemorial usage. Under 
 the law of nations, the mere fact of prior discovery constitutes 
 in itself but an imperfect or inchoate title, unless followed 
 l)y actual occupation, and a formal declaration of the in- 
 tention of the sovereign or state to take possession. But it 
 should be understood that the titles asserted in the royal grants 
 were against other European nations only. The English, the 
 French and the Dutch, alike asserted an exclusive claim to the 
 sovereignty and jurisdiction of their respective discoveries, but 
 the right in the soil was in fact limited to the privilege of pre- 
 emption, or in other words, the exclusive right to purchase at 
 the owner's price such lands as the natives might be disposed 
 to sell, not the right to coerce from them an unwilling sur- 
 render of their territory. In accordance with this traditional 
 policy, each colonial government, within its own limits, asserted 
 and enforced an exclusive right to extinguish Indian titles b}* 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. 81 
 
 fair purcliase, uiidei' the sanction of treaties made by the natives 
 collectively in open eonncil. All private jnn-chases, whether 
 from tlie Indians individually, <ir collectively as tribes, were 
 held to be absolutely null and void. Hence a governmental 
 o-rant was the only source of territorial title of which the valid- 
 ity was admitted in the courts of justice.^ 
 
 The authorities of the several colonies appear on the whole 
 to have treated the Indians with praiseworthy justice and mod- 
 eration. There were isolated instances, it is true, in which the 
 lands of the Indians were wrongfully appropriated or the stip- 
 ulated compensation withheld. Through corrupt political in- 
 fluences, or by misrepresentation and fraud, unscrupulous indi- 
 viduals sometimes succeeded in obtaining 2^ prima fucAe title to 
 lands to which they had no right, but cases of this kind may 
 fairly have been said to be exceptionah'^ 
 
 The English claim to that portion of the continent of North 
 America inchided in the great patent of James I. in 1 <!()(;, was 
 founded on the discoveries of Sebastian Cabot, who in 1497-S 
 sailed at a distance along the Atlantic coast between the forti- 
 eth and forty-eighth parallels of latitude. 
 
 The claim of the Dutch was founded upon the discoveries of 
 Henry Hudson and Adrian Block. Hudson, an English mari- 
 ner in the service of the Dutch West India Company, sailed 
 from Holland in the spring of 1609, and after an adventurous 
 voyage anchored within the mouth of the river afterwards called 
 the Delaware. Thence coasting nortlnvard he entered the lower 
 bay (»f New York, and in September 1609, after having spent a 
 few days in the examination of the adjacent shores and waters 
 he cautiously ascended the river called by the natives the Ma- 
 liicanituk,^ until on the seventeenth of that month he dropped 
 anchor nearly opposite what is now Castleton. Here he landed, 
 
 1. Kent's Commentaries. (8th Ed.) iii, 463-492. 
 
 2. As early as 1633, :>[assachusetts formally prohibited the purchase of land from the 
 natives without license from the government, and Plymouth m 1643 passed a smiilar 
 law. In New Netherlands a like honorable policy was pursued from tlie first by the 
 Dutch, and afterward continued by their successors. Immediately after the eomiuest 
 by the English in 106.-), it was ordained that no purchase of lands froni the Indians should 
 be valid, without the license of the governor and the execution of tlie purchase in his 
 presence. 
 
 3. According to Ilockewehler, tliis was the name given to the river by the Delawares 
 and other southern tribes, si^'iiifving literally, the place of the Mahicans. I heMahicans 
 themselves called it the shalcniuc. The Iroquois name appears to liave been Cahotiat- 
 atea. «'ull. N. V. Hist. Soc. i, 43. 
 
32 BerJcshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 and, as it is related, upon invitation accompanied an Indian sa- 
 chem to his wio;wam wliere lie was hospital)ly entertained.' Af- 
 ter sending an exploring party in a boat at least as far as what 
 is now Waterford, Hiidson returned to the mouth of the Mahi- 
 canituk, and sailed homeward, reaching Dartmouth, England, 
 on the seventh of November, from whence he forwarded an ac- 
 count of his discoveries to his employers. The next year a 
 company of Amsterdam merchants dispatched a trading vessel 
 to the newly discovered river, and in 1612 and 1613, a number 
 of similar commei'cial ventures were undertaken. In the au- 
 tumn of 1613, one of the Dutch vessels commanded by Adrian 
 Block was accidentally burned just as she was about to sail from 
 the river on her return voyage. In consequence of this misfoi*- 
 tune. Block and his crew were obliged to winter among the na- 
 tives, in huts which they erected on Manhattan island .~ During 
 the winter Block ])uilt a small yacht, ^ and in the spring under- 
 took a voyage of exploration to the eastward. Sailing along the 
 northern shore of the sound, he visited what he named the 
 "River of Roodenberg," or Red Hills, which he described as 
 "about a bow-shot wide." To Block therefore, must be as- 
 cribed the honor of the first discovery of our own beautiful 
 river, the Housatonic. Still further eastward he came to the 
 mouth of a large river — the Connecticut — which he named the 
 Fresh river. He ascended this as far as the foot of the rapids 
 near the present village of Windsor Locks, where he found a 
 fortified Indian village. Returning thence to the sound, he 
 successively visited the localities now known as Thames river, 
 Montauk Point, Block Island, ISTarragansett Bay, the Vineyard, 
 Nantucket, and Nahant.^ Six years therefore before the Pil- 
 grims landed at Plymouth, all the prominent localities on the 
 southern and southeastern coast of New England had been vis- 
 
 1. A detailed account of Hudson's exploration of the river and bay, derived from 
 Juet's journal of Hudson's third voyage, and De Laet's narrative, is given in Brodliead's 
 History of New York, i, 26-34. See also Yates &. Moulton's History of New York, i. 
 201-272. 
 
 2. Brodhead's Hist. New York, i, 48. 
 
 3. This was the first vessel built in New Netherland. and was named the Onnist 
 (Restless.) It was fortv-four and a half feet long, eleven and a half feet beam, and of 
 about 8 lasts, or 16 tons burden. Col. History of New York, i, 13 ; Brodhead's New 
 York, i .').'). 
 
 4. Brodhead's Hist. New York, i, 5.5-59. 
 
The Westerii Boundary of Massachusetts. 38 
 
 ited and examined by this eiitei-prisiiii;- Dutcli e\j)l(>rer. From 
 Cape Cod, lie returned to llolhind, and in the followiiiii; year 
 snpei'vised tlie pivparation of a map emhodyin<2; liis discoveries.' 
 Armed witli tliis iiia[) as an exliihit, tlie Amsterdam mercliants 
 now petitioned the States-General of the Netherlands for a trad- 
 ing chartei" to the regions which had been made known by the 
 enterprise of the Dntch navigators. The request was at once 
 comphed witli, and on the lOth of October, 1614, the charter 
 of the "Directors of New Netherlands" was passed and dnly 
 sealed, granting them the exchisive right "to visit and navigate 
 to the aforesaid newly discovered lands lying in America, be- 
 tween New France and Virginia, the sea coasts whereof extend 
 from the fortieth to the forty-fifth degree of latitude, now 
 named New Netherland, (as is to be seen on the Figurative Map 
 prepared by them,) for four voyages within the period of three 
 years, commencing on tlie first day of January, 1015, next en- 
 suing, or sooner."^ 
 
 In 161-1 a fortified trading post called Fort Nassau was estab- 
 lished near wdiat is now Albany, and Jacob Eelkins, its com- 
 mandant, ere long succeeded in establishing a lucrative traffic in 
 furs, while he kept scouting parties constantly engaged in ex- 
 ploring the surrounding wilderness and in cultivating friendly 
 relations with the native inhabitants."^ 
 
 A mutually advantageous treaty of peace and friendship was 
 concluded at an early day between the whites and the Indians 
 at Fort Nassau, which remained unbroken for more than one 
 hundred and fifty years."* 
 
 The lirst English ex-ploration of the southern coast of New Eng- 
 land took jilace in 1619, in which year Captain Thomas Denier, 
 sailing from Monhegan near the Kennebec, rounded Cape Cod, 
 passed inside of Long Island, and thence to James river. The 
 following year he returned, making a more careful examination 
 of the shores, 5 after which he transmitted his report to his em- 
 
 1. The original of this map, which is beautifully executed on parchment, is in the 
 archives at the Uague. It is the most ancient map extant of the coast of southern New 
 Kii(,dand and N't'w York. A fac simile is in the office of the Secretary of State at Albany. 
 A detailed description of it may be found in Brodhead's Hist. New York, i, 7T).5-0. 
 
 •i. New York (Ol. Uist., i. 10. 
 
 3. Brodhead's Hist. New York, i, .5."). GT. 73. 
 
 4. Doc. llisl. New York, iii, .51 : Brodhead's Hist. New York, i, 81. 
 
 5. Dermer's letter Dec. 27, 1619, in New York ULst. Soc. Coll., i, 352. 
 
34 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 ployer, Sir Fernando Goro^es,^ wlio with thirty associates con- 
 stitutiniJj the Plynionth company, had ah'eady petitioned the 
 king for a cliarter. Tlie information connnnnicated hy Derner 
 no doubt spurred tliem in tlieir efforts, and at length they were 
 fortunate enougli to receive the royal assent to their petition." 
 
 Tlie great patent of New England, thus granted Ijy James 
 the First in 1620, to "the Council established at Plymouth in 
 the county of Devon for the planting, ruling and governing of 
 New England in America," granted to that corporation all that 
 part of the continent of North America lying between the for- 
 tieth and forty-eighth degrees of north latitude " throughout the 
 main land from sea to sea, provided the same or any part be not 
 actually possessed or inhabited by any other Christian prince or 
 state," together with a complete monopoly of its trade and ab- 
 solute powers of legislation and government.^ The subsequent 
 grants of the soil of the several New England colonies were is- 
 sued under this patent. 
 
 Meanwhile the cliarter of the Amsterdam mercantile adven- 
 turers had ex]^)ired by limitation, and their enterprise was suc- 
 ceeded by a great commercial organization, chartered by the 
 States General of the United Netherlands in 1621, as the West 
 India Company, with the most ample power to colonize, govern 
 and defend the territories of New Netherland.'* Under the au- 
 spices of this company permanent colonization was commenced 
 in 1623, in which year Fort Orange was erected on the present 
 site of Albany,'' and Fort Nassau on the South or Delaware 
 river. Two families were also sent to the Fresh or Connecticut 
 river, and a fort or trading jjost named Good Hope was com- 
 menced where Hartford now is. In 1626 Manhattan Island was 
 purchased of the natives and a fortified settlement commenced, 
 which soon became the commercial emporium of the new colo- 
 ny. It must therefore l)e admitted as an indisputable historical 
 fact that the Dutch were the prior occupants as well as the prior 
 discoverers of the country adjacent to the navigable portions of 
 the Hudson, the Housatonic, the Connecticut and the Delaware. 
 
 1. (iorges' Brief Narration. Massacliusetts Hist. Soc. Coll., xxvi, 63. 
 
 a Order in eouncil, July 23, 1020. New York Col. Hist., iii, 8. 
 
 3. Hazard's State Papeis, i, ilOllH ; Tnimbull's (Jounecticiit, i, .540. 
 
 4. See charter at length. Hazard i. 121 ; o'Callaglian's New Netlierland. i, 3'J9. 
 
 5. Doc. Hist. New Yorli, iii, S.'i, 50. .'il. 
 
The Western Bound arij of Massachusetts. 85 
 
 The coiiti-adictory statciiiciits and opinions of liistorians con- 
 ccrnini;- the tribal relations and geoi2;raphical distribution of the 
 aborii>:inal inhal)itants of the valley of the Hudson and the 
 mountainous region between that river and the Connecticut, 
 have perhaps rather tended to increase than to dispel the ob- 
 scurity which envelops the subject. It is certain that tlie early 
 explorers and settlers found but comparatively few Indian fam- 
 ilies permanently occupying the upper Housatonic valley. 
 Hence it was conjectured by Dr. Field, one of the earliest local 
 chroniclers, that the defeat of the eastern tribes by the New 
 England colonists during Philip's war in 1675 ; the precipitate 
 iiight of the remnant across the western mountains closely pur- 
 sued by Major Talcott aiid the Connecticut troops, and the san- 
 guinary encounter of the colonial forces with the fugitives at 
 the ford-way of the Housatonic, "midway between Westiield 
 and Fort Orange," caused many of the original native inhabit- 
 ants to abandon their homes in alarm, and to flee to the west- 
 ward, where they l)ecanie incorporated with other trilies.^ Gal- 
 latin says that " while the Pequots and Mohegans claimed some 
 authority over the Indians of the Connecticut, those extending 
 westwardly to the Hudson appear to have been divided into small 
 and indejDendent tril)es, united, since they were known to the 
 Europeans, by no common government." Smith, the historian 
 of Pittslield, while admitting what is unquestionably true, that 
 at the date of the discovefy, the nation known by the Dutch as 
 the Mahicans, and by the English as the Mohegans, occupied 
 the territory now comprised in the counties of Berkshire, Co- 
 lumbia and Rensselaer, goes on to state that the formation of 
 the celebrated league of the Iro({uois compelled the Mahicans to 
 form an alliance with the Wappingers and other river tribes 
 '' with whom they had up to that time l)een at continual war," 
 ])ut that the allies were nevertheless vanquished l)y the Mo- 
 hawks in a decisive battle fought near Rhinebeck not long l)e- 
 fore the advent of the whites, and the defeated party ''reduced 
 to vassalage." "In 1625," continues Smith, "the Mohicans at- 
 tempted to regain their independence, but after a merciless war 
 of three years duration, the greater portion of them were killed 
 
 1. History of Berkshire County, 14, 15. 
 
36 Berkshire liintorical and iScioitijic Society. 
 
 or captured, and the reniaiiider driven into the valley of the 
 Connecticut, where they became incorporated with tlie Pe- 
 quots."^ A(2;ain, the same author states that '' the Iro(|Uois, 
 who had become the feudal lords of the old Moliegan empire, 
 granted a refuge to a band of exiled Narragansetts, which grew 
 to be the Scaghticoke tribe, and sent out little colonies to the 
 valley of the Housatonic.'"^ 
 
 It seems probable that Smith has been led into error by ac- 
 cepting without sufficient examination the incorrect assertions of 
 O'Callaghan,'^ Brudliead'' and other New York authorities. The 
 Mohawks were for generations the petted adherents of the New 
 York colonial government, and no op2)ortunity has been neg- 
 lected to enlarge upon their prowess. Almost every writer of 
 colonial and Indian history has apparently taken for granted as 
 an undisputed fact, the original sujjremacy of the Iroquois con- 
 federacy over all the neighboring nations. It is true that we 
 Und in the colonial annals comparatively few references to the 
 history of the Mahican nation, but the true reason for this omis- 
 sion is not difficult to conjecture. Soon after the conquest of 
 New Netherlands in 1664, when the trading post of Fort Or- 
 ange came under the dominion of the English and received its 
 new name of Albany, the Mahicans, originally the sole propri- 
 etors of the adjacent territory, for reasons which will hereafter 
 be considered, withdrew to the eastward and became essentially 
 a New England tril)e, and thenceforth their affairs l)ecame, so 
 far as the New York government was concerned, of secondary 
 importance compared with those of the Mohawks and the con- 
 federate tril)es to the westward. Establishing their headquarters 
 in a remote and at that time almost utterly unexplored portion 
 of Massachusetts, it is not surprising tluit so little can l)e found 
 in the archives of that government resj^ecting the Mahicans 
 prior to the execution of the treaty at Westiield in 1724. In 
 view of the facts disclosed by the colonial records, to some of 
 which reference will presently l)e made, it may well bu doul)ted 
 if there is any foundation for the assertion that the Mahicans 
 
 1. Smith's History of Pittsfield, Mass., i, 48, 49, 50. 
 
 a. Ibid i, 47. 
 
 3. O'CallaKhan's New Netbei-land, i, 355. 
 
 4. Brodliead's New York, i. so, 87. 
 
The Wedcrth Bouiulanj of Masfidohuscttf^. 87 
 
 were at any i)erio(l of their liistoiy ".sul)ju«>-ate(r' or "reduced to 
 vassalage" by the Mohawks, or that they were expelled tVoiii 
 the valley of the Hudson as the result of an iinsuccessfnl rel (el- 
 lion against their alleged oppressors. 
 
 At the date of the discovery, the Mahicans occupied hotli 
 banks of the Hudson, their territories on the west side extend- 
 ing from the vicinity of Catskill as far north as the Mohawk 
 river,^ and westward to the foot of the Helderbergh mountains. 
 This is proved by the indisputaljle evidence of Indian deeds in 
 the New York archives.^ Van Rensselaer, the patroon, pur- 
 chased of the Mahican owners in 1680, all their remaining land 
 on the west side of the river, extending from Eeeren Island'' 
 northward to the Mohawk river, and "in breadth two days' 
 journey," a tract which constitutes the present county of Al- 
 bany.-' The site of Beaverwyck, now the city of All)any, liad 
 been purchased from the same tril )e before the building of Fort 
 Orange."^ A number of Mahican families occupied a castle at 
 Cohoes as late as 166(>. It is apparent that the possession of 
 l)oth shores of a great river like the Hudson was an advantage 
 no less important to these savages than it now is to their civil- 
 ized successors. Its inexhaustible stores of lish furnished them 
 with a certain means of subsistence at all seasons, and the navi- 
 gation which it afforded greatly facilitated interconnnunication 
 and trade. If, therefore, the Mahicans had been vanquished, 
 driven away and almost exterminated by the Mohawks in 1(328, 
 as asserted by the historian referred to, it is inconceivable that 
 they could have been permitted to hold undisputed possession 
 of the western shore until so late a date as 1080.'' 
 
 The territory of the Mahican nation proper, at the date of 
 the discovery, extended, as already stated, westward, two days' 
 journey beyond the Hudson river, and northward along the 
 
 1. Wassenaer's History Von Europa, Amsti^-rdam, 1(134, says that the Mahicans lickl 
 seventy-five English miles on both sides of the river al)ove, and that the Maciuas or Mo- 
 kawks resided in the interior.— Doc. Hist. New York, iii, -jr,', 2H. 
 
 •J. Ruttenber's Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, 34,35; O'C'allaghan's New Nether- 
 land, i, 123-34. 
 
 3. Literally Bear's island, so called, no doubt from the totem of its occupants. 
 
 4. New York Records. 
 
 T>. Ruttenber's Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, ."iS; New York Col. Hist., i, 543. 
 0. Deeds on record in the New York archives sliow that Aepjin, king of the Mahicans. 
 kept his council fire at Schodack as late as 16(i4. Ruttenber, 58. • 
 
38 Berkshire Historical and Scieiitijic Society. 
 
 same river and the east «ide of Wood creek^ and Lake Cliaiii- 
 plaiu as far as Otter creek in Vermont.^ It was Ixnnuled 
 on the east l)y the head waters of the AYesttiekl and the main 
 sti'eam of the Tnnxis or Farinington river,'^ and on the south l)y 
 Roeliff Jansen's kill, a ti"il)utary of the Hudson, and prohahly 
 also hy Salmon creek, which flows from the westward into the 
 Housatonic near Lime Rock station in Connecticut.'^ The an- 
 cient council-flre or seat of i^overnment was at Schodack, or 
 Eskwatak, at which place their chief was visited by Hudson in 
 1609, as already mentioned.'^ 
 
 The Mahicans constituted one of several allied nations of 
 common Algonquin descent,*^ speaking a language generically 
 the same, whose territories extended over New England from 
 Quebec to Manhattan. The confederacy also embraced the 
 Lenni-Lenapes or Delawares, occupying the region watered l)y 
 the western tributaries of the Hudson, below Catskill, as well as 
 the extensive area east of the Alleghanies drained by the Dela- 
 ware, the Susquehanna and the Potomac.*^ 
 
 That the Mahicans and Mohawks were hereditary enemies is 
 indisputable, and that they were frequently at war with each 
 otner during the period of the Dutch dominion the records af- 
 ford alnindant evidence. In the last war with the Mohawks in 
 
 1. In the Mss. of Sir William Johnson in the N. Y. State Library (vol. xxi, 40) is a 
 letter endorsed :—" Letter from Ohio concerning land— rec'd it Oct. Kith, 1771." This 
 letter was from a Mahican Indian, Abraham, who had left his lands on Wood creek in 
 1730. and allied himself with the Delawares. In this letter he says :— '" 1 understand the 
 Mohikans at StockbridRe are wanting to sell a certain tract of land lying al)Ovc All)any, 
 from the mouth of Wood creek upwards." He claimed to still own the land, and pro- 
 tested against the sale. He says further, " It may be reported that I am dead, as it is 
 forty years since I left that country." Signed, "Mohekin Abraham or Keeperdo." 
 
 3. See post. p. 40. 
 
 3. Captain Konkapot, at a conference with the settling committee of the Housatonic 
 proprietary in February, 1736, said :~"'A11 ihe land east of what I have sold to the com- 
 mittee, as far as Farmington river, and south to the Connecticut line is all my land." 
 Taylor's Hist. Ureat Harrington. 64. 
 
 4. Deed of Mahican Indians to Robert Livingston, Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 612; lUitten- 
 ber's Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, 83, 85. 
 
 5. This castle was located upon the site of the present village of Castleton, N. Y. 
 The name Schodack is derived from the Algonciuin skootay. fire, and ak, place. 
 
 6. President Edwards, who was a missionary among them at Stockbridge for several 
 years, gives the name as Mohekaneuw, which as interpreted by themselves, signifies 
 
 'the people of the gi-eat waters continually in motion," in allusion to the ancestral tra- 
 dition of the nation that they originally emigrated from the north-western coast of 
 North America. President Dwight writes the name Muhhekanneuw. (Dwight's Travels, 
 ii, 365.) They were called Mahikaiulers l)y the Dutch, and Mourigans and Maulinigans 
 by the French. The English ortliouraiihy of the records is, as usual, various. Mahicans, 
 Mohicons, Mohegans, are some (if the more common forms. For a list of twenty-six va- 
 riants of the name see N. Y. Colonial Hist., gen. index, p. 303. The traditional history of 
 the nation is given in detail in Mass. Hist. Coll.. ix, 101. An interesting account of the 
 national customs, etc., is in Jones' Stockbridge, Past and Present. 
 6. Ruttenbcr's Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, 45. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. 39 
 
 lOfU we leani tliat the Araliicaii nation and its eastern allies as- 
 sembled in great nnnd)ers at a ])lace nine miles east of (^lav- 
 eraek, prol)ably at or near the outlet of Ac'lid'Cook-])eeek or (Jo- 
 pake lake, and soon after made a furious descent uj)on tlie Mo- 
 liawks, defeating them with great slaughter.^ This war contin- 
 ued with varying fortunes foi- two or three years, the balance (»f 
 success inclining decidedly in favor of the Mahicans, until peace 
 was iinall}' restored through the influence of tlie authorities of 
 New York and Massachusetts.- 
 
 At a date not precisely known, Vmt probably between IO80 
 and 1690, the capital of the Mahican nation appears to have 
 been removed from Eskwatak to the Housatonic'^ valley. The 
 reason assigned for the removal has usually been that the Mahi- 
 cans were driven from their ancient haunts by their implacable 
 enemies, the Mohawks."^ There appears to be no evidence 
 whatever that this was actually the case. A far more probal)le 
 and reasonable explanation is to be looked for in tlie fact that 
 the Mahicans had sold all their territories in the Hudson valley, 
 with a few unimportant exceptions, to the colonists.^ The pa- 
 tents of Rensselaerwyck, Kinderliook, Patkook and Livingston, 
 all of which had been disposed of before 1685, embraced almost 
 the entire territory along the east shore of the Hudson extend- 
 ing from Eoeloff Jansen's kill to the Hoosick river. It is alto- 
 gether prol)able therefore, that having thus parted with their 
 lands, they peaceably retired further into tlie wilderness, and it 
 
 1. Doc. Hist. New York, iv. K3, 8.5. 
 
 3. Letter of Gov. Lovelace to Gov. Wlnthrop iu 1CU9, vide Ruttenber'.s Indian Tribes 
 of Hudson's River, p. IGU (note.) 
 
 3. The derivation of the name Uousatonic has given rise to a great deal of discussion. 
 The terminal syllable (Alg. nk. '-place") shows tliat the name did not belong originally 
 to tlie river, but to tlie valley. Dr. Dwight, on the authority of President Edwards, 
 gives the name as Hoo-es-ten-uuc. and the signification as "over the mountain." Dwight's 
 
 pronounced the name Hmis'-a-ten-uc, and also interpreted it "over the mountain." (Mo- 
 ravian Memorial, p. 7."). Trumbull's Indian names in Conn ) Rev. J. Slingerland. of Kes- 
 hena. Wis., a Stoclibridge Indian of pure blood, pronounces the name Oii-lhot-l(in-nool\ 
 the first syllable having the sound of ou as in out, and gives the smiiic definition. 
 (Taylor's Hist, Great Harrington, 12. 13.) These concurrent authciritics est ablish tlie 
 proi)er interpretation of the name beyond reasonable doubt, altliuiigh laiuiful attfiiiids 
 have l)een made to show that the (iriirinal form of the word was Dutch, Westenooli. 
 meaning " west corner." Smitli's Hist. I'ittsfield. i. 16-21. But there is no apparent rea 
 son why the Dutch should have given the appellation " west corner " to a tract of land 
 on their extreme eastern frontier, and lience this explanation, althougli supported by a 
 diaiti of ingenious and plausilile conjecture, can scarcely be admitted. 
 
 4. Page 3.") ante. 
 
 5. Page 37 ante, (not es 1 and 2.) 
 
40 Berhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 may be conjectured tliat tliej re-established tlieir conncil-iire at 
 AVah-nali-ti-kook in tlie present town of Stockl)ridge. Tliat tliis 
 place was in fact the capital of the Mahican nation at the time 
 of the first settlement of the English on tlie Housatonic would 
 seem to admit of little doul)t. 
 
 Loskiel, the Moravian, — a most excellent authority on all mat- 
 ters concerning the Indians — writing from Gnadenhutten, in 
 Pennsylvania in 1Y51, says: — "Two deputies were likewise sent 
 to the great council of the Mahican nation at Westenhuck, with 
 which they appeared much pleased, and as a proof of their sat- 
 isfaction made Abraham, an assistant at Gnadenhutten, a cap- 
 tain."^ President Dwight, writing of the Stockbridge Indians 
 in 1793, says : — " This tribe was, both by itself and other tribes, 
 acknowledged to be the eldest hrancJi of their nation ; and as 
 such regularly had precedence in their councils.^ Dr. Field 
 states that " although their number was now small, they belonged 
 to a large tribe of Indians who had been commonly called by 
 the English River Indians^ some of whom lived in the north- 
 west corner of Connecticut, and more at various places westward 
 within the l)0unds of I*^ew York/'^ 
 
 Even more conclusive is the evidence contained in a treaty 
 executed at the great council at Fort Stanwix in 1768, 1)etween 
 the Mohawks and the Stockbridge Indians, in wliicli these na- 
 tions agreed that the "just and true" boundary between their 
 respective possessions was the Hudson river as far up as Fort Ed- 
 ward, and thence along Wood creek and Lake Champlain to the 
 northward, and mutually released all pretensions wddch eacli 
 may have had to lands on the opposite side of this boundary."* 
 
 1. Ilist. Moravian Missions. Part iii, p. 140. 
 3. Dvvight's Travels, ii, 367. 
 
 3. Hist, of Berkshire Co., 240. 
 
 4. In September ITiiS, pursuant to instructions from the frown, a large number of 
 Indians, comprisiiin' delegates from the Six Nations, Shawnees, Delawares, Senecas, and 
 Maliioans, assembh'd at Fort Stanwix. the jireseut site of IJome, N. Y., for the puryiose of 
 entering i uto a treaty with the Coinniissioiiers (if Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Wv- 
 ginia, and Sir Wilham Johnson, Suiieriiitendent of Indian affairs, to settle a boundary 
 line between the colonies and the Indians. A report of the proceedhigs at this treaty, 
 in the form of a .iournal, is in New York Col. Hist, viii, 111-137. In this i>ccurs the fol- 
 lowing entry:— "•Sotli [Septi^mber.] The Bounds between the Mohawks and the Stock- 
 bridge Indians were adjusted to mutual satisfaction and the latter returned home." In 
 1884, the author by accident discovered in the Connecticut State archives at Hartford, a 
 Ms. copy of the agreement referi-ed to, the only oik; known to be in existence. It is in 
 Indians, ii, 35."). A copy of this int<'i'esting (hxunient is printed in the appendix. The 
 signers in beluilf of the Stoekliridi;'e nation are .laeol) Naunauniplitanuc, John Kon- 
 kapot and Soloniou UnhaiinaunwauMul, three of tlie iirineipal saeheais. 
 
The Western Bou)i<I((ri/ of Maf^sachusetts. 41 
 
 Tlie Maliieans, tlicrcfoiv, were no uiiwortliy o('eii])ants of the 
 heantiful region wliich constituted theii' ancient possessions. 
 From first to last they resohitely maintained tlieir independence, 
 and on all occasions seem to have proved themselves fully a 
 match for the confederated warriors of the west. 
 
 The suhsecpient history of the Mahicanor Stockhridu-e nation 
 has heen written by abler pens than mine, and I need not thei'e- 
 fore dwell upon it. The inscription upon the moimment which 
 ])ious and reverent hands have reared ahove their dust in the 
 old Indian burial t^round at Stockhridge: — "'The ancient burial 
 place of the Stockbridge Indians, the friends of our fathers," — 
 is a well-deserved tribute to the memory of a noble race. They 
 welcomed the explore)" Hudson with hospitable entertainment 
 when he first set foot upon our shores; they guarded the infant 
 settlements of the Ilousatonic from the blood-thirsty hordes of 
 northern invaders, and averted from their friends and neighbors 
 the merciless destruction which fell upon the unhappy dwellers 
 in the Connecticut valley in the French and Indian war. Above 
 all, let it not be forgotten that when the hour came in which our 
 fathers were compelled to take up arms in defence of their liber- 
 ties, Captain Solomon Wahaunwanwanmeet, the chief of the 
 Stockbridge nation, in the presence of the Commissioners of the 
 United Colonies, pledged the fealty of his tril)esmen in the 
 memorable words : — " Wherever you go, we will be by your 
 sides; our bones shall lie wath yours. We are determined 
 never to be at peace with the red-coats while they are at vari- 
 ance with you. If we are conquered our lands go with yours ; 
 but if you are victorious, we hope you will help us to recoxer 
 our just rights."^ Let history tell how on many a well-fought 
 field this brave and generous people redeemed the pledge of 
 their chosen leader. 
 
 In 1629 the Council of the West India Company granted im- 
 portant concessions to such as should plant colonies in New 
 
 1. In April, 1774, the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts sent a message addressed 
 to " Captain Solomon Ahhanniiauwaumut, chief sachem of the Moheakonnuck Indians "' 
 at Stockbridge, apprising tlit^ii oi the pi'dbablc outbreak of hostilities, and cxiii-essiiii; a 
 desire for coiitiiiucd fiicndly rrjalinns witli liis nation. In rrjily Caiitain Solnnum visited 
 Boston, and deliviTi'd a notalile siicecli. i)lc(lyin^r tlie t'calty of liis tril)e iKiittenliei-'s 
 Indians of llndson's liivcr. -WA. -JTO). Wlien tlic alarm canii- from LexiiiKtoii, fliev look 
 the field and participated in the battle of Hunker Hill. Subst-iiuently Captain Solomon 
 renewed liis i)ledi'(' at the meeting of the council at Albany, in the eKxiuent language of 
 which an extract is given al)ove. — Col. Hist. N. V., viii, li^O, Gv'7. 
 
42 Berkshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 Netherlaiul. These persons were authorized to ]nirehase from 
 tlie Indians snch tracts as the_y might desire, and were legally 
 invested with feudal rights over the lives and persons of their 
 colonists or subjects:^ Under this privilege Killiaen Yan Rens- 
 selaer, a wealthy pearl merchant of Amsterdam, purchased in 
 1630,~ and at diiferent times thereafter, a tract extending 24. 
 miles along the Hudson river from Beeren island to the mouth 
 of the Mohawk, and 24 miles west and the same distance east 
 from the river, comprising nearly all of the present counties of 
 Albany and Rensselaer, in the state of New York. This grant 
 was known in colonial times as the Manor of Rensselaerwyck/^ 
 For many years Yan Rensselaer's colony was the most prosper- 
 ous portion of Kew Amsterdam. An extensive trade in furs 
 was carried on with the natives, tlie profits (»f which for the 
 most part found their way into the coffers of the '' ])atroon""' or 
 loi'd of the manor. 
 
 The Dutch authorities in New Netherland were frf>m an 
 early day in continual trouble with the people of Connecticut 
 in respect to their boundaries. The pretensions of the Hollan- 
 ders to the country west of Connecticut river were treated by 
 the New England settlers with ill-concealed contempt. We are 
 quaintly told that the West India Company in 1636, " did cause 
 to be purchased by one Hans Yan Der Sluys, a certain place 
 called Kivitshoeck, (Saybrook Point) as their High Mightinesses' 
 arms were affixed to a tree at tliat place in token of possession ; 
 the English not only pulled them down but even carved a buf- 
 foon's face in their stead, in gross contempt and disregard of their 
 High Mightinesses ; and although satisfaction was repeatedly 
 demanded for this nought has resulted or could be obtained."'* 
 At last after a lengthy controversy a boundary was fixed by ami- 
 cal)le agreement on September 19, 1650, it l)eing provided that 
 all the settlements made by the Connecticut people along the 
 sound as far as, and including the present town of Greenwich, 
 should be given up to the English, and thus peace in that 
 quarter was temporarily restored.^ 
 
 1. Brodhead's Hist. New York, i, 194 ; O'Callaslian's New Netherland, i, 112. 
 
 2. New York Col. Hist., i, 44. 
 
 3. See mail "f VTanur of Keiisselaerwyek, noc. Hist. New York, iii, faeing p. 016. 
 
 4. New York ( ol. Hist, i, 500. 
 
 5. r.rodheMd's Hist. New York, i, . "520 : Trmiibull's HLst. Conn., i, 191; O'Callaghan's 
 New NetlierlMud, ii. l."")!, l.'J3. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. 43 
 
 The hoiiiidary (lisputcs with MjissacJiusctts appear to have 
 eonimeueed in i()51>, in which year a grant of land was made by 
 tlie General Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay of cer- 
 tain lands opposite Fort Orange. An exploring party was sent 
 out, which spent several weeks in an examination of tlie shores 
 of the Hudson river, but its commander received very little en- 
 couragement from the Dutch Governor Stuyvesant, and he re- 
 turned without effecting anything of importance.^ Massachu- 
 setts however still persisted in her claim that the upper part of 
 Hudson's river was covered by her patent, though it is ditKcnlt 
 to conjecture with what show of reason, inasmuch as the rivei' 
 had beyond (juestion been discovered and colonized by the 
 Dutch, and moreover a proviso in the patent itself, in the most 
 explicit terms, declared it void in respect to any territory in 
 the possession of the Dutch prior to Nov. 3, 1620, the date upon 
 which the charter passed the great seal.^ 
 
 lu September, 1664, the colony of New Netherland, the ter- 
 ritories of which, with the most utter disregard and violation of 
 all international comity, had l)een granted by Charles II, to hi^^ 
 brother, the Duke of York, was conquered and fell into the 
 hands of the English by the surrender of New Amsterdam. 
 The name of the province was changed to New York, while to 
 Beverwyck was given the name of All)any. In August 1673, 
 the colony was recaptured by the Dutch, but was restored to 
 the English by treaty the following Eel)ruary, and from this 
 time forward the authority of the English in New York w'as 
 never (piestioned by any European })ower. 
 
 The reduction of New Amsterdam in 1664 was effected by 
 an expedition under the connnaiid of Col. Richard NicolLs, 
 with whom were associated Sir Rol)ert Carr, Col. George Cart- 
 wright and Samuel Maverick, as royal connnissioners to visit 
 the several colonies in New England. The main object of 
 sending out this connnission appears t() have l)een, to secure 
 such alterations in the charters of the several New England col- 
 onies as would give to the crown the appointment of their gov- 
 ernors and of the connnanders of their militia, but in addition 
 
 1. Brodhead's Hist. New York, i, 654, 655. 
 
 2. Hiitchlnsoirs Hist. Massachusetts, i, 150 ; Brodhead's Hist. New York, i, 655. 
 
44 Berkshire Historical and Siclentifie Society. 
 
 to tlii^i they were entrusted \vitli varidus other })(;»\vei's, among 
 wliich was that of deteniiiiiing the Imundaries Ijetweeii the dif- 
 ferent eolonies in disputed cases.^ Innnediately after tlie estab- 
 lishment of the Dnke's government in New York in 1664, the 
 commissioners accordingly proceeded to execute the somewhat 
 delicate duty of settling the boundary between that province 
 and Connecticut, which after much discussion with the repre- 
 sentativ^e of the last mentioned colony, was tinally placed at a 
 general distance of about jJ() miles east of Hudson's river.~ It 
 is necessary to pass over nnich of interest in connection with 
 this negotiation, and to state what is sutticient for the present 
 purpose, that the line ^vas not wholly surveyed and marked out 
 until as late as 1731.'^ The northwest corner of Connecticut 
 was then established at a point 2<> miles distant from Hudson's 
 river .^ This point was marked l)y a hea]) of stones, which has 
 ever since been known as " Connecticut old corner " and has 
 formed an important reference point in many subse<pient sur- 
 veys,*^ In pursuance of the agreement between the provinces, 
 Connecticut ceded to New York, at the same time, a strip along 
 her western l)order known as the ''oblong," the width of 
 which was '" One Mile, three-quarters of a Mile, twenty-one rod, 
 and live links," which established the actual nortlnvest corner of 
 Connecticut, that distance further to the eastward.*^ No change 
 has since been made in the actual position of this corner. 
 
 The king's connnissioners seem to have l)een of the opinion 
 that the principle agreed upon for the CV)nnecticut boundary 
 was equally applical)le to tliat of Massachusetts, the "just lim- 
 its" of which colony say they, ''ye Connnissioners find to be, 
 Seconnet Brook on ye South AYest and Merrimack liiver on ye 
 North East, and two riijlit lines drawn from each of these two 
 
 1. The letter of instructions from Charles I. to tlie commissioners may be found at 
 
 length in New York Col. Hist., iii, 51-,54. 
 •J. Mew York Col. Hist, iii, loa ; (Jeneral Entries (Ms.) Office N. Y. Sec'y State, i, 70. 
 
 3. New Ycrk Sen. Doc. 1857, (No. 105,) p. KiG ; Conn. Private Laws, ii, 1533. The 
 agreement between tlie commissioners contains a detailed report of the work of the sur- 
 vey, and may be found in N. Y. Sen. Uoc. 18.57. No. 165, p, 166. 
 
 4. This distance was measured directly upon the surface of the ground, with an al- 
 lowance of \2 rods per mile added, to bring it to an approximately horizontal measure- 
 ment. 
 
 5. The geogi-aphical position of this corner, according to the latest determination of 
 Pi-of. H. F. Walling is Lat. 4~' deg., ~>0 min., 59.6 sec, and Long. 73 deg., 31 min., 18.7 sec. 
 
 6. New York Sen. Uoc„ 1837, No. 165, p. 173. 
 
The Western Boundary of MamachusetU. 45 
 
 places till it eoiues to IIudsoiTs Riv'cr; fui- that is alrt'ady 
 planted and i^iven to His Uoyall Highness/''^ 
 
 This senii-otHcial declaration of the extent of the western 
 limits of the Massachusetts Bay was made l>y the royal commis- 
 sioners in 1664 or '(i5. It of course became known to the pro- 
 vincial authorities, who doubtless de})ended ui)on it as a justiii- 
 cation, if any were needed, of their sul)se(pient action in grant- 
 ing- lands to settlers in the Housatonic valley to the eastward of 
 the boinidary thus indicated. 
 
 The first settlement which was established in the neighlxtr- 
 liood of Fort Orange, outside the limits of the })atent of Ilens- 
 selaerwyck, was at Kinderhook, where there appears to ha\'e 
 been some few dwellers as early as 165(L~ The Indian trail 
 eastward from Fort Orange passed through this settlement, and 
 Westeiihook or Housatonic, and thence over the mountains to 
 Springfield, and so on to Massachusetts Bay. It was known to 
 the Dutch as ''the New England path" and to the dwellers in 
 the Connecticut valley as "■ the Bay path.'' 
 
 Among the settlers at Kinderhook before 1T<»<> were Conraet 
 Borghghardt"^ and Elias Van Schaak or Scoick, who were exten- 
 sively engaged in the fur trade with the natives eastward along 
 the New England path. They were both conversant with the 
 native language, and Tmdoul)tedly became ac(piainted M'ith the 
 
 1. New York Col. Hist., iii, W'i. 
 
 •i. The Kinderhook tract was purchased from the Indians, Auj;. 14, IGOS. and patented 
 in part by Gov. Donsan to Jan Ueiidrick De Bruyn, Dec. IG, l(38(i. The Kinticrhook 
 patent proper was granted by Gov. Nicolls, Mar. 14, IGHT.— New York Archives, Book vi, 
 Patents, pp. 154-156. 
 
 8. Conreat Jiorfthghardt was bom about 1677, and was one of the early inhabitants of 
 Kinderliook. lie may have been a native of Holland. He is metitioned as a prominent 
 citizen of K. in 170x!, and in 17!i0. and appears to have lived near tlie i-iver, nortli of Kin- 
 derhook creek, in what is now Stuyvesant. In 1717 he become involved in a dispute 
 with Van Rensselaer in respect to land titles, and doubtless as a result of this, allied 
 himself with the interests of ttie New England settlers in the Housatonic valley. Being 
 well accniainted with the Indians and conversant witli their language and customs, he 
 was employed by tlie settling connnittee in 17x'4, to negotiate the purchase of the lands 
 forming the southern portion of Berkshire county. lie liad a large family of sons and 
 daughtei-s, and about 17;i4. he removed to tlie Housatonic scttliincnt l)ringing his family 
 with him. His homestead occupied a site about fifteen rods south of tlie Sedg- 
 wick Institute in Great Barrington, but he owned liesides, several hundred acres of 
 tiie liest lands now within (ireat Barrington and Kgrciiioiit. He was a man of great in- 
 telligence, enterprise, and public sjiirit. as well as of sturdy integi'ity, and Judging from 
 his autogi'aph, was a man of good ((lucation tor tliost' times. The maiden name of his 
 wife was (iesie Van Wye. Their desrendants ;ire still numerous in Southern Berkshire, 
 altliougli the name is now coniiiioiily written JJurgliardt or Bniget Mr. Borghghanit 
 died about 17.50, and was undoiihtedly buried in the \jeinity of others of his family in the 
 south burial ground at (Jreat Karriiigton. It is to b(^ regretled that no siiitaldy inscribed 
 monument perpetuates tlie meniorj' of this sturdy patriarch, who may fairly be entitled 
 to be called the founder of the Housatonic colony. For many interesting particulars of 
 his life see Taylor's History of Great Barrington, 107-110. 
 
46 Berkshire historical (Uid Scientific Society. 
 
 valley of the Ildusatuiiic at a verv early period, as it lay at 
 a diytaiieo of not more than a day's journey from Kiuderliook. 
 Ill the spring of 1717 Borghgliardt and Van iSchaak made 
 application to the Gov^eriior of New York for a license to ])ur- 
 chase 4,U()(» acres of land comprised in a tract lying southeast of 
 the patent which had been granted to the inhabitants of Kinder- 
 hook in 1683, and west of the hmits of the Westenhook pa- 
 tent.^ The land was duly laid ctut by the government surveyor 
 in the fall of tlie same year,~ l)ut was immediately claimed l)y 
 Henry Van liensselaer as he alleged by virtue of a })rior pa- 
 tent,-^ a claim which led to a controversy the ultimate results of 
 which were far from unim|>ortaiit. 
 
 In order to understand the mutual relatiijiis of the dilferent 
 land patents in this region granted [)rior to 1720, it will be nec- 
 essary to refer brietly to their histories. In 16S2, a tract of 
 land previously purchased from the native owners in behalf of 
 the ])i\)prietor or patroon of Rensselaerwyck, was coiitirmed to 
 Ste})hen Van Cortland, director of the manor or colony. This 
 tract, known as Pothjol:^ was described in the Indian deed as 
 extending along the river from a certain kill north of Claverack, 
 to a kill called Wa<jan-hissel\ eastward "half a day's journey" 
 t(» the "high woodland" Waioanaquasik, and northward to 
 the before mentioned kill of Claverack.'* Wawanaquasik"^ is 
 to this da_y a well-known landmark, situated l)etween nine and 
 ten miles from the river, " where tlie Indians have laid several 
 
 1. New Yurk Land Papers. (Ms.) vi, 150. 
 
 •>. Ibid, vi, 161, 173, 174. 
 
 8. Ibid, viii, 156. 
 
 1. Uolgate's Amer. Geneak)fiy. *. ^ 
 
 ."). Wawaiiaquassick, "where tlie lieaps of stones lye, " lias its plural in iiut-ir<i \ un 
 signifies ■' good ;" r/wfw is "stone " or "stones."' and ?,cA" place." (Kuttenber's Indians 
 of Hudson's River, 373.) This landmark is liist ineiitioned in the deed of eonfirination 
 given to Stephen Van Cortland by four Indians, on the 13th of Oct. KiH^, for the tract 
 afterwards called the Claverack Manor. (Uolgate's Amer, Genealogy. 38 ) .Vnd again 
 in thepatentof Livingston, granted by Governor Dongan, (Doe. Hist. New York, iii, (i^I.) 
 It now marks an angle in the boundary l)etween the townships of Claverack and Tagh- 
 ka-.iek, Colninbia c(iunty, N. Y. It was common amoiii;- the aborigines to erect these 
 conmiemoratix e' heaps of stones, it being an inmiemorial custom among them, lor each 
 l)erson passing to add his contribution to the pile. No satisfactoi'y explanation of the 
 origin or reason of the custcmi has ever been given. The Indians were often ijiies- 
 tioned as to it, but were invariably reluctant to talk about it. There were many of 
 these momnncnts in different places, and it is not unlikely that they were ii. tended for 
 boundaries. They have invariably been located alongside a trail ormnch tra\clcd iiath. 
 and usutilly. though not always, near a spring or stream of water. For further informa- 
 tion on this subject with accounts of different monuments, see the narrative of (Gideon 
 Ilawley, Indian missionary, in Doc. Hist. New York, iii, 030 : Taylor's Ilist. Great Bar- 
 rington, 43-48; Dwight's Travels, ii. 38:3. 
 
The Westerii Boundary of Massachusetts. 47 
 
 Iioa])!^ of stone to^-etlici- l)_v ancient custoiii nscd aiiion^' tlieiii."' 
 A north line from this point to Chiverack creek would have in- 
 cluded some 2;»,<>(i(> acres. Van Rensselaer's agents however, 
 perhaps by ealliuii- in the aid of a long-distance pedestrian of 
 snri)assing al)ility, extended the ''half day's jonrnev" no less 
 than "2-^ miles, to the contluence of the llousatonic and Green 
 rivers, and then claimed to a line extending thence to the s(»urce 
 of Kinderhook creek, in Avhat is now irancock. eml)raciiig not 
 only the greater part of the present county of ('ohniil)ia, hut a 
 considerable section of sonthwestern Berkshire. V>\ UK-ans of 
 this barefaced fraud, some 175,0(>0 acres of land whicli liad 
 never been purchased from the Indians at all, were included in 
 the survey and consequently within the limits of the patent 
 granted by Governor Dongan in 1^83.- This patent was thei-e- 
 after known as the Claverack or lower manor, but by the terms 
 of the grant, the inhabitants were not subject to the feudal 
 conditions of the up})er manor or colony of Rensselaerwyck.'^ 
 Killiaen Yan Rensselaer, to whom the C^laverack man(»r de- 
 scended by entail, conveyed it in 1T<>4 to his 1)rother llendrick 
 from whom it passed to his eldest son John,^ who ultimately 
 found it a most vexatious aiul troublesome inheritance. It ap- 
 pears therefore that the Van Rensselaer patent of 1GS3 was the 
 earliest grant embracing any portion of the territory within the 
 lIousatf)nic valley. 
 
 Among the officials at Albany at this period was a shrewd and 
 enterprising young Scotchman by the name of Robert Li\ing- 
 ston," who held the position of town clerk and secretary for In- 
 
 1. 634. 
 
 3. New York Archives (Ms. ) Ixxvii. 9-^. A warrant for the siu'vey of tliis tract foi- nciul ■ 
 riok Van Rensselaer is in New York Land Papers (Ms.) viii, 43, and tlie return nf tlie sur- 
 vey, witli map, by James Livingston, deinity surveyor, may l)e found, ibiiL viii. 7,'. Tliis 
 surv(iy was made in 1721. and tlie boundaries are given as al)ove. 
 
 :5. O'Callaghan's New Netherland. ii, 1H5. 
 
 4. John or Johannes Van Rensselaer, b. 1711. d. 1983, was son of Uendriek V. R., and 
 father-in-law of Maj. (Jen. Philip Schuyler. Ilolgate's Amer. Genealogy, 44. 
 
 .'). Robert Livingston, fir.st proprietor of the manor, was b. in Ancram, Scotland, in 
 1C.")4, emigrated to America in 1674, and settled in Albany. Ue filled numerous ituhlic 
 offices ; was Secretary for Indian affairs. Member of the Kxocutiye Council, and sjH'aker 
 of the Provincial A.s.sembly, Mayor of .\lbany, etc. A biographical skctfh of him says 
 that "he died about the year 173S, having been with few iiitciniissinns. tlie recipient of 
 pulilic favor and patronage from his first arriv;il in .\inorica lo the close (if his lurt-er. 
 lie was a man of un(|uestional)le shrewdness, i)erse\erancc and of larse aei|uisilivcness. 
 nis main efforts seem to have been dircicleil ijriiicipally to securing for liiniself otlice, 
 wealth and special jn'ivileges, and e\er>' opportunity was seized by liim l.o get the gov- 
 ernment and the legislature to recognize his manor of Livingston" The larger part of 
 the manor was devised l)y Inm to his eldest son i'hiliji.- Doe. Hist. New Vork.iii, Tib- 
 7:^8, (note). 
 
48 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 diaii affairs as early as 1675. He performed tlie duties of this 
 important office for nearly fifty years, and in that capacity ac- 
 quired much information in respect to valuable lands still in the 
 possession of the natives, — information, which as the sequel will 
 show, he soon manatjed to turn t(» excellent account for his own 
 interest. On November 12, 168<>, Governor Andross approved 
 his petition for leave to purchase land on the east side of 
 Hudson's river,^ and on the 12th of July, 1683, he procured a 
 deed from the Mahican owners of a tract on Roeloff Jansen's 
 kill adjacent to the river, having a front of al)out ten miles and 
 extending eastwardly " to a cripple bush Ijy the Indians called 
 Mdhaslutkook.^'''^ This locality, there is reason to believe, was 
 about twelve miles east of the river. On November 4, 1683, 
 Governor Dongan issued a patent for the land thus purchased.-^ 
 lu the spring of 1685 Livingston presented another petition to 
 Governor Dongan, in which he set forth his disappointment in 
 respect to the character of the preceding purchase, which " after a 
 view and Survey thereof proves much Contrare to Expectation, 
 very Little being fitt to be Improoved, and whereas there is a 
 Peece of Land Lyeing upon ye Same Kill called by the Indians 
 Tachkanick behinde Patkook about Two or 3()0hund acres, 
 which in time might Proove a Convenient setlement for your 
 hour humble Petitioner, he therefore humbly Prays That your 
 hour would be Pleased to grant him a Lycence to Purchase ye 
 Same of ye native Proprietors, who are willing to disposp 
 thereof to your hour humble Petitioner," etc. Upon this peti- 
 tion "'2<)(> acres of ye said land was granted," and Livingston 
 accordingly received a deed from the Indians on August lOtli, 
 of the same year, and on August 27tli, Governor Dongan con- 
 firmed l)y patent the purchase as described in the Indian deed.'* 
 The next _year, Livingston again petitioned the governor to 
 unite his two former purchases under a "patent of confirmation " 
 constituting the same manor of Livingston and conferring feu- 
 dal privileges upon the proprietor, which was granted by the 
 governor, and the patent issued July 23, 1686.^ The next year 
 
 1. Doc. Hist. New York, iii, 628. 
 
 •i. Ibid, iii. 013. 
 
 3. Ibid, iii, (il.'j. 
 
 4. Ibid, iii, BIT. 
 
 5. Ibid, iii, 633-637. 
 
The We,^ter7i Boundary of Massachusetts. 49 
 
 Livingston j>urcli;ist.'(l from the natives certain additional lands 
 west and south of Copake lako.^ 
 
 Tlie petitions for these patents were artfully worded by Liv- 
 ingston so as to convey the false impression that both the origi- 
 nal grants taken together would comprise but a little over 2,500 
 acres, but the boundaries, ap])arently l)y intention, were de- 
 scril)ed l)y natural objects under their al)original names, and 
 actualh' encompassed a vast tract, containing at least 175,000 
 acres and embracing fully one-tliird of the present county of Co- 
 lumbia. The manor, as afterwards surveyed, included a consid- 
 erable portion of the arable land comprised within the limits of 
 the present town of Mount Washington.- There does not ap- 
 pear to be a particle of evidence that Livingston ever purchased 
 the last mentioned land from the Indians, or indeed any consid- 
 erable portion of the tract which now forms the northeastern 
 section of Copake, although he had caused them to be included 
 within his manorial grant. This was an eminently characteristic 
 piece of sharp practice, which was destined to cause Livingston's 
 descendants no small amount of trouble. 
 
 Thus for a consideration of 930 guilders in wampum, ecpiiva- 
 lent to $375, and some $200 additional in axes, kettles, knives, 
 blankets and other like commodities, Roliert Livingston ob- 
 tained for himself and his successors the perpetual sovereignty 
 over this princely domain, and inasmuch as in the words of his 
 " humble petition," he had " been at Vast Charges and Expence 
 in Purchaseing the said Tracts and Parcells of Land from the 
 native Lidians and alsoe in Settling and Lnproveing the same,'' 
 he was only required to pay to the cro^vn an annual rpiit-rent of 
 28 shillings. But as he afterwards re-conveyed to the crown 
 6,000 acres in consideration of £400 sterling, he must have re- 
 ceived reimbursement for his " Vast Charges and Expence," so 
 that the remaining 169,000 acres, became virtually a free gift 
 from the royal government.-^ 
 
 On July 17, 1705, Peter Schuyler, Derrick Wessells and sev- 
 
 1. Doc. Hist. New York, iii, 628. 
 
 2. See map of a survey by John Beatty, T)ep. surveyor of New York, October 20, 1714, 
 a fao simile of which is in Doc. Hist. New York, iii, facing p. G9U. 
 
 :j. This tract now constitutes the town of (ierniantown and was purchased by the 
 crown for a colony of (lernian Palatines. Many doenments relative to this settlement 
 may be found in XUtr. Hist. New Vmk. vol. iii. 
 
50 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 oral otlier persons holding offices of trnst and profit nnder the 
 ISTew York government, petitioned for a patent for certain 
 tracts of land lying on a creek called Wexte7%hook\ l)eginning at 
 an Indian bnrying place " hard by Kaphack," thence running 
 up northerly on lx)th sides the said creek to a fall or rift of the 
 same called Sasigtonack,^ and extending into the woods west- 
 erly to the l)ounds of Kinderhook and Patkook, together with 
 another tract of land also lying on Westenhook creek, extend- 
 ing on both sides from Sasigtonack northerly to another rift 
 called Packw^ake, and thence westerly to the bounds of the 
 Manor of Kinderhook and Rensselaerwyck. This patent is al- 
 leged to be based upon purchases made from the natives, some 
 as early as 1685, and others in 1703 and 1704.2 It is difficult to 
 determine the extent of this grant fi'om the somewhat obscure 
 description given in the patent granted to the petitioners on 
 September 29, 1705, but it is quite certain that its southerly 
 Ixmndary was tlie stream now called Salmon creek, which joins 
 tlie Housatonic near Lime Rock station Connecticut. It extended 
 north t<^ the limestone gorge through which the river flows be- 
 tween Glendale and Stockbridge, which can l)e identified as 
 Pack-uHis-che or Packwahe^ and included all the territory to a 
 line four miles east of the river north of the present north line 
 of Sheffield. By the conditions expressed in the grant the pa- 
 tentees were required to clear and make improvements upon 
 some portion of the lands gi-anted within six years, and to pay 
 to the crown an annual quit-rent of £7 10s. 
 
 It appears therefore that the Westenhook patent, being lim- 
 ited in a westerly direction by the prior patents of Patkook and 
 Kinderhook, did not in fact comprise any very large amount 
 of the territory now in Massachusetts west of the Housatonic 
 river. No evidence has been discovered tending to show that 
 any actual improvenaents were ever made under the auspices of 
 the patentees, in compliance with the terms of the grant. 
 
 The petition of Borghghardt and Van Scoick in 1717, for the 
 purchase of lands south of the Kinderhook patent, appears to 
 
 1. Siwigtonai:, signifying " water splashing ovei- rocks." Taylor identifies this as the 
 falls in the upper part of (ireat Barrington village.— Hist. Great Barrington, .'). 
 
 2. New York Land Papers (Mss.). iv, tii: Taylor's Hist. Great Barrington, 2. 
 
 3. Pack-wake, a term signifying a bend or elbow, in allusi<in to the change from a 
 westerly to a sontherly conrse which occurs in the river at this point. It is tlie place 
 where the unfinished grade line of the Lee and Hudson railroad crosses the river a short 
 distance above Glendale. 
 
The Western Bo iindar if of Massachusetts. 51 
 
 have given rise to a controveivsv with Henry Van Ilenst^elaer, 
 the proprietor of tlie lower manor, which continned for niaiiy 
 years.^ This circumstance renders it highly ])robiil)le tliat Hor- 
 ghghardt, Avho seems to have been a man of unusual intelligence 
 and enterprise, and possessed of an intimate knowledge of the 
 Westenhook region, determined to enter into the negotiations 
 with some of tlio prominent men in western Massachusetts, 
 with the understanding that he would co-operate with them in 
 extending the settlements under that government hito the val- 
 ley of the Westenhook or Housatonic. Some scheme of this 
 nature must certainly have l)een under consideration in the (tcu- 
 eral Court of Massachusetts as early as 1710, for on Noveml)er 
 lUtli of that year it was voted that, ''Whereas the divisional 
 line and boundary between this province and the jirovince of 
 New York have never been run, marked out and stated ; and 
 new plantations are issuing forth from that government as well 
 as this; ordered that Samuel Thaxter, William Dudley and 
 John Stoddard, Esq., be a committee to join with such as the 
 government of New York shall ajjpoint, to run and settle the 
 divisional line and boundary between said provinces pursuant 
 to their legal grants."^' A copy of this resolution was duly 
 transmitted to the governor of New York. The action of the 
 General Court may have been prompted by information received 
 from Borglighardt, and it may also have been due to a knowl- 
 edge of the fact that the western boundary of Comiecticut had 
 been agreed upon, and was about to be definitely surveyed and 
 established at a distance of twenty miles east of Hudson's river. 
 It was obviously the policy of Massachusetts to extend her plan- 
 tations westward to a corresponding distance as soon as possible, 
 and thus estaljlish a prior claim to the territory by virtue of 
 actual occupancy and settlement, a policy which had l)een con- 
 sistently and successfully pursued on the part of Connecticut. 
 Two years more elapsed i)efore anything delinite was done. In 
 May, 1722, two petitions were presented signed by 176 inhal)i- 
 tants of Hampshire county asking for grants of lands on the 
 Housatonic river,'^ which were favorably responded to, and a 
 resolution passed and approved by the governor on the 30th of 
 
 1. New York Land Papers (Mss.). viii, 156; xxiv, 15; xxxiii, 4. 
 
 2. Massachusetts (;en. Court Records. 
 
 3. Field's Hist. Berkshire Co., 301 : Taylor's Hist. Oreat Barnngton, 14. 
 
52 Berkshire Historical and ScientijiG Society. 
 
 June, granting' to the petitioners two townships, each containing 
 seven miles s(|uare, on tlie Ilousatonic river, the lirst adjacent 
 to the divisional line between Massachusetts and Connecticut, 
 which had been run and marked in 171 7,^ and the second im- 
 mediately adjacent thereto on the north. A committee was ap- 
 pointed to lay out lands, admit settlers, extinguish the Indian 
 title and generally to manage the affairs of the plantations.- 
 
 On the 25th of April, 1724, the settling connnittee met Kon- 
 kapot and nineteen other Indian owners of the territory, at 
 Westlield, Conraet Borghardt acting as intei'preter, and a deed 
 was executed by them, conveying with certain reservations a 
 tract extending four miles east of the river, bounding south on 
 the colony line, north on "ye great Mountain known by ye 
 name of Mau-skti-fee-haunk^^'^ and westward " on ye Patten or 
 Colony of New York."^ 
 
 A somewhat remarkable fact connected with this deed is, 
 that the Indians warranted the title to be free of all incum- 
 brances, an unusual provision in such instruments, which would 
 seem to indicate that the grantors regarded the prior sales al- 
 leged to have l)een made to the Westenhook patentees as null 
 and void. An examination of the petition for the Westenhook 
 grant suggests, to say the least, the possibility of fraud. It re- 
 cited that the ])ctitioners had advanced money and goods to tlie 
 Indian })roprietors of certain lands at Westenhook, Mdio had 
 mortgaged the premises to them, and that the Indians l)eing un- 
 able to repay the sums thus advanced, the petitioners had '' con- 
 descended" to make further advances and take deeds of the 
 lands.''^ It has always been a circumstance difficult of explana- 
 tion, that the wealthy owners of such a valuable tract as West- 
 enhook never appear to have attempted to establish a single 
 settler on it, and so far as is known, never made the slightest 
 attempt to enforce their rights except by l)ringing suits for tres- 
 pass against some of the iirst individuals who claimed under the 
 Massachusetts grant.*^ But if the Indian title was ol)tained 1iy 
 
 1. Conn. Archives, (Mss.) Colonial Boundaries, iii ; Bowen's Boundary Disputes, 59. 
 
 2. Taylor's Uist. Great Barrington, 14. 
 
 3. Probably the elevation now known as Rattlesnake Hill, in Stockln'idffe. 
 
 4. Fields Hist. Berkshire County, 201 ; Taylor's Hist. Great Barrington. 1.5. A copy of 
 the deed is printed in the appendix of Taylor p. 488, and also in N. E. Gen. and Hist. 
 Eeg., viii, 21.5. 
 
 5. Taylor's Uist. Great Barrington, 2. 
 
 6. Ibid, 25. 
 
Thii Wcatcni Boundary of Maai^tich u. setts. 53 
 
 fraud or C()iii[)iilsi<)n, these lioiiorahle New Wn'k _t;;eiitleiiien 
 knew very well that no man's scalp would he safe, who at- 
 tempted to settle under it. Conraet Ijorghghardt must have 
 I)een conversant with thefacts in the case, and everythin<i; which 
 we know of the character of that sturdy pioneer forbids us to 
 suppose that he would have l)een a party to the conveyance at 
 Westlield, if the prior i)urchase by the Westeidujok [)atentees 
 of a large part of the same territory had been a ho)iaJide trans- 
 action. 
 
 There are many evidences that the Indians felt deeply ag- 
 grieved by the fraud which had Ijeen })ractice(l upon them by 
 Van Rensselaer, Livingston, and the Westenhook patentees, of 
 including within their limits large tracts of land which had never 
 been honorably purchased or paid for. Captain Ilendrick Au- 
 pamnut,^ who succeeded Captain Konkapot as chief of the Ma- 
 liican or Stockbridge nation, in an eloquent address to the Gov- 
 ernor of New York at the All)any conference in 1754, tells the 
 story of the wrongs of his countrymen in a forcible and effec- 
 tive manner. 
 
 " Fathers : We are greatly rejoiced to see you all here. It is 
 by the will of Heaven that we are met here, and w^e thank you 
 for this opportunity of seeing you together, as it is a long time 
 since we have liad such an one. 
 
 " Fathers : "Who sit present here, we will just give you a short 
 relation of the long friendship which hath subsisted betAveen 
 the white people of this country and us. Our forefathers had 
 a castle on this river. As one of them walked out he saw 
 something on the river, but was at a loss to know what it was. 
 
 1. Capt. Hendrick Aupaumut, wlio was perhaps the ablest and most distintfuished in- 
 vidual of his nation, first appeared in history as tlie spealter in tlie confertMice between 
 the Mahicans and tlie Mohawk eniliassadors during the war of 171(1. Notliiiif; appeal's lo 
 be known of his birth and parciitiiKc His eloiiuent and able address to tlie ;,'()V(Tiiur of 
 New York, whieh we reproduce in full, and his stirring and patriotic spcccli to the cdin- 
 missioners of tlie Continental Congress at Albany in 1774, sliows tlic spiiit in which liiin- 
 self and his people espoused tlie cause of their friends, the New l-jigluml colonists. He 
 welcomed the missionaries among liis i]Ooi)le, impressing upon them a recognition of liis 
 worth, even while refusing to uniti; with tlie converts. During the Frencli war he served 
 faithfully and returned to liis \h-u\Av with honor. After tiie revolution, in accord- 
 ance with a suggestion made bv \W\ . Mr. Ivirkland to Gen. Knox, then secretary of war, 
 (April 32, 1791,) he was employed hv the government on missions to the western tribes, 
 and conducted important and succrssful negoti;itions with them, wliicli umiurstionnbly 
 served to prepare the wav for the victoiy of Tippecanoe. In the war of isiv;, Captain 
 Hendrick joined the American midiv. was lavorably noticed, and iiromoted to an official 
 po.-iiion. In all his multifarious jiublie duties lie never forg(jt his peoiile, and one of liis 
 last acts was to write a lii.storv of his nation. In IHx.".) he renitived to (Jreen Bay. Wis., 
 with the remnant of ins tribe, where lie was soon after gathered to his fathers. The 
 above particulars are mainly from Kuttenber's Indian Tribes of Iludsons hiver. p. 330- 
 325. See also Jones' Stockbridge Past and Present, and Stone's Life of lirant, ii, 'dli~. 
 
54 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 He took it at tirst for a great lisli. He ran into tlie castle and 
 gave notice to the other Indians. Two of onr forefathers went 
 to see what it was, and found it a vessel with men in it. They 
 immediately joined hands with the people in the vessel and l^e- 
 carae friends. The white people told them they should not 
 come any further up the river at that time, and said to them 
 they would return back whence they came and come again in a 
 year's time. According to their promise they returned back in 
 a year's time, and came as far up the river as where the old fort 
 stood. Our forefathers invited them on shore and said to them, 
 here we will give you a place to make you a town ; it shall 1)e 
 from this place to such a stream, and from the river back up to 
 the hill. Our forefathers told them, though they were now a 
 small people, they would in time multiply and till up the land 
 they had given to them. After they were ashore some time, 
 some other Indians who had not seen them before looked 
 iiercely at them, and our forefathers observing it, and seeing the 
 white people so few in number, lest they should l)e destroyed, 
 took and sheltered them under their arms. But it turned out 
 that those Indians did not desire to destroy them, l)ut wished 
 also to have the white people for their friends. At this time 
 which we have now spoken of, the white people were small, 
 but we were very numerous and strong. We defended them 
 in that low state, but now the case is altered. You are numer- 
 ous and strong ; we are few and weak ; therefore we expect you 
 to act by us in these circumstances as we did by you in those 
 we have just now related. We view you now as a very large 
 tree which has taken deep root in the ground ; whose branches 
 are spread very wide. We stand by the body of this tree and 
 we look around to see if there be any who endeavor to hurt it, 
 and if it should so happen that any are powerful enough to de- 
 stroy it we are ready to fall with it. 
 
 " Fathers : You see how early we made friendship with you. 
 we tied each other in a very strong chain. That chain has not 
 yet been l)roken. We now clean and ml) that chain to make it 
 l)righter and stronger, and we determine on our part that it 
 shall never l)e broken, and we hope yon M'ill take care that nei- 
 ther you nor any one else shall l^reak it. And we are greatly 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. 55 
 
 rejoiced that peace and fricndsliip have 8(t loiii^- sultsisted be- 
 tween ns. 
 
 "Fathers: Don't think strano'e at what we arc ahout to say. 
 We would say soniethini< rcspcctintj; our lands. Wlu-n tlic 
 M'hite peoj)le purchased from time to time of us, they said they 
 only wanted to purchase the low lands ; they told us tlie hilly 
 land was good for nothing, and that it was full of wood and 
 stones; but now we see people living all about the hills and 
 woods although they have not purchased the lands. When we 
 inquire of the people who live on these lands what right they 
 have to them, they reply to us, that we are not to l)e regarded, 
 and that these lands belong to the king ; but we M^ere the first 
 possessors of them, and when the king has i)aid us for them, 
 then they may say they are his. Hunting now has grown very 
 scarce, and we are not like to get our living that way. There- 
 fore we hope our fathers will take care that we are paid for our 
 lands that we may live."^ 
 
 The significance of Captain Hendrick's remarks will appear 
 when we come to discuss the controversies which arose in con- 
 sequence of the wrongful appropriation of the lands referred 
 to by the New York patentees. 
 
 Conraet Borgho-hardt seems henceforth to have identified him- 
 self wholly with the interests of the New England settlers. In 
 1725, before the settling committee commenced operations at 
 Housatonic, they employed him to measure the distance be- 
 tween the Hudson and the Housatonic rivers. Owing to vari- 
 ous obstacles interposed by the Westenhook patentees, who by 
 this time had discovered what was going on, he had mucii dif- 
 ficulty in securing a surveyor, l)ut finally procured one from a 
 distant point, ^\\\<^ with the assistance of Mr. Borghghardt and 
 his son, ultimately succeeded in measuring the line.- This meas- 
 urement was undoubtedly made along the dividing line between 
 the Livingston manor and the patent of Patkook, and was 
 for the purpose of determining the position of the colonial 
 boundary. Early in 1726, Messrs. Ashley and Fomeroy of the 
 settling committee established the boundary between the two 
 
 1. New York Col. Hist., vi, 881 ; Wiitteiiber'.'! Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, ;«1. An 
 interesting biographical sketch of Atipaunuit is given in the last named work. See also 
 Jones' Sloi'kbridge Past and Present. 
 
 2. Massachusetts Archives, (Mss.) xlvi, 132: Taylor's Hist, (ireat Harrington. 2.5. 
 
56 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 townships — wliicli it may l)e noted, corresponded exactly with 
 that l)etween two of the Westenhook tracts, and made a rongli 
 survey and division of the lower township.^ The records are 
 silent as to the proceedings in the first year of the settlement, 
 bnt it is certain that some pioneers fonnd their way to the val- 
 ley as early as 1726, and one — Matthew Noble of Westfield — 
 in 1725.2 ' 
 
 The intelligence of this movement stirred np the Westenhook 
 patentees. They commenced actions of trespass and ejectment 
 against some of the settlers,^ and memorialized Governor Bnr- 
 net of New York, complaining of the encroachments on their 
 property by the Massachnsetts people.'* A correspondence ensned 
 between Governor Bnrnet and Governor Belcher of Massachn- 
 setts, in which the former proposed that "no Innovations be 
 made on the boundaries of the provinces, till they be settled 
 either by Agreement, or order from Home."''''' This was assented 
 to on the part of both governments, an order to that effect hav- 
 ing been passed on December 28, 1726, by the General Court 
 of Massachnsetts,*^ while a like order was issned about the same 
 time by the governor and council of New York. It was also 
 directed that all actions already commenced by the patentees 
 against the people of Westenhook be suspended until further 
 orders.'^ Accordingly in May, 1727, the lieutenant governor of 
 Massachusetts on the part of that colony issued instructions to 
 the settling committee at Housatonic, prohibiting the further 
 laying out of lands, or the prosecution of suits against the New 
 York claimants.'^ This order greatly embarrassed, although it 
 probably did not altogether arrest the progress of the settlement 
 for the next six years. The connnittee quaintly remark : "Ye 
 settlement at Housatonunuck was for a considerable time much 
 impeded and hindered ; l)ut afterwards many of ye settlers, by 
 themselves or others, got upon ye land, and liad ye encourage- 
 ment of ye General Assembly."^ A new committee was ap- 
 pointed in the summer of 1733, which acting under the instruc- 
 
 1. Taylor's Hist. Great Barrington, 17. 
 
 2. Itid, 102. 
 
 3. Ibid, 2.5. 
 
 4. New York Land Papers, (Ms.), x, 4 ; Taylor's Hist, (ireat Barrington, 20. 
 r>. Oov. Burnet's letter, 172G, in Mass. Archives. 
 
 ti. Massachusetts Geii. Court Hccords. 
 
 7. New York Cduncil .Minutes uMs.), xv. 139. 
 
 «. Taylor's Hist, (ireat liarrinyton. 2t. 
 
 9. Heeords of Housatonie l'ro|>rietiiry (,Ms.). i : Taylor's Hist. Great Barrinstou, 25. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachitsetts. 57 
 
 tions of the General Court, given aj)[)arentl_y in utter (lisre_i^anl 
 of the agreement which had been made with Kew York in 
 172t), proceeded to parcel out the lands, and confirm the title to 
 the proprietors in severalty.^ During this })eriod nothing what- 
 ev^er had been done on the part of New York, in refei'ence 
 to the establishment of the boundary, although connnittees had 
 been appointed for that purpose in 1730 and again in 1782, by 
 the General Court of Massachusetts.^ 
 
 It is probable that in thus giving a tacit if not an o[)en aj)- 
 proval to the proceedings at Housatonic, the members of the 
 General Court presumed not only upon the fact that the West- 
 enhook patentees could not, or would not, enforce their claims, 
 but that the New York Assembly were in no wise anxious to 
 incur the expense of settling the boundaries, doubtless for the 
 reason that any territories that might be gained from Massa- 
 chusetts, would inure to the benefit of the crown and not to 
 that of themselves or their constituents. 
 
 In 1739 Governor Belcher of Massachusetts wrote to Lieu- 
 tenant Governor Clarke of New York, that he had for nine 
 years been urging the New York government to take some ac- 
 tion in respect to the boundary, and that " if after so many A])- 
 plications from this Government to that of New York, for an 
 Amicalile Adjustment of the Boundaries betwixt them, they 
 M'ill not be persuaded to do what is so reasoual>le, and to pre- 
 serve Peace and good Neighborliood ; your people must lie an- 
 swerable, if any Inconveniences issue upon this Government's 
 proceeding to settle such Lands as they judge they have a just 
 Right to."'^ Upon the receipt of this communication Lieuten- 
 ant Governor Clarke wrote to the Lords of Trade asking for in- 
 structions from the king, and suggesting that a royal order be 
 obtained forl)idding any further surveys and settlements to be 
 made upon the frontier ])y the New England people.* The 
 Lords replied in sul)stance that Massachusetts had acted too has- 
 tilv in the affair, and that they had directed the governor of 
 
 1. Taylor's Hist. Great Barrington, 36. 
 
 a. Records Mass. Gen. Court. 
 
 3. New York Geu. Assem. Jour., 'i&i. 
 
 4. New York Col. Hist. vi. IW. 
 
58 Berlishire Historical and Scientijjc Society. 
 
 that [trovinru to arranii'C the cuiitroversy aiiiicablv, and there the 
 matter rested.' 
 
 Ill 1740 the JMasHachiLsetts General Cuurt again apjiointed 
 boundary commissioners, hut when its action was laid hx the 
 governor of New York l)efore his council, that body expressed 
 the opinion that ""as the soil of this province l)eloiigs to his 
 Majesty, his Honor camiot grant an}- power to the commis- 
 sioner of this province to make any agreements the commis- 
 sioner shall enter into conchisive, until the same shall lirst have 
 received his Majesty's approbation.'"- 
 
 From this time no official action seems to have been taken for 
 several years by either government. The settling committee at 
 Housatonic had nevertheless proceeded with their work, and in 
 1736, under instructions from the General Court, laid out the 
 Indian township, now Stockbridge."^ Meanwhile the settlers 
 continued to improve their lauds undisturl)ed by the Westeii- 
 hook patentees. 
 
 One of the most prominent of the early inhalutants of Slief- 
 lield was David Ingersoll; a man of ability and enterprise, but 
 aggressive, avaricious and mercenary ; t)iie of those })ersons who 
 manifest but little regard for the rights of others, so long as 
 tliey themselves can contrive to keep without the clutches of 
 the law. As a trader in Springfield and Brookfield, Ingersoll 
 had apparently accumulated some property before his removal 
 to Sheffield. From that time forward he was prominent m the 
 history of the settlement as a most persistent and unscrupulous 
 "land-grabber." In 17ol>, under a fraudulent title, he seized 
 upon the valuable water-power now occujued l)y the Berkshire 
 Woolen Company at the north end of Great Barrington village, 
 which had been expressly reserved by the settling committee as 
 the joint property of the two townships for the general l)enefit 
 of the townsmen, where he erected a saw and grist-mill and 
 iron-works. He obtained for himself the office of clerk of the 
 proprietors of the township, and was commissioned a justice of 
 the peace. These various circumstances alforded Ingersoll un- 
 
 1. Ibid, vi, 149. 
 
 3. New York Coiuicil Minutes CMs.), xix, 67. 
 
 •3. Field's Hist. Berkshire Co., 340. 
 
Tlie Wejiiern BoHndnry of Massachusetts. 59 
 
 usual scope for liis dislioiiost ])roclivities, and it may !»(• )>i'e" 
 sinned that he did not fail to improve his o]iportunities, for we 
 find that in lT4t> he was ejected from the clerkshij) of the pro- 
 prietary, donhtless for excellent reasons, and was thereafter 
 coin])elled to seek otlier fields foi- the exercise of his peculiar 
 abilities.' 
 
 Sometime ))rior to 174;!, Philip Livinu-ston,- son of the oriii'i- 
 nal proprietor of the Livingston manor, erected a blast furnace, 
 foru-e and foundry at Ancram on E-oeliif Jansen's kill.-^ The 
 ore for supplying the works was ol)tained partly fi-om what is 
 now known as the "old bed" at Salisbury, Connecticut, and 
 partly at other points along the ^yestern base of the Taconic 
 mountain farther north, in which region a scattered frontier set- 
 tlement of ore-diggers, charcoal-burners and farmers soon began 
 to grow up. Some few of these straggling pioneers had found 
 their wav into the m»»st remote and secluded parts of the manor, 
 at least two or three families having established themselves in 
 the elevated valley between the eastern and western ridges of 
 the Taconic range, now forming the central portion of the town 
 of Mount Washington. This territory, although embraced 
 within the original chartered limits of the manor, had never 
 been alienated b_y its al)original owners,'* bnt the settlers who 
 
 1. Taylor's Hist. Great Barrington, 132, 123. 
 
 2. Philip LivinfTston, second proprietor of the manor, eldest son of Kobert L. and Alida 
 Schuyler, widow ot Rev. N. Van Rensselaer, wash, at Albany. 1686. In 170.5, he accom- 
 panied his uncle Col. Vetch to Quebec, on a mission from the govt, of Mass. Bay to pro- 
 cure an exchange of prisoners. Served in the Port Royal expedition in 1710 ; appointed 
 a commissioner of Indian affairs at Albany, 1720 : became a member of the council in 
 172.5: was commissioner from Xew York to meet with other conunissioners to concert 
 means for carrving on the war and secTirinn- alliance of the Indians, 1746, 1747. He con- 
 tinued in public life until liis death in New York in 1749. He m. Catlierine, daughter of 
 Pliilip Van Brugh, mayor of Albany, and liad 2 sons and 3 daugliters.— (Holgate's Am. 
 <;enealogy.) In a report on tlie History of Iron manufacture in the T. S., (!'. S. Census 
 Rep.. 1880, Art. Iron and Steel, p. 64,) it is stated tliat the Ancram works were set up liy 
 Pliilip L., '"a signer of tlie Declaration of Independence," an error arising from tlie sim- 
 ilarity of names. Phihp appears to have been a man of a character very similar to that 
 of his father. He was apparently implicated in certain fraudulent purchases of lands 
 from the Mohawks near Canajohaiie, and which was the source of much subsiMiuenl 
 trouble.— (Stone's Life and Times of Sir William Johnson, ii, 176-184.) On the death of 
 Philip, the portion of the manor east of the Albany post road descended to his son 
 Robert. 
 
 3. Doc. Hist. New York, iii. 767. 
 
 4. It has been asserted by several writers that the Stockbridge Indians in many in- 
 stances sold lands twice over to interested parties, in utter disregard of former sales, as 
 for exampl- in Stone's Life and Times of sir William Johnson, ii, 3'.) : but no evidence 
 whatever is brought forward to sustain this charge, while on the other hand there is 
 much to disprove it. Col. (leor^'c Cioylian. Deputy Supt. of Indian affairs under the 
 crown, in an official communication lotiic Lords of Trade, says: " It may bethouglit and 
 said by some, that tli<- Indians arc a faithless and ungrateful set of IJarbanans, and will 
 not stand to anv agreements tliev make with us; but it is well known that they never 
 claimed any right to a Tract of Country, after they sold it with the consent of their 
 Council, and received any consideration, tlio" ne\ir so trifling."— (,('ol. Hist. N. V.. vii, 
 604.) This view of Indian character is consistent with the opinion held Iiy all who were 
 familiar with them, and had no interest in inisreprcscnting the facts. 
 
60 Berkshire Historical and SGientific Society. 
 
 were located upon it were none the less claimed by Robert Li\'- 
 ingston to be tenants, and were required to pay liini an annual 
 rental for tlie occupancy of tlieir farms. 
 
 In a lovely little valley lying in a secluded nook of the 
 mountains, two miles east of the present village of Hillsdale, 
 there dwelt as early as 1740, a somewliat numerous family l)y 
 the name of Van Guilder, the various members of which are 
 mentioned i]i the documents of the time as " Stockbridge In- 
 dians," but it is most likely that they were the offspring of a 
 Dutch father and an Indian mother.^ Other individuals of the 
 same family, and in fact the first of them who appears in his- 
 tory, John Yan Guilder, lived two or three miles eastward on 
 the other side of the mountain in the locality still known as 
 Guilder Hollow.^ The Van Guilders appear to have l)een some- 
 what of the vagabond order, half farmers, half fishermen and 
 hunters, and on their occasional visits to the settlements were 
 apt to fall into temptation, and to consume more rum than was 
 good for them, whereby it happened that they not infrequently 
 fell under the purview of the local magistrates. It was perhaps 
 by some such means as this that Esquire Ingersoll discovered 
 that the Mali i can ancestors of the Van Guilders had in fact 
 never parted with their title to the lands on Taconic mountain 
 and in the northeast corner of the manor of Livingston, and 
 that there was also extensive tracts claimed by John Van Rens- 
 selaer, comprised mostly within the present towns of Hillsdale, 
 Austerlitz and Canaan, the Indian title to which had never been 
 legally extinguished. He further ascertained that the Indians 
 cherished a deep-seated resentment against the descendants and 
 successors of the patentees avIio had defrauded them of these 
 lands, a feeling which might easily be made an occasion for 
 open hostility. 
 
 Here was an opportunity for a land speculation on a grand 
 scale for those times, and the ex-clerk of the Housatonic pro- 
 prietary appears to have lost no time in setting the requisite 
 
 1. Map of Portion of Livinfjston Manor (Ms.), Uudson Archives. Eight of this family 
 ai'e named among' the jn'antees in the deed of Mar. 29, 1757, (Springfield Records, i, 11,) 
 which included this tract. 
 
 •i. Ouilder Hollow is in the southwestern part of Egremont and is a mere hamlet in- 
 habited by a few farmers. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. 01 
 
 macliiiuM-v in iiiotioii to ciialilc liim to i;'ratit'v liis niliiii;- pas- 
 sion ; tliat of seiziiiii' <"!"•-' jx^ssessioiis and iiuproveiueiitsof otliers 
 under a coloi'al)lo li'ii'al title. Accord inijly we find strono- evi- 
 dence, tendiiiii'to sliow that a comhinatioii — such as the modern 
 school of pohticians would cull a '^leal'' — was formed about 
 the year 1751, which included a iiumher of ju-oniinent citizens of 
 western Massaclmsetts, tlie <»h]ect of which was to procure deeds 
 of tliese lands for a small compensation, from the legal i-epre- 
 sentatives of the al)original owners, cause the same to be granted 
 in townships by the General Court, to themselves and their asso- 
 ciates, and then to colonize them with New England settlers, 
 and extend over them the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Bay. 
 There is sufficient evidence to establish the fact that this com- 
 bination was pretty well represented among the honorable mem- 
 bers of the General Court. It is not altogether gratifying to 
 record the fact that leading citizens of Hampshire county, such 
 as Colonel Oliver Partridge, Brigadier General Joseph D wight, 
 and Col. John Ashle3% if not actively concerned with Ingersoll 
 in i\\Q prosecution of this unjustifiable and illegal scheme, at 
 least did not scruple to lend to it every assistance which their 
 official ])ositions in the provincial government and their high 
 standing in the community, enabled them to do. 
 
 The first step hi the conspiracy was to employ emissaries to 
 incite disaffection among the inhabitants in the eastern portions 
 of the Livingston and Rensselaer manors.^ This was easily ac- 
 complished. These people already chafed under the exactions 
 of their landlords and the continual taunts of their eastern 
 neighbors, who, holding their lands in fee under the "Boston 
 government" regarded them Avitli unconcealed contempt as 
 little better than slaves and vassals of the lords of the manors. 
 These borderers, for the most part rude, ignorant and lawless, 
 yet Ijy no means lacking in personal inde])endence and courage, 
 were allured by promises that in case they would join in the 
 proposed movement to establish the authority of JVIassachusetts 
 over the (lis])uted territory, they need pay no more I'ent to their 
 feudal landlords, but that the absolute titles to the fai'iiis which 
 they severally occupied would be confirmed to them on the 
 
 1. Doc. Hist. New York, iii. 'i"\. 
 
62 Berkshire Hidorical and Scientific Society. 
 
 payment once fur all of a nominal snm to the proprietary.^ In- 
 gersoll claimed that he was acting nnder the anthority of the 
 Government of Massachnsetts Bay, to which he assured the ten- 
 ants the lands in cpiestion belonged.^ He nrged them to resist 
 the collection of rents l)y their landlords, a course which some 
 of the bolder spirits among them at once undertook to follow, 
 among others Josiah Loomis and George Robinson, recent em- 
 igrants from Connecticut, and Michael Hallenl)eck, a tenant of 
 thirty years standing."^ 
 
 Robei't Livingston, Jr., who upon the death of his fatlier 
 Philip in 1749, had succeeded him as lord of the manor, al- 
 though apparently not of an especially aggressive disposition, 
 was nevertheless possessed of sufficient firmness and determina- 
 tion to render him disposed to maintain his rights to the fullest 
 extent. Under the advice of his attorneys he commenced pro- 
 ceedings in ejectment against Ilallenbcck and Loomis, who oc- 
 cupied neighboring farms in the elevated valley on Taconic 
 mountain.'* 
 
 Not long after this action had been taken Livingston received 
 a letter t(^ the following effect: — 
 
 "March 24, 1752. 
 
 "Sir: — Li consequence of an order of a Connnittee of the 
 General Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay to lay out 
 E<{uivalents in the Province land, I have begun on the East 
 side of Tackinick Barrick,^ and laid out a large Farm which 
 encompasses the Dwellings of Michael Hallenbeeck and Josiah 
 Loomis, and you may depend on it the Province will assert 
 their rights to said land. I have heard you have sued the one 
 and threatened the other, which possibly may not turn out to 
 your advantage, I should have gladly seen you and talked of 
 the affair with calmness and in a friendly manner, which I hope 
 
 1. Doc. Hist. New York, iii, 746; Ibid, 807. 
 
 2. Ibid, iii, 746. 
 
 3. Ibid, iii, 729, 730. 
 
 4. Recent investigations by II. F. Keith, ('. E., of Oreat Barrington, have identified 
 the elearing occnpied by Josi;ili Luimiis at this time, witli tlie farm now or recently 
 owned by Jolm llnghes of Mount Washington. Hallenbeck's location was not improba- 
 i)ly adjacent to that of Loomis on the soutli. 
 
 5. " Tat^onic Barrack '" appears to liave been a local name for the <'le\:ition now 
 called (;edar mountain, and was probably given by reason of its pyr;iini(iical ontline 
 when viewed from some parts of the Hudson valley, having a fancied n-semblanee to 
 the " barracks" for storing hay and grain, much u.sed by the Dutch settlers, and by 
 their des(!endants to tiiis day, consisting of a movable roof of thatch, fitted to slide up 
 and down on four stout posts. 
 
The WcMern BoumJdry of Massaclmsetts. 63 
 
 to have an (>[)i)(»rtiiiiity to do. In the meantime, I am. Sir, 
 your very humhh' servant, 
 
 ()r/K J*AK'rKii)(;K.' 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to enlarge upon the uttei'ly illegal and 
 indefensihle character of this })roceeding, even tliougli can-ied 
 out, as it was, under the apparent sanction of theC-lenerai (\)urt. 
 The niend)ers from Hampshire county had, it appears, made 
 representati(»ns to that hody to the effect that Loomis and Ilal- 
 lenheck, having unwittingly encroached u})on certain ungranted 
 puhlic lands t() the westward of Sheffield, desired that the prov- 
 ince would sell them the lands which they occupied,"-' a connn(»n 
 mode of procedure in such cases, and therefore not calcidated 
 to attract particular attention, in the present instance. 
 
 A committee, of which Colonel Partridge was chairman, was 
 accordingly appointed hy the General Court to lay out the 
 lands. There can be no doul>t that Partridge and his fellow 
 delegates from Hampshire county must have been perfectly 
 well aware that these lands had remained in peaceable and un- 
 interrupted possession of the Livingston family, under a grant 
 from the province of New York, for nearly 7<> years. In fact 
 the testimony sul)se(|uently taken by this committee showed 
 that the farm at that time occupied by Michael Ilallenbeck had 
 been cleared and actually occupied since 16'J2, and that of Wil- 
 liam Race since 1727. The evidence of the athdavits in the 
 controversy establishes the fact that the earliest permanent set- 
 tlements in the present county of Berkshire were made on Ta- 
 conic mountain at least thirty years l)efore the advent of the 
 Westlield emigrants, who have hitherto l)een supposed to 1)e 
 the pioneer settlers of the region."^ 
 
 Wliatever may have been the defects in Livingston's tith', it 
 was clearly a matter over which the Massachusetts govermnent 
 had no rightful jurisdiction. It could not at this time st't \\\^ a 
 color of title even under an Indian deed, for the records show 
 that the conveyance from the Stockbridge Indians which in- 
 cluded Taconic mountain and the lands to the westward was not 
 made until live years afterward.^ By the skilful use of ex-parte 
 
 1. Ibid, ili. r;M). , ... 
 
 •i. New York Archives. (Ms.). Ixxviii, (iOH ; Doc. Hist. New York, iii, ..54. 
 
 3. Massachusetts Archives, (Ms.), xlvi, 307. 
 
 4. Springfield Records, (Ms.), i, 11. 
 
64 Berkshire Historical and Scientific, Society. 
 
 representations, tlm conspiratui'.s liad nevertlicles.s succeeded in 
 clotliing themselves witli the authority of the General Court, 
 which was all they needed to carry out their schemes. As we 
 have seen, the chairman of the connnittee did not even have 
 the ordinary courtesy to notify Li\'inii;ston of its proposed ac- 
 tion, but w^ent on and laid out the lands during the winter of 
 1751-2, taking particular care not to inform him what hadlieen 
 done until ahout the time of the adjournment of the General 
 Court, doul)tless in order that all discussion upon his action 
 might l)e deferred until the following year. 
 
 The somewhat offensive tone of Colonel Partridge's connnu- 
 nication prohahly did not tend to diminish the feelings of re- 
 sentment with which the lord of the manor regarded this l)old 
 intrusion upon his property and privileges. lie innnediately 
 addressed a comnnmication to the governor of the province of 
 New York rehearsing his grievances at great length, begging 
 that olKcial to order the apprehension and connnittal of such 
 persons as should disturb him in his j)ossessions under color of 
 authority from Massachusetts Bay, and requesting that "all fur- 
 ther proceedings might be stayed in the premises until the true 
 division line be settled between the two colonies."^ 
 
 The Westenhook patentees, after having remained (piiet for 
 a (piarter of a century, also began to show renewed signs of life. 
 They sent in a j^etition of like import, in which they referred 
 to the peremptory orders issued by both govermnents in 1726, 
 prohibiting further settlements in the disputed territory until 
 the division line should l)e estal)lished, and set forth that while 
 they themselves had coni})lied with the injunction, "the inhab- 
 itants of Massachusetts Bay not long afterwards had settled in 
 great numbers at AVestenhook,'' and had since continued in 
 possession without disturbance from the patentees. In conclu- 
 sion the })etitioners re(piested that measm'es be taken foi' their 
 relief and for the final settlement of the controversy.^ 
 
 These petitions, together with reports thereujion from the 
 attorney-general and surveyor-general of the province, were in 
 due time referred to the governor and council, and on March 2, 
 
 1. New York Archives, (Ms.), Ixxvii, 39, 40 ; Doc. Hist. New York, iii, 727. 
 3. New York Archives, (Ms.), Ixxvii, 4(), 47. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. G5 
 
 1753, Jaines De Laneey reported in l)eli;ilf of a coimnittee 
 of the council, setting- forth in detail the clahas of New 
 York to the territory occupied by Massachusetts west (tf 
 Connecticut river, ])oth under the Dutch title of discovery and 
 occupation, and under the royal g-rant to the Duke of York in 
 1074, and contending that whatexer original title Massachusetts 
 might have liad to the territory to dispute under the patents of 
 James in 16(>6 and 1620 had become void by the revocation of 
 her colonial charter in 1684. The report conchides as follows : 
 — " The committee are of opinion, the attempts of the inhabi- 
 tants of Massachusetts Bay to make encroachments npon any 
 lands granted by Letters Patent under tlie Great Seal of New 
 York, or upon any lands witliin the Jurisdiction of this Prov- 
 ince, are disrespectful to his Majesty's Authority, tend to the 
 Disturbance of his Subjects of this Province, and may be the 
 Cause of great Mischiefs and Disorders. That the steps taken 
 by the said Inhalntants, even were the Bounds doubtful and 
 unsettled, are intrusions and disrespectful to his Majesty's Au- 
 thority."! A copy of Livingston's petition and of the al)ove re- 
 port was forwarded to Lieutenant Governor Phips of Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 In the meantime David Ingersoll and his associates had not 
 been idle. Under date of November 22, 1752, a petition was 
 forwarded to the General Court of Massachusetts signed by 
 William Bull and 57 others, most of whom resided within 
 the chartered limits of the Livingston manor, for a grant of 
 land described as follows : " Beginning at the Top of the first 
 great Mountain west of Sheffield running northwesterly with 
 the General Course of the Mountain about nine or ten Miles, 
 and thence turning and running West about six Miles, thence 
 running southerly to the North line of Connecticut, out, thence 
 runnino; Easterly to the first mentioned Boundary."- In i-e- 
 sponse to this petition, on December 30, 1752, a connnittee of 
 three, of which General Josei)h Dwight was chairman, M'as ap- 
 pointed to visit the lands petitioned for, make a valuation of 
 the improvements and report all the particulars in relation to 
 
 1. New York Connoil Minutes (Ms.), xxiii, 55 ; Doc. Hist. New York, iii, 737. 
 
 2. Massachusetts Archives (Ms.), cx^i, 32. 
 
66 Berlcshire Histcn'ical and Scientific Society. 
 
 the condition of the existing settlements. At tlie request of 
 Generul Dwight, Robert Livingston met tlie connnittee at npper 
 Sheffield on the Sth of May, 1753, and was shown a copy of the 
 settler's petition. He at once told the committee that he him- 
 self claimed most of the lands petitioned for, and desired them 
 not to value or dispose of them. Upon stating to the commit- 
 tee, in answer to a question, that he claimed under the govern- 
 ment of New York, he was asked what right that province had 
 to the lands in question. Livingston replied by reading the re- 
 port of the committee of the council, already referred to. The 
 next day the parties repaired to the vicinity of the disputed ter- 
 ritory. Livingston pointed out the boundaries of his estate and 
 invited the members of the committee to accompany him to his 
 manor-house on Hudson's river and inspect his title-deeds, which 
 invitation, however, they did not, as it appears, think proper to 
 accept.^ 
 
 Some inkling of the character of the methods which had been 
 employed by Ingersoll in securing names to this petition may 
 be inferred from the replies made by the tenants to their land- 
 lord, when asked l)y him what had induced them to sign the 
 document. Some of them replied, no doubt truthfully, that 
 they had not signed it, and could not understand why their 
 names were subscribed to it, inasmuch as they had never peti- 
 tioned, as they understood it, for any of Livingston's lands, but 
 for lands lying eastward of his east bounds.^ 
 
 Upon the arrival of the committee accompanied 1)y Living- 
 ston at Taconic mountain, a great numl^er of the settlers were 
 found assembled. The committee addressed them, advising 
 them to remain quiet until the division line was settled, and 
 such of them as were tenants to pay their rents honestly to their 
 landlords. Livingston, after entering into a mutual agreement 
 with the committee that all furthei" proceedings should be stayed 
 pending the settlement of the line, returned to his manoi'-house. 
 The members of the committee, although they may have kept 
 the letter of the agreement, certainl)- violated its spirit, for 
 Mnthin ten days afterwards, a surveying party from Sheffield, 
 
 1. Doc. Hi8t. New York, iii, 739-49. 
 
 2. Ibid, iii, 745. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. 67 
 
 acting under tlieir iiistruction.s, connnuncod to lay (mt tlic tract 
 described in r>uirs petition, and to cut a tree-fence around it l)y 
 way of taking formal possession of the premises.' 
 
 Shortly before the visit of the committee, it appears that a 
 New England man named George Robinson, a tenant on the 
 monntain and one of the signers of the petition, had been ar- 
 rested and imprisoned on a charge of trespass at the suit of Liv- 
 ingston, by whose orders his honse was also burned to the 
 ground.^ The General Court, upon learning of this, ordered 
 General Dwight to bail and defend Robinson, a procedure 
 which Livingston emphatically protested against, as "an aiding 
 and al)etting of the said Trespass and Encouragement to future 
 Trespasses of the like kind."^ On May 31st, Livingston ad- 
 dressed another urgent petition to Governor Clinton, recount- 
 ing these proceedings and praying for relief. This was in due 
 course referred to the Massachusetts government, which replied 
 l)y a resolution asserting the rights of their province to l)e 
 founded u})on grants "as ancient as the year 1620," and express- 
 ing the opinion "that therefore it can l)y no means be advisable 
 for this Government now to suspend the Exercise of their Ju- 
 risdiction, but on the contrary it behooves them to go on in set- 
 tling the Lands and regulating and governing the Inhabitants 
 according to the right given them by Charter."'* Upon receipt 
 of a copy of this resolution the New York Assembly passed an 
 act appointing six connnissionei's to investigate the alfair, and 
 to endeavor to procure a settlement of the boundaries with the 
 neighboring colonics, suliject to the approval of the home gov- 
 ernment.'^ 
 
 In July 1753, the disturbances began to assume a serious as- 
 })ect. It seems that Josiah Loomis, although warned off by 
 Livingston two years before, as already mentioned, had received 
 verl)al permission from him to raise one more summer crop. 
 Not content with this, L6omis afterward commenced jjrepara- 
 tions for putting in still another crop, whereupon Livingston 
 sent him notice that if he sowed that crop "he might depend 
 
 1. Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 748. 
 
 2. Ibid, iii, 754. 
 
 3. Uiid. iii, 74«. 
 
 4. New York Archives (Ms.), Ixxvii, 110. 
 
 5. New York Laws (Van Schaack), 313. 
 
68 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 upon it he slioiild not reap it." Loomis nevertheless persisted, 
 and gave ont that '' Massac] msetts Bay would defend him." 
 The landlord was as good as his word. Early in June he ap- 
 peared at the head of a l)ody of sixty armed retainers, who 
 gathered Loomis's cro})S and carried them away.^ One act 
 quickly led to another. AYithin a few days a sheriff and posse 
 from Hampshire county, under a warrant issued by one of the 
 Sheffield magistrates, proljably Ingersoll himself, captured and 
 imprisoned two of Livingston's men, Robert Van Deusen and 
 his son John, on a charge of trespass preferred by Loomis.- Gov- 
 ernor Clinton of New York at once issued a proclamation for 
 the arrest of Loomis and the other persons concerned in the 
 capture of the Yan Deusens, or of any person entering uj)on or 
 trying to take possession of lands granted under the seal of the 
 province, under pretence of authority from Massachusetts Bay.g 
 He also wrote to Lieutenant Governor Phips of Massachusetts, 
 stating that he himself had no authority to settle the boundary, 
 urging that the aggressive proceedings of the Massachusetts set- 
 tlers might be suspended, and enclosing a copy of tlie procla- 
 mation.^ Governor Shirley, who had succeeded Phips, replied 
 that he would refer the matter to the General Court. This 
 body reported on September 11th, professing a ''■ sincere desire 
 for peace and good order," but setting forth that they had pro- 
 posed to appoint commissioners for settling the line, in which 
 New York declined to join ; that they had sent a connnittee to 
 view the premises and that it had been mutually agreed on the 
 spot between Mr. Livingston and the committee that all ])ro- 
 ceedings should l)e stopped, but that nevertheless Livingston 
 *•' in a very hostile and riotous manner had entered upon part of 
 said lands in possession of Josiali Loomis," cut down his wheat, 
 and much more to the same effect.'^ 
 
 Li the meantime Michael Hallenbeck, one of the posse who 
 had assisted in the capture of the Yan Deusens, was arrested 
 under the New York governor's proclamation, and committed 
 to Dutchess count}; jail, from wdiich he however soon effected 
 
 1. Doc. Hist. New York, Hi, 755, 764. 
 
 2. Ibid, iii, 761. 
 
 3. Ibid, iii, 751. 
 
 4. Uiid, iii, 749. 
 
 5. New York Archives (Ms.), Ixxviii. 157 ; Doc. Hist. New York, iii, 754. 
 
The Wederu boundary of Massachusetts. 69 
 
 his escape, and in compaiiv witli liis disalfected iiei-;lil)iir, -losiali 
 Looniis, soiiw-lit the counsel and protection of Esijuire In^-ersoll, 
 who it appears took tlieni l)oth with liini to Boston, In the 
 latter part of January, 1754, HallenLeck and J.ooniis reappeared 
 on Taconic nionntain, and exuhin<i'ly informed the settlers that 
 the General Court at Boston had given tlieni each £10 in reim- 
 bursement of their expenses, and that a conuuittee would he 
 sent in March to lay out a township.^ 
 
 This was not done however, so far as the records show, until 
 the succeeding year, and in the meantime matters on the border 
 remained comparatively quiet. The only event of importance 
 was a report presented by a conmiittee of the General Court of 
 Massachusetts, a copy of which was sent to the New York au- 
 thorities, in which for the first time, the grounds of the claim 
 of Massachusetts to the disputed territories were distinctl}' for- 
 mulated. Briefly stated, it was that the charter of 1020 granted 
 all lands westward to the South Sea not actually in the posses- 
 sion of any Christian prince or state ; that the new charter of 
 161)1 expressly included all territories comprised within the first 
 grant, that the lands in dispute were not in the possession of 
 the Dutch in 1620, and that therefore they riglitfully belonged 
 to Massachusetts.- 
 
 Much controversy and recrimination was caused aljout this 
 time on account of the arrest by order of Livingston of one 
 Payne, charged with the destruction of 1,100 trees near An- 
 cram furnace, who w^as imprisoned for sometime in Albany jail 
 in default of bail to the amount of £1,000, which was sul)se- 
 (pieutly furnished by Colonel Lydius mider the direction of the 
 Boston government, and the jjrisoner set at large.^ 
 
 During the winter of 1754-5, the syndicate of Hampshire 
 land speculators, already referred to, induced the General Court 
 to appoint a committee to lay out three new townships within 
 the territories claimed by New York. Two or three of the dis- 
 affected tenants, instigated by Ingersoll, were meanwhile indus- 
 triously engaged in stirring up the others against their land- 
 lord.-t "^ ^ 
 
 1. New York Archives (Ms.), lxx\iii, 67; Doc. Hist. New Yorlc, iii, 767. 
 
 2. New Yorl{ Archives (Ms.). Ixxviii, (it. 
 
 3. Doc. Hist. New Yorls, iii, 767-774 ; Ibid, 814. 
 
 4. Ibid, iii) 774. 
 
To Berhshlre Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 The flLsturhod condition of ail'airy on tlie border, and the 
 ceaseless coni}ilaints arising from tlie lawless proceedings of 
 "that wicked varlet David Ingersoll" and his "parcel of ras- 
 ca'lly Banditty," as Livingston not inaptly teniied them, at length 
 aroused the New York Assembly to make provision for the 
 necessary expenses attending the settlement of a provisional 
 line. Accordingly, in the spring of 1754, conmiissioners were 
 again appointed, and furnished with explicit instructions, in 
 which the point was most particularly insisted upon that all 
 lands heretofore granted under the authority of New York 
 should be included within her limits.^ In July the commis- 
 sioners reported to the Asseml)]y that they had met the Massa- 
 chusetts commissioners, but were unal:)le to effect anything, the 
 latter claiming that they had no authority to negotiate for a 
 provisional line, whereupon the council reconnnended tlie fol- 
 lowing as a final proposition on the part of the New York gov- 
 ernment : — 
 
 " That Westenhook river should l)e the bounds or line be- 
 tween the two governments, from the north Line of Connecti- 
 cut as far as the place where the North line of the Patent of 
 Westenhook crosses that River,^ being about eighteen miles, 
 that from that place or point on the said Kiver a line should be 
 run Northerly so as to leave Fort Massachusetts one hundred 
 yards Eastward of such line."-^ 
 
 This resolution was transmitted by Lieutenant Governor 
 De Lancey to Governor Shirley of Massachusetts, with a letter 
 strongly urging the acce23tance of the proposition, but as usual 
 without result. Li the meantime the disaffection had extended 
 into the territories claimed l)y John Van Rensselaer. In 1748 
 or '49, one Robert Noble^ had emigrated from Sheffield, and 
 
 1. New York Council Minutes (Ms.), xxiii, 177 ; N. Y. Archives (Ms.), Ixxviii, 120, 127. 
 
 2. This point was Packwake. See note 3. p. 50, (ante.) 
 
 3. New York t'ouncil Minutes (Ms.), xxiii. 208. 
 
 4. Robert Noble.— It is to be regretted that so little can be learned of the career of 
 this l)rave and enterprisinK leader. The followinff facts, whicli have been collected from 
 different sources, may be of interest. Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Noble was a native of 
 Enniskillen, Ireland, who came to New Enjiland in 1720, and settled in Georgetown, 
 York Co., Maine. His brother, Ensign Francis, was one of the early inhabitants of 
 Sheftield, Mass. They botli fell in the Ijloody surprise at Minas, Nova Scotia, June 11, 
 1747. (See N. E. Hist, and Gen. Keg. ix, l(i(i, il2; Hahburton's Hist. Nova Scntia. ii. 132; 
 Williamson's Hist. Maine, ii, 2,50.) Robert Noble was a son of Francis, the Slieflield set- 
 tler. Aprils, 1747, he was made lieutenant in the company of foot in I'.rig. (ien. Waldo's 
 regiment, raised in the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the reduction of Canada, in 
 the garrison of Annapolis, N. S. At the close of the war he returned to Slieflield, set- 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. 71 
 
 settled within tlie alleo;ed liniiis of tlie Claverack iiuiiior in the 
 vicinity of the present village of East Hillsdale, lie was en- 
 terprising, conrageous and aggressive, and soon hecanie the ae- 
 knowledged leader of a hand of kindred sjjii-its, who were ani- 
 mated hy the conmion pnq)ose, of making a determined and for- 
 cible resistance to the claims of Livingston and Van liensselaer. 
 From 1749 until 1755, a continnal emigration had been going 
 on from Sheffield, Canaan, Conn., and other more distant places 
 to the disputed territory. Some of the pioneers in this move- 
 ment, or "squatters" to use an expressive modern term, had lo- 
 cated on the upper waters of the Green river ; a consideral)l(! 
 number liad established themselves along Punsit creek in the 
 vicinity of the present village of Spencertown, N. Y.,^ and still 
 others had planted themselves in the narrow but fertile valleys 
 in the eastern part of Hillsdale. 
 
 On the Sth of August, 175-1:, the hamlet known as "Dutch 
 Hoosick," situated in the northeast corner of the manor of 
 Rensselaerwyck, was surprised, ravaged and desti'oyed by a body 
 of hostile Canadian Indians, who threw out detached scouting 
 parties as far south as Stockbridge, at which place the house of 
 a settler was attacked and a man and two children killed.- These 
 occurrences created the most intense excitement and alarm. 
 Militia companies were organized for defence in nearly 
 every settlement and town in western Hampshire, and forts 
 were hastily constructed at Pontoosuck and other points. A 
 company was raised on Taconic mountain and the adjacent 
 
 tied his father's estate, and then established himself, about the year 1749, within the ter- 
 ritories claimed by Van Hensselaer. The important part wbicli he took in the anti i-cnt 
 disturbances for several years thereafter lias been fully detailed in the text. In ViiV-i and 
 
 1765 he is called in deeds as of Egremont. lie married Lydia , who was buried 
 
 from St. James church in (iieat Barriugton, Sept. 11, 177(>. His own death occuncd 
 about January, 1770, probably in Egi-emoiit. lie had three children. Benjamin, who m. 
 
 May Bates ; Fi-ancis, m. Lavinia , who was bapt. in Ot. Barrington, May Id. 
 
 I77A, and Betsey, whom. John (?) Burget of (Jreat Barrington. In 177S, the Slass. (icm-ral 
 Court passed an act proscribing certaiii persons, loyalists, who hiid doimi-teci IVoni the 
 I'nited States, or .joined the oncmies tlicreof, among wliom were Benjamin and I'raneis 
 Nolile, then of Pit'tsfield. Francis settled at St. John, N. B., and was one of the refugees 
 to wlumi were granted the lands on which that city now stands. Benjamin went to 
 New York, where lie was killed before the return of peace.— (Sabine's American Loyal- 
 ists.) Itdoi^ not appear that any relationsliip existed between this family and otiiers of 
 the same iiaine. wlio were amoiig tlie pioneers from Westtield, and made the first set- 
 tlement in Sheffield in 17^5-0. 
 
 1, Among the earlv settlers in the vicinity of Siieneerli>\vn were John Bean, Jolin 
 Williams. Seth and 'rn'iinan I'owell, .lames Sexton, Kpliraini Kidder, and families l)y tlie 
 name of osborn, Lawrence, Silencer and Wliitinon'.— Ilougli's Ua.%. N. V., ~'3G. 
 
 •Z. Col. Hist. N. Y., vi. 009; Iloyt's Indian Wars. In this raid 14 houses, 5>8 liarns and 
 i8 barracks of wheat were destroyed. (.Statement of Capt. Cliapin. then in command of 
 Fort Massachusetts). 
 
72 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 parts, of wliie]i Michael Hallenbeek was commissioned captain, 
 another in the sontlieastern portion of Claverack manor, com- 
 manded by Robert Noble, and still another amona; the settlers 
 in Spencertown.i 
 
 Ponding the l)reaking ont of fnrther hostilities with the 
 French and Canadian savages, Noble and Hallenbeek found 
 employment for their forces in open resistance to the New 
 York authorities. In February, 1755, a dispute arose between 
 some of the New England settlers and one Joseph Pixley of 
 Claverack, who was employed by Van Rensselaer to attend a 
 grist-mill ; in consequence of which Noble with a party of men 
 suddenly made their appearance at the mill, attacked and partly 
 destroyed it.~ A constable named Clark Pixley assisted by one 
 John Morris attempted to arrest the invaders, but were over- 
 powered and captured Ijy them, and carried away into Massa- 
 cliusetts.3 Van Rensselaer, in his capacity as a magistrate, at 
 once issued a w^arrant and ordered Abraham Yates, high sheriff 
 of the county of An)any, to arrest the rioters. Yates accord- 
 ingly apprehended one Thomas Whitney, who was prominently 
 concerned in the affair at the Claverack mill, but had scarcely 
 more than done so, when the prisoner was rescued by Noble at 
 the head of fifteen or twenty armed men. The sheriff himself 
 was captured at the same time, put under a strong guard and 
 conveyed a prisoner to Sheffield, where one of the magistrates, 
 doubtless Esquire Ingersoll, lield him to bail in the sum of 
 £150 to appear for trial in May following.^ 
 
 As soon as the news of this bold outrage reached the ears of 
 Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, he issued a proclamation for 
 the arrest of Noble and his associates.'' Colonel John Van 
 Rensselaer, accompanied by Sheriff Yates and a posse of about 
 fifty men gathered from Claverack and Ancram, all well armed, 
 set out to suppress the rebellion, and to endeavor to effect the 
 capture of Noble and his partisans. On April 13tli, they sur- 
 rounded the house of Jonathan Darl)y on Taconic mountain, 
 which was occupied l)y an assemblage of anti-renters, and suc- 
 
 1. Doc. Hist. New York, iii, 775, 776, 781. 
 
 2. New York Archives (Ms.), Ixxx, 168 ; Ixxxii, 3 ; Ixxxiii. ,51. 
 
 3. Doe. Uist. New York, iii, 776. 
 
 4. Ibid, iii, 777, 780. 
 
 5. Ibid, iii 785. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. 73 
 
 eoeded in capniring Josiali Loomis, who from the l)eginning hud 
 been one of the most prominent and active of the insurgents.' 
 The next day they attacked Nol)le\s fortified honse, bnt Nol)le 
 liimself, as it appears, luid gone to Shetheld to advise Ingersoll 
 wliat was going on. Mrs. Nol)le, witli a spirit worthy of her 
 Imsband, made the best defense possible by barricading the 
 doors. Tlie sheriff's party finally l)roke in, captured some of 
 Noble's arms and accoutrements, and shortly departed, not how- 
 ever until they had torn down the neighboring house of another 
 anti-renter named Nehemiah Hopkins. The next morning at 
 daybreak the Van Rensselaer expedition proceeded to the house 
 of William Kace or Rees, on Taconic mountain and attempted 
 to arrest him, A violent altercation ensued, in the course of 
 which Race was instantly killed 1)V the discharge of a gun in 
 the hands of Matthew Furlong, one of the sheriff's party. News 
 of this deplorable affair was at once carried to Sheftield, where 
 it created the most intense excitement. Coroner William In- 
 gersoll summoned a jury and held an inquest over the body, 
 who returned a verdict of wilful murder.^ A proclamation was 
 immediately issued by Lieutenant Governor Phips of Massa- 
 chusetts, offering £100 reward for the apprehension of the par- 
 ties engaged in the homicide. 
 
 On the 6th of May, acting under the authority of a warrant 
 issued by Colonel John Ashley, one of the sheriffs of Hamp- 
 shire county, supported by an armed posse of over one hundred 
 men under command of Rol)ert Noble, made a descent upon 
 Livingston's iron works at Ancram, and captured the entire 
 force of workmen, on the charge of being imphcated in the 
 killinsr of Race. These men were taken on horseback through 
 Connecticut to Springiield where they were all committed to 
 jail.-^ Furlong however was not among the nund)er. Upon the 
 subsequent examination of the prisoners before a magistrate, it 
 was found that no complicity in the homicide could be proven 
 against any of them, and they were accordingly sent under 
 guard to Sheffield, with orders that they be held there as hos- 
 tages, not to be set at liberty until the New York authorities 
 
 1. Loomis remained in confinement until the following August when he was released 
 upon request of tlie Alassaclnisi^tts froverinnent. 
 •,>. Doc. Hist. New York, iii, riii), T'.t.i. 
 3. n)id, iii. Tin, 79-^. 
 
74 BerTcshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 sliould release Loomis and the other insurgents then in confine- 
 ment at Albany.^ 
 
 This Ancram expedition was clearly an unwarrantable ont- 
 rage, and one which reflects the ntmost discredit upon its or- 
 ganizers. Colonel Ashley and Esquire Ingersoll. In the first 
 place there does not appear to have been any evidence that 
 any of the iron-works' employees were implicated in the killing 
 of Race, and in the second place, Ancram lying directly west of 
 Connecticut could not by any pretence of uncertainty in the 
 boundaries be regarded as within the jurisdiction of Massachu- 
 setts Bay. The affair was nothing less than a wanton invasion 
 by an aiiued force, an actual levying of war against a neighbor- 
 ing province, apparently without a shadow of justification. 
 Moreover, the iron-works were at that time engaged on a con- 
 tract which Livingston had made to supply carriage-wheels and 
 ammunition for the expedition which was being fitted out by 
 ■ the United Colonies against Crown Point and Niagara, for pro- 
 tection against the French, the common enemy. The furnace 
 was thrown out of blast by the arrest of the workmen, several 
 weeks of precious time were lost, and the success of the colonial 
 expedition actually endangered.^ But Ingersoll and his associ- 
 ates, like many modern politicians, cared but little for the dis- 
 astrous results that might ensue to the welfare of the public, so 
 long as they were afforded sufficient opportunity to gratify their 
 personal ambitions and revenges. 
 
 After performing the exploit to wdiich we have just referred, 
 Noble's army of invasion was employed as body-guard to a 
 party of surveyors, which under the authority of the General 
 Court previously referred to, commenced on May 16th, to lay 
 out the townships west of Sheffield and Stockl)ridge, which 
 were afterwards known as Taconic and Nobletown.^ 
 
 Within a few months after this time, the land-jobbers' con- 
 spiracy met with an irretrievable reverse in the political and 
 financial downfall of the active and unscrupulous Ingersoll 
 For some unascertained reason, but in all probabihty mainly on 
 account of his complicity in the Ancram affair, an order was is- 
 
 1, Doc. Hist. New York, iii, 798. 801. 
 S. Ibid, iii, 811, 
 3. Ibid, iii, 810. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. 75 
 
 sued by the General Court in August of tliat year, removing 
 liini from the ottices of justice of the peace and captain of mili- 
 tia, and forever dinqualilying him from holdino; any office of 
 honor or proiit under the government. To complete his dis- 
 comfiture his mills and other property at North Sheffield was 
 seized upon execution and sold to satisfy the demands of his 
 creditors. This was a ta-ushing blow to the crafty Ingersoll, 
 and one from which he never recovered, for although he sur- 
 vived for many years, he appears to have passed the remainder 
 of his life in comparative obscurity.^ 
 
 It seems proljable that the feeling of indignation excited by 
 the Ancram outrage led to a more careful investigation 1)y dis- 
 interested parties of the real state of affairs, through which 
 means the General Court of Massachusetts at length began to 
 realize that its authority had been grossly abused and perverted 
 bj a conscienceless cabal of speculators, for the better further- 
 ance of their private ends. It is not milikely that personal un- 
 popularity of Ingersoll, together with the circumstance that he 
 was unquestionably the instigator of the whole business, may 
 have enabled his more respectable associates in the General 
 Court to use him as a scape-goat. At all events, we do not find 
 the Massachusetts government from this time forward lending 
 its official sanction to schemes of colonization westward of the 
 traditional 20 mile line. 
 
 Although the anti-renters found themselves thus suddenly 
 bereft both of the moral and pecuniary support of the Massa- 
 chusetts government, it is not surprising that they were by no 
 means disposed to submit peaceably to the authority of New 
 York. In Novend^er, 1756, Livingston attempted to dispossess 
 a tenant named Henry Brusie, but found the place defended by 
 one Benjamin Franklin, aided l)y John Yan Guilder, the Indian 
 patriarch of Guilder Hollow, and one of his sons. A melee 
 ensued, in which one of Livingston's men named Rypenberger 
 was shot dead by the elder Van Guilder, but the latter and his 
 son were nevertheless captured and safely lodged in All)any 
 jail. The numerous remaining members of the Yan Guilder 
 family with one accord vowed vengeance upon Livingston. 
 
 1. Taylor's Hist. Great Barrington, 133. 
 
76 Berhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 They set out for Stockl:)ri(lge, threatening to return at tlie liead 
 of the whole tril)e^ and to assassmate him, and burn his manor- 
 house over his head. The authorities however were ({uickly 
 apprised of their hostile intentions, and an othcer and 25 men 
 were detailed by General Abercrombie to guard the manor- 
 house, while Sir William Johnson, Superintendent of Indian 
 affairs, who happened to l)e at All)any, dispatched a messenger 
 with a letter to Stockbiidge, and by the force of his othcial in- 
 fluence succeeded in preventing the projected raid.^ 
 
 In February, 1756, Governor Hardy had written to the Lords 
 of Trade recounting the lawless proceedings on the ])orders, and 
 begging that the home go\'ernment would take proi)er measures 
 to compel the inhabitants of Massachusetts to keep within their 
 limits "till his Majesty shall please to determine the line of ju- 
 risdiction."^ After some further otiicial correspondence be- 
 tween the parties concerning the matter, the Lords gave a hear- 
 ing in London in March, 1757, to the resident agents of the 
 respective provinces, in pursuance of which they made a unani- 
 mous representation to the King, to the effect that there was 
 little probability that tlie dispute would ever be determined by 
 agreement, and recommending his majesty to interpose his au- 
 thority and settle such a line of partition as should, upon con- 
 sideration of the actual and ancient possessions of both prov- 
 inces, "appear to be just and equitable." The Lords expressed 
 the opinion that both charters were "so inexplicit and defective 
 that no exclusive inference can be drawn from them with re- 
 spect to the extent of territory originally intended to be granted 
 by them," and suggested that a line " drawn northerly from a 
 point on the south boundary line of Massachusetts Bay, twenty 
 miles distant due east from Hudson's river, to another point twen- 
 ty miles distant from the said river due east on that line which 
 divides the Provinces of New Hampshire and the Massachusetts 
 Bay, would be a just and equitable division."^ It does not ap- 
 pear however that the king took any action in this matter until 
 1767, and when he did, he referred the determination of the 
 
 1. Col. Hist. New York, vii, 206, 207 ; Stone's Life and Times of Sir Wm. Johnson, 
 ii, 39. 
 3. Col. Hist. New York, vil, 37. 
 3. Ibid, vii, 273. 
 
The Weatern Boundary of Massachusetts. Y7 
 
 boundary to coiiiiiiussiuners to l)c appointed hy each province, 
 thus leaving tlie matter exactly where it was before.' 
 
 The following spring, May 7, 1757, another anti-rent riot oc- 
 curred at the house of Jonathan Darby on Taconic mountain, 
 between a New York slieriii's posse and a body of thirty-one 
 armed partizans, including several of the Van Guilders, who 
 had fortified themselves within the house. In this affray James 
 Burton and Casper Ham were killed and a mimber of others 
 wounded.'^ Governor De Lancey at once issued a proclamation 
 ordering the apprehension of every person concerned in the af- 
 fair at Darby's, and under the authority of this, several of the 
 participants were arrested, and were kept in close confinement 
 in All>any jail for some two years.'^ This vigorous action of the 
 New York authorities suppressed the insurrection for the time, 
 and matters remained comparatively quiet for a considerable 
 period. 
 
 In 1762, Josiah Loomis and one Ilol)ert Miller of Duchess 
 county, made another attempt to incite an insurrection among 
 Loomis's old neighl)ors, but were foiled by the prompt action of 
 the governor of New York, who issued a proclamation against 
 the ring-leaders, and ordered the sheriff to suppress all unlawful 
 and riotous gatherings, at all hazards, and with the whole force 
 at the command of the county.^ 
 
 Four years afterwards the anti-rent disturljances broke out 
 again on the Rensselaer manor with greater violence than ever. 
 Robert Noble, who in the interval had been engaged with his 
 friends David Ingersoll and Josiah Loomis in the more peace- 
 ful occupation of estal)lisliing a Protestant Episcojjal church in 
 North Sheffield (which had now become incorporated as a sepa- 
 rate town under the name of Great Barrington,) of which 
 church he had l)een chosen one of the wardens,"' put himself at 
 the head of an armed force, and actually defeated a strong posse 
 headed by the sheriff of Albany, who were attempting to dis- 
 possess some of the "squatters" on the Van Rensselaer tract. 
 In this affray Cornelius Ten Broeck, one of the posse, and 
 
 1. Col. Hist. New York, viii. 3:38. 
 
 2. Doc. Hist. New Yorli, ii. T44 ; iii, 819 ; Col. Hist. New York, vii, 273. 
 
 3. Duo. Hist. New York, iii, 821, 824. 
 
 4. Ibid, iii, 825, 826. 
 
 5. Taylor's Hist. Great Barrington, 107. 
 
78 Berkshire Historical and Scleiitijic Society. 
 
 Thomas Whitney, Nol)lc'.s Kcutciiaut and right-hand man, were 
 killed, and several on Ijoth sides Avonnded.^ Whitney was ever 
 after regarded in his own neighl)orhood as a martyr to the cause 
 of anti-reiitism, and an elaborate head-stone w^as erected over 
 his grave in the little cemetery at Korth Hillsdale. This re- 
 newed outbreak was followed by another proclamation from the 
 governor ordering the arrest of Robert Koble, for wdiom a re- 
 ward of £100 was offered.- The sheriff wnth a large posse at- 
 tacked Noble's fortified house and attemj^ted to arrest him, Init 
 both he and his associate Josiah Loomis, although out-nund)ered 
 and overpowered, effected their escape into the neighl)oring ju- 
 risdiction, and we hear no more of them on the New York side 
 of the line. The rank and file of the rioters, however, w^ere not 
 reduced to subjection until the arrival of a detachment of the 
 Royal Infantry, which had l)een sent from New York to sup- 
 port the civil authoi'ities. 
 
 Pursuant to the royal decree, commissioners were again ap- 
 jiointed 1)y the legislatures of both provinces for the i)urpt»se of 
 settling the Ijoundary, who met at New Haven on the first of 
 October, 1767. The conmiissioners of Massachusetts first pro- 
 posed a line 12 miles east of Hudson's river and })arallel to its 
 general course, to which the New York conmiissioners replied 
 by proposing a similar line 30 miles from the river. The Mas- 
 sachusetts connnissioners decHned to entertain the last named 
 proposition at all, and proposed instead a line extending due 
 north from " Connecticut old corner," a point " esteemed to be 
 20 miles from Hudson's river," until it met the north line of 
 their province. New York refused to agree to this proposal, 
 the obvious design of which was to extend the jurisdiction of 
 Massachusetts over all the settlements which had been made 
 without legal authority in the territories west of the Taconic 
 mountains comprised in Nobletown, Spencertow^i and New Ca- 
 naan, l)ut expressed a willingness to accept a line 2-1: miles from 
 the river, in order to save to New York the ''rights" of the 
 Rensselaer family. Finally Massachusetts agreed to accejjt the 
 straight line recommended by the Loi"ds of Trade, having each 
 
 1. Doc. Hist. New York, ili, 831. 
 8. Ibid, iii, 830. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. TO 
 
 of its termini 20 miles due east of tlie river, and stated that 
 they could not c't)nsent to ''anything more disadvantageous."" 
 In reply to this, the New York commissioners, while expressing 
 their willingness to accept a line 2(> miles from the river, in- 
 sisted that its terminal point on the northern boundary of Mas- 
 sachusetts sliould be found by means of a measurement at right- 
 angles to the general course of the river, which is here consid- 
 erably to the east of north. After approaching so near to an 
 agreement, the two lines proposed being scarcely a mile apart at 
 their northern extremities and meeting in a common p(jint at 
 the south, neither party would make any further concession and 
 the conference broke up. In February following the General 
 Court of Massachusetts resolved tliat it would agree to the last 
 proposal made by its commissioners, and further conceded that 
 the distance might be determined in horizontal measure.^ Thus 
 the matter rested for ten years. 
 
 In 1772, the authorities of New York succeeded in arresting 
 the pi'incipal members of a gang of counterfeiters which had 
 for sometime infested the debatable territory near the boundary. 
 A number of these were tried, sentenced to death, and executed 
 at Albany, among others one Gill Belcher of Great Barrington, 
 whose workshop tradition affirms to have been in the natural 
 hiding-place east of Great Barrington village, since known as 
 Belcher's cave.^ The counterfeits were of New York currency. 
 They were manufactured in Great Barrington and Sheffield, by 
 Belcher and one Ethan Lewis, and were passed by confederates 
 at convenient points in the vicinity of the boundary.-^ The ar- 
 rest of these worthies led to new complications between the two 
 governments, which at least served to emphasize the necessity of 
 establishing a certain and definite line of jurisdiction. 
 
 1. The journal of the proceedings of the commissioners at the New Uaven confer- 
 ence may be found in full in New Vorlc Gen. Assembly Journal, 11-29. 
 
 •i. Taylor's Hi.st. (iri-at IJarrington, 218. 
 
 8. Tins organization of counterfeiters appears to have been a very extensive one, and 
 to have caused a great deal of trouble ))Oth to the inhabitants and to the autlnnidcs, all 
 along the New York frontier from Vermont to Long Island sound. In the New XOrk 
 Archives, (vol. xcrx, 49-.'J9,) are preserved a number of petitions for executive clcinfiicy, 
 in whidi many interesting and curious facts are incidentally disclosed. .\ni<)iig tli<>se 
 petitioners are (iil. Helcher, above referred to, John Smith (of coursei. .lohu Wall !-o\t'ly 
 and Dr. .Joseph Hill. It appears that Lovely and one William Hubbard or llulbert, ason 
 of Obadiah Hubbard of Kniield, < Oun., turned state's evidence against their confeder- 
 ates, which led to their arrest and ronvietion, and in view of liis services in this matter, 
 and of his previous good character, Hubbard was pardoned by (iov. Tryon on January 
 8, 1773. It IS probable that most of the others, if not all of them, suffered the penalty of 
 their crimes. 
 
80 Berhshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 Accordingly in May, 1773, another set of commissioners met 
 at Hartford, at wliicli Tryon and Hutchinson, the royal gov- 
 ernors of the respective provinces, were present, A sm-vey 
 which had been made by Mr. Yonng on the ice the preceding 
 winter was laid l)efore the joint commission, which showed that 
 the general course of Hudson's river between the respective 
 points of intersection of the north and south lines of the Mas- 
 sachusetts patent, was north 21 deg. 10 niin. 30 sec. east. When 
 both parties are desirous to agree, there is usually not much dif- 
 ficulty in arriving at a result, and after a very brief discussion 
 this tedious and discreditable controversy, which had now con- 
 tinued for more than a century, was terminated by the execu- 
 tion of a mutual indenture, that the line should be run from 
 "Connecticut old corner^' parallel to the general course of Hud- 
 son's river, viz: north 21 deg. 10 min. 30 sec. east, as deter- 
 mined b}' Mr. Young, till it intersected the northern line of 
 the province, which was precisely the l)oundary which had been 
 recommended by the king's commissioners ninety-nine years 
 before,^ 
 
 It would seem that when the initial point and direction of 
 the line had been definitely agreed upon, the comparatively 
 simple operation of tracing it upon the ground might have been 
 effected without the further recurrence of captious disputes 
 upon insignificant details, but such was l)y no means the case. 
 The joint commissioners of the two provinces, accompanied by 
 their respective surveyors and chainmen, met at the " old cor- 
 ner" on the 11th of October following. After running the 
 line on the agreed course about 20 miles northward over the 
 roughest region to be fonnd among the Taconics, anew pretext 
 for contention was found. Major Joseph Hawley, one of the 
 Massachusetts commissioners, happened to discover that the 
 line, which was being run in the usual manner by means of a 
 transit and sight-stakes, would trend a trifle farther east than a 
 line run l)y the needle, by reason of the progressive increase of 
 the westerly variation as the survey proceeded northward, and 
 he therefore insisted upon altering the course from the begin 
 ning, A dispute at once commenced which resulted in the sus- 
 
 1. f'ol. Hist. New York, viii, 371 ; ibid, iii, 239, 231. A copy of the Hartford agreement 
 is in New York Sen. Doc. 18T3, No. 108. 
 
llie Western Boundai'y of Masmckusetts. 81 
 
 ]iension of the work.' Soon after this the trouhles immediately 
 preceding' the ontbreak of the Revohition engrossed ])ul)He at- 
 tention to sneh an extent that nothing fnrther was done in the 
 matter for many years. 
 
 On the 25tli of Septend)er, 1784, anotlier frnitless attempt to 
 run the hue was made by a new set of joint commissioners who 
 liad been duly appointed by l)Otli states. The cause of disa- 
 greement this time was in respect to the ]iroper allowance to be 
 made for the change in the declination of the magnetic needle 
 since 1773. After spending some ten days on the spot discuss- 
 ing the subject, and. running seven or eight miles of the line, 
 the commissioners were as usual unable to come to any satisfac- 
 tory agreement, and the work once more suspended .^ 
 
 Finally in 1784, the Massachnsetts legislature petitioned Con- 
 gress for a federal connnission. A hearing took place in Decem- 
 ber of that year, at which both parties were represented,-^ and 
 measures were taken which resulted in the appointment by Con- 
 gress of Thomas Ilutchins,'* Rev. Dr. John Ewing,-'' and David 
 Rittenhouse,^ as commissioners.'^ After much legislation and 
 correspondence, the members of the joint commission once more 
 assembled on July 19, 1787, at the "old corner," and after mak- 
 ing allowance for the change of variation of the needle since 
 the date of the agreement in 1773, a period of 14 years and 2 
 
 1. Report of William Nicoll and Gerard Bancker. New York Archives (Ms.), c, 32 ; 
 New York Hist. Soc. Coll. 1869, p. 325 
 
 2. Report of Gerard Bancker, (Ms.) Clinton Papers, N. Y. State Library, xix, No. 
 5,530. 
 
 3. Journals of Congress, iv, 450. 
 
 4. Thomas Hutchins, b, Monmouth, N. J., about 1730 ; entered the military service at 
 an early age, became captain, was an engineer in Gen. Bouquet's expedition against the 
 Shawnees inl764. Was imprisoned in London in 1779, because of his known devotion 
 to the American cause. Soon afterwards he sailed from Fi'ance to Charleston, S. ('., 
 and joined the army under Greene with the title of "geogi-apher general." He imblislied 
 a number of geogi-aphical works which were largely used by l)r. Morse in cumpiling 
 his American Gazetteer. He d. at Pittsburgh, April 28, 1789. 
 
 5. John Ewing, D. D., b. Nottingham, Md.. June 22, 1732, was pastor of First Pi-es- 
 byterian church of Philadelphia in 1759, and provost of University of Penn., from 1779 
 until his death in 1802. He was vice president of the Am. Philosophical society, and a 
 man of considerable scientific attainments. 
 
 6. David Rittenhouse, F. R. S., LL. D., b. April 8, 1732, near Germantowii. Penn., 
 taught liimself mathematics while a boy on his father's farm, became a distiiiguislied 
 clock-maker, was employed in connection with Mason and Dixon in 17()3, in iltttiniiiiing 
 the initial point of their survey, wliich he did witli instruments of liis own construction. 
 He settled in Philadelphia in 1770, wliere he manufactured clocks and matlicniatical m- 
 struments; became president of tlie Am. Pliilosophical society <m tlic death of Dr. 
 Franklin in 1791 ; was a meml)cr of Pennsylvania constitutional convention, stat<^ treas- 
 urer 1777-89; director of I'. S. Mint 1792-5, and was chosen Fellow of tlie Koyal Society 
 in 1795, He was employed in fixing tlie lioundaries of I'eimsylvania, New .Icrsey, New 
 York and other states. D. at Phila., June 20, 179G.— (Barton's Life of Rittenliouse.) 
 
 7. Journals of Congress, iv, 007. 
 
82 Bei'kshire Historical and Seientific Society. 
 
 months, tlie line was linall}' run by transit on a course north 15 
 deg. 12 min. 9 sec. east (magnetic). Tlie line was found to pass 
 over an exceedingly rough country, and the commissioners did 
 not reach the northwest corner, near Williamstown, until Au- 
 gust 4. During the survey the instrumental observations were 
 taken by Rittenhouse and Simon De Witt, and the linear meas- 
 urements were made by Gerard Bancker. The party consisted 
 of Messrs. Rittenhouse, Ewing, Hutchins, representing the gen- 
 eral government, Bancker and De Witt in behalf of New York, 
 and Edwards, Sedgwick and Williams in behalf of Massachu- 
 setts, with a number of guides and assistants. The line when 
 completed was found to measure 50 miles, 41 chains and 79 
 links in length.^ The work was perforaied with such accuracy, 
 that so far as is known, not the slightest dispute has ever arisen 
 in reference to it during the 98 years which have elapsed since 
 its completion. 
 
 The New Haven conference of 176Y, while it did not result 
 in an actual agi'eement, nevertheless came so near it as to render 
 it certain the boundary would ultimately be established at a dis- 
 tance of about 20 miles from Hudson's river, and hence that the 
 settlements which had been made by the New England people 
 in Nobletown, Spencertown and New Canaan would fall within 
 the jurisdiction of New York, 
 
 In May of that year the proprietors of Spencertown made 
 what was probably their last appeal to the authorities of the old 
 province. On the 7th of that month, it was " Voted that a me- 
 morial Ije forthwith sent to Boston by the Committee Avith 
 Noble town and tockonock Requesting the protection of the 
 Government of the massachusetts Bay. Voted, to join with 
 nobletown in sending a man to see Mr. Ingorsal as an ator- 
 ney."^ 
 
 So far as appears from the records, Robert Livingston made 
 no further effort to maintain his claim to the lands on Taconic 
 mountain, after the results of the New Haven conference had 
 
 1. The journal and field notes of the survey are in Field Book No. 40, in the office of 
 
 the N. Y. State Knginocr and Surveyor, p]i, 1-50, and a Ms. map (No. 68 in same office) 
 was copied fidiii tlic orit;inal in the Slaff Department at Washington by Simon De Witt. 
 Another <'opy is in the Massachusetts ArchiNcs, wliere tlie writer examined it in 1885. It 
 is well executed, and exhibits tlie topograpliy for some little distance on each side of the 
 line. 
 3. Hist. Columbia County (Art. Spencertown). 
 
The Western Bomuhiry of Massachusetts. 83 
 
 indicated tliu api)ro.\iiiiiitL' })ositiou of tlic 1)(»undary. On March 
 loth and 2Utli, 1757, the settlers piircliased these hinds in two 
 separate parcels from the Stockbridge Indians.^ These pur- 
 chases, so far as they were situated to the eastward of the 20- 
 niile line, M^ere conlirnied hy a grant of the province of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay in 177-i, and lands have since been held under 
 titles derived from the proprietors of this grant. The town- 
 ship was incorporated under its present name of Mount Wash- 
 ington in 177!*. It is to be regretted that in their determina- 
 tion to sweep away every vestige of the hated manorial propri- 
 etorship, the inhabitants should have gone to the length of re- 
 placing the significant and l)eautiful name of Taconic,- l)y the 
 patriotic but nevertheless inaj)propriate one of Mount Washing- 
 ton^ It is to be hoped that we may yet witness the restoration 
 of the ancient and historical name of the oldest settlement of 
 Berkshire. 
 
 In 1768, the "great cause," as it was termed, between the 
 Crowm and John Van Rensselaer was tried before Justice Jones 
 at New York. This suit was technically for an intrusion upon 
 the Crown lands, but its real ol)ject was to determine the legal 
 extent and limits of the Claverack manor. The verdict of the 
 jury was in favor of Van Rensselaer, J)ut nevei'theless for rea- 
 sons which do not fully appear, in a petition to the governor of 
 New York in 1770, the latter offered to surrender the disputed 
 portion of the Claverack patent on condition of receiving a con- 
 tirmatory grant of the remainder.-^ This compromise was accord- 
 ingly effected in 1773, and the eastern portion of the patent 
 
 1. The firs' of these tracts corresjionds approximately with the present township of 
 Copake, and the Indian deed is hi Springfield records (Ms.), i, 144. The second tract is 
 substantially the present town of Mount Washington, and is in Springfield records, i, 11. 
 The conveyance is from Benjamin Kaukecwenoh and others to John Dibble and 40 
 otliers, and the consideration is £75. 
 
 ■Z. Taghl-ait'nuc, Tuughkanghiilck, mod. Taconic Mts. The name has been said to 
 mean ■" water enougli "' and to have been taken from a spring on the west side of Mount 
 Tom in Copake, N. Y., whicli was a favorite resort of tlie Indians. (Hough's Gaz. N. Y., 
 •.i49.) This interpretation is certainly wrong, but of a dozen more probable ones that 
 might be suggested, it cannot be aflSrmed that any is certainly right. The least object- 
 ionable is "forest" or '" wilderness," the Delaware larlninif/, n which Leisberger trans- 
 lates by " woody," " full of woods," but literally " wild laiid, ' " forest." A sketch of 
 Sliekomeko, (Dutchess county, X. Y.), drawn by a Moravian missionary in 174.5, shows 
 in the distance eastward a mountain sunmiit niarked " K'faknnal.'<ch<in, the big moun- 
 tain." (Moravian Memorial, 6i!,) a name which resolves itself into ket-tukone-wadchu, 
 great woody mountain, i. e. great Taconic monntatn. (Trumbull's Indian Names of 
 Conn. ) The name is spelled twenty or thirty different ways in the Archives of New York. 
 Massachusetts and Connecticut. 
 
 3. New York Land Papers (Ms.) xxix, 55. 
 
84 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 was surrendered to the Crown, from wliicli circumstance it was 
 for many years known as the King's district,^ 
 
 In 1771 and 1772, the inhabitants of Nohletown, Spencer- 
 town^ and New Canaan,^ petitioned the New York government 
 for grants of their respective tow^lships. The sons of Conraet 
 Borglighardt also petitioned for a grant of the tract near Kin- 
 kerhook, which had been purchased by him from the Indians in 
 1729,^ and so also did a number of the Indians themselves, who 
 had served during the French and Indian war, and who repre- 
 sented that the lands they asked for had never ])een sold l)y 
 their ancestors.^ 
 
 In 1774, Nathaniel Colver and James Savage were sent to 
 England by the inhabitants of the three townships, to secure a 
 royal grant confirming their titles to the lands on which they 
 were settled, but owing no doubt to the growing disaffection 
 between the colonies and the royal government, they were not 
 successful in their mission,^ These troubles were not finally 
 terminated until an act of the legislature of the state of New 
 York in 1791, confirmed the title of the settlers to all lands 
 then actually occupied by them. It is a satisfaction to know 
 that these lands at last came into the hands of the persons who 
 had fairly purchased them, and not stolen them from the right- 
 ful owners. 
 
 After the defeat of the anti-renters in 1760, and tlie fiiglit of 
 Noble and Loomis into New England, they did not again rally 
 in force — at least under the same pretext, — for a ({uarter of a 
 century. Many acts of violence occurred within this region 
 during the Revolutionary period, but these perhaps were due in 
 a great measure to the political animosities of the times. In 
 1791, the disturbances recommenced at Nobletow^n. An armed 
 mob assembled who threatened and finally assassinated the 
 sheriff of Columbia county while in the performance of his du- 
 ties. Intense excitement prevailed, but the vigorous measures 
 of the authorities soon quelled the outbreak." The spirit of 
 
 1. New York Land Papers (Ms.), xxxii, 138, 157 ; ibid, xxxiii, 2. King's district was 
 officially established Mar. 24, 1772. 
 
 2. Ibid, xxxil, 114. 
 
 3. Ibid, xxxii, IIG ; xxxiii, 6. 
 
 4. Ibid, xxxiii, 4, 5. 
 
 5. Ibid, xxxiii, 49. 50. 
 
 6. llougli's Gazetteer of N. Y., 23(;. 
 
 7. For a somewhat full account of the anti-rent disturbances in Columbia county, es- 
 pecially subsetiuent to the Kevolution, see Uistory of Columbia County. 
 
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. So 
 
 anti-rentism, tliougli not dead, was not noticoal)ly manifested 
 for the next lifty .years, bnt in 1831), tlie disaffected tenants of 
 all the manors combined and perfected an extensive association. 
 They nltimately sncceeded in gettmg the political contr(^)l of the 
 state into their hands by holding the balance of })ower between 
 the regnlar parties, and by well devised legislative measures in 
 virtually dealing a death-blow to the feudal system. This re- 
 sult was but the logical se(pience of the policy of dishonesty 
 and greed deliberately ado])ted by the original lords of the 
 manors. Their unlawful appropriation of unpurchased lands 
 put into the hands of an ecpially unscrupulous enemy an 0})por- 
 tunity for mischief, which he was not slow to use in further- 
 ance of his own ends. The flame of rebellion against the land 
 monopolists, kindled by David Ingersoll in 1752, was not 
 quenched for a century. With now and then an outbreak it 
 smouldered until 1852, when the anti-renters finally triumphed 
 in a test case which had been carried to the Court of Appeals, 
 and to the satisfaction of all good citizens this disturl)ing ele- 
 ment disappeared forever from the political history of the state 
 of New York. 
 
Judicial History of 
 Berkshire. 
 
 BY HENRY W TAFT. 
 
JUDICIAL HISTORY OF BERlvSEIIlE. 
 
 Pakt I. 
 
 Tliu subject ()rii;'inally sugi>;csted for this [)apur was a sketch 
 of tlie early iiieml)ers of the Berkshire Bar, but it seemed ii[)on 
 consideration, that the early niaf»;istrates of the county were en- 
 titled to remembrance, and that it would better serve the pur- 
 poses of this society if an attempt was made at the beginning!; 
 of a judicial history of the county, and that the events related 
 should be consecutively stated, including such brief l)iogi'apliies 
 as might be made from accessible materials. This paper may 
 therefore 1)e styled a sketch of the early judicial history of 
 Berkshire, with notices of its early magistrates and lawyers. It 
 is of necessity made up to a great extent of details chiefly inter- 
 esting to the legal profession, and free use has been made of 
 materials gathered by others, especially the historians of Pitts- 
 tield and Great Barrington. 
 
 The settlement of the county of Berkshire, till then a wilder- 
 ness, was inaugurated in 1722, hy a grant nuide Ijy the General 
 Court, in answer to a petition of inhabitants of Hampshire 
 county, of the " upper and lower Housatonic townships," and a 
 deed M'as soon afterwards procured, extinguishing the Indiiin 
 title, with some reservations, to the territory now eml)raced in 
 the towns of ShetHeld, and Great Barrington, and portions of 
 Stockbridge, West Stockbridge, Alford and Lee. The settle- 
 ment connnenced, we are told, in 1725-6, and Matthew jNoble 
 of WestHeld was the first settler. When he established himself 
 in his solitary home in Sheffield, an unl)roken wilderness lay 
 between him and Canada ; on the east, his nearest neiglil)ors 
 were in his old home in Westlield; on the south there might 
 have l)een found, perhaps, two or three families at Salisbury; 
 westward there were no inhabitants nearer than the settlements 
 on the banks of the Hudson.* 
 
 ♦Later investigations indicate still earlier settlements within the limits of the present 
 town of Mount Washinfftun, perhaps also in Egremont. 
 
90 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 The settlciiioiit of the comity from this? time proceeded more 
 or less rapidly, sul)ject to the varying conditions of the })rospec- 
 tive settlers, the interniptions caused Ijy the still continuing In- 
 dian wars, and the difficulties over the undefined l)oundary line 
 between Massachusetts and New York, until the organization of 
 the county in 1761. 
 
 At the time the settlement of the county commenced, and 
 thence down to the Revolution, the judicial system of the prov- 
 ince comprised a " Superior Court of Judicature " with origi- 
 nal and appellate jurisdiction throughout the province, corres- 
 ponding in a great degree to our Supreme Judicial Court, and 
 holding its sessions in the several counties : a court called the 
 " Inferior Court of Common Pleas " for each county, consisting 
 of four justices, of whom three were necessary to form a quo- 
 rum, which had " cognizance of all civil actions * * * * 
 triable at the common law, of what nature, kind or quality, 
 soever;" and a Court of Sessions in each county comprised of 
 its justices of the peace, which had a limited criminal jurisdic- 
 tion, and managed the prudential affairs of the county. Jus- 
 tices of the peace had a separate jurisdiction in minor matters, 
 both civil and criminal, and from their judgments there was a 
 right of appeal to the Common Pleas and Court of Sessions. 
 There was also a Probate Court having jurisdiction as at the 
 present time. 
 
 The Superior Court never held any sessions in Berkshire, all 
 its causes arising in this county being heard at the terms liolden 
 in the county of Hampshire. Judicial business was thus local- 
 ized, and the courts with which the inhabitants of the county 
 were familiar, were those presided over by the local magistrates. 
 All judicial officers were appointed by, and held their offices at 
 the pleasure of the Crown or its representative, the governor of 
 the province, with the consent of the Council. 
 
 The county of Hampshire was created in 1()62, and although 
 its boundaries seem to be loosely defined, it did in fact extend 
 so far as to embrace territory now included in the states of New 
 Hampshire and Connecticut, and a portion of the county of 
 Worcester and extended westward to the province line. Thus 
 during the period which elapsed after the settlement of this 
 
Judicial History of Herhshire. 91 
 
 county conimeiiced, down to 1701, tlie inlial)itants of its terri- 
 tory were witliin the connty of IIani])shire and amenable to 
 tlie jurisdiction of its niai2;istrates, some of whom were anionji; 
 tlieir own nnmber. I find that during tliis period two of tlie 
 justices of the (.ourt of Common Pleas for Hampshire county 
 were citizens of Berkshire: Ephkaim Williams appointed in 
 1741, and Joseph Dwioiit in 1753. 
 
 Ephkaim Williams 
 Was son of Capt. Isaac Williams, and horn at Newton, October 
 21, 1091. He married and settled in Newton, and removed to 
 Stockbridge in 1739, having possibly lived for a time in Hat- 
 field, where liis brother. Rev. William Williams, was settled. 
 He was appointed a justice of the peace in Middlesex in 1735. 
 Tradition atiirms that when he removed to Stockbridge, he car- 
 ried his younger children in panniers upon a horse. His was 
 one of four English families provided for in the original settle- 
 ment of Stockbridge. His home in Stocklu'idge was on tlie 
 hill over-looking the present village street, on or near the site 
 afterwards occupied Ijy Rev. Dr. West. He was a man of de- 
 cided position and intluence in his new home ; was a colonel in 
 the militia, and hence is sometimes confounded with his son of 
 the same name, the founder of Williams College. He resigned 
 his oiRce of justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 17-19, and 
 died while on a visit to his son, Dr. Thomas Williams, in Au- 
 gust 1754, and was buried at Deeriield. 
 
 The only persons, residents of Berkshire whom I find to have 
 been commissioned as justices of the peace, an office then of 
 very considerable dignity and importance, before the year 1761, 
 other than the justices of the Court of Common Pleas who have 
 been or may hereafter be referred to, were David Incjeksoll 
 and Jabez Ward. 
 
 David Ingersoll was the son of Thomas Ingersoll of West- 
 field, and after a resideiice in Springfield and Bro(^kfield, settled 
 in Great Barrington, then a part of Sheffield, as early perlia})s, 
 as 1735. He was vigorous, energetic, perhaps audticious, in his 
 business enterprises. He became intei'ested largely in real es- 
 tate, and in or about 1739, he was the occupant if not the owner 
 
92 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 of the M^ater power now l)e]ongiiio; to the Berkshire "Woolen 
 Company, and tliere erected a dam, saw and ^rrist mill, and a 
 forge and trip-hammer for the maniifactnrc of bar iron. He 
 was a captain of the militia and selectman of the town of Shef- 
 field. Pie was appointed a jnstice of the peace Septeml)er 8, 
 1749. He was not successfnl in business, became involved in 
 difficulties and fell into disrepute, so that lie was removed from 
 oflice in 1755. He died at Great Barrington, March 23, 1773, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Jabez Ward was son of Olxidiah Ward of Marlborough and 
 removed with his family to Ne^v Marlljorough in 1744. He 
 was prominent in the organization of the new town, does not 
 seem to have been reappointed after the organization of Berk- 
 shire county, and died at New Marll)orougli, August 29, 1767, 
 aged GC) j^ears. 
 
 The increase of jiopulation in Berkshire, its distance from 
 the Connecticut Biver Valley, and the difiiculty of communica- 
 tion attendant on the few and imperfect highways of the period, 
 led to the formation of the county in 1761. The act creating 
 the new county went into operation June 30th, of that year. 
 
 At this time, Pittsfield and Grreat Barrington being incorpo- 
 rated in the same year, there were in the county the towns of 
 Shefiield, Stockb ridge, New Marlborough, Egremont, Gi'eat 
 Barrington and Pittsfield. To these were added l)efore the 
 commencement of the Revolution, the towns of Sandisfield and 
 Tyringham in 1762 ; Becket, Bichmond, Lanesborough and 
 Williamstown in 1765 ; Lenox in 1767 ; Windsor and Peru in 
 1771; Alford and Loudon in 1773, and West Stockbridge in 
 1774. 
 
 The first duty of the executive, after the passage of this act, 
 was to organize the new county by the appointment of its judi- 
 cial and executive ofiicers. The governor's chair was then filled 
 by Sir Francis Bernard, who was appointed by the Crown in 
 1760. Thomas Hutchinson, a native Bostonian, long fa{_niliar 
 with the people and politics of the province, was lieutenant 
 governor, and Israel Williams was member of the Council foi- 
 the Avestern counties. 
 
 The diligent student of American history cannot have failed 
 
Judicial History of Berkshire. 93 
 
 to remark tliat in all tlic (•(•Ionics at this period thei'e liad li-i'own 
 up, under the fosteriui;- intiuence of nionarcliial institutions, a 
 kind of moderate or modified ohii-arehy. Tiiis was true in Mas- 
 sacliusetts as elsewhere. Faniihes of wealtli, e(hu*ati(»n and so- 
 cial standing gathered into their ommi hands and transmitted 
 from generation to generation much of the political intiuence 
 and power of the state, were the friends and counselors of the 
 royal governors, and received a large share of the local offices. 
 They strengthened themselves hy frequent intermarriages, and 
 in connection with the clergy, came to be, not offensively, but 
 actually, a kind of local aristocracy, leaders of public opinion 
 whose guidance and support were sought by a numerous client- 
 age. In the formative period of the country this condition of 
 society was pi-oductive of beneiicial results. These leading and 
 governing men were for the most part honest and patriotic, at- 
 tached to their country and its institutions, and watchful and 
 jealous of the encroachment of the royal prerogatives. Such 
 were the Pynchons of Springfield, the Stoddards of Noi'thamp- 
 ton, the Partridges and Porters of Hadley and Hatfield, the 
 Dwights of Northampton and Springfield, and the Williamses 
 of Hatfield and Deerfield. 
 
 This family infiuence was still further promoted in the coun- 
 ty of Hampshire by reason of its peculiar situation. Widely 
 separated from the more populous portions of the province, and 
 the first point of attack on the breaking out of Indian hostili- 
 ties, there was always some one man in Hampshire who stood 
 in confidential relations to the government at Boston — the rep- 
 resentative to its inhabitants, of official protection and power. 
 He was commonly the militar}- commander of the district, and 
 intrusted with large discreti(mary powder when a war was in 
 ])i-ogress. John Pynchon sustained this relation to the g<n'ern- 
 ment foi- a long period before his death, and among his succes- 
 sors were Samuel Partridge, John Stoddard, Israel Williams 
 and John Worthington. 
 
 The existence of these ruling families had a good deal to do 
 with the formation of parties at the period of the Tievolution. 
 In the progress of events the populace came to look upon them 
 with jealousy and disfavor. Douljtless they sometimes used 
 
94 Berkshire Historical mid Scientific Society. 
 
 tlieir power for selfish and personal ends. Yonng and ambi- 
 tious men, outside tlie charmed circle, became impatient of ex- 
 clusion. And when the conflict of passion and (jpinion arose 
 under the encroachments of the Crown, it was inevitable from 
 their position, that the so called aristocracy should take the con- 
 servative side to a large extent, and look with anger and distrust 
 upon the young and ardent patriots who were pressing to the 
 front: that while not insensible to the invasion of ^Dopular 
 rights, they should deprecate all rash and desperate measures, 
 and cling to the hope of a ]3eaceable adjustment of the difficul- 
 ties. Members of some of the families we have named adhered 
 to the Crown, to the end of expatriation and coniiscation. As 
 we now look back dispassionately on the men and events of a 
 century, we can see that many of these men acted under honest 
 convictions of duty, and that Massachusetts numbered some of 
 her best citizens among the loyalists of the Revolution. 
 
 The appointments in Berkshire were made naturally and nec- 
 essarily from the class which I have named. They were en- 
 tirely unobjectionable and from what we know of the inhabi- 
 tants of the county at that time, we cannot see how the offices 
 could have been more \vorthily bestowed. On the 24th June, 
 ITGl, Governor Bernard appointed Joseph Dwight, William 
 Williams, John Ashley and Timothy Woodbridge, justices of 
 the Court of Common Pleas, Joseph Dwight, judge, and Elijah 
 Dwight, register of probate, and Elijah Williams, sheriff. To 
 illustrate oar remarks upon the perpetuation of family iniiuence 
 it may be stated that Joseph Dwight had married a daughter of 
 John Pynchon, the second ; William Williams was the nephew 
 of John Stoddard and Israel Williams ; Ashley was a descend- 
 ant on the mother's side of John Pynchon, the elder; Wood- 
 l)ridge was from a long line of clergymen and a great-grandson 
 of the Apostle Eliot ; and Elijah Williams was the youngest 
 son of Col. Ephraim Williams before named. 
 
 The Court of Common Pleas as thus constituted was excep- 
 tionally strong and fitted for its duties. The courts of this pe- 
 riod were not usually entitled to very high respect for judicial 
 ability. Tlie justices were not connnonly professional men, or 
 familiar with judicial j)i'oceedings. Very few of the judges of 
 
Judicial HiHtonj of Berkshire. 95 
 
 the Superior Court were bred to tlie Bar. But of the new 
 Berkshu-e judges, Dwight and Ashley were educated lawyers, 
 and the former had been a judge for many years. Williams 
 aud Woodbridge were cultivated and intelligent men and had 
 long been magistrates. 
 
 At their first meeting, the justices of the Court of Connnon 
 Pleas made the following entry in their Ilecords ; Vol. I, })age 
 1. I transciibe it as the first official transaction of the new 
 county. 
 
 " Berkshire ss. At the first meeting of the Justices of the Inferior Court 
 of Common Pleas held at the Dwelling house of Timothy Woodbridge, Esq., 
 of Stockbridge in said County, on Monday the thirteenth day of July, in the 
 first year of the reign of George the Third, of Great Britain, France and 
 Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Annoque Domini 1761. 
 Present : Joseph Dwk^ht, ^ 
 
 William Williams, | ^ 
 John Ashley, I' ^'^^^ 
 
 Timothy Wogdbridcje, J 
 
 After having taken and subscribed the oaths appointed by Act of Parlia- 
 ment, instead of the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy, the Test or Decla- 
 ration in said Act contained, together with the oath of Abjuration, the Pre- 
 vious oath respecting the Bills of Public Credit of Connecticut, Road Island 
 and New Hampshire, and the oath of ofhce, unanimously appointed Mr. 
 Elijah Dwight to be the Clerk of said Court, who was sworn to the faithful 
 discharge of his said office. 
 
 Att. : Joseph Dwight, Praeses." 
 
 At the same time and place, the same persons under another 
 connnission, organized the Court of Sessions, appointed Elijah 
 Dwight, clerk and Mark Hopkins, register of deeds, the latter 
 to hold till some person be elected to said office. 
 
 By the statute incorporating the county, Great Barrington 
 was made the shire town, and it was provided that the courts 
 be held alternately at that place and at Pittsfield. The first 
 regular sessions of the Court of Common Pleas was held at 
 Great Barrington on Tuesday, the first day of Septeml)er, 1761, 
 in the meeting house which stood on the east side of the river, 
 near the bridge in the upper part of the village. Seventy-eight 
 actions were entered, a jury was in attendance, and there were 
 three trials. Mark Hojiicins, who was admitted to the Bar at 
 this term, now tried and won his first case before a jury. The 
 second session of the court was held at Pittsfield, at the house 
 
96 Berkshire Historical and Scientljic Society. 
 
 of Culouul Williams, one of the judges, on the lirst Tuesday of 
 Decendier, 1761. 
 
 The Court of Sessions was held at the same times and places 
 as the Court of Common Pleas, Grand and Traverse juries were 
 in attendance, crimes and misdemeanors were inquired into, and 
 indictments duly presented and tried. The same Traverse jury 
 appears to have served in hoth courts. 
 
 The lirst criminal case tried by a jury was an appeal l)y one 
 John Williams, Jr., who had l)een convicted before a justice of 
 the peace of stealing two deer shins. The jury ac(juitted him. 
 The first indictment found by tlie Grand Jury was against Sam- 
 uel Lee of Great Barrington for presuming to l)e an innholder, 
 and selling strong driidv without a license. The lirst indict- 
 ment returned by the Grand Jury, which came to a hearing, 
 illustrates the spirit of the times. Hewett Root of Great Bar- 
 rington was indicted at the March term, 1762, for that "he did 
 " wittingly and willingly suffer and permit Singing, Fiddling 
 "and Dancing in his Dwelling house, there l)eingthen a Tavern 
 "or Public Licensed House." He pleaded guilty and was lined 
 ten shillings and costs. And a further illustration is found in 
 the fact that at the same term Justices D wight and Ashley wei'e 
 licensed as Retailers of Spirituous Liquors, and their associates 
 on the Bench became their sureties. 
 
 The Court of Sessions made early jDrovision for the erection 
 of a Court House and Jail in Great Barrington, l)ut as late as 
 1765, they M'ere still unfinished. Israel Dewey's house which' 
 stood some distance north of the villageand M^as <^)riginally con- 
 structed as a "Block-house*" was fitted up and used as a jail for 
 several years. 
 
 The Court House was a plain unpretending wooden structure 
 of about 3(> liy 40 feet, and stood in and near the west side of 
 Main street, in front of the entrance to Castle street, then only 
 a lane leading to the residence of Rev. Samuel Hopkins. It 
 was high "between joints," finished on tlie ground fioor only, 
 and had neither cupola nor spire. The Jail was a few rods 
 southwest of the Court House, and not far from the site of the 
 present Episco])al church. 
 
 The records of the Court of Common Pleas show some pecu- 
 
Judicial History of Berkshire. 97 
 
 liarities. There was not, so far as we can learn, if we except 
 Justices Dwii2;lit and Ashley, a i)racticiii<i: attorney within the 
 connty, at the time of its organization, and the appearance in 
 the courts of lawyers from Hampshire county and the neigli])or- 
 ing colony of Connecticut was continuous up to the time of the 
 Eevolution. Joseph Hawley of Northampton, John Worth- 
 ington and Moses Bliss of Springtield were quite constant in 
 their attendance, aiul more rarely came Jonathan Bliss of 
 Springfield, Simeon Strong of Andierst, and Cyrus Marsh of 
 Windham County, and John Canlield of Sharon, Conn. 
 
 The justices of the court seem to have been accustomed to 
 prosecute and defend their own cases in their own court, and 
 the scarcity of lawyers led to the employment of non-profes- 
 sional attorneys. Jabez Ward, Esq., before named, appeared 
 often in behalf of his neighbors, as did Joseph Gilbert and 
 William King of Great Barrington ; the latter a man of inq>er- 
 fect education, but of line natural endowments. The court was 
 empowered by law to make rules of practice, but none are 
 found of record during the period we are considering. The 
 wild and unsettled condition of the county is manifested by 
 such description of parties as the following, which are frecpient: 
 "Jonathan Hinsdale living on a tract of land north of Stock- 
 " bridge in the county of Berkshire."' This was in 1763, and 
 the locality is in the present village of Lenox. " Asa Hills liv- 
 "■ ing in the Green woods, so called, on the road from Pittslield 
 "to No. -I." vfec, &c. 
 
 The common law forms were closely followed, and great 
 strictness in pleading seems to have been required, notwith- 
 standing the statute provision enacted as early as 17()1, that 
 "no writ * * * * sliall be abated * * * * for any 
 " kind of circumstantial errors or mistakes when the person and 
 "case may be rightly understood and intended by the court, 
 "nor through defect or want of form, only, and the Justices on 
 " motion made in court, may order amendment thereof." 
 
 The following record at Septeml)er term, 17H8, illustrates 
 the precision required by the court, and is in marked contrast 
 with the liberality, perhaps I might say looseness allowed in 
 pleading at the present time. 
 
98 Berkshire Historical and SclentiJiG Society. 
 
 •' George Wilinot of Hartford in the County of Hartford and 
 Colony of Connecticut, Gentleman, I'laintiif against James 
 Cray, Jr., of Stockhridge in the County of Berkshire, Gentle- 
 man, Defendant. In a plea of the case." The defendant came 
 into court and prayed that the writ might be abated for these 
 reasons : 
 
 1. "" For that he the said James long before the purchase of 
 this Writ, l)y a good and lawful commission from Francis Ber- 
 nard, Esq., Captain General of His Majesty's Province of Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay, was appointed, constituted and made a Major of 
 a Brigade to the forces raised by the said Francis Bernard, to 
 be employed in His Majesty's service, in the year of our Lord 
 1762, imder the connnand of His Excellency Gen. Amherst, 
 and therefore that he has not his proper addition given him in 
 said writ, for that he should therein have been called James 
 Gray, Esquire, and not James Gray, Gentleman. 
 
 2. "Because the plaintiff calls himself of Hartford, etc., 
 whereas before and at the time of the purchase of said writ, he 
 lived at and belonged to Albany in the County of Albany, in 
 the Province of New York, and ought to have l)een so called. 
 
 3. "Because the plaintiff hath given himself the addition of 
 Gentleman, whereas the said James savs the lilaintiff is not a 
 Gentleman, and v^ight to have been called George Wilmot, 
 Yeoman, and not George Wilmot, Gentleman." The court 
 after consideration and inquirj' ordered that the writ abate, and 
 the said James recover his costs. 
 
 At the same term a writ was abated l)ecause the plaintiff 
 called himself of the county of Dutche/vs- und not Dutches'*, 
 "whereas there is no such county as Dutche/'6';" and another in 
 which John Bement, the defendant, was named as John Be- 
 ment, Jun'r, of New Marlborough — " whereas there is no such 
 person in nature as John Beinent, Jiuv'r, of New Marlborough." 
 
 The first Probate Court was held at Great Barrington, July 
 30, 1761, and the court continued to be held there until after 
 the death of Judge Dwight, and thence alternately at Great 
 Barrington, Stockbridge and Pittsfield. 
 
 The sessions of the Courtof Common Pleas terminated with 
 the May term, 1774, the August term being broken up by a popu- 
 
Judicial History of BerTcshire. 99 
 
 hir (k'nionstratidn wliicli is a matter of liisrory. Judge Dwiglit 
 died in 1T65, and was sncceeded hy Perez Marsh; otherwise 
 tlie composition of tlie eonrt was niichanged ])revions to the 
 Revohition. Col. William Williams succeeded Dwightas fFudge 
 of Probate, and lield his last court August IT, 1774. The office 
 of tlie Ilegister of Deeds M'as kept open until July, 1770, per- 
 haps the period when the term of the incund)ent expired. 
 
 From 177-1 to 17^0, the late Province of Massachusetts Bay 
 was governed hy its Assemhly and a Council which was elected 
 by this representative l>ody, and which acted as the executi\'e 
 in place of the royal governor. The continuance of this form 
 of government was regarded in Western Massacliusetts and es- 
 pecially in Berkshire as an usurpation, and the opening of the 
 courts under its authority was steadily resisted. The liistory of 
 this controversy is very clearly given in Smith's History of Pitts- 
 field. This sentiment was not unanimous and there is a record 
 of a Court of Sessions held at Pittslield, November 28, ITTS,'^ at 
 which Theodore Sedgwick was appointed clerk, and which ad- 
 journed to December 26, 1775, and again to February, 177G. 
 There is no record of the last session, and at the first no busi- 
 ness was transacted except the granting of licenses. There is 
 no further record in the clerk's office until 1781. 
 
 The Council asserted their authority as the rightful executive 
 of the Commonwealth l>y making from time to time judicial 
 and executive appointments in the county. Mark Hopkins and 
 Erastus Sergeant were respectively appointed judge and regis- 
 ter of Probate in September, 1775, and John Ashley, John 
 Bacon, William Whitney and John Brown, justices of the 
 Court of Common Pleas, February 16, 1779, but it does not ap- 
 pear that any of the persons named ever undertook to perform 
 the duties of said offices. Israel Dickinson was appointed sheriff 
 August 29, 1775, and again April 10, 1777, and John Fellows 
 was appointed to the same office January 30, 1778. There is 
 documentary evidence that these two gentlemen assumed to 
 act in this office, l)ut as no courts were holden and no precepts 
 issued, their opportunities for official action were infrequent. 
 
 *This ia probably the " Court" referred to in the Pittsfleld memorial of Dec. 26, 1775, 
 as having betMi lately •' held in this town in a clandestine manner." 
 
100 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 It appears also from the same evidence that in 1T77 and 1T78, 
 a body assuming to l)e the " Conrt of General Sessions of the 
 Peace" held two or more sessions at Great Barrington, and 
 committed certain Tories to the jail, l)nt as before stated there 
 is no record of the doings of the courts from 1775 to 1781. 
 
 The time given to this paper will not allow further details of 
 the earl}^ judicial proceedings of the county. When we relate 
 the little we have learned of the lives and characters of our 
 early magistrates and lawyers, we speak of the men to whom 
 was appointed the duty of founding the civil institutions of the 
 county, and enforcing the laws of the Commonwealth, and the 
 ability and fidelity which they gave to this service is felt in our 
 institutions to-day. Yet so soon does the memory of a man, 
 however active and honorable, fade away among his fellows, 
 their names are as strange to most of the inhabitants of this 
 county, as if their lives had l)een spent beyond the seas, and 
 their bones rested in a foreign soil. 
 
 Joseph Dwight 
 
 Was son of Capt. Henry Dwight of Hatfield, and a descendant 
 of John Dwight who emigrated in 1634-5, and settled at Ded- 
 ham. He was born at Hatfield, October 16, 1703, and gradu- 
 ated at Harvard in 1722. He studied law and resided several 
 years in Springfield, where he was engaged in trade and where 
 he married Mary Pynchon, August 11, 1726. About 1730 he 
 removed to Brookfield, where he entered upon the practice of 
 the law, and in 1731 and for ten successive years he represented 
 Brookfield in the General Court. He was also a member of 
 the Provincial Council, and in 1748-9, Speaker of the House 
 of Representatives. In 1739 he was appointed Judge of the 
 Court of Common Pleas of Worcester county. In addition 
 to his legal and judicial employments, he devoted much time 
 to military affairs, was a colonel of militia, and at the time 
 of the expedition against Louisbourgh on Cape Breton was 
 commissioned a brigadier general, Fel)ruary 20, 1745, by Gov. 
 Shirley. In that year he distinguished himself as commander 
 of the Massachusetts artillery at the seige and capture of Louis- 
 bourgh, and was commended by General Pepperell who com- 
 
Judicial History of Berhshire. 1 01 
 
 iiiandod in tlie ex|HHliti(>n. He soon after i-aised a i'c'i;-iiiu'iit for 
 a i)ro[)osed expedition ai^ainst Canada, luit it was for tlie most 
 part employed in frontier service. 
 
 Not long after the death of his wife, which occnrred March 
 2V>, 1751, he removed to Stockbridge as a "Trustee of the In- 
 dian Schools,"" and there married Mrs. Ahigail Sergeant, widow 
 of Rev. John Sergeant, in August, 1752. From 1758 to 1701, 
 he was one of tlie judges of the Court of Common Ph^as for 
 iraiupshire county. In the second French war — 1750 — he com- 
 manded a regiment in service about Lakes George and Cham- 
 plain, and soon after his return from this campaign removed to 
 Great I>arrington, prol)al)ly in 1757. Here in 1759 he erected 
 the house known in late years as the " Henderson " house, then 
 considered a very fine one, which is still well-preserved, and if 
 spared l^y the hand of improvement may last through another 
 century. He died at Great Barrington, June 9, 1765. 
 
 In a notice of General Dwight in the History of Berkshire 
 (1828), it is said : "His personal appearance w^as very fine. He 
 was dignified in his manners, an upright judge, and an exem- 
 plary professor of the religion of the gospel. No man in the 
 county, in civil life, was more esteemed ; and aged people still 
 speak of him with great respect." Another writer says : " He 
 was a man of singular veracity, and all who knew^ him spoke of 
 his virtues with enthusiasm." 
 
 He called and presided at the first meeting of the proprietors 
 of Pittsfield in 1753. There is extant a portrait of Judge 
 Dwight, painted by Blackburn, the predecessor of Copley, which 
 justifies the statement before given, respecting his personal ap- 
 pearance." 
 
 William Williams, 
 Dowm to the period of the Revolution, was the most prominent 
 and important pei'sonage in the county, north of Stockbridge, 
 and closed at Pittsfield a life of great activity, and varied and 
 extensive public service. He was son of Rev. William Will- 
 iams of Weston, and grandson of Rev. William Williams of 
 Hatfield, w^as l)orn at Weston in 1711, and graduated at Harvard 
 in 1729. He studied medicine and commenced the practice of 
 
 *Thls sketch is taken almost entirely from the History of Great Barrington. 
 
102 Berkshire Historical and ScientiJiG Society. 
 
 Ills profession, but soon abandoned it and established himself in 
 the mercantile business in Boston. In this he seems to have 
 been unsuccessful, and in 1740 he obtained an ensign's commis- 
 sion under Gen. Oglethorpe, and was engaged in the expedition 
 against St. Augustine, and in the following year in that against 
 Carthagenia, under Admiral Vernon. He returned to Massachu- 
 setts, and seems after this time to have had his home in Hamp- 
 shire county. In 1744 he was an officer in the Hampshire mili- 
 tia, and engaged in the construction of a line of forts across the 
 northern frontier, including Fort Massachusetts. In the sum- 
 mer of 1745, he raised a company, many of whom were from 
 Hatfield and its vicinity, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, 
 and sailed for Louisburgh, arriving however, after the reduc- 
 tion of the place. His regiment formed the garrison of Louis- 
 burgh until the following spring. Returning home he was at- 
 tached to the regiment of which Gen. Joseph Dwight was colo- 
 nel, and in 1747 was in command of a detachment engaged in 
 rebuilding Fort Massachusetts, which liad been destroyed by the 
 enemy in 1746, and when the regiment was disbanded he ob- 
 tained a position as commissary on other service. He was com- 
 missioned a justice of the peace for Hanipshire, November 18, 
 1748. From November, 1749, (perhaps earlier), he was in the 
 mercantile business in Deerfield. 
 
 He was one of the parties who obtained from Gov. Went- 
 worth of New Hampshire, a grant of the township of Benning- 
 ton, but through the persuasion of his relatives who were largely 
 interested in the new plantation, and the further inducement of 
 the gift of a tract of land, he established himself in Pittstteld, 
 in the latter part of the year 1753, and erected a house in the 
 easterly part of the town, upon or near the site of the dwelling 
 of Amasa Rice. After the alarm caused by the raid of the sav- 
 ages upon Stockbridge in 1754, which caused a temporary aban- 
 donment of Pittsfield, this house was strongly fortified and 
 named Fort Anson, and was the home of the settlers on their 
 return, until confidence was restored. In 1755 he accepted a 
 captain's commission in the regiment of Sir William Pepperell, 
 and served three campaigns. In 1758 he was commissioned 
 colonel, and raised and connnanded a regiment which took part 
 
Judicial History of Berkshire. 103 
 
 in the disastrous expedition under Gen. Abercroinhie. His 
 military career terminated with this campaii;-ii. 
 
 From this time until the llevolution he resided in I'ittstield, 
 tilling almost continuously the othces of selectman, town clerk, 
 and representative to the General Court, as well as his more im- 
 portant count}' othces. He removed from his original location 
 and huilt a large house on the hill in what is now called Ilona- 
 vsada street, a portion of which remains and forms the dwelling 
 of Mr. Edmund Spencer. 
 
 The opening of the controversy which ushered in the Revo- 
 lution was undoubtedly a grief and embarrassment to Colonel 
 Williams. He was a half -pay British othcer; his family con- 
 nections and his more important friends were inclined to side 
 with the Crown, and his own tastes, education and associations 
 naturally drew him in the same direction. But the number of 
 ardent and impetuous Whigs continually multiplied around him. 
 They grew to look upon him with suspicion and distrust, while 
 he temporized and waited, and he seems for three or four years 
 to have been left out of the town othces which he usually held. 
 Apparently he remained as nciirly neutral as was possible, and 
 his friends and neighl)ors appreciating the situation, gradually 
 restored him to favor. We lind him again one of the selectmen 
 in 1777; he was at the head of the local court established about 
 this time by the town ; a member of the Constitutional conven- 
 tion in 1770, and we believe afterwards a representative to the 
 General Court. He died April 5, 1785. 
 
 Colonel Williams was of sanguine temperament, aljle, enter- 
 prising and active, ready with his pen as witli his sword, hospi- 
 table and generous, profuse in expenditure and fond of display. 
 He lacked economy and foresight, and was unfortunate in his 
 business enterprises. His later life was a constant struggle with 
 pecuniary eml)arrassment as the record of suits brought against 
 him in his own court abundantly testify. But he seems never 
 to have forfeited the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens, 
 and to have fultilled with ability and fidelity all his pul)lic 
 trusts. He was three times married, and left descendants 
 throuy-h his daughter Miriam, who l)ecanie the second wife of 
 Capt. James D. Colt, and his son William Pepperell, who 
 
104 Berkshire Historical and Scientific, Society. 
 
 joined the Sliaker.s wttli nearly all his family, 70 years ago. 
 Augustns Wells Williams of the West Pittstield family of Sha- 
 kers is his grandson ; and another descendant was the late Rob- 
 ert Colt of this town. 
 
 John Ashley 
 
 Was born at Westfield, Decenil>er 2, 1700, and graduated at 
 Yale in 1730. He was son of Col. John Ashley, who was for 
 many years one of the justices of the Court of Common Pleas 
 in Hampshire, and was one of the committee to advance the 
 settlement of the Ilonsatonic townships, in whose lands he be- 
 came largely interested, and whose estate in Sheffield ultimately 
 descended to his son. The subject of this notice was admitted 
 to the Bar in Hampshire in 1732, and soon after settled in Shef- 
 iield, where he was to some extent engaged in the practice of 
 the law. He was an extensive land owner and a merchant, 
 represented his town often in the Legislature, was a colonel in 
 the militia, and after 1753 a justice of the peace. He accpiired 
 large wealth for the times, and the locality, and was able to sup- 
 ply the county with ready money towards the erection of the 
 county l)uildings in 1701. He ac(|uired an unenvial»le notoriety 
 while he represented Sheffield and (Treat Barrington in the 
 General Court in 1768-0, l)y voting with 16 others to "rescind" 
 a certain circular which had been issued by the General Court, 
 on the demand of Gov. Bernard. Col. Ashley at this time rep- 
 resented the towns of Sheffield, Great Barrington and Egre- 
 mont. His vote was condenmed l)y the town of Great Barring- 
 ton in town meeting assembled; and the obnoxious 17 were 
 branded as "rescinders" and held up to public scorn and con- 
 tempt. He was however re-elected the following year. He 
 arrayed himself upon the popular side at the outbreak of the 
 Revolution, presided at the County convention held at Stock- 
 bridge, July 6, 1774, which adopted the non-im])ortation and 
 non-consum])tion agreement, and was a firm and consistent Whig 
 throughout the contest. 
 
 When the Legislature of Massachusetts undertook to govern 
 the province under the forms of the old charter, connnitting the 
 executive functions to the Council, Col. Ashley was appointed, 
 
Judicial History of Berkshire. 105 
 
 February, 1779, one of tlie judges of tlie Court of Common 
 Pleas for Berksliire, l)ut the court was never organized. lie 
 died at Sliettield, September 1, 1802, having attained to nearly 
 the age of 93 years. 
 
 He was patriarchal in appearance, of middling size, and do- 
 mestic habits. The impression we have of him is that he was 
 in many respects the reverse of his associate Col. Williams — 
 careful, prudent, commencing life with a reasonable capital, 
 which he increased by industry and good management. 
 
 Among his possessions were a iiuml)er of negro slaves, which 
 he seems to have been iuclined to retain in bondage, after 
 the declaration of independence. Hence the noted case of 
 " Brom and Bet v. Ashley," commenced l)y writ of personal 
 replevin at the August term of the Court of Common Pleas, 
 1781, It appears that these persons were slaves of Col. Ashley, 
 and under some harsh provocation had fled from their master, 
 and been reclaimed. Theodore Sedgwick, then living in Shef- 
 field, interested himself in their behalf, and this writ was the 
 result. The defendant pleaded that the plaintiffs were his legal 
 negro servants for life, and upon this plea issue was joined. 
 The plaintiffs were represented by Mr. Sedgwick and Tapping 
 Reeve, the distinguished lawyer of Litchfield, Ct., and the de- 
 fendant by David Noble of Williamstown and John Canfield 
 of Sharon, Ct. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiffs, 
 and the defendant appealed to the Supreme Judicial Court, but 
 the appeal was not prosecuted, and the judgment of the court 
 below was affirmed. It does not appear whether the case was 
 decided upon general principles, or the special circumstances of 
 the case. It has been claimed that this judgment abolished 
 slavery in Massachusetts. It would probably be more correct 
 to say that it was one among the events which produced that 
 result. The female plaintiff continued an attached sei-vant in 
 the Sedgwick family, and was, I suppose, the veritable '' Mum 
 Bet " of literature and history. 
 
 Col, Ashley left numerous descendants, some of whom are 
 still living: in Sheffield, 
 
106 Berkshire Historical and Scimitijic Society. 
 
 Timothy Woodbridge 
 
 Was son of Rev. John Woodbridge of West Springfield, and 
 born Febrnai-y 11, 1709. He first came to Stoekbridy-e as an 
 assistant to Rev. John Sergeant, the missionary to the Indians, 
 in 173-1, and was married and fixed his abode in that place in 
 November, 1730. His house in which the first meeting of the 
 justices took place, as has been stated, was on the site of the 
 dwelling-house of Samuel Goodrich, south of the river, on the 
 road to Great Barrington and near the residence of Capt. John 
 Konkapot, the Chief of the Stockbridge ti'ibe. How long he 
 continued his services as teacher of the Indians does not appear, 
 but he ever continued in their confidence, and was the principal 
 medium of communication between them and the authorities at 
 Boston, and largely entrusted with the oversight of their prop- 
 erty and persons. He was greatly interested in the civilization 
 and conversion of the Indians, and made a missionary journey 
 to the Susquehanna, in company with Rev. Gideon Hawley, in 
 1753. He was a justice of the peace from 1756, represented 
 his town in the Legislature, and was a member of the Council 
 in 1771-2-3. From his staid and conservative character. Gov. 
 Hutchinson had strong hopes of retaining him on the side of 
 the Crown, and he was one of the Mandamus Councilors ap- 
 pointed by the King in 1774. This appointment was probably 
 made after his death, and before it was known in England. He 
 died at Stockbridge, May 11, 1774, leaving two sons, of whom 
 one, Enoch, graduated at Yale in 1774, served in the army dur- 
 ing nearly the whole period of the Revolutionary war, and set- 
 tled at Vergennes, Vt., where he was a prominent lawyer and 
 judge — and several daughters. He has descendants in the fe- 
 male line now living in this county. 
 
 Perez Marsh 
 
 Was the son of Capt. Job Marsh, and born at Hadley, October 
 25, 1729, and graduated at Yale in 1748. He was a physician 
 and surgeon's mate in the regiment of Col. Ephraim Williams, 
 the younger, when the latter was killed at Lake George in 1755. 
 Between that time and 1761, he settled at Ashuelot Equivalent, 
 
Judicial History of Berkshire. 107 
 
 now Dalton. He was appointed a justice of the peace June 24, 
 17H1, a special justice of the Court of Connnon Pleas, June 6, 
 17B5, and a standing justice of said court, to succeed General 
 Dwiglit, September 4, 1765. He was a man of intelligence and 
 character, but his appointments were probabl}^ due quite as 
 much to the fact that he was a grandson of Samuel Porter, and 
 son-in-law to Israel Williams. He did not sympathize with the 
 popular party and seems to have retired from public life in 
 1774. He died at Dalton, May 20, 1784, leaving two sons and 
 several daughters. The daughters married in Pittsfield and 
 have descendants here. The late Henry Marsh, Esq., of Dal- 
 ton, was his grandson. 
 
 Elijah D wight, 
 
 The lirst clerk of the courts and register of probate, was the 
 son of Gen. Josej)h Dwight, and born at Brooklield, Ajjril 23, 
 1740. He held the above offices until the Revolution, and 
 September 6, 1765, was appointed a justice of the peace and a 
 special justice of the Court of Common Pleas. It is under- 
 stood that he did not sympathize very strongly with the popu- 
 lar leaders in the Revolutionary contest. He certainly was not 
 a very active Whig. But he was a man of the highest charac- 
 ter and standing, and never in any respect obnoxious to his fel- 
 low citizens. He was repeatedly a representative from Great 
 Barrington, a member of the State Senate from 1788 to 1703, 
 a member of the convention which ratified the Federal Consti- 
 tution in 1788, and one of the justices of the Court of Common 
 Pleas from 1787 until his death. He died at Brookfield, June 
 12, 1794. His residence in Great Barrington was the house 
 built by his father and now standing. He married a daughter 
 of Dr. Thomas Williams of Deerfield, l)ut has no living de- 
 scendants. 
 
 Elijah Williams, 
 The first sheriff of the county was the son of Col. Ephraim 
 Williams of Stockbridge, and born November 15, 1732. He 
 removed to that part of Stockbridge which is now West 
 Stockbridge in 1766, and occupied the water power and 
 erected Iron Works iii what is now West Stockbridge village. 
 
108 Berkshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 He held his office till 1774, but whether he resigned or was su- 
 perseded, does not appear. He is styled colonel in the old rec- 
 ords, as is also Ehjali Dwight; indeed every man of good 
 standing seems to have been a colonel, in the olden time. He 
 returned to Stockbridge in the latter part of his life, and died 
 there June 1), 1815. He left one son, since deceased without 
 issue, 
 
 Israel Stoddakd 
 
 Was appointed sheriff in place of Elijah Williams, February 18, 
 1774, but the coming in of the Revolution which swept from 
 office all who held under the Crown, afforded him but little 
 time in which to enjoy the emoluments, or discharge the duties 
 of his new position. He was a son of the famous Col. John 
 Stoddard, and born at Northampton in 1741, and graduated at 
 Yale in 1758. He married Eunice, daughter of Col, Israel 
 Williams, and settled in Pittstield, where his father had a large 
 interest in lands. His residence was in the vicinity of the 
 Judge Curtis farm on the old east road to Lanesborough, He 
 was appointed a justice of the peace in 1765, was a major in the 
 Berkshire regiment, and received high consideration on the 
 score of his own merits and the social standing of his family. 
 Habit, association, and family intluence combined to place him 
 on the conservative side, and he was so free in the utterance of 
 his sentiments, that he soon came to l)e regarded as a bitter 
 Tory, When the authorities of Pittstield undertook to deal 
 with him in 1775, he fled to New York. He returned to Pitts- 
 field after a slioi't ahsence, l)ut was regarded with suspicion and 
 under surveillance for two or three years. At length he gave 
 in his adhesion to the ''United States of America," and was a 
 volunteer at the battle of Bennington in 1777. He died at 
 Pittsfield, June 27, 1782. 
 
 Israel Dickinson, 
 
 Third sheriff of the county, was l)orn at Hatfield, about 1735, 
 graduated at Yale in 1758, married Mercy, daughter of Col. 
 Oliver Partridge of Hatfield, in 1764, and settled in Pittsfield 
 about that time. His homestead was the estate owned for many 
 
Jiidicial History of Berkshire. 109 
 
 years by tlie late Judge B, K.. Curtis, and his dwelling-house 
 was on the site of the present farm-house on said estate. His 
 near neighbors Avere his {dassniate, Israel Stoddard, and Wood- 
 bridge Little who was two classes below him. lie did not ac- 
 cord with them in political opinion, but was early and ardently 
 devoted to the })opular cause. He was one of the l)arty which 
 captured Fort Ticonderoga. He appears to have succeeded tt) 
 the town offices previously held l)y Colonel AYilliams, and was 
 town clerk, selectman, and representative from 1774. He was 
 appointed sheriff August 29, 1775. The Berkshire sentiment, 
 though not unanimous, was at the time very decided against the 
 exercise of executive authority l)y the Council. This sentiment 
 was especially strong in Pittslield under the vigorous lead of 
 Mr. Allen, the pastor, and Mr. Dickinson prol)ably resigned the 
 office. He was re-appointed April 1(», 1777, and apparently 
 held his commission at the time of his death. He died of a 
 fever at Pittslield, Nov. 18, 1777. 
 
 John Fellows 
 Was appointed to succeed Captain Dickinson as sheriff 'of the 
 county, January 30, 1778. Born in Pomfret, Ct., about 1735, 
 he had settled in Sheffield. He identitied himself early with 
 the Revolutionary party, was a j3rominent member of the First 
 and Second Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, and com- 
 manded the First Berkshire regiment at the siege of Boston. 
 He rose to the rank of lungadier general in the Massachusetts 
 militia, saw much service and was in the battles of Long Island, 
 White Plains and Bemis' Heights. He prol)al)l3^ held the office 
 of sheriff until the organization of the state government under 
 the Constitution of 1780, but the Berkshire sentiment M'as so 
 decided against the exercise of judicial and executive authority 
 under Legislative government, that he had but little opportunity 
 for official action. He died at Sheffield, August 1, 1808. 
 
 The only other persons (except mend)eis of the Bar who will 
 be separately noticed) who held commissions as justices of the 
 peace before the Tievolution, were Jonathan Hubbakd, the 
 first settled minister of Sheffield and of the county, who was 
 appointed in 1765, and died the same year ; John Chadwick, 
 
110 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 a prominent citizen of Tyringliani, and also one of the 17 "re- 
 scinders," and Daniel Brown of Sandislield, appointed in 
 1764; Samuel Todd, the iirst settled minister in Adams, and 
 Joseph Bennett of Cheshire, hoth appointed in 1770; Nehe- 
 MiAH Bull, an early settler in Lanesborongh, son of Rev. Wil- 
 liam Bull of Westfield, and Jahleet Woodbridge of Stock- 
 bridge, (afterwards judge of the Court of Common Pleas and 
 judge of Probate, and properly belonging to a later period) 
 both appointed in 1771, and Samuel Brown, Jr., of Stock- 
 bridge in 1774. 
 
 The Berkshire Bar. 
 
 It is stated in the History of Berkshire (1828), that John 
 Huggins and Zadock Huggiiis were early laM^yers in Sheffield. 
 They do not appear in the Berkshire courts, and I lind no trace 
 of their existence. P-erhaps the Hampshire records M'ould dis- 
 close them as practicing lawyers residing in Sheffield prior to 
 1761. In the absence of more deiinite information, I assume 
 that Joseph Dwight and John Ashley were the only lawyers re- 
 siding in the county before 1761, and the sketches which follow 
 are confined to those who were admitted to the Bar of this 
 county. 
 
 Mark Hopkins was the youngest child of Timothy Hopkins 
 of Waterbury, Ct., born September 18, 1739, and graduated at 
 Yale, in 1758. He came to Great Barrington, perhaps because 
 his elder l)rother. Dr. Samuel Hopkins, was then pastor of the 
 church in that town. He was admitted to the Bar at the first 
 session of the Court of Common Pleas, September, 1761. At 
 the same time he was appointed by the court register of deeds, 
 which office he held by successive elections, to the time of his 
 death. It is worthy of mention that he was succeded in this of- 
 fice in 1778 by his nephew, Moses Hopkins, Esq., who was re- 
 elected from term to term for a period of sixty years. Mr. 
 Hopkins was also county treasurer for a number of years, king's 
 attorney, or prosecuting officer from an early date, and justice 
 of the peace from 1766. After the Revolution commenced, 
 and during the unsettled state of the government, alreadj^ re- 
 ferred to, he was appointed by the Council, (September 28 
 
Judicial History of Berkshire. Ill 
 
 1775,) judge of probate for this county, hut lie did not assume 
 tlio office. He was a decided Whiii; at the openint;<.)t" tlie Rev- 
 ohition, a member of the (.ounty Convention at Stockbridge, 
 July, 1774, and in 177H, joined the army as an officer in the 
 l)rigade commanded by Gen. John Fellows. He died in the 
 service, at White Plains, October 20, 1776. The house and of- 
 fice wliich he built in Great Barrington are still standing, though 
 each is removed from its original location. 
 
 Of the personal appearance of Mr. Hopkins we have no in- 
 formation. Coming early into the practice of his profession, 
 and fitted b}' nature and education to make the most of his op- 
 portunities, he won success at the Bar and was soon engaged in 
 an extensive business. That he was a man of ability is shown 
 by his meeting in forensic conflict, apparently on equal terms, 
 the older members of the Hampsliire Bar, and by the fact that 
 before his death he had attained the rank of barrister. His in- 
 dustry is manifested in the first ten volumes of records in the 
 registry of deeds, mostly in his own hand writing. There 
 is a tradition that he so impressed himself upon Judge Sedg- 
 wick who was some years his junior, that the latter declared that 
 he should have suffered an eclipse if Hopkins had lived. He 
 married Electa, daughter of Rev. John Sargeant, the missionary, 
 and left at his death, six children, the oldest but ten years of 
 age. Their descendants are living in this county. 
 
 Daniel Jones was l)orn at Weston, Mass., July 25, 17-10, was 
 admitted to the Bar in Berkshire at the Deceml)er term, 1761, 
 and was the first lawyer who settled in Pittsfleld. He was son 
 of Col. Elisha Jones who had a large interest in the town : his 
 elder brother, Elisha was a settler here, and he was nearly 
 related to the Williams and Jones families in Stockbridge. 
 The family were mostly loyalists, and Elisha Jones, Jr., became 
 a refugee, and his estate was confiscated. Another brother, Is- 
 rael, was later, a highl}^ respected citizen of Adams. Daniel 
 Jones remained in Pittsfield but a short time, though the rec- 
 ords of the court seem to indicate that he had sufficient busi- 
 ness inducements to prolong his stay. His name does not ap- 
 pear in the records of April term, 1763, and in December of 
 
112 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 that year, he married Lydia, daughter of Major Elijah Williams 
 of Deerfield, and removed to Hinsdale, N. H., where he was a 
 reputable lawyer and judge, dying in 1786, and having descen- 
 dants who are widely scattered. 
 
 John Pell was son of John Pell of Sheffield, who came, 
 probably from Westfield, He was admitted to the Bar at De- 
 cember term 1761, and practiced in Sheffield with apparent 
 success if we may judge from the number of suits he brought. 
 But it is to be feared that he fell early into graceless ways and 
 Ijrought discredit upon his honorable profession. At Septem- 
 Ijer term 1762, he was before the Court of Sessions upon his 
 confession that he traveled on the Lord's day from the county 
 of Hampshire througli the towns of Sandisiield, New Marlbo- 
 rough and Tyringham to Sheffield, and he was thereupon fined 
 ten shillings to be equally distributed to the said towns for their 
 respective poor. He disappears from the courts in 1765, and 
 though we find him living in 1773, we get sight of him no 
 more. 
 
 John Ashley, Jr., son of Col. John Ashley, was born at 
 Sheffield, September 26, 1736, graduated at Harvard in 1758, 
 was admitted to the Bar at the April term 1762, and appointed 
 a justice of the peace in 1771. The only son of his father, des- 
 tined to succeed to large interests in lands, and engaging early 
 in mercantile pursuits, he followed his profession for a few 
 years only, and then appears to have abandoned it forever. He 
 continued in frequent attendance on the Court of Sessions, of 
 winch he was a member, both before and after the Revolution. 
 He represented his town in the Legislature, and in the militia 
 rose to the rank of major-general, and was in command of the 
 force which dispersed the rebels at Sheffield during the Slia3's 
 insurrection, February 26, 1787. He died November 5, 1799. 
 He was twice married and has left numerous descendants. 
 
 WooDBRiDGE LiTTLE was bom in Colchester, Ct., in 1741, 
 graduated at Yale in 1760, studied theology, and it is said, 
 preached for a time in Lanesborough, He afterwards took up 
 the study of the law, was admitted to the Bar at the April term, 
 
Judicial History of Bei'kshire. 113 
 
 1T(U, and probably settled in Pittsiield about that time. He 
 bnilt the lionse in the easterly part of tlie town, now owned by 
 Mr. Frederick C. IVx'k, and oecnpied it nntil bis tleath. He 
 was made a jnstioe of the peace in 1T7<>, and seems to have been 
 actively engaged in his profession to the time when business in 
 the courts ceased. 
 
 He was a decided loyalist in the early part of the Revolu- 
 tion, fled to New York with Major Stoddard, and was after- 
 wards arrested and temporarily imprisoned, but subsequently 
 made his peace with the Whigs, and was a volunteer at the bat- 
 tle of Bennington in 1777. He appears to have been sincere in 
 his convictions, and to have eml)raced the royal cause conscien- 
 tiously, but after ] 777, he adhered faithfully to his new allegi- 
 ance, and was so fully restored to the confidence of his fellow- 
 citizens, that he was chosen one of the selectmen in 1781, and 
 for several successive years. He did not resume the practice 
 of the law upon the reorganization of the courts, but continued 
 to take a lively interest in church and state affairs, allying him- 
 self with the Federalists as was inevitable from his conservative 
 tendencies. He died July 21, 1813, leaving no children and 
 devised the bulk of his estate to Williams College. 
 
 Mr. Little was a large man, physically, with a grave and phil- 
 osophical countenance and demeanor. He was shrewd and skil- 
 ful in controversy, which he did not avoid, and tenacious of his 
 opinions to the extent of obstinacy, as many anecdotes of him 
 attest. 
 
 David Ingersoll, Jr., was born at Great Barrington, Sep- 
 tember, 21, 171:2, graduated at Yale in 1761, was admitted to 
 the Bar at the April term 1765, and continued to reside in 
 Great Barrington. The house in which he lived, greatly 
 changed from its original, is now standing on the east side of 
 Main street in the south part of the village. Without any very 
 positive means of information, we have the impression that he 
 was a man of decided ability, ambitious and self-asserting. He 
 early ingratiated himself with the ruling power in the state, and 
 was appointed a justice of the peace in 1767. He was one of 
 the "addressors" of Gen. Gage in 1774, and in September of 
 
114 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 that year wlien the court was closed at Great Barringtoii by a 
 popular uprising, he fell into the hands of the mob, and was 
 carried into Connecticut. He afterwards took refuge in Boston, 
 went to England with other loyalists, and died there in 179G. 
 He married in England and left two sons. There is a tradition 
 that he became a member of the British Parliament. He was 
 one of the refugees whose estates were confiscated l)y act of the 
 Legislature in 1778. 
 
 Thomas Williams, son of Dr. Thomas Williams of Deerfield, 
 and grandson of Col. Ephraim Williams of Stockbridge, was 
 born May 5, 1746. He studied law with Mark Hopkins, was 
 admitted to the Bar in 1770, and was the first lawyer settled in 
 Stockbridge. His house was on the hill a little east of the one 
 built by his grandfather. His professional career was cut short 
 by the Bevolution in which he became early and actively en- 
 gaged. He was a member of the County Convention at Stock- 
 bridge before noticed, and of the First Provincial Congress in 
 Massachusetts in 1774 ; a Captain in Col. Paterson's regiment 
 at Cambridge and in the detachment under Colonel Enos, 
 which unsuccessfully endeavored to follow in the route of Ar- 
 nold in his march through the wilderness, to Canada. The next 
 year he was appointed lieutenant-colonel and died at Skenes- 
 boro' on his way to Canada, July 10, 1776. He left three chil- 
 dren among whom was the late Ephraiin Williams of Lee. 
 
 John Brown has so recently been the subject of a paper read 
 before the society, that I only mention him in his professional 
 relation. It does not appear that he was ever admitted to the 
 Bar in this county, but he appeared in court at the August 
 term, 1773, and continued in practice in Pittsfield, until the 
 courts were closed. In the attempted re-organization by the 
 Legislature he was associated with John Ashle}^ and others as 
 one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas in 1770, but 
 never took his seat on the Bench. 
 
 John Paterson M'as the first lawyer who settled in Lenox. 
 He was not actively engaged in the practice of his profession in 
 this county, but this sketch would be incomplete if his name 
 
Judicial History of Berkshire. 115 
 
 was omitted. He was born in New Britain, Ct., in 1744, grad- 
 nated at Yale in 1762, coninienced practice in his native town 
 and removed to Lenox in 1773. He was an active memher of 
 the First and Second Provincial Congress of Massachusetts; 
 in command of the company of minute men who marched from 
 Lenox to Boston the next day after the news of the battle of 
 Lexington was received ; was presently appointed colonel ; was 
 in the service during the entire war, and retired with the rank 
 of brigadier-general, in the Continental service. He Imilt and 
 occupied for many years, the house in Lenox opposite the hotel, 
 known as the Egleston place, removed to Lisle, N. Y., where he 
 was a member of the Legislature, judge of the County Court and 
 member of Congress. He died July 19, 1808. 
 
 These names comprise the Berkshire Bar previous to 1780, 
 with the exception of Theodore Sedgwick and David Noble, 
 but the active professional life of these gentlemen extended far 
 beyond the Revolution, and they properly belong to the later 
 period. 
 
 If any member of the society shall ever be induced to pursue 
 the subject further, the next forty or fifty years will be found 
 to exhibit names of prominence, and are so much nearer to 
 our own time that the materials for interesting study will be 
 found much more abundant. 
 
The Early Roads 
 
 AND 
 
 Settlements oe Berkshire, 
 
 WEST OF STOCKBRIDCtE AND SHEFFIELD. 
 
 BY H. F. KEITH. 
 
THE EARLl: ROADS AND SETTLEMENTS OF 
 BEKKSIIIRE COUNTY. 
 
 In a study of the early roads to and through Berkshire coun- 
 ty, one is necessarily led to an investigation of the first settle- 
 ments at Plymouth and New York, and their gradual extension ; 
 first of the Dutch up the valley of the Hudson, and second of 
 the English, from Plymouth or Massachusetts Bay, into the 
 valley of the Connecticut as from these points the movements 
 into Berkshire began. 
 
 It is a broad and interesting subject, and requires more time 
 than I have been able to give it, and I have limited my inves- 
 tigations to the roads from the east. Roads which fifty or one 
 hundred years ago were great thoroughfares, are to-day, in many 
 places, almost, if not quite obliterated. The earliest were mere 
 Indian trails through the dense forest, some of which the whites 
 began to use, first as foot and saddle roads, and finally for carts 
 and teams. One of the earliest of these thus used was the 
 "Great Trail," "Connecticut or Bay Path," which passed 
 through Grafton, Sutton and Oxford, in Worcester county, to 
 Hartford and Springfield. Over it passed Rev. Joseph Hooker 
 and his church, to Hartford, to found a state, and William Pyn- 
 chon, the father of Springfield, nearly two hundred and fifty 
 years ago, and from that time, for nearly one hundred and fifty 
 years, it was the main thoroughfare between the people of Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay and the Connecticut Valley. Hundreds of fam- 
 ilies toiled over it, to new homes in the wilderness. Ministers 
 and governors, capitalists and commissioners, government ofli- 
 cials and land speculators crossed and recrossed it. After this 
 had been in use for one hundred years or more, a more northern 
 route, passing through Worcester and the Brookfields, thence 
 to the Connecticut river, was built. 
 
 The first road into Berkshire county, of which I find any 
 
The Early Roads and Settlements of Berkshire. 119 
 
 mention, is that from Westfield to Shofiield, or tlie " Albany 
 Road," wliieli is referred to in the report of a connnitteeof tlie 
 General Conrt of Jannary 15, 17:^5, as follows: "The connnit- 
 tee are of opinion that there be four new townships opened 
 npon the road l>etween Westiield and Shetfield, and that they 
 be contiguous to one another, and either joined to tShetheld or 
 to the township lately granted to the proprietors of Suffield, 
 which was Blandford, then called (llasgow. The townships, 
 then called No. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are now : No. 1, Monterey and 
 Tyringham ; No. 2, New Marlboro ; No. 3, Sandisfield and No. 
 4, Becket, 
 
 Again, in a petition of Samuel Winchell, February 8, 1743, 
 then living west of Sheffield in which he says he "settled at 
 Twelve Mile Pond (Brewer's) on the road from Westfield to 
 Housatonic, at that time there w^as no other person lived on 
 that road. Built an house, brought to some land, entertained 
 travelers with the best I had for near three years, with an in- 
 tent to come to this court as soon as I w^as able, but before I 
 could raise strength for ye purpose, there was a grant made by 
 the General Court to another person and I was ousted of my 
 new beginnings and knowing not what to betake myself to. I 
 made another trial and set down here, about seven years ago 
 and brought to fifteen acres ? " 
 
 This road mentioned in these two petitions, after passing 
 through Blandford, enters Berkshire county at East Otis and for- 
 merly made a detour to the north, of the East Otis hotel, thence 
 in or near the present travel way, for a short distance ; thence 
 by a direct westerly course it crossed the Farmington river, a 
 little over a mile south of Otis Center, thence continuing west- 
 erly over a steep hill, through the northerly part of Sandisfield, 
 between the two Spectacle Ponds, to a junction with the pres- 
 ent road, from Cold Spring to West Otis, about one mile south- 
 east of West Otis. Within the distance just described, of about 
 six miles, and which is now almost entirely abandoned, there 
 w^ere in the time of the Revolution four hotels, at one or more 
 of which Burgoyne and portions of his troupe and captors, en- 
 route to Boston, were fed and hxlged. 
 
 From West Otis the road followed in or near the present 
 
120 Berkshire Historical and Seientific Society. 
 
 traveled way, tlirou^^li Monterey, past Three Mile Hill, through 
 the village of Great Barrington, across Green river, through 
 North Egremont, and thence into New York state. With the 
 exception of about a mile and a half of new road, in the west- 
 erly part of Monterey, laid north of the old road, it can be read- 
 ily traced as one drives over the present road. It is a road of 
 great historic interest, from its unwritten history as an Indian 
 trail, the probable route of Major Talcot in his pursuit and 
 fight with the Indians, in Southern Berkshire, in 1670, to the 
 opening of the Western i*ailroad. Over it passed the founders 
 of most of the towns of Soutliern Berkshire and the early com- 
 merce l)etween them and their neighbors east and west, Gen. 
 Amherst and liis army in 1759, the soldiers of the revolution, 
 Burgoyne and his ca])tured army on their way to Boston, the 
 soldiers of 1812-15 and many a weary pilgrim long since passed 
 away, has enjoyed the hospitality of its numerous taverns of 
 by-gone days. That this road was only a path at the time of 
 the grant of townships Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 in 1735, would ap- 
 pear by the following petitions and reports : — First, in the Gen- 
 eral Court Records, book 16 page 417, January, 1736. On the 
 petition of Thomas Ingersol, Representative of Westfield, for a 
 grant to the proprietors of said town of a tract of six thousand 
 acres between Westfield west boundary and Blandford, which 
 was granted, "provided they do forthwith, or as soon as may be, 
 open and constantly keep in repair hereafter, a good and safe 
 cart-way over the premises in tlie road that leads from West- 
 field to Husatonock, commonly called the Albany road." 
 
 The next mention is in book 11-t, page 148 of the Massachu- 
 setts Archives, as follows : 
 
 " To his excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq., Caj^tain General 
 and Governor in Chief of His Majesties' Province of the Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay, in New England, with the Honorable, His Maj- 
 esties' Council and House of Representatives in General Court 
 convened. 
 
 "The petition of John Sergeant, Timothy Woodbridge, 
 Moses Ingersol, David Ingersol, Moses King, Aaron Ashley, 
 Samuel Dewey, Matthew Noble, Samuel Lee and Joseph Pix- 
 ley humbly sheweth : 
 
The Early Roads and Settlements of Berkshire. 121 
 
 "That whereas wc whose names are above written did about 
 seven months ago, undertake and with great fatigue and diffi- 
 culty upon our own cost and cliarge, make a good and feasible 
 sleigh road from New Glasgow, being according to common es- 
 timation thirty-live miles, by which means a much more safe 
 and convenient way of transportation is now opened from said 
 Sheffield and the several settlements upon the Housatonic river 
 to Westfield and the neigh])oring towns, and whereas, before it 
 was very difficult for anybody, and for strangers almost impos- 
 si])le, in a snow of any considerable depth, without a track, 
 which often happens in the winter season, to find the way, now 
 by our having marked a sufficient iiumberof trees on each hand, 
 an entire stranger cannot easily miss it, and the people living 
 in these parts are now able, and in the winter past actually did 
 pass and repass to and from Westiield, with more than twenty 
 sleighs, well laden, through a wilderness which before that was 
 almost impassal^le on horseback, which being as we humbly con- 
 ceive a thing of great and pul)lic benefit, not only to those of 
 His Majesties' subjects that are already settled and are settleing 
 upon the Housatonic river, Init will also be of great service to 
 those towns, which by your favor and encouragement are al)out 
 to be settled upon and near to said road^ for whereas, before 
 there being no other way of transi3ortation l)ut on Horseback, 
 which by reason of the badness and length of the way, was ex- 
 ceedingly difficult, it was almost, if not utterly impossil)le, for 
 his Majesties' subjects living in these parts of the Province, to 
 supply themselves with foreign commodities, the never so nec- 
 essary in life from any town within this section. 
 
 Jan. 16, 1738, com. appointed to examine and report^ 
 
 J. QuiNCY, Speaker. 
 
 Keport book 114, page 312, January 12, 1738, (reported) 
 " That they l)e granted same rights in lands and on same condi- 
 tions as others in lands of two new townships about to be laid 
 out on Hoosac river." 
 
 In 1742 or 3, a ])ranch from this road connuencing about one 
 mile east of Brewer's pond, and passing north of Mt. Hunger, 
 through old Tyringham Center (about a mile northwest of the 
 present center of Monterey,) thence over the high mountains in 
 
122 Berkshire HistQrical and Scientific Society. 
 
 the northwest part of that town, thronajh Beartown, to Stock- 
 bridp;e, was constructed. From a branch leaving it about a half 
 mile noi'thwest of the old center aforesaid, and passing Arte- 
 mus T3owd's and AVilliam Miner's, to a junction witli the old 
 Albany road, al)Out a half mile east of the line between Great 
 Barrington and Monterey, was probably one of the early im- 
 portant roads, niade necessary l)y the location of Tyringham 
 Center, one mile north of the Albany road. 
 
 The next road through Berkshire was proljal)ly along the 
 Deerlield valley, over the Hoosac mountain, past Fort Massa- 
 chusetts, through Williamstown, etc. Fort Massachusetts being 
 built about 1744, a road or trail was probably in use then. In 
 1752 book 46, page 280 of the Massachusetts Archives, is a 
 grant of two hundred acres to Ephraim Williams, including the 
 fort. He was required to keep an open way two rods wide, on 
 the northerly side of the said fort, leading towards Alliany. In 
 1746 book 21, page 423, Samuel Bice petitions for a grant of 
 two hundred acres, on condition that he build a new and better 
 road over the Hoosac mountain. 
 
 The first mention of a road through Pittsfield, I find in book 
 121, page 286, as follows : — " In obedience to the note and or- 
 der of the Honoral)le House of Bepresentatives, I set out on 
 Mon(hiy, the 23d day of March, to look out and make a horse 
 road from Northampton towards All)any. Bode to Stockbridge, 
 got two Indians to assist me, and traveled to a place called hy 
 the Indians Caknemick, which is al)out fifteen miles from Al- 
 l)any and lies upon the river that runs through Kinderhook. 
 From thence we began to mark the road and came about five 
 miles, along by said river, most of the way in intervale land. 
 We crossed said river twice, had good fording at l)oth places ; 
 soon after we left the river we came to a large hill, but the as- 
 cent was gradual and the hill not steep, so that I believe there 
 may l)e a good cart road over it. About a mile east of the foot 
 of the hill we came to the west line of the Pantoosuck township 
 and had good traveling till we came to Pantoosuck river, which 
 was in the northeast part of the township. The river, where 
 we crossed it, was about four rods wide, the bottom good and I 
 believe may be easily forded in most seasons of the year, al- 
 
The Early Roach and Settlements of Berkshire. 123 
 
 tliough sometimes it may })e difficult to ford it. From Pontoo- 
 suck to the east hraneli of tlie Westfield river, wliicli is about 
 seventeen miles, the land is generally hilly and very thick set 
 with timber, so tliat I believe there cannot be a good, pleasant, 
 easy road there, but I believe there may, with a little cost, ])e 
 as good a road, if not better, than that between Westtield and 
 Sheffield. Westfield river we crossed in five branches. The 
 westermost branch is but about a rod wide and the water shal- 
 low ; the next east of it much the largest of all the branches, 
 but the banks and bottom are good, so that I believe it may be 
 used almost any time. I myself, and the Indians that were 
 with me, waded it the first day of April, and it was not then 
 three feet deep, the next l)rancli to it is not half so big and the 
 bottom very good. The eastermost branch, save one, is where 
 we crossed it, about twenty feet wide and the bottom is rocky, 
 so that in high water it will be bad crossing, but there is a very 
 good place to make a bridge and it may be done ^vith a very 
 little charge. The eastermost branch is about two rods wide 
 and the bottom is very good. From Westfield river to North- 
 ampton, the road is feasible and few hills. The road we have 
 marked crosses the river that runs to Northampton five times, 
 but the river is so small that it may be forded at any time. 
 The distance from Northampton to Albany, to go in the road 
 we have marked, is I suppose, about sixty-three miles and I be- 
 lieve there is no part of the way but a team might draw two- 
 thirds of a load, if the way was cleared. 
 
 Elisha Hawlfa'. 
 J^oi'thamptmi, Ajyril 6, 1752. 
 
 To the Honor ahle House of Representatives setting at Vam- 
 
 hridge. 
 
 " In the House of Kepresentatives, June 13, 1753, Read and 
 ordered that the sum of £60 be granted and paid out of the 
 public treasury, to Oliver Partridge, Esq., to be improved for 
 the clearing a road, &c., for the purpose within mentioned, as 
 soon as may be, and in the cheapest manner, to be accountable 
 to this court for his disbursements in this affair," 
 
 Between this time and the incorporation of the county in 
 1761, a county road was laid out from Great Barrington to 
 
124 Berhshire Historical cmd Scientific Society. 
 
 Pittsfield, wliieli is essentially the present direct road from 
 Great Ba]-rington over the easterly base of Monument moun- 
 tain to Stockbridge, thence throngh Lenox center and South 
 street. Many town, but probably few other county roads, were 
 laid out previous to the incorporation. 
 
 One of the earliest county roads laid out after the incorpora- 
 tion was one from New Boston in Sandisfield, through Saudis- 
 field and New Marll)orough centers south of Lake Buel to a 
 junction with the Albany road at Three Mile hill. 
 
 Towards the close of the last century and the first of the 
 present many turnpikes were laid out mostly over the routes of 
 existing roads. 
 
 The first of these in Berkshire county was the second Massa- 
 chusetts turnpike incorporated March 8, 1T97, which extended 
 from the west line of the town of Charlemont over the Hoosac 
 mountain to Adams. The act says, "Whereas, the road leading 
 from Charlemont in the county of Hampshire across Hoosac 
 mountain to Adams in the county of Berkshire is circuitous, 
 rocky and mountainous, and there is much traveling over the 
 same, and the expense of straightening, making and repairing a 
 road through those towns, so as that the same may be safe and 
 convenient for travellers with horses and carriages would be 
 much greater than ought to be required of the proprietors and 
 inhabitants on the said road under their present circumstances, 
 etc." 
 
 The 3d Massachusetts turnpike incorporated March 9, 1797, 
 extended from Pittsfield through Dalton, Hinsdale and Peru 
 to Northampton. 
 
 The 8th Massachusetts Turnpike incorporated February 24, 
 1800, extended from the south line of Pittsfield through Wash- 
 ington and Becket to Bussell. 
 
 The 10th Massachusetts turnpike incorporated June 16, 1800, 
 extended from the Connecticut line up the Farmington valley 
 through Otis Center, West Becket, East Lee, Lenox Furnace to 
 the Lenox court house, thence northwesterly over the mountain 
 through the northerly part of Richmond to Hancock west line. 
 
 The 11th Massachusetts turnpike incorporated June 19, 180l, 
 extended from the Connecticut line, in the easterly pai-t of 
 
The Early Roads and Settlements of Berkshire. 125 
 
 Granville tlin>iiji;li Blaiult'ord to a jiiTiotiou with the 8th, north 
 of Becket meeting-house. 
 
 The 12th Massaclmsetts incorporated June 19, 1801, extended 
 from tlie north end of tlie turnpike road from East Shetheld to 
 Hartford, northwesterly through Sheffield, Sheffield Plain and 
 South Egremont to the eastern end of the Hudson turnpike at 
 the New York line. 
 
 The 13th Massachusetts incorporated June 19, 1801, extended 
 from the Connecticut line in Granville through East Otis to tlie 
 south line of Becket. 
 
 The 15th Massachusetts incorporated February 12, 1803, ex- 
 tended from the northern terminus of the turnpike from New 
 Haven to the Massachusetts line near Sandy Brook in Saudis- 
 field northwesterly through New Marlborough center and Harts- 
 ville to a junction with the old Albany road near the west line 
 of Monterey. 
 
 The 16tli Massachusetts incorporated February 14, 18<»3, ex- 
 tended from Tolland center through New Boston, Sandistield 
 and New Marlborough centers to a junction with the Hartford 
 and Hudson near Sheffield meeting-house. 
 
 The Sheffield and Tyringham incorporated June 23, 180-1, 
 extended from East Sheffield through Mill River and Harts- 
 ville to Coreshire so called in Monterey. 
 
 The Tyringham and Lee incorporated March 5, 1805, was a 
 continuation of the latter, northerly through Beartown to -with- 
 in about one mile of South Lee, thence on the southerly and 
 easterly side of the Housatonic river to Lee Forge bridge. 
 
 The Williamsburg and Windsor incorporated March 16, 
 1805, went through Williamsburg, Goshen and Cummington in 
 Hampden county, northwesterly through Windsor about one 
 mile northeasterly of Windsor Hill to Cheshire, 
 
 The Alford and Egremont incorporated March 13, 1806, ex- 
 tended from the New York line in the Green River valley 
 southerly through Alford and the northeast part of Egremont 
 near Green River and Egremont Plain to South Egremont, 
 
 The Sheffield and Great Barrington incorporated February 
 28, 1807, extended from the Connecticut line at East Sheffield 
 northwesterly on the Housatonic river to Brookside, thence 
 
120 BerTcfihire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 crossing tlie river and through the villages of Great Barrington, 
 Van Deusen^^lle and Williamsville and to West Stockbridge. 
 
 The Honsatonic Kiver incorporated March 7, 1806, extended 
 from the northwest corner of West Stockbridge southeaster!}' 
 to the junction of the roads on Stockbridge Plain, thence to Lee 
 Forge and a junction with the 10th Massachusetts from Hart- 
 ford to Lenox. 
 
 The Stockbridge incorporated February 28, 1807, extended 
 from the Honsatonic River turnpike through Stockbridge to the 
 15th Massachusetts, 
 
 The Bethlehem and Tyringham incorporated June 19, 1807, 
 extended from the 10th Massachusetts at Otis Center, through 
 West Otis and Monterey towards Great Barrington, partially on 
 the route of the Old Westfield or Albany road. 
 
 The Alford and West Stockl)ridge incorporated June 20, 
 1807, extended from the New York line near the house of Tru- 
 man Tuttle in Hillsdale on said line through West Stockbridge 
 to an intersection with the Honsatonic turnpike, near the bury- 
 ing ground in Stockbridge village. 
 
 The Dalton and Middlefield incorporated June 20, 1807, ex- 
 tended from a point on the turnpike from Pittsfield to Wash- 
 ington, near the east line of Pittsfield, through the towns of 
 Hinsdale, Dalton and Washington to au intersection with the 
 Chester and Hinsdale in Middlefield. 
 
 The Tyringham and Sandisfield incorporated Februar}' 12, 
 1811, extended from the Honsatonic River turnpike in Lee 
 through Tyringham and the west part of Otis over Tom Hill 
 so called to Montville. 
 
 The Great Barrington and Alford incorporated June 25, 
 1811, extended from the base of Monument mountain, near the 
 Pelton place, through Van Deusenville, Egremont and Alford 
 to the New York line. 
 
 The Pontoosuc incorporated February 15, 1826, with Jona- 
 than Allen, Lemuel Pomeroy, Joseph Sheaver, Joseph Merrick, 
 Thomas Gold, James Fowler, Henry Stearns, Enos Foot as cor- 
 porators, extended from the southeast part of Pittsfield through 
 the towns of Hinsdale, Washington, Middlefield and Chester. 
 
The Early Roads and Settlements of Berkshire. 127 
 
 This interfering with the location of the Western raih'oad, in 
 1838 was sold ont to that corporation. 
 
 The Hoosac incorporated February 23, 1827, like the 2d 
 Massachusetts, extended over the Hoosac mountain. 
 
 This completes the list of the turnpikes of Ijerkshire county. 
 Many of them became for a number of years prominent staple 
 and mail routes. 
 
 In 1827 an act was passed allowing them to surrender their 
 charters whenever they could get them acce])ted by the county 
 or town. They gradually became unprofitable and the last tolls 
 in Berkshire county were probal)ly collected on the lOth and 
 12th Massachusetts lietween the years 18-lU and 1845. 
 
 EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS IN BEKKSIIIKE COUNTY. 
 
 The earliest settlements in Berkshire county were doul)tless 
 upon the triangular tract of land west of the original west 
 boundary of Sheffield and Stock1>ridge, since incorporated into 
 the towns of Egremont, Alford and Mount Washington ; and 
 the Under Mountain region (so called) of the western part of 
 Sheffield early annexed to that town. 
 
 These early settlements were propa1)ly owing to the coloniz- 
 ing efforts of Livingston and Yan Rensselaer to extend their 
 possessions to the Housatonic valley, and its proximity to the 
 Hudson river and the old road from Westfield to Albany. 
 
 The earliest appeals to the protection of the Massachusetts 
 government and for the confirmation of their lands l)y the oc- 
 cupants appears to begin about 1751, when William Bull of 
 Sheffield and others petition as follows : 
 
 Mass. Archives, Vol. 6, p. 32. " To his Hon'r Spencer Phips, 
 Esq., Lieut. Governor and Commander in chief in and over His 
 Majesty's Council of the hon'ble House of Representatives in 
 General Court assembled. 
 
 ''The petition of William Bull in behalf of himself and forty- 
 four other Persons whose names are hereto annexed humbly 
 sheweth — 
 
 "There is a tract of Land lying west of Sheffield within this 
 Province which Robert Livingston, Jun'r, Escj., is Endeavoring 
 to Engross and annex to his manor and many families are al- 
 
128 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 ready Settled thereon, by his Encouragcineiit about Twenty of 
 the Persons in the annexed List are actually Settled there ; but 
 very uneasy at present, heavy Rents they are obliged to pay to 
 said Livingston and never like to have the Gospel among them 
 so long as they are Tenants to him and being sensible that the 
 Lands are Eastward of the utmost extent of his Patent and 
 within the Province of the Massachusetts Bay are very desirous 
 of the protection of said Government to Do duties or receive 
 Privileges there ; the said Lands are capable of receiving about 
 forty-five inhabitants and in time may make a small parish. At 
 the instance of the said Persons settled on said Land your Peti- 
 tioner and others in the annexed List liav^e been induced to seek 
 to this government to Assert their Right to said Lands ; and if 
 your Hon'r will be pleased to make a grant of it to the said 
 Persons, they are willing to do such duties as you shall Enjoyn 
 them to perform. The bounds of the Land are as follows. To 
 begin at the Top of the lirst great mountain west of Sheffield in 
 Line between this Province and Connecticut from thence run. 
 ning west in said Line five mile and three-(|uarters to the East 
 Line of said manor, thence Northerly as the Line of said Man'r 
 Runs about Eight mile to the South End of an Hill called Vir- 
 dribick Berg, Thence East four mile and an half, thence South- 
 erly to the fii'st Bounds. Your Petitioner would represent the 
 reason for extending North and South so far is because the 
 most of the Land is Extremely mountainous and not hal)itable ; 
 and that part of it capable of Settlement runs Northerly and 
 Southerly within the mountains as will appear by the Plan 
 herewith presented, and as in Duty Bound shall ever pray. 
 
 Wm. Bull. 
 
 list of the petitioners. 
 
 Samuel Bellows, Micluiel Halleubeck, jr.. Uriah Schirenerhoorn, 
 
 Christopher Brazee, Robert Hallenbeck, Henry Smith, 
 
 Samuel Browu, William Halleubeck, Jonah Smith, 
 
 Jeremiah Butler, William Hallenbeck, jr., Nicholaus Spoor, 
 
 Jonathan Darby, Zepheniali Harvey, Richard Spoor, 
 
 Cornelius Decker, Josiah Loomis, Gideon Towsley, 
 
 Jacob Decker, Thomas Loomis, Samuel Towsley. 
 
 Jared Decker, Joseph Orcutt, Elias Tucker, 
 
 John Decker, David Owen, William Turner, 
 
The Early Roiuh and Settlenienta of Berkshire. 120 
 
 Phillip Fraa, Androw Kacc, James Van Duscu, 
 
 John Gay. John Race, William Webb, 
 
 John Gay, jr.. George Robinson, Acldam Weeber, 
 
 John llallenbeeck, Barnard Sehircnerhoorn, Wynanl Wecbcr. 
 
 John llallenbeeck, jr., Jacob Schirenerhoorn, 
 
 Matthew llallenbeeck, John Schirenerhoorn, 
 
 This i.s accompanied with a map of the land petitioned for, 
 whicli inchides the present town of Monnt Washington and the 
 west half of the Indian lieservation and extended west a little 
 beyond the present state line to the eastern boundary of Living- 
 ston's grant, or 20 miles from the Hudson river. 
 
 In answer to this petition are the following reports from two 
 state committees : 
 
 Mass. Archives, Vol. 116, p. ?iQ>, 1751. ''Pnrsnant to the 
 order of the Ilonrble House of Representatives of Oct. 11, 1751, 
 I have viewed the Lauds mentioned in the Petition of William 
 Bull and Others and conferred with the inhabitants Living on 
 said Lands, who are Chieily Dutchmen, who inform me that 
 they were encouraged to Settle said Land many years since by 
 Mr. Livingston to whom they have paid great rents from year 
 to year, but he never gave a lease to any of them, but refused 
 to do it. They further inform me that upon examination they 
 lind that they are not settled within said Livingston's patent, 
 thereupon divers of them the Last year have refused to pay him 
 any rent and that he declares he will send them all to Goal very 
 soon if they do not pay their rents. They appear very solici- 
 tous to be taken under the protection of this government, as to 
 the (piality of the Lands Some of them appear very good, they 
 lie on a small river or brook which heads in Taucaunuck moun- 
 tain. Runs northerly and southerly some miles, the most valu- 
 al)le lands are in possession of about twenty families, more than 
 half of the lands mentioned in said petition are upon the Great 
 Tauconnuck mountain which is very high and impassil^le many 
 miles together, the other lands except what are under improve- 
 ment as above said are chieily white oak, rock oak Hills, Some 
 of them pretty good other of them mean and poor. 
 
 Ov. Paktkidoe. 
 
130 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 And Vol. 4H, ^. 307, the following True state of ye lands 
 contained within ye limits of Wni. Bulls petition, 
 
 JoSKI'U DwiGHT, ) 
 
 Col. Bradford, j- Com. 
 Capt. Livermore. ) 
 " N. B. Those marked thus * are petitioners." 
 
 No. 
 
 No. acres No. 
 
 acres 
 
 Years 
 
 Years culti- 
 
 Or- 
 
 No. bbls 
 
 Houses 
 
 fenced, impi 
 
 oved. 
 
 i'l pos- vated by any 
 
 chard. Syder 
 
 
 
 
 
 session. 
 
 person. 
 
 
 
 Andrew Brasec, 
 
 
 70 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 Cornels Brasee, 
 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 *Christopher Brasee, 
 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Henry Brasee, 
 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Francis Brnsee, 
 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 *Jerem'h Butler, 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 *Jonathan Darby, 
 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 * Jacob Decker, 2d, 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Js. Eliot, 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Js. Gillet, 
 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 •y 
 
 
 
 
 Simon Doby, 
 
 Lives with Gillet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philip Fraa, 
 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 *John Hallenbeeck, 
 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 17 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 *Wm. Hallenbeeck, jr. 
 
 , Son to John. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Mathew Hallenbeeck, 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 *Michael Hallenbeeck, 
 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 *Jno., jr., and Robt. Hallenbeck, Sons to Michael. 
 
 
 
 
 *Wni. Hallenbeck, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 *Zepli Harvey, 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Ambrose Hunt, 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Jacob Loomis, 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 cleared. 
 
 
 
 
 *Josiali Loomis, 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 'J 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 *Josiah Loomis, jr., 
 
 i 
 
 Son to Josiah 1st, '6 
 
 acres under improvement. 
 
 Louissy Newell, 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Jo Orcult. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 Trees gii 
 
 died. 
 
 *Andrew Race, 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 
 1 young. 
 
 Andrew Race, 2d. 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Cornel Race, 
 
 1 
 
 posesses: 
 
 with 
 
 Eph. 
 
 
 
 
 Eph Race, 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 16 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 *John Race, 
 
 Son to Andrew 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wm. Race, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Wm. Race, jr.. 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 *6corge Robinson, 
 
 3 
 
 Dwelling houses pulled down. 
 
 
 
 Adam Shaver, 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 (Hold.s under Uavid Ingers 
 
 ol.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Henry Smith, 
 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 *Jonas Smith, 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 50 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 Abrah'm Spoor, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 18 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 *Richard Spoor, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 18 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 *Nocolaus Spoor, 
 
 Son to Richard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *James Van Dusen, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Robert Van Dusen. 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 *Wra. Weeb, 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Kyleon Wenard, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 March 2-I-, 1752, Ol'r Partridge lays out a large farm in Mt. 
 Washington which encompassed the dwellings of Josiah Loomis 
 and Michael Hallenbeck by order of the General Court. 
 
The K((rly Roads awl Settleinents of Bcrhshire. 131 
 
 At this time active steps were taken l\y the state in accord- 
 ance with the petition of the settlers to sell these nnincorporated 
 lands. A committee in June, 1753, report as follows, n])on 
 lands west of the ori<j;inal west line of the two Housatonic town- 
 ships, not includino- Mount Washington, sold and unsold. 
 
 Acres. 
 Lands between Lower Sliefl'd and ye foot of Tauconnock. 9,700 
 
 Dn. " Upper SliefE'd and ye foot of as sd. 4,550 
 
 14.R10 
 
 COUNTRY GRANTS WITHIN THE ABOVE TRACT. 
 
 Viz Majr Williams, 500 ' 
 
 Widow Owen. 100 
 
 Thos. Ingersole, Esqr., 130 
 
 Majr Williams, 200 
 
 Elias Vauschaack, 400 
 
 Chandler & Kellogg, 200 
 
 Saml Winchell, 120 
 
 Jabez Omstead, 200 
 
 Col. Timo Dwight, 200 
 
 Capt. Spurr, " 600 
 
 Col. John Alden, 250 
 
 R. Treat & Sons, 300 
 
 8,200 3,200 
 
 11.110 
 Lands possessed within the above tract by intruders, 1.618 
 
 Unoccupied, 9,492 
 
 Following which June 19, 1753, Jacol> Wendell, Esq., from 
 the committee appointed to consider the committee's report re- 
 specting the Western lands gave the following report, viz : 
 
 " The committee appointed to take under consideration the 
 report of a committee sent by this court to view the Province 
 Lands west of Sheffield, vfec, and also what it may be proper to 
 do respecting the western boundary of this Province, &c., beg 
 leave to report, 
 
 " That considerable improvements have been made upon the 
 Province Lands lying west of Sheffield and Stockbi-idge with- 
 out any grant or liberty from this Government. The conunit- 
 tee therefore are of opinion that a committee be appointed by 
 this Court to repair to said lands with full power to dispose of 
 the same to the person or persons who have made or caused 
 such improvements, in such quantities as they shall judge rea- 
 sonable, for such sums of money as the land may be judged to 
 
132 Berkshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 be worth, witliont having respect to the improvements made 
 upon tliem, and take bonds with sufficient sureties for tlie pay- 
 ment of the monies into tlie Province Treasury within two 
 years : and in case any of tlie said persons refuse to purchase 
 the same or give bond as aforesaid : that then the committee be 
 impo vered to dispose of the same to sucli otlier persons as shall 
 appear to purchase said lands ; who are also impowered in be- 
 half of the Government to deliver possession of the lands to the 
 persons respectively that shall appear to purchase the same ; 
 and said committee to be further impowered to dispose of the 
 Province Lands lying west of said township, which are not 
 taken up by any person to such as shall appear to purchase the 
 same, they giving bond to said committee as aforesaid for the 
 sums they shall value the lands at, and that all the lands lying 
 west of Sheffield l)e annexed to said town to do duties and re- 
 ceive privileges there ; and those lands lying west to said Town 
 of Stockbridge to do duties and receive privileges there, all 
 
 which is humbly submitted, 
 
 Jacob Wendell, per order. 
 
 " In the House of Representatives ; Read and voted unani- 
 mously that this report be accepted ; and that a committee be 
 appointed by this court for the purjDOse herein mentioned." 
 
 The next year the two folloA\dng petitions were presented to 
 the General Court. 
 
 These names with those reported by the committees must in- 
 clude about all the original settlers within those limits at the 
 time. 
 
 Some of them were a little west of the present state line and 
 a few residents of Sheffield and Stockbridge which towns then 
 included Great Barrington. 
 
 PETITIONS. 
 
 Yol. 40, p. 375 Dec. 3, 1751:. We the subscribers have at 
 different times entered and made improvements on sundry par- 
 cels of land within this province, lying west of Sheffield and 
 Stockbridge and about 14 or 15 miles east of Hudson's river, 
 that since the late barbarous murder and ravages committed l)y 
 the Indians at Stockbi'idge and thereabouts, your petitioners have 
 apprehended themselves in great danger from said indians two 
 
The Early Roads a/iid Settlements of Berkshire. 133 
 
 having been lired at among us. ITiulei- tliese cliscouragcniciits 
 several who dwelt here have left their possessions, and inoi-e if 
 not all the rest may depart if not put into some state moiv de- 
 fensible and safe. Therefore your petitioners huitihl v prav that 
 some reasonable part of the land may be gi-anted to us in sever- 
 alty where we respectively possess and as we are there unto as 
 conveniently may be, or that we may be in such other way Re- 
 lieved as to your M'isdom shall seemltest, and that his excellencv 
 would please to appoint some prcjper persons to lead and com- 
 mand us as military otlicers and as we may have liberty to build 
 such fortresses or block houses as may be necessary to preserve 
 and secure us from the and ravages of 
 
 our ennemies, which places of defence we will build and man at 
 our own charge, During this our danger or for such time as 
 your excellency shall order. 
 
 AutLony Austin, 
 Daniel Bailey, 
 Dayid Baldwin, 
 Ebenezer Baldwin, 
 Mark X Barton, 
 Garrot Birghardt, 
 Jacob Burgot, 
 William Beckaus, 
 Japheth Bush, 
 Daniel Boardman, 
 Joshua Boardman, 
 David Bolton, 
 Elijah Brown, 
 Isaac Brown, 
 And'w Brasee, 
 Hendrick Brasee, 
 Jacob X earner, 
 Jacob X Cardner, jr. 
 Lodowick X earner, 
 Phillip Case, 
 William Coit, 
 
 Edward X Daley, 
 Daniel Dewey, 
 Stephen Dewey, 
 
 Eustice Drake, 
 
 Daniel X Hinds, 
 Enoch Hinds, 
 John Holmes, jr., 
 Timo. Hopkins, 
 Anthony Hoskins, 
 Micah Hoskins, 
 David Jewell, 
 George King, 
 Daniel Kelcy. 
 Stephen Kelcy, 
 Stephen Kelcy, jr., 
 Daniel Lawrence, jr., 
 Lee, jr , 
 
 Aaron Loomis, 
 James Loomis, 
 Moses Loomis, 
 
 James Mc- , 
 
 George Messenger, 
 
 Abraham Miller, 
 Warham Miller, 
 
 Jonathan Nash, 
 Phinehas Nash, 
 Joseph Noble, 
 Luke Noble, 
 
 Reuben Sheldon. 
 Saml Shears, 
 Eben Smith. 1st, 
 Phineas Smith, 
 Frenderick Spoor, 
 
 Jacob Spoor, 
 John Spoor, 
 Nicholaus Spoor, 
 Thomas Stephens, 
 Uriah Stephens, 
 Eleaz Stnckwell, 
 Eleaz Stockwell, jr., 
 Eliphalet Thorp, 
 P. Thorp, 
 Robert Thorji, 
 Benjamin Tremain, 
 John Tullar, 
 Isaac Vandusen, 
 Isaac Van Dusen, 
 
 Matteuis X Vangilder, 
 Nicholaus Vangilder, 
 Beniah Warner, 
 Ebenezer Warner, 
 Robert Warner, 
 Oliver Watson, 
 
 Note. — The dashes represent illegible names in the order given. 
 
134 
 
 BerTcshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Will. Drcake, 
 Jonatliau Dunham, 
 Ezra Fellows, 
 John Fellows, 
 John Fellows, jr., 
 John Fenton, 
 Joseph Flem — , 
 Benj. Franklin, 
 Daniel Goins, 
 Jarad Goodrich, 
 John Hallenbeeck, 
 John Hallenbeeck, jr. 
 Michael Hallenbeeck, 
 Ebenezer Hamlin, 
 John Hamlin, 
 
 Abel Hinds, 
 
 Simon Noble, 
 Moses Olds, 
 Jedh. O instead, 
 Jabez Omstead, 
 Jer. Omstead, 
 Moses Omstead, 
 John Owen, 
 Joseph X Owen, 
 Nathaniel Owen, 
 Benon}^ X Pal merles, 
 Jonathan Pettit, 
 John Pixley, 
 Moses Pixley, 
 William Race, 
 John Row, 
 James Root, 
 Benjamin Sheldon, 
 
 Robert Watson, 
 William Webb, 
 Dennis X Welch, 
 Enos Westover, 
 Jonah Westover, 
 Nathl. Westover, 
 Nathl. Westover, jr., 
 
 Simon Willard, 
 David Winchell, 
 Mary Willey ) 
 
 and V half 
 
 Ju Mcllan. ) rights. 
 Jonathan Younglove, 
 Samuel Younglove. 
 
 In Vol. 40, page 380 is the following additional list of peti- 
 tioners. 
 
 James Bolton, 
 Hendrick breese, 
 
 Benimen Chittenden, 
 Joseph Chittenden, jr., 
 Gideon X C'hub, 
 Moses Church, 
 Eligher Cleavennard, 
 Samuel Colver, 
 Samuel Dewey, 
 Samuel Dewey, jr., 
 Thomas Diev, jr., 
 Simein Dooley, 
 Abijah Durke, 
 Jonah fortin, 
 Joseph Gillet, 
 Matthew X Goos, 
 Benjamin Grigs, 
 Sam Hallenbeak, 
 Wm. Hallenbeak, son of 
 
 Sam, 
 Daniel Hopkins, 
 Nehemiah Hopkins, 
 Joseph Hix, 
 Joseph X Hix, jr., 
 Samll Hunt, 
 Japhet Hunt, 
 
 Richard Jacob, 
 Robert Joyner, 
 William Joyner, 
 Nathl Kellogg, 
 Timothy Kellogg, 
 AVilliam Kellogg, 
 Philip Kiteley, 
 Samuel Lee, 
 Andrew Lovejoy, 
 Benja Lovejoy, 
 Nathan Lovejoy, 
 William Man, 
 Alex'd McArthur, 
 John McArthur, 
 John McLean, 
 Nehemiah Messenger, 
 Saml Messenger, 
 Asa Noble. 
 Elisha Noble, 
 Obailiah Noble, 
 Robard Noble, 
 Ebenezer Payne, 
 Josiah Phelps, jr.. 
 
 Joseph X poncyon, 
 Martin Powell, 
 
 Joseph Powell, 
 Truman Powell, 
 Truman Powell, jr., 
 William Powell, 
 William Roberts, 
 James Sexton, 
 William Shelden, 
 Silvanus Stephens, 
 
 Elisha Stoddard, 
 Isaac Spoor, 
 
 John Spoor, son of Isaac, 
 Cornelius Spoor, 
 John Spoor, son of Cornl 
 Zachariah Vargupsn, 
 .lacob X Vangilder, 
 William Virgen, 
 David X Welch, 
 Jonll X Welch, 
 Josiah X Welch, 
 Saml X Welch, 
 Jonathan Willard, 
 Joseph Wilson, 
 Samuel Winchell, 
 Samuel Winchell, jr., 
 Hezekiah Winchell, 
 Thomas Whitney. 
 
The Early Roads and Settleinents of Berkshire. 135 
 
 Early in 1750, the State coinniittee laid out and sold three 
 townships west of the present state line, extending from Boston 
 Corner nearly as far north as Richmond, and west to within 12 
 miles of the Hudson river, with other smaller tracts to individ- 
 uals in Alf ord, Egremont and the Under Mountain region west 
 of Sheffield. The same and the following year these purchasers 
 from the state received deeds from the Stockljridge Indians, 
 elected proprietors, clerks, and took the preliminary steps to- 
 wards an organized town government. 
 
 What has become of the proprietors' records of the three 
 townships within the present limits of New York is a matter 
 for antitpiarian i-esearch. Those of Egremont have been pre- 
 served and Mount Washington and Alford lost. 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 Tlie Berkshire Historical and Scientific Societj- is glad to present to the 
 public for the second time some of the results of its past and present work 
 in the pamphlet now in the hands of the reader. Our first number con- 
 tained, on the scientific side, " Berkshire Geology," by Professor Dana of 
 Yale College ; and on the historical side, " The Western Boundary of Mas- 
 sachusetts" by Mr. F. L. Pope, " Judicial History of Berkshire" by Mr. H. 
 W. Taft, and "Early Roads and Settlements of Berkshire" by Mr. H. F. 
 Keith, — the last thi'ee citizens of the county and members of the Society. 
 We will let the contents of the present number speak for themselves, the 
 scientific and historical matter being in about the same proportions as be- 
 fore, confident in general that these will not fall below those in interest and 
 accuracy and thoroughness. We have now on hand about a dozen papers 
 of very considerable merit, all of them having been read at the quarterly 
 meetings of the Society, which we hope to present intermixed with papers 
 of more recent origin and of a somewhat different character, in future num- 
 bers of our printed Transactions, all of them similar in form and amount to 
 these two first ones, suitable in all respects for binding up into permanent 
 volumes. 
 
 For several years past we had had a Field IVIeeting in summer on some 
 spot of historical significance within the County ; and these, though less 
 formal, have been perhaps of more general interest than the other quarterly 
 meetings of the year. It is proposed to mark the present year as the cen- 
 tennial of the going into operation of our national constitution of Govern- 
 ment, by a Field Meeting in August on ' ' Constitution Hill" in Lanesboro' ; 
 and it is believed that some novel and important facts will then be brought 
 out in relation to the agency of Berkshire men in that great consummation. 
 
 A. L. p. 
 
 Williams College, Atarcli 4. 1889. 
 
The Early 
 Botany of Berkshire. 
 
 By Eev. a. r». Whipple of Pittsfield. 
 
THE EARLY BOTANY OF BERKSHIRE. 
 
 Pi'of. Dana tells us in liis gcologj, that life has done much 
 geoh)gi('al work h}^ contril)uting materials for making rocks. 
 Nearly all the limestones of the giobe, all the coal, some silic- 
 ious beds and parts of other rocks, are rehcs of living species. 
 As most of Berkshire rests on limestone, animal life and veget- 
 able must have pre-existed. 
 
 Life commenced in marine weeds, and, creeping on to the 
 land, expanded into palms, oaks and oranges. As the lime- 
 stones of this count}^ are mostly metamorphic, in becoming- 
 cry stalline, by heat, they lost all traces of their fossils, and 
 hence we cannot tell the early marine hfe. 
 
 The Green Mountain range was the first stable land of North 
 America, emerging from the deep, then shallow seas, by gentle 
 movements during the Silurian age ; the depth of the lime- 
 stone proving its long submarine existence. This emergence 
 was the primal condition of terrestrial life. As the Devonian 
 era, in which plant and insect life was first discovered, does not 
 overlie Berkshii-e, we are left to conjecture what vegetation 
 first appeared in the salt marshes, as they became more and 
 more shallow by the gradual uprising of their limestone bed. 
 
 Whatever may have been the vegetable life during succeed- 
 ing ages, the Glacial epoch, of the Post Tertiary Period, was 
 completely erased. The vast amount of drift of that period 
 contains no fossils ; and the scratches on ledges and mountain 
 summits show an erasive . power of rock imbedded glaciers, far 
 more than needed to sweep every vestage of vegetable life 
 into geological oblivion. 
 
 This side, then, of the Post Tertiary Period must we begin 
 our Botanical research for this county. To bared rocks and 
 beds of gravel we first direct our attention ; a careful observa- 
 tion of the rocks reveals a green, or brown leaf -like spot which, 
 on closer examination, appears to be a lichen ; a thallogenous 
 
8 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 plant wliicli seems to attach itself to rocks for tlie purpose of 
 disiiitegratiiig them ; and, by so doing, producing a finer soil in 
 which other and higher species may take root. As this finer 
 soil, by gravity and rainfall, finds its way into tlie valleys, the 
 thallogens of the rocks disappear, other vegetal)le life springs 
 up, on which another species of thallogenous parasites finds 
 nourishment, especially on dead and decaying j)arts. These 
 thallogens seem to have a double mission — to produce and to 
 destroy life, and they woi'k under two conditions ; one, of a 
 short life, and the other of innumerable multiplication ; as some 
 mushroons are known to produce 60,000 cells in a minute. Tlie 
 poet Browning was a good botanist when he wrote 
 
 " mere decay 
 Produces richer life, and day by day 
 New pollen on the lily-i)etal grows, 
 And still more Libyrithine buds the rose." 
 
 To these humble, flowerless plants, working with tireless en- 
 ergy age after age, must M^e give the credit for that deep and 
 abundant soil out of which has grown that variety of forest 
 trees, whose many colored leaves give our hillsides their au- 
 tumnal glory. 
 
 Possibly in other parts of the world vegetation had an ear- 
 lier start by many centuries, loading the far-flying winds with 
 spores and seeds, some of which fell here where tlie lichens had 
 made ready a bed whence sprung trees and flowers whose de- 
 scendants find honored names in the Botanies of the nineteenth 
 century. 
 
 This knowledge of plant names, like.the plant life itself, has 
 been of slow growth ; and though the rocks themselves became 
 herbariums long before Adam feasted on unforluddeu or for- 
 bidden fruit, they long remained a seajed book. Adam, though 
 gifted with wisdom to give names to animals according to their 
 characters, and plants, no doubt, yet gave us no names of the 
 trees that flourished in Paradise, save the fig tree only, and 
 thorns and thistles that grew outside. Later by 1,500 years we 
 read of gopherwood, a pitch-producing tree, either the cypress, 
 or the pine. The first classification was given to Adam ; those 
 bearing fruit for man, and herbs for animals, accompanied with 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 9 
 
 the divine statement tliat tlie Lord made " every plant of the 
 lield before it was. in the earth, and every lierl) of the field be- 
 fore it o-rew." — Gren. 2:5. 
 
 k?o general are the names of plants in the i>il)le that only 
 al)()nt seventy have been ascertained. The valne of the present 
 nomenclature lies largely in specific terms. 
 
 It may not be nnprofitable t(.) leave our native plants a few 
 thousand years in which to perfect themselves, while we give 
 our attention to the growth of the science Mdiich to-day deals 
 with every element of vegetable life. 
 
 Man, at first, used plants as food for himself and animals. 
 Instinct and experience called them into use as medicines, and 
 long before the Hebrew Scriptures s^^oke of plants the Egypt- 
 ians had discovered and used aromatic plants for embalming, 
 and wrote books attributing their discovery to Tliroth, or Hermes 
 Trismegistns. Throth was regarded as the source of all knowl- 
 edge and inventions, like the Greek Hermes or Mercury ; the 
 embodied Logos, the thrice greatest (tris megistus) from whom 
 Pythagoras and Plato derived their ideas. By the Greeks the 
 invention of botany and medicine was attributed to Chiron a 
 pupil of Apollo. Esculapius, Homer's " blameless physician," 
 whose sons were on the medical staff of the Greek army, knew 
 and used medicine plants of which Hipocrates "the father of 
 medicine," -lOO years B. C, described 400 kinds. Esculapius 
 is honored in our botanies in the order Asclepiads or milk- 
 weeds. 
 
 Theophrastus, a pupil of Plato, among many books, wrote 
 two on botany, " The history of plants," and '' The causes of 
 plants." These books are still extant, and among the earliest 
 having any scientific precision. He classified by size and con- 
 sistency and 250 B. C. described some 400 species. 100 B. C. 
 Dioscorides, a botanist and medical writer, made a collection of 
 plants in Italy, Gaul, Greece and Asia Minor, and described 
 600 species, not more than one-fourth of which can now be as- 
 certained. Classification, in his day, was in " Aromatics, gum- 
 bearing, eatables and cornherbs." Pliny, the Elder, wrote 16 
 b(jt)ks on l)otany, and on medical })lants and on tlie general 
 
10 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 science. Of the 1000 plants described by Idni, most are now 
 nndeterminal)le. 
 
 For more than 60() years httle progress was made, save as 
 the Arabs added abont 1200 names to the hst collected before 
 the 9th century, and till the 15th century the Arabs alone en- 
 riched the science. But, when in 1453 Constantinople came 
 under the rule of the Turks by Mahomet II, the long hidden 
 Greek literary treasures were dispersed, first over Italy, and 
 then tlu'oughout Europe, and a host of translators, copyists and 
 commentators made public what had been done, yet added Init 
 little to the list of 1400 species then known, an average of only 
 one per year since the beginning of the Christian era. 
 
 This ancient Greek literature, so long buried like seeds in 
 mummy pits, in its repossession, started the revival of learning 
 called the Renaissance ; but in the department of l)otanical 
 science found comparatively little to comment upon, yet an 
 ample field in which to reap original harvests. A century or 
 two earlier perhaps, modern botanical gardens took their place 
 in history. The invention of printing in 143G, with the power 
 to multiply wood cuts, greatly aided the cause. The discovery 
 of America in 1492, and the doubling of the Cape of Good 
 Hope gave new and extensive regions for botanical research. 
 By 1530, Otto Brumfels had made and published the first good 
 wood cuts of living plants. In 1532, Jean Bauliin was con- 
 verted to Protestantism by reading Erasmus' Latin translation 
 of the new testament. He had to flee from France to the 
 Swiss city Basel, where he became proof reader in the establish- 
 ment of Jean Frol)en Erasmus publisher, and the first to intro- 
 duce the Roman letters in place of the Gothic. While in 
 Basel, Jean Bauhin, Jr. is born and becomes the Swiss physi. 
 cian and naturnlist. He was a pupil of thebotanist Fuchs, also 
 a German physician, who corrected many errors in the nomen- 
 clature of plants. Our American plant, the ear-drop, commem- 
 orates him in its name l<\ichsia. Bauhin also accompanied 
 Conrad Gesner in his extended botanical excursions tln-ough 
 central Europe, and who, in his Opera Botanica, (1560) sug- 
 gested the possibility of classifying by the organs of fructifica- 
 tion. As court physician Bauhin had charge of the ducal gar- 
 
The Early Botany of Berhshire. 11 
 
 duns of Muiupal^-ard coiitaiuiiig- iiiaiij plants recuiitly intro- 
 duced into Europe, lie described about 5,000 plants, ilhisti-at- 
 in<r 3577 with lio-nres in his " Universal History of Plants." 
 Matthew Lobel, of Lille, about 1570, drew well the rudiments 
 of several natural families and was the first to distinguish mo- 
 nocotjledinous and dicotyledinous plants, terms having refer- 
 ence only to organs of reproduction. Moving to England he 
 was chosen physician and botanist to James I, His " History 
 of Plants," published in Antwerp 1576, was illustrated by fig- 
 ures. He died in 1515, leaving his name embalmed in the bo- 
 tanical order Loheliacea'. 
 
 Andrews Cgesalpinus, an Italian physiologist, first mentioned 
 in public life as " Prof, of Botany in the University of Pisa " 
 and subsequently as chief physician to Clement VII, died in 
 1003. He was called, l)y Linna?us, the first systemetic botanist; 
 and his work on plants was a hand-book to Linnteus in all his 
 classiiications. In his early life liotany, because, j)erhaps, of its 
 study in connection with the healing art, was the science of 
 magic and witchcraft. Cffisalpinus successfully ti-ansferred it 
 from the domain of magic to its present and true realm of 
 science. His was the classification on which the whole Linnean 
 sj'stem rests, namely the distinctions of plants in their parts of 
 fructification. He divided trees according to the germ ; made 
 a better distinction of the sex of disecious plants, giving mascu- 
 line names to the stamens and feminine names to the pistils. He 
 was also the first to analyze some of the imj^ortant organs of 
 vegetation. His judgment and power of observation and his 
 clear statement of results, may be seen in the second chapter of 
 his first book, wherein he antedates Harvy by more that a quar- 
 ter of a century, concerning the circulation of the blood. He 
 says "for in animals we see that the nutriment is carried 
 through the veins to the heart, as to the laboratory, and its last 
 perfection being there attained, it is driven l)y the spirit which 
 is l)egotten in the heart, through the arteries and distributed to 
 the whole body." 
 
 As C?esalpinus was called, by Linnseus, the first systematic 
 botanist, it may not be uninteresting to the students of to day 
 to see his method as it was published in 1583. 
 
12 
 
 Berhshire Ilistorical and Scientific Society. 
 
 TllKES AND j 
 
 with Ihc embryo 
 
 \ at llie apex of tlic seed 1. 
 
 Under Shrubs 
 AND Herbs 
 
 with two 
 
 with seeeds 
 uunierous 
 
 ( at the base of the seed 2. 
 
 ( seeds 8. 
 
 f witli solitary -| berries ■ 4. 
 
 ( capsules 5. 
 
 seeds 6. 
 
 capsules 7. 
 
 ..,,., . . , ( uot bulbous 8. 
 
 with tripple prniciple j ^^^j^^^^^^ 9 
 
 with four seeds 10. 
 
 f flower common -[ iVnthemedes 11. 
 
 I divided on the \ Achoraceie / -.c, 
 I top of the seeds / S. Acanace* \ ' ' ' 
 -J llower common ) 
 
 not divided - . . . . 1<3. 
 
 I inferior ) 
 
 (^ in fodicles 14. 
 
 [ destitute of flowers and fruit. ... 15. 
 
 Liiiiueiis called him a Fruciist (Fnictista), because he ar- 
 ranged his system according to the receptacle and the fruit. 
 " Ye shall know them by their fruits." 
 Aljont a hundred years later, ] 690, Dr. Eohert Morison, of 
 Scotland, constructed a system, using as his base tho corolla and 
 the habits of vegetables, as follows : 
 
 { Arbores (trees) 1. 
 
 ■I Frutices (shrubs) ■. 2. 
 
 ( Sulfrutica (under shrubs) 3. 
 
 ( Scandentes (climbers) 4. 
 
 Leguminosse (as peas and beans) 5. 
 
 Siliquosaj (like mustard) 6. 
 
 Tricapsulares (three capsuled) 7. 
 
 A numero cap ularum 
 
 (from the number of capsules) 8. 
 
 Corymbiferee(clusteis) 9. 
 
 Lactescentes j milk weeds, ) -,^^ 
 
 Papposaj / thistles, 6cc. ) 
 
 Culmiferse (having stalks as rye) 11. 
 
 Umbellifera^ (like caraway) . .12. 
 
 Tricocca? (three-seeded capsule) 13. 
 
 Galeata^ (helraeted) 14. 
 
 Multicapsulares 15. 
 
 Bacciferse (producing berries) 16. 
 
 Capilares (hair-like) 17. 
 
 i Heteroclitas (anomalous) 18. 
 
 Paul Hermann, of Saxony, arranged plants according as 
 they have their seeds naked or enclosed in a pencap. 
 
 RiviNiTs, in 1690, was the iirst CoroUist. His classes are 
 founded on the corolla and his orders on the fruit. 
 
 TouRNEFORT, in 1694, published a sj^stem in wdiich the cZr^6'6?e6' 
 are taken from the regularity and form of the corolla; the or- 
 dtrs from the situation of the flower, above or beneath the 
 
 LiGNOS.E. 
 (WOODY) 
 
 HERBACEyE. 
 
 (PLANTS) 
 
 gen 
 
The Early Botany of Berl^ahire. 18 
 
 The luanv cluinges of base in the matter of chissiticatioii to 
 the present time sngij^est the line of Viri;'il about the (litliciUty 
 of foiiiKlinsi; the Ilonian nation. 
 
 " Taiitti' niolis cntt Ronuiimni coiuk'n; gx'iUeni." 
 
 l>ecause of Euroju'an wars httlc progress was made till after 
 1650. Then Leeuwenhock with ini})roved microscopes entered 
 upon the examination of plants and thus awakened a new in- 
 terest in the study. He died in 1723, the next year after Jos- 
 eph Parsons and r7<» others of Hampshire county, petitioned 
 the General Assembly of the Province of Massachussets for two 
 townships of land on tlie river Housatunnuk or Westbrook. 
 Plence, up to that date, we could hardly expect an am})le de- 
 scription of native plants. 
 
 Eight years after the landing of the Pilgrims was born Mar- 
 cellus Malpighi, who laid the foundation of vegetable botany 
 by examining cells and types of plants. Mucli attention was 
 directed to their anatomy and physiology. He and Nehemiali 
 Grew, l)orn in 1658, were the founders of phytophysiology. He 
 was made physician to Pope Innocent XII in 1681, and died in 
 1694. Just a hundred years l)efore the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, a declaration of the fertilizing power of pollen fi-om 
 the anthers was first made by Millington and Bol)art. In 161*4 
 Jacques Camerarius proved the sexes of plants as well as of an- 
 imals ; one of the most striking victories which N^atural Science 
 had gained. The science of Botany, as now modified, dates 
 not back of 1682, when Grew published his "Anatomy of 
 Plants." A few years later Tournefort, professor of botany in 
 the garden of plants in Paris, pul)lislied his " Elements of Bot- 
 any," with the first attempt to define the exact limit of genera 
 and species. His work was published in 1694, as above named, 
 or "method of learning plants." Several classifications of his 
 have been preserved by Linnaeus. Selecting the form of the 
 corolla as the basis of his classification, he contributed moi'e, 
 perhaps, than any othei man to the progress of the science. 
 Instruction was made a pleasure by taking for scientific study 
 the most attractive part of the plant. His was the first known 
 system of classifying and it met with great favor among his 
 contemporaries. 
 
14 Berkshire Historical and Stiientijic Society. 
 
 Conrad Gesner, l)efore mentioned, must have the honor of 
 first snggestina; the expediency of dividing plants into classes 
 genera and species, and the necessity of taking the distinguish- 
 ing characteristics from the ilower and fruit. 
 
 John Ray, of England, (1703), using the discovery of Grew 
 and other anatomists in his History of Plants, gave a ])hiloso- 
 23hy of classification, better appreciated now than in his own 
 day. Classification was only a means of identification, not a 
 line of demarcation; this latter could not be for nature leaps, 
 not from one extreme to another, but approaches a mean so 
 gradually that the meeting point is not a determinable limit. 
 Ray also laid the foundation of the inductive school of Botany. 
 In 1720 Magnol arranged a system on the variet}' of the calyx 
 or corolla. The order Magnolia does him lasting honor. 
 
 The Linnsean system appeared in 1735. His new mode of 
 classification was greatly admired, and, gaining supremacy, held 
 it to the end of the 18th century. His system was leased on the 
 organs of fructification, stamens and pistils, till then over- 
 looked, and whose functions have since l)een clearly proven. 
 His system, founded on differences and not similarity of 
 plants, gave no knowledge beyond the stamens and pistils. He 
 saw the deficiencies and tried to work out a natural system to 
 be "primum et ultimatum in l)otanicis desideratum." The 
 history of Carl Von Linne, the most renowned of naturalists, 
 will amply repay the student for reading it. Here we may 
 only refer to a single item. Among the honeysuckles is a trail- 
 ing evergreen herb, widely disseminated in the northern tem- 
 perate zone, called the twin-fiower, or Linnxsa 1 )orealis. For- 
 mer botanists had named it Campanula serpyllifolia. When 
 Linnaeus gathered and studied it, on the method of fructifica- 
 tion, he found it constituted a new genus. He preserved, in 
 his own mind, this discovery till other discoveries and their 
 publication entitled him to botanical commemoration. Then 
 through Gronovius, his friend, this new name was given to the 
 world. Linnaeus published it in his " Genera of Plants," 1737, 
 and in his "Critica Botanica," page SO, figures and describes it 
 as " a humble, despised and neglected Lapland plant, fiowering 
 at an early age, like the person whose name it bears." " Its 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 15 
 
 lt)nelj, depressed growth," lie said "■ was a fitting einl)lem of 
 his own early fate." 
 
 Bernard de Jnssieii, demonstrator of botany in Paris, lias the 
 honor of working out the first natural system, though the prin- 
 ciples had been established by Ray, witli whose writings, how- 
 ever, Bernard was unacquainted. His system, based on the 
 natnral affinities of plants, was adopted in arranging the garden 
 at Trianon in 175i>. But 1789 is the date of the true creation 
 of natural families among vegetaltles by Antoine Laurient de 
 Jussieu. In 1790 shortly after Jussieu had pul)lished his 
 " Genera,"" the poet Goethe, a naturalist also, published a pam- 
 phlet on the "• Metamorphoses of Plants," The functions of 
 plants, at this time, were thought to be well known. He may 
 have read of Theophrastus' idea that certain forms of leaves 
 were mere modifications of other forms quite unlike. Linmeus 
 had a like idea for he speaks of the parts of a fiower as modi- 
 fied leaves whose develojDinent was anticipated. Goethe takes 
 up this theory and demonstrates that all the organs are modifi- 
 cations of the leaf. Plis views, at first, met with little favor 
 from botanists till Robert Brown elucidated Goethe's theory, 
 showing by the microscope that the law applies, not only to 
 the external parts of plants, but even to their tissues. Mr. 
 Brown helped largely to perfect the natural system, till now 
 we have over 300 families of wdiich more than half are used 
 in our American botanies. 
 
 While this science was spreading in Europe, America be- 
 came a good field for discovery and investigation. As early as 
 1635 we find J. Cornutus, a French physician, publishing in 
 Paris a history of the plants of Canada, where, among other 
 plants, was found in the l)Ogs, l)y Dr. Sanazin of Quebeck, the 
 pitcher plant ; and Tournefort named it, as a generic name, Sar- 
 racenia. 
 
 Mark Catesby published, in 1743, the natural history of Car- 
 olina, Florida and the Bahamas. T. Cla^'ton, a great l)otanist 
 of Virginia, published his discoveries in 1761:; Claytonia, or 
 spring beauty, commemorates him. M. Cutlei- wrote an ac- 
 ount of the vegetable productions of New England in 17S5, 
 thought to be the first essay of a scientific description. Dr. 
 
16 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Adam Kulm of Pennsylvania, a pnpil of Linnaeus, was the first 
 American professor of botany, (1708.) The genus Kuhnia of 
 the order Comjjositae keeps green his service. James Logan, 
 (Loganiacetfc) secretary to WilKam Penn, experimented with 
 Indian corn concerning tlie sexuahty of plants; and saj-s tliat S. 
 Morland stated, that the pollen entered the ovary throngh the 
 style, (1690). 
 
 Jacob Bigelow published his Flornla Bostoninesis in 1811:. 
 But David Hosack had published, 1801-11, his Hortus Elgin- 
 ensis, a scientific catalogue of plants, indiginous and exotic, 
 which he had obtained for the Elgin botanic garden near the 
 city. He was born in New York 1709, and died there in 
 1835. He was M. D., L. L. D. and an author, a graduate of 
 Princeton in 1789 ; received his M. D. in Philadelphia 1791 ; in 
 1793 was in London studying anatomy under Dr. Andrew Mar^ 
 shall; botany witli Sir James Edward Smith and Schmeisser in 
 mineralogy from whom he obtained a collection of minerals and 
 ]jrt)Ught them with him, the first collection of that nature in- 
 troduced in America. To this he added a duplicate collection 
 of plants from the herbarium of Linna?us, now in the Ijx-enm of 
 Natural History of New York. In 1795, the year of Williams 
 College first commencement, he was appointed professor of bot- 
 any in Columbia College and soon after pul)lished a s^dlabus of 
 his lectures. He was long associated with the prominent men 
 of New York ; one of the original jjrojectors of the New York 
 Historical Society. He proscribed politics as outside the bounds 
 of medical life, and yet it was a common report that the insti- 
 tutions of the city were under the control of the memorable 
 trio Clinton, Hosack and Hobart, I have written so much con- 
 cerning him because like most botanists he followed the medi- 
 cal profession for usefulness and support ; but more especially 
 he is a connecting link with my subject, as you will soon see. 
 
 Amos Eaton, born in Chatham (1770) graduated from Wil- 
 liams College (1799.) For several years he devoted his study 
 to tlie Natural Sciences. In 1810 he delivered, at Catskill, a 
 popular course of lectures on botany. Under date of Aug. 30, 
 1810, Dr. Hosack writes to P'rof. Eaton "You have set an ex- 
 ample that I donot doul)t will l)e followed by many, if not most 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 17 
 
 of tliG academies of the state. * * The state of New York 
 having passed an act for the purchase of a Botanical Garden in 
 the neiglil)orhood of the city, I liope to see among its fruits the 
 esbdl)Hshment of many similar institutions throughout the state. 
 You have adopted, in my opinion, the true system of educa- 
 tion ; and very properly address yourself to the senses and to 
 the memory, instead of to the faculties of judgment and reason, 
 which are comparatively of slow growth. * * To you and 
 _your pupils, as first in tlie iield, much ])raise is due, et(\" 
 
 His first attempt, in this country at a popular course of lec- 
 tures, with a view to make pnictical l)otanists of young people 
 of all conditions and pursuits, was made in May, ISIO. Dr. 
 Hosack was his teacher in 1802, to whom he wrote of his plans 
 and received the above reply. In 1815, Mr. Eaton translated 
 from the works of Piersou, Pursli and Michaux, and made ex- 
 tracts enough from other authors to supply material for the first 
 edition of his "Manual of Botany." He says, "I was favored 
 with books and advice by Prof, Ives of Yale College, also with 
 books by (tov. Clinton of New York, The first edition was 
 published in a contracted form by seventy-two students of Wil- 
 liams College, Williamstown, Mass., as no bookseller would risk 
 the publication. A thousand copies were published and ready 
 for use in June ; and not a copy was left after six months. An 
 enlarged edition was ready in the spring of 1818. In 1840 the 
 eighth edition was completed of two thousand live hundred 
 copies, the five preceding editions of two thousand copies 
 each." The whole number of species published to date 5986. 
 He used the Linna^um system, together with that of Jussieu, 
 (ascendant) that is, beginning with the lowest orders and end- 
 ing with the highest. 
 
 The dedication is as follows: 
 
 TO THE REVEREND 
 
 ZEPHENIAH SWIFT MOORE, D. D. 
 
 PRESIDENT OF 
 
 WILLIAMS COLLEGE, (mASS.) 
 
 REVEREND 
 
 CHESTER DEWEY, A, M. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS, 
 
18 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY AND CHEMISTRY, 
 
 AND THE REVEREND 
 
 EBENEZER KELLOGG. A. M. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES. 
 
 The science of botany is indebted to you for its lirst intro- 
 duction into the interior of the northern states. And I am in- 
 debted to you for a passport into the scientific world after that 
 protracted series of misfortunes which sunk me to the lowest 
 ebb of human misery. Permit me, tlierefore. 
 To inscribe to you 
 
 THIS MANUAL, 
 
 As a testimony of that gratitude and esteem 
 
 wliich is due to the patrons of Science 
 
 and of suffering humanity. 
 
 Your grateful. 
 
 Humble servant, 
 
 Amos Eaton. 
 
 " PREFACE to the SECOND EDITON. 
 
 A preface is unnecessary to a work which comes out under a 
 great name ; more especially if it l)e the name of an European. 
 But when a native American presents to his coimtrymen a book 
 purporting to be a work relating to science, he must be very 
 particular to tell us ' l>y what authority he does these things.' 
 The first edition of the inanuel was published by the students 
 of Williams College for their own private use." Before this 
 second edition was published we find him lecturing in various 
 places as the following item will show : 
 
 Northampton, Nov. 24, 1817. 
 To all whom it may concern: 
 
 On the recommendation of the President and faculty of Wil- 
 liams College, together with that of 2)rofessors Silliman and 
 Ives of Yale Colfege, and Prof. Mitchell of New York, Mr. 
 Eaton was employed in this town to deliver a course of lectures 
 on botany and a course of lectures on the elements of chemis- 
 try, mineralogy and geology. He has now closed his course to 
 the entire satisfaction of his employers, and, we think to the 
 advantage of his pupils. As his class consisted chiefly of 
 ladies, and as these branches of learning have not hitherto en- 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 19 
 
 gaged the atteiitioii of that sex, we take tlie Uberty to state that, 
 from this experiment, we feel authorized to recommend these 
 branches as a very nseful part of female education. 
 Caleb Strong, 
 
 (late Governor of Massachusetts.) 
 
 Solomon Williams, D. D., 
 
 (Pastor of Presbyterian Church in Northampton.) 
 
 Ebenezek Hunt, 
 
 (Physician.) 
 JOSIAH DwiGIIT, 
 
 (County clerk. 
 
 Elijah H. Mills, 
 
 (Representative in Congress. 
 
 David Hunt, 
 
 (Physician.) 
 
 Before leaving Prof. Eaton, let this be mentioned, that C. S. 
 Eafinesqne, an American botanist, though born in Constanti- 
 nople, gave to one of the three hundred genera of grasses the 
 honored name of Eatonia, a genus containing two species, both 
 named by Prof. Gray, and both found in this county ; present 
 names Eatonia obtusata, by Prof. Dewey called Aira tuncata ; 
 E. Pennsylvanica, by Prof. Dewey called Aira flexuosa. 
 
 Prof. Dewey, just mentioned, was the same as named in the 
 dedication by Prof. Eaton. He was born m Sheffield, Oct. 25, 
 1784, and so is of this county an honored ropresentative. He 
 entered Williams College in 1802, showing a decided prefer- 
 ence for natural science. In 1808 he was tutor and two years 
 later, professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Wil- 
 liams College. He established on a permanent basis the de- 
 partments of chemistry and botany. In 1822 lie began to lec- 
 ture on botany and cliemistry to the students of the Medical col- 
 lege in Pittsfield; and in 1827 took charge of the Gymnasium 
 (now Maplewood) and made it a success, often lecturing for the 
 public good, as many yet living here can testify. 
 
 He and Prof. Silliman of Yale, were pioneers in the held of 
 American science; organizing, in the early part of this century, 
 forces in behalf of the natural sciences. While familiar with 
 all departments of science his specialty was botany ; and of the 
 Carices in particular. His une(pialled collection of grasses he 
 gave to WilHams College. His last year was spent in their ar- 
 
20 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 raiigement. He wrote the Natural History part of the History 
 of Berkshire, 1826, giving therein the names of the plants of 
 this county according to the nomenclature of liis day. By 
 much patient study only can one find all of them in modern 
 classification. 
 
 As a pioneer in tlie department of Carices he had opportu- 
 nity for discovering and naming some forty-five species now 
 called by the same names in Wood's Botany; and one was 
 named, to honor him, the Deweyana by his friend Schkuhr. 
 
 Of those named l)y himself, fourteen commemorate persons 
 or places. 
 
 The task assigned me was not a review of his work, or the 
 botany of his time in this county, but rather as much as possible 
 to find the native vegetation of the county when men began to 
 settle here. We may well say that a hundred years before him 
 would make Ijut little change, yet the results of the effort to 
 discover facts may not be uninteresting. 
 
 The earliest attempt to describe some of the vegetation of 
 I^ew England I have yet met with is found in Josselyn's Ac- 
 count of two Voyages to New England. The first made in 
 1638, commencing April 26 and ending Nov. 21, 1689. About 
 eleven months he spent in making observations and taking 
 notes, which, on his return, ripened into a published book on 
 "The Rarities of New England." In 1663 he made his second 
 voyage, a full account of which is found in Vol. 3 of the third 
 series of Massachusetts Historical Collections, 
 
 In this second voyage, or the history thereof, he makes fre- 
 quent use of his Barities of New England. His descriptions of 
 trees and plants must be given in his own words ; so may we 
 get some of the flavor of botanic knowledge in his day. 
 
 " The plants in New England for variety, nurabei", beauty 
 and vertues, may stand in Competition witli the plants of any 
 Countrey in Europe. Johnson hath added to Gerard'' s Herbal 
 300, and Parhlnson, mentioneth many more ; had they been in 
 New England they might have found 1000, at least, never 
 heard of nor seen by any Englishmen before ; 'Tis true, the 
 Countrie hath no Bonerets or Tartarian ihs, no glittering col- 
 oured T'uli])s\ but here you have the American Mary-Q old, 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 21 
 
 the Earth-nut, bearing a princely Flower, tlic beautiful Pirola, 
 the honied Colibry, &c. Tliey are generally of (somewhat) a 
 more mascnliiie vertiie, than any of the same species in Eng- 
 land, but not in so terrible a degree, as to be mischievous or in- 
 effectual t(» our English bodies. It is affirmed hy some that no 
 forraign Drugg or Simple can he so propei' to Englishmen as 
 their own, for the quantity of Opium which Tur'ks do safely 
 take will kill four Englishmen, and that lohich will salve their 
 wounds within a day, will not recure an Englishman in 
 three.''"' 
 
 The Gerard referred to above was a famous surgeon, as well 
 a herbalist in the time of Elizabeth. His second edition of his 
 Herbal was in 1636. We owe to him and his friends the dis- 
 covery of many plants. Half a century later he was planted in 
 the botany under the name of Geradia (an American herb of 
 much beauty) by Plumier, a French botanist, whose first publi- 
 cation was a description of American plants 1693, at his King's 
 expense. He first proved the cochineal to be an animal 1694. 
 
 The account says, "The English in New England take 
 White Hellebore? which operates as purely with them, as 
 with the Indians, who, steejjing it in water some time, give it 
 to the young lads, gathered together a purpose to drink ; if it 
 come up they force them to drink again their vomit (which 
 they save in a Birchen-dish) till it stayes with them, and he 
 that gets the victory of it is made Captain of the other lads for 
 that year." After writing of tlie oak and red oak, he says, 
 " Captain Smith writes that in New England there grows a cer- 
 tain berry called Kermes, worth ten shillings a pound and had 
 been formerly sold for thirty or forty shillings a pound, which 
 may yearly be gathered in good quantity. I have sought for 
 this berry, as a man should seek for a needle in a l)ottle of Hay, 
 but could never light upon it, unless that kind of S(jlomun-seal, 
 called by the English Treacle-berry, l)e it. Gerard our famous 
 herbalist, writes that they grow upon a little tree called Scarlet- 
 ( )ake, the leaves have one sharpe prickle at the end of it ; it 
 beareth small Acorns ; But the grain or berry grows out of the 
 woody branches, like an excresence of the substance of the 
 Oake-A])ple and of the bigness of Pease, at first white, when 
 
22 Berkshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 ripe, of an Asli-colour, wliicli ingenders little Maga:ots, which, 
 when it begins to have wings are pnt into a bag and l)Oulted np 
 and down till dead, and then made np into Innips ; the Maggot, 
 as most do deem, is Cutchenele; so that Chermes is Cntch- 
 enele; the berries dye scarlet. Mr. George Sands, in his 
 Travels saith, that scarlet dye grows like a blister on the leaf of 
 the Holy Oahe, a little shrnl) yet producing Acorns; being 
 gathered they rnb out of it a certain red dnst, that converteth, 
 after a while into worms which they kill with wine Avhen they 
 begin to qnicken." 
 
 " The Pine tree challengeth the next place, and that sort 
 which is called Board-pine is the principal. It is a stately, large 
 tree, very tall and sometimes two or three fadom about ; of the 
 body the Enghsh make large Canoes of twenty foot long and 
 two foot and a half over, hollowing of them with an Adds and 
 shaping the outside like a Boat, The bark is good for ulcers in 
 tender persons that refuse sharp medicines. The inner bark of 
 the young board-pine, cut small and stampt and boiled in a 
 Gallon of water is a very soverign medicine for a burn or scald, 
 washing the sore with some of the decoction, and then laying 
 on tlie bark stampt very soft ; or for frozen limbs, to take out 
 the fire and to heel them * * wash the sore with the liquor, 
 stamp the bark again till it be very soft and bind it on. The 
 Turpentine is excellent to heal wounds and cuts ; the Rosen is 
 as good as Frankincense, and the powder of the dried leaves 
 generateth flesh ; the distilled water of the green cones taketh 
 away wrinkles in the face, being laid on with cloths. 
 
 The Firr tree is a large tree too, but seldom so big as the 
 Pine, the l)ark is smooth, with knobs or blisters, in which lyeth 
 clear liquid Turpentine, veiy good to be put into salves and 
 oyntments ; the leaves or cones boiled in beei- are good for Scnr- 
 vie ; the young buds are excellent to put into Epithemes for 
 warts and corns ; the rosen is altogether as good as Frankin- 
 cense ; out of this tree the Poleakers draw Pitch and Tarr. 
 
 Spruce trees are described and then the Ileniloelx trees', "the 
 bark boiled and stampt till it be very soft is excellent for to 
 heal wounds and so is the turpentine thereof; and that from 
 the Larch tree (which is nearest of any to the right turpentine) 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 23 
 
 is singularly Ji'oofl to lioal woiiiuk and to draw ont the malice 
 of any Acli, rul)I»ini;' the place therewith, and strowing n[)on it 
 the jiowdcr of sage leaves. 
 
 T\ni Sassafras tree is no great tree ; the rind is tawny and 
 upon that a thin colour of ashes; the inner ])art is white, of an 
 excellent smell like Fennel; of a sweet taste with some Intter- 
 ness ; the leaves are like Fig leaves, of a dark green. A de- 
 coction of the roots and l)ark thereof, sweetened with sugar, is 
 good for the Scurvie. 
 
 The Wahcat, which is divers, some ])earing square nuts, 
 others like ours, l)ut smaller. It is the toughest wood in the 
 Countrie, and, thei*efore, used for Hoops and Bowes. 
 
 The Maple tree. On the boughs of this tree I have often 
 found a jellied substance like Jew's- Ears, which I found upon 
 tryal, to be good for sore throat. 
 
 The Birch tree is of two kinds, ordinarily Birch and black 
 Birch. Many of these trees are stript of their l)ark by the In- 
 dians who make of it their Canows, Ivettles and Birchen- 
 dishes ; there is an excresence growing out of the l)ody of the 
 tree called spunck, or dead men's caps ; it grows at the roots of 
 Ash, or Beech, or Elm ; but the best is that wliich grows upon 
 the black Birch; this boiled and beaten and then dried in an 
 oven maketh excellent Touchwood and I3alls to play with. 
 
 Alder, abundant in swamj^s, has 1)ark good for a strain. An 
 Indian, bruising his knee, chewed some of the l)ark fasting, 
 laid it to, which quickly heald him. 
 
 Thus much concerning trees ; now I shall present to your 
 view the Shrubs, and first, of the Sumach, which diilereth 
 from all kinds set down in our English llerbals. The root 
 dyeth wool or cloth redish ; the decoction of the leaves in wine 
 drunk, is good for all Fluxes. For galled places, stamp the 
 leaves with honey and apply it, nothing so soon healeth a 
 wound in the head as Sumach, stampt and applied once in three 
 days ; the powder strued in stayeth the bleeding of wounds ; 
 the seeds pounded and mixed with honey healeth the Hemor- 
 hoids ; the gum put into a hollow tooth assuayeth the pain ; the 
 bark or berries in the full of the leaf is as good as galls to make 
 ink of. 
 
24 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Skier in New England is sbrnble and dies once in two 
 years. 
 
 Juniper bears skie-colored l)erries, fed upon by Partridges, 
 and batb a woodie root, wdiicb indncetli nie to believe that the 
 plants mentioned in Job 30:4, Qui decerjjehant herhas E Sal- 
 silagine cum stirjjihus ^ etiam radices Junipernurn ciho erani 
 illis, (who cut up Mellons by the bushes and Juniper roots for 
 their meat,) was our Indian plant Cassava. Tliey write that 
 Juniper coals preserve tire longest of any, keeping fire a whole 
 year without supj^ly, yet the Indian never l)urns it. 
 
 Sweet fern boiled in water or milk and drunk helpeth all 
 manner of Fluxes, and makes an excellent liquor for ink. 
 
 Cnrrent-l)ushes are of two kinds, red and black, wdiich are 
 larger than the red and smell disagreeal)le, yet are reasonaljly 
 pleasant eating. 
 
 The Goosebrry-bush, Mdiose l)erries are called Grosers, or 
 thorn Grapes, grow all over tlie Countrie. The berry is small, 
 of a red or purple colour when ripe. 
 
 Mase, otherwise called Turkic- wheat, or Indian wheat, the 
 leaves boiled and drunk helpeth jmin in the back ; of the stalks 
 when green you may make Beverage, as they do with Calo- 
 mel, or Sugar-canes. The raw Corn, chewed, ripens felons or 
 Cats-liairs ; or you may lay Samp to it ; the Indians, before it 
 be thorow ripe, eat of it j^arched. Certainly the parched corn 
 that Al)igail brought to David was of this kind of grain, 1 
 Sam. 25:18. The Jewe's manner was (as it is delivered to us 
 l)y a learned divine) first, to parch their corn, then they fryed 
 it and lastly tliey l)oiled it to a paste, and then tempered it with 
 water, Cheese-curds, Honey and Eggs, this they carried drye 
 with them to the camp and so wet the Cakes in Wine or milk ; 
 such, too, was the pulse of Africa. 
 
 French heans, or rather American beans, the Herbalists call 
 them Kidney beans, for they strengthen the Kidneys ; they are 
 variegated much, some being bigger a great deal than others ; 
 some white, l)lack, red, yellow, Ijlew^ and spotted. The red 
 flowers in July. 
 
 Sarsaparilla^ or rough-bined weed, (Smilax rotundif olia) ; the 
 leaves and whole bind set with thorns, of this there is store 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 25 
 
 i>T()\viui;- u])()ii the hunks of Ponds; tlie leaves pounded witli 
 lloo's grease, and boiled to an nngent, is excellent in curing 
 wounds. 
 
 Live forever flourislietli all sunnner; is good for cougli of tlie 
 lungs, and to cleanse the breath, taken as you do Tobacco ; and 
 for j3ain in the head ; the juice strained and drunk in Bear, 
 Wine or Aqua vitas killetli worms. The fishermen, when they 
 want Tobacco, take this herb, being cut and dryed. 
 
 Lysiinachus^ or Loose-stripe, of several kinds. The most 
 noted is the yellow ; the root is longish and white, as thick as 
 one's thumb ; the stalkes of an ov'erworn color, and a little 
 hairie ; the middle vein of the leaf whitish and the flower yel- 
 low, and like Primroses, and therefore called Tree Primose ; 
 grows upon seedie vessels, etc. The first year it grows, not up 
 to a stalke, but sends up many large leaves, handsomely lying 
 one upon another, Rose fashion ; fiowers in June ; the seed is 
 ripe in August ; this, as I have said, is taken by the English 
 for Scabious. 
 
 St. Johnsvjort., it preserveth Cheese uuide up of it, at sea. 
 
 Spurge., or Wolf's milch, there are several sorts, (Euphorbia) 
 Avons, or herb-bonnet, (Rosacea? Geum). A neighbor of mine 
 in Hay-time, having overheat himself and melted his grease, 
 with striving to out mowe another man, fell dangerously sick, 
 not being able, to turn himself in his bed, his stomach gone, 
 and his heart fainting ever and anon ; to whom I administered 
 the decoction of Avons Root and leaves in water and wine, 
 sweetning it with Syrup of Olove-Gilliflowers ; in one week's 
 time it recovered him so that he was able to perform his daily 
 work. 
 
 Red Lilly growes all over the Countrey among the bushes. 
 
 Uinhilicus veneris^ or New England daisie, it is good for 
 hot humors, Erisi^^elas, St. Anthonies' fire and all inflamations. 
 
 Water'-plantum, called Suck-leaves and Scurvie-leaves ; you 
 must lay them whole to the leggs to draw out water between 
 the skin and the flesh. 
 
 Fuss halls., Mullijnijfers, are to be found plentifully." 
 
 Much more of the same pleasing information might be gath- 
 ered from the ''Rarities of IS^ew England," but I resist the 
 
26 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 temptation, liaviug touched upon those only that grow m Berk- 
 sliire, a part of New England not visited by onr early natural- 
 ist. AVitli Hke interest he describes the animals, birds, l)easts 
 and tishes, shell-fish and insects, diseases, and politics, religion 
 and witchcraft; but all this while Berkshire was ripening for 
 our botanical Sickle. 
 
 Let us now stej) over the narrow limits of a century into the 
 midst of a contention, ending in an accepted survey, made in 
 1741 by Richard Ilazzen, of the line separating Massachusetts 
 from New Hampshire. 
 
 The settlement of this line had long been a matter of dis- 
 agreement. Little was known of the interior of the country ; 
 and the assumptions of the Kings' counsellors were as likely to 
 be wrong as right. To illustrate, when Massachusetts was 
 cliartered with a boundary line three miles north of the Merri- 
 mack river, it was taken for granted that the river flowed from 
 the west to the east. Later discoveries, showing that its course 
 was nearly south, rendered of no avail their former opinions as 
 to bouudary relations. 
 
 From 1725 to 1740 the controversy increased. Committees 
 met and adjourned. Massachuseets contending for a line three 
 miles fj'om the Merrimack, as far as Franklin, N. H., where 
 the Pemigewasset and the Winnipesaukee meet. New Hamp- 
 shire knew of no Merrimack above where salt water flows, or 
 "the flrst falls about a mile above the Haverhill Meeting- 
 house." Finally in March, 1740, Pawtucket Falls was decided 
 upon by the King as the starting point. This would give New 
 Hampshire a strip of fourteen miles which she had never 
 claimed. Gov. Belcher, of New Llampshire, applied to both 
 governments to ajDpoint surveyors. Mr. Hazzen and Mitchell 
 began their line "• from a point three miles due noi'th of Paw- 
 tucket Falls on the Merrimack Piver ; on a due west line till it 
 meets his Majesty's other governments." The " Great Bunt," 
 or starting point was a noted fishing place on the west side of 
 Beaver Brook ; the falls were I'apids extending nearly a mile. 
 The upper portion was chosen for a starting point, and as the 
 course of the river was northwest, Massachusetts gained nearly 
 a mile. 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 27 
 
 Saturday, March 21, 17-11, after measuring three miles to the 
 nortli, lie starts westwards 10° north from a pitch pine tree, 
 etc. In his survey he occasionally mentiones the kinds of 
 trees. Abont fourteen miles of this survey is on the northern 
 boundary of Berkshire county so named twenty years later. 
 
 Saturday, April 11th, he measured seven miles, lodging 
 where two brooks met, " where we left Our bottle, and there- 
 fore, called it Bottle Brook." (IS'ortheast corner of Florida.) 
 
 "Sunday, April 12th. This day we measured 4:1:50. 
 
 Bemarl's. At the end of three miles we Came upon the 
 Top of an Exceeding High Mountain from whence we dis- 
 covered a large Mountain which lyes Southwesterly of Albany, 
 and also a Row of large mountains on East side of us bearing 
 North and South nearest and a Ridge of exceeding high Moun- 
 tains three or four miles before us bearing the same Course, 
 and a line valley betwixt them and and us on each side of the 
 line big enough for Townships. At 130 poles further we 
 Crossed a Branch of the Ilo-aek running ISTorthwesterly. With 
 difficulty we waded it and lodged by it on the West side that 
 night. The first part of the day was good traveling, but heavy 
 by noon and betwixt the Two Rivers the Snow was almost all 
 gone. It Clouded over before Night aud rained some time 
 before day, which caused us to stretch Our blankets and lye 
 under them on ye bare Ground, which was the first Ijare ground 
 we laid on after we left Northfield. There was little wind this 
 day, 
 
 Monday, Aqi-il 13th. This day we measured from Hosek 
 River 4:2-0, which was Only Over One Mountain. 
 
 Ohservations. This Mountain was Exceeding good Land, 
 bearing beech. Black birch and Hemlock, some Basswood. Over 
 this Mountain we Concluded the line would run betwixt New 
 York Government and these whenever in should Ije settled, and 
 therefore named it Mount Belchei-, that it might be as Stand- 
 ing a Boundary as Endicutt's Tree. We lodged again on a 
 Spot of Bare Ground by a Brook Running Southwesterly, 
 which, being full of Clay, we named it Clay Brook. We had 
 some thunder showers in the Night which Obliged us to Rise 
 and Stretch Our Blankets. The weather was Cloudy all day 
 
28 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 and no wind stirring, and the Snow for ye Last three miles 
 ahont Five feet Deep ; the iirst mile and a half but little. 
 
 Tuesday, April 14th. This day we begun to measure at Clay 
 Brook and measured 5:2:50. 
 
 Hem arks. At the End of 220 poles we Crossed the afore- 
 said Clay Brook again ronning Northerly. At 280 poles more 
 we Came to a River Running Northeast and very Swift. At 
 540 poles more we Came to a large Brook running Northeast- 
 erly, all which we supposed were branches of Hosek River. 
 This day we Crossed no verry large Mountains, and there was 
 little Snow for Three Miles, and on many places none, but tlie 
 remainder of this day's measure, it was near Two feet Deep, 
 and where we lodged, about two and a half. The land weis 
 good for Settlements, bearing large White Oaks in some places, 
 in others Beech, Maple, White Ash, etc. The weather was fair 
 and wind Northwesterly, and Near Night a meer Hurricane." 
 
 From these excerpts we learn what were some of the trees on 
 the northern boundaries of Florida, Clarksburg and Williams- 
 town. 
 
 Their names are mostly generic, since they were like trees so 
 named in Europe, and hence so called here by the early settlers. 
 
 In 178Y a survey was made by Thomas Hutchins for the 
 final settlement of the boundary between New York and Mas- 
 sachusetts. Of this survey the following is a copy, with state- 
 ment for nearly every mile. The survey was made fror^ the 
 Connecticut line northward fifty miles, forty-one chains and 
 seventy-nine links. 
 
 N. end of line. Black or red oak tree, 3^ ft. diam. N. Y. (tree 1787) Mass. 
 Spring o 
 
 A post and stones on a descent from maple tree, 3 feet 8 inches 
 
 in diameter. 
 . , 17th transit post on east side of a small eminence. 
 . .16th transit post on east side of a small eminence. 
 A post and stones on east side of a small eminence ; from this post 
 
 a maple tree 10 inches in diameter, blazed on west, bears N. 
 
 85°, E. 10 links. Tliere is a spring in the same direction 9 
 
 links further. 
 A post near the bottom of the north descent of a hill, from which 
 
 a birch tree 3 feet in diameter, blazed on the west side, bears 
 
 N. 58°, E. SOlinks. 
 
 Miles 50 
 
 49 
 
 48 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 
 
 29 
 
 aiik's 47 
 
 46 
 
 45 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 A post on ii steep part of the north descient of a hill, from which 
 
 a hemlock 2 feet in diameter, blazed on the west, bears N. 
 
 68°, E. 10 links. 
 . 15th transit post on the east side of a gradual eminence. 
 A post and stonc^s at the west side of a stee]) high eminence. 
 A post and stones at the south foot of an eminence, from which a 
 
 maple tree 2 feet in diameter, l)lazed on the west side, bears 
 
 E. 4 links. 
 A post and stones on the enst side of an eminence. 
 . .14th transit post on top of a hill supported by large stones. 
 A stake and stones on the west side of an eminence, from which a 
 
 beech tree 8 inches in diameter, blazed on the west side, bears 
 
 S. 17°, E 
 
 . .13th transit post on east side of an eminence. 
 
 A beech tree 9 feet in diameter, marked 41 and an M above it on 
 
 the north side 2 links west of N. line. 
 . .12th transit post on Mount Misery. 
 A post on east side of eminence, the foot of wdiich, is about 5 
 
 chains east of a beech tree 20 inches in diameter, blazed on 
 
 east side, bears N 45°, W. 16 links from N. post. 
 A stake and stones in William Keetch's field. 
 A stake and stones on the south side of a high steep eminence in 
 
 Thomas Eldredge's field. 
 . .11th transit post on Round's Mountain. 
 Stake and stones in the vista, cut by the Commissioners. 
 A stake and stones in Daniel Brown's field. 
 . .A white limestone rock on tlie east side of an eminence. 
 A post. 
 
 A post on the west side of a hill. 
 . .Southwest angle of Van Rensselaer's manor, here fixed post and 
 
 stones. 
 A post and stones. 
 . . Noah Wheaton's. 
 . . A fence In the woods. 
 A 230st and stones. 
 . .10th transit post on top of a hill. 
 . .John Waddam's house and orchard. 
 A post and stones on top of an ascent in a field. 
 . . Samuel Hand's. 
 
 A stake and and stones on a high eminence. 
 . . A barn. 
 
 A stake and stones on the southwest descent of a hill. 
 A stake and stones on the north descent of a hill. 
 9th transit post on Richmond Mountain. 
 A stake and stones in a field. 
 . .A dry oak stump in the line. 
 
50 Berhshwe Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Miles 25 
 
 " 24 
 
 " 23 
 
 " 22 
 
 " 21 
 
 " 20 
 
 " 19 
 
 " 18 
 
 " 17 
 
 " 16 
 
 " 15 
 
 Miles 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 Daylight 
 Hill. 
 
 Miles 6 
 
 5 
 
 B. Creek 
 
 Miles 4 
 
 3 
 
 . .Dupee's barn. 
 
 . .A maple tree 15 inches in diameter, with east side in the line. 
 
 A chestnut post on level land covered with woods. 
 
 . .A. Mirey place. 
 
 A stake and stones at the east foot of an ascent. 
 
 . .8th transit post in .loseph Rowley's field. 
 
 A stake and stones in Joseph Rowley's field. 
 
 A stake and stones on the west side of a hill. 
 
 A stake and stones in a meadow. 
 
 . . Samuel Hartlewis' Hills Dale. 
 
 Stake and stones in Benjamin Newberry's field. 
 
 . .7th transit post on Indian Mountain. 
 
 A stake and stones on the top of the steepest part of an ascent. 
 
 A stake and stones on the side of a hill. 
 
 A stake and stones ou the side of a hill. 
 
 A stake and stones on the side of a hill. 
 
 A stake and stones in Crippeus field. 
 
 . .A stake and stones in W hitter's field. 
 
 = The new Albanj^ road. 
 
 = Old Abany road. 
 A pond. 
 
 Northeast corner of Livingstone's manor. 
 
 = Road from Sliefiield to Hudson. 
 . .5th transit post. 
 . .4th transit post. 
 
 . . 3d transit post. 
 
 . .Cedar Mountain. 
 
 . .Mill 
 
 . .Fork of Besheshpip [Bashbish.] 
 
 .2d transit post. Elk hill. 
 
 .Rock. 
 
 .Finkay's close. 
 
The l^Airly Botany of Berkshire. 31 
 
 Pine tree 
 
 Stump o 
 
 Miles 1 
 
 Noilli 
 
 Hill. 
 
 ,1st transit post at iiorthwtist aiigU' of the oblong. 
 Var. 5°, ;5- W. 
 
 A map of this survey, with prominent topographieal features, may be 
 found in Ne\A' York state, Eugraver.s' and Surveyors' office, No. 168. 
 
 Our next source of inforniatioti is in the records of, and the 
 remains of old saw mills and tanneries. The earliest sawmills 
 were employed mostly in sawing pine, spruce and hemlock, 
 soft boards; while hard wood was prepared for building by the 
 axe and l)road-axe. Tanneries were bnilt near a good supply of 
 hemlock. As hemlock grew most abundantly in the ravines on 
 the mountain sides and the borders and hillsides adjoining 
 mountain streams, we find the tanneries in such places, inform- 
 ing us of the former hemlock growth. 
 
 In 182"^, 60 years ago there were in 
 Adams, 10 sawmills and 3 tanneries. 
 Afford, 3 sawmills and 1 tanuer3^ 
 Becket, 5 sawmills and 1 tannery. 
 Chesliire, 8 sawmills and 1 tanner^^ 
 Clarksburg, 2 sawmills ; took bark to Adams, and much bark so'd to other 
 
 places. 
 Dalton, 5 sawmills and 2 tanneries. 
 Egremont, 5 sawmills. 
 Florida, 8 sawmills. 
 
 Great Barrington, 17 sawmills and 2 tanneries, (large ones.) 
 Hancock, 3 sawmills and 1 tannery. 
 Hinsdale, 6 sawmills and 2 tanneries. 
 Lanesboro, 4 sawmills. 
 Lee, 9 sawmills and 4 tanneries. 
 Lenox, 5 sawmills. (Town records,) — "March 14, 1767, Leather Sealer 
 
 cho.sen." 
 Mount Washington, 4 sawmills. 
 New Ashford, 2 sawmills. 
 New Marlboro, 8 sawmills. Tanneries very conunon, the town supply of 
 
 leather being their entire dependence. 
 Otis, 12 sawmills and 4 tnnueries. 
 Peru, 3 sawmills and 1 tannery 
 Pitlsfield, 9 sawmills and 1 tannery. (?) 
 Richmond, 3 sawmills and 3 tanneries, (large ones.) 
 Sandisfield, 8 sawmills and 6 tanneries, (some extensive.) 
 Sheffield, 7 sawmills and 3 tanneries, (large.) 
 
82 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Savoy, 6 sawmills. 
 
 Stockbiidge, 8 sawmills and 2 tanneries. 
 
 West 8tockbridge, 5 sawmills and 1 tannery. 
 
 Tyringliam, 7 sawmills. I?everal rake and shingle mills 
 
 Wasliington, 6 sawmills. 
 
 Williamstowu, 5 sawmills. Four or five thousand dollars worth oi' leather 
 produced per annum. 
 
 Windsor, 8 sawmills, 1 tannery, 1 bark mill and 1 shingle mill. 
 
 Total, 185 sawmills and 38 tanneries ; and much leather sold in towns with- 
 out tanneries 
 
 Let tne now give a general view of the dendrology of the 
 connty as it was when first settled. The mountain ranges on 
 the western border had marked difierences in their woods. Tlie 
 range on the west of the connty was covered with oaks, beech 
 sparingly, yellow birch, maple, chestnnt, ash, butternut, walnut 
 and some basswood. The eastern range had beech in abund- 
 ance, maple, some birch, iron wood and spruce. The southern 
 part of the county had extensive forests, with trees of large 
 size, beech, birch, maj)le and basswood. Rev. S. B. Morley 
 says he remembers seeing, sixty years ago, forests of white and 
 yellow pine and chestnuts covering large areas. They are not 
 there now. Xearly all the valleys of the county had in them 
 much pine and spruce, together with soft maple and black ash 5 
 the dryer places bearing elms ; the cold swamps and ponds, as 
 in Lanesboro' and Cheshire, where the reservoir is now, bore 
 Hacmetacs, as also in Becket around the swamps and Negro- 
 pond in Stockbridge. Along all streams grew the alder, and 
 in most of the mountain ravines, much hemlock. 
 
 As pines grow best in disintegrated granite rocks, or in a soil 
 of gneiss, mica slate and granite and a diluvium of sand formed 
 from them, and as there was much of this in Berkshire, it had 
 extensive pine forests. 
 
 White oaks will grow in many soils, but prefer moderately 
 high, moist and loamy soils in sheltered places and on the 
 southern slope of hills. Chestnuts require a similar soil, grow- 
 ing mostly on the eastern and southern side of mountain 
 ranges. As chestnuts, when cut down, start anew from the 
 stump, we know our trees of to-day stand on the graves of 
 their progenitors. But in many places the oaks in our county 
 cover ground once occupied by pines. Squirrels have been 
 
TJie Early Botany of Berkshire. 33 
 
 largely the caiLsc of this. Somewhere in the vicinity of the 
 oaks grew pines ; under them, among their roots were dry and 
 covered jilaces in which the scpiirrels laid np their winter store 
 of acorns ; kept from moisture they did not germinate till the 
 pines were cut down, when moisture and decay of the pine 
 roots gave favorable opportunities to the acorns to enter upon 
 their growing possessions. In quite a different way pines gain 
 a foothold ; and in like manner the birches. The seeds are 
 borne by the winds on to cleared lands, and speedily taking 
 root, grow and soon reconvert the land into a forest. Hence 
 many young forests are not of the same kind of trees as were 
 growing there in the early settlement of the county. Gener- 
 ally, when no other species are near to scattar their seeds, oaks 
 and pines are their own successors, but not as luxuriant as be- 
 fore or as would be another kind. 
 
 Let me give a more minute account beginning with Adams, 
 now two towns. 
 
 The early flora of Adams, including the valley and moun- 
 tain ranges on east side, has offered wide scope for botanists, 
 since the altitude of Greylock gives the town more than an or- 
 dinary range of climate. Open spaces, caused by ledges and 
 landslides ; places protected from the winds on one side, and 
 places exposed to the winds on the other side, give roothold to 
 various species of plants and shrubs not often found elsewhere 
 in the county. 
 
 Except at the summit and along the ravines and streams, the 
 woo.ds are mostly deciduous. Spruce at the to}) and hemlock 
 along the base. Along the course of the Hoosic were spruce, 
 hemlock, tamerack intergrown with soft maple, swamp ash, 
 shrub birch, hornbeam, black alder and some nine kinds of 
 willows. Back on the lower slopes of the mountain range were 
 white, spice and yellow birch, red oak and shrub oak, elm, 
 sugar and black maple. Still higher up the sides of the moun- 
 tain i-ange were beech, yellow birch, ash and ironwood. Where 
 is now the village of E"orth Adams, there was a forest of pine 
 with white oaks among them ; the only pine forest within a 
 radius of some miles. The pines were quickly cut and used 
 for lumber. ISText, the sawmills were supplied with logs of 
 
34 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 spruce and hemlock ; the outer cuts, or slahs, some of which 
 were used in making sheds and cabins to such an amount as to 
 give tlie growing village the name of Slab city. The timl^er 
 growing on the range of mountains, east of the Hoosic river, 
 was almost wholly without evergreens, save in the ravines and 
 in the very moist places. 
 
 Prof. Dewey searched the town for species and named several 
 as having their habitat on and al)out Greylock. For instance, 
 Kew England sedge ; a variety of this he named C. Emmonsii, 
 for Prof. Emmons, of Williamstown. C. Ilitchcockiana is 
 found on the same mountain, named by Prof. Dewey to honor 
 his friend Prof. Hitchcock of Amherst College. 
 
 As the sedges had not then been very fully studied, Prof. 
 Dewey had an ample field for examination ; and the fact that 
 sedges grow in moist places where ponds and rivers in their 
 overflow prevent timber growth, and that open spaces on hill- 
 sides and mountain tops, open to sunshine, make their roothold 
 secure, made it possible for him to investigate them long l)efore 
 the axe had cleared the land for their more extensive growth. 
 
 The Aster Acuminatus, (white scaled aster) he found on the 
 mountain ; probaljly it is a depauperate variety found on the 
 White Mountains of New Ilamjjshire. 
 
 Abies Fraseri, (double balsam fir) is found on Greylock, 
 called the Canada Balsam or the Balm of Gilead Fir, and, like 
 the common balsam has blisters on the Ijark, from which the 
 well known balsam is drawn. 
 
 Many others are mentioned l)y him as found about Greylock, 
 but as they are found elsewhere, we do not enumerate them. 
 
 The town of Becket had its 26,(K)0 acres covered mostly with 
 hemlock and spruce, on a surface hilly, broken and rocky, and 
 in a soil cold, hard and devoid, for the most ]3art, of clay or 
 sand. Hemlock predominated, and two tanneries used much 
 of the bark, while six or eight sawmills transformed the logs 
 into lumber. Kext in order was the spruce, also furnishing 
 lumber and shingles for market. Since the Boston & Albany 
 railroad commenced running, for many years four thousand 
 cords of wood were annuallj^ sold to the company at the first 
 what was left of the soft woods, after the sawmills had their 
 
The Early Botany of Berkshire. 35 
 
 poi-tion ; later hard wood, till coal took the place of wood for 
 railroad fuel. 
 
 Maple, beech, birch, ash and alder around the ponds and 
 along the small streams, with here and there a black cherry, 
 constituted the bulk of the deciduous trees, 
 
 A hemlock forest is not often its own successor when cleared 
 bj axe and fire. Sometimes where only the large trees are cut 
 and the small ones left, a second growth, so-called, may be 
 found. A spruce forest will also recover itself sometimes, if a 
 few old trees are left on the windward side of a cleared field as 
 seeds from the old trees will be carried some distance bv the 
 wind and f alKng on the soil take root. But this second growth, 
 which in a few places has been cut off, was not tall and large 
 like the original forest. In cleared pasture lauds spruce some- 
 times obtains a foothold when all other trees fail, because the 
 sheep will eat all the young growth of other trees. A walk 
 through the sheep fed pastures of our mountain towns will 
 suggest this fact to any thoughtful observer. 
 
 The trees that have succeeded the evergreen in Beeket and 
 are now growing are maple and white birch, whose seeds are 
 easily carried to a distance by the Avind, much more so than the 
 beechnuts, which, in some places, remain ungathered by squir- 
 rels or swine, and, protected by the leaves that fall later, take 
 root and extend to quite a beech forest. 
 
 Adams and Beeket, as above described, may serve, perhaps, 
 as fair and average examples of the changes which more than a 
 hundred years of civilization has wrought in the dondrology of 
 Berkshire county. 
 
Prof. Albert Hopkins. 
 
 BY PEESIDENT JOHN BASCOM. 
 
ALB1^:KT HOPKINS. 
 
 The two l>rotliers, Mark and Albert Hopkins, s})cnt their 
 lives within the limits of Berkshire county. Born in Stock- 
 bridge, a leading historical centre of the county, they removed 
 in early manhood to Williamstown, a second centre, whose his- 
 tory they helped still further to unfold and enrich. 
 
 Albert Hopkins was graduated at Williams College in 1820 
 at the early age of nineteen. He received the appointment of 
 tutor in 1827; and after two years of service, the further ap- 
 pointment of professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. 
 In this position he spent his life. When he had been twelve 
 years professor, he was married to Louisa Payson, daughter of 
 Dr. Payson of Portland, a woman of unusual attainments. In 
 the later portion of her life, she suffered extremely from ner- 
 vous prostration. The tender and unwearied personal atten- 
 tion which she received from Prof. Hopkins were very note- 
 worthy. 
 
 His son and only child was in college at the opening of the 
 war of the rebellion. In his senior year he aided in recruiting 
 the 1st Massachusetts Calvary, and went to the front wath it as 
 first lieutenant. The regiment was under the command of 
 Gen. Sheridan. In a raid upon Ashland, in rear of the con- 
 federate arm}^, young Hopkins fell at the very opening of his 
 career. Considerably later, his body was recovered and brought 
 to Williamstown. Lieutenant Llopkins was active, cool and 
 courageous, and helped, in the tlush of youth, to make up that 
 price, so great, yet not too gi-eat, by which this nation bought 
 back its national life, having let it slip in its eagerness for gain 
 and remissness in duty. 
 
 Albert Hopkins was diverse in physical tendencies from his 
 brother, Mark. Mark was somewhat sluggish, while Albert 
 was exceedingly active and full of vigor. The more eager 
 
• 40 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 temperament gave way first in the race of life. Prof. Hopkins 
 died in 18T2 at the age of sixty -five. 
 
 Prof. Hopkins, as an instructor, helped to give Williams that 
 inclination toward natural history which has characterized the 
 college. He organized natural history expeditions, and huilt 
 the Astronomical Observatory. This observatory was for a 
 long time supposed by the friends of Williams to be the first 
 erected in this country. Further inquiry, however, has shown 
 that North Carolina — an unexpected rival — was in the field 
 somewhat earlier. His visit to Europe in search of apparatus 
 and a better knowledge of methods, manifested, considering the 
 time at which it occurred, unusual enterprise and interest in his 
 pursuits. As a teacher. Prof. Hopkins showed a good deal of 
 repressed enthusiasm. Indeed, he often made the impression 
 of a large reserve of feeling, rarely allowed expression. H a 
 vent was given, there was sometimes a rather unexpected spirt 
 of steam. He compelled the student to recite from his own 
 I'esources with very little suggestion. At times the superficial 
 student, having delivered himself at length of his ideas on the 
 subject, heard, M'ith no small confusion, identically the same 
 question asked of the pupil next called up. There was nothing 
 m the professor's method to encourage invention ; indeed, 
 mathematics and physics, unlike metaphysics, are unfavorable 
 to originality. Herein in part lay the secret of the difi'erence 
 between the two brothers as instructors and thinkers. One who 
 is plodding along the highway of facts must take shorter and 
 more sober steps than one who is mounting by ideas into the 
 airy regions of speculation. The movement of Prof. Hopkins 
 in speech, in the recitation-room and elsewhere, was ordinarily 
 so deliberate and grave as to hide the heat and the enthusiasm 
 of his very earnest mind. 
 
 He made the most of meagre apparatus, and was much 
 pleased with the exactitude of any result. I remeinber, in a 
 lecture on Physics, he once had occasion to fill a tube whose 
 lower end was immersed in a tub of brackish water. He asked 
 a classmate to assist him. The student went at the task with 
 much good-w^U, and, as a result, soon found his mouth filled 
 with stagnant water, which he disgorged to the no small amuse- 
 
Profes.-ior Albert Ropkhifi. 41 
 
 ineut (if tlie rest of us. Our satislactiou was not diiniuislicd by 
 the (]uiet way in wliicli tlio [)rofoss()r said to liiiii, '' Yuu should 
 have removed your mouth soouer.*" 
 
 Prof". Hopkius was ])re-euiiuent]y a reliii,'ious uiau. Relii^'ion 
 was his department in coHe^'e Hfe, and iu it lie had no compet- 
 itor. A sustained, inner, spiritual enthusiasm belonged to him 
 which many enjoyed, but few, indeed, were able to fan. The 
 words of the Psalmist were most descriptive of his life: While 
 I was musing, tlie fire burned. For forty years and more, lie 
 was, in a very unusual way, the centre of the religious life of 
 Williams College. Many in that period received from liim the 
 most etficient and controlling s])iritual impulses of tlieir lives; 
 and many are ready to testify that when in search of a perfect 
 and upright man, their thoughts most immediately revert to 
 him. This real excellence of character, this glory of a Chris- 
 tian manhood, this extended and benign intiuence, exei-ted Math 
 no peculiar vantage-ground of position, entitle him to our re- 
 membrance, and make every tribute a blessing to him whose 
 soul prompts him to render it, I am confident that the grad- 
 uates of Williams College have, for many years, gladly united 
 in all words of honest recognition, and find them only too few 
 to express their obligations, or to measure their esteem. 
 
 The events of his life were of an ordinary grade, and left no 
 record liehind them. His character only was extraordinary. 
 This made his years excellent; as the perfume of flowers, the 
 days of spring. 
 
 If we understand l»y faith the mind's hold of invisi])le things, 
 the vigor with which it realizes them, the constancy with which 
 it spreads them before its inner vision, the steadiness and clear- 
 ness with which it shapes daily action under them and for them, 
 then faith was the pre-eminent characteristic of Prof. Hopkins. 
 His changes of religious life seemed to be but the modified ex- 
 pression of one absoring conviction — expression suited to the 
 variable sympathies and shifting external conditions which he 
 found about him. 
 
 When the revival came, it did not appear to be to him so 
 much a revival, as the breathing of fresh hopes to an anxious 
 and waiting spirit — the giving air to fires that had been sup- 
 
42 Berkshire Historical and ScientiJiG Society. 
 
 pressed, but not sinotliered, by the heavy, shiggish atmosphere 
 about tliem. In 1832, lie establislied in college a noon prayer- 
 meeting, of a half hour, held on four days of the week. This 
 was maintained by him for about forty years. It was the most 
 firm, persistent and steadily influential means of religious life 
 that I have ever had occasion to observe. Its conception and 
 execution were possible only to a spiritual temper and light that 
 never burned dim. ITpheld by mere strength of will, such 
 meetings would have become wearisome, painful, and utterly 
 unfruitful; as the offspring of life, they gave life. Any new 
 accession of religious feeling was always heralded by an in- 
 crease in numbers in the noon meeting, by clearer and more 
 flashing light in the deep-set eye of the professor, and more 
 trumpet tones in his commanding voice. We felt at once that 
 an earnest soul, the soul of a watchman, was being awakened 
 and emboldened by the j^romise of a coming good. This stead- 
 fastness of faith, this belief of the soul in its own, this holding 
 on to the invisible ways of holiness, — traveling them in soli- 
 tude, or with a joyful multitude, as he was able, — this was the 
 first and great fact in the religious life and character of Prof. 
 Hopkins. 
 
 The doctrines held by Prof. Hopkins were those of the Con- 
 gregational church ; with no peculiar emphasis, so far as I am 
 aware, laid upon any one of them. He was liberal in spirit, 
 not disposed to insist upon dogma, and, with quiet apprecia- 
 tion, termed the fiock which he himself had gathered, " The 
 Church of Christ in the White Oaks." The creed and cove- 
 nant of this church were prepared by him during his last sick- 
 ness : " The following statements are believed to be both scrip- 
 tural and of vital interest. As such, they are commended to 
 the prayerful consideration of Christians of whatever name. 
 
 1. A church is a body of believers, voluntarily associated in 
 the name of Christ, to show forth his praise, and to increase their 
 own power Ijoth of receiving and doing good. 
 
 2. Love to Christ is the only essential prerequisite to an ac- 
 ceptable public profession of faith in Him. ' If thou believest 
 with all thine heart, thou mayest.' 
 
 3. Baptism in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, 
 
Professor Albert Hopkins. 43 
 
 admits tlie believer to the Christian church, and entitles him to 
 all its privileo'cs and blessings. Mle that believeth and is bap- 
 tized, shall be saved.' 
 
 4. Church fellowship may not be abridged by local churches 
 within limits narrower than those sanctioned by Christ and the 
 example of the apostles. ' Who art thou that judgest another 
 man's servant T 
 
 5. A regard to the above precepts would recommend great 
 sim])licity in our forms of admission to the church, and caution 
 in the multiplication of technical and doctrinal tests. ' Destroy 
 not him with thy meat, for whom Christ died.' Under the im- 
 pression of the above truths, the church in the White Oaks was 
 formed, and its covenant adopted. The church was organized 
 December 20, 1868, and is now enjoying special tokens of the 
 divine presence and favor. Should the form of the subjoined 
 covenant be generally adopted, or some equivalent form, not 
 much more or less inclusive, it is believed that sectarianism and 
 denominational differences would gradually subside, and, in the 
 end, quite disappear. ' One Lord, one faith, one baptism,' 
 would not be an unmeaning ideal, but would express, as it did 
 for a time, the happy experience of a church, one in name, one 
 in aim, one in the experience of its inward life, and substan- 
 tially one in its outward form," 
 
 There came, from his unusually vivid realization of spiritual 
 facts, an appreciable charactei*, a distinct and peculiar glow, to 
 his words, which separated him from other men. He was a re- 
 vivalist, not of the demonstrative, but of the earnest and direct 
 kind. The supernatural — meaning thereby the immediate, 
 manifest and sudden intervention of the Spirit — had large pos- 
 session of his thoughts and language. A tinge of belief — 
 which hardly took the form of explicit statement, and was none 
 the less effective for that reason — pertaining to the early second 
 coming of Christ, would flash over his speech, and light it up 
 with a sudden intensity, as if a rent in the future had disclosed 
 startling facts to him and he felt at liberty to announce that 
 great things were at hand. He had the power, in a very un- 
 usual degree, of imparting a tendency and temper to what he 
 said quite beyond the statement contained in the words them- 
 
44r Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 selves. Thus attention was never turned to this dogma, of the 
 coming of Cln-ist, as a probal)le or improbable belief; yet, by 
 language which hardly amounted to an affirmation, an intense, 
 vivid, portentous coloring was given to the relations we hold 
 with the spiritual world about us and before us. A sudden 
 and great work ceased to be strange and unexpected under his 
 clear anticipation ; and the mind fell easily nnder the influence 
 and guidance of one who seemed to have such a spiritual affin- 
 ity with invisible and forthcoming events. 
 
 It was this pre-occupation of the imagination, even more 
 than the thoughts, with the things of the kingdom, which 
 made him a revivalist, and capable of creating impressions 
 which it was difficult to translate into words, and not always 
 easy to turn into rational, well-advised action. Indeed, the 
 word, rational, bore no very frequent or very large burden in 
 the religious experience or instruction of Prof. Hopkins. While 
 utterly free from all superficial and fictitious practice, while 
 thoroughly and forever permeated with one living impulse, he 
 took but a secondary hold on natural law, and went straight 
 and constantl}' to divine grace for his motives, means and sup- 
 plies. 
 
 There is here room for diversity of experience and div^ersity 
 of belief. The overflowing impression of the supernatural 
 which belongs to the revivaHst may be initiatory of the truest 
 life, but hardly by abiding in its fii'st character. It must calm 
 itself do^vn into distinct, common-jjlace duties ; it must take up 
 the burdens laid upon us by natural law ; it must find life and 
 salvation everywdiere, till, here as there and now as then, it 
 shall live and move and have its being — its daily being — in 
 God. I can distinctly recall whirlwinds of impression, in my 
 early religious life, wdiicli were not in this way husbanded, 
 which did little more than fill the air with dust. Forty days of 
 delay and wonder were too much for the Israelites ; they made 
 a golden calf to consume time and give vent to feeling. Prof. 
 Hopkins' supernaturalism was wholesome to his own mind, for 
 he abounded in plain, daily work ; it was healthy to many other 
 minds, for a like patient, fruitful spirit has been again and 
 again called out by it ; still, it gave little place to a type of 
 
Professor Albert Hopkins. 45 
 
 Cliristian character wliicli will increase as the glory of God 
 shines forth more and more through his creation. The king- 
 dom is not to come so much by rejection as by incorporation ; 
 not so much by creation as by redemption. 
 
 Prof. Hopkins was always liberal, more than usually so, in 
 the support of stated benevolences. Foreign missions were 
 much to him, directly and indirectly. The student contemplat- 
 ing this labor found peculiarly warm sympathy and counsel in 
 him ; the missionary returning from it, tarried with him, and 
 was by liim introduced to the college. But, like all positive 
 Chi'istians, he sought opportunities for more personal and direct 
 effort — for the best ex])enditure of his own power in its living, 
 lively form. This led him early in life fo a wide range of mis- 
 sionary labor in neighboring districts, and, later, to the estab- 
 lishment and maintenance of a chapel in "White Oaks. 
 
 White Oaks is a peculiar region and was possessed of a pecu- 
 liar people. It lies on the border of Vermont and Massachu- 
 setts, and not far from the boundary of New York. It stretches 
 along the slopes that hem in Broad Brook, a stream of ideal 
 beauty, pouring down from the Vermont mountains. It has a 
 warm exposure to the south, but is cursed with as stony a soil 
 as was ever termed arable. It early became a refuge for col- 
 ored people escaping service in New' York, and for others 
 whose misfortunes called for a kindred kind of safety. Its in- 
 habitants thus became a very motley grou]), with a decided 
 tendency to moral and physical degi'adation. Efforts for its 
 renovation accomplished but little. The people gave a curious 
 rather than interested attendance at meetings held in the school 
 house, and, after two or three gatherings, dissolved away in 
 sheer weariness. The impressions made were exceedingly 
 slio;ht and fu^'itive. The inhabitants were not without reliff- 
 ions notions, but they were of a variable, divisive and absurd 
 character. They had an idea that they were good judges of 
 preaching, and that they must have the very best or none ; and 
 the very best differed, in its results with them, little from none. 
 It became plain to the professor, that if this region was to be 
 renovated, the effort must be more systematic and permanent. 
 This led him to build in 1 866 a chapel, and to establish a 
 
46 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 church with stated services. He preaclied the dedicatory ser- 
 mon from tlie text : For the Lord will comfort Ziou ; He will 
 comfort all her waste places, and He will make her wilderness 
 like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the Lord. The 
 success of this project affords an excellent illustration of the 
 power stored up in one life, which a system of general benevo- 
 lence often overlooks. The nearer one's work is to him, the 
 more efficient and blessed is it. If remote, organized missionry 
 labors are to the church a substitute for private, direct effort, 
 they may easily be an injury to it. Yet, this is hardly more 
 than a form of admonition. There is no such tendency in mis- 
 sionary labor to divert attention. He who is earnest in giving 
 will be earnest in doing; and the doing is his most immediate 
 stewardship. Prof. Hopkins was greatly interested in efforts 
 to be made for the establishment of a direct mission in Sontli 
 America. This form of private effort has especially prospered 
 in Germany, and acquires an apostolic character which is too 
 liable to be lost in a great organization. Frederick Hicks, 
 undei' the encouragement and aid of Prof. Hopkins, spent 
 some years in Panama and the neighboring region in an effort 
 to plant such a mission ; but his health early failed him, and 
 the results were not permanent. 
 
 Prof. Hopkins, l)y his acknowledged zeal and power, became 
 the centre of revival influences in the town as well as in the col- 
 lege. He came to the front as a matter of course, whenever 
 there was an earnest, working mood. Yet, this leadership was 
 tacit, quiet, without friction or ol)8ervation. It fell to him be- 
 cause it w^as in and of him ; and no one felt in a religious meet- 
 ing that he knew the finality, — what was to be hoped — till 
 Prof. Hopkins had spoken. 
 
 In exhortation and preaching, his chief characteristic wasposi- 
 tiveness of feeling, sustained l)y clear realization and vivid im- 
 agination. This produced sudden outbursts of assertion that at 
 once swept away all indifference and opposition. For spas- 
 modic power, that shot out instantly from the depths of con- 
 viction, he was unsurpassed by any whom I have ever known. 
 It was not sustained argument, it was not j)i'oportionate, pre- 
 pared eloquence ; it was a sudden leap of the soul toward truth, 
 
Profc'H-sor AlheH Hopkins. 47 
 
 startliiii!: and awakeiiiuii; all who Ix'licld it, that made him a 
 prophet from another world. Prof. Hopkins was, at one time, 
 in the habit of holding a Thnrsday evening lecture or exposi- 
 tion in his study. Tlis choice of l)Ooks often disclosed his pre- 
 dominant tendencies. Among these was lievelation. Its bold 
 imagery, its indefinite suggest! veness, the free range it offers to 
 the })ui-ely religious and supernatural impulse, seem all to have 
 draM'n him toward it. It is full of that glowing prophetic ele- 
 ment he delighted in, that strong, undefined inliuence with 
 which the spiritual world, in its disclosure, overshadows the 
 mind. lie came in his exposition to the fourteenth chapter, 
 in which a new song is spoken of, belonging to the redeemed 
 of the earth, and which cannot l)e sung by others. This fact 
 laid instant hold of his heart. He raised his voice, lifted his 
 hand, and put the inquiry in the most startling way : " And 
 why couldn't they sing that song?" Waiting for a moment for 
 the difficulties of the question to get possession of our minds, 
 he dropped his hand and lowered his voice in solemn, final af- 
 firmation, making answer: "Because they coijldn't." By the 
 mere force of his own feeling he carried over an answer border- 
 ing on the ridiculous into the sublime. ]S'o reason could have 
 so convinced us of the folly of any unredeemed spirit meddling 
 with that song. We felt at once, as the speaker felt, that it 
 was and could be only the outgush of a purified, regenerated 
 soul. Prof. Hopkins did not argue mucli with men ; but swept 
 them on by the visions of his spirit and his tide of conviction. 
 
 The Old Testament, and Old Testament characters, had 
 strong possession of his mind. He loved the concrete more 
 than the abstract; and these early events and persons — -the 
 sci'ipture narrative turning so exclusively on the religious im- 
 pulse — gave free play to his sentiment and imagination. Shortly 
 before his death he gave a protracted series of evening dis- 
 courses on the history of David, wonderful for their life-like 
 effects. He seemed to move in those remote, dark regions, in 
 reference to wdiicli our impressions are often made only the 
 more vague and unreal l)y early and constant familiarity, as one 
 wdio held a powerful light, casting its concentrate beam before 
 him. He had only to direct it to this and that person, and in- 
 
48 Bei'ks/iire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 staiitly tliey rose out of the shadow, the lineaments and passions 
 of life full upon them. Doeg, Joal), Asaliel, Abner, David 
 himself, took new possession of the mind, calling forth fresh 
 feelings of like or dislike. There were no scholarly deductions, 
 no learned exegesis, l)ut a quick seeing and lively sympathy, by 
 which we felt and saw as for the lirst time. The personifying 
 power by which the sliadowy becomes real and substantial, — a 
 new adjustment of lenses, casting a l)old, clear image on the 
 canvas, — belonged in a high degree to Prof. Hopkins. David 
 was an intimate friend of his, — -one with whom he had gone 
 through many a hard struggle, — and so he became to us, as long 
 as he spoke of him. There w^as something in the personal ap- 
 j)earance of Prof. Hopkins, especially later in life, which served 
 to heighten this impression. He had a prophet's face and 
 bearing, with a sharp, overshadowed eye, bold features, inclined 
 in expression to strength and sei'enity, and a floM'ing white 
 beard. Tall, erect and firmly knit, — in my college days there 
 were fabulous stories in circulation among us of his physical 
 strength — he seemed no inferior image of Elijah, able, like 
 hini, to rebuke kings, or gird himself and run l)efore their 
 swiftest chariots. 
 
 The imaginative element in Prof. Hopkins was of a dramatic 
 cast; it took hold on action and terse speech. It was never ef- 
 feminate or merely pictorial. His characters were in earnest, 
 and came before us in their striking attitudes. Connected with 
 this, there was a peculiar relish for proper names. The hard 
 words of the Old Testament seemed to have a certain flavor in 
 his mouth, and he delighted to give them an emphatic utter- 
 ance, as if he marshalled thereby so many men and places be- 
 fore us. This seems due to an easy power of personification by 
 which a name, partly through direct association, still more ]jy 
 an acquired, representative power, comes to stand for a person, 
 and readily restores the familiar image. Thus Dickens is ever 
 playing in fancy wdth his proper names, and they had for him, 
 and soon come to have for the reader, a symbolic force. The 
 richness of a proper name to us, at least of one on which either 
 the historic or creative imagination has had any opportunity to 
 work, is often a test of our powers of realization. 
 
Professor Albert Hopkins. 49 
 
 Prof. Hopkins' force sprang- so purely from within, that his 
 delivery was often sluggish when the inner vision was not be- 
 fore him. His composition was always concise, and his words 
 chosen with unusual skill, but he proceeded in speaking very 
 slowly, till the prophetic gift came upon him. His discour- 
 ses, therefore, through well composed, were very unequal in 
 their practical effects. He did not seem to address himself 
 to audiences and external circumstances. He was not the 
 orator of occasions and large assemblies, unless the topic was 
 surcharged with spiritual power. Though he possessed thor- 
 oughly good intellectual powers, he owed more to his spiritual 
 endowments than to these. We should hardly have dwelt 
 long on the form of the cloud, had it not been suffused with 
 so heavenly a light. 
 
 Perfect as he was in Christian character, he was not less com- 
 plete, or rather, he was therefore complete, in manly qualities. 
 Few men command the same universal respect and regard. His 
 integrity was affirmed with an oath in the lowest circles. No- 
 body was willing to acknowledge that he had dropped so far as 
 to distrust Prof. Hopkins. It became a passion to praise him. 
 He owed this regard of the poor to his constant regard for 
 them. He was Christian and democratic, if democratic is writ- 
 ten without a capital, by his settled instincts and cherished pur- 
 poses. There was neither cold seclusion nor diffidence in his 
 intercourse with any. He passed from one grade of society to 
 another with the utmost freedom. With quiet composure, as a 
 matter of course, he conversed with the most intelligent, or led 
 the least intelligent. He was not embarrassed by any ; neither 
 did he embarrass any. His dignity was always present, and 
 never asserted itself. He thought not of himself, but only, in 
 the simplest most direct way, of the work before him. Of a 
 truly popular, yet always elevating influence, no better example 
 has ever been presented to me. He owed this quiet, constant 
 and universal control to several causes. 
 
 In the first place, his influence and labor were primarily and 
 consistently Christian. Whatever may be thought of the 
 human heart, it soon gives way to pure Cln-istian love — more 
 quickly than to any other aggressive agent. Such love pro- 
 
50 Berhshire Historical and Soientijic Society. 
 
 vokes less passion, and calls forth more affection than any other 
 thoroughly militant sentiment. With Prof. Hopkins this lead- 
 ing purpose enclosed all others; and those who warred with 
 him must war with the tenderness and constancy of a Christian 
 life, ]^o man did it long. He was also liheral. The poor re- 
 ceived much sympathy and aid from him. He gave without 
 instituting a too close inquiry into the past history which made 
 giving necessary. He was thus able to do more for the re- 
 demption of a life to whose innnediate demands he had not lent 
 a deaf ear. Plain in dress, simple in his manner of living, and 
 with active, outdoor habits, there was very little, either in his 
 appearance or action, to estrange him from any class of citizens. 
 He sympathized with the social, reformatory spirit, in many of 
 its bearings warmly so; yet he did not give special effort to any 
 of these secondary agencies. He seemed rather to feel that he 
 had found his labor elsewhei'e, and must cling closely to the 
 chief interests of the kingdom. This one line of action, as- 
 sumed under his own conviction, met ever diminishing opposi- 
 tion ; the as])erity begotten of new views and sj^ccial reforms 
 did not attach to him. His efforts, in kind, connnanded gen- 
 eral approval, and, in degree, general admiration. In manners 
 he held an even and nice balance. He M^as hardly reserved ; 
 yet there was never in word or action any abandon — he did not 
 connnit himself to men. However gay and pleasant the society 
 in which he was moving, his spirits were only enlivened, and 
 not made giddy. Few. indeed, have had so little occasion to 
 regret words, that, evading the oversight of reason, had escaped 
 tliem unawares. He always preserved the same earnest, quiet, 
 appreciative temper, that without checking hilarity was not it- 
 self hilarious. He would at this point have fallen off" a little 
 from perfect lovability and good fellowship, had it not been for 
 some compensating and exceedingly graceful endowments. 
 There was frecpiently a sly humor in his words, wdiich at once 
 assured you of his thorough relish of imiocent mirth, and set you 
 at rest on that point. His nature was also enriched l)y a decided 
 poetic vein and asthetic culture. The college grounds owed 
 most of their adornments to him, and his own home became a 
 nook of secluded beauty. He instituted an Alpine club, niore 
 
Professor Albert ITojjJcins. 51 
 
 especially for young women, and deliglited to traverse with it 
 the nionntains, seek out their pictnres(^ue ]>oints, and give their 
 leading isnnniiits names of historic or poetic interest. It was a 
 pleasure to him to own some of the rough soil of Wliite Oaks, 
 amuse his thoughts with its possible development, and give the 
 salient features designations quite in anticipation of results. 
 His poetic fancies and dreams brought but little embarrassment 
 to his common-place labors, and only flashed out of him now 
 and then, in a few suggestive words, for the delight of those to 
 whom he entrusted these visions. So we gather violets in the 
 nooks of a field just broken for grain. An imaginative senti- 
 ment danced gaily in and out among his sober thoughts, as a 
 sombre day is cheered and lightened by streaks of sunshine. 
 This was in some respects one of the best victories of his faith ; 
 that religion, though it might become terribly earnest with 
 him, united itself always to a cheerful, enjoyable life. His 
 " Steep Acres " — the charity of a name hiding those flinty, pre- 
 cipitous flanks he owned in White Oaks — were made merry 
 from time to time by a band at work in his missionary potato 
 field; or lathing a new tenement; or, by his Sunday School 
 teachers, gathered for a "sugar-ofl"." 
 
 Karely has Christian character been so purely, harmoniously 
 and beautifully knit together ; rarely has it been able so directly 
 and persuasively and convincingly to commend itself to every 
 beholder. The problem of Christian life found in Prof. Hop- 
 kins a full and happy solution. He was more remarkable for 
 what he was, than for anything which he said or did. He was 
 very little indebted to external circumstances for his influence. 
 A thousand lives of equal opportunity and exterior interest are 
 lapsing, almost fruitless, about us. One controlling Christian 
 impulse pushed forward, and held in check, all his powers ; and 
 the symmetry and beauty and strength of character became, ob- 
 viously to all, the fruit of this interior spiritual life. He thus 
 was one through whom Christ brings life and immortality to 
 light ; one through whom he speaks to the world, and offers it 
 the most immediate guidance, the bi-ightest, most consolatory 
 hopes. It is in looking with clear vision on such a character 
 that we are able to see redemption possible — redemption from 
 
52 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 the perplexities, futilities, wretched failures, wretched successes, 
 of ordinary living. Annoyed by no petty ambitions, distressed 
 by no transient discouragements, he enclosed his own life in the 
 s|3iiitual life of the world, and waited in quiet hopefulness on 
 the kingdom of his Heavenly Father. Men, some brilliant in 
 action, some daring in thought, but with blood full of the fret- 
 ful fever of the world, may well seek correction, repose, en- 
 couragement under the shadow of this calm, serene spirit. The 
 flow of his daily action, like quiet, clear waters, was good, and 
 carried good wherever it went ; beauty was in it, and it minis- 
 tered to the beauty and life of the world. The peace of his 
 spirit was not apathy ; it was victory. Strong passions nestled 
 in him, and great trials overtook him, — as the loss of his only 
 child, Lieutenant Hopkins, in the war of the rebellion, — but 
 the even tenor of his action was never disturbed by them. In 
 an intimacy of many years, I recall but one instance in which I 
 thought an unjust sentiment found expression in him, and, as 
 my own feelings were then decidedly adverse to the conclusion 
 reached, I may have partially misjudged him. 
 
 There is nothing in human history more profoundly interest- 
 ing than these victories of love, this rendering into life of the 
 precepts of life. When God sends an apostle, we crave the 
 wisdom to see him, the power to be inspired by him. How 
 large a chapter in Grecian history is illumed by Socrates ; in 
 Roman history, by Marcus Aurelius. Though Christianity has 
 made the philosophy of living far more familiar to us, no place 
 nor time can well spare one of its clear lights. Such a light to 
 many college generations was Prof. Albert Hopkins. Wher- 
 ever else the alumni of Williams College may wander in search 
 of great men, their eyes will turn lovingly to him as their best 
 type of Christian manhood. 
 
sketches of the early 
 Ministers of Windsor 
 
 By Prof. JOHN L. T. PHILLIPS. 
 
EAKLY MINlSTP:ii8 OF WINDSOK. 
 
 DAVID AVERY. 
 
 The first minister of Windsor, then Gageboro', in honor of 
 Gov. Gage, and till 1778, when the name was changed by the 
 General Court upon the petition of the people, was David 
 Avery. He was a native of that part of Norwich, Conn, now 
 forming the town of P^ranklin. He was of Scotcli descent and 
 respeetabl}^ connected, l)eing a cousin of the Rev. Dr. E. D. 
 Grilfin. He was converted at the age of twenty, under the 
 preacliing of Whitfield ; was graduated at Yale College in 
 1769 ; studied theology with Rev. Dr. Wheelock, president of 
 Dartmouth College, with whom he had fitted for college, and 
 was ordained 29th of August, 1771, as missionary to the Oneida 
 Indians, having for his colleague the Rev. Samuel Kirkland. He 
 was soon disabled, however, by a fall upon the ice, returned to 
 New England and was settled over a church of ten membei's at 
 Gage1)oro\ March 25, 1773, — a little more than a year after the 
 incorporation of the town. Here he I'emained, to the great 
 satisfaction of the people, until the war of the revolution broke 
 out. Ten members were added to the church during his stay. 
 When the tidings of the Lexington fight reached Gageboro' 
 the inhabitants came together, chose Mr. Avery their captain, 
 and to the imml)er of twenty, set out for Northampton, on Sat- 
 urday, the third day after the fight. There they kept the Sab- 
 bath and attended church, Mr. Averj- preaching in the after- 
 noon from Nell. 4:14. They reached Cambridge the next Sat- 
 urday', and on Sunday Dr. Langdon, president of Harvard Col- 
 lege, preached to the army in the morning on a stage erected in 
 the college area and Mr. Avery repeated his war sermon in the 
 afternoon. He received a commission as chaplain in the regu- 
 lar army, dated April 18, 1776, and served till March, 1780— 
 
56 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 nearly through tlie war, participating in its most trying scenes 
 and vohniteering at times to stand npon guard or to take a 
 nmsket and join in the tight. lie \vas settled at Bennington, 
 Vt., May 3, 1780, and dismissed June 17, 1783; was settled 
 again at Wrentham May 25, 178(5, and dismissed after much 
 difficulty and many councils April 21, 1794. He continued to 
 preach to a congregation at North Wi-entham till 1797, where a 
 church was formed in 1795. lie removed to Mansfield, Comi., 
 and lived upon a farm belonging to his wife; preaching in va- 
 cant churches and performing missionary labors under the di- 
 rection of the Massachusetts Domestic Missionary Society, 
 which issued its first connnission to him. He married in 1772, 
 Miss Hannah Chaplin, daughter of Dea. Benjamin Chaplin of 
 Mansfield, by whom he had three daughters and one son. He 
 gathered a new church and society in a part of Mansfield, now 
 Chajilin and preached to them for several years. While on a 
 visit to his youngest daughter in Virginia, in 1817, he received 
 and accepted a unanimous call to settle at Middletown in tliat 
 state, but was taken sick with typhus fever and died upon the 
 week of his intended installation, Feb. 16, 1818, in his 72d 
 year. 
 
 Mr. Avery was a tall, portly man of commanding presence 
 and dignified manners, with copious language, a clear sonorous 
 voice and distinct articulation, so that all he said could l)e heard 
 by every soldier in a brigade. Be preached extempore from 
 short notes. He wrote a bold, round, very legible hand and 
 signed himself David Avery, V. D. M., minister of the woi'd 
 of God. He showed much warmth of religious feeling and un- 
 common activity in his labors, but was somewhat opinionative, 
 prone to get into difficulty with his parishioners upon points of 
 doctrine. Four of his sermons were j^rinted — a Thanksgiving 
 discourse preached l)efore the army, two funeral discouses and 
 a sermon upon holding the tongue. 
 
 ELISHA FISH, JR. 
 
 Elislia Fish, Jr. was the second minister of "Windsor. He 
 was the son of Rev. Elisha Fish of Upton, and a graduate of 
 Harvard College in the class of 1779. He studied theology 
 with his father, and was settled at Windsor, June 16, 1785. On 
 
Early Ministers of Windsor. 57 
 
 that occasion Dr. Emmons of Franklin, and Mr. Fisli, father of 
 the candidate, rode on horseback across tlie state to take part in 
 the services. Dr. Emmons preaclied tlie ordination sermon, 
 and Mr. Fisli Avas scribe of the conncih He entered npon the 
 town book a fnll record of the proceedings in an elegant chi- 
 rography, with characters well formed, bnt so microscopic in 
 size as almost to defy pernsal by the nnassisted eye. Dnring 
 the eight years which had elapsed since the dismission of Mr. 
 Avery there had been considerable religious interest in the 
 town and 29 members had been added to the church. Four- 
 teen were added dnring Mr. Fish's ministry. The churcli was 
 sound in doctrine and united in their pastor, but the congregation 
 became disaffected ; it is said through the prevalence of antino- 
 mian sentiments among them, and Mr. Fish's position became 
 so precarious and painful that he resigned the pastorate. He 
 was dismissed Jnly 5, 1Y92, and settled in Gilsum, N. H., as 
 the first pastor of the church, May 29, 1T94, where he con- 
 tinued till his death, March 28, 1807, in his 51st year. While 
 in Windsor he received an injury in his right ankle which re- 
 sulted in the loss of the limb and the general impairment of his 
 health. Mr. Fish was a man of easy manners and of a kind, 
 frank, affal)le disposition, but loyal to duty and faithful to de- 
 clare to his hearers the whole truth, however unpalatable. He 
 manned Miss Abigail Snell, daughter of Ebenezer Snell Esq., 
 of Cummington, and aunt of William Cullen Bryant. 
 
 C40RD0N DORKANCE. 
 
 Gordon Dorrance w^as the third minister of Windsor. His 
 family is of French origin. He was the son of Samuel and Re- 
 becca (Gordon) Dorrance of Sterling, Conn., born Aug. 1, 
 1Y65. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1Y86, and 
 studied divinity with Dr. Levi Hart of Preston, Conn., and Dr. 
 Samuel Spring of Newbnryport. He was ordained at Wind- 
 sor, July 1 , 1795, E.ev. Dr. West of Stockbridge, preaching the 
 sermon. He had a long and prosperous pastorate of forty 
 years. He occupied the ministerial land and built a commod- 
 ious parsonage with spacious out-buildings, where he exercised 
 an unwearied hospitality toward his brethren in the ministry 
 and others, who in those days, were in the habit of making the 
 
58 Berkshire Historical and ScientifiG Society. 
 
 minister's lioiise their temporary home. He married Hannah, 
 daughter of Daniel Morgan of Griswold, Conn., Jan. 22, 1799, 
 hnt she died shortly after giving birth to a son, the late Gardi- 
 ner Dorrance M. D. (W. C. 1820.) It was a heavy blow that 
 smote him thus early, but he bowed himself to the stroke and 
 thereafter walked alone, cherishing the memory of his beloved 
 consort. A sister became his housekeeper, and an unmarried 
 brother also lived with him and helped to carry on the farm. The 
 town was at the height of its development during his pastorate 
 and the residence of many good families who attended church 
 regularly, and Mr. Dorrance preached to a large and attentive 
 congregation. He was of a warm, emotional nature, and had 
 an affectionate style of address. His cheeks were often wet 
 with tears in the pulpit, especially in his tender pleadings with 
 the Father of mercies. He sympathized with all approved 
 evangelical movements, and early introduced the Sabbath 
 school, the temperance reformation and the monthly Concert of 
 Prayer for missions. He received repeated tokens of the Di- 
 vine favor in his work, and two hundred and forty-nine mem- 
 bers were added to the church. During the latter part of his 
 ministry the emigration fever set in and carried off a part of 
 the community to the Genesee and Black river country, and 
 even so far west as to Ohio; a Baptist church was formed, 
 which withdrew a fraction from his congregation, and some of 
 the prominent ones among his own people became infected 
 with the itch for "new measures." The result was that the 
 faithful, conservative pastor asked and received a dismission in 
 1834. He removed to Sunderland, and preached there and in 
 the vicinity some five years. Being deprived of a housekeeper 
 by the marriage of his sister, he married again in 1835, uniting 
 himself to Olive, the widow of Col. Moses Tyler, of Griswold, 
 Conn. He finally removed to Attica, N. Y., and spent his last 
 years in the family of his son, where he died May 18, 1846, in 
 his 81st year. 
 
 Mr. Dorrance was a large man, with prominent features and 
 erect bearing, very precise in his language, dress and deport- 
 ment, and studiously polite to all, even the young children of 
 his flock, whom he never passed without a kindly recognition. 
 He was a gentleman of the old school. 
 
Early Ministers of Windsor. 59 
 
 PHILETUS CLAKK. 
 
 Mr. Dorrance's successor in the Windsor pulpit was Philetus 
 Clark, who was born at Southampton, April 26, 1794, fitted for 
 college with his pastor, Rev. Vinson Gonld, and entered at 
 Williams, but removed to Middlebury and was graduated in 
 the class of 1818. He studied theology mth Rev. Joel T. 
 Benedict of Chatham, N. Y., and Rev. Timothy M. Cooley of 
 Granville. He was ordained and installed pastor of the church 
 in Townshend, Vt., Dec. 29, 1821, and dismissed July 6, 1824. 
 He was settled in Londonderry in 1827, and dismissed in 1832; 
 was acting pastor at Clarendon, Vt., and South Granville, N, 
 Y., and was installed over the church in Windsor Sept. 30, 
 1835, where he labored nearly eight years, being dismissed May 
 23, 1843. In many respects he presented quite a contrast to 
 his predecessor. He was a short man, of slender proportions, 
 quick movement, and with a restless, bright, gray eye. He was 
 of a sociable tm'n and ready wit, fond of a joke and a laugh, 
 placing himself on a level with those about him, and somewhat 
 lacking in dignity. But he was an earnest worker, a warm 
 evangelical preacher and ardent friend of temperance, and 
 every good cause. He was a keen controversialist, and Bap- 
 tists, Arminians and those of the opposite party in politics felt 
 his sharp thrusts moi'e than they cared to own. He never ap- 
 peai'ed to better advantage than in his large Bible class, where 
 his quick wit and ready command of scripture had ample room 
 to display themselves. His ministry fell on an evil time, when 
 the town was dwindling in population and character, and the 
 adversaries were many. He removed from Windsor to Claren- 
 don, Vt., where he resided seven years, supplying destitute 
 churches in the vicinity. In 1850 he removed to West Towns- 
 hend, Vt., where he organized a church and labored seven 
 years. He was acting pastor of the church at Sharon, Vt., 
 eleven years ; and then supplied for a yeai' or two at Wards- 
 boro' until liis home was broken up by the death of his wife, 
 when he went to reside with his married daughters at Mem- 
 phis, Tenn., where he died, Feb. 5, 1875, aged 80 years and 9 
 months. He was twice married, in 1825 to Miss Irene Brown 
 of Townshend, Vt., who died in 1829, leaving two children ; 
 and in 1830, to Miss Delilah Hall of Clarendon, Vt., who died 
 in 1870, leaving also two children. 
 
Early Settlements in * 
 Cheshire. 
 
 BY HON. J. M. BARKER. 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN CIlESIimE. 
 
 vorippliV ^^^^ town of Cliesliire was incorporated on the 14tli of 
 
 4'8- March, 1793. The title of the Act indicates that its territory 
 
 was made up of parts of the towns of Lanesborough, Windsor, 
 
 Adams and of the District of New Ashford, the inhabitants of 
 
 i"^' p^l^oe^**^ New Ashford not having been incorporated as a town until 
 May 1, 1836. 
 
 On the 6th of Febrnary, 1798, so much of the farm of Jacob 
 Cole of New Ashford, as lay in that district was, "together 
 with the said Jacob and his personal estate, set off from the 
 said district, and annexed to the town of Cheshire * * * 
 there to do duty and receive privileges." This annexation ad- 
 ded three more to the twenty corners made by its boundary 
 lines, and established its pre-eminence in this respect over all 
 the towns in the commonwealth on a so much firmer footing. 
 Whether this predilection for corners came from the same 
 cause which has made the poj^ulation and business and social 
 life of the place, desert its once thickly settled hill-tops, and 
 congregate in that locality of the town known as Cheshire Cor- 
 ners, is a question which may at some future day be settled by 
 the Scientific branch of our Association. But it is reasonably 
 certain that the bounds given in the act of incorporation, were 
 not the result of an attempt to follow physical boundaries, but 
 to bring into a community people of like tastes and religious 
 feelings so far as possible. The attempt seems to have been re- 
 markably sucsessful, and the people of Cheshire to have been 
 so remarkably unanimous, even in political sentiment, as to 
 make current the familiar tradition that w^hen the the first lone 
 opposition ballot was put in the ])0x, by a citizen opposed in 
 politics to all his neighbors, it was thrown out by the selectmen 
 as having evidently been cast by mistake. 
 
64 Berhshire Historical and SGientijic Society. 
 
 It is among the earlier settlers of this territory that we must 
 look for the leaven which was powerful enough to work 
 throughout a township, creating the town in the first instance, 
 and continuing its power until suhstantially all its citizens seem 
 to have been united in sentiment, and vigorous and earnest in 
 its expression. 
 
 These earlier settlers came more largely, than the settlers of 
 any other considerable portion of Berkshire, from the colony 
 of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. They were de- 
 scendants, some of them, of the very men who were tlie first to 
 follow Roger Williams to Rhode Island, and generally they 
 were men who had inherited and imbibed the spirit of her free 
 institutions, and who were educated in the religious Ijeliefs pre- 
 valent in that colony, rather than in the orthodoxy of the Mas- 
 sachusetts colony. 
 
 The present paper will not be able to give the story of their 
 emigration from Rhode Island, and their settlement in Berk- 
 shire in any connected form, or with a claim to that accuracy, 
 which ought to be attained in the documents prepared for an 
 Historical Society. At most, it w^ill only gather the names and 
 some facts in the lives of some of these early settlers, and call 
 your attention to a village once flourishing and beautiful, Init 
 which has now utterly disappeared. 
 
 A Berkshire hilltop once crowned with a church, and hill- 
 sides once dotted with farm houses, and tenanted with a vig- 
 orous and intelligent and thriving population, but from which 
 all the buildings have disappeared, and whose only tenants now, 
 are the inmates of those narrow houses on which no signs of " to 
 let" or "for sale" are exhibited; and in another portion of 
 Cheshire to later, but still early settlers, wdio followed the first 
 from Rhode Island, and took up their abode on that part of the 
 town which is included in or near to the present village of Chesh- 
 ire, and was then within the limits of Lanesborough. 
 
 The story of the men who made the New Providence Pur- 
 chase, and, in 1767, removed their families and goods from 
 Rhode Island to the splendid eminence, which they christened 
 New Providence Hill, in affectionate remembrance of the hill 
 in Providence, and there essayed to found, and did found, a 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 65 
 
 new community, is worthy to be told. We will try to name 
 some of the actors in it, and to open the field for fnrther re- 
 search. 
 
 The difficnlty of making sncli investigations as to the early 
 settlement of many parts of the connty at once illustrates the 
 need of thorough and systematic work by this Society in tlie 
 discovery and preservation of the early records, and points out 
 certain channels into which such work may be profitably di- 
 rected. Could a collection l>e made of the records and maps 
 relating to the early proprietaries of the county it would be ex- 
 ceedingly valuable and interesting. It would simplify and ex- 
 pediate such investigations as the present more than any other 
 work which the society could so easily hope to accomplish, and 
 could be participated in by all the members of the society, as 
 well as by those who are assigned to prepare papers for its 
 quarterly meetings. 
 
 The portion of Cheshire, to which we have already referred 
 by its more ancient name of ISTew Providence Purchase, and 
 the crown of which was named by its early settlers, New Provi- 
 dence Hill, is now known as Staiford's hill — a name derived 
 from the Col. Joab Stafford, who was one of the prime movers 
 in the emigration from Rhode Island to Berkshire, and one of 
 the most prominent men in the settlement which they estab- 
 lished. 
 
 It appears certain that the territory embraced in the purchase 
 was sold by the province in 1762, and was originally included 
 in the township known ;is No. 6, the larger portion of which is 
 now in the town of Savoy. 
 
 An examination of the province records in the office of the 
 Secretary of the Commonwealth at Boston, disclose a full state- 
 ment of the action of the General Assembly and Council in or- 
 dering and making the sale of several townships of province 
 land in the western part of the province in 1762, most of them 
 in Berkshii'e, which sale included those parts of Cheshire which 
 were formed from Windsor and Adams. That part, which was 
 formerly Lanesborough, had been sold at an earlier date, and 
 was then known as New Framingham. The record of these 
 sales, which included the old town of Adams, then known as 
 
6i^ Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 East Iloosuck, and tlie territory now included in Hinsdale, 
 Peru, Windsor and Savoy, and other towns is as follows : 
 
 ANNO KEGNI REGIS GEOEGII TERTII SECUNDO. 
 
 Gen. coxirt ^t a Great and General Court, or Assembly, for liis Maies- 
 
 records, Vol. ' «" i i i 
 
 ^4. ty's Province of Massachusetts Bay in ISew England, and held 
 
 at Boston, on Wednesday, the 27th day of May, 1761, and con- 
 tinued by sundry prorogations to Wednesday, the 13th day of 
 January following, and then met, being the third session of the 
 said Court. 
 
 Wednesday, / 
 February 17, 1762. f 
 
 In the House of Representatives : Voted — That the Townships called East 
 Hoosuck, sometime since laid out by order of the General Court, of the con- 
 tents of six miles square, exclusive of grants already laid out, and also two 
 more Townships to contain the quantity of six miles square, each lying be- 
 tween Ashuelot Equivalent, so-called, and the new Township called New 
 Hingham ; one to begin at the northeast corner of said Ashuelot Equivalent, 
 and from thence on the easterly line of said Equivalent, southerly six miles, 
 and from thence to extend east twenty degrees, south so far as to contain six 
 miles square, exclusive of grants already laid out. And the other to bound 
 westerly on the easterly line of the last proposed Township, to square off six 
 miles from said given line. Also a Township lying east of New Framing- 
 ham, to begin at the northeast corner of said New Framingham, thence 
 southerly in the line of said Township, until it meet with the line of the 
 Ashuelot Equivalent, so-called ; thence in the line of said Equivalent, to the 
 northeast corner thereof, thence east twenty degrees, south so far as to make 
 the contents of six miles square. Also one other Township, to join west on 
 the east line of the said last mentioned Township, and to extend east twenty 
 degrees, south to square off at right angles to make the contents of six miles 
 square. Also one other Township, to begin at New Framingham northeast 
 corner, thence northerly to East Hoosnck to south line, nine hundred and 
 fifty rods west of said East Hoosuck southeast corner, thence easterly to the 
 southeast corner of said East Hoosuck ; thence northerly on the east line of 
 said East Hoosuck three miles, one hundred and seventy rods, thence to ex- 
 tend east twenty degrees, south so far as to make the contents of six miles 
 square. Also another Township, to adjoin west on the east line of the last 
 mentioned Township, from thence to square off at right angles so as to make 
 the contents of six miles square. Also another Township, to begin at the 
 southeast corner of Pittsfield, thence to run south so far as the north line of 
 Stockbridge, from thence on a straight line to Stockbridge northeast corner, 
 thence to extend westerly on Stockbridge line, so far as to make the contents 
 of six miles square, exclusive of the grants already laid out. Also a Town- 
 ship lying west of Southampton, contains about twenty -four thousand and 
 seven hundred acres, exclusive of grants, bounds north on New Hingham, 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 67 
 
 and to run from the southwest corner of said New Hingham to the northeast 
 corner of number Four, thence on the Hue of said number Four to the south- 
 east corner of said number Four, and from thence, the same course to Blan- 
 ford Hne, then to bound south on Blanfonl and Westfield, and cast on 
 Southampton, said Townships to be sold to tlie higliest bidder at a public 
 vendue in Boston, by a committee of tliis Court, on the second Wednesday 
 of the next May session, and that public notice, of such intended sale, be in- 
 serted in the meantime in all the Boston newspapers, and that said Town- 
 ships be set up at eight hundred pounds lawful money each. 
 
 And those persons who shall or may purchase the same, complying with 
 and performing the following conditions, the same to be granted and con- 
 firmed to them, viz : That there be reserved to the first settled minister one- 
 sixty-third part of each of said Townships ; and one-sixty-third part of each 
 of said Townships for the use of the ministry ; and the like quantity for the 
 use of and support of a school in each of said Townships forever. That, 
 within the space of five years from the time of sale, there be sixty settlers 
 residing in each Township, who shall each have a dwelling house of the fol- 
 lowing dimensions, viz : twenty-four feet long, eighteen feet wide and seven 
 feet stud, and have seven acres of land well cleared and fenced, and brought 
 to English grass or plowed ; and, also, settle a learned Protestant minister of 
 the Gospel in each of said Townships, within the term aforesaid. Also, 
 another tract of land, bound north on the Province line, east on land belong- 
 ing to Messieurs Green and Walker and Bulfinch, south partly on Charle- 
 mont, to extend west to make the contents of ten thousand acres, to be sold 
 also at the time aforesaid, to the highest bidder, and set up at three hundred 
 pounds ; and the persons, who shall purchase the same, complying with the 
 following conditions, viz : That within the space of five years there will be 
 residing on said land twenty-five inhabitants, each to have a dwelling house 
 of the dimensions above mentioned, and each, seven acres of land well 
 cleared and fenced. And, that upon the conditions aforesaid, being truly 
 fulfilled by such purchase or purchasers, the said lands be granted and con- 
 firmed to him or them or their assigns and not othei'wise. 
 
 Voted— That Col. Partridge and Mr. Tyler, with such as the honorable 
 Board shall join, be a committee to make sale of the Townships and tract of 
 land above mentioned ; and, that the purchaser or purchasers of each of said 
 Townships shall pay twenty pounds earnest money ; and the purchaser of 
 said ten thousand acres shall pay ten pounds earnest money, and the remain- 
 ing sums the said lands shall be struck off at, the purchasers shall give bond 
 to pay the same to the Province treasurer, with sufficient sureties, within 
 one year from the time of sale, without interest. 
 
 In Council, read and concurred, and Thomas Flucker Esq. is joined in the 
 affair. 
 
 Consented to by the Governor. 
 
 Friday, ) 
 June 11, 1762. j" 
 
 The following report was offered by the Committee appointed for the pur- 
 pose therein mentioned, viz : 
 
68 Berkshire Historical and Soientijic Society. 
 
 The Committee appointed by the Great and General Court the 17th day of 
 February, 1762, for selling nine Townships and ten thousand acres of the 
 Province lands lying in the counties of Hampshire and Berkshire, to such as 
 would give most for the same on the conditions mentioned in the order 
 aforesaid ; after giving publick notice of the time and place of sale, attended 
 said service at Boston, the 3d day of June instant, at the Royal Exchange 
 Tavern in King street, and sold the same at public vendue to the highest 
 bidder, viz : 
 
 No. 1. The Township called East Hoosuck, of the contents of six miles 
 square, exclusive of grants already laid out, to Nathan Jones of Weston, for 
 three thousand and two hundred pounds, and have received of him twenty 
 pounds earnest money and taken bonds of him, together with Elisha Jones 
 and John Murray Esq's, for three thousand one hundred and eighty pounds. 
 
 No. 2. A Township to contain the quantity of six miles square 1} iug be- 
 tween Ashuelot Equivalent, so-called, and the new Township called New 
 Hingham, to begin at the northeast corner of said Ashuelot Equivalent, and 
 from thence on the easterly side of said Equivalent, southerly six miles, and 
 from thence to extend east twenty degrees, south so far as to contain six 
 miles square, exclusive of grants already laid out, to EHsha Jones Esq. for 
 fourteen hundred and sixty pounds, and have received of him twenty pounds, 
 and taken his bond, together with Oliver Partridge Esq., for fourteen hun- 
 dred aud forty pounds. 
 
 No. 3. A Township to contain the quantity of six miles square lying be- 
 tween Ashuelot Equivalent, so-called, and the new Township called New 
 Hingham, to bound easterly on the westerly line of the last mentioned Town- 
 ship, to square off six miles from said given line, to Aaron Willard Esq. for 
 eighte'en hundred and sixty pounds, and have received 'of him twenty 
 pounds, and taken bond of said Willard, together with John Worthington 
 and Timothy Dwight Jr. Esq's, for eighteen hundred aud forty pounds. 
 
 No. 4. A Township lying east of New Frarainghani, to begin at the 
 northeast corner of New Framingbam, thence southerly on the line of said 
 Township until it meets with the line of Ashuelot Equivalent, so-called ; 
 thence in the line of said Equivalent to the northeast corner thereof ; thence 
 east twentj^ degrees, south so far as to make the contents of six miles square, 
 to Noah Nash for fourteen hundred and thirty pounds, and have received of 
 him twenty pounds, aud taken his bond, together with Oliver Partridge. 
 Thomas Morey, William Williams and Josiah Chauncy, for/ourteen hundred 
 and ten pounds. 
 
 No. 5. Another Township, to join west on the east line of the last men- 
 tioned Township, lying east of New Framingliam, to extend east twentj"^ de- 
 grees, south to square off at right angles to make the contents of .six miles 
 square, to John Cummings for eighteen hundred pounds, and have received 
 of him twenty pounds, and taken his bond, together with Charles Prescot, 
 Thomas Jones, Samuel Minot, Filley Merrick, Thomas Barret and Samuel 
 Farrer, for seventeen hundred and eighty pounds. 
 
 No. 6. A Township to begin at New Framingham, northeast corner, 
 thence northerly to East Hoosuck south line nine hundred and fifty rods 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 69 
 
 west of East Hoosuck southeast corner, thence easterly to the southeast cor- 
 ner of said East Hoosuck, thence northerly on the east line of said East 
 Hoosuck three miles one hundred and seventy rods, thence to extend twenty 
 degrees south so far as to make the contents of six miles square, to Abel 
 Lawrence for thirteen hundred and fifty pounds, and have received of him 
 twenty pounds, and taken his bond, together with Charles Prescott Esq., for 
 thirteen hundred and thirty pounds. 
 
 No. 7. A Township to adjoin west on the last mentioned Townsliip, 
 which begins at New Framingbam, northeast corner, from thence to square 
 off at right angles so far as to make the contents of six miles square, to 
 Moses Parsons for eight hundred and seventy-five pounds, and have received 
 of him twenty pounds, and taken his bond, together with John Ashley and 
 John Chadwick, for eight hundred and fifty-five pounds. 
 
 No. 8. A Township to begin at the southeast corner of Pittsfield, thence 
 to run south so far as the north line of Stockbridge, from thence on a straight 
 line to Stockbridge northeast corner, thence to extend westerly on Stock- 
 bridge line so far as to make the contents of six miles square, exclusive of 
 the grants already laid out, to Josiah Dean, for two thousand five hundred 
 and fifty pounds, and have received of him twenty pounds, and taken bond 
 from him, together with Asa Douglass, Timothy Ilolaboard, John Ashley, 
 Elijah Williams, Aaron Sheldon and John Chadwick, for two thousand five 
 hundred and thirty pounds. 
 
 No. 9. Another Township lying west of Southampton, containing about 
 twenty-four thousand and seven hundred acres, exclu.sive of grants, and of 
 two hundred and fifty acres now in possession of John Bolton, and bounds 
 north on New Hingham, and to run from the southwest corner of said New 
 Hingham to the northeast corner of number Four thence on the line of said 
 number Four, and from thence the same course to Blanford line, then to 
 bound south on Blanford and AVestfield and east on Southampton, to Wil- 
 liam Williams Esq., for fifteen hundred pounds, who gave it up to John 
 Chandler, John Murray, Abijah Willard and Timothy Paine, from whom 
 have received twenty pounds, and their bonds for fourteen hundred and 
 eighty pounds. 
 
 No. 10. Tract of land, bounded north on the Province line, east on land 
 belonging to Messrs. Green and Walker and Bulfinch, south partly on 
 Charlemont, to extend west to make the contents of ten thousand acres, to 
 Cornelius Jones for three hundred and eighty pounds, and have received of 
 him ten pounds, and taken his bond with John Chadwick, for three hundred 
 and .seventy pounds. 
 
 Amounting in the whole to sixteen thousand four hundred and five 
 pounds ; one hundred and ninety pounds whereof, being received, is with 
 the bonds amounting to sixteen thousand two hundred and fifteen pounds 
 delivered to the Province treasurer as per his receipt herewith. 
 
 All which is humbly submitted in the name and by order of the Com- 
 mittee. Thomas Flucker. 
 
 June 10, 1762. Received the money and bonds as above. 
 
 H. Gray, Treasurer. 
 
 In Council, read and accepted. 
 
 In the House of Representatives, read and concurred. 
 
 Consented to by the Governor. 
 
70 Berkshh'e Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Of the townships thus sold, parts of two are within tlie Hmits 
 of the present town of Cheshire, namely, the northwesterly 
 portion of No. 4 and the west end of No. 6. Of these No. 4 
 seems to have been earlier settled. Fi'om deeds appearing of 
 record it is evident that it had proprietors among whom there 
 had been a division of common lands, before the sale by order 
 ^puisLr of the General Conrt in 1762. Thus, on the i2tli of June, 
 Registry. ■]^y62, James Burchard, of a place called No. 4 in Berkshire, 
 conveys to his grandson, Matthew Woolf Jr., son of Matthew 
 Woolf of the same town, house-lot No. ^^, on the southerly side 
 of the Township, butted and bounded according to the original 
 survey as by the proprietor's book of records may appear, and 
 as early as J 764 they were enjoying the luxury of selling lands 
 for taxes in No. 4. This township seems to have been nearly 
 as rich in names as Cheshire has been in corners, since it has 
 borne successively the following in addition to No. 4 : Dewey's 
 Towai, Bigott's Town, Williamsburg, Gageborough and Wind- 
 sor. 
 
 The Noah Nash, to whom it was sold in 1762, w^as a resident 
 of Hatfield, and he continues to make deeds of lands in the 
 township down to 1784. Among these are deeds to 
 
 David Parsons of Amherst, Clerk, Oct. 9, 1765. 
 
 Simeon Strong of Amherst, Gentleman, Oct. 22, 1765. 
 
 Solomon Boltwood of Amherst, Yeoman, Oct. 22, 1765. 
 
 Timothy Woodbridge of Hatfield, Clerk, Oct. 30, 1765. 
 
 Elihu Williams of No. 4, Yeoman, .June 15, 1768. 
 
 David Stevens of No. 4, alias Williamsburgh, June 15, 1768. 
 
 Edward Converse Jr., of Killingly, Conn., June 29, 1769, 
 
 Elihu WiUiams of No. 4, alias Williamsburgh, Nov. 27, 1769. 
 
 Jeremiah Cad\^ of No. 4, alias Williamsburgh, Dec. 15, 1769. 
 
 Simon Stevens of No. 4, alias Williamsburgh, Dec 5, 1769. 
 B. 8, P. 192 Thomas Morey of Morton, Bristol County, July 4, 1770. 
 B. 8, P. 381 Oliver Partridge of Hatfield, July 11, 1770. 
 
 B. 8, P. 773 Lephaniah Keich of Gloucester, II. I., Yeoman, La A 31, 2 Div., Dec. 4, 1770. 
 B. 10, P. 1.58 Benjamin Hutchins of Mansfield, Conn., Aug. 16, 1771. 
 B. 12, P. 407 Silas Hall and Asa Hall of Gageborough, Dec. 27, 1771. 
 B. 14, P. 2 Samuel Watson of Killingly, Conn. , Oct. 14, 1773. 
 B. 12, P. 66 Rufus Dodge of Gageborough, Dec. 14, 1773. 
 B. 14, P. 30 John Felshaw^ of Killingly, Conn., June 24, 1777. 
 B. 14, P. 5 Samnel Watson of Killingly, Conn., Nov. 27, 1777. 
 B. 21, p. 434 Stephen Cowen of Windsor, May 13, 1781. 
 B. 19, P. 538 Elisha Brown of Windsor, LaA 112, 2d Div., May 21, 1784. 
 
 B. 
 
 4, P. 
 
 23 
 
 B. 
 
 4, P. 
 
 72 
 
 B. 
 
 4, P. 
 
 73 
 
 B. 
 
 8, P. 
 
 354 
 
 B. 
 
 10, P. 
 
 155 
 
 B. 
 
 12, P. 
 
 283 
 
 B. 
 
 8, P. 
 
 549 
 
 B. 
 
 10, P. 
 
 154 
 
 B. 
 
 8, P. 
 
 204 
 
 B. 
 
 8, P. 
 
 539 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 71 
 
 An examination of the latest county map shows that the New 
 Providence Hill was directly north of the part of Windsor 
 which was incorporated into the new town of Cheshire, and al- 
 most adjoininii; it, the meeting of the five roads at the school 
 house, one of which leads over the hill from Adams, is on the 
 line between No. 4, and No. 6, and in the vicinity of this por- 
 tion of Windsor to the Hill we find the moving force whicli 
 In'ought it into the new town. 
 
 Here we find one of the old burial grounds, to l^e noted 
 farther on, situated on the right hand side of the road opposite 
 the residence of W. P. Bennett. 
 
 It is not so easy to trace the history of the township called 
 No. 6. Tlie present town of Savoy comj)rises the greater por- 
 tion of the territory which was included within its bounds as 
 given in the order of sale of February 17, 1762. The list of 
 towns in the late editions of the Legislative Manual, gives its 
 date of incorporation as February 20, 1797, and merely states 
 that it was originally "No. 6." 
 Page 457. Tlie Kev. David D. Field, in his History of Berkshire 
 County, published in 1829, gives Bullock's grant as the founda- 
 tion of the town, some other lands being incorporated witli it. 
 He states that Col. William Bullock of Rehoboth, as agent for 
 the heirs of Capt. Samuel Gallop and company, received from 
 the General Court in 1770 or 1771, a township of six miles 
 square, in consideration of their services and sufferings in an 
 expedition into Canada about the year 1690, in what was called 
 King William's war, the township to be located in any unap- 
 propriated lands then l)elonging to Massachusetts, and that Col. 
 Bullock located the grant to the south, east and north of Ber- 
 nardston's grant, comprising the western and greater part of 
 Florida, and which had been previously located. Recalling the 
 bounds of No. 0, as given in the General Court's order of sale 
 and the report of the connnittee and the plan, it is certain that 
 most, if not all, of this territory is included in No. 6, and also, 
 that the part of Cheshire, which comprises the New Providence 
 Purchase or Stafford's Plill, is in the same township of No. 6. 
 This township was sold June 2, 1762, by the Committee to 
 Abel Lawrence for £1,350, and his bond with Charles Prescott 
 
72 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society.- 
 
 Es(|. surety, taken for £1,330 of the purchase money. Who 
 this Abel Lawrence was does not appear, nor has the writer 
 been able to ascertain in what manner the title to the township 
 conferred upon him by this sale was divested. There is no 
 deed from him of record in the Pittsfield registry, and the 
 whole township seems to have been traded after the sale, and a 
 part of it within the term of five years during which he was 
 allowed to settle it according to the vote, as unappropriated land 
 of the province. This break in the chain of title has been very 
 provoking in the search for a record of the history of the set- 
 tlement of Stafford's Hill, causing it at one time to l)e given up 
 in despair. But information gained by sittting down to ex- 
 amine in course page by page, the early volumes of records in 
 the Registry of Deeds, enables one to give a probal)le account 
 or theory. For some unknown reason Abel Lawrence sur- 
 rendered to the Province his right to the township soon after 
 his purchase. The town of Hatfield, portions of whose lands 
 had been included in the new townships I^o. 5 and jSTo. 7, 
 which were sold by the same committees in June, 1762, made 
 claim for compensation for the land thus taken, and tlie General 
 Court in the same year, 1762, seems to have awarded to them 
 an ecpiivalent located in part, at least, on the west end of the 
 township which had been sold as Ko. 6 to Abel Lawrence. 
 
 This land the town of Hatfield placed in the market, and we 
 find a conveyance of it made in 1765, by Israel and William 
 Williams of Hatfield, and Israel Stoddard of Pittsfield. This- 
 tract was of 1,176 acres in one of rectangular parcel 432 rods 
 east and west by 435 rods and 14 links north and south, and 
 bounded southerly by the line of New Framingham, afterwards 
 Lanesborough. 
 
 Another and larger parcel of No. 6 seems, upon evidence 
 similarly found, to have been granted to Aaron Willard Jr., 
 Esq., and his associates, purchasers of the new township No. 3, 
 now AYorthington, as an equivalent for a deficiency of land 
 taken ofi^ from No. 3, and in 1766 we find John Worthington 
 and Josiali Dwight, both of Springfield, Timothy Dwight Jr. 
 of Northampton, Salah Barnard of Deertield, and Aaron Wil- 
 lard Jr. of Lancaster, in the county of Worcester, Esquires, 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 73 
 
 coiiveyinir three tlionsand seven Imndred and forty acres and 
 fourteen percli of land lying north of and adjoining to Lanes- 
 borough, (incorporated from New Franiinghani in 1765) and 
 encircling on three sides the former parcel granted to Hatfield. 
 
 These two parcels undoubtedly cover all that part of the 
 oriiJ-inal No. 6 which is now within the limits of Cheshire, and 
 together they constitute the New Providence Purchase, and it 
 was on them that the definite settlement, to which Cheshire is 
 traceable, was made. The deeds, run to Nicholas Cooke of 
 Providence, in the county of Providence, in the Colony of 
 Khode Island, Esq., and to Joseph Bennet of Coventry, in the 
 the county of Kent, in the Colony of Rhode Island, Esq., mak- 
 ing them equal tenants in connnon of both tracts. 
 
 The following are copies of these deeds : — 
 
 Know all men by these presents : That we Israel Williams Esq., 
 and William Williams, both of Hatfield, in the county of Hampshire, and 
 Israel Stoddard of Pittsfield, in the county of Berkshire, all in the province 
 of the Massachusetts Bay in New England. In consideration of the sum of 
 two hundred and sixty two pounds, ten shillings lawful money paid us by 
 Nicholas Cooke of Providence, in the county of Providence, in the Colony 
 of Khode Island, Esq., the receipt whereof we do hereby acknowledge, do 
 hereby give, grant, sell and convey to the said Nicholas Cooke Esq. and his 
 heirs " The one half in quantity and quality of a certain Tract of land lying 
 North of and adjoining to the township of New franiinghani, so-called, in 
 the County of Berkshire aforesaid granted and confined to the town of Hat- 
 field aforsaid, by the Great and General Court of the province aforesaid, in 
 the year of our Lord 1762, containing in the whole eleven Imndred and 
 seventy-six acres of land and is thus bounded, that is to say, beginning at a 
 Beach tree marked W, which standeth in the North line of said township of 
 New franiinghani, .some rods west of the path there leading to Hoosuck and 
 in the southwest corner of said Tract, thence running east twenty degref s, 
 south four hundred and thirty-two rods on the said north line of New fram- 
 ingham to a crooked Beach tree marked W, on the west side, thence North 
 20° East four hundred thirty-five Perch and fourteen links to a Beach tree 
 marked S, thence West 20®, North four Hundred and thirty-two Perch to a 
 Bass tree marked W, on the East side, and thence South 20°, West four 
 hundred and thirty-five rods and fourteen linKs to the first station, the said 
 moiety to be in common and undivided between the said Nicholas Cook Esq. 
 and one Joseph Bennet Esq., to wlioni we have this day granted the other 
 moiety of the said tract, to 1)C held in the same manner. To have and to 
 hold the same to the said Nicholas Cooke Esq. and his Heirs to their only 
 proper use and behoof forever. And we do covenant with the said Nicholas 
 Cooke Esq., and his Heirs and Assigns that we are lawfully seized in fee of 
 the premises that they are free from all incumbrances, that we have good 
 
74 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 right to sell and convey the same to the said Nicholas Cooke Esc]., and his 
 heirs to iiold as aforsaid and that we will warrant and defend the same to 
 the said Nicholas Cooke Es(]. his heirs and assigns forever against the law- 
 ful claims and demands of all persons. In testimony whereof we have here- 
 unto set our hands and seals, the twenty-eighth day of June, in the fifth year 
 of the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the third of Great Britain, etc. 
 King, etc . Annoque Domini, 1765." 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered by the said Israel Williams and William Wil- 
 liams in presence of us 
 
 Thos. Williams. } Israel Willi Aiis and seal. 
 
 Salah Barnard. [ Wm. Williams and sea). 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered by the said Israel Stoddard in presence of us. 
 
 SrAS^wTLLIAMS. !- I-^^^ S™^--«^ -^ ''-'■ 
 
 Hampshire, ss : Hatfield 29, June, 1765. Then Israel Williams, Esq., and 
 William Williams, two of the grantors within named, personally appeared 
 and acknowledged the within written instrument and conveyance and grant 
 therein contained to be their free act and deed. 
 
 Coram Thos. Williams, Just. Pac. 
 
 Berkshire, ss ; Pittsfield 4 : July, 1765. Then the within named Israel 
 Stoddard personally appeared and acnowledged the within written instru- 
 ment and the grant and conveyance therein contained to be his free act and 
 deed. 
 
 Coram Perez Marsh, Just. Pac. 
 
 July 4, 1765, Rec'd and recorded from the original. 
 
 Mark Hopkins, Reg. 
 
 Record Copy Book 2, Page 568-9 and 70. 
 
 Know all men by these presents : That we, Israel Williams, Esq. and 
 William Williams, both of Hatfield, in the county of Hampshire, and Israel 
 Stoddard, of Pittsfield, in the County of Berkshire, all in the province of 
 the Massachusetts Ba}^ in New England. In consideration of Two hundred 
 and sixty-two pounds ten shillings, lawful money paid us by Joseph Bennet, 
 of Coventry in the County of Kent, in the Colony of Rhode Island, Esq., 
 the receipt whereof we hereby acknowledge, do hereby give, grant, sell 
 and convey to the said Joseph Bennet, Esq., and his heirs, the one-half in 
 quantity and quality of a certain Tract of land lying north of and adjoining 
 to the Township of New Framingham, in the C!ounty of Berkshire, aforesaid 
 grannted and confirmed to the town of Hatfield aforesaid, by the great and 
 General Court of the province aforesaid, in the year of our Lord 1762, which 
 contains in the whole Eleven hundred and seventy-six acres of land, and is 
 thus bounded, that is to say : Beginning at a Beach tree marked W, which 
 stands in the north line of the said Township of New Framingham, some rods 
 west of the path there leading to Hoosuck and in the southwest corner of the 
 said tract ; thence running east 20 degrees, south four hundred and thirty- 
 two rods on the said north line of New Framingham to a crooked beach tree 
 marked W on the west side ; thence north 20 degrees, east four hundred and 
 thirty-five perch and fourteen links to a Beach tree marked S ; thence 20 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 75 
 
 degrees north four luimlred and tliirtj^-two perch to a Bass tree marked W 
 on tlic east side, and thence south 20 degrees, west four hundred thirty- 
 two percli and fourteen links to the first station, (the said moiety to be in com- 
 mon and undivided between the said Joseph Bennet, Escj. and one Nicliolas 
 Cooke, Esq., to wlioni we have this day granted the other moiety of the said 
 Tract to be held in the same manner) To have and to hold the same to the said 
 Josepli Bennet, Esq., and their heirs to their only proper use and behoof 
 forever, and we do covenant with the said Joseph Bennet, Esq., and his 
 heirs and assigns that we are lawfully seized in fee of the premises, that they 
 are free of all incumbrances, that we have good right to sell and convey tlie 
 same to the said Joseph Bennet, Esq., and his heirs to hold as aforesaid and 
 that we will warrant and defend the same to the said Joseph Bennet, Esq., 
 his heirs and assigns forever against the lawful claims and demands of all 
 persons. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, 
 tiie twenty-eighth day of June, in the fifth year of the Reign of our Sovereign 
 Lord, George the third, of Great Britain, ifcc.,Annoque Domini One thousand 
 seven hundred and sixty-five. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered by ye sd. Israel Williams and William Will- 
 iams in presence of 
 
 Thos. Williams, \ Iskael Williams and seal. 
 
 Salah Barnard, [ Wm. Williams and seal. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered by the said Israel Stoddard in presence of 
 
 Perez Marsh, ) r^„ . a i i 
 
 Thos. Williams, [ Israel Stoddard and seal. 
 
 Hampshire, ss : Hatfield 29, June, 1765. Then the within named Israel Wil- 
 liams, Esq., and William Williams personally appeared and acknowledged 
 the within written instrument and the grant and conveyance therein con- 
 tained and made to be their free act and deed. 
 
 Coram Thos. Williams, Just. Pae. 
 
 Berkshire, ss : 4, July, 1765. Then the within named Israel Stoddard 
 personally appeared and acknoweldged the within written instrument and 
 the grant and conveyance therein contained and made to be his free act and 
 deed. Coram Perez Marsa, Just. Pac. 
 
 July 4, 1765 : Eec'd and Recorded from the original. 
 
 M. Hopkins, Reg. 
 Record Copy Book 2, Page 568-9 and 79. 
 
 To ALL People to whom these Presents shall come Greeting : 
 Know ye. That we, John Worthington and Josiah Dwight, both of Spring- 
 field, Timothy Dwight, Jun'r, of Northami^ton, and Salah Barnard, of 
 Deerfield, all in ye County of Hampshire, and Aaron Willard, Jun'r, of 
 Lancaster, in ye County of W^orcester, all in ye province of the Massachu- 
 setts Bay, in New England, Esquires, For and in Consideration of the Sum 
 of Nine Hundred. Thirty-five pounds, lawful money to us in Hand before 
 the Ensealing hereof well and truly paid by Nicholas Cooke, of Providence, 
 in the County of Providence, and Joseph Bennet, of Coventry, in the County 
 of Kent, both in ye Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantation in 
 New England, Esquires the Receipt whereof we do hereby acknowledge. 
 
76 Berkshire IIisto7'ical and Scientific Society. 
 
 and ourselves therewith fully satisfied and contented, and thereof, and of 
 every Part and Parcel thereof do exonerate, acquit and discharge them the 
 said Nicliolas and .loseph, their respective Heirs, Executors and Adrainis- 
 tors forever by these Presents Have given, granted, bargained, sold, aliened, 
 conveyed and confirmed and by tliese Presents, Do freely, fully and abso- 
 lutely give, grant, bargain, sell, alien, convey and confirm unto them the 
 said Nicholas and Joseph, their respective Heirs and Assigns forever to each 
 one of them One Moiety or half part of a certain Tract of Land containing 
 Three Thousand, Seven Hundred and forty acres and fourteen perch lying 
 northerly of and adjoining to Lanesl)orough in the County of Berkshire 
 partly and partly on the New Township, Number four in the same County 
 being part of a Grant of Land made laid out and confirmed to Aaron Wil- 
 lard, Jun'r, Esq with his associates, purchasers of the new Township Num. 
 ber Three, viz : Beginning at a Beach Staddle in ye north line of Lanes- 
 borough aforesaid marked, and thence running north forty degrees. East 
 four hundred and eighteen perch to a Beach Tree marked ; thence east 
 thirty degrees, north seventy -five perch ; thence north twenty-six degrees 
 East ninety-two perch ; thence east thirty-four degrees, north forty perch to 
 East Hoosuck line and on the sa'd line, being east, ten degrees south one 
 thousand and ninety-three percli to a large Hemlock Tree marked ; thence 
 south four hundred and sixty-tive perch to a Beach Staddle, marked ; thence 
 west forty-two degrees, south three lunidred and ten perch to the line of 
 Township, Number four aforesaid, and thence to the first station, that is to 
 say excepting Eleven Hundred and Seventy-six acres of Land circumscril)ed 
 and included within the above lines and limits a grant made some time sifice 
 to the Town of Hatfield, and now owned and held by the said Nicholas and 
 Joseph, under said Town and not now conveyed. To have and to hold the 
 said granted and bargained Premises with all the appurtenances, privileges 
 and commodities to the same belonging or in any wise appertaining to them 
 the said Nicholas and Joseph, in equal halves and to their respective Hers 
 and Assigns forever. To their and their onlj^ proper use, benefit and behoof, 
 forever, and we the said John, Josiah, Timothy, Salah and Aaron for our- 
 selves and for our respective Heirs, Executors and Administrators do cove- 
 nant, promise and grnnt to and with the said Nicholas and Joseph their 
 respective Heirs and Assigns that before the ensealing hereof, we are the 
 true sole and lawful owner of the above bargained Premises and are lawfully 
 seized and possessed of the same in our own proper right as a good, perfect and 
 absolute estate of inheritance in fee simple, and have in ourselves good right, 
 full power and hwful authority to grant, bargain, sell, convey and confirm 
 said bargained Premises in manner as aforesaid, and that the said Nicholas 
 and Joseph, their respective Heirs and Assigns sha'l from time to time and 
 at all time forever, hereafter by force and virture of these Presents, lawfully, 
 peacefully and quietly have, hold, use, occupy, possess and enjoy the said 
 demised and bai-gained Premises with the appurtenances free and clear and 
 freely and clearly acquitted, exonerated and discharged of from all and all 
 manner of former or other gifts, grants, bargains, sales, leases, mortgages, 
 wills, entails, jointures, dowries, judgments, executions or incumbrances of 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 
 
 77 
 
 what name or iialiire soever, that might in any measure or degre^, obstruct 
 or make void tiiis present deed. Furthermore we, the said John, Josiah, 
 Timothy, Sa'ali and Aaron for ourselves and our Heirs, Executors and Ad- 
 ministrators, do coventuit and enuage the above demised Premises to tliem, 
 the said Nicliolas and Joseph, their respective Heirs and Assigns against the 
 hiwful claims or demands of any person or persons whatsoever, forever 
 hereafter to warrant, secure and demand by these Presents. In witness 
 whereof, we ye. s'd, John, Josiah, Timothy, Salah and Aaron Iiave hereunto 
 set our hands and seals, this Twi-nty-sixth day of June, in ye sixth year of 
 his Majesty's Heign, Anncxpie Domini, 1766. 
 
 John Wokthington and seal. 
 Josiah Dwigiit aod seal. 
 Timothy Dwigiit and seal. 
 Salah Barnakd and seal. 
 ^(Vakon WiLLAiiD and seal. 
 
 Signed, sealed in presence of 
 [the words ' and thence to first station 
 first interlined."] 
 Wm. Lyman. 
 Sam'l Matheii. 
 Hampshire ss : June 26. 1766. Then John Worthington, Josiah D wight, 
 Timothy Dwight, Salah Barnard and Aaron Willard, Jun'r, Esqs., within 
 named acknowledged the foregoing instrument to be their deed before, 
 
 Sam'l Mautheu, Just. Pac. 
 
 Sept. 20, 1766, Itec'd and Recorded from the original. 
 
 M. Hopkins, Reg. 
 
 Thus Nicholas Cook of Providence, and Joseph Beniiet of 
 Coventry, are the prime movers in the settlement of Cheshire, 
 and of the early emigration from Khode Island to Berkshire. 
 Prior to their purchase there is mention in the Kegistry of 
 Deeds of only one conveyance to an inhabitant of Rhode Island, 
 so described, of lands in the county. On the 28tli of June, 
 1763, one Moses Warrin of II(jpkinton, Rhode Island, Clothier, 
 buys of Joseph Warrin of Tyringham, lot nnml)er 137 in Tyr- 
 ingham, 7<> acres, "whereof" says Joseph Warrin, "I was the 
 original proprietor." Whether Joseph Warrin also came from 
 Rhode Island, and afterward induced a l)rother to follow him 
 does not appear, but with this exception, the first ten books in 
 the Registry of Deeds disclose only purchases in New Provi- 
 dence, Gageborough, Lanesborough and East Hoosuck by resi- 
 dents of Rhode Island, save only that the Rev. Samuel Hop- 
 Fieid Hist, l^ins ^vho lemoved from Great Barrington to Newport in 1770, 
 on the 27th of March, 1772, conveys knds in Great Barrington 
 to his son David, who is also described as of Newport, Rhode 
 
 R. I. col. I^l^^^- . . .. -n . I 
 
 Rec. Vol. 5 Of the original ijroprietors of the New Providence purchase, 
 
 1741-1 V56. ~ •'^ ■"■ 
 
78 Berkshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 IS^icliolas Cooke, the more prominent seems to have l)een en- 
 gaged in it merely as a specnlation. lie remained in Rhode Is- 
 land. He was a member of the Conrt of Assistants of that 
 Colony from 1752 to 1761, and De])uty Gijvernor in 1768 and 
 1769. 
 
 Joseph Bennett seems to have l>een admitted a freeman of 
 the Rhode Island Colony from Coventry in May, 1758. A Mr, 
 Josejjh Bennett of Newport, j^ossibly an ancestor, was made 
 High Sheriff on the 1st of May, 1700. The only other mention 
 of Joseph of Coventry is nnder date of 23d of February, 1761, 
 when he was made one of a committee, consisting of Nicholas 
 Cooke Esq., Messrs, John Brown, Knight Dexter, Joseph Ben- 
 nett, Joseph Bncklin and George Jackson, to apply to paving 
 the streets of Providence, a lottery of three classes for raising 
 the snm of £6000, granted by the General Assembly npon the 
 petition of the citizens of Providence. 
 
 We might speculate whether Nicholas Cooke Esq., the chair- 
 man of this committee, fonnd Mr. Joseph Bennett, his col- 
 league, so efficient in the management of the lottery, or the 
 work of paving, tliat he selected him as his partner in the sub- 
 sequent operation in vild lands, and, also, whether both of 
 them realized out of the lottery or the contracts for paving, the 
 money which they paid for their Berkshire purchase; but, in 
 whatever way they became ac(iuainted, they were al)le to in- 
 duce their neiglil)ors to share in their enterjirise and to remove 
 with Bennet to the new country or to follow him. 
 
 Captain, afterwards Colonel Joab Stafford, was employed l)y 
 them to lay out and map their purchase, and the map, which 
 was filed in the Registry of Deeds, shows that the gallant cap- 
 tain was a master of the pen and rule as well as the sword. 
 This map was found by the process of examination above re- 
 ferred to, looking through the book page by page after all hope 
 of seeing it had been lost. The copy accompanying this paper 
 has been made from it by George A. Murdock.'^ 
 
 Captain Stafford, a townsman, in Coventry, of Joseph Ben- 
 nett, himself made the first purchase of lands from Cooke and 
 
 *That copy, handsomely pliotograpbed, is in the Archives of the Berkshire Historical 
 and Scientific Society. 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. T9 
 
 5. p. 403 Bennett, on tlie 5tli of November, 1760, 396 acres in three lots, 
 and, on the next day, Cooke and Bennett, hy a deed aeknow- 
 k>dij,ed in Providence and Avitnessed by Joab Stafford and Silas 
 Downer, made portion between themselves of their remainintr 
 lands. It is snrniised that Nicholas Cooke Esq. was a lawyer 
 and drafted his own deeds, and if so, he was a good one, for 
 this indentnre of partition is a model, delighting a lawyer's 
 heart. It reads as follows : — 
 
 This ludenture of Partition made tlie sixtli day of November, in tlie sev- 
 enth year of liis Majesty's Reign, One Thousand Seven Hundred and Sixty- 
 six, by and between Nicholas Cooke, of Providence, in the County of 
 Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island, of the one part, and Joseph 
 Bennet, of Coventry, in the County of Kent, in the Colony aforesaid. 
 Esquire of the other part. Witnesseth tliat whereas, the the said Nicholas 
 Cooke and Josepli Bennet purchased together of Col. Israel Williams, of 
 llatlield, and others in company, "a certain tract of land lying in the County 
 of Berkshire, in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, between the Town- 
 ships of Lanesborough and East Hoosuck, and bounded southerly on the 
 said Lanesborough and on the other three sides on other land of the said 
 Nicholas Cooke and Joseph Bennet, which they purchased of Aaron Willard 
 and others which said tract lies in a square form, the northern and southern 
 boundary lints being four hundred and thirty-two rods long and the easterly 
 and westerly boundary lines being four hundred and thirty-five rods long, 
 the whole tract containing about Eleven Hundred and Seventy-six acres. 
 Now they, the said Nicholas Cooke and Joseph Bennet, do make partition 
 of the said tract of land as followeth, viz. : By a line running easterly and 
 westerly as said tract lieth directly through the middle thereof and parallel 
 with the aforesaid northerly and southerly boimdry lines, and that all the 
 land in said tract lying southerly of the said dividing line shall be and remain 
 to the said Nicholas Cooke his Heirs and Assigns forever, in severalty and 
 that all the laud in said tract lying to the northward of the said dividing 
 line shall be and remain to the said Joseph Bennet, his Heirs and Assigns 
 forever in severalty as by the plan thereof may appear. And whereas, ye 
 said Nicholas Cooke and Joseph Bennet have laid out their other lands ad- 
 joining which they purchased of Aaron Williard and others as aforementioned 
 into divers lots, and have caused a plan to be made thereof. Now it is fur- 
 ther witnessed that they, the said Nicholas Cooke and Joseph Bennet, do 
 make partition of divers of the said lots as followeth, that is to say : The 
 lots number three containing two hundred acres, number thirteen contain- 
 ing one hundred and three acres, number fourteen containing one hundred 
 and five acres, number fifteen containing one hundred acres, number six- 
 teen containing one hundred acres, number nineteen containing seventy 
 acres, number twenty-one containing eighty acres, number twenty-nine con- 
 taining one hundred and three acres, and lumiber thirty-one containing 
 twenty acres, according to the Plan thereof shall be and remain to the said 
 
80 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Nicholas Cooke liis Heirs and Assigns forever in severalty. And that the 
 lots number eight containing two hundred and fifty-seven acres, number 
 nine containing one hundred and five acres, number eighteen containing 
 one hundred acres, number twenty -four containing ninety-three acres, num- 
 ber twenty-six containing one hundred and three acres and number thirty 
 containing one hundred and three acres according to the plan thereof, shall 
 be and remain to the said Josepli Bennet, his Heirs and Assigns forever and 
 in severalty. And the said Josepli Bennet doth hereby remise, release and 
 forever quitclaim and contirm unto him the said Nicholas Cooke (in his 
 actual seiscn and possession now being) and to liis Heirs and Assigns foreuer 
 all the estate, right, title, interest, share, portion, dividend, claim and de- 
 mand whatsoever, which the said Joseph Bennet ever had, ilow hath, or 
 might claim of in and to all the lands aforementioned, and expressed to be 
 divided and set off unto the said Nicholas Cooke in severalty, with all the 
 privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging. To have and to hold the 
 same unto the said Nicliolas Cooke, his Heirs and Assigns forever in fee 
 simple. And he the said Nicholas Cooke on his part doth hereby remise, 
 release and forever quitclaim and confirm unto the said Joseph Bennet (in 
 his actual seisen and po.ssessiou now being) and to his Heirs and Assigns 
 forever all the estate, right, title, interest, share, portion, dividend, claim 
 and demand wliatsoever which the said Nicholas Cooke ever had, now hath, 
 or might claim of in and all to the lauds aforementioned and expressed to be 
 divided and set off unto the said Josepli Bennet in severalty, with all tlie 
 privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging. To have and to hold the 
 same unto him, the said Joseph Bennet, his Heirs and Assigns forever in fee 
 simple. In witness whereof, the said Nicholas Cooke and Joseph Bennet, 
 have hereunto intcrchangably set their hands and seals the day and year 
 afore written. 
 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of us, 
 
 JoAB Stafford, ) Nicholas Cooke and seal. 
 
 Silas Downer. )" Joseph Bennet and soal. 
 
 Providence ss : Nov. ye G, 1756. Then the within named Nicholas Cooke 
 and Joseph Bennet, Esquires, personali.y appeared and acknowledged the 
 within instrument to be their free act and deed before me. 
 
 Stephen Rawson, Assistatant. 
 Fcb'y 8, 1768, Rec'd and Recorded from the Original. 
 
 M. Hopkins, Reg. 
 Record Copy Book 6, Pages 123, 124 and 125. 
 
 This partition liaving been made sales were made to others 
 and the settlement advanced. The earliest to remove from 
 Ilhode Island seem to have settled on the New Providence Hill 
 as it was called, and to have belonged to the Baptist denomina- 
 tion. Following them came other inhabitants of Rhode Island, 
 many of them settling farther to the north in what was then 
 East Hoosiick, or No. 1, now Adams, and of these very many 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 81 
 
 were Quakers. To tliis difference of religion is probably due 
 the fact that tlie New Providence settlement was not incorpo- 
 rated with East Hoosuck into the town of Adams in 1778, in 
 which contingency probably there would have been no Cheshire; 
 for, according to the Rev. John W. Yeonians in Field's History 
 of Berkshire it was the wish of the New Providence settlers to 
 l)e incorporated with Adams and during 1778 the inhabitants of 
 East Iloosuck were twice called on to vote on the question of 
 extending the charter so as to embrace New Providence, but 
 each time rejected this proposition. New Providence Purchase 
 must, however, have l:)een subse({uently annexed to the town of 
 Adams, by an Act of which we fail to iind mention, for, for some 
 years prior to 1793 we Iind the people residing upon it dating 
 their letters from Adams, and the church established on the 
 Hill calling itself the Baj)tist Church in Adams. The present 
 south line of Adams is evidently the old south line of East 
 Hoosuck, so that it seems reasonably certain that the part of 
 Adams which at the incorporation of Cheshire in 1793 went 
 into the new town, was just the New Providence Purchase, and 
 that it had been annexed to Adams after tlie incorporation of 
 that town. 
 
 The following list shows the conveyances recorded in the first 
 ten l)ooks of the Pittsfield Registry of Deeds running to per- 
 sons named as residents of Rhode Island. It includes all tlie 
 surnames given by Dr. Field in his history as of early and 
 prominent settlers in Cheshire, and many more, and there is 
 reason to suppose that most persons named in it became resi- 
 dents on the land conveyed to them : 
 
 Nicholas Cooke, Providence, R, I., June 28, 1765. One-half of certain b. :i, p. 567. 
 land containing in all 1176 acres lying north and adjoining New Framinghani. Copy. 
 
 Joseph Bennet, Coventry, R. I., June 28, 1765. One-half of certain tract b. 2, p. 5G8. 
 containing in all 1176 acres lying north and adjoining New Framinghani. Copy. 
 
 Nicholas Cooke, Providence, R. I., June 26, 1766. Joseph Bennet, Cov- b. 3, p. 556. 
 entry, R. I. To each one of them one moiety or half part of 3740 acres and Copy. 
 14 perch lying northerly and adjoining Lanesborough partlj^ and partly on 
 No. 4, excepting 1176 acres now owned by them, Cooke and Bennet. 
 
 Joab Stafford, Coventry, R. I., November 5, 1766. Three several tracts b. 5, p. 403. 
 lying between East Hoosuck and Williamsburg, Lot No. 5, 200 acres ; Lot 
 No. 17, 100 acres ; Lot No. 22, 99 acres and parts of a certain tract con- 
 veyed to us by Aaron Willard and als. 
 
82 Berkshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 B. 5, p. 393. Joliu Becklin, Coventry, R. I., November 6, 1766. One tract of 200 acres 
 
 lying- between Ea.st Hoosuck and Williamsburg and is Lot No. 1. 
 B. 5, p. 399. Nathaniel Jacobs, Providence, R. I., November 6, 1766. Four several 
 tracts lying between East Hoosuck and Williamsburg, Lot No. 7, 337 acres 
 and Lot No. 10, 110 acres ; Lot No. 11, 66 acres and Lot 25. 125 acres. 
 B. 5, p. 397. Samuel Low, Providence, R. I.. November 6, 1766. Three several lots 
 lying between East Hoosuck and Williamsburg, 3-4 parts of Lot No. 4 (con- 
 taining in all 200 acres) which is 150 acres. The other 1-4 being set off to be 
 appropriated for a meeting house. Also Lot 27, 111 acres ; Lot 28, 108 acres. 
 
 Simeon Smith, Providence, R. I., November 6, 1766, 2 Lots lying be- 
 tween East Hoosuck and Williamsburg. Lot No. 17, 100 acres, and is the 
 westernmost half of Lot 3. 
 
 Jabez Pierce, Providence, R. T. , November 6, 1766. Three several Lots 
 lying between East Hoosuck and Williamsburg. Lot No. 2, 200 acres ; Lot 
 No. 12, 102 acres ; Lot 20, 100 acres 
 
 Nicholas Cooke, Providence, R. L, November 6, 1766, Joseph Rennet, 
 Coventry, R. I. Division of Lands. (See map.) 
 
 Nicholas Cooke, Providence, R. I., November 11, 1766, Jo.seph Bennet, 
 Coventry, R. I. Two certain tracts lying between East Hoosuck and Will- 
 amsburg. Lot No. 22, 102 acres ; Lot No. 20, 100 acres. 
 
 Joseph Martin, Providence, R. L, November 11, 1766. The easternmost 
 half of a 200 a. lot lying between East Hoosuck and Williamsburg and is 
 Lot No. 2. 
 
 William Brown, North Providence, R. I., June 10, 1767. Lot No. 118 in 
 the 2d division in Williamsburg. 
 
 Joseph Aldridge, Glocester, R. I., June 26, 1767. Lanesborough No. 70 
 in the 2d division of Lots. 
 
 Shubal Willmarth, Providence, R. L, October 31, 1767. Laud between 
 East Hoosuck and Williamsburg. The easternmost half of Lot No. 2. 
 
 Elisha Brown, Warwick, R. I , November 9, 1767. Land in Lanesbor- 
 ough, No. 41 in the 2d division. 
 
 Elisha Brown, Norwich, R. I., November 26, 1767. Land in Lanesbor- 
 ough, Lot No. 45, supposed to be in the 2d division. 
 
 Joiin Tib'ts, Warwick, R. I.. February 4, 1768. Land in No. 4, alias 
 Williamsburg and is Lots No. 116 and 119 in the 2d division 
 
 Henry Tibit, Warwick, R. L, April 26, 1768. Land in No. 4. alias Will- 
 iamsburg and is Lot No. 21 in the 2d division. 
 
 John Wells, Cranstown, R. I., May 17, 1768. Land in No. 4, alias Will- 
 iam.sburg. Lot No. 116 in the 2cl division. 
 
 Nicholas Cooke, Providence, R. L, June 25. 1768. Land in New Provi- 
 dence and is part of Lot No. 6, 100 acres about. 
 
 Henry Tibits, Warwick, R. L, July 15, 1769. Land in No. 4, alias 
 Williamsburg and is Lot 120 in the 2d division. 
 
 Nathan Comstock, Cumberland, R. I., September 20, 1768, Ichabod Corn- 
 stock, Cumberland, R. I. Land in East Hoosuck and is Lot 5 in the Pro- 
 prietors' division. 
 
 B. 
 
 5, 
 
 P- 
 
 401. 
 
 B. 
 
 5, 
 
 P- 
 
 405. 
 
 B. 
 
 6, p. 
 etc. 
 
 133. 
 
 B. 
 
 5, p. 
 Copy. 
 
 407. 
 
 B. 
 
 5, 
 
 P- 
 
 395. 
 
 B. 
 
 r, 
 
 P- 
 
 118. 
 
 B. 
 
 5, 
 
 p. 
 
 211. 
 
 B. 
 
 7, 
 
 P- 
 
 027. 
 
 B. 
 
 6, 
 
 P- 
 
 122. 
 
 B. 
 
 6, 
 
 P- 
 
 121. 
 
 B. 
 
 c. 
 
 P- 
 
 120. 
 
 B. 
 
 8, 
 
 P- 
 
 541. 
 
 B. 
 
 6, 
 
 P. 
 
 122. 
 
 B. 
 
 r, 
 
 p. 
 
 173. 
 
 B. 
 
 8, 
 
 p. 
 
 192. 
 
 B. 
 
 ,8, 
 
 P- 
 
 964. 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 83 
 
 Elisha Brown, Warwick, R. I., October 6, 1768. Lot No. 40 in the 3(1 b. 5, p. 183. 
 division, nortli Ran<?e in Lanesborough. 
 
 Stephen Carpenter, Providence, R. I., February 8, 1769. Land in New b. r, p. 450. 
 Providence and contains 115 acres. 
 
 Daniel Brown, Warwick, R. I., March 1, 1769. Land in Lanesborough, b. c, p. :iCi. 
 Lot No. 45, supposed to be in the 2d division. 
 
 Zebediali Shepardson, Providence, R. L, Ai>ril 11, 1769. Land lying B. r, p. .O^S. 
 between East Hoosuck and Williamsburg and is Lot No. 16. 100 acres. 
 
 Daniel Bennet. Situate, R. L, April 22, 1769. Laud in No. 4, alias Will- B. 8, p. XAZ. 
 ian.sburg. Lot No. 20 and 102 containing 100 acres, each the after Draughts 
 of the Original or home Lot No. 24, being the whole of the whole of the 
 after Draughts. 
 
 John Tibits, Warwick, R. I., April 24,1769. Land in Lanesborough. B. 8, p. !382. 
 North Lot No. 70 in the 2d division, except two pieces containing 20 acres, 
 and 4 acres part of north Lot No. 1 in the 2d division of 4 acres. Also pari 
 of east Lot 66 in 2d division of 20 acres. 
 
 Hezekiah Hammond, Scituate, R. I., April 20, 1769. Part of 218 acres. B. 8, p. 2G8. 
 
 Hezekiah Hammond, Scituate, R. L, April 26, 1769. Part of 218 acres. B. 8, p. .388. 
 
 Nicholas Cooke, Providence, R. L, June 21, 1769, Joseph Bennet, New B. 7, p. 1C5. 
 Providence, Co. of Berk. Land in New Providence. (Discharged.) "^ 
 
 Ednumd Jenks, Smithfield, R. I., Jesse Jenks, Cumberland. R. I., July B.lo,p.530. 
 
 26, 1769. Lands in East Hoosuck, Lots Nos. 2, 3, and 4 in the west range of 
 
 selling Lots. t^^P-x,^^' 
 
 * Joseph Beu- 
 
 Nicholas Cooke, Providence, R. I., September 16, 1769. Land in Newnet. Grantor. 
 Providence. Lot No. 12, 102 acres and Lot No. 20, 100 acres. ^^^ '"etc"*^'"'^' 
 
 Ichabod Comstock, Smithfield, R. I., October 31,1769. Laud in East B. 8, p. 184. 
 Hoosuck and is a part of Lot 4. 
 
 Peleg Whitford, West Greenwich, R. L, December 15, 1809. Land in B. 8, p. ser. 
 No. 4, alias Williamsburg, being Lot No. 115 in the 2d division, containing 
 in all 100 acres. 
 
 Henry Bowen, Warren, R. L, December 27, 1709. Land lying between B. 8, p. 98, 
 Wcsl field and Shefiield, 000 acres by estimation. '^'^'■• 
 
 Daniel Gosner, West Greenwich, R. L, April 2, 1770. Land in Jericho, B. 8, p. 3. 
 part of Lot 4. 
 
 Samuel Corew, Providence, R. L, May 14, 1770. Land in New Provi- b. 7, p. 731. 
 dence. Lot No. 12, 102 acres ; No. 13, 103 acres and No. 14, 105 acres. 
 
 Andrew Edmunds, Warwick, R. I., May 14, 1770. Land in No. 4, alias b. 8, p. G40. 
 Williamsburg, Lot No. Ill in the 2d division, 100 acres. 
 
 Benjamin Roberts, Warwick, R. I., August 2, 1770. Land in New Provi- b. 7, p. 448. 
 dence. Lot No. 18, 100 acres. 
 
 Eleazer Brown, Smithfield, R. I., August 10, 1770. Land in East Hoo- b. 8, p. 18."). 
 suck, part of Lot No. 4, contains 185 acres. 
 
 Joshua Reed, Scituate, R. I., August 31, 1770. Land lying between East b. lo, p. cii. 
 Hoosuck and Williamsburg. Lot No. 10, 110 acres; Lot No. 11, 65 acres. 
 
 Timothy Mason, Cumberland, R. I., September 1, 1770. Land in No. 4, b. 8, p. 8is. 
 alias Williamsburg, Lot No. 102 in the 2d division, 85.} acres. 
 
 Robert Car, West Greenwich, R. I., October 29, 1770. Land in Jericho, b. 7, p, 5C9 
 part of the fourteenth Lot, 100 acres. 
 
B. 9. p. 67 
 
 B. 9, p. 81. 
 
 84 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 B, 7, p. 601. Elislia Brown, Warwick, R. I., November 13, 1770. Two tracts lying in 
 
 Williamsburg, Lot No. 117 in the last division, 100. Also the west end of 
 Lot No. Ill in the 2d division, 30 acres. 
 B. 7, p. 555. Moses Fisk, Scituate, R. L, November 28, 1770. Land on the mountain 
 
 Grant, 155 acres. 
 B 7 p. 553. Job Salisbury, Cranstown. R. I., November 28, 1770. Laud on the 
 
 mountain Grant or Goodrich's Grant, 104 acres. 
 B 8 p 732 Zephaniah Keech, Gloucester, R. I., December 4, 1770. Land in No. 4, 
 
 alias Williamsburg, Lot No. 31 in the 2d division and contains 100 acres. 
 B 8 p 956 Jeremiah Smith, the Third. Smithfield, March 23, 1771. Land in East 
 
 Hoosuck and is Lot 11 in the 2d division. 
 
 Nicholas Cooke. Providence, R. I., June 11, 1771. Land in New Provi- 
 dence, part of Lot No. 6, 65 acres. 
 B 9 p 27 William Lewis, Richmond, R. L, July 18, 1771. Land lying north and 
 
 adjoining Lanesborough, Lot No. 5 and part of Lot No. 8 in the division of 
 
 Col. Dwight, Grant. 
 B9 D 59 Abeathar Angel, Scituate, R. I., acknowledged September 3, 1771. Land 
 
 in Lanesborough, being a part of the easternmost Lot No. 63 in the 2d. 
 Samuel Hopkins, Newport, R. I., October 28, 1771. Land in Great Bar- 
 
 rington, being part of Lot No. 5 in the west division of lots in the upper 
 
 propriety, 
 g 9 „ g3 Elias Gilbert, Newport, R. I., October 29, 1771. Land in Great Barring- 
 ton and in Showenon purchase — so called — 16 acres. 
 B 9 p. 285. Daniel Coman. North Providence, Co. of Providence, November 28, 1771. 
 
 Land in Lanesborough, Lot No. 18 in the first division. 
 BIO, p. 731. Charles Arnold, Smithfield, R. I., December 18, 1771. Land in East 
 
 Hoosuck, being Lot No. 6 in the east Range, 100 acres. 
 B. 10, p. 606. Elisha Brown, Warrick, R. 1., December 10, 1771. Laud in Lanesbor- 
 ough. All my lands that I have or ever had — that.is all my right, etc. 
 B 9 p 405. Nicholas Cooke, Providence, R. I., January 16, 1772. Land in New 
 
 Providence, Lot No. 16. 
 B 10 p 138. David Hopkins, probably of Newport, R. I., IMarch 27, 1772. His father 
 
 Samuel Hopkins being'of Newport, R. L Land in Great Barrington, 21 acres. 
 BIO p. 120. Samuel Hopkins, Newport, R. I., March 30, 1772. Land in Great 
 
 mtge. Barrington. (Discharged.) 
 
 B 10 p 293 Thomas Matterson, Warwick, R. I., May 2, 1772. Land in Lanesborough. 
 
 The west lot, Lot No. 52 in the 2d division, 100 acres. 
 B 9 p 465 John Fisk, Scituate, Co. of R. I., October 13, 1772. Land in East Hoo. 
 
 suck, No. 5 in the 2d division, containing 200 acres by estimation. 
 B 9 p 681 John Phillips, Glocester. R. I., May 4, 1773. Land in Gageborough, 100 
 
 acres and is Lot 114. 
 B 9 p 683 John Phillips, Glocester, R L, May 4, 1773. Land in Gageborough, 150 
 
 acres by estimation and is all of Lot 60 in the first division. 
 B 10 p 474 John Phillips, Glocester, R. I., June 1, 1773. Land in Gageborough, 
 
 Lot No. 33 in the first division, 150 acres. 
 B 9 p 647 Joseph Brown, Cumberland, R. I., June 4, 1773. Laud in Gageborough, 
 
 77 acres and 154 rods. 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 85 
 
 James Barker, Middletovvn, R. I., June 9, 1773. T^and in Lanesborough, B lO, p. 548. 
 part of the east Lot No. C6 in the 2d division. Tiie wiiole of Lot No. 66 
 except 35 acres. 
 
 James Barker, Middletown, R. I., June 9, 1773. Land in Lanesborough, B. 10, p. .-MO. 
 being part of Lot No. 31 and 76 in tlie 3d division, containing 57.^ acres. 
 
 John Barker, Newport, R. 1.. June 9, 1773. Land in Lanesborougli, being B. 10. p. .5.50. 
 part of Lot 31 and 76 in the 2d division, 76 acres. 
 
 James Barker. Middletown, R. I., September 4, 1773. Land in Lanes- B. lo, p. ci.3. 
 borough, 1 acre. 
 
 Elisha Brown, Jun'r. Warwick, R. I., October 3, 1773. Land in Gage- B. io,p. Cu8. 
 borough. Homestead containing 140 acres and 138 rods. 
 
 Thos. Bu.ssey, Glocester, H. 1., October 33, 1773. Land in Gageborough. B.l0,p.6l4. 
 Farm containing 150 acres. 
 
 Benjamin Ellis, Warwick, R. I., February 5, 1774. Land iL Lancsbor- B.lO, p.TlC. 
 ough. Lot 41 in the 2d division. 
 
 John Brayton, Smithtield, R. I., December 13, 1784, 32* acres. Possession b. 9, p. 913. 
 December 17, 1784. Execution. 
 
 Of these men the destribution into localities was as follows : 
 
 New Providence. — Joseph Bennett, Joab Stafford, John 
 Becklin, Nathaniel Jacobs, Samnel Low% Simeon Smith, Jabez 
 Pierce, Joseph Martin, Slmball Wilmarth, Stepen Carpenter, 
 Zebediali Shepardson, Samnel Corew, Joshua Reed, William 
 Lewis, Benjamin Roberts. 
 
 No. 4, Gcujeborough., alias Windsor. — William Brown, John 
 Tibits, Henry Tibits, John Wells, Daniel Bennett, Peleg- Whit- 
 ford, Andrew Edmunds, Timothy Mason, Elisha Brown, Zepli- 
 aniah Keech, John Phillips, Joseph Brown, Elisha Brown, Jr., 
 Thomas Bussey. 
 
 Laneshorough. — Joseph Aldridge,ElishaBrown,DanielBrown, 
 John Tibits, Abeathar Angel, Daniel Coman, Thomas Matteson, 
 Benjamin Ellis, James Barker, John Barker. 
 
 East Hoosuck or Adams. — Kathan Comstock, Ichabod Corn- 
 stock, Edmund Jenks, Jesse Jenks, Eleazer Brown, Jermiah 
 Smith, 3d., Charles Arnold, John Fisk. 
 
 To return to the first settlers, we find that Capt. Joab Staf- 
 ford attended the General Assembly at Newport in May, 1762, 
 as a Deputy from Coventry. 
 
 In 1778 we find him empowered as Colonel Joab Stafford, to 
 issue his warrant to some principal inhabitant of the newly 
 incorporated town of Adams, requiring him to warn the inhab- 
 itants thereof to assemble for their first towm ineetino; — and on 
 
86 BerTishire Historical mid Scientijic Society. 
 
 the 21st of August, 1801, we find him, describing himself as 
 Joab Stafford, of Cheshire, gentleman, (piit claiming to Allen 
 Briggs, of Adams, gentleman ; Daniel Read, yeoman, and 
 Timothy Mason, gentleman, both of Cheshire, for $400, all the 
 remnant of his land in the New Providence Purchase, includ- 
 ing 14: acres " on which an execution was some time since 
 extended in favor of Ruloof White against me." Doubtless 
 the correct records would disclose the cause of action, but it is 
 better not to peer too curiously into the gallant Colonel's em- 
 barrassments. One of the witnesses to this deed is Richard 
 Stafford, perhaps his son, and is acknowledged before Ezra 
 Barker, as a Justice, a son of his Rhode Island compatriots. 
 Richard Stafford seems to have married Susannah, daughter of 
 Elisha Brown, another of the Rhode Island people, and in 1823 
 they were living at Canajoharie, New York. 
 
 Tradition preserves a pleasant account of his introduction of 
 Mrs. Stafford to her new home on the summit of the new 
 Providence Hill. While he was mapping out the purchase and 
 erecting a house on the lots to which he took title, his wife 
 remained in Rhode Island. When the dwelling was ready for 
 occupancy he returned for his family. As tlie}'^ journeyed on 
 the good woman sought for an exact description of the new 
 home she was to occupy and of its surroundings. But the Cap- 
 tain did not see fit to gratify her curiosity, and as they approached 
 their destination, sought her opinion of the different dwellings 
 and locations which they found upon the road. At last Mrs. 
 Stafford found one which delighted her exceedingly, and after 
 the Captain had stop^Jed to allow her to examine and admire it, 
 she exclaimed, " Oh ! if I could only live there I would be per- 
 fectly satisfied." Whereupon the Captain turned into the 
 enclosure and informed her that they were at home. 
 
 It was from this home, whence he could see the summits of 
 the Greylock range appai-ently upon a level with him at the 
 west, and the valley of the Hoosac nestling beneath them in the 
 north, with glimpses of the vales in which rose the Housatonic 
 on the south, that Col. Stafford went with the Berkshire men 
 to the battle of Bennington, where he fought and was wounded. 
 Let us hope that it was from this home that in the golden 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 87 
 
 iiutuimi days of 1801, three iiioiiths after he had parted with the 
 last acre of his hind, his iieiu:;hhors witli tlie ohl pastor whom lie 
 helped to hriiiij; from llhode IslcUid, at their head, carried the 
 departed Colonel down the sonthern slope of the hill to the 
 hnryinii; O^round where his remains now repose. At the southern- 
 most foot of the hill, on a gentle eminence around which curves 
 a l)ahl)ling, crystal watered brook, is that of the ancient burial 
 place of Cheshire in which sleeps this man, who according to 
 the inscription on his tondjstone, a stone almost buried to the 
 earth as though it sought to keep closer company with the dust 
 of him whom it commemorates, so that he who reads it must 
 pei'force kneel, " fought and bled in his country's cause at the 
 battle of Bennington " and '' descended to the tomb with an 
 unsullied reputation/' In front of him curves a splendid ampi- 
 theater of wooded hills, their forest covei'ing almost unbroken, 
 extending from Whitford's Rocks to the east to the liigh pin- 
 nicale of quartz which glistens like a jewel in the sun above the 
 present village of Cheshire. Behind him rise the slopes of the 
 hill which he surveyed and helped to clear and settle, great tields 
 of pasturage, from which now almost every dwelling has dis- 
 appeared, but rarely vexed with the plough, and trodden but 
 seldom by any feet save those of lowing kine and bleating sheep. 
 A great beech tree on the edge of the bank al)ove the brook 
 shades him from the morning sun, and so se(piestered is the 
 spot that at this moment a great golden winged woodpecker has 
 her nest in a decayed portion of the tree, her notes the only 
 sound but that of the I'ippling brook to break the absolute silence 
 of his long home. A peaceful and appropriate resting place for 
 the patriot and the pioneer, but one which might well receive 
 some care from those who are enjoying the fruit of his labors 
 and sacrifices of him and his associates. 
 
 In this burial ground are found the monuments of a few of 
 these men. Those of others have been removed to the newer 
 ground in the present village of Cheshire. 
 
 The following are the copies of all the inscriptions now 
 remaining, commencing with that of Col. Joab Stafford which 
 is found in the southeast corner of the ground : 
 No. 1. In memory of Col. Joab Stafford, who fought aud bled iu his 
 
.88 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Country's cause at the Battle of Bennington, August 16th, 1777 ; who departed 
 this life Nov. "iliX, 1801, aged 72 years He descended to the tomb with an 
 unsullied reputation. 
 
 No. 2. In memory of Daniel Bucklin, who was killed by lightning July 
 26th, 1799, in the 15th year of his age The son of Darius and Hannah 
 Bucklin. 
 
 No 3. Erected in memory of Georije Brown, who departed this life Sept. 
 17th, A, D. 1773, in the 23d year of his age. 
 
 No. 4. In memory of Olive Brown, daughter of Daniel and Chloe Brown, 
 who died Sept. 9th, 1776, aged 4^ years. 
 
 No. 5. In memory of Huldy Brown, daughter of Daniel and Chloe Blown, 
 who died Jan'y 3d, 1780, aged 5 months. 
 
 No. 6. In memory of George Brown, son of Daniel and Chloe Brown, 
 who deceased Oct. 11, 1777, aged 4 years. 
 
 No. 7. Erected in memory of Daniel Arnold, who departed this life in 
 July, 1797, in the 31st year of his age. 
 
 No. 8. Sacred to the memory of Mrs. Phel)e Remington, wife of Co'. 
 Jonathan Remington, who departed this life .]unc 8th, 1795, in the 37th year 
 of her age. 
 
 No. 9. In memory of Mariah, daughter of Allen B. and Hannah Green, 
 who departed life April 10th, 1807, aged 18 months. 
 
 In calm ropose thy body lies, 
 Tliy spirit gone aloft. 
 
 No. 10. Sacred to the memory of Mary, widow of John Warren, who 
 died March 8, 1813, in the 61st year of her age. 
 
 No. 11. Sacred to the memory of Sarah, wife of Charles jWells and 
 daughter of John and Mary Vt^'arren. Died August 31, 1828, in the 58th 
 of her age. 
 
 No. 12. Sacred to the memory of Guelma Pen, daughter of Charles and 
 Sarah Wells, who died March 11, 1813, in the 8th year of her age. 
 
 No. 13. Sacred to the memory of Nancy, daughter of Charles and Sarah 
 Wells, who died June 10, 1793, in the 2d year of her age. 
 
 No. 14. Erected in memory of Frances, Widow of John Wells, who died 
 the 17th of the 7th month, 1842, in the 98th of her age. 
 
 No, 15. Erected to the memory of John Wells, who died the 17th of the 
 7th month, 181 3, in the 69th year of his age 
 
 No. 16. In memory of Elisha B. Wells, son of Elisha and Mary Wells, 
 who died July 12th. 1815, in the 10th year of his age. 
 
 No. 17. Sacred to the memory of Elisha Wells, son of Jolm Wells, who 
 departed this life April 29, 1822, in the 55th year of his age. 
 
 Most of these were Quiakei-s, and tlie quaint simplicity of tlie 
 Quaker tlionj^^ht is shown in these inscriptions. 
 
 About the John Wells, who died the 17th of the Tth month, 
 1813, in the 69th year of his age, and Frances, his widow, who 
 survived to the ripe age of 98 tliere is this tradition. Frances 
 was a sister of Daniel Brown and the Browns were well-to-do 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 89 
 
 people. John Wells had nothing but an honest heart, a clear 
 head and a strong arm with which to make his way. They 
 were married against the wishes of her family, and so distaste- 
 ful was the match that she was refused even the smallest setting- 
 out. So with nothing but themselves and their love, the newly 
 wedded pair, mounted upon one horse, and with no other 
 worldly goods, made the journey from Rhode Island to New 
 Providence. Another sister married Caleb Tibits, who also 
 removed to New Providence, but remained only a short time, 
 returning to the older settlement where he could enjoy more of 
 the luxuries of life. He took back the opinion that Mr. and 
 Mrs. Wells would get along, as Wells had made a clearing, put 
 up a log house, and had one cow. The years passed by. John 
 Wells worked his farm by daylight and made shoes by fire- 
 light. Frances Wells managed the house and the dairy, and 
 earned money as a tailoress. They added farm to farm and 
 accumulated money until when John died his estate was one of 
 the most considerable in Berkshire, and with all this both he 
 and Frances had gained the respect of all. Meantime poor 
 Caleb Tibets had wasted his substance, and it was found that 
 the daughter, who had ridden ])ortionless away behind her lover 
 had made the better match. 
 
 Leaving the quaint burial place, let us retrace our steps to the 
 old Bennett house, one of the few original houses yet remain- 
 ing, and follow the road leading from it to the north along the 
 western side of the hill. We shall not pursue it a great dis- 
 tance, before we shall cross the line of the southern boundary 
 of the New Providence Purchase, the old north line of No. 4 
 or Windsor, and a continuation easterly of the old north line of 
 New Framingham or Lanesborough. It can be traced on the 
 ground at present for miles to the westward until it disappears 
 at the summit of the hill lying to the west of Cheshire. On 
 our right rises the grassy slopes of Stafford hill, a few apple trees 
 on the sunmiit being all that from this point is now visible to 
 indicate that it has been the site of a village. On the left rises 
 Mount Amos, wooded on its northern slope, but smooth and 
 clear on its southern, in whose maple forests the early settlers 
 used to keep the sugar boiling while the wolves howled around 
 
90 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 the iires in the night. Far below at the north the is Adams 
 valley and perhaps a mile in advance of you, if your eyes are 
 keen, you can see rows of white stones by the road side. It is 
 another of the resting places of these first settlers of New 
 Providence. It occupies a little plateau with but a gentle slope 
 toward the west, the road sweeping around it down the hill. 
 A dark and solemn spruce tree stands in the back ground. It 
 was here that these Rhode Islanders of the Baptist denomina- 
 tion planted their lirst church and set up the public worship of 
 God. No trace remains upon the spot of the ancient building, 
 nor any mark by which to fix its location, but tradition says 
 that it was next to the i"oad and that its site is now occupied by 
 graves. The building, however, is now standing on the north- 
 ern slope of the hill, to which it was removed, and where as a 
 two-story red farm house it still does duty in the cause for 
 which it was framed and raised. It has changed its uniform, 
 l)ut still does service in sustaining the preaching of the Word 
 in the New Providence Purchase. 
 
 Before we enter this village of the dead let us gather some- 
 thing of the work which they who rest there did in the found- 
 ation and maintainance of a church, which has l:)een the thing 
 that more than anything else, must have educated the men and 
 women of Cheshire and moulded the life of the town. 
 
 The New Providence Purchase not having been constituted 
 as a district or township by itself, or included in the limits of 
 any such community, was not under the obligation ordinarily 
 imposed of devoting a portion of its land to the support of the 
 ministry, or of maintaining public worship. Whatever its 
 inhabitants did in the cause of religion was, therefore, a free 
 gift, and was done because of the moving of the Spirit. As 
 before stated many of the more prominent of the early settlers 
 were Baptists. They had no thought of escaping the burden of 
 supporting public worship, and the story of the church which 
 they founded is best told by its records. These records are in 
 the possession of Mr. Shubael W. Lincoln, whose house in the 
 extreme easternmost part of Cheshire on the mountain side 
 opposite the north slope of the Stafford hill, looks across to 
 Grey lock Mr. Lincoln has gathered together many documents, 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 91 
 
 and relics of this early church and of its ineinhers and many a 
 tradition of its earl}' history. From him the writer learned the 
 location of the iirst church and of the homes of several of the 
 settlers, and most of the traditions given. 
 
 A CnURCn RECORD, ETC. 
 
 "After sundry conference meetings by the Christians (in New 
 Providence) of the Ba})tist Denomination tliat freely receive the 
 Old and New Testament as the only rule of their faith and 
 practice, and finding themselves in some good measure agreed 
 in the Laws and Ordinances of Christ's House. Believing it 
 was their duty to unite in a public manner to maintain or keep 
 the unity of the Spirit and execute the Laws of Christ by a 
 faithful discharge of our duty to God and to one another in the 
 love of the Gospel, accordingly being met together on Aug. 28, 
 1T<39, consulted the standing of those present and finding a 
 number that came from Coventry by the permission of the 
 Church of Christ, there under the pastoral care of Elder Peter 
 Werden to which they as members did belong having retained 
 their unity with one another, it appeared that the church in her 
 unity was begun. The same day received Jonathan and Mary 
 Richardson upon a letter of recommendation from their brethren 
 at Newton. 
 
 Likewise inquired into the standing of Elder Werden with 
 regard to his standing with his brethren at Coventry. We were 
 informed by Deacon Josej)li Bucklin of Coventry, and by a 
 letter certifying the state of the case. 
 
 The letter is as followeth. A short narrative of facts relating 
 to the state of religion with the people of the Church of Christ 
 in Coventry of the Baptist Denomination : 
 
 We take this method 'to inform you tliat oui' Elder Peter Werden has 
 labored with us in the Gospel constantly for this twelve years past. And 
 some part of the time successfully. Our beginnings was but small. The 
 Lord blessed us with a happy increase. So that we was a few years ago a 
 flourishing peo])le in the cause of truth. But since that the Lord has been 
 pleased to remove a number of the brotherhood by death. A considerable 
 number more of the more compact part of the church have removed them- 
 selves and families into other parts of the country. Some others have relen- 
 quished the cause and people they once professed unity with. 
 
 The few that remain for want of unity among themselves have thouglit 
 best to desist their public attendance on the ordinance of the Lord's supper 
 
92 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 at present. Our elder has all tlie time been somewhat low as to his outward 
 surcorastances, his time much taken up in Publick Labour, his family some- 
 what numerous so thai notwithstanding liis exercise at times at hand labour 
 and the generous communication of friends and brethren to his support yet 
 he has been obliged for the subsistauce of his family to involve himself As 
 we believe Wariours should not be entangled with the affairs of this life, 
 We have laboured for some months past to see if we might in unity free our 
 Eld'r from these Intanglements, but we have laboured without success. 
 Upon deliberate consideration of the above facts we cannot think it is agree- 
 able to truth to require the service of our Eld'r in the relation of a pastor any 
 longer. At the same time we freely assert that for the time he has been 
 with us as a pastor and brother he has given evidence of the truth of his 
 profession in love to God and man. 
 Coventry, May 27th, A. D. 1769. 
 Signed severally by the Eld'r and brethren. 
 
 Joseph Bucklin, Deacon. 
 Peter Werden, Eld'r. 
 Obediah Johnson, 
 Hezekiah Hammond, 
 Thomas Mateeson, 
 Thomas Stafford. 
 The above and within is a true copy Rec'd and compared by me. 
 
 Thomas Matteson, Ch. Clerk." 
 
 " Upon consulting tliis letter and the testimony of Deacon 
 Bucklin in agreement thereto the church was fully satisfied 
 with the character of the elder, and those brethren that came 
 from Coventry, finding the brethren or church at Coventry to 
 relinquish the claim to the elder insisted that their former rela- 
 tion witli the elder was not dissolved, and therefore requested 
 his services as heretofore. The other brethren that had joined 
 them freely requested the elder to come and serve the Church 
 of Christ in New Providence in the capacity of an elder. The 
 present inhabitants very generally joined their request. Elder 
 Werden after deliberate consideration cheerfully complied with 
 the clnirch's request. Accordingly in March following came 
 to the church and since has in Gospel fellowship presided with 
 us as our elder. April 12, 1770, at a conference consulted a 
 proper time to celebrate the Lord's Supper. We cheerfully 
 conclude to attend on that Ordinance on the first Lord's Day 
 in every month, unless something special prevent, etc. * * 
 ^^The Church of Christ in New Providence to Brother Joah 
 
 Stafford : 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 93 
 
 Whereas, You have for sonic time openly refused to walk 
 in unity with tlie brothoi'hood in this place and have neglected 
 to attend church nieetino-s when properly cited thereto to vindi- 
 cate your charge against Brother Sanniel Pcttibone. We in 
 the name of Christ admonish you to repentance and reforma- 
 tion, and we do deny our fellowship with you until the fruit of 
 your repentance becomes evident. 
 
 Jonathan Richardson, Clerk." 
 
 Feb. 27, 1777. 
 
 " In 1779 Joah Stafford was restored by repentance." 
 
 "a list of names of the brethren and sisters of the first 
 
 baptist church of christ at new providence. males 
 
 and females that came from coventry. 
 
 men's names. women's names. 
 
 Peter Werden, Elder. Mercy Werden, 
 Joab Stafford, 
 
 Samuel Low, Almy Low, 
 
 Joseph Bennett, Unice Bennett, 
 
 John Day. Bety Read, 
 
 John Lee, Deliverance Nichols, 
 
 John Bucklin. Martha Lee. 
 
 THOSE RECOMENDED AND RECEIVED FROM DISTANT PLACES. 
 
 men's names. women's names. 
 
 Jonathan Ricliardson, Mary Richardson, 
 
 John Eaton, Jeniime Wilmartli, Bapt. 
 
 Eliakiui Richmond, Bapt. July 5, 1770. July 5, 1770. 
 
 Samuel Edey, Dority Wilmartli, 
 
 Ezekiel Mighels, Margaret Mighels, 
 
 Stephen Carpender, Almy Carpender, 
 
 Jeremiah Smith, Almy Allen, 
 
 Lewis Walker, Bapt. Sept. 3, 1773, Mary Brown, 
 
 Barnabas Allen, Mary Wilmartli, 
 
 Lazarus Ball. Hannah Worrin, 
 
 Samuel Warren, Hannah Perkins, 
 
 William Brown, Keziah Perkins, 
 
 Mo.ses Perkins, Amplias Jones, 
 
 William Hanks, Elizabeth Prosser, 
 
 Elisha Harinton, Hannah Broadway, 
 
 Seth Warin, .Jane Gallop, 
 
 George Badcock, Hannah Hanks, 
 
 Elizer Phillips, Rachel Cluetiu, 
 
 Isaiah Lesure, Racliel Lesure. 
 Benjamin Preston. 
 
 THOSE RECEIVED AND BAPTISED IN THE LATE WORK OF GOD IN 
 THIS PLACE, 1772. 
 
 men's names. women's names. 
 
 John Wilmarth, Jr., Bapt. Apr, 4, 1772, Lois Smith, 
 Simon Smith, Esther Werden, 
 
 Elihu Williams, Hannah Sceals, 
 
94 
 
 Berkshire Histo7'ical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Unis Parkins, 
 
 Keziah Eaton, 
 
 Abigail Richardson, 
 
 Daborali Brown, 
 
 Hepzibah Bowcn, 
 
 Lucende Werden, 
 
 Rutli Hail, 
 
 Deliverance Warren, 
 
 Susanah Warren. 
 
 Hannah Lesure, 
 
 Rachel Lesure, 
 
 Ruth Chase, 
 
 Persa Chase, 
 
 Elener Cook, 
 
 Susanna Cook, Rec. 1778, 
 
 Phoebe Nichols, Rec. Doc. 4, 1788. 
 
 Sarah Bennett, Rec. Jan. 30, 1789. 
 
 Jane Bucklin. 
 
 Ruth Carpenter, Rec. 1786 
 
 Elvine Andres, Rec. June 6, 1789. 
 
 Anna Hammond, Rec. Oct. 3, 1789. 
 Esther Carpenter, 
 
 DeliveranceRichardson. R. Apr. 1 ,1790 
 
 Lucy Bo wen, Rec. July 1, 1790. 
 Marty Brown, Rec. Mar. 31, 1791. 
 
 Snsannali Bo wen, 
 Sarah Richman, 
 Phebe Richmond, 
 Rachel Smith, 
 Esther Richaidson, 
 Judith Richmond, 
 Hannah James, 
 Abigail Tliayer, 
 Azuba Murraugh, 
 Thankful Hanks, 
 Sister Burden, etc." 
 
 Samuel Streeter, 
 Thomas Sceals, 
 Richard Lewis, 
 Stephen Clark, 
 John Warriu, 
 Nehemiah Richardson, 
 Ichabod Prosser, 
 Ephraim Wilmarth, 
 
 Enos Jones, 
 Benjamin Barker, 
 Tilson Barrows, 
 William Williams, 
 James James and wife, 
 Comfort Cook, 
 Eld'r Eben Jones, 
 Israel Cool, 
 Thomas Smith, 
 Elisha Briggs, 
 John Hammond, 
 Simeon Andres, 
 Jonathan Rementon, 
 Aaron Bowen, 
 Benager Tubs 
 
 Gideon Hinman, 
 Noah Hinman, 
 Noah Murraugh, 
 Samuel Pettabone, 
 Richard Brodway, 
 Jared Munson, 
 Eber Murraugh, 
 Joseph Haskill, 
 Elezer Rodes, 
 Israel Cole, 
 James Dodge, 
 Setli Jones, 
 William Peters, etc. 
 
 Tliere are about 500 members whose names appear on the 
 book. 
 
 Elder Peter Werden continned to be the pastor of the church 
 for nearly forty years, until his death on the 21st of February, 
 1808. He was a remarkable man, somewhat unlettered perhaps, 
 but full of grace and zeal, and actuated by love of God and 
 man. His epitaph is said to have l)een composed by himself 
 before he left Coventry. The discipline of his church was 
 strict and it cannot be doubted that its work was of the utmost 
 importance to the well being of the community. He was sup- 
 ported in this wise ; and from this instance of the unbroken 
 service rendered for more than a century by a modest donation 
 to religious uses, the charitably inclined may take courage. 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 95 
 
 As we have seen, the proprietors of the purchase were not 
 obhged to devote a part of it the support of religion. But 
 Nicholas Cook and Joseph Bonnet learning that a church liad 
 been thus founded at New Providence, by a deed of wliich the 
 following is a copy, helped the good cause along. 
 
 "To ALL People to whom these Presents shalt- come : We, Nichohis 
 Cooke, of Providence, in the County of Providence iuid Colony of Rhode 
 Island Es(j, and Joseph Bennet of a place called New Providence in the 
 County of Berkshire and province of the Massachusetts Bay Esq., send 
 Greeting : Know ye that we the said Nicholas Cooke and Joseph Bennet for 
 the promoting piety virtue and Religion do freely give grant and convey unto 
 Colonel Joal) Stafford of the same place called New Providence and to his 
 heirs and assigns forever. Fifty acres of laud lying in said New Providence 
 and to be taken off from ihe northeast part of number four in the Plan 
 thereof drawn by the said Joab Stafford which said Fifty acres is butted and 
 bounded as followeth, to-wit : Easterly on the lot number five One Hundred 
 rods, Southt rly on part of said lot number four, Eighty rods. Westerly also on 
 part of said lot number four One Hundred rods and northerly on a highway 
 Eighty rods. To HA^'E and to hold the said given and granted premises 
 unto him the said Joab Stafford his heirs and assigns forever in trust for 
 the use and purpose following, that is to say, as a ministerial lot, or a glebe 
 land for tlie better support and maintenance of the first Anabaptist Minister 
 of the Gospel who shall be duly ordained and settled according to Law over 
 the Anabaptist Society or Congregation in New Providence aforesaid (or by 
 whatsoever name the same place may be called) and also for the better sup- 
 port and maintenance of each and all his successors, for the time being 
 forever, who shall be duly ordained to the Pastoral Care of said Anabaptist 
 Society Church or Congregation and shall hold and possess the princi- 
 ples of the Annabaptists during their several and respective Ministries or 
 pastoral Care of said Church or Society. Provided always that if the said 
 Land or the Rents profits and Incomes thereof should at any time hereafter 
 be converted to any other use or purpose whatever than what is afore spec- 
 ified or should be in any manner misapplied or preverted contrary to the 
 true intent and meaning of these presents than the said Fifty acres of Land 
 with all the improvements thereon shall revert and return to the said Nicho- 
 las Cooke and Joseph Bennet, their heirs and assigns to be held and enjoyed 
 by them forever in fee simple as their former estate. In witness whereof 
 we have hereunto set our hands and seals the seventeenth day of January 
 One thousand seven hundred and seventy 1770. 
 
 Signed sealed and delivered in presence of us, 
 Benj. Cosiiing, Jun'r, Peter Werden, \ Nicholas Cooke and seal. 
 Peter Werden, Samuel Low. \ Joseph Bennet and seal. 
 
 Providence, ss : at Providence the 18 day of January A. D. 1770. Per- 
 sonally appeared Nicholas Cooke Esq'r the signer and sealer of this instru- 
 ment and acknowledged the same to be his voluntary act and deed hand and 
 seal before me. 
 
 A. Alwell, Just, of Peace. 
 
96 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Berkshire, ss : Sept. 5, 1771, Joseph Benuet Esq'r the Grantor in this 
 instrument acknowledged the same to be liis act and deed. 
 
 Coram Makk Hopkins, Just. Pacs. 
 Sept. 5. 1771 Reed and Recorded from ye original. 
 
 M. Hopkins. Reg. 
 Record Copy Bk 8, Page 774 ami part of 775. 
 
 Oil January 17tli, 177<», was thus deeded 50 acres of tlieir best 
 land on the northern slope of the hill to Joab Stafford in trust 
 as a ministerial lot or glebe land for the support of a preacher 
 of tlie Anabaptist denomination. Upon this land lived Elder 
 Peter "Werden, and from it lie obtained his subsistence. He 
 was succeeded in the ministry by Elder Braraan, and he by 
 Elder Bloss, described as a stirring, practical man, under whose 
 administration the old chui-ch building was removed to the 
 glebe land, a new church having been some time before erected 
 on the top of the hill, where was a flourishing and beautiful vil- 
 lage, the flrst village of Cheshire. It had besides the church, its 
 post office and its Masonic Lodge. Of all the buildings which 
 then crowned the summit of the hill, not one remains. The 
 new church decayed and fell, and most of the farm houses have 
 been removed to Adams. After a time the church organiza. 
 tion became moribund. Elder John Leland supplied the pulpit 
 for some time, but was never settled as pastor of the church. 
 Elder Sweet also preached there. After the destruction of the 
 new church building, however, a claim was made by the heirs 
 of the donors of the glebe that the conditions of the deed 
 of trust had been broken and its land forfeited. This claim 
 was successfully resisted in the Courts and Shul)ael W. Lincoln 
 appointed Trustee. He now holds the trust, and applies the 
 income of the 50 acres to the support of preaching in a school 
 house in the vicinity, looking hopefully for the time when he 
 may see a tasteful chapel again crowning the old hill. 
 
 Let us enter the sacred ground and spend a few moments 
 with the pastor and his flock. 
 
 But we must first record an episode of their work and discip- 
 line which throws light on the manner of men they were and 
 the views they held. 
 
 Col. Samuel Low was one of the most wealthy and promi- 
 nent of those who founded the settlement and the church. His 
 
liarlij Settlements in Cheshire. 97 
 
 residence was nearest to its site. In 1763 he was entrusted with 
 the duty of raising a lottery to raise and grade the streets of 
 Providence in Rhode Island. In New Providence he owned 
 slaves — four at least. William Dimon and Molly Dimon and 
 their two children, one of whom was Antony. About 1790 he 
 removed to Palatine, New York, having freed old William and 
 Molly, but taking Antony and the girl with him. He after- 
 ward applied to the church for a letter of dismissal, but it was 
 refused unless he would free the slaves. A long correspon- 
 dence between him and Elder Werden ensued of which this is 
 a sample : 
 
 " Bear Brother : — We received your letter and the brethren hath heard it 
 red. That part that concerns Antoney and it doth not serve our minds : our 
 minds is that your duty was to have set him at liberty at the age of twenty- 
 one which was about a 3'ear ago, and as to the bills of costs that you speak of 
 3^ou and he must settle that yourselves. We look upon it we have nothing 
 to do in that matter. We wish you very dear brother to attend to the prop- 
 osition you mentioned all men are born free. Therefore our request and 
 desire is you liberate him emediately to ease our Sister and us of our pain as 
 we we thinii it will dishonor our profession if it is not dun. * * * 
 
 Adams, March 2, 1792." 
 
 The copy among the files of the church is thus endorsed : 
 
 "A cop3' of a letter sent to brother Samuel Low at Palatine, N. Y." 
 
 And it may be well here to refei- to a brief account of Elder 
 Werden given by Elder John Leland in his works. Elder p. .319. 
 Leland removed to Cheshire in 1791. Besides the church of 
 which we are speaking there were at that time two others, one 
 called the Six principle church, making the laying of hands a 
 a prerequisite to communion, and the other, with which Elder 
 Leland united, which had dissented from the Six principle 
 Church, and w^as called the Second Baptist Chm'ch, and is said 
 to have contained about seventy members, and all these churches 
 belonged to what was called the Shaftesbury Association. 
 
 This sketch seems from its expressions to have been delivered 
 at the funeral of Elder Werden : 
 
 " A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND CHARACTER OP THE REV. 
 
 PETER WERDEN, 
 
 who died at Cheshire, on Lord's day, the 21st of Feb., 1808 The funeral 
 was attended the Wednesday following by a large assembly of people. An 
 appropriate discourse was delivered on the occasion, from Acts xiii. 36, 37, 
 
98 Berhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 by the Rev. Jolni Lelaud ; at the close of which, the following lines were 
 
 exhibited : 
 
 Howl, fir tree, for the cedar is fallen 1 
 
 Help, Lord, for the fiodly eeaseth : for the righteous is taken away from among men. 
 My Fatlier, my Father, the chariot of Israel and the horsemen thereof, Let me die 
 thedeatli of the righteous, and let my last end be like his. 
 
 Elder Werden was born June 6th, 1728, and ordained to the work of the 
 ministry, at Warwick, Rhode Island, May, 1751, in the 24th year of his age. 
 When he first began to preach, he was too much of a New-light, and too 
 strongly attached to the doctrine of salvation by sovereign grace, to be gen- 
 erally received among the old Baptist Churches in Rhode Island, which had 
 been formed partly upon the Armenian plan, until the following event opened 
 the door for him. A criminal by the name of Carter, was executed at Tower 
 hill. This occasion collected abundance of people from all parts of the 
 State. While the criminal stood under the gallows, young Werden felt such 
 a concern for his soul, that he urged his way through the crowd ; and being 
 assisted by the sheriff, he gained access to Carter and addressed him as fol- 
 lows : ' ' Sir, is your soul prepared for that awful eternity, into wliich you 
 will launch in a few minutes ?" The criminal replied, " I don't know that 
 it is, but I wish you would pray for me." In this prayer, Mr. Werden was 
 so wonderfully assisted in spreading the poor man's case before the throne 
 of God, that the wiiole assembly were awfully solemnized and most of them 
 wet their cheeks with their tears. This opened a great door for his minis- 
 trations, both on the Main and on the Island. He preached at Warwick, 
 Coventry, and many other places with good success, about nineteen years 
 and then moved in 1776, into this place, where he has lived and administered 
 almost thirty-two years. In his first religious exercises, he was led to dig 
 deep into his own heart where, he found such opposition and rebellion, that 
 when he obtained pardon, he attributed it to sovereign grace alone ; which 
 sentiment, so interwoven in his own soul, he ever proclaimed aloud to a 
 dying world. Nothing appeared to be more disgustful to his mind, than to 
 hear works and grace mixed together, as the foundation of a sinner's hope. 
 To hold forth the lamb of God as a piece of a Saviour ; or to consider the 
 self exertions of a natural man, to be the w^ayunto Christ, the true and only, 
 were extremely displeasing to that soul of his. wdiich delighted so much in 
 proclaiming eternal love, redeeming blood, and matchless grace. Sound 
 judgment, correct principles, humble demeanor, with solemn sociability, 
 marked all his public improvements, and mingled with all his conversation 
 in smaller circles, or with individuals. In him, young preachers found a 
 father and a friend ; distressed churches, a healer of breaches ; and tempted 
 souls a sympathizing guide. From his first coming into this place, until he 
 was seventy years old, he was a father to the Baptist Churches in Berkshire 
 and its environs, and in some sense an apostle to them all. His painful 
 labors for the salvation of sinners, the peace of the churches, and purity of 
 the ministers, will never be fully appreciated, until the time when he shall 
 stand before his Judge, and hear the words of his mouth, "Well done, good 
 and faithful servant." The character which I have drawn of the life and 
 labors of the man, who now lies sleeping in death before our eyes, many of 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 99 
 
 you know to be true. From the sternness of his eyes and the bUish of 
 his face, a stranger would have been led to conchide that he was sovereign 
 and self-willed in his natural habit of mind, but on acquaintance, thei^hysiog- 
 nomist would have been agreeably disappointed. He had so much self- 
 government, that he has been heard to say, that, except when he had the 
 small-pox, he never found it hard to keep from speaking at any time, if his 
 reason told him it was best to forbear ; and no man possessed finer feelings, 
 or treated the character of others with more delicacy than he did. lie had 
 an exalted idea of the inalienable rights of conscience ; justly appreciated 
 the civil rights of man, and was assiduous to keep his brethren from the 
 chains of ecclesiastical power. His preaching was both sentimental and devo- 
 tional ; and his life so far corresponded with the precepts which he taught, 
 that none of his hearers could justly reply, " Physician heal. thj^self." A 
 number of revivals have taken place in the town and congregation where he 
 has resided and preached, and a number of ministers have been raised up in 
 the church of which he was pastor. For about ten years his physical and 
 mental powers have been on the decline, and how many times have we heard 
 him rejoice, that others increased though he decreased ; but his superannua- 
 tion was not so great as to prevent the whole of his usefulness, and his hoary 
 head was a crown of glory unto him. A number of times he has been heard 
 to pray, that he might not outlive his usefulness, which has been remark- 
 ably answered in his case, for the Sunday before he died, he preached to the 
 people — he preached his last. The disease which closed his mortal life, 
 denied his friends the solemn pleasure of catching the balm of life from his 
 lips, in his last moments. He had finished his work before, and nothing 
 remained for him to do but to die. Socrates, the patient philosopher, said to 
 have never been angry in his life, when dying, was vexed. The cause was 
 this : his pupils asked him what he would have them do with his body after 
 he was dead. To whom he sternly replied, " Have I been so long with you, 
 and taught you no better ? After I am dead, what j^ou see will not be 
 Socrates. Socrates will then be among the gods. The improvement which 
 I now make on the words of this philosopher is this : what we .see here lying 
 before our eyes, is not Werden, this is but the shell. His soul is now among 
 the angels and saints in light, before the throne of glory. I will not say 
 that his .soul is under the altar with others, crying "How long, O, Lord, 
 holy and true, dost Thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that 
 dwell on the earth," because he did not offer his life on the altar of martyr- 
 dom ; but I have an unshaken belief that his soul has left all its tribulation, 
 being washed and made white in the blood of the Lamb, and is now basking 
 in the sun beams of immortal noon. Let the inhabitants of Cheshire reflect 
 a moment on the dealings of God toward them. Within about three years, 
 three ministers belonging to Cheshire, have departed this life. The pious 
 Mason took the lead — the pleasing C'ov(!ll followed after — and now the 
 arduous Werden, who has been in the ministry a longer term than anj' Bap- 
 tist preacher left behind in New England, has finished his course, in the 
 eightieth year of his age, while Leland remains alone to raise this monument 
 over their tombs." 
 
100 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 (Copy from the writings of Elder John Leland, pages 319, 330 and 331.) 
 We mil not longer delay to enter the sacred gronnd, and 
 
 read the inscriptions which tell of the lives and deaths of the 
 
 pastor and his flock. 
 
 The inscriptions are as follows, commencing with the east 
 
 line at the south end, the letters indicating the rows and the 
 
 numbers the position : — 
 
 1 A. In memory of Elizabeth B. daughter of Ephriani and Experience Fisk, 
 
 who died Augt. 36th, 1838 ; aged 36 years. 
 
 We trust her soul has gone 
 To dwell with C'lirist above. 
 There she will sing His praise 
 Of everlasting love. 
 
 2 A. In memory of Julia A., daughter of Ephraim and Experience Fisk, who 
 
 died Augt, 34th, 1835 ; aged 18 years. 
 
 The roses Bloom but to decay. 
 
 While sweetest odors from tliem rise, ' 
 
 Thus pass the flower of life away 
 
 To happiness beyond the skies. 
 
 3 A. In memory of Experience, wife of Ephraim Fisk, who died Oct. 9th, 1838, 
 
 aged 44 years. 
 
 Blessed be thy slumbers in the hours of day, 
 And bright thy rising in the eternal day. 
 
 4 A. (down Amy M., wife of H. Rowland and daughter of Ephraim and Experience 
 and broken.) ^^^^^ died July 8th, 1835, aged 18 years. 
 
 Stop my friend, O, take another view, 
 
 The dust that moulders here 
 
 Was once beloved like you, 
 
 No longer then on future time rely. 
 
 Improve the present and prepare to die. 
 
 5 A. (down Ephraim Franklin, son of Ephraim and Experience Fisk, died June 6th, 
 and broken.) -^^c^Z, aged 11 mo. 
 
 This beauteous bud so young and fair, 
 In paradise might bloom. 
 
 GA. LydiaE., daughter of Ephraim and Experience Fi.sk, died Feb'y 14th, 
 
 1833, aged 17 years. 
 
 The lovely youth in early bloom 
 Are summoned to the silent tomb, 
 Like flowers of spring they pass away 
 And slumber in the silent day. 
 
 7 A. This monument is erected to the memory of Harriet Melvina and Eliza 
 
 Melvora, twin daughters of Anthony and Sally S. Burton. Eliza M., died 
 Jan, 36, 1833, aged" 14 years and 6 mo., Harriet M. died Oct. 17, 1833, aged 
 15 years and 3 mo. 
 
 8 A. William Towner, son of Anthony and Sally S. Burton, died Oct. 11, 1818. 
 
 aged 1 year and 11 mo. 
 
 9 A. Died on the 31st of Oct., 1803, Daniel, son of Anthony'and Sally S. Bur- 
 
 ton, aged 11 months. 
 
 As fades the before its bloom is gi-own. 
 So fade— * * * 
 
10 A. 
 
 11 A. 
 
 12 A. 
 
 13 A. 
 
 14 A. 
 
 15 B. 
 
 Early Settlements in Cheshire. 101 
 
 James Dcwane, son of Anthony and Sally S. Burton, died August 25, 
 1823, aged 14 nios. 
 
 In memory of Hepzibah, daugliter of Joseph antl Laura Burton, wlio died 
 April 11th, 1815, aged 18 mouths and 11 days. 
 
 In memory of Betty Read, wife of Josliua, wlio died Sept. 8lli, 1815. 
 aged 82 years. 
 
 In memory of Hannah Haskins, daugliter of Joshua Hasklns and Lydia, 
 his wife, was born in Taunton, June28tli, 1740, and died Oct. 
 
 Mrs. Chloe Root, died Nov. 19, 1795, in the 56tli year of lier age. 
 
 In memory of Martha INIason, consort of Barnard Mason, who died March 
 12, 1822, aged 42 years, 4 months and 23 days. 
 
 All readers that now pass by, 
 As you are now, so once was I, 
 As 1 am now, so you must be. 
 Prepare for death and follow me. 
 
 Norman I., son of Shubael W. and Adaline Wells, died August 17tli, 1826, ic C. 
 
 aged 3 jears. 
 
 Sacred to the memory of Lydia Fisk, consort of Col. Francis Fisk, who ir C. 
 
 departed this life October 20th. 1820, aged 37 years, 9 mos. and 15 days. 
 
 Death with its unbounded sway 
 Hath swept my favorite and bosom friend away. 
 But, oh, why should I murmur or complain, 
 My earthly and mortal loss is her eternal sain. 
 
 In memory of William P., son of Francis and Lydia Fisk, who died May 18 C. 
 
 7th, 1817, aged 13 years, 5 months and 23 days. 
 
 Thus fades the flower ere 'tis bloom, 
 
 So lades our hopes and withers in the tomb. 
 
 Sacred to the memory of Lydia Fisk, who departed this life July 22, 1819, 18 C. 
 
 in the 66th year of her age. 
 
 Sweet is the hour that brings the pilgrim rest, 
 And calls the laborer to her peaceful home. 
 
 This monument is erected to the memory of Ephraim Fisk, who departed 19 C 
 
 this life ]\Iarch 19, 1813, in the 62 year of his age. 
 
 Deaih unto me is goodness, 
 To it I am composed, 
 My soul to Christ the living 
 I trust will ever be enclosed. 
 
 Sacred to the memory of Lydia Fisk. who departed this life Oct. 2, 1804, 20 c. 
 
 aged 14 years, 2 mo. and 7 d. Her death was occasioned by a fall from an 
 horse. This drops the lily that is mature ! She was tiie daughter of Eph- 
 raim and Lydia Fisk. 
 
 Ephraim, son of Shubael and Judith C. Wilmarth, died Sept. 3, 1816, in 21 C. 
 
 his 24th year. 
 
 Capt. Shubeal W. Wells, Cheshire, died Nov. 0, 1848, in his 51st year. 23 D. 
 
 Dearest father thou hast left us, 
 And thv loss was deeply felt, 
 But 'tis (Hid that hath bereft us. 
 He can all our sorrows heal. 
 
 Adline, wife of Shubael W. Wells, died Dec. 25th, 1825, aged 27 years. 24 p. 
 
 Sacred to the memory of Clarisa. consort of Henry Wilmarth, who de- „. .^ 
 
 •' 3o D. 
 
 parted this life October 4th, 1812, in the 24th year of lier age. 
 
102 JBerTcshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 26 D. Sacred to the memory of Maity, consort of Henry Wilmarth, who departed 
 
 this life May 24, 1811, in the 25th year of her age. 
 
 27 D. In memory of Ephrtiim, sou of Capt. 8hubael Wilmarth and Molly his 
 
 wife, who departed this life June 16th, 1785, in 
 
 og D. In memory of Molly, wife of Capt. Shubael Wilmarth, who departed this 
 
 Oct. 2, 1790, in the 48th year of her age. 
 
 29 D_ Sacred to the memory of Capt. Shubael Wilmarth, who departed this life 
 
 Oct. 30th, 1809, in the 70th year of his age. 
 
 30 D. In memory of Hannah, wife of Shubael Wilmarth, Esq'r, who died May 
 
 2d, 1820, aged 84 years. 
 
 31 E. In memory of Amey, wife of Stephen Carpenter, who died 6th of Sept., 
 
 1785, in the 45th year of her age. Ruth his second wife, who died April 5th, 
 1789, in the 37th year of her age. Ruth, tlieir daughter, died 15th of Feb'y, 
 1789, aged 9 mos. George his sou died in Dearfield, Oneida County, N. Y., 
 27 of August, 1808, in the 29th year of his age. 
 
 32 E. This monument is erected in memory of Stephen Carpenter, who died Feb_ 
 
 5th, 1815, in ye 75th year of his age. He was ordained Deacon of the First 
 Baptist Church in Cheshire, July 1st, 1783, and continued to fill the office 
 with honor to himself and to the Christian religion. 
 
 33 E Sacred to the memory of Capt. Phillip Mason, who departed this life July 
 
 21, 1813, in the 69th year of his age, (Inscript.) 
 
 34 E. Sacred to the memory of Mary Mason, who departed this life Oct. 30, 
 
 1808, in the 64th year of her age. 
 
 Death was to me no penal stroke, 
 But was a sweet repose, 
 My souFs with C'hrist, the eternal rock. 
 My day shall never close. 
 
 35 F. In memory of Allen Brown, Esq., who died Dec. 8, 1820, in the 51st year 
 
 of his age. 
 
 Alas thon art gone, forever gone. 
 Deep In thy silent sleep 
 And long shall friendship's bosom mourn. 
 And faithful memory weep. 
 
 .36 F. (fanced) In memory of Rebecca Converse, who died Sept. 25th, 1835, aged 67 years. 
 
 .37 F. (fenced) This monument is erected to the memory of Capt. Charles Converse, who 
 
 died Jan'y 31, 1830, in the o7th year of his age. (Inscript.) 
 
 38 F. (fenced) In memory of Rebecca C. Luther, wife of Royal P. Luther, who died Jan. 
 
 6, 1822, aged 17 years, 8 mouths and 12 days. 
 Rebecca has gone, etc. 
 
 39 fj Here lies the body of Peter Werden, late pastor of the Church in Cheshire. 
 
 He was born June 6th, 1728. Converted by the mighty power of God to the 
 Lord Jesus Christ, May 9th, 1748. In the month of May, 1751 he was or- 
 dained to the work of the ministry in Warwick and continued measurably 
 faitliful in his pastoral charge to the close of his which was Feb'y 21, 1808. 
 
 His soul to God he us'd to send 
 To cry for grace for foe and friend, 
 But blessed be the God of Love, 
 His soul is now with Clirist above. 
 This crumbling sculpture keeps the clay 
 That used to house his noble mind. 
 But at the resurrection day, 
 A nobler body he shall find. 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 1<I3 
 
 In memory of Uol. Peter Werden, who Avas born March 5th, 1761. His ^^ ^ 
 
 earthly existence was terminated Dec. 5, 1816, being in the 56th year of his 
 
 age. 
 
 Wliilo here in dust his ashes rest, 
 His saerefi memory siiall be blest ; 
 All titles fade and friendship dies, 
 But virtue lives beyond the skies. 
 
 In memory of Chirissa A. Werden, daughter of Aldcn and CIdoe Werden, 41 G. 
 
 who died Dec. 19, 1811, aged 6 mos. 
 
 This lovely bud so younj; and fair. 
 Called hence by early doom ; 
 Had time to show how sweet a flower 
 For paradise could bloom. 
 
 Lucinda, daugliter of Mr. James and Mrs. Renuncey Brown, died Marcli 42 G. 
 
 2, 1810, aged 14 months and 7 days. 
 
 Sacred to tlie memory of Joseph L., son of Dexter and Lucy Mason, who 4.3 G. 
 
 died April 24th, 1810, in the 3d year of his age. 
 Sleep, sweetest babe, etc. 
 
 Dolly, wife of Nicholas Brown, died 3Iarch 11, 1840, in her 77th year. 41 ll. 
 
 In memory of Sarah C. , daughter of Homer and Mary H. Wilmarth, who 45 i. 
 
 died Jan. 11, 1831, aged 6 mos. 
 
 In memory of Jo.sepli Manchester, who died Nov. 13, 1824, in the 28th 46 I. (broken 
 „ . . and down, 
 
 year or his age. 
 
 Alas, thou art gone, forever gone 
 Deep in thy silent sleep, 
 And long shall friendship's bosom mourn, 
 And faithful memory weep. 
 
 Sacred to the memory of Doct'r William Jenckes, who departed this life 47 I. 
 
 Oct. 29th, 1794, in the 39th year of his age. 
 
 Rest, precious dead beneath this mound which the lorn mourners raiseth 
 here — wdiile lisping orphanage around pour forth the filial tribute dear. Can 
 this dust live. Blind nature cries — the Gospel answers, yes, when Christ 
 descends, the saints shall rise and hail, etc. 
 
 Freelove, daughter of Joseph Brown, and successive consort of William 48 i. 
 
 Jenks and David Gushing (Physicians of Cheshire, wlio here rest from their 
 labors) Born Dec. 17, 1764, Died suddenly March 3, 1843, in her 79th 
 year. 
 
 In memorj'- of Doct'r David Gushing, who departed this life Sept. 31, 49 I. 
 
 1814, in the 47th year of his age. 
 
 The fragile man is passing swift awtJy 
 And monunments of brass and stone decay, 
 On friendship's tablet shall thy memory last 
 Till time is o'er and recollectim past. 
 
 In memory of Lucy, wife of Benj. Brown, who died October the 17th, 50 r. 
 
 1794. aged 29 years. Also in memory of Narcissa and Orrisa and Benja- 
 daughters and .son of Benj. and Lucy Brown. Narci.ssa died ^larch 11, 1787, 
 aged 5 mos., Orrisa born March the 13, 1790, age 2 years, Benj. born Au- 
 gust the 21, 1794. 
 
 In memory of Benjamin Brown, who departed this life Sept. 22, 1809, 51 i. 
 
 aged 43 years. 
 
 Friends and physicians could not save, etc. 
 
104 Berhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 52 I. In memory of Joseph Brown, who died the 9th of January, 1807, in the 
 
 80th year of his age. 
 
 53 1. (down In memory of widow Hopestill Brown, who died Sept. 21, 1815, in the 
 and broken) gg^j^ y^.^^. ^^ j,^.,. .^^^ 
 
 54 I. In memory of Joseph, son of Timothy and Cldoe Jlason, who died Sept, 
 
 29, 1796, aged 19 years and 2 days. 
 
 55 I. Sacred to the memory of John Mason, who departed this Hfe June 17th, 
 
 1810, in the 40<h year of his age. 
 
 Behold and see as you pass by, 
 As you are now, so once was 1, 
 As I am now, so must you be. 
 Prepare for death and follow me. 
 
 A 55 J. In memory of Julia Gushing, born July 26, 1808 and died June SO, 1829 
 
 56 J. (down In memory of Mrs. Nancy Briggs, wife of Capt. Allen Briggs, who died 
 and broken) ^^ Adams Dec. 21, 1818, aged 56. 
 
 O, death, thou hast conquered me, 
 Hut thy reisn shall have an end. 
 For I know that my Redeemer lives 
 And ui hhn I trust to deliver me 
 Vvora the dark pristin of the grave. 
 
 57 J. Sacred to tlie memory of Mrs. Chloe Mason, consort of Timothy Mason, 
 
 who departed this life March 5th, 1812, in the 60th year of lier age. 
 
 58 J. Timothy Mason, died Dec. 24, 1832, ae. 87. 
 
 59 K. Juliett, wife of Luke Denison, died Dec. 23, 1843, in the 38d year of her 
 
 age. 
 
 (iO K. Sacred to the memory of Elijah, son of Simeon and Chloe Goff, who de- 
 
 parted this life July 20, 1812. 
 
 51 K In memory of Isaac Hatliaway, who was born July 29tli, 1729 and de- 
 
 parted this life December 25th, 1798. (Red Sandstone.) 
 •go K In memory of Pha'be, the wife of Isaac Hathaway, who died August 18th, 
 
 1785, aged 51 years, and had been the mother of 16 children, 13 of which 
 were living at her death. 
 
 Descending from this village of the dead toward the south- 
 west, thence pass around Mount Amos, and overlook the valley in 
 which is the present flourishing village of Cheshire. This vil- 
 lage lies in the valley of the Hoosac, and is in that part of the 
 town formerly Lanesborough. There was very early a road 
 following the stream and leading from the center of the County 
 to East Hoosac. Crossing this a road over the foot-hills of 
 Greylock from Lanesborough, and the present village has 
 grown up around the four corners made by the intersection of 
 these roads. When the New Providence Hill was populous 
 and flourishing it is said that there was but a single house 
 where the present village stands. 
 
 It is difficult to trace the early settlement of this portion of 
 the town, at least without more time than the present writer 
 
Early Settlements in Cheshire. 105 
 
 lias been able to devote to the task. The settlers were citizens 
 of a large town the social and political center of which was over 
 the hill to the west. They differed from the most of theii- 
 fellow-citizens in relii2:ioiis belief ; and in the early records of 
 the Six Principle Church and the Second Baptist Church 
 would probably be the richest field for investigation into their 
 names and acts. 
 
 Elisha Brown, of "Warwick, seems to have been the earliest 
 to remove, his deed of Lot Ko. 46 in the 2d Division, North 
 range, bearing date Cctober 6, 1768, while Daniel Brown, of 
 Warwick, the more prominent man and largest land-holder 
 bought No. 45 in the following March. John Tibits, also of 
 Warwick, took the North Lot No. 70 in April, 1769, and 
 Abeather Angel, of Scituate, E.. I., the Easternmost Lot 63 in 
 Sept., 1771. Thomas Matteson, of Warwick, the West Lot 52 
 in the 2d Division in May, 1772, and James Barker, of Mid- 
 dletown, R. I., and John Barker of Newport, R. I., brothers, 
 jmrts of lots 21 and 7('), June 9, 1773, and Benjamin Ellis, of War- 
 wick, Lot 41 in February, 1774. In the same section were John 
 Lyon, who came from Fairfield, Ct. in April, 1770, and his son, 
 afterward Dr. John Lyon, of Cheshire, who was born at Danliur}^ 
 Ct. in 1756, and who must have removed to Berkshire with his 
 father. The son of John Lyon is said to have been one of the 
 Berkshire boys at the battle of Bennington. He lived for many 
 years in the low gambrel roofed house under the great elms at the 
 forks of the road near the crossing of the Kitchen brook in the 
 south part of the present village. James Barker, who had been 
 one of the Court of Assistants in Rhode Island, and was made 
 one of the Justices of Common Pleas in Berkshire soon after his 
 removal to the County, lived on the spot now occupied by the 
 widow of Noble K. Wolcott, just north of Dr. Lyon's. He 
 seems to have been an active man in public aifairs, and was one 
 of the early registers of deeds in the Northern Registry Dis- 
 trict, and the first Town Clerk of Cheshire upon its incorpora- 
 tion as a town. In the Probate ofiice are many wills of his 
 drafting, in a handwriting closely resembling that of the pres- 
 ent clerk of the Courts. In his practice of Justice of the 
 Peace and neighborhood counsellor, he seems to have been sue- 
 
106 Berkshire Historical and Scientifie Society. 
 
 ceeded by his sou Ezra to whom he willed his homestead, and 
 who was known to a later generation of Cheshire people as "the 
 old squire." James Barker died in 1796, 
 
 John ]3arker, who came with him from Rhode Island, re- 
 moved from Cheshire in 1786, with his family and several of 
 neighbors, intending to settle in Killingly, Vermont, but died 
 upon the journey at Woodstock. His family retiu'ned to Berk- 
 shire. These men were descendants of the James Barker who 
 is named as one of the grantees of the Rhode Island Charter 
 from King Charles II. 
 
 The inventory of the estate of John filed in the Probate 
 Court after the return of the family from Vermont, shows the 
 kind of property which these early settlers carried with them 
 in their removals to new countries. 
 
 We have thus sketched, roughly and too hastily some notes 
 of the early settlements and settlers of one of our quiet Berk- 
 shire towns, and will close by mentioning yet another of its 
 early burial places. 
 
 This one lies almost, or quite in the edge of Lanesborough, 
 on the road which skirts the hills, and overlooks the beautiful 
 lake which now is made to overflow the banks of the Hoosac. 
 A great rock rises in the center of the ground, and noble maples 
 shade it from the sun. It teaches us as do the others we have 
 noticed, that if these old pioneers loved freedom and were de- 
 vout, they loved beauty also, and made homes for their dead in 
 spots hallowed as well by the outlook and surroundings, as to 
 the use to which they were devoted. 
 
 The following is a plan of the ground and a copy of the 
 inscriptions : 
 
Early Settlements in Cfieshire. 107 
 
 E. 
 
 Road. N. =^ S. 
 
 W. 
 
 Rock. 
 
 Porter. 
 
 Southworth. 
 
 Pettibone. 
 
 [Old burial ground in Cheshire on the west side of the road from Lanes- 
 borough north of Pettibone place, visited and inscriptions copied, May 25, 
 1879. by James M. Barker.] 
 
 Tn memory of Mr. Jonathan Pettibone, who died Oct. 16, 1821, in tlie 92 
 
 year of his age. 
 
 Dear friends be wise in time to know 
 The fading state of things below, 
 Let every moment as it flies 
 Direct your thoughts above the skies. 
 
 In memory of Jonathan Pettibone, who died June 6, 1813, aged 73 years. 
 Sarah, wife of Amos Pettibone, died Aug. 31, 1847, aged 83 years and fi 
 months. 
 
 Amos Pettibone died Sept. 23, 1850, aged 89 yr's and 6 months. 
 Daniel Pettibone. died Dec. 26, 1848. ae. 51 yr's. 
 
 The dying moment is at hand, 
 The grace. Oh, Lord, I crave 
 That I may boast at Thy command, 
 The victory o'er the grave. 
 
 In memory of Pilo Pettibone, who died Feb. 16, 1821, in the 56 year of 
 her age. 
 
 In memory of Lucy Pettibone, wife of Philo Pettibone, who departed this 
 life June 22, 1835, in the 65th year of her age. 
 
 Laura Potter, wife of Peleg Potter, died June IStli, 1833, in the 38th year 
 of her age. 
 
 In memory of Frances Jane, daughter of Joseph and Mary Stevens, who 
 died March 21st, 1821, aged 2 years, 1 month and 8 days. 
 
 In memory of Warren Southworth, who died August 13th, 1841, in the 
 72d year of his age. 
 
 In memory of Pamela, wife of Warren Southworth, died Aug. 3, 1826, in 
 the 59th year of her age. 
 
108 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 In memory of Mrs. Louisa Southworth, Mife of Mr. Warren Soutliworth, 
 Esq'r, who died July 28, A. D. 1811, in the 39th year of her age. 
 
 In memory of Mrs. Mary Southworth, wife of Mr. Warren Southworth, 
 Esq'r, who died July 1st, A. D. 1814, in the 40th year of her age. 
 
 In memory of Miss Mary Southworth, daughter of Mr. Warren and Mrs. 
 Louise Southworth, who died Feb. 7tii, 1809, in the 15th year or her age. 
 
 Clarissa, wife of Stephen Wheeler, died Oct. 9, 1850, age 64. 
 
 I am sad and lonely now, mother, 
 The world to me seems drear. 
 For since you died my weary soul 
 In sorrow lingers here. 
 
 Almira E., Dau. of Jacob W. and Mary Wheeler, died Sept. 27, 1850, ae. 
 15 mos. 
 
 Too bright for earth she's gone to heaven. 
 
 Lodema, daughter of Phillip P. and Martha Porter, died April 11, 1841, 
 ae. 4 years. 
 
 Charles, died April 23, 1838, aged 4 years. Sylvester, died April 27, 1838, 
 aged 5 years. Children of Phillip P. and Martha Porter. 
 
 Sumner, son of Philip P. and Martha Porter, died Oct. 18, 1882, ae. 18 
 months. 
 
 Nelson, son of Phillip P. and Martha Porter, died June 18th. 1866, aged 
 18 years, 4 ms. and 9 days. 
 
 Lucy M., wife of JosephSimmons, died Oct. 23, 1841, ae. 35 y'rs, 5 mos. 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 The members and patrons of the Berkshire Historical and Scientitic So- 
 ciety will receive herewith the third number of its principal papers. With 
 the fourth number, whose issue may be expected in about a year, the lirst 
 volume will be completed ; and the separate numljcrs are and will be so 
 printed and paged, as to be conveniently bound together into volumes, which 
 will bear the general title. Book of Berkshire. 
 
 It is thought, that the papers now presented to the public, all of which 
 have been read at the Quarterly meetings of the Society, of which the last 
 held was the Fiftieth, will not fall below in point of interest and importance 
 those heretofore published. Dr. Smith's paper on " Medicine in Berkshire, " 
 traverses hitherto unbroken ground ; and he kindly promises a future paper 
 continuing the record of the physicians of the County from the year 1800 to 
 a much more recent date. 
 
 Lanesborough has the distinction of making the Episcopal Church more 
 prominent in the early time than any other town in the County ; and in this 
 point of view, the elaborate and excellent paper, by a clergyman of that 
 Church, printed in the present number, will tind a wide and pleasant recog- 
 nition. 
 
 Mr. Canning has been from the first one of the most assiduous and labor- 
 ious members of our Society. The ripened fruit of long research into the 
 fascinating story of Indian Missions in Stockbridge will be welcomed (and 
 more) by the readers of the present number. 
 
 A portion of our County but little known, because hitherto but little in- 
 vestigated, has been illumined by Mr. Beebe in his careful paper, which the 
 Society is now glad to present to the public. 
 
 A. L. P. 
 
 Williams College, Maecu 4, 1890. 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 
 
 By De. a. M. smith, Williamstown. 
 
MEDICINE IN BKRKSIIIRE. 
 
 At the present time many of the pliysicians who first came 
 to Berkshire, are known only by name. The record of their 
 birth and death ; of their struggles during the early days of the 
 county ; of their heroism ; of their masterful skill ; of that pro- 
 found love for them and confidence in them begotten by their 
 unselfish devotion to their profession ; of these things there is 
 for many no history. 
 
 The settlement of Southern Berkshire was from the valley of 
 the Connecticut. "The first road into Berkshire county" — 
 says Mr. Keith, — "is that from Westfield to Sheffield," and the 
 four new townships opened on this road were called No. 1, 2, 
 3, 4. No. 1, Monterey and Tyringham; No. 2, New Marl- 
 boro; No. 3, Sandisfield; No. 4, Becket. "It appears," says 
 the same writer, "that this road was only a path at the 
 time of the grant of townships Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 in 1735." Still, 
 we have a record of a physician in Sheffield as early as 1743. 
 
 Mr. Charles J. Taylor, in a letter to the writer, says, " The 
 first physician in the north Parish of Sheffield, now Great Bar- 
 rington, of whom I find mention was Deodet Woodbridge of 
 Hartford, Doctor of Physic, as described in a deed of March, 
 1773. He lived here for a time in that year, but how long I 
 do not know, nor have I any further information about him." 
 
 "Doctor Samuel Breck^ perhaps from Palmer, Mass., pur- 
 chased a house and land here in 1751, and is supposed to have 
 settled here in that year. "Was Parish Assessor in 1752. Mar- 
 ried, about Oct., 1702, Mary Strong of Stockbridge. Had a son, 
 John Aaron Breck, baptized Dec. 13, 1763. Doctor Breck 
 died in 1764." (Correspondence of Mr. Taylor.) 
 
 Doctor William Bnll was a native of Westfield, and reputed 
 to be an eminent physician. In 1751 he, with forty-four other 
 persons, petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts "for 
 
110 Berkshire Historical cmd Soientijlc Society. 
 
 the confirmation of tlieir lands hj the occupants," etc. He 
 must then as early as 1751 have been settled in Sheffield. This 
 petition indicates a man of great influence with his neighbors ; 
 of great concern that they have to pay such heavy rents to 
 Robert Livingstone, Jr. Esq., "And never like to have the 
 Gospel among them so long as they are Tenants to him," etc., 
 and of that godliness which likes to occupy a good deal of land. 
 We have no further histor}^ of him. 
 
 "Doctor Josejyh Lee, from whence unknown," was in Shef- 
 field, now Barrington, in 1Y61. Dr. Collins of Great Barring- 
 ton, says, "I am now (1879) residing on premises which have 
 been occupied by physicians for more than a century. Not the 
 same buildings — my house was built of stone in 1851, the year 
 I came here, and stands on a corner in the southern part of the 
 village and has just one acre about it. The first owner was Dr. 
 Joseph Lee, who married, Jan, 1762, Eunice Woodbridge, 
 daughter of Timothy Woodbridge, Esq., of Stockbridge, and 
 occupied these premises in 1762, and died March 6, 1764, aged 
 27 years. Dr. William Whiting occupied the same place 1765 
 and died 1772. Dr. Samuel Barstow, father-in-law of the late 
 Increase Sumner, Esq., occupied the premises in 1808, died in 
 1813. So you see I am the fourth medical man on the 
 premises. The old house was moved off about thirty years 
 ago." 
 
 "Doctor Samuel Lee, said to have been from Lyme, Conn., 
 was here in 1765, bought a house and land here Jan., 1765, the 
 same which, soon after, he sold to the County for a jail house^ 
 and for the accommodations of a jail. He was licensed as an 
 Innkeeper April, 1765, kept the jail house and was also ap- 
 parently keeper of the jail. He removed from town about 
 1768, to Salisbury, Conn." (Correspondence.) 
 
 " Doctor William Whiting was a son of Lieut. Col. William 
 Whiting of Bozrah, Conn., born April 8, 1730. He studied 
 medicine with Dr. John Buckely of Colchester, Conn., became 
 a physician and resided for a time in Hartford. By the death 
 of Dr. Joseph Lee and Dr. Samuel Breck, both of which oc- 
 curred in 1764, a vacancy was made, and it is probable that to 
 fill the vacancy was the object of Dr. Whitney's removal to 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. - 117 
 
 Barrington. His first appearance there was in March, 1705. 
 He located in the house previously huilt and occupied by Dr. 
 Joseph Lee. He unite.d tavern keeping with his professional 
 business, He remained on that place until 1773, when he 
 built in the center of the villu^e a house still standing, though 
 removed from its former site. He soon became prominent in 
 town affairs, was often moderator of the town meetings, held 
 the office of selectman repeatedly, and in 1776 and '78 was a 
 member of the Committee of Safety. At the breaking out of 
 the war, he espoused the cause of the colonies — was active and 
 patriotic. He was a member of the Provincial Congress of the 
 province '74—5 and 6, where he served on important commit- 
 tees. Thronghont the war he seems to have exerted a whole- 
 some influence in town, and his record in that period is very 
 commendable. He was a Justice of tlie Peace during the 
 Itevolution, and his commission issued under the reign of 
 George the Third, was one of those altered by the State Coun- 
 cil, July S, 1776, to correspond with the changed status of po- 
 litical affairs. From 1781 to '87 he was one of the Judges of 
 the Court of Common Pleas for Berkshire, and as such, was com- 
 pelled with other of the Judges, by the mob of Shay's men, in 
 1 786, to sign a paper agreeing to hold no more courts until the 
 State Constitution should be reformed or revised. His course in 
 the Shay's troubles was less commendable and patriotic than in 
 the Revolution. It was such as brought upon him the dislike 
 and displeasure of the friends of law and order. And in the re- 
 sult of the conflicts of that time, he was among the number fined 
 and sentenced to imprisonment and to sign bonds to keep the 
 peace. His offence seems to have consisted in "seditious words 
 and practices." He left a reputation of a skillful physician and 
 surgeon and appears to have had an extensive practice. He died 
 1792, Dec. 8th, aged 62 years." (C. J.Taylor, correspondence.) 
 " Doctor John Btudd^ said to have been from New Bedford, 
 and also reputed to have been a lieutenant in the service at the 
 capture of Burgoyne, probably resided in Barriugton as early 
 as May, 1780. He was a driving, active fellow — a "high 
 fl3^er," — and attained a large practice. He died in 1804 at the 
 age of 54." (Taylor.) 
 
118 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 " Doctor Isaac Baldwin^ — a genial man with a wooden leg, 
 — came lierc (Barrington) from Waterbmy, Conn., in 180-1, in 
 his 59th year." (Taylor.) 
 
 " Doctor Benjamin Rogers, from the vicinity of Lebanon, 
 Conn., came here (Barrington) in or about 1800, engaged in 
 practice jDrobably as early as 1812. He was a fine, gentlemanly 
 man, of prepossessing appearance, and took some interest in 
 political affairs. He removed to Hartford where he died about 
 1836." (Taylor.) 
 
 " Doctor Samuel Barstov), son of Seth Barstow, of Sharon, 
 Conn., came here (Barrington) about 1808, and engaged in 
 practice with his brother, Gamaliel II. Barstow. Samuel was 
 a democratic politician, and was a fine supporter of the right of 
 his country, a member of the Slate Senate in 1812. He died 
 in Barrington at the age of 36, in 1813, June 26th, of an afilc- 
 tion of liver and stomach; bore his long sickness with calm 
 resignation, and died in hope, greatly lamented. Gamaliel re- 
 moved to Broome county, N. Y. ; was a member of the New 
 York State Senate, State Treasurer of New York, and a mem- 
 ber of Congress." (Taylor.) 
 
 Doctor Thomas Bolton, Doctor Thomas Drake, Doctor Al- 
 mn Wheeler were also in Barrington sixty years ago, respecting 
 whom little is known. 
 
 Doctor Nathaniel Doioning w^as one of the earliest physi- 
 cians of Sheffield, but there is no further knowledge of him. 
 
 Of Doctor Samuel Barnard, a native of Deerfield, and a grad- 
 uate of Yale College in 1759, Dr. Peck says: — "I only know by 
 tradition that he practiced here (Sheffield), and w^as the town 
 clerk for many years, and I infer, therefore, that' he was quite 
 respectable as a physician and as a member of society." Dr. 
 Barnard was one of the five of the committee appointed at a 
 congress of deputies of the several towns within the county, 
 convened at Stockbridge, on Wednesday July 6, 1174c, to take 
 into consideration and report the draught of an agreement to 
 be recommended to the towns in this county for the non-con- 
 sumption of British manufactures, and from this circumstance 
 we may conclude that Dr. Barnard not only stood high in the 
 confidence of his townsmen, but also that among his colleagues 
 
' Medicine in Berkshire. 119 
 
 chosen as deputies from the towns, he was reckoned npon as a 
 man of firmness and integrity." 
 
 Dr. Oliver Feck, writing of the Sheffield pliysicians, says: 
 "Dr. Sylvester Barnard was a ncplrew of Dr. Samuel, and 
 practiced here at oiPe time extensively. He was a native of 
 Northampton. He died in 1817, at the age of 59." 
 
 "Doctor Asa Hillyer M-as a native of Granby, Conn," 
 
 "Doctor William Buel, a native of Litchfield, Conn.," says 
 Dr. Peck: "I well knew. He practiced here (Sheffield) ex- 
 tensively for about twenty years, and removed to Litchfield in 
 1815. I had a high opinion of Dr. Buel. He was well in- 
 formed in his profession, and his moral and christian character 
 stood with me and the public at a very high point; he was the 
 grandfather of Gen. AVilliam B. Franklin, U. S. army. Dr. 
 Buel died in Litchfield about twenty years ago (1859.) " 
 
 " Doctor Asahel Bennett, born and educated in Shefiield, had 
 but little practice, and removed to Einghamgton, N. i^." 
 (Feck.) 
 
 " Doctor John E. Laffargue, a native of ISTantes, Low^er Loire, 
 France, says Dr. Feck, I well knew. I have been engaged with 
 him many times in practice ; he was well informed in his j^ro- 
 fession ; a thorough Frenchman ; a gentleman in his manners, 
 • with some of his native ]3ecnliarities, wnth an unblemished 
 moral character. His" practice was limited, and he moved to 
 San Domingo where he lost his property, and nearly his life in 
 the negro insurrection in 1791. He died here (Sheffield) many 
 years since, aged about 70 (1879.)" 
 
 '■^J)octoY Nathaniel Preston V7?i& ?i \Qvy resj^ectable man in 
 his moral character ; of good mental abilities, but deficient in 
 education; never practiced to any extent and died here (Shef- 
 field) in 1825." 
 
 "Doctor F. IL Kellogg was a native of Sheffield, and ])rac- 
 ticed here and in Egremont during his life, with the exception 
 of about ten years, which he spent in mercantile pursuits in 
 Erie, Fa., in which he was unfortunate. He died in Sheffield 
 1877, nearly 80 years of age." 
 
 " Doctor Ithamer II. Smith, a native of Sheffield, did not reside 
 many years in town. He died in Canaan, Conn., age about 80." 
 
120 Berkshire Historical o/nd Scientific Society. 
 
 • 
 
 A kinsman of Doctor John Delamater^ (Dr. Peck, Sheffield,) 
 thus writes of him : " He was a native of Florida, N. Y., born 
 about 1789 ; studied with his uncle, Dr. Russell Dow, of Chat- 
 ham, N. Y., and attended lectures in the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons, New York; did not take a degree, sflcli an arti- 
 cle as a diploma of M. D. was not thought of in those days 
 (1806-8); settled at first at Mendon, N. Y. He was always 
 rather moveable, and verified the old adage, ' A rolling stone 
 gathers no moss ; ' was in Albany for a time, and came here in 
 1815, and remained here 'till '25, then he removed to Pittsfield, 
 and was a professor in Medical Institute, Fairfield, I^. Y. ; 
 Medical School, Pittsfield ; Brunswick, Me. ; Cleveland, Ohio, 
 and where else I do not recollect. When approaching 80 
 years of age he proposed to go to some small place where living 
 was less expensive, but his medical brethren made provision for 
 him and raised about $1200. Died in East Cleveland about 80 
 years ago. He was not learned outside his profession, but in 
 medical matters was indeed learned \ he had an acute and dis- 
 criminating mind in his profession, very enthusiastic, of great 
 facility in the expression of his ideas. His christian character 
 was above reproach; his charity unbounded, whicli was the 
 chief cause of his poverty." 
 
 The notice of physicians practicing in Otis which follows, is 
 from Mr. George A. Shepard. 
 
 " Doctor Elijphalet Colt, one of the first practicing physi- 
 cians, came from Harwinton, Conn., in 1795. He settled in 
 that part of Otis then known as London." 
 
 " Doctor Edniiind Bancroft was among the early settlers and 
 practiced successfully for many years." 
 
 "Doctor White G. SjMncer and Doctor Adonijah W/iite -prac- 
 ticed for a time, but how long am unable to learn." 
 
 " Doctor Bber West was a leading physician for a number of 
 years and was very skilful," 
 
 "Doctor Watson Smnner-, brother of Increase Sumner, prac- 
 ticed about 1820, very successfully." 
 
 "Doctor Will la?n B air d in'Rctlced many years; stood quite 
 high in his profession; was noted for his literary abilities, and 
 lectured occasionally on scientific subjects." 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 121 
 
 " Doctor Charles H. Little was a practicino; physician early 
 in the settlenieiit of tlie town. He was from Middlefiekl, 
 Mass." 
 
 " Doctor Wareham L. Fitch was in practice in Otis some 
 fifty years since (1830.)" 
 
 Mr. Shej)ard in writing of Sandisfield physicians, says, " In 
 respect to many of the physicians I could obtain no date as to 
 time of settlement, leavino-, birth, death, or time remaining in 
 practice in the respective towns. Onr records fnrnish no clue. 
 The older ones were not born in this town." 
 
 ''Doctor Jahes Ilolden was the first physician settled in this 
 town of whom we have any account. lie was one of the origi- 
 nal proprietors ; a man prominent in town affairs, as appears by 
 the records, but no further information can be obtained as to 
 his medical career." 
 
 " Doctor Jereiniah Morrison was one of tlie earliest practic- 
 ing pliysicians, and came here soon after the settlement of the 
 town commenced, but no knowledge is obtained as to the length 
 of time he practiced or when he died." 
 
 " Doctor Hamilton came from Connecticut and prac- 
 ticed a short time." No further history. 
 
 " Doctor John Ilaioley settled in the north part of the town 
 on what is known as Beach Plain. I think he also resided in 
 tlie district of Southfield for a time, for I find his name on 
 their records. He was among the first settlers." 
 
 "Doctor Amos Smith was- settled in the district of South- 
 field, was one of the leading men, and must have been one of 
 the earl}^ settlers as his first child was born in 1773. He had a 
 family of fourteen children! five girls and nine boys!! He 
 must have had considerable practice to support them all, l)ut, he 
 had quite a large farm." 
 
 •' Doctor Reuhen Bnchman was in practice in this town at 
 the same time that Dr. Smith was practicing in Southfield. His 
 first child was born in 1778. Pie was eccentric, not popular, 
 practice limited." 
 
 " Doctor Rohert King was the son and fifth child of Dr. Rob- 
 ert King of Blandford, Mass., who was born in Cork, Ireland, 
 1744. He was lieutenant in a squadron of cavalry in the 1st 
 
1 22 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Brigade, 9th Division of Massaclmsetts Volunteers in 1808 ; 
 made captain in 1812. He stood liigh as a physician and sur- 
 geon, and had an extensive ride. He removed to Oliio where 
 he died Jime 29, 1851." 
 
 "Doctor Erastus Beach was born in Goshen, Conn. Ho 
 commenced teaching school when sixteen years old. After 
 twenty-one, he settled and practiced medicine and became the 
 leading physician in Sandisfield." 
 
 " He was a man of good judgment, a skillful practitioner, a 
 man prominent in town affairs, He was clear-headed and a 
 man of nerve. During his early practice, returning home at 
 midnight, he passed the central burying-ground. While pass- 
 ing he thought he saw something in the figure of a person — 
 but ghostly white — moving about. He stopped his horse to 
 make sure it was no deception, and being assured there was 
 none, he resolved to solve the mystery. Hitching his horse he 
 proceeded to investigate. As he approached, he saw it move, 
 but intent on solving the mystery, he faltered not. Was it a 
 spectre or some tangible being? He found the widow of Rev, 
 Eliazei Storr's, who had deceased a short time previously, 
 wandering in her night dress, in a somnambulistic condition, 
 and hovering over the grave of her deceased husband." 
 
 " Doctor Ehenezer Balch, a contemporary of Dr. Beach, was 
 from Plattsburg, N. Y. He studied with the Dr. Brewster of 
 Becket. 
 
 " He was exceedindly plain and blunt in speech, making use 
 of many quaint and ludicrous expressions. He indulged at times 
 somewhat freely in alcoliolic beverages, but was careful and 
 guarded when attending those seriously sick, and was a very 
 cautious practitioner. He excelled in compounding medicines. 
 He died Feb. 19, 1851, aged 08." *(Geo. A. Shepard.) 
 
 Of Doctor John Hulbut, or Hurlbut as he spelled it, of Al- 
 ford, Mr. E. C. Ticknor says, "We know next to nothing. We 
 gather — that in 1YY3, soon after the incorporation of this town, 
 at the first meeting in March he was elected Town Clerk and 
 also one of the Selectmen ; filled at times various town offices, 
 was representative to the General Court and received the ap- 
 pointment of Justice of the Peace, -sYhicli was revoked because 
 
Medicine in Berkahh'e. 123 
 
 lie was a Shay's man. It is understood tliat lie received a clas- 
 sic education at Yale. lie niaiTied a Miss IJandiii, the nu^ther 
 of a numerous family of children, among whom was the late 
 Hon. John W. Ilulbut of PittsHeld, who represented this dis- 
 trict in Congress one term." 
 
 He was the only physician in town for a long period. lie 
 was one of the lirst mendjers of the District Society. He died 
 June, 1815, at the age of 85 years." 
 
 "Doctor ^6>/'i<;ar<^ Barnu7n,hovn in Danhury, Conn., was 
 the son of Stephen Barnura, who participated in the seige of 
 Yorktown at the capture of Cornwallis. Dr. Barnuni came to 
 this town (Alford) about 1800, He received only an English 
 education, studied medicine with Dr. Burghardt of llichmond, 
 and became the successor of Dr. Hui-lbut not long after his 
 death. Dr. B. died 1828, age 38." (Ticknor.) 
 
 Of the New Marlboro early physicians we know next to 
 nothing. 
 
 Doctor ElUiiL Wriyht, Dr. JEhenezei' Parish. 
 
 Doctor Benjamin Smith was one of tlie founders of the 
 Medical Association in 1787, but M^as the minority of one who 
 refused to sign the rules, and we hear nothing more from him. 
 
 Doctor Elijah Catlin was admitted to practice by the 
 Censors of the Medical Association. He "has exhibited his 
 Proficiency in the several branches of Physical Knowledge to' 
 Satisfaction, is, therefore, hereby recommended to the Publick, 
 as duly (pialified, by a regular Education, to enter upon the 
 duties of the Profession. Dated at Pittsfield, this Eighth Day 
 of January, 1788." 
 
 Doctors Jacob Holt and Reuben Buchman were admitted at 
 the same time. 
 
 Doctor Catlin died June 5, 1823, aged 61 years. 
 
 Doctor Gilhert Smith died about 1804. 
 
 Doctor Edmund C. Feet died May 6, 1828, age 44. 
 
 The earliest physician of Becket was Doctor 0. Brewster. 
 
 The following sketch of his life is from the " Panoplisi" for 
 Aug. 1812: ' 
 
 "Doctor Oliver Brewster of Becket, was born at Lebanon 
 Conn., April 2, 1760. A lineal descendant of the pilgrims of 
 
124 Berkshire Historical and Sdentifio Society. 
 
 the Mayflower. At a very early age he obtained his profession 
 and was employed as a surgeon in the American army, in a 
 regiment from Berkshire under Col. John Brown of Pittsfield, 
 in the valley of the Mohawk. On the morning before the 
 action at Herkimer, he was breakfasting with some officers of 
 the regiment to which he belonged. The colonel observing the 
 company to eat but little began to reproach them with coward- 
 ice. He said ' These fellows, Brewster, have got lead in their 
 stomachs. "Why ! the battle will not last more than fl ve min- 
 utes, and you can all of you live in hell so long.' They went 
 immediately into action, when in less than five minutes the 
 colonel fell and Dr. Brewster was called just in time to see him 
 expire." 
 
 " His labors in his profession were indefatigably faithful and 
 successful. In most instances, particularly in acute diseases, his 
 practice was eminently successful. Beneficence was a well- 
 known trait in his character. This was particularly exper- 
 ienced by his patients to whom, when poor, lie was not only a 
 physician, but a father, relieving their wants to the extent of 
 his ability." 
 
 " His professional cliarges were remarkably moderate and liis 
 collections of them from persons of humble means — if collected 
 at all — was in the most favorable w^ay possible. His worldly 
 prosperity was due to his industry and economy of time." 
 
 " In his family his fidelity as a christian father was renicirk- 
 able and exemplary." 
 
 " Decision and determination were indeed characteristics of 
 the man." 
 
 " He stood as a pillar in the church in which he was deacon. 
 Religion was to him a delight, not a burden ; it abounded in 
 him, and in mixed companies his conversation upon it possessed 
 that readiness and force which manifested his intimate ac- 
 (juaintance, both with its theory and spirit. leb. 15, 1812, he 
 was visiting a very sick lady in imminent danger. Walking 
 the room in deep anxiety, ' I know not,' said he, ' what more 
 we can do, but we must all pray for her, and pray for our- 
 selves.' He was immediately seized with an apoplectic attack? 
 losing all consciousness, in which state he lay for six hours, 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 125 
 
 wlien lie died in the Iiarness and in the fnllness and richness of 
 his manhood." 
 
 "The next road (second) through J>erkshire was probably 
 along the Deerfield valle}^ over the Hoosic mountain, past Fort 
 Massachusetts, through Williamstown, etc. Fort Massachusetts 
 being built about IT-i-l, a road or trail was probably in use 
 then." (Keith.) 
 
 The following sketch is from the pen of Dr. Stephen W. 
 Williams, the grandson of Dr. Thomas Williams, whose life 
 and work is of historic interest to this County. 
 
 " Doctor Thomas Williams, was second son of Col. Ephraim 
 Williams of Stockbridge, who was of the third generation in 
 lineal descent from M. Robert Williams, who landed at Boston 
 and settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1630, ten years after the land- 
 ing of the pilgrims on the rock at Plymouth, and eight years 
 after the first settlement of Boston. Thomas was born at ISTew- 
 ton, Mass., April 1, 1718. He received the honorary degree of 
 Master of Arts from Yale College about the year 1737, and 
 studied the profession with Dr. Wheat of Boston. (In those 
 days such a thing as a medical degree was not known in this 
 state.) He settled at Deerfield as a physician and surgeon about 
 the year 1739, and was held in great estimation by the govern- 
 ment, not alone as a physician and surgeon, but as a man of 
 of science. 
 
 So, in the projected expedition against Canada, in the French 
 war of 1743, he was appointed surgeon in the army, afterwards 
 surgeon of the chain of forts extending from Fort Dummer, at 
 Vernon in Vermont, to Fort Massachusetts at Adams. Dr. 
 Williams was often in great peril, for he was frequently obliged 
 to pass these forts. It is related of him that a day or two be- 
 fore the capitulation of Fort Massachusetts, which happened on 
 the 20tli of August, 1746, he obtained permission of the com. 
 mandant of the garrison to return to Deerfield. At a little 
 distance from the fort he, with thirteen attendants, passed 
 through a company of hostile Indians on each side of the path, 
 and very near, yet they let him pass unmolested for fear, proba- 
 bly, of alarming the gai-rison by firing. He was at Deerfield 
 
126 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 at tlie Barrs lisjht, so-called, a few days afterward and dressed 
 the wounded. 
 
 In the war or 1755 he was surgeon in the army under Sir 
 William Johnson at Lake George. And, in the encampment 
 at the head of Lake George, four miles from the scene of ac- 
 tion, on the bloody morning scout, Sept. 8, 1755, received the 
 news of the death of his brother. Col. Ephraim Williams, the 
 founder of Williams College. On the attack of Dieskau's 
 troops upon the encampment the same day, constantly exposed 
 to the fire of the enemy, he was incessantly administering to 
 the necessities of the wounded, and dressed the wound of Dies- 
 kau, who was taken prisoner. 
 
 His practice was very arduous, as his ride was very exten- 
 sive, he being the only surgeon in this part of the country. The 
 old county of Hampshire then included the county of Berk- 
 shire, and Dr. Pynchon of Springfield, and Dr. Mather of 
 Northampton, were his contemporaries, who, together with 
 himself, were the principal physicians. He was often called 
 into the states of Yermont and New Hampshire. He kept 
 himself supplied with the most approved European authors and 
 read extensively. In addition to his duties as physician and 
 surgeon, he held the office of Justice of the Peace under the 
 Crown ; also that of Judge of the Court of Common Pleas and 
 of Probate. He was also many years Town Clerk. He also 
 educated many young men as physicians, who became eminent 
 and useful. 
 
 He was a firm believer in the truth of the doctrines of the 
 Christian religion, was a member of Rev. Jonathan Ashley's 
 church and his devoted friend. He was always spoken of with 
 great respect and love by those who knew him. 
 
 His sickness was consumption, from a severe cold caught in 
 his professional duties, causing his death on the 28th of Sep- 
 tember, 1775, in the 5Sth year of his age. 
 
 " Doctor Elisha Lee Allen., Pittsfield, son of Rev. Thomas 
 Allen, born 1783, died at Pas Christian, Louisiana, Sept. 5, 
 1817, falling a victim to his conscientious and zealous per- 
 formance of duty in attending upon soldiers' suffering from 
 yellow fever. He was assistant surgeon of the 21st, and in 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 127 
 
 1815, when the army was reduced to a ^^eace basis, was retained 
 as surgeon's mate. 
 
 Another surgeon's mate and worthy of mention is Dr. Perez 
 Marsh, the son of Capt. Job. Marsh, born at Hadley, Oct. 25, 
 1729, and a Yale graduate in 1748. lie was a j)hysician and 
 surgeon's mate in the regiment of Col. Ephraim Williams, 
 1755. Between that and 1761, he settled at Ashuelot Equiva. 
 lent (Dalton.) His further judicial history is given by Mr. H. 
 Taft, Esq., in his paper, "Judicial History of Berkshire." 
 
 The history of medicine would be very incomplete without 
 that of the "Medical Association," which was formed in 1787_ 
 
 "Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 
 In the year of our Lord, 1781. 
 An Act, To incorporate Certain physicians, by the name of the Massachusetts 
 
 Medical Society." 
 This was enacted and approved by John Hancock. 
 
 Among the names of physicians thus incorporated we find 
 the name of William Whiting of Great Barrington. 
 
 In Oct., 1785, the parent society appointed Dr. Sargeant and 
 Dr. Partridge a committee in this county "for the purpose of 
 encouraging the communications of all important or extraordi- 
 nary cases that may occur in the practice of the Medical Art, 
 and for this purpose to meet, correspond and communicate 
 with any individuals or any Association of Physicians that 
 have been or may l)e formed in their respective counties and 
 make a report from time to time of their doings to this society 
 as occasion may require." But, as we may presume, notwith- 
 standing the eiforts and solicitations of this committee, and 
 earnest men they were, the meeting for the formation of an as- 
 sociation did not occur until Jan. 16, 1787, at Stockbridge. 
 
 The morning of Jan. 16, 1787, was cold and clear. It need 
 to have been, for the physicians of Berkshire were summoned 
 to meet on that day at Stockbridge. In obedience to the call 
 William Whiting, John Budd and Samuel Baldwin started 
 from Barrington ; James Cowdrey and Amos Smith from San- 
 disfield ; Gideon Thompson from Lee ; Jacob Kingsbury from 
 Tyringham; Oliver Brewster from Becket; Joseph Clark from 
 Eichmond; Hezekiah Clark from Lanesboro' ; Eldad Lewis 
 
128 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 from Lenox; John Hurlbut from Alford, and David Cluirch. 
 Tbrongli the dense woods, sparkling, as their branches hung 
 with silver crystals, were lit by the morning sun, over the deep 
 drifts which the storm had piled in fantastic heaps around, 
 plodding their M^ay with stout, resolute hearts, on horseback, 
 they came from the various points of compass, treading their 
 way to the house of one Mrs. Bingham, of Stockbridge. Drs. 
 Sargeant and Partridge were there to meet them. This meet- 
 ing had been anticipated for more than a year. 
 
 These grave and revered seignors, when they had thoroughly 
 warmed themselves at the deep fire-place filled with blazing 
 logs, and had discussed a goodly quantity of mulled toddy, 
 earnestly discussed the potentous event which this day com- 
 memorates. 
 
 It was mid-winter, hard and cold. Would it be jjossible 
 with the social storm added, for the infant to survive. But 
 there are certain events which will happen whether or no, and 
 really before these gray liaired sires were ready the cliild was 
 born. Anglo-Saxon in origin, moulded from the tough fibre 
 of Puritan stock this fair and lusty infant gave- such vigorous 
 manifestations of a determination to surmount all the diseases 
 and obsta'cles which lie in the path of infantile life, that the 
 attending physicians put aside their fond fears and christened 
 the baby " Medical Association." The history of this creation 
 whose paternity was the Massachusetts Medical Society, for 
 somewhat more than a year before Drs. Sargeant and Partridge 
 had been appointed a committee " to form an association for 
 the purpose of observing and communicating those things 
 which may be for the improvement of the art of physick, and 
 of encouraging a spirit of union with those of the Faculty, and 
 of rendering the Faculty more respectable" — this history from 
 then till now may be conveniently divided into four periods. 
 
 1st. That from Jan. 16, 1787, to Jan. 8, 1788. 
 
 2d. That from Nov. 12, 1794, to Jan. 7, 1796. " 
 
 3d. That from May 4, 1720, to Sept. 1837. 
 
 4th. That from March 2, 1842, to the present time. 
 
 In this first period, or formative stage, none of the fifteen 
 physicians were noi'th of Lanesboro. The force of cohesion 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 129 
 
 first exerted itself and the orij^aiiization was etl'ected with the 
 choice of Dr. WilHam Whiting president, and Dr. Oliver Par- 
 tridge secretary. They then chose a committee to select such 
 laws for the best method of securing this union, i. e., Drs. 
 Whiting, Sargeant, Lewis, llurlbut and Partridge, and as would 
 further the three ol)jects clearly set forth : 
 
 1st. " The purpose of observing and communicating those 
 things which may l)e for the improvement of the art of phy- 
 sick!" 
 
 2d. " The encouraging a spirit of union with those of the 
 Faculty." 
 
 3d. "The rendering the Faculty more respectable." 
 
 The interim between Jan. 16tli and May 1st, the time to 
 which the meeting was adjourned, w^as politically a stormy one, 
 and when May 1st seven met, they were a foi"lorn Itand. 
 
 Why ? Feb. 27, a little over a month since the triumphant 
 consolidation, history says, " a party of men halted at the public 
 house then kept by Mrs. Bingham," no doubt helping them- 
 selves to a goodly portion of that which Falstaff so highly 
 praised as creative of valor ; then they proceeded to the house 
 of Dr. Sargeant and took as prisoners Drs. Sargeant and Par- 
 tridge, and the medical students, Hopkins and Catlin, and, 
 'mirabile dictu,' stole Mercy Scott's silver shoe buckles,"' That 
 was what's the matter. Some dastardly one boss shay so 
 stooped to conquer that he took Mercy's shoe buckles, silver at 
 that. 
 
 We can't wonder this second meeting of seven was pro- 
 foundly disturbed, and could only say, "whereas the tumults of 
 the times are so great" and they came near saying, as to lead 
 some dastardly wretch to steal Mercy Scott's silver shoe 
 buckles, but they tui-ned it oif and said, " as to prevent a meet- 
 ing. We agree to adjourn and come l)ack on the 12tli of 
 June." 
 
 And they did, and more, for in response to the urgent solici- 
 tations of their secretary fourteen were present at the third 
 meeting, Drs. Timothy Childs of Pittsfield, and Asahel Wright 
 of Windsor, among them. 
 
 It requires but little iuiagination to picture these enthusiasts 
 
130 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 gathered for the purpose of improving tlie art of pli}'sic and 
 encouraging a spirit of nnion, discussing with zeal the tough 
 cases in their practice and with greater warmth tlie social tumult 
 which had upheaved the foundations of society making prison- 
 ers of Sargeant and Clatlin, stealing Mercy's shoe huckles, over- 
 throwing the altars of justice, setting friend against friend, 
 household against household, gathering around their appointed 
 orator, Dr. Eldad Lewis, listening to his scholarly and nohle 
 address with rapt attention. 
 
 Hear him : " A society of physicians united upon liberal 
 princijjles, offers a fine opportunity for improvement from the 
 communications of the several members. Important incidents 
 recurring in private practice will by this means be rescued from 
 ol)livion, talents will be stimulated to exercise which otherwise 
 might have lain dormant and useless, as there will be the great- 
 est and most noble excitement to a laudable emulation and in- 
 dustry." 
 
 In speaking of the "splendor and dignity" of the profession 
 in other counties, he says, " This great and desirable pm'pose 
 can never be obtained until all those low and disageeeable ideas 
 of rivalship that have hitherto actuated physicians be discarded 
 and sentiments more liberal and philanthropic be adopted : — 
 the general prosperity of the whole can never be obtained but 
 by the united efforts of all the the parts, so long as we are act- 
 uated by the meanness of jealously and opposition to each other 
 the Faculty will lie subjected to every species of vexation and 
 contempt." 
 
 As we listen we are forciljly struck with tlie wording of the 
 vote we have noticed, at the formation of the society, showing 
 clearly who was the prime spirit in the Association. 
 
 Rule 8. " All decent familiarity be allowed in said meetings 
 in conversing on physical subjects, and no inadvertance or mis- 
 apprehension of any matter through inattention be made a sub- 
 ject of ridicule, but shall be corrected with that lenity which 
 becometh friends." This rule takes us back to that part of the 
 address, which says, "while in this country there are no 
 methods of education but the fortuitous instruction of private 
 gentlemen and those often the' most worthless and unlearned." 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 131 
 
 He evidently was thinking that tlie stream would be no bet- 
 ter than the fountain whence it flows. 
 
 Rule 6th smacks strongly of the old puritan whack. 
 
 " Any person residing within the limits of this county, and 
 pretending to practice phj^sic and shall refuse after due notifi- 
 cation to become a niend)er l)y attending the meetings and sub- 
 scribing the rules, he shall l)e treated with entire neglect by all 
 that are members, in medical matters." Tliese rules were 
 signed by thirteen of the fourteen present. Benjamin Smith 
 of New Marlboro, was the minority of one. How resolute in 
 his defiance he must have been to have called down on his de- 
 voted head the contempt and "neglect" of his thirteen pro- 
 fessional brethren. 
 
 1st. The first meeting was Jan. 16th, not June. Fifteen 
 » were present at that meeting, including Hezekiah Chirk from 
 Lanesboro, north of Pittsfield. 
 
 2d. The second meeting was in May. Seven physicians 
 present. 
 
 3d. The third meeting was June 12th. Fourteen physi- 
 cians present, at which time rules were presented and signed 
 by thirteen of the fourteen physicians present. (See Society 
 liecord.) 
 
 We give a sketch of the Secretary of the Association, Dr. 
 Partridge. 
 
 " Doctor Oliver Parti'idge was born April 26, 1Y51, in Hat- 
 field, and studied medicine there, and removed to Stockbridge in 
 1771. He began the active practice of his profession in 1773 and 
 died in July, 1818. He had lived in one house seventy-seven 
 years, and had been in the profession seventy-five years. 
 Throughout this long period he was engaged in the study and 
 practice of medicine. He was a careful observer of nature, a stu- 
 dent of botany and interested in the study of the medicinal plants 
 of this country. He even engaged in a pul)lic discussion of the 
 merits of some of our indigenous plants with Dr. Thatcher of 
 
 Note of correction.— Jn the History of Pittsfield. 2d Vol., occurs tliis statcinont : "In 
 June, 1787, flfteen physicians all from to\vn> south of rittsliold nut at Stoikliiidye for 
 the purpose of forming (such) a society ; l)Ut the " tunndts of the times (the Shay's Ke- 
 hellion) prevented any further action, except the choice of officers, until the 12th of 
 June, when articles of association and rules were drawn up and sisned by fourteen 
 physicians." This is an erroneous statement. 
 
132 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Plyraoutli, after they were both past the age of fonr-score. 
 And even when he was more than ninety-five years old he cor- 
 responded with an eminent physician concerning a case of some 
 doubt. He was particularly skillful in chronic complaints and 
 in detecting the diseases of children. 
 
 It is said that he was with the volunteers who marclicd to 
 the battle of Bennington, or had hurried on before them, and 
 he often related that during the busy scenes that followed the 
 battle he noticed and spoke of the blood upon the sleeve of 
 Capt. Stoddard. 
 
 In Sept., 178tl:, a vote was passed which gave to Dr. Par. 
 tridge the liberty of erecting at his own expense a " high pew," 
 so-called, over the entrance doors of the gallery to be used by 
 him as he pleased during his residence in the«town, except so 
 much of it as should be occupied by the tything men." 
 
 His mind held out to the last. "Only four weeks before his 
 death his deposition was taken by one of his lawyers, and his 
 memory was so accurate that he would not sign it until it was 
 altered to conform exactly to what he had told the party some 
 months previous." 
 
 " Thus with quiet diligence he passed more than three-quarters 
 of a centur}^ in the cure of disease and the study of natural his- 
 tory, possessing always the love and confidence of his fellow 
 men, and died after having enjoyed more happiness than falls 
 to the common lot of man." (History Stockbridge.) 
 
 The history of Dr. Lewis is veiy imperfect. 
 
 Doctor Eldad Lewis of Lenox, was one of the founders of 
 the Berkshire Medical Society, and the first orator delivering an 
 ornate and quite lengthy paper. The tone of this, the first liter- 
 ary production of the society, was very high. 
 
 This is his introduction : 
 
 " Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Associatio7i : — Hav- 
 ing long lamented the many disadvantages under which the 
 I'aculty have labored in America, it gives me the highest satis- 
 faction to perceive the gloom which has hitherto been an in- 
 seperable bar to all improvements to be dispersing and that the 
 light of true science and rational knowledge begins to illum- 
 inate our hemisphere. 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 133 
 
 I have exerted myself for years to procure its estal)lishment, 
 and nothing shall in future be neglected, that lies within my 
 power to raise it to the highest degree of usefulness and re- 
 spectability." 
 
 This was in 1787. I have been unable to ascertain the facts 
 of his history, only that he was a man of very great ability and 
 influence in the county in his day. He removed from Lenox 
 and resided in the latter years of his life in the state of New 
 York. 
 
 Mr. Stanly, Lenox, says, " With regard to Dr. Eldad Lewis, 
 I am surprised at the incompleteness of my own knowledge of 
 his history, having had considerable acquaintance with him. 
 That a man who resided here for more than a quarter of a cen- 
 tury — a magistrate, taking an important part in public affairs — 
 an active member of the Congregational church, deputed to at- 
 tend ecclesiastical councils — one of the foremost in establishing 
 our first Town Librarj^-^publisliing in this town a political 
 campaign paper, one of the earliest papers printed in the 
 county, — one of the founders of our Academy and one of its 
 earliest Trustees — a good classical scholar, an elegant and forci- 
 ble writer, a thorough medical student and writer of medical 
 essays and successful practioner — -and, that before two genera- 
 tions have passed, no one here can tell when or where he was 
 born, and no one knoAvs when or where he was buried, any 
 more than they know where Moses was buried, seems remark- 
 able. A man rendering such services to a community ought 
 not so soon to pass out of memory, and with the materials we 
 have, I trust a more complete account of him may be obtained, 
 but it may require considerable correspondence and of course 
 take time to accomplish it. 
 
 He was here as early as 1788, and removed from the town 
 about 1820." 
 
 " Doctor Ei'astiis Sergeant of Stockbridge, was the eldest son 
 of the Rev. Erastus Sergeant, the first minister of Stockbridge, 
 the missionary to the Housatonnuc Indians there, and one of 
 the very first white settlers in that town. It is believed that 
 Dr. Sargeant was the first white male child born in Stockbridge, 
 in the year 1742. 
 
134 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 lie was fitted for college by liis father, entered Princeton, 
 remained two or three years but did not graduate there. He 
 studied medicine with Dr. Thomas Williams of Deerfield, with 
 whom he studied the usual period of two years, and commenced 
 the practice of physic and surgery at Stockbridge about 1746, 
 and immediately established a fine business. He was much re- 
 lied upon as councillor and in difiicult cases was the last resort. 
 He was a most excellent surgeon and performed nearly all the 
 capital operations in his circle of pi'actice, which extended over 
 a diameter of thirty miles, and was considered to be very suc- 
 cessful in his operations, even in cases which were considered 
 to be desperate. 
 
 He educated several students who became eminent prac- 
 tioners. 
 
 He was elected a member of the Massachusetts Medical So- 
 ciety in 1Y85, and was a member twenty-nine years, in which 
 period he was often chosen as Counsellor." (Williams' Medi- 
 cal Biography.) 
 
 Dr. Partridge observes, "He was endowed with a judgment 
 and skill in his profession, was sedate, with a large share of 
 christian grace, and he was truly the beloved physician. It 
 was said of him that no one ever spoke ill of him from his 
 youth up." 
 
 In " History of Stockbridge " is this note : " During the sum- 
 mer of 1776 a regiment from Berkshire proceeded to Ticonder- 
 oga, and as Dr. Erastus Sergeant was one summer at Ticonderoga 
 under Capt. Cook of Curtisville, and his son remembers to have 
 seen the muster roll among his father's papers, the probability 
 is that he was orderly sergeant in the company." So it reads, 
 but, as he had been in practice of medicine and surgery twelve 
 years, there is some doubt whether he exercised the ofiice of 
 orderly sergeant. 
 
 In Shay's rebellion his house was visited and they took as 
 prisoners Drs. Sergeant, Partridge and Catlin. 
 
 Dr. Sergeant was tall, erect and spare in flesh. The latter 
 period of his life he had pulmonary disease, and Nov. 14, 1S14, 
 while sittinar at the dinner table he was attacked with a fit of 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 135 
 
 coughing, succeeded by such a violent hemorrhage, that it 
 speedily terminated his life at the age of 72 years. 
 
 " Doctor Erastus Sergeant., Jr.., son of Dr. Erastus Sergeant 
 of Stockhridge, was born at Stockbridge, 1772, graduated at 
 Dartmouth College 1792, and settled in Lee in 1794. lie was 
 a genial, well informed man, a skillful physician and had an 
 extensive practice. He died in Lee in 1832." 
 
 " John Crocker was from Barnstable, a graduate of Harvard, 
 and early settled in Kichmond. He was small in size and 
 stature and had what is not uncommon to such men rather an 
 irritable disposition which, no doubt, detracted much from his 
 popularity and made liis practice very limited. He died where 
 the most of long life had been spent in 1815, at the age of 95 
 years. 
 
 Of these physicians who attended the iirst meeting no his- 
 tory has been found. Dr. David Church, Dr. Samuel Bald- 
 win, Dr. Jabez Cowdrey of Sandisfield, Dr. Jacob Kingsbury 
 of Tyringham. Dr. Gideon Thompson of Lee, was the first 
 physician in Lee. He was a native of Goshen, Conn., practiced 
 there only a few yeai's, and removed to Galway, N. Y. 
 
 Of those attending the second meeting, Dr. Thaddeus 
 Thompson was from Lenox ; Drs. Joseph Brewster and Ephraim 
 Durham have no history. 
 
 Of the new members at the third meeting were Drs. Timothy 
 Childs, Asahel Wright, John Wright, Lyman ]S"orton, Samuel 
 Frisbie. The three latter have no history. 
 
 These earnest men said : " Notwithstanding the present dis- 
 couragements to continue to associate and not dissolve," — so 
 January 8, 1788, they met and began work. They admitted 
 Jonathan Lee of Bittstield, an assistant of Dr. T. Childs in the 
 army, and Ephraim Durwin. The censors examined and 
 passed Elijah Catlin, Keuben Buckman and Jacob Hoit. They 
 agreed to meet in June in Stockbridge, " but the rebellion pro- 
 ceeded," says the Journal, "so rapidly to a crisis," that our in- 
 fant prodigy took refuge in the wilderness, and was heard of 
 no more till the latter part of '91. 
 
 It is not difficult to see what were the causes which drew the 
 mourning lines on the journal at the end of the first period- 
 
136 Berkshire Historical and Scieritific Society. 
 
 Considering tliut the usual place of meeting was the public 
 house, also the social custom of the time for drinking, it would 
 seem impossible in this turmoil of Shay's rebellion to have kept 
 discussions of it and rancor engendered by it, from mingling in 
 the business of the hour. In addition to this was the difficulty 
 of travel, and also that each of these physicians practiced over 
 a wide stretch of territory. These factors were sufficient to 
 quell the ardor and high ideal of these representative men. 
 
 Doctor Joseph Clark of Richmond, and one of its earliest 
 physicians, as also one of the fifteen at the first meeting of the 
 association of Berkshire physicians, was from Spj'ingfield. Pie 
 was a very successful practioner and a man of great influence 
 in the affairs of the community. After residing for a few 
 years in Richmond he was solicited by friends in Vermont to 
 remove to that state. After removing there he had a long and 
 successful practice. ' The year of his death is not known. 
 
 " Doctor Timothy Childs was one of the leading patriots of 
 Pittsfield in the Revolution. Bis father was CsiY>t. Timothy 
 Childs, who led a company of minute men from Deerfield on 
 receiving the news of the battle of Lexington, at the same time 
 that Dr. Timothy was marching as lieutenant with a similar 
 corj^s from Pittsfield. Dr. Childs was l)orn at Deerfield in 
 1748, entered Harvard in 1761, but did not graduate. He 
 studied medicine in his native town with Dr. Thomas Williams 
 and established himself in practice in Pittsfield in 1771. This 
 young physician was a valuable accession to the whigs. He 
 soon won popularity and influence, proved himself an effective 
 speaker, and by the rich qualities of mind and heart, as well as 
 by the contagion of his youthful zeal, gave a new impulse to 
 the cause of independence wliicli he espoused. 
 
 In 1774, August 15tli, he and John Strong drew up the pe- 
 tition of the inhabitants of the town of Pittsfield to the '* Hon. 
 old court, not to transact any business this present term," 
 which, not admitting a refusal, resulted in the suppression for- 
 ever of the courts of law under royal commission in Berkshire. 
 
 In the spring '74, he asked permission to "set up inoculation 
 in Pittsfield." The town meeting of '75 denied him permission 
 but granted it in '76, but with hesitancy and embarassing con- 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 137 
 
 ditions.'" Tliis circiiinstancus .speaks for the boldness and pnsh 
 of this young- doctor, for the first in(jculating liospitals in the 
 state were only opened in 1764 in the vicinity of Boston, and 
 in '76 William Aspinwall and Samuel Hay ward prepared at 
 Brooklin — probably on account of the appearance of small-pox 
 at Cambridge in '75 — for private inoculation, and it required 
 high courage thus early in this county to face the danger and 
 unpopularity of this measure. 
 
 In the winter of '74 and 5 he was one of the committee of 
 "instruction, inspection and correspondence." 
 
 Dr. Childs first marched as one of its lieutenants in a com- 
 pany of minute men composed of the flower of Pittsfield and 
 liichmond April 22, '74, Init was soon detailed as surgeon; af- 
 terwards appointed regimental surgeon with Dr. Jonathan Lee 
 of Pittsfield, who was afterwards surgeon, as his assistant. 
 
 In 1792 a committee was appointed "to see if Dr. Childs 
 might safely be permitted to build a medicine store on the 
 west side of the meeting-house," and their report was that he 
 might safely be permitted to do so. 
 
 In the war of 1812 he was appointed as visiting physician to 
 the prisoners in Pittsfield and Cheshire, and the Marshal of 
 Massachusetts writing to him says, " That your services have 
 been constant, arduous and successful was to be expected from 
 your well-knowm character for patriotism, zeal and professional 
 skill, and it was from these considerations that when I proposed 
 the appointment I felt peculiarly gratified that you signified 
 your acceptance." 
 
 His obituary from The Pittsfield Sun, reads thus: "In this 
 town, Feb. 25, 1821, after an illness of a few days, died Dr. Tim- 
 othy Childs, aged 73. He had long enjoyed the confidence and 
 esteem of his fellow citizens and his death is a severe public loss 
 and deeply regretted. As a physician he was eminently useful 
 and skillful, always extending his aid to the relief of the poor 
 and the destitute as readily as to the atHuent. As a public man 
 he was a faithful, able and ardent advocate of the people's 
 rights, and our republican form of goverement, and during the 
 struggle for independence he participated actively and zealously 
 by every means in his power to promote the views and objects 
 
138 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 of the heroes and patriots of the Revolution. Their triumphs 
 in that glorious cause were therefore ever dear to his lieart and 
 he lived long enough to witness in the structure of our govern- 
 ment the fulfillment of all he had so fondly anticipated. As a 
 testimony of tlie people's confidence for many years they elected 
 him to represent them, Ijoth in the House of Representatives 
 and Senate, which stations he tilled to the perfect satisfaction 
 of his friends. In his last moments he was calm and resigned 
 to the will of Providence; enjoyed his reason perfectly, and 
 departed without a struggle." 
 
 This minute occurs upon the journal of the Berkshire Medi- 
 cal Society: "That, whereas, iu the course of the dispensation 
 of Divine Providence, it has pleased Almighty God to remove 
 by death from our meetings and counsels of this society our 
 late revered and respected President, the late Timothy Childs, 
 of Pittsfield, M. D. Whereupon the society declare and direct 
 the same to be entered on their records. That, while they 
 bend with humble submission to the rod, they deeply feel and 
 sadly deplore their loss." 
 
 " Doctor Asahel Wright of Windsor, was born Feb. 26, 1757. 
 He first married Mary Worthington, by whom he had ten 
 children. His two eldest sons were educated at Williams Col- 
 lege. Five of them, Orin, Erastus, Uriel, Clark and Julius 
 were physicians ; one, Worthington, a D. D. ; one, Asahel, a 
 L. L. D. ; one, Philo, a farmer. 
 
 His father, Asa Wright, was an architect, and accompanied 
 Rev. Mr. Wheelock from Lebanon, to Hanover, N. H., where 
 he superintended the erection of Dartmouth College, buildings. 
 His son, Asahel, entered Dartmouth College where he remained 
 through junior year, but the death of his father made it necessary 
 for him to leave college. He then studied medicine, and after- 
 wards served as surgeon in the navy of the Revolutionary war. 
 He then settled in Windsor, about 1781, and practiced not only 
 in Windsor, but Dalton, Peru, Hinsdale and other towns 'till 
 Dr. Kittredge settled in Hinsdale. His daughter, Mrs. Her- 
 rick, says, " My father was a man of remarkable energy and 
 fine health. I have heard him speak of riding to these places 
 on horseback guided by marked trees." He freely gave his 
 
Medicine in Berhshire. 139 
 
 services to the poor. He was a regular attendant upon Sab- 
 bath worship and a supporter of tlic gospeL He was genial, 
 enjoying a joke, dealing them out to his patients when he 
 thought tlie}" needed no medicine. Highly respected and be- 
 loved and eminently useful, he spent a long life honorably, and 
 died Feb. 16, 1834. (Correspondence.) 
 
 In the second period, which connnenced Nov. 12, '94, an in- 
 terim of nearly seven years, the first meeting also at Stock- 
 bridge had fifteen members, all south of Pittsfield. The affairs 
 of the association were conducted by nearly the same persons 
 as before. Dr. Whiting had died. There were in all six 
 meetings, and five new men were added to the society. They 
 stated the object of the association and in nearly the same terms, 
 and adopted nearly the same rules. 
 
 The term of pupilage was fixed at three years, and none 
 could become pupils until they had "a good knowledge of 
 mathmematics and the English language, and can construe and 
 parse the Latin language with accuracy." They began with 
 four meetings yearly; but at the last meeting, Jan. 7, 1796, at 
 which but four were present, they voted to meet twice yearly. 
 They adjourned to meet at the same place on the second Tues- 
 day of January, but there was no meeting except the censors 
 who examined and admitted Ralph Wilcox and Jonathan Whit- 
 ney to the society. 
 
 Wlmt put the quietus upon the second period, we can only 
 conjecture. There is apparent harmony. The turbid social 
 condition has passed away. May it not have been that there 
 were too many rules ; that they were too rigid ; that tliere was 
 too little elasticity to them ? For example : 
 
 Rule 2. " Any one absenting himself from two successive 
 meetings shall render a satisfactory excuse for his absence." 
 
 Rule 16, (part) "We will treat each other with decency, 
 honor and candor, and not detract from each other's character 
 as physician." 
 
 ISTow a condition of feeling which necessitates such rules as 
 these with a penalty added for infraction, is not one which 
 could render a long association possible. Tinkering of rules 
 and ethical questions, carried to any great extent will be the 
 
140 BerTcshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 death of any medical association. The reports by the Secre- 
 tary are merely matters of business and are not instructive in 
 any branch of medicine. In June 9, '96, the record is once 
 more closed, and we wait twenty-three years, almost a quarter 
 of a century before the opening of the third period. 
 
 Of Doctors Joseph Waldo, Elijah Fowler, Elnathan Pratt, 
 and Davin Goodwin we have no liistories. 
 
 Doctor Samuel Garrington of Sand isfi eld, was one of the 
 committee on revision of rules. 
 
 " Rule 9. A Box shall be opened each meeting for the recep- 
 tion incognito of questions, answers, cases and essays on medi- 
 cal subjects, which shall be read by the Secretary and kept on 
 file ; all questions shall l^e numbered and the answers to them 
 shall have corresponding numbers. Subsequently voted. That 
 the Box be examined. Several papers were found in the Box^ 
 read before the society and placed on file." 
 
 Next meeting. " The Box was examined and a dissertation 
 on Inflammation and the formation of Pus was found therein ; 
 read before the society and placed on file." 
 
 As Dr. Jones was then "associated" we give a sketch of his 
 life. 
 
 " Doctor Horatio Jones of Stockbridge, son of Capt. Josiah 
 Jones of that place, and grandson of one of the first persons 
 who were chosen as companions of the first missionary and 
 school master to the Ilousatonnuc Indians, was born Dtec. 30, 
 1769. He entered Yale College in early life and pursued his 
 studies so zealously that his eyesight failed, and he was obliged 
 to abandon his stndies. Of active disposition, with several 
 others, he went to what was then called the Genesee Country 
 for the purpose of laymg out lands as a surveyor. In this busi- 
 ness his health and sight were restored, and he returned to his 
 studies, entering as a student of medicine the ofiice of Dr. 
 Sergeant. Before commencing practice as a physician, he en- 
 gaged for awhile as a druggist in Stockbridge. He com- 
 menced practice in Pittsfield, where he remained more than a 
 year. 
 
 Being invited by Dr. Sergeant, then in the tlecline of life, 
 to settle in Stockbridge, he accepted the invitation. In the 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 141 
 
 winter of 1805 and 6, probal^ly a few years after he commenced 
 practice in Stoekbridge, lie Went to Pliiladelpliia for tlic pnr- 
 pose of improving himself more particularly in the department 
 of surgery. He spent the winter there in attendance upon the 
 various courses of lectures, and then returned to Stockbridge 
 Avhere he remained till his death." 
 
 He became a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society 
 in 1804 and received the honorary degree of A. M. from Wil- 
 liams College in 1810. 
 
 Mrs. Fairchild, his daughter, says that " he was a man of 
 science, eminent in his profession, a good operator in surgery ; 
 active, social and very popular ; indefatigable by night and day 
 to give relief in cases of distress or danger." There was that 
 in his manner which seemed to add efficacy to the medicines 
 which he administered, and his visits were often acknowledged 
 to be beneficial to his patients when he made no prescription. 
 Miss Sedgwick said of him : " Our beloved physician who gave 
 us smiles instead of drugs." 
 
 " He was iinremitting in his attention to the poor, even when 
 he knew he could secure no pecuniary reward." From History 
 of Stockbridge I take this sketch : 
 
 " As a man, he combined in himself all those excellencies and 
 virtues which constituted him just what the excellent and vir- 
 tuous wished him to be. As a scholar, he was eminent. His 
 researches were deep, thorough and effectual. As a physician, 
 he had but few equals. In addition to his extensive knowledge 
 he possessed — in eminent degree — the talent of rendering him- 
 self pleasing, easy and agreeable to his patients. Without any 
 regard to his own ease or quiet he devoted all his time and 
 talents to the service of the public, and possessed the entire 
 confidence of all. He was an eminent christian. 
 
 In the spring of 1813, "pneumonia typhoides," an epidemic 
 then so-called,' was very prevalent in many places. He had been 
 incessant in his labors with the sick, and eight days before his 
 death was violently seized with the disease ; yet continuing in 
 the unimjjaired use of his reason, and glorying that God and 
 Savior, who by grace, had fitted him for the death of the right- 
 eous, and crying when the scenes of earth were fading from his 
 
142 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 vision, ' Lord, Jesus receive my spirit,' fell asleep, April 26tli, 
 1813, at the early age of forty-three years. His funeral ser- 
 mon was preached by Rev. Dr. Hyde of Lee, and the concourse 
 of mourners from Stockbridge and neighboring towns attested 
 the deep interest taken in the life and death of this eminent 
 and good man." 
 
 In the third joeriod, in Lenox, July 1, 1819, we change to "a 
 meeting of fellows of the Massachusetts Medical Society. " The 
 voices to which we were accustomed, we listen for in vain. The 
 places of Sergeant, Jones, Partridge and Lewis are occupied by 
 others of a succeeding generation upon whom tlieir mantle of a 
 high professional ideal has fallen. Drs. Burghardt, H. H. 
 Childs, Robert Worthington, Asa Burbank, Alfred Perry, Orin 
 Wright, H. S. Sabin, Wm. H. Tyler, Daniel Collins, Royal 
 Fowler, Hubbard Bartlett, these were the men who were 
 standard bearers from 1820 to 1834. The medical center had 
 now moved to Lenox with an annual and semi-annual meeting, 
 but in consequence, later, of the establishment of the Berkshire 
 Medical Institute, the semi-annual was held at Pittsfield. In 
 this revival of the society Dr. Timothy Childs of Pittsfield, was 
 first President, elected May 4, 1820; but full of years and 
 honors he died while president, aged seventy-three. 
 
 The journal says, " Our late revered and respected president." 
 The word "revered" is one which sheds light upon his 
 character, and would not have been used without there had 
 been joined to his character as physician, those other higher 
 spiritual qualities which are so ennobling. 
 
 Doctor Hugo Burghardt, the first Yice-president of the 
 third period, a native of Great Barrington, was born 17Y1. He 
 was a graduate of Yale College. He studied medicine with 
 Dr. Sergeant of Stockbridge, and commenced practice in Rich- 
 mond in 1790, and continued the beloved physician till 1820, 
 when declining health obliged him to relinquish general 
 practice, though after that, called in council in obstinate cases. 
 His practice extended to other towns where he often had the 
 charge of acute cases. Confidence in his skill extended as far 
 as his name was known. He educated many students who 
 went from his office as their Alma Mater, many of whom dis- 
 
Medicme in Berkshire. 143 
 
 tinguislied themselves in medicine in different sections of the 
 country. 
 
 "In person, he was a specimen of the noblest productions of 
 nature ; tall, witli a well-proportioned physical organization ; 
 erect and graceful in all his movements, he won the notice and 
 admiration of all. Affable in his maimers, his geniality threw 
 a halo around his path and made him a most welcome visitor 
 to scenes of suffering and sorrow. In discussion, he was strictly 
 logical, clear and convincing. As a citizen, he regarded the 
 interests of the community as his own, and gave his influence 
 strongly in their behalf." 
 
 In Shay's Rebellion, says the writer of Berkshire County 
 Plistory, 138, "a body of men coming on from Lenox under 
 Capt. William Walker, lost of the militia two killed and one 
 wounded." The person wounded was Dr. Burghardt of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Those whose memories treasure facts that transpired seventy 
 years ago will recollect that the war of 1812 drew political lines 
 so strong that brother was often at implacable war with brother, 
 and it was not unnsual for men's strong and most vindictive 
 foes to be of their own family. Dr. Burghardt took an active 
 part in this war of feeling and the pecuniary sacrifices he made 
 to sustain and give ascendency to his party were his pecuniary 
 ruin." He died Oct. 18, 1822, aged fifty-one years. 
 
 In Sept. 1822, the Medical Society passed and presented to 
 him the following vote : 
 
 " That the thanks of the society be presented to Dr. Hugo 
 Burghardt, our late president, for " the zeal and interest mani- 
 fested by him in promoting the establishment and prosperity 
 of the society, also for the ability and dignity disj)layed by him 
 as presiding officer of this society, regretting that the state of 
 his health would not permit him to continue in said office." 
 
 From History of Stockbridge, page 218: '■'■ Doctor Alfred 
 Perry., Secretary of the society 1820, was born in Harwinton, 
 Connecticut, where his father was then pastor, but in 1781 
 removed to Richmond, in this county, with his parents. 
 In 1803 he was graduated at Williams College. For several 
 years he was in feeble health, but taught for a time in West- 
 
144 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 field Academy, and for a few years in South Carolina, whither 
 he had gone for his health. He completed his studies at the 
 Philadelphia Institution then under the care of Dr. Rush, and 
 commenced practice in Williamstown. Nov. 1, 1814, he was 
 married to Miss Lucy Benjamin of that town, and in Nov. 
 1815, he removed to Stockbridge. In 1837 he went to Illinois, 
 and having fixed upon a location removed his family in June, 
 1838, but died Septi 10th of the same year. 
 
 As a Christian and a deacon in the church, Dr. Perry was 
 peculiarly active; and, as a physician, fervently beloved by 
 his patients, and trusted with a fearlessness which was some- 
 times denominated idolatry. He was a man of great patience 
 and firmness, and differed from many of his day in both his re- 
 ligious and his medical views ; and in religious matters, though 
 he steadfastly adhered to what he believed to be right, still he 
 maintained an unusual degree of quietness and self-possession, 
 and when convinced of an error, no man was more prompt to 
 acknowledge it and seek forgiveness. An auxiliary temperance 
 sociaty was formed through the energetic efforts of Dr. Perry 
 as early as the summer of '27, and we believe '26." 
 
 On the revival of the Medical Society in 1820, after its sleep 
 of over twenty years, Dr. Perry was elected Secretary, and on- 
 wards to near the time of his leaving for the west, was a very 
 active and influential member, and for a number of years was 
 President. 
 
 "He was generally in advance of his time on all subjects of 
 moral reform, such as temperance and slavery — in thorough 
 sympathy witli all progressive movements, ideas in theology 
 and medicine. An auxiliary temperance society was formed 
 in Stockl)indge as early as the summer of '26 or '27 through 
 the energetic efforts of Dr. Perry when it was exceedingly im- 
 popular to be on the side of total abstinence, and the same was 
 true as respects the side of anti-slavery." 
 
 In the words of one who knew him best : — " He was a con- 
 scientious, devoted Christian ; he never let self stand between 
 God and duty, I have known him," she says, "let a neighbor 
 take his horse to go to mill, at the same time he walked four 
 miles to visit a patient." 
 
Medicine in Berkshi/re. 145 
 
 "He went to tlic M'cst against the earnest opposition of 
 friends, following his own convictions in respect to his duty, 
 even unto death." 
 
 Voted. — Sept. 13^ 1821, To hear the dissertation of Dr. Asa 
 Burbank. 
 
 Voted. — The thanks of the Society to Dr. Ijurl)ank for his 
 learned and elegant dissertation. 
 
 " Doctor Asa Burbanlc was born in Willianistown, Mass., 
 Sept. 28, 1773. He devoted his early life to stndy; graduated 
 at WilKams College in 1797, and in the year 1798 he was ap- 
 pointed a tutor in that college, which office he held two years. 
 In the year 1800 he commenced the study of medicine in the 
 office, it is believed, of the celebrated Dr. William Towner, a 
 distmguished physician and surgeon in Williamstown. He 
 attended one or two courses of medical lectures in the medical 
 school of the city of New York, under the direction and in- 
 struction of the eminent Dr. Post and other distinguished pro- 
 fessors in that celebrated institution, then connected with 
 Columbia College. He then commenced the practice of his 
 profession in Lanesboro'. Here he continued in extensive and 
 lucrative practice, not only in this, but in most of the neighbor- 
 ing towns, giving universal satisfaction. In 182-1 he removed 
 to Albany where he remained four years, till he was attacked 
 with dropsy of the brain, which was probably l)rought on by a 
 fall, and injury of the head, in 1824, and which induced him 
 to leave the theatre of his active usefulness at Albany, and re- 
 turn to Williamstown. Here he became blind, and remained 
 so for nine months. Dr. Burbank stood high in the estimation 
 of his professional brethren, as well as of the public. In the 
 year 1822, about the time of the establishment of the Berkshire 
 Medical Institution connected with Williams College, he was 
 appointed Professor of Obstetrics, and continued his useful 
 labors for two years, giving great satisfaction to the students, 
 when he resigned and removed to Albany." Dr-. Williams 
 says, "I was intimately acquainted with him in this institution 
 where I was a fellow laborer with him in the department of 
 medical jurisprudence, and I can bear ample testimt)ny to his 
 worth and usefulness. He was one of the most companionable 
 
146 Berkshire Historical and ScientifiG Society. 
 
 and facetious of men, and liis liappy turn of relating anecdotes^ 
 of whicli an abundance was stored in his capacious mind, often 
 kept an assemblage of his friends in a roar of laughter. He 
 had a most happy and envial)le faculty of cheering up the 
 minds of liis patients, even in the most desponding cases, and 
 often of smoothing their pillows in their descent to the grave. 
 No one can doubt that he was both a moral and a highly relig- 
 ious man," 
 
 In a letter from his daughter she says, " In his profession his 
 love for doing good seemed to be the governing principle of 
 his life. I think he braved the winter storms of old Berkshire 
 with more readiness to visit the very poor, than those who had 
 ample means to reward him for so doing. To benefit the town 
 in which he lived, he was willing to and did make great sacri- 
 fices, both to encourage education and in many other ways to 
 improve society. 
 
 My father was tall, six feet and well proportioned, with an 
 eye that seemed to read character at once, retiring in his man- 
 ner, but could indulge in severe satire when he thought he was 
 not honestly dealt with. He had a happy faculty to cheer and 
 encourage in the sick room, and many a nervous, desiDonding 
 patient rallied and recovered after his encouraging conversa- 
 tion. He was a religious man. His disease was dropsy of the 
 brain and terminated his life Aug. 4, 1829." 
 
 Before passing to a further consideration of the society 
 whose affairs were intimately associated with the Berkshire 
 Medical Institution, we will introduce sketches of three cele- 
 brated Williamstown physicians and surgeons : 
 
 Doctor Samuel Porter of Williamstown, was born in 1Y56, 
 and came to Williamstown from Northampton. He was a dis- 
 tinguished surgeon, especially in the line of "bone setter." 
 Many apocryphal stories are extant in the community regard- 
 ing him, but it is known that he went to New York city to re. 
 duce a hip dislocation which had baffled the efforts of the 
 faculty, and was successful. He had the patroon of Ranslaeer 
 for a patient, and as a surgeon his fame was wide-spread. He 
 was fearless and probably somewhat reckless. It is related of 
 him that when asked why he never put breechin on his horse 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 147 
 
 lie replied with a big D. " that he didn't want any horses that 
 conldn't keep out of the way of his snlky." In driving he was 
 a Jehu. lie died Jan. 7, 1822, "after a long and severe illness 
 which he bore with great patience and resignation. He was an 
 active and nseful man, and esteemed for his benevolent and 
 social qualities." 
 
 Doctor William Towner of Williamstown, was from New 
 Fairfield, Ct., He was born in 1756. His first settlement in 
 the county was at Stafford Hill, Cheshire, where he lived a 
 number of years, and was the first physician. It is related he 
 then moved to Williamstown, about the year 1790, at first oc- 
 cupying the place now owned and occupied by Almon Stephens. 
 He afterwards, till the time of his death, occupied the house 
 in Water street, now owned by Mr. Welch, opposite Green 
 River Mills. 
 
 He was a man of graceful exterior and pleasing manners ; a 
 courtly gentleman of the old school, fond of society, and " read- 
 ily lent his attention to subjects outside his profession, esj)ec- 
 ially politics, at that time the all-engrossing concern of the day." 
 He labored hard in the establishment of the free school founded 
 by Williams, which afterwards became AVilliams College, and 
 it is written in the heading of the subscription, " in erecting a 
 house of pubHc worship on the eminence where the old meet- 
 ing house once stood in Williamstown." 
 
 He was commissioned General of Brigade by the state, and 
 is described as a " large, well-proportioned, and not only a grand 
 man, but also a splendid looking man in regimentals." 
 
 He was both Representative and Senator, and Justice of the 
 Peace. In the time of Shay's Rebellion he became very ob- 
 noxious to Shay's adherents and was shot at by them, some of 
 the buckshot lodging in his boot. Being an old democrat, the 
 federals got doctors to run him out, but when their own fam- 
 ilies were sick they employed him. He was strictly temperate. 
 In those days it was the custom for the physician to help him- 
 self wherever he called from the decanters of the sideboard, 
 but he early became convinced that total abstinence was his 
 only safeguard and he adopted it. He was surgeon's mate in 
 Col. Simons' regiment in Oct, 1781. 
 
148 Berkshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 At the time of his death he was looked «upoii as one of those 
 to support Gen. Dearljorn and he would have done so had not 
 death frustrated tlie purpose; his commission arriving after 
 that event. 
 
 In medicine his success was wonderful, his fame wide-spread. 
 He practiced as far as Troy, and in 1840 his grand-daughter re- 
 ceived marked attention while residing at "Waterford, N. Y., 
 from people in high life, by reason of her relationship to Gen. 
 Towner. In fevers his medical aid was sought extensively and 
 he was in them considered the authority. 
 
 He was considered in " mad dog bite " as sure to eradicate 
 the poison and prevent the disease, but what method he used the 
 writer never could ascertain, only that calomel was exhibited in 
 some stage of the treatment. 
 
 What was strange for those days, he never bled in fevers, 
 nor in typhoid pneumonia. It was while the epidemic of 
 pneumonia in 1812, 13 and 14 was raging through this section 
 that he was seized with the disease when in Fownal. His sys- 
 tem was exhausted by his incessant toil, and when his son-in- 
 law, Dr. Samuel Smith, who had been practicing with him 
 only a short time, reached him, he told him on no account to 
 bleed him as it would be his death ; but in the absence of Dr. 
 Smith, Dr. Porter, his co-temporary in Williamstown, called 
 upon him, and although his symptoms were more favorable, in- 
 sisted on bleeding him, after which he failed very rapidly and 
 died. Thus at the age of fifty-eight passed away a physician 
 whose fame extended to the Capitol, and whose early death 
 excited the profoundest regret among alb classes. He was phy- 
 sician in the family of Dr. Sabin's father in Pittsfield, and rec- 
 ollects on coming home one day from school, lie found his 
 mother leaning against the mantel-piece crying, and on inquiry 
 learned that the beloved Dr. Towner was dead. 
 
 He was a Mason and buried with ceremonies of both the 
 Masonic and military orders. But he was mourned by the 
 poor and humble who had shared equally with the rich in his 
 ministrations, and who held him in grateful and tearful remem- 
 brance as long as they lived. 
 
 He was a churchman and often as possible attended service 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 149 
 
 in Lanesboro', tlie then nearest point of worsln'p; bnt became 
 tlie warm a(bfiirer of Dr. Nott, wlio occiisionally preached in 
 Wilhamstown. lie died insolvent, liis property beinii; sunk 
 through Gen. Skinner wlien state treasnrer, as lie was one of 
 Skinner's bondsmen. 
 
 Although the Masons procured for him a monument it was 
 never erected, and through a shameful neglect nothing marks 
 his grave and it is now unknown where he rests. 
 
 Doctor Samuel Smith was born in Hadley, Mass., Aug. 13, 
 1780, and died in Williamstown, where he spent the greater 
 part of his life, June 9, 1852. His father, Joseph Smith, "lost 
 his property in the Revolutionary army," and in consequence 
 the boy Samuel was early bound out to a first cousin, and he 
 relates that he worked through the day on the farm, and then 
 trudged at night nearly to Amherst after the cows. He never 
 went to school but three months. The first book he owned 
 was Capt. Cook's travels, read by the light of pine knots in the 
 winter; when he had read it he sold it and bought another 
 book and in this manner continued his reading and education. 
 He came to Williamstown with Stephen Smith, a cousin, who 
 was a blacksmith, and worked with him until he was eighteen 
 years old, about which time he married Betsey, the second 
 daughter of Gen. "William Towner, and went to Manchester, 
 Vt. Not being successful, after a stay of four years, he re- 
 turned and started a trip-hammer blacksmith shop wdiere Town's 
 mill stood, living in a house opposite. He continued at his 
 trade till his health failed him, wdien he entered the office of 
 Dr. Towner and commenced the study of medicine. About 
 this time he used to teach singing-schools in town, Lanesboro, 
 and other towns, and one who ever heard him will never forget 
 the purity and sweetness of his singing, or his invariable habit of 
 sintrino; whenever or wherever he rode over the Berkshire hills. 
 In 1809 he entered into partnership with Dr. Towner, and Oct. 
 30, 1809, twenty-nine years old, the father of six children, he 
 makes his first charge against Robert Lee." 
 
 In 1812 Dr. Towner died, and Dr. Smith succeeded to his 
 large practice. His daughter says, " Father was emphatically 
 a self-made man. I can remember when he had few hours of 
 
150 BerksJiire Historical and ScientijlG Society. 
 
 rest, always riding niglit and day, yet, lie took medical journals 
 and put tlieir thoughts in his head to use when and where his 
 good sense suggested." Pie could intelligently converse with 
 Profs. Dewey, Kellogg or any one else on medicine, chemistry or 
 botany. The latter study he pursued enthusiastically with Prof. 
 Eaton, and I (the writer) well rememl)er the botanical speci- 
 mens which were pressed and placed in a book and scientifically 
 labelled ; yes, and I don't forget that my morning naps were 
 broken by his calling me to help gather lobelia, elecampane, 
 colt's foot, skunk cabbage, etc. He dwelt very largely in the 
 Vegetable Pharmacopoeia, yet he used many other remedies. 
 One of his favorite prescriptions was equal parts of steel fil- 
 ings, aromatic powder and powdered egg shells, and as an an- 
 tacid and tonic in dyspepsia was excellent. Indeed, his pre- 
 ferred medicine was, in cases of debility, iron in some form, 
 more usually Huxham's tincture ; opium was, however, his 
 sheet anchor, and it may justly be claimed that the priority in 
 this section of the use of opium in peritonitis belongs to him. 
 
 He was a man of rare powers of observation and judgment, 
 of excellent memory, and in his generalization was usually ac- 
 curate. He trusted much in the powers of nature, and as a 
 successful and highly esteemed obstetrician with large practice 
 in this department, would have considered some of the teach- 
 ings and practice of the present day as wildest vagaries. 
 
 As a practioner in fevers, he was a long way ahead of his 
 generation, adopting m the main the practice of the present 
 day. His patients were nourished and their nervous system 
 quieted, and placed in the best condition for the conservative 
 powers of nature to weather the storm. He used in adynamic 
 cases stimulants freely, and discarded cathartics, giving freely 
 of cream of tartar and gum arable for drink. Of course, being 
 a very decided man in his opinions, when he felt himself in tlie 
 right, he was often brought into decided antagonism with tlie 
 disciples of the school of bleeding, calomel and carthartics ; but 
 his wise trust in the powers of nature ; his use of tonics and se- 
 datives, no doubt, saved many valuable lives, and in many a 
 house and heart to-day his memory is precious. 
 
 He was honored by his fellow townsmen, being twice elected 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 151 
 
 to the "Legislature, besides bearing for a long time the commis- 
 sion of Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Pie was a religious man, very active and scrupulous in relig- 
 ious duty. I do not forget the winter daylight prayer-meeting, 
 which I was called up from my bed to go to with him, nor the 
 morning prayer after breakfast, when he often, with his large 
 family, all singers, led the hymn, " Show pity Lord " to the 
 tune Rockingham, — that was verily religious education. His 
 seat was rarely unoccupied on the Sabbath day. 
 
 In his family and society he was genial — in his younger days 
 frolicksome, and he loved to hunt, being an excellent marks- 
 man, too much so for the proprietors of turkey shoots. He 
 was familiar with all the woods and mountains of Williamstown 
 and vicinity, often visiting Greylock. His daughter, ISTancy, 
 was the first female who rode on horseback to the summit. 
 
 He had a strong, expressive face, jet black hair, even till 
 his death, and the peculiarity which was noticed by all people 
 of later days, his queue. 
 
 He was a man of great activity, a very early riser, and ac- 
 complished a great deal while others were asleej) and wanted 
 to sleep. He delighted in the best and earliest vegetable gar- 
 den in town, and as long as he lived excelled, in this respect, 
 all his neighbors. 
 
 His longest co-partnership was with Dr. Sabin, ten years, and 
 in this period of his greatest medical activity his circuit of 
 business was more than twenty miles. 
 
 He died June, 1852, after a short illness, closing a life full 
 of blessing to his family, the poor, the community at large and 
 his profession. 
 
 Doctor Remerahrance Sheldon was born in 1759. His his- 
 tory is unknown, only that he came to Williamstown, as related, 
 in response to invitation of Shay's partisans in opposition to 
 Dr. Towner, who had incurred their hate. He lived in the 
 house now occupied by Mr. James Waterman, and had a re- 
 spectable family. He died in 1809. 
 
 "Doctor Snell Bahhitt was born in Norton, Mass., Sept. 
 9, 1783, and died March 9, 1853, aged sixty-nine and a half 
 years. While a youth, his parents removed to Savoy, County 
 
152 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 of Berkshire. During his minority he was assiduously engaged 
 in the labors of the farm. He early manifested a strong desire 
 for the acquisition of knowledge, and under the direction of 
 the Rev. Jeremiah Hallock of Plainfield, he pursued his studies 
 preparatory to the profession of medicine. With Dr. David 
 Gushing of Cheshire, an eminent physician, he studied the ])ro- 
 fession of medicine. He remained a short time in Cheshire, 
 l^racticing his profession, but soon removed to Hancock, where 
 a wider field invited his labors. It was during the epidemic 
 oi 1S12, a, malignant' disease called Spotted J^ever and Cold 
 Plague, Dr. Babbitt gained a high reputation as a judicioics 
 2?h(/sicia7i, and was extensively employed in all the surrounding 
 country. In 1831, Dr. Babbitt located in Adams, where he 
 continued in the practice of medicine nearly twenty-two years, 
 — successful as a general practioner, and distinguished particu- 
 larly as an Obstetrician. Though deprived of the advantages 
 now enjoyed by the medical student, such was his thirst for 
 knowledge and desire for improvement, that he employed every 
 leisure moment in study, and was ever posted up in the progress 
 of the science of medicine. He was not merely a reader, but 
 a thinker, a discriminating observer, and a man of sound judg- 
 meut, and withal, a memory so accurate, that at the bed-side of 
 his patient he could draw from this store-house all that was 
 valuable in the formation of a correct opinion of the case in 
 hand. 
 
 Dr. Babbitt was an intelligent and agreeable man in all his 
 associations with his brethren, — cheerful and pleasant at home 
 in his family, and especially so in his intercourse with his fel- 
 low citizens, — qualities which made him not only very accepta- 
 ble in the chamber of the sick, but contributed largely to the 
 comfort and restoration of his patients. 
 
 The coniidence of his fellow townsmen, in his ability and in 
 his fidelity, was manifested by his repeatedly representing them 
 in the Legislature. 
 
 For twenty years he was a member of the Massachusetts 
 Medical Society, and for several years a counsellor, and was a 
 warm friend to the interests of medical science. 
 
 From the lirst organization of the Congregational Society in 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 153 
 
 South Adams, he was a warm supporter and constant attendant 
 on pul)hc worship, and the latter part of his hfe inade a pul)hc 
 profession of his faith, departing this Hfe in the confident ho})e 
 and trust of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. 
 
 His disease was an organic affection of the stomach, and its 
 character and termination he early understood, and wisely an- 
 ticipated the event. 
 
 " He was extremely fond of the old poets, and with an excel- 
 lent memory his quotations from them were frequent and apt. 
 He was courageous in his practice and however urgent the case 
 his energies were made to correspond with his case. Temporal 
 arteries fared hardly when a case of eclampsia occurred, and in 
 a long career, I think he said he never lost but one case." 
 (Obituary.) 
 
 "Died at Adams, Sept 30, 1814, of typhus. Doctor David 
 Gushing^ aged forty-seven. He was a kind and indulgent hus- 
 band, father and friend ; no eulogy could be made so lasting as 
 the monument already erected in the bosoms of his acquaint- 
 ance. He had educated many young men in his office." 
 
 "Died at Adams, very suddenly, Oct. 12, 1S21, Doctor Liscom 
 Phillips, aged forty-four. He possessed by nature a strong, 
 investigating mind, which was cultivated with more than or- 
 dinary care in ordinary and scientific acquirements. He pos- 
 sessed those noble qualities of soul which eniinently fitted him 
 for the various relations of husband, father, neighbor and 
 friend. As a physician, his ride was extensive, and he pos- 
 sessed the unbounded confidence of his patients." 
 
 "Doctor Robert Chitler Robim^son of Adams, born 1784; died 
 in 1846, aged sixty-two, having practiced medicine forty years 
 in the north part of the county and the adjoining county of 
 Hampshire. He studied his profession under the direction of 
 the distinguished Dr. Peter Bryant of Cummington, whose 
 reputation for scientific and professional attainment is widely 
 known. Dr. Robinson was a self-educated man, and a writer 
 of considerable eminence, as evidenced by his essays and pubhc 
 addresses on various subjects. With talents of a high order, 
 he might have excelled as an orator, if his course had been in 
 
1 54 Ber'hshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 that direction. In the sphere in which he labored he was use- 
 ful and respected. (Address, Greeley, page 19.)" 
 
 " Doctor Beriah Bishop of Richmond, born 1Y78, son of the 
 Hon. Nathaniel Bishop, died 1805, aged twenty-seven. 
 
 His youth impaired by too severe exertion caused him to 
 turn his attention to science. His medical education was pur- 
 sued under Dr. Bnrghardt of Richmond, and Dr. Smith of 
 Hanover, N. H. He entered business in 1803, in partnership 
 with Dr. Burghardt. Highly improved with medical learning, 
 by assiduous attention to business and by his prudent, amiable 
 and exemplary deportment, he rajjidly extended his practice. 
 But he fell a victim to consumption, and was buiied from the 
 house of Judge Bishop." 
 
 " Doctor Mason Brown was born in Cheshire, in 1783. He 
 was educated in the common schools, but studied medicine 
 with Dr. Towner of Williamstown. He was lame, and not of 
 strong constitution. His little office long stood on the village 
 green, near the church. He practiced in the winter in Cheshire, 
 but his summers were spent in Saratoga, where his services 
 were in great repute. He made a famous pill, which, in con- 
 nection with the Spring water, made him famous there, and 
 added materially to his income. 
 
 " He never married ; was of a genial, kind nature, and was 
 always surrounded by a bevy of village children." 
 
 " A little anecdote is related of his encounter with ' Uncle ' 
 Moses Wolcott, who for many years, kept the only inn in the 
 village. Meeting Mr. W. one morning he jokingly said, ' Well, 
 Mr. Wolcott, we are going to have a new tavern on the hill, so 
 we can liave two.' ' Yes ! yes ! ' said the testy old man, ' and 
 we are going to have a new doctor in town, so we can have 
 one.'" (Correspondence.) 
 
 Dr. Brown, on returning from Saratoga, made his stopping- 
 place at his sister's, Mrs. Stephen Hosford, and there, in 183(5, 
 he died. 
 
 " The first effectual effort in the direction of a Medical School 
 was made in 1851, when Oliver 1. Root, returning from a 
 course of lectures in Castleton, Vt., — Dr. J. P. Batchelder, a 
 professor in that institution, having become dissatisfied with it. 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 155 
 
 — sent word by him to Dr. IT. II. Chilcls that tlic favorable mo- 
 ment had arrived to establish a new school at Pittsfield. Dr. 
 C. seized the hint with avidity and immediately took steps to 
 avail himself of it." Hist, of Pittsfield, Vol. % Chap. XVII. 
 
 In May 22, the subject of a medical institution was intro- 
 duced to the society by Dr. Oliilds, and favorably entertained. 
 A committee was chosen by the society to petition the Legis- 
 lature for an act of incorporation and a grant of money. Drs. 
 Childs, Burbank and Collins was the committee and they also 
 addressed the parent society, requesting its aid and co-operation 
 in the proposed measure. But for some reason the parent society 
 turned the cold shoulder and opposed the measure. But the 
 impetuosity of Dr. Childs knew no defeat, and the charter was 
 granted January 4, 1823, and a course of lectures was an- 
 nounced for September. 
 
 Theory and Practice, - - - Dr. 11. H. Childs. 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology, - - Dr. J. V C. Smith. 
 
 Surgery, . . . . - Dr. J. P. Batclielder. 
 
 Obstetrics and Materia Medica, - - - Dr. Asa Burbank. 
 
 Chemistry and Botany, - - - Dr. Chester Dewey. 
 
 From this it appears, as there were three Professors from 
 the Society, how intimate the relations were between the 
 society and the institution. But further, the society ap- 
 pointed a committee of "inspection" to investigate the con- 
 cerns of the institution, and their report in December 23, says, 
 "The institution, we are happy to state, promises much utility 
 to the medical profession to the country and to the world. 
 About eighty students have attended the course; above five 
 hundred lectures have been delivered. The funds of the in- 
 stituti(m are low ; it needed patronage, and was worthy of it. 
 And should the patronage it needed be granted it must rise to 
 eminence and great usefulness." And the society united with 
 the institution in petitioning for an endowment which was 
 granted in 1824, in payments of $1Q00 yearly for five years. 
 No doubt the income was meagre. 
 
 The institution was managed liy a board of trustees of which 
 Drs. Perry and Tyler were chosen as members from the society. 
 There were also annually two delegates chosen to attend the 
 
15G Berhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 examination of the students for the degree of M. D., which 
 were conferred upon its ahimni by the president of Wilhams 
 College till 1837, when the degrees were conferred by the 
 president of the institution. 
 
 The first President of the Berkshire Medical Institution was 
 Doctor Josiah Goodhue^ born at Dunstable, Mass., Jan. IT, 
 1Y59. He commenced his medical pupilage with Dr. Kittredge 
 of Fakesbury, and at the end of two years returned to his par- 
 ents in Putney, Vt., where he commenced practice, when about 
 twenty years old. Notwithstanding the meagreness of his pre- 
 liminary education, he rapidly gained in favor, as well as 
 knowledge. Students in numbers came to him and he taught 
 some who became distinguished. Nathan Smith was one of 
 his pupils. In the year 1800, he received from Dartmouth Col- 
 lege the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine. 
 
 In 1816, he located in Hadley, Mass., and in 1823 was ap- 
 pointed by the trustees President of the Perksliire Medical In- 
 stitution. He had the interests of the institution very much 
 in heart, and says, " While I have the honor to preside in this 
 Institution, it shall be the business of my declining years to 
 promote its interests in every way in my power." 
 
 He had an extensive practice in Operative Surgery, and has 
 stated that, so far as he knew, he loas the first to amputate at 
 the shoulder joint of any man in Nexo England. 
 
 He was extremely temperate in his manner of living. 
 
 " In his manner. Dr. Goodhue was a pattern of urbanity and 
 gentility. In his appearance and dress he was perfectly neat. 
 He commanded tlie respect and esteem of all who knew him. 
 In his department he was affable and polite to his equals and 
 infei'iors; his conversational talents were of such an order as 
 ever to attract attention, and he was always listened to with 
 great interest and respect." Williams' Biog. 
 
 He died in 1829, at the house of Dr. Twitchell. 
 
 "July 26, 1823. Voted.— That Prof. Dewey be appointed a 
 committee to confer with the Trustees of Williams College for 
 the loan of the chemical and philosophical apparatus, for the 
 use of the Institution during the ensuing course of lectures. 
 
 J. B. Batcheldeb, Sec.'''' 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 157 
 
 There is no record of the h)an, but I presume it was loaned. 
 
 In 1824 there crops out the jealously towards Harvard, which 
 was in consequence, no doubt, of the opposition met witli to 
 the establishment of the Institution, and which lasted many 
 years, and was freely expressed by Dr. Childs. The vote was 
 that the degree of M. D. conferred upon the graduate of the 
 Berkshire Medical Institution, through the authority of Wil- 
 liams College, should " Entitle its possessor to all the rights, 
 privileges and immunities granted to graduates of Harvard." 
 
 In this year the Trustees bought the "Berkshire Hotel," 
 where Dr. Sabin's father lived, and anticipated the grant of 
 the state to the amount of $3,000. And Joseph Shearer pre- 
 sents a fine fat ox for the benefit of the Institution. A com- 
 mittee was appointed to see Avhat should be done with the ox ; 
 they report "that the ox be sold to the best advantage, and the 
 avails be distributed in premiums next year. Called the Joseph 
 Shearer fund." 
 
 No doubt the income was meagre. 
 
 How otherwise would Joseph Shearer have made to the In- 
 stitution the present of "a fine fat ox." But I credit the 
 whole (caboodle?) of them with lunacy. Would you believe 
 it? Actually, they appointed a committee to sit on that ox and 
 see what should be done with it. Anybody out a lunatic 
 asylum would say, make a big barbecue, invite all the hostile 
 Indians from the parent society and Harvard hall and Williams 
 College and the Legislature, then wash the tenderloin down 
 with old Jamaica. Do you think, witb the inner man red hot 
 with beef and Jamaica, they wouldn't have come down hand- 
 some? Why! the Faculty could have marched in procession 
 with Childs at the head waving his banner of general princi- 
 ples. Smith shouldering a huge thigh bone, Batchelder with 
 his carving knife, Burbank with his obstetric forceps and 
 Dewey as rear guard with a staff of golden rod trampling over 
 all opposition to fatness and renown. They wouldn't have 
 been begging Williams College for old chemical and philosophi- 
 cal traps, not a bit of it. But pity 'tis, 'tis true, this daft com- 
 mittee sitting on the fat ox, voted to sell it and make Shearer 
 hero. 
 
158 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 There was in 1828, some trouble growing ont of the repre- 
 sentations of Dr. Batchelder, (who was then secretary) respect- 
 ing the Institution. It was a repetition of what occurred at 
 Woodstock. March 20, 1828, there was an examination of Dr. 
 Batchelder, on the charge that he tried to injure the reputation 
 of the school. " Voted. — That in the opinion of the Trustees 
 it is not for the interest of the Institution to continue Dr. B. 
 as a professor in the same." 
 
 Near this time Dr. O. S. Root was appointed Professor of 
 Pharmacy, Materia Medica and Medical Chemistry. 
 
 " Doctor Oliver Sackett Root was born in Pittsfield, July 1st, 
 1799. He was a delicate child, fond of his books, and showed 
 early unusual powers of observation. His academic education 
 was at Lenox and "Westiield. He studied medicine with Dr. 
 H. H. Childs, and graduated at the Berkshire Medical Institu- 
 tion in 1824. In 1828, was appointed Professor, and was al- 
 ways afterwards one of the Trustees." 
 
 " He was an accomplished botanist and his decision was often 
 appealed to in any disputed question on that subject. Al- 
 ways deeply interested in public education, he was nearly thirty 
 years a member of the School Committee, and for many years 
 its chairman. It was greatly owing to his influence and exer- 
 tions that the beautiful site of the Pittsfield Cemetery was 
 chosen. He was the first to discover its natural advantages 
 and capabilities, and year after year urged the town its pur- 
 chase until at last it was decided upon." 
 
 "A public spirited man he took deep interest in the affairs of 
 the town. He took strong ground as an anti-slavery and tem- 
 perance advocate. He spent the summer of '59 abroad. 
 During the war full of the patriotic zeal which had animated 
 his grandfather in the old struggle for liberty, — too old to be 
 accepted as surgeon — in '64 he offered his services to and was 
 accepted by the United States Christian Commission, and 
 labored zealously and satisfactorily in the hospitals of City 
 Point and Petersburg. He was a great favorite with the 
 Berkshire boys. His exposure in camp life was too great, and 
 he never fully recovered fi'oni it. He had remarkable powers 
 of endurance, and continued his practice to the last however. 
 
Medicine in Berhshire. 159 
 
 never refusing to g'o out to sec a patient, even in the stormiest 
 night." 
 
 "He was an earnest, consistent Christian, an active memher 
 of the Congregational church, and often in tlie absence of a 
 clergyman, his prayers and ministrations Ijy the bedside of the 
 sick and dying were most welcome and comforting." 
 
 He died of pneumonia, Oct. 22, 1870, and his funeral ser- 
 mon was preached by President Hopkins to a great concourse 
 of children of the schools and townspeople. 
 
 Dr. Root was Secretary of the Institution till its close. The 
 Berkshire Medical Society, after his death, passed this resolu- 
 tion: '"'' Resolved. — That we remember with gratitude his un- 
 tiring industry, his rigid discipline, his brilliant medical essays, 
 his thorough medical education, and above all, his love to God. 
 The sick and helpless poor have been deprived of a kind and 
 faithful friend and medical adviser." Correspondence. 
 
 In December, 1836, a petition was sent to the Legislature 
 for an alteration of its charter, so that the Institution would 
 have the power to confer its own degrees, and in '37 the act 
 passed. They also petitioned for a grant of $10,000. 
 
 Dr. Goodhue was succeeded by Dr. Zadock Howe Bellerica, 
 who resigned in 1837, when the connection between Williams 
 College and the Institution was dissolved and the Institution 
 conferred its own degrees, and in '38 Dr. H. H, Childs was 
 chosen its President. 
 
 " Doctor Henry Halsey Childs of Pittsfield, was born at the 
 Child's homestead on Jubilee Hill, June 7, 1783. As a youth 
 he was both noble hearted and noble minded. Pie graduated 
 at Williams College in 1802. At that time all the Faculty and 
 Trustees but one were Federalists, and his commencement ora- 
 tion, which was submitted to the President for approval, was 
 full of the rankest Jefiiersonian Democracy. The utterance of 
 what was considered heresy was forbidden and some harmless 
 and probably glittering generalities substituted. But when it 
 came his turn to speak out leaped the pestilent democracy. 
 Tlie President tried to stop him, but he could not be silenced; 
 he went on to the end amid mingled hisses and applause." 
 
 And this typified what the young man was to be. He stud- 
 
160 BerhsJiire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 ied medicine with bis father, and commenced and carried on 
 practice with him as long as his father lived. They introduced 
 vaccination in spite of opposition, as the father had inoculation. 
 In 1822, May, at a medical meeting, and the first after a long 
 interval, Dr. Childs introduced the subject of a Medical Col- 
 lege, urging it with his usual ardor, and that originated the 
 Berkshire Medical College. From the time of its establish- 
 ment he was its life and soul, and it died with him. 
 
 His labors and sacrifices for the Berkshire Medical College, 
 and the great good to this town and county and state and 
 country coming from it, directly connected with the personality 
 of this man, cannot be estimated; it sufiices to say they were 
 very great. 
 
 He had a large medical practice and for many years was a 
 member of the Faculty of the medical colleges at Woodstock, 
 Yt., and Willougby and Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 His labors in the medical line were sufficient to employ all 
 the time of an ordinary man, still he found time for the activi- 
 ties of a zealous and uncompromising democrat. And in this 
 direction he wielded great influence, for he was elected to 
 represent the town in the Legislatures of 1816 and 1827, and 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1820 ; to the State Senate of 
 1837, and as Lieut. Governor in 1843. 
 
 In the Constitutional Convention, in advocating his motion 
 to amend Article 3, in Bill of Rights, he particularly dis- 
 tinguished himself as the champion of the voluntary system in 
 the sujjport of public worship. 
 
 Dr. Childs, in motion to amend Article 3, in Bill of Rights, 
 ••' As the happiness of a people and the good order and preserva- 
 tion of civil government essentially depend upon piety, religion 
 and morality, and as these cannot be generally diffused through 
 a community but by the institution of the public worship of 
 God, and as it is the inalienable right of every man to render 
 that worship in the mode most consistent with the dictates of 
 his own conscience, etc." 
 
 One of his opponents w^as "Webster, and Childs was defeated, 
 but Webster afterwards admitted that he was wrong and that 
 Dr. Childs was right. 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 161 
 
 But with all his enthusiasm and ardor in his pursuits, Dr. 
 Childs was a Christian gentleman. He was tender of the feel- 
 ings and rei)utation of others. This was manifest in his deal- 
 ings with those who were examined for the degree of M. D. 
 
 In 1863 Dr. Childs resigned. Resolutions of the Trustees 
 of Berkshire Medical Institution : — " That the resignation of 
 Di'. Childs requires from us more than a passing notice. For 
 more than forty years he has l)een the active head of the Berk- 
 shire Medical Institution, his usefulness having extended to a 
 period almost unprecedented. During these years, by his 
 energy and zeal, he has achieved a wide-spread reputation as a 
 medical man ; and, by his courtesy of manner and kindness of 
 heart, a no less deserved name of a Christian gentleman. He 
 has ever maintained a high standard of medical honor, and his 
 pupils must forget or ignore his teachings before they can stoop 
 to anything base or ignoble. With quick appreciation of merit, 
 however modest, and ever ready with a timely word of needed 
 encouragement, his pupils learned to love him, and thousands 
 throughout the length and breadth of the land look back to 
 him as to a foster father. While we regret the infirmities 
 which compel the retirement of our venerable President from 
 the active duties of instruction, we earnestly hope that the in- 
 terests of the Institution, which is so identified with his life 
 and name, may not abate, and that he may long be spared to 
 speak words of cheer to the new generation of students and 
 give the benefit of his advice and counsel to the Faculty and 
 Trustees." 
 
 He was liberal and generous. As a Christian, he was in earnest. 
 In 1821 he became a member of the First Congregational 
 church, and as deacon and Sa])bath-scliool scholar and President 
 of the Berkshire Bible Society, he exemplified the grace, ten- 
 derness and power of Christianity. He was gentle, but strong ; 
 tender, yet true hearted ; zealous, yet with meekness ; having a 
 strong will, yet under the dominion of a will superior to his 
 own, with aspirations and affection which rested, not upon 
 those near him, but reached forth as far as the mission of him 
 whom he so faithfully served. 
 
 It was sad, that desiring it so much, he did not in his last 
 
162 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 days rest his eyes on the clear old hills of Berkshire, and com- 
 mune with them ; and with the deep blue arch studded with 
 the stars that had, through the long lonely night rides, been to 
 him an inspiration, filling him with trust and hope. 
 
 He died in Boston, with his daughter, March, 1868, in the 
 eighty-fifth yeai- of his age. 
 
 In 1850 the Medical building was burned. The committee 
 selected the site oflEered by Henry Colt, Esq., at the foot of 
 South street, and in 1852 sold the old boarding house, thus ter- 
 minating their connection with a place they had occupied for 
 thirty years. 
 
 The new building was of pressed brick outside, well arranged 
 and commodious. 
 
 Dr. Gilnian Kimball, Prof, of Surgery; Dr. Alonzo Clark, 
 Prof, of General and Special Pathology; Dr. Benjamin R. 
 Palmer, Prof, of Anatomy, were added to the Faculty in 1843. 
 
 Dr. Timothy Childs was elected Secretary and Trustee in 
 1848. In '63, Dr. H. H. Childs was succeeded by Dr. W. W. 
 Seymour of Troy. Dr. William W. Green was Prof, of Sur- 
 gery; Dr. R. C. Stiles, of Pathology; Dr. A. B. Pahner, of 
 Practice of Medicine; Dr. P. Chadbourne, of Chemistry and 
 Natural History ; Dr. Earle, of Diseases of the Nervous Sys- 
 tem; Dr. T. Childs, of MiHtary Surgery; Dr. Ford, of Physi- 
 ology. 
 
 But the war was disastrous to the country medical schools • 
 here, as elsewhere, and, with other causes added, resulted in a 
 ruinous decrease of students. In 1866 only forty -one attended, 
 in 1867, only thirty-three. The last course of lectures was de- 
 livered in 186Y, and Dr. F. K. Paddock, the last appointed 
 professor, received his appointment as Professor of Urinology 
 and Venereal Diseases in 1867. 
 
 In 1870 the Innlding was sold to Pittsfield, and April 29, 
 1871, Dr. C. A. Mills of this Society performed the last funeral 
 rites. 
 
 Thus came to an end the Berkshire Medical Institution 
 which was the offspring of this Society, which had carefully re- 
 ceived attention for forty-four years, and had graduated 1,120 
 students. 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 163 
 
 The prophecy that " it wonhl be of much utiHty to the medi- 
 cal profession, to the country and to the world" was abundantly 
 verified. 
 
 "Voted. — That Dr. Daniel Collins deliver the dissertation 
 at the next semi-annual meeting." 
 
 " Doctor Daniel Collins was born in Lenox, Dec. 19, 1774. 
 The second of three brotlier physicians — prej^aring for college 
 at tlie Academy in Lenox and graduating at Williams College 
 in 1800 ; soon after commenced the study of medicine with 
 Dr. Lewis; completed his professional studies and began the 
 practice of medicine with his older brother, Luke, at Louisville, 
 Kentucky. This brother was an earlier graduate of Williams 
 and student of Dr. Lewis. 
 
 Dr. Collins' residence in Kentucky gave him an experience 
 in the treatment of febrile diseases that he would not ordinarily 
 have had, and enabled him to treat successfully a large number 
 of cases during an unusual prevalence of fever in this vicinity, 
 at the time of his return, and gave him a local reputation that 
 he ever after retained. Fond of study and scientific investiga- 
 tion, he was well acquainted with the theory and practice of 
 his profession, possessing a retentive memory and having for 
 those days a large and well selected general library, which he 
 thoroughly read. He was entertaining and instructive in con- 
 versation, and took much pleasure in sharing with others any 
 information he acquired; and, had ambition impelled him 
 might have obtained celebrity. He was fond of military drill 
 and parade, marched to Boston commanding a company from 
 this town in 1S12, and held the rank of colonel in our militia 
 service. Of a commanding presence, possessing many noble 
 and generous qualities, he had the confidence and good will of 
 those under his command. 
 
 After his sojourn of a couple of years or so in Kentucky, lie 
 returned to Lenox, where he resided until his death, which oc- 
 curred March 9, 1847." (J. G. Stanly, letter.) 
 
 Dr. Collins, in his youth, was called by the ladies a very 
 handsome man. He was an excellent scholar and fine linguist. 
 He stood very high in the esteem of his medical brethren. 
 
164 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Keen in observation, original in reasoning, independent in his 
 judgment ; liis counsel was sought after in difficult cases. 
 
 He stood very high in the Society, being elected President, 
 besides filling honorable and responsible positions. (Corres- 
 pondence.) 
 
 " Doctor William H. Tyler was born in Lanesborough, May 
 18, 1780. He worked upon his father's farm until eighteen 
 years of age. Studied with Dr. Silas Hamilton, in Saratoga, 
 one year. Continued them with Dr. Joseph Jarvis of Lanes- 
 borough, and comjjleted them with Dr. Asa Burbank of the 
 same town, occupying about three and one-half years. " And 
 then," he says, "I was privileged with a full course of medical 
 lectures in Columbia College, Kew York. The Marine Hospi- 
 tal was at hand ; bones, muscles, arteries and veins were no 
 longer presented to the imagination only, I could examine them 
 with my eye and the dissecting knife. Drs. Post, Rodgers, 
 Stringham, Hosack and Hammersly were the professors." At 
 that time a spirited discussion was going on on contagion and 
 non-contagion of Yellow fever. 
 
 "Dr. Tyler commenced practice in Lanesborough in 1815, 
 and soon had an extensive ride. He practiced among the best 
 families in and out of town, and the poor he never neglected 
 whether there was prospect of renumeration or not. He was 
 associated with the best medical men in the county, among 
 them Drs, Timothy Childs, H. H. Childs, Delamater, Batchel- 
 der and Towner. He was an honored member of the Massa- 
 chusetts Medical Society, Censor, Councillor and President of 
 the Berkshire Medical Society, and always enjoyed to a high 
 degree the confidence and esteem of his medical brethren." In 
 1815, 20, 31 and 35 he represented his town in Legislature and 
 Congressional Convention with usefulness and great credit to 
 himself. 
 
 Dr. Tyler practiced thirty-four years in Lanesborough, and 
 the intimate friendship with Gov. G. N. Briggs terminated 
 only with his death. 
 
 In a letter to him March 10, 1856, he says, "Dear Sir, I ^vas 
 very much gratified on the reception of a staif marked 'G. N. 
 Briggs to W. H. Tyler.' It is long enough, strong enough, 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 1G5 
 
 large eiiougli and liaiidsoine enoiigli, aiul as good for auglit I 
 know as Jacob's when lie passed over the Jordan, or when he 
 leaned upon tlie head of it and worshi])ped and blessed the sons 
 of Joseph." 
 
 He thus writes, " The day my linil) was anii)ntated I asked the 
 Lord if there might be fifteen years added to my earthly exist- 
 ence. He has added that and more, and I onght to say in humble 
 submission, the Lord's will be done. I think I have tried to do 
 good in my day and generation to my fellows, my friends and 
 my enemies, but the world is about ready to spare me now and 
 and I want to be ready to go when required." 
 
 "I have liad an anxious, arduous and laborious life, and have 
 not been more than one-half renumerated for it. I have tried 
 to be an honor to the medical profession, and obtain honor and 
 a good reputation ; but very many of the faculty have dis- 
 honored themselves by dishonest and intriguing efforts to ob- 
 tain business. Quackery and pretension to skill have sup- 
 planted and broken down many who were worthy of the best 
 public patronage." 
 
 " I have continued my medical reading even until now (eighty 
 years old). At the present day (1856) a great assortment of 
 doctors has sprung into existence, and the human family are 
 humbugged and cheated, — ^I wish they knew how nmch — for, 
 notwithstanding, I have spent a long life in reading and investi- 
 gating this abstruse science, my lesson is half unlearned." 
 
 Dr. Tyler was a very devout, thoughtful Christian. He 
 philosophises, "Who is I? I think I is a sentient spirit, an im- 
 mortal soul, that will know and be known by other spirits or 
 souls when separated from the body. God is a spirit. Spirits 
 must have some property in common. What is it? Do spirits 
 have any matter in their composition?" 
 
 These extracts serve to show that Dr. Tyler was a constant 
 reader, and conscientious practioner, regardful, not alone of his 
 patients, but of his profession as well. 
 
 I remember him with his furrowed face and short bushy 
 hair, and kindness of manner, and his carefulness in making 
 up his opinion, and his gentleness with his junior brethren. 
 
166 Berkfihire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 To crown all, he was an excellent father and neighbor and 
 citizen, because he was a sincere Christian. 
 
 As Panl said, " By the grace of God I am what I am," so 
 said Dr. Tyler; and died in the faith Dec. 6th, aged eighty- 
 eight and one-half years. 
 
 Doctor Abel Kittredge was born in Tewksbnry, Mass., in 
 1773, settled as a physician in the town of Hinsdale in 1801. 
 He was the first and only physician in the town for twenty- 
 five years, and had a large practice there and surrounding 
 towns. He was commissioned as surgeon's mate in one of the 
 Massachusetts regiments in 1812, by Gov. Caleb Strong. He 
 died in 1847, aged seventy-four years. He was brother of Dr. 
 William Kittredge, then settled in Pittsfield. 
 
 "In 1827, a disease in his eyes, called 'Western Sore Eyes,' 
 almost entirely destroyed his sight for several years, obliging 
 him to abandon the practice of his profession. He afterwards 
 was much interested in agriculture, being one of the largest 
 farmers in the town." 
 
 " In 1797 he married Miss Eunice Chamberlain of Dalton, and 
 had four sons and six daughters. He had a noble, generous na- 
 ture, full of kindness and aid to the suffering and needy, and was 
 foremost in supporting education^ good moral and religious in- 
 stitutions in the town." Correspondence. 
 
 The following anecdote of Dr. Aljel Kittredge is told by 
 Mr. F. :— 
 
 " When quite a young man he (Mr. F.) bought some sheep 
 which he sold within a few days at a profit of one hundred 
 dollars. Soon after the doctor meeting him, said, " Well, Mr. 
 F., I hear you have made a hundred dollars within four days." 
 Mr. F. admitted that he had. " Young man," said the doctor, 
 "you will find that the dearest hundred dollars you ever had," 
 which the sequel shows was doubted, as he made a second pur- 
 chase and gained another profit. Buying the third time, he 
 took the sheep to New York and this time lost all he had 
 ffained. Mr. F. was forced to acknowledge that the doctor was 
 right. It exemplified his belief in small economies and moder- 
 ate profits as the best foundations for a young man's prosperity ; 
 along with that first requisite in all dealings — integrity. 
 
Medicine hi Berkshire. 1<)7 
 
 Dr. Kittredge was a satisfactory physician to most people iu 
 his region. He was res])ecte(l mid public-sj)irited. Though 
 for some years before his death he had discontinued practice, 
 he was still keenly interested in public affairs." 
 
 Doctor Charles Worthington was born Aug. 27, 1778, and 
 died May 23, 1840. 
 
 There is no history (medical) except tliat gleaned from the 
 records of the Society. 
 
 "Voted. — That Charles Worthington be Treasurer and Li- 
 brarian." He was on the committee of inspection to investi- 
 gate the concerns of the Medical Institute. 
 
 "Voted. — That Dr. Charles Worthington be appointed to de- 
 liver a dissertation at the next annual meeting." He was on 
 the committee "to take into consideration the subject of our 
 annual assessments and initiation fees." This, was a long stand- 
 ing and grievous niatter with the parent Society. 
 
 In 1830 he was elected Vice-president of the Society. 
 
 These diiferent records show that he stood very high iu the 
 esteem and confidence of his medical ])rethren. 
 
 " Doctor Robert WortliingUm of Lenox, was born Sept. 20, 
 1701, and died August, 1856. 
 
 He was well known as a physician, having long resided in 
 the county. He was for a numlier of years secretary of the 
 Berkshire Medical Society, and was honored and esteemed, as 
 the records of the Society show, by his medical brethren. But 
 not only in the walks of professional life was he well known, 
 but in the toilsome though honorable and useful walks of 
 Christian benevolence. He was a member of the Congrega- 
 tional church in Lenox, and one on whom ?nuch is imposed 
 and sustained with ability and constancy. He was for many 
 years Treasurer of the Berkshire Bible Society, and by that 
 Society made a Life Director iu^ the American Bil)le Society. 
 He was Secretary of the County Seamen's Friend Society, and 
 an earnest friend of every measure of popular reform. His 
 Christian faith was vital, energetic, active, and hence M^e must 
 believe the true faith that works by love. His memory will 
 always be cherished with honor. 
 
 They were sons of Capt. Daniel and Mrs. Lois (Foote) 
 
1 68 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Worthington, and were born in Colchester, Conn. The family 
 removed to Lenox probably in the early part of this centnry, 
 and there the parents and the two sons above named died." 
 Correspondence. 
 
 " Doctor John M. Brewster was born Oct. 22, 1789 in Becket, 
 Mass. 
 
 His early education was at tlie Lenox Academy while Mr. 
 Gleason was principal. lie commenced the study of medicine 
 under the instruction of his father; attended a course of lectures 
 in New Haven in 1810, and graduated at the Medical School 
 in Boston under Dr. Jackson, in 1812; reached home the very 
 day his father was brought home dead of apoplexy, and com- 
 menced immediately the practice of medicine at his native 
 place where he remained till 1821 when he removed to Lenox, 
 and was a successful physician in that and neighboring towns 
 for sixteen years. He was Town Clerk there two years. 
 
 In April, 1837, he removed to Pittsiield, purchased the old 
 homestead of Gen. Willis and continued his profession with 
 zeal, fidelity and success for tliirty years, making in all fifty- 
 five years of continuous practice. 
 
 " His physical constitution was of the most robust kind. Till 
 after he was seventy years of age he would mount his horse 
 with no other help then the stirrups and ride with grace and 
 fleetness. 
 
 The old Brewster homestead is one of the historic landmarks, 
 inasmuch as it has the credit of having l)een a station of the 
 underground railroad for fugitives from the South on their 
 way to Canada and freedom. 
 
 Dr. Brewster welcomed to his home Gerritt Smith, Eliliu 
 Burritt, Henry Wilson and many of the early anti-slavery ad- 
 vocates. The friendship that existed between himself and the 
 Hon. Charles Sumner (of glorious memory) was constant and 
 unabated to the close of life." 
 
 He was an anti-slaver man when it cost something to l^e one 
 — as far back as when James G. Birney was candidate for 
 President. 
 
 Studious of social proprietry and civil obligations, he firmly 
 and conscientiously took his chances on the side of manhood 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 169 
 
 and rii'-lit iuul calmly and quietly awaited the result." Corres- 
 pondence. 
 
 Need it be said tliat his i^rand conduct as luisband, fatlier, 
 neii:;hbor, citizen and physician was the outcome <_>f a character 
 which was born of Jesus of Nazareth. 
 
 He died May 3, 1861), aged eighty years. 
 
 " Doctor Robert Campbell^ son of David Campbell, the elder 
 was l)orn at Pittsfield, 1Y96 ; graduated at the Berkshire Medi- 
 cal College, 1822, having commenced his studies before the 
 foundation of that institution. No Pittsfield nvAXx^ of his gen- 
 ei'ation at least, excelled him in mental power or liberal culture. 
 The variety of tlie subjects of which he acquired accurate and 
 ])ractical knowledge was remarkable. His skill in his profes- 
 sion was widely recognized although he abandoned it in the 
 prime of his life. His thirst for study and exjjeriment was 
 ardent; he possessed extreme conscientiousness, displayed not 
 only in business integrity, but in all the affairs of life." (His- 
 tory of Pittsfield.) 
 
 " Doctor Royal Fowler of Stockbridge, took the place of Dr. 
 Jones. He was born 1786, and a native of Pittsfield. He 
 practiced at first in Barrington. He was a peculiarly careful 
 physician and much confided in by his patients." 
 
 He was a member of the Berkshire Medical Society and 
 from the records I gather that he was highly esteemed and 
 confided in by his fellow members, l)eing placed often in po- 
 sitions of responsibility, and his record as a citizen and physi- 
 cian is irreproachable. 
 
 "He was a Christian and died in great peace Sept. 20, 1849, 
 at the age of sixt3'--three." 
 
 We resume the meetings of the Society. 
 
 In 1827 the Society meetings revolved around the court in 
 Lenox and the cattle show in Pittsfield. 
 
 In '39 we meet a vote as follows: "That certain resolutions 
 upon the subject of intemperance this day presented, after 
 being revised by the president and secretary, be adopted and 
 printed in the county newspapers, signed by the president and 
 secretary. The president was Dr. Perry of Stockbridge, and 
 as in 1837, he established by his energetic efforts at that place 
 
1 70 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 an auxiliary temperance society, at that time when it was ex- 
 ceedinp^ly unpopular to advocate that (piestion, we have no doul)t 
 but these resolutions w^ere from him. Dj'. Hawks of North 
 Adams, says of 1S29, " At that time New England was drenched 
 with rum and cider lirandy.'' Another writer says, "The 
 habits of intemperance, thriftlessness and dissipation generally 
 which existed in the years immediately following the Revolu- 
 tion still continued." We glory then in the heroism of a mem- 
 ber of our Society, who, at that time, gave such a sharp rebuke 
 to the halnt to which, no doubt, some of his medical brethren 
 were subject ; and at the same time, by its record, placing the 
 Society on the side of temperance. From '34 to "37 there is 
 no record of meeting. We search in vain for the wherefore 
 except the conjecture of dissatisfaction on the relation of the 
 district to the parent Society. 
 
 In '29 a committee was appointed to take into consideration 
 the subject of " our annual assessments and initiation fees, and 
 report the best or most proper course to be pursued by the So- 
 ciety to obtain relief." 
 
 Jan. 30, the committee reported and it was voted, "That that 
 part of the report advising a separation from the parent Society, 
 be rejected." 
 
 May 31, "That a committee be appointed to consider the 
 subject matter of the petition of the physicians from this 
 county, and also the subject of difference l)etween the fellows 
 of this county and the parent Society." 
 
 " That this committee be instructed to contend for or insist 
 upon the abandonment of the whole annual assessment to this 
 Society." 
 
 Next meeting, '32, this vote was amended so that the in- 
 struction was to compromise for the payment of one dollar per 
 annum of the assessment to the parent Society. At the next 
 meeting the contest continued in a somewhat varied form. 
 
 The meetings of October and Deceml)er must have been 
 very exciting and condemnatory of the parent Society. Votes 
 were passed, then rescinded, and it is evident that these meet- 
 ings must have been very wearying to the flesh. 
 
 In '33 this subject is continued in a report which it is stated 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 171 
 
 tliat after "an iiivestig-ation, tliis district Society is entitled to 
 the snin of $81.53, and onr treasurer is directed to retain in liis 
 hands said sum." 
 
 There is no record of meeting again till 1837, an interim of 
 four 3'ears. In '37 a spasmodic effort was made for a revival, 
 but there was only one meeting. This w^as a time of great 
 financial depression and ruin, and was no doubt the efficient 
 reason for the discontinuance of the meetings. 
 
 In looking back through this period we are impressed with the 
 fact that the profession is standing on a higher plane than dur- 
 ing that preceding. The rules are more dignified and elastic. 
 They concede more to individual honor. Command is suc- 
 ceeded by an appeal to the better and higher nature. The 
 business complications and wranglings with the parent Society 
 and the interests of the Medical Institution occupy much of 
 the time to the exclusion of professional matters, probably to 
 the disgust of some members, still, there are many carefully 
 prepared papers and many interesting cases brought to the 
 thought of the Society, with a finer and richer enthusiasm than 
 before. 
 
 In 1842 there was a reorganization. The Society starts again 
 with nearly the same leaders. 
 
 Of the eighty-five names upon the record sheet of 1842, all 
 are dead or removed but eight. 
 
 There were two yearly meetings, one at Lenox and one at 
 Pittsfield. This arrangement held till '62, when the meetings 
 were held in Pittsfield. There was no special interest for ten 
 years and the old troubles with the parent Society were still in 
 existence. 
 
 We note the resolutions upon Dr. Royal Fowler by Dr. K. 
 Worthington, June, 1850: "Whereas, God in his righteous 
 providence, has i-emoved by death Dr. lioyal Fowler, a beloved 
 and faithful fellow laborer in the medical profession, and re- 
 cently President of this Society, thus depriving us of the 
 presence and counsel of one who was asi'ially "at his post" at 
 the regular meetings of this Society, Therefore, Resolved, That 
 while we would humbly and submissively feel and acknowledge 
 the hand of God in this event we enter upon the records this 
 
172 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 testimonial of onr estimation of iiis character and nsefulness as 
 a scientific and successful practioner of medicine, a faithful and 
 devoted friend to the interests and prosperity of the medical 
 profession, and above all would we gratefully acknowledge the 
 goodness of the ' Great Physician,' that in addition to the 
 above traits of character, he possessed and was enabled to ex- 
 emplify the character of a meek and humble follower of the 
 Saviour. And we would accompany this testimonial with the 
 sincere aspiration that we may all, having faithfully discharged 
 our individual and relative duties be prepared like him to de- 
 part in peace." No one could desire a better testimonial. It 
 testifies to eminence in the profession, to faithfulness in his ob- 
 liofations to his medical brethren, to a fulness and sweetness of 
 character which made his life an inspiration. But rarely does 
 the resolution equally reveal the character of the writer. This 
 is a transparency, revealing behind it a firm, self-reliant Chris- 
 tian physician, one who could enter upon a journal the exuber- 
 ant joy in the character of his friend, and a desire for confor- 
 mation to his high standard of life. 
 
 In 1852 we notice that Dr. A. Williams reported a case of 
 Peritonitis treated successfully with large doses of opium. Dr. 
 Clark and Dr. Childs have both been credited with the origina- 
 tion of this manner of treating Peritonitis, 
 
 This claim, if it be a claim, we do not think can l)e substan- 
 tiated. Years before, this treatment was practiced by Dr. Smith 
 of Williamstown. It was not original with him. It is probable 
 that in Berkshire, Dr. Towner would be found the one who was 
 the rescuer, if not originator of this practice, and that it was 
 continued in a large degree by Dr. Smith. 
 
 In the early part of 1854 we have two fine addresses. One 
 from Dr. Babbitt on Tubercular Diseases, "rich in facts and 
 replete with sound medical principles for M'hich able addresses 
 the Society voted thanks. One from Dr. George S. Lyman, 
 setting fortli the true mission of our profession replete with 
 wholesome sentiments of great literary merit." In 1854, Dr. 
 White, "then President, interested the Society for lialf an hour 
 with a condensed history of his life. He intimated that he 
 had been laboring under disease of the heart from early life 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 173 
 
 wliieli had boon a source of serious embarriissment diirinii' liis 
 professional career. In '55 a vote of tliaiiks was tendered to 
 Dr. Wliite for liis faithfulness and courtesy as President of this 
 Society. 
 
 '58 marks a new departure in the history of tliis Society. 
 The story is this. At a meeting in July remarks were made by 
 Dr. Collins, critizing the manner of conducting the meetings^ 
 asking for more method and suggesting that "the president 
 make an individual call upon the fellows to relate anything of 
 interest which has occurred in the practice of each since the 
 last meeting, and that ten minutes be allowed each fellow for 
 recital." After dinner he made some very spirited and caustic 
 remarks relative to the inefficiency of the Society. 
 
 The brethren mutually j)ledged themselves to be more mind- 
 ful of the future meetings of the Society. 
 
 In November following, it was voted, though the journal 
 does not state that the motion was made by Dr. Collins, that 
 there be monthly meetings and except the annual meeting at 
 Lenox, be held in Pittsfield. 
 
 What was impossible in the beginning was possible now, 
 whatever a few years before was impracticable was practicable 
 now. 
 
 The meetings became fully attended and very interesting. 
 
 About June, '59, Di'. Jackson initiated the custom of giving 
 a diimer at the monthly meeting. They are styled, in the Jour- 
 nal, as "sumptuous," "elegant," etc. 
 
 Those of us who partook of them will bear witness that the 
 adjectives descriptive were none too strong. 
 
 We all know that Dr. Sabin was a good feeder, and ap- 
 preciated a good dinner. Now this motion of his at the Jack- 
 son dinner testifies not only to the dinner but to himself as en- 
 tirely satisfied therewith : " I move, Mr. President, that the 
 thanks of the Society be tendered to Dr. Jackson for the 
 sumptuous entertainment he has furnished. Also, to Mr. 
 Howland for the efficient manner in which he has executed the 
 order of Dr. Jackson. Carried unanimously." 
 
 The dinner speeches were good and productive in cementing 
 friendship and good will. 
 
174 BerksJdre Historical and Scientifie Society. 
 
 The Great Barrington entertainments of Dr. Collins were 
 always "swell," that of '60 especially; nearly fifty medical men 
 were present. Many letters were read ; speeches were fired off. 
 The scribe was evidently deeply stirred, he writes: "Evening 
 shadows were gathering about us (four hours having been spent 
 around the cheerful and hospitable table) and the guests left the 
 hall to be charmed by the music of Curtis cornet band. In a 
 social view this probably was the most delightful meeting the So- 
 ciety ever held." Much is certainly owing to Dr. Collins for 
 his zeal in behalf of the Society ; his earnest endeavor to make it 
 practical and scientific. His death was the loss of a true and 
 sterling friend. 
 
 Certainly the meetings were never more vigorous than dur- 
 ing the ten years from '52 to '02. The meetings were ver}^ 
 fully attended ; the cases reported interesting and freely and 
 fully discussed, and were so reported upon the journal that 
 they are of great value. 
 
 The reports of Drs. Stiles and Cady ai-e especially excellent 
 and worthy of praise. The interest seemed at almost fever 
 heat. 
 
 The day of the February meeting in '61, the storm was so 
 severe that the meeting was held at the Berkshire Hotel, and 
 seventeen members were present. The active members at that 
 time were : Drs. H. H. and T. Childs, Collins, Lucas, Brewster, 
 Lawrence, Williams, Cady, Meacham, Deming, Smith, of 
 Pittsfield ; Duncan, Miller, Holmes, Manning, Kittredge, 
 Streeter, DeWolf, Root and Starkweatlier. Of this number 
 only one remains (1890.) 
 
 The presidents during this time, Drs. Sabin, White, H. H. 
 Childs, Ferre, Timothy Childs and Clarkson Collins are all 
 dead. Dr. Timothy Childs was one of the finest presidents 
 this Society ever had. Prompt in his decisions, thoroughly 
 versed in parliamentary practice, cool, clear-headed, he kept the 
 Society always at their Avoi'k. 
 
 In one of the exciting and acrimonious discussions in tlie 
 amphitheatre of tlie college building he impressed me as one 
 of the best presiding officers I ever knew. 
 
 He was also a fine surgeon. He had an originally fine mind, 
 
Medicitie in Berhshire. 175 
 
 and a college cdncation with al)uii(laiit ojiportunity, had ripened 
 him into a hold and skillful surijeon. lie was a lluent and 
 easy lecturer. lie ke})t himself posted on and ahreast of all 
 improved methods, and his sad and nntimely death brought 
 dee]) sorrow to a host of friends. 
 
 Once when operating before the Society, his patient, a little 
 boy whose deformed arm he was trying to remedy while under 
 an anassthetic, ceased to breathe. So did we all. But the 
 energetic and tireless efforts in artificial respiration were not 
 remitted till the spirit which seemed to have been launched 
 into the boundless ocean was brought back from the land of 
 shadows to life and light. 
 
 The last annual meeting at Lenox was in '02. The removal 
 of the court house in making Pittsfield the shire town removed 
 all meetings to Pittsfield, except when the Society accepted 
 special invitations from fellows to meet with them, and those 
 at Great Barrington, Sheffield, Stockbridge, Lee, North and 
 South Adams and Williamstown, were occasions of great pleas- 
 ure as well as profit. 
 
 About '60 the Society received the addition of Drs. Stiles, 
 Thayer and Green. 
 
 Dr. Green was at first Professor of Materia Medica, then to 
 that was added military surgery. Still later principles and 
 ])ractice of surgery, and clinical surgery. It is needless for me 
 to eulogize him for he was known to most of you. 
 
 He was the first surgeon who originated the extirpation of 
 Bronchocele, on Oct. 19, '66. Dr. Green's relation of the case 
 will be found in tlfe Medical Record of Nov. 15, ''QQ. Drs. 
 Smith and Paddock were eye-witnesses of this remarkable 
 operation. 
 
 He was a delegate from Portland, Me., in l!S81 to the Inter- 
 national Medical Congress. He made remarks in criticism of 
 some points in " Listerism." And the ideas he enunciated are 
 now the rule in surgery. Returning from the Congress he died 
 at sea. A notice of him says: "he was a leading physician of 
 Portland ; confessedly one of the ablest surgeons in Maine, and 
 one of the most skillful in the country." 
 
 He was for three years Secretary of this Society, and his 
 
1 76 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 modesty, great-lieartedness and geniality made liim a multitude 
 of friends. 
 
 Drs. Stiles and Thayer are well known in connection with 
 the Berkshire Medical Journal which l)egan its publication in 
 January, 1861. 
 
 It was an admirable journal, and many of the papers are 
 even to-day of great scientific and practical interest. 
 
 The reports of the Society pul)lished in it are very com])lete, 
 that of April occupying twelve closely printed Journal pages. 
 
 The stinnilus to the Society was very great, but the "over- 
 whelming interest," which took its editors into the field, and 
 crushed half of the Medical Journals of that year, brought this 
 to finis with its 12th number. It was of incalculable benefit to 
 the Society through its broad and discreet management and ad- 
 mirable reports. 
 
 Watts says : 
 
 " While the lamp holds out to buru 
 The vilest sinner may return." 
 
 The proof of that was at the last annual meeting at Lenox, 
 May 14, 1862, when this communication came before the So- 
 ciety : 
 
 "To the President of Berkshire Medical Society. — The un- 
 dersigned, a graduate of Berkshire Medical College, having 
 practiced Homeopathy for several years, from an assurance of 
 its friends, in whom he had confidence, that its potency in dis- 
 ease promised more certain relief to sufferers than the Allo- 
 })athic treatment, hereby aftirms that he has no confidence in it 
 as a system of practice, and that he believes it his duty, as well 
 to himself as to the public, to thus declare, and, that it is his 
 sincere desire to take an honorable position, under his diploma, 
 in the profession, and to observe fully and faithfully the rules 
 and by-laws of the Massachusetts Medical Society." 
 
 And he kept on eating "crow" till December, '62, when 
 with drooping crest he begged to come out of the rot of Homeo- 
 pathy under the old umbrella. Dr. Childs' great fatherly heart 
 made a place for him. 
 
 One hundred years ago the Association had for its objects : 
 First, Observation and Communication; Second, A Spirit of 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 177 
 
 Union; Tliird, E,es])ect;il)ility. To-day in this Society these 
 oh jects are amply fulfilled. The pages of the record show liow 
 accurate the ohservations are, and how adniirahly they are coni- 
 niunicate(L The S])irit of union as far as known is perfect and 
 no cloud threatens its perpetuity. 
 
 Foremost in all the questions which lie at the foundations of 
 puhlic health and life, thoroughly alive to the medical prctgress 
 of the day hoth in art and science, filling in all our conmiunities 
 responsible and honorable positions, the medical profession of 
 Berkshii'e has no cause to question its respectability. 
 
 The two great objects to be obtained in any medical associa- 
 tion are cohesion and growth. 
 
 Cohesion requires that the atoms sliould be similar and in 
 contact. For this reason there can be no cohesion between the 
 students of nature and the students of Hahnemann, between 
 regular medicine and homeopathy. The atoms are not similar. 
 
 There can be no contact without association, no association 
 without mutual esteem, no mutual esteem without ac<piaint- 
 ance. 
 
 Coming together monthly, communicating our cases and 
 treatment we find ourselves, at times, confronted with criticism 
 and suggestions, which even if they prick the l)ag of conceit, 
 and thereby give us a fall, yet, make us in after time stronger 
 and wiser. 
 
 It does great good to one marching forward wdth the idea 
 that all the world is under his umbrella, to have it whirled out 
 of his hands, that his eyes may take in the unlimited expanse 
 around and above him. Nothing like a live society like this to 
 pull a man out of the ruts and keep him out. 
 
 Growth of a society means gro\vth of its members. There is 
 no growth except there is an assimilation of appropriate nourish- 
 ment. That, for a medical man, is truth as developed from 
 accurate observation of facts and a generalization upon a sutti- 
 cient number. 
 
 The scrappy relation of a case with treatment to match is, 
 for a medical society, eating sawdust. There must be brain 
 work of the highest order in careful analysis and deduction 
 with the largest possible elimination of the personal equation^ 
 
178 Berkshire Historical mid Scientific Society. 
 
 if the pabaluin is adapted to (j;rowth. And the vitalizing prin- 
 ciple must not be wanting. 
 
 There mnst be rantnal esteem and consideration of one for 
 another. This exists in eminent degree in this Society. 
 
 We have long ago sailed past the rule which enjoins us to 
 treat one another "without ridicule" — "with candor and de- 
 cency." Even so far, that we should consider it an insult were 
 any one to point us to it. 
 
 Standing to-day on the vantage ground of great discoveries 
 in both the art and science of Physic — looking pi-oudly, as we 
 must, upon the facilities for thorough medical education in 
 which Harvard leads the country — glorying in the grand medi- 
 cal charities which are seen on every hand — -with minds intent 
 upon the great medical problems, which, with their solution, 
 will l)anish many of our fatal diseases — there should be no con- 
 gratulations more fervid than that with which the Berkshire 
 Medical Society greets the new century. Centennial address, 
 Oct. 27, 1887. 
 
 I have now noticed one hundred and five physicians who 
 practiced in Berkshire commencing as early as 1743. In 
 nearly every respect there is an almost infinite difference be- 
 tween the then and now. Then this Berkshire was a wilder- 
 ness — conveyance on horseback guided by marked trees — popu- 
 lation sparse — the arts in a rudimentary state. As for the science 
 of medicine then it could scarcely merit the name rudimen- 
 tary. These physicians had neither stethoscope, opthalmoscope, 
 microscope, endoscope or chemical thermometer — none of the 
 elegant and efficient preparations which chemistry has furnished 
 to us. They collected, prepared and pounded their own medi- 
 cines. Cloroforin, ether and quinine were unknown. 
 
 They could say with Cerimon — (Pericles Act 3, Sec. 2.) — 
 
 " Tis known I ever 
 Have studied physic, through which secret art, 
 B}' turning o'er authorities, I have 
 (Together with my practice) made familiar 
 To me and to mj'^ aid, the blest infusions 
 That dwell in vegitives, in metals, stones ; 
 And I can speak of the disturbances 
 That nature works, and of her cures, which give me 
 
Medicine ioi Berkshire. 179 
 
 A more content in course of true delight, 
 Than to be tliirsty after tottering honor, 
 Or tie my treasun; up in silken bags 
 To please the tool and death." 
 
 Ainono; them, sixteen were college educated, two Dartinoutli, 
 three Harvard, five Yale, five Williams, one unknown. But 
 those who never trod academic halls were self-educated, as we 
 say, which is the best of all education. How did these early 
 physicians become such strong and correct thinkers? Not alone 
 or chiefly because they were forced by stern necessity to a 
 vocation which would j^rocure for themselves and those de- 
 pending on them, daily bread, but because they were impelled 
 by desire "the wings of the soul," "which is indeed, (as Wilson 
 says) essential to all greatness, enlargement and strength of 
 soul ; by which the unconquered patriot hopes his country's de- 
 liverance, and the good man hopes that his just purpose shall 
 succeed against the opposition and division of the world." 
 
 Says North, " There have been tbose who have found the 
 power to bring down good among men, and have used it. Men 
 simple in their spirit, not radiant in genius, not strong in powerj 
 not pouring out the dazzling and exuberant wealth of their 
 own minds before men's eyes, but pouring out their spirit 
 through their hearts — men unconscious of themselves, but who 
 have brought dowm good into the life of men by bringing it 
 first into their own." 
 
 They were men, broad in manhood, generous in sympathy, 
 mindful of the poor, became love of humanity, "pure, gener- 
 ous and heroic, in its every heigth of strength sacrificing itself 
 to its object or to solemn duties, enabled them by its own in- 
 tense strength to make that sacrifice." 
 
 Yes, these men were strong hearted and heroic. The howl- 
 ing winds and pitiless storms, when wild winter had wrapped 
 these Berkshire hills in a snowy shroud, or the stars in the deep 
 blue vault which looked down upon them in guidance in their 
 long lonely rides, or the sick in the rude log cabin far from the 
 busy haunts of men, whose soul as well as body were gladdened 
 by their ministrations, they would testif}' of their heroism. 
 
 But these men were not only physicians making the best use 
 
180 Berki^hire Historical and Scientific Sociein/. 
 
 of what they had, — and first rate work at that — but they were 
 iu the fullest and best sense of the word, citizens. We know 
 seven of them took an active part in the Revolution, one in 
 the war of 1755, five in the war of 1S12; most of them were 
 either Town Clerk, Selectmen or Justice of the Peace ; many 
 of them were Representatives or Senators ; three of them were 
 Judges of Court of Common Pleas ; one was Lieutenant Gov- 
 ernor. It is striking, in all the communications made to me^ 
 what uniform mention is made of the interest of these men iu 
 public education. 
 
 In Pittsfield, what a debt of honoi- and gratitude is owing to 
 its Childs and Brewsters, in the same regard. The Berkshire 
 Medical College stood for a long time the monument to the 
 unconquerable zeal and wisdom and devotion of H. H. Childs 
 in the education of men spread far and near, who were a bless- 
 to their race. And wdth him were associated Burbank, and 
 Collins, and Burghardt, and the Worthingtons, and Fowler, 
 and Bartlett, and Perry, and Tyler, and Delamater, and Brews- 
 ter, and Batchelder, and Dewey. Men of classic education and 
 strong and earnest. 
 
 What of good (it must have been immense) this institution 
 has achieved can never be known. 
 
 And so all through this County the early physicians had 
 great vnfiuence in moulding public affairs. Even those relat- 
 ing to anti-slavery and temperance ; they went forward as the 
 pioneer corps, ushering in the true and the best. 
 
 Over these early physicions and citizens w^as thrown the ra- 
 dient mantle of Christianity. There was the hiding of their 
 power. The profession of medicine is Christ-like, and some of 
 these physicians have been spoken of, as going about doing 
 good. The majority were professing Christians and many of 
 them deacons. 
 
 Now, in view of what these men were as scholars, active in 
 mind as well as body, eagerly seeking for opportunities to do 
 something nol)le, as physiciams with extensive practice, touch- 
 ing multitudes of people in the tenderest places of humanity, 
 — with zeal generally according to knowledge, — as citizens, tak- 
 ing a larger share in the matters of civil government, deeply in- 
 
Medicine in Berkshire. 181 
 
 terested inedacatioii, knowiuji; that true education was tlie vital- 
 ity of tlie Cominoiiwealtli ; niaiiitaiiiers of tlio sauctity of the 
 Sabbath and pubHc worship; zealous for tlie Bible, and readers of 
 it, and in their lives exemplifying' its teaching, what must their 
 inevitable influence and power have been in the normal de- 
 velopment of Berkshire County. 
 
The Protestant Episcopal 
 Church in Berkshire. 
 
 By Rev. JOSEPH HOOPER, Lebanon Springs, K Y. 
 
THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH 
 IN BERKSHIRE. 
 
 
 
 The planting of the Church of England in Berkshire county 
 is an unwritten chapter of local liistory. 
 
 Mr. Charles J. Taylor, in his clear and accurate history of 
 Great Barrington, details the events that led to the f(trniation 
 of a parish of the English church in that town. 
 
 Mr. J. E. A. Smith, in his well-written history of Pittsfield, 
 tells the story of the dissensions in the Congregational society 
 that induced the formation of other religious societies. 
 
 Eor the other towns, the brief sketches in the old History of 
 Berksliire compiled by Dr. David D. Field, the centennial dis- 
 course of the Rev, Dr. Samuel B. Shaw at Lanesborough in 
 1867, and the memoir of the Rev. Thonias Davies are the 
 only printed material. The late Rev. Dr. Samuel P. Parker, 
 in his paper read before this Society in August, 1880, while 
 giving some particulars of the origin of the parishes of the 
 Protestant Ejjiscopal church, dwells rather upon their later his- 
 tory and his own valuable personal recollections for nearly fifty 
 years. 
 
 Since that paper was delivered some interesting historical 
 documents have come to light that make the preparation of a 
 complete history' possible. They consist of a copy from the 
 files of the Society for the Pro])Ogation of the Gospel in Foreign 
 Parts; of the correspondence of the Rev. Gideon Bostwick 
 from 1770 to 1775 ; the Petition of the Great Barrington district 
 to be erected into a mission, Oct. 1769, and a portion of the 
 autobiography of the Rev. Daniel Burhans, relating princi- 
 pally to his work in this county, written by him in 1853, when 
 he was in his ninety-tirst year. In addition the manuscri])t 
 records of Trinity church, Lcuox, have afforded many items of 
 real value. 
 
186 Ber'kshire Historical and ScientiJiG Society. 
 
 The settlers of this county were principally members of Con- 
 gregational chni'clies, and each town was an ecclesiastical and 
 civil unit. Tlie town and society were inseparable, and in the 
 midst of entries in the records for the opening of roads, the 
 building of bridges, the surveying of boundaries, we find those 
 for the calling of a minister and his support, — by town tax, for 
 cutting his fuel, for the building of a meeting-house and the 
 election of church officers. Congregationalism was established 
 in the province, and dissenters from it were only permitted to 
 worship God in the manner their conscience dictated l)y special 
 exemption in town meeting from the tax levied to maintain 
 public worship according to the Congregational order. Such 
 dissenters had to procure certiiicates from the religious teachers 
 whose ministrations they attended, that they were regular mem- 
 bers of the society over which these teachers presided. In 1Y42 
 a special act of exemption was passed by the General Court for 
 the l)eneht of members of the Church of England, by which 
 their proportion of the town tax for the support of a gospel 
 minister was to be paid to their priest or missionary by the 
 Treasurer of the town upon his certifying that these persons 
 were meml)ers of the Church of England. In some old church 
 families, and in the records of many counties may be seen such 
 certificates, yellow with age, quaint in chirography and phrase- 
 ology, bearing oftentimes two names l)y ministers settled tifty 
 miles or more from the towns for which they were given. It 
 adds to our regard for their faithfulness and earnestness that 
 these ministers with a sufficient amount of j)arocliial work at 
 home to occupy them would take the long journeys in a par- 
 tially settled country to care for the souls of these scattered 
 children of the church. 
 
 Tlie founders of the colony of Massachusetts were men who 
 came to the new world to break away frojn many political and 
 religious disadvantages. If they were not all, by conviction, 
 independents or Brownists in religion, they were republicans 
 in politics. The disal^ilities sulfered in Massachusetts by those 
 who did not conform to Congregational government were due 
 principally to tlie narrowness of the age, to the sternness of 
 character their Calvinistic sentiments, as a rule, foster and to 
 
The Protestant Episcopal Chnrch in Berkshire. 187 
 
 the ptJitieal doctrinos of those who liad established in their 
 New England, as they fondly boasted, a state without a kinii; 
 and a church without a bishop. It is not the [)r(»vin('e of this 
 pa])er to discuss the relative merits of the theories of church 
 government, but only to show how the rights of individuals to 
 serve God in the way their religious instincts ])ronn)t, were vin- 
 dicated by the bold stand taken by many i)rominent men in this 
 county more than a century ago, and how the Episcopal govern- 
 ment of the chui-ch was not fostered by tyranny and checked 
 progress as was so strongly asserted then. 
 
 Judge Chamberlain, in his thonghtful essay upon John 
 Adams, before the Webster Society last January, makes the 
 best defence of the Puritans, when he says, " They had come 
 hither, not so much to erect a state as a church ; and if, after a 
 time, the two became one, that one was the church-state, not 
 a state church, between which there is an immense diiference. 
 They set it up for themselves, not for others. To that liberal- 
 ity of toleration they made no pretension as is so often forgot- 
 ten. To their new home came unwelcome intruders; and with 
 them came trouble." 
 
 The first town in this county in which dissent from Congre- 
 gationalism appeared was Great Barrington. The lie v. Sam- 
 uel Hopkins, a strict Calvinist, a friend of Jonathan Edwards, 
 a giant in intellect, an imposing figure among the New Eng- 
 land Congregational clergy, and whose personal traits are ad- 
 mirably brought out in Mrs. Stowe's "The Minister's Wooing;" 
 had been called to be minister of the town in September, 1743. 
 While some members of the Lutheran church, who had re- 
 moved to Great Barrington from Kinderhook among the early 
 settlers, were not cordially in his favor owing to their being 
 unacquainted perfectly with the English language, as they used 
 in their homes only tlie native Holland Dutch tongue, yet it 
 was not until after 1760 that any wide-spread disaffection oc- 
 curred. Mr. Hopkins had gained the respect of the people, 
 whom he represents as being very irreligious when he took up 
 his residence there. He visited the Dutch settlers regularly 
 and many of them attended the public services. The refusal 
 to administer Holy Baptism to the children of those who were 
 
188 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 not members of his cliurch, or to allow occasional services 
 in the Dutch tongue in the meeting house caused many of 
 the Dutch, who had not united with the church, to l)e 
 seriously offended. They began to absent themselves from 
 Sunday meetings, stormy scenes occurred in the public town 
 meetings. Mr. Hopkins' salary w^as not prom})tly paid. At 
 length, one Sunday, he rebuked the tything-men, whose duty 
 it was to re])ort absentees to the magistrates for their neglect. 
 Spurred by this they l)rouglit before the judges those who had 
 remained away from the Sunday meetings for three months. 
 The General Court, by statute, made attendance once in three 
 months upon the services of the minister of the town compul- 
 sory. The penalty for non-attendance was either a fine or con- 
 finement for one day in the stocks. Isaac VanDeusen, John, 
 Peter, and Garret Burghardt, all of them prominent citizens, 
 were accused pleading guilty, the magistrates, at their recpiest? 
 allowed them time to decide what their punishment should be. 
 They consulted friends in Stockbridge, the Hon. Timothy 
 Woodbridge, the w^ell-known Indian school master, Judge Ed- 
 wards, and others, who advised them to choose the stocks. 
 There being none in the north parish of Sheffield, as Great 
 Barrington was then called, they were taken to Sheffield. A large 
 number of people were present, among them Judge Wood- 
 bridge and Hendrick Burghardt, a brother of tln-ee of those who 
 were to be punished, with a loaded gun. He took his stand 
 near the stocks and threatened to fire upon tlie first one who 
 offered any insult to the prisoners. The day was one of triumph 
 to the law breakers, and from that time measures were taken 
 to form another church organization. The Dutch remained at 
 home "reading," says a highly embellished account, which is 
 the chief authority for this portion of the ecclesiastical history 
 of the town, "their Bibles and other religions books with which 
 they were abundantly supplied," attending meeting only a suf- 
 ficient number of times to keep within the letter of the law. 
 Mr. Hopkins was deeplj^ offended at their course, and in the 
 presence of some of the delinquents one Sunday, used such 
 violent language, — " every Sunday you are not here, you are in 
 hell," — that the Dutch iidiabitants determined to attend no 
 
The Proiestant Episcopal Church in Berhshire. 189 
 
 lonij;er. They invited tlie Lutlieran minister at Loonenlmrgli, 
 now Athens opposite Hudson, in the county of Alhiiny, to visit 
 them monthly, who administered Holy Baptism and preached 
 to tlieni acceptably for some months. The narrative here seems 
 confused ; the name of the minister, as written, is Barkmire, 
 and in the Documentary History of New York the name of the 
 Rev. Wni. Christopher Berkenmeyer is given as the Lutheran 
 minister in the city and county of Albany in 1740. That he 
 remained in the county for many years seems uncertain, and 
 no documents appear extant to show au}^ active existence of the 
 Lutheran church in the city of Albany, excepting entries in 
 the records of St. Peter's church, Albany, which would imply 
 that the Lutheran congregation worshipped on Sunday after- 
 noons in the church building of that parish for several years. 
 Another Lutheran minister who is mentioned as visiting Great 
 Barrington is the Rev. Dr. Knoll, said to be of Kinderhook. He 
 was never minister at Kinderhook so far as any documentary 
 proof can be found. The Jlev. Miciiael Carparus Knoll was, 
 in 1748, minister at New York and in Dutchess county. The 
 present writer ventures the assertion that these services by 
 Dutch clergymen were made before any trouble with Mr. Hop- 
 kins, and were, probably, one cause of his violence toward the 
 Dutch settlers, who did not wish to pay both their proportion 
 of taxes for Lutheran services and for the Congregational min- 
 ister. This conjecture is strengthened by the fact that the first 
 services of the church of England are said by the same author- 
 ity to have been held about 17G0. There were a few members 
 of the Church of England resident in the town who had 
 hitherto paid their taxes for Mr. Hopkins and attended the 
 Congregational meeting. They were among the prominent ■ 
 men, highly esteemed by all. They sympathized with the 
 Dutch in the hardships that they suffered, and advised the 
 forming of a mission of the Church of England. The Dutch 
 agreeing witli them, they sent to New Milford, Conn., sixty 
 miles away to invite the Rev. Solomon Palmer, itinerant mis- 
 sionary in Litchfield county, to visit Great Barrington. Mr. 
 Palmer, in a letter written to the Society for the Propagation 
 of the Gospel from Litchfield, Conn., June 8, 1763, a short 
 
190 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 time previous to his removal to New Haven, gives an account 
 of liis visits. The exact dates cannot be determined from the 
 letter, but we know they were between 1760 and September, 
 1702. "Twice I went to Great Barrington, a county town in 
 the Boston government, 35 miles to the nortlnvard, where I 
 spent some time and preached on Sundays, and lectured to 
 crowded auditories and administered the two sacraments of 
 Baptism and the Lord's Supper. I took a great deal of pains 
 with that people to instru^ct them in the principles, doctrines 
 and government of the Church of England, and with good suc- 
 cess, for at both visits most of them heads of families, declared 
 for conformity who I have great reason to think will be stead- 
 fast in their profession and adorn the same by a suitable con- 
 duct, and where there is the fairest prospect of a still plentiful 
 increase, and on my return the last time I preached (as desired 
 by many) at Sheffield, a town in the same government, to a 
 large congregation of devout people, and baptized a woman of 
 good understanding and sober life,, and twelve children." 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Davies, at first assistant and afterward a 
 successor of Mr. Palmer in his widely-extended mission, who 
 was appointed in the summer of 1761, made several visits to 
 Great Barrington as we learn from his letters to the society. In 
 one written from JSTew Milford, Conn., Dec. 28, 1762, he says, 
 "By the advice of the Rev. Mr, Caner of Boston, a. few fam- 
 ilies in Barrington, the westernmost settlement of that colon}^ 
 sent their earnest desire that I would come and visit them. 
 Accordingly, in September last, I went (it is sixty miles) and 
 preached to a large concourse of people, and baptized some 
 children, and instructed them in the meaning, use and propriety 
 of the Common Prayer Book. They informed me that many 
 had long been dissatisfied with their dissenting instructions, be- 
 ing constantly taught rigid Calvinism, and that sin was of in- 
 fijiite advantage and advanced happiness greatly in the world ; 
 that if the church was introduced there they must pay tithes; 
 that the church was just like the papists ; that the service book 
 was taken from the mass book, etc. I chose a clerk, a very 
 regular and pious man to read prayers with them, as they could 
 not in conscience go to meeting. One of the most steady 
 
The Protestant Episcopal Church in Berkshire. 191 
 
 among' tlieui was imprisoned last snmmcr for non-attendance, 
 and tliey all would be it" they did not meet among themselves. 
 There are near forty families conformists in this town; people 
 of worth and good fame."' It was at this time that these fam- 
 ilies put themselves under the pastoral charge of Mr. Davies. 
 The clerk chosen was John Westover of Egremont; the 
 wardens elected were Jonathan Reed of Great Barrington, and 
 Robert Noble of Sheffield, the founder of Nobletowu, (now 
 Hillsdale,) N. Y. The incorporators were Robert Noble, Jon- 
 athan Reed, David Ingersoll, Samuel Breck, Stephen King, 
 John Westover, Jacob Biirgott (Burghardt), Warham Wil- 
 liams, John Williams, John Williams, Jr., Ebenezer Hamlin, 
 David Clark, Josh Robie, Jona Hill, Daniel Bagley, Josiab 
 Loomis and Josiah Loomis, Jr. The original certificate is now 
 on file in the County clerk's office at Pittsfield. A copy 
 furnished by the Hon. Henry W. Taft, county clerk, is printed 
 in the History of Great Barrington. Isaac Van Deusen, John 
 Burghardt and others of the Dutch conformed to the church 
 and became earnest and active membefrs of the new parish. In 
 1763 materials for the erection of a church were brought to- 
 gether. Several visits were made during this year by the Rev. 
 Roger Viets of Simsbury, Conn., who baptized three children 
 and solemnized one marriage. In 176-4 he made two visits 
 when he baptized six children, and in January, 1766, he made 
 his last recorded visit. The acts are registered by him in the 
 register of the parish at Simsbury, Conn. There were also sev- 
 eral visits from the Rev. Dr. Mansfield of Dei-by, as we are in- 
 formed by Dr. Burlians in a letter in a privately printed me- 
 moir of Mrs. Sarah Ann Boardman of New Milford. The 
 attitude of Mr. Hopkins during the preliminary steps for firmly 
 establishing the new mission station was very hostile. In his 
 autobiography mentioning the growing discontent and trials he 
 was undergoing, he says, " And a number turned churchmen, 
 apparently, and some of them professedly, to get rid of paying 
 anything for the sujjport of the gospel." On Christmas day, 
 1764, a frame church -lOxSO feet, with a chancel and porch 
 making the total length seventy feet, was opened l)y the Rev. 
 Thomas Davies, who preached a sermon from St. Matthew 
 
192 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 xxi : 13, which was printed at the Providence press. The 
 churcli was a very handsome one and modeled after Christ 
 church, Stratford, Conn. It is the tradition tliat a friend in 
 En2;land furnished the i::;hiss whicli was so freely used that the 
 building was often called the glass house. A steeple one hun- 
 dred and ten feet high was surmounted by a gilded weather-cock, 
 and the belfry furnished with a bell, the first in the town. The 
 building committee were Messrs. John Williams, Samuel Lee 
 and John Burghardt. The building was not entirely finished 
 until 1774, and the money for its erection was gathered by 
 friends in various parts of the county. A contribution was 
 . solicited from Sir William Johnson in January, 1767, as we 
 learn from a letter of the Rev. Thomas Brown of Albany, who 
 speaks of the great hardships the churchmen suffered from the 
 Presl)yterian party. Sometime previous to the opening of the 
 church, probal)ly early in 176-1:, or late in 1763, Mr. Gideon 
 Bostwick became a resident of Great Barrington and master of 
 the high school established bj some gentlemen of the town. 
 He was a native of New Milford, Conn,, and had graduated 
 from Yale College in the class of 1762. He served as lay- 
 reader in the parish when no clergyman could be procured, un- 
 til he sailed for England in 1769, to receive holy orders. 
 
 The next town in which the services of the Church of Eng- 
 land were established was Lanesborongh. Among the early 
 settlers of this town was a company of churchmen from New- 
 town and Stratford, Conn. They were all men of real earnest- 
 ness who resolved in their new home to maintain the services 
 they loved. Sunday after Sunday they met in the house of 
 William Bradley, who served as lay-reader. They were first 
 visited by a clergyman in October, 1767, when the Rev. Sam- 
 uel Andrews of Wallingford, Conn., m a journey to the north- 
 ward (this was the ordinary phrase to describe the new settle- 
 ments in the New Hampshire grants) on October 2, 1767, pre- 
 sided at a meeting for organization when William Bradley and 
 Joel Sherman were chosen wardens, and Abraham Bristol, 
 clerk. A school house at the northeast corner of Mr. Bradley's 
 farm was afterward used as a place of worship, and previous to 
 October, 1769, a small church had been built as we learn from 
 
The Protestant Episcopal Church in Berkshire. 103 
 
 the petition of the Great Barriiigton district to the Society for 
 the Propagation of the GospcL These were the only two 
 places in the county where we are certain the services of the 
 Church of England were maintained until the ordination of 
 Mr. Bostwick in the spirng of 1770. Great Barrington was 
 formally under the charge of the liev. Mr. Palmer, who had 
 returned from New Haven to his old mission in Litchfield 
 county soon after the death of the Kev. Mr. Davies, May 12, 
 17<5ti. There were "thirty-four families of the church in Great 
 Barrington at that time" besides thirteen families in the ad- 
 jacent parishes " who attend publick worship here," to quote 
 their petition. Mr. Palmer resided thirty-four miles away, the 
 road often impassible in the winter, and the other portions of 
 his mission re(pnring so much time that it was but seldom he 
 could officiate at Great Barrington. There was no clerical pro- 
 vision at all for Lanesborough where thei-e were nineteen fam- 
 ilies of the church. They say in this petition " Though we are 
 but few in numl)er at present, yet we cannot but think that 
 could we be favored with a minister some part of the time, the 
 church would in a little time increase to a considerable num- 
 ber." It is probable, however, that Mr. Bostwick, while still a 
 lay-reader, went there. The great distance of these Berkshire 
 churchmen from a clergyman, their great desire that the ser- 
 vices be properly maintained, that their children be baptized, 
 that the holy communion be frequently administered, that the 
 surrounding towns be also cared for, led them in October, 17<!9, 
 to join with two small towns in the New York side of the Ta- 
 conics, Nobletown (now in Hillsdale, Columbia county, N. Y.) 
 where a small church had been Ijuilt, and New Concord, on 
 the hill four miles above Chatham, N. Y., in asking for a mis- 
 sion of the Propagation Society and recpiesting that Mr. J3ost- 
 wick be ordained and appointed to it. Among the signers of 
 the petition are Peter Curtis, who was a well-known patriot 
 during the Revolution, Abraham Bristoll,Joel Sherman, John 
 Powel, Nathaniel Bacon, William Bradley and Benjamin For- 
 ham (a mistake for Farnham), of Lanesborough, and Thomas 
 Pier, Samuel Lee and John Burghardt of Great Barrington. 
 Bearing this petition and a commendatory letter from the clergy 
 
19-4: BerTci^hire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 of New York, the Rev. Drs. Auclniiuty, Cooper, Ogilvie and 
 the Rev. Mr. Ini'lis, Mr. Bostwick sailed for p]]igland in Dec, 
 1769, and ari-ived in London Jan. 23, 1770. He lost no time 
 in urging the importance of at once erecting the mission and 
 presenting himself to the Bishop of London for ordination. 
 The Societ)' were very averse, owing to the political disturb- 
 ances of the time and the smallness of their income to extend 
 their bounty to new fields, yet the stand taken for religious 
 liberty by the churchmen of Great Barrington, and the poverty 
 of those settled in a wilderness country in New York, made 
 such a favorable impression that the petition was at once 
 granted, and with no longer delay than was required by the 
 canons of the Church of England, Mr. Bostwick was made 
 deacon at a special ordination in St. James' chapel, St. Mat- 
 thias's day, Feb. 21, 1770, and on March 11th, in the same 
 chapel, ordained j^riest by the Riglit Rev. Richard Terrick, 
 Bishop of London. Leaving England in April he reached 
 New York May 29, 1770, and Great Barrington June 4th. 
 The culmination of the troubles at Great Barrington with Mr. 
 Hopkins was his dismission by an ecclesiastical council January 
 18, 1769, so that when Mr. Bostwick commenced his ministry 
 there were no other i-eligious services of any kind in the town. 
 Several attempts were made by the town to settle a good 
 learned and orthodox minister, but they were ineffectual until 
 1787, and the minister then settled, the Rev. Isaac Foster, re- 
 mained only three years. It was not until sixteen years after 
 that a prominent Congregational minister was chosen by the 
 Congregational society which had l)een incorporated by the 
 General Court in 1791. 
 
 Mr. Bostwick gained the love and aifection not only of his 
 own parishioners, but of the whole town. He gave twenty 
 Sundays in each year to Great Barrington and twelve to Lanes- 
 borough and Nobletown, and eight to New Concord. lie en- 
 tered heartily upon his work; he found that there were scat- 
 tered through the county, in the new towns on the New York 
 slope of the Berkshire hills many families of the Church of 
 England. In his letters to the Society he speaks of his constant 
 travelling and of the many he was al>le to instruct in the doc- 
 
The Protestant Episcojpal Church in Berkshire. 195 
 
 trines of tlie clinrch. His zeal led him into every nook and 
 corner of the connty; he would gather tlie |)eoj)le for a service 
 and then baptize the children brouiiht to him. Durini;- 1771, 
 throngh these visits, the woi-shi}) of tlie church was set up, to 
 use his own phrase, "at Lenox and Sandistield, where they 
 have morniuii; and evening pra^'ers and services read every 
 Lord's day, and to whom I frequently preach lectures on week 
 days, as I do also at several other places out of my mission, 
 sometimes three and sometimes four in the space of a week in 
 places no less than 30 or 40 miles asunder. All this through 
 the pressing importunities of the people I am obliged to per- 
 form (and that by means of their poverty in a new settled 
 country) without any reward other than the satisfaction that 
 arises from the hopes of rendering myself useful to my fellow 
 mortals or else suffer them and their families to live in a total 
 neglect of the ordinances of the gospel, which I cannot find it 
 in my conscience to do." Mr. Bostwick's private register, 
 which is among the archives of St. James clinrch, (Ireat Bar- 
 rington, shows him ever active and energetic, ready to do his 
 Master's work, whether it called him to Manchester and Ar- 
 lington, Vt., eighty miles from his home through a partially 
 settled country, or to Litchfield county, Oonnecticut, his old 
 home sixty miles to the sonth, and the towns lying between. 
 In Berkshire county, besides those places where services were 
 regularly held, S'tockbridge, West Stockbridge, Tyringhara, 
 Egremont, Partridgefield, (now Peru), ISTew Ashford, Hart- 
 wood, (now Washington), Alford, Adams, Taconick Mr»untain, 
 (now Mount Washington), New Marlborough, Bittsfield, Beth- 
 lehem, (now part of Otis), Williamstown and Lee were visited 
 and many children were baptized. The missionary ardor of 
 Mr. Bostwick, the record of the great work he accomplished in 
 the spreading a knowledge of the Church of England, deserves 
 a fuller treatment than is possible in this paper. Lack of time 
 prevents a detailed account of his noble life whose influence is 
 still felt in many of the places that received his ministrations. 
 During the twenty-three years of his pastorate he baptized 
 2,274 children, 81 adults, married 127 couples, and buried 84 
 persons. Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York and Vermont 
 
19G Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 would honor tlie memory of this faithful priest, who, in his 
 mountain parish remote from the great centers of population, 
 was able to bi'ing many souls into the kingdom and to lay 
 foundations built upon often after many days. The Rev. 
 Gideon Bostwick entered into the rest of God's saints at New 
 Milford, Conn., June 13, 1793, in the fifty-first year of his age. 
 His bod)' was buried in the lower cemetery at Great Barring- 
 ton, and a monument of American marble was erected the year 
 after liis death by a company of friends. The Rev. Daniel 
 Burhans took u]) the mantel of Mr. Bostwick, and in Berkshire 
 county, Mass., and Columbia county, New York, was able to 
 accomplish much that still remains permanent. With the aid 
 of his autobiography many graphic descriptions of pastoral 
 work in the last century can be given. His life was extended 
 beyond four-score and ten, he was the last survivor of the clergy 
 ordained by the first diocesan bishop in this country, the Right 
 Rev. Dr. Seabury of Connecticut. He kept for years a diary, 
 and in the last year of his life amused himself by writing, as a 
 preparation for his funeral sermon, an autobiography. 
 
 Daniel, the son of Henry Burhans, an ofiicer in the French 
 and Indian war, was born at Sherman, Conn., July 7, 1763. 
 His father could not afford to give him the classical education 
 that he desired, for tlie thoughts of Daniel had always been 
 turned to the ministry of the Congregational church. He was 
 industrious and studious and attended in the intervals of his 
 daily labor the district school three or four months at a time. 
 He applied himself so zealously that his teacher became greatly 
 interested in him and offered to support him in his college 
 course if he could be prepared for admission. Daniel, then 
 seventeen years old, by hard work on a farm in the summer, 
 and by teaching school in the winter, giving his evenings to 
 hard study, was ready for college in two years. In the fall of 
 1772 he set out on a visit to his patron that he might be ex- 
 amined. The distance was twenty miles. To his inexpressi- 
 ble grief he found the one on whom the hopes of a liberal edu- 
 cation depended upon his death-bed. With a heavy heart he 
 journeyed towards home; his money failed and he knew not 
 what to do. About this time he came to Lanesborough where 
 
The Protestant Episcopal ChuTcli in Berhshire. 197 
 
 he worked for liis hoard with the privilege of attending sehooh 
 The teacher not being found as comi^etent as liad been ex- 
 pected, he was discharged and Mr. Burhans urged to take liis 
 place, which he did. From this time his worldly prospects 
 brightened. During the winter of 1782-3, there was a revival 
 at the Congregational church in Lanesborough of which he 
 was a member. The five points of Calvinism being specially 
 urged upon his attention he began to examine them with greater 
 care and thought than ever before. He found that his theo- 
 logical opinions did not coincide with them and his mind was 
 in a state of great doubt and despondency. He began even to 
 doubt the holy scriptures and to despair of his own salvation. 
 While in this condition a friend placed in his hands the articles 
 of the Church of England. He read them attentively without 
 knowing what body of Christians had prepared them, and found 
 that he agreed with the views of Divine Providence, regenera- 
 tion, election and the means of grace there set forth. Upon 
 the next visit of Mr. Bostwick, Mr. Burhans sought him, pro- 
 pounded his difficulties, and his great satisfaction with the ar- 
 ticles of the Church. Mr. Bostwick advised him, gave him 
 books to read and finally admitted him to the Holy Commun- 
 ion in St. Luke's church, Lanesborough, on Whit Sunday, 1783. 
 Mr. Burhans' school was prosperous, his mind was calm, his 
 religious aspirations satisfied, his health, which had been deli- 
 cate, was greatly improved. He does not seem to have re- 
 mained continuously in Lanesborough as he mentions living 
 with a friend and teaching his children for his board and lodg- 
 ing, and afterward teaching a district school for five months. 
 
 In the year 1787, Mr. Burhans took up his residence perma- 
 nently at Lanesborough, as we learn from this characteristic 
 passage. 
 
 An occasional omission of a word by the writer is supplied 
 in a parenthesis. 
 
 "My health having much improved and having arrived at 
 my twenty -fourth year, and having no prospect of accomplish- 
 ing my early desires, and much increased since I became a 
 churchman of being qualified for a minister of the gospel, I 
 finally concluded to abandon the idea and seek contentment 
 
198 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 and support by teaeliing school of which I liad been for some- 
 time past remarkably successful in Lenox, the county town, 
 where they were anxious I should [remain.] No sooner than 
 my friends in Lanesboro' know [my] determination, and the 
 desires of the good people of Lenox, than they determined, and 
 in a few months erected a handsome brick building which I 
 opened as an independent school. In a few months the num- 
 ber of scholars exceeded 100, and in less than a year amounted 
 to 150, as many as could be accommodated, which remained 
 undimished for six years. 
 
 But before one year expired, finding it difficult to find board 
 for my pupils from abroad, I concluded to settle in life and to 
 take scholars from a distance, to accomplish which, I must have 
 a house and some one to take the charge of it. In the female 
 department of young ladies, there was one, [who] in amiable- 
 ness of temper, urbanity in behavior and scholarship excelled, 
 but she being only fifteen years of age, a farmer's eldest 
 daughter, and the pride of the family, appeared an insurmount- 
 able objection to my prevailing wishes, and I dare not indulge 
 for a moment the burning thought. But as I had the reputa- 
 tion of a pious and promisiug young man, recently come into 
 the church, and read sermon[s] and occasionally the service, in 
 the absence of the clergyman ; and that her father, one of the 
 wardens, and the most able d[ef]ender of the church and her 
 authority and discipline as a layman that I have ever known, 
 besides a warm friend of mine, a gleam of hope would some- 
 times dazzle in the mind's eye. And I considered that the 
 hearts of the children of men were in the hands of the Lord. 
 I had in the course of a few weeks a faitli of submission to re- 
 pair to the throne of grace, (to me on this interesting subject.) 
 I now attempted to gain her affections, not by flattery or a 
 single word or gesture that would breathe anything beyond 
 friendship. In this I succeeded and obtained hers, and know- 
 ing full well that where this is reciprocal between man and 
 man or male and female, there will exist no difficulty of carry- 
 ing into effedt any lawful design in religion, politics or matri- 
 mony, and for the want of establishing this first principle is 
 owing most of the failures on all subjects. In the autunm she 
 
The Protestant Episcopal Church in Berkshire. 199 
 
 left scIiodI and returned to lier father's, Ohed Edson, about 
 three miles distant. My next effort was to ol)tain the decided 
 friendshi]) of the family, and after a few visits I was satisfied 
 and received her pledge and the appi'obation of her parents and 
 family. The prosperity of my school in our new [building,] 
 and the preparation for ])uilding myself a house in [the] ensu- 
 ing season with the pleasing anticipations of the future both 
 for time and eternity, led to a proper improvement of time in 
 the faithful discharge of my duty, with a conscience void of 
 olfence. Thus the winter passed cheerfully away, improving 
 my leisure hours in reading and other devotion [al] exercises, a 
 record of which, with prayer and hymns connected with a sol- 
 emn self-dedication to Almighty God, signed in my own ])lood, 
 recorded in the fore part of my Ilertarium. However, the in- 
 strument alluded to, called a covenant may appear to the fas- 
 tidious I know not. One thing I know, that I was conscious 
 [of], and that is [it] had a salutary effect upon my whole life. 
 He who doubts, go and do likewise. Oct. 12, 1788, 1 was mar- 
 ried to Prudence Edson in St. Luke's church, by the Kev. 
 Gideon Bostwick. Although my wife was young, having en- 
 tered her seventeenth year, having by nature an affectionate 
 heart and vigorous mind, a discriminating understanding, and 
 influenced and regulated by a lively faith in her Redeemer, 
 rendered her not only amiable but endeared to all her acquaint- 
 ance and exemplified in us the literal truth 'these twain are one 
 flesh.' In due time we removed into our new house, and be- 
 fore retij'ing to rest, we erected a family altar [and] dedicated 
 our house with ourselves and all things appertaining to us to 
 Almighty God, by reading the holy scriptures and prayer, and 
 renewing our matrimonial vows and pledging to daily kneel 
 before our Heavenly Father imploring his direction in all our 
 ways, and further us with his continual help, that in all our 
 works begun in [His] name might end in His glory and the 
 salvation of our souls. * * * ^q took in a few boarders, 
 and my wife was principal teacher of the female department." 
 Mr. Burhans was a successful teacher and the school gave 
 him an income of two hundred dollars a year besides a com- 
 fortable supi^ort. Mrs. Burhans was an indefatigable help- 
 
200 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 meet in spite of the asthma with which slie had been afflicted 
 from her childhood. His was probably the first school higher 
 than an ordinary district school that was ever opened in Lanes- 
 borough. "Thus," he says, "five years passed away with but 
 few intervening clouds to keep us mindful 'this is not our con- 
 tinuing city.' " 
 
 There was a higher duty than scIioqI teaching for Mr. Bur- 
 hans, his early desires that he might be a preacher of righteous- 
 ness, that he might guide souls to the blessed Redeemer, were 
 to be fulfilled. His own words will tell better than any para- 
 phrase his reasons for taking holy orders and his preparation. 
 
 "About the year 1791, (having as remarked above read in 
 church for three or four years) I found that it was suggested 
 by some that I had better close my school and take holy orders. 
 Although for several years [I had] abandoned the idea of a 
 subject that had cheered many a dark hour in my boyhood, the 
 seed was [not] dead, but gave evidence of germinating. I 
 checked the i-ising thought. My natural and acquired talent 
 forbids. In the course of a few weeks in conversation with 
 Mr. Bostwick, he says : ' I have been thinking for some time 
 of introducing another clergyman into the county, or proposing 
 that you should take deacon's orders and retire an old man 
 from traveling twenty -five miles to baptize a sick child, or to 
 perform any office belonging to that degree in the ministry.' 
 In reply I acknowledged the thought was more gratifying than 
 otherwise, but for the want of required qualifications, I had re- 
 linquished the subject. Besides I have a large and profitable 
 school, the avails of which my rising family requires. 'Oh,' 
 replies Mr. Bostwick, 'I had no thought of your giving up 
 your school, or immediately taking charge of [the] parish, but 
 perform those duties that but seldom occur, and occasionally 
 perform service in some of the neighboring towns. I can ob- 
 tain a dispensation as it respects your literary qualifications.' 
 If this flatters again the budding germ, it proposed an unan- 
 swerable question on my part, ' Who is sufficient for these 
 things?" Inspiration ansM'ered 'My grace.' But to tell the 
 truth, if Mr. Bostwick urged [it] I was gratified, and by saying 
 to myself, [If] I should be an instrument in saving one soul to 
 
The Protestant Episcopal Church in Berkshire. 201 
 
 God, [will I] give all the glory. As theology had engrossed 
 my reading for a number of years I commenced, under the 
 guidance of the venerable Mr. Bostwick, who for several years 
 had been my 8])iritual "father, to read syst[em]atically, and he 
 reconitnended Pearson on the Creed, Lester on Socinianism, 
 etc., Hooker [the Ecclesiastical Polity,] Archbishop Potter on 
 Church Government, Bishop Kewton's Dissertations on the 
 Prophecies, Stackhouse's Body of Divinity, Eusebius, etc. I 
 improved every moment after closing my school. As I kept 
 no boy, I cut my own wood and to[ok] care of cow, sheep, pig 
 and poultry. At early light I commenced my studies, and con- 
 tinued with my midnight lamp, allowing myself but four hours 
 sleep. I was early in active duty. My school still prosperous, 
 had two public exhibitions in the year." Thus far the auto- 
 biography. Meanwhile events were taking place that deserve 
 notice. 
 
 The contest for freedom of opinion in religion in Pittslield 
 began in opposition to the rate levied for the building of a new 
 meeting house, authorized in ISTovember, 1789. The right to 
 tax all property for tlie building of a meeting house, and the 
 support of a public teacher of morality and religion was given 
 .the laws of the Commonwealth at that time to the majority of 
 voters in a town meeting. Any dissent from that decision had 
 to be discussed in a town meeting and there determined. The 
 churchmen in Pittslield at this time were probably not many, 
 but among them were six tax payers, four of them being prom- 
 inent and wealthy men. Col. Henry Yan Schaack, formerly a 
 member of the Dutch Reformed Communion and a churchman 
 by study and conviction wdio was highly esteemed in the town, 
 was the champion of all the dissenters from Congregationalism 
 after the levying of the iirst tax for the new meeting house, a 
 protest was presented to the town meeting in August, 1790, 
 signed by the Baptists, Shakers, churchmen and others who 
 were property holders, and claiming that such a tax was con- 
 trary to the constitution of the Commonwealth. No notice 
 was taken of it. Mr. Van Schaack commenced a suit against 
 the assessors, and protested to the selectmen in December, 
 1761, and March, 1792, against the assignment of a seat to him 
 
202 Berkshire Historical and ScientijiG Society. 
 
 ill the new ineetiiig- house, f-ays that he " supports his own mode 
 of worship in a neighhorhii^ town, Lenox, and considers that 
 to compel him to maintain that of another denomination bears 
 an aspect to unfriendly to the sacred rights of conscience se- 
 cured him l)y the constitution, and therefore is an imposition 
 not to 1)6 suhmitted to." In March, 1702, Mr. Van Schaack's 
 vigorous protests began to l)e heeded, and a connnittee to ascer. 
 tain the dissenters in Novendjer, 1789, was appointed by the 
 town. They reported in April, and we find in the list these 
 six churchmen, although Stephen Jewett was declared a suiHc- 
 iently good Congregationalist to be taxed. Jonathan llul)l)y, 
 James Heard, Henry Van Schaack, Esq., Eleazer Russell, Titus 
 Grant, Stephen Jewett. At this same meeting the collection 
 of the taxes of dissenters was suspended for three weeks that 
 they might deposit with the treasurer a written request to order 
 the collector to pay the sums assessed to them for the support 
 of their chosen religious teacher. This was not entirely satis- 
 factory, although the fairest disposition that could be made as 
 regards taxation, for it did not touch one chief ground of com- 
 plaint the appropriation of the common land of the town for 
 the benefit of only a part of the inhabitants. Mr. Van Schaack 
 continued his suit, and received letters commending his course 
 from Bishop Seabury of Connecticut, Dr. Parker of Trinity 
 church, Boston, afterward Bishop of Massachusetts, Rev. Dr. 
 Stillman of Boston, a well known Baptist minister. Gov. Wil- 
 liam Eustis and others. He was nonsuited in the Common 
 Pleas, laughed out of court, but acting upon the advice of Dr. 
 Parker, that "in spite of the horse laugh of Judge Paine," the 
 court of linal resort would decide in his favour ; he appealed 
 to the Supreme Court. In October, 1792, the Supreme Court 
 sustained Mr. Van Schaack's appeal and the battle for religious 
 freedom in Berkshire was won. Mr. Van Schaack s]>eaks, in 
 one of his protests of attending the church services at Lenox. 
 Mr. Bostwick's letters and his register show that services had 
 been held regularly since 1771. In 1774, Mr. Bostwick records 
 a vestry meeting there. 
 
 " Lenox, May 2d, at a vestry meeting chose David Perrey, 
 
The Protestant Einscojpal Church in Berkshire. 203 
 
 clerk; Joliii Wliitlock, Eliplialet FoM'ler, clmrch wardens; 
 lioycc Hall, Jolni Whitlock, Jr., choristers." 
 
 The records of Trinity cluirch, Lenox, coniuiencc with an 
 nnckitod agreement " To support in fntnre in the town of Lenox 
 or tlio adjacent towns, the pubKc worship of Ahniglity God 
 according to the rules and regulations of the American Protest- 
 ant Episcopal church, as established by the convention of the 
 said church, regularly appointed and held at Salem, in the 
 county of Essex and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, on the 
 fifth day and sixth day of October, in the year of our Lord one 
 thousand, seven hundred and ninety," after agreeing to sub- 
 scril)e for the support of puljlic worship, and arranging the de- 
 tails of the association, it closes with this paragraph: 
 
 "And we cordially invite all others of our fellow citizens in 
 the vicinity who are of the same persuasion, or whose scruples 
 of conscience do not prevent them to unite in the same laudable 
 undertaking. 
 
 Jarbd Bradley, 
 Claek Baldwin, 
 
 AzARIAH EgLESTON, 
 
 Jesse Bradley, 
 Timothy Arnold, 
 Thadeus Thompson, 
 Samuel Dunbar, 
 Joseph Holland, 
 John Freese, 
 Aaron Benedict. 
 It is probable that these articles of association were made 
 soon after the conventi(jn of Massachusetts mentioned there. 
 The book in which it is recorded is endorsed on the front cover, 
 "April Lst, 1792." The formal proceedings of the vestry com- 
 mence on the twent}^ -second page of the l)ook in another hand, 
 and the obvious inference is that these pages were left blank 
 to record the vestry minutes from the formation of the associa- 
 tion to Dec. 26, 1793, the date of the entry on the twenty-sec- 
 ond page. While the churchmen in the county were thus as- 
 serting their right to maintain the doctrines of Christ as the 
 Protestant Episcopal church has received them, Mr. Biirhaus 
 
204 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 • 
 
 was' busily preparing himself for ordination. Besides his lay- 
 reading in Lanesborough, he officiated during 1792 at New 
 Lebanon Springs, then a place of great resort, where there were 
 a few families belonging to the Church. The services were 
 very largely attended, and an effort being made to build an 
 Episcopal church at the Springs, the members of the Congre- 
 gational church, then vacant, became alarmed and ashed Mr. 
 Burhans to officiate in their meeting house on Sunday after- 
 noons, which he did several times. The result was that the 
 Congregational society formally called him to be their minister, 
 "on condition," says the doctor, "that I should pray without 
 book one-half of the day." The doctor details his interview 
 with the congregation and gives his reasons for refusing to con- 
 sider it, laughingly suggesting that he might accept provided 
 they shut their eyes when he used the book. Mr. Burhans' 
 story of his ordination is very vivid. 
 
 "In the spring of 1793, closing my theological studies which 
 had been only a year, with all the embarassments and secular 
 concerns that I have detailed, would not be esteemed by the 
 candidates of this age who require three years in a regular 
 Theological Seminary (and none too much), of much conse- 
 quence. I mentioned it only to show what may be done in a 
 short time [by] zeal and perseverance. On the hrst of June, I 
 accompanied the Rev. Mr. Bostwnck to Middletown, Conn., to 
 attend the annual convention of that diocese, who introduced 
 me as a candidate for holy orders. The next morning I was 
 examined in the presence of the Bishop by the late venerable 
 Ilichard Mansfield, D. D.,* Eev. Dr. Hubbard and Rev. Mr. 
 Fogg. They were courteous and familiar. I was soon at ease 
 and unembarassed, supporting myself [in] confidence, with be- 
 coming humility. The most puzzling and difficult question 
 was put by Dr. Mansfield, ' Aside from the fulfillment of pro- 
 phecy and miracles, on what ground would you defend Divine 
 Revelation?' Qy its internal effects upon the external con- 
 duct. Contrast the civilization and morality of nations who 
 receive and make the Bible the [guide ?] of their council with 
 
 *The Rev. Dr. Mansfield was missionary and Rector of Christ's church, Derby, Conn., 
 seventy-one years, and died aged ninety-seven. 
 
The Protestant Episcopal Church in Berkshire. 205 
 
 the nations destitute of the Holy Scriptures, and you have ocu- 
 lar demonstration of the prosperity of the one and the depres- 
 sion of the other. These, with a few of the conclusive argu- 
 ments of Soame Jennings in his unanswerable defence of 
 Christianity form its internal evidence. This was perfectly 
 satisfactory, and testimonials were cheerfully signed witli many 
 flattering remarks. In time and due form a j)i'ocession of 
 Bishop, clergy and laity proceeded to the church, where I was 
 soon robed and presented to the Bishop with his son Charles, 
 and received the order of Deacon, June 5th, 1793, in the thir- 
 tieth year of my age."^ It was soon after his return to Lanes- 
 borough that he received the sad news of the death of Mr. 
 Bostwick, leaving the county without any clergyman but him- 
 self. He immediately became the minister of St. Luke's, 
 Lanesborougli, and continued his services at New Lebanon, 
 twelve miles distant, throughout the summer and fall. '' Being 
 often called away to visit the sick, baptize and attend funerals 
 in the neighboring towns, yet I continued my school, and hav- 
 ing but few manuscript sermons, I taxed my mid-night lamp 
 sufficient to write one every week, preaching every Sunday al- 
 ternately in Lanesborougli and New Lebanon. * * * On 
 the first of November, finding my health much impaired, my 
 physician assured [me] I must abridge my labors. I finally, 
 with deep regret, closed my school much against the ardent 
 wishes and desires of pu2:)ils and patrons ; these friendships con- 
 tinued with their lives and [i-emain] unchanged in the few 
 that are living. As it was my uniform practice to open and 
 close school with prayer, and on Saturdays, after morning reci- 
 tations, the remainder of the forenoon in catechising with 
 moral and religious instructions, giving to each scholar of every 
 age a Sunday lesson to be recited Monday morning, and that 
 without fail at noon they were dismissed by reciting the creed 
 with a blessing. Let it not be deemed vain glorious [that] 
 many have in subsequent life dated their conversion to early 
 impressions made in the school-room. How true, ' As the twig 
 
 *It was at this service that the ambitious muj^ic of the choirmaster, who perfoimed 
 the second stanza of the 133d Psalm in such a manner as to excite Bishop Seabury's 
 sympathy for poor Aaron. See Sprague's Annal, 8 Vol, p. 156. 
 
206 Berkshire Historical and Scientifio Society. 
 
 is bent the ti-ee is inclined.' At this period I ceased to preach 
 at New Lebanon, and organized a parish at Lenox, the county 
 town, of ten faniihes, and officiated one-half of my time. My 
 labors were blessed l)y [the] God of all grace, and daily addi- 
 tions were made to the church, of such as I trust will be 
 saved." 
 
 The following is the entry in the records of Trinity churuch, 
 being the first in the book after the articles of agreement: 
 
 "Lenox, Dec. 26, 1893. 
 
 The Protestant EpiscojDal church Association of Lenox, 
 agreed this day with Mr. Daniel Burhans of Lanesborough, a 
 regularly ordained Episcopal deacon, to officiate in his public 
 character as their teacher for the year ensuing, viz : to the 26th 
 December, 1794, every other Sunday for the sum of £40. The 
 following votes were then passed : 
 
 1st. To choose a committee to receive subscriptions to de- 
 fray the salary of Mr. Burhans for the year ensuing, said com- 
 mittee to be out of members of the association from the differ- 
 ent towns which compose the same, Lenox, Lee, Richmond. 
 
 2d. To choose a treasurer. Azariah Eggleston, Esq. was 
 unanimously chosen. 
 
 The meeting dissolved." 
 
 The blanks left for the names of the committeemen were 
 not filled. The amount of salary was in United States money, 
 reckoning six shillings to the dollar, and $3.33 1-3 to the pound, 
 $133.33 1-3. In the following spring May 19, 1794, Mr. Bur- 
 Jjans was recommended by the parishes at Lanesborough and 
 Lenox to Bishop Seabury of Connecticut, to be ordained to the 
 priesthood. A letter from St. Luke's, Lanesborough, asking 
 the members of the Lenox parish to subscribe one-half of the 
 expenses of Mr. Burhans in his journey to New Haven, is 
 spread upon the minutes and a resolution, to raise the amount 
 by subscription, passed. At the same meeting, which is an- 
 nounced as held, for the purpose of organizing and regulating 
 the society. Proceeded to the choice of church officers for the 
 ensuing year, and made choice of the following, viz : 
 
 Samuel Quincy, clerk ; Messrs. John Whitlock, Jesse Brad- 
 
Tlie Protestcmt Episcopal Church m Berkshire. 207 
 
 lee, wardens; Messrs. Amasa Glizea, Tniinan Dewey, Isaac 
 C. Goodricli, choristers. 
 
 The next meeting, April 13, 1795, appoints as a committee 
 for collecting priest's salary, Messrs. Azariah Eggleston, Ben- 
 jamin Conkling,. for Lenox ; Jared Bradlee, who was also read- 
 ing clerk, for Lee, and Philip Cook for Richmond. That the 
 boys of the last century were not models of propriety to be 
 held up for the admiration of their degenerate descendants, we 
 may judge from this formal action. 
 
 " As of late rude boys and others have much disturbed the 
 congregation in time of public worship. Yoted, to choose a 
 suitable person to preserve order and decency in the hours of 
 public devotion. Mr. Daniel Williams chosen." 
 
 Mr. Burhans was a faithful pastor, and in taking charge of 
 the whole county found many in remote towns brought into 
 the Church by Mr. Bostwich, whom it was impossible to visit 
 frequently. So it was his practice to reserve " four Sundays 
 in the year to the churchmen in the neighboring towns. My 
 method was to give notice where I would officiate on Sunday, 
 and the week previous and subsequent I spent itinerating from 
 place to place, preaching every day and frequently twice, dis- 
 tributing tracts and phamphlets in defence of the faith once 
 delivered to the saints. In this manner the way was prepared 
 for organizing and establishing Episcopal churches, and behold 
 the blessing of God attending our feeble efforts. Whereas, at 
 the death of Mr. Bostwick, there were but two small parishes, 
 Great Barrington and Lanesborough, there have been for years 
 seven, viz: Pittsfield, Lenox, Stockbridge, Van Deusenville 
 and Otis, most of these have handsome churches with an organ 
 and rector, and are prosperous and extending the cause of the 
 Redeemer." 
 
 The parish at Great Barrington does not seem to have called 
 upon Mr. Burhans for any services. It was supplied for a por- 
 tion of the time from June, 1793, by various clergymen, among 
 them David B. Lynsen and Caleb Child. In 1799, the Rev. 
 Ezra Bradlee was rector, and was succeeded in 1805 by the 
 Rev. Samuel Griswold. The relation of Berkshire county to 
 the diocese of Massachusetts, which was organized Sept. 8, 
 
208 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 1784, does not appear to have been very intimate until toward 
 the close of the eighteenth century. Mr. WilHum Bradley at- 
 tended as a lay delegate from St. Luke's, Lanesborough, in 
 1Y96, but was not allowed a vote as the parish had not acceded 
 to the constitution. The Rev, Daniel Burhans also attended, 
 the first clerical representative from this county. There was 
 no Bishop in Massachusetts until 1796, when the E.ev. Edward 
 Bars, D. D, of St. Paul's, Newburyport, was consecrated in 
 Christ's church, Philadelphia, May 7th by Bishops White, Pro- 
 voost and Claggett. He was an old man, then seventy-six, and 
 never visited Berkshire so far as any records now extant show. 
 It was a matter partly of convenience and partly of necessity 
 that Mr. Bostwick and Mr. Burhans were reckoned among the 
 Connecticut clergy, as access to that state was much easier than 
 journeying to Boston. Trinity church, Lenox, was represented 
 from 1797 in the convention of Massachusetts, the delegate for 
 several years being Mr. Azariah Eggleston, treasurer of the 
 parish. Lee, Sandisfield, Richmond, Pittsfield and other towns 
 had occasional services only, but they all united in the su])port 
 of a clergyman as we learn from the records of Trinity churcli, 
 Lenox, special votes being passed in the years from 1795 to 
 1815 to allow the then clergyman to visit them. There was no 
 sitting down to enjoy alone the gospel feast on the part of these 
 early churchmen, others must share it. Li the spring of 1799, 
 Mr. Burhans feeling alarmed at the state of his wife's health 
 made a journey to Long Island, and finding the sea air bene- 
 ficial to her, was induced to favorably listen to the proposals of 
 the vestry of Trinity church, Newtown, Conn., to become their 
 rector. The Rev. Philo Perry, an earnest, faithful parish 
 priest, successor of the Rev. John Beach, founder of Trinity 
 church, Newtown, had recently died, (in 1798) and the ability 
 and energy of Mr. Burhans so pleased the members of the ves- 
 try and the parish that they desired an almost immediate an- 
 swer. The rest of the story Mr. Burhans thus tells in his 
 picturesque manner. 
 
 " On Sunday the church (at Lanesborough) was crowded in 
 the consequence of gossiping and the spreading many idle and 
 contradictory reports to which I made no allusion [in the ser- 
 
The Protestant Episcopal Church in Berkshire. 209 
 
 vices] of tlie day. At the close I warned a parisli meeting on 
 the next day at two o'clock p. m. Every male meml)er who 
 was able, with many females, were present. After prayers 
 they were organized, and I stepped into the desk and said, My 
 Ohi-istian brethren, [from] the kindness by which yon sustained 
 me in the days of adversity, and have continued to patronise 
 me in prosperity, I am not surprised you should be somewhat 
 agitated at the present reports. I have made no engagements 
 with Newtown or any other parish, although I have had flatter- 
 ing prospects from many. But I trust when you consider the 
 services I have performed, and the straitened circumstances in 
 which I have discharged [my duties,] the repeated disappoint- 
 ments to which I have submitted, and the mutual friendship 
 that has so habitually prevailed, and the alarming situation of 
 my wife and the want of my presence in her sufferings. And 
 then the salutary effects of sea air and food, you would con- 
 sider it a dispensation of Providence that calls for a mutual 
 resignation; for I assure you it is with great reluctance that I 
 entertain a thought of separation and leave friends I love and 
 shall ever seek their welfare. Ah, and leave aged parents that 
 need my sustaining care.^ Under all these circumstances, and 
 many that are understood without multiplying words, I will 
 submit the following proposals which you [made] two years 
 [ago.] And that is to put a front to my present cottage, give 
 £100 per annum, with [use] of the glebe, that I may remain 
 with you and family. I will remain with you endeavoring to 
 do my duty, God being my helper. Or come to a mutual set- 
 tlement, remaining in chai'ge of my usual duties till the tirst of 
 October. In the meantime I will introduce a candidate, board 
 and pay him for performing service the Sundays I am at Lenox. 
 May (iod give us wisdom and grace that the chain of friend- 
 ship nor the bond [of] charity be not broken. I left the church. 
 Mr. William Bradley, one of the first churchmen, and first 
 warden for many years, venerable for his liberality to the 
 church and defense of the truth, who had for many years been 
 to me more like a father than a parishioner, rose up and said, 
 Mr. moderator, supposing my wife should go a journey and 
 being absent beyond the set time, and being (Questioned on her 
 
210 Berkshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 return should say, Bradley, although we have lived together 
 many years and quietly and generally happy, in my travels I 
 have become acquainted with another man with whom I think 
 I could live more happy, now I propose a dissolution of our 
 connection on condition that I remain [with] you till I find an- 
 other woman to fill my place. I would say, no [I will not 
 sleep with you another night,] go. I propose Mr. Burhans be 
 dismissed now on the spot. Therefore, I propose a special 
 committee be now appointed and directed to settle with Mr. 
 Burhans and pass receipts. The motion was seconded and 
 unanimously carried and in the space of one hour a mutual 
 settlement was completed and receipts were passed. While 
 sitting by my window, within two rods of the church door, the 
 congregation came out, some weeping, others fretting and a 
 few in a rage, pouring forth bitter words. One says, " There 
 is your priest, professing to be a shepherd, a wolf in sheep's 
 clothing. Now he tells you he has a call from God. How 
 loud is his call, $500.00, a call that would sound very gratefully 
 and irresistibly in the ears of many clergymen." I held my 
 peace with a clear conscience and grateful heart to Almighty 
 God for all His mercies, and especially that I might be relieved 
 from long absence from my suffering wife, who was more sub- 
 ject to her violent spasms in my absence. While ray other 
 parish and primitive believers in the neighboring towns regret- 
 ted our separation, and as I was not to remove until October, 
 were desirous of my continuing [the] usual services which I 
 did with unwearied diligence. 
 
 As Providence has overruled my various trials for greater 
 good is strikingly illustrated by my abrupt dismissal from St. 
 Luke's at Lanesl)orough. The Kev. Mr. Allen, the Congrega- 
 tion[al] [minister] of Bittsfield, lost a daughter in London, 
 England, leaving a young child. Mr. Allen's parential [affec- 
 tions] were such that he crossed the Atlantic near seventy years 
 of age, and brought home the infant. 
 
 His pulpit being vacant only as occasionally supplied by the 
 neighboring ministers, the committee made application to me 
 to officiate for them one-half of the time, during my residence 
 in the county, which I did from July to October, for which 
 
The Protestant Episcopal Church in Berkshire. ^11 
 
 they made a bountiful reiuiuienition. witli the following testi- 
 mony "You have taught us more Christian morality, than we 
 have had for years." During this period I read the morning 
 and evening service of the Protestant Episcopal Church, with- 
 out a single response, except when some Episcopalian ha])pciied 
 to be present. In consecpicnce of the above services in Pitts- 
 iield within the space of three years an Episcopal parish was 
 canonically and legally established, and, at this day, 1853, they 
 have a beautiful church and the most nourishing congregation 
 in that vicinity." 
 
 This is the last paragraph of the autobiography that concerns 
 Mr. Burhans' work in this county. He is mistaken in saying 
 that in three years a parish was formed. It was not until 
 March 4th, 1805, that "The Protestant Episcoj^al Society of 
 Lenox," was incorporated by the General Court, in which 
 members of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Lenox, Lee, 
 Stockbridge and Pittstield were inchided. When Mr. Burhans 
 leaves for Newtown there were congregations permanently es- 
 tablished in three towns and the church people from other 
 towns attended the public worship in some one of the three. 
 He had been diligent in his calling, he had shown the ability 
 for organizing that made him afterward one of the honored 
 and trusted members of the General Convention, and in the 
 diocese of Connecticut gave him great influence. Tlie church- 
 men of Berkshire should not allow the memory of this servant 
 of the Master to perish. His work was well done and has en- 
 dured to the present day. After thirty-one years of usefulness 
 at Newtown he enjoyed a partial rest of a year, when, in 1831, 
 he became rector of St. Peter's church, Plymouth, Conn., and 
 remained six years when the growing infirmities of the flesh 
 compelled his resignation in 1839. He, however, ofKciated af- 
 terward at Oxford and Zoar until in 1844, at the age of eighty- 
 one and in the fifty-first year of his ministry, he removed to 
 Poughkeepsie, New York, where he passed a green old age, 
 burning to the last his midnight oil, reading, studying and 
 writing until on the 30th day of December, 1853, he died, in 
 the ninety-first year of his age, being then the oldest clergy- 
 man of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the country. He 
 
212 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 was buried at Newtown, Conn., and in the present clmrcli 
 building of that parish a brass tablet has been recently placed 
 to his memory. Dr. Burhans is described as a man of com- 
 manding personal appearance, of a large and well built frame, 
 of a healthful and ruddy countenance, of a nervous tempera- 
 ment and somewhat quick in his movements. His manners 
 were simple and natural. He was married four times, his last 
 marriage being in May, 1852. 
 
 Such were priest and people in the last century ; men who 
 hazarded their lives for the gospel, and like William Bradley 
 and others of Lanesborough, William Whiting, John Burg- 
 hardt, Samuel Lee, John Williams and othei's of Great Bar- 
 rington, Henry Van Schaack of Pittsfield, Jared Bradley of 
 Lee, Samuel Quincy, Azariah Eggleston, Caleb Hyde of Lenox, 
 and many more whose names would form a catalogue of faith- 
 ful men and women who gave freely and gladly of their sub- 
 stance to obtain the religious worship that seemed to them 
 primitive and apostolic. They wrought in faith, and departed 
 from this world leaving honored names, in the firm confidence 
 that the branch of Christ's Holy Catholic Church, known as 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States would 
 grow and prosper in Berkshire, and their bright anticipations 
 have not been unfulfilled. The three parishes with their less 
 than one hundred communicants have inci'eased to fourteen 
 with ten hundred and eighty-four (1,084) communicants, and 
 in four other places regular services are maintained. The five 
 hundred dollars then paid for the support of the parishes has 
 become $33,551.33 in the i)ast year, with $500.00 additional 
 for the new memorial church of St. Paul at Stockbridge, be- 
 sides $2,846.49 for diocesan and general objects. Activity and 
 energy characterize the churchmen of the county, they have 
 become a power for good in every community, honored and 
 respected by all, cannot everyone say ; knowing that they are 
 doing the Lord's work in the way they think right, "The 
 Lord ])rosper you, we wish you good luck in the name of the 
 Lord?" 
 
A Sketch of the 
 Samuel Phillips Family. 
 
 By LEVI BEEBE of Great Bakrington. 
 
A SKETCH OF THE SAMUEL PHILLIPS FAMILY. 
 
 This family was one of the first to settle in New Marlbor- 
 ough, and the name of the father of this family was Setli Phil- 
 lips. I have not been able to learn his birth-place. 
 
 Samnel Phillips was born April 12, 1777, in the town of 
 New Marlborough. His tirst wife's name was Betsy Pixley, a 
 daughter of Hall Pixley, one of the early settlers of Great Bar- 
 rington. Another of this Hall Pixley's daughters married 
 William Day and was the mother of Guy Day, who made the 
 plucky fight with the Pussells for a water privilege to manu- 
 facture rubber goods; the Russells won and the place has been 
 desolate from that time to this. 
 
 Betsy was born May 12, 1781), in Great Barrington. Her 
 father. Hall Pixley, was to receive a tract of land from the 
 State for building a hotel, on the road from Westfield to Great 
 Barrington. As near as I can learn this hotel was built near the 
 foot of Three Mile Hill. His name appears frequently in the 
 records of the early settlements of Great Barrington, and in the 
 transfers of land. 
 
 We find on five monuments in the old cemetery in Great 
 Barrington near the center of the old ground, just north of two 
 elm trees, these records of the Hall Pixley family : 
 
 Hall Pixley. 
 Died June 27, 1836. Aged 96 years. 
 From Parent, friend liese gone, 
 His God 1ms called him home. 
 In memory of 
 Mariam Pixley, 
 Consort of Hall Pixley, died Oct. 37, 1825, aged 79 years. 
 To thy redeeming love we owe 
 Our release from eternal woe. 
 Our hope of all the joys that reigns, 
 On yonder bright celestial plains. 
 
216 Bcrhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Died, May 17th, 1830, 
 Betsky, 
 Consort of Mr. Samuel Phillips, aged 40 years. 
 Friends or Pliysicians could not save 
 My mortal body from ihe grave. 
 Nor can the grave confine me here 
 When Christ shall call me to appear. 
 Mary, 
 Wife of William Day, died April 15, 1841, aged 60 years. 
 Death or its sting she knew no fear, 
 But tasted heaven while she lingered here. 
 Oh ! happy saint, we, like thee, be blest, 
 In life be faitliful and in death find rest. 
 William Day. 
 Died April 23, 1860, aged 75 years. 
 These records relate to the father and mother of Samuel 
 Phillips' first wife and the mother of six of his cliildren. 
 
 Samuel Phillips, the father of fifteen children, was a strong, 
 healthy man whose word was as good as his bond ; he was a 
 Jeffersonian Democrat, as to his religious faith I know nothing 
 — he had religion enough to make him honest, and was much 
 beloved and res^^ected by his neighbors. 
 
 When Jackson, his youngest son, took the old homestead, 
 and was to care for the old folks the rest of their lives, one of 
 his first purchases was a handsome buggy ; his father said : 
 " Jackson be careful or you can carry all your possessions down 
 the mountain in that buggy." 
 
 So strange was the respect of his neighbors for this man that 
 they said often, when he died the whole mountain would go 
 back into forests ; and all but one family sold and left the dis- 
 trict as soon as they could after his death, which event occurred 
 April 3, 1860, at the age of 82 years. He is buried in the old 
 Stockbridge cemetery ; his grave is marked by a large stone 
 monument. There are none of the family buried with him. 
 
 I have not been able to learn the date of their marriage. It 
 must have been about 1800, as their first child, Seth Phillips, 
 was born Sept. 10, 1802; Polly Phillips was born Sept. 5, 
 1804; Samuel, Jr., May 1, 1806; Laura, Dec. 22, 1808; Al- 
 bert, Oct. 1, 1810; Eliza, Nov. 5, 1812; Nancy, June 9, 1814. 
 These children were married and scattered through the West, 
 to clear and build homes in the then new Territories. 
 
A Sketch of the Smnuel Phillips Family. 217 
 
 Albert lived a spell on the moniitaiii, on a farm afterwards 
 owned by llirani Bills, went West, staid a few years and came 
 back and lived near his father for three or four years ; but he 
 had smelt the riches of the prairie soil and had to return to the 
 West a<2;ain. 
 
 I am indebted to Mrs. Laura Fairchilds, one of the first wife's 
 children, and Mrs. Julia Battles, the youngest of the second 
 wife's children, for the names and dates of the Bhillips family 
 births. 
 
 Mary McCollum, Samuel Phillips second wife, was born 
 May 6, 1794, in Tyringham ; her parents were of Scotch de- 
 scent and were farmers. She was a tall, slim woman, with 
 a fine sparkling eye, with great firmness of mind and tempera- 
 ment, a kind and loving neighbor, beloved and resj^ected by 
 all who knew her. She went to Chippewa, Chippewa Co., 
 Wis., with Jackson, her youngest son, and is buried there. 
 
 The names of the children by Mary are : 
 
 Mary Phillips, born Nov. 17, 1822; James, Jan. 22, 1824; 
 John, March 30, 1825; William, March 2, 1827; Jared, Oct. 
 5, 1828; George, June 20, 1830; Jackson, June 23, 1832; 
 Julia, April 23, 1834. Making a family of fifteen children 
 born to Samuel Phillips. 
 
 Born in the good old days when every farm house was some- 
 thing more than a farm house, for all kinds of manufacturing 
 were carried on under the same roof where the butter and cheese 
 were made, and the cloth from the wool, fiax and tow was made ; 
 in all these ojjperations the little fingers were kept busy and the 
 little time they had to play was much enjoyed. Body and mind 
 were strengthened in the house as well as in the field, where 
 the boys rode down the mountain side on ice glades, with their 
 loads of wood and logs, that would make the dwellers in vil- 
 lages shudder with fear. 
 
 Boys and girls then were self-reliant, and grappled with the 
 pleasures and necessities of life without fear or asking favor. 
 
 In this old mountain district, in those early days, there were 
 from 40 to 50 scholars, and I wish I could draw a picture of 
 those young people as they yoked their cattle and hitched them 
 to wagon or sleigh to go to a husking, apple-cut or candy-pull. 
 
218 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 Wealth, literary attaimneiits and etiquette had not separated 
 the strong from the weak, as is the case to-daj, but these gath- 
 erings were full of fun and frolic, as only strong and healthy 
 children can enjoy the pleasures and duties of hfe. Laws 
 were made for all the people, and not for individuals as is the 
 case to-day. The duties and cares of life were more equally 
 borne by all. 
 
 All the children of both famihes were born in Great Bar- 
 rington. 
 
 James Phillips married Sarah Fairchilds in Lee county, Illi- 
 nois. They had four children. He went to California in 1848, 
 earned his passage across the plains by driving a government 
 team ; after three years on the Pacitic coast, he returned East 
 with $6,000 ; he then settled in Lee county, Illinois, where he 
 had one of the finest farms in the state. He went to Pike's 
 Peak in 1854, but did not realize much for his labor. He 
 went to Southern Colorado in the fall of 1871, and invested in 
 mining property; he with others founded the city of Del 
 Norte, one of the principal towns of Southern Colorado. He 
 brought the first saw mill into that section, and furnished 
 money to build the hrst cabins of the town. 
 
 He died Nov. 7, 1880, at the age of 57. 
 
 The great interest in this family centers in William and 
 Jared ; these boys, as well as Jackson, were sent to the old 
 Lenox Academy, where their educations were finished as to 
 schooling. 
 
 To see the importance of their lives to the libei'ty of the 
 slaves and the welfare of this nation, it is important to men- 
 tion some of the facts and doings in the early settlements of 
 Kansas. 
 
 Missouri being desirous of admission to the union, a bill was 
 introduced into Congress, in the session of 1818-19. Mr. E. 
 Taylor of New York had it amended in the House so as to ex- 
 clude slavery from the new State. 
 
 The bill was lost in the Senate ; and from this came those bit- 
 ter discussions in Congress, the press, and by almost every lire- 
 side in the land. 
 
 The Compromise was proposed by Mr. Thomas of Illinois, 
 
A Sketch of the Samuel Phillips Family. 210 
 
 fixing the line 36°30' as the boundary between slave and free 
 territories. This bill was passed, and signed by President 
 Monroe, on the last of March, 1820. 
 
 I mention these facts, as I may want to draw some reasons in 
 favor of the men, that were led to perpetrate the cruel wrongs 
 inflicted on the Free State men of Kansas. 
 
 On the 7th of June, 1836, a bill was passed giving to Missouri 
 a piece of land between the Missouri River and the west line 
 of the State. This was north of 36° 30'. The first trespass on 
 the free territory. 
 
 In 1853, Mr. Douglas of Illinois, chairman of the Committee 
 on Territories, introduced a bill to create the Territory of Ne- 
 braska — a very large part of the North-west, — subsequently he 
 brought in another bill to make two Territories, Kansas and 
 Nebraska, of this North-west territory. All this territory was 
 north of 36*30'. 
 
 This bill with amendments occupied a great deal of the time 
 of this Congress, 1853-54. In both Houses the discussion was 
 carried on with a vehemence and passion rarely exhibited in a 
 deliberative body. 
 
 On the 25th of May, 1854, this bill which left these terri- 
 tories free to the inhabitants to form free or slave States was 
 signed by President Pierce. On the 30th of the same month, 
 the news of the passage of this bill was the signal for the death- 
 struggle between slavery and freedom on the ground. 
 
 The advocates of slavery had the united voice of the South 
 as far as any public utterance was possible. The friends of 
 freedom in the North had the almost unanimous opposition of 
 the press of both the Democrat and the Whig parties, while 
 the religious press was almost unanimously in favor of the 
 sacredness of slavery and its constitutionality. 
 
 I should like to give some extracts from the New York Ob- 
 server if it could be done without making this paper too long. 
 
 I was confronted by the minister who preached where I had 
 joined the class on probation, that if I voted the abolition ticket 
 I was as vile as any thief ; and this church was in this good old 
 county of Berkshire, but, nevertheless, I cast my first vote for 
 James G. Birnie in the town of Lee, forty-four years ago 
 
220 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 last presidential election wdth seven others. The substitute 
 of Mr. Douglas was intended and so understood, that Ne- 
 braska should become a free and Kansas a slave State,— it was 
 so regarded (as all its acts show) by the then Administration. 
 This, in fact, is the only excuse for the outrages committed 
 against free state settlers. Pro-slavery men believed it was not 
 only justifiable, but a virtue, to persecute even to death all 
 Northern people who should enter the territory with a disposi- 
 tion to defeat or thwart their object. This was the feeling in 
 all the South, and many high in authority at the seat of the 
 Federal government. On the other hand, there were many 
 Northern men who regarded the Kansas and Nebraska Act as 
 an infamous scheme to violate a sacred compact, and to perpe- 
 trate and extend in opposition to every honorable view an in- 
 stitution which they viewed with horror and detestation. 
 
 About this time a gentleman, Andrew H. Reeder, Esq., from 
 Pennsylvania, was appointed Governor of Kansas ; he arrived 
 at Fort Leavenworth on the 6th of October, 1854. He was a 
 Democrat, but was not brought to do the bidding of these law- 
 less people, and dealt out justice impartially. The consequence 
 was a very brief duration of the Governor's official existence. 
 Judge after judge was sent to the territory but when they saw 
 the work they were expected to do they resigned, and some 
 even refused to take their seats. 
 
 The first election in the territory was held on the 29th of 
 November, 1854, and was for a delegate to Congress. There 
 were three candidates, Mr. Fliniken, Judge J. A. Wakefield, 
 an acknowledged free statesman, and John W. Whitefield, an 
 Indian agent and one of the most ultra of the pro-slavery party. 
 Whitefield at first pretended to want fair play and the majoritj'' 
 to rule. After his nomination he, in a speech, made use of the 
 following words : 
 
 "We can recognize but two parties in the territory, the pro- 
 slavery and the anti-slavery parties. If the citizens of Kansas 
 want to live in peace and feel at home they must become pro- 
 slavery men ; but if they want to live with gangs of thieves 
 and robbers they must go with the abolition party. There can 
 
A /Sketch of the Samuel Phillips Family. 221 
 
 be no third party — no more than two issues — slavery and no 
 slavery in Kansas territory," 
 
 At this election large parties from Missouri entered the ter- 
 ritory and insisted on voting. It was ascertained that 1,729 
 illegal votes were cast out of 2,871. These illegal votes were 
 cast for Whitefield, who was elected. 
 
 In coming more directly to the history of William and Jared, 
 the spirit of William will be seen by this advertisement which 
 he had printed when he determined to sacrifice home and its 
 comforts — he had a good home, a young and handsome wife, 
 with considerable wealth; they had only been married two 
 years when he was killed, she returned to his old home in this 
 mountain and was afterwards married to Jackson, William's 
 youngest brother, and went West with him, — he is largely em- 
 ployed in lumbering, — he left this home to keep slavery out of 
 Nebraska. At this time, Aug. 16, 1854, the territories of 
 Kansas and Nebraska were in one territory, Nebraska. 
 Land for Sale in Lee County. 
 
 Whole of Section 23, together with 13 acres of timber land, in township 
 21, range 11, east of the 4th P. M., 120 acres of which are broke, eighty 
 acres fenced and under cultivation ; three miles of Osage orange hedge 
 around it, and within four miles of the Franklin Grove Depot. Also, a 
 good house and nine and a half acres in the village of Lee Centre. All or 
 any of these lands will be sold in quantities to suit the purchaser. 
 
 I am bound to sell these lands, for I have arrangements to go to Nebraska. 
 I feel it my duty to go there and vote against slavery, and am desirous to 
 get a company of abolitionists to go with me for the same patriotic and 
 philanthropic purpose. 
 Lee Centre, Aug. 16, 1854. William Phillips. 
 
 William Phillips' admission to the Ear: 
 State op Illinois, ss. 
 
 William Phillips of Laselle County, Illinois, having exhibited to the ini- 
 dersigned, two of the .Tustices of the Supreme Court, of said state aforesaid, 
 satisfactory evidence of his good character and of his (pialilications for ad- 
 mission as an Attorney and Counselor at Law : 
 
 We do, therefore, hereby authorize and license the said William Phillips 
 to appear in all the courts of record in the state of Illinois, both at law and 
 equity and herein to practice as an Attorney and Counselor. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals this 3d day of April, A. D. 1854. 
 
 S. H. Neat. l. s. 
 
 J. D. Eaton. l. s. 
 
222 Berkshire Historical and ScientijiG Society. 
 
 State of Ili,inois, ss. 
 
 Supreme Court of said stale, Third Grand Division : I, Lorenzo Leland, 
 clerk of said Supreme Court, do hereby certify that William Phillips has 
 been regularly licensed and admitted to practice as an Attorney and Coun- 
 selor at Law within this state, and he has duly taken the oath to support the 
 Constitution of the United States and of this state, and also the oath of of- 
 fice as prescribed by law, and that I have duly enrolled his name on the roll 
 of Attorney and Counselor in my office. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and the seal of Su- 
 preme Court at Ottawa, this 3d day of April, A. D. 1854. 
 
 L. Leland, Clerk. 
 By P. Leland, Deputy Clerk. 
 
 State op Illinois, [ „ „ 
 LaSalle County, f ' ' 
 
 I, the within named William Phillips, do solemdly swear by the ever liv- 
 ing God, that I will support the Constitution of the United States and of the 
 State of Illinois, and that I will in all things faithfully execute the duties of 
 an Attorney and Counselor at Law according to the best of my understand- 
 ing and ability. 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to before me this 3d day '] 
 of April, A. D. 1854, Lorenzo Leland, Clerk of I 
 
 the Supreme Court of said county, in and for the > William Phillips. 
 Third Grand Division. | 
 
 By P. Leland, Deputy Clerk. J 
 
 He sold and went to Kansas, and we sliall see lie did all he 
 could to make it a free State. 
 
 A committee of Vigilance, consisting of thirty persons w^as 
 appointed, whose duty it was to observe and report all such per- 
 sons as should "by the expressions of abolition sentiments pro- 
 duce a disturbance to the quiet of the citizens, or danger to 
 their domestic relations; and all such persons so offending shall 
 be notified and made to leave the territory." This committee 
 found abundant employment and was exceedingly active issu- 
 ing orders to all free-state men, who should dare to express a 
 sentiment adverse to the institution of slavery, to quit the ter- 
 ritory at a specified time or suffer the penalty of death. Under 
 its edicts many good men were driven from their homes and 
 their wives and children, com]3elled to flee to distant parts for 
 safety and protection. 
 
 Among those ordered to leave was Mr. William Phillips, a 
 lawyer of Leavenworth, who had signed a protest against the 
 election in that city. U]ion his refusal to go, he was, on the 
 17th of May, seized by a band of men chiefly from Missouri, 
 
A Sketch of the Samuel Phillips Family. 223 
 
 who carried hiiu eijLclit miles up the river to Weston, where 
 they shaved one-half of his head, tarred and feathered him, 
 rode him on a rail, and sold him at a mock auction by a negro, 
 all of which he bore with manly fortitude and l)ravery, he then 
 returned to Leavenworth and persisted in remaining, notwith- 
 standing his life was constantly threatened and in danger. 
 
 On the 25th of May, just eight days after the per])etration 
 of the outrage above narrated, another meeting was held at 
 Leavenworth, over which R. R. Rees, a member elect of the 
 council, presided. ''This meeting," the papers say, was also 
 "eloquently addressed by Judge Lecompte," after which the 
 following resolutions offered by Judge Fayne, a member elect 
 of the House of Representatives, were unanimously adopted : 
 
 " Resolved, That we heartily endorse the action of the com- 
 mittee of citizens that shaved, tarred and feathered, rode on a 
 rail and sold by a negro, William Phillips the moral perjurer. 
 
 "•Resolved, That we return our thanks to the committee for 
 faithfully performing the trust enjoined upon them by the pro- 
 slavery party. 
 
 "Resolved, That we severely condemn those pro-slavery men 
 who from mercenary motives, are calling upon the pro-slavery 
 party to submit without further action. 
 
 " Resolved, That in order to secure peace and harmony to 
 the community, we now solemnly declare that the pro-slavery 
 party will stand iirmly by and carry out the resolutions re- 
 ported by the committee appointed for that purpose on the 
 memorable 30tli. 
 
 "Resolved, That the committee be now discharged." 
 
 Meetings were also held in numerous towns in Missouri, to 
 approve the proceedings of the invaders at the March election, 
 at which violent addresses were made and denunciatory resolu- 
 tions were passed. The following, adopted at a meeting held 
 in Clay county, will give an idea of their general tenor : 
 
 " Those who, in our state, would give aid to the abolitionists 
 by inducing or assisting them to settle Kansas, or would tln-ow 
 obstacles in the way of our friends by false and slanderous 
 misrepresentations of the acts of those who took part in and 
 contributed to the glorious result of the late election in that 
 
224 Berkshire Historical and SGientific Society. 
 
 Territory, should be driven from amongst us as traitors to their 
 country. — 
 
 "That we regard the efforts of the northern division of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church to estabhsh itself in our State as a 
 violation of her pllghttiJ faith., and, pledged as its ministers 
 must be to the anti-slaverj jjrinciples of that church, we are 
 forced to regard them as enemies to our institutions. We, 
 therefore, fully concur with our friends in Platte county in re- 
 solving to permit no person belonging to the Northern Metho- 
 dist church to preach in our county. — 
 
 " That all who are subscribers to papers in the least tinctured 
 with free-soilisrn or al)olitionism are requested to discontinue 
 them immediately." 
 
 The Missouri j^ress was extremely vituperative against all 
 who dared to condemn the course pursued in regard to the 
 Kansas election. The Brunswickers found fault with a con- 
 temporary in the following choice terms : 
 
 "The last Jefferson Inquirer is down on the citizens of Mis- 
 souri who took steps to secure the election of pro-slavery men 
 to the Territorial Legislature of Kansas. This is in keeping 
 with the Inquirer s past conduct. If the editor of that paper 
 had been in Kansas on the day of election he would have voted 
 with the abolitionists. That he is a negro-stealer at heart we 
 have no doubt." 
 
 Tlie Platte county Ltiminary was jjrinted at Parkeville, 
 Missouri, and was owned by Mr. Parke, one of the oldest resi- 
 dents, after whom the town was named. After the March 
 election this paper ventured to condemn, though in gentle 
 terms, the Missouri invasion ; upon which, a few days after- 
 wards, April 14th, a company was formed at Platte City, and, 
 arming themselves for the occasion, marched tu Parkeville, 
 broke to pieces the press of the lutmnary and threw it, with 
 all the materials belonging to the office, into the Missouri 
 Kiver. They also seized Mr. Paterson, the editor, Mr. Parke 
 being absent, and would have killed him but for the interfer- 
 ence of his wife, a young, beautiful woman, who threw herself 
 about his neck to which she clung so firmly that it was diffi- 
 cult to separate them. Thc}^ finally relinquished their inten- 
 
' A Sketch of' the Saniael PhilUps Faiiilly. 225 
 
 tion, released their prisoner and ])erniitted liini to leave the 
 place under penalty of losin<!; his life should he refuse to go or 
 dare to return. 
 
 It seems almost necessary that men are so placed that they 
 must disregard laws or orders of superiors, in order that truth 
 should prevail, as the action of Nelson at Copenhagen, Lieu- 
 tenant Xapoleon Boneparte at Toulon, our own Jackson at Pen- 
 sacola. '' John Brown's body " would not have been " moulder- 
 ing in the grave as we go marching on," if he had not dis- 
 obeyed the laws. 
 
 Not having ever l)een in danger of losing my life at the 
 liands of my fellows, I could not say how William Fhillijjs felt 
 when he threw his life away for his country's rights. I coj)y 
 the words of John Wilkes when he was about to meet the irate 
 Lord Talbot in a duel at Bagshot : "I enjoyed life as much as 
 any n)an in it, that I was as little subject to be gloomy or even 
 peevish as anj^ Englishman whatever, that I could never (juit 
 it by my own consent except on a call of honor." Talbot with 
 the king's pardon in liis pocket fitly represented the pro slavery 
 men in this great struggle, whihi Wikes was sure to wear the 
 king's halter, if his minions could catch him, but knowing the 
 facts, he had made arrangements to escape to France. 
 
 On the first of September, Captain Frederick Emory, a 
 United States mail contractor, rendered himself conspicuous in 
 Leavenworth at the head of a band of mounted ruffians, mostly 
 from western Missouri. They entered houses, stores and dwel- 
 lings of free-state people, and in the name of "law and order," 
 abused and robbed the occupants and drove them out into the 
 roads, irrespective of age, sex or condition. Under pretense of 
 searching for arms they approached the house of William 
 FhiUips, the lawyer who had previously been tarred and feath- 
 ered and carried to Missouri. Phillips supposing he was to be 
 sul)jected to a similkr outrage, resolved not to submit to the in- 
 dignity and stood upon his defense. In repelling the assault 
 of the mob, he killed two of them, when the others burst into 
 the house and poured a volley of balls into his body, killing 
 him instantly, in the presence of his wife and his brother 
 Jared's wife. His brother, who was also present, had an arm 
 
226 Berkshire Hlsto^'lcal and ScientiJiG Society. 
 
 badly ])roken with bullets, and was compelled to submit to an 
 amputation. 
 
 Fifty of the free-state prisoners were then driven on l)oard 
 the Polar Star, bound for St. Louis. On the next day a hun- 
 dred more were embarked by Emory and his men, on the 
 steamboat Emma. 
 
 Dnring these proceedings, an election was held for Mayor 
 and William E. Murphy, since apjiointed Indian agent by the 
 President, was elected "without opposition." 
 
 At this time civil war raged in all the populous districts. 
 Women and children had fled from the territory. The roads 
 were impassable. No man's life was safe and every person 
 when he lay down to rest at night bolted and barred his doors, 
 and fell asleep firmly grasping his pistol, gun or knife. 
 
 After William was killed they took his law library and 
 heaped his books up in the street and burned them ; his office 
 and barn they burned, and they stole his horse. 
 
 Jarcd Phillips married Eliza P. Perry, to her I am indebted 
 for many facts in this paper. Her father was born in Charles- 
 town, Rhode Island, Jnly 24, 1810. Her mother's name was 
 Sarah Tucker; she was born in Tolland, Mass., Nov. 19, 1812. 
 Mr. Perry was a relative of Commodore Perry and lived many 
 years on this mountain, and if these old hills could speak they 
 might relate some exciting tales about Jared's and Eliza's 
 courtship. 
 
 They were in Leavenworth in 1855. A mob or company went 
 into Cherokee street to destroy a free-state printing press there. 
 They made so much noise, Jared went near to see what was going 
 on, and as it was in the evening they took him prisoner, called 
 him an abolitionist and other hard names, got a rope and were 
 going to hang him for going too near, when they were at work ; 
 they all went into a saloon to drink, and talk over their plans 
 for the hanging ; but some in the company knew Jared, and as 
 they saw that the leaders were in earnest, they managed to get 
 hold of him while they were drinking, got him to a door in the 
 back part of the saloon, then into the street, told him to get 
 away out of their sight for his life. 
 
 This was the way free-state men were served in Kansas. 
 
A Sketch of the Samuel Phillips Family. 227 
 
 Next day the children had the type of tlic printing office to 
 phiy with in the street. 
 
 Jared was a member of the Frontier Guard, after doing ail 
 he could to make Kansas a free state. We hear of him in 
 Washington serving under Capt. Jim Lane, in tlic east room 
 in tlie White house, from the 18th day of A[)ril, 1801, to the 
 3d of May, 1861. I have here a copy of his discharge which I 
 will read. At this time the Capitol was guarded by Massachu- 
 setts volunteers. 
 
 Jared Phillips' discharge : — 
 
 United States of America. 
 
 Washington City, Apr. 27, ISCl. 
 To Hon. S. Cameron, Secretary of War : 
 
 Sir : In consequence of the arrival of large numbers of 
 troops in this city I am satisfied the emergency has ceased that 
 called our company into service. If you concur in this opinion 
 I should be pleased to receive authority from you to disband 
 said company, and to honorably discharge the members thereof 
 from the service. 
 
 Very truly, 
 
 J. H. Lane, Capt. Com. d. g. 
 
 War Department, Apr. 27, 1861. 
 Gen. James H. Lane, 
 
 Sir : In reply to your letter of this date, stating that in con- 
 sequence of the ari"ival of large numbers of troops in this city, 
 the emergency has ceased which called the company com- 
 manded by you into service, and that you would be pleased, 
 therefore, to have authority to disband your company, and have 
 an honorable discharge from service for it. 
 
 Concurring fully with you I readily grant you the authority 
 asked for, and in doing so, I beg to extend to you and through 
 you to the men under your command, the assurance of my 
 high appreciations of the prompt and patriotic manner in 
 which your company was organized for the defense of the 
 Capitol and the very efficient services rendered by it during 
 the time of its existence. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Simon Cameron. 
 Cheerfully approved, A. Lincoln. 
 
228 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 By autliority vested in me as Captain of Frontier Guard, I, 
 James H. Lane, do liereby certify that Jared Piiillips, a mem- 
 ber of said company, served his conntry in defense of the Na- 
 tional Capitol, in a time of great peril, when threatened by 
 hordes of traitors, said services commencing on the eighteenth 
 day of April, 1801, and ending on the date hereof. I also, by 
 virtue of said anthority, do hereby honorably discharge the 
 said Jared Phillips from tlie service of the United States. 
 
 Given nnder my hand at the East Iloom of the Executive 
 Mansion, at Washington City, this third day of May, J 861. 
 
 J. H. Lane, Ca])t. 
 Attest, J, B. Stockton, 2^ Lieut. 
 
 The following is a letter written by Jared, while at AVash- 
 ington, to liis wife : 
 
 Washington, Apr. 20, 1861. 
 
 My dear wife: This is a beleaguered city. Our commnni- 
 cations are cut off by the fight yesterday in Baltimore. I saw 
 the Massachusetts regiment come in yesterday, they were ready 
 for a hght. We have abont 120 men and are stationed in the 
 East room of the White house. Night before last we camped 
 there all night. We are each armed with two revolvers and a 
 sharp rifle witli sword bayonet. If we have a fight you will 
 hear a good account of the Frontier Guard. Many here are 
 leaving, but I am inclined to stay and see it out. I hope you 
 will not worry about me. This city will be a vast military 
 camp in ten days. I do not know whether you will get this, 
 but they may not stop the mails. Give my love to all and give 
 Arthur a kiss for me. Good-bye. 
 
 Your affectionate husband, 
 
 Jared Phillips. 
 
 p. s. We are ordered on duty to-night, all the public build- 
 ings are garrisoned. A thousand rumors are in circulation. 
 You will probably get news from here before you get this. 
 
 J. P. 
 
 We see by these papers that when the capitol was as black 
 with treason as Hades is with sulphuric smoke according to the 
 most orthodox view, many men. Northern, as well as citizens 
 of Washington, were offering from fifty to one hundred and 
 
A Sketch, of the Samuel Phillips Family. 229 
 
 lifty dolliirs to be carried ten miles iiortli of Wasliino-ton. Jim- 
 Liuie and liis company consisting of one Inindred and twenty 
 Frontier Guards held the post of honor and prol)aI)ly saved the 
 President's hfe, as all Southei-n men knew these men could and 
 would shoot. 
 
 Here I have a copy of the last letter written by Jai'ed to his 
 wife when he crossed the plains : 
 
 Omaha, May 28, 1862. 
 
 My dear wife : We are just ready to start, we have four 
 mules and two light wagons, there is three of us at present but 
 perhaps we shall take in another as passenger ; we start in the 
 morning. The weather is fine ; grass about six inches high. 
 There has about two thousand teams, averaging about four per- 
 sons to a team, crossed at this ferry already, so we shall have 
 plenty of company. There is two regiments of troops on the 
 route, and a party of about 160 mounted men are to start from 
 here about the middle of June. We hear pretty large stories 
 about Salmon River mines, they talk of $200 a day diggings, 
 and of gamblers betting an oyster can of gold dust blind and 
 two cans better for common. We have only 500 pounds to 
 each wagon and our wagons are liglit, and I think we shall go 
 right through. It is perfectly astonishing the number of wo- 
 men and children that are going across. I sometimes think 
 how you would look going across, taking care of five or six 
 children and cooking and perhaps driving the young cattle 
 while I would drive the ox team. I have been practicing my 
 voice and think I would do. Write and tell me when you are 
 ready to go. I already feel first rate ; plenty of work is just 
 what I want. I do not know as it would be of any use for you 
 to send letters to any point on the route, but I want you to 
 WTite to me at Walla Walla, Washington Territory. Write 
 once a week for two or three weeks and I shall be apt to get 
 some of them. You will probably have to pay ten cents pos- 
 tage, but you can inquire of the Post Master. I have made 
 arrangements with Albert to send you some money if he sells 
 some lots, which there was a fine pi-ospect when I left. To- 
 
230 Berhshire Historical and Soientific Society. 
 
 morrow we are away, so good-bye. I shall write often and re- 
 port to lieadquaters of progress. Give my love to all. 
 Your husband, 
 
 Jared Phillips. 
 
 Jared described his situation at Washington as being like 
 Kansas enlarged. 
 
 Jared was taken prisoner the ninth of August, on Snake 
 River about fifty miles below Fort Hall, by the Snake Indians, 
 taken down the river about three-quarters of a mile and mur- 
 dered. There were fourteen others murdered by them the 
 same day. 
 
 So we must conclude, if these Phillips boys and other good 
 and true men had not given their lives for the freedom of 
 Kansas, it would have been a slave state; Abraham Lincoln 
 would not have been elected President of the United States. 
 
 How much longer the slaves would have been kept in bondage 
 by this great national sin, no eye can see but His, who orders 
 all things well. 
 
The Indian Mission in 
 Stockbridge. 
 
 By E. W. B. canning. 
 
THE INDIAN MISSION IN STOCKBRIDGE. 
 
 Up to t]ie second decade of the last century the western 
 border of our State seems to have been as little known as are 
 the regions around Hudson's Bay at the present time. The 
 boundary between Massachusetts and New York was still un- 
 determined and the country a wilderness, except where a few 
 Dutchmen had made clearings under the grant of the Living- 
 stone manor lying beyond, which, as was then claimed, over- 
 lapped portions of the present towns of Egremont, Great Bar- 
 rington, Sheffield, Alford and Moujit Washington. Here, on 
 the intervals along the Housatonic lived a small tribe of Indians, 
 mostly in three villages— the lowest in what is now Sheffield ; 
 another in Great Barrington, and the northernmost in Stock- 
 bridge. In 1724, by act of the General Court of the Province, 
 two townships, called at first, the Upper and Lower Housa- 
 tonic, were ordered to be laid out, and not long after were 
 allotted to some sixty persons who had petitioned for the terri- 
 tory, besides reserved lots for the ministers and the schools. 
 The land had been previously purchased of the Indians, except 
 a tract — a reservation for themselves — of about 1,600 acres 
 along the boundary line between the two towmships. They 
 seem, however, not to have gathered in a body on this reserva- 
 tion, when, in 1734, a new aspect was given to their affairs on 
 this wise : — 
 
 A huml)le well-doer, of whom — so far as I am aware — noth- 
 ing is known except his name, Ebenezer Miller, and residence, 
 West Springfield, who appears to have been acquainted with 
 the condition of these Indians and was thereby prompted to do 
 them good, "interviewed" the Kev. Samuel Hopkins, his pas- 
 tor, stated their case and succeeded in awakening his active 
 interest in their behalf. The latter communicated with Col. 
 John Stoddard of Northampton, and with Rev. Dr. Stephen 
 
234 Berhshire JIisto7'ical and Scie^itiftc Society. 
 
 Williams of Longmeadow, and, from the co-operative benevo- 
 lence of this trio of Christian philanthropists, good works forth- 
 with proceeded. 
 
 There then existed a Society — originating, I believe, in Scot- 
 land — entitled " The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 
 in Foreign Parts," which operated in this country through the 
 Provincial "Board of Indian Commissioners" in Boston. To 
 this Board Mr. Hoj^kins and his associates applied for aid, and 
 were requested to visit the Indians and make report on which 
 action might be determined. It so happened that Gov. Belcher 
 had just conferred on Konkapot and Umpachenee, the two most 
 prominent men of the tribe, commissions of Captain and Lieu- 
 tenant respectively, and the candidates for these titles were to 
 meet the Governor at Springfield, with an interpreter, to re- 
 ceive the investiture of their honors — the cocked hat and scarlet 
 coat of the British army. 
 
 This occurred in May, 1734, and the occasion was improved 
 by the projectors of the Mission to interview these chiefs there 
 on the subject. On broaching it to them, Konkapot was prompt 
 to express his willingness, and Umpachenee, though not so cor- 
 dial toward it, said he would not oppose. But both wisely 
 agreed that the question should be referred to the tribe in coun- 
 cil, and it was arranged that the ministers should go over to 
 Housatonic, lay the matter before the assembled band and abide 
 the result of their deliberations. 
 
 Accordingly, on the 8tli of July, 1734, Dr. Williams and 
 Rev. Mr. Bull of Westfield, — (Mr. Hopkins being sick,) — after 
 a rough travel of two days over a mountainous path designated 
 by blazed trees, and a night's encampment in the woods, ar- 
 rived at " The Great Wigwam," (Great Barrington). The In- 
 dians of the lower village (Scatekook), now Sheffield, and from 
 the upper (Wuatukook), Stockbridge, were summoned, and the 
 council was opened with due formalities. An earnest session 
 of four days followed and all the arguments for and against 
 the project were thoroughly discussed. 
 
 It would be interesting, but untimely, to note the objections 
 adduced — suggested mainly by the influence of a few Dutch 
 traders, who feared that the introduction of the Mission would 
 
The Indian Mission in Stockhridge. 235 
 
 impair the profits of their whiskey traffic with the natives. But 
 Konkapot's noble heart was wholly engaged in the uplifting of 
 his people, whom he harrangued with patriarchal authority ; 
 plainly told them that the fire-water of the whites was debas- 
 ing, and would finally ruin them. His ehxpience and influence 
 triumphed, and at the close of the fourth day, the tribe voted, 
 without a dissentient voice, to welcome the Mission and further 
 all means for its success. A belt of wampum sealed the decis- 
 ion, and it only remained for the Commissioners to settle the 
 when and the where^ and to procure the missionary. 
 
 As in all projects which meet the smile of Heaven, proper 
 agents are at hand for their accomplishment, so here a man was 
 shortly found, able, willing and nearly ready to devote his life 
 to the forest heathen of the land. This was John Sergeant, a 
 native of Newark. N. J., born in 1710, a graduate with honor 
 at Yale, and in the third year of his tutorship in that institution. 
 To the applications of the Commissioners he replied that he 
 would shortly visit the locality, put preliminary requisites in 
 train and — extraordinaries excepted — would, on the expiry of 
 his engagement at Yale, return to assume his life's work in the 
 wilderness. 
 
 Accordingly, in October of that year, (1734) he came with 
 the Rev. Mr. Bull to Housatonic and preached his first sermon 
 to an audience of twenty Indians, who were much interested 
 therein, and on the following Thursday officiated again in Um- 
 pachenee's wigwam at Skatehook. He was interpreted by 
 Ebenezer Foopoonuk, who, at this latter service, was baptized 
 by Mr. Bull and thus had the honor of heading a long list of 
 converts, who starred the crown of the devoted missionary's 
 work of fifteen years, till summoned to wear it in the court of 
 Heaven, 
 
 During this visit arrangements were made for greater con- 
 venience by concentrating operations at the middle settlement. 
 This necessitated the erection of a building which should serve 
 the double purpose of school and chapel ; and, with a hearty 
 good will energizing busy hands, the structure was ready in 
 two weeks for occupancy. In it, on the 5th of November, 
 Sergeant met some twenty-five dusky pupils thirsty for the 
 
236 Berkshire Historical and Scientijic Society. 
 
 draughts of learning and of life he was ready to instil. He re- 
 mained for a month with them, meantime sending for Mr. 
 Timothy "Woodbridge of West Springfield, whom he installed 
 as their teacher, and then returned to Yale to finish his tutor- 
 ship. He took with him two boys — sons of Konkapot and 
 Umpachenee — for the purpose of teaching his own and learn- 
 ing their language. Having kept up an interesting correspond- 
 ence with his future parishoners during the winter and spring. 
 Sergeant, in July, 1735, came to take up his permanent work 
 in our valley. In August of that year he, with a delegation of 
 his people headed by Konkapot, went over to Deerfield, and 
 there, in presence of the Governor and Council and a numerous 
 assembly, received ordination and commenced his pastoral 
 labors on the 26tli of October. The fruits began to mature 
 early, for, in November, Konkapot, his wife and daughter, and 
 shortly after Umpachenee, his wife and child were baptized. 
 So zealous was Konkapot in his new belief, that he requested 
 to be re-married after the Christian mode, which was accord- 
 ingly done. His interpreter, Poopoonuk followed his example. 
 
 In order to secure the best results for the Mission, on appli- 
 cation by its founders to the Provincial authorities, a commis- 
 sion consisting of John Stoddard, Ebenezer Pomeroy and 
 Thomas Ingersoll, was appointed to come and consult with the 
 Indians, and, with their consent, lay off a township expressly 
 for them, where they might be gathered, allotted farms in 
 severalty and thus focized, as it were, within the scope of more 
 condensed effort for improvement. This was accomplished in 
 the spring of 1736, and a township six miles square, comprising 
 the present territory of Stockbridge and West Stockbridge was 
 laid off, and three years later, incorporated. This was followed 
 by a general removal hither of the tribe, after eighteen months' 
 instructions at Great Barrington. 
 
 As nearly as can be ascertained, they numbered at this time 
 twenty families and about ninety individuals; in 1740, they 
 had increased to 120; in 1749, the year of Mr. Sergeant's 
 death, 218, and at the period of their removal westward, they 
 were reckoned at 400. 
 
 Four other English families were induced to settle in the 
 
Tlie Indian Mission in Sfoekhridge. 237 
 
 township, as patterns of hnsban(ii'y and housekeeping. To 
 these, as also to tlieir minister and tlieir teacher, lots were as- 
 signed at the request of the Indians, and the Mission was 
 launched npon its career of usefulness with an infant church of 
 fourteen coinniunicants and more l)aptized; a school of forty 
 children and adults, and a I'adiant how of promise over all. 
 
 Before proceeding- farther in these annals, a few remarks 
 will not be impertinent concerning the character of the trilje, 
 which may disabuse us of any idea we ma^' entertain that they 
 were the abject, filthy, stolid savages such as are most of those 
 with whom the nation has had to deal on our western frontier. 
 Man}' of the vices which we are accustomed to associate with 
 our aboriginal people, no recojxl ascribes to the Housatonics. 
 They are never complained of as thievish, quarrelsome or cruel. 
 They certainly were the friends of the English, and this dis- 
 position was regarded by Great Britain as a better defense of 
 our border from the French and tlieir allies than a line of 
 stockades. The only vice to which they seem to have been ad- 
 dicted was the common one among all the uncivilized — -the love 
 of intoxicants. For indulgence in these they might accuse their 
 pale-faced neighbor, as themselves were ignorant of their man- 
 ufacture. Yet Sergeant found some among them who, from 
 observation of alcoholic effects, were voluntary abstinents. 
 There were individual cases of noble manhood, before the mis- 
 sionary had discovered and given it directiiMi. Among such 
 Konkapot stands pre-eminent, of whom Mr. Hopkins wrote on 
 his first acquaintance with him as follows: "He is strictl}' 
 temperate, very just and upright in his dealings; a man of 
 prudence and industry, and inclined to eml)race the Christian 
 religion.'" In a very interesting letter — too long for insertion 
 here — written by one who was present when Konkapot made 
 profession of his new faith, this additional testimony is re- 
 corded, " Konkapot is a man of fine presence, and the solemn 
 manner in which, with deep, glutteral tones, he pronounced 
 [his creed] visibly affected the whole audience." Umpachenee 
 also, illustrates the Indian shrewdness, spiced with suspicion, in 
 the questions he asked the Commissioners who came to consult 
 the tribe concernino; the introduction of the Mission. "What 
 
238 Berhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 is the cause," said he, '''of the sudden favor shown my country- 
 men?" "Wliy did Mr. Pomeroy ask so many questions about 
 the owners of certain hinds and the titles to thenj?" "Why, if 
 the Christian rehglon be so true and good, do so many of its 
 professors lead such bad lives?" "If we should permit the 
 whites to become co-proprietoi-s of our lands, will not our child- 
 ren be imperilled?" Such men surely were too keen for im- 
 position, and the expression of such sagacity was a token that 
 the mental soil from which it sprung was worthy of cultivation. 
 
 Eut to our history. Shortly following their settlement in 
 Stockbridge, on invitation by Gov. Belcher, Mr. Sergeant, with 
 Umpachenee and others, visited Boston and dined with the 
 Governor and Council. In accordance with the Indian custom 
 of gift making, — not without reference to corresponding re- 
 turns — Umpachenee, after tendering the thanks of his tribe for 
 favors received, presented the Government with territory lying 
 one mile in width on each side of the road from the liousatonic 
 to Westfield, 52 square miles. He then asked aid from the 
 Provincial Legislature in building a church and a school-house 
 for his people. This petition was backed by a valuable bale of 
 pelts. From this visit they returned much pleased with their 
 great friends, and enriched by gifts of guns, blankets, etc. Nor 
 did the Governor forget his promise of assistance for the Mis- 
 sion. An appropriation by the next Legislature enabled them 
 to erect a church 30x40 feet, which was dedicated on Thanks- 
 giving day of 1739, — one hundred and fifty years ago the pres- 
 ent year„ A school-house also rose on the present j) remises of 
 Mrs. C. Averill. The church occupied the site of the Field 
 Memorial Tower, and was used in common by Indians and 
 whites until nearly the close of the lievolutionary war. Up to 
 this time a school-house constructed of logs and bark stood near 
 Konkapot's dwelling in South street, on the brook still bearing 
 his name. It appears that the English and native children at- 
 tended school together till 1760, wdien the first school-district 
 was established. 
 
 During the visit to Boston, above mentioned, some friend in 
 the city gave them a large India Conch-shell, which served as 
 a bell to summon the Mission congregation to church for many 
 
The Indian Mission in Stochhridge. 239 
 
 years. The blower was a stron<;-lunoed Indian, named John 
 Metoxin, vvhose annual compensation for the service, as we 
 learn from the town records, was 20 shillinfrs. lie was also, at 
 times, constable and selectman. The old shell. Math its well- 
 worn tip, is still to be seen in our Pul)lic Lil)rary, and will re- 
 spond to a competent blast as loudly as when it woke the echoes 
 of the })rimeval forest 150 years ago. 
 
 The Mission received another vahiable present in a superbly 
 bound and illustrated copy of the Sci'i])tures in three folio vol- 
 umes, from the Rev. Dr. Ayscough, chaplain to the Prince of 
 Wales. Rev. Mr. Stingerland, when in Stockbridge a few 
 years since, from Wisconsin, told me that these volumes have 
 been preserved by the Indians through all their migrations, and 
 are still kept and guarded like the terra])him of the Orientals. 
 
 In 1737, Mr. Woodbridge, the teacher, having married, built 
 a house where Mr. Samuel Goodrich now lives, and Sergeant 
 became a boarder with him. In August of that year he 
 preached the first sermon to his hearers in their own language, 
 though he still retained his interpreter to perfect himself there- 
 in, and his persistence was rewarded long before his death ; his 
 proticiency being such that his parishoners were accu-etomed to 
 say that he knew and spoke their language better than them- 
 selves. 
 
 Sergeant, having so successfully kindled the missionary lire on 
 the Housatonic, was desirous of scattering its sparks to the forest 
 dwellers elsewhere. At Kanaumeek (now New Lebanon, N. 
 y.) quite a number of Indian families resided. Thither he 
 went and preached with the result that the Chief and his 
 daughter came to Stockbridge to hear and at length to be baj)- 
 tized ; and soon after another prominent man among them re- 
 moved hither, and, with his two children, received the same 
 orninance. Overtures for the introduction of Christianity were 
 also made to the Shawnees and the Delawares farther south, 
 whose dialect was similar. The former tri])e declined the 
 proffer; but the Delawares opened their wigwams and their 
 hearts to the boon, and the devoted Brainard, having first 
 learned the tongue of Sergeant, and practiced at Kanaumeek, 
 went to dispel tiieir darkness with the joy of the morning. 
 
2-10 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 The Forein-n Society, whose aid has been mentioned, in 1738 
 gave the Mission £3UU, a portion of wliich was a})phed to the 
 purcliase of agricultui-al implements for the Indians. In June 
 of the same year, Sergeant celeljrated his lirst sacrament with 
 his infant church, and conunents on the behavior of his coin- 
 municants as greatly devotional and interesting. Tliej num- 
 bered fourteen, and aljout iifty had received baptism. 
 
 In 1741, Sergeant planned an enterprise looking toward en- 
 larged usefulness which became a reality six years later under 
 the following circumstances. Ilev. Isaac Mollis of London, — a 
 nephew of the generous benefactor of Harvard College, of the 
 same name, — had proposed to educate twelve Indian boys be- 
 tween the ages of twelve and twenty, at £25 per annum from 
 his own purse. These Sergeant had received and taught for a 
 year in his newl}^ built house — (still standing as "Edwards 
 Hall,") — but found tlie labor too great, superadded to the other 
 duties of the Mission. They were, therefore, sent to Newing- 
 ton, Conn., to be boarded and taught by a Capt. Kellogg, and 
 remained a year, making good progress. This suggested to 
 him the idea of a regular boarding scliool, wherein, with their 
 other studies, agriculture and some of the mechanical ti'ades 
 should be unitedly taught. The beneliciaries were to be boys 
 at lirst, and, if successful, the same advantages were to be ex- 
 tended to girls also. In short, it was to be a wedded Fellen- 
 burg and Mt. Holyoke. The idea took among the wealthy 
 and charitable on both sides of the Atlantic, and was soon 
 pushed to a realization. Six trustees, citizens of the Connecti- 
 cut Iliver valley, were appointed, among whom was Jona. Ed- 
 wards, then of Northampton. The six white families in Stock- 
 bridge contrilnited a Thanksgiving day offering of £115-10. 
 Among the subscribers abroad were Kev. Dr. Watts, the 
 hymnologist, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cumljcrland, 
 the Lord Chancellor, the Duke of Dorset and Lord Gower; 
 while Mr. Hollis promised to support twelve more boys, as his 
 portion of the l)enef action. 
 
 A farm of 2U() acres was set a})art from the una^jpropriated 
 land of the Indians and a suitable building erected on the 
 premises and a little south of the present residence of Mr. Lu- 
 
The Indian Mission in Stockhridge. 241 
 
 cins Tuckennan. It was 30x38 foet, with coiuinodioiis rooms 
 and a i;uo(l cellar. The twelve boys at Newin^tou were 
 brought hither with their teacher aiui the school was outset 
 with many Iiojas, ISej'geant had planned to i2;o, the next sum- 
 mer, and publish its advantages to the Six Nations in Central 
 JMe,\ York — a project foreclosed hy his untimely death. The 
 same [)roposal made to the Mohawks on the lluds(»n, indu(;ed 
 some ninety of the tribe to come to Stockl)ridge, among them 
 the famous chief Hendrick, afterwards killed at Lake George, 
 in the same battle with, and while aiding Col. Willianjs, the 
 founder of Williams College. The Indians offered land to 
 other tribes who would come and settle among them, and, be- 
 sides the Mohawks, several of the Oneidas and Tuscaroras ac- 
 cepted. In 1750, sixty scholars were enrolled. 
 
 The ]>oai-ding-school experiment had not ripened far enough 
 to warrant the contemplated supplement for girls, when on the 
 27tli of July, 1710, it received a terrible back-set in the death 
 of Sergeant at the early age of thirty-nine. Yet, " if that life 
 is long which answers life's great end," that devoted man lived 
 beyond the human allotment of "three-score years and ten.'' 
 He seems to have been raised up and (puilihed for the specific 
 work to which he had consecrated his whole being, and in 
 which he died with his harness on. At his decease the status 
 of the Mission, as nearly as I can ascertain, was this: — The 
 nundjer of Indians in his charge was 218, comprised in 53 fam- 
 ilies; the church contained 12 native communicants; 182 had 
 been baptized, of whom 120 were still living. Twenty of the 
 53 families lived in frame houses, and moi'e than that nundjer 
 cultivated, to a greater or less extent, productive farms. 
 " These," says an English visitor of the time, " are well fenced, 
 and measureably stocked, and many of the owners diligent and 
 industrious in business." Even in the earlier days of the Mis- 
 sion, a correspondent of a Boston newspaper writes of his 
 pleasure at finding the Indians so improved ; at hearing the 
 young women read their Bibles so liuently and at seeing good 
 specimens of their chirography and needle-work. The educa- 
 tion imparted in the school was the same as that taught the 
 whites in the common schools of the day, and Sergeant writes 
 
242 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 to a friend, in 1747: "The Indian youth learn English well; 
 most of them understand a good deal of it, and some speak it 
 freely and correctly." As further proof of their proficiency, I 
 have myself seen deeds of lands to the whites bearing signa- 
 tures — even of squaws — in fair and regular j)enmanship. It 
 seemed to me no mean accpiirement to be able to set down or- 
 thographically the uncouth and multitudinous syllables that 
 registered their names. 
 
 A paragraph as to Sergeant's ministerial labors. His brief 
 journal — almost the only written memorial we have of him — 
 gives this program : for Sundaj' services, a short prayer, a por- 
 tion of scripture with running comentary ; then longer prayer, 
 all in both Indian and English; singing, of which the natives 
 were fond and in which they excelled; two sermons in each 
 language, except the ommission of one to the English during 
 the winter. In the warmer season he held what would now be 
 termed a Sunday school with the Indians, explaining Biblical 
 history and doctrine. His discourses for them were first writ- 
 ten in English and then translated into their vernacular. 
 
 The sceptical in Indian — not, directed philanthropy may ask, 
 how much real reformatioti did the Mission etfect in the morals 
 of the Ilousatonics ? This question ma}- better be answered by 
 fact than by assertion^ and I select one of several, bearing on 
 the matter, in reply. I have mentioned the fondness of the 
 Indians for intoxicants and the opposition of Dutch traders in 
 the vicinity to the establishment of the Mission. Their antag- 
 onism did not cease after that became a fact. liut the town- 
 ship belonged to the Indians, and their authorities, in 1748, 
 imposed a line of £40 Yprk money, upon any who should bring 
 rum into Stockbridge for sale. It was met by a storm of wrath 
 from over the border and the traders spared neither abuse nor 
 lies to convince the Indians that the missionaries had made 
 dogs and slaves of them in restraining their freedom of action 
 and appetite. New Year's was at hand — a time of former dissi- 
 pation, and Sergeant, fearing that the temptation would prove 
 too strong for their newly adopted principles, became anxious 
 and almost desponding. On the last Sunday of the year he 
 announced a religious service at their church on New Year's 
 
The Indian Mission in Stockhridge. 243 
 
 day, hoping to iiiitit^ate tlie extent of the impending evih The 
 result was, that though abunchmce of whiskey was smuggled 
 into the neighborhood, the red men were all in their places at 
 the service and steadfast in their integrity. 
 
 Of tlic Stockhridge of to-day could such a recoi'd he written ? 
 
 I have thus far traced the Mission from its benevolent incep- 
 tion through its early trials and successful jjrogress to the top 
 of the main-spring of its enginery. It was, however, still con- 
 tinued ; for a motive stronger than human selfishness underlaid 
 it. But no successor was competent entirely to fill Sergeant's 
 place. He had organized the machinery and set it in motion ; 
 it now remained for others to supply the motive power, which 
 was done with unquestionable benefit for nearly forty years 
 longer. Of this period I shall not be particular to recite de- 
 tails, which indeed, are scant in the writings of both Edwards 
 and West who followed, but hasten to finish a recital perhaps 
 already too protracted. 
 
 Jona. Edwards, then recently dismissed from Northampton, 
 was called to the mixed pastorate and the superintendency of 
 the Mission in 1750, and remained eight years. Two facts 
 must have derogated from the highest efiiciency in its manage- 
 ment under the new incumbent. Firstly, he was unacquainted 
 with the Indian language, and, though he made it the subject 
 of a learned treatise, never acquired it so as to use it in his 
 ministry. And, again, President Edwards was a theologian 
 and metaphycian, whose mind, so abstract from temporalities 
 as never to be able to tell the number of his cows, was too un- 
 practical to grasp and manage the necessary details of such a 
 work. Still he conscientiously did his best, serving his English 
 parishioners, and, through an interpreter, his Indian congrega- 
 tion as his predecessor had done. The school was continued 
 with — for a season — undiminished numbers, but doubtless with 
 less of enthusiasm than while the soul of Sergeant superin- 
 tended and inspired its progress. The war with France too, of 
 which the Colonies bore so costly a share, seriously demoralized 
 this work of benevok^nce, involving, as it did, the Mohawks 
 and Oneidas from whom a portion of the pupils were drawn. 
 
244 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 But historical justice obli^'cs me to say, that, aside from the 
 war, if Fresideut Edwards' qualifications for his new post had 
 excelled even those of his predecessor, there were influences in 
 active operation during a large portion of his ministry, which, 
 except for their ultimate thwarting, would have ruined the 
 Mission, though conducted by an angel. These I will briefly 
 narrate. 
 
 Among the most persistent agents in unsettling the President 
 at JMorthampton was tliQ Williams family. That family was 
 represented at Stockbridge by Col. Ephraim Williams, the 
 most conspicuous of the first English settlers there. lie was 
 a man of large business capacity, ambitious of distinction, in- 
 fluential, for tliose times wealthy, avaricious and gras])ing. 
 With his Northampton kindred he had imbibed a prejudice 
 against Mr. Edwards, and when the Indian Commissioner pro- 
 posed to make the lattei- Mr. Sergeant's successor, he was pro- 
 nounced in his opposition to the measure. When, however, 
 the proposal became a reality, he smothered his dislike and 
 overtly acquiesced. Owing to his position, Col. Williams had 
 been entrusted with various Indian affairs of which his manage- 
 ment had been so questionable and self -aggrandizing as to for- 
 feit the respect and confidence of the Indians and bring him 
 into direct conflict with the teachers, Mr. Woodridge and Mr. 
 Ilawley, who stood in their defense. Col. Williams schemed 
 and plotted until, ultimately, he succeeded in ousting Mr. Haw- 
 ley from- his position. 
 
 Having been appointed resident Commissioner of the Indian 
 Board of the province, he was made agent of the benefactions 
 of Mr. Hollis and other patrons, of which the larger portion 
 was traceable to his own pocket, he keeping no record and 
 rendering no account of them save a verbal one, for several 
 years, meanwhile enlarging his owm possessions. 
 
 When the project of the Union Boarding School for the 
 Housatonics, Mohawks and Oneidas, was broached. Col. Wil- 
 liams conceived the idea of making the M'hole scheme inure to 
 the interest of himself and family. A nephew of his had be- 
 come a member of the Board of Commissioners, and the com- 
 bined influence of uncle and nephew had procured the coudi- 
 
The Indian Mission in StocJcbridge. 245 
 
 tional nomination of another of the family as teacher of the 
 projected Female School. One of the Trustees of the Indian 
 establishment was about to marry this proposed teacher, re- 
 move to Stockbridge and assume control of the whole Mission 
 concern. In modern parlance, it was a " ring," with the Wil- 
 liams family as center and circumference. 
 
 Certain of the success of his scheme, Col. Williams took on 
 arrogant airs, renewed his quarrel with Mr. Woodbridge, went 
 into the boarding school of Mr. Hawley, who had charge of the 
 Oneida and Mohawk pupils, and, usurping its direction, con- 
 ducted himself in such a manner as to disgust the Oneida 
 parents, who removed their childran and returned to New 
 York. 
 
 Mr. Edwards, desirous of keeping the peace and avoiding all 
 dissensions among his people, had hitherto borne the wrong 
 in silence. But rumors of the troubles had reached the Central 
 Board, and he was called on to give a statement of the facts 
 there anent. Thus summoned, and knowing it to be the crisis 
 of the Mission, his conscience would permit him to do nothing 
 but disclose the whole truth. The sequel was the complete 
 subversion of all Col. Williams' schemes; the restoration of 
 thing's in accordance with Mr. Edwards' recommendation and 
 the removal shortly after, of the Williams family from Stock- 
 bridge. But the mischief had been done, and so far as the 
 Boarding School was concerned, was irreparable. The Oneida 
 pupils had gone and refused to return; the Mohawks lingered 
 a little longer and then left also. Mr. Hawley followed them 
 and renewed his labors on the New York Reservation with 
 happy results, until the outbreak of the Revolutionary war. 
 
 Rev. Dr. West succeeded President Edwards after the call 
 of the latter to Princeton, N. J., as minister to the English 
 and Indians, until 1775. He then surrendered his Mission 
 charge to John Sergeant — a worthy son of his apostolic sire 
 and an inheritor of his spirit. He taught and ministered to 
 the Indians henceforward, removed with them to Central New 
 York, and when, subsequently, they took their farther way 
 toward the setting sun, his son, of kindred soul, linked his 
 destiny with theirs and bore them company. 
 
246 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 The Indians left Stockbridge as a body in 1785-6, carrying 
 with them their organized church, their school and their civili- 
 zation, which they reproduced on territory granted them by the 
 Oneidas, naming it New Stockbridge. The probable causes 
 occasioning this removal I endeavored to set forth in a paper 
 read before this Society some time ago, entitled " Indian Land 
 Grants in Stockbridge," and need not here repeat. 
 
 In closing, it is but justice to the Indians to mention that a 
 full company of them fought through the Revolutionary war, 
 of whom several fell in battle, or otherwise died in the service ; 
 and to the Mission to remark, that some of its pupils were 
 graduated at Dartmouth College, and still more were elected to 
 town oflSces, from Field-driver to Selectman. Here, also, Henry 
 Aupanmut, the famous historian of his tribe, received his edu- 
 cation and left a long and interesting story of the traditions and 
 wanderings of his people. And to this day the remnant of 
 them in Shawnee Co., Wisconsin, preserve and practice the 
 habits of civihzed life wdiich their ancestors acquired in the 
 Housatonic Valley. 
 
 The direct personal effect of any great moral enterprise may 
 perish with the recipients of its benefits, — the example never. 
 Like the sun, it embraces tbe earth in its influence and gathers 
 vigor from accumulated antecedents. Not all its results may 
 be apparent in this life ; but it comports with the eternal fitness 
 of things, as well as with divine Revelation, that good deeds, 
 even though they be not sounded by the trumj^et of earthly 
 fame, shall, in the hereafter beyond us, not go unrecognized or 
 unrewarded. 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 The national and local interest excited by the splendid celebration at Ben- 
 nington on the 19th instant of the completion of the Battle Monument there, 
 and also of the centennial of the admission of Vermont into the Union, a 
 logical consequence of that successful battle, makes opportune and import- 
 ant the ample discussion in one of the following papers on the part that 
 Massachusetts played in that battle. In the celebration just referred to, full 
 justice was done by all the speakers to the aid received in the battle from 
 the southern and sister State ; but the facts and the proof of them, so far as 
 Massachusetts is concerned, were never before brought out fully to the light 
 of day. 
 
 The great loss of our Society in the death of E. W. B. Canning, of Stock- 
 bridge, will come again to the minds of our readers as they peruse one more 
 of his papers in the following pages. Pleasure mingles with pain in the an- 
 nouncement, that another important paper of his on " Indian Land Grants 
 in Stockbridge," is still in the possession of the Society, and will, doubtless, 
 serve to enrich one of its future publications. 
 
 The other papers in the present number will all speak for themselves. 
 They are believed to be not inferior in interest and importance to those that 
 have preceded them. 
 
 In the late auturm the Society will offer to the public a bound volume, 
 under the title " Berkshire Book," containing all the papers hitherto pub- 
 lished. 
 
 A. L. P> 
 
 Williams College. August 27, 1891. 
 
BERKSHIRE 
 AT BENNINGTON, 
 
 By Arthur Latham Perry, 
 
 OF WILLIAMS COLLEGE. 
 
BERKSHIRE AT BENNINGTON, 
 
 Tlie topic of my paper is Berkshire at Bennington. There 
 seem to be two points in this topic, — Berkshire County and 
 Bennington Battle, and I take it I shall be expected to say 
 something about each of these, and thus to bring both of them 
 into relations with each other. And first, Berkshire County. 
 This became a separate county, by act of the general court of 
 the Province of Massachusetts Bay, on the 1st of July, 1T61, 
 in the first year of the reign of His Majesty, George the Third. 
 It had previously been reckoned a part of the old County of 
 Hampshire, which, twice dismembered, still remains an hon- 
 ored metropolis, flanked on the south by Hampden, and on the 
 north by Franklin, both her own till 1812, and all three for- 
 ever protected on the Avest by the rugged hills and defensive 
 valleys of Berkshire. When Hampden" parted with Berkshire, it 
 parted indeed with but little of civilization within the limits of 
 the new county, but it parted with a fine strip of physical country 
 of 950 square miles, almost one-eighth of the area of Massachu- 
 setts. With the exception of the meadows in the Connecticut 
 valley, the best land in Massachusetts is in Berkshire county. 
 I do not fear any contradiction when I say that Berkshire is 
 the best agricultural county in the state. I have recently been 
 over some of the best farming lands in Worcester county, lands 
 owned by my ancestors for several generations, and still in the 
 hands of their descendants, and I do not hesitate to say that, 
 equal culture being given, the slate and limestone uplands of 
 this county, to say nothing of the alluvial lands on the Hoosac 
 and Housatonic and their tributaries, are at least as productive 
 as those. There is indeed much hilly and some swampy land 
 in the county, but there is very little, if any, land that will not 
 grow trees, and forest trees, in their due proportion, are as 
 profitable a crop as can be grown. This is not the place to 
 enlarge on the natural beauty of our mountains, hills and val- 
 leys ; for why should Berkshire people continue to insist on 
 
248 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 what even strangers are prompt enongli to acknowledge, and 
 never grow weary of praising ? 
 
 I said Hampshire parted with but little of civilization 
 when Berkshire became a County. In fact there were then 
 but four incorporated towns within it, viz : Sheffield, Stock- 
 bridge, New Marlborough and Egremont ; and only six other 
 settlements, namely: Pittsfield, Lanesborough, Williamstown, 
 Tyringham, Sandisfield and Becket. It was a day of small 
 things in this county ; and yet, nearly two years before, there 
 had happened an event, on the banks of the St. Lawrence river 
 in Canada, that was full of hope and assurance for the feeble 
 settlements in Berkshire. That was Wolfe's battle with Mont- 
 calm, on the plains of Abraham above Quebec, on the 13th of 
 September, 1759. That was one of the most decisive and im- 
 portant battles of the world. That battle settled the question 
 of French dominion on this continent. That battle, fought 
 far off in the wilds of the north, closed up, as by a stroke, the 
 old French and Indian war-paths, that led to the valleys of the 
 Hoosac, the Deerfield, and the Connecticut. The French and 
 the Indian, in the French alliance, had been a constant menace 
 for a century to the expansion of the English settlements. 
 They had burned Schenectady in 1690, desolated Deerfield in 
 1704, destroyed Fort Massachusetts in 1746 and carried its 
 brave defenders into captivity to Quebec, and in 1755 killed 
 Col. Ephraim Williams and some 300 Americans more in a 
 bloody skirmish and a still bloodier battle at the southern ex- 
 tremity of Lake George. 
 
 When peace was made between England and France, four 
 years after the Battle of Quebec, England was enormously 
 strengthened by it ; so much so, that George the Third declared, 
 " England never signed such a Peace before, nor I believe any 
 other power in Europe." I have been struck with the evidences, 
 which multiply on every hand, that the settlements in Berkshire 
 county were immediately strengthened by the issue of Wolfe's 
 battle on the heights of Abraham. The settlers understood the 
 significance of that fight, and discounted, three years before it was 
 signed, a Peace, whose conditions were yet to be wrangled over 
 in every court in Europe. Berkshire not only began to fill up 
 
Berkshire at Bennington. 249 
 
 with fresh immigrants from Hampshire and from Connecticut, 
 but the new County itself was carved out and estabh'shed in 
 July, 1761, while the Duke of Bedford and the French minis- 
 ter did not sign the Peace till February, 1768. Between 
 Wolfe's battle and the Peace of Paris, Great Barrington, Pitts- 
 field, Egremont, Sandisfield, Tyringham, and the County itself, 
 were incorporated. They called their new county " Berkshire," 
 undoubtedly from tlie English county of the same name, just 
 at the boundary of which lies the famous meadow of Runny- 
 mede, on which gathered the nobility of England to extort 
 Magna Charter from King John in 1215. Some years ago I 
 made a pilgrimage to Punnymede on foot, not knowing then 
 that it lay on the limits of Berkshire ; falling into company and 
 conversation with a native on the road from Windsor Castle, 
 which is in Berkshire, and discovering in him some antipathy 
 to Buckinghamshire, just across the Thames at that point, I 
 asked, " In what county are we now?" "This is Berkshire." 
 "Indeed," said I, "why I am from Berkshire County, Massa- 
 chusetts, United States, North America." He eyed me a mo- 
 ment, as if to be sure of my sincerity, and pointing to a large 
 manor house, in plain sight, said he, "you go there, and tell 
 them you are from Berkshire County, Massachusetts, and they 
 will give you some of the best ale ever brewed in England ! " 
 I refer to this incident simply to show that the compliment 
 conferred in the naming of our county, is well appreciated in 
 England, at least along the Thames, near Runnymede, 
 
 But while the French wars delayed the settlement and men- 
 aced the prosperity of the Berkshire towns, they yet contrib- 
 uted in a wonderful way to the training of the people, who 
 were here prepared for their after experiences in the Revolu- 
 tion ; and also to a wider knowledge on the part of soldiers, and 
 others, of fine lands and possible homes within the county. 
 The county itself exerted a fascination, as it still does, over 
 strangers, over the soldiers who passed through it on their way 
 to Crown Point or Fort Edward ; and when the French wars 
 were over, many of these men came back to settle, and to stay. 
 This was particularly true of the men stationed for a longer or 
 shorter time at Fort Massachusetts on the Harrison meadow in 
 
250 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 North Adams ; and at the West Hoosuck Fort on our square 
 in Williamstown, Almost every one of our earliest settlers 
 was a soldier in the French wars; as almost every one of our 
 later settlers became a soldier in the Revolutionary war. I 
 have recently found in the state archives in Boston, the petition 
 of one John Perry, who was a soldier in Fort Massachusetts 
 when it was captured, Aug. 20, 1Y46, and who, with his wife, 
 was carried a prisoner to Canada, where they remained with 
 other prisoners taken at the Fort, for twelve months, — a petition 
 to the General Court for a grant of land near the Fort, where 
 it seems he had already fenced in a farm and built a house 
 before the Fort was taken. He evidently appreciated the 
 Hoosac valley, and as I believe was the first white settler in 
 that valley Avithin the limits of Massachusetts. Let me quote 
 the essential parts of his petition, which is in his own hand- 
 writing, and is evidently his own composition, " Whereas your 
 Honour's humble petitioner, enlisted in the service of the coun- 
 try, under the command of Capt. Ephraim Williams, in the 
 year 1745, and was posted at Fort Massachusetts, in Hoosuck, 
 and upon ye encouragement we had from ye late Col. John 
 Stoddard, which was, that if we went with our families, he did 
 not doubt but that ye court would grant us land to settle on, 
 whereupon, I your Honour's humble petitioner, carried up my 
 family there with my household stuff and other effects, and 
 continued there till we was taken, when we was obliged to sur- 
 render to the French and Indian enemy, Aug. the 20, 1746, I 
 would humbly lay before your Honours the losses I sustained 
 then, which are as followeth : A house, which I built there for 
 my family, 80 pounds ; Two feather beds with their furniture, 
 100 pounds; Two suits of apparel ajDiece for me and my wife, 
 150 pounds; Two brass kettles, a pot and pewter with trammel 
 tongs and fire slice, and knives and forks to ye balance of 20 
 pounds ; One cross cut saw, 20 pounds ; and One new broad ax, 
 6 pounds ; Three new narrow axes, 8 pounds ; Two steel traps, 
 14 pounds ; Two guns, 32 pounds ; One pistol, 5 pounds ; One 
 100 weight of suggar, 20 pounds; Total, 457 pounds, with a 
 great many other things not named ; the losses your humble 
 petitioner hath met with, together with my captivity, hath re- 
 
• Berkshire at Bennington. 251 
 
 duced me to low circumstances, and now humbly prayetli your 
 HoTiours of your e^oodness to grant liira a grant of land to settle 
 upon near ye fort, where I fenced, which was about a mile 
 west of the fort, or elsewhere, where your Honours pleaseth, 
 and that your Honours may have a full reward hereafter for 
 all your pious and charitable deeds, your Honours humble peti- 
 tioner shall always pray. John Perry." 
 
 This petition is dated Nov. 5, 1747, less than three months 
 after the return of the captives. The General Court took no 
 action on this petition, perhaps because they thought best to 
 wait and settle with all that were taken captive, at once ; which 
 they did a little more than a year afterwards ; paying each man 
 his full wages for the time he was in captivity, and granting 
 each a gun out of the "Province store." Perhaps, too, they 
 thought that, as Perry was a " squatter," without legal title to 
 the land he had fenced in, they were under no obligation to re- 
 imburse him for the loss of his household stuff. If any of 
 Perry's estimates on the items of his property seem to us to be 
 excessive in amount, we must remember that prices were then 
 reckoned in lawful money, that is, in colonial bills made legal 
 tender ; and that in the very year in which these soldiers were 
 paid off in paper money, Massachusetts redeemed at eleven for 
 one her outstanding colony bills in the silver she received from 
 England, as her share of the ransom money for the capture of 
 Louisburg in 1745. The fact remains that John Perry, as early 
 as 1746, built a house and stocked it, in the Hoosac valley, just 
 on the boundary of North Adams and Williamstown ; that the 
 French and Indians sacked his house and carried off his tools 
 in August of that year ; that he liked the locality ; and that 
 after a year's captivity in Quebec, he was drawn in heart to- 
 wards the scene of his losses, and wanted this time a better title 
 for his land than "ye encouragement we had from ye late Col. 
 John Stoddard." 
 
 There is no evidence that John Perry ever retured to the 
 Hoosac valley ; the General Court at any rate granted him no 
 land there, and gave but a cool reception to his warm petition. 
 Tliere was a John Perry among the earliest settlers of Egre- 
 mont, whom I strongly suspect to be the same man ; and it is 
 
352 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 almost certain that he wrouglit as a carpenter with Michael 
 Gilson, and other old soldiers of Fort Massachusetts, on the 
 fort on the Putney meadows above Brattleboro, which was 
 nearly a copy of the second fort Massachusetts built in 1747. 
 John Perry's wife, Rebecca, died in her captivity at Quebec ; 
 but there is reason for believing that he took a new spouse 
 after his return ; and we will hope, at any rate, that he came to 
 the enjoyment in his new home, wherever it was, of " two suits 
 of apparel apiece for me and my wife," " two feather beds with 
 their furniture," "one 100 pounds of sugar," and the "two 
 brass kettles," and the "pewter," with the "tramel tongs and 
 fire-slice," and " knives and forks," with the " cross-cut saw," 
 and all the edged tools of which he was so ruthlessly robbed 
 by Monsieur Yaudreuil and his Indians. 
 
 In further illustration of the way in which the soldiers in the 
 Erench wars became interested in Berkshire, and learned by 
 actual service against the French to defend it afterwards 
 against the British themselves, as well as for an ulterior pur- 
 pose in connection with the Battle of Bennington, 1 wish to 
 speak of another young soldier of Fort Massachusetts, who was 
 taken captive at the same time John Perry was, but who lived 
 to play a more conspicuous part in the after times than any 
 other of the captives ; than even John Norton, the chaplain, or 
 John Hawks, the sergeant commanding. This was Benjamin 
 Simonds. Simonds' father, Joseph Simonds, cordwainer, was 
 one of the first settlers at Ware River, now Ware. He was a 
 member of the first " Precinct " committee there in 1733, long 
 before the town was incorporated, was often moderator of the 
 Precinct meetings, and was evidently a man of some ability 
 and public spirit. How long his son, Benjamin, had been in 
 Fort Massachusetts, when it was captured, I do not know ; I 
 know that he was then just turned of 20 ; I know that he en- 
 tered the service from Ware River; I know from Sergeant 
 Hawks' return of his men, that Simonds was "left in ye hospi- 
 tal sick," when the survivors of the captivity returned to their 
 homes, but the same document says of him, " since returned 
 but can't say the time;" I know that his father, "for and in 
 consideration of love, good will, and aifection, which I have 
 
Berkshire at Bennington. 263 
 
 and do bear toward my son, Benjamin Simonds of said Ware 
 River," granted him "a tract of land in Ware River of 71 
 acres and 30 rods," in the spring after his return from Quebec. 
 But I also know that the heart of the boy, notwithstanding 
 that he had now^ a farm of his own on Muddy Brook in AVare, 
 was yet strongly drawn towards the valley in which he had 
 seen some 800 French and Indians beleaguer a weak fort, whose 
 defenders were only 22 men, near half of whom were sick, in 
 wdiich 30 or 40 of that beleaguering host were killed, or received 
 mortal wounds, by men short of ammunition and hopeless of 
 ultimate relief, a valley in which he afterwards became an early 
 settler, a large land holder, a prominent citizen, a revolutionary 
 patriot, a military officer of approved skill and courage, holding 
 his commission as colonel during almost the entire war, by the 
 vote of the officers of his own regiment, — a valley in which his 
 bones still moulder beside those of his children and descendants 
 to the fifth generation. 
 
 What was thus true of him in connection with the French 
 wars, was true of scores of others in the whole length of the 
 County. I speak now of the north, partly because I am better 
 acquainted with it, but mainly because far less has been known 
 and written concerning it. The south was settled earliest, the 
 center and the north just about the same time. Sheffield is 
 just 25 years older than Williamstown, Barrington and Egre- 
 mont are 20 years older, Stockbrikge is 15 years older, Tyj-ing- 
 ham. New Marlborough and Alford are each just about ]0 
 years older, while Lenox, Pittsfield and Williamstown may be 
 regarded as coeval, assuming 1750 as a fair date for each 
 which was the time when the Williamstown house-lots were 
 laid out and drawn by individual owners. All the rest of the 
 towns in the county are later, Lanesborough following next 
 after these three. I do not find, in Smith's History of Pitts- 
 field, the birth date of the first child born in that town. 
 Rachel Simonds was born in Williamstown, Aj^ril 8, 1753. 
 Her father was one of the original drawers of the house-lots 
 three years before, drawing No. 22, now a part of the farm of 
 Keyes Danforth, Esq., and a large number of other lots were 
 drawn by the officers and soldiers of Fort Massachusetts. En- 
 
254 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 listed men from Connecticut traversed the county its entire 
 length during the French wars, and afterward settled in every 
 part of it ; and I am inclined to think that more Connecticut 
 people than Massachusetts people found homes in the county 
 in the last half of the century. There were some very able 
 and experienced men in all parts of the county, particularly in 
 the south and center, when the Peace of Paris was signed in 
 1763. Theodore Sedgwick did not commence the practice of 
 law in Sheffield till three years later ; but John Fellows, after- 
 wards brigadier-general of the militia of Massachusetts in the 
 Revolutionary war, and John Ashley, afterwards major-general 
 of militia, were then active citizens of that town. In Stock- 
 bridge, among others, were Samuel Brown, father and son, both 
 original proprietors of house-lots in Williamstown, and the son 
 distinguished for enterprise both military and civic. In Bar- 
 rington at that date, were Mark Hopkins, lawyer and after- 
 wards colonel, who gave his life to his country at White Plains 
 in 1776, a battle in which fought also Col. Simonds and North 
 Berkshire militia; and General Joseph Dwight, previously of 
 Brookfield, very influential in the settlement of the County, on 
 whose dignified manners and splendid personal appearance, 
 tradition even yet loves to linger, though he died in 1765. 
 
 In Sandistield there was David Brown, father of Col. John 
 Brown, who afterwards greatly distinguished himself as a 
 citizen of Pittsfield. In Pittsfield itself, the Rev. Thomas 
 Allen, the most picturesque figure in the history of that town, 
 and also in the Battle of Bennington, did not settle in Pittsfield 
 till about a year after the signature of the Peace of Paris ; but 
 Col. William Williams was there, who had already distinguished 
 himself in the capture of Louisburg, and in subsequent cam- 
 paigns against the French on the northern frontier ; and Oliver 
 Root, who had been a ranger round Lake Champlain with John 
 Stark and Israel Putnam, and who afterwards was a colonel in 
 the Revolutionary war, had just then become a citizen of Pitts- 
 field. Prominent among the few settlers of Williamstown in 
 1763 were Benjamin Simonds and Nehemiah Smedley, both 
 soldiers in the French wars then closed, both officers afterwards 
 in the Battle of Bennington, and both, — though this hardly 
 
Berkshire at Bennington. 255 
 
 added to their credit while they lived, — great-great-grandfathers 
 of my children ! 
 
 And now let us notice that the marvellous success of the 
 English in conquering the American colonial possessions of the 
 French, became in turn the grouud of the loss by the English 
 of their own American colonial possessions. The French, 
 robbed as they conceived of their own, were jjrompt to encour- 
 age and did actually encourage in the next decade, the discon- 
 tented English colonists to assert their independence ; and this 
 very discontent itself, which was the cause of the American 
 Revolution, was bi-ought on by the measures taken in the Brit- 
 ish ministry in consequence of the conquest of the New France. 
 They had now a vast continent to govern ; their ambition was 
 inflamed by the prospect of a trans- Atlantic empire; troops 
 must be kept here ; civil government must be carved out on a 
 large scale; new taxes must be imposed to meet the new ex- 
 penses ; the abominable navigation act, equally a curse in Europe 
 and America, equally false in principle and pernicious in action 
 everywhere, must be I'igidly enforced. "American independ- 
 ence," says Bancroft, "like the great rivers of the country, 
 had many sources; but the head sjjring, which colored all the 
 stream, was the navigation act." Parliament had repealed the 
 stamp taxes in February, 1766, on the united remonstrances of 
 the colonies, as a matter of expediency to Great Britain ; but 
 the Declaratory act, that accompanied the repeal, established it 
 as the law of the empire, that the legislative power of parlia- 
 ment reached to the colonies in all cases whatsoever. The next 
 year Charles Townshend, England's evil genius, carried a par- 
 liamentary tax to be collected in America on Tea, Glass, Paper 
 and Painters' Colors, introduced by a Preamble, "that it is ex- 
 pedient that a revenue should be raised in his majesty's domin- 
 ions in America." The Declaratory act asserted the power of 
 Parliament in all cases whatsoever; Towmshend's Preamble, 
 which was never repealed, asserted the expediency of using that 
 power to raise a colonial revenue. It was not therefore a 
 definite and particular grievance, a three-penny tax on a pound 
 of tea, the grievance was indefinite and unlimited, one striking 
 at the vitals of free government, at the fundamental principles 
 
256 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 of a representative constitution, one taking the power of the 
 purse and control of pubhc officers completely out of the hands 
 of the people, that caused the American Revolution. 
 
 From this moment an attitude of resistance was taken l)y a 
 small but influential part of the American peoj^le towards the 
 British King and Parliament ; and this became an actual and 
 armed resistance, shared in by larger numbers, and gradually 
 by a majority of the whole people, after the affairs of Lexing- 
 ton and Concord, and the taking of Ticonderoga by Ethan Al- 
 len and his men, in the spring of 1775. There were at least 
 39 men from Hancock and Williamstown with Ethan Allen, in 
 that first overt act of hostility to Great Britain. 
 
 Now we turn to Burgoyne's campaign of 1777. The only 
 strategic and meritorious plan adopted by England during the 
 whole war to subdue the colonies, was that developed in this 
 campaign of 1777. That, indeed, was soldier-like, and it 
 almost won the promised success. It was to cut off the 
 New England colonies, the head and front of the rebellion, 
 from the middle aiid southern colonies, by bringing an army 
 down from Canada, where all the people, though mainly 
 French, were strangely loyal to Great Britain; and at the 
 same time to bring a fleet and army up the North River from 
 New York which was in British hands, and unite the two at 
 Albany, thus cutting the colonies completely asunder by an 
 easily defended water line, stretching from Lake Cham plain to 
 New York city. Sir William Howe, who seems to have sketched 
 this really brilliant plan himself, not being on good terms with 
 the minister at home, and not getting therefore all the troops 
 he wanted for the purpose, afterwards partially abandoned it, 
 leaving Burgoyne to come down from the North Avithout sup- 
 port from New York, and himself and his army going oft' to 
 capture Philadelphia. Howe himself had been with Wolfe on 
 the Plains of Abraham, without ever catching the magnetic 
 spirit of that great commander; and his brother, Lord Howe, 
 a great favorite in America, had been killed the year before 
 that (1758) at Ticonderoga; but Sir William was an indolent 
 man, somewhat fickle-minded and rather resented the rising 
 popularity at home of his rival, General Burgoyne ; and so Bur- 
 
Berkshire at Bennington. 257 
 
 goyne was left to cut liis way leisurely, but hopefully, from 
 the head of Lake Champlain to the Hudson, on whose banks 
 he had his headquarters, on the last day of July. 
 
 Ijui-goyne's right wing, uuder St. Leger, had come down 
 from ]\Iontreal by water to Oswego, on Lake Ontario, and 
 passed over the carrying pla(?e to the upper waters of the 
 Mohawk river. His route to Albany was down that river, 
 as Eurgoyne's was down the Hudson, but there was a little 
 fort, Fort Stanwix, that stood in his path, and a bloody 
 struggle near that fort on the 6th of August between St. 
 Leger's Indians and the Dutch settlers in the Mohawk val- 
 ley under Herkimer, settled the question of his getting to Al- 
 bany at all ; and a few days later, Benedict Arnold, with a 
 detachment from the main American army then encamped at 
 the mouth of the Mohawk, drove him out of the valley back to 
 the lake. Burgoyne, however, did not know of the check St. 
 Leger received on the 6th, and so on the lltli of August, thinking 
 to aid St. Leger indirectly by a diversion on his own left, and 
 wishing also to mount afresh his dragoons, whose horses had 
 failed up on tl«e march from Whitehall to the Battenkill, ex- 
 pecting also to bring in draught cattle and provisions to his 
 own camp, to arouse the Tories, of whom there were many in 
 that direction, and lastly to destroy some continental stores at 
 Bennington, sent out a party to the left of about 900 men all 
 told, about one-third of them German mercenaries, about one- 
 half of them Canadians and Tories and of the rest about 100 
 British regulars, and 100 Indians. 
 
 Burgoyne gave Col. Banm, their commander, verbal orders 
 to march directly upon Bennington, and discretionary orders, 
 then to cross the Green mountains to Brattleboro, and return 
 through the Ploosac valley, so as to enter Albany with St. Leger 
 and Burgoyne himself. Rumors of this movement early 
 reached the Vermont council of safety, a committee of twelve 
 sitting at Bennington, in the Catamount Tavern ; and John 
 Stark, who had come at their call, with a brigade from New 
 Hampshire, and two Vermont regiments, partially recruited, 
 were already on the ground. Seth Warner, too, was there in 
 council, but his 150 Continental troops were at Manchester, 
 
258 Berkshire Historical and ScientiJiG Society. 
 
 some miles to the northward. During the night of the 13th of 
 August, Wednesday night, Stark heard tliat a large body of troops, 
 with artillery, preceded by Indians, were near Cambridge, and 
 that they were advancing towards Bennington. He sent imme- 
 diately for Warner's men, and to Berkshire to summon its 
 militia. History is silent as to who the men were, (for a mes- 
 sage of such importance would hardly be given to one only) 
 who, in the early dawn of Thursday, from Stark's ca^mp, gal- 
 loped to the Berkshire towns. We may be sure that they w^ere 
 well mounted, and that they knew the road. We know that 
 they did their errand, that they did it quickly. There is no 
 doubt about their route till they reached Pownal Center ; 
 whether they then turned half a mile to the eastward and struck 
 the original road from Williamstown to Bennington, through 
 the White Oaks, or came straight down Pownal Hill and 
 through the Dug Way, we probably never shall know ; it makes 
 no matter. 
 
 They reined up at any rate at the farm house of Benjamin 
 Simonds, who himself was then in council at Bennington, as is 
 shown by their records, and who lived just at the junction of the 
 tw^o roads, half a mile north of the village of Williamstown, on 
 what has since been called the River-Bend Farm. He had 
 been colonel of the North Berkshire regiment more than a year. 
 He was 51 years old. What passed, I know not ; who the 
 orderlies were, I know not, except one, Tyler of South Wil- 
 liamstown ; whether, as is probable, fresh messages were sent 
 down the county from Williamstown, while Stark's couriers 
 returned to his camp, I know not ; but I do know that nearly 
 all the Berkshire men who were in the Battle of Bennington 
 were mustered in that day, the 14th of August ; so the pay- 
 rolls at Boston bear record to this day. They did it quickly 
 and they did it well. I have recently searched the archives 
 in the Secretary's office for these rolls, and have been reas- 
 onably successful, but I have not yet found them all. The 
 roll of the company and volunteers from JSTorth Williamstown, 
 I have not yet been able to find, — it may possibly have been 
 lost, but I shall search again until I find it, or know that it is 
 not there. 
 
Berkshire at Bennington. 259 
 
 That company was commanded tliat summer by Capt. Nehe- 
 miali Smedley. I hold in my hand tlie original pay-roll of 32 
 non-commissioned officers and privates, who marched with him 
 to Fort Edward, by order of Gen. Schuyler, and returned July 
 24-th, 1777, oidy 21 days before came the call to Bennington, 
 This roll is sworn to by him before Isaac Stratton, town clerk 
 of Williamstown, of whom we shall have more pretty soon. I 
 know that Capt. Smedley was in the battle of Bennington, I 
 know that bread was baked for two days m the old oven in the 
 cellar of the Smedley house, for the soldiers gone thither ; for 
 the late Dea. Levi Smedley, who was in his 15th year at the 
 time, carried some of the bi'ead on horseback to Bennington, 
 and often related in the ears of men still living the household 
 experiences of that time. I know that Capt. Jonathan Dan- 
 forth of Williamstown, father of tlie late Col. Joshua Danforth 
 of Pittsfield, both of whom were in the battle of Bunker Hill, 
 was also in the battle of Bennington in some capacity ; and the 
 tradition in that family, and in other families, is still lively and 
 clear, that all the able-bodied men, with scarcely an exception, 
 went from North Williamstown to Bennington ; and I have a 
 copy of a vote of the General Court of Massachusetts, reim- 
 bursing to the town of Williamstown, as such, powder, balls, 
 and flints, expended from the town's stock in the battle of Ben- 
 nington. 
 
 The town went and took the town's stock of ammunition 
 along with them ; and although I have not yet the roll of 
 the names, as South Williamstown, according to the original 
 pay-roll, of which I have a copy, sent 65 men, no one of whom, 
 as near as I can tell, lived north of the old military line dividing 
 the town. I shall assume that at least 80 men went from the 
 more populous and propertied part of the town, which was 
 under the immediate influence and inspiration of the colonel 
 himself. That would make 145 men and boys, — for boys of 
 15 and 16 years shouldered their muskets in those days, — from 
 Williamstown alone. Tlie heading of the South Williamstown 
 roll is as follows : — " A pay-roll of Capt. Samuel Clark's com- 
 pany, in Col. B. Simonds' regiment of militia. County Berkshire, 
 who were in the battle of Walloomsack, near Bennington, on 
 
260 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 16tli of August, wlio marched bj order of Col. Siinonds, includ- 
 ing time to return home, after they were dismissed from guard- 
 ing provisions to Pittsfield, being 20 miles from home, Aug. 
 14-21, 8 days." In this roll, besides the regular company 
 officers and privates, .are the names of volunteers from that part 
 of the town serving as privates — Capt. Samuel Sloan, afterwards 
 General Sloan, who built the president's house in our village, 
 Lieut. David Johnson, who went up the Kennebec river with 
 Benedict Arnold the Manter before, but returned in command 
 of S men, for want of provisions, and Lieut, Daniel Burbank, a 
 farmer of South Williamstown, who said after the battle, when 
 questioned how he felt while it was going on, — " After we had 
 fired once, and they had fired once, I had just as lief be on the 
 battle field as on the potato field." 
 
 The New Ashford roll bears the names of Capt. Amariah 
 Babbitt and 19 men, sworn to before Jedidiah Hubbell, chair- 
 man of the committee of Lanesboro'. Lanesboro' itself sent a 
 fine company of 46 men, under Capt. Daniel Brown. Like the 
 rest they were mustered in on the I4th and were six days in 
 service. Two of the lieutenants in this company were killed in 
 the battle, Isaac Nash and Abel Prindle, and these names are 
 very properly inscribed in the town records of Lanesboro' as those 
 of patriots and martyrs. The General Court afterwards reim- 
 bursed Lanesboro' in 160 pounds of powder, 580 pounds of 
 lead, and 240 flints, for expending from their own stock in the 
 Bennington battle. Nineteen from New Ashford, and 46 from 
 Lanesboro', added to 145 from Williamstown, make so far 210 
 men. 
 
 Hancock, though there were many tories there, and some in 
 Lanesboro', sent Capt. William Douglas with 26 men, whose 
 names are on the pay-roll at Boston. If any deserted to the 
 enemy their names would scarcely be recorded there. The 
 same captain took the same company in less than a month after 
 the battle, to Pawlet, Yt., 76 miles, just as a Lanesboro' com- 
 pany, 42 men, under Capt. Asa Barnes, had been to Manches- 
 ter, Yt., 50 miles, less than a month before the battle. The 
 truth is. General Schuyler called up to the northern frontier 
 pretty much the whole Berkshire militia, in July, and then sent 
 
Berkshire at Bennington. 261 
 
 most of them back homo a^-ain; which makes tlieir readiness to 
 turn out a^ain in Au2;ust all the more adiuirahle, and which 
 makes entirely credible and natural the traditional story of 
 Parson Allen's talk with Stark, at liead(|uarters, on the (evening 
 of tho 15tli '() morning of the 16th. Hancock did well in the 
 Revolutionary war, Richard Jackson, and Solomon Barnett, 
 and old Martin Townsend to the contrary, notwithstanding. 
 Capt. Samuel Low took -l-l men from Cheshire to Bennington 
 battle. The same captain and company had been doing duty 
 from the last day of eTunc to the 14th of August, when they 
 were summoned to Bennington, at a place called Sancoik. on 
 the Walloomsack, 18 miles from home. 
 
 An independent company of volunteers from New Provi- 
 dence, (i. e. Stafford's Hill in Cheshire), Lanesboro, East Hoo- 
 suck, and Gageborough, (i. e. now Windsor), under Col. Joab 
 Stafford of New Providence, rallied to the number of -41, on 
 the 14th of August, and did their share in the battle of the 
 16th. Col. Stafford was severely wounded in the foot at the 
 Tory breastwork. Indeed it was this same Joab Stafford 
 of New Providence, and Stephen Davis of WilliamstoM-n, 
 who petitioned the General Court for reimbursement of 
 powder, balls and flint expended from the town's stock; 
 and there was voted to New Providence in response 40 lbs. of 
 powder, 120 lbs. of lead, and 60 flints, and to East Hoosuck 50 
 lbs. of powder, 1 50 lbs. of lead, and 72 flints, in addition to the 
 respective amounts voted to Lanesboro and Williamstown. 
 Besides these militia men from New Providence, Sipp Ives of 
 that precinct was killed in the battle, from Col. Warner's con- 
 tinental regiment. Isaac Cummings of Williamstown was in 
 that regiment also at the time of the battle. There w^ere at 
 different times in Warner's continental I'egiment IS men from 
 Berkshire County. Staffoi'd picked up some volunteers in the 
 part of Adams nearest Cheshire, bnt Capt. Enos Parker's com- 
 pany of Col. Simonds' regiment, 51 men, marched to Benning- 
 ton Angust 14-19, as that roll says, 20 miles from home. The 
 same captain and company, 37 men, went to Bennington again 
 in September, the second roll calling it 30 miles from home. 
 
262 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 This was tlie regular company from East Hoosuck, or Adams 
 as it used to be. 
 
 Capt. Steplien Smith's company, Coh Simonds' regiment, 
 August 14-20, 7 days, 31 men, I am in a little doubt aliout 
 these. I think they are Hancock men; the rolls do not always 
 state the name of the town. Hancock is 16 miles long, and if 
 there were, as is likely, two military companies there, as in 
 Williamstown, Capt. Douglas, with his 26 • men, and Capt. 
 Smith, with his 31 men, would not be an imreasonable contri- 
 bution from Jericho, only a year before baptized into the 
 patriotic name of Hancock. In any case both companies 
 belonged to Simonds' regiment, both were mustered in on the 
 14th and both were in the battle. Before we pass out of this 
 regiment, let us count up. We had 210 men before we came 
 to Hancock, add 57, 267; add the Cheshire men, 44, 311 ; add 
 Staiford's 41, 352 ; add Parker's company, 51, 403 in Simonds' 
 own regiment! Why Dr. Babbitt, in his centennial address 
 last summer, was only willing to allow a beggarly 150 to Berk- 
 shire altogether! And even good Gov. Hall thinks there could 
 hardly have l)een more than 200 Berkshii'e men in the first 
 battle! Brethren and friends, we are goingnowby the records! 
 We are going by an actual count of the origintil pay-rolls! So 
 far we have estimated one company only, and in my judgment 
 have underestimated it, all the rest is contemporaneously writ- 
 ten testimony, unmistakable "figures, and irrefragable fact! 
 
 Passing now down the county, we come to the men who mus- 
 tered from Col. Brown's regiment, and Col. Ashley's, at the 
 Bennington call. From Pittsfield marched Lieut. William 
 Ford, with 22 men, but there were individuals in that number 
 who counted for ten in the fight that followed! I shall say 
 nothing in this presence of Parson Allen, of his brother, the 
 lieutenant, (second in command of the party), of Col. Easton, 
 or Capt. Goodrich, or Capt. William Francis, except that it is 
 remarkably characteristic of the Revolutionary time that one 
 colonel and three captains served under a lieutenant in that 
 little detachment, and Parson Allen was their chaplain! I have 
 already said that the latter is the most picturesque figure in the 
 whole movement on either side ; I do not mean the most influ- 
 
Berkshire at Bennington. 263 
 
 ential spirit was among the Bcrksliire men. I hold that next 
 to John Stark and Seth Warner the first place is due, and will 
 be forever accorded, when the facts become known, to the Berk- 
 shire colonel, whose messengers rallied all these companies in 
 24 hours, who was their own chosen leader fron) 177G to 1780, 
 who marched at their head and fought at their head, to whom, 
 in the index of the muster rolls at Boston, there are 25 distinct 
 references, and who had already been in the valley drained by 
 the Walloomsac and the Hoosac more than 30 years, and who 
 lived there an honored citizen for 30 years afterwards. 
 
 From Richmond marched Capt. Aaron Rowley, with 26 men, 
 and uitli them Lieut. -Col. David Rossiter of Col. Brown's reg- 
 iment. David Rossiter was no common man. He was among 
 the early settlers of Richmond ; as captain he had taken a com- 
 pany of minute men to Cambridge, directly aftei- the battle of 
 Lexington ; he rose by regular gradations to be brigadier-gen- 
 eral of militia ; and he and Major Isaac Stratton of South Wil- 
 liamstown are immortalized in connection with the battle of 
 Bennington, by two lines of Pai'son Allen's hasty and imperfect, 
 but most interesting sketch of that tight. He says; "And 
 being collected and directed by Col. Rossiter, and reinforced 
 by Major Stratton, renewed the fight with redoubled fury.'' 
 This passage shows that the Berkshire men fought together, 
 and as one regiment. They fought together at the Tory breast- 
 works in the first fight, and along the road to the westward in 
 the second engagement, of which Parson Allen speaks in these 
 words : '"Even Stark was confused at the news of Breimann's 
 approach with 650 fresh troops after he supposed the battle was 
 all over" ; neither he nor Simonds appear to have been engaged 
 in the second fight ; they left it to their juniors in years and 
 rank, — Warner was 16 years younger than Stark, and Rossiter 
 was 11 years younger than Simonds, and so the Lieut.-Colonel 
 and the Major bore off the last honors for Berkshire ! 
 
 I have lately had an interesting letter from Mr. William Ba- 
 con of Richmond, who remembers Gen. Rossiter, and gives me 
 particulars concerning him. The buildings are still standing 
 which he erected for his home, the orchards still bearing which 
 he planted, but the farm has passed into the hands of the 
 
264 Berkshire Historical and Scientijlc Society. 
 
 Shakers, and he has left no descendants of his own name. 
 Enough for him! His name will never be forgotten! Rich- 
 mond has declined from its earlier prosperity, but David Pei'ry, 
 the minister, and David Rossiter, the patriot soldier, will make 
 that town reputable forever. With Rossiter's name will go 
 down to posterity Major Stratton's! Allen mentions just the 
 names, and in the right order! After more than a hundred 
 years Fame accepts the parson's estimate ! Stark, Warner, 
 Simonds, Rossiter, Stratton ! 
 
 As one crosses the Ijiidge in the little village of South Wil. 
 liamstown, going south on the Ashford road, in the chimney of 
 the lirst house on the right, he may see a little marble tablet, 
 and on it is inscribed this: "I. S., 1785." Isaac Stratton 
 located in that spot in 1760; he built that house in 1769; he 
 lived on that farm without neighbors for three or four years ; 
 he put in a new chimney, enclosing this tablet, in 1785 ; and 
 there was a sort of record of the man and his work ; and there 
 is his epitapli on well-preserved marble, in the neighboring 
 enclosure for the dead ; but when this house, with its own wood 
 poles for studding — still sound and hard when I examined them 
 the other day — and this chimney, that has lifted its head to the 
 sunshine and storm for nearly a century, and the tall gravestone 
 just over the other side of the road, shall all have crumbled 
 away, this record of the country parson will stand to his honor, 
 — "Reinforced by Major Stratton." 
 
 Capt. Enoch Noble, in Col. Ashley's regiment, was in service 
 20 days, from August 1-20, 38 men, at Bennington, " at request 
 of Gen. Stark, and order of Gen, Fellows, and ye committee 
 of safety, 40 miles from home." These were Stockbridge men. 
 There is another roll from Ashley's regiment, — Lieut. Samuel 
 Warner, 29 men, August 15-24, 10 days. I am not sufficiently 
 familiar with the old names of South Berkshire, to definitely 
 locate these men, and sometimes the distances are misleading. 
 There may be other rolls of Berkshire men who were in the 
 battle of Bennington, these are those which I found in a single 
 search, which rarely, in such matters, proves to be exhaustive. 
 I make no reference to Capt, Solomon, and his Stockbridge 
 Indians, who are known to have been there, nor to volunteers 
 
Berkshire at Bennington. 26& 
 
 from Lenox, who are thought to have been there ; but count 
 up the recorded and enrolled : Simonds' regiment, 403 ; Capt. 
 Rowley's men, i;9, 432 ; Capt. No1)le's men, 38, 471 ; Lieut. 
 Warner's men, 29, 500, to say nothing of the Indians and chance 
 volunteers! My good Brother Bartlett shook his head doubt- 
 fully to me at Bennington four years ago, when I suggested 
 that he made the Berkshire men too few. Why, bless his 
 precious New Hampshire heart, he did not allow us for one- 
 third of our men actually on the ground for the first fight. 
 "One hundred and fifty." Thank you. New Hampshire! As 
 a New Hampshire man, born and Ijred, and proud of Stark as 
 Dr. Bartlett himself, I will maintain the proposition against the 
 world, that Berkshire was at Bennington more than 500 strong. 
 It was no part of my purpose to-day to describe the battle of 
 Bennington. That work has been well done many times of 
 late, and on the whole, best done by Governor Hall of Benning- 
 ton. I have recently taken a party of students over the ground, 
 and explored every part of the field of both fights. The field 
 is not like that of Waterloo, or Gettysburg. Its narrow front, 
 a high hill, west of the Walloomsack, which here runs south, a 
 low hill east of it, a country road running over a bridge, at 
 right angles with the stream, and a few log houses along the 
 road at both ends of the bridge — the bridge just midway 
 between the two hills — and that's the whole of it! On the low 
 hill was the Tory breastwork, and behind it some Hessians, 
 many Canadians, and more Tories. Here fought, under Stark's 
 own eye, in the fore-front of the battle, attacking the key of 
 the whole position, the Berkshire militia. They constituted 
 the bulk of the whole force in front. Nearly 700 of the New 
 Hampshire and Vermont men went 'round on either side, to 
 the rear of the high hill, which was crowned with a redoubt, 
 and their attack in the rear was the signal for the attack in 
 front. Wherever posted, the men did their duty. Stark, who 
 had seen fighting before, said, " Had our people been Alexan- 
 ders or Charleses of Sweden, they could not have behaved bet- 
 ter." In his report to Gen. Gates, Stark said also, and he was 
 in the battle of Bunker Hill two years before, " that the battle 
 lasted two hours, and was the hottest I ever saw. It repre- 
 
266 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 sented one continuous clap of thunder." Both hills were car- 
 ried at just about the same time, and the bulk of the British 
 forces were made prisoners. This was the first fight. 
 
 I have already made sufficient reference to the second fight, 
 with the reinforcement of Breimann along the road a mile or 
 more west of the field proper, and this is more particularly 
 described by Parson Allen. The result of all was the complete 
 clipping of Burgoyne's left wing, as his right had already been 
 clipped at Fort Stanwix, in the Mohawk Yalley. Four days 
 after Bennington's battle, the very day most of the Berkshire 
 militia got home, he wrote in gloom to the British minister, — 
 "Had I succeeded I should have formed a junction with St. 
 Leger, and been now before Albany." He had not a high 
 opinion of the Tories ; he says : " The great bulk of the coun- 
 try is undoubtedly with congress," and of the Vermonters he 
 adds bitterly, — "The New Hampshire grants in particular, a 
 country unpeopled, and almost unknown in the last war, now 
 abounds in the most active and most rebellious i-ace of the con- 
 tinent, and hangs like a gathering storm on my left." From 
 that moment it was all over with Bnrgoyne. In less than two 
 months he and his whole army were prisoners of war; and 
 Saratoga, like Gettysburg, became the pivot on which the great 
 Gate of Peace swung slowly open to the nation. Of Benning- 
 ton battle, Bancroft says : " This victory, one of the most 
 brillia,nt and eventful of the war, was achieved spontaneously 
 by the husbandmen of New Hampshire, Yermont and Western 
 Massachusetts ; " and the prediction of the imperturbable Wash- 
 ington was completely fulfilled by it. This namely, " If the 
 invaders continue to act in detachments, one vigorous fall upon 
 some one of these detachments may prove fatal to the whole 
 expedition." 
 
 My topic was " Berkshire at Bennington," and I have not 
 said a word about Linus Parker, a volunteer from Lenox, a 
 sharpshooter in war time and a hunter in time of peace, who 
 tells the horrible story of the fleeing Tories, killed or wounded, 
 slipping down the steep face of the main hill, up which, even 
 now, one scrambles with difficulty. Nor have I said a word 
 about Dr. Oliver Partridge of Stockbridge, the surgeon of 
 
Berkshire at Bennington. 267 
 
 Berkshire, and who, arriving late, professionally examined 
 the mortal wound of Col. Baum ; but I have gathered, as well 
 as I could in the brief time, by no means perfectly, from hith- 
 erto unused material, the large part, the noble part, the too long 
 belittled part of Berkshire at Bennington. 
 
RECOLLECTIONS OF ELDER 
 LELAND. 
 
 By MRS. F. F. FETITCLEK 
 
RECOLLECTIONS OF ELDER LELAND. 
 
 Standing upon a Berkshire hillside which slopes gently down 
 to the waters of the Hoosac, is a small, plain monument of grey 
 stone, bearing the simple epitaph: "Here lies the body of the 
 Rev. John Leland of Cheshire, who labored sixty-seven years 
 to promote piety, and vindicate the civil and religious rights of 
 all men. He died Jan. 14th, 1841, aged 86 years, and 8 
 months." 
 
 A man whose only education was acquired at a common 
 country school ; but whose fondness for reading was great, and 
 whose retentive memory, habits of observation, quick thought, 
 quiet humor, and originality of expression, united to a deep 
 religions fervor and zeal in the service of his Master, won for 
 him not only an exalted position in the affections of the staid 
 New Englanders, but also a warm and lasting remembrance 
 among the more luxurious Yirginians, and the friendship of 
 Madison, Jefferson and VanBuren. A strong patriot, he ever 
 labored to promote "civil and religious liberty," and his efforts 
 probably contributed more than those of any other man to over- 
 throw ecclesiastical tyranny in Virginia, the state of his adop- 
 tion, and exerted a powerful influence in his native state when 
 the same battle was fought at a later day in Massachusetss." 
 Although nearly half a century has passed since his death, and 
 of the generation that knew him so well, bnt few are left, yet 
 among those few he is spoken of with moistened eyes and ten- 
 der tones, and by them the recollections of his life are cherished 
 as a precious heirloom. Reviewing his wonderful success, and 
 the influence he left behind him wherever he lived and labored, 
 it seems fitting that in this Society his life and works should 
 receive more than a passing notice, and in order to present to 
 you the character of the man, I shall quote largely from his 
 short autobiography : 
 
 " I was born at Grafton, about forty miles west of Boston^ 
 
272 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 in the year of our Lord 1754, on the 14th of May. The 
 earliest pubHc events I can remember are the death of 
 George the 2d, and the coronation of George the 3d, to- 
 gether with some melancholy accounts of the French and Indian 
 war. In early life I had a thirst for learning. At five years 
 old, by the instruction of a school dame, I could read the Bible 
 currently, and afterward in the branches of learning taught in 
 common schools I made as good proficiency as common. As 
 my father had no library and 1 was fond of reading, the Bible 
 was my best companion. Deism and Universalism I never 
 heard of, and of course was what was called a believer in reve- 
 lation. I had no thought that I myself was right, but believed 
 that some great thing must be done for me or I could not be 
 saved. At times I had awful horrors of conscience, when death, 
 judgment, and the world to come arrested my attention, but 
 these horrors did not reform me from vice, nor turn me to the 
 Lord. I was almost in all evil, full of vanity, exceedingly 
 attached to frolicking, and foolish wickedness. In this course 
 I continued until I was eighteen years old. In the summer of 
 1772 I met with one thing singular. When I was returning 
 from my frolics, or evening diversions, the following words 
 would sound from the skies, ' You are not about the work 
 which you have got to do.' The last time I heard those sounds 
 I stood amazed, and turning my eyes up to the heavens it 
 seemed that there was a work of more weight than a mountain 
 which I had yet to perform. Soon after this, I cannot tell 
 how or why, a conviction took place in my mind that all below 
 the sun could not tranquilize or satisfy my mind. The world 
 and all that was in it appeared of small consequence. At this 
 time a young preacher (Elhanan Winchister) came into Grafton 
 and preached and prayed to the astonishment of the people. 
 The result with me was, now the waters are troubled and it is 
 time for me to step in. Heading the Bible, and meditating on 
 the shortness of time, and the importance of being prepared 
 for death and judgment, occupied the chief est of my time. As 
 the work of God broke out in Grafton, I heard much preaching 
 and conversation about the change which is essential to salva- 
 tion, on which I formed the following conclusions : 
 
Recollections of Elder Leland. 273 
 
 Firstly, To see tlie extent and purity of the holy law : That 
 it was the perfect rule of eternal right which arose from the 
 relations that exist between God and man, and between man 
 and man ; that it will remain unalterable while the perfections 
 of God and the faculties of men exist, and that the least devia- 
 tion from this rule is sin. 
 
 Secondly, By looking into the law as a clear glass to see my 
 own weakness and wickedness. Here I found myself as in- 
 competent to repent and believe in Jesus as I w*is to keep the 
 whole law. 
 
 Thirdly, To view the justice of God in my condemnation. 
 Never did the benevolence of God appear more pleasing than 
 justice did. I was not willing to be damned, but thought if 
 damnation must be my lot it would be some relief to my mind 
 that God would be just. 
 
 Fourthly, To discern the sufficiency of a mediator., for a 
 number of months before I had a settled hope of my interest 
 in Christ, the plan of atonement by the blood of the lamb ap- 
 peared to me as plain as ever it has since. 
 
 One morning about daybreak as I was musing on my bed 
 upon this text, ' After ye believed ye were sealed with the holy 
 spirit of promise,' it struck my mind that souls first believed 
 before they were sealed, on which conclusion the following 
 words rushed into my mind as if they had been spoken by some 
 other, "Ye are already sealed unto the day of redemption." If 
 so, said I to myself, then surely I am converted. Though very 
 far from being satisfied with myself, yet with a very feeble 
 hope which I began to have, I did sometimes attempt to pray 
 in small circles. One evening as I was walking the road alone, 
 I was greatly cast down, and expressed myself thus, ' I am not 
 a Christian; I have never been convicted and converted like 
 others who are true saints. The Devil shall deceive me with 
 false hopes no longer. I will never pretend to religion until I 
 know I am born of God.' These words I spoke aloud, but 
 immediately the words of Peter rushed into my mind with 
 great energy, 'I know not the man.' These words dashed my 
 conclusions and resolutions to at(jms in a moment. It was a 
 shock to the centre of my heart. From that day to this minute 
 
274 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 which is a term of fifty-six years, amidst all the doubts, dark- 
 ness, troubles and temptations I have had, I have never said I 
 know not Christ or was unconverted. No sooner was my mind 
 exercised about the salvation of my soul, than it was agitated 
 about preaching. The number of sermons (such as they were) 
 that I preached when I was alone by myself was very great. 
 Both saints and sinners said ' John will be a preacher.' My 
 mother professed that she had the same impressions about ine 
 when I was a sucking child ; but my fears were that the devil 
 was at the bottom of it seeking to deceive me, arid cheat me 
 out of my soul. Text after text would crowd into my mind to 
 urge me on, but I could not tell whether the devil suggested 
 them to me or whether they came from the good spirit of God. 
 The 1st of June, 1774, Elder Noah Alden came to North- 
 bridge, and baptized seven others and myself. I was extremely 
 dark in my mind, but when I gave a relation of my exercises, 
 I had this hope that if I was deceived, the preacher would dis- 
 cern it, and reject me ; and that if he rejected me it would strike 
 such conviction into my heart that would lead me on to a sure 
 conversion. The preacher only asked me if I believed in the 
 Calvinistical doctrine. I re^jlied ' I did not know what it was, 
 but I believed in free grace.' As he received me, dark as my 
 mind was, I would not give back. On Sunday, the 20th of 
 June, I went to meeting at Grafton, where there was no preach- 
 er. My mind was greatly embarrased about preaching, and my 
 prayer was that I might know my duty. The words of the 
 prophet occurred to my mind, 'There is none to guide her of 
 all the sons she has brought forth.' Having the Bible in ray 
 pocket, I drew it out and without design opened to Mai., 9th 
 chap., 'This commandment is for you. If ye will not hear, 
 and if ye will not lay it to heart to give glory to my name 
 saith the Lord of Hosts, I will even send a curse upon you.' 
 "Whatever the original design of tlie text was, at that time it 
 arrested my conscience thus. Thou art the man. I must either 
 lay it to heart, open my mouth, and give glory to the name of 
 God, or his curse would fall upon me. Fearing the hot dis- 
 pleasure of the Lord I rose in great distress, and having read 
 Mai. iii : 6-17, I told the people if there was no objection I 
 
Recollections of Elder' Lelomd. 275 
 
 would attempt to speak a little from the text. Being answered 
 with silence, as custom led the way, I divided my text into 
 several heads of doctrine. At the beginning my mind was 
 somewhat bewildered, and my words sounded very disagree- 
 able to myself, so much so, that I partly resolved to quit, but 
 continuing, my ideas brightened, and after awhile I enjoyed 
 such freedom of thought and utterance as I never had before. 
 I spoke about half an hour and then closed. At noontime I 
 was all delight. My burden of soul which had borne me down 
 so long and so low was all gone, and I concluded I should 
 never have it any more. 
 
 But when the people collected for afternoon worship 
 my spirits sunk within me. I retired into a lot and fell 
 down upon my face by a fence, full of dismay, but suddenly 
 the words which God spake to Joshua, "Why liest thou 
 upon thy face? up!" gave me to understand there was no 
 peace for me in indolence. I therefore went to the meeting- 
 house and tried to preach again but made miserable work of it. 
 I continued, however, to try and preach as doors opened, but I 
 tried it more than ten times before I equaled the first in my 
 own feeling. I finally surrendered and devoted my time and 
 talents to the work of the ministry without any condition, 
 evasion or mental reservation. In myself I have seen a rustic 
 youth unacquainted with men, manners and books ; without the 
 smallest prospects or even thought of gain or applause turn out 
 a volunteer for Christ, to contest with all the powers of dark- 
 ness. The first preaching tour that I made was a small one, 
 about forty miles in length, preaching to little congregations on 
 the way. In the autumn of 1YT4, 1 joined Bellingham church. 
 In Oct., 1775, I took a journey to Virginia, and was gone eight 
 months. Sept. 30tli, 1776, I was married to Sally Devine, of 
 Hopkinton, and immediately started with her to Virginia. At 
 Mount Poney, in Culpepper, I joined the chm-ch and undertook 
 to preach among them half the Sundays. In August I was or- 
 dained by the choice of the church without the imposition of 
 the hands of a Presbytery. As this was a departure from the 
 usage of the churches of Virginia, I was not generally fellow- 
 shipped by them. I spent all my time travelling and preach- 
 
276 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 ino^ and had large congregations. In the close of the year 
 1777, I travelled as far sontli as Pee Dee river in South Caro- 
 lina, and returned to Culpepper early in 1778. Soon after this 
 I removed into Orange county where I acquired me a resi- 
 dence, and where I remained all the time of my stay in Vir- 
 ginia. My stay in Culpepper was not a blessing to the people. 
 I was too young and roving to be looked up to as a pastor. 
 Difficulties arose ; the church split, and I just obtained a dis- 
 mission and recommendation. Having moved to Orange, I 
 commenced my labors with ardor. Twelve and fourteen times 
 a week I frequently preached, but there was but small appear- 
 ance of the work of God's spirit. My held of preaching was 
 from Orange down to York, about one hundred and twenty 
 miles. The chief est of my success was in York in 1780, where 
 Lord Cornwallis and the British army were made prisoners in 
 Oct., 1781. From this time to the year 1785, by the siege of 
 Lord Cornwallis, the refunding of jiaper money, and removals 
 to Kentucky, religion ran low in Virginia. Li the year 1 784, 
 I travelled northward as far as Philadelphia. Late in this year 
 I travelled to the south-east about one hundred and sixty miles, 
 and in the fall of 1785 I took a preaching tour into tlie lower 
 part of North Carolina. In June, 1787, 1 was ordained by the 
 laying on of hands." 
 
 Leland was conscientiously opposed to high church preten- 
 sions in regard to ordination, and declined to submit to any 
 form of ordination service, but many of his brethren were so 
 worried over the irregularity, that at last he consented to be 
 "set apart by the laying on of hands." The Baptist Weekly 
 gives the following report of the services. The council, con- 
 sisting of three staunch Calvinists, was called. The day ap- 
 pointed for the ordination arrived, and with it came a multi- 
 tude of people to witness the ceremony. The work was 
 divided among the several Presbyters. One was to ask the 
 usual questions concerning his faith and call, another was to 
 offer up the ordination prayer, and another was to deliver the 
 charge to the pastor and the church. Leland took his seat long 
 before they appeared and resting his arms on his knees, and 
 burying his face in his hands, awaited their movements. The 
 
Recollections of Elder Lcland. 27 Y 
 
 Presbyter appointed to conduct the cxjuiiinatioii at length 
 began. 
 
 Moderator. "Brother Lcland, it i)cconics my duty according 
 to previous arrangement to ask you a few (juestious upon the 
 subject of your faitli, and in reference to your call to the min- 
 istry." 
 
 "Well, Brother," said Leland, slowly raising his head, "I 
 will tell you all I know," aiul dowii went his head into his 
 hands again. 
 
 Modeiator. " Brother Leland, do you not believe that God 
 chose liis people in Christ before the foundation of the world?" 
 
 Leland. (Looking up). "1 know not, brothei', what God 
 was doing before he began to make this world." 
 
 Moderator. Brother Leland, do you not l)elieve that God 
 had a people from before the foundation of the world ? " 
 
 Leland. " If he had, brother, they were not our kind of 
 folks. Our people were made out of dust, you know, and 
 before the foundation of the world there was no dust to make 
 them out of." 
 
 Moderator. " You believe, Brother Leland, that all men are 
 totally depraved '( " 
 
 Leland. "Ko, brother, if they were they could not wax 
 worse and worse as some of them do. The devil was no more 
 than totally depraved." 
 
 Moderator. "Well, there are other (juestions that will em- 
 brace all tliese in substance. I will ask whether you do not 
 believe that sinners are justified by the righteousness of Christ 
 imputed to them i " 
 
 Leland. " Yes, brother, provided they will do right them- 
 selves, but I know of no righteousness that will justify a man 
 that won't do right himself." 
 
 Moderator. " Brother Leland, I will ask you one more ques- 
 tion. Do you believe that all the saints will persevere through 
 grace to glory, and get home to heaven at last ? " 
 
 Leland. " I can tell you more about that, my brother, when 
 I get there myself. Some seem to make a very bad start of it 
 here." 
 
 The Presbyter, seeing that the audience was greatly amused, 
 
2Y8 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 proposed to his colleagues that they should retire for a few 
 moments and consult together. After returning thej remarked 
 to the congregation that Brother Leland had not answered the 
 questions as satisfactorily as they could wish, but as they all 
 knew he had many eccentricities, for which they should make 
 every allowance, that they had concluded accordingly to ask 
 him a few questions touching his call to the ministry. 
 
 Moderator. "Brother Leland, you believe that God has 
 called you to preach the gospel ? " 
 
 Leland. " I never heard him, brother." 
 
 Moderator. " We do not suppose, Brother Leland, that you 
 ever heard an audible voice, but you know what we mean." 
 
 Leland. " But wouldn't it be a queer call, brother, if there 
 was no voice, and nothing said ? " 
 
 Moderator. (Evidently confused). " Well, well. Brother 
 Leland, you believe at least that it is your duty to preach the 
 gospel to every creature?" 
 
 Leland. Ah! No, my brother! I do not believe it to be my 
 duty to preach to the Dutch, for instance, for I can't do it. 
 When the Lord sent the apostles to preach to every nation he 
 taught them to talk to all sorts of people, but he has never 
 taught me to talk Dutch yet." 
 
 Upon this the Council retired again, and reported as before, 
 much to the surjirise of Leland, who was constrained to submit 
 to ordination. After they had ordained him in due form he 
 said : 
 
 " Well, brethren, when Peter put his hands on people and 
 took them off, they had more sense than they had before ; but 
 you have all had your hands on my head, and before God I am 
 as big a fool as I was before you put them on." 
 
 He continues his narrative, " On my return through Caroline 
 County, after 1 had been preaching, I sat in the door yard of a 
 friend's house conversing as usual, but here a strange solemnity 
 seized my mind, and a strong drawing of my soul to God, 
 inspired ray heart such as I had not enjoyed for years. I soon 
 lost sight of my company and was conversant at the throne of 
 grace. This frame of mind continued with some abatement 
 until I reached home, which was two days afterward. About 
 
Recollections of Elder Leland. 279 
 
 tliree miles before I reached home I obtained great comfort in 
 beheving that God would work among the people of Orange. 
 There was a dancing school set np in the vicinity whicli was 
 much in my way. On Sunday after service I told the people 
 that I had opened a dancing school which I would attend one 
 quarter gratis. That I would fiddle the tune while the angels 
 sung, if they would dance repentance on their knees. The 
 project succeeded. The dancing school gave way, and my 
 meetings were thronged. Solemnity, sobs, sighs and tears soon 
 appeared, and the work prevailed greatly." 
 
 During Elder Leland's whole pastoral life he was most bit- 
 terly opposed to any fixed salary being paid a clergyman, and 
 would never enter into any such arrangement with the church 
 where he labored, although he always gratefully received such 
 gifts as were offered him. He believed in preaching for Christ, 
 not for money. He said he "did not know how to state a 
 salary. If he preached Leland it was good for nothing, but if 
 he preached Jesus it was above all price." Under the royal 
 government the Episcopal form of worship was established by 
 law in Virginia. In addition to a good house and lot the fixed 
 salary was sixteen thousand pounds of tobacco. Afterward 
 when tobacco became an article of export, it so increased in 
 value that the people agitated the subject of reducing the num- 
 ber of pounds, feeling the tax burdensome, which measure the 
 clergy strongly objected to. During this agitation between 
 priest and people. Col. M., a member of the established church, 
 discussing the question with his rector, argued for the reduction 
 of salary, to which the clergyman strongly objected, saying, 
 " My sermon is not merely one day's work, but it requires the 
 previous six days for preparation." Col. M. replied, " Here is 
 John Leland, in an adjoining county, who will preach a good 
 sermon at a moment's warning, without any preparation." 
 " Well, replied the parson, if you will send for John Leland to 
 come and preach from my pulpit upon a text that I shall' give 
 him I will yield the point." Accordingly Col. M. wrote to 
 Mr. Leland, stating the circumstances and inviting him to 
 preach, and received an answer complying with his request and 
 appointing " Two weeks from Thursday, God willing, at two 
 
280 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 o'clock ia the afternoon." As the time ajjpointed drew near 
 the church was filled with an eager, excited congregation, and 
 tlie Colonel awaited the arrival of his guest very anxiously. A 
 few moments before two a solitary figure on horseback drew 
 up to the church door, and was eagerly asked bj' Col. M. if he 
 were Elder Leland, to which he responded in the affirmative. 
 After the formal introduction to the rector was over he entered 
 the pulpit and asked for his text, to which the rector replied, 
 " If you have any preliminary exercises go through with them, 
 and when you are ready to preach I will give you your text." 
 After the opening exercises this text was handed him, "And 
 Balaam saddled his ass." 
 
 Leland began by describing the country through which the 
 children of Israel were travelling, and enlarged upon the diffi- 
 culties by which they were surrounded. Spoke of the desire 
 of Balak that Balaam should curse them, and although false 
 prophet as he was, he was willing to do so. God forced him 
 to bless, instead of curse, his chosen people. After this opening 
 he remarked, " In order that you may more readily understand 
 I shall divide my discouree into three heads. Firstly, Balaam, 
 the false prophet, is most fitly represented by the hireling clergy 
 of the esta])lished church. Secondly, the saddle is a suitable 
 type of the salary paid to these hirelings. Finally, the patient, 
 dumb ass represents the burdened people endeavoring in sub- 
 mission to support the oppressive load laid upon them." 
 
 From these divisions he launched out in fiery invective and 
 scathing sarcasm against tlie existing condition of affairs. What 
 the effect must have been upon the crestfallen rectur we can 
 easily imagine. History only narrates the triumph of Col. M. 
 
 The following extract from Temple's Virginia Baptist, pub- 
 lislied in 1810, shows the estimation in which Mr. Leland was 
 held in that state : " Mr. Leland as a preacher was probably 
 the most popular of an}^ that ever resided in this state. He is 
 unquestionably a man of fertile genius. His oi3portunities for 
 learning were not great, but the energetic vigor of his mind 
 quickly surmounted tliis deficiency. His memory was so reten- 
 tive that by a single reading he stored up more of the contents 
 of a book than many would by a dozen careful perusals. His 
 
Recollections of Elder Leland. 2S1 
 
 preaching, though uninetliodical and eccentric, is generally wise, 
 warm and evangelical. There are not many preachers who 
 have so great command of the attention and of the feelings of 
 their auditory. Mr. Leland's free and jocund manner have 
 excited the suspicions of some that he wanted serious piety. 
 His intimate friends are confident that these are groundless 
 suspicions. They believe that among his other singularities he 
 is " singularly pious." In prayer he seemed to have an over- 
 whelming sense of the holiness, purity and perfection of God, 
 and the tones of his voice, and his words were expressive of the 
 deepest humility and most reverential awe. Such was his 
 power that his hearers felt themselves irresistibly carried into 
 the presence of the infinitely glorious, all wise and eternal God. 
 
 His marvellous power to hold an audience is best illustrated 
 by the following anecdote : " He once preached for Elder Gano 
 in Providence. The Eldei- admonished him that the people 
 would not endure a sermon more than half an hour lone". ' I 
 will observe the rule,' said Leland. On reading his text he said, 
 'My Brother Gano imforms me that people in the city won't 
 be quiet if the sermon is more than half an hour long. All 
 right ! If ministers have but little to say they ought to say it 
 in that time, for a short horse is soon curried. Should I be 
 favored with a breeze from Calvary, or get into the trade winds 
 of the cross, 1 may preach two hours, but I will respect your 
 rights." As he drew near the close of thirty minutes, he re- 
 lated an anecdote, and announced that any might leave who 
 desired to do so ; but none left. Thirty more ; his sails full, the 
 congregation weeping, he gave lil)erty to leave, but none left. 
 He swept on another hour. The people forgot their dinners, 
 and at the close pronounced the sermon none too long." 
 
 In 1790 he traveled to New England, preaching on the way 
 both going and coming. The following winter he made ar- 
 rangements to move back there, and the last of March, with his 
 wife and eight children, took passage by ship at Fredricksburg. 
 On the way they encountered a very severe storm, and during 
 all one night Leland was upon his knees in prayer. He saj's, 
 " that I prayed in faith is more than I can say, but that I prayed 
 in distress is certain." After a long and wearisome voyage 
 
282 Berkshire Historical and ScientijiG Society. 
 
 they landed in I*^ew London. Here lie was detained some time 
 bj the dangerous illness of his wife, but at last, on the 1st of 
 July, they went up the Connecticut river in a scow to Sunder- 
 land. From there they journeyed to Conway, where his father 
 was then living. In this place his family remained eight 
 months, he travelling and preaching all of tlie time. The last 
 day of February, 1792, he moved to Cheshire, which was his 
 home all of his after life, with the exception of sixteen years 
 in New Ashford, and two in Dutchess County, N. Y. Here 
 upon a little farm, which he managed with the kindly occa- 
 sional help of his neighbors, and the energy of his wife, he won 
 from the reluctant soil of our stony hillsides enough in addition 
 to what was given him to support his large family. It is nar- 
 rated with great pride by one of his old neighbors that he was 
 a very hard working man, and shingled his house alone after he 
 was eighty years old. That his wife proved herself a true help- 
 mate is shown by this extract from one of his letters to an old 
 friend in Yirginia, written in 1880: "Every child has left me; 
 myself and wife keep house alone. "We have neither Cuffee 
 nor Phillis to help or plague us. My wife is seventy-seven 
 years old, and has this season done the house work, and from 
 six cows made eighteen hundred pounds of cheese, and two 
 hundred and fifty pounds of butter." 
 
 That his wife was a woman of great courage and fortitude is 
 shown b}^ her endurance of a lonely life in Virginia, at a time 
 when the country was devastated by bands of soldiery, and the 
 runaway negroes between the two contending armies were ready 
 for plunder and murder. Often she sewed by moonlight for 
 her little ones, fearful that the ray of candle light from her 
 window might attract a bloody foe. She died after a lingering 
 illness of the most distressing character in October, 1837. In 
 August, 1797, he went on a preaching tour to Virginia and 
 was absent six months. In that time he travelled over two 
 thousand miles, and preached more than one hundred and 
 seventy times. He would sometimes preach for the church in 
 Cheshire a number of weeks in succession, but if he found the 
 interest feeble and the people failing in attendance, he would 
 announce from his pulpit at the close of the meeting, " There 
 
Recollections of Elder Leland. 283 
 
 will be no preacliing here till further notice," and the next day 
 he would preach in Lanesboro', the day after in Hancock, and 
 so on in a circuit of joerhaps a hundred miles. Among the 
 members of Leland's church in Cheshire was a man who was a 
 most earnest, zealous supporter of the church and its services, 
 but in his every day transactions was noted as a keen, sharp 
 man, inclined to drive a shrewd bargain. Elder Leland, preach- 
 ing in an adjoining county, was questioned as to the character 
 
 of Mr. B by one who had suffered in dealing with him. 
 
 He replied, " Godward he is an excellent man, man ward he is 
 rather twistical." 
 
 In August, 1799, he again made preparations to visit Virginia, 
 and sent on his appointments one hundred miles on his way. 
 A fortnight before leaving he told the people of Cheshire that 
 he would preach for them every day or night until he started, 
 and he seemed solemnly imbued with an unusual outpouring of 
 heavenly love, and with a deep conviction that the time had 
 come for the Lord to work in Cheshire. The meetings were 
 crowded and unusual interest and solemnity prevailed. He was 
 greatly exercised in his mind whether he should go to Yirginia, 
 or stay and "fan the sparks." His last sermon he preached a 
 few miles on the way. " The people followed in droves, and 
 in time of meeting wept bitterly." He went on and filled the 
 appointments he had made the first hundred miles, then re- 
 turned to Cheshire and preached every day or night until the 
 following March, baptizing more than two hundred persons. 
 
 In November, 1801, he went to Washington to present the 
 great cheese made by the dairymen of Cheshire, to President 
 Jefferson, preaching all the way there and back. On his return 
 from Washington a prominent Federalist laughingly said to 
 him, " Elder, I hear they found some skippers in the big cheese 
 when they cut it." " Oh, I don't doubt that," replied Leland, 
 with a humorous twinkle in his eye, "for two Federalists con- 
 tributed curd." 
 
 In December, 1813, he made his last visit to Virginia, being 
 absent from home six months. At this time the Presl^yterian 
 was the principal religious belief in Massachusetts, and all per- 
 sons were obliged by law to pay for the support of that unless 
 
284 Berkshire Historical and ScientifiG Society. 
 
 tliej filed in a certificate with the town clerk showing that they 
 contributed to the support of the gospel under some other belief. 
 In 1811 the people of Cheshire sent Leland to the Legislature 
 to use his influence to obtain religious freedom in Massachusetts, 
 and into this contest he entered with his whole heart and soul. 
 In his speech before that body he says, " Tyranny, Mr. Speaker, 
 always speaks the same language. The t^'rant of Ammon 
 would be friendly to Israel if lie might put out their right eyes. 
 The tyrant on the Nile would let his subjects go free provided 
 they would leave their flocks and herds behind. 
 
 "Go serve the Lord, proud Pharaoh said, 
 But let your flocks and herds be staid ; " 
 Go serve the Lord, says Massachusetts, 
 But bow to Baal with your certificates. 
 You all may worship as you please. 
 But parish priest will have your fees ; 
 His preaching is like milk and honey. 
 And you shall pay our priest your money. 
 
 " The bill has its beauties and its deformities. One prominent 
 defect of the bill is a crooked back ; it makes a low stoop to his 
 high mightiness town clerk, to pray for the indulgence of wor- 
 shipping God ; which is and ought to be guaranteed a natural 
 and inalienable right ; not a favor to be asked by the citizen or 
 bestowed by the ruler. It has also a disagreeable squinting ; 
 it squints to a purse of money with as much intentness as ever 
 a drunkard does at the bottle, or as Eve did at the apple. I 
 have never labored hard to support the creed of any religious 
 society, but have felt greatly interested that all of them should 
 have their rights secured to them beyond the reach of tyrants." 
 
 His feelings regarding slavery may be gathered from the fact 
 that during his fourteen years' residence in Virginia, he never 
 owned a slave, and from the resolutions ofl^ered by him when a 
 member of the Baptist General Committee in that state and 
 passed by them in 1789, " Resolved, that slavery is a violent 
 deprivation of the rights of Nature, and inconsistent with a 
 republican government, and we therefore recommend it to our 
 brethren to make use of every legal measure to extirpate this 
 horrid evil from the land." He was ever ready with tongue 
 and pen to defend the liberty and rights of his country, as the 
 
Recollections of Elder. Leland. 285 
 
 following extract from "Kesoliitions of the committee of vigi- 
 lance and safety of the town of Cheshire" in the war of 1812, 
 shows: "The said connnittee be autliorized to watch over the 
 public welfare, to deal with the hand of moderation and for- 
 bearance toward those who from want of information, may be 
 led to acts that they would abhor were they sensil)le of the true 
 state of our country ; but to those who wilfully undertake by 
 word or deed to set at defiance the laws and constituted author- 
 ities of the United States, whose means of information preclude 
 the possibility of acting ignorantly, let the vengeance of the 
 committee be dealt in that manner that sliall teach them that 
 as free men we mean to live, and as free men we mean to die." 
 
 He was somewhat peculiar with regard to the celebration of 
 the Lord's supper, and always avoided officiating at such times 
 if possible. He said he was called only to preach and baptize. 
 His eccentricity also showed itself in the peculiar ground he 
 took with regard to the Sabbath, claiming no one set day should 
 be kept more holy than another, but that all days should be 
 kept alike holy to the Lord. He says, " But as Jesus made a 
 custom of entering the synagogue on the Sabbath day I have 
 constantly attended public worship on the first day of the week 
 for a number of years. When I travel, or live among those 
 who keep the seventh day, it pleases me equally well. If this 
 day is clothed with a legal establishment to enforce its observ- 
 ance it loses its christian character and becomes a tyrant over 
 conscience." 
 
 Elder Leland composed a nuudier of hymns, and it was often 
 his custom as he entered the pulpit to break forth into song. 
 Some of them are ordinary, but one, the hymn beginning, 
 
 The day is past and gone, 
 The evening shades appear, 
 
 has won for itself a lasting place in church psalmody. 
 
 He shows the high estimation in which he held women by 
 closing a 4th of July address as follows : "Adam was refined 
 out of the earth, and the woman was refined out of man, con- 
 se(piently the woman is like a double refined loaf of sugar ; the 
 farthest removed from clay of any part of creation. Indeed, 
 
286 ' Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 so great is the influence of woman that tlie innocency of Adam, 
 the faith of Abraham, the strength of Sampson, the bravery of 
 David, and the wisdom of Solomon, bowed before it." 
 
 He was a warm friend of James Madison. He often re- 
 marked, " Whenever I was with James Madison, whatever the 
 conversation might be, I was always impressed with the con- 
 viction that I was in the presence of a great man. From an 
 intimate acquaintance witli him I feel satisfied that all the state 
 of Massachusetts for a bribe would not buy a single vote of him. 
 A saying of his is fresh in my memory, ' It is ridiculous for a 
 man to nuike use of underhand means to carry a point, although 
 he should know that the point is a good one. It would be doing 
 evil that good might come.' " 
 
 I have selected the following letter to the celebrated Baptist 
 divine, Spencer Cone, as best showing his originality of thought 
 and expression, and from the fact that it has very rarely ap- 
 peared in print: 
 
 "Cheshire, Dec. 10th, 1826. 
 My Good Brother Cone: 
 
 I, John, who also am your brother and companion in tribu- 
 lation, and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in 
 the city of Albany last August, where I formed a momentary 
 acquaintance with yourself and Brother Maclary. The Chris- 
 tian kindness which you and your elect lady expressed at our 
 parting, fixed a soft affection in my heart which I wish to in- 
 dulge in a letter of friendship. From a septuagenarian, whose 
 sun is declining on the western hills, you will not expect energy 
 of mind, logical argument, coherent reasoning, nor pomp of 
 diction, but contrawise, a sickening dose of egotism. You will 
 iudo-e best of my health by hearing that I breathe in connnon 
 twenty-four times each minute, and my pulse beats three times 
 as often, which health and strength I have employed the sum- 
 mer past in travelling and preaching ; which, by the way, has 
 been my constant practice for more than fifty-two years with a 
 few small exceptions. Since the first of June last I have at- 
 tended three Associations, seen eighty-six Baptist preachers, 
 and tried to preach eighty-one times. In retrospecting my life 
 I do not much reproach myself for not giving myself to the 
 
Recollections of Elder Leland. 287 
 
 work, as far as domestic duties admitted ; but the lack of divine 
 love, little care for the souls of men, weakness in handlini^ tlie 
 word of life, mangling heavenly truths with an unhallowed 
 tongue, a proud desire to make God's stream turn my own mill, 
 &c., sink me in the dust, and fill my soul with shanie before 
 God and man. It has in the course of my ministry been a 
 question of no small magnitude, to know how to address a con- 
 gregation of sinners, as such, in gospel style. When I turn my 
 eyes to the upper book, (the eternal designs of Ood)^ I there 
 read that God's work is before him, and that he works all things 
 according to the counsel of his own will; thai neither a sparrow 
 nor a hair of the head can fall without our heavenly Father ; 
 that providence and grace are the agents to execute his purpose. 
 But when I look into the lower book, (the freedom of the hu- 
 man will), I find that condemnation is conditional. " Oh, that 
 thou hadst hearkened unto me, then had your, fear been as a 
 river, seeing ye judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, so 
 we turn to the Gentiles." If I do not read and believe the 
 upper book 1 impeach the omniscience and wisdom of Jehovah. 
 And if I do not likewise read and believe the lower book, I 
 deny the possibility of guilt or blame. I must therefore believe 
 both, and when I cannot comprehend I will adore; when I 
 cannot read I will spell, and what I cannot spell out I must 
 skip. If the human mind should be so enlarged that it could 
 solve every difficulty that has hitherto appeared, that same 
 enlargement of thought would enfold a thousand difficulties 
 more, so subtle and minute that it never felt the weight before ; 
 so that there would be no getting through. 
 
 The truth is, sin has ruined men so entirely, that any plan 
 that human wisdom could desire or comprehend, would be in- 
 competent to save. 
 
 A scheme founded in infinite wisdom is necessary, and if 
 founded in infinite wisdom, the wisdom of finite creatures can- 
 not comprehend it in all its parts. 
 
 " Though of exact perfection we despair, 
 Yet every step to virtue's wortli our care." 
 
 Let the men of God read, study, meditate, consider, pray, 
 
288 Berkshire Historical and Seientific Society. 
 
 and seek after wisdom as for hidden treasure, but when he 
 comes to water too deep for his length, let him adore and be 
 Jinmble. Paul undertook to unfold the knotty question, which 
 ever puzzles the world, in the ninth and eleventh chapters of 
 Romans ; but before he got through he found the -waters so 
 high tliat he cried out, " O tlie depths ! How remarkable are 
 his judgments, and his ways past finding out!" Let it be my 
 lot to be a child at the feet of my Master, ever learning of him 
 who was meek and lowly of heart ; then shall I find rest for 
 my soul, and know enough to make me happy. When I was 
 young I noticed that old preachers never knew when to leave 
 the work, and I confess I am at a loss about it myself. I yet 
 carry my eyes in my liead, but my sight in my pocket ; but if 
 some minister was to give me a friendly hint that I was run 
 down in decay it is probable that (lika Milton) I should reproach 
 him as an upstart. I yet flatter myself that my performances 
 have a little in them which is valuable. So Solomon's triennial 
 cargo consisted partly of the precious articles of gold, silver, 
 and ivory, and partly of apes and peacocks. It has been a 
 rather trying time for Baptist preachers who have travelled and 
 labored day and night for the good of souls ; like the mules 
 which Agrlaster saw, they have been loaded with figs and feed- 
 ing upon thistles. What the new order of missionary friends 
 and exertions may do I cannot say. Whether there is goodness 
 enough in men to be pampered without growing indolent and 
 haughty is a question. One thing, however, is certain, viz : the 
 captive children who lived upon pulse (pottage of peas) were 
 fresher, fatter, and ten times bett(ir in counsel than the regular 
 bred priests in the realm of Babylon who lived on a royal por- 
 tion of meat and wine. 
 
 I have some drawings of mind to visit your city, and see my 
 father's children who reside there ; but to carry a dim candle 
 among so manj^ radiant sons would be rather absurd. Could I, 
 like Paul, visit you in the fullness of the gospel of Christ, and 
 impart unto you some spiritual gift, I should not hesitate. But 
 ah ! my leanness, my leanness ! Call me not Naomi, but call 
 me Mara. The prayer that I have been making for more than 
 half a centnry is expressive of my present state — " God be mer- 
 
Recollections of Elder Leland. 289 
 
 ciful to me a sinner." I wish my brother that a t^racioiis God 
 may bless you in soul and body, for time and eternity. And 
 may yom* dear partner in life have the courage of Deborah, the 
 piety of Hannah, the humility of Mary, the intelligence of 
 Priscilla, and the benevolence of Pluebe. 
 
 Adieu, John Leland. 
 
 Kev, Spencer H. Cone, living in the city of regeneration, 
 Grace St., Penitent Alley, at the sign of the Cross, next door 
 to Glory." 
 
 Often as he walked the country roads with his Bible in a 
 small green baize bag on his arm, he would break out into ejae- 
 ulatory prayer, and meeting a friend a nod and slight move of 
 the hand would be his only greeting, so engrossed would he be 
 in the contemplation of heaven and heavenly things. He chose 
 for his sermons and essays most peculiar titles, such as "The 
 Yankee Spy," "A Little Cake First," "Old Theory Exposed," 
 " Hawk and Buzzard," " Old Mr. Well's You Can." He was 
 a man of great humility, which his success as a minister seemed 
 never to overcome. In his old age he writes of a visit to Al- 
 bany : " During my stay in Albany, which was five days, I 
 was introduced to three governors. My rusticity of manners, 
 and the humble rank I fill, make such interviews more painful 
 than flattering." 
 
 January 8th, 1841, he preached in North Adams, and after 
 service was taken suddenly ill. A physician was soon called, 
 who pronounced his condition dangerous. Elder Leland him- 
 self felt that it was his final sickness, and thought it useless to 
 do much for his recovery. He however consented to do what 
 seemed necessary. The symptoms of prepneumonia developed, 
 and he gradually failed. He was conscious of his situation and 
 said he " was ready to go." Being asked shortly before he died 
 what were his views of the future, he exclaimed, wath both 
 hands uplifted, and a radiant smile never to be forgotten, "My 
 prospects of heaven are dear." At eleven o'clock p. m., Jan. 
 14th, his spirit joyfully took its flight to the presence of the 
 Master he had so long and faithfully loved and served.- He 
 was buried in the cemetery at Cheshire Jan. 17th, and although 
 but one of his children stood by his grave it was surrounded by 
 
290 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 a weeping throng from the whole country side, eager to paj^ 
 the last tribute of reverential affection to their aged friend and 
 teacher. 
 
 Note.— For the material comprised in this article I am indebted to " Life and Works 
 of Leland, " by Miss L. P. Green, and to personal recollections of Mrs. H. J. Ingalls. 
 and Dr. and Mrs. L. J. Cole of Cheshire. 
 
THE HISTORY, METHODS, AND 
 PURPOSES 
 
 BERKSHIRE ATHEN^UM. 
 
 By HARLAN II. BALLARD. 
 
THE HISTORY, METHODS, AND PURPOSES OF 
 THE RERKSHIRE ATHEN^UM. 
 
 In 1871 the trustees of the Berkshire Athenseum were incor- 
 porated "for the purpose of estal)hshing and maintaining in the 
 town of Pittsliold an institution to aid in promoting education, 
 culture and refinement, and diffusing knowledge by means of a 
 library, reading-room, lectures, museums and cabinets of art, 
 and of historical and natural curiosities." From the date of its 
 organization the Athenseum has been steadily growing along 
 the lines indicated in its charter, until to-day it may fairly claim 
 to be the literary, historical, and artistic centre of the county. 
 
 The quarterly meetings of the Berkshire Historical and Sci- 
 entific Society are held here, and a musenm of local antiquities 
 is crowded with interesting, rare and valuable mementoes of 
 the past. Here are household implements and furniture, illus- 
 trative of New England life in the previous century; arms and 
 military insignia of the Revolutionary times ; .Indian relics ; 
 uniforms, arms, and currency used during the Civil War; and 
 many documents bearing on topics of local history. Among 
 the more interesting objects of modern date is the desk upon 
 which Hawthorne wrote romances during his stay in Lenox. 
 
 In the museum of the Athenaeum there are also valuable 
 collections in the various departments of natural history, includ- 
 ing, particularly, local minerals and rocks. The latest addition 
 to this department is a collection of borings from an artesian 
 well in Pittsfield, exhibiting the character of the strata of rock 
 to a depth of nearly eight hundred feet, and verifying Professor 
 Dana's statement that Berkshire County is over layers of lime- 
 stone, from one thousand to fifteen hundred feet thick. 
 
 The art gallery occupies the main room on the second floor, 
 and contains a series of excellent casts which represent the finest 
 sculpture of Greece and Rome, and a marble statue of Rebecca, 
 by Benzoni, presented by Mrs. Mary M. Clapp in 1S84; while 
 
294 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 upon the walls there are paintings and photographs which, 
 though as jet limited in number, are of a high degree of merit, 
 the latest addition being a fine copy of Raphael's Sistine Ma- 
 donna, by Bardi. The museum and art gallery attract large 
 numbers, of visitors, and young artists are sometimes seen 
 copying the faultless lines of the ancient models. 
 
 On the ground floor, besides a sj)acious room in which the 
 meetings of the board of trustees are held, there are two read- 
 ing-rooms, a reference library and the circulating library, offices, 
 and lavatories. In the larger of the reading-rooms are to be 
 found the leading daily newsj)apers of New York, Boston, 
 Albany, and Springfield, and all our city and county papers. 
 This room is constantly filled by readers. In the smaller rooin 
 are the magazines, and the leading literary and scientific peri- 
 odicals of this eountr}^ and England. The reference-room con- 
 tains a large number of unusually well-selected volumes, among 
 which, after the sets of all the standard cyclopoedias, dictiona- 
 ries, gazetteers, and atlases, may be particularly noted the sujierb 
 work of Luigi Canina, upon the edifices of ancient Rome. This 
 work, in six elephant folio volumes, is printed on hand-made 
 paper, contains a multitude of fine engravings, and is invaluable 
 to the student of architecture or Roman history. It is valued 
 at five hundred dollars, and is the gift of Mr. Franklin E. Tay- 
 lor of New York. By its side, and no unworthy companion, is 
 " Picturesque Australasia," Vecently presented to the Athenfeum 
 by Z. C. Renne, Esq., of Sidney, Australia. The library con- 
 tains complete sets of nearly all the leading magazines, " Har- 
 per's Monthly," " Atlantic," " Littell's Living Age," " Scribner," 
 "Century," etc., to which "Poole's Index" furnishes a ready 
 key. This reference-room is usually filled by a company of 
 students who make it their laboratory. Pupils of the public 
 schools are encouraged to make daily use of its shelves, in order 
 to broaden their conceptions of language, literature, and science ; 
 and the librarian, with his assistants, aims to make it, and indeed 
 evei'y department of the Athenaeum, a true seminary of learn- 
 ing, rather than a confused store-house of paper and print. 
 
 One large room on the second fioor is used as a lecture-room. 
 In this are held the meetings of the Historical Society already 
 
History, etc., of Berkshire Athenceum. 295 
 
 noted; and the mectinp; of the Wednesday Morin'ng Chil>, 
 which, under the care of Miss Anna L Dawes, daui^hter of 
 Senator 11. L. Dawes, is widely known as one of the most snc- 
 cessfnl literary societies organized by tlie women of America. 
 The walls of this room are hidden by large cases containing 
 nearly 3,000 volumes of United States public documents, ob- 
 tained mainly through the influence of Mr. Dawes ; a complete 
 set of the "American Archives," presented by the late Hon. 
 Thomas Allen ; and of several hundred volumes from the li- 
 brary of the late Hon. Julius Rockwell, recently presented by 
 his son, Robert C. Rockwell. The Athenaeum has one of 
 the most complete collections of government publications in 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The newspaper department of the Athenasum is peculiarly 
 rich. There are here files of the " New York Tribune,' and 
 "Harper's Weekly," presented by George P. Briggs, Esq., and 
 covering many years of the nation's history ; a complete file of 
 the " Pittsfield Sun," from 1800 to 1872, given by Mr. Phineas 
 Allen, and since 1873 continued without an interruption 
 to date ; files of other county papers, extensive, though less 
 complete; a file of the "Boston Daily Advertiser," covering 
 more than eighty years, and secured. mainly through the influ- 
 ence of Hon. James M. Barker; and more than a hundred 
 bound volumes of miscellaneous newspapers, whose dates range 
 from the present time back into the previous century. Besides 
 these, the Athenasum has gathered from various sources such a 
 collection of manuscripts and documents that it has become a 
 mine of wealth for the original student of Massachusetts history, 
 and is frequently sought by scholars from distant cities, who 
 find here what they have vainly sought in many larger and older 
 institutions. 
 
 In this connection must be mentioned a collection of nearly 
 3,000 valuable pamphlets, many of them unique, and all bound, 
 provided with tables of contents, and catalogued, so as to be 
 immediately accessible. Very few, if any, other libraries can 
 show the student so readily what he may expect to find amid 
 the innumerable pages of pamphlet literature with which their 
 shelves, or their attics, are too frequently merely encumbered. 
 
296 Berkshire Historical and Scientifio Society. 
 
 One department of the library is devoted to Massacliusetts 
 histories ; and, besides several hundred volumes of State docu- 
 ments, including the rare "reports of the Adjutant-Generals, it 
 has made a good beginning in the purchase of town and county 
 histories. It has also a complete set of the ''New England 
 Genealogical Register," a nearly complete set of the proceed- 
 ings and collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and 
 full sets of the proceedings of the Worcester Society of An- 
 tiquity, records of Massachusetts, Plymouth Colony records, 
 and Boston records. 
 
 The circulating librai-y contains some 15,000 carefully chosen 
 volumes, with an annual circulation of 35,000 volumes. The 
 system of classification, and the methods of cataloguing and 
 delivery are modeled substantially on those of the Boston Pub- 
 lic Library, with such modifications as the difference in the 
 circumstances of the two institutions suggests. The total num- 
 ber of cards issued to date is 6,966. About four hundred new 
 readers are added to the list each year. 
 
 The library is free to all residents of PittsHeld, although cards 
 for drawing books are not issued to children under fifteen years 
 of age, unless they are vouched for by their parents or guar- 
 dians. Those who draw books usually make their selections 
 from the printed catalogue, the latest edition of which was 
 published in 1888. The trustees design to issue supplementary 
 catalogues once in five years ; and in the interim supplementary 
 lists are published in the daily paper, and are also fastened in 
 alphabetical order upon the blank leaves of interleaved cata- 
 logues. The library is not yet large enough, in the opinion of 
 its managers, to require a card catalogue. While most readers 
 make their selections from the catalogues, the freest possible 
 access is granted to the shelves ; and this favor is highly esteemed 
 by all students, because, as the books are grouped carefully to- 
 gether under a well-studied system of classification, selections 
 and references can often be more easily, quickly, and intelli- 
 gently made in the alcoves, than at the desk. No confusion or 
 loss has resulted from this plan. 
 
 The germ of the Berkshire Athenaeum is found in the Pitts- 
 field Library Association of 1850. This institution after a few 
 
History, etc., of Bei'kshire Athenmum. 297 
 
 years showed signs of weakness, Ijut was strengthened Ijy a gift 
 of $500 from James M. Beebe of Boston, At a later date im- 
 poi-tant contributions to its fmids were made by Hon. Thomas 
 F. Phmkett of Pittsfield, a far-seeing and philanthroi)ic gentle- 
 man, who considered the interests of the public library insepa- 
 rable from those of the town. It was almost wholly owing to 
 his continued support that the libiary maintained its existence 
 and grew in value, until in 1872 it contained more than 4,000 
 volumes, which constituted the nucleus of the present Atheiue- 
 um Library. The Pittslield Library Association was a private 
 corporation, with a charge of five dollars a share, subject to an 
 annual tax of one dollar. Non-shareholders obtained the use 
 of the library by paying two dollars a year. Many of the 
 friends of the library long hoped for a more permanent estab. 
 lishnient, and desired to make it free. Among the foremost of 
 these were Hon. Thomas Allen, then president of the institu- 
 tion, Hon. Thomas F. Plunkett, and Calvin Martin, Esq.; and, 
 to further their design, these gentlemen contributed, Mr. Martin 
 $5,000 and Messrs. Allen and Plunkett $1,900 each, toward 
 the purchase of the old Agricultural bank building. In 1870 
 Mr. Allen fitted up this bnilding, at a cost of $900, and the 
 library was removed to it, and its name changed to the Berk- 
 shire Athena?nm. 
 
 In anticipation of this action, the Legislature had in 1869 
 authorized the trustees of the Berkshire Medical College to sell 
 its real estate, and divide the income from the proceeds annu- 
 ally between the Athenteum and the Young Men's Association, 
 until the broader institution should be organized. Four thou- 
 sand, four hundred dollars was now paid over under this law ; 
 and the Athenaeum received also the library, cabinets, and other 
 personal property of the Medical College. In 1872 Mr. Pliine- 
 has Allen, proprietor of the "Pittsfield Sun," died childless, 
 leaving an estate valued at more than $70,000, and making the 
 Athenaeum his residuary legatee, after the payment of certain 
 legacies and annuities. The property remaining after the pay. 
 ment of the legacies is now estimated at $60,000. In Decem- 
 ber, 1873, Hon. Thomas Allen offered to erect a building costing 
 not more than $50,000, provided a fund suflficient to insure its 
 
298 Berkshire Historical and ScientijiG Society. 
 
 j)en"nanent support were secured, and the site freed from mort- 
 gage and suitably enlarged. These conditions were met at a 
 cost of $24,000, which was paid by the town ; and the lot of the 
 Athenseum acquired a frontage of one hundred and forty-foiu- 
 feet, with a depth of ninety-one feet six inches. The town also 
 contracted to pay the Athenaeum $2,000 (afterward increased 
 to $3,000) a year, on condition that Mr. Allen should erect the 
 proposed building, and that the Athena?um maintain a library 
 free to all inhabitants of Pittsfield. The lil)rary had already 
 been made free, and the new building, of native blue limestone 
 and polished granite, was completed in 1874. Subsecpiently 
 Mrs. Ehzabeth C. Clapp gave $5,000 to the library, and Mr. 
 Bradford Allen bequeathed an equal sum to the trustees for the 
 benefit of the Athenaeum. The property of the Athenseum 
 may now be estimated at $200,000. Its walls are adorned by 
 many engravings, photographs and paintings, notably portraits 
 of its benefactors, Mr. Phinehas Allen and Mr. Calvin Martin, 
 and of Governor Briggs, Gen. William Francis Bartlett, and 
 Rev. John Todd. There are also several excellent busts in 
 marble, among which must be noted tliat of Hon. Thomas Allen 
 and IIoi). Thomas F. Plnnkett, whose invaluable services to the 
 Athenseum have beeu mentioned ; Gen. "William Francis Bart- 
 lett, Prof. Louis Agassiz, and a marble medallion of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln. One of the recent gifts is a valuable and 
 beautiful clock, presented by the Wednesday Morning Club. 
 
 The board of trustees as first organized were Thomas Allen, 
 Ensign H. Kellogg, Thomas Colt, George Y. Learned, Edward 
 S. Francis, John Todd, Henry L. Dawes, Edwin Clapp, William 
 R. Plnnkett, Wilham F. Bartlett, and James M. Barker. John 
 Todd died in 1873, William Francis Bartlett in 1876, and 
 Thomas Colt in 1876. Their places were filled by Charles V. 
 Spear, Frank E. Kernochan, and Morris Schaff. Charles V. 
 Spear has since removed from town. Thomas Allen and En- 
 sign H. Kellogg died in 1882, Edwin Clapp and Francis E. 
 Kernochan in 1884; and their places have been filled by Henry 
 W. Taft, Wilham Russell Allen, Henry M. Peirson, William 
 M. Mercer, and Walter Cutting. For sixteen years the office of 
 
History, etc., of Berkshire Athenceum. 299 
 
 librarian and curator was ably filled by Edgar G. Hubl)ol, who 
 was succeeded in 1SS8 by Harlan II. Ballard. 
 
 Mr. Felix Trainor has been the trusted janitor of the Athe- 
 naeum since it was opened in 1876. Mr. Edward Tobey has 
 for several years been of great service as first assistant to the 
 librarian, and Miss Harriet Wilson has during the past year, 
 1890, rendered ecpial aid as second assistant. 
 
 I have given a general account of the history and present 
 condition and equipment of the Berkshire Athenaeum ; it remains 
 to consider the methods by which its officers are endeavoring to 
 carry out the high purposes of its founders, so that it may "aid 
 in promoting education, culture, and refinement," and in " dif- 
 fusing knowledge." 
 
 The building itself, with its beautiful proportions, its harmo- 
 nious coloring, its spacious rooms, and its tasteful appointments 
 is a constant though silent minister of refinement. 
 
 Years ago, when first opened, it was thought necessary to 
 have everywhere prominently displayed notices directing the 
 public behavior. As one entered its sculptured portals he was 
 confronted with a request to remove his hat ; as he passed into 
 the reading-room, he ran against a caution to refrain from loud 
 talking and other unseemly conduct, and in no part of the 
 building could he escape some obtrusive reminder that the 
 managers of the Athenaeum entertained a too well grounded 
 apprehension that the privileges of the institution were in dan- 
 ger of abuse. Within a year or two these notices have been 
 quietly removed, or relegated to positions of obscurity ; and the 
 demeanor of the public within these walls has been marked by 
 dignity and good order. There seems now to be something in 
 the quiet atmosphere of the Library which is a more effectual 
 restraint upon vulgarity than remonstrance or cautionary 
 placard . 
 
 The works of art too undoul)tedly exercise an influence in 
 the direction of culture. In the presence of these figures of 
 ideal manhood, and womanhood, and more particularly before 
 tliat inimitable conception of Divinity incarnate which Raphael 
 gave to the world in a moment of inspiration, the most confi- 
 dent spirit may well feel abashed, and a sense of reverence 
 
300 Berhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 steals into the most thonglitless heart. The trustees of the 
 Atheiiffinm have rendered the county a signal service in ex- 
 cluding from the art gallery every work which is not of ex- 
 ceptional merit. This high standard will undoubtedly be main- 
 tained. 
 
 Besides the mysterious influence of beauty and high concep- 
 tion to which I have referred, the art gallery serves a more 
 apparently practical purpose in furnishing models for art stu- 
 dents, one or more of whom may now and then be seen with 
 pencil or brush copying the lines fixed beyond modern attain- 
 ment by the masters of ancient days. 
 
 Much more might be done in this direction than has yet been 
 done. Teachers in our schools might well brino^ their classes 
 hither at stated times, and give them instruction illustrated by 
 our casts and paintings, and doubtless as the collection increases, 
 and as a taste for art develops in the county this opportunity 
 will be more and more appreciated. The presence in a com- 
 munity of a well appointed gallery of art is a continual protest 
 against all extravagances of style in dress and manner. Tawdry 
 coiffures become particularly grotesque beside the fillets of 
 Minerva ; and an excellent cure for foppishness might be found 
 if we could cause the fop to stand beside Apollo, and consult a 
 speculum, 
 
 A museum is a means of diffusing knowledge ; our museum 
 consisting partly of specimens of natural history and partly of 
 historical relics has much to teach the student of the past 
 achievements of Berkshire and of its present resources. 
 
 The relics of the Revolutionary war and of the late Civil war 
 are eloquent of patriotism and sacrifice; the rude household 
 implements and utensils of a hundred years ago speak to us of 
 that toil, economy, patience, and self-denial by which our nation 
 was upbuilt. It may be that the majority of the thousands who 
 look upon these memorials from year to year, are largely moved 
 by transient curiosity, yet even upon the idlest the lesson of 
 love of their native land cannot wholly be lost. The educa- 
 tional value of this department of the Athenseum will be vastly 
 increased when the future shall bring room for the proper clas- 
 sification and display of the collection. The day will come, we 
 
History, etc., of BerhsJiire AthencBum. 301 
 
 trust, when our cabinets will exhibit all the products of the 
 county arranged in due order, accurately labeled, not only 
 with the name of each specimen, but also with the place from 
 wliich it came, and the date of its discovery. 
 
 The chief purpose of such a museum we conceive to be not 
 to serve as a general curiosity-shop, but as a carefully planned 
 exhibit of the plants, animals, and mineral products of the 
 immediate vicinit}'. There should also be smaller working 
 collections of type-specimens, illustrating the modern classifica- 
 tion of natural objects, and these should be arranged in cases 
 not only convenient for inspection, but so designed tliat they 
 may be taken home for study, being draAvn by the public just 
 as books are drawn from the library. Such specimens of nat- 
 ural history as require the caution " Hands off," must be classi- 
 fied among the higher orders of hric-a-hrae. 
 
 After all, the chief interest of the Athen?eum centers in its 
 library, which has already been described. Some features of 
 this department, however, deserve special attention ; and first 
 tlie collection of public documents. Unhappily this, one of the 
 most valuable, useful, and interesting of our treasures, is neither 
 understood nor appreciated by the public. It is only a few 
 weeks, indeed, since one of our leading city papers referred in 
 a sarcastic tone to "the countless volumes, of dreary congres- 
 sional proceedings," and the dust on these priceless volumes is 
 rarely disturbed save by the hand of some man of distinguished 
 ability and understanding. Yet here is contained the only full 
 and accurate history of the United States of America; witiiin 
 these monotonous bindings is hidden the wisdom of America's 
 greatest statesmen, and the eloquence of her most illustrious 
 orators. It is quite true that a man does not wish to sit dow^n 
 and read the doings of Congress through as he would a work 
 of fiction, but they are no more " dreary " on that account than 
 a gazetteer or dictionary. When public documents are promis- 
 cuously piled together with no attempt at classification, as is too 
 often the case, the ordinary reader is easily confused, and finds 
 any special article with difficulty, but when, as in our lil)rary, 
 all the volumes are carefully arranged in strict chronological 
 order, and also by their topics, and when they are provided 
 
302 Berhshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 with a general index sucli as we possess, their contents become 
 nearly as accessible as the articles in an encyclopedia. 
 
 Nor are all of these docnments merelj^ the recoi'ds of con- 
 gressional action. Many of them are fnll of stories of ex- 
 ploration and adventnre, containing t]ie records of the first 
 invasion of the wilderness by man, and graphic accounts of the 
 appearance, customs, and life of the various Indian tribes which 
 once hunted and fished where we now read and write. Most 
 of the works of this class are filled with beautiful and 
 costly pictures, engravings on wood and steel, photographs, and 
 photographic reproductions, and hundreds of rare illustrations 
 in color by master hands. One reason that these books are 
 undervalued is to be' found in their uniform binding, another 
 in the very fact we have so large a collection of them. 
 
 If I were to select to-day some one of a thousand volumes I 
 could name, have it bound in turkey or levant morocco, bring 
 it down to the table of the reading-room and invite the local 
 reporters to inspect it as a new acquisition to the Athenaeum, 
 the next day's paper would contain an account of it couched in 
 terms of high encomium if not of pleased astonishment. To- 
 morrow I might select another with a like result, and so on for 
 a year or two, and each time there would easily be elicited 
 a notice congratulating the Library on its good fortune, and 
 commending each new volume to the attention of the reading 
 public. It is only because our philanthropic Senator, Mr. Dawes 
 has secured so unusually generous a grant of these books to 
 Pittsfield, and because their plain leather backs do not appeal 
 enticingly to the eye, that they have come to be regarded as 
 " dreary." 
 
 Yet, even unappreciated by the many as they hitherto have 
 been, their usefulness has not been slight. Our students know 
 their value and understand how to bring it forth, and often on 
 some great occasion in the history of the town, when the duty 
 of public speech has been intrusted to one or other of our most 
 honored citizens, their storehouse of knowledge has been tapped, 
 and streams of wisdom and eloquence have flowed out through 
 living lips to instruct and delight a multitude that stopped not 
 to trace the grateful current to its source. 
 
Historxj^ etc.^ of Berhshire Athenaeum. 303 
 
 PAMPHLETS. 
 
 The Berkshire Athenaiuin is perhaps the first pul)Hc Hbrarj 
 which has mfide its pamphlet literature easily availahle. The 
 entire collection of about 3U00 has been closely classified, and 
 bound in sets by a special means devised by the writer, whereby 
 a pamphlet may readily be added to or taken from any volume 
 at pleasure. These volumes, about 300 in number, have l)een 
 provided with tables of contents, and each individual pamj)hlet 
 has been catalogued under its title and author, and in many 
 cases under its subject, also. The principle followed is that a 
 pamphlet is as truly a book as any other, and should receive 
 precisely the same treatment. It is only when this class of 
 literature has been thus arranged and catalogued that its value 
 becomes apparent. We have 134 volumes of pamphlets relating 
 exclusively to Massachusetts; 81 to Berkshire County, and 38 
 to Pittsfield. 
 
 Among the more interesting of the Massachusetts pamphlets, 
 are five volumes relating to our railroads, two concerning the 
 Hoosac Tunnel, a set of State Election Sermons covering with 
 some omissions the period of an hundred years. Governor's 
 Addresses, Reports of Prisons, Hospitals and Asylums, and a 
 large number of addresses delivered on occasions of special his- 
 toric interest, such as the death of Washington, the fall of 
 Hamilton, the war of 1812, the anti-slaverj^ crisis, and many 
 more. 
 
 Among Berkshire pamphlets are the town and school reports 
 of the several townships ; a collection of the addresses — unfor- 
 tunately not complete — delivered at our Agricultural fairs since 
 1811, and bearing the names of scores of Berkshire's foremost 
 men. Among them I note at random Elkanah Watson, the 
 founder of the society in 1811, Theodore Sedgwick, Alexander 
 Hyde, John Bascom, Arthur Latham Perry, George N. Briggs, 
 William Walker, Henry W. Bishop, Sanford Tenney, E. W. B. 
 Canning, Richard Goodman, James D. Colt, Orville Dewey, 
 Henry L. Dawes. Much of the intellectual history of Berk- 
 shire is connected with these names. 
 
 We have nearly 100 volumes of pamphlets relating exclu- 
 sively to Williams College, containing besides sets of catalogues, 
 
304 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 necrological lists, and annual reports, a nearly complete set of 
 Dr. Hopkins' Baccalaureate sermons, and most of his special 
 addresses; volumes of tlie old Williams miscellany, and Adelplii, 
 and the later Quarterly ; sermons by President Ebenezer Fitch, 
 President Edward Dorr Griffin, including, with others, his 
 farewell sermon at Newark in 1809, his sermon at the dedica- 
 tion of the new chapel in 1828, and two manuscript sermons 
 dated 1807 and 1814; a series of addresses and sermons by 
 Professor Albert Hopkins, beginning with his address on the 
 opening of the observatory in 1838; and various memorial ad- 
 dresses and sermons. 
 
 It was while arranging and cataloguing these sets of pamph- 
 lets that a sense of their great value and of the importance of 
 their preservation induced me to publish the following short 
 appeal to the public, whicli I insert here in oi'der to. make it a 
 continual plea to the good people of Berkshire not to allow the 
 records of their local achievements to be lost. 
 
 " ATTICS AND THE ATHENE UM. 
 
 " The Athenseum takes its name from Athens, the famous 
 literary centre of Ancient Greece. That city again was named 
 from Athene, the Goddess of Wisdom. Now Athens was the 
 capital of Attica, and from the brightness of its glory all Attica 
 became illustrious. The phrases " Attic wit," " Attic salt," 
 "Attic faith," "Attic style," are still suggestive of the purest, 
 the most refined. 
 
 "In architecture the Attic is a low story erected over an order 
 of architecture to finish the upper part of a building. It is so 
 called because supposed to have been first used in Attica. 
 From this the word has come into popular use as signifying 
 much the same thing as garret, though the latter word has a 
 military rather than an artistic origin, being derived from an 
 old French word signifying to watch or guard, and dating back 
 to an epoch when the upper stories of houses were used as bat- 
 tlements. 
 
 " It will now be plain that there is a close connection at least 
 etymologically, between attics and the Athenseum ; the name 
 of the one being derived from the city whicli crowned the 
 country whose name the other wears. 
 
History, etc., of Berkshire Athenmum. 305 
 
 " It is time that the old debt which Attica owes Athens be 
 repaid. The attics must do something for the Athenaeum. 
 
 "The purpose of this somewhat fanciful introduction is to lead 
 the good people of Pittsfield and vicinity to search their attics 
 for copies of old pamphlets, papers, sermons, books, and other 
 literary " rubbish," and to send whatever they find to the Athe- 
 naeum. This would be done by everybody if the value of such 
 out of the way material were understood. Scattered about and 
 neglected, these miscellaneous pamphlets are not worth the dust 
 that settles on them ; but collected in complete sets, carefully 
 classified, indexed, bound, and catalogued, they rank with the 
 chief treasures of the historical student. No printed or manu- 
 script scrap relating even remotely to matters of local interest 
 should be thrown away or neglected, until some competent 
 student has had the chance of seeing it. If the "garrets" of 
 Pittsfield (which are not now places of military defence, but 
 repositories which guard property in a more peaceful way) 
 could be examined, they would be found to be true "Attics," 
 not merely in an architectural sense, but by virtue of their 
 accumulated stores of wit and wisdom. 
 
 "Nearly three hundred pamphlets have been received in 
 response to this appeal, and we hope for hundreds more. 
 
 THE ATHENMUM AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 Among the most constant and most welcome readers in our 
 librar}' are the pupils of our public schools. It has been our 
 aim to make the Athenaeum supplement and broaden the work 
 of the schools. To this end teachers are allowed to draw books 
 more freely than others, and in special cases small sub-libraries 
 are sent to the school during the time that some special study 
 is prominently before the minds of the pupils. 
 
 Teachers are encouraged to send their scholars to the library, 
 and particularly to the reference-room, whenever they wish 
 them to look up particular topics more fully than can be done 
 from the text-book alone. 
 
 Nearly every day this department of the Athenaeum is 
 thronged by numbers of industrious sudents, whom it is always 
 a pleasure to guide, and who learn not merely the particular 
 facts of which they are in search, but the far more valuable 
 
306 Berkshire Historical and Scientific Sociei/y. 
 
 lesson of the way to use books, and the method of finding in- 
 formation from them. It is worth a great deal to a young 
 student to become familiar with the use of a dictionary, cyclo- 
 pedia, atlas, gazetteer, catalogue, and index. 
 
 In its relations to the general public the Berkshire Athengeum 
 does not differ materially from other free libraries. There is 
 less " red tape " here than in any other library I know of, and 
 the time and trouble involved in selecting and drawing books 
 is reduced to the minimum. A citizen of Pittsfield can use 
 this library with very nearly the same freedom, and in very 
 nearly the same manner, that he would if it were his private 
 library. 
 
 Great pains is taken to enable the public to become acquainted 
 with the contents of the library. Lists of additions are pub- 
 lished in the daily papers; important titles are written from 
 time to time upon our large black-board ; bulletins are issued? 
 and inserted in our catalogues ; on special occasions, as for ex- 
 ample, when one of our literary societies is to hold a discussion, 
 lists of the works we have bearing upon the topic are made out 
 and printed. By all these methods the people are coming more 
 and more to appreciate what treasures of knowledge and fancy 
 are hidden liere, and from this miscellaneous mental menu they 
 are learning, we trust, to distinguish and to choose the better, 
 if not the best. 
 
AIR CURRENTS. 
 
 By Levi Beebe. 
 
AIK CUREENTS. 
 
 The summer of 1876 was remarkable for its unusual heat, 
 light, foggy clouds, especially when accompanied with light- 
 ning. In keeping the different currents of air, I found almost 
 the whole season there w^ere two or more currents, moving 
 most of the time very slowly ; the ground current more variable 
 than the middle, or upper current : it moved much of the time 
 from a little north of west, and was very light. The middle 
 current was nearly northwest, and did not occupy but a few 
 hours in a day, or from eleven A. M. to five or six P. M., 
 and three evenings it continued till eight or nine P. M. This 
 action of cold air running between the ground and upper cur- 
 rent, cut out the gases that carry water, and left a clear space 
 from one to three thousand feet deep. The upper current 
 moved from southwest, and kept the cold zone very high, so 
 that the cold air that held water in vapor was very deep ; the 
 clear space cut out by this cold middle current seemed to act 
 as a mirror to reflect this vapor in the upper current, and on 
 each of these three evenings we had the zodiac light ; the deeper 
 the upper current that carried these gases was, the longer the 
 light remained. This moving of the upper current from south- 
 west almost the whole season, was the cause of the great and 
 continued heat of the season. 
 
 During part of two days in June the air all moved fronj 
 north of west, though only in unison about thirty hours, and 
 with light wind, moving slowly; on neither of these days did 
 the thermometer rise above seventy, and it was as low as fifty, 
 four on the morning of the 22d of June. July 24th, we had 
 twenty hours of the air all moving from northwest, in unison, 
 very slowly, thermometer at 57, 69, and 67. July 25tli, north- 
 west, very slow, little rain at evening, one one-hundredth of an 
 inch, thermometer 55, 67, and 53. July 26th, wind west- 
 northwest, slower above, thermometer 52, 68, and 67, These 
 three days in July were the only three days in the month that 
 
Aw Currents. 309 
 
 the temperature did not rise above seventy degrees. There 
 were eight days on which the thermometer stood from 70 to 80; 
 there were fifteen days on which it marked from 80 to 90; 
 while there were but five days on wliich it stood from 90 to 
 loo. In the month of August we had tlirce days during which 
 the air all moved a large part of the time, from north of west, 
 in unison, the 20th being the coldest ; thermometer 42, 60, and 
 56. On the 26th, 27th, and 28th, the thermometer did not rise 
 to 70. Two of these days it was as high as 69, on the other, 
 QS ; most of the time these three days, the wind was northwest, 
 with the upper current moving slower than tlie under; most 
 of the time with the weather warm and dry till the lOtli of 
 September, the action of currents continuing the same as 
 through the summer. We had in August eight days on which 
 the thermometer was between 70 and 80 degrees, 17 between 
 80 and 90 degrees, and five between 90 and 100 degrees ; the 
 highest being on August 12tli, 96 degrees. On the 20th of 
 July we had a very singular thunder shower. We had a fresh 
 southeast to south wind all day, the atmosphere was filled very 
 full and deep with water, we had had thirteen days with the 
 thermometer ranging between 80 and 96 degrees, a large part 
 of the day-time, so that, perhaps not once in a lifetime in this 
 latitude, is the atmosphere so thoroughly fitted for a hard 
 storm as on that day. About four o'clock, P. M., a middle 
 current of air commenced to move from northwest, with the 
 under current running fresh from the southeast, so that, to the 
 eye of one not a student in the effect of different currents, the 
 scene was most threatening; but our kind Creator's hand, that 
 works the almost continued miracle of keeping two or three 
 currents of air moving in so flexible a substance as our atmos- 
 phere, was seen to protect and save us ; for a deep, warm, and 
 dry southwest upper current moved over the cloud, and the 
 water condensed to cloud by the cold middle current was taken 
 up, and changed back to vapor, almost as fast as it was con- 
 densed by the middle current. This protecting action of the 
 upper current continued through the night, and till seven o'clock 
 the next morning, so that in the whole night's rain we had but 
 one inch and 11-100 of water- fall. From June 10th to Sep- 
 
310 Berkshire Historical and ScientiJiG Society. 
 
 tember 10th, we had but six days that the atmosphere moved 
 in one direction at the same time, and during more than one- 
 half of those six days, the upper current moved slower than the 
 ground current did ; which I find protects us nearly as well 
 from the cold that engulfs us, as the two currents moving in 
 different directions does. The temperature was higher in the 
 valleys, than on this mountain, at midday. The season was so 
 unexceptionally warm, I thought a short sketch, with an ac- 
 count of the currents that made it, might perhaps be interesting 
 to some that may come after us. It is therefore respectfully 
 submitted. 
 
COL. JOHN BROWN, 
 
 By E. W. B. Canning. 
 
COL. JOHN BROWN. 
 
 Berkshire, too, has its heroes ; some, indeed, of national fame, 
 more of the numerous class whose services, though humbler, 
 are not less important in the founding and rearing of civil in- 
 stitutions. The trumpet of fame is often sonorous with names 
 and deeds which, for real worth, cannot compare with others 
 whose quiet merit has, for various reasons, scarcely secured a 
 toot upon that capricious instrument. 
 
 In our exchange from monarchical to republican rule, Berk- 
 shire was noted for the principle, rather than the impulse that 
 controlled her action. The revolutionary violence which char- 
 acterized many of the doings of our sea-board citizens, was 
 known in our county only to be deprecated. The resistance of 
 the dwellers in this section of the Bay State to British aggres- 
 sion was based on the natural instinct for freedom, fortified by 
 intelligent study on the part of her leading men, of the best 
 thoughts of philanthropists, and of political rights of man. I 
 know of no more eminent example of a natural, shrewd, con- 
 sistent, unflinching, reasonable republican, than of justly famed 
 " Parson Allen" of this town. I opine he had more to do with 
 the direction of public sentiment and the settlement of civic 
 institutions in this portion of our state than any other contem- 
 porary patriot in the county — aye, than many of them com- 
 bined. 
 
 Among other remarkable men of Revolutionary time in 
 Berkshire, was the subject of this monograph — Colonel John 
 Brown. In fulfilling the duty alloted me, it is a pleasure to 
 acknowledge my debt for data so exhaustively obtained and 
 deftly woven into the able history of Pittsfield by J. E. A. 
 Smith, Esq. The thoroughness and fidelity of the work prompts 
 my belief that the other towns of our county could scarcely do 
 a better thing for posterity, than to invite him to a similar rum- 
 mage of their archives with corresponding results. 
 
Col. John Brown. 313 
 
 A resume of the principal events of the life of Col. Brown — 
 on some of which I propose briefly to comment — is as follows : 
 Born in Sandisfield Oct. 19, 1744; was graduated at Yale 1771 ; 
 studied law in Providence, R. I.; was king's attorney at Caghn- 
 awaga, N. Y., and thence came to Bittsfield in 1773, for the 
 practice of his profession ; was one of the delegates from this 
 town to the first county convention at Stockbridge in 1774, 
 and on the committee to draft those remarkable non-intercourse 
 resolutions — the earliest public remonstrance against the acts of 
 Great Britain in Western Massachusetts — which emanated 
 from that body. Was confidential correspondent thereafter 
 with Warren, Samuel Adams and other patriots in the eastern 
 part of the State. Delegate from Pittsfield to the Provincial 
 Congress in 1775; one of the arbitrators chosen to act in place 
 of the Courts of General Sessions and Common Pleas, which 
 were suppressed in Bei'kshire ; and simultaneously commenced 
 his military career as ensign in one of the train bands of the 
 towu. Was one of the committee appointed by Massachusetts 
 to obtain intelligence from, and establish an understanding 
 with, Canada, with regard to a united resistance of the mother 
 country ; and was the member of the committee delegated to 
 visit that province. During his absence on the commission, was 
 the first to suggest and urge the capture of Ticonderoga. Was 
 among the daring few who performed the exploit, entering the 
 fortress in the van, sword in hand, and was appointed to carry 
 the tidings to the Continental Congress. Was placed in com- 
 mand of the first American flotilla on Lake Champlain, and a 
 second time penetrated Canada in disguise, obtaining valuable 
 information at great personal danger. Early became the confi- 
 dant and adviser of Gen. Montgomery, and as a precursor of 
 the invasion of Canada by that officer, led the first detachment 
 to Chamblee ; cut off communication between St. Johns and the 
 interior, and made important captures of prisoners and supplies. 
 Again, in conjunction with Ethan Allen, seized a quantity of 
 stores intended for the Indians, and met with other successes. 
 Shortly after effected anotlier brilliant nocturnal dash, like the 
 Ticonderoga enterprise, upon Fort Chamblee, which resulted in 
 its capture, with one major, three lieutenants, a commissary and 
 
314 Berkshire Historical and ScientifiG Society. 
 
 a surgeon, 83 non-commissioned officers and privates, and a 
 large amount, of arms, ammunition and military stores, among 
 the latter six tons of gunpowder, an article of sore need in the 
 American army. A letter to Gen. Schuyler from Montgomery, 
 eulogizing Brown, manifested the writer's appreciation of the 
 value of this transaction, which was shortly followed by the 
 surrender of St. Johns. Schuyler officially informed Congress 
 that " Major Brown had certainly, during the last year, done 
 extraordinary services." Five other officers of the Northern 
 army certified that "Major Brown was tlie most active man in 
 the army, being employed in the beginning of the campaign in 
 long, tedious scouts, and in the latter part, before the army 
 with a detachment, he was scarcely off duty, day or night, dur- 
 ing the campaign," Pie led the nearest outpost to the enemy 
 at the siege of Quebec. In the spring of '77, once more in 
 Pittsfield, acting as one of the town's committee to deal with 
 the Tories of the locality. His penetration of the treasonable 
 designs of Arnold, dating from his earliest acquaintance with 
 him on the Canadian frontier in '75 — of which more anon. 
 His manly protest against the latter's machinations to prevent 
 his (Brown's) deserved military promotion, but his nobly con- 
 tinued service of his country notwithstanding. His splendid 
 dash upon Burgoyne's rear after the battles of Bemus' Heights 
 and Stillwater, captured all his outposts as far as Ticonderoga, 
 an armed brig, several gun-boats, 200 bateaux, 300 of the 
 enemy, with five cannon and a quantity of fire-arms, and the 
 release of 100 American prisoners — all involving on his part 
 the loss of only nine men. His rally of his Berkshire regiment 
 on the alarm of the raid of Sir John Johnson down the Mo- 
 hawk valley in 1780, and his death at Stone Arabia, in battle, 
 Oct. 19 of that year, his 36th birthday. 
 
 These are, summarily, the main incidents in the busy life of 
 Col. Brown, which, with many minor details, have been related 
 in Mr. Smith's History of Pittsfield. The permanence of their 
 record there bars the necessity of more than a mention in this 
 paper, and their use as texts on which to hang brief comments 
 upon the character of the subject of this memoir. 
 
 And from them I note, first, the indomitable energy of the 
 
Col. John Brown. 315 
 
 man. There are some men for whom quiet is a penance and 
 idleness a purgatory. Weariness is to them what conscience 
 was to Napoleon — an unknown quantity in their experience or 
 their vocabulary. Activity is a law — a necessity of their 
 being, and when combined with a generous nature, is as often 
 put forth for others as in their own behalf. Of these Col. 
 Brown seems to have been a notable example. In physical 
 vigor he was superior to most of his fellows, and a tradition 
 used to prevail here that he could send a foot-ball over the fa- 
 mous old park elm. His mental activity was correspondent, 
 and we find it pervading all the deeds, both of his civic and 
 military career. He did nothing by halves. Whatever he es- 
 sayed was prosecuted in a manner that demonstrated his belief 
 in what Gen. Banks, in our day, has so aptly expressed — "Suc- 
 cess is a duty." ISTor do the actions of his life ally this energy 
 with a blind impulse to do something., irrespective of foresight 
 and of means to execute. He had the dash and etau of Sheri- 
 dan, coupled with Sherman's ability to forecast. Some of his 
 exploits seem rash, and would probably have been pronounced 
 so, had he failed. Such was the capture of Ticonderoga, which 
 he seems — if not to have projected, at least to be greatly re- 
 sponsible for, by his advocacy of and his personal aid at its 
 seizure. Such, too, was his dash into the rear of Burgoyne 
 during the campaign of '77, which beyond doubt, hastened the 
 surrender of Oct. 17. Indeed, the only two failures recorded 
 of his military operations — that of his attack on St. Johns, and 
 that in which he lost his own life — are attributable to a copart- 
 nership in enterprise with other leaders who did not come to 
 time, while himself was only too punctual to agreement and to 
 duty for his own safety. A very essential quality for a suc- 
 cessful commander he certainly possessed, viz : a mental grasp 
 of the requisites to achievement, and ability to make attendant 
 and even unforseen circumstances contribute thereto. Once 
 decided on any measure, his whole soul was thrown into tiie 
 means for its accomplishment, and lie knew no quiet until its 
 fate was determined. 
 
 Again, his patriotism was eminent, devoted and enduring. 
 Within two years from his settlement in Pittstield, the Revo- 
 
316 Berkshire Historical and ScientiJiG Society. 
 
 lution began, and among the earliest directors of the anti-British 
 feehng in our country, his name is found. But he was not 
 content as a mere adviser. His ardent temperament prompted 
 him to practice, as well as persuade, and his fellow-citizens soon 
 recognized in him the qualities of a leader and made him one. 
 And from the day of his acceptance of the trust, his remaining 
 years seem to have been devotion, either in a civic or a military 
 capacity, to the service of his country. On town or county 
 committees, in the provincial congress, as an emissary over the 
 northern border, as a subordinate army ojfficer, or at the head of 
 his regiment, he was wholly and at all times hers. That his 
 motives herein were unselfish is manifest from the perilous na- 
 ture of the times and the service rendered, the unsolved prob- 
 lem of ultimate success, and the constant opposition he encoun- 
 tered from higher officials who were envious of his abilities and 
 his promising renown. When a man acting from the purest 
 motives for the common good, finds himself opposed at every 
 turn, all his doings misconstrued and perverted by the envy of 
 meaner souls in higher stations, there is a strong and generally 
 followed temptation to retire in disgust from the thankless ser- 
 vice and permit sullen indifference to absorb all the kindly 
 milk of his nature. If, however, while still protesting against 
 the injustice, he remits nothing of his devotedness, he may 
 surely be credited with a philanthropy \\ hich has stood the cru- 
 cial test. Such was the patriotism of Col. Brown, and reference 
 to this topic will answer the question which may reasonably be 
 asked by any reader of his life— wh}^ he has never been set in 
 the honorable niche in his country's annals which he seems to 
 have so well earned. I proceed to explain : 
 
 Onward from the day of the capture of Ticonderoga, Brown 
 and Arnold were thrown much together in the common service. 
 Brown had studied law with Oliver Arnold of Providence, a 
 cousin of the traitor, and from him had doubtless ascertained 
 much concerning his unsavory antecedents. If his judgment 
 thereof was unfavorable to Arnold's pretentious patriotism, it 
 must have been confirmed and deepened by personal acquaint- 
 ance with him on the eve of the assault on Ticonderoga, when 
 Arnold made such preposterous, though unavailing attempts to 
 
Col. John Brown. 317 
 
 supersede Allen in the leadership of the heroic men who were 
 about to essay the perilous exploit. From that time commenced 
 the manifestations of the antipathy naturally resulting from the 
 contrast of two such opposites as devoted patriotism and utter 
 selfishness. Prompted b}' prior distrust and now enlightened by 
 actual knowledge of the man, Col. Brown appears to have kept 
 a keen eye upon him, in anticipation of some deed looking more 
 to personal emolument than the good of his country. Nor did 
 he long look in vain. A mysterious night movement of the 
 flotilla of which Arnold then had command, induced Col. 
 Brown to make known his suspicions to his superior officer, 
 Col. Easton, who, demanding, but receiving no adequate ex- 
 planation, ordered a battery to be trained upon the fleet, and 
 checked the design. It was the opinion of both Easton and 
 Brown that Arnold was manoeuvering to run off with the flo- 
 tilla and make his account by selling out to Sir Guy Carleton, 
 the governor of Canada and commander of the British forces 
 in that province. 
 
 This incident did not tend to allay the antagonism between 
 Col. Brown and Arnold, and the latter set himself to annihilate 
 all Brown's prospects of promotion in the army and prominence 
 before the country, and, for the time, he unfortunately had 
 abundant means to do so. He had insinuated himself into the 
 good graces of Gens. Schuyler and Montgomery, who knew no 
 more of his real character than the desperate resolution and 
 rashness of some of his enterprises on which fortune had smiled. 
 Arnold managed his influence with these officers adroitly ; suc- 
 ceeded in keeping himself prominent in their regard, and put- 
 ting his rival into almost complete eclipse. After Gates had 
 superseded Schuyler, Arnold got the same hold of him and re- 
 tained it, more, seemingly, through fear of the mischief he 
 might work if thwarted, than respect for his executive abilities, 
 and he used it, not only to the personal prejudice of Brown, 
 but in prevention of the honorable mention of him as the pro- 
 jector and executor of several important mancjeuvers which 
 greatly contributed toward the ultimate triumph over Burgoyne. 
 Brown knew the cause of the injustice done him, and his patri- 
 otic soul fretted with indignation thereat ; but waited for time 
 
318 BerTcshire Historical and Scientific Society. 
 
 to riglit liitn until his kst reserve of patience was exhausted by 
 Arnold's allegation against him as a peculator of the plunder of 
 St. Johns. Then he demanded opportunity to face his enemy 
 before a court martial. This, Arnold — knowing that an inves- 
 tigation would change his own status from that of a complain- 
 ant to a defendant — managed to have staved off from time to 
 time, until Brown made his final appeal to Congress to do jus- 
 tice between himself and his accuser. Even this was delayed, 
 and sick at heart of his treatment — though never of his princi- 
 ples — he resigned from the Northern army, as did the hero of 
 Bennington under slighter provocation, and, like him, bating 
 nothing of his patriotic ardor, returned to his home to serve the 
 public cause under conditions more compatible with his self- 
 respect and conscious integrity. As in the case of Gen. Stark, 
 due recognition of his merit came at last; but the record of the 
 stirrine: events on the Northern border had been written as his- 
 tory, and it remains for posterity to unseal the silence which 
 detraction has imposed upon them, so far as the services of Col. 
 Brown are connected therewith. With the rank he deserved. 
 Col. Brown fell in battle with the enemies of his country almost 
 synchronously with the treason and flight to them of his per- 
 sistent rival and persecutor. 
 
 In this connection I cannot withhold a repetition of an anec- 
 dote originally related by Gen. Morgan Lewis, illustrative of 
 the prophetic insight of Col. Brown, and the personal courage 
 of himself and Arnold respectively. I abridge the relation as 
 much as possible : 
 
 During the winter of 1776-7, many of the officers of the 
 army, among them the two in question, were quartered in 
 Albany. Brown, smarting under the defamatory treatment of 
 Arnold, published a retaliatory handbill whose final clause was 
 this : " Money is this man's God, and to get enough of it he 
 would sell his country." Arnold, on reading it, raved and 
 stormed, swearing that he would kick its author on sight, when- 
 ever and wherever he should meet him. The threat was re- 
 ported to Col. Brown, who got himself invited to dinner at the 
 mess where Arnold belonged. On entering the dining hall he 
 perceived Arnold standing at its farther end, facing the door of 
 
Col. John Brown. 319 
 
 entrance, and lie delil)erately marched the length of it, looking 
 him in the eye. Halting directly before him, he said, " I un- 
 derstand that you have said that you would kick me ; I now 
 present myself to give you an opportunity to put that threat 
 into execution." Arnold opened not his lips. After a pause 
 Brown resumed, "Sir, I pronounce you a dirty scoundrel." 
 Even this elicited no reply. Then turning and gracefully apol- 
 ogizing to the officers around, who were vainly expectant of a 
 bloody encounter, he left the room. For once Arnold recog- 
 nized " discretion as the better part of valor," and the conscious- 
 ness of the truth of Brown's assertion, obliged him to put both 
 his pride and the insult into his pocket. Guilt cowered before 
 integrity, and made shameless but inevitable surrender, 
 
 I have, perhaps, unduly protracted this article; but interest 
 in a fellow countryman, able, patriotic, devoted and deserving, 
 whose public services have, for long years, been clouded by envy 
 and detraction, must apologize for the extension. Such has 
 been the fate of many a character which, were history always 
 just, would shine upon the pages whence they have been crowded 
 by men and deeds less deserving, but selfishly or fortuitously 
 brought into prominence for the admiration of the ages. The 
 enlarged scope of later investigation, and the impartial pens of 
 modern delvers into the archives of the past, are gradually cor- 
 recting the errors that have distorted historical accuracy, and 
 bringing to the light of truth and honor those to whom honor 
 is due. Among these subjects of tardy justice now stands, and 
 will continue to stand, the name of our Berkshire hero. Col. 
 John Brown. 
 
 Stoclcbridge.^ July 16, 1878. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAQB. 
 
 Abercrombie, Gen 76a-103a 
 
 Adams 15a 
 
 Adams (town) HI 
 
 Adams, John 1K7 
 
 Adirondack Rocks (Ja 
 
 ^sculapius 8 
 
 Air Currents 307-309 
 
 Albany 4a 
 
 "Albany Road" llita 
 
 Alford 135a 
 
 Alpine Club 50 
 
 Allen, Phineas 297 
 
 Allen, Rev. Thomas 2.54-263 
 
 Allen, Ethan 256-313 
 
 Allen, Rev. Mr 210 
 
 Allej<hanies 23a 
 
 Amenia Ore Pit 20a 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Amherst, Gen laOa 
 
 Anatomy of Plants 13 
 
 Andros, Gov 48a 
 
 Anti-Renters 84a 
 
 Apollo 9 
 
 Arab P.otanists 10 
 
 Archanm A{re lla-18a 
 
 Arnold, Benedict 250-316-319 
 
 Art in the Athensum 294 
 
 Ashley, John, Jr 112a 
 
 Ashley, Col. John 61a-73a-104a 
 
 Ashley Lake 10a 
 
 Ashuelot Equivalent 68 
 
 Astronomical Observatory W. C 40 
 
 "Attics" 304 
 
 Aupaumnt 246 
 
 Avery, David 55-57 
 
 Babbitt, Dr. S 152 
 
 Babbitt, Capt. Amariah 260 
 
 Bacon, William 263 
 
 Ballard, U. H 291-299 
 
 Bancroft, Goorge 2.55-206 
 
 Baptists 80 
 
 Bartlett, Pres 262-265 
 
 Barker, Judge 61-295 
 
 Barker. James 105 
 
 Bascom, John 37 
 
 Battenkill River 257 
 
 Baum, C.)l 257-207 
 
 "Bay Path" . . . .' 45a-118a 
 
 Beach, Dr. E 122 
 
 Bear's Den 12a 
 
 Becket Hemlocks 34 
 
 Beds of Iron 19a 
 
 Beebe, Levi 213-307 
 
 Belcher, Gov 57a-120a-238 
 
 Belcher's Cave 79a 
 
 "Berkshire" 249 
 
 Berkshire Geology 3a-7a 
 
 Berkshire Athenfeum 291 
 
 Berkshire Hist. & Scientific So 294 
 
 Berkshire Woolen Co 58a 
 
 Berkshire Bar 89a-110a 
 
 Berkshire Early Roads 1 17a 
 
 Berk.shire at Bennington 247 
 
 Berkshire Co. Land 247 
 
 Berlin Lime Stone 18a 
 
 Bernard, (iov , 92a 
 
 Bennett, Joseph 78-95 
 
 Bennington 56 
 
 Bennington Battle 87 
 
 Bible t'haracters 48 
 
 Bigelow 16 
 
 Biruie, James G 219 
 
 • Black River Country 58 
 
 Blandf ord 125a 
 
 Block, Adrian 31a 
 
 Border Disturbances 79a 
 
 Border Kuffians 226 
 
 Boston 4a 
 
 Bostwick, Rev. Gideon 185-192-195 
 
 Botany of Berkshire 5 
 
 Boundary, Northern of Mass 27 
 
 Boundary Western 29a 
 
 Boundary Quarrels 30a 
 
 Boundary Commission 81a 
 
 Bowlders 9a 
 
 Brainard, David 239 
 
 Bradlev, William 192-209 
 
 Breck, Dr. S 115 
 
 Breimann 266 
 
 Brewer's Pond 119a 
 
 Brewster, Dr. J. M 108 
 
 Brewster. Dr. O 123 
 
 Briggs, (iov 164 
 
 Briggs, Allen 86 
 
 Broad Brook 45 
 
 Brown, Col. John 311-317 
 
 Brown, Just ice 99a 
 
 Brvant, Dr. Peter 153 
 
 Bryant. W. C 57 
 
 Budd, Dr. J 117 
 
 Bull, Dr. W 115 
 
 Bull, William 128a 
 
 Bull, Rev. Mr 234 
 
 Burbank. Dr. Asa 145 
 
 Burbank, Lt. Daniel 200 
 
 Burgovne's Campaign 256 
 
 Burha'ns, Rev. Daniel 185-196-211 
 
 Burial Place at New Providence 87 
 
PAGB. 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian 31a 
 
 Cameron, Simon 237 
 
 Canaan Pour Corners 17a-24a 
 
 Canning, E. W. B 231-311 
 
 Carbonic Acid 22a 
 
 Carices 19 
 
 Chadwicli, Jolin 109a 
 
 Chamberlain, Judge 187 
 
 Cheshire 6 < 
 
 Cheshire Slaves 97 
 
 Cheese, The Cheshire 283 
 
 Childs, Dr. H. II 159 
 
 Childs, Dr. Timothy 129-137 
 
 Church of England 186 
 
 Church of Christ in White Oaks. . ., 42 
 
 Church Six Principles 105 
 
 Church Record 91 
 
 Claveracli 46a-83a 
 
 Clark, t;apt. Samuel 259 
 
 Clark, Daniel 24a 
 
 Clark, Rev. Philetus .59 
 
 Cole, Jacob 63 
 
 College of Medicine 155 
 
 Collins, Dr. Daniel 163 
 
 Colonial History 29a 
 
 Columbia Co 84a 
 
 Colt, Capt 103a 
 
 Common Prayer Book 190 
 
 Conch Shell of Stockbridge 238 
 
 Connecticut ',)a-13a-19a 
 
 t^ooley. Rev. Dr 59 
 
 Cooke, Nicholas 73-95 
 
 Copake 17a-19a 
 
 Cornutus, Dr 15 
 
 Counterfeiters 79a 
 
 "Court of Common Pleas" 90a-94a 
 
 Court of Appeals 85a 
 
 "Critica Botanica" 14 
 
 Crown Point 74a-249 
 
 ("urrant Bushes 24 
 
 Curtis, Peter 192 
 
 D 
 
 Daily Prayer-Meeting W. C 41 
 
 Dalton lla-107a 
 
 Dana, Prof la-7 
 
 Danforth, Jonathan 259 
 
 Danforth, Keyes 253 
 
 Darby, Jonathan 72a-77a 
 
 Davis, Capt. Stephen 261 
 
 Davis, Rev. Thomas 190 
 
 Dawes, Miss A. L 295 
 
 Dawes, Senator 302 
 
 Death of John Leland 289 
 
 Delancey, Gov 70a 
 
 Dendrology of Berkshire 32 
 
 Devonian Era 7 
 
 Dewey. Chester 3a-17-156 
 
 Dickenson, Israel 99a-108a 
 
 Division of Trees 11 
 
 Dongan, Gov 47a 
 
 Donors to Athenieum 298 
 
 Dorrance, Gardiner 58 
 
 Dorrance, Rev. Gordon 57 
 
 Douglas, Capt. William 260 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A 219 
 
 Duke of York 43a-65a 
 
 Dutch Church Habits 188 
 
 Dutch Titles 30a 
 
 Dutch W. I. Co 31a-34a 
 
 Dutch Hoosac 71a 
 
 Dwight, Eli.iah 107a 
 
 Dwight, Gen 61a-66a-91a-100a-264 
 
 Dwight, Pres 40a 
 
 Dwight, Prof 34a 
 
 East Hoosac 66 
 
 East Mountain 10a 
 
 Easton, Col 262 
 
 Eaton, Prof 3a-16 
 
 "Edwards Hall," 240 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan ." 244 
 
 Eelkins, Jacob 33a 
 
 Eggleston, Azariah 207 
 
 Egremont 135a 
 
 Emmons, Prof 3a-5a-9a-14a-34 
 
 Emmons, Rev. Dr 57 
 
 Episcopal Chiu'ch in Berkshire 183 
 
 Epitaph of John Leland 271 
 
 Epitaphs in Cheshire 100 
 
 Feldspar 11a 
 
 Fellows, Gen. John 109a-llla 
 
 Field, Dr 35a-40a-71-185 
 
 Field Memorial Tower 238 
 
 Fish, Elisha Jr 56 
 
 Fishkill .5a 
 
 Fitch, Pres 304 
 
 Flora of Adams 33 
 
 Fort Edward 40a 
 
 Fort Massachusetts 248 
 
 Fort Nassau 33a 
 
 Fort Orange 35a 
 
 Fort Orange 43a 
 
 Port Stanwix 40a 
 
 Fossils in Limestone 7a 
 
 Fossils in Vermont 8a 
 
 Fossils Silurian 7a 
 
 Franklin, Gen. W. B 119 
 
 Free State Men 219 
 
 Fuschia 10 
 
 Gageboro' 55-85 
 
 Geology la 
 
 Gerard, Dr 21 
 
 Gesner, Conrad 14 
 
 Gilson, Michael 252 
 
 Gneiss Rocks 9a 
 
 Glacial Era 19a 
 
 Glacial Epoch 23a 
 
 (joethe 15 
 
 Gorges, Sir Fernondo 31 
 
 Grafton, Mass 272 
 
 Gray, Prof 19 
 
 Great Barrington 12a-100a 
 
 "Great Cause" 83a 
 
 Green M<mntains 7-9a 
 
 Greenwich 42a 
 
 Greylock 12a-15a 
 
 Griffin, Pres 304 
 
 Griffln, Rev. Dr 55 
 
H 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 ITager, A. D ra 
 
 Hall's Farm :J5a 
 
 Hartford .aia 
 
 Harvey 11 
 
 Hawks, John ^5^ 
 
 Hawks, Dr 174 
 
 Hawley, Joseph 80a-9ra 
 
 Ha wlev, Kev. (iideon 105a 
 
 Hawley, Elisha ]2:ia 
 
 Hazeu, Richard 20 
 
 Heiidrick, Chief 241 
 
 Herkimer 257 
 
 Hicks, Frederick 4G 
 
 Hitchcock, Pi-of 3a-7a-:J4 
 
 Hollis, Rev. Issac 240 
 
 HoUenheck, Michael 68a 
 
 I 
 
 PAOX. 
 
 Hooper, Rev. Joseph 183 
 
 Hoosac River 39a 
 
 Hopkins, Leinuel 188-233 
 
 Hopkins, I'rof. .\lbert 37 
 
 Hopkins, Lieutenant 39-52 
 
 Hopkins, .Mark 95a-]lla-254 
 
 Ilosack, Dr 17 
 
 Honsa tonic Settlements 56a 
 
 Hoiisa tonic Kiver 32a-39a 
 
 Howe, sir William 256 
 
 Hubbcll, K. (i 2iH> 
 
 Hubbard, Jonathan 109a 
 
 Hudson River 4a 
 
 Hudson, Henry 31a 
 
 Hutchins, Thomas 28 
 
 Hyde, Caleb 212 
 
 Ingersoll, David 65a-85a-91a | Indian Missions in Stockbridge 234 
 
 "John Brown's Body" 325 
 
 Johnson, Sir William 768 
 
 Jones, Dr. H 140 
 
 Jones, Daniel Ula 
 
 Jussieu 15 
 
 K 
 
 Kansas 219 
 
 Kaolin 11a 
 
 Kellogg, Prof 19 
 
 Keith, H. F 117a 
 
 Kinderhook .■ 45a 
 
 Kittredge, Dr. Abel 160 
 
 Konkapot, Capt 236 
 
 Kuhn, Adam 16 
 
 Lanesboro' 103-260 
 
 Lee, Dr. J 116 
 
 Leland in Virginia 276 
 
 Leland's Hymns 285 
 
 Leland's Wit 278 
 
 Leland. Elder John 97-269 
 
 Lenox 195 
 
 Lewis, Dr. Eldad 132 
 
 Lewis, Gen. Morgan 318 
 
 Library of Athenseum 296-306 
 
 Lime Stone 5a 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham 227 
 
 Lincoln, S. W 90 
 
 Linaeiis 11 
 
 Little, Woodbridge 112a 
 
 Livingstone, Phillip 59a 
 
 Livingstone, Robert 47a -53a 
 
 Livingstone, Robert Jr 62a-G6a 
 
 Loomis. Josiah 67a-77a 
 
 Low, Capt. Samuel 96-261 
 
 Lower Silurian 23a-27a 
 
 M 
 
 Magna Charta 249 
 
 Marsh, Dr. Perez 106a-]27 
 
 Massachusetts Boundary 29a 
 
 Massachusetts Medical Society 127 
 
 Medicine in Berkshire 115 
 
 Meetings of Medical Society 127 
 
 Missouri Voters in Kansas 230 
 
 Mohawks 36a 
 
 N 
 
 Nebraska 220 
 
 New Amsterdam 43a 
 
 New Providence Hill 64 
 
 New Framingham 69 
 
 New Lebanon Springs 204 
 
 New Glasgow 121a 
 
 o 
 
 Oglethorp, Gen 47a 
 
 Otis, (township) 1 19a 
 
 Mohegans 41a 
 
 Montgomery, Gen 313 
 
 Montiment Mountain 17a 
 
 Moore, Pi"es 17 
 
 Morison, Dr. Robert 12 
 
 Mount Washington 15a-49a-83a 
 
 Mum Bet 105a 
 
 Murders in Kansas 230 
 
 New York Observer 219 
 
 Noble, David 115a 
 
 Noble, Matthew 89a 
 
 Noble, Kobert 70a-73a 
 
 Norton, Chaplain 2.52 
 
 North Adams 15a 
 
 Otter Creek 37a 
 
PAGE. 
 
 Parker, Linus 266 
 
 Partridge, Dr. Oliver 266 
 
 Partridffe, Dr. Oliver 131 
 
 Partridge, 01 6]a-129a 
 
 Patterson, Gen. John 117a 
 
 Payson, Louisa 39 
 
 Pennsylvania 9a 
 
 Pepperell, Sir William 102a 
 
 Perry, Dr. Alfred 173 
 
 Perry, A. L 245 
 
 Perry, John 250 
 
 Perry, David 266 
 
 Pettibone, Samuel 93 
 
 Petitcler. Mrs 269 
 
 Phillips Family 213 
 
 Phillips, Prof. J. L. T 53 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Phillips, William 225 
 
 Phillips, Jared 228 
 
 Phips, Gov 73a 
 
 Pierce, Pres 219 
 
 Pittsfield 25a 
 
 "Pittsfield Sun" 297 
 
 Plxley, Hall 215 
 
 Pixley, Joseph 72a 
 
 Plant Names 8 
 
 Plinv, The Elder 9 
 
 Plunkett, Thomas P 297 
 
 Pope, F, L 27a 
 
 Porter, Dr. Samuel 176 
 
 Potsdam Lime Stone 18a 
 
 Poughkeepsie 5a-27a 
 
 Pynchon, John 93a 
 
 Quartzyte 7a-9a 
 
 Quakers 81 
 
 Quebec 38a-248-314 
 
 Quincy, Speaker I21a 
 
 R 
 
 Reeve, Tapping 105a 
 
 Relics in Athena?um 302 
 
 River-bend Farm 258 
 
 Rossiter, Gol. David 263 
 
 Runnymede 249 
 
 Sabin, Dr. H. L 173 
 
 Sages Ravine 16a 
 
 Sargeant, Dr. E 133 
 
 Sar^eant, Rev. John lOla-235 
 
 Schists 8a-18a 
 
 School in Lanesboro' 198 
 
 Schuyler, Gen 314 
 
 Schuyler, Peter 49a 
 
 Seabury, Bishop 195-202 
 
 Sedgwick, Theodore. . . .99a-105a-115a-254 
 
 Shaw, Rev. Dr 185 
 
 Sheffield 119a 
 
 Sheldon, Dr. R 154 
 
 Sherman, Joel 192 
 
 Shirley, (iov 70a 
 
 Siliirian Era 23a 
 
 Silliman, Prof 3a 
 
 Simonds, Benj 2.52-258 
 
 Sloan, Gen 260 
 
 Smedley, Dea. Levi 259 
 
 Smedlev, Nehemiah 257-259 
 
 Smith, Dr. A. M 113 
 
 Smith, Dr. Samuel 149 
 
 Smith, J. E. A 185-312 
 
 Smitb'.s History of Pittsfield 314-253 
 
 Stafford, Col. Joab 65-261 
 
 Staff ord's Hill 72 
 
 Stark, John 257-265 
 
 "Steep Acres" 51 
 
 Stockbridge 58a 
 
 Stockbridge Lime Stone 6a-17a 
 
 Stoddard, Israel 108a 
 
 Stoddard, Col John 233 
 
 St. Johns 315 
 
 Stone Hill 10a 
 
 Stratton, I\[a.ior Isaac 263 
 
 Sumach 23 
 
 Syenyte 12a 
 
 Taconic System 4a-16a 
 
 Taft, Henry W 87a 
 
 Talcott, Major 35a 
 
 Theophrastus 9 
 
 '•The Minister's Wooing" 187 
 
 Tolcose Slate 5a 
 
 Townsend, Martin 261 
 
 Towner, Dr. William 147 
 
 Turnpikes 124a 
 
 Tyler, Dr. W. H 164 
 
 u 
 
 Umpachene, Chief 237 
 
 V 
 
 Van Deusen, Robert 68a 
 
 Van Guilder 00a-75o 
 
 Van Rensselaer, 36a-42a-46a-72a 
 
 Van Schaak 45a-59a-201 
 
 Vaudrieul, Gen 262 
 
 Vermont 4a-9a-13a 
 
 Viets, Rev. Roger 191 
 
w 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Ward, Jabez 9;ia-97a 
 
 Ware River 253 
 
 Warner, Seth 257 
 
 Wt'iidcU, Jacob 131a 
 
 Wtudfii. Peter 92-08 
 
 West, Kev. Dr 91a-5r 
 
 West field 36a 
 
 Westenhook, Grant 53a-64a 
 
 West Hoosac Fort 250 
 
 West Stockbridge 21a-24a 
 
 "White Iloi-se" 21a 
 
 Wliitr Oaks 45-258 
 
 Wliitiiev, Tliomas 78a 
 
 Whiting-, Dr W 117 
 
 Wliii)i)lc, A. B 5 
 
 Williams, Kph Gla-122a 
 
 ■Williams Family 91a-75 
 
 Williams. Israel - 92a 
 
 PA(!E. 
 
 Williams, Eli jali 91a 
 
 Williams, William 101a 
 
 Williams, Dr. Thomas 114a-125 
 
 Williams, Daniel 208 
 
 MMIliams, Hev. Dr 234 
 
 Williams, Col. Kphraim 241-250 
 
 Williams Hivcr 16a 
 
 Williams Collej,'o 3a-«a-16-241 
 
 Williamstown 4a 
 
 Winchell, Samuel 119a 
 
 Windsor, Mass 55 
 
 Wolfe's liattle at Quebec 248 
 
 Woods r.otany 20 
 
 Wood Creek 38a 
 
 Woodbridge, Timothy 106a-235-239 
 
 Worthington, John 97a 
 
 Wright, Dr. Asahcl 138 
 
 Young, Surveyor.