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Power Farming 
 
 BY 
 
 RAYMOND OLNEY 
 
 PoTver-Farmini!; Expert 
 
 This is the First Complete Talk on How to do Farming with 
 
 A Tractor and What to do It With. Study This and 
 
 You CAN Make a Success With Your Outfit. The 
 
 Material Found in These Pages is Based on the 
 
 Practical Experience of Men Who Have Made 
 
 Good. Making Good With a Tractor 
 
 Means Making Money 
 
 M. RUMELY COMPANY 
 
 LaPORTE, IND., U.S. A. 
 

 Copyright 1913 by 
 
 M. RUMELY COMPANY 
 
 LaPorte. Ind., U. S. A. 
 
 ^ Tlif Cuiiimninvoaltli I'l-ess, Chicago 
 
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POWER FARMING 
 
 Profits and Equipment 
 
 THAT which the power farmer works hardest for is profits. His whole energy- 
 is bent on increasing his labor income. His chief aim is to produce bigger and 
 better crops at a decreased cost. But to accomplish a high percentage of 
 results requires the best equipment that he can provide for his business of 
 farming. 
 
 The average farmer is too often at a big disadvantage because of a lack of good equip- 
 ment for carrying on his farm work. He knows that no matter how rich the soil, how good 
 the seed, or how favorable weather conditions may be, he can do nothing without power and 
 implements. They are essential. 
 
 It is a big saving to have the right kind of j equipment and a supply sufficient to perform 
 the different operations properly. It solves to a very large extent one of the great farm 
 problems — labor. The increased use of labor-saving machines has largely cut down the 
 amount of man labor which is required on every farm. Also, it has made it possible for 
 each worker to accomplish more work. It has increased his working capacity and has 
 made him more efficient. Instead of a large crew of hired men, the farmer and his boys 
 can do most of the work themselves and do it easier. 
 
 By giving more attention to decreasing the cost of producing crops the farmer will find 
 surer and bigger profits than he will from high market prices. In other words, he should 
 not depend entirely for his profits on the high prices he may or may not get when he markets 
 his products, but rather the most sensible and profitable thing for him to do is to give most 
 of his attention to cutting down the overhead charges. He should make his profits doubly 
 sure by cutting down the expense of production. 
 
 The fundamental importance of farm machinery is that it enables the farmer to produce 
 his crops with less expense, and it also makes it possible for him to handle a much larger 
 acreage. Agricultural authorities have proved that increased crop yields depend upon three 
 essentials: Seed, soil and thorough tillage. Thorough tillage, which is doubtless the most 
 important, absolutely depends on power and machinery. 
 
 The general-purpose farm tractor has in a sense made it necessary for the farmer to buy 
 more equipment, but at the same time it has decreased in a much larger proportion the 
 cost of producing the crops. It has increased the usefulness of each machine and though 
 in the first place it involves a large investment, the farmer should nevertheless provide 
 himself with sufficient tools to perform his work properly. It is nothing more or less than 
 a matter of good business management. 
 
 Manufacturers have been slow to build farm machinery which can readily be used 
 behind the tractor. Excepting the engine gang plow, the machines are practically the 
 same as those which were designed for use with horses. In order to load the engine to its 
 normal, full-load capacity and do more work in a given space of time, it is necessary to haul 
 a number of machines at one time, for example; discs, harrows, drills, seeders, packers, 
 binders, etc. For this purpose, hitches have been designed and built, by the use of which 
 the farmer can haul as many implements to good advantage as the tractor will pull. 
 
 The farmer should at all times have the thought of the biggest profits foremost in his 
 mind. At the same time he should not forget that a large income is not possible without 
 good equipment. The best results depend directly upon the machines used and the 
 intelligence exercised in selecting and using them to get the most out of the investment. 
 
 Page Three 
 
-'ii 
 
 I'aye Four 
 
How to Farm With a Tractor 
 
 THE first and most important essential in farming with a tractor 
 is good business management. It is just as necessary in farming 
 as it is in any manufacturing or business undertaking. It is even 
 more so, in fact, because of the large amount of equipment that is 
 required to carry on the farm work. A larger number and a greater 
 variety of machines are needed on the farm than in any other industry 
 compared to its size. Without good and sufficient equipment the farmer 
 is very seriously handicapped. It is to his advantage to have the best 
 machines which money can buy, but it takes a first-class manager to get 
 the most out of the investment. He must have energy and ability to succeed. 
 
 SELECTING THE TRACTOR AND OTHER MACHINES 
 
 The first and most important part of the power-farming equipment is 
 the tractor. The prospective purchaser should be very careful in buying 
 
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 THE BIGGEST SHIPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY (Fig. Ij 
 This trainload consists of 101 Rumely OilPull Tractors, 81 Rumely Separators and 139 Rumely 
 kerosene tanks. It impresses one with the idea that the farm tractor is rapidly coming into use for 
 replacing horses to a large extent on our farms. 
 
 his engine to see that he gets one which will be best adapted to his own 
 particular conditions. It is always well to invest with a reliable manufactur- 
 ing concern so as to be sure of getting a good machine. Above all things, 
 
 ■wiwife^Hpsteir «•* 
 
 CULTIVATING THE ORCHARD (Fig. 2) 
 
 The Rumely ToeHold Tractor is ideally adapted for orchard and 
 cultivating work and for use on the smaller farms. 
 
 Page Five 
 
insist upon quality. Rather let the price be a secondary consideration. 
 By getting the best it will always be found to pay in the long run. 
 
 The tractor is the unit which furnishes the power for hauling all the 
 other machines. Therefore, these implements should also be selected 
 on a basis of quality, and at the same time they should be of such a design 
 and construction to work well with the engine. 
 
 When making an investment in machinery, it is an unwise plan to limit 
 the efficiency of the tractor by a lack of equipment. While it may seem 
 at times that the investment required is too great, still the farmer should 
 always have enough machines to make up a full load for his tractor. It has 
 been found that the greatest economy can be obtained when it is loaded to its 
 normal capacity. 
 
 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT. 
 
 Aside from the various implements which are necessary to the equipment, 
 there is a certain amount of auxiliary apparatus such as repair parts, tools, 
 
 oil and water tanks, chains, 
 clevises, extra bolts, etc., which 
 should be with every tractor out- 
 fit. A blacksmith's outfit is a 
 very desirable thing to have, and 
 it can frequently be used to good 
 advantage when a shop is miles 
 away. In times of emergency, 
 when every minute counts, this 
 auxiliary apparatus will be a means 
 of saving considerable time in 
 repairing breakages or replacing 
 lost parts. 
 
 When working in extra large 
 fields at a considerable distance 
 away from headquarters, it is a 
 good thing to provide eating and 
 sleeping quarters for the men so 
 that no time will be lost in travel- 
 ing to and from the work. The 
 men will have more time to care for the outfit outside of working hours 
 and they will find it easier work all around. On the smaller farms this is 
 not necessary as the time lost in going to and from the fields is very small. 
 In this case it is an advantage to have the headquarters located at the farm 
 buildings where the fuel and other supplies are stored, as filling tanks, repair- 
 ing and overhauling can be done much easier there than in the field. 
 
 paespj 
 
 RUMELY OIL TANK WAGON (Fig. 3) 
 An oil tank wagon is an essential part of the power 
 farmer's equipment. A large quantity can be hauled 
 from town at one time. It is also very useful when 
 the engine is working some distance from the source 
 of supplies. If kerosene is used as fuel, the small 
 tank on top is filled with gasoline for starting the 
 engine. 
 
 QUALITY BEFORE QUANTITY 
 
 In many cases, there is a decided tendency for men owning tractor out- 
 fits to attempt to farm on a large scale. It seems to be the opinion that they 
 can make more money by tilling these large areas, even though the work is 
 slovenly in character. It should be borne in mind that a few acres of well- 
 tilled land will bring greater returns than a large number of acres where 
 the work is slighted. While the tractor does enable the farmer to cultivate 
 a larger acreage than he can with the equivalent number of horses, still he 
 should not sacrifice quality for quantity. His engine enables him to secure 
 greater quality than he can with horses becauseof the fact that the power is 
 concentrated, and intensive farming can be practiced equally as well as 
 
 Page Six 
 
extensive farming. Power farming should be synonymous with intensive 
 farming. 
 
 With the best engine and equipment the farmer can do better work. 
 But he should not lose sight of the fact that it is absolutely necessary to give 
 close attention to its performance. The farmer buys power-farming ma- 
 chinery to make money and he should try in every way to cut down the 
 cost of operating it. Profits rise as operating expenses are lowered. 
 
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 A RUMELY THRESHING OUTFIT (Fig. 4) 
 
 HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF THE TRACTOR 
 
 The tractor, in the first place, means a large investment. To the average 
 farmer it is an expensive proposition, but much less so than the number 
 of horses which are equivalent to it. He should aim to adapt it to as many 
 different kinds of work as possible 
 in order to make it pay for itself. 
 A large number of the tractors in the 
 field at the present time are used 
 principally for plowing and thresh- 
 ing. They should be made to per- 
 form other kinds of work, such as 
 hauling, harrowing, seeding, road 
 building, harvesting, running ensilage 
 cutters, saw mills, feed grinders, and 
 many other farm jobs. All the 
 drudgery of farm work can be per- 
 formed by the engine. 
 
 The idea of putting the tractor to work on different jobs is so that the 
 fixed charges of interest and depreciation will be divided among a larger 
 number of working days per year. Each engine has in it the ability to do 
 a certain amount of work and it has been found that the greatest economy 
 results in doing this work in the shortest possible space of time. 
 
 This can best be illustrated by an example in which we will assume that 
 a farmer buys a tractor costing $2,000, which, we will say, will have a life of 
 1,000 working days. We will also assume that the annual repairs will be 
 two per cent of the first cost and that the interest will be six per cent of 
 the average investment or annual inventory value. If the life of the engine 
 is distributed over a period of five years, it will be in service a total of 200 
 
 working days each year, and the 
 ' total charges for interest, depre- 
 
 ciation and repairs will amount 
 to $2.56 per day. Now, if its 
 life is extended over a period of 
 ten years, it will be used on an 
 average of 100 days per year at 
 a cost of $3.12 per day If it 
 lasts 15 years it will work 66 
 days per year or at a cost of 
 $4.40 per day. 
 
 These costs assume that the 
 annual repairs will be the same 
 whether the life of the engine is 
 five or fifteen years. This is not quite true, because the longer the life the 
 greater will be the total depreciation when it is not working. The total 
 repairs will consequently be greater. The interest is figured on the average 
 inventory value. This is only fair because depreciation and repair charges 
 are deducted each year. 
 
 Page Seven 
 
 IN ALL WEATHER (Fig. 5) 
 
 This outfit is now a familiar sight on many 
 Corn Belt farms. 
 
The farmer should not get the idea that he should save his engine simply 
 to make it last longer, because as we have just pointed out, the longer 
 the life the greater will be the cost per day. 
 
 The argument might be raised now that it would be better to buy a cheaper 
 engine which will last only a comparatively short time. This is not true, 
 however, because in figuring out the interest and depreciation charges it 
 will be found that depreciation is five to six times as great as the interest. 
 If a cheap engine is bought, the repair charges will also be greater than 
 they would be in the case of a higher-priced engine. 
 
 PREPARING FOR THE RUSH SEASON 
 
 The farm owner or manager should see to it that he has on hand sufficient 
 supplies to carry him through the rush periods. In this connection if it is 
 difficult to secure quickly supplies of fuel and oil, he should provide storage 
 capacity large enough so that in a slack time he will be able to deliver a 
 quantity to his farm which will last him throughout the season. By doing 
 this much time will be saved when minutes are precious. It is also well 
 to secure a supply of extra parts for the machinery which are apt to be 
 
 THE RUMELY AUTOMATIC BALER (Fig. 6) 
 
 A baler offers another opportunity for keeping the tractor busy on your own and your 
 neighbors' farms a larger number of days during the year. It is a money maker. It 
 will bale hay, straw, or cornstalks, thus perserving their feed value and saving 
 barn space. 
 
 frequently needed. The time lost by not having a certain extra part is 
 all too often more costly than the part itself. 
 
 During the rush of the season's w^ork, if breakdowns occur, a great deal 
 of time and money can be saved if repair parts are ordered by telegraph 
 and shipped by express. The saving in crops will usually many times pay 
 for this extra cost of securing these necessary parts. 
 
 An engine owner or operator should be very careful in ordering repairs 
 to give as full information as possible. The number and description of the 
 part should be given, the number of the machine and the date when it was 
 purchased, if this information is available. This will enable the manufac- 
 turer to make immediate shipments and the delays in the field will be con- 
 siderably shortened. 
 
 Page Eight 
 
A RUMELY BALING OUTFIT (Fig. 7) 
 
 OVERHAULING THE EQUIPMENT 
 
 A large amount of trouble and loss of time during the busy seasons has 
 been due to neglect on the part of the farmer or his operator in not properly 
 overhauling the equipment. This is very essential indeed. The best time 
 to overhaul any piece of machinery is immediately after the season's work 
 is finished. At that time the operator is more familiar with the extent to 
 which the machine needs repairing and is able to do it at a much greater 
 advantage than he would be at 
 the beginning of the next season. 
 He knows just where the trouble 
 lies, and by giving it immediate 
 attention the danger of neglect- 
 ing any part will be largely done 
 away with. 
 
 All the worn and broken parts 
 should be repaired or replaced by 
 new ones. In case of the tractor, 
 the pistons should be cleaned 
 and examined very carefully to 
 see that there are no broken 
 rmgs. The bearings should be 
 carefully inspected to see that they are properly adjusted, and they should 
 be re-babbitted if necessary. Inspection should be complete. 
 
 By properly and thoroughly overhauling each piece of machinery, a 
 great amount of time and labor wiU be saved when the rush of the season's 
 work is on. Nothing is more costly than a delay in the field to make 
 repairs, when the fault might have been avoided before the work began. 
 
 It is sometimes necessary to completely overhaul a tractor two or three 
 times during the year. This will depend upon the service which it receives, 
 and the amount of attention that is given it while it is working. The owner 
 of an outfit should insist upon having his men give the equipment the best 
 possible care. He should keep watch to see that every machine is in perfect 
 running condition. 
 
 HOW TO AVOID DELAYS 
 
 Accidents and delays should be avoided as much as possible. They 
 can be overcome by having the men devote a certain amount of time each 
 
 day to caring for the equipment. 
 In the case of a tractor as well 
 as other machinery, aside from 
 filling the supply tanks, lubrica- 
 tors and grease cups, and making 
 necessary adjustments, at least 
 one hour should be spent each 
 day in looking over the machine 
 carefully to see that all nuts are 
 tight and that there are no 
 broken parts. The bearings 
 should be examined at least once 
 a week — some of them oftener — 
 to see that they keep their 
 proper adjustment. By being 
 extremely careful in this way, the 
 danger from unexpected accidents and delays will be reduced to a minimum. 
 When a tractor is at work in the field it should be kept in motion every 
 possible moment. Lost time is expensive. Many farmers to save labor 
 
 Page Nine 
 
 AN OILPULL TRACTOR HAULING AN 
 ELEVATING GRADER (Fig. 8) 
 
 Keep the tractor busy during slack times on the 
 farm by building and repairing roads. A good pro- 
 fit can be made at this kind of work. An engine 
 will do it much cheaper than it can be done by 
 horses. 
 
will let one man handle the outfit when in reality two are necessary. In 
 plowing, for instance, where the automatic-lift plow and engine guide are 
 not used, two men will do the work at considerably less cost than one can. 
 But if this auxiliary apparatus is used one man can easily handle the work. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR 
 
 The labor should be so distributed that extra help will be available to 
 get the outfit started early earh morning. An extra hand for such work 
 as oiling, filling the fuel tanks tec, is a big help and money saved. During 
 busy seasons the outfit should spend as many hours per day in the field as 
 possible, and it is economical to have enough labor to keep it in operation. 
 An extra crew should be hired to operate the outfit during the night, when 
 the work must be rushed to the limit. 
 
 In the matter of labor, perhaps the best plan is to hire the men by the 
 month, because in this way the owner will have the service of his crew during 
 the season when there is very little work to do. The good manager will 
 
 HAULING WITH AN OILPULL TRACTOR (Fig. 9) 
 This 15-30 h. p. tractor is hauling 660 bushels of wheat at one load. It shows one 
 of the many ways in which it is possible to keep an engine busy throughout the year. 
 
 keep his men busy during slack times in overhauling the equipment and 
 doing many odd jobs that are found on every farm. 
 
 It is advisable to pay a certain fixed rate of wages and allow a bonus 
 for any extra work that is done. One farmer pays a flat rate per acre for 
 the engine operator and helpers. A bonus above this is allowed for the 
 whole number of acres plowed if the total each day exceeds a certain amount. 
 This is an advantage to the workman because he not only gets his full wages 
 for this extra work done, but he also receives a bonus added to this. It is 
 best to make this bonus effective only when a man remains with the outfit 
 until the close of the season. 
 
 The proper care of the entire equipment should not be sacrificed in order 
 to accomplish a large volume of work. The farmer should seek to do as 
 much work as he can with as little amount of wear and tear on the machinery 
 as possible. It is not a good plan to allow hired crews to take long periods 
 of rest then to crowd the outfit during the time when it is actually at work. 
 This is a dangerous method of conducting any business and will invariably 
 result in costly delays. While the outfit should be kept moving as much 
 of the time as possible, still it should not be done at the expense of excessive 
 injury to any part. 
 
 Page Ten 
 
HOW TO PLACE THE RESPONSIBILITY 
 
 If the owner himself is not working with the outfit he should make some 
 one responsible for the proper care of the machinery and the amount and 
 quality of the work done. If one man is given the responsibility for every- 
 thing, he will see to it that the men under him do their part of the work, 
 and the owner will find that he will get much better results than he will 
 where no one in particular is accountable. 
 
 As in practically every line of work, cheap labor is by no means econom- 
 ical in connection with an engine outfit. The matter of wages should be a 
 secondary consideration. The best to be had is money saved. 
 
 The duty of the man in charge should be to reduce as much as possible 
 the time spent when the outfit is at a standstill. Anticipating accidents is 
 a very profitable way of earning wages and only an experienced operator will 
 be able to do this. 
 
 DAILY RECORDS SHOULD BE KEPT 
 
 The keeping of daily reports 
 the man in charge of the outfit. 
 These should show the number 
 of miles traveled or acres plowed; 
 the total amount of fuel, lubri- 
 cating oil and other materials 
 used; repairs and time of making 
 the same; time spent in inspect- 
 ing and adjusting equipment, 
 and any other charges and 
 incidental expenses. Cash ac- 
 counts should be kept so that 
 repairs and overhead charges for 
 the season's work may be divided 
 as closely as possible and 
 charged to the diflFerent jobs 
 of work performed by the 
 equipment and by the diflFerent 
 
 of cost and results should be required of 
 
 LOGGING WITH A TRACTOR (Fig. 10) 
 The OilPuU Tractor finds a wide field of usefulness 
 in the timber districts of the South. It is used very 
 extensively for snaking out logs and hauling them to 
 the saw mills. Because of its large power capacity 
 and endurance it completely surpasses the horse for 
 this kind of work. 
 
 machines in the equipment, if possible. 
 
 INCREASING THE USEFULNESS OF THE TRACTOR 
 
 The tractor is probably needed for plowing more than for any other work 
 on the farm, due to the fact of the very large amount of power that is needed. 
 Still on most farms its use is not profitable unless provision is made to keep 
 it busy during as many months of the year as possible. It is not so long 
 ago that it was thought that the farm tractor was practicable only for plowing 
 and threshing, but now it is in demand for a greater variety of work than 
 was imagined to be within its range of usefulness a few years ago. 
 
 The owner will find that he can also increase the usefulness of his engine 
 by doing custom work, such as plowing, seeding, harvesting, threshing and 
 other belt work. A. good manager can always make money at this, and 
 by establishing a reputation for doing good work, he won't have any trouble 
 getting all the outside jobs he can handle. 
 
 Co-operative or community tractor outfits are rapidly increasing in 
 number in various sections of the country and they are very popular. Prog- 
 ress in this direction is bound to continue. 
 
 Page Eleven 
 
Combining Field Operations 
 
 WHEN horse power is used, only one machine can be hauled at 
 a time because of the lack of power and the inefficiency of 
 large teams. No manageable team can perform more than 
 one job at a time, but with the tractor it is an entirely differ- 
 ent proposition. Several machines can be coupled together and hauled 
 behind it at one time. The advisability of hauling a series of implements is 
 not to be doubted. It is a comparatively easy matter when the proper equip- 
 ment is furnished for doing it. 
 
 Take seeding for instance: If a man is using horses, seeding is held up 
 until after the plowing, discing and harrowing are completed, each being 
 done in separate jobs. Also at harvest time, plowing can not be started 
 until after the grain is cut. Where considerable time intervenes between 
 
 each job a large amount 
 of moisture is lost, due 
 to the action of the sun 
 and growing weeds. 
 
 With animal power 
 the farmer is compelled 
 to make separate trips 
 with the plow, the roller, 
 the disc, and the harrow, 
 but with the tractor he 
 accomplishes all four in 
 one. In Figurei lis shown 
 an engine hauling plows, 
 drill and harrow at one 
 time. The plow breaks 
 up the moist soil, the 
 seed is sown, and it is 
 given every advantage 
 of moisture and time for growth. The usual excessive evaporation between 
 operations is done away with. 
 
 COMBINING OPERATIONS (Fig. 11) 
 This picture shows an OilPulI Tractor hauling an eight- 
 bottom Rumely gang, a drill and harrow at one time. Plowing 
 and seeding at one operation saves time and moisture. The 
 seed is imbedded in the moist earth freshly turned up by the 
 plow. " 
 
 PLOWING AND SEEDING TOGETHER 
 
 In certain sections of the country it is desirable to plow and seed at the 
 same time in order to conserve the greatest possible amount of moisture. 
 One farmer found that when he used his tractor merely for plowing and 
 horses for hauling the drills, that the tracks of the engine could be seen in 
 the growing grain throughout the season. The result was that he obtained 
 about one-half a crop. 
 
 The reason for this was that by waiting to seed until the plowing had 
 been finished, the soil had an opportunity to become dry and hard between 
 the two operations, and the seed consequently did not have a chance to get 
 the proper start. He remedied the trouble by hauling a harrow and drill 
 directly behind the engine gang, thus plowing, harrowing and seeding at the 
 same time. The harrow followed directly behind the plow and pulverized 
 the furrow slices, making way for the drill. In this way, as soon as the 
 ground was plowed, the seed was immediately imbedded into the moist 
 mellow earth so that it got a good start before evaporation could have a 
 chance to take place. By following this method all of the seed sprouted 
 at the same time and the growth was uniform over the entire field. 
 
 Page Twelve 
 
In most cases it would be desirable to use a disc harrow directly behind 
 the plows and the drill behind the disc. Then with a packer and a smoothing 
 harrow hauled behind the drill a first-class job of seeding could be accom- 
 plished. 
 
 ONE TRIP INSTEAD OF MANY 
 
 Preparing the seed bed with horses means separate trips back and forth 
 across the field until the job is finished. It is hard work and as the soil 
 becomes very mellow, their hoofs sink deeper and deeper and the task becomes 
 very laborious. But by use of the method outlined above, the path of the 
 tractor and other equipment is made but once over the field. There is no 
 time intervening while one operation is being completed to make way for 
 another. The furrows are turned, pulverized, seed is sown, and a dust 
 mulch is formed to protect the moisture. Practically every ounce of moisture 
 is conserved. 
 
 As minor items compared to soil moisture, the saving in time and labor 
 are nevertheless very important. The work is done quickly and the usual 
 slow process of seeding is accomplished in a comparatively short space of 
 time. After covering the field once, the job is finished. 
 
 RAPID WORK NECESSARY 
 
 As soon as weather conditions permit the beginning of spring work, 
 moments are precious. With the soil in the right condition it is essential 
 that the grain be sown on time in order to get the maximum yields. The 
 work must be done rapidly to avoid a loss of moisture. While it is more 
 true in dry farming sections, it is nevertheless essential in humid regions as 
 well. With horses the spring work must be started early and finished late. 
 A week or two difference in the time of seeding very often changes what 
 might have been a bumper crop to a complete failure. It is also a fact that 
 grain which is cut early in harvest time contains a higher percentage of gluten 
 and consequently a higher price 
 on the market is received. ■ 
 
 Where the work is done by 
 animal power, a four-horse team 
 is needed to haul one drill. 
 Another team is needed to follow 
 the drill with a packer and still 
 another for harrowing. In all 
 three teams and three men are 
 required. They must plod back 
 and forth across the field to do 
 the same amount of work which 
 can be accomplished by a small 
 tractor hauling the drills, packers 
 and harrows, and handled by 
 two men. 
 
 More than that, the horses 
 on an average will not work 
 more than eight hours per day but the tractor will work on an average of 
 about twerity hours per day. A night and day crew furnished to operate 
 a tractor outfit will do more than twice as much work as the equivalent 
 number of horses in the same length of time. This is an advantage because 
 the work can be done exactly when it should be. 
 
 Page Thirteen 
 
 THE BIGGEST FARM JOB (Fig. It) 
 
 This man with his OilPull Tractor, Dreadnought 
 engine guide, Rumely plows and harrow is doing the 
 hardest of all farm work with ease. The harrow 
 behind the plows leaves the soil in nice condition. 
 The engine guide enables him to give most of his 
 attention to the plows. This is the ideal way of 
 plowing. 
 
IDEAL SEEDING 
 
 Where seeding and plowing are combined, the object of the disc ahead of 
 the drill is to wipe out the wheel tracks of the engine and pulverize the soil. 
 Then the drill follows and drops the seed at a uniform depth. The packer 
 behind this packs the earth around the seed and brings up the moisture by 
 capillary attraction, thus producing rapid sprouting of the seed. Finally 
 with a smoothing harrow behind the packer, the surface is levelled off and a 
 protective mulch is left. All these machines are hauled behind the engine 
 at one time and only a few seconds instead of days or weeks elapse between 
 each separate operation. 
 
 THE RESULTS 
 
 The beneficial results to be gained by combining operations are: 
 
 1. To save time. 
 
 2. To reduce to a minimum the time between each operation in order to 
 confine the work to a period when the conditions of the soil and climate are 
 most favorable and to avoid a negative action of the soil between each job. 
 
 3. To cut down the number of trips on the plowed ground. 
 
 4. To load the tractor to its normal, full-load capacity by a combination 
 of the various machines. 
 
 With horses the farmer is unable to concentrate their power to such an. 
 extent a^ to combine the different operations, but with an engine it is com- 
 paratively easy to combine a number of the various tasks so that they can 
 take place at one and the same time. 
 
 Getting a Tractor out of the Mud 
 
 THE first thing to do when an engine gets into a mud or bog hole 
 is to unhitch from the load you are hauling. Some soft spots 
 are small and only a short distance across. If you get into one 
 and find that your engine will not be able to pull out with the 
 load, stop immediately and unhitch from the plows or machines you are 
 pulling. Drive the tractor across to firm ground where it will be able to get 
 a good grip on the soil. Then by means of chains or cables pull the outfit across. 
 If the engine can not pull itself out with its own power, do not attempt 
 it by backing up and going forward to work yourself out, as the tendency 
 will be for the drivers to make a bigger hole in which to settle. Wait until 
 you have provided planks, posts, sticks of wood, or stones so that the drivers 
 will be able to get a footing. In trying to get out keep the mud scraped 
 out from between the lugs on the drivers to enable them to take hold. 
 
 In many cases it will be found that the ground is so soft that the wood 
 or stones will be forced into the ground, and will offer practically no means 
 for the wheels to get a footing. They will also become covered with mud 
 and get so slippery that they will offer no resistance whatever. 
 
 The best method to use in a case of this kind is to wrap a chain securely 
 around one end of a plank and the other end of the chain around the rim of 
 the drive wheel. Do this to both drivers, if necessary. Then by starting 
 the engine it will pull itself up on to the planks. Then unfasten the chain 
 from the drivers, and if the planks are long enough, you will be able to run 
 out of the hole on them. If they are too short for this, lay some more in 
 front of them lapping them about a foot. 
 
 I'age Fourteen 
 
Another method which can be used in extreme cases is to bury a "dead 
 man" some distance ahead of the engine. One end of a cable should be 
 attached to this "dead man." Then fasten the other end to the rim of the 
 driver and start the engine. The cable will be wound about the wheel as 
 on a drum, and the tractor will pull itself out. 
 
 If the engine is down so deep that the gears, flywheel or the frame rests 
 on the ground, it will first be necessary to jack it up far enough so that planks 
 or posts can be shoved under the wheels to take the weight and to clear the 
 other parts. Do not try to move an engine by its own power or otherwise 
 when any part except the wheels rests on the ground. 
 
 Before attempting any method, the first thing to do is to take the mud 
 away from in front of all four wheels. The reason for this is that consid- 
 erable power is needed to get over the obstruction, and the harder it is for 
 the tractor the more difiiculty there will be in getting out. 
 
 It is best to dig a trench in front of all four wheels, if necessary, and a 
 little wider than the width of the wheels. Dig to the bottom of the wheels 
 and let the trench gradually slope up to the surface. It is much easier for 
 the engine to climb this incline than a steep one, as would be the case were 
 no digging done. 
 
 Plowing 
 
 PLOWING is the most important operation on the farm. It is also 
 the most difficult — in fact, the heaviest of all human tasks. More 
 power is necessary for this purpose than is consumed in all the 
 factories of the world. 
 Plowing has been designated the "peak load" in agriculture, since it 
 requires more power in a given length of time than any other farm task. 
 To produce the wheat crop, 60 per cent of all the power required is used up 
 in the shallow plowing that is most generally practiced. Deep plowing, 
 then, demands a much greater expenditure of energy. 
 
 Because of the large amount of power needed, plowing is consequently 
 the most expensive job on the farm. It is the biggest item in the cost of 
 producing crops. 
 
 HOW THE TRACTOR CUTS THE COST OF PLOWING 
 
 The coming of the farm tractor has revolutionized plowing, as it has all 
 other farm work. It has cut ten cents per bushel from the cost of raising 
 
 ,^«t:^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ■^^.^,^^^^,3*m:^ 
 
 3i.-j:3'.-«^S3 
 
 THE PLOWING OUTFIT FOR THE SMALL FARM iFig. 13) 
 A Rumely GasPuU Tract<jr and a six-bottom Runiely engine Kan^ that is doing the 
 work of three to five men and fifteen horses. This is an ideal outfit for the average 
 Corn Belt farm. The tractor is well adapted to general-purpose farm work. 
 
 Page Fifteen 
 
wheat. This is due very largely to the saving it has effected in the operation 
 of plowing. 
 
 In the first place, one man with a 15 h. p. modern traction plowing outfit 
 can plow as many acres per day as four to six men with teams. Or with a 
 30 h. p. outfit he will do the work of ten to twelve men with teams. The 
 tractor increases the ability of the individual worker to accomplish more 
 work, because it placed in his hands the control of more power. It is a labor- 
 saving proposition. 
 
 Engine plowing can be made of much better quality than horse plowing. 
 A more even job can be done, as the furrows are the same width over the 
 entire field. Deep plowing can also be practiced. While it is possible to 
 plow deep with horses, it is not profitable. But with a tractor we can turn 
 as deep a furrow as we like and just as economical as a shallower one. 
 
 Power capacity is at a premium on most farms at certain times of the 
 year. Especially is this true in the case of spring plowing. Here is where 
 the tractor has the advantage over the horse. It can be made to do double 
 duty by using it both day and night. In this way it will do as much work 
 as twice the number of horses that equal its normal power capacity. The 
 farmer is able to plow when the best weather and soil conditions prevail and 
 to fit his ground in ample time for seeding and other crops. It is a time 
 saver. 
 
 HORSE POWER EXPENSIVE 
 
 If a farmer maintains a sufficient number of horses the year round to 
 properly meet the "peak load" of the plowing season, a large percentage 
 of them will be idle the greater part of the year. The average farmer finds 
 that he can profitably keep so many head of horses the year round. But 
 when it comes to plowing, he can always use a much larger number to mighty 
 good advantage. 
 
 The fact is that the number of horses that can be economically kept on 
 
 the farm is limited because of the 
 high maintenance cost. They differ 
 from the tractor in that they must 
 be fed and cared for 365 days of 
 the year and on the average each 
 horse works three hours per day 
 throughout the year. The tractor, 
 on the other hand, costs nothing 
 when idle. All expenses stop with 
 the wheels. And when working the 
 cost of fuel and lubricants is less 
 than feed for the number of horses 
 that equal it in power. When 
 properly cared for, the repair bills 
 will be less than shoeing and veteri- 
 nary bills for the horses. 
 The tractor can be properly housed in a building one-tenth the size and 
 cost of a barn for the number of horses that equal it in power. 
 
 Taken all in all, the tractor has far greater advantages as a source of farm 
 power than does its rival the horse. It also relieves the horse of endless 
 farm drudgery, particularly is this true in the operation of plowing. 
 
 A HARD PKOPOSITION (Fig. 14) 
 This OilPuU Tractor and Sanders disc plow 
 are breaking up soil that is so hard that a mold- 
 board plow couldn't penetrate it. 
 
 Don't condemn the tractor. If you can not get it to do what the company claims 
 for it, find out first whether the fault is your own or the manufacturer's. Engine owners 
 are too free with their condemnation of a machine when in a great many cases the trouble 
 was due to their own ignorance or mismanagement. Know your tractor as you know your 
 horse, if you wish to make a success with it. 
 
 Page Sixteen 
 
Power-Plowing Equipment 
 
 A REMARKABLE improvement in traction plowing outfits has 
 been made in the last two years. The efficiency of the up-to- 
 date outfit is very high, compared to some of the earlier 
 attempts. The big advantages of engine plowing are coming to 
 be more and more widely recognized, and it is winning favor wherever it has 
 been given a fair trial. 
 
 The two prime essentials in a tractor plowing outfit are, of course, the 
 engine and the gang plow, 
 
 THE TRACTOR 
 It may be either a steam or internal-combustion engine, but for general 
 
 THE RUMELY ENGINE GANG PLOW (Fig. 15) 
 
 Select an engine gang that is easy to handle and light of draft. This plow 
 together with a Rumely OilPuU Tractor makes a first-class combination 
 for plowing. 
 
 farm work the latter is preferred and has many advantages over the former. 
 It is the ideal farm motor. 
 
 There was a time when the gas tractor was very much in disfavor 
 because of its unreliability. That time has passed and we find on the 
 market at the present time 
 engines which are very reliable 
 and which give highly satisfac- 
 tory service when properly 
 handled. 
 
 The prospective buyer will 
 find tractors of one, two and 
 four cylinders, vertical and hori- 
 zontal, high and low speed, and 
 large and small. His choice 
 should be selected with much 
 care. He should study the con- 
 ditions under which the engine 
 must give service. He should 
 take into consideration the 
 amount of work to be done and 
 the power needed to do it. Selec- 
 tion of the power unit should be 
 made only after a careful investi- 
 gation of all factors. 
 
 THE USEFUL DISC PLOW (Fig. 16) 
 
 For hard, tough ground, or wet soil where mold- 
 boards will not scour, the disc plow is indispensable. 
 This picture shows a Rumely OilPull Tractor and 
 three-section Sanders disc gang. 
 
 Page Seventeen 
 
A ONE MAN OUTFIT (Fig. 17) 
 A Rumely GasPuU Tractor turning sod in the 
 open prairie. One man does the work plowing 
 from 10 to 12 acres in a day of 10 hours. 
 
 As to the capacity of the different tractors, it may be said that in general 
 an engine rated at 15-tractive, 30-brake h. p. will haul about four 14-inch 
 plows in breaking virgin sod and five to six plows in stubble or tame sod. 
 This is at the rate of one and three-fourths to two miles per hour. 
 
 A 30-tractive, 60-brake h. p. tractor will haul eight to nine bottoms in 
 breaking and ten to twelve bottoms in stubble or old land. 
 
 THE ENGINE GANG PLOW 
 
 The engine gang is of two different types — the disc and the moldboard, 
 
 Each has its advantages and disad- 
 vantages. 1 he selection should 
 depend upon the kinds and conditions 
 of soils in which they must render 
 service. 
 
 The disc plow is essentially a 
 pulverizer. Its natural field of use- 
 fulness is in the South, the Southwest 
 and on the semi-arid plains. It has 
 the advantage in that it will pene- 
 trate ground that is too hard and 
 dry for a moldboard plow. It is also 
 somewhat lighter in draft than the 
 latter type. 
 
 The moldboard plow is in most universal use, and where either one can be 
 used it is to be preferred, as it gives in general much better results. 
 
 PLOW BOTTOMS 
 
 Bottoms which cut a furrow 14 inches wide are in most general use. 
 
 There are three general classes of plow bottoms, depending upon the 
 shape of the moldboard — stubble, general-purpose and breaker bottoms. 
 Variations of these are the slat and rod breaker bottoms. 
 
 The moldboard of the stubble bottom is steep with an abrupt turn where 
 the furrow slice leaves it. It has a tendency to break down the soil with 
 a considerable pulverizing action, when the furrow is turned. It is especially 
 adapted for plowing stubble ground, where the crop is to be put in at once, 
 and in soils where a finer and 
 closer texture is desired. 
 
 The general-purpose bottom 
 is more sloping and with a less 
 abrupt curve than the stubble 
 type. It leaves the furrow more 
 on edge. The pulverizing action 
 is much less, the furrow slice 
 being broken up into large pieces, 
 which are more or less exposed to 
 the action of the weather. This 
 bottom is adapted to soils of the 
 
 clayey type, where it is desired to make them more porous, 
 for fall plowing on stubble ground or light sod. 
 
 The breaker bottom has a long sloping moldboard with a gradual curve. 
 which completely inverts the furrow slice with practically no pulverizing 
 action. It is used for plowing virgin prairie sod, or where there is consid- 
 erable green manure or trash to turn under. 
 
 The slat bottom is used in gumbo and the other heavy soils, where other 
 moldboards will not scour readily. The rod breaker is also used where the 
 ordinary breaker will not scour. 
 
 Page Eighteen 
 
 (Fig. 18) 
 There are sections of the country where the disc 
 plow is indispensable. This picture shows an OilPul) 
 Tractor hauling a three-section Sanders disc plow. 
 
 It is often used 
 
The selection of the proper type of moldboard will depend altogether on 
 the kind and condition of soils in which the plow is to be used. It is next to 
 impossible to lay down any hard and fast rule as to this. It is simply a matter 
 of choice in which the farmer will be best governed by his own experience or 
 that of his neighbors and the manufacturer's recommendation. 
 
 EXTRA PLOW PARTS 
 
 When purchasing an engine gang, it is very essential that a farmer should 
 supply himself with an extra set of shares. During 
 the busy plowing season, the shares can then be 
 changed quickly, and no time lost in the field while 
 the set is being sharpened. A sharp set is always 
 ready for immediate use. 
 Farmers know how valu- 
 able this saving in time is. 
 Money invested in thisextra 
 set is money well spent. 
 
 It is also a wise plan 
 to have a few extra plow 
 bolts,spring washers, break the dreadnought steering guide (Fig. i9) 
 
 rM"tic nnA rrr(3oc*» ^iinc in tUp It provides a very reliable and automatic method of controlling 
 
 pms anu grease cups Ul Uie ^^^ direction of the tractor in plowing. It allows the operator to 
 tool box, as there are many give his entire attention to the engine and plows. 
 
 times when things of this sort are very much needed. They are very often the 
 means of saving a great deal of time, especially when every minute means 
 money saved or lost. 
 
 THE ENGINE GUIDE OR SELF-STEERING DEVICE 
 
 Aside from the engine and plow, the next most essential part of the 
 equipment is the engine guide or self-steering device. No farmer can afford 
 to be without one. Formerly two men were required with an outfit for 
 highest efficiency. One man could do the work, but to have two the extra 
 wages were much more than made up by the increased acreage which they 
 could plow. 
 
 But with the engine guide only one man is needed while at work in 
 
 the field. It is always well, however, 
 to have extra help for such work as 
 oiling and adjusting the equipment 
 before work in the field is started each 
 day, and for changing plow shares, run- 
 ning errands and many other odd jobs. 
 The operator starts the outfit at the 
 beginning of the furrow. He does not 
 have to touch the steering wheel until 
 the other end is reached, because the 
 guide travels along hugging the furrow 
 wall and keeps the outfit at the same 
 distance from the plowed ground at 
 all times. The operator is at liberty 
 to watch his plows as much as he likes, 
 since the self-steering device is auto- 
 matically guiding the engine. It gives him an opportunity to get off and make 
 adjustments on his plows, if necessary, while in motion. He is free to give more 
 attention tQ the outfit in general, and see that every part is working properly. 
 He is doing a large volume of work and is having an easy job of it. He is 
 also doing a better job, as the furrows over the entire field are cut exactly the 
 same width — a field of smooth, even plowing is the result. 
 
 Page Nineteen 
 
 THE dreadnought IN ACTION (Fig. 20) 
 
 There is no excuse for not having a straight 
 furrow, when an engine gufde is used. Can you 
 beat this job with horses? 
 
The Automatic Plow 
 
 THE automatic-lift plow is the latest step in the development of 
 power- plowing machinery. In Figure 21 is shown a plowing out- 
 fit, which is very nearly automatic in its operation. It consists of 
 an engine guide, engine and an automatic-lift plow. When plow- 
 ing from one furrow's end to the other, the operator has only to sit with 
 folded arms on his seat on the tractor and watch his outfit. 
 
 At the end of the furrow, simply by pulling a string, the plows are lifted 
 automatically by a mechanism attached to the front beam of the gang. On 
 starting into the furrow again, another pull of the string causes the plows to 
 drop into the ground. 
 
 This arrangement absolutely does away with an extra man on the plows. 
 It not only saves labor, but time also. It is not necessary for the engine to 
 slow down when raising or lowering the plows in turning, as is true of hand 
 operated plows. The saving of labor in connection with the operation of a 
 plowing outfit is an item well worth consideration. 
 
 AN AUTOMATIC PLOWING OUTFIT (Fig. 21) 
 Equipped with a steering guide, a kerosene tractor and an automatic-lift plow, plowing is 
 made an easy job for this man. With such an outfit he can easily plow an acre every hour. 
 
 The tendency among tractor owners is to let one man handle the plowing 
 outfit. In most cases this is done, no doubt, because of the lack of labor. 
 I have operated an engine and plows alone that were not equipped with 
 steering guide or automatic lift. I found it was not only all one man wanted 
 to do, but that the wages of an extra man could be more than saved in the 
 larger acreage plowed each day. An extra man to look after the plows 
 also made possible a much higher quality of plowing. 
 
 The addition of the steering guide and the automatic lift make an ideal 
 plowing outfit. They enable one man to do a job of plowing easier and 
 better than two men could without this auxiliary equipment. A man 
 handling such an outfit has a good opportunity to keep a lookout ahead and 
 is in a much better position to control the raising and lowering of the plows 
 than a man operating a hand-lift gang. With a complete outfit, as shown 
 in Figure 21 it is a comparatively simple matter to finish up the lands. 
 
 The latest improvement in the automatic-lift plow is the individual lift. 
 With this the operator can raise or lower any one bottom or any number of 
 bottoms at a time or all at once. In other words, it is possible to operate 
 any plow independently of the others. This feature is a decided advantage 
 in a great many cases. 
 
 Page Twenty 
 
Adjustment and Alignment of Plows 
 
 ONE of the most important factors in the successful operation of 
 the engine gang is the proper adjustment of the plows. In order 
 that the plow will enter the ground at the proper depth, in most 
 makes of plows the point of the share or lay should dip down a 
 slight amount. This is known as the "suction" of the plow. For engine plows 
 it varies from three-sixteenths to one-half of an inch. Suction should be 
 given so that it will not affect the general shape of the share. In one 
 make of plow the angle of suction begins three inches from the point of 
 the share. This will vary in different makes. 
 
 The plow with the proper suction will give more uniformity to the bottom 
 of the furrow and a more steady pull. It permits the point of the share to 
 wear down and still leave a straight bottom. It also provides for the penetra- 
 tion necessary in an engine gang and the plow will work without an excessive 
 amount of draft on the engine. 
 
 To make a plow bottom take a full width furrow, most plowshares are 
 given what is called "land." It is the amount which the point of the share 
 turns toward the left from the line of the landside. The point of the share in 
 one make of plow is set one-sixteenth of an inch to the land, but in addition 
 to this the beam is set so that the total land suction is one-fourth of an inch. 
 This protects the landside and creates a desirable draft, 
 
 TESTING THE ADJUSTMENTS 
 
 A good way to tell whether or not the share is properly shaped is to set 
 it on a smooth surface, such as a floor or the table, just as it would set in 
 the bottom of a furrow. The entire cutting edge should touch the surface. 
 The shares of an engine gang need no bearing at the heel or wing, as the 
 weight of the "suction" is carried by the gauge wheel. With a share in 
 the right position there will be a clearance between the floor and the heel 
 of its landside of about one-sixteenth of an inch. This shows that it has 
 the proper amount of "suction." In this position it can also be determined 
 if the share has the required amount of "land." 
 
 Some plows are given no land or bottom suction whatever. This is 
 taken care of by means of the beam adjustment, the proper suction being 
 given by raising or lowering the front end of the beam or moving it to one 
 side or the other. Some manufacturers provide for suction by means of an 
 adjustable standard break pin. 
 
 If the share does not make a smooth, even joint with the moldboard, 
 shims should be placed under the share or moldboard. If this is not done 
 the soil will stick there and may interfere with the scouring of the 
 plow. 
 
 The alignment of an engine gang plow is controlled by certain adjustments, 
 usually at the point where the beams are attached to the frame. This 
 adjustment varies widely with the different makes of gangs. Each man- 
 ufacturer gives complete instructions for making any changes of this nature 
 on his product. The line of draft should be as near parallel to the length 
 of furrow as possible. A little deviation toward the land would not be 
 harmful, but never toward the furrow. The height of hitch is fairly con- 
 stant in all makes. 
 
 SHARPENING AND HARDENING PLOWSHARES 
 
 Whether the farmer sharpens his own shares or has his blacksmith do 
 it for him, he should see to it that they conform as nearly as possible to 
 the measurements of the plow when first purchased. 
 
 Page Twenty-One 
 
The method of sharpening and hardening depends on the type of share. 
 Shares that have been hardened at the factory should be hardened when- 
 ever they are sharpened. Soft center shares such as are used on breaker 
 bottoms should not be hardened but heated only to such a point as is nec- 
 essary to hammer them. 
 
 When sharpening, no more than six inches of the edge should be heated 
 at a time so as not to distort and crack it. By heating only a little of the 
 edge the temper will not be drawn. 
 
 In sharpening a hard share the above should also be observed. But 
 after sharpening the point should be heated to a high red heat and then 
 plunged into water to harden it. There is no danger of too suddenly cooling 
 the point on a hard share. 
 
 PROPER ADJUSTMENT OF ROLLING COULTERS 
 
 This is very essential in getting best results from a plow. A change 
 in the adjustment will bring about a change in the quality of plowing and 
 the amount of drawbar pull required. In plowing stubble the coulter should 
 be set to cut about one-half the depth of the furrow and should be set about 
 three-fourths of an inch outside of the line of the landside. 
 
 In plowing tame sod or in breaking the coulter should be set deeper. 
 In very tough sod it should cut the full depth of the furrow. 
 
 Also in plowing stony or stumpy land, it should be set to the full depth 
 of furrow in order to protect the point of the share. Some authorities 
 advise that it should be set a trifle deeper than the point of the share. 
 
 Under ordinary conditions it may be taken as a rule that the center 
 of the coulter should be directly above the point of the share. An exception 
 to this, however, is in plowing hard, dry soil. In this case the coulter 
 should be set a little farther back. This lets the point into the ground 
 first, which draws the coulter down. If set in the ordinary way, or especially 
 if set too far forward, the coulter would not be able to penetrate the hard 
 ground and would hold the plows out. 
 
 The coulter should also be set a little back in plowing wet corn-stalks. 
 It should likewise be set close to the shin of the plow. Then the point will 
 penetrate first and draw the coulter down cutting the stalks in two. 
 
 Sometimes when a plow will not scour, the fault may be remedied by a 
 slight adjustment of the coulter. Try placing it a little more to land and a 
 trifle forward. This will place more friction upon the point of the share and 
 will often assist in starting the plow to scour properly. 
 
 Ten years ago the horse plodded along undisturbed ahead of the plow. Only the daring 
 prophet could see in cases here and there of successful traction plowing a hint of the 
 great progress of the decade in the substitution of mechanical for animal power. The 
 success of the automobile had not suggested the feasibility of supplanting the farm horse 
 in the field by a motor, and the present high prices of horse feed had not caused the 
 farmer to cast about for a cheaper source of power. The swift and successful introduc- 
 tion of the farm tractor is a matter of almost current history. Five years — ten at the 
 outside — mark the step from the single purpose threshing engine to the all round tractor 
 now used to plow, to harrow, to drill, disc and harvest, to haul and to thresh, and do all 
 of the farmer's heaviest work. The farm tractor is here and to stay. With its invasion 
 of an ancient field have come a host of new problems and the necessity for the readjust- 
 ment of some of the present ideas of farm economics. 
 
 — L. W. ELLIS. 
 
 J'age Tweuiy-Tivo 
 
Hitching the Plows to the Engine 
 
 THE main idea to keep in mind in doing this is to hitch the plows 
 to the engine in such a way that the hest possible work will be 
 done with the least possible draft and expense. The proper 
 working of both engines and plows will depend very largely on 
 the method used. While it is absolutely impossible to eliminate the side- 
 draft in the plows, it should be kept at a minimum, as an undue amount 
 causes excessive wear and tear on the whole equipment. As the engine 
 is the most expensive part of all it should, consequently, receive the most 
 care and attention, and this matter of hitching different machines to it 
 should be thoroughly studied out, as the life of the engine is materially 
 affected by it. Also the hitch will in no small degree affect the quality 
 of the job, which is more important than all the machines. 
 
 Figure 22 shows a top view of an engine plowing outfit and the 
 method of attaching the plows to the engine. The operator should be 
 very careful to hitch them as near the center of the engine as possible in 
 order that the center of pull may come as near in line with the line of draft 
 as it can be made to. At the same time the engine should travel as close 
 to the furrow as it can without crushing the landside. The proper dis- 
 tance has been found to be from six to twelve inches. 
 
 The two draft chains between the engine and plow should be of the same 
 length, as chains of uneven length will bring about more or less of a strain 
 or twisting effect upon the plows. 
 
 If the gang plow is hitched as shown in Figure 22 and the first plow 
 at the right hand side is cutting too wide a furrow the chain clevis should 
 not be shifted from the center hole of the engine drawbar, but the other 
 ends of the chain should be moved over into the holes that are farthest 
 to the left on the frame of the gang. 
 
 If the furrow is still being cut too wide the only remedy is one of two 
 evils. Either set the clevis a little to the right on the engine drawbar or 
 shorten the left chain until the proper width furrow is cut. The latter is 
 without a doubt the lesser of the two evils, because, as it was pointed out 
 before, the engine should receive the best care as it is the most expensive 
 part of the equipment. 
 
 Another method of hitching the plows to the engine that is frequently 
 used is by means of the cross-chain hitch. The plow chains are crossed and 
 hitched to the drawbar. The chief advantage of this is found when turn- 
 ing at the end of the land. The plows will travel straight ahead for some 
 distance after the engine has started to turn. This is due to the equaliza- 
 tion of the cross chains. 
 
 The disadvantage of this method is that it is next to impossible to apply 
 the load to the center of draft of the engine, which causes the gears to wear 
 on one side more than they do on the other. It is harder on the engine than 
 the hitch shown in Figure 22. It is also much more inconvenient in hitch- 
 ing to or unhitching from the plows. 
 
 HITCHING DISC PLOWS 
 
 The hitch in Figure 22 can also be used when hauling several sections of disc 
 plows instead of moldboards. A wooden evener takes the place of the front 
 beam, and several sections are hitched to this evener by cables of different 
 lengths. Figure 24 shows a method of hitching a gang of disc plows to the 
 engine. The front end of each section is hitched to the rear end of the sec- 
 tion ahead of it by means of chains furnished with the plow. 
 
 Page Twenty-Three 
 
^. 
 
 (Fig. 22) 
 
 Plan view of trac- 
 tor, engine guide and 
 gang plow. Proper 
 hitch forplowing. (Note 
 holes in front frame of 
 engine gang showing engine can 
 be made to travel closer or 
 farther away from the furrow.) 
 
 (Fig. 23) 
 
 Method of hitching Spalding deep 
 tilling machines to an OilPuU Tractor 
 (Note au.xiliary drawbar.) 
 
 Page Twenty-Four 
 
With a two-section disc gang two cables are used as shown in the illus- 
 tration. If more than two sections are hauled, it is sometimes found unneces- 
 sary, under certain conditions, to connect the rear of the last section to the 
 evener, but in many cases it will be found advisable to do so. The farmer 
 should use his own best judgment in this. 
 
 HITCHING DEEP TILLING MACHINES 
 The increased use of deep tilling machines in many sections of the country 
 has more than ever taught the farmers the value of the farm tractor 
 
 (Fig. 24) 
 Method of hitching a 
 two-section disc gang to 
 an engine. 
 
 Page Twenty-Five 
 
for larger power capacity. Plowing and pulverizing the soil to a depth of 
 twelve to sixteen inches means power and much of it. Horses are at a 
 decided disadvantage because of their lack of endurance for so difficult a task 
 and the inefficiency of large teams. 
 
 Many farmers have solved the problem of deep plowing by hitching a 
 number of deep tilling machines behind their tractor. Figure 23 shows a 
 method which has given very satisfactory results. Each machine is attached 
 to the engine drawbar by means of wire cables. Each cable (see Figure 23) 
 is passed through a loop on the machine ahead. This loop is bolted to the 
 frame and its edges should be rounded off smooth so as not to cut the cable. 
 The object of using the loop is to hold each machine in its proper place 
 behind the one in front of it. 
 
 Each machine requires about eight feet of space. A ^/g-inch steel cable is 
 used with a steel loop on one end and a heavy grab hook on the other to con- 
 nect to the engine drawbar and chain on the plows. As each plow will vary 
 more or less in the amount of side draft, the cables should not be cut to any 
 exact length but should be gradually shortened so that the plows will have 
 eighteen to twenty-four inches between them. 
 
 In using Spalding deep-tilling machines behind tractors it is necessary 
 that they be weighted heavily if the ground is very hard or dry. For break- 
 ing the heavy adobe soil in Colorado it was necessary to carry 400 pounds 
 of dead weight on the plows. 
 
 It requires a considerable amount of experimenting to get several plows 
 to trail back of the tractor. It is always advisable to turn the tractor to the 
 right when plowing, as the engine can be kept on good, solid footing, and if 
 the plows crowd they will be in the plowed ground where they will not jump 
 out of the furrow. 
 
 /'(((/( 'I'tvcnty-Rix 
 
 (Fig. 25,1 
 
Laying Out the Field for Plowing 
 
 SUCCESSFUL plowing with tractor outfits depends very largely on 
 the method followed in laying out the field and the manner of plow- 
 ing it. The best and the easiest way in the greater majority of 
 cases is to follow the method as shown by Figures 26 and 27. 
 Whether the field is square, rectangular or irregular in shape, large or 
 small, the first thing to do is to set guide stakes at each corner, of equal dis- 
 tance from the adjacent sides of the field, about eighteen to twenty paces 
 (fifty to sixty feet). This should be measured as accurately as possible, as 
 it makes it more convenient when finishing up the field. 
 
 Then with the single right hand plow of the engine gang set to cut a 
 shallow furrow, plow in as straight a ^,^^ 
 
 line as possible between each stake and 
 around the entire field. The strip out- 
 side this furrow provides ample space 
 in which to turn the outfit at the ends 
 of the lands. The plowman should pull 
 out the plows and drop them in on this 
 furrow which serves as a mark. By 
 doing this a more even job can be 
 accomplished. 
 
 THE METHOD OF PLOWING 
 
 The part outside of this guide fur- 
 row should be left till last, after the 
 portion inside has been plowed off in 
 lands. 
 
 That part of the field inside the 
 mark should be plowed in convenient 
 lands by a combination of backfurrow- 
 ing and dead furrowing. The lands 
 should not be too wide, as considerable 
 time will be lost in traveling around the 
 ends. 
 
 The best method is to divide this 
 portion up into a series of lands of ten 
 to twelve rounds each by setting guide stakes. The operator should he 
 careful to drive straight furrows in striking oif these lands so he will come 
 out even when finishing. 
 
 After the lands have been plowed off, the strip at the outside is plowed 
 by starting in next to the plowed land at the corner, where it is desired to 
 finish up, and plowing around and around the field. It should be so planned 
 that on the last round, if in a fenced field, the gang will be taking its full 
 width. In this way the operator will be able to plow closer to the fence. 
 
 (Fig. 26) 
 
 How to lay out and plow a field with a 
 tractor. This is the easiest and most 
 practical method which can be used. 
 
 ^ PLOWING THE HEADLANDS 
 
 In plowing the outside strip, it is best to follow the plan shown in Figure 
 27. Start at one corner by dropping in the plows nearest the plowed 
 land in such a way that the furrow ends will be on a diagonal. In coming 
 out at a- corner do the same thing, only start by raising the plows 
 farthest away from the plowed land. 1 he turn can be made by making 
 a circle at the corners. This should be done on the first one or two rounds. 
 
 PiKjv Tircnl !i-t<cvcn 
 
After this the operator can make an easy gradual turn and no land will be 
 left unplowed or plowed twice. 
 
 By properly following the method as outlined above, the engine will at 
 no time travel on the plowed ground. When the last round at the outer 
 edge is plowed, the field is finished. And if the proper care has been ex- 
 ercised in doing the work, the result will be a smooth, even job, which cannot 
 be equalled by horse plowing or any other method. 
 
 OTHER METHODS OF PLOWING 
 
 There are two other methods which are frequently used for plowing a 
 field. The first is to begin at the outside and work toward the center by 
 r^^. plowing around the field. It is known as 
 
 the dead-furrow method. The plows are 
 not lifted in turning. The disadvantage of 
 this is that a small crescent-shaped strip is 
 left unplowed on each corner of every 
 round. 
 
 The second is the backfurrow method. 
 In this one the start is made at the center 
 and the field is plowed by backfurrowing to 
 the outside without raising the plows. The 
 disadvantage of doing this is that the plows 
 cut a narrower furrow when turning a cor- 
 ner than when driving straight and conse- 
 quently there is a large triangular-shaped 
 piece left at each corner of the field, which 
 must be plowed with horses. 
 
 Either of these two methods is unsatis- 
 factory if a good, thorough job of plowing 
 is desired. 
 
 The case of disc plowing is different, how- 
 ever, than plowing with moldboards. The method shown in Figures 26 
 and 27 would not he at all satisfactory. A field should be plowed with discs 
 in such a way that it will not be necessary to lift the plows. The best method 
 to use is the back furrow method described above — starting at the center 
 and plowing toward the outside. 
 
 (Fig. 27) 
 
 How to finish plowing a field with 
 a tractor. This shows the method 
 of rounding the corners when plowing 
 off the headlands. On the first two 
 rounds it is necessary to make a com- 
 plete circle at each corner as shown. 
 
 LET THE OILPULL PLOW (Fig. 28) 
 This illustration shows what the tractor is doing to the farm horse. This farmer is plowing 
 much cheaper than he could with horses, and also much easier. In 1912 enough Rumely 
 OilPull Tractors were sold to replace 60,000 horses. 
 
 Page Twenty-Eight 
 
Tillage Operations and Seeding 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF THE TRACTOR 
 
 AS HAS already been pointed out, thorough tillage is perhaps 
 the most important of all the three fundamental factors which 
 result in the largest crop yields. Let the work of tilling be done 
 before rather than after the seed is put in the ground. 
 The proper preparation of the seed bed is of the utmost importance, 
 and if more farmers could realize the extent to which it affects the yield, 
 it is certain that more care and attention would be exercised. It is dependent 
 upon two fundamentally essential things: 
 
 1. Soil and weather conditions. 
 
 2. Equipment. 
 
 The best soil and weather conditions should prevail to get the highest per- 
 centage of results. Also a first-class mellow seed bed is directly dependent 
 upon machinery equipment. 
 
 SEEDING ON A LARGE SCALE (Fig. 29) 
 
 One of the biggest problems on most farms is the matter of power. It 
 is true in connection with the spring work more than at any other time 
 during the year. If horses are used they lack the necessary endurance to 
 rush the work as it should be. After standing idle during the long winter 
 months their muscles have become soft. Consequently the work must 
 proceed slowly to allow them to become hardened. At just this time 
 usually is when the farmer desires to accomplish as much as he can in a 
 short space of time. 
 
 The farm tractor has proved itself invaluable to the farmer as an excellent 
 source of relief from worry and anxiety, particularly as regards spring work. 
 It has provided him with sufficient power to carry on his work in the most 
 efficient and effective manner. Its endurance is as good at the end of the 
 season as it was at the beginning. 
 
 HOW THE TRACTOR MAKES QUICK WORK OF SEEDING 
 
 Formerly the farmer began his spring work early and finished it late. 
 As a rule he was behind. The tractor has given it a much different aspect. 
 He waits until the soil is in the best condition as to moisture. Then he goes 
 
 Page Twenty -Kline 
 
on to it with his engine and other equipment. He works steadily all day 
 and when night comes, another crew takes the outfit and keeps it moving 
 until morning. It is stopped only long enough for supplies. 
 
 In this way spring work is completed in just half the time. The seed 
 is put into the ground when it should be, and at harvesting time he finds 
 that his labors have been rewarded by bigger and better yields. 
 
 The proper season for seeding is short. With a capacity for doing a 
 large volume of work in a short time the farmer not only takes advantage 
 of the best conditions of soil and weather, but also the time between each 
 operation is greatly lessened, thus reducing to a minimum the evaporation 
 of soil moisture. The work is done when conditions are best for doing 
 it and is done rapidly. 
 
 Here is another point of advantage possessed by the tractor in this con- 
 nection. It enables the farmer to seed a larger acreage than when using 
 horses, simply because his engine will supply from two to three times the 
 power of the number of horses that equal its normal capacity. 
 
 ELIMINATING THE PACKING EFFECT OF THE TRACTOR 
 
 It is frequently claimed that the use of an engine on plowed ground 
 
 packs the soil too 
 much. This is not 
 true if the proper 
 precautions are 
 taken. In dry- 
 farming sections 
 of the country 
 this packing effect 
 by the tractor 
 wheels is an ad- 
 vantage in that it 
 closes up the air 
 spaces of the soil in 
 the lower half of 
 the furrow and 
 this prevents a loss 
 of moisture. 
 
 If the soil is 
 not too wet, it 
 works up free and 
 mellow and there 
 will be no injurious 
 
 effects from the packing of the drive wheels. The pressure exerted by the 
 weight of the engine on each square inch of the wheel surface in contact with 
 the ground at one time is no greater than the pressure of each square inch of 
 a horse's hoof in contact with the ground at one time when it is walking. 
 
 In case the soil is at all wet it is advisable to use extension rims on the 
 drive wheels. It may be desirable to use them at all times when using the 
 engine on certain kinds of soil. Much, of course, will depend upon the 
 nature and condition of the soil. The owner by a little experimenting will 
 soon be able to determine when and where to use them. When traveling 
 through plowed ground it is always a wise plan, whenever possible, to have 
 a double-throw disc harrow, properly weighted, following behind the engine 
 to break up the track of the wheels and pulverize the soil. Especially is this an 
 advantage in soil that is inclined to be a little wet. The ground will not 
 dry out as quickly and if seeders or drills are to follow all the grain will be 
 put in at a uniform depth. 
 
 I'atje Thirty 
 
 EQUIPPED FOR SOFT GROUND (Fig. 30) 
 
 An OilPuU Tractor equipped with extension rims for the wheels will pull 
 a load in soft ground where horses cannot be worked to good advantage. 
 With these extra rims the packing effect on soil that is to be seeded is so 
 small as to be in no way an objection. 
 
Equipment for Seeding and Tillage 
 
 THE most important implement which goes to make up the 
 power farmer's equipment is the disc harrow. If it is used as 
 much as it should be, it will pay for itself perhaps sooner than 
 any other implement on the farm. There are many times during 
 the year when it can he used to good advantage. 
 
 THE VALUE OF THE DISC HARROW 
 
 Comparing the single-disc with the double-disc harrow, the latter is by 
 far the more efficient tool to use of the two, as it leaves the land more level 
 and smooth after its use than does the single disc. While it takes consider- 
 able power, it tears up the ground in a much better shape and gives a more 
 thorough pulverization of the soil. 
 
 Where horse power is used the disadvantage is that it requires too much 
 power to operate it, but with traction engines it has considerable preference 
 
 over the single-disc type. Half 
 
 as many machines are required, "^ 
 
 as the double-disc is two harrows 
 in one. Consequently it is easier 
 and more convenient to handle 
 them behind the engine. Further- 
 more, it is cheaper than two 
 single-discs. 
 
 As a means of pulverizing the 
 top soil and forming the dust 
 mulch the disc harrow is un- 
 equalled. It is thoroughly estab- 
 lished that the disc should 
 precede, as well as follow the 
 plow, especially in the semi-arid regions. When land is disced before being 
 plowed, the mulch formed holds the soil moisture for the coming crop. 
 The presence of this moisture makes plowing easy and keeps the ground 
 in plowing condition. 
 
 When plowing is done in very wet or very dry land, large clods are fre- 
 quently left which can be very easily broken up by the use of the disc har- 
 row. It is quite advisable to use the disc before seeding as there is no better 
 tool for making a mellow seed bed. 
 
 OTHER TILLAGE MACHINES 
 
 At the present time the spike-tooth or smoothing harrow is the most 
 universally used of all tillage machines. This is no doubt true to a large 
 extent because it requires less power than the disc harrow. It is a valuable 
 tool to use behind a disc harrow or drills in making a dust mulch. When 
 it is not advisable for the disc to follow the gang plow, a smoothing harrow 
 should be used to break up the clods to fill the open places in the soil in 
 order to cut down the evaporation to a minimum. 
 
 Other implements for use with traction engines are the sub-surface packer 
 which is a particularly useful tool in dry-farming sections, and the spring- 
 tooth harrow which is adaptable for use in stony ground where the disc har- 
 row would be of little use. Besides these are sod packers, crushers, rollers 
 and pulverizers. 
 
 The selection of tillage tools depends upon the types of soil and climatic 
 conditions. It is not the intention here to discuss when and where each 
 
 Pafje Thirty-One 
 
 AN OILPULL TRACTOR SAVING 
 TIME AND MONEY (Fig. 31) 
 
 This outfit is getting the upper hand of the ele- 
 ments. Fast, quick work as shown here preserves 
 the treasured moisture for the coming crop and 
 insures bigger yields at harvest. 
 
tool should be used. The farmer from his own experience, or from that of 
 his neighbor, is in a better position to best judge of the machines which 
 are especially suited to his locality. 
 
 DRILLS OR SEEDERS 
 
 The principal difference between a drill and a seeder is that the former 
 places the seed in the ground at practically a uniform depth, while the latter 
 distributes it over the top of the ground where it must be worked into the 
 soil by means of cultivators or harrows. In certain types of tough heavy 
 soil, seeding by the use of the broadcast seeder is the most practical way, 
 but where it will work successfully the drill is rapidly coming into universal 
 use. It has the advantage in that it sows all the seed at about the same 
 depth so that all of it germinates at the same time. Also, less seed is required, 
 as it is more sure to grow, than when sown broadcast on top of the soil to 
 be harrowed in. 
 
 As to the different types of drills, the single-disc drill is the more uni- 
 versally used, as it gives better results under a greater variety ot conditions 
 than any other. 
 
 (Fig. 32) 
 
 This hitch is the same as one shown in Figure 43, except that it is changed to haul 
 three drills or disc harrows instead of five. It makes a very good hitch for use with the 
 smaller sized tractors. 
 
 Are you free with the use of lubricants? Don't forget that oil is cheaper than iron 
 every time. Use more oil and you will have less trouble. Tractor owners, particularly, 
 seem to have considerable difficulty in finding all the oil holes and grease cups on their 
 engine. It pays to spend an extra half-hour or an hour each day to see if the machines 
 you are using are thoroughly oiled and greased. Lack of lubrication not only destroys 
 the machines, but requires much more power to haul them. 
 
 Page Thirty-Tioo 
 
Hitches 
 
 WITH the exception of the engine gang plow the same types 
 of farm machines are being used with tractors that are used 
 with horses. The principal change made in this direction has 
 been to build them stronger and heavier in construction to 
 withstand the greater wear and tear occasioned by use with the more powerful 
 tractor. This has been necessary, as experience has taught both the farmer 
 and the manufacturer that the machines designed for use with horses are 
 too light. 
 
 In order to load the tractor to its normal, full-load capacity it is neces- 
 sary that a number of machines be hitched behind it at one time, and in 
 this connection we find one of the greatest problems of the traction engine 
 user — the lack of the necessary equipment for hitching different machines 
 to the engine. 
 
 It has been necessary for the farmer to build make-shift devices which 
 are crude, awkward and cumbersome, and which greatly decrease the effi- 
 ciency of the whole outfit. It is no easy matter to construct a home-made 
 
 ONE HUNDRED ACRES A DAY (Fig. 33 1 
 A Rumely OilPuU Tractor (30-60 h. p.) is shown here hauling five S-t'oot double disc harrows 
 by use of the Rumely-Hansmann drill hitch. It is discing a strip 40 feet wide and covering 100 
 to 125 acres each day. With this outfit the farmer can easily and quickly disc his ground m the 
 Spring before plowing, which saves moisture and makes plowing much easier. 
 
 hitch that will work successfully, as the farmer's workshop is usually an 
 almost negligible quantity and he lacks the proper material to work with. 
 Throwing something together to serve the purpose of a hitch always brings 
 no end of trouble and a waste of valuable time. 
 
 ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD HITCH 
 
 It is good economy to use the best hitches for increasing the working 
 efficiency of the tractor and all of the machines that are being hauled behind 
 it. A well-designed, well-built hitch decreases the amount of wear and 
 tear on the whole outfit and aids greatly in improving the quality of the 
 work done. 
 
 A good efficient hitch should include the following essentials: 
 
 I — Convenience 
 2 — Lightness 
 3 — Durability 
 4 — Adaptability 
 5 — Flexibility. 
 In the first place a hitch should above all be convenient, and so designed 
 that it will be a simple matter to attach to or disconnect the engine or ma- 
 
 Page Thirty-Three 
 
chines from it. It should be easy to manipulate. Durability is essential 
 because of the excessive strains which naturally result when a number of 
 heavy machines are hauled behind an engine. At the same time it should 
 be of as light a construction as possible in order not to greatly increase the 
 draft of the outfit and to make it easy to handle when not in use or when 
 getting an outfit ready for work. It should be easily adapted for handling 
 as many different machines as possible and also to work under many dif- 
 ferent conditions. As to flexibility it must conform to the surface of the 
 ground easily, and in turning no undue strains should be put upon it, the 
 machines which it is hauling, or the tractor itself. 
 
 A GOOD DRILL HITCH 
 
 In Figures 32, 36 and 43 are shown a drdl hitch which fulfills the above 
 requirements more fully than anything which has been so far devised. It 
 is called a drill hitch for convenience, but it is equally well adapted to the 
 several different kinds of seeding and tillage machinery. 
 
 It is a very convenient hitch. The different machines are easily attached 
 to or disconnected from it. This is a very desirable feature, as it frequently 
 happens in certain sections and at certain times of the year that in soft ground 
 or in wet spots the engine becomes stalled with its load and it is necessary 
 to disconnect it from the rest of the outfit. With a hitch as shown in the 
 illustration all that is necessary is to pull the clevis pin in the engine draw- 
 bar, run the engine on ahead untd firm ground is reached, then by means 
 of a cable or chains the outfit can be hauled across. 
 
 Farmers, especially on the smaller farms, oftentimes find it an advantage 
 to take the engine from the field at night to the farm buildings for supplies, 
 where it can more easily be cared for, repaired or overhauled. With this 
 hitch the engine can be easily disconnected and the rest of the outfit left 
 standing. 
 
 The hitch is not so heavy but that one man can move it around from 
 place to place on hard ground. This makes it very convenient when it is 
 desired to put it away under shelter or when assembling an outfit of drills 
 or tillage machines for work in the field. 
 
 Whenever it is to be used in fenced fields and the hitch is to be taken 
 through an ordinary gateway all that has to be done is to disconnect the long 
 draw rods between the tongue and the flaring wings, and the two wings will 
 swing together permitting it to be hauled through the opening. 
 
 A HITCH SHOULD BE LIGHT AND DURABLE 
 
 Another advantage of this hitch is that lightness and durability are com- 
 bined. An engine hauling a number of machines at one time naturally 
 brings severe strains on it and consequently great strength is desired. Steel 
 pipe and malleable iron castings are used throughout. The strong draw rods 
 which are used take practically all the strain due to the draft of the imple- 
 ments. The fact that it is light is shown by the statement made above that 
 one man can move it where desired on hard ground. 
 
 This hitch with its flaring wings has the advantage over the straight 
 drawbar hitch in that undue strains on the equipment are very largely elim- 
 inated. 
 
 One very desirable feature which this hitch possesses is that it is easily 
 adapted for hauling all kinds of seeding and tillage machinery. The matter 
 of attaching the different machines is very simple. It is also suited for haul- 
 ing a combination of different machines in tandem or separately. 
 
 l^age Thirty-Four 
 
A C7OOD METHOD TO FOLLOW 
 
 One farmer's plan of discing and seeding is as follows: He uses a five- 
 drill hitch like the one illustrated in Figure 43. In the center he places an 
 eight-foot double-disc harrow and two more just like it on one of the wings. 
 To the other wing he fastens two twelve-foot drills. In this way the soil that 
 is double-disced on one round is seeded on the next. 
 
 This type of hitch with practically no change whatever can be made to 
 haul packers, crushers, rollers, cultivators, harrows, etc. This feature alone 
 makes it a very valuable addition to a man's power-farming equipment. 
 When properly hitched to the wings the machines keep their alignment at all 
 times. 
 
 When compared to some home-made affairs, the hitch under discussion 
 is a mighty flexible one. The wheels on the truck are castors which allow the 
 outfit to turn very sharp corners. In turning, the drills or other machines 
 do not bunch up or touch one another but will turn about, each one coming 
 in its place as the engine leads. The outfit can be turned as sharp a corner 
 as is possible to do with an engine and in doing so there will be no undue 
 
 A SHARP TURN WITH A RUMELY-HANSMANN DRILL HITCH (Fig. 34) 
 
 strains upon any of the equipment. The best plan in turning, however, is to 
 let the inside wheel of the implement at the center of the turning circle act as 
 a pivot about which the whole outfit is moved. (See Figure 34.) 
 
 This hitch is well adapted for working in uneven ground as it adjusts 
 itself readily to variations in the surface. The outer end of the wing of the 
 five-drill hitch may be raised vertically ten feet from the ground. It can also 
 be dropped vertically the same amount. 
 
 A GOOD FEATURE 
 
 The tendency to skew to one side or the other is very slight when the load 
 on one wing is difi^erent than the other. This was well illustrated in con- 
 nection with an outfit in which an engine was hauling five double disc har- 
 rows set to cut full depth. The discs on one of the outside machines were set 
 straight. This reduced the draft by about 8 h. p. on that side of the outfit. 
 The difference with which the light side pulled ahead of the heavy side was so 
 small that it could not be detected with the eye. 
 
 This goes to show that drills or discs of diflPerent sizes may be used with 
 this hitch with good success. It is only necessary to have the load balanced 
 as nearly "as possible as it naturally gives the best results in an}^ case. But 
 if there should be a difference of draft on either side, the operation of the out- 
 fit will not be materially affected. 
 
 J'dije Thiriy-Five 
 
Methods of Seeding 
 
 LAYING OUT THE FIELD 
 
 AS in plowing, the way in which the field is laid out is very impor- 
 tant. When this is improperly done it very frequently results 
 in a vast amount of lost time and inconvenience. There is a 
 right way and a wrong way, and the easiest way is the right way. 
 The best plan in seeding a field is to do it in such a way that it is not nec- 
 essary to lift the drills except to free them from trash or something of 
 the sort. 
 
 There are two different methods of seeding a field with a tractor outfit. 
 The first is to begin at the outside and work toward the center by driving 
 around and around. The disadvantage of this method is that it leaves a 
 narrow strip unseeded on each corner of each round. These strips can be left 
 either unseeded or may be seeded by driving up and down each corner of the 
 
 field. If they are left unseeded they will 
 grow up to weeds, and if seeded there is 
 considerable land at each corner which 
 receives a double amount. 
 
 Fence 
 
 —ZOfvds- 
 
 -iiOn>a^s 
 
 A7e/hocf of Jay/nff oc// 
 ^/s/c/ for seccf/riff 
 
 -^Oi^c^j 
 
 (Fig. 35) 
 
 Properly laying out the field for 
 seeding insures a better job and saves 
 a great deal of time. 
 
 THE BEST METHOD 
 
 The second method is to begin at the 
 center of the field and work toward the out- 
 side by driving around and around as 
 illustrated in Figure 35. The field shown 
 is So rods long and 40 rods wide. 
 
 The first thing that should be done is 
 to set two guide stakes at each end, each 
 of which should be 20 rods from the end 
 and both sides of the field. The operator 
 should begin seeding at one of the stakes 
 and drive in a straight line to the other, 
 then turn and drive back on the other side 
 of the line, and so on. The idea is to 
 "backfurrow" the field from the center to 
 the outside. In starting, the drills should 
 be dropped in a short distance before the 
 first stake is reached so that no land is left 
 unseeded when making the turn at the 
 finish of the first round. 
 
 When the stake at the opposite end is 
 reached, if the hitch in Figure 43 is used, 
 the drill wheel next to the stake should 
 turn. The operator should exercise con- 
 executed properly. This will be the only 
 
 act as a pivot for making the 
 
 siderable care to see that it is 
 
 sharp turn in the field, and the succeeding ones will become more gradual 
 
 at each round. 
 
 The principal objection to this method is that it leaves a rather large 
 triangle unseeded at each of the outer corners, but it does not leave 
 unseeded strips when making turns at the corners. The outer corners of 
 the field can be sown by hand and disced in with horses, or in can be seeded 
 by a team and drill. They should be left somewhat rounded, however, to 
 facilitate the work of the harvesting outfit. 
 
 Payc 1 liii'ty-Six 
 
A MARKER FOR SEEDING 
 
 When seeding with a large outfit it is very desirable to have a mark for 
 the operator to follow after the first round. Setting guide stakes for this 
 purpose takes considerable time and is far from satisfactory. The most 
 practical way is to have a marker on the outfit which will extend the proper 
 distance to one side for making a mark on the plowed ground that can be 
 followed on the next round. Figure 36 shows a method of accomplishing 
 this. In this outfit five ten-foot drills are used. In order that no ground 
 will be seeded twice or any skips made the guidmg is done by means of a 
 
 A SEEDING OUTFIT (Fig. 36) 
 This ground plan shows a method of using a marker in connection with seeding and how the 
 drills are attached to the Rumely-Hansmann drill hitch. 
 
 "marker" attached to the hitch and extending to one side, usually to the 
 left, and a "guide" on the front of the engine extending to the opposite side 
 or to the right. 
 
 The marker consists of a one-inch to a one and one-half-inch wrought 
 iron pipe, the size depending more or less on the ground conditions. If 
 the ground is rough, use a larger pipe. If smooth, a smaller size will answer 
 the purpose. About six inches of the end of this pipe is placed in the end 
 
 Page Thirty-Seven 
 
of a wing section of the drill hitch, which is the same hitch as shown in 
 Figure 43. The pipe is held in place by a clamp, or bolt through both pipes. 
 This end can be bent so that the marker will be at right angles with the 
 direction of travel or it can be in line with the wing section. 
 
 To the outer end ot the marker should be clamped a cultivator shank 
 and shovel or some convenient device for making a mark on the surface 
 of the ground. The size or depth of this mark will depend upon the condi- 
 tions of the soil. In case of rough ground it may be necessary to add a 
 weight to the outer end of the pipe to make a mark that can be plainly seen 
 on the next round. At or near the outer end of the marker should be fastened 
 a light cable, the other end of which should be connected to the tongue of 
 the hitch. This cable takes the bending strains off the pipe and prevents 
 it from being twisted out of shape. It also holds it steadier, thereby making 
 a more even mark. 
 
 A marker so constructed can be very easily slipped out from one end of 
 one wing section and inserted in the other on the opposite side. In this 
 way it can be used on one side of the outfit as well as the other. 
 
 The guide on the front of the engine can be made from a lighter pipe. 
 The distance which it extends from the center of the tractor must be deter- 
 mined to suit the convenience of the operator. At the end an elbow and 
 a short length of pipe may be screwed on so that it will reach within about 
 a foot of the ground. 
 
 The working of this arrangement is this: The outfit shown in the illu- 
 tration is seeding a strip 50 feet wide at one time. The distance from the 
 center of the engine to the last drill mark on the previous round is 25 feet. 
 We will assume for convenience that the marker is 20 feet long measured 
 from the drill tongue. It then extends out 15 feet from the last drill mark. 
 Also assume that the guide on the engine extends out in the opposite direc- 
 tion 10 feet from the center of the engine. By guiding the engine so that the 
 end of the guide will travel directly over the light furrow made by the marker 
 on the round before, no skips or laps will be made between the various rounds. 
 
 The object of using the guide on the front of the engine is to make the 
 marker as short and less cumbersome as possible. Their lengths can be 
 changed to suit the width of the strips sowed and for greater convenience of 
 operation. 
 
 CARRYING THE SEED 
 
 With an engine outfit we have the advantage in that the seed may be 
 carried on the equipment with a small addition to the total draft. This is 
 not the case when using horses. The best plan for carrying the seed is to 
 haul a wagon containing sacks of grain behind the center drill. A low 
 platform wagon is best. It should be in such a position that it will be, as 
 nearly as possible, the same distance from each drill. 
 
 (Fig. 37) 
 A Rumely GasPuU Tractor hauling 3 disc drills and seeding a large acreage. 
 
 Page Thirty-Eight 
 
The Tractor in the Harvest Field 
 
 THE man with a sickle had a back-breaking job and made slow 
 work of gathering the harvest. A six-foot binder takes the 
 place of forty men with sickles and one man drives it, but even 
 the modern binder haided by horses is handicapped, however, 
 because it must be used in the hottest part of the summer and should be 
 used every possible moment in order to gather the crops when the weather 
 is fair and when the quality of the grain is at its best. 
 
 This involves power, and with all his excellent qualities the horse is 
 unable to endure the work of the harvest for more than from six to eight 
 
 THE FIRST STEAM HARVESTING (Fig. 38) 
 
 This picture shows the first steam tractor used in the modern way to pull binders. Now the patent 
 binder hitch (Figure 45) is in universal use, adding 10 to 15 days each year to the use of hundreds of trac- 
 tors. This Rumely steainer and binders were used to cut the 1909 crops of J. A. Mullarkey, Windmere, 
 N. D., who was the first purchaser of the now famous Rumely-Hansmann binder hitch. 
 
 hours, so the farmer fails in getting the most out of his binder. Without 
 several shifts of teams the binder is apt to lag toward the end of the day and 
 do a poorer quality of work. 
 
 Many farmers are taking care of the rush seasons of seedtime and 
 harvest by selling three-fourths of their horses and putting the money into a 
 general-purpose farm tractor. This combination solves the problem very 
 nicely. Just enough horses are kept to do the light work about the farm 
 and instead of a great many of them lying idle during the winter months, 
 a few are kept moderately busy the year round. 
 
 The tractor with its capacity and endurance makes it possible for the 
 farmer to harvest his grain when it is in the proper condition. Every farmer 
 appreciates how important it is to have his grain cut and bound at just the 
 right time. Delays in the harvest field are dangerous. A few hours of hot 
 winds or a ten-minute hail storm means sure destruction to the crop. When 
 the grain is just ripe enough it must be cut as quickly as possible. 
 
 The tractor works best in the hottest weather. It is a tireless beast 
 and will work steadily as many hours per day as desired. It need only be 
 stopped for the necessary oiling or adjustments on the equipment. It 
 enables the farmer to harvest his crop quickly just when conditions are most 
 favorable. It insures him against the loss of his entire season's work. 
 It also eliminates the uncertain and expensive factor of horses from the 
 problem of harvesting. 
 
 EQUIPMENT FOR HARVESTING 
 
 The farm tractor hauling a train of grain binders is the latest step in the 
 development of the methods of harvesting. Today we may see an engine 
 hauling from two to eight binders at one time and cutting a swath of a rod 
 to four rods in width. To do this it is necessary to provide a special hitch 
 
 Page TJtirtij-Nine 
 
which will not onl\- allow easy turning but will secure perfect alignment of 
 the binders so that they will cut a full swath. On rolling ground the number 
 of binders is limited b}- topography rather than the power of the engine. 
 
 The right-hand binders are perhaps the best to use as the steering wheel 
 is usually on the right-hand side of the tractor, which allows the operator 
 to guide his engine better and to keep it at the proper distance from the 
 grain at all times. 
 
 The header, a wide machine that cuts the wheat stalk close to the head 
 and elevates it without binding, has a much greater capacity than the 
 binder. It can be used profitably only when the absence of storms allows 
 the grain to remain on the stalk until fully ripe. One of these can be quite 
 successfully operated ahead of a small tractor. In some cases, a larger 
 engine will use a header in front and plows or disc behind. 
 
 The combined harvester cuts, threshes, and sacks the grain at one oper- 
 ation. This machine drawn by a large tractor may place from 75 to 125 acres 
 of wheat in sacks ready for shipment in a day of twelve hours. The dis- 
 advantage is that the crop has small protection from unfavorable weather. 
 Rain may beat it down and shell out part of the gram or the wind may place 
 it beyond the reach of cutting. It also scatters the weed seeds over the 
 land.' 
 
 THE BINDER HITCH 
 
 In Figure 45 is shown a binder hitch which is used for hauling binders 
 in tandem and in ^multiple. v,,The number^which can be hauled by this 
 method is dependent only on the power of the engine. It will handle 
 
 AN OILPULL TRACTOR IN THE HARVEST FIELD ^Fig. 39) 
 The Rumely-Hansmann binder hitch has made possible harvesting on an extensive scale by 
 the^use of the tractor. This outfit harvesting at the rate of 120 acres per day enables the farmer 
 to cut his grain when it is in the very best condition. This picture offers a suggestion of how a 
 number of farmers can combine their binders behind one engine as shown and harvest their grain 
 much quicker and cheaper than they can with horses. 
 
 machines of an}- size or make. It is made from steel and malleable castings, 
 hardwood timber and heavy gas pipe. 
 
 The principal feature of this hitch is an offset steering pole (Figure 45). 
 The man on the binder by turning the tiller wheel offsets the pole more or 
 less as desired, by which it is possible to make the binder take any width 
 cut. Each binder works independently of the one in front of it. If one 
 machine is in need of repair or adjustment, the operator simply turns the 
 offset out of the pole until the binder trails directly behind the one in front 
 of it. After the changes are made it is then ready to take the grain again. 
 
 Page Forty 
 
The hitch can be converted with very httle trouble from a right-hand 
 to a left-hand hitch. 
 
 When several binders are hauled behind a tractor it has been found that 
 the side draft effect is very small. This is due to the fact that the forward 
 pull of the binder ahead has a tendency to counteract this side draft, except 
 in the case of the last binder. 
 
 As an example of this, four binders in offset position were hauled behind 
 an ordinary dray on hard ground. A cordwood stick was stuck in the grain 
 wheel of each binder. The side draft even with these wheels skidding was 
 not enough to skew the truck to one side. 
 
 In another instance a chain was substituted for the pole of the front 
 
 binder and still the\' kept in line. 
 This also shows that there are no 
 severe bending strains on the pole. 
 
 METHODS OF HARVESTING 
 
 In harvesting in a fenced field 
 the best plan is first to cut a strip 
 around the outside close to the fence, 
 A GASPULL i.;a^:u.. liARVESTiNG (Fig. 40, ^^^ing 3 full swath with all the bind- 
 ers. Then the direction of the outfit is reversed and the field is cut b\- driving 
 around it. 
 
 B\' using the hitch as shown in Figure 45 it not only allows easy turning 
 as can be seen in Figure 41, but it also gives perfect alignment of the hinders 
 so that each will cut an}- width swath desired. 
 
 In turning the corners a small strip of grain will be left by each binder, 
 but this can very easily be cut by running up and down the corners after 
 the field is finished. In this connection also, the man operating the bundle 
 carriers on each binder should be careful not to dump the carrier at any 
 time on the corner so that if it is desired to run up and down the corners 
 before the grain is shocked it will not be necessary to spend any time mov- 
 ing bundles out of the _ 
 
 path of the outfit. ^~ ^ 
 
 Shockers should also be 
 cautioned not to set up 
 shocks on the corners for 
 the same reason. 
 
 When starting a field 
 the engine operator 
 should see to it that 
 each corner is rounded 
 off to such an extent 
 that he will not have to 
 make too sharp a turn 
 with his engine. It 
 should be just sharp 
 enough so that the drive 
 wheel will follow around 
 close to the grain. This will also make it easier turning for the men on 
 the binders. Figure 41 illustrates this point ver\' well. 
 
 It is a good idea to have a guide on the front of the engine extending 
 out to the grain. The engine operator should drive his engine in such a way 
 that this g;uide will just touch the edge of the grain at all times. It will 
 be easier for him and also the men on the binders because if the engine is 
 always kept at a certain distance from the grain the men on the binders 
 will not have to use their tiller wheels so much and consequently they can 
 
 I'age Forty-One 
 
 TURNING A CORNER (Fig. 41) 
 
 This shows how easy it is to turn a corner with a harvesting 
 outfit when a Rumely-Hansmann patent binder hitch is used. 
 The OilPuIl Tractor is hauHng four binders with this hitch and 
 cutting 70 to 80 acres a day. 
 
give more attention to the working of the binder. The engine should be 
 kept as close to the grain as possible without knocking it down. 
 
 With such an outfit it is a decided advantage to have a gong in the cab 
 of the engine and a string running from it back to each of the binders. If 
 any serious trouble occurs, or it is desired to stop the outfit for any reason, 
 any one of the men on the binders may signal the engine operator by ring- 
 ing the gong. It is also an aid to the engineer in that he does not have to 
 watch the men on the binders for signals to stop in case they need to and he 
 can keep a better lookout ahead. 
 
 It is a very good plan to have an extra binder available, then if one of 
 the outfit becomes disabled in such a way as to need extensive repairs, it 
 can be cut out and the extra one replaced for it. 
 
 THRESHING 
 
 In most sections threshing follows close on to harvesting. The tractor 
 that has been used for plowing, preparing the seed bed, harvesting and many 
 other jobs can now be belted to the separator and the grain threshed. 
 
 One of the problems of the farmer, who raises a large acreage of grain, 
 is to get it threshed out when it is in fit condition. The lack of labor does 
 not permit him to stack it and thus protect it from the weather. It simply 
 must stand in the shock until it is hauled to the thresher. 
 
 If it is allowed to stand until the custom rig arrives, it all too often happens 
 that a great amount of damage is done in the meantime. Farmers have 
 lost thousands and thousands of dollars by having their grain crop partially 
 or wholly destroyed while waiting for someone to thresh it for them. This 
 misfortune does not fall upon the power farmer who has included a separator 
 in his equipment. 
 
 Many men, sad to say, never think of locking the stable until after the 
 horse is stolen. So it is with many grain growers. The loss in one season 
 would have many times paid for the separator. The deterioration of the 
 grain crop is more or less of a common occurrence, and every farmer should 
 make provision to guard against it. 
 
 For the owner of the medium sized farm a separator means a big invest- 
 ment compared to his business. But a partnership or community machine 
 involving a smaller sum of money for each man will solve the threshing 
 problem practically as well. 
 
 THRESHING IN CANADA (Fig. 42) 
 
 An illustration showing a Rumt-ly OilPull Tractor ilriving a Rumely Ideal Separator. 
 
 I'ayc Foiiij-Tico 
 
Directions for Setting up and Operating the 
 Rumely-Hansmann Drill Hitch 
 
 READ these carefully before you assemble your machine and have 
 the man who is to operate the hitch acquaint himself with these 
 directions and instructions. The two wheels which carry the 
 - wings are equipped with two bolts in the wheel fork heads. 
 These bolts are to hold the wheels in a rigid position. They are interchange- 
 able by removing the bolts and swinging the wheel around where proper 
 holes will be found for the replacement of these bolts. Two wheels are not 
 equipped with bolts in the wheel fork heads. These wheels attach to the 
 carriage. At all times they should be free oscillating castors. It is impor- 
 tant that the wing section wheels travel in a line parallel with the track 
 made by the engine. To accomplish this: Loosen the bolts in the wheel 
 fork head, start up the engine and the wheels will take their proper posi- 
 tion. Then tighten these bolts good and tight. It is well to observe if 
 these wheels are tracking properly, as probably the first adjusting will not 
 be exactly accurate. 
 
 FOR THREE DRILLS 
 
 Replace the iRi-aToot extension pipe (D36) by the 43/^-foot pipe (D32). 
 The first hole in the front section should be used when setting up for 12-foot 
 drills, the second hole for ii-foot drills and the third hole for lo-foot drills. 
 If smaller machines are used, close the angle of the wings accordingly by 
 means of chains. 
 
 The holes in the fork (107) permit the raising and lowering of the hitch. 
 This is to enable the operator to so attach the hitch to his engine that there 
 will be a straight line of draft. Avoid a downward pull on the hitch. 
 
 The drill tongue castings (No. 65) are slipped under the tongues and for 
 the two outside drills are placed as near to the ends of the tongues as pos- 
 sible. The next two drills have the drill tongue castings placed about two 
 feet from the ends, and the tongue casting for the middle drill should be 
 placed about four or four and one-half feet from the end of the tongue. 
 Hook tongue brace rods on the drill tongue castings and fasten chains securely 
 around the frames of the drills at places where the chains cannot slide 
 inwardly. When this is done, draw the drill tongue castings up towards the 
 ends on the tongues and tighten the U bolts. This will tighten up the tongue 
 brace rods and chains firmly. The shortest tongue brace rods are for the 
 middle drill, the next size are for the second two drills, and the longest are 
 for the outer drills. 
 
 FOR FIVE DRILLS 
 
 Set up the hitch as shown on page 44. This picture shows the telescop- 
 ing of the wing sections to accommodate five lo-foot drills. For 12-foot 
 drills use the first hole in the end of the first wing section; and place the 
 wheel three feet from the ends of the second wing section. For ii-foot 
 drills use the third hole in the first wing section and attach the wheel bracket 
 about two feet from the ends of the second wing section. For lo-foot drills 
 use the fourth hole in the first wing section and attach the wheel brackets 
 about one -foot from the ends of the second wing section. For 8-foot and 
 9-foot drills use the last hole in the first wing section. The more minute 
 adjustments can be made by the spreading or closing of the wings, m case 
 there is any unplanted or replanted land. 
 
 Page Forty-Three 
 
Page Forty-Four 
 
D-3e 
 
 (Fig. 44) 
 
 This cut shows the parts of the Rumely-Hansmann drill hitch (see Figures 32 and 43). 
 
 Page Forty-Five 
 
Parts of No. 2 Rumely-Hansmann 
 Drill Hitch 
 
 lOO Cap for drill coupling $0.40 
 
 loi Drill coupling 75 
 
 102 Cap for wheel fork head 50 
 
 103 Wheel fork head 6 . 00 
 
 104 Tongue socket casting 3-25 
 
 105 Hitch casting 3 . 75 
 
 106 Coupling head for wing i • 25 
 
 107 Wheel fork 7.00 
 
 108 Dust cap 25 
 
 109 Fork head washer 25 
 
 1 10 Tongue casting 2 . 25 
 
 111 Clamp for brace rod casting 25 
 
 112 Brace rod casting i . 00 
 
 113 Hitch clevis 25 
 
 1 14 Drill coupling clevis 15 
 
 115 Wheel bearing i . 50 
 
 116 Coupling links 35 
 
 63 Draw rod coupling casting 1.75 
 
 D26 Short tongue brace rod i . CXD 
 
 D27 Medium tongue brace rod 1.25 
 
 D28 Long tongue brace rod i • 50 
 
 D29 Plain draw rod i • 50 
 
 D30 Short draw rod with chain 2.25 
 
 D3 1 Long draw rod with chain 2.50 
 
 D32 Wing section (second) for three-drill hitch 2.CX) 
 
 D33 Cross pipe for carriage 2.25 
 
 D34 Tongue 6.00 
 
 D3 5 Wing section (first) 7.75 
 
 D36 Wing section (second) 6.00 
 
 D37 Wheel 4. 50 
 
 D38 Tongue brace rod 75 
 
 In ordering extras give name and number to facilitate prompt shipment. 
 
 Sun and water are the worst enemies of a farm machine — even more so than the 
 wear and tear of service in the field. Increase the Hfe and usefulness of your machinery 
 by providing a dry, snug shelter and giving it a coat of paint each season when you have 
 finished using it. It is unprofitable to leave implements out-of-doors to be rotted and 
 rusted by the elements. Would you leave dollar bills scattered around on your farm 
 exposed to the thieves of Nature? No? Well, there is not a particle of difference between 
 that and leaving tools, which you have paid good money for, under trees and in fence 
 corners the year 'round. The man, who does that, is far from knowing the real value of 
 a dollar. It is the same old principle — "a dollar saved is a dollar earned," and there is 
 many a farmer who can save a lot of dollars each year by properly caring for his machinery. 
 
 Page Forty-Six 
 
Directions for Setting up and Operating the 
 Rumely-Hansmann Binder Hitch 
 
 SET up the hitch as shown in Figure 45, then follow these direc- 
 tions about attaching. Attach the drawbar to the bottom of the 
 binder frame, having the plain end to the rear of the harvester. 
 Attach the casting which is at the other end of the drawbar to the 
 casting on the front part of the frame from which the harvester tongue was 
 removed, using a bolt or slipping it on the pivot pin. The hole in this 
 casting is reduced by removing the reducing ring, which should be done if 
 necessary to accommodate the bolt or pivot. For nearly all makes of binders, 
 however, the reducing ring should remain intact in the casting. 
 
 After the drawbar head is properly attached, loosen the bolt which holds 
 the drawbar to the head and swing the rear end of the bar in the direction 
 of the platform of the harvester, as far as fastening with the cUp bolt will 
 permit. Several different ways of attaching drawbar ends are shown in 
 Figure 49. 
 
 Disconnect the cross section of the hitch from the tongue and receding 
 bar by removing the bolts which connect them to the castings on the cross 
 section bar. Connect the main casting No. 50 to drawbar head and end 
 casting No. 51 to the eye or lug from which the tongue brace was removed 
 by means of a hook end bolt. See Figure 48 showing various position of bolt 
 and casting. The casting No. 51 is so designed that the cross bar is on the 
 level for most makes of harvesters, but for some kinds it will be found a 
 trifle too high, and the casting should be turned bottom side up. The top 
 side of the casting is the side which bears its number, and all castings are 
 put on with the numbers up at the factory. 
 
 Connect the tongue and receding bar to the castings from which they were 
 removed and tighten up the bolt which holds the drawbar to the drawbar 
 head. 
 
 Set the steering rod support in a position slanting forward enough so 
 that it will not come in contact with any part of the harvester frame or 
 interfere with the tilting of the platform. See that all necessary adjust- 
 ments of the reel can be made before the harvester is put in the field. The 
 steering rod bearing can be raised or lowered and it should be set as low as 
 the harvester frame will permit. 
 
 For each set of hitches will be found one hitch with a short tongue. 
 This short tongue is to be used on binder which couples to engine. 
 
 There is more waste and inefficiency on the average farm than there is in the worst 
 managed factory in the United States. Why? Because factory work, even when it is 
 done badly, is done on right principles; and because farming, even when it is done well, 
 is done on lines that are old-fashioned and out-grown. The main thing on the farm is 
 still muscle-labor. Sweat of man and horse is still regarded as the best of all fertihzers. 
 
 Debt is still regarded by the average farmer as a calamity. His worst enemy is a 
 mortgage, so he thinks. And his idea of prosperity is 500 acres of land operated by him- 
 self, five hired men and a herd of horses. 
 
 The manufacturer fovmd out long ago that debt could be a man's best friend. Debt 
 means capital, and capital means better equipment. The successful manufacturers of 
 today are the men who dared to borrow money and build larger mills and larger factories. 
 Andrew Carnegie, for instance, was always the biggest borrower in the state of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 One hundred dollars costs only $6 a year, while the cheapest workman costs $6 a 
 week. The cost of one cheap laborer equals the cost of $5,000. 
 
 The manufacturer has learned this, but the farmer has not. That is why the manu- 
 facturer works short hours. That is why there is less sweat and more profits m the 
 manufacturer's office. That is why the manufacturer, and not the farmer, is the money 
 
 power of the United States. 
 
 Herbert N. Casson. 
 
 Page Forty-Seven 
 
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 Pape Forty-Eight 
 

 Page Forty-Nine 
 
Parts of the Rumely-Hansmann 
 Binder Hitch 
 
 Tongue ^3-5° 
 
 Tongue Section 2 . 50 
 
 Receding bar i • 5° 
 
 Screw 2 . 50 
 
 Cross section pipe i . 00 
 
 Drawbar 2 . 50 
 
 Tongue section plate i • 00 
 
 Receding bar strap i 00 
 
 Main casting coupling iron i 00 
 
 Horizontal steering rod - 5° 
 
 Vertical steering rod support 5° 
 
 Tilting rod 75 
 
 Bent coupling iron 5° 
 
 Straight coupling iron 35 
 
 Radius bar 5° 
 
 Screw nut support bar, short 3° 
 
 Screw nut support bar, long 75 
 
 Tongue section side plate 25 
 
 Vertical steering rod 75 
 
 U bolt complete 25 
 
 Tilting rod hook 25 
 
 Platform hook (Marked N20 in Figure 46 in error) 25 
 
 Main casting 2 . 50 
 
 Platform hook casting 2.25 
 
 Drawbar head ^ • 5° 
 
 Bushing for drawbar head 25 
 
 Set collar for vertical shaft bearing 25 
 
 Knuckle center 75 
 
 Nut for screw i • 00 
 
 Screw bearing i . 00 
 
 Universal joint casting, screw end 75 
 
 Universal joint casting, horizontal shaft end 50 
 
 Foot for vertical shaft support i • 00 
 
 Tilting rod swivel 5° 
 
 Universal joint vertical shaft end 5° 
 
 Vertical shaft bearing 5° 
 
 Seat post casting ,- 125 
 
 Drawbar bolt washer 20 
 
 Collar for screw 75 
 
 Crank 75 
 
 Complete attaching extras for McCormick harvesters i .00 
 
 Complete attaching extras for Acme harvesters i 00 
 
 In ordering extras give name and number to facilitate prompt shipment. 
 Page Fifty 
 
 N 
 
 I 
 
 N 
 
 2 
 
 N 
 
 3 
 
 N 
 
 4 
 
 N 
 
 5 
 
 N 
 
 6 
 
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 7 
 
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 50 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 3 
 
 N 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 31 
 
 
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 27 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 
 59 
 
 A 
 
 2 
 
Page Fifty-One 
 
r/<5. / 
 
 FiG.'4^. 
 
 n6.2. 
 
 FJ6.3. 
 
 (Fig. 48) 
 
 This cut shows the many different ways in which the hook casting (No. 51 in Figures 45 
 and 46) of the Rumely-Hansmann Binder Hitch can be placed so as to accommodate the several 
 makes of binders. 
 
 Page Fifty-Two 
 
/LLU5r/?AT/ON SHOi%f/N6 
 HOyVD/f/i^-3/iR ATTACHES TO /^£AR 
 OF r^<^ COff'AI/C/^ BJ/VDER 
 
 /LLUSTf^AT/ON SNOiW/A/G 
 HO^ DRAi^-3AR ATTACHES TO 
 H'E/i/f OF ACHfE BJNDER 
 
 
 ^ • I 
 
 "vi .J 
 
 ^^E 
 
 ^ 
 
 /LLUSTRAT/ON SHOi^/NG DRA^V-B/IR 
 BENT TO FJT ACME B/NDERS 
 
 (Fig. 49) 
 This cut shows how the drawbar of the Rumelv-Hansmann Binder Hitch (Figure 4o) is 
 attached to the frames of McCormick and Acme binders. 
 
 Page Fifty-Three 
 
RUMELY 
 
 LA POR'FE 
 
 Power- Farming Machinery 
 
 WHY IT EXCELS 
 
 BECAUSE every machine in our line is 
 built right — and is right in design, 
 construction and materials. Built and 
 backed by sixty years' experience in machine- 
 building — their good quaHties are absolutely 
 assured and guaranteed. It would be poor 
 business poHcy to let a single machine go out 
 of our shops with the slightest blemish — and 
 we don't do it. Each machine is inspected 
 carefully before the final touches are put on. 
 
 More than this, Rumely service is unexcelled 
 — we maintain 34 branches in the United 
 States and 10 in Canada where machines and 
 repairs are stocked and where complete infor- 
 mation on any Rumely machine may be had 
 upon request. The Rumely corps of sales- 
 men and dealers is world-wide — Rumely 
 fame is being spread throughout every country. 
 
 Before you buy, make sure that the machine 
 bears the Rumely "World" trade-mark — an 
 accepted proof of honest material and honest 
 build. Follow the example of thousands who 
 have already bought Rumely machines and 
 stayed pleased. 
 
 I'agc Fifty-Four 
 
I'itgc Fifty-Five 
 
IVIAI 
 
 Rumely Power-Farming Machinery 
 
 Sold all Over the World 
 
 Rumely Products Co., Inc., maintain branches at each of the points named 
 below. For complete information on any machine, just fill out the blanks 
 (write plainly) and mail to the branch house nearest you. Your inquiry will 
 receive immediate attention. 
 
 UNITED STATES: 
 
 Aberdeen, S. D. 
 Battle Creek, Mich. 
 Billings, Mont. 
 Bismarck, N. D. 
 Cedar Rapids, la. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 Dallas, Texas 
 Decatur, 111. 
 Denver, Colo. 
 Des Moines, la. 
 
 CANADA : 
 
 Brandon, Man. 
 Calgary, Alta. 
 Edmonton, Alta. 
 Estevan, Sask. 
 
 Fargo, N. D. 
 
 Grand Forks, N 
 Harrisburg, Pa. 
 Houston, Texas 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 LaPorte, Ind. 
 Lexington, Ky. 
 Lincoln, Nebr. 
 Los Angeles, Cal. 
 Madison, Wis. 
 
 Regina, Sask. 
 Saskatoon, Sask. 
 Toronto, Ont. 
 
 D. 
 
 Minot, N. D. 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 New Orleans, La. 
 Pocatello, Idaho 
 Portland, Ore. 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 Sioux Falls, S. D. 
 Spokane, Wash. 
 \Vichita, Kas. 
 
 Vancouver, B. C. 
 Winnipeg, Man. 
 Yorkton, Sask. 
 
 RUMELY PRODUCTS CO. ^^^^ 
 
 Gentlemen: Please send me literature and full information regarding 
 the machines opposite which 1 have made an (X). 
 
 EH Circulars 
 
 D OilPull Tractors 
 
 GasPuU Tractors 
 
 1 I ToeHold Tractors 
 
 Steam Tractors 
 
 1 I Gasoline Engines 
 
 I I Kerosene Engines 
 
 EH Grain Separators 
 
 EH Rice Separators 
 
 EH Clover Hullers 
 
 EH Engine Gang Plows 
 
 I I Traction Disc Plows 
 
 EH Engine Guides 
 
 EH Oil and Water Tanks 
 
 EH Silage Cutters 
 
 D Catalogs D Post Cards 
 
 EH Grain Dump and Elevator 
 
 □ Electric Light Plants 
 
 n Binder and Drill Hitches 
 
 EH Pumps and Pump Jacks 
 
 EH Husker-Shredders 
 
 I I Corn Huskers 
 
 EH Corn Shellers 
 
 I I Cream Separators 
 
 D Feed Mills 
 
 I I Grain Graders 
 
 EH Automatic Balers 
 
 D Saw Mills 
 
 EH Saw Rigs 
 
 I farm 
 Name_ 
 
 .acres. 1 use- 
 
 Address. 
 
 horses. 
 
 .R.E. D. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 (AD-474-352) 
 
 I'liije Fifty-i^iix 
 
LiBRftRV OF CONGRESS 
 
 000 938 501