Class "F"5. Book.__ Gopyriglrt^!? COPHUGKT DEPOSIT. ' \ / YCLOPEDIA OF ICHIGAN: HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL, COMPRISING A Synopsis of General History of the State, ^IOGRflPPICflL ^KETCHES OF WHO HAVE, IN THEIR VARIOUS SPHERES, CONTRIBUTED TOWARD ITS DEVELOPMENT. Illustrated tuitb ^tccl-platc yortraits. BY THE WESTERN PUBLISHING AND ENGRAVING CO., New York and Detroit. " Tla' genius of our national Ii|v beckoi)? bo usefulrje?? ami rjopor brjose in L'wn- jpr^ere, ami offers the l>i6ln -l |.n»|v'ii)n_'i)l' bo manly (jopes, ;ill( -l sburdy, bont^l* efforb." I^PE£. SYNOPSIS OF GENERAL HISTORY P AGE ? Page. Alger, Russell A 41 Allen, Edward P 59 Allington, David K 178 Anneke, Emil 229 Atkinson, O'B. J 273 Atwood, William A 204 Averell, Charles M., .... 276 Babbitt, John W 309 Baldwin, Augustus C 166 Baldwin. Henry P., .... 126 Bancroft, William L 96 Barbour, Edwin S 71 Barbour, George H 122 Barnes, Orlando F 254 Barnes, Orlando M 136 Bartow, William J 274 Batchelor, Jacob F 151 Begole, Josiah W 80 Belknap, Charles E 156 Bell, William 293 Benedict, Edwin E 85 Bigelow, Charles P 308 Bliss, Aaron T 146 Blodgett, Delos A 92 Botsford, William F 260 Boutell, Benjamin 230 Boyd, William H 105 Boynton, Nathan S 238 Bradley, Nathan B. 202 Brand, John F 171 Breakey, William F 309 Brewer, Addison P 176 Brewer, Mark S 106 Briggs, George G 268 Brown, E Lakin 259 Brown, John C 186 Brown, Michael 72 Buck, George M 305 Buckham, Thomas R 316 Buckland, Don C, 324 Buckley, Edward 250 Buhl, Christian H 202 Bump, Orrin 138 Burnham, Joseph T 195 Burrows, Julius C, 332 Butters! Horace 47 Canfield, John, 84 Carleton, Ezra C 98 Carrow, Flemming 246 Cartier, Antoine E 246 Chadwick, Anson E., Champlin, John W., . . Chandler, Zachariah, . Chatfield, Clarence B., Cleary, P. R Cobb, George P Cobb, Stephen S Comstock, Chester W., . Conant, Harry A., . . Connor, Rowland, . . . Cooley, Thomas M., . . Crapo, Henry H., . . . Crofoot, Michael E., . Curtenius, Frederick W. Cutcheon, Byron M., . Cutcheon, Sullivan M., . Page. • 67 142 . 112 2l6 ■ 300 I8 5 . 90 127 • 3°° 338 . 260 266 . 161 289 . 182 87 Danaher, James E 123 Danaher, Patrick M., . . . 129 Davidson, James 206 Davis, Chauncey 326 Davis, George S. 262 Davis, Solomon 226 Dayton, Charles S 66 Dempsey, James, 212 Dewey, Franklin S 129 Dickinson, Julian G. 82 Dorr, Temple E 140 Douglass. Samuel T 170 Dowland, Frederick J 103 Duffield, Divie Bethune, . . 208 Dunn, Ransom 283 Durand, George H 51 Dwyer, Jeremiah 248 Eastman, Loton H 329 Eddy, Edwin 65 Eddy, John F 224 Edget, John A., 107 Edsell, Wilson C 292 Edson, James L 178 Edwards, David 99 Edwards, John M., 215 Eldred, Nelson 337 Elwood, B. F -;_, Engelmann, Michael, . . . 201 Estabrook, John S., 212 Fair, Campbell 257 Fairfield, Edmund B 62 Fairman, Ferdinand 335 Farrand, Jacob S 188 Pace. Fay, William L 342 Felch, Alpheus 220 Fenton, William M 231 Ferguson, Thomas 294 Ferry, Dexter M 134 Filer, Delos L 236 Filer, E. Golden 288 Fisher, Spencer 55 Fiske, Lewis R 52 Folsom, Alexander 285 Foote, Dan P 237 Ford, Corydon L., 114 Fox, E. Crofton 102 Fraser, James 299 Fuller, C. C 327 Gage, Chauncey H. 125 Gage, De Witt C 48 Gass, Marshall T 293 Gaylord, Augustine S 94 Gaylord, Harvey R 73 Gibson, Samuel A 123 Gilbert, Thomas D 168 Gillett, Rufus W 23; Gold, George R 252 Goulden, James 180 Green, Sanford M., ... .241 Griffin, Levi T 104 Gustin, Richard P., 222 Hackley, Charles H. 78 Hall, Edmund, 330 Hall, Jerry R Halsted, Richard H Hamilton, Carlton J., Hardin, Daniel. Harris, Edward W., Hart, George A., . Hatch, Herschel H., Hawley, Charles R Hay, William, . . Hayes, Walter I., . Hills, Charles T., Hinman, William G Hodge, Samuel F., HOLDEN, LAWSON C, Holt, Henry H., . Hopkins, George H., Hopkins, Samuel F., Hopkins, William S. Houseman, Julius, . Howard, Henry, 169 317 306 98 335 264 213 235 175 121 58 320 '55 89 '97 272 120 282 207 66 INDEX. Pace. | Howard, John 247 Hoyt, Herbert H 219 Hovt. Hiram J 214 Hoyt, James M 138 1 [1 me, Thomas 340 HURD, Henry M 154 Ingersoll. George 340 Israel, Edward 284 Pack. Jackson, Gurdon K. JACOKES, Daniel C.,. Jenkinson. William. . Jenks. Edward \\ *., Jerome, David H., . , Joy, James F Keller, SANFORD, Ketcham, James I... Ketcham, Philip II., Kimball, Charles F., Kinne, Edward I) , . Lane, M. Henry, . . LANMAN, Charles, . Lanman, Charles L . Leonard, Azro B., . Linton, Aaron, . . . Linton, William S., Lose. Charles I)., . Lord, George, . . Lothrop, G V. N., . . Loveland, Ralph A., Lyon, THOMAS R., . . 205 192 '53 242 90 44 52 '57 189 1S1 '59 141 ,65 '53 284 234 ■93 88 '3' 43 1 10 228 mccormick, w. r 139 McCoy, Daniei 164 Mi Cheeky, W. B. 133 Mi 1 )om 1.1., Archibald, ... 61 McElroy, Crocket 310 McFARLAN, Alexander, . . . 298 McMillan. James 56 MAIDEN, William P., Malt/, George I Mann, ALEXANDER V., Mason, Lyman G., . . M \i rHEWS, Salmon S., May, Charles s , . . May, I >wight, . . . MAYBURY, William C Mi \n. Rn 11 \rij T., . Merrill, Harry P., . Merrill, I homas, Miller, Albert, . . Mills, Alfred J., . . Mills, Merrill B., . . M 1 ii.s, Merrill I., Monroe, Charles j . . Montgomery, R. M., . Moon, J. W Moore. John, . . Moore. Joseph B., . . MOORE, William A., Morse, Allen B., . . Morse, H. R 263 MOSHER, Charles 292 Munger, Algenon S 211 Munroe, Thomas, 225 258 64 *33 100 3°9 287 191 85 33= 227 46 267 107 318 184 3°3 255 172 76 290 152 48 Nelson, Charles, D., Newberry, John. S., Newland, Henry A., Xims, Frederick A., North, Townsend, Norton, John IX, . Norton, John m.. . Nottingham, I). M.. Nottingham, J. C, O'Brien, T. J., . . O'Flynn, C. J., . . Olin, Rollin C, . 1 )SBAND, William M. Owen, John (', Palmer, George C, . PALMS, Francis, . . Palms, Francis F., . Parke, Hervey C, . Partridge, 15. F., . . Patterson, John C, Peck, Erastus, . . . Peters, Richard <',., Phelps, Fitch, . . . PlNGREE, Ha/en S., I'i.i aimer Charles 1 1.. Potter, Edward K , POWERS, William H., RAMSDELL, Thomas J., . Richards, Benjamin, Richardson, I). M., . . Richardson, Ezra, . . kn hmond, Charles II.. Rogers, J. Sumner, . . Russell, Alfred, . . Russell, F. J Rust, David W Sai.i.ing. Ernest N'.. . S\NDS, Lolls, . . . suv\ ik, Andrew J., . Saw \ in, Joseph E., . SEVERENS, Henry F.. Seymour, Henr\ w , Shearer, James, Sheldon, James w., Sherwood, T. R., . . Shoemaker, M . . . Simpson, w. h Si 1 11 1 m, Elliott T., Smith, F'rancis, . . . Smith, George T.. . Smith, Martin S., . . Smith, Peter, . . . Smith, v. C Sri v e, Ad \\i K., . Steele, Thomas, . . Sn 111 ens, David S., 205 •44 216 116 2Sf, ISO 177 339 86 253 265 322 '73 163 295 232 286 '94 296 289 251 54 '32 74 118 '43 3'5 218 328 280 '75 306 124 '37 22' I96 179 270 6S 187 275 59 302 '74 271 146 301 3'2 235 168 162 308 328 2-4 321 279 Stewart, James, . Si 1 11 KBRIDGE, F. B., Stoddard, John P., Stout, Byron G., . Sutherland, J. G., . SWENSI'.ERG. C. G, Swift, John M , Swift, Marcus, . Swineford, A P., . Tarsney, Timothy E., . Temple, Ansel F Thomas, CYRUS B., . . Thompson. Bradley M. Thomson, John W.. . . I'upper, Horace, . . . Turnbull, James D., . Turner, James M., . . Upton, John I!., . . . Van Deusen, Edwin H. Van Husan, Caleb, . . Vaughan, Victor C, . . Vaughan, w. E Walker, Charles I., . Walker, Levi Ward, Charles A., . . Warner, Carlos E., . WARNER, William H , . Warren, Byron E., . . Warren, Samuel N . . . Watson, Amasa I! , . . Weadoi k, George W., . Weadock, T. a. E., . . Webster, Edward L., . Webster, Samuel H., . Webster, Thomas e., . Welch, John Wells, Charles W., . . Wells, Hezekiah G., . Weston, [. M Westover, Luther, . . WESTOVER, Willi \m. . . Whaley, Robert J., Wheeler, Abram O., ■ . Wheeler, Edward i>. Wheeler, Frank w.. Wheeler, 11. II . . . Whiting, Hi \k\ , . . . Whiting, Jusi ink.. . Whitman, < 11 vrles R., . Whitney, < lark J., . . Wn kes, Henry D., . . Wh.ii 1 , |. Ambrose, . . Wilkinson, Aki hi r, . . Wilkinson, A. H., . . Wing, Charles G., . . Wing, I'm i m i E.. . . Wisner, Moses Withington, w. h., . . WoNDI ELY, J. H Wood, N. S Woodruff, John S., . . • 3'4 5° • 34i 67 . 108 344 254 276 • 3 2 ' 75 ■ 334 343 • 249 63 . 128 210 . 60 337 • 3°7 301 • 273 279 .58 243 224 256 . 209 '49 '35 68 , 198 336 111 214 33' 247 160 3'3 150 loO 200 I48 278 US 70 333 240 244 53 304 199 283 229 '45 323 34' 3'8 2C2 281 '95 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. HISTORICAL. iave strong grounds for affirming that the descendants of Noah came over from Asia at a very early period. They have not, it is true, left after them any written history; but the ruins which are scattered throughout the two Americas testify as eloquently as any written evidence could, to the grandeur of these vanished races, while their diversified character shows that many people of dif- ferent civilizations have succeeded each other on this continent, or inhabited it at the same time. It does not enter into the scope of this work to investigate the origin of these primitive Americans. The problem can be solved in many different manners with the aid of imagination, the information which has come down to us on the early migration of the human species being so scanty. It seems certain, however, that the territory comprised within the limits of the State of Michigan was never inhabited by these people. They have, at least, left no such traces as in other States of their permanent stay. But they have left unmistakable marks of their in- dustry and patience in the Northern Peninsula; and it is today proved that, as early as the beginning of the Christian era, if not prior, the native copper of that region was being used in the manufacture of the utensils and ornaments of the Mound-builders, who were then in possession of the entire Mississippi Valley. These ancient miners worked on no small scale. In the entire copper district of Northern Michigan, from Keweenaw Point to the Porcupine Mountains, were to be found a few years ago — before they disap- peared through the action of the present generation of miners — the traces of their work. In the above- described region no less than one hundred "diggings" have been discovered. Some of these excavations were traced to a depth of fifty or sixty feet. They had become filled up during the lapse of centuries, by the slow accumulation of earth and leaves, almost to the level of the surrounding ground, and over them were growing trees in no wise different from the giants of the neighboring forests. In clearing out these pits, there were found an almost incredible amount of stone hammers of different sizes, wooden bowls, wooden shovels, props and levers, the wood being, in many instances, in a good state of preserva- tion. Masses of copper of enormous size, detached from the main veins, were also found — one of these being still on the props upon which the miners had raised it. From the exploration of these pits, which have been made since the first discovery of the excava- tions, in 1848, we may form an idea of the mode of operation of these rude workmen. The removal of the rock from around the copper was their first care. To do this, they heated it to a high degree, and 8 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. then caused it to crumble by throwing water on it. When the vein was sufficiently exposed, they pro- ceeded to select the thinnest and narrowest part; and then, by constant and patient hammering, severed the smallest portions. After placing the severed mass in a convenient position, they set to work to break it into transportable pieces by the same laborious process. Finally the ore was conveyed to the terraced villages scattered from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico, there to be converted into their various tools, utensils, and ornaments. Perhaps the miners, who left at the approach of the hyperborean winter, to return with the milder seasons, themselves did the transporting. The Mound builders were a peaceful people, addicted to the pursuits of agriculture and commerce. They probably wished nothing more than to enjoy in peace the fruits ol their industry, when, about the twelfth century, hordes of barbarous warriors — kindred, perhaps, of the Tartar conquerors of Asia, and fresh from that continent — fell on them from the north, and forced them to seek refuge in more southern countries. The invaders, it seems, were the ancestors of the Indians who inhabited the country at the time of the arrival of the Europeans. Michigan does not seem to have been inhabited by any large number of Indians until they were attracted thither by the French. Those that did inhabit this region were of the Algonquin family. They had absolutely no knowledge of the mining which had been carried on at a prior epoch, and were loath to reveal the places where copper was to be found, regarding it as specially reserved to their manitous, or gods. Early in the month of June, 1603, a small vessel — the size of the fishing-crafts of the present day — entered the broad mouth of the St. Lawrence, and it held its course up the majestic river, until, above the island of Montreal, the rapids imposed an impassable barrier to its further progress. The com mander was Samuel de Champlain, and his object was to choose a site for a French post. He tells us in the narrative of his voyage, that, having questioned the Indians as to the country lying to the west- ward, the)' told him, among other things, that at the western extremity of Lake Erie, there was a riv< 1 which flowed into it from a sea of unknown extent, whose waters were salt}-. Such were the notion which the natives of Montreal Island had of Detroit River and Lake Huron. Judging from what they had told him, he concluded that the sea in question must be the Pacific; but he cautiously adds: "One must not put much faith in it." Champlain lived to see and navigate the lake, of which he was the first European to hear; but he never set his foot within the limits of the present State of Michigan. It was left for one of his young companions, on his subsequent expeditions — Jean Nicolct — to be the first to touch the shores of the Wolverine State. The explorer passed through Mackinac Strait in 1634, on his way to Green Bay, where he met a large number of Indians, assembled to smoke the calumet of peace with him. Seven years later, in 1641, the Jesuit missionary fathers, Jogues and Raymbault, visited Sault Ste. Marie, where they preached to nearly two thousand Ojibwas. Before departing, they erected a cross on the south side of the river. But it was not until 1656 that the French turned their attention towards the West with any degree of ardor. Two years before, a couple of adventurous traders had followed a party of Indians to the Lake Superior region. After wintering there twice, they set out to return to Canada, accompanied by nearly three hundred Indians and a convoy of fifty canoes, loaded with furs. Their arrival at Quebec caused a great deal of joy. The merchant saw with pleasure that the beaver, which had well-nigh disappeared from Canada, was still to be found in abundance in this western country, while the missionary learned, with no less pleasure, the immense number of the tribes where he might find a field for his apostolic zeal. These two classes resolved to take an immediate footing in the West, and arrangements were made to establish a French post there. Thirty Frenchmen, and the Jesuit fathers Druillettes and Garreau started from Quebec with the returning convoy. Great were the hopes which commerce and religion founded on the result of their mission. But, alas for these new-born hopes! in a few days the news arrived at Quebec that the traders, discouraged by the brutality of the Indians, had given up the enterprise at Trois Rivieres; and soon after came the still more sorrowful intelligence that the flotilla had been attacked by the Iroquois, and that Father Garreau had been killed by them, and Druillettes left behind by the fleeing Algonquins. In spite of this, the West was not forgotten. In 1660 another flotilla of Algonquins came down to Quebec, the result of the enterprise of two French traders who had wintered on the shores of Lake CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 9 Superior. Again the Jesuits resolved to send one of theirs to teach the Word of God to the benighted savages of the West. The man selected for the enterprise — Father Rene Menard — was a survivor of the old Huron Missions, long years before the comrade and fellow-laborer of Jogues, Bressani, Brebceuf, Gamier, Garreau, and others, who had already won a martyr's crown amid their apostolic toil. His head was whitened with years, his face scarred with wounds received in the streets of Cayuga, for he had been one of the first to bear the faith into Central New York. Thoroughly inured to Indian life, with many a dialect of Huron and Algonquin at his command, Rene Menard sought to die as his earlier friends and comrades had long since done. He went destitute and alone, broken with age and toil, with a life which he saw could last but a few months ; yet he had not thought of recoiling. It was the work of Providence, and, in utter want of all the necessaries of life, he exclaims: "He who feeds the young ravens, and clothes the lily of the field, will take care of his servants ; and should we at last die of misery, how great our happiness would be!" His zeal was to be put to the test. Hardly had he and his companions lost sight of Quebec than they were compelled to paddle, and to bear all the weight of savage brutality. When at last he was Hearing the end of his journey, the poor father was abandoned by the party, and during six days roamed on the shores of Lake Superior with no other sustenance than what he found in the forest. Finally he arrived at the camping ground of the tribe towards the middle of October. This was on the southern shore, probably at Keweenaw Bay. He gave to it the name of Saint Theresa. He at once began his work of evangelization. He won over a few, for the most part victims of misfortune; but the majority, proud and brutal, refused to listen to him. The chief, to whose wigwam he had resorted, abused him, and finally compelled him to seek shelter against snow and frost under a cabin erected by himself with the boughs of the surrounding trees, and to live on the scanty supplies furnished by Indian charity. Nothing daunted, Menard was thinking of pushing even farther to the Dakotahs, of which he had heard, when a party of fugitive Hurons, settled on Black River, sent for him. He readily accepted their invitation, and set out for their village, accompanied by a Frenchman. After a painful journey of sev- eral weeks, he was within one day of the end of his journey, when at a portage he was separated from his companion, whose efforts to find him afterwards proved fruitless. This occurred on the ioth of August, 1661, on the shore of the Black River, a tributary of the Wisconsin. It is probable that Menard was murdered by some Indian anxious for plunder. Such was the end of the first minister of God who settled in Michigan. Seven of the French companions of Menard returned to Quebec in 1663. With them went the usual flotilla of canoes, loaded with the skins of Michigan beaver. The next missionary to follow on the tracks of Menard was Claude Allouez, who reached the shores of Lake Superior in 1665, and who for the next thirty years devoted himself with unflinching ardor to the moral and mental elevation of the Indians of the West. On the first of September, 1665, he was at Sault Ste. Marie, and spent that month coasting the northern shore of the Upper Peninsula. He finally settled at Chegoimegon Bay, where he became acquainted with many of the Western tribes, and began to obtain from them the information which afterward led to the discovery of the Mississippi. He occa- sionally visited Sault Ste. Marie and other localities. In 1667 he went down to Quebec to lay before his superior the result of his work. This was approved, and he was given an assistant, whose stay on the mission was, however, only temporary. But assistance was now coming. In 1668, Father James Marquette, the discoverer of the Mississippi, and Brother Le Boesme reached the West, and the next year Father Claude Dablon was sent to assume the superiorship of the Upper Missions. Dablon established his head-quarters at Sault Ste. Marie among the Chippeways, where he had a small fort erected, inclosing a chapel and a residence for the priests. Marquette was at Sault Ste. Marie in 1669. At this time it seemed as if the Jesuits were soon to have rivals in their good work among the Western tribes. The Order of St. Sulpice, which was solidly established on Montreal Island, sent out, in 1669, the Abbes Dollier de Casson and Gallinee on a tour of exploration. Starting from Montreal, they took the route of the Lakes, and at the head of Lake Ontario met Louis Joliet, who had been sent by Talon, the intendant of New France, to investigate the copper mines of Lake Superior. Joliet showed them a map of the country he had visited, telling them at the same time of the Pottawatamis, who were sadly in want of missionaries. Their apostolic zeal was aroused, and they pushed their way with renewed vigor over land and river to Lake Erie. When they reached it, the season was neverthe- 2 io CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. less too far advanced, and they wintered on its shores at the mouth of Grand River. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1670, the)- soon entered Detroit River, whose beautiful shores they greatly admired. Landing on Belle Isle, opposite the eastern end of the present metropolis of Michigan, they took possession of the country "in the name of the Most Christian King of France," and then con- tinued up St. Clair Lake and River to Lake Huron, and on to Sault Ste. Marie. After a stay of three days at this post, they started to return to Montreal by way of the Ottawa River. After this the Sul- piceans seem to have completely forgotten the West. But the Jesuits persevered. The Ottawas and Hurons, established at Chegoimegon, having provoked the Sioux, had to fly to escape ruin. The latter remembered their old rendezvous, Michilimackinac, and went thither. Father Marquette followed them, and, during the winter of 1670-71, laid the foundation of the mission of St. Ignace. This mission was soon increased by the arrival of the Ottawas, who re- quired that another missionary be appointed to administer to their wants. Father Nouvel took charge of them, and when Marquette started on his expedition to the Mississippi, Father Pierson succeeded him in the Huron Mission. For many years henceforth Michilimackinac remains the center around which clusters the history of Michigan — nay, of the West. This history, too, assumes a new character. Heretofore religious enter- prises have occupied the foreground of the tableau ; but now the efforts to develop the resources and the commerce of the territory take a more prominent place. From now on we see traders, intendant, gov- ernor, minister, and king striving together to turn the natural advantages of the country to the profit and glory of France. In 1665 there arrived at Quebec a man who was to do much to make known the great West, and to extend the power of France in America. This was the new intendant, Talon. A firm believer in the importance and future of the country he had to rule, his first care was to throw more light on the wealth and natural resources of the colony. Under his protection Joliet, Dollier de Casson, and La Salle had made their preliminary voyages to the West. He now directed Simon Francois Daumont, sieur de Saint-Lusson, to proceed to the Lake Superior Region to explore the copper-mines, after which he was to give his attention to the discovery of some passage to the South Sea. Having spent the winter of 1670 on the shores of Lake Huron, Saint-Lusson repaired in May, 167 1, to Sault Ste. Marie, where a large number of Indians had, by his care, gathered from every side. The representatives of fourteen different tribes were there assembled to witness, with awe and admiration, the ceremony of the taking of possession of the West in the name of the king of France. On the 14th of June, a great council having been called, a large cross was erected, while a score of French voyageurs sang the Vexilla and the Exaudiat, under the direction of the Jesuits. The moment after, Saint-Lusson proclaimed Louis XIV king of all the surrounding countries, giving notice to the assembled Indians that henceforth they were "dependent upon His Majesty, subject to submit to his laws and to follow his customs, promising them, on his part, all the protection and succor against the incursions and in- vasions of their enemies, — all under penalty of incurring his wrath and the efforts of his arms." Then Allouez, upon whom devolved the task of making known to the Indians their new master, made what was, to the listening savages, a most eloquent eulogy of the "Most Christian King." Says the author of the Relation of 1672 : " He knew so well how to come down to their level, that he gave them an idea of the greatness of our incomparable monarch, such that they admit they have not words to express what they think of it." Rejoicing at the idea that henceforth they were to live under the protection of this powerful potentate, the Indians heartily joined with the French in singing the Te Dcitm laudamus, and the crowd dispersed. Talon, too, rejoiced. In a few hours thousands of miles of territory, the importance of which he clearly foresaw, had been added to the kingdom of France. On the morrow of the return of Saint- Lusson, he wrote to the king: "I am not a courtier, and I do not say, for the simple pleasure of pleas- ing the king and without a just cause, that this part of the French monarchy will become something great. What I discover from near makes me foresee it, and those parties of foreign nations who line the sea-coast, so well established, already tremble with fear at the sight of what His Majesty has done in the interior since seven years." CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. u With the traditional narrow-mindedness of the rulers of France, the king replied that he approved of the steps already taken, but that "it would be better to be confined to a space of land which the colony itself could guard, than to embrace too large a quantity, of which it might one day become necessary to relinquish a part, with some diminution of the reputation of His Majesty and this crown." He finally recommended that the main attention should be given to the discovery of mines. Talon knew better than the king the actual value of the mines. The superstitions of the Indians made their discovery difficult, while the labor of extracting and transporting the ore at that early day, rendered it impossible to draw any benefit from this source. For a long time yet, the only attractions which the territory, which is now the State of Michigan, held out, were, to the missionary, its native tribes groping in the darkness of heathendom ; and to the trader, the beaver which resorted to its forests. At Mackinaw the Jesuits, Pierson and Nouvel, were still striving to convert the Indians over to the faith. They had erected new chapels and gathered a number of Huron and Algonquins around them. In 1675, Father Nouvel, leaving his post to Father Bailloquet, who had come from Quebec, went in search of distant tribes. He passed the winter somewhere at the head of the Chippewa River. He was the first white man to winter in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. In the spring he returned to the Sault with a new worker, Father Bonneault, making their journey a continuous mission. In the spring of 1680, La Salle also crossed the Southern Peninsula of Michigan from a point near the mouth of the St. Joseph to the Detroit River, on his way back to Canada. These are explorers who have left a written record of their voyages. But besides them there were hundreds of young, adventurous men, who, defying the edicts and ordinances of the king and the fury of the savages, rushed to the woods to engage in the fur-trade. These were the first inhabitants of Michi- gan, against the wish of the French Government, who forbade all settlements above Montreal, in its desire to bring the trade to the home of the colonists. "The bush-rangers, or coureurs-de-bois," says Parkman, "were to the king an object of horror. They defeated his plans for the increase of the pop- ulation, and shocked his native instinct of discipline and order. Edict after edict was directed against them, and more than once the colony presented the extraordinary spectacle of the greater part of the young men turned into forest outlaws. But severity was dangerous. The offenders might be driven over to the English, or converted into a lawless banditti, renegades of civilization and the faith. Therefore clemency alternated with rigor, and declarations of amnesty with edicts of proscription. Neither threats nor blandishments were of much avail." In fact, what could a government do to restrain a few hundred men dispersed over a boundless wilderress? Occasionally parties of them gathered at Michilimackinac to trade or spend the winter. At the burial of Marquette in 1677, some of them were present; and Henne- pin enrolled forty-two traders, who were wintering there in 1 680-8 1, into a religious confraternity. Finding it impossible to restrain the exodus of these adventurers, the king sought to restrain them by establishing a representative of his authority in their midst. About 168 1, De Villeraye was appointed commandant at Michilimackinac. Among the leaders of the coureursde-bois, the name of Grezsolon Du Luth stands foremost. At an early age he had made two voyages to New France. Then, in 1674, he served the king in Franche Comte and at the battle of Senef, after which he returned to Quebec, and resumed his project of pene- trating to the land of the Sioux. In this he succeeded, and he was soon recognized as the leader of his freedom-loving, independent companions. La Salle says that he was the first to cause the traders to lift the mask, and to defy openly the authority of the king. This is the assertion of an enemy. Du Luth denies that he ever traded for his benefit. However that may be, it is certain that he did much to foil the rival English traders, and to keep the Northwestern tribes in the French interest. Du Luth usually wintered in the neighborhood of Michilimackinac. There he learned, in the spring of 168 1, that serious charges had been made against him. He immediately set out for Quebec to plead his cause. The intendant refused to listen to him, and he might have been brought to grief in spite of the protection of his friend the governor, had not a royal amnesty, pardoning all the coureurs-de-bois, been received at that moment. Du Luth took advantage of it to return to the woods. There he was the roving chief of a half-savage crew, trading, exploring and fighting, and attracting everybody by his persistent hardihood, when Frontenac was recalled, and La Barre sent to succeed him as governor of New France. Du Luth immediately made arrangements to work in harmony -with the faction of the i2 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. new governor. Fiance had need of men of his stamp in the West. Her unrelenting enemies, the Iro- quois, had spread the report that they meant to seize the Kaskaskia Indians at Michilimackinac, and occupy that post, thus depriving the French of half their trade. While the frightened Indians sent deputations to beg the protection of Onontio, the latter hastily dispatched an officer, with men and munitions, to strengthen the defenses of the post of Michilimackinac, where he already had large quanti- ties of goods. The following year, 1683, a temporary peace having been patched up with the Iroquois, the traders of Quebec resolved to make the best of it, and sent up large quantities of goods. They soon had reason to tremble for the safety of these, for the Indians immediately after gave signs of general discon- tent, killing several voyageurs, and pillaging their canoes. Du Luth resolved to put an end to these depredations, by inspiring them with some terror of the French. Having laid his hands on the murderers of two Frenchmen who had been killed some time before, he brought them from the Sault Ste. Marie to Michilimackinac. Here he tried them, and, finding them guilty, sentenced them to be shot. This sentence was executed in the presence of over four hun- dred of the sympathizers and relatives of the victims, who looked on awe-stricken and paralyzed by the hardihood of the small party of Frenchmen. This occurred in November, 1683. Some time after, Du Luth and La Durantaye, who was now commandant at Michilimackinac, received orders to muster the Western tribes to join in a grand expedition against the Senecas. They met few ready listeners. The Hurons alone had promised their aid, when Nicholas Perrot, a man who had dealt with the Indians for over a quarter of a century, arrived at Michilimackinac on a trading errand. Through his influence some five hundred warriors of all tribes were persuaded to rendezvous at Niagara, together with about a hundred French traders. The disgust of this savage crew, who had only been gathered together by dint of promises and taunts, may well be imagined, when they discovered that the French from Canada had retreated without striking a blow at the hated Iroquois. They returned to their country, filled with wrath and scorn against the governor and all the French There was danger that these tribes would repudiate the French alliance, welcome the English traders, make peace with the Iroquois, and cany their beaver-skins to Albany instead of Montreal. The English of New York saw their opportunity, and began to press the claims of England to the territory which now constitutes the State of Michigan. Dongan, the governor of that colony, suggested to the Iroquois that they might draw great benefits from an alliance with the Ottawas against the French, and in the meanwhile he sent English traders to Michilimackinac to invite the latter to trade with the English. When the French governor remonstrated, he replied: "I believe it as lawful for the English as French Nation to trade there, we being nearer, by many leagues, than you are. ... I am alto- gether as ignorant of any enterprise made by the Indians and this government as I am by what you mean by Mihillmiquan ! " And again, some time later: "As for those further nations, I suppose that to trade with them is free and common to us all, until the meres and bounds be adjusted, though truly the situation of those parts bespeaks the king of England to have a greater right to them than the French king." The English had heretofore not dared to make such audacious claims, and the fact that they now did, showed to what a pass the French had come. Happily for the latter, the imbecile La Bane had been recalled, and his successor, Denonville, was taking energetic steps to ruin the rising influence of the English with the Indians. He not only directed Du Luth to shoot as many as possible of the French deserters who had been serving as guides to the English, but, moreover, ordered him, in June, 1686, to proceed to the Strait of Lake Erie to establish a fort, which was intended to guard the entrance of the Lakes. This order was speedily carried out, Fort St. Joseph being erected near where Fort Gratiot now stands, at the outlet of Lake Huron. This was garrisoned by coureurs-debois. Fortifications were also erected at Lake Erie, the French being determined to prevent the English from gaining access again to Lake Huron. In the fall of 1686 the commandants of Western posts had been instructed to induce as many Indians as possible to join in another expedition against the Iroquois the following summer. During the entire winter, Perrot, on Lake Michigan, and La Durantaye, at Michilimackinac, put forth their most strenuous efforts to persuade the fickle-minded warriors. As a result, a motley band of several hundred warriors were assembled at Michilimackinac. Suddenly the news spread that English traders were approaching. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 13 In fact, encouraged by the kindly reception of the preceding year, Dongan and the merchants of Albany had decided to send a more important expedition. It consisted of two parties, the first under the orders of one Rooseboom, and the other commanded by Colonel McGregory. It was the first that was now approaching. The moment was critical. The Indians might, at any instant, revolt and fall upon the French. La Durantaye saw that his safety depended on prompt action, and immediately set out to meet the English, with something over a hundred Frenchmen. The Indians closely followed, but arrived only in time to share the spoils of the English, who had surrendered without attempting to resist. This exploit rallied the Indians to the support of La Durantaye, who lost no time in leading them to Detroit, where he was to join Du Luth. Leaving behind them Fort Joseph, the allied forces paddled down through Lake St. Clair and Detroit River, and encamped at the entrance of Lake Erie, on the north shore. Here La Durantaye took formal possession of the country, and erected some houses for the con- venience of the French and Indians. In a few days the forces of La Durantaye were increased by the arrival of Tonty, who came across the country from Illinois, with more French and Indians. These all paddled off for Niagara. On the way they met Colonel McGregory, who was coming up with the other party of the English. He was quickly overpowered, and, together with his companions, led a prisoner to Niagara. For many years afterward, England made no further attempts to penetrate the Northern Lakes. The coureurs-de-bois and Indians of the West, having done good service during the campaign against the Iroquois, started to return. With them came the Baron de La Hontan, a man noted for his imagi- nary discovery of the Long River, who was commissioned as commandant of Fort St. Joseph. The party reached that post on the 14th of September, 1687. Du Luth's men had sown Indian corn around the fort, which afforded a plentiful crop. The garrison surrendered the fort to La Hontan's detachment, and went off on their errand of trade. Although the soldiers took occasion to engage in hunting and trad- ing, the provisions ran short before the end of the winter. As soon as the ice allowed, La Hon- tan set out for Michilimackinac, where he expected to get corn. As he approached, on the 18th of April, he first perceived the fort of the Jesuits, around which were clustered the habitations of the Hu- rons and of the few French traders ; the Ottawas' village on a hill at some distance. Such was the metropolis of Michigan — nay, of the West. M. Juchereau, the temporary commandant, had fled these hyperborean regions at the approach of winter, which he had spent on the site of Chicago. No corn was to be obtained at Michilimackinac, and La Hontan resolved to proceed to Sault Ste. Marie, where the Jesuits still had a mission. Here he succeeded in obtaining a little provision, and started to return, accompanied by a war-party of Saulteurs and Ottawas, who were going to hunt for Iroquois scalps. At Fort St. Joseph, La Hontan decided to go with them. Several weeks after, the party entered Fort St. Joseph, having recaptured some Miami prisoners. The fort was just being visited by some Indians of the same tribe, and to whom the delivered prisoners were friends or relatives. 'The joyful meeting," says La Hontan, "filled the air with acclamations, and panegyrics rung all about to an extravagant de- gree." This scene of joy was one of the last to take place in Fort St. Joseph. Hearing that Niagara had been abandoned, and the scarcity of food growing greater every day, it was decided to abandon the post. On the 27th of November fire was set to it, and the garrison paddled toward Michilimackinac. Here La Hontan found orders from Denonville, directing him to return to Canada. Again the French were to be disturbed by the fickleness of their Indian allies. Before the end of 1689, nine tribes, settled around Michilimackinac, had concluded a treaty with the Senecas and the En- glish. If this treaty subsisted, it would ruin Canada. As soon as Frontenac heard of it, he resolved to do all in his power to have it broken, or at least to maintain the Western posts. To this end, nearly a hundred and fifty Canadians were placed under the orders of Louvigny, who went to relieve La Durant- aye of the command of Michilimackinac. With him also went Perrot, the veteran voyagair, who had many times already won back the Indians to the alliance of the French. The party started from Mon- treal the 22d day of May, 1690. On their way the French had the good luck to kill a number of Iro- quois, and capture one of them. These frequently-won laurels could not but influence the minds of the glory-loving Indians. At the sight of the imposing display of scalps taken by the French, they ran down to the beach, leaping, yelping, and firing in unison with those whom they would have murdered the mo- ment before. The fate of the prisoner taken by the French, now had to be decided. Finally the i 4 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Hurons were induced to put him to death, and thus to break their treaty with the Iroquois. A council of all the tribes was next called, and, thanks to the ability of Perrot, they were dissuaded from sending an embassy to ratify the treaty, as it had been their design. For a moment the French were safe ; but woe to them if any reverse came to tarnish the glory of their arms! Happily for them, the contrary happened, and the reports of their successful raids in New England, which soon reached Michilimackinac, confirmed the Indians in their loyalty. On the 1 8th of August, Montreal was startled by a report that the Lake St. Louis was covered with canoes; but the consternation which the news at first provoked, was changed to joy as it was ascertained that it was the Upper Nations who had come to trade. On the 22d a grand council was held. The Ottawas, who spoke first, asked for nothing else than cheap goods; but the Hurons protested their unfaltering fidelity to the French, and urged that war should be carried on with vigor against both the Iroquois and the English. Frontenac promised that they would have war, and as a proof of his sincerity led them in a war-dance. The Indians were next invited to a solemn war-feast, and then sent away well pleased. During the entire following winter the Iroquois were greatly incommoded by the inroads of the Indians of Michilimackinac, to the great satisfaction of the French. In order to better direct the efforts of his allies, Frontenac, in 1691, ordered Courtemanche to repair, as commandant, to the post of the Miamis, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the St. Joseph. Prior to that date, it seems, the Jesuits had a mission there; for as early as 1686 the)- had obtained the concession of a piece of land of "twenty acres front along the River St. Joseph, heretofore called Miamis." This concession was con- firmed in 1689. The years that followed, till 1693, present nothing remarkable. The road to Montreal was blockaded, and the furs accumulated at Michilimackinac. But in the latter year the courcurs-dc bois were mustered by order of Frontenac, and under their escort upwards of two hundred canoes came down the Ottawa with the coveted beaver-skins. In the following year there came to Michilimackinac a man who, for his faults as for his qualities, deserves to be ranked as the most remarkable that France ever sent to Michigan. He was Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac. Louvigny having given up his command, he had been appointed to succeed him as commandant of the Western posts. His commission is dated September 16, 1694. Cadillac soon found occasion to vent his bad humor. The Jesuits, who were a power in these regions, looked upon him, not without reason, as an enemy, and treated him as such. On the other hand, the dissatisfaction of the Indians gave him much trouble. The Iroquois continually exchanged communications with the tribes under his care, and even sent delegates to Michilimackinac. One of them fell into the hands of the French, who resolved to make an example of him. He was bound to a stake, and furiously tortured by both white and red men. It was clear that the more Iroquois the French Indians could be induced to torture, the harder it would be for them to make peace. So such scenes were fre- quently renewed. But it was all to no purpose. The Hurons and Ottawas had got to believe that the French neither could nor would fight the common enemy, and that consequently they had no safety but in peace with the Iroquois. To the French, only one course was open. They must strike the Five Nations a quick and crush- ing blow. This Frontenac attempted to do in the summer of 1696. He but half succeeded. We next hear that everything is in a state of confusion among the Upper Nations. The Sioux have attacked the Miamis, who have also been assailed by the Saulteurs. The Ottawas show some inclination to side with the latter. Others are intriguing to introduce the English. Not one single tribe is at peace. Meanwhile the Jesuits and the party of the Intendant Champigny had obtained the royal ear, and rep- resented that the Western posts were centers of debauchery and lawlessness, and that the licenses for trad- ing expeditions in the interior were used largely for the benefit of a few friends of the governor. These arguments found ready support in the native instincts of order and subordination which the king fondly cherished. Therefore he commanded that no more conges should be issued, and that the Western posts should be destroyed. The Jesuits alone might reside in the woods, subject to the restrictions designed effectually to prevent them from carrying on illicit trade. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. i 5 The decree of the king called forth strong protests from Frontenac and his friends, and even from some of the Indians friendly to the French. They represented that the result of such a measure would be to leave the commerce of the West, and the country itself, open to the English. There existed also the danger that the conreiirs-de-bois might go over to the English, as, in fact, a part of them did shortly after. The mistake of the king was so evident that the decree practically remained a dead-letter. In the fall troops were sent to Michilimackinac, where Tout)', the younger, had already succeeded Cadillac as commandant, and Vincennes went to take command of the post at the Miamis. As to Cadillac, he had come down to Quebec in August, full of wrath against those who had endeavored to deprive him of the favor of the court. His ever-fertile mind had ahead)- begun to conceive a plan by which the inter- ests of the king and his own might be equally fostered. That was the establishment of a post at Detroit. The French had, at different times, had posts on the streams uniting Lake Huron and Lake Erie. We have seen that Du Luth had erected Fort St. Joseph, and that La Durantaye had estab- lished lodgings at the mouth of the Detroit River, in 1687. In 1700, we find M. de Longueuil, com- mandant for the king at Detroit, holding a council there with the Indians of his post. Of the loca- tion of this last fort we have no indications. Lamothe Cadillac aimed to establish something more than these temporary posts. It is in justice, also, to the man to say that there was nothing small about his ambitions. He was ever read)' to give kindly advice to the rulers of the earth as to how they should do to fulfill their duty, and in each of his plans there was always a place reserved for Cadillac. He now hastened to France, and proposed to the king to replace all the Western posts, which had just been abolished, by a permanent and more extensive establishment, on the shores of the Detroit River. He confidently asserted that if His Majesty would intrust him with the management of this affair, he would soon revolutionize matters in the West, and put a stop to all the evils of which New France complained. The king lent him a credulous ear, and referred him, with a letter of recommendation, to the governor-general of Canada. The latter discussed the plan, modified it some, and finally adopted it. In October, 1700, he wrote to France: "I shall send the Sieur de la Mothe and the Sieur Tonty, in the spring, to construct a fort at the strait." At the same time the English were also discussing the possibility of establishing a fort at Detroit; but, as| usual, they allowed themselves to be forestalled by the French. Cadillac prepared his expedition at Montreal. In June, 1701, he left that place, having under his orders fifty regular soldiers, and fifty Canadians, with M. de Tonty as captain, and MM. Dugue and Chacornacle as lieutenants. Father Vaillant, a Jesuit destined for the Indians, and Father del Halle, a Recollect Friar, who was to be chaplain of the fort, accompanied the expedition. The party arrived on the site of Detroit the 24th of July, and the very next day the work of erecting lodgings and fortifications began. A storehouse, a chapel, and a score of dwelling-houses were soon completed, and inclosed in a palisade of "good oak pickets, fifteen feet long, sunk three feet in the ground. " Detroit was born ! The name of Ponchartrain was given the stockade, in honor of the minister of that name. The ground inclosed in the palisade forms to-day the eastern portion of the block surrounded by Woodbridge Street, Griswold Street, Jefferson Avenue, and Shelby Street. The first years of Detroit's existence were marked by the same contentions and petty intrigues that arrested the growth of almost every French settlement. From the first the merchants of Montreal had been opposed to the establishment of Detroit, proclaiming it injurious to the interests of New France, meaning thereby, in a great measure, their own interests; for, naturally, it would rob them of most of the trade of the Western tribes. To quiet them, they were told that they might form a company and have the monopoly of the traffic. They promptly accepted the offer, and, shortly after, the newly formed "Company of the Colon)' of Canada" was put in possession of Fort Ponchartrain, under the following principal conditions : The Company was to have the exclusive control of the fur-trade at Detroit, to finish the fort and buildings belonging thereto, and keep them in good repair, and to sup- port the commandant and one other officer. The necessary garrison was to be maintained at the king's expense. 1 6 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Cadillac received the first notice of these arrangements on the 18th of July, 1702. Three days after, he was on his way to Quebec. The news had been a heavy blow to him, for he had hoped that the trade would be left to him ; nevertheless, after much discussion, he had to accept the established order of things, and became, as it were, an employee of the Company, intrusted with the guard of its interests at Detroit. He returned in November, accompanied by MM. Arnaud and Nolan, commis- sioners of the Company. Cadillac now took up his favorite project of gathering all the Indians at Detroit, and Frenchifying them. The main rendezvous of the tribes was at Michilimackinac, where the Jesuits were now alone with them, all the other French having withdrawn. The good fathers were not friends of Cadillac. One of their company, Father Vaillant, who had been appointed to stay at Detroit, had quarreled with him and left his post shortly after his arrival. Then they had good reasons to fear that contact with the whites, whose conduct was not always exemplary, would prove fatal to the piety and religious zeal of their converts! Therefore, they opposed the removal of their flock to Detroit, advising them, rather, to join the Miamis on the St. Joseph. The struggle between them and Cadillac was long and bitter. Finally, Hurons, Ottawas, and Miamis, all removed, preferring trading to religious facilities ; and the Jesuits, in despair, burned their chapel in the year 1706, and abandoned Michilimackinac. Cadillac exulted in his triumph ; but those were not his only troubles. The English had found means to communicate the reduced prices of their goods lo the Indians, and to invite them to Albany. A few had been there, and had been so well treated, that on their return they spread the general dissat- isfaction among their brethren at the manner of dealing <>f the French. But the French were busy quarreling among themselves. Cadillac had charged, in 1703, Tonty and the commissioners of the Company with embezzlement to the detriment of the Company. The accused retorted by making similar charges against their accusers. When Cadillac went down to Quebec in 1704, he was put under arrest, and it was not till June, 1706, that his conduct was completely vindi- cated. While the French were engaged in these inglorious quarrels, the Indians had given repeated marks of dissatisfaction. In the fall of 1703 they had attempted to burn the fort, causing serious dam- ages to it. These were repaired; but the Indians continued to grow more and more distrustful of the French, whom they soon suspected of desiring to destroy them through the agency of some favorite tribes — especially the Miamis. De Bourgmont, who had been sent in the fall of 1705 to replace Cadillac temporarily, was not the man to humor them. Shortly after his arrival, he went so far as to beat an Ottawa Indian to death for very slight reasons. The natural result ensued. The enraged Ottawas resolved to wage war on the Miamis and French alike. In the ensuing conflict, Father del Halle, a French soldier, and several Miamis were killed, while the Ottawas suffered heavy losses. The latter then left Detroit. When Cadillac arrived in August, he found none but the enraged Miamis, and the Hurons, who had sided with them, eager for vengeance. He succeeded in persuading them to remain quiet until the following spring, and finally succeeded in arranging a peace satisfactory to all except the Miamis. These, thinking that the French had displayed too much indulgence and kindness for the Ottawas, resolved to be revenged on them, and killed three Frenchmen. After trying to have them make amends, without success, Cadillac marched against them with all the forces he could gather, and compelled them to come to terms. In this affray seven Frenchmen were wounded. Extraordinary powers had been vested in Cadillac upon his reinstatement in 1706. He was given sole control of the settlement, with all the privileges of the " Company of Canada," which he succeeded at Detroit. He was free to attract as many Indians as he could to that post, but he was not to encroach on the rights of the Company outside of it. He was also empowered to grant land to settlers upon his own conditions. In fact, if not in name, he was Seigneur of Detroit, and something more. In virtue of this power, Cadillac granted several farms, and the work of farming and agricultural settlement, already well begun, was pursued with vigor. In 1708 there were three hundred and fifty three acres of improved lands, ten heads of cattle, and one horse in the settlement. The population must have exceeded two hundred white inhabitants. The following year the garrison was withdrawn ; but most of the soldiers obtained their discharge and settled at the post. In, fact Detroit was progressing rapidly, if we consider CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. i 7 the time and the place. But the profits to Cadillac were small, and the expenses heavy. He soon got disgusted, and in 1710 he threw up the enterprise to accept the position of governor of Louisiana. While Detroit had thus been thriving under the care of Cadillac, her rival, Michilimackinac, aban- doned by the king and by the Jesuits, was being resorted to only by isolated bands of Indians, and a few coureurs-de-bois — outlaws who had refused to re-enter the colony at the call of the royal authorities. In 1708 the king sent a delegate in the person of the Sieur d'Aigremont to inquire into these Western affairs. The delegate, struck by the advantages of Michilimackinac, had recommended its re-establishment. Accordingly, after much correspondence between Versailles and Quebec, the northern post was restored to its former rank of metropolis and capital of France's Western Empire, and in the fall of 17 12 the Sieur de Ligny was sent thither with the title of commandant. The Jesuit Morest had already preceded him. Vincennes was sent to the Miamis on the St. Joseph, and Sieur Laforest had already been appointed to take command at Detroit. The latter place was to be retained, but only as an outpost and base of supply to Michilimackinac. Those were hard times for Detroit. In the spring of 171 1 it had been attacked by a large party of Fox Indians in the interest of the English. For many days the doom of Fort Ponchartrain seemed sealed. But at the critical moment the Indian allies of the French arrived. The Foxes, compelled to flee, were pursued and killed nearly to a man. The French rejoiced, and a high mass was sung as a token of thanks to the Almighty. This was the signal of long and bloody strifes between nearly all the tribes of the North-west. The French looked on indifferently enough. One even makes the remark that it is perhaps best for them that these intestinal feuds should continue, as they deterred the English from attempting anything. How- ever, some attempts were made to restore peace. In 1714, Louvigny was sent with a garrison to Mich- ilimackinac, to inspire respect on the part of the turbulent savages. In 17 1 5 the Miamis removed from the St. Joseph River to the river which bears their name, sixty leagues from Lake Erie, near what is now Fort Wayne, Indiana. They were considered to have dan- gerous facilities for communicating with the English. So Vincennes was dispatched to accompany them, and keep a paternal eye on all their movements, until they could be induced to remove to Detroit. That place was still traversing a period of stagnancy and depression. For many years, under differ- ent commandants it continued to languish. But, in 1728, Boishebert was appointed commandant, and he earnestly devoted himself to the welfare of the colony. Through his efforts grants of land were made or confirmed to several settlers, and they were allowed to trade under fair conditions. Under these cir- cumstances, the place again began to grow and progress. But it was not until the year 1749 that an at- tempt was made to "boom" Detroit. In that year extraordinary advantages were offered to those who would go and settle there. As a consequence, forty-six persons emigrated to that post in 1749; and in 1750, fifty-seven persons. In the last-named year there were made seventeen grants of land. A census, taken in 1750, shows Detroit to have had a resident population of four hundred and eighty- three. This, with the floating population, no doubt, made up a total of nearly six hundred souls. Every subsequent year saw the population increased by immigration and by the natural channel of births. In 1760 it must have reached a total of thirteen hundred or fourteen hundred. The wealth of the colony increased in proportion, and the prospects were the brightest. At Michilimackinac, a small settlement of French- Canadians and their half-breed posterity had also grown up. We know that they were engaged in the fur-trade, had Indian slaves, and relatively large numbers were under the care of Jesuit missionaries for all that related to spiritual matters, and under the orders of a commandant in temporal affairs ; but particulars we have not. The records of the last years of French domination in Michigan are taken up with the story of their efforts to maintain the Indians in the alliance. This had become no easy task. The Indians entertained no more superstitions as to the power of the white man, and knew the full value of the commercial ad- vantages offered them by the English ; but they did not yet know the scorn which a triumphant English- man bears for an Indian. So, from 1746 to 1760, we read in every dispatch that is sent from Detroit or Mackinaw that this or that tribe is treating with the English ; that a party of Frenchmen had been set upon, pillaged, or mur- dered ; or that a general revolt is feared. 3 1 8 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. At Michilimackinac, and especially at Detroit, those Indians that could be induced to fight for the French were provided with ammunition, and here the)' came to get the reward of their bravery or their cunning. In 1758 the English sent a detachment to attack Detroit. When Bellestre, the last French command- ant at Detroit, learned of their march, he put himself, with a few French companions, at the head of the Hurons and other Indians, and immediately set out to oppose their advance. He soon fell in with a party of the enemy, which he defeated after a short engagement. This first failure dissuaded the English from making any further attempt to capture Detroit. But the doom of all these Western posts was sealed by the fall of Quebec the following year. By the capitulation of Montreal, signed September 8, 1760, they were surrendered, together with the whole of Canada. On the 19th of November of the same year, Major Roberts arrived at Detroit to take possession of the place in the name of the English crown. Michilimackinac was not occupied by English troops until September of the following year. The French settlers, to all appearances, seemed resigned to accept the change of domination without any attempt at insurrection. Those among them who were most devoted to France were satisfied to avail themselves of the permission of emigrating, and went to Louisiana. It was not so with the Indians. They had, indeed, wished for the triumph of the English, and even helped to bring it about in the hope of obtaining from them greater commercial advantages than were given them by the French; but now the scales fell from their eyes. The traders of Albany did, indeed, sell their goods a trifle cheaper than their predecessors, but they treated the proud chieftains with scorn and arrogance. Urbanity, and the love of savage life, which had rendered the French popular, seemed to be qualities un- known to the English. In the fort and the storehouses, where before the)' were allowed to roam in com- plete freedom, they now met with rebuffs and blows. In a few months the number of those who had always been faithful to the French was swelled by nearly all the tribes who had come in contact with the English. It then became evident that, to unite all the discontented in a common cause, and to fan into flame the smoldering embers of old enmities, there was needed but a man capable of making himself recognized by all parties as the leader. That man existed, and had already begun the work. His name, Pontiac, which is now known by every school- boy, was then equally known among the red men of the West. He was eloquent, and known to be crafty and brave. This was enough to inspire confidence in his fellow-tribesmen, and the Ottawas, Mi- amis, Chippeways, Shawnees, Delawares, and other tribes, joined at his bidding in a league against the English. With infernal ability, the plot was kept a profound secret until every thing was ready for ac- tion. Prowling savages gathered around the forts and settlements, apparently on errands of peace, and at a given signal, they fell upon the unsuspecting English. There were at this time three posts in Michigan — St. Joseph, Mackinaw, and Detroit. The first was held by an ensign and fourteen men, who were suddenly attacked, on the 25th of May, 1763, by the Pottawatamis. All but the commandant, Ensign Schlosser, and three of his men, were put to death. These four were afterward taken to Detroit and exchanged. At Mackinaw a number of warriors united in an exciting game of ball, or la crosse, while the garri- son lounged about witnessing the sport. Suddenly the commander, Captain Etherington, was seized, a rush was made for the fort, where hatchets and other weapons had been concealed by treacherous squaws, and in an instant seventeen persons were cut down. The rest, among whom was the commandant, were made prisoners, and taken to l'Arbre Croche. Through the timely assistance of Lieutenant Gorrell, who came to their aid from Green Bay with a force of friendly Indians, these prisoners succeeded in getting to Montreal in safety. The capture of Detroit was the most important object of the war, and this task Pontiac had re- solved to undertake in person. To obtain entrance into the fort for himself and warriors, the Ottawa chief suggested a council for "brightening the chain of friendship." Unsuspicious of treason, Major Gladwin, who was in command, agreed to his proposal. The Indians had cut their gun-barrels short, so that they might be concealed under their blankets when they went into the fort. At a given signal the chiefs were to fall on him and his attendants, while a general attack was to be made by their con- federates on such of the towns-people as might resist. Fortunately, the night before the day designed CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. lg for the massacre, an Indian woman brought Gladwin a pair of elk-skin moccasins, which she had made for him. Pleased with their appearance, the major ordered another pair; but the woman was unwilling to deceive him by promising what she supposed could not be performed. Her hesitation attracted at- tention, and, on being questioned, she disclosed the plot. Accordingly, at the council, Gladwin and his men were on their guard. Pontiac saw that his intended treachery was known, and dared not give the signal. He was allowed to depart with an indignant rebuke from the commander, and the next day but one, May 9, 1763, he returned the favor by laying siege to the fort. For months the garrison suffered ; sentinels were in constant danger of being cut off by Indian cun- ning. A first attempt to relieve the post failed; but in July Captain Dazell arrived, with a detachment of two hundred and eighty men and a good supply of provisions. A night attack upon the Indian camp at Bloody Run, two miles from the fort, was unwisely decided upon. Pontiac learned of the plan, and made his arrangements in consequence. When, in the early morning of July 31st, the two hundred and eighty men of Dazell approached, they were suddenly startled by a thousand war-whoops, closely followed by a murderous discharge. Unable to see the enemy in the darkness, their only alternative was to beat a hasty retreat. The dismal inarch began in disorder and confusion. Every thing along the road now seemed alive, and from every side the ambuscaded savages poured in their deathly vol- leys. Dazell himself was among those killed. This success roused for a time the zeal of the Indians. But they were unused to the labors involved in a siege, and before the close of summer, Pontiac found his forces diminishing. News came of the final peace between England and France, thus depriving Pon- tiac of any hope of succor from his ancient allies. Then jealousies broke out among the different na- tions; and finally the desertion of all but his own tribe compelled the great emperor of the West to give up his undertaking. He had shown extraordinary ability in the management of the war. No chief before him had possessed such influence with the Western tribes, or succeeded so well in securing their united action. The Indians were now, for the most part, tired of war, and willingly listened to the proposals of General Bradstreet, who had been sent to the West with eleven hundred men, to attack, or treat with them, as might be required. In June, 1764, he made a treaty with twenty-two tribes at Niagara. The following August he reached Detroit, and concluded a peace with all the hostile nations except the Dela- wares and Shawnees. Pontiac did not sign, but retired to Illinois, where he attempted to raise another confederacy for the same purpose as before. He was stabbed at last at a council, amid a crowd of chief- tains, whom he was trying to excite to war, by a Peoria Indian in the interest of the English. The treaty of Paris, by which Michigan was finally ceded to England, was not signed till 1763. Until that time no regulations for the government of the country were made by the latter power, and military rule prevailed. Even then Detroit was recognized as the principal place in the West. After 1763 a certain form of civil government was established for Canada, but the territory of the present State of Michigan continued to have no other ruler than the military commandant of Detroit. This arbitrary rule, however, was made tolerable by the good sense and uprightness of those who were called to exer- cise it. Meanwhile, Mackinaw, which for a time remained abandoned, had been placed under the command of Robert Rogers, whose extravagant dealings and strange intrigues with the»Indians excited the sus- picions of the British authorities. It was thought that he and the noted interpreter, Chabert de Joncaire, were working at some plot to introduce the Spaniards into Michigan, or, perhaps, to erect a separate government. We can not believe that Chabert cherished such projects. As to Rogers, he was taken down to Montreal in 1767, and soon after released. At this time, the first attempt to work the mines of copper of the Lake Superior region was made. A mining company, which included among its members such men as Sir William Johnson and Alex- ander Henry, began excavations on the Ontonagon River; but the same obstacles that had deterred the French — difficulty of access and transportation, etc. — caused the enterprise to be abandoned. During the period of peace which followed the war with Pontiac, Detroit grew with relative rapidity. Many British settlers, especially Scotch traders from Albany, came to swell the population. The French inhabitants had been left in possession of their lands, and paid to the receiver of the king of England the same dues for rents and homage which they had, in former times, paid to "His Most 20 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Christian Majesty." Yet no steps were taken to give the people a form of government which would afford them some guarantees of liberty. The British "Board of Trade" would not tolerate the idea, thinking that such -a government, in contributing to the prosperity of the people, would create com- petition for English manufactures. The murmurs provoked by this bigoted and narrow-minded policy, which ultimately caused the American Revolution, at last roused the lords to an instinctive consciousness of the situation. They saw the danger of rebellion in the English colonies, and, by an act of justice, sought to attach the new Canadian subjects to the crown. This deed of justice was the enactment of the "Quebec Act," in 1774. By this the entire British possessions west of New York, north of the Ohio, and east of the Mississippi River, were incorporated into the Province of Quebec. In this province all the king's sub- jects — French or English, Protestant or Catholic — were equal before the law. The old French laws were to prevail in civil matters, and the English criminal law was introduced. The whole legislative power was put in the hands of the governor and a Council of not less than seventeen, nor more than twenty-three, all appointed by the crown. This was still an absolute government, but it was better than what had been heretofore enjoyed; and it is evident that it would not have excited the anger of the American Congress half as much as it did, had it not been considered as a concession to the hated, despised Canadians, who refused to join with the Revolutionary partisans. Whatever may be the view which is taken of the "Quebec Act," it is certain that it did not affect, in any great degree, the western portion of the Province. Henry Hamilton, who was the first lieuten- ant-governor appointed under the new regime for Detroit, exercised nearly every one of the prerog- atives assumed by his predecessors. Under him, justice continued to be administered by Philip Dejean, who had been justice of the peace for several years before, and the only change of conduct on the part of that official seems to have been for the worse. Meanwhile the great struggle for American independence had begun. The French settlers had no sympathies for the hated " Bostonnais" who had been their hereditary foes in that partisan warfare, so bitter, and often so cruel, which was carried on before the British conquest. Then England took par- ticular care to conciliate the Canadians, and at Detroit commissions in the militia were given to several of them. The result was that they were, almost to a man, in favor of England. Detroit, as in the days of French domination, became the center of that border warfare which was carried on without much regard for the laws of nations. The Indians were mostly in favor of the British, and Hamilton accepted, without any apparent reluctance, the task of setting these savage hordes to devastate the American border settlements. The country was ravaged for miles, and the defenseless pioneers were made to suffer all the cruelties which Indian cunning could invent. At last, in 1778, an effort was made to stem the tide of savage invasion. George Rogers Clark started from Virginia at the head of a small force, and, by his ability, succeeded in taking Kaskaskia and Vin- cennes, and winning the inhabitants over to the American cause. Hamilton heard the news of his success some time after. He immediately sent orders to Major De Peyster, at Michilimackinac, to send messengers to rouse the Indians around Lake Michigan. He himself took the field shortly after, and appeared before Vincennes in the month of December. He demanded the surrender of the place. Captain Helm, who commanded the station, holding a smoking match over his single cannon, demanded that the garrison should have the honors of war. The British commander assented, but was somewhat mortified to find, on entering the fort, that the garrison consisted of only two men, who were its only occupants. In February of the following year, Clark was back at Vincennes, and demanded an unconditional surrender. This, after some parleying, was agreed to by Hamilton, who, together with Judge Dejean and two others, were sent in irons to Virginia. Major De Peyster came down from Mackinaw to succeed Hamilton at Detroit, although he was not made lieutenant-governor. In 1780, Captain Bird's famous expedition was organized at great expense. It was accompanied by Detroit militia under Chabert de Joncaire, Isidore Chene, and others. The ravages wreaked by this party excited so much horror, that talk of an expedition to capture Detroit became current. The critical state of affairs in Virginia alone prevented Clark from setting out for that purpose. As is well known, the preliminary treaty of peace between England and the United States was CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 21 adopted at the beginning of 1783, and ratified in September, 1783 ; but England held on to the West- ern posts for many years thereafter, giving instructions to the commandants to incite the Indians to prevent the Americans from taking possession. In 1784 the governor-general of Canada sent a lieutenant-governor to Detroit. By a proclamation of Lord Dorchester, dated the 24th of July, that place was included for judicial purposes, in the District of Hesse, which embraced all British territory west of Long Point, on Lake Erie. This proclamation established a Court of Common Pleas, the first to liave jurisdiction in Michigan. Then, in 1792, Canada was divided into two provinces, and Upper Canada was given a Legislature, trial by jury was established, and English law was to guide the decision of all matters. Once more Michigan was treated as being part of the British Province. The Legislature of Upper Canada estab- lished permanent courts at Detroit and Mackinaw, and all its acts were considered as having force in this region. It required nothing less than a new treaty to compel England to fulfill her obligations. This treaty was concluded in November, 1794, and, according to its provisions, General Wayne and Win- throp Sargent, the secretary and acting governor of the Northwest Territory, took possession of Detroit. July 1, 1796, a garrison was sent to Mackinaw, and Captain Porter was appointed first commandant of the fort at Detroit. Before this time an attempt had been made to purchase the territory of Michigan, which, had it proved successful, would have blighted forever the destiny of this commonwealth. A large company, with a stock divided into forty-one shares, was organized, which, by persuasion or sys- tematic bribery upon Congress, hoped to obtain a grant of the whole Lower Peninsula. But some of the Congressmen approached divulged the fraud, and this gigantic scheme fell through. After its cession to the United States, Michigan was subject to the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787 establishing the North-west Territory, of which it was a part. This document is familiar to every reader of American history. Among other things, it prescribed that as soon as the Territory contained five thousand male inhabitants an Assembly was to be elected, with one member for each five hundred free male inhabitants, until the Assembly should contain twenty-five members, when the number was to be fixed by them. In 1798 it became necessary to choose that Assembly. Wayne County was entitled to three mem- bers. Those chosen were Solomon Sibley, Jacob Visger, and Charles Chabert de Joncaire. The settlements in Michigan were the more prosperous in the Northwest; but the fact that very little of the land had yet been freed of the Indian title, seriously interfered with their further extension. In iSoo, Congress passed an Act organizing the Territory of Indiana, the dividing line between which and the rest of the Northwest Territory was to run due north from Fort Recovery to the National boundary in Lake Superior. This line passed only a few miles west of Mackinaw. In 1802, on the 30th of April, Congress authorized the people of the Territory east of Indiana, and south of a line east from the southerly point of Lake Michigan, to adopt a constitution. Wayne County had been excluded from taking part in the formation of the new State for political reasons. All the lands north of the new State were annexed to Indiana — Congress, however, reserving the right to make them into a separate State, or attach them to Ohio. The people of Wayne County were raised to a great pitch of indignation by seeing that Congress disposed of their future without consulting them. The union with Indiana, however, did not last long. January 11, 1805, Congress enacted, "that from and after the 30th da)* of June next, all that part of Indiana Territory which lies north of a line drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan until it shall intersect Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the said southerly bend through the middle of said lake to its northern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate Territory, and be called Michigan." Of this newly constituted Territory, Detroit was to be the capital. Besides it, French- town (to-day Monroe) and Mackinaw were the only two settlements of white people in the Territory. The total population, excluding Indians, did not exceed four thousand. The first officers of the Territory were, William Hull, governor; Stanley Griswold, secretary; and Augustus Brevoort Woodward, John Griffin, and Frederick Bates, judges. This administration fulfilled its duties tolerably well ; but Mr. Griswold failed to agree with the governor, and was superseded at the 22 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. end of three years by Reuben Atwater, of Vermont. For similar reasons, Judge Bates resigned his commission in November, 1806. In fact, there were so many petty quarrels between these officers that they drew general discontent upon themselves. Yet it does not seem that, in the beginning at least, their personal animosity interfered with their duty. In three months they gave to Michigan judicious and carefully prepared statutes, and established regulations and courts for the administration of justice. The governor established a militia, and he and Chief Justice Woodward obtained from Congress favor- able legislation concerning the title of property and the granting of land. In 1807, Governor Hull obtained of the Ottawas, Chippeways, Wyandots, and Pottawatamis, that they should cede a vast tract of land in the south-eastern part of the State. The opening of these lands was postponed, however, for fear of Indian hostilities. This was the time, indeed, when Tecumseh and his brother, "the Prophet," were engaged in organizing the great confederacy, which was shattered by General Harrison at Tippecanoe, in the fall of 181 1. Under such circumstances, it can nut be wondered that Michigan did not prosper nor progress very rapidly. Events were now preparing which were to prove highly injurious to the commercial and industrial interests of the Territory. The causes of the War of 1812 are well known. It was not until the 19th of June, 1812, when it had become evident that further submission to British arrogance would be incompatible with the honor of America, that war was formally proclaimed by the President of the United States. Michigan was designated, by its geographical position, to be the seat of hostilities from the beginning. General Hull, who had been governor of the Territory since its organization, had acquired a reputation during the Revolutionary War, and great reliance was generally placed, at this time, in his military abilities. While war was still under discussion he had been to Washington, and, by his representations, as well as the hope of stopping the machinations of British agents, and the Indian out- rages which they had caused, led the United States Government to project an invasion of Canada, as the first step in the possibly approaching campaign. With this end in view, he was authorized, before hostilities had been finally decided upon, to raise twelve hundred volunteers in Ohio. At the head of these and three hundred regulars, he started from Dayton, Ohio, for Detroit. The march through the wilderness was slow and laborious. Hull soon realized that this small force was totally inadequate to the object proposed, and the men, on their side, became equally convinced of the inefficiency of their commander. General Hull, of course, must have continually expected that war would be declared; but, by some mismanagement, the official information did not reach him until the 2d of July, as he lay near the River Raisin. The British had been informed earlier, so that, on the very day he received the intelli- gence, a boat containing his baggage, stores, official papers, etc., which he had sent forward, was captured by them. On the 5th of July, Hull arrived in sight of Detroit. The troops wished to be led against Maiden without delay, but Hull would not move without positive orders from Washington. On the 9th the orders arrived, instructing him to proceed with the invasion of Canada; but three more days elapsed before he was ready to comply with them. He then proceeded leisurely to cross over to Sandwich. Such delays meant ruin. With an insignificant force, containing but three hundred men that had seen service, his only chance of success lay in marching on the enemy's posts before the Canadian militia could be armed for their defense. Hull's course, however, was just the opposite. Every movement was characterized by indecision and delay. The British at first thought of abandoning the forts, not feeling capable of holding them; but they soon got over their fear. By the time Hull was read)- to attack Maiden, the first post that lay before him, it was strongly garrisoned with regulars and militia. New difficulties now arose. Tecumseh called his warriors to the field, and joined the British arm) - . Supplies were cut off, and the invaders suffered for food. An intercepted letter stated that all the Indians of the North were preparing for a descent on the United States. General Dearborn had agreed with the governor of Canada to suspend hostilities, except on that part of the frontier occupied by Hull ; and General Brock, thus released from the necessity of defending Niagara, was hastening with re enforcements to the relief of Maiden. Hull was not the man to hazard an attack with all these dangers before him. Hastily retreating, he abandoned the Canada shore and returned to Detroit. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 23 At this time Mackinaw had regained its old position as the greatest emporium for the fur-trade. It was a most exposed place, well known to the British, and it seems that Hull would have notified the commander, at the earliest da)- possible, of the declaration of war; but, indeed, he seems to have never thought of it. On the 17th of July, the feeble garrison of that fort was surprised by finding itself besieged by an overwhelming force. After obtaining honorable terms, the commandant, Lieu- tenant Porter Hanks, surrendered. He and his men were paroled, and started for Detroit, where they arrived on the 29th of July. No sooner had General Brock reached Maiden, and assumed command of the whole British army, than he led his forces to Sandwich and prepared to attack Detroit. Tecumseh was the only person acquainted with the surrounding country, and the British commander called on him for information. Spreading a piece of elm-bark on the ground, he drew his knife, and, without hesitation, sketched an accurate plan of the whole region, with its hills, rivers, roads, and marshes. Brock was so pleased with this ready display of talent that he took a sash from his person and bound it round the waist of his ally. About this time Tecumseh was made a general in the British army. On the 16th of August three hundred British regulars, four hundred and fifty Canadians, and six hundred Indians, crossed the river a short distance below Detroit, under cover of several armed vessels. No attempt was made to prevent them from landing, nor to appease them on their march towards the fort. Yet the American batteries were favorably planted, in such a way as to sweep with grape-shot the approaching columns of the enemy. In fact, there had always been, and there was until the last moment, every advantage for a successful resistance. But at the critical instant, when the order to fire was expected in breathless suspense, Hull, unable to repress his fears, seemed to lose all presence of mind. Shots had not yet been exchanged, and no demands had been made by the British, when, to the chagrin of all his men — some of whom are said to have wept when they beheld the disgraceful signal — he raised a white flag over the fort. No stipulations were made for the honors of war. Not only Detroit, with its garrison, stores, and public property of every kind, but the whole of Mich- igan, was surrendered to the British. By supplementary articles, however, the Ohio volunteers and Major Witherell's Michigan troops were allowed to go home on parole. Hull was afterward paroled by the British, and tried before a court-martial at Albany, in January, 1 8 14. Colonel Cass (afterwards governor) and pther officers, who had served under him, condemned him in unmeasured terms. But it was proved, on the other hand, that the Government had ordered the in- vasion of Canada with a somewhat inadequate force, and that it had not given proper attention and sup- port to the army of the Northwest. Hull was acquitted of treasonable intentions, but found guilty of cowardice, and sentenced to be shot. The President, however, pardoned him in consideration of his Revolutionary services. By his proclamation, issued soon after the surrender, Brock announced that the existing laws of the Territory would be left in force until the pleasure of the king should be known, and so long as the safety of the country allowed it. General Proctor was left in command at Detroit. This officer has left every- where a most unenviable reputation for brutality and cruelty. On the 2ist of August he, in turn, issued a proclamation constituting the civil government. Courts and civil officers were retained. In the Legislative Board, should offices be vacant, a majority was not to be required. He appointed himself governor, with Judge Woodward as secretary. The United States taxes and duties went to the military treasurer, while local revenues were to be expended as of old. This seemed to give the people a certain guarantee of protection ; but the imperfect manner in which it was carried out excited general complaint. The public records and titles to lands were removed or de- stroyed, Indians were allowed to pillage property, and general mischief was permitted until the settlers were led to pray for the return of American rule. The only force in the field for the protection of the Western frontier, after the fall of Detroit, was a body of Kentucky volunteers, who had promptly responded to the call of the Executive, before the news of Hull's surrender was received. In accordance with the universal wish, the governor of Ken- tucky had appointed General Harrison to the command of this force. Hardly had he, however, inspired his men with confidence and enthusiasm when he was obliged to give way to General Winchester, whom the National Administration had appointed to the command of the Northwestern army. General dissat- 24 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. isfaction was the result; and it was found expedient to yield to the demands of public opinion and re- store the old veteran to his command. With his commission Harrison received extraordinary powers, which no officer before him had enjoyed, except Washington and Greene in the Revolution. He was required to defend the whole frontier, from Pennsylvania to Missouri, and immediately began to reor- ganize the army. October, 1812, found Harrison and his men on the march for Detroit, which post it was resolved to recover. Their route lay through a swamp that seemed interminable, and the soldiers suffered much. Their officers, however, bore even- hardship in company with them, and they continued to advance. Their progress was necessarily slow, and before Harrison was ready to attempt anything against Detroit, winter set in. He fixed his head quarters at Franklinton, Ohio, and stationed a division of his arm)', under General Winchester, at Fort Defiance, on the Maumee. Early in January, 1813, General Winchester received information that the inhabitants of French- town were in danger of being attacked, and though he thereby ran the risk of disconcerting the plans of his commander, he marched forth to their help. The enemy was found and dispersed. Shortly after- ward, Winchester's camp was attacked by an army of fifteen hundred British and Indians, from Maiden, under Proctor. After a struggle which cost each party not far from three hundred men, the surviving Americans surrendered on the recommendation of their general, who had been taken, and the pledge that their lives and property should be safe. Proctor immediately returned to Maiden with such of his pris- oners as were able to walk, leaving the rest behind, without any guard to protect them from his blood- thirsty allies. Hardly had the British departed when the savages gave free vent to their passions, rob- bing, torturing, and scalping their defenseless victims. The British officer left in command made no attempt to save the sufferers. To revenge the losses they had sustained in battle, the Indians finally set fire to two houses in which most of the wounded were crowded, driving back into the flames those who attempted to escape. Such of the Americans as survived these atrocities were taken to Detroit, where they were dragged through the streets and offered for sale. The people of the place sacrificed every thing they could spare to ransom them, and remonstrated with Proctor for allowing such barbarities, but without effect. The loss of this important division deranged General Harrison's plans. He was too weak to attack- Detroit, and could only hope to hold the ground already occupied. He was soon besieged in the newly erected Fort Meigs, at the rapids of the Maumee; but as in a few days he received succor from Kentucky, the British had to abandon the siege, and return to Maiden. Here Proctor remained several months, inactive. In July he made another fruitless attempt against Fort Meigs and Fort Stephenson. Meanwhile the naval hero, Oliver H. Perry, had completed the construction of nine vessels, with which he hoped to ruin the British fleet on Lake Erie. With his little fleet, Perry stood boldly out into the lake earl}- in August, and the British slowly retired before him. Their force, consisting of six vessels, mounting sixty-three guns, was commanded by Commodore Barclay, a veteran who had fought with Nelson at the Nile and Trafalgar, and had already lost an arm in the service of his country. Perry had never seen a naval battle; his nine vessels only carried fifty-four guns in all. After proceeding to Sandusky Bay, where he was furnished with men by General Harrison, Com- mander Perry made for Maiden, and displayed the American flag before the stronghold of the enemy. The British seemed in no hurry to meet him. Finally, on the 10th of September, Commodore Barclay bore down towards the American fleet, with his vessels arrayed in order of battle. Perry had longed for that hour. His flag-ship, the Lawrence, engaged the two largest vessels of the enemy, and promptly re- turned their fire for more than two hours, till every man on board was killed or wounded, except eight, who could manage but one gun, and fired it the last time only with the aid of Perry himself. Finding he could do nothing more in the Lawrence, the American commander leaped into a boat, and transferred to the Niagara his flag, which bore the immortal words of the dying Lawrence: "Don't give up the ship!" The few survivors on the Lawrence gave three cheers as they saw him mount the deck of the Niagara, and the battle was renewed, more fiercely than ever. Taking advantage of a fresh breeze, Perry now plunged through the enemy's line, giving a raking fire right and left; a masterly manoeuvre, which turned the fortunes of the day. Within fifteen minutes CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 25 after Perry reached the Niagara, the issue of the battle was decided. Commodore Barclay, wounded and fainting from loss of blood, felt that there was no alternative but surrender. His colors were hauled down, and six hundred men, more than the whole number of surviving Americans, fell into the hands of the victors. They were treated with a kindness which was in -marked contrast to the barbarity of Proctor. Barclay always characterized his conqueror as "a gallant and generous enemy." About four hours after the action commenced, Perry sent out the following expressive dispatch to General Harrison : "We have met the enemy, and they are ours — two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and a sloop." General Harrison immediately followed up Perry to glorious victory with an invasion of Canada. He landed near Maiden, and started in pursuit of Proctor and Tecumseh, who had dismantled the fort, and were in full retreat. On the 28th of September, the American army reached Sandwich, and Gen- eral Duncan McArthur crossed the river to take possession of Detroit. The British, before retiring, had set fire to the fort, but it was extinguished, and a band of prowling savages were driven off. McArthur, with his division, was left to hold Detroit, and Cass's brigade was stationed at Sandwich. On the 2d of October, Harrison resumed his pursuit of Proctor at the head of some three thousand five hundred men. On the 5th, the British were overtaken on the banks of the Thames. Proctor had chosen a favorable position on a narrow strip of land between the river and an extensive swamp, which was held by a strong body of Indians, under Tecumseh. Hardly had Harrison viewed the field when his experi- enced eye discovered that Proctor, in order to extend his line to the river, had so weakened it that is could be readily broken ; and he ordered Colonel Richard M. Johnson, with his Kentucky horsemen, to charge the enemy in front. Johnson's troop broke the line with irresistible force, and, forming on the rear of the enemy, prepared to pour in a deadly fire from their muskets. The British at once sur- rendered, General Proctor escaping only by the swiftness of his horse. Colonel Johnson now led his men, supported by a Kentucky regiment, to the swamp, where Tecumseh and the warriors he had so often led to victory, silently awaited their appearance. Early in the engagement, Colonel Johnson was wounded ; but he ordered his men not to return till they brought him tidings of victory. At the same moment, Tecumseh fell at the foot of an oak, mortally wounded. A sudden terror seized the red men. The voice of their beloved leader was silent. Ferocity gave way to despair, and the defeated warriors were soon flying through the wilderness. By this victory, Michigan was finally restored to American rule, and the honor of American arms was vindicated. On the 7th of October, Harrison put Governor Shelby in command of the army, and proceeded to Detroit. He appointed General Cass provisional governor of the Territory, and then de- scended the Lakes on his way to Washington. Peace was practically restored in Michigan, the Indians soon having given guarantees of their sub- mission. However, several minor expeditions were sent into Canada before the close of the war. Fori Gratiot was erected in 1814, and in the same year an unsuccessful attempt was made to recover Mackinaw. In the spring of 181 5 it was learned that peace had been concluded between England and the United States. The people who had been scattered by the war returned to their homes, and devoted themselves to the tranquil and productive pursuits of peace. With the chain of British intrigues forever broken, and the Indians well subdued, the Territory had reason to hope for a period of prosperity and progress unprecedented in its history. General Cass was made permanent governor of the Territory, and William Woodbridge was appointed secretary. Some time after, the boundaries of the Territory underwent several modifications. In 18 16, Indiana was admitted into the Union, and a strip ten miles wide was taken off from Michigan, all along its south- ern line, and given to the new State. Then the people of Illinois were authorized to form a States whose boundary at the north was laid at latitude 42 ° 30'. Illinois was admitted on the 3d day of De- cember, 1818. All that remained of the old Northwest Territory was now included into Michigan Territory. One of the first cares of General Cass was to divide the Territory into counties. Wayne County, up to that time, had included nearly the whole of the Territory. On the 2 1st of November, 18 15, the limits of this county were fixed to include that part of the Territory to which the Indian title had been extinguished, and Detroit was designated the county-seat. At the same time the whole district was divided into road districts, which coincided with the militia company districts already defined. 4 2 6 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Then, on the 14th of July, 181 7, the County of Monroe was established, and in the following year those of Mackinac, Brown, and Crawford were organized. On the 30th of May, 18 18, the management of county affairs was transferred to county commissioners, three of whom were to be appointed by the governor for each county. The establishment of educational institutions also received early attention. The "University of Michigan" was incorporated August 26, 1817, and at the same time primary schools were estab- lished in Detroit, Monroe, and Mackinaw. The people were so well satisfied with the acts of the Administration, that when, in 1818, the ques- tion was submitted to them whether they would, or not, organize the representative government to which their number now entitled them, under the Ordinance of 1787, they decided in the negative by a heavy majority. In spite of this decision, Congress, in the spring of 1819, authorized the people of Michigan to send a delegate to that body. The first chosen was William Woodbridge, who soon resigned, i^d was succeeded, in 1820, by Solomon Sibley. During these years a large number of immigrants had arrived in the Territory. They were mostly natives of New York and other Eastern States, well acquainted with the necessities and inured to the hardships which awaited the pioneer. In every respect they were fully fitted to go into the wilderness and make it "bloom like the rose." Much had been done to facilitate their work and attract other immigrants. The Indian title to several vast tracts of land had been extinguished by treaties and purchase ; the surveying of the land had made considerable progress, and, in 1820, an expedition had been organized by Governor Cass, to make a scientific exploration of the country, through the upper lakes to the head-waters of the Mississippi. The first steamboat on the Lakes, the Walk-in the- Water, now plied the waters regularly, affording greater facilities for transportation. To aid commercial transactions, the Bank of Michigan had been organized in 18 19, and the following year the first post road in the State was established, from Detroit to Pontiac and Mount Clemens. In 1822 six new counties were established — Lapeer, Sanilac, Saginaw, Shiawassee,' Washtenaw, and Lenawee. Almost every year thereafter changes in, or additions to, the number of counties were made, to accommodate the ever-increasing population. By an act of Congress, passed March 3, 1823, a radical change was wrought in the Territorial government of Michigan. The legislative power was vested in the governor and a Council of nine per- sons, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, out of eighteen elected by the people of the Territory. The laws enacted by this body were subject to the veto of Congress. The judges' term of office was limited to four years, and they were given equity as well as common law power. This change was operated on the first of February, 1824. By another Act of Congress, adopted the 25th of February, 1825, the governor and Council were authorized to divide the Territory into townships, and to provide for the election of township officers. These were to be elected — with the exception of judges, sheriffs, clerks, judges of probate, and justices of the peace, who were to be appointed by the governor. The number of the members of the Council was increased by the same act to thirteen. The choice of these members was — in 1827 — left entirely to the people. This year the Council abolished the county commissioner system, and replaced it by a Board of Supervisors. For some years Michigan had exported large quantities of white-fish and cider. In 1827 she began to export flour, and the following year, tobacco. In 1830 the first railroad, the "Pontiac and Detroit Railway Company," was incorporated. It proved a failure. Two years later the "Detroit and St. Joseph" was chartered, and subsequently became the " Michigan Central." The population of the Territory at this time amounted to more than thirty thousand. In 1 83 1, General Cass, who had served the Territory so long and so well as governor, resigned that office to enter the Cabinet of President Jackson. In August he was succeeded by George B. Porter, of Pennsylvania. Stevens Thomson Mason, a youth of twenty, the son of General John T. Mason, was sent from Kentucky to fill the office of secretary. The settlers were not a little dissatisfied to see two strangers occupying the two most important offices in the Territory ; but the unpleasantness was soon bridged over by the honest and gentlemanly conduct of the two incumbents. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 27 In 1832 a little excitement was occasioned by the Black Hawk War. Volunteers were raised in Michigan, and put under the command of Colonel Henry Dodge. They rendered important services in breaking the power of the rebellious chief. At this time that terrible scourge, the cholera, visited the Territory, and among those that fell victim to it was Governor Porter. His successor was never appointed. On the 1st of October, 1832, the people of the Territory decided, by popular vote, to take measures to be admitted into the Union. The census, taken in 1834, having demonstrated that the Territory had the population of sixty thousand free inhabitants required by the Ordinance of 1787, it was decided to frame a constitution. The election to choose delegates for that purpose was held Saturday, April 4, 1835, and the convention met at Detroit on the second Monday in May, 1835, and in due course of time drew up a constitution. This was submitted to the people at an election held on the first Monday in October, 1835. The people were not only to vote upon the constitution, but also to elect a governor, lieutenant-governor, members of the State Legislature, and a representative to Congress, all of whom were to be entitled to their office only if the constitution was adopted. This constitution has been held by eminent jurists and statesmen as a very simple and good one. It was ratified, and Steven T. Mason was elected governor, and Edward Mundy lieutenant-governor. Isaac E. Crary was the first representative to Congress. The first Legislature of the State of Michigan met on the first Monday ot November, 1835. On the 10th of November a rule was adopted providing that a separate election for senators would be held in the two Houses, and, in case of disagreement, for an election in joint conven- tion. Lucius Lyon and John Norvell were the first two United States senators chosen from Michigan. After a short session, the Legislature adjourned until January, 1836, in the expectancy that by that time Michigan would be admitted to the Union. The admission was obstinately opposed by many for diverse reasons. The irrepressible conflict between slavery and the free States had something to do with it, while Indiana and Ohio opposed it until Michigan should abandon all claims to the ten-miles strip of land which had been given to Indiana as far east as that State extended, and the rest of which Ohio now desired to add to her territory. As a compensation for this, Michigan was offered the Northern Peninsula. A convention, regularly elected for that purpose, refused to accept the compromise, whereupon a popu- lar convention of delegates, in favor of accepting admission on the terms proposed, was assembled. Finally, the bill admitting Michigan was passed by Congress, January 26, 1837. The State was recog- nized to have had a legal existence, however, since November, 1835. The State Government pursued a no less liberal course than had the Territorial Administration in regard to educational institutions, the development of natural resources, and internal improvements generally. But the instability of banking institutions, and a deplorable lack of judgment in the ad- ministration of the finances of the State, proved powerful drawbacks. In 1847 the seat of the State Government was transfered to Lansing, it being very near the center of the State geographically. During the many years in which it had already been in force, many defects had been discovered in the constitution of 1835, one of the most important being the impossibility of passing general incorporation laws under it. Consequently a second Constitutional Convention was called to meet at Lansing in 1850, and drew up a constitution, which was approved by the popular vote, and came in force January 1, 185 1. Although several attempts have been made to revise this constitution, it still remains in force. It is unnecessary to dwell further upon the history of the State in this form. The history of the growth and upbuilding of Michigan is well told in the following sketches of the men who have made the State what it is. But before we close we must pay a tribute to the patriotism and the zeal of the people of the State during the years of trial that threatened the existence of the Union. On the subject of loyalty there were no diverging opinions nor hesitation in Michigan. For years before the war, Michigan, like other States, had paid no attention to her military organ- ization. When came the startling news of open resistance to the Federal Government, and when rebellion reared its high and hideous head, the finances of the State were in bad condition, and every- thing had to be done to comply with the demands of the President, But the people rose as one man to meet the emergency, and rallied around the flag of the Nation with a zeal unsurpassed in any section 28 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of the Union. No better idea of the feeling of the people on the subject at the time could be given than by quoting the following words which the retiring governor, Moses Wisner, addressed to the Legis- lature in 1861 : "This is no time for timid and vacillating councils, when the cry of treason and rebellion is ringing in our ears. . . . The Constitution as our fathers made it is good enough for us, and must be enforced upon every foot of American soil. . . . Michigan can not recognize the right of a State to secede from this Union. We believe that the founders of our Government designed it to be perpetual, and we can not consent to have one star obliterated from our flag. For upwards of thirty years this question of the right of a State to secede has been agitated. It is time it was settled. We ought not to leave it for our children to look after. ... I would calmly but firmly declare it to be the fixed determina- tion of Michigan that the Federal Constitution, the rights of the States, must and shall be preserved." His successor in the executive chair, Governor Blair, spoke in the same strain. When the time of action came, when the sincerity of these men was put to the test, it was not found wanting. Moses Wisner was one of the first to enroll, and fall, in defense of the "old flag." Governor Blair continued to direct the State in a manner consistent with and worthy of his utterances. The first call for troops was promptly answered by the equipment of the First Regiment, and its early departure for the seat of war. A vigorous recruitment was pursued thereafter, and by December, 1 86 1, Michigan had sent to the front thirteen regiments of infantry, three of cavalry, and five batteries of light artillery, with a total strength of 16,475, officers and men. After this the people did not rest upon their laurels. Regiment after regiment was organized, and sent to the field, until victory was assured. The following figures will show, moVe eloquently than anything that could be said, the enormous sacrifice of men made by Michigan. The table shows the total number of troops furnished by the sev- eral counties of the State, from the beginning to the close of the war: Allegan, 2,175 Antrim 28 Alpena, 58 Barry 1,625 Benzie, 70 Bay, 511 Branch, 2,776 Berrien, 3,179 Cass, 1,882 Calhoun, 3,878 Cheboygan, 31 Clinton, 1,606 Chippewa, 21 Delta 24 Emuiett, 39 Eaton 1,741 Genesee 2,518 Gratiot 606 Grand Traverse, ... 171 Hillsdale 2,928 Houghton 460 Huron 342 Ingham, 2,097 Ionia, 2,464 Isabella, 137 Iosco 27 Jackson 3>232 Keweenaw, 119 Kent 4,214 Kalamazoo 3,221 Livingston 1,887 Lenawee, 4437 Leelenaw, 98 Lapeer, 1,776 Monroe 2,270 Montcalm, 640 Macomb, 2,360 Menominee 19 Marquette, \ aft, t Schoolcraft, f • • • • 26 5 Muskegon, 736 Mecosta, 159 Mason, 59 Manitou, 10 Manistee, 88 Mackinac, 47 Midland, 129 Newaygo, 412 Ontonagon 254 Oakland, 3.718 Oceana, 223 Ottawa 1,547 Shiawassee, 1,753 St. Joseph, 2,836 Sanilac 781 St. Clair, 2,581 Saginaw, 2,039 Tuscola, 664 Van Buren 1,884 Washtenaw, 4,084 Wayne 9,213 To this number must be added several thousand citizens from Michigan, who joined regiments in other States. The part which these men took in the battles of the war is a matter of general history. Suffice it to say, that they were ever among the bravest and truest, and that they bared their bosoms to the storms of battle, and laid down their money, their blood, and even their lives, on the altar of their country, with unsurpassed devotion. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 29 PROGRESS OF MICHIGAN. THE appended tables give a general and comprehensive view of the progress of Michigan, in popu- lation, wealth, and commercial importance, and of the rapid development of her natural resources; thanks to the intelligence and enterprising spirit of her leading citizens. POPULATION. We have already seen that at the time of the conquest of Michigan by the British, in 1760, the total population did not reach 2,000. After that date, English officers repeatedly reported that the colony of Detroit was rapidly increasing. This is not substantiated by subsequent showing. In 1780, Michigan was still a part of the Northwest Territory, and included in the county of Wayne, together with a part of Ohio and Indiana. At that date, the population of Wayne County was only 3,206, most of whom resided in Detroit, or its neighborhood. We append a table of the population of Michigan at the date of every census taken since that time: 1874 1,334.031 1880 1,636,937 1884, 1,853,658 1S10 4,762 1820, 8,896 1830 31,639 1834 87,273 1S37 175,025 1S40, 212,267 1S45, 302,521 1850, 397,654 1854 507,521 i860, 749,113 1S64 803,661 1870 1,184,282 Since 1810 the increase of population per decade has been as follows: From 1810 to 1820, . " 1820 " 1830, . " 1830 " 1S40, . " 1S40 " 1850, . 4,134; or S7 percent. 22,743; " 256 iSo,628; " 571 185,387; " 87 " From 1850 to 1S60, . " i860 " 1870, . " 1870 " 1SS0, . 1S80 " 1884, . • 351,459; or 88 per cent. ■ 435,i69; " 5S • 452,655 ; " 38 . 216,721 ; " 13 " While the per cent of increase has been gradually decreasing since i860, Michigan added more to her population during the period which elapsed from 1870 to 1880 than during any previous decade; and if the average annual increase of nearly 55,000, which is shown from 1880 to 1884, is maintained, the total increase of the ten years, from 1880 to 1890, will be even greater. We have already had occasion to remark that most of the immigrants who settled in Michigan, came from New York. The census of 1850, which contains the earliest information on the subject, fully confirms the assertion, as will be seen by the following table : Native Population, 341,591 Born in Michigan 140,648 Born in Ohio, 14,677 " New York, 133,756 Vermont 11,113 Foreign-born Population, 54,852 Born in British America 14,008 Born in Ireland 13,430 " England 10,620 " Germany, 10,070 Compare the above with the following table compiled from the United States census of 1880, show- ing the nativity of the population of Michigan: Native-born Population, 1,248,429 Born in Alabama, 231 " Arkansas 95 " California, 397 " Colorado, 90 " Connecticut, 6,333 " Delaware 642 " Florida, 64 " Georgia, 213 " Illinois, 9,699 " Indiana, 18,216 Iowa 2,682 " Kansas 892 Born in Louisiana, 259 Maine, 5,079 " Maryland, 1,433 " Massachusetts, .... 9,591 " Michigan, 803,306 " Minnesota, 859 " Mississippi 243 " Missouri 1,416 " Nebraska, 294 " Nevada 2S " New Hampshire, . . . 3,300 " New Jersey, 7,9°3 " New York 229,657 Born in North Carolina, . . . 1,040 " Ohio 77,053 " Oregon, 44 " Pennsylvania, 36,064 " Rhode Island, . . . 974 " South Carolina, .... 213 " Tennessee, 764 " Texas, 237 " Vermont, 12,588 Virginia, 3,069 " West Virginia, .... 272 " Wisconsin, 10,775 The Territories, ... 660 Kentucky, 1,732 FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION, 3S8,50S ■ Born in England 43. 2 q2 Born in Poland, 5,421 Ireland, 43,413 " Russia, . . . 1.560 Scotland, 10,731 " Holland, . . • . . . . 17,177 " Norway 3,520 Born in Austria proper, . . . . 1,025 " Bohemia, 1,789 " British America, . . . 148,866 " Denmark, 3,513 " France, 3,203 " German Empire, . . . 89,085 Sweden • 9,412 Switzerland, 2,474 Other foreign countries, 4,277 3° CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. In foreign-born population, Michigan has more than Missouri and Kentucky, each with greater popu- lation. Of this element, Michigan has more from British America and Holland than any other State. The immigrants from British America numbered 148,866. In Massachusetts there were 119,302, and in New York 84,182. In no other State or Territory did it reach 38,000. Of Hollanders, Michigan has 17, 177, and the next largest number was in New York, 8,399. Only the States of Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania have a larger English or Scotch population. Illinois and New York only, have a larger Polish population. Four States, Illinois, Wisconsin, Kansas, and Minnesota, have a larger Norwegian population. Only six States, New York, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Missouri, have more Germans than Michigan. The States with a larger foreign population are New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and Ohio. The Canadian population alone is more than one-third of the entire foreign population, its excess beiny largely due to the lumber interest. The number of male inhabitants in the State, June 1, 1884, was 974,424; female, 879,028. The proportion of sexes seems to have varied little in the past thirty years. In 1854 the females were 47.29 per cent of the population; in 1864, 48.70 per cent; in 1874, 47.73 per cent; and in 1884, 47.43 per cent. The following table shows the population of Michigan, and of every county thereof, in 1884, as well as the per cent of increase or decrease, in the four years 1880-84, and in the ten years 1870-80. It will be very useful to obtain an idea of the degree of prosperity of the different counties during the periods named. POPULATION. bTATE AND COUNTIES. June I. 1884. State Alcona Allegan, . . . Alpena, . . . . Antrim, . . . . Arenac, . . . . Baraga, . . . . Barrv, .... Bay," Benzie Berrien, . . . . Branch Calhoun, . . . Cass Charlevoix, . . Cheboygan, . . Chippewa, . . . Clare Clinton, . . . . Crawford, . . . Delta, Eaton, . . . . Emmett, . . . Genesee, . . . Gladwin, . . . Grand Traverse Gratiot, . . . . Hillsdale, . . . Houghton, . . Huron, . . . . Ingham Ionia, Iosco, Isabella Jackson, .... Kalamazoo, . . Kalkaska, . . . Kent, Keweenaw. . . Lake /, $51,658 4,028 38,666 12,683 S,76i 4,027 3.039 24,102 51,221 4.389 37.776 27,661 41.585 21,202 9.275 9.946 8,422 5.549 27J35 2.389 9.992 31,802 7.944 38,776 1.539 12,092 25.049 3I.6S6 26,146 24.521 34.939 32.559 10,602 16,011 45.232 35.281 4.493 84,600 4,667 7,539 Per cent of increase or decrease. over 1880 '3-34 29.64 2-25 44-31 67.29 68.46 4. So 3451 27-85 2.69 * 1 .00 8.15 "3-67 Si-33 5245 60.48 32-53 3-43 46.68 1.85 19.66 1. 13 36.56 43-58 14.19 '3-17 16.34 22.06 3-75 3-88 54-26 31.68 7.62 2-73 52.98 ■5-49 9-3° 133- 19 1880 over 1S70. 3 8.22 346.41 •7-79 21S.90 163.83 14-05 i39-5o 57-19 4-79 6-54 5-14 4-33 196.69 I96-95 210.53 22.97 179.07 24.09 448.22 I5-7I 89.56 85-77 327 61.89 122.03 33-28 22.39 117.29 195.62 16.62 7.10 45-3 « 152 State and Counties. June i, 1884. Lapeer, . . . Leelenaw, . . Lenawee, . . Livingston, . Mackinac, . . Macomb, . . Manistee, . . Manitou, . . Marquette, Mason, . . . Mecosta, . . . Menominee, . Midland, . . Missaukee, Monroe, . . . Montcalm, . . Montmorency, Muskegon, Newaygo, . ■ Oakland, . . Oceana, . . . Ogemaw, . . Ontonagon, . Osceola, . . . Oscoda, . . . Otsego, . . . Ottawa, . . . Presque Isle, ■ Roscommon, . Saginaw, . . . Sanilac, . . . Schoolcraft, . Shiawassee, . St. Clair, . . St. Joseph, Tuscola, . . . Van Buren, Washtenaw, . Wayne, . . - Wexford, . . 30.057 7,128 49.584 2i, 5 6S 5.I7 1 3>.293 19,875 i.igS 31.397 13,221 2o,597 19.120 8,776 3.386 33.353 35,356 845 37,554 18,966 41,100 M.519 3.637 4.S36 14,001 '.374 3.9o6 36,225 4,064 2,588 74.795 29.583 3.S46 28,078 46.7S3 26,277 30,726 30,341 41,694 iS8,966 10,518 Per cent of increase or decrease. "0.27 ■3-99 2-57 3-"7 78.19 * 1 .06 58-59 '10.19 2364 31-36 4741 59-51 27.32 1 18 03 0.8] 6.66 41-25 29-33 1.05 24.10 90.02 88.54 29.92 194.22 97-87 9-36 30.55 77-38 26.57 12.31 144.19 3-77 1.27 1 3' I9-38 I-5I '0.37 13-53 54-34 iSSoover iS;o 41 21 36.62 601 15-08 69.21 14-51 106.32 49.72 77-85 208.18 ■47-53 532-56 109.96 22.38 143.00 78.53 101.43 1-54 61.99 987 412.21 24.30 51-15 80.S5 29-95 25-68 1-35 87.66 6.84 0.98 39-79 948.46 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 3i Oscoda County furnishes the most remarkable instance of rapid increase during the four years 1880-84, 't having nearly tripled its population in that time; while for the decade, 1870-1880, Wexford County shows by far the largest increase, 948 46 per cent. But the county of Charlevoix shows the best example of continued prosperity, having enjoyed, during the two periods named, an average yearly in- crease of 20 per cent. The population of the cities of Michigan has continually increased much faster than the county pop- ulation, but the greatest difference is shown during the four years 1880-84. At the first mentioned date, there were in the State 43 incorporated cities, the total population of which amounted to 388,863. In 1884 the population of the same was 479,370, an increase of 23 per cent in four years. During the same time, the population outside of those cities only increased 8 per cent. Moreover, there had been added, meanwhile, 6 names to the list of incorporated cities, making a total of 49. The total population of these 49 cities was 509,277. Add to this 209 incorporated villages, with a population of 211,035, an d we have 720,312 as the total population of incorporated cities and villages, which is 38 and 86 hundredths per cent of the total population of the State. In other words, nearly 40 per cent of the inhabitants of Michigan live in incorporated cities and villages. Detroit is not only the commercial metropolis, but also the oldest and most important historical city of Michigan. Its rise was slow, and closely corresponds to that of the State, as the following table of its population at different periods shows: 1S40, United States census, 9,102 1850, " " " 21,019 i860, " " " 40,137 1870, " " " 79.517 1880, " " " 116,340 18S4, State census 133,269 1885, Estimated 207,600 1886, 219,192 '887, 239,265 1S8S, " 255,600 The only other city incorporated before 1850 was Monroe, in 1837. At that time it had a pop- ulation of 2,795. The following table shows the population of the cities of Michigan having over 5,000 inhabitants, in 1884, 1880, and 1870: Incorporated Cities. Detroit Grand Rapids Bay City East Saginaw, . . . . Jackson Muskegon Kalamazoo Saginaw Port Huron, Manistee Battle Creek Lansing, West Bay City, . . . Adrian Rank in 1884. 1SS0. 1870. 1884. I I33. 26 9 116,340 79.517 2 41.934 32,016 16,508 3 29,412 20,693 7,064 4 29.0S5 I9.OI6 ",350 5 19,100 16,105 U.447 6 17,825 11,262 6,001 7 '3.909 8 13.760 IO,525 7,461 \l 9 10,388 8,883 5.977 10 10,367 6,930 3.343 11 10,051 7.063 5,83S 12 9.774 8,3 T 9 5,244 13 9.490 6,397 14 9.3 1 9 7,849 8,439 Incorporated Cities. Alpena, . . . Flint, . . - Ann Arbor, . Ishpeming, . Grand Haven Big Rapids, . Marquette, . Menominee, Ludingtou, . Pontiac, . . Ypsilanti, Monroe, . . Coldwater, 1884. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1S84. 9,196 9.oi7 7,912 6,840 5.9o8 5.902 5.690 5.577 543' 5^347 5.301 5.2S1 5.099 1SS0. 6,153 8,401 8,061 6,039 4,862 3,552 4,690 4,190 4,059 4,984 4,930 4,681 IS70. 5.386 7.363 3,140 1,237 4.S72 5.471 5.086 4,38i AGRICULTURE. A fertile soil and a temperate climate designated Michigan as a great agricultural State, and such it has proved to be. In 1884 the number of acres in farms, as returned by the census of that year, was 14,852,226, or nearly 41 per cent of the total land area of the State. The total number of farms returned was 159,605. In 1880 the total number of acres in farms was returned at 13,807,240, and the number of farms at 154,008. In the last-named year, Michigan stood first among the States for small farms from 22 to 50 acres. True it is that, in the actual number, it is exceeded by Illinois and Ohio ; but the total number of farms in each of those States greatly exceeds those of Michigan, Illinois having 255,741, and Ohio 247,189, so that, in proportion to the whole number, Michigan stands first in these farms, and of those occupied by owners is proportionately the first. Of farms from 50 to 100 acres, Mich- igan is eighth; in those occupied by owners, fourth, being outnumbered in New York, Pennsylvania, 32 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. and Ohio. As to farms from 20 to 100 acres she holds the first rank, in proportion to population, of any State. The number of farms cultivated by owners was, in 1884, 138,523; number rented for a fixed money rental, 5,657; number rented for shares of products, in 1884, 13.209. Of the whole number of farms in the State, June 1, 1884, the tenure of which is reported, eighty-eight in each one hun- dred were cultivated by owners — a most favorable showing. The fertility of the soil is shown by the abundance of the staple agricultural productions, for which Michigan is entitled to a rank far above her population. In wheat, with a yield, in 1879, of 35,532,543 bushels, the only States producing more were Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. In production to acres sown, Michigan outranked those States. In oats and barley she ranked ninth, and in buck- wheat fourth, following behind New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. It was the fourth State in the production of polatoes, following New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. In orchard products it was the fifth State, the fourth in hops, and the sixth in butter. The value of farming implements on the farms was, in 1884, $21,897,486, and the value of farms, including land, fences, and buildings, $571,443,462, or an average of $64.40 per acre. The following table shows the products of the farms of Michigan for 1883 : Hay 2,2S7,I47 tons. Clover-seed, • • 107,762 bushels. Grass " 19.359 Canada Peas, 5 OI 4°7 Beans 186,704 Potatoes, 10,734,809 Tobacco 33.686 pounds. Honey 1,265,445 Wax, 29,863 Barlev 849,757 bushels. Buckwheat, 139. 881 Indian Corn, 19,421,938 Oats, 21,324,130 Rve, 401,370 Winter Wheat, 25,597,967 Spring Wheat 243,521 bushels. Sorghum Sugar, 9,42 1 pounds. " -Molasses 56,638 gallons. Maple Sugar, 1.945,863 pounds. " Molasses, -. . . 171,273 gallons. Flaxseed 311 bushels. " Straw, 2,578 tons. " Fiber, 55 pounds. Broom-corn, 7,390 " Mint, value, 52,533 dollars. Hops, 94468 pounds. Apples, 4,092,806 bushels. Peaches, 290.091 Grapes, 1,550,702 pounds. Wine 24,685 gallons. The average yield per acre of wheat was 15.12 bushels; of oats, 32.76; of barley, 18.40; and of hay, 1.34 ton per acre. Michigan is not especially noted as a general live-stock raising State, but the breeding of sheep and the producing of wool is a leading pursuit among the agricultural community. In 1850, Michigan was the ninth State in the production of wool; in i860 and 1870, the fourth; and in 1880, the third. Dur- ing that period it had passed the States of Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, Virginia, Illinois, Indi- ana, and Kentucky ; and in 1880 the only two States producing more wool were California and Ohio. It is a fact worthy of note that, while Texas had in that year a larger number of sheep than Michigan, its total whole product was not much more than one-half that of the latter State. As to the number of pounds of wool per fleece, Michigan is ahead of all the large sheep raising States, the average in 1884 being 5 and 64 hundredths pounds per head. The wool production in Michigan is still increasing fast. In 1880 the number of sheep sheared was 2,189,389, and in 1884, 2,724,789, an increase- of 535,400 sheep in four years. The wool-clip in 1880 amounted to 11,858,497 pounds, and in 1884 to 15,337,249 pounds, an increase of 3,478,752 pounds. MANUFACTURES. According to the census of 1884, there were in Michigan 8,302 manufacturing establishments, giving employment to 114,890 males over 16 years of age, to 8,245 females over 15, and to 5,872 children, making a total of 129,007 employes. The capital invested in these establishments amounted to $136,697,397. The total of wages paid during the year was $44,213,739, an average of $343.35 for every man, woman, boy, and girl employed in these manufactories. The material used in 2,228 manufacturing establishments, or more than one-fourth of the whole number in the State, is taken directly from the forest-tree. The capital invested in such establish- ments is $62,303,000; average number of adult males employed, 50,044; adult females, 866; children and youths, 4,431; wages paid during the year ending June 1, 1884, $17,310,227. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 33 The above figures give an idea of the predominating importance of the lumber interests in Michigan. Lumbering is still, and has been for many years, the leading industry of the State, and out of the product of her noble forests has been woven many a fortune. Michigan was the paradise of lumbermen when the stately pine tree, the conceded "monarch of the forest," held sway throughout her broad domain. Then her dark crests of evergreen crowned each vast forest, wove and rewove Persian tapestry over every graceful intervale. Where the calm, broad lakes glistened in the sheen of the sunbeams, or the turbulent rivers tumbled in white foam through rocky channels, there her temples were grandest, and giant columns of a century's growth vied in symmetry and height, that caused the speculative eye of the timber hunter to dilate with joy. It seemed as though nature had purposely planted her best gifts convenient to his hand, or led up these arterial channels into the wilderness to facilitate the transportation of the wealth his toil had accumulated. But since the first mighty crash in the stillness of the forest proclaimed the presence of the invader, the realms of the pine have been ravaged by fire and ax, until that noble tree has at last been driven far back into the strongholds of the wilderness. Her final doom seems as inevitable as the fate that pursues the aborigines of the glebe; but she will still reign for many years in all her primitive majesty over several portions of the State. Thanks to the introduction of the railroad, which .greatly facilitates the transportation of logs from the interior, the lumbering cities — Bay City, Muskegon, etc. — ma)' continue for a time to devour forests by the acre, and crunch with iron teeth the huge limbs and trunks of trees. The lumber interests of Michigan are not to be estimated so much by figures as by their relative in- fluence upon the State. There is hardly one branch of industry in Michigan which does not owe its ex- istence, in part or wholly, directly or indirectly, to the influence of the lumber business. But the fol- lowing statistics will serve to give an approximative idea of its importance. The annual value of the product of lumber in Michigan is more than one-fifth of that of the whole Union, as shown by the following comparison, based on the United States census of 1880 : United States. Michigan. Number of establishments, . . . 25,708 1,649 Capital employed, |i8i,iS6,i22 $39,260,428 Hands employed, 141,989 22,875 Children and youth employed, . 5.967 4. 360 Annual wages paid, $31,845,974 $6,967,905 Value of logs, $139,836,869 $30,819,003 Value of mill supplies $6,318,516 $1,432,369 Value of all materials, $146,155,385 $32,251,372 United States .Michigan. Lumber sawed (board measure), . 18,091,356,000 4,172,572,000 Laths, 1,761,788,000 461,805,000 Shingles 5>555.°46,ooo 2,584,717,000 Staves, 1,248,226,000 199,821,000 Sets of headings, 146,523,000 21,897,000 Spool and bobbin stocks, .... 34,076,000 6,036,000 Value of all other products, . . . $2,682,668 $531,406 Total value of all products, . . . $233,268,729 852,449,928 Except Michigan' only five States manufactured lumber to the value of $10,000,000. They were: Pennsylvania, $22,457,359; Wisconsin, $17,952,347; New York, $14,356,910; Indiana, $14,260,830; Ohio, $13,864,460, Since 1880 there has been a slight increase in the number of establishments. The State census gave the following returns concerning the saw-mills, shingle-mills, and the saw, shingle, and lath mills: Number of establishments 1,682 Capital invested, 851,170,109 Male adults employed, 39>°55 Female adults employed 286 Children and youth, 1,097 All hands employed, 40,438 Total amount paid in wages during the year, $13,616,046 Although the total production of these establishments is not given, the fact that, from 1880 to 1884, the number of hands employed had nearly doubled, shows that lumbering has not yet reached the period of its decline. The total lumber and shingle product of the State for a series of years has been as follows: Feet of Lumber. Number of Shingles. 1874 573.632,771 I30.63I.500 1875, 581,558,273 124,030,250 1876, 573.950,771 132,179.750 1877 640,166,231 167,806,750 1878, 574.162,757 i53.989.750 1879 736,106,000 218,934,000 1880 873,047,731 248,879,500 1881 971,320,317 304,025,500 Feet of Lumber. Number of Shingles. 1882, 1,008,147,905 295,046,500 1883, 3.563.343.097 1,393.004.000 1884 3.567.235.987 2,724,517,300 1885 3,578,138,443 2,574,675,900 1886, 3,984,117,175 2,989,124,200 1887, 4,162,317,778 2,677,855,700 1SS8, 4,292,189,014 2,846,201,000 In a State where wheat is grown in abundance, the flour interest must necessarily be an important factor in the business of the community. In Michigan it is second only to the lumbering interest. 5 34 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. -In 1880 there were 706 mills, with a capital of S7, 704,464, employing 2,254 men, with an annual product valued at §23,546,875. The State census of 1884 only reports 633 mills, but the capital in- vested is shown to have increased to $7,817. 157, and the number of hands employed is given at 2.558, an increase of 304 over 1880. The value of the production is not given. Another thing for which Michigan is noted is her salt-wells In the production of this most indispensable article she leads the Union. In 1 880 there were four States producing more than 1,000,000 bushels of salt, viz. : West Virginia, 2,679.438 Ohio, 2,650,301 to reveal new springs of salt. The increase in the production is shown Michigan 12,425,885 New York 8,748,203 Vet every year seems by the following table : [860 4,000 barrels [86l 125,000 [862, 243,000 466,366 1864 529.073 [865 477,200 [866, 407,077 477.7?' [868 555.680 1869 561,28s 1870, 621,352 barrels 1871 728.>75 " ' s 7-' 724.4^1 " '873 823,346 " [874 1,026,979 " 1875 1,081,865 " 1876 1.462,729 " 1877 1,660,997 " 187S i ■ ■ ■ 1.855,884 " 1873 2,058,040 " 1880, 2,676,58s barrels j88i, 2,750.299 " ■882 3.°37,3!7 " 1883, 2,894,672 " 1884, 3.252.175 " 1885 3.299.744 " [886 3,426,566 " 1887 4,260,012 " 1888 3,750,000 " This makes a grand total of 41,859,790 barrels since the manufacture began. It is impossible to form an estimate of the capital employed in the manufacture of salt, as it is mostly carried on in connection with other interests. We append the following table to branches of manufactures in the State, capital exceeds $10,000: Class OF MANUFACTURES. Number of Establishments. "5 give a general and exact idea of the importance of the several It includes all classes of manufactures where the invested Agricultural implements Artificial stone pipes and pottery, Barrels Baskets, frnit-packages, etc Belts — leather and rubber Boilers — steam, Boots and shoes Boxes Breweries, Brick and tile, Brushes and carpet-sweepers, . . Butter and cheese, Chairs, Charcoal, Chemicals, Cider, vinegar, and pickles, . . . Cigars, Clothing Coffins and caskets, Cask-hoops, Copper refining and smelting, . . Corsets, and ladies' underwear, . . Cotton goods, Electric light, and appliances, Emery-wheels, Fanning-uiills, Fertilizers, Flouring and grist-mills, .... Foundries and machine-shops, . . Pruit and vegetable evaporating, . F'urnaces and rolling-mills, . . . Furniture Glass Handles, Knit goods Lime, Linseed-oil, Lumber and planing Lumber and wood-turniug, . . . Lumbering, Lumber, slaves, and headings, . . Malt, Marble and stone cutting 14 180 37 24 30 14 82 227 7 62 12 57 L3 74 '48 116 5 16 6 6 4 5 10 633 246 40 18 159 2 45 16 24 1 53 50 70 37 5 64 Capital Invested. $1,787,400 165,600 273.370 323.300 45,000 321,200 753.30I 1,260,500 2,196,933 L 3 19.739 3] 2,200 120,325 158,050 3 l8 ,i25 747.200 281,250 728,314 744.847 217,000 34".? 5" 1,315,000 242,250 i40,Soo 368,000 150,000 100,700 410,000 7.8I7.I57 8,711,870 186,350 3,110,000 4.603,328 150,000 289,210 31 K 1,1 I'll I 190,500 100,000 494.2O0 352,233 2.446,722 687,100 425.OOO 247.625 Class of Manufactures. Number of Kstablisliments . . 2 Matches, Medicines 11 Mineral-water and bottling, 37 Organs and pianos 5 Paints and roofing 4 Paper pails, 1 Paper, straw-board, and wood-pulp, 33 Pearl buttons, I Pins I Planing and re-sawing lumber, ... 94 Plumbing, steam and gas-fitting, ... 21 Posts, poles, and ties 58 Powder, fuse and explosives 4 Printing, publishing, and binding, . . 8l Salt 17 Salt, combined with other manufacture, 76 Sash, door, and blinds, 163 Saw-mills 1.076 Saw, shingle, and lath mills -346 School furniture, 4 Sheet lead and pipe, 1 Sliiugle-mills 258 Ship-building, 25 Soda, soap, and caudles, 10 Staves, heading, and barrels 94 Steel goods 23 Stoves and furnaces, 10 Tanneries, 41 Threshing-machines 6 Tobacco, 6 Varnish 2 Wagons, 550 Wagon woodwork 186 Windmills, 15 Wheelbarrows, toy wagons, etc 6 White bronze monuments I Wire goods, 10 W< lod alcohol and acetate, 2 Wood-bending, 11 Wooden-ware, 12 Wood novelty goods, 40 Wood water-pipe, 1 Woolen-mills 33 Capital Invested. 3,001,000 264,600 MI.430 329,500 205,000 108,000 1. 5 1 2.250 17,000 100,000 1,015,210 118.350 376,972 112,750 1,168,477 351.IOO 8,407,500 3,275,700 21,941,693 27,389,185 178,000 50,000 1.839,231 999,100 743.500 1 ,496,458 851,500 1 ,088,000 i.3i'450 1,948,000 710,500 520,000 2,697,634 309,005 306,250 106,200 85,000 422,750 500,000 345,300 570,275 613.215 200,000 487,580 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 35 MINING. Michigan has been liberally endowed by the Creator with mineral deposits. The rugged and rocky regions of the Upper Peninsula contain stored treasure of iron, copper, silver, and gold, the extent of which is yet unknown. The statistics furnished by the census of 1884 are very incomplete as to the mineral interests of the State. The number of mines, of all sorts, is reported at 106, in which $41,441,962 are invested; 12,761 men and 432 boys were employed in the mines, and received an aggregate annual salary of $6,286,355. The following table is arranged after the census of 1884, and shows the number of mines, and the capital invested : Coal Copper Grindstone, Gypsum, plaster, and stucco, Iron Lime and building stone, Slate Number of Mines. Capital - Invested. 4 26 3 827,500 25.313.859 108,000 12 551,000 52 14,916,403 8 25,200 ' 500,000 The copper regions of Michigan have for some time been reputed the most productive in the world ; but it is only lately that the State has passed all others in the production of iron. This was accomplished in 1S80. In that year Michigan put forth 1,837,712 tons of iron ore, valued at $6,034,648, while Pennsylvania produced 1,820,561 tons, the value of which did not exceed $4,318,999. Iron was first produced in Michigan in 1854, when 3,000 tons of ore were shipped from the Cleveland mine. Since that time the production has increased rapidly, as follows: 1855 1,449 tons. 1856 3 6 .343 " 1S57, 25,646 " 1858, i 5 ,S 7 6 " 1859, 68,832 " i860, 114,401 " 1861, 49.909 " 1862, 124,169 " 1S63 203,055 " 1864 243,127 " 1865, 236,20s 1866 278,757 " 1867 443.585 tons. 1868, 491.445 " 1S69, 617,414 " 1870, 830,940 " 1871 779,607 " 1872 900,901 " 1873, 1,162,458 " 1874 9iS,557 " 1875 S9L257 " 1876, 992,764 1877 1,014,687 " 1S78, 1,111,170 " 1879 1.374.893 tons. 18.80, i,8S5,7o6 " 1881 2,295,618 " 1882, 2,964,975 " 1883, 2.353,286 " 1 ss 4 2,455,924 " 1885 2,023,583 " 1886, 3.178,291 " 1887, 4,667,752 " 1888, 5,019,279 " 1889, 7,292,754 " The production of copper is hardly less wonderful, it being as follows: 1880, 22,204 gross tons. 1S86 40,457 " 1888, 43.203 " 1S45, 12 gross tons. 1S50 572 " " i860 5,388 " 1870, 10,992 " " Silver is frequently found in the copper ore of Lake Superior, while gold-mines, supposed to be very rich, have recently been discovered in that region. The fisheries of Michigan are exceptionally rich, and many a fisherman, whose "catch" is not re- ported by the census officers, finds his subsistence in the product of his net or his line. The State census of 1884 shows that there were in the State at that time, 316 fisheries, requiring a capital of $702,365. Not less than 1,338 persons found employment in them, and received in salary dur- ing the year ending June, 1884, $253,683. It will be seen by the above tables that Michigan is bountifully supplied with all the resources neces- sary to build up a great State. No one wishing to create for himself a position among his fellow-citizens by honest industry, need seek a better or more favorable region. The truth of this is again and again proved in the sketches which make up this volume. BANKING. During the first years that followed its admission into the Union, Michigan had to fall, like the rest of the country, into financial anarchy, which reigned supreme. The first annual report made by the bank commissioners, in 1837, shows the existence of sixteen banks, with an aggregate authorized capital of 36 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. $7,100,000, only $2, 100,000 of which had been subscribed. Now the inflation began. In the next few months, fort)- nine new banks were started. A crash soon followed, and the citizens of the State settled down to a more conservative and safer mode of conducting banking; so much so that, at the present time, the banks and bankers of Michigan enjoy a credit unsurpassed by those of any other State. The first bank organized in Michigan was in 1806, by six capitalists of Boston. This bank was a stupendous fraud. December 19, 1817, a charter was granted to the Bank of Michigan. It was organized in June, 1 8 1 8, and commenced business in the following January. In 1831 its charter was renewed for twenty- five years. This was the first legitimate bank in Michigan, and it continued for a period of twenty lour years. From 1836 to 1861 eighty-two banks organized, or attempted to, in addition to ten then in busi- ness; only about five of which returned to their shareholders the full amounts paid for stock, Free banking from 1837 to 1857 proved an unqualified failure. In the past thirty years, a few small banks only have failed, which shows remarkable stability and improvement over the earlier experiences. In 1887 the number of banks and banking institutions in Michigan was three hundred and eighty, with a capital and surplus of about thirty million dollars. STATE FINANCES. The State had, like private enterprises, to suffer from the bad condition of affairs which existed when it was admitted into the Union. The acts of an inexperienced governor added to the distress, and for many years the condition of the State treasury was nothing to be proud of. But a wiser administration, and the public spirit of her citizens, brought order out of chaos, and prosperity out of financial ruin. It is but just to observe, however, that the State was first put into debt with the laudable intention of expending the money on internal improvements. Nearly the entire sum of the State debt of $5. 340,000. which was contracted from 1835 to 1838, was destined to be spent on canals and railroads. According to a writer in Hunt's Magazine for 1850, there had been disbursed $3,541,551.96 on internal improvements from the date of the organization of the State Government to 1847. The proceeds of the sales of the Southern and Central Railroads, which the State transferred to pri- vate companies about this time, greatly helped to reduce the debt, and the financial condition of the State has ever since been healthy. The following table shows the fluctuation of the State debt from 1841 to 1880: 184 1 85,611,000 1853. 2.359,55i 1S60, 2,316,828 [870 $2,385,028 18S0 905,150 In 1880 there was in the Sinking Fund the sum of $1,208,895, for the extinguishment of the debt — a surplus of $303,745. The only other States reported as without a net debt were West Virginia, Illinois, and Nevada. In 1886 the debt of the State had been reduced to $243,149.77, and the balance in the Treasury amounted to $1,172,997.86. In 1880 the net local indebtedness of the State was distributed as follows: County debt $896,700 Township debt, 629,205 School District debt, 1.389,673 Indebtedness of cities, towns, etc., of over 7,500 population, 5.°°7.' S| 7 " " " " of less than 7,500 " ! " i 79.749 Total $8,803,144 The trust debt of the State, the principal of which never matures, and therefore can not be paid, is as follows : To Primary School fund, §2,554,590 96 " 5 per cent Primary School fund, . . . 326,350 95 " University fund, 465,78s 46 To Agricultural College fund, $153,137 70 " Normal School fund, 56,635 32 " Railroad and other deposits, 8,052 63 Total 83,564,556 02 The yearly interest paid on the several funds amounts in the aggregate to $236,889.37. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 37 A conclusive proof of the good financial standing of the State is the fact that the total net State, county, and municipal debt, in 1880, per capita, was only $5.38, while the average for all the States and Territories was $20.90. Only three States could show a lower average than Michigan; these were Iowa, Mississippi, and West Virginia. VALUATION AND TAXATION. The increase in the value of real and personal estate in Michigan, both in the aggregate and per capita, is shown by the following, taken from the United States census : Total value. Per capita. 1850 »59.787.255 $15° 1S60 27,163.893 343 Total value. Per capita. 1870 $719,208,118 $607 1S80 1,580,000,000 965 According to the same authority, the aggregate amount of taxes levied for State and local pur- poses, in 1880, was $8,627,949, or a per capita tax of $5.27. The average per capita tax in the United States for State and local purposes was, in the same year, $6. 23. According to the Michigan Manual, the taxes levied by the State, in 1886, amounted to $1,200, 161.67, and were affected to the following purposes: University $98,772 50 Normal School, 32,500 00 Agricultural College, 22,617 °° State Public School 45,600 00 State Reform " 52,000 00 State House of Correction, ■ • 50,000 00 Institution for Deaf and Dumb 50,000 00 Military Fund 64,963 50 Fish Commission, $12,000 00 Industrial Home for Girls, 35,ooo 00 School for the Blind 30,000 00 General purposes 599.375 °° State Board of Health 2,00000 Michigan Soldiers' Home 40,000 00 Michigan Mining School 10,000 00 Interest to counties on account of swamp-lands 57,333 67 STATE INSTITUTIONS. The State University is located in the city of Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County. It was originally situated in Detroit, an Act having been passed by the Territorial Government in 18 17, and another in 1821, to establish a University there; but it never rose above the rank of a local school. In 1837 another Act was passed, and the University was located at Ann Arbor. It was opened 011 September 20, 1 841. Since, it has been the object of constant attention on the part of the people and of the Legis- lature. At present it comprises the departments of Literature, Science, and the Arts (including the School of Political Science), the department of Medicine and Surgery, the department of Law, the School of Pharmacy, the Homeopathic Medical College, and the College of Dental Surgery. Its government is vested in a Board of Regents, elected by the people for a term of eight years. The present value of the property is $948,000. Current expenses for 1886, including instruction, was $i73.7 68 -5 2 i students' fees, $64,076.40; and the total receipts, $200,298.31. The number of students in that year was 1,401, and that of professors, 86. In 1888 the number of students was 1,677; and tlle number of professors and instructors, 93. The State Agricultural College was established, according to a provision of the Constitution, in 1855. The site chosen was a tract of land of 676 acres, three miles east of the city of Lansing. It is designed "to afford thorough instruction in agriculture and the natural science connected therewith." The control of the institution is vested in the State Board of Agriculture, which is composed of the governor, the president of the college, and six members appointed by the governor, for a term of six years. The present value of the property is estimated at $387,853, and the running expenses, in 1886, were $43,945.75. It is supported by legislative appropriations, and by the 7 per cent interest which is paid by the State on certain funds. The income from the funds amounts to $30,000 yearly, and the legislative appropriations, in 1886, were $22,617. The receipts of the institution from other sources were, for the same year, $14,635.16. The number of students was 296; the number of instructors, 16. The State Normal School is located at Ypsilanti. It was established by an act of the Legislature in 1849, and opened in 1852. It was destroyed by fire in 1859, but was soon rebuilt, and has since pros- pered. It is under control of the State Board of Education, which consists of the Superintendent of Public Instruction and three members elected by the people. It is designed to prepare teachers, and give a general knowledge of all branches of a good common-school education. Its total income in 1886 was $39,995.55. The number of students attending was 870, and that of teachers, 24. 38 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. The value of the property in 1888 was 18220,000, and the number of students for that year, 915 ; and of professors and instructors, 28. The Michigan Mining School has been recently (1885) established, in order to impart a full and thorough knowledge of the art of mining. It is located at Houghton. The management is vested in a Board of six, appointed by the governor. The number of students in 1886 was 19; that of instructors, 3. In 1888 the number of students was 35, and instructors, 5. The State Public School at Coldwater is designed as a temporary home for dependent and neglected children until homes can be provided for them. It was established in 1874, and the property is now valued at $230,931 It is entirely supported by legislative appropriations, which amounted in 1886 to $39,000. The number of inmates was, dining the year, 555. Six instructors, nine cottage managers, and twenty-eight other employes are engaged. The control of the school is in the hands of a Board of three, chosen by the governor. The Michigan Soldiers' Home is one of the magnificent institutions which do honor to the sense of gratefulness of the American people. It is located near Grand Rapids, and has but recently been estab- lished. The building, which will accommodate 450 inmates, was completed December 1, 1886, at a cost of $99,667. The Home is for veterans of the United States who have resided one year in the State. In 1889 there were 454 inmates. The supervision and government of the Home is vested in a Board of Managers, consisting of the governor, who is ex officio chairman, and six members appointed by him. The Michigan Institution for Educating the Deaf and Dumb is located at Flint. It was established in 1854 The valuation of the property is $503,000. It had (in 1889) 303 inmates and 18 instructors. Its management is vested in a Board of three trusties, appointed by the governor for a term of six years. The Michigan School for the Blind was formerly connected with the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. It is located in Lansing. The value of the property in 1889 was $226,772, and the number of students in that year was 87, and instructors, 9. Its control is vested in a Board of three members, appointed by the governor for a term of six years. The Michigan Asylum for the Insane, located at Kalamazoo, is the oldest institution of its kind in the State. It was erected in 1848, and opened for patients in 1859. Value of the property in 1889 was $944,220, and for that year the number of inmates was — male, 450; female, 420; medical attendants, 6; employes, 189. Its control is vested in a Board of six trustees, appointed by the governor for a term of six years. The Eastern Michigan Asylum for the Insane is located at Pontiac, and was opened August 1. 1878. In 1889 the valuation of the property was $752,129, and the number of patients, 404 males and 381 females; employes, 161. The institution is controlled by a Board of six trustees, appointed by l lie governor for a term of six years. The Northern Michigan Asylum for the Insane, located at Traverse City, was opened in 1885. The value of the property in i S89 was $564,358, and the number of patients, 296 males and 260 females; medical attendants, 4; employes, 122. Its control is vested in a Board of six trustees, appointed by the governor for a term of six years. The Michigan State Prison is located at Jackson. It was established in 1839, a "d ' s valued at S707.774- The State House of Correction and Reformatory is located at Ionia. It was established in 1877, and is valued at $429,851. The Michigan Asylum for Insane Criminals is located at Ionia. It was established in 1883, and completed in 1S85, at a cost of $91,750. The State House of Correction and branch of the State Prison in the Upper Peninsula, is located at Marquette. It was established in 1885. The State Reform School, designed for the instruction and reformation of juvenile (male) offenders, is located at Lansing. It was established in 1855, at a first cost of $25,000. In 1888 the value of the property was $237,363, and the number of inmates during that year was 674 The Industrial Home for Girls, designed for the reformation of juvenile (female) offenders, is lo- cated at Adrian The valuation of the property is $168, 134. The average number of inmates about two hundred. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 39 SCHOOLS. Michigan is the eighth State in rank in schools, teachers, and pupils. The rank is sixth in pupils at- tending schools, and fifth in the number of school sittings. The general school statistics, as reported by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, for the years 1887 and 1888, give for the State: Children between the ages of five and twenty years, Children that attended public schools, Number of school-houses 1887- 619,979 421,308 7.318 1888. 629,923 425,218 7.428 Estimated valuation of school property 812,174,599 112,857,103 Number of teachers employed, male, 3.836 3>773 Number of teachers employed, female, 11.730 Wages paid to same for fiscal year aggregated, f 2 .955,74o Private and select schools, 315 Estimated number of pupils . 32,607 Making a total attendance of 453.915 3.773 1 1 ,990 $3,062,032 294 .V.073 456,291 CHURCHES. In 1850 there were in Michigan 399 churches, valued at $723,600. In i860 there were 807 churches, valued at $2,334,040. The census of 1870 gave the number of Church organizations as 2,220; church edifices, 1,395 ; seat ing capacity, 447,476; value of church property, $8,947,491. In the census of 1884 the number of Church organizations in the State is returned at 2,864; par- sonages, 1,117; an d church edifices, 2,581. Thirty seven church edifices are built of stone, 482 of brick, 2,023 are frame, 22 log, and 17 of which there is no report of the material of construction. The seating capacity of the churches is given at 792,414, and the value of church property, $13,296,151. This also speaks well for the State, for it shows that the people have not been unmindful of their spiritual welfare. Population, schools, churches, and commercial enterprises have kept pace side by side. RAILROADS. The first railroad chartered in the State was the Detroit and St. Joseph in 183 1, but it was not in operation until 1838. The Erie and Kalamazoo was completed and in operation between Toledo and Adrian in 1836. The Detroit and Pontiac was chartered in 1834, and completed to Royal Oak in 1838. In 1837 the Legislature provided for a comprehensive system of internal improvements, including three railroads to cross the State, as well as several canal systems. But these enterprises involved the State in serious financial trouble, and in 1846 the Michigan Central and Michigan Southern Railroads were sold to private companies. In 1856 the United States Government made valuable land-grants, which resulted in the construction of the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw, the Flint and Pere Marquette, the Grand Rapids and Indiana, and the Peninsular division of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroads. Two years later the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad was completed to Grand Haven. As showing the gradual and steady increase of railroad construction in Michigan since its inception, we append the following table, giving the number of miles of railroad in the State from 1838 to January 1, 1889: 1838, 63 miles. 1839 71 " 1840, 104 " 1841. 147 " 1842, 147 " 1843, 180 " 1S44 220 l8 4S 233 " 1846, 279 1847 279 " 1S4S 326 " 1849 353 " 1850, 380 " 185 1, 421 miles. 1852 425 " 1853 425 " 1854. 425 " 1855. 462 " 1856, 53° " 1857, 579 " 1858, 703 - 1859 77o i860, 770 1861, 777 " 1862, 811 " 1863 812 " 1864 891 miles. 1865, 931 " 1866 943 " 1867 1,066 " 1S6S 1,124 " 1869, 1,362 " 1870, i,739 " 1871 2,298 " 1S72, 2,822 " 1S73 3,252 " i' s 74 3.313 " ■«75. 3.347 " i 8 7° 3.4IO " '• s 77 3,455 miles. 1878, 3,564 " '879. 3.657 " 1880 3,823 " 1SS1, 4,252 " 1882, 4,609 " 1883, 4,966 " 1884 5,120 " 1885 5,247 " 1886 5,577 •' 1887, 5,768 " 1888, 6,398 " 1889, 7.050 " In 1887 there were fifty-three commercial roads and thirteen ore and forest roads in operation in the State. 4 o CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. SHIP-BUILDING. The vessel interests of Michigan are large, and ship building is carried on extensively, more es pecially at Detroit and Bay City, where are built and launched some of the finest craft that float on our inland waters, comprising both steam and sail, wooden, iron, and steel. In 1880, Michigan was first in the value of ship building of all Interior States, and was only exceeded in the Union by Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Maine. The value of vessels built was $2,034,636. In 1884 the number of ship building yards was 25, with an invested capital of §999,10x3, giving em- ployment to 1,622 persons, with a total of wages for the year 5531,762. It may not be out of place to remark, that down through the majestic and beautiful straits of De- troit, there floats annually a greater tonnage than enters the port of New York. JOURNALISM. Journalism in Michigan has kept pace with her material prosperity and development. The first newspaper published in the State was The Micliigan Essay, or Impartial Ol>senvr, pub- lished in Detroit, August 31, 1809, by James M. Miller, with Fr. Richard as editor. It consisted of four pages, each 9^x16 inches in size, with four columns to a page. The paper used was brought in the summer-time from Baltimore by way of Buffalo. In 1840 there were published in Michigan 6 daily and 26 weekly newspapers, and 1 periodical. In 1850 the number of newspapers and periodicals was 58, of which 39 were political, 13 literary and miscellaneous, 3 religious, 2 scientific, and 1 neutral or independent. In i860 there were 109 political, 4 religious, 3 literary, and 2 miscellaneous. In 1880 the total number of newspapers and periodicals was 464, of which 33 were dailies, 397 weeklies, 3 semi-weeklies, 2 bi-weeklies, 19 monthlies, 4 semi monthlies, 1 bi-monthly, 1 quarterly, and 1 semi-annual. In language, 439 were English, 2 French, 15 German, 6 Dutch, and 2 Danish and Scan- dinavian. Devoted to politics, 413; to religion, 1 1 ; to agriculture, 5; commerce and trade, 3; general literature, 1; medicine and surgery, 7; science and mechanics, 2; temperance and secret societies, 5; education, 9; children, 4; miscellaneous, 4. Michigan ranked eighth among the States. In 1888 the number of papers published in the State were: Daily 52 Triweekly, 2 Semi-weekly, 6 Weekly 55^ Semi-monthly, 12 Tri-uionthly, ' . . . . 1 Monthly 59 Quarterly, 2 Having thus given an outline of the general history of the State, we now proceed to give individual sketches of some of the active participants. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. BIOGRAPHICAL. General Russell A. Alger, ex-governor, De- troit. There have been many men who have given loyal and earnest service not only to the State of their nativity, and the State of their adoption, but to the entire country as well, and among these a place of honor should be awarded to the gentleman whose name is given above ; for no citizen of the United States to-day occupies a more exalted position in the hearts of the American people than he. No man could be more approachable, consequently everybody knows him. The pleasant, off-hand manner with which he greets his asso- ciates is extended to the millionaire and the laborer as well. His generosity is no spasmodic effort, as many an unfortu- nate can testify, but a deep-flowing and continual stream. Any sad story goes to his heait, and it is utterly impossible for him to refuse an appeal for help. Honest and upright in every relation of life, a business man in high standing, and a public official whose records and acts have been in- dorsed by the people of Michigan in the highest gift in their power, and in whose hearts he has won and holds an envi- able position. General Alger was born in the township of Lafayette, Medina County, Ohio, on February 27, 1836, his parents being Russell and Caroline (Moulton) Alger. The first Alger of whom there is any account in this country emi- grated from England in 1759, and it is from him that the sub- ject of this sketch is descended, and still more remotely, through distinguished English channels, from William the Conqueror. John Alger, the great-grandfather of General Alger, participated in many of the battles of the Revolution- ary War. On his maternal side the general looks back over a long array of equally notable personages, his mother being a direct descendant of Robert Moulton, who arrived in Mas- sachusetts in 1627 in charge of a vessel laden with mo;.t val- uable ship-building materials, bringing with him a number of skilled ship-carpenters. It is a matter of common con- sent that the first sea-going vessel built in Massachusetts was under his supervision. The Moulton family is not only a numerous one, but a remarkably distinctive one. The Algers settled in Ohio early in the present century, and the family participated in the infantile struggles of that now great State. General Alger's boyhood was passed in that round of labor, schooling, and recreation common to all ; but at the age of twelve years he was, by the death of his parents, left dependent upon his own exertions for a livelihood, as well as for the support of a younger brother and sister. He lost no time in securing employment, and accepted a position on a farm in Richfield, Ohio, where he remained seven years, securing such education as was possible during the winter months at a neighboring academy. An unusual aptness for study soon secured him a position as teacher, but he continued his farm-work as a common laborer during the summer season. In March, 1857, he took up the study of law, entering the office of Wolcolt & Upson, at Akron, Ohio, for that purpose, and in 1859 was admitted to practice by the Supreme Court of Ohio, and then removed to Cleveland, where he found employment in the law office of Otis & Cof- fin berry. After only a few months his health became im- paired, owing to close confinement and arduous study, and he was consequently compelled to abandon his legal ambi- tion. He subsequently removed to Michigan, locating at Grand Rapids, where he engaged in the lumbering business. Success in his new enterprise was rapidly crowning his ef- forts when the cry of "war" flashed upon the community, and in August, 1861, he enlisted in the Second Michigan Cavalry as a private recruit ; but when the regiment was mustered into service he was commissioned captain, and as- signed to the command of Company C. The record of his army service, as given in Robertson's "Michigan in the War." is as follows: "Captain Second Cavalry, September 2, 1861; major, April 2, 1862; wounded and taken prisoner at Booneville, Mississippi, July 1, 1862; escapedjuly 1, 1862; lieutenant-col- onel Sixth Michigan Cavalry, October 16, 1862; colonel Fifth Michigan Cavalry, February 28, 1863; wounded in action at Boonesboro, Maryland, July 8, 1863; resigned September 20, 1S64, and honorably discharged; brevet brigadier-general United States Volunteers for gallant and meritorious serv- ices, to rank from the battle of Trevilian Station, Virginia, 4- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. June n, 1864; brevet major-general United Stales Volun- teers, June n, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war." From private to brevet major-general in so short a time was indeed very creditable. The advance- ment did not come through favoritism, but because each step was honestly and gallantly won. The qualities that had given him distinction in private life were brought into play in the field, and made him one to whom others naturally turned in hours of emergency or danger. A born com- mander of men. and with a natural military genius, it would have been a strange combination of adverse circumstances that could have deterred him from promotion during his years of army life. It would take space far beyond that available here to give a detailed history of^jeneral Alger's career while in the army, and to relate all the stirring inci- dents of danger and heroism that are woven therein. It was his good fortune to be attached to a Michigan regi- ment, than whose troops no more daring and gallant were to be found in the entire service, and whose bravery, en- durance, and adherence to discipline have contributed in no small degree toward the reputation acquired by some of the Nation's most noted generals. In the earlier years of the Rebellion, General Alger was active in the South and West, but the larger portion of his service was with the Army of the Potomac. He entered Gettysburg in command of the Fifth Michigan Cavalry as colonel, on June 28, 1863, his being the very first Union regiment to reach that village, and the ovation which he and his men received from the loyal citizens is still regarded by the general as one of the brightest incidents of his military career. One of the most important engagements in which General Alger participated was the battle of Booneville, July 1, 1862, at which time he was serving as captain of Company C, Second Michigan Cavalry. General Chalmers, with seven thousand mounted Confederates (eleven regiments and por- tions of regiments) made an attack upon Booneville, which was held by Colonel Sheridan, who, though in command of the Second Brigade of the Cavalry Division, Army of the Mississippi, had with him at the time of the attack but two small regiments, the Second Michigan Cavalry and the Sec- ond Iowa Cavalry, the former of which was armed with Colt's revolvers and revolving carbines. So great was the heroism displayed by these two regiments that General Chalmers was led to believe he had been deceived as to the strength of the enemy; supposing the slaughter accomplished by the Mich- igan regiment with their carbines must certainly be the work of an infantry brigade. Each time he advanced lie was met with six shots from the carbines, followed by six shots from each revolver, which had the effect of checking the advance. Sheridan with his little body of men was in danger of being surrounded and captured, so he decided upon sending out ninety picked men in command of Captain Alger to make a circuit of the enemy and charge upon the rear with sabers and cheers. This had the desired effect, for as soon as Alger i barged upon the seven thousand men they broke ranks and *led, leaving one hundred and twenty-five of their dead com- rades upon the field. The Second Michigan Cavalry, which had borne the burden of the fight, lost but forty-one dead and wounded. Captain Alger being among the latter. Colonel Alger is frequently mentioned in official reports of engage- ments for distinguished services, notably by Custer on the battle of Gettysburg. He was severely wounded in a hot fight on July 8th, near Boonsboro, and did not resume service until September. He served with marked distinc- tion during the winter of 1863-4, taking part in all the engagements of the Army of the Potomac, and with his brigade accompanied General Sheridan to the Shenandoah Valley in 1864. Of Colonel Alger's famous charge at Tre- vilian Station, while in command of the Fifth Cavalry, on June 11, 1864, General Sheridan makes the following state- ment in his official report: "The cavalry engagement of the nth and 12th was by far the most brilliant one of the present campaign. The enemy's loss was very heavy. My loss in captured will not exceed one hundred and sixty. They are principally from the Fifth Michigan Cavalry. This regiment, Colonel Russell A. Alger commanding, gallantly charged down the Gordonsville road, capturing fifteen hundred horses and about eight hundred prisoners, but were finally surrounded and had to give them up." General Alger par- ticipated in sixty-six battles and skirmishes in all, and by bravery and faithfulness merited the distinction which he acquired. Early in 1866 he located at Detroit, where, in 1867, he established himself in business as a member of the firm of Moore, Alger & Co., dealers in pine lands and lumber. This firm was soon changed to that of Moore & Alger, and when that firm was subsequently dissolved, a new one, known as R. A. Alger & Co., was organized, which was afterwards merged into the corporation of Alger, Smith & Co., of which General Alger was made, and has ever since continued to be, president and principal stockholder, and has by strict at- tention to business built up a trade not surpassed by any other lumber firm in the world. In addition to his connection with the firm of Alger, Smith & Co., he is also president of the Manistique Lumbering Company, as well as several other minor lumbering and mining corporations ; he is president of the Detroit, Bay City & Alpena Railroad Company, a director in the Detroit National Bank, the State Savings-bank, Detroit Brass and Copper Rolling Mills Company, and the Volunteer Iron Company, while his capital is represented in many of Detroit's other prominent industries. General Alger is a member of the Fort Street Presbyterian Church, in which he has always been a liberal contributor. In politics he has been a Republican since acquiring his majority, and, although possessed of a strong taste for politics, he could never be pre- vailed upon to allow the use of his name for any political office until, in 1884, when he was elected a delegate to the Chicago Convention, and in that year was nominated for governor of Michigan. Notwithstanding his opponents were of the most formidable description, one of whom being then governor of the State, and the other one of the most prom- inent citizens of Michigan, General Alger was elected by a plurality of 3,953, thus returning the State to Republican rule. While occupying the office of governor he was a keen, sagacious, penetrating officer, always looking closely after the business interests of the State. At the expiration of his term he absolutely and positively declined a renomination. finding that his private interests demanded his undivided attention. At the National Republican Convention of 1888 the name of General R. A. Alger was among the most prominent for the nomination for President, and as ballot after ballot was taken and counted, he increased his strength to 143 votes, until the sixth ballot, when a break was made in the lines of his followers, and General Harrison, their sec- ond choice, was brought forward and received the nomina- tion. He headed the list of Presidential electors from his State that elected Harrison and Morton. General Alger is a CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. member of Fairbanks Post, No. 17, G. A. R., of Detroit, and since his initiation has ever been an enthusiastic mem- ber of the order. He has several times represented his post in the department encampments, and at the last session of the National Encampent, held at Milwaukee, he was, unanimously and without opposition, chosen National Com- mander-in-Chief. He is also an active member of the Loyal Legion (Military Order) and of several other social and ben- eficiary organizations. General Alger was married at Grand Rapids, Michigan, on April 2, 1861, to Miss Annette H. Henry, daughter of VV. G. Henry, a highly respected citizen of that city. To them have been born nine children, six of whom (three boys and three girls) are living, the eldest daughter being now the wife of Mr. Henry D. Shelden, of Detroit. The following pen-picture of General Alger is drawn by a gentleman who has had an opportunity of making a study of his subject, both in public and private life: " In person, Gen- eral Alger is an active, handsome man of six feet in height, whose appearance belies his fifty-three years. His soldier training shows itself in every movement and in every tone of his voice. Though of rather slight build, he impresses the casual observer as being a large man as well as a tall one. He is quick and incisive of speech, but never brusque; thoroughly approachable, respectful, and considerate toward those whom he meets. He is thoroughly dignified, and his manners, like his garments, are so unassumingly good that one scarcely notices them. No matter how busy he may be, it is his habit to leave his desk and politely greet every caller. He listens with attention to all, though so many come with senseless questions and impeitinent requests. His official and personal affairs require him to travel much, and his return invariably finds an accumulation of business, which he disposes of with a rapidity that is astonishing. He easily wins and holds the confidence of all with whom he associates, and he earns their regard as well as their respect by his quick decisions as well as by the little amenities and kind- nesses so easy to show in business, and which, in the ag- gregate, so greatly increase the pleasure of life. He would take rank in any society as a man far above the average of the systematically educated, in the breadth of his field of knowledge and the exactness of his information." Hon. George Van Ness Lothrop, of De- troit, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Imperial Court of the Emperor of all the Russias, May, 1885, to August, 1888, was born in Easton, Bristol County, Massachusetts, August 8, 1817. The family, of which he is a representative of the seventh generation, was founded in America by Mark Lothrop, who came from Yorkshire, Eng- land, probably landing in this country at Salem, Mass., his name appearing in the early records of that ancient town. The earliest mention of his name in the old Plymouth Col- ony is in the year 1656, in the records of the town of Bridge- water. Here he resided for the rest of his life, becoming an officer of the town. From him have sprung a long line of descendants, many of whom may still be found in the " Old Colony." Our subject is the sixth often children, of whom nine were sons, born to Howard and Sally (Williams) Lothrop, both of whom were of Pilgrim stock. Of these children, the subject of this sketch, with two brothers, both active business men in Massachusetts, and the sister, survive. George V. N. Lothrop was brought up on his father's farm until about fourteen years of age, receiving his education at the common schools. He then prepared for college at Day's Academy, Wrentham; and in the autumn of 1833 he entered Amherst College, where he passed one In 1835 he entered Brown University as a sophomore, from which he was graduated under President Wayland in 1838. Deciding upon the law as a profession and means of liveli- hood, he then commenced attendance upon the Law School at Harvard University, where he studied nearly a year under those great masters, Judge Story and Professor Greenleaf. In the autumn of 1839, his health having become somewhat impaired, he left the Law School, and for the succeeding three years the greater part of his time was spent on the farm of his brother, the late Hon. Edwin H. Lothrop, at Prairie Ronde, Kalamazoo County, Mich. Edwin H. Lothrop was, during his life-time, a man well known in political circles, and highly respected throughout the State of Michigan. He died .a Three Rivers, February 17, 1874. Our subject having recovered his health, determined upon the resumption of his law studies, and, with that end in view, removed to Detroit in March, 1843, an d entered the law office of Joy & Porter. One year later, in partnership with Hon. D. Bethune Duf- field, he opened an office, and entered upon the active prac- tice of his profession at Detroit, where he has ever since lived. His first case was argued, prior to his admission to the bar, before the Supreme Court of the State, as junior counsel with Hon. James F. Joy, special leave having been granted for that purpose by the court. His presentation of this case — the Michigan State Bank against Hastings and others — was thought very successful, and the ability shown by him in its conduct won the marked attention of the court, whose predictions his career since that time have fully justified. His partnership with Mr. Duffield terminated in 1856. In April, 1848, he was appointed by Governor Ran- som, attorney-general of the State, succeeding Hon. Ed- ward Mundy, who had been elevated to his seat on the Su- preme Bench of the State. This office he held until January I, 185 1. During the year 1851 a controversy, in conse- quence of a real or supposed purpose, on the part of the Roman Catholic Church in Detroit, to obtain a portion of the school funds for their private educational institutions, having arisen, Mr. Lothrop was one of many citizens who united in an earnest effort to counteract this scheme, to which end an independent ticket for city officers was nominated, one result being Mr. Lothrop's election as recorder of Detroit, a posi- tion which he consented to fill solely because of his interest in the maintenance and welfare of our public-school system. In 1867 he was a member of the State Constitutional Con- vention, and was afterwards offered by Governor Bagley a place on the Constitutional Commission, which he, however, declined. He has been twice, in the past, the nominee of his party for Congress in this district, accepting the nomina- tions even while realizing that the minority of the Demo- cratic party in the district foreordained defeat. He was a member of the Michigan delegation in the National Conven- tion held at Charleston in i860, and in that body was a strenuous supporter of the Douglas sentiment, afterwards emphasizing his patriotism by giving a most cordial support to all measures of the United States Government which he considered just and necessary, from the breaking out to the close of the war. Mr. Lothrop was for a number of years a member of the Library Commission of Detroit, resigning that office shortly after his appointment as minister to Russia. In May, 1885, President Cleveland appointed Mr. Lothrop to 44 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. the position of United States minister to the Imperial Court of Russia. The Legislature of Michigan being then in ses- sion, by a resolution passed unanimously, expressed their gratification at the appointment, and at its next session the appointment was confirmed by the United States Senate. After a pleasant residence at St. Petersburg of over three years, he resigned, and returned to the United States in August, 1888. Mr. Lothrop was married in May, 1847, to Miss Almira Strong, daughter of the late General Oliver Strong, of Rochester, New York. To them were born five sons and two daughters, all of whom, with the exception of their oldest son, are living. Of his sons surviving, three are well-known members of the Detroit bar, and the other is a business man, now captain of that favorite military organiza- tion known as the Detroit Light Infantry. Their daughter Anne is now the wife of Baron Huene, a Russian nobleman, an officer of the " Chevalier Guards," otherwise known as the Empress's Regiment of the "Guards." The marriage was celebrated October 4, 1888, at St. Paul's Church, at Detroit, whither the baron had come for that purpose; and after a protracted visit in this country, he returned to St. Petersburg with his bride, where they now reside. Mr. Lothrop is a member of the literary societies of "Phi Beta Kappa" and "Alpha Delta Phi." In 1863 he received the degree of LL. D. from his alma mater, Brown University, having be- fore that time received the degrees of A. B. and A. M. from the same university HON. JAMES F. JOY, LL. D., Detroit, was born in Durham, New Hampshire, December 2, 1810. His father was at that time a blacksmith. He afterwards became a manufacturer of scythes and agricultural implements. He was a man of large business ability, a great reader, and well informed, not only on all questions of the day, but in history and science, of which he was a constant student. He was a thorough Calvinist in his religious belief, and a stanch Pu- ritan. One of his sons was named Calvin, after the great refoimer. His children, of course, were all brought up in that line of religious belief, and were largely influenced by his character and opinions. He had a large family of sons and daughters, who grew to maturity; the sons becoming useful citizens of several States, the subject of this sketch being the first to migrate and settle in Detroit. Three brothers afterward settled in Illinois. The mother was Sarah Pickering, of a family somewhat noted in New Hampshire. James F. Joy was an attendant at the village common school in New Hampshire until he was fourteen years old, when he entered a merchant's store as a clerk, where he remained for two years. At sixteen he began studies with a view to obtaining a college education. When eighteen, he entered Dartmouth College, and graduated in 1833. He was a dili- gent student, and graduated at the head of his class. When through college he went to the Harvard Law School to study law. At that time Judge Story and Professor Greenleaf were in charge of the school, and splendid teachers they were. After being there for one year, he became for a short time principal of an academy at Pittsfield, N. H., and while in that position was appointed tutor of the Latin language at Dartmouth, which position he accepted, and was employed in that capacity one year, when he resigned and returned to the Law School at Cambridge for another year. At the close of that year he was admitted to practice at the bars of the Lmited States and the State courts in Boston, but concluded to come to Michigan, which he did in September, 1836, when he was nearly twenty-six years old. At Detroit he entered the office of Hon. A. S. Porter for six months, when he was admitted to the bar in Michigan, and opened an office for the practice of the law in 1837. During the year he formed a partnership with George F. Porter, under the style of Joy & Porter. This firm soon acquired a large business, and con- tinued for about twenty-five years. Mr. Joy was the lawyer of the courts and contests at the bar, and soon won both reputation as a business man and good standing at the bar as a lawyer of ability and force, while Mr. Porter was a very valuable partner in the office. The firm was among those most noted in the West. It was doing a large business when the State became insolvent, in the forties, and its policy with regard to its railroads was the question of the time. Mr. Joy discussed in the public prints the question, and advocated the sale by the State to private corporations. The discussion of the question in this State attracted attention in the East, and brought West — for Michigan then was hugely West — John W. Brooks, then superintendent of the Rochester and Syracuse Railroad, to investigate the probable value of the Central Road. He brought letters introducing him to Mr. Joy, and together they investigated and discussed the then and future value of that line of railroad. At the next session of the Legislature Mr. Brooks came to Michigan and spent the winter, and together he and Mr. Joy prepared the charter of the Michigan Centra! Railroad Company, which, with some slight amendments after months of discussion, was finally passed and became a law, under which the Company was afterwards successfully organized and the property sold to it by the State. When that Company took possession of the property, Mr. Joy allowed himself to be employed as its counsel and to manage all its legal business and contro- versies. This he has for many years considered one of the mistakes of his life. His habit and his temperament all his life has been to put his whole force into the business he might have in hand; and when he became engaged in the business and controversies of that Company, they were im- portant enough to command both his time and all his strength. As the plans of the Company expanded, so did the demands upon his time and ability expand, and when it was determined to extend the road through Indiana to Chi- cago, and obtain the necessary legislation in that State and Illinois, the demands upon his time became so great and im- perative that he was gradually drawn away from the regular practice of his profession in Michigan. He became a devotee to railway law and business. The history of the legislative contests and litigation both in Indiana and Illinois would be very interesting, but can not be detailed here. The legisla- tion was had, and the road was built in connection with the Illinois Central Railroad to Chicago in 1852. But there was much litigation connected with the entrance of the Illinois Central into Chicago, and that company required the aid of Mr. Joy and employed him in that litigation. It lasted for a considerable time, but was successfully met and car- ried through. It had become necessary for him, however, to relinquish his practice at Detroit and devote himself to rail- way law and litigation. It was profitable enough, but it was simply an intervening step from the bar to a railway life and business. He has for many years felt that he should not have taken the first step, but should have remained a law- yer at the bar, adhering strictly to the profession. He had been engaged in many important legal controversies, but the I (m& J kM CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 45 last, as well as perhaps the most important, was that of George C. Bates against the Illinois Central and the Michigan Central Railroad Companies at Chicago, involving the title to all their station grounds in that city, and was an exceed- ingly interesting one for two or three reasons. The plaintiff had employed the son of Judge McLean, before whom the case was to be tried, as the lawyer who should manage the case. Mr. Stanton, afterwards President Lincoln's Secre- tary of War, was one of counsel for him. The leading mem- bers of the bar at Chicago were associate counsel for him in the trial. The basis of the action rested upon the following facts: In the early days of Chicago, before the harbor was built by the Government, the Chicago River, at its mouth, ran south for more than a mile below where the harbor now is. Outside of the river, and between it and the lake, was a wide sand-bar. This bar had been platted into city lots, and contained a good many acres of land. The Government excavated a channel across it, and built its piers directly through it into the lake. As the pier was extended the southward current (produced by the winds on the west side of the hike running south past the end of the pier) caused an eddy on the south side, which began to wear away this sand-bar, and in the course of six or eight years it en- tirely disappeared. When the Illinois and Michigan Cen- tral Companies reached Chicago they located their station grounds in the lake exactly where this sand-bar had been, deposited earth upon it, raised it above water, and erected freight and passenger houses upon the ground so made. Mr. Bates bought up the titles to the lots and property located on the sand-bar, and brought a suit to recover the grounds. A very interesting, important question then arose as to who really owned this land. Mr. Joy took the position that when the water had gradually worn away the land, all private titles went with it, and that when it all had disappeared under the water, all private ownership to it, however perfect it had been, was lost, and that the railway companies, having oc- cupied the site under the authority of the State, and filled it up, were the legal owners. The litigation as to its owner- ship was long and complicated. It was twice tried by and finally settled by the United States Supreme Court, the posi- tion of Mr. Joy being sustained. The value of the property involved was about two million dollars. It is a curious fact that the law relative to riparian rights is based upon a de- cision made at Rome in the time of Augustus by Trebatius, a learned Praetor to whom Horace addressed one of his satires. The principles of the decision of Trebatius were adopted by the English courts, and its authority prevailed in the Chicago case, which is one of great celebrity. But from his duties as lawyer and counsel of railway companies he was gradually drawn into their management, first as di- rector and then as president, and afterwards he became prominent in extending their connections west and south- west. *"Mr. Joy now became extensively identified with the railway interests of the country, and was largely engaged in extending their lines west and south-west from Chicago. He organized, and for many years was at the head of, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company. Under his charge it was planned and constructed to Quincy and Omaha. The country through which it passed was rich, but largely undeveloped ; but soon after the road was built it was rapidly settled, and the enterprise, all the time lie was connected with it, was the most successful ami profitable to its security-holders of any similar enterprise in the coun- try, and it has been good property ever since. The rail- road from Kansas City to the Indian Territory is one among many enterprises of the kind that he promoted. With other inducements to build it was a tract of eight hundred thou- sand acres, called the neutral lands, belonging to the Chero- kee Indians. These lands, by a treaty between the Senate, the Indian Nation, and himself, Mr. Joy purchased. The road was to be built through them. They were, to some ex- tent, occupied by lawless squatters, who undertook to pre- vent the construction of the road unless Mr. Joy would give them the lands they occupied. Their demands led to vio- lence; the engineers of the road were driven off, and ties and timber designed for it were burned. It was only through the aid of two cavalry companies of United States troops, stationed there by the Government, that he was enabled to complete the road. He also built the first bridge across the Missouri River at Kansas City, and the building of the biidge gave a great impetus to the progress of that now large and prosperous city. While he had been acting as counsel for the Michigan Central Railroad Company, he be- came connected with the project of building the Sault St. Mary's Canal. The Government had granted the State of Michigan seven hundred and fifty thousand acres of land to aid in its construction. The grant was several years old, and various attempts had been made to induce parties to take the land and build it. They had all failed. About 1857, Mr. Joy, in connection with J. W. Brooks, then man- aging the Michigan Central, concluded to undertake the work. The requisite legislation was secured, and the two organized a company to undertake the enterprise, and a con- tract was made with the authorities of the State to build it, and take the land in payment. The work was undertaken, and within two years from the date of the contract the first ship canal between Lake Superior and the St. Mary's River was completed, and the advantages of the route thus opened are not second to those afforded by the more celebrated, but not more useful, Suez Canal. After having been several years connected with roads farther west, Mr. Joy, about 1867, returned to Michigan and became president of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, which had many years before employed him as its counsel. The great Civil War was over, and the country was beginning to spring forward to new life. Not much progress had been made in railroads in Michigan for ten years. The Michigan Central was an iron instead of a steel road. Its equipment was about the same it had been ten years before, but its business had in- creased very hugely, and it was necessary that it be rebuilt with steel rails and newly equipped. It was equally desir- able to so shape and control the railway construction of the State, that it should be the least detrimental to, and most promote the interests of, the Michigan Central, which was by far the most important road in the State. In accordance with his plans, the Michigan Central was rebuilt, largely double- tracked, and every department renewed and enlarged and made adequate to the demands of the times. This was done at great cost, steel rails then costing in gold something more than one hundred and thirty dollars per ton. During these years, Mr. Joy aided in building, and finally obtained control of, the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Road, from Jackson to Saginaw and Mackinac, and also of the road from Jackson to (hand Rapids. He also raised the money for and built the Detroit and Bay City Railroad, in order to secure the best connection between Detroit and the northern part of the 4 6 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. State by connection with the road to .Mackinac All these lines were secured for the Michigan Central, thus continuing its prestige as the most important road in Michigan. While they promote the interest of the country through which they run, these several roads have also largely contributed to build up the city of Detroit. Meantime the parties who had undertaken to build the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Road, failed in their effort. Mr. Joy then took up the enterprise, raised the money, built the road, and it has become an im- portant element in the prosperity both of the State and city. Several other enterprises, valuable to the State and the West, are also the result of his efforts and of his ability to com- mand capital. The last public enterprise with which he has been connected was the effort to secure a connection with the Wabash system of railroads for Detroit, and provide ade- quate station buildings and grounds in Detroit for its busi- ness. In furtherance of the object he, with Messrs. C. H. Buhl, Allan Shelden, James McMillan, R. A. Alger, and John S. Newberry, of Detroit, furnished most of the money with which to build the road from Detroit to Logansport, and Messrs. Joy, Buhl, Shelden, McMillan, and Newberry built the De- troit Union Depot and Station Grounds, and the railroad through the western part of the city connecting with the Wabash Road. These local facilities are now partly leased to the Wabash Company, and furnish adequate grounds, freight- house, and elevator for the accommodation of the busi- ness of Detroit in connection with that railway." He also planned the Fort Street Union Depot Company, and suc- ceeded in uniting several railroad companies to join in the enterprise, which is opening the door for the entrance and accommodation of several railroads built and to be built east, west, and south, perhaps as important an enterprise for the interests of the city as even the Michigan Central Com- pany, whose interests he has done so much to promote. *"It rarely happens that a few men, such as Mr. Joy and his as- sociates, are able and willing to hazard so much in promoting the interests of the city and State in which they live. Mr. Joy's life has been a very busy and useful one, and of great advantage to Detroit and Michigan, and to the city of Chicago and the country west as well. Few men have had it in their power for so many years to guide and direct the investment of so large an amount of capital. Although Mr. Joy has led so active a life, and been engaged in so many and important enterprises, he has not neglected mental rec- reation and improvement, but has at all times kept up his early acquaintance with the ancient classics, and with those of modern times as well. His large library contains the choicest literature of both ancient and modern times, in- cluding all the Latin and French and English classics. His chief recreation in all his busy life has been in his library, and his case is a rare instance of a busy life closely connected with books, not only in his own, but in foreign and dead languages. He has been often heard to say that he would willingly give Ji.ooo, for the lost books of either Livy or Tacitus. He attributes much of the freshness of his mind, and even much of his health, to his recreation in his library. Notwithstanding he is nearing fourscore, his health is robust, and his faculties all seem as perfect as at any time in his life. His strength holds good, and he is, per- haps as active and vigorous in business as at any time in his career. He has had the happy faculty of always putting business out of his mind when the hour for business was past, and has never carried his cares home with him. In his long life he his met with many and large losses ; but it is believed that, however great they may have been, there never was an evening when he would not lose all thought of them in reading the pages of some favorite author. He is a man of regular habits ; has never used tobacco in any form, and has never been in the habit of drinking anything stronger than coffee and tea. During most of his life he has been in the habit of taking exercise for an hour or two each day, and his favorite method is walking. He has never sought political honors ; but when it became evident that there was to be a great civil war, he was elected to the Legislature. He accepted the position and aided in preparing the State for the part it was to take in that great contest. He was in old times a Whig, but in time became a member of the Free- Soil party, and afterwards an earnest Republican. Mr. Joy has been twice married. The name of his first wife was Martha Alger Reed. She was the daughter of Hon. John Reed, of Yarmouth, Massachusetts, who was a member of Congress for several years, and served also as lieutenant- governor of that State. The maiden name of his second wife was Mary Bourne, who was a resident of Hartford, Connecticut. The children of Mr. Joy are as follows: Sarah R., wife of Dr. Edward W. Jenks ; Martha A., wife of Henry A. Newland ; James, Frederick, Henry B., and Richard Pickering Joy." -From Farmer's " History of Detroit " THOMAS MERRILL, of Saginaw, is one of the hon- ored citizens for whom Michigan is indebted to the State of Maine. He was born in Carmel, Maine, April 13, 181 5. His father, Davis Merrill, was a native of Falmouth, Maine, and his mother, Asenath Prince, first saw the light in Yar- mouth, in the same State. His father being a farmer, his early education, like that of nearly all New England's farmer boys, was limited. He remained with his father until his twenty-fifth year, when he purchased a farm of his own. He cultivated the farm, and also worked at lumbering, until 1850, when he exchanged his farm for a saw-mill. This mill he operated, and also engaged in lumbering transactions for the succeeding three years. On the 16th of June, 1853, he was married to Miss Maria Benjamin, of Newport, Maine, and in October of the same year he disposed of his mill property, and made a visit to the pine regions of Michigan. Returning to Maine the following summer, he purchased a farm near Bangor, and apparently settled down to the life of a farmer; but the sound of the breezes through the Michigan pines still rang in his ears, and in 1856 he sold his farm and returned to Michigan, locating on Pine River, Gratiot County, and com- menced lumbering with Charles Merrill, of Detroit. In the spring of 1862 he came to Saginaw, where he has since re- sided. In 1864 he entered into a partnership with Cyrus Woodman, of Boston, and Henry Corwith, of Chicago. The firm purchased a large tract of pine-lands on Tobacco River, and Mr. Merrill, in sole charge of the business, began lumbering both for the firm and on his individual account. The copartnership formed in 1864 was a long, pleasant, and profitable one. and lasted until 1882, in which year all the cut and uncut lands of the firm were sold, and the partner- ship dissolved. He was warmly commended by his partners for the successful management of this business, and rightly so, for during all these years not a dollar had been lost in any important project. In recent years Mr. Merrill has t^^/7 c/nLzt^-iytt CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 47 interested himself in various projects both in the newer pine regions of Michigan and Wisconsin and also those of the Pacific coast, having purchased in 1882, in company with Abel A. Brockway, tracts of timber-land in Washington Ter- ritory. Mr. Merrill has always been a public-spirited man, and among the many good things to his credit is a hand- some block of buildings known as the Merrill Block, with which he has adorned the city of his residence. In poli- tics he was formerly a Democrat, though not an active poli- tician and never an office-seeker, but lately he has joined the ranks of the Prohibitionists. In religion he is a Presbyterian and an elder in the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Merrill lias been a successful man in his pursuits, and success at the present time necessarily implies the possession of intelligence, energy, industry, and kindred qualities. A discriminating friend has said of him, " He has acquired his wealth with the least hindrance to others of any man whom I ever knew." A page of flattering comment would do less to give an ade- quate impression of the man than the short and simple, but pregnant and truthful sentence. He is kind-hearted, a gen- erous giver, and universally respected by his neighbors and fellow-citizens. HORACE BUTTERS, lumberman, of Ludington, Mason County, was born August 16, 1833, at Exeter, Maine. His father, Sewell Butters, was a native of that State, and was in the lumber business there for many years. He died in 1877, at the age of seventy-two years. His wife was Rhoda, daughter of John Robbins, a farmer. They had six children, of whom four were boys, our subject being the second son. He attended the common schools near his father's home up to eleven years of age, when he left home to make his own way in the world. He was employed for about four years on a farm, and subsequently engaged in logging on the Penobscot River. In 1851 he came West, and going to Man- istee, entered the employ of J. & A. Stronach, lumber manu- facturers. Two years later he had charge of one of their lumber-camps, and in the following spring engaged in log- ging on his own account, thence gradually working his way along and extending his operations as his capital increased. In 1874 he leased a saw-mill at Fieesoil, which he operated three years. The firm of H. Butters & Co. was organized in 1877, a "d a shingle-mill was built at Ludington and oper- ated by 1 hem. This mill was subsequently sold to Smith & Foley. In the fall of 1878 the firm name was changed to Butters, Peters & Co., composed of the subject of tills sketch, Mr. R. G. Peters, of Manistee, who comprised the old firm, and Walter S. Goff (now deceased), of Manistee, Michigan. A large tract of pine-lands in Sherman and Branch Townships, Mason County, was purchased; the town of Tallman was laid out, and a sawmill built there, and the firm commenced the manufacture of lumber. Four years later the firm purchased the Carder & Filer plant, situated on the south end of Pert- Marquette Lake; and in 1884, when the mill at Tallman was destroyed by fire, they enlarged and improved the former mill, and have since manufactured their lumber there ex- clusively. In this work the firm invested $150,000, increas- ing the capacity of the saw-mill, and putting in an extensive salt-block. They have three wells, producing one thousand barrels of salt per day. The mill now has a capacity of one hundred and fifty thousand feet of lumber and five hundred thousand shingles per day, and has in connection a complete machinery-repair shop. Their timber is brought to the mill by a narrow-gauge railroad— the Mason andOceana Railroad — twenty-seven miles in length, owned by the firm, who also own two large supply stores, one at each end of the railroad, which, together, handle #100,000 worth of goods an- nually. On February 21, 1887, the business was organized into a joint-stock company under the title of the Butters & Peters Salt and Lumber Company, of which Mr. Butters is the president. They own about seventy-five million feet of standing pine in Michigan, situated principally in Oceana and Mason Counties, and are also the owners of a steam- barge having a carrying capacity of four hundred thousand feet of lumber. In 1888, the Enterprise Land and Lumber Company of North Carolina was organized and incorpo- rated, Mr. Butters being elected its president, and this Com- pany own one hundred thousand acres of land, thickly grown with pine and cypress, in the State of North Carolina. They are now engaged in building a canal twenty-seven miles in length, to facilitate the hauling^of this timber. While manufacturing lumber at Freesoil, Mr. Butters's atten- tion was directed to the laborious and costly methods in use up to that time for log skidding and loading, and, bringing his inventive faculties to his aid, he finally invented and patented a machine to do this work at a much less cost than the old methods; it is known as the "Horace Butters Pat- ent Steam Skidder." The machine is a most complete one for the purpose, the only drawback to its being universally adopted by lumbermen being its necessarily high price. Each machine complete costs $5,000, and, notwithstanding this, and the fact that they have only been in the market a few years, there are already about thirty of them now- (1889) in use, California having three, Arkansas three, and Wis- consin and Michigan a majority of the balance. The But- ters & Peters Salt and Lumber Company now own the pat- ent, having purchased it from the inventor. The machine has met Mr. Butters's highest expectations, and gives the ut- most satisfaction to' all who are using it. . Mr. Butters was married, January 1, 1853, to Miss Mary, daughter of Francis Norman, Esq., one of Michigan's pioneer lumbermen. She is a lady of most estimable social qualities, an entertainer whose friends are always sure of a cordial welcome, and en- joying the esteem of all who appreciate thought and care for others, by her generous and happy interest in those sur- rounding her. Their family of seven children have, with two exceptions, attained their majority. Mr. Butters has man; friends and few (if any) enemies, being possessed of a genial, affable nature, and yet has been so wholly devoted to the management of his large business interests that, although a firm and earnest member of the Republican party, he has found no time to take an active part in politics. He early developed a capacity for the management of a great busi- ness, and his purchase in 1878 of the pine-lands which still supply their mill with logs, was shortly afterwards referred to as showing a sagacity and foresightedness which few busi- ness men possess. He resides with his family in Ludington, and, as head of the Butters & Peters Salt and Lumber Company, lias won an enviable reputation as a good man- ager and successful business gentleman. A friend of his, wlxi has known him and been associated with him for many years, speaks as follows: "Mr. Butters may be considered as the typical business man, deriving both pleasure and profit from the management of the well-conducted business of which he is the head. He is universally respected for his honorable and fair dealing. Any business project having 4 8 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. for its object the employment of labor and the upbuilding of the city in which he lives, always finds in him a warm sup- poiter. Having himself advanced from a small beginning, he may be said truly to be the laboring-man's friend, his ear and his purse being always open to every worthy enterprise for their advancement, as to every worthy object of charity." HON. ALLEN B. MORSE, of Ionia, Associate Jus- tice ot the Supreme Court of Michigan, was born in Otisco, Ionia County. Michigan, January 7, 1839. His parents, John L. and Susan (Cowles) Morse, h;id nine children, of whom A. li. was the eldest. John L. Morse was one of the first settlers in Ionia County, where he held various township offices, and for twelve years was Judge of Probate and a member of the State Legislature. He removed to Iowa in 1866, where he has been judge, auditor, and member of As- sembly. Allen B. as a boy excelled in mathematics, botany, and English literature. After a two years' course at the Agricultural College, he, in the spring of i860, took up the study of the law. On the outbreak of the Civil War he en- listed (in 1861) in the Sixteenth Michigan Infantry. In De- cember, 1863, he was transferred to the Twenty-first Regiment, and after the battle of Chickamauga was made acting assist- ant adjutant-general on the staff of Colonel F. T. Sherman, in Sheridan's army. At the storming of Mission Ridge he lost an arm. He took part in the battles of Hanover Court House, Gaines' Mill, Manassas, Antielam, Chickamauga, as well as many skirmishes. On retiring from the staff he re- ceived the following testimonials: " Head-quarters First Brigade, Second Division,') "Fourth Armv Corps, "Camp LaIBOLD, East Tennessee, February 9, 1864. J '• To whom it may concern: The undersigned takes great pleasure in bearing testimony to the ability and bravery of Lieutenant A. B. Morse, adjutant of the Twenty-first Michigan Infantry Volunteers. Lieutenant Morse was, by my order, de- tailed as acting assistant adjutant-general of my brigade, and was selected by me for this responsible position because of his peculiar fitness and ability to discharge the duties which would devolve upon him. Ever at the post of duty, either in the office or in the field, he won the esteem and confidence of his superior officers, and the love and respect of his juniors. I respectfully recommend him 10 ihe consideration of his country and govern- ment for any position in the invalid corps which he may desire. " F. T. Sherman, "Col. 88th III. Inf. Vols., com'd'g Brigade." "First Lieutenant A. B. MORSE, Ionia, Michigan." " Hbad-quarters Second Division, Fourth Armv Corps,) Loudon, Tenn., February n, 1864. ] " I take great pleasure in approving the wishes and recom- mendations of Colonel Sherman. Lieutenant Morse, while in my division, proved himself an able, efficient, and gallant officer ; and was wounded while leading his men in the storming of Mission Ridge. 1'. II. SHERIDAN, Major-General." On returning home to Ionia he resumed his study of law, ,ni(l entered upon its practice in February, 1865. In the following year he was elected prosecuting attorney, and in 1874 was the Democratic candidate for State senator, and was, in a strong Republican district, elected by a majority of two thousand two hundred and eleven votes. In the Senate he was chairman of the Military Committee, and a member of the Committee on State Affairs and Constitutional Amendments. In 1878 he was a candidate on the Demo- cratic ticket for attorney-general. In 1880 he was a dele- gate to the Democratic National Convention that nominated General Hancock for the Presidency. In 1882 he was elected mayor of Ionia. In 1885 he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan by a majority of 29,931 votes, and was the same year appointed chief-justice by Governor R. A. Alger to fill vacancy from October 1, 1885, to January 1, 1886, and took his seat under his election on January 1, 1886. On November 25, 1874, he was married to Frances Marion, daughter of George VV. Van Allen. The fruit of this marriage was two sons and two daughters. Mis. Morse died on October 29, 1884. On December 12, 1888, Judge Morse was married to Miss Anna Babcock, daughter of Lucius Babcock, of Ionia. A gentleman who stand high in the legal profession in Michigan pays the fol- lowing tribute: "Judge Morse impresses a stranger very much as a kind face affects .1 child in whom it has inspired feelings of confidence and respect. Medium in stature and active in movement, his countenance, open and always frank, is an accurate index to the genuine democracy of his nature, which seems to say in the language of the definition of Theodore Parker, not ' I am as good as you are,' but ' V'ou are as good as I am ;' a man of simple but refined tastes, ever thoughtful of others and most unmindful of self, whose- chief aim through life has been to be right. An apt student of nature, an earnest observer of men, as approachable on the bench as in the wood or fields, his talents have been equal to every opportunity of his life ; as a student, earnest ; as a soldier, courageous, competent, loyal, and with a record of which any man might be justly proud ; as a lawyer, painstaking, zealous, and just ; as an advocate, eloquent, logical, and convincing ; while, .is .1 pidge, his keen sense of justice and devotion to principle have enabled him lo achieve a success beyond the most sanguine expectations of his fiiends, and earned for him a character as a jurist such as but few obtain. And it should, in justice, be said of him, that while in general adherent and deferent to precedent, yet he never hesitates to ignore a precedent when its observance in a par- ticular case would work practical injustice. Nor will he ever shrink from abandoning what may have been considered established law, when, in the light of a better and wider thought on the subject, the supposed piinciple should be modified or no longer adhered to. His leading character- istic, that which has contributed most to his success, is his earnestness and ability to apply his whole force to the work in hand. To whatever position he may be called in life, he is certain of that support which flows from an extended and earnest friendship, and to experience the satisfaction which is sure to follow a conscientious discharge of duty, and in the end to hear the words that shall be his crown : " Well done." Colonel De Witt C. Gage, of Last Saginaw, was born in Bellona, Yates County, New York, August 28, 1820, and died at his home in East Saginaw, August 1, 1887. His ancestry are of English descent, but the family had re- sided in this country for several generations. His father, Martin Gage, was a native of Massachusetts, and one of the early settlers of Croton, New York. He married Abigail, daughter of Nathan Rockwell, a prominent farmer of Cats- kill. De Witt C. Gage's early advantages were those which most boys of that day and region possessed. In winter he attended the district school, and during the summer vaca- tions assisted his father in the store or upon the farm. In his eighteenth year he was sent to Lima to attend the acad- emy at that place, and spent a year at that institution. He was the oldest of a family of eight children — seven boys and one girl. When twenty years of age, his father died, and the management of his father's estate, consisting of a store and CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 49 a large amount of fanning lands, devolved largely upon him, until its settlement and division, which took nearly four years. In 1844, Colonel Gage married Catharine A. Glover, a daughter of Judge James Glover, of Auburn, New York, and by her had three children, all of whom survive him — William G. Gage, an attorney of East Saginaw ; Henry T. Gage, an attorney, of Los Angeles, California, and James D. Gage, of East Saginaw. In the division of his father's es- tate, Colonel Gage received a farm situated at Italy Hill, Yates County, New York; and upon that farm he and his bride lived for two years, when he removed to Gorham, On- tario County, and, forming a copartnership with Stephen M. Whittaker, his brother-in-law, was engaged in a general mercantile business for three years. Having little taste for farming or a purely mercantile calling, he decided to enter the legal profession; and with that object in view, he entered the law office of the late Judge Folger as a student, com- menced the study of law, and was admitted to the bar at the age of thirty-one. He practiced law three years with Judge Folger, and during this period was appointed by Gov- ernor William H. Seward, colonel of a militia regiment, and bore the honor of the title through life. At the commence- ment of his practice he was distinguished for his activity and aggressiveness, and his prospects of success in his profes- sion were flattering. There is no particular reason known why Colonel Gage did not remain permanently at Geneva unless it was that the spirit of enterprise and adventure, which for centuries had led his ancestors to turn their faces and direct their steps westward, was too strong to be re- sisted, so that to the West he must perforce go. We know that he decided at this time to make his permanent home some- where in the West. He traveled through Iowa, Illinois and Michigan, and other Western States, prospecting, and finally determined, with wise foresight, to settle in the Saginaw Valley. He came to East Saginaw in 1855, opening imme- diately a law office, and entering upon the active practice of his profession, which he followed uninterruptedly until his death. He at once took a prominent position at the Saginaw bar, which then possessed the reputation which it has since maintained for the ability, learning, and character of its members. A lucrative practice, economy, and safe and wise investments of his earnings, gave him ultimately a very con- siderable fortune. Mrs. Gage died in October, 1882, and after her death, Colonel Gage's friends noticed that he began to age very rapidly. On Friday, July 29, 1887, he had a severe bilious attack; but, with his wonted energy and de- termination, he visited his law office late Saturday afternoon. There he was taken worse, and was obliged to be taken home, where he died the next day. The compass of this article does not permit a detailed narrative of Colonel Gage's life, or so much indeed as a notice of all the positions of honor and trust which he held. In 1857 and 1859 he was the private secretary of Kinsley S. Bingham, the first Repub- lican governor of the State. Under President Lincoln he held the office of postmaster of East Saginaw. In 1880 he was appointed by Governor Croswell, Judge of the Saginaw Circuit Court, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge William S. Tennant. In all these and various other official positions held by him, his administration was char- acterized by the promptness, fidelity, and care with which public responsibilities and duties were met and discharged. Such were the prominent events in the life of this man ; but their mere enumeration gives little insight into his real and true personality. For more than thirty years Colonel De Witt C. Gage was one of the conspicuous characters of East Saginaw. Under medium height, and of slight build, his quirk, active, and energetic movements indicated to the most casual observer a person of character, possessing energy and ability, coupled with strong and marked personal character- istics. This first impression was strengthened and confirmed upon personal contact and acquaintance. Whoever met him in private life, in business relations, at the bar in the practice of his profession, or in public assemblies, at once felt his power and influence, and realized that he had posi- tive ideas and convictions, which he was ready to urge and defend without hesitation, and with no thought of compro- mise, with all the ardor of a Knight Errant, and all the zeal and faith of an anchorite. Never a fluent or a polished ora- tor, he always had at his command vigorous and energetic Anglo-Saxon words to express his ideas, that bore to the ear an echo from the clashing shields of his Saxon ancestry. Caring little for a mere militia display of arguments, he armed his thoughts with true, direct, and epigrammatic lan- guage, and with fixed bayonets moved straight upon the enemy's position. He did not always dislodge his foe, but he never failed to force the fighting in the enemy's trenches. And his candor, earnestness, and zeal, strengthened and sustained by the knowledge and mastery he had of his topic, was certain to command attention and respect, and seldom failed to gain adherents. One of the most potent causes of Colonel Gage's success at the bar was the painstaking and thorough preparation he gave to his cases. He never rested until he had mastered the law and the facts, and upon the trial of a cause was seldom surprised by the introduction of unforeseen testimony or the citation of unexamined authori- ties. Indeed, so minute and careful was his preparation that he was sometimes criticised for being apparently incumbered with details, which made the trial drag, to the weariness of the court and jury. In his public life he was distinguished for his adherence to the rights of the public. Practicing economy in his private expenditures and in the management of his private business, he could not brook extravagance and waste in the conduct of public affairs. While on the bench he made not a few enemies by his endeavors to cut down the expenses of the court by a rapid dispatch of business. As evidence that he did this from principle, it is known that when his friends urged him to take the office of Circuit Judge, made vacant by the resignation of Judge Tennant, he replied to them that he did not think it advisable for him to take the position ; that by nature he was neither suave nor pliable ; that he had very decided opinions as to how the office of Circuit Judge should be filled and the court con- ducted; that he could not change them, and must necessa- rily be governed by them if he held the position ; that they were not in every respect in harmony with the present methods with which the bar were familiar, and he felt that the innovations which he must make would not at first meet the approval of the bar, and that before the bar became ac- customed to him and his ways the short term would expire, and that he would fail of an election for the full term. His prophecy proved true ; but during the short time he was on the bench he succeeded in so stamping his individual charac- teristics upon the court that his term of office will long be held in remembrance. While Colonel Gage was never a popular idol — could not be indeed, since he lacked the dis- position to quietly yield to popular clamor — yet, in private 5° CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. life, lie was a genial, social gentleman, abounding in hospi- tality. Coming to East Saginaw when it was a mere hamlet, he did his full share to gain for that city the wide-spread reputation it enjoys for the generosity and hospitality of its citizens. A generous, affable, and entertaining host, the memory of many a pleasant, social gathering at his home lingers in the recollection of his fellow-townsmen. And what Colonel Gage was to his friend and guest, he was to the young. No one at the Saginaw bar was more willing or more generous of time and labor in assisting a young prac- titioner. He was especially fond of children, and scores of men in the city, now in the prime of manhood, cherish his name and memory as of one who aided, assisted, and be- friended them in their youth. From the organization of the Republican party, Colonel Gage was prominent and active in its councils in the State and the Saginaw Valley. A pro- nounced, bold, and aggressive partisan, possessing superb nerve, rare executive and organizing abilities, so long as he was a leading and controlling spirit in the Republican party in Saginaw County, that party was triumphant; but during the last years of his life he did very little active political work. HON. FRANCIS B. STOCKBRIDGE, of Kalamazoo, United States senator from Michigan, was born in Bath, Maine, on the 9th day of April, 1826. He comes from good old New England stock ; that stock that has so impressed itself for good on the entire country — sturdy and honest, with its high sense of honor and integrity. His father, Dr. John Stockbridge, was prominent as a practicing physician in Bath for fifty years, and his mother, Eliza Stockbridge, was the daughter of John Russell, the veteran editor of the Boston Gazette. Francis B. Stockbridge received his educa- tion in the common schools and academy of his native town, until he reached the age of sixteen, when he became a clerk in a dry-goods store in Boston. There he remained until 1847, when he came west, to Chicago, where, in connection with another gentleman, he opened a lumber-yard, under the firm name of Carter & Stockbridge. In making this move he decided the work of his entire after-life. From this time onward his interests as a lumber merchant gradually widened until he became one of the most prominent in the North- west. In 1853 he removed from Chicago to Allegan County, Michigan, where he had a number of saw-mills. Locating at Saugatuck, he remained there until 1874, when he re- moved to Kalamazoo, where he has since resided. The year of his removal to Saugatuck, he became connected with O. R. Johnson & Co., whose mills then turned out about twenty million feet of lumber per year. Shortly afterwards he became a member of the Mackinac Lumber Company, of about the same capacity, and in 1875 was elected pres- ident of the company Three years later he founded, and became president of, the Black River Lumber Company. In 1887 he organized the Kalamazoo Spring and Axle Com- pany, of which he is president. He is a member of the Fort Bragg Lumber Company, of California; a large owner of Mississippi pine-lands; a leading stockholder in the Meno- minee iron-mines of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and largely interested in the S. A. Browne & Co. stock-breeding farm, near Kalamazoo. During the war, though not in active service, he served on Governor Blair's staff, gaining the rank of colonel. In 1869 he was elected to represent Allegan County in the State Legislature, and, after com- pleting his term, was elected to the State Senate, where he served until 1873. In both Houses he was distinguished for his tact as an organizer and manager, and his ability in committee work of every form. He has been engaged in several political campaigns, in which his reputation as a manager and a man of keen business ability has been clearly demonstrated, adding to his reputation and the esteem of his colleagues. In 1887 he was elected, with but little oppo- sition, to succeed the Hon. Omar D. Conger in the United States Senate. Here, as elsewhere, his practical ability has made itself manifest. He served with distinguished ability on several of the Senate committees — on the Committee on Fish- eries, of which he was chairman ; the Committee on Census, the Committee on Epidemic Diseases, the Committee on Indian Affairs, and the Committee on Railroads and Naval Affairs. Though never known as a politician, and much less a mere party politician, he is a Republican of the most pronounced type, who has ever labored for the best interests of his party, when he has found himself able to do so. The senator was married in 1863 to Miss Betsy Arnold, of Gun Plains, Alle- gan County, Michigan, the estimable daughter of Daniel Arnold, Esq., one of the pioneers of the State. Their social and domestic relations have ever been of the most pleasant. At the Federal Capital, as at their Michigan home, they are honored members of the highest and most select society circles. In the enjoyment of an ample competence, as the result of wise and well-directed commercial enterprises, the senator freely indulges his natural tastes for elegant litera- ture and valuable works of art. He is also a great lover of the animate in nature, and his eye is keen in admiration of the points of a well-bred horse. In the raising of fine stock he probably rinds one of his greatest sources of pleasure. With all of his manifold business interests, the time and at- tention devoted to political and government affairs, the de- mands of social life, we find him not unmindful of that higher life; for, as a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, he is one of the vestrymen, and actively and promi- nently connected with all charitable and Church matters. He is president of the Kalamazoo Children's Home, a most useful and worthy charity ; and to these good causes he gives freely of his means. In October of 1887 we find him as one of three gentlemen who gave thirteen thousand dol- lars toward carrying on the work of the Kalamazoo College. The following addenda has been written by one who knows the senator well, and has been able to watch his course throughout : " He is known among his friends as a genial, affable gentleman; he is popular with all classes, and with none more so than his own employees. As a business man, he accomplished a great deal for Kalamazoo and the various localities in the lumbering districts where he had interests, and later for the great State of which they form a part. A whole-souled, open-hearted and generous man, not a day passes in which he does not do some act of good or per- form some generous deed for others. Rank and station count as little in his eyes, a man being valued for what he accomplishes, and there is no one who is more open to the approach of the poorest and the humblest. He is not only a benefit to the various communities in which he has lived, but he is now of equal benefit to the State which he repre- sents in the Nation's highest legislative body. Personal in- terests in no way interfere with his duty to the public, whom he represents. He is exceedingly patient in listening to every argument advanced for or against a measure which iX>^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 5i may affect the public's interest, and displays great zeal in investigating the merits of any bill under discussion. When he has passed judgment he stands like a rock; the entreaties of his warmest and most trusted friends to change his opin- ion, when he knows he is in the right, fail to impress him in the least." In his case, business capacity, combined with industry, integrity and application, has once more told the tale of what may be achieved by the bright American boy who "hews close to the line" of right, and applies himself diligently. Hon. George Harmon Durand, lawyer, of the city of Flint, Genesee County, was born in Cobleskill, Schoharie County, New York, February 21, 1838, son of George H. and Margaret (McMillan) Durand, natives of the State of New York. His early education was obtained in the district school, and from his father he obtained a great deal of information. Subsequently he attended, for a short time, the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, at Lima, New York, and this ended his school career. In the fall of 1856 he came West, and obtained a position as teacher in a district school at Oxford, Oakland County, Michigan, where he re- mained the following winter. Having spent his early life on a farm, it was his intention to adopt the occupation of farming, but he was induced by a friend to commence the study of law. Coming at once to Genesee County, he met the late Colonel William M. Fenton, at that time one of the leading members of the Michigan bar, and under his super- vision, and part of the time in his office, he prosecuted his law studies. Dependent entirely upon his own efforts for pecuniary support, part of the time was devoted to outside work, and to this fact, perhaps, is due the development of that force of character, that confidence in himself and ability to overcome, which has since marked his course and con- tributed much to his success in life. In 1858 he was ad- mitted to the bar, and at once came to Flint, where he opened his office and commenced the practice of his profes- sion. From that time to the present he has continued his practice, except when, from time to time, he has been called upon to devote to the public welfare, in offices of public trust, a portion of the marked ability which distinguishes him as a lawyer, a statesman, and a citizen. The good judgment of his friend was soon affirmed; for the young lawyer, comparatively unknown, and compelled to rely solely upon himself, by his courteous manner, industry, clear perception, and correct judgment, rose steadily, and soon was classed among the ablest of his profession. His practice increasing year by year, and extending to other counties, made his name known throughout the State, and at the present time his law business may be classed among the largest and most remunerative, not only in Genesee County, but with that of any of the State's most prominent and successful attorneys. His first official position was that of director of the public schools of Flint, which he held for about ten years ; and during this time he was elected alder- man of one of the wards of the city. In 1873 he was elected mayor, and was re-elected to that office at the expiration of his first term. 1874 seems to have been a red-letter year in his calendar; for, while holding the office of mayor, he was doubly honored in being elected, first as the representative of the district in the National Congress, and shortly after- wards he was elected Grand Master of the Masonic fra- ternity in the State — a position of great honor in that order, and one that has been held with pride by a line headed by the renowned and historic Cass, and supplemented by a list of names noted for brainy and moral worth, and dis- tinguished in the world of intellectual greatness. His nom- ination as member of Congress by the Democratic party of the Sixth Congressional District was an unsought honor, and a surprise to Mr. Durand. Yet he is one of those men who do nothing by halves, and the result of the election testified not only to that fact, but still more to his popularity in the district. He was elected by a majority of 1,636 votes in a district that had, at the previous election, seated the Repub- lican nominee by a majority of nearly six thousand votes. During his term as a member of the Forty-fourth Congress, he served on the Committee on Commerce, and as chairman of that committee during the last session of the Congress. Mr. Durand's Congressional record, though brief, is one of which he and his numerous friends may justly be proud. Referring to his speech upon "Retrenchment and Finance," delivered in the House of Representatives, March 11, 1876, a correspondent of the Chicago Evening Journal writes as follows: "But the most practical speech of the debate, and the one calculated to do most good with the people, was by Mr. Durand, of Michigan. I have nowhere come across a better statement of the argument." The corre- spondence of the Lansing Journal contains the following with regard to the same effort: "I beg leave to commend this speech to the people of Michigan of all parties. It is one of the best that has been delivered in Congress for many a day, and, being upon a topic of the greatest prac- tical importance, it may well be carefully read and pondered by your people ; and I can say this with the more propriety, because I do not belong to Mr. Durand's party." Again, in a communication from the staff correspondent of a leading paper, appears the following commendation of Mr. Durand's efforts in favor of Michigan's interests in the River and Har- bor Bill: "The above sum of five hundred and thirty-seven thousand dollars comprises substantially all that Michigan demanded; and that, in the present era of economy and re- trenchment, she has been able to obtain so much, is mainly due to the efforts of Mr. Durand, who has labored, as I well know, indefatigably to secure to Michigan a proper recogni- tion of her claims as the ' Keystone Marine State.' " He was again nominated at the expiration of his term, this time by acclamation, and owes his defeat in the ensuing election to the fact that party lines were strictly drawn, and, the district being overwhelmingly Republican, that party elected their candidate. December S, 1875, he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the Lmited States. As Grand Master of the Free and Accepted Masons of the State, Mr. Durand delivered before the Grand Lodge addresses of the most able character, receiving the warm [approbation of the press and the fraternity — not only throughout the State, but elsewhere, as shown in the following, from the Louis- iana Masonic Grand Lodge Record, in speaking of one of his annual addresses : " This is one of the ablest and most interesting documents it has ever been our good fortune to peruse. Logical, learned, eloquent, and dignified, it chal- lenges the admiration and example of all who may be called upon to fill the Grand Master's chair." Possessed of a kindly disposition, a quick perception of what is good and true in his fellow-men, and in the highest degree of that suavity of manner which at once attaches to him all with whom he comes in contact, the younger men of his profes- 52 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. sion ever find in him a true and sympathetic friend, and one who has never failed them in an emergency, while for all suffering and unfortunate humanity his quick sympathy extends a ready hand and purse. Through all his long practice at the bar, il has been said by one who knows him well, he has never lost his temper ; and this fact is an illus- tration of his character, and the key to his immense popu- larity and social success. His personal attachments are strong and true, and to become once his friend is to remain always his friend. His literary tastes are keen and fine. Full of vivacity, and with a strong appreciation of the pleas- ures of social life, his society is much sought, and he is re- garded by his fellow-citizens as one of the most genial, kindly, and true men of the community in which he lives. His business standing is excellent, and- his counsel, in mat- ters of great moment, is sought by the leading business men of the vicinity, while his reputation as an eminent, honest, and successful lawyer extends over the entire State. Lewis Ransom Fiske, D. D , LL.D., President of Albion College, was born at Penfield, Monroe County, New York, December 24, 1825. His father, James Fiske, was born in New Hampshire, August 4, 1788. He was a cousin of the Hon. Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire, their mothers being sisters. The Fiske family came from England to America in 1637, and settled in Wenham, Essex County, Massachusetts. Mr. Fiske's mother's maiden name was Eleanor Ransom, who was born and raised on the Hud- son, opposite Poughkeepsie. In his boyhood Mr. Fiske at- tended the public schools, and spent .the school-year of 1845-46 in what was then Wesleyan Seminary, completing his preparation for college. In 1846 he entered the Michigan Uni- versity, at Ann Arbor, from which he was graduated in 1850. He immediately thereafter commenced the study of law, but abandoned it to accept a professorship, in ihe autumn of 1850, in the Wesleyan Seminary and Female Collegiate In- stitute. In early life, eager for an education, when a small boy, he formed a plan to get a college education, having in view the profession of the law. His public positions have been as follows: 1850 to 1853, professor of natural science in Albion College; 1853 to 1856, professor of natural science in the Michigan State Normal School; 1856 to 1863, profes- sor of chemistry in the Michigan State Agricultural College; 1863 to 1866, pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Jackson, Michigan ; 1866 to 1869, pastor of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church at Detroit; 1869 to 1872, pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Ann Arbor; 1872 to 1873, presiding elder on the Ann Arbor District; 1873 to 1876, pastor of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church at Detroit; 1876 to 1877, pastor of the Tabernacle Methodist Episcopal Church at Detroit; 1877 he became president of Albion College, which position he still retains. Under his presidency the attendance has increased threefold, and the institution has taken on new life. It has very rapidly gained in position, and has come to be known as one of the most progressive of our American colleges. A few years ago it boldly struck out on a new line of movement, placing in the order of study the modern languages before the ancient, modern history before ancient history, the empirical before the rational, and making instruction in science largely in- ductive. Other institutions of learning in the East and the West are beginning to follow the example thus set them. In all of these lliing-s Dr. Fiske receives the undivided sup- port of the Faculty and Board of Trustees. His administra- tion of the affairs of the college is regarded as eminently wise. He was four times elected member of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, sessions as follows: In 1872, in Brooklyn, New York; 1876, in Balti- more, Maryland; 1884, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; in 1888, in New York; and look a prominent position in these bodies. The degree of D.D. was conferred by Albion Col- lege in 1873, and LL.D. by Michigan University in 1879. During the years 1875-76-77 he was editior of the Michigan Christian Advocate. In political faith the Doctor is an Anti- Saloon Republican. His first wife was Elizabeth Spence, to whom he was married in 1852, who died in February, 1879. From this union ihere have been five sons and one daughter. To his second wife, Mrs. Helen M. Davis, he was married in 1880. One who knows the Doctor well, speaks of him as fol- lows: " Dr. Fiske is one of our strongest and most popular men. His character is spotless, his social and business stand- ing first-class in every particular. He is a ripe scholar, a pol- ished writer and speaker, a safe counselor, a popular college president, and a gentleman of wide influence and extended usefulness in every department of life. In physical appear- ance he is above medium height, well proportioned, striking in countenance, with full white beard and hair, dignified in bearing, well-dressed, and in every word and movement be- speaking the perfect Christian gentleman that he is.' 1 SANFORD KEELER, of East Saginaw. A list of the eminent, or even prominent, people of Michigan, which omitted the men who were pioneers in the development of those industries which have given the State such a high rank in the sisterhood of States, would not only be incomplete in it- self, but would be as unjust as it would be incorrect. As has often been related, Northern Michigan, in the early days of emigration from the eastern portion of the country, was not only deemed an inhospitable wilderness, but even the maps of the time described the entire upper peninsula (or at least the lower half of it) as a mass of swamps, unfit for human settlement. It required much moral courage, therefore, for men to breast not only unknown physical dangers, but to risk the fevers incident to such a region. It demanded abil- ity of the highest kind to surmount these various difficulties ; it required a peculiar talent, too, to develop the vast re- sources for which this section of Michigan has become famous. The men who bored for salt in those days, and who did not give up the task until success crowned their efforts, have never had their reward. Now, when the annual, or even daily, product of that article has assumed such magnitude as to create wonder in this rapid age, it is not easy to recall the struggles and efforts of those early believ- ers. Next in importance, as a factor in the miraculous growth of cities and villages in all the region to which al- lusion is here made, was the introduction of the railroad, and a history of the arduous undertaking of establishing the first railway system in Saginaw County would be entertain- ing reading to this generation, who see now only accom- plished facts, and accept them as not only necessary, but as natural results. To attempt a history of such events, and to single out individuals, here and there, as being entitled to credit for having aided in effecting such momentous changes, may seem like making an invidious distinction ; and yet it would not be just to pass all these men by with- out mention. It is the design, therefore, in this brief paper, € CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 53 to give a sketch of the life of one who has performed his part well, in whatever capacity he has been employed, not claiming for him all, or even much, of the praise — for he is far from claiming it for himself —but simply to show what one man can do in aid of any great undertaking. Sanford Keeler, the subject of this sketch, was born in Union, Broome County, New York, December 21, 1837. His parents were of New England birth, his father being a native of Norwich, Connecticut, and his mother a resident of Holyoke, Massa- chusetts. His educational facilities were confined to the dis- trict school near his home in Union until his fourteenth year, when he was sent to Fay's Academy, at Poughkeepsie, where he remained for two years. At the expiration of this term, he then being sixteen years old, he engaged with his uncle to work on a farm, and this service lasted for two more years. Then, in October, 1855, he removed to East Sag- inaw, Michigan, whither his father, with his family, had pre- ceded him. His first step towards a profession proved an important movement with him, as it colored all of his future life. He entered into an apprenticeship with Warner & Eastman, for the term of three years, to learn the practical trade of a machinist ; and the city of East Saginaw became then, and has since continued to be, his permanent home. His service to his old employers ceased at the time when the question of the existence of salt in paying quantities, in the Saginaw Valley, was agitating the popular mind ; and to Sanford Keeler belongs the honor of having been employed to bore the first salt-well that was ever sunk in Michigan. The success of that experiment gave an impetus not only to the manufacture of salt in particular, but it had a stimulat- ing effect upon other industries, and gave the embryo city a start toward a brighter destiny than might otherwise have befallen it. Croakers had often predicted the early collapse of the town, and had hazarded the belief that, when the pine was all cut, no necessity would exist for East Saginaw's con- tinuance among the cities of the State ; but the actual dis- covery of salt dispelled all such fears ; and the most faint- hearted citizens became the most sanguine prophets of its future greatness. Mr. Keeler aided in developing this new source of wealth for some months ; and then commenced working at his trade as a machinist for the new Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, which, it was fondly hoped, would materially contribute to the prosperity of East Saginaw. Such predictions in favor of similar undertakings had often been adventured, and as often failed of fulfillment ; but in this instance the prophecy has not even equaled the actual results. Not only has it been the chief mainstay of East Saginaw, by the erection of mammoth workshops, and the making of it the general head-quarters of a splendid rail- way system, but it has built up important cities and towns along its entire line. The connection of Sanford Keeler with this road began in i860, and it has continued without intermission, in one capacity and another, for now nearly thirty years; at first as a machinist, as has been stated, then as engineer of the first and only engine at that time owned by the company, which was known by the name of the "Pioneer,'' and which still has a kindly place in the affections of the older engineers on the road. This engine was employed in construction service; the road beginning at East Saginaw and running south to Flint, and from thence to Holly, and ultimately to Monroe, in order lo reach oilier lines running east and west across the continent After serving as an engineer for about a year and a half, he be- came the master-mechanic of the road, and this position he continued to hold for a period of thirteen years, or until 1874, when he received the appointment of superintend- ent, a title and office which he has honored for a further period of thirteen years. During this long service, eventful changes and grand improvements have marked the manage- ment of one of the most popular railway enterprises in America. There are three hundred and fifty-five miles of splendidly equipped road in its main line, it having been extended north to Ludington, where it owns and operates a fine line of propellers, which gives it direct connection with Milwaukee, and other important points. And here the writer would pause to say a few words in regard to the offi- cials of this enterprise ; for although not essential to the purposes of this sketch, yet it has a general bearing on the subject. It has become the habit of late to class the head- men of such roads as autocrats and magnates, and to claim for them as demanding the same respect from subordinates that royalty receives under a monarchy. There is much that is true in these charges, and it is no less true that the organization which has been described is a notable exception from any such examples of arrogance and pride. From the highest official downward, there is to be found the noblest I courtesy, the highest gentlemanliness. The humblest track- man is sure of an audience from one and all in authority ; and no position is so humble but that the occupant can have redress, if he has any complaint to urge. It is under such auspices that Mr. Keeler has passed his long career as a rail- road man, and he has emphasized the courtesy which he has received from others, in his treatment of those who are sub- ordinate to him. No official is more alert or painstaking, none more popular ; and the result of all this courtesy and pleasant intercourse is seen in the management and conduct of the entire line. Its popularity has been deserved, its suc- cess has been well earned, and none have contributed more toward the stability of that success than Superintendent Keeler. Socially, or in his official capacity, he is readily approached. He has a keen appreciation of a joke ; and if he can unload a good one on to a friend or an associate, it will add to his happiness. He was married in i860 to Miss Lucy M. Nelson, a daughter of Henry Nelson, of East Sag- inaw. Two daughters were the result of this union. He is high up among Free Masons, and believes in the order on account of its sociality, and the power for good which it possesses. He has cared nothing for political preferment, caring rather to add to the improvement of the service of the railway with which he has been so long connected. He has given the best years of a valuable life, he has given all of his life since reaching man's estate, to the public — for the public has been the gainer by all of his efforts for the bet- terment of the railway system under his care — and he has thus come honestly by the esteem in which he is held by the vast number who know him. Hon. Charles R. Whitman, M. A., attorney at law, Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County, was born October 4, 1847, in South Bend, Indiana. He is the second son of William G. and Laura Jane (Finch) Whitman. In 1S61 his father and family removed to Chicago. Charles attended the Foster School at Chicago, and was the winner ol the " Foster Medal" in 1862. From that institution he was ad- mitted, on examination, to the Chicago High-school. At the age of seventeen he came to Ann Arbor, and entered the 54 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. high-school. The next year he went to Ypsilanti, and com- pleted his preparation for college in the high-school of that city. He commenced his college course in 1866 at the Uni- versity of Mil higan, in the literary department, from which he was graduated in 1870. He gratefully credits his educa- tion to the instrumentality of his mother, who was a woman of rai e ability and determination of character. His greatest loss has been her death. In the same year of his gradua- tion he became principal of the high-school at Ypsilanti, filling that position for one year. He was man ied on June 19, 1871, to Elvira C, Joslyn, daughter of Hon. Chauncey Joslyn, of Ypsilanti, who was subsequently Circuit Judge ot the Twenty-second Judicial District. In the same year Mr. Whitman entered the law department of the University of Michigan, from which he was graduated in 1873. He formed a copartnership for the practice of law with his father-in-law at Ypsilanti, which continued until January 1881. During this time he was Circuit Court commissioner, being elected to th.it office in [876. In 1880 he was elected prosecuting attorney of Washtenaw County, and held thai office two terms He was elected a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, in 1885, for a term of eight years. While holding the office of prosecuting attorne) he conducted a number of celebrated cases. Although Mr. Whitman has never sought, and indeed avoids, political office, he has ever taken an active part in both State and National politics. He is a strong Democrat, and one of the most popu- lar men of hi> party in the State, while his ability as a lawyer has already brought him a large and remunerative practice, and his reputation is an extended one, placing him as one of the eminent and successful lawyers and able and repre- sentative men of the State. He is a member of the Episco- pal Church, and takes great interest in charitable work. His children are Ross Chauncey, aged sixteen ; Lloyd Charles, aged fourteen ; Roland Dare, aged twelve; and Bayard, aged six. They are all bright adn exceedingly clever children. RICHARD G. PETERS, banker and lumberman of Manistee. Among the many active business men who have brought about the great material development of Northern Michigan, none stand higher in point of business enterprise, or in the variety and magnitude of his undertakings, than R. ('■. Peters, of Manistee. He has, in fact, been called the business Napoleon of Northern Michigan, and our readers are left to judge, after completing this accurate sketch, how well the facts justify the title. Mr. I'eters is a native of New York State, but found himself in Michigan soon after the attainment of his manhood; so all of his business enterprises ha\ e gone to the benefit of this rich new State. He was born July 2, 1832, in Delaware County, New York, the son of James H. and Susan (Squires) Peters. They owned and lived on a small farm where young Richard spent the first ten years of his life. The spirit of speculation, however, which has so distinguished the son, showed itself in the father, and in a few years he gradually gave up farming to devote himself to trading in wool, pork, and other country products. Later he went to Syracuse, New York, to keep hotel, and afterwards removed to Cincinnati, Ohio. But many years prior to this, the wife and mother had died, and the children were placed with relatives near the old home. Richard, who was fifteen years of age, went to live with his grandmother, and for two years divided his time between work on the farm in summer and the country school in winter. He then spent a year in the employ of his uncle as toll-gate keeper. He now refers to this experience as one of great value to him ; for he learned there, even at that early age, that the world was full of dishonest men — men who, though well-to-do and apparently honorable, forgot their honor when it came to a matter of business, and would actually lie for two cents. He then, at the age of eighteen, came Wist, to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he spent several weeks with his father. He fell in with a cousin, who lived in Monroe County, Michigan, and came home with him, and worked for him on the farm until late in the fall. He then began work for the Michigan Southern Railroad Company, in the civil engineering department, and was soon given charge of a division of the road as assistant engineer, re- maining in that capacity four or rive years. About this time the rapidly developing lumber interests of the State attracted his attention, and he left his old position, though a paying one, to go to the scene of this new industry along the eastern 1 oasl of Lake Michigan. He found employment with Chas. Mens, a Chicago lumberman, and was given charge of his extensive works at Big Point Sable, where he remained five years. He then went to Ludington, and devoted one year to getting out timber from his own land, having purchased one section in that vicinity with his earnings. He here saw the moinjng of his fortune begin to dawn; but still feeling the need of more money with which to carry on operations for himself, he accepted a very lucrative offer from James Ludington, to take entire charge of his extensive works at and about the city which bears his name. Mr. Peters remained in this position only two years, when he left it and came to Manistee, having joined with M. S. Tyson and Geo. W. Robinson, both of Milwaukee, in the purchase of the Filer and Tyson property. This w.is an immense property, con- sisting of pine-lands, two large lumber-mills, and a large portion of city property in Manistee, the purchase price being two hundred, and fifty thousand dollars. The partner- ship lasted two years, when it was dissolved, and from that date, 186S, Mr. I'eters has been practically alone in the gigantic business operations which have given him a name well up among the great business men of this country. Thus relieved of the disadvantages of all partnerships, Mr. Peters continued in the lumber business, one with which he was familiar, and which, being yet in comparative infancy, prom- ised immense profits to well-managed capital. He had al- iM.lt picked up much pine-land in his section of the State at a time when it could be bought cheap, and for the pur- pose of continuing his operations he purchased a large mill property owned by Wheeler & Hopkins, at Manistee, and operated it with great success for thirteen years, when it was destroyed by fire. During this time he introduced many labor-saving and economic features into the business, which contributed largely to his success. Driven by his misfortune to new quarters, he at once purchased of Louis Sands his mill, and with it the forty acres of adjacent land, on which is now located the village of Eastlake, on the east bank of Lake Manistee. This property has since been under the personal supervision of Mr. I'eters, and has gradually ex- panded, until now the land, with fifty acres added, is covered with a thrifty town of two thousand inhabitants, the old mill has been rebuilt and enlarged, a second mill has been added, salt-wells have been sunk, and an immense salt-block constructed, producing a daily output of sixteen hundred barrels of salt. The entire plant at this place gives employ- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 55 ment to six hundred workmen, and the entire pay-roll of Mr. Peters at this place contains eight hundred names. Con- nected with this immense plant, sixty miles of railroad have been constructed and fully equipped for the facilitation of business. About the time of his purchase of the Eastlake property he joined Horace Butters in the purchase of two large bodies of railroad land, and laid out the town of Tall- man, on the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, twenty-three miles south of Manistee. The two tracts were estimated to con- tain about a hundred and thirty million feet of timber, and a mill was at once erected and put in operation, but which wis burned at the end of four years. Prior to the destruction of this mill, they had purchased and put in operation a mill at Ludington, and now this one was greatly enlarged, and is still operated, together with a large salt-block, the plant giving em- ployment to between three hundred and four hundred work- men, the firm name at Ludington being Butters, Peters & Co. This property includes thirty miles of railroad. And thus, though embarrassed at times with heavy losses, Mr. Peters has gone, with almost superhuman energy and industry, add- ing to and enlarging his interests, taking risks at times when others would not, and frequently being rewarded with the most princely realizations. His property interests at present include, besides those named, an interest in the firm of Dunham, Peters & Co., lumber manufacturers at Chase, Michigan ; a two-fifths interest in the Stronach Lumber Com- pany, lumber, salt, and shingle producers at Manistee ; a leading interest in the firm of Peters & Morrison, a lumber firm at Menominee, having the possession of fifteen thousand acres of land in that vicinity ; owns over one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land in his own name in various States, and a large interest in one hundred thousand acres of timber-lands in Alabama and the Carolinas. He is presi- dent and stockholder in the Manistee National Bank, and a director of the Fifth National Bank of Grand Rapids. Michi- gan. Mr. Peters is an agreeable man in society, is well liked by his employees, and universally respected among his neighbors. He converses readily in a clear, distinct tone, is prompt and decisive in his manner, and impresses one as a man of great force of character. He is a Church man, being a member of the Congregational Church ; is very liberal toward the Church, as well as other benevolent and educa- tional institutions. He was married in April, 1858. to Miss Evelya N. Tibbitts, the estimable daughter of a wealthy farmer in Lenawee County, Michigan. She is a woman of much moral force, and is noted in her community for many deeds of benevolence. Hon. Spencer O. Fisher, one of the Michigan "lumbermen," is one of the best-known politicians in the State, one of the main contributors to the prosperity of the city in which he lives, and, in fact, in every way one ot the most prominent men in West Bay City. He was born on a farm in Camden, Hillsdale County, February 3, 1843, an<1 h;ls always lived in Michigan. His only schooling was what he could pick up from the country teacher between spells of hard labor on the farm. This kind of life he kept up until he was eighteen, when he entered the employ of Sutton & Fisher, who were buying hardwood lumber and shipping it East. At twenty-one he engaged with the firm of Hall & Marvin, at Hillsdale, as clerk in a general store, and staid with them for three years. As proof that he exhibited in early manhood the same qualities which afterwards made him rich and famous, the fact may be mentioned that, although his salary for the first year was to be #200, the firm were so pleased with his work that they paid him $600, and foi the other Uvo years 51,000 annually. At the end of his engagement with this firm, he started a mercantile business for himself, which he carried on successfully until 187 1, when he sold out and removed to West Bay City, or, rather, In what was then the village of Wenona, and which subse- quently became a part of West Bay City. In his new In, me Mi. Fisher became a lumberman, and his great success may be appreciated from the statement, that, beginning his business with the handling of one million feet of square limber dur- ing the first year, we find him at the end of only twelve years handling no less than fifty million feet of lumber each year — a most remarkable increase. During this period he had entered into partnership with Mr. Mosher. The Lum- berman's State Bank, of West Bay City, was organized by Mr. Fisher, and he was elected its president, a position he still holds, while his lumbering business was conducted by the firm of Mosher & Fisher, until dissolved, when Mr. Fisher carried on the extensive business alone. Mr. Fisher early developed a taste for politics, and is an influential member of the Democratic party. While he was in Hills- dale, he was elected an alderman of that city for two consec- utive terms of two years each. When West Bay City was organized by a consolidation of the villages of Banks, Wenona, and Salzburg, Mr. Fisher was one of the charter members, and conferred upon the new city the name it now bears. Twice he has seived as an alderman of West Bay City, and twice he has held the office of mayor. In 1884 he was chosen a delegate to the Democratic National Conven- tion, at Chicago, and in the same year he was elected, by his representative district, a member of the Forty-ninth Congress, and was re-elected as a member of the Fiftieth Congress, by a majority of over two thousand votes. In re- ligion Mr. Fisher is not a Church member, and not a sec- tarian, although he is at present one of the trustees of the Presbyterian Church, and has contributed liberally, both of time and money, to the erection of a new church edifice. He was married, June 26, 1867, to Miss Kate H. Crane, of Hillsdale, and they now have three daughters. As a public- spirited citizen, Mr. Fisher occupies a front rank. He has spired no pains to advance the material interests of both Bay City and West Bay City. He has apparently been guided by the sentiment that a man should spend his money wheie he makes it, and he has spent large sums in the erec- tion of handsome buildings, which, whether profitable t<> himself or not, have certainly beautified the city of his resi- dence; and to his enterprise and forethought West Bay City is largely indebted for finely paved streets and other im- provements, which have helped to confer upon it a municipal and even metropolitan aspect. Mr. Fisher is a man of rest- less push and energy and never-tiring zeal. When he once enlists in any cause, it is for the entire war, and no com- promise. He never looks back after he once takes hold of the plow. He sees the object he is after, and goes toward it in a manner that, to his opponents, is apt to appear rough- shod. As a member of Congress he carried his individu- ality and business push into his Washington life, and be- came known as "a hustler from Hustlerville.'' With no pretensions to being an orator or a statesman, he attended faithfully to the interests of his own district and improved every opportunity, and even made opportunities if none 56 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICIIIC. IN. previously existed, to benefit his own constituents. The es- tablishing of the United States District and Circuit Courts, and the large appropriation for a Government building in Bay City, was cariied through Congress by his dash and personal pluck; and the political guillotine, in his vig- orous grasp, was a terror to his enemies, though it brought place and profit to his friends. In affairs of more general interest, his best work was done in bringing about the for- feiture to the Government of unearned land-grants, in favor of homestead settlers; and he was a very hard worker, moreover, in obtaining appropriations for the improvement of rivers and harbors. The light-house service also received the benefit of his industry. In attention to the wants of the veterans of the war, no member of Congress was more in- defatigable or more determined to obtain their just lights — a statement to which every old soldier in the Tenth Congres- sional District will cheerfully bear witness. Although very strong in his likes and dislikes, and somewhat bi usque in his speech, Mr. Fisher is universally respected and esteemed as a good citizen and neighbor — kind, generous, ready to help, forgiving in disposition, and public-spirited to an ex- tent that has put both Hay City and West Bay City under everlasting obligations to him. Hon. James McMillan. "The only revenge one can take against the world is success," says a clever epi- gram. There are people, however, who have no call to take revenge against the world. With them there has been no quar- rel with the world — not even a lack of harmony. One of these rare people is James McMillan, of Detroit, United States senator from Michigan, the story of whose career is full of interest. William and Grace McMillan came from Scotland in 1834, and settled in Hamilton, Ontario. Mr. McMillan became widely known throughout Canada by his connection with the Great Western Railway, a connection which began when the road was staited, and which ended only at his death. During the forty years of his life in America, Mr. McMillan was a strong man in the community. He was a bank di- rector, was prominent in the Presbyterian Church, was per- fectly fearless in championing any cause which he believed to be just, and withal he was a most agreeable man to meet socially. When he died, in 1S74, he left to his surviving sons a handsome property. It is well worth while to recall these facts, because they show so clearly the origin of those qualities which enter into the make-up of the more dis- tinguished son of the distinguished father. James McMillan was the second son in a family of six sons and one daugh- ter. His grammar-school days were passed under Dr. lassie, who had a reputation throughout Canada for fitting boys to enter Toronto University. Business, rather than books, at- tracted the young man, and he plunged into hardware. Alter four years of business life in Hamilton, he came to Detroit, in 1855, to make his fortune. He had letters to sev- eral of the leading merchants here, Hon. Christian H. Buhl being among the number. He found employment in the wholesale hardware-house of Buhl & Ducharinc, where he staid for two years. Then, through his lather's influence, he u.is made purchasing agent of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. Those were days of railroad building in Mich- igan, and when the Detroit and Milwaukee was extended to Grand Haven, Mr. McMillan, then less than twent) years old, was engaged by the contractor to look after his finan- cial affairs, make the purchases, and take charge of the men in connection with the new portion of the road. This work done, he declined an offer to go to Spain to build railroads, and returned to his former position as purchasing agent. It was in these positions that he got the training which was to stand him in such good stead at a later day. That Mr. McMillan early learned to save money is illustrated by the fact that he was compelled to foreclose a mortgage which represented his first hard earned one hundred dollars. The sale of the property brought exactly the face of the mortgage, and the lawyer kept half. Another incident illustrates the fact that he early learned how to use the money of others to advantage — one of the secrets of success in these days. Desiring to borrow one thousand dollars, he applied, with a good deal of hesitation, to the late Alexander H. Dey, then a private banker. Mr. Dey looked at him for a moment and then exclaimed : " Boy, what in thunder do you want to do with that thousand dollars?" As the disappointed applicant turned to leave the office, Mr. Dey called him back and told him he could have the money. In after years, Mr. McMillan borrowed hundreds of thousands of dollars from the gruff but good-hearted and sound-headed banker. In 1864, Mr. McMillan joined Messrs. John S. Newberry. E. C. Dean, and 1 ri orge Eaton, in organizing the Michigan Car Company, for the manufacture of freight-cars. From moderate beginnings the business grew steadily. Mr. McMillan also took the opportunity to buy the car-works at St. Louis, Missouri, and to establish companies at Cambridge, Indiana, and London, I mtario. At the head of the St. Louis works he placed his younger brother, William, who u.ts in the hardware business at Detroit when the purchase was made. Subsequently. Mr. William McMillan bought the St. Louis and the Cambridge shops, and removed the latter to Kansas City. He is now a verj wealthy man. During the panic of 1873 me ' oac ' °f all these four great concerns fell on the shouldeis of Mr. McMillan. The Detroit banks had little money, and they were very timid ; and there were the monthly pay-rolls of from fifty to seventy thousand dollars, which had to be met. At this juncture, Mr. McMillan hit upon a novel expedient. His friends, Joseph Price and Mr. Hickson, of the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways, were buying cars of the Michigan Car Company, and at Mr. McMillan's earnest solicitation they directed the station agents of their roads to forward direct to the Car Company, at Detroit, all the Amer- ican money they received. Canada was fairly scoured to get currency to pay the men. From the Michigan Car Com- pany have come the Detroit Car-wheel Company, the De- troit Iron Furnace, the Baugh Steam Forge Company, the Fulton Iron and Engine Works, the Newberry Furnace Com- pany, and the Detroit Pipe and Foundry Company, of all of which corporations Senator McMillan is the president, and he is also the largest owner of their stock. He is also the president and chief owner in the Detroit Transportation Com- pany, the Duluth and Atlantic Transportation Company, and the Michigan Telephone Company, and is a director in the Detroit Dry Dock Company, the D. M. Ferry Seed Com- pany, the Detroit City Railway, and the First National and the Dctioit Savings Banks. The Detroit and Cleveland Steam Vn igation Company, of which he is president, operates the passenger and freight lines between Cleveland and De- troit, and between Detroit and Mackinaw. The vessels on these lines are the finest on the Lakes. The editor of the Detroit Evening News lias put into a few pithy sentences the place Mr. McMillan occupies in the industrial world of /&?rz-c e being then sixty-nine years of age. At this writing Mr. Stout's mother is still liv- ing. From her our subject received his earliest instrudtion, and learned to read before he was six years of age. At that time began his attendance at the district school, which he continued to the age of fourteen years, when he entered the seminary at Albion, Michigan, where he remained one year in preparation for college. He completed his preparatory course at Romeo and Pontiac, and entered the University of Michigan in 1847. Four years later he was graduated from the literary department of that institution, and almost imme- diately received the appointment of superintendent of the public schools of Pontiac, which position he held for three years. In i854he was elected, from the First District of Oak- land County, representative in the Lower House of the State Legislature. In 1856 he was re-elected, and, although only twenty seven years of age, was chosen speaker of the House, and filled that position two sessions. Energetic, act- ive, and pushing as a presiding officer, he contributed much to the dispatch of legislative business. In i860 he was elected to the State Senate from the Eastern District of Oakland County, and during his term as senator was chairman of the Committee on State Affairs, and member of the Commit- tee on Finance and Education. Under this election he served three sessions. In i860 he engaged in the private banking business in Pontiac, which he continued until 1868. In 1862, Mr. Stout was nominated by the Union party for governor, which nomination was also supported by the Dem- ocrats He favored a vigorous prosecution of the war lor the Union, but demanded that when armed resistance should cease, the States should regain their former place with all their rights unimpaired. The rebels having been recognized as belligerents, he maintained that there could be no at- tainder for treason. In this position Mr. Stout antagonized the views of the party to which up to this time he had be- longed ; but he has lived to see his position sustained by the highest tribunals of the land. Not an acre of real estate, under any attainder law, has been forfeited for treason aris- ing out of the great Civil War. In 1868 he received the Democratic nomination for representative from the Sixth Congressional District in the National Congress. He was renominated in 1870. During these two canvasses he re- duced the majority against his paity over twenty-four hun- dred votes. Since that time his natural inclinations, the result of his early training, have led him principally to agri- cultural pursuits. In 1883 he was nominated by the Fusion party for United States senator, receiving fifty-one votes in the elective body, sixty-six being necessary to a choice. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1868, 1880, and 1888. From the record of his life it will be seen that he has been a prominent figure in political, social, and business affairs. Mr. Stout is a man of strong convic- tions and unyielding integrity. He is a forcible, earnest, and effective speaker, expressing his opinions with great clear- ness and in such unequivocal terms that no doubt is left as to his meaning. His character is of such a rugged kind that he has never been willing to surrender an iota of his honor, manhood, or principles in order that he might gain some personal or political profit. Had he been more the diplomate and less the honest, high-minded citizen, there is no place of trust in the State which political parties would not have tendered him. He is loyal in his friendships, generous in his sympathies, earnest in his work, and his life is a record of the best traits of those patriotic, level-headed citizens whose character, good judgment, and influence form the basis of good government, and in whose hands a republic is safe. Anson Ellis Chadwick, attomey-at-law, of Port Huron, St. Clair County, was born in Philadelphia, Jefferson County, New York, on the 10th of April, 1834, son of Will- iam and Irene (Gibbs) Chadwick. The family arc descend- ants of the early settlers of the Connecticut Valley. He attended the district schools, and at fourteen years of age entered the academy at Gouverneur, New York, where he remained until 1852. In that year he came West to Lex- ington, Sanilac County, Michigan, and engaged in teaching school, subsequently buying and selling real estate as a means of livelihood. Entering the office of John Devine, he read law until 1855, when he was admitted to the bar. He immediately commenced practice at Lexington, and re- mained there until 1862, when he removed to Port Huron, and formed a copartnership with Cyrus Miles, which con- tinued two years. In 1870 he was associated with Colonel John Atkinson, now of Detroit, and is at present in partner- ship with Mr. Sheldon A. Wood. His law business has been successful, and he occupies a place among the promi- nent members of that profession in the State. He was nom- inated by the Democratic party for member of Congress for the Seventh District of Michigan, in 1876, against Hon. O. D. Conger, the Republican candidate, but failed of elec- tion by 1,500 majority. Mr. Chadwick has always been a member of the Democratic party, and has taken a very active part in both State and National elections. A man of sound judgment and acute discernment, he is a prominent leader of the party, and one of its best-known members in the district. He was married, in 1857, to Miss Almira J. Raymond, daughter of Oliver Raymond, Esq., of Cleveland, Ohio, and has one son, born in 1864, who is engaged in business in Port Huron, and resides with his parents. He was instrumental in preparing the enlistment roll and organ- izing the forty-fifth company, Michigan Volunteer Infantry, raised at Lexington on the first call, in 1862 ; went to Detroit to get his commission as captain, but no more men were wanted at that time, the company was not accepted, and Mr. Chadwick did not re-enlist. c.s CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Major Amasa Brown Watson, deceased, Grand Rapids. Among the prominent citizens whom Mich- igan has been called upon to mourn during the past few years, none will be more genuinely missed than he whose name occurs above. Such men as Major Watson have con- tributed much toward the material prosperity of the State, and their services are entitled to honorable recognition and praise, along with the achievements of statesmen and authors who have labored in other fields. His record, with- out a blemish or (law, lies open to the sight of all men ; but it was the privilege of those who touched him most inti- mately to fully know the great heart and strong nature of the man. As the falling of the sturdy oak, that has witnessed the growth to maturity of surrounding forest-trees, leaves a vacant place which none can fill, so the loss of a man like the subject of this sketch deprives family and associates of a grand nature, within whose beneficent shadow it was good for all to dwell. Major Watson was burn at Worcester, Washington County, Vermont, February 27, 1826. His par- ents were Oliver and Esther (Brown) Watson, and in his youth he received such educational advantages as were af- forded by the district school and village academy. Even while a boy, the traits that distinguished him in after life are said to have been strongly marked ; and at an early age, am- bition urged him to leave the parental roof for the opportuni- ties of the wider world, and to seek the fortune that there awaited him. Accordingly, we find him in Glens Falls, New York, where he acquired a taste for the lumbering industry, which proved to be the great occupation of his life. Endowed with good health, keen business ability, and of strictly moral principles, here he made substantial and trusty friends, who saw in him a capacity for managing larger interests, which they were developing further West. So, at the age of twenty- seven, he came to Newaygo, Michigan, where more extensive lumbering operations were being undertaken, and in June, 1853, participated in the organization of the Newaygo Lum- ber Company, in which he represented Eastern capital. Pine-lands were purchased in large tracts; a saw-mill was erected, and the company soon became one of the most ex- tensive lumbering concerns in the West. The outbreak of the Civil War found Mr. Watson, like hosts of others, engaged with business projects ; but the rising tide of excitement and patriotism soon carried him into his country's service, and on August 19, 1861, he was commissioned major of the Eighth Regiment, Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and assigned to duty in General W. T. Sherman's expedition to Fort Royal, South Carolina. The regiment participated in some very severe engagements. At the battle of Cusaw Ferry, South Carolina, which took place on New-Year's Day, 1862, the Seventy-ninth New York Regiment had reached the ferry without a contest; but when the Eighth Michigan marched toward the same point, a field battery of two guns opened a brisk fire of shells upon them. The regiment kept on their march, however, until two men had been wounded by the bursting of the shells, when, having reached their front, the first and tenth companies (A and B) were deployed as skirmishers, and ordered to charge the battery. These were followed by Company F. the whole under command of Major Watson. The men advanced steadily, and with perfect cool- ness, against a constant lire of shells, which burst continually among them, but without in the least checking their advance. They approached so near that it was easy to hear the voices of the rebel officers, while it was impossible to see the foe. Thus being warned by the commands overheard, the boys would drop to allow the shells to pass over them, and then ,fire ; and when a hand-to-hand conflict became almost im- minent, the Twelfth South Carolina Infantry sprang out on the right and left of the artillery, and poured in a strong volley of musketry upon the line, Major Watson being one of the first to be wounded, receiving a ball through the thigh. He was removed to an adjacent farm-house, where his wound was dressed by Dr. R. li. Shank, the regimental sur- geon. Good health and manly pluck worked wonders with the resolute major, and he was soon able to be removed to his home in Michigan. Upon his recovery, he reported for duty, and participated in the battle of James Island, June 16, 1862, where his horse was shot in the neck and instantly killed, but the more fortunate rider escaped unharmed. On September 10, 1862, he resigned his commission, and was honorably discharged. Soon after, he again became inter- ested in the lumbering business, by purchasing an interest in a mill at Muskegon. He took charge of the sales of the manufactured product, and, for this purpose, removed his family to Chicago, where they we're guests at the Palmer House during the great fire, but happily escaped without se- rious loss. The major had been well-known at Grand Rap- ids in business circles since first coming to Michigan, and on November 14, 1873, he located permanently in that city. In 1881 he disposed of his lumbering interests at Muskegon, and of his pine-lands in Michigan, thus retiring from an oc- cupation which had proved eminently successful. Yet a business career had become so thoroughly a part of his life that he could not long remain inactive, and consequently he soon invested largely in Southern pine-lands, confining his ^purchases to Louisiana and Mississippi. He also became interested in the development of the manufacturing interests of Grand Rapids, in which he utilized his business general- ship and large fortune to good advantage. Many of these owe their success in a large measure to the impetus they re- ceived from the lei tile brain and large faith of Major Watson. His connection with the banking interests of the "Valley City" was also of an enduring and beneficial nature. He was one of the chief moving spirits in bringing the Fourth National Bank into existence, and was a member of its first Board of Directors, and for several years its president. He was also a stockholder and member of the Board of Directoi s of the Kent County Savings Bank. The wise counsel, good judgment, and far-seeing financial vision of Major Watson were ever at the service of these institutions, and his per- sonal reputation was such as to inspire public confidence in them. He was also extensively interested in many other enterprises, notably the Grand Rapids Street Railway Com- pany, of which he was vice-president and a director at the time of his decease. He was a large stockholder in the Chi- cago, Kalamazoo and Saginaw Railroad Company, and one of its Board of Directors ; president, and a director of the Grand Rapids Brush Company; treasurer of the Grand Rap- ids Fire Insurance Company, of which he was also a di- rector; a stockholder and director in the Grand Rapids Elec- tric Light and Power Company, and had large interests in two of the local furniture companies for which Grand Rap- ids has become famous. These institutions and industries paid suitable tributes to his worth and memory. Major Watson had always been a Republican, and a firm believer in a tariff for the protection of American industries. With him it was not merely an inherited belief, but a thought-out ^/-/&/7#^<™> CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 69 conclusion as the result of personal examination and busi- ness experience. He was one of those who held that every business man should exercise the right influence upon the conduct of civil affairs, and not stand aloof and deplore pub- lic evils, while doing nothing to prevent or remove them. As a matter of right and duty, he believed in a personal participalion in all important political campaigns, local as well as State and National. For this reason, he was always active in political affairs, yet not because of any personal as- pirations. Indeed, every suggestion in that direction from the party leaders was met with his firm refusal, since he had no desire to hold public office, although the positions offered were of an exalted character, such as mayor, governor, and United States senator, nominations to which were equivalent to an election. He preferred to serve in the ranks. He was, however, called upon to serve his party in several important instances, which he could not well decline. He was elected a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Cincin- nati, in 1876, where he labored earnestly for the nomination of Hon. James G. Blaine; yet, when Governor Hayes was announced as the successful candidate, was among the first to pledge the support of Michigan. He was also a delegate to the National Convention of 1880, at Chicago, where he again worked diligently for Blaine, but cheerfully accepted Garfield as the standard-bearer. The National Convention of 1888 again found him a delegate; but this time Michigan had a candidate for the presidency in General Russell A. Alger, who had no more tireless worker in his behalf than Major Watson. The Republicans of Michigan indeed lost a leader by the deatli of this patriotic and faithful member of the paity. Perhaps the following resolution, adopted by the Kent County Republican Club, upon his demise, may well be taken to voice the sentiment of the party in the State : " Resolved, That in the death of its first president, this club has lost a faithful and efficient officer, whose wise counsel and generous services have been of inestimable value to this organi- zation ; that we will always cherish a grateful recollection of his life so unselfishly devoted to the principles and success of the Republican party ; that while high honors and official places were at all times open to him, with a rare self-abnegalion he labored only for the advancement of others; that his warm, pa- triotic heart was full of impulses, prompted only by love of country ; that he was a tower of strength to the Republican party and to the cause of good government ; that he has left the enduring record of a useful and honorable life; and that a fra- grant and beautiful memory will always be associated in our hearts with the patriotic citizen, the warm-hearted friend, the true American, Amasa B. Watson." On December 30, 1886, Major Watson became a com- panion of the first class of the Michigan Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, the only society to which he ever became attached. He had been a friend to every movement having for its object the care of veteran soldiers and their destitute families. He was, therefore, one of the prime movers in the establishment of the Michigan Soldiers' Home, and naturally took great pride in having it located adjacent to his favorite city, serv- ing as chairman of the Finance Committee which made the purchase of the site. After his death, a new G. A. R. Post, bearing his name, was mustered in at Grand Rapids, and later a Women's Relief Corps was organized as auxiliary thereto. These societies remembered their deceased friend by holding special memorial services over his remains on May 30, 1889, and placing a beautiful floral tribute to his memory. On October 7, 1856, Major Watson was happily married at Newaygo, Michigan, to Miss Martha A. Brooks. daughter of John A. and Lucina (Parsons) B I ol 1 waygo, by Rev. Courtney Smith, of (hand Rapids. No chil- dren came of this union, but upon the death of Mrs. William J. Mead (Mrs. Watson's youngest sister), August 11, 1875, Major and Mrs. Watson adopted her four small chil- dren, whose names and ages were as follows: [ohn A. Brooks Mead, six years; James Andrew, five years; Julia Agnes, three years, and Willie Watson, five days, I hi father of the children died in less than three months after his wife, and the children were greatly beloved by their foster-parents. In a letter to his sister just prior to his own death, Major Watson, in referring to the children, said; "They are all model children that a king might be proud of." They received every advantage, educational and other- wise, that could be bestowed upon them, and made excel- lent use of their opportunities. John A. 15. Mead, the eld- est, gradatued from the Michigan Military Academy, at Orchard Lake, in 1884, being then seventeen years of age, and taking the highest honors in a class of eleven. James A. Mead entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at Boston, in 1886, for an engineering course, and was ad- mitted without condition. Julia A. finished a course of study at seventeen years of age at the Misses Masters' school for young ladies, at Dobb's Ferry, on the Hudson, New York. Willie W. had completed a course in Professor Swensberg's Grand Rapids Business College — at which all the boys were honorable students— and at the time of his uncle's death was about to enter the Michigan Military Academy. The chil- dren were all at home when suddenly bereft of their bene- factor, and greatly mourned their irreparable loss. On the evening of September 18, 1888, Major Watson bade farewell to his loving household to take a train for Chicago, appar- ently in his usual health. He had just entered the sleeping- car when he was seen to fall. Friendly hands at once came to his aid ; but, alas ! it was of no avail ; he was beyond the reach of human assistance. The family were summoned to the scene, and in just fifty minutes from the time he left his happy home the doors were again thrown open to admit his lifeless body. The cause of death was pronounced " heart failure," though it had never been supposed that he was sub- ject to troubles of that nature. The funeral, in charge of the Loyal Legion, was held on Sunday, September 23d, at the family residence. From nine o'clock in the morning until one o'clock in the afternoon, the body lay in state at his ele- gant mansion, near the park, and a throng of visitors con- stantly streamed up the steps and through the hall, to take a last look at the well-known and beloved features of the dead. Every rank in life was represented. All were reverent and respectful, and many a tear was seen to gather in eyes that fondly looked and reluctantly turned away. The cloth-cov- ered casket stood just within the bay-window in the front par- lor, and grouped around it were the many floral offerings of the comrades and friends of the deceased. At the head was a pillow, bearing the word " Uncle," wrought in purple im- mortelles, and surmounted by a crown of roses, exquisitely beautiful — a tribute from the adopted children. Suspended from the ceiling was a floral badge of the Loyal Legion, and at the front was a button of the order, both from the mem- bers of the local Commandery. In addition to the thou- sands of the citizens of Grand Rapids, who filled the park long before the hour appointed for the obsequies, there were many prominent people in attendance from 7o CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Chicago and all parts of the State. Special trains were run from Detroit, Kalamazoo, and Muskegon, to accommodate the large number of personal fiiends of the deceased. Tlie De- troit train was composed of the private cars of General R. A. Alger and General Manager J. B. Mullikcn, which brought the members of the Loyal Legion. The services, beginning at three o'clock, were conducted by the Rev. Charles Fluhrer, I) I)., pastor of the Universalist Church, assisted bv the Rev. Campbell Fair, D. D , rector of St. Mark's Epis copal Church. Rising, Dr. Fluhrer said : " In this hour, when the heart is filled with great sorrow, and need of strength beyond its own is deeply felt, let us seek it in the words which come down to us freighted with the hope and consolation of ages." He then read appropriate passages from the S' riptures, and offered a prayer. Then a quartet rendered, " He Peacefully Sleeps," after which Dr. Fluhrer spoke the following appreciative words : "There is a sense in which every man rear-. his own monu- ment and writes his own epitaph, known to all who may give heed thereto; but there are always marked instances in which the character is SO clear and the lines of life so distinctly drawn that all instinctively recognize them. He, in the presence of whose form we arc gathered, was one of these. Whoever among ih may he borne to yonder cemetery, it will be long ere another passes who "ill be followed by so many genuine mourners, and who will leave mi great a vacancy in our midst. Reared among the rugged hills of New England, like many another who came into this western land in the earlier days, here lie dwell until he became a part of our organic life, like one of our institutions. The strong, stately form, so familiar on our streets that a stranger in passing would turn and look at it again, lived among us in all the majesty of its grand simplicity, like one of our na- tive pines in the forest. Here, through the honest exercise of his allotted powers, he was blessed with the accumulated gain that came to his hand ; and yet the man all the time grew more rapidly than the fortune, as if to show us what a worthy thing wealth may he when used to subserve the noble purposes of a nature that has learned its higher value. How largely this man, whose nobl» frame was the symbol of a nobler spirit, was identi- fied with our interests! How many are the industries that fill the air with their music, which owe their accelerated pulses to the energy which he infused into them ! How large was his public spirit that always took the highest pride in the city of his adoption, and which made him among the foremost to gen- erously aid all enterprises and to contribute to every charity that involved the public good! And yet unostentatious withal; for his was a nature as severely simple as a Doric column. The pub- lic enterprise and beneficence were surpassed by those streams of private benevolence that flowed from a sympathetic nature, thereby making 'the blessing of him that was ready to perish come upon him, and causing the widow's heart to sing for joy.' Such was something of the man who rises before us to-day, as yesterday he walked our streets; a man who 'stood four-square to all the winds that blew;' upon whose patriotism his country never called in vain; sagacious in council, firm in his convic- tions, yet most gracious in yielding to others; true as steel in his integrity, and so genial that, while the casual acquaintance was won by his manner, those who enjoyed his intimate friendship prized it above the telling. There were, too, the more sacred and tender qualities, shared most by those who found him so true and thoughtful and loving in the home, which must ever be consecrated by his spirit ; but these are too hallowed to be spoken by other than household lips. ' His life was gentle, anil the elements So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up And say to all the world, This was a man.', The spirit of that life, as of the religion which he lived, mav well be expressed in the lines of George Eliot: ' O may I join the choir invisible Of those immortal dead who live again In minds made hetter by their presence; live In pulses stirred to generosity, In deeds of daring rectitude, in scorn For rniscrahle aims that end in self, In thoughts sublime that pierce the night like stars, And with their mild persistence urge man's search To vaster issues.' It has been good for us that we were touched by that life; for his companions in years to have felt his large and generous impulses; for the young men to have learned from him les- sons of fidelity, gentleness, and honor; for those who loved him most to have inherited a hallowed joy and memory. Yet we are prone to pause and ask, Was there no olher way than this? Why was not that life, in the plenitude of its powers and the large- ness of its possibilities, continued through the years? There comes no answer save that of our hearts, which, in their love and yearning, can not give up their own. Shall we not trust this quenchless longing of the soul as the divine pledge of our immortality ? Does not a life of so many noble qualities, yet with imperfections still, appear broken and thwarted unless it im els its other self in the complete growth of its being? Let us cherish the thought that it passes out of sight only to fulfill its larger destiny, and that in the unveiled future, where it is so light that our blinded eyes can not now see, all shall be revealed. 'For love will dream, and faith will trust. (Since He who knows our need is just). That somehow, somewhere, meet we must.' In cherishing his virtues and holding his memory dear, let us pray that a double measure of his spirit may rest upon us all." Following the address, the choir sang " Nearer, my God, to Thee,'' after which Dr. Fair read the Episcopal Prayer for the Dead. The remains were then borne from the house, and the solemn procession formed in the following order: G. A. R. posts. Old Settlers, Loyal Legion, clergymen, hearse, pall- bearers, family relations, and friends; while thousands in c arriages and on foot joined the cortege, which slowly passed through the streets to the Valley City Cemetery. Arrived at the cemetery, the members of the G A. R. formed in line on either side of the roadway, with colors draped and heads un- covered, and, as the procession passed, the muffled drum was beaten. The remains were deposited in the vault, arid, in dismissing the assembled gathering, Dr. Fluhrer said ; "An old German saying has come down to us, that a man makes three kinds of friends in this world — the gains he accumu- lates, the hearts whom he loves, and his good works. The wealth is the first to leave him when death lays its hand upon the form. The loved ones go to the tomb, turn from it, and pass to their homes. But his good works follow him through all the years, praising his name and making hal- lowed his memory. So let it be with him." Yet large as was the number participating in the ceremonies, it did not contain a tithe of those who were bowed down with grief. In many a humble home, whither his beneficent hand of charity had reached, there was sincere sorrow ; and, indeed, the whole community felt his loss, as of one who could ill be spared, and whose life in their midst had been most potent for good. Hon. Frank W. Wheeler, M. C, of West Bay City. At the time this sketch was in preparation for publi- cation, our country was passing through the struggle which, every four years, it has undergone since the foundation of the Government, when the election of a Chief Magistrate be- came necessary. It is a wonderful thing, when one reflects upon the matter, to see a nation of freemen, roused to a state of excitement through many weeks of political ha- rangues and arguments, eager and earnest in their respective partisan beliefs; and yet, when a decision is once announced, to find a ready acquiescence in it — to see a full reliance felt and placed in the sacred power of a majority vote. And at the time of general unsettlement of the usual order of things, an exciting canvass was being conducted in the Tenth Con- gressional District of Michigan; and the result of the Strug- ^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 7i gle was the election of Frank W. Wheeler, the young Republican candidate. His success, under the peculiar circum- stances of the case, gave him a prominence in the public mind ; and this prominence entitles him to recognition among those who have accomplished something for themselves and for the age in which they live. But to the writer of this, as well, he trusts, as to many of his futute readers, there is much else in the life of the man he is describing that is even more worthy of piaise than the mere fact of being chosen to Congress over a popular opponent at the early age of thirty-five years. Frank W. Wheeler was born in Jeffer- son County, New York, March 2, 1853. His father, Chesley Wheeler, was born in Herkimer County, New Yoik, June 17, 1823; and his mother, Eliza (Hazelton) Wheeler, the daughter of Achel and Marwara Hazelton, was born in Jef- ferson County, New York. Chesley Wheeler was a ship- builder by trade, and finally settled in East Saginaw, Michi- gan, and established a business of that kind there on the Saginaw River. Frank attended the common schools of East Saginaw, which take a high rank among the public schools of the State, and secured a fair education. He also devoted some of his boyhood time to the study of his father's trade, and this occupation was alternated by working on a tug- boat on the Saginaw River. On July 15, 1875, Mr. Wheeler was married, in East Saginaw, to Miss Eva Armstrong, a daughter of Joseph and Eliza Armstrong, of West Bay City, who were at that time residents of Saginaw. A daughter, May, blesses this union. When Mr. Wheeler was about twenty-three years old, he accompanied his father to Bay City, Michigan, and united with him in starting a ship-yard. This association was of brief duration, however, as the young man was desirous of commencing business on his own ac- count. He began his operations in a modest way, but it was a steady and sure way. The growth of this industry, how- ever, has been remarkably rapid. From a little yard, where repairing was done and but few boats were built, the busi- ness has grown to such an extent as to be classed as with- out an equal in capacity, in its peculiar nature, throughout the entiie land. To grasp such an enterprise in its entirety, is of itself a wonder ; but when one reflects on the magni- tude of the undertaking as well, then the thought becomes uppermost that the controlling mind of such a business must be something more than ordinary. It is a common expecta- tion to plan for a reasonable increase of any vocation or trade, but to see a business giow from nothing up to one re- quiring the employment of many hundreds of men, and all within a few brief years, is sufficient to stamp the controlling mind of such a wonder with more than the usual sagacity and ability known and practiced among business men. The field was ready for the institution of a ship-building industry at that point, it is true; all the natural inferences of ultimate success were there ; but it required a master-mind to seize upon and utilize these chances, and to utilize them to their fullest extent. And herein lies the merit of the man, — to believe fully in one's self, to have the courage of one's con- victions, and then to steadily adhere to a given line of con- duct until success crowns the effort. Many men have done this ; but to do all this better than most ; to accomplish at the early age of thirty-five what many would not achieve dur- ing a long life, — this is what Frank Wheeler has accomplished. And in doing this, has he not done something more ? " Men will praise thee when thou doest well by thyself," is the lan- guage of one who had hid much experience among men ; but what has Frank Wheeler done for others, as well as for him- self? He has originated a business which gives a good sup- port to over six hundred men. Think of the homes which this man's sagacity and enterprise have made happy homes ; think of the importance of such an organizer in any com- munity ; and then say whether the belief heretofore expressed as to the merit of such an achievement, over any purely po- litical or personal success, is not the true one. And yet such a man. if he will continue true to his own convictions of right, can do a great and important work in the Congress of the Nation. Our Lower House has had too many theo- rists in the past. The many great questions of the day can not be solved aright by mere study of books ; they need to be gr.isped and handled by practical men, and practical men with hearts ■as well as brains. And Frank Wheeler can do great good to his constituents, and to his fellow-men the country over, by giving of his experience and his best thought in this, his new- sphere of duty. Mr. Wheeler is eminently a self-made man. He has had none of the factitious aids and helps which pertain to wealth; he has been the architect of his own fortune. He has been, anil is now, a workingman, with the instincts of a man inured to toil and labor. It is told of him, to his credit, that he has voluntarily increased the wages of his employees on several occasions. In these acts appear both the benevo- lence and justice of the man; and the result was, and is, contentment among his wage-earners. In every charitable undertaking in his community, Mr. Wheeler bears an honor- able and liberal part. His public contributions have been large ; but if the amount of his private benefactions could be discovered, the public ones would be dwarfed to a mere noth- ing. A word as to Frank Wheeler's candidacy for Congress : He is a prominent Republican, but had never taken an active part in any political struggle. The opposite candidate was popular, was a large employer of labor, had done much for his district, and had the prestige of a two thousand majority when last elected. It seemed like a " forlorn hope " for any one to contest the field with him. But Mr. Wheeler, when accepting the nomination, which was unanimously tendered him, said that he "accepted with the intention of winning." The contest was an earnest and severe one, but it found him the victor, with a liberal majority. In the prime of his vigorous manhood, successful in his every endeavor, the future should give creditable results for the world's betterment. It is not what honors he can achieve for hims If — they will be ac- corded to him by a natural law of success — but it is the oppor- tunity he will have to benefit his fellow-men, and to have his name revered as well as honored. To possess the ability, and t<> have the opportunity, those who know him best say (hat Frank Wheeler will prove true to his convictions of right. EDWIN S. BARBOUR, president of the Detroit Stove Works, Detroit, was born in Collinsville, Hartford County, Connecticut, November 5, 1836, where the first sixteen years of his life were spent, and his education obtained in attend- ance upon a private school. In 1852 he went to New Haven, and entered the employ of a large dry-goods house in the capacity of clerk, remaining four years, during the last of which he became head salesman through his perseverance and industry in acquiring a knowledge of the business. Having attained this position, he soon realized that his am- bition was still unsatisfied, and, concluding to seek a wider field than that offered in the New England towns of that 72 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. day, he went, in 1856, to Chicago, whence lie shortly after- ward came to Detroit. Here he found a position with Ed- ward (in, wholesale dry-goods merchant, and the succeed- ing four years were devoted to a faithful discharge of all duties imposed upon him, and the acquiring of a complete knowledge of the details of the business. His decided abil- ity in this direction made him a desirable associate for Mr. Chas. Root, a wholesale dry-goods merchant, and the firm of Root & Barbour was organized, and continued for the en- suing twelve yeais. In the interval, Mr. Barbour became financially interested in the Detroit Stove Works, and on the reorganization of that company, in 1872, he was offered and accepted the position of secretary of the company, and, disposing of his interest in the firm of Root & Barbour, has since then given his entire attention to the management of the former company, whose name has since attained a world- wide celebrity as manufacturers of the "Jewel Stoves and Ranges." In 1S84, Mr. Barbour became vice-president of the company, and upon the death of its president, Mr. W. H. Tefft, in 1884, he wis elected to fill the vacancy. He is also director of the Detroit Transit Railway. The Detroit Stove Works, incorporated in 1864, was the first company in Detroit to engage exclusively in the manufacture of stoves, and is one of the oldest, as it has grown to be one of the most extensive, stove manufactories in the country. They cover an area of ten acres of ground, and the superficial area of the floor-room of the buildings exceeds three hun- dred and seventeen thousand square feet, or a little over seven acres, exclusive of the buildings in which are situated the general offices of the company, sample-rooms, ware- houses, etc., in Detroit and elsewhere. The company was originally organized with a capital of $50,000, which was afterward increased to $100,000, and still later to $300,000. It employs dining the busy season about fourteen hundred men, and melts daily upward of sixty tons of iron. The management has been progressive in the fullest degree, making constant additions by the purchase of every known appliance that will either add to the convenience or facilitate the prosecution of the end in view — the production of the best in all that pertains to the manufacture of stoves. The company has extensive branch houses in Chicago, St. Paul, and Buffalo, and large agencies at Franfort-on-the Main, Germany; Brussels, Belgium; Paris, France; Vienna, Aus- tria; London, England ; and Tasmania, Van Dieman's Land. Mr. Barbour was married, July 1, 1863, to Miss Ella, only daughter of the late W. H. Tefft, of Detroit. They have three children as follows: Florine, born June 9, 1866; Frank, born October 2, 1870; and William, born April 4, 1877. The foregoing brief outline of the life of Mr. Barbour would be incomplete without some reference to the characteristics of the man. which, in him, as in many of the representative citizens of this and every other community, have had so large a share in ruling his movements and governing his destiny. That his ambition aimed at a high standard is self- evident, else had he remained content in the comparatively narrow groove in which we find him in 1856, and, coupled with it, he possessed an unflagging energy, a quick percep- tion by which was grasped and retained every detail con- nected with the business at the time in mind, and as well a determination— the mainspring of his success— to be the one to succeed among many who should fail. Thus, in the prime of his manhood, we find him the head of one of Michigan's most substantial and extensive manufacturing institutions, brought to that point largely through his able management — a man well known in the financial and busi- ness world surrounding him. and embodying a pleasing dis- position and many traits of character which, in the social world, place him among its leaders, and command for him universal respect and the regard of all his fellow-citizens. Hon. Michael Brown, of Big Rapids, Mecosta County, was born in Indian Creek Township, Pulaski County. Indiana, on the twentieth day of April, 1841. His parents were well-to-do farmers, who settled in that town the thirtieth day of May, 1839. After he had reached the school age he commenced attending winter terms of the district school in his native town, working on his father's farm in the summer-time. After he became seventeen years old he entered the county academy at Logansport, and remained one year. He then entered Franklin College, at Franklin, Indiana, and was a student at that institution until January, i860, when he entered Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Indiana. He was a member of Wabash College until the last of May, 1862, at which time he left college to enlist in the army. The latter part of July of that year he enlisted as a recruit in Company B, Second Indiana Cavalry. During the winter of 1862-3 he was with his company in Kentucky, where the Confederates had an irregular army under the rebel Morgan. In the spring of 1863 the Second Indiana marched from Louisville, Kentucky, to Nashville, Tennessee, and soon afterwards became a part of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. Judge Brown was in the en- gagement at New Middleton, Triune, Guy's Crap, Shelby- ville, and the battle of Chickamauga. After the battle of Chickamauga, he was with the cavalry force that followed and drove the tebel General Wheeler out of Tennessee. In November, 1S63, the Second Indiana was ordered to Bast Tennessee to re-enforce the army of General Burnside. While in Fast Tennessee, the regiment was in the battles of Mossy Creek, Dandridge, and Fair Gardens, besides many skirmishes. On the fifth day of May, 1864, the regiment started from Cleveland, Eastern Tennessee, where it had been in camp for a few days, to engage in the Atlanta campaign. It found and engaged the enemy within the first ten miles of its march, and was under lire every day until the 9th of May, when, together with all the officers and men on the skirmish-line, including the brigade commander, Judge Brown was taken prisoner by the enemy. On the 14th of the same month he went into Andersonville. The notorious rebel, Captain Wurz, was in command of the prison at the time. He was confined at Andersonville until the i6lh of October, when, with many of his comrades, he was removed to Florence, South Carolina. He was paroled and sent North on the 16th of December of the same year. He reached Annapolis, Maryland, on the 21st. weighing ninety- four pounds, but in good spirits, and more than ever de- voted to his country's flag. A furlough of thirty days was granted to all the survivors of Confederate starvation. Judge Brown, promptly, at the expiration of his furlough, reported at Camp Chase, Ohio, and begged to be sent to his regi- ment, so he could go upon the Wilson raid, which started some time in March. But the surgeon who examined him only laughed at him, and sent him to his quarters. He went South as soon as he was permitted to do so, and when he reached Nashville, Tennessee, was detailed as a special courier for the Military Division of the Mississippi, in which ^?, (^S^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. capacity he served until lie was mustered out in July, 1865. Judge Brown was a private soldier during his entire term of service. He was in every battle and skirmish his regiment was engaged in from the time he enlisted in it until he was taken prisoner. He takes great pride in the fact that he never evaded or disobeyed an order made by any of his superiors, but obeyed them all cheerfully and with alacrity ; that he was never punished or threatened with punishment during the time he was a soldier. He was on the best of terms with his officers, and was offered promotion many times. The private soldiers of Michigan have no better friend or stronger advocate than Judge Brown. He assists them in every way in his power. He removed to Michigan to enter the law department of the State University, at Ann Arbor, on the 1st of October, 1866, and graduated therefrom in March, 1868. He went to Grand Rapids in April, and remained there until the following autumn. On the 23d of September, [868, he located at the then village, now city, of Big Rapids, where lie has since resided. As soon as pos- sible after he located at Big Rapids, he opened a law office and commenced the practice of his profession. He rose rapidly at the bar, and was soon considered one of the best lawyers in Northwestern Michigan. In the spring of 1869 he was elected superintendent of schools for Mecosta County, which office he held for two years. In 1873 ne was elected mayor of the city of Big Rapids without opposition. In December, 1876, he was appointed circuit judge of the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit of Michigan, then composed of the counties of Mecosta, Newaygo, Oceana, and Muskegon. At the general election in the fall of 1878, he was elected to the same office without opposition. As a judge he was patient, painstaking, industrious, and firm. Cases tried be- fore him were rarely reversed by the Supreme Court. It is said that no criminal case tried before him was reversed, and no mandamus was issued against him. After he had been on the bench two years, but few cases were appealed to the Supreme Court ; litigants were usually satisfied with his judgment. He resigned the judgeship, January 3, 1 88 1 . and resumed the practice of his profession at Big Rapids. When the Legislature of Michigan passed a bill providing for the building of a Soldiers' Home, Judge Brown was ap- pointed a member of the Board of Managers by Governor Alger, and was elected clerk at the first meeting of the Board, a position which he still holds, having been reap- pointed a member of the Board by Governor Luce. Judge Brown was married to Miss Mary Alice Osburn, of Big Rapids, August 3, 1870. They have four children living. He is greatly attached to his family, and would make any sacrifice for the comfort or happiness of any member of it. He greatly enjoys home-life, and is averse to being away any length of time. Judge Brown is an active, thorough, and very successful lawyer. He is a member of the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States, and is employed in the most important causes. He has always been a great student, not only of law, but of history, fiction, and the sciences. Both he and his wife are members of the class of 1890 in the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. Although he did not graduate, Wabash College conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. He owns large and well-selected law and literary libraries. He is a good speaker, a forcible debater, and an able writer. He is nat- urally kind, considerate of the rights and feelings of others, and has always enjoyed the respect and esteem of his 73 neighbors. He is plain and unostentatious in his habits, and has made it the rule of his life to treat well all with whom he comes in contact, no matter what place in society they occupy. He hates frauds and pretenders, as every one who has heard him denounce them both at the bar and upon the platform well knows. Judge Brown is a Presbyterian in re- ligious belief, and a Republican in politics. He is an un- compromising protectionist, and holds fast to the idea that the soldiers who served this country should be preferred in the public service. He is an advocate of and believer in liberal pension laws, and favors the Service Pension Bill now (1889) before Congress. Judge Brown joined the Grand Army of the Republic in 1867. When the old organization went down, he was one of the first men in his community to join the new. He has always been a hard worker for the order. He has held many offices in the Post of which he is a member; was Department Judge Advocate in 1887, and was elected Department Commander at Bay City, March 14, 1889. He is opposed to all monopolies and trusts, and be- lieves that public affairs should be administered with the most rigid economy consistent with the welfare and advance- ment of the general good. Hon. Harvey Russel Gaylord, late of Sag- inaw, was born at Harpersfield, Delaware County, New York, July 25, 1805. He was the fourth son of Major Levi Gay- lord, a soldier of the Revolution, and was of the seventh generation in descent from William Gaylord (or Gaillard), of a noble Huguenot family, refugees from France to England, about 1551. William Gaylord was a prominent member of a colony that sailed from Plymouth, England, on the ship Mary and John, and landed at Dorchester, Massachusetts, May 30, 1630. He signed the first land-grants given in Dorchester, and his own grant was recorded there in 1633. He was a representative from Dorchester to the Massachu- setts General Court, in 1635-36, and 1638. In 163S, him- self and family, with others, removed to Windsor, Con- necticut. He was a " deputy," or representative, from Windsor to the first General Court, or Assembly, of Con- necticut, held at Hartford in April, 1639, and between the years 1639-64 he was re-elected to the same office at forty subsequent semi-annual elections. Evidently the doctrine of rotation in office was not much practiced in those days. In 1806 the father of H. R. Gaylord removed, with his family, from Harpersfield, New York, to Harpersfield, Trumbull County, Ohio (now Geneva, Ashtabula County, Ohio), and settled on the homestead that for nearly sixty years was the family home. Harvey R., at the age of nine- teen years, was acting as deputy in the office of his father, then auditor of Ashtabula County, and continued in that position until elected recorder of the county in 1829, which latter office he held by re-election until October, 1838. He also, in addition to a large amount of other writing and map-drawing done for the county, compiled a general index to the thirty-seven volumes of records in the office — a work of great public convenience, as the previous indexes were inaccurate, as well as deficient in the extent of information given. This is believed to have been the first index of its kind in the " Western Reserve," and was afterwards taken as a model by other counties. From 1831 until his removal to Saginaw in 1864, he was also engaged in the sale of un- improved lands in Ashtabula County. After his removal to Saginaw, until his death, he was in the insurance business, 10 74 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. first in partnership with his son, Augustine S., and afterwards with his grandson, Charles C.aylord Fowler, one of the oldest and most extensive agencies in the Saginaw Valley. Mr. Gaylord was much interested in historical matters, and was one of the founders of the Ashtabula County Historical Society, and was a corresponding member of several other historical societies. He was also an early member of the American Colonization Society, but afterwards became an ardent anti-slavery man. At a meeting of the American Anti-slavery Society, held at Cleveland, Ohio, October, 1839, of which Myron Holly, of New York, was president, and H. R. Gaylord, of Ashtabula, and F. L). Parish, of Sandusky, secretaries, President Holly introduced the project of forming a distinctly anti-slavery political party, but it met with little favor among the anti-slavery men present. Politically, Mr. Gaylord was a Whig till the formation of the Republican party, and always worked and voted for the success of those parties. May 5, 1830, he was married to Miss Stella M. Atkins, a native of Ashtabula Count), and daughter of Judge Quintus F. Atkins, a pioneer of iSo2,and prominent man of Northern Ohio — a woman of strong character and excellent education. Mr. and Mrs. C.aylord were ardent laborers in Christian work, in temperance, in social reform, in educational advancement, and in things designed for the benefit of the human race. Of their sons, the eldest, Augustine S., is men- tioned elsewhere. The second son, Charles R., an unusually brilliant and energetic young man, after completing his law studies in the office of Moore & Penoyer, at Saginaw, opened a law office at Lower Saginaw (now Bay City) and soon after died, at Saginaw, October 14, 1855. The third son, Edward W., of Minneapolis, Minnesota, for nearly thirty years a prominent railroad builder and manager in the Northwest, was instantly killed in a mining accident at Angus, Iowa, June 16, 1887. The fourth and youngest son, Henry T., a member of the Fourteenth Ohio Battery, died June 25, 1862, from wounds received in the battle of Shiloh. Mr. Gaylord, in the midst of a vigorous and useful old age, was. on his seventy-seventh birthday, stricken with paralysis, from which he died, December II, 1883. Mrs. Gaylord died suddenly, of heart disease, December 8, 1882. HON. HAZEN S. PlNGREE, manufacturer, of De- troit, is one of the direct descendants of that sturdy old Puritanical stuck which has been, to a great extent, the leaven to the loaf of our National prosperity. His lineal ancestor, Moses Pingree, came to Massachusetts in 1640, just twenty years after " the landing of the pilgrims," and was one of that heroic band, " Who have lefl unstained, what there they found- Freedom to worship God." The first Pingree settled at Ipswich, Massachusetts, arid there the family continued to reside for nearl) .1 1 entury and a half, fighting Indians and struggling with the unproductive soil for a bare subsistence. In 1780 the family began to colonize, one branch locating in Rowley, Mass,,, husetts, and another at Georgetown, Massachusetts. The subject of this sketch was born on his father's farm at Denmark, Maine, in 1840, and spent the earlier years <>( his life in the laborious though healthful occupation of farming. It was to this, largely, as well as to inherited vitality, that he owes his splendid physique and iron constitution, which have served him so well in the struggles and hardships of after-life. He received such education as the common schools of that day afforded to a farmer's boy, who could only attend in the winter months. At the age of fourteen years he concluded to strike out for himself, and went to Hopkinton, Massachu- setts, where he learned the trade of cutter in a shoe fac- tory, remaining there several years. In 1862, when it was found that die Rebellion could not be put down without a strong effort, he was the first to enlist as a private to fill the quota of forty-seven of the little town of Hopkinton. I Hhers had been hanging back, but when young Pingree and In- . hum signed their names to the roll, it was not twenty- four hours before "the boys" were offering fifty dollars apiece for a place in the ranks. But not one of the forty- seven was willing to give up, and they marched away in a blaze of glory, after a grand banquet, to join their regiment in Virginia. It was the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, Company F, and was doing duty at that time in the Twenty- second Army Corps in the defenses around Washington, on the Virginia side of the Potomac River. The regiment was ordered to the front during Pope's Virginia campaign, and participated in the memorable battle of Bull Run. It then returned to duty in defense of Washington, at Arlington Heights, Virginia, and remained there until May 15, 1864, when it was again ordered to the front, and assigned to duty as infantry in the Second Brigade of Tyler's Division. It participated in the fights at Fredericksburg Road, May iSth; Harris' Farm, on May 19th, and the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, May 19-21. The regiment opened the engage- ment at Spottsylvania Court House eighteen hundred strong, and during the battle lost five hundred men in killed and wounded. It was then assigned to the Second Corps, Third Division, in the Army of the Potomac ; participated in the fight at North Anna, May 24th and 25th. While on special duty on the 25th, Private Pingree and some companions were cap- tured by a detachment of Mosby s command. When brought before the guerrilla leader, young Pingree was observed to have on a very good suit of clothes, upon which Mosby made a complete exchange with him. He afterwards gave back his blue coat, however, with the remark that " his boys might shoot him for a Yank, which he would very much re- gret." But he kept the pants and vest as a good exchange. Private Pingree was confined in rebel prisons at Gordonville and Lynchburg, Virginia, and at Salisbury, North Carolina, and was in a box-car en route for nine days, being taken out of the car only three times during the trip. He has often had occasion sini e to 1 ompare the modern palace-car travel- ing with this memorable journey. He was subsequently taken to Andersonville, and from there, when Sherman was on his march to the sea, to the stockade at Milieu, Georgia. He escaped from Milieu prison very cleverly. A number of the prisoners were to lie exchanged, and one morning the rebel sergeant had the prisoners all summoned to have the lucky ..ins hear theii names 1 ailed <>n, and to fall into line. Pingree's heart beat high with hope as the calling started, but its pulsations gradually grew less and less as the calling pro- gressed, and one by one the boys stepped out into line and to freedom. The list was Hearing the finish. "John Phelps!" shouted the rebel sergeant. Phelps was a private in the First Vermont Heavy Artillery, and he and Pingree had become well acquainted during their prison-life. Poor Phelps was too sick to attend the roll-call. It was now or never. "John Phelps!" repeated the sergeant. "Here!" And young Pingree stepped out into the ranks of those who &^& CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 75 would soon be free. " Don't you know your nun name you, d — d Yankee idiot?" growled the sergeant. Then he passed on to the next, called two more names, and Pingree passed out safely under the name of the sick Vermonter. He was returned to the Union lines under parole, and was exchanged in November, 1864, when he again joined the regiment in front of Petersburg. From that time forward it was fighting by day and marching by night. The most important en- gagements were, at Danby's Mills, February 5 and 7, 1865 ; Fort Fisher, before Petersburg, March 25th; Boynton Road, March 30th and 31st ; the Fall of Petersburg, April 2d ; Sailor's Creek, April 6th; Farmville, April 7th ; Appomattox Court House and the surrender of Lee, April gth. The grand review of the army occurred April 26th. From the Wilderness to Richmond the regiment lost 1,283 men anc i 33 officers in killed and wounded. It was complimented in special orders from Generals Mott and Pierce, "for gallantry in the last grand charge on Petersburg, in which it held a leading posi- tion, and was greatly depleted in numbers." The regiment was mustered out, August 15, 1865. Colonel Fox, in his book recently published, entitled " Regimental Losses in the Civil War," credits the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery as one of the three hundred fighting regiments ; also that, of the two thousand or more regiments in the Union army, there were only fourteen whose total loss in battle exceeded that of the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. After a short visit to his old home the young soldier boy struck out for the great West, and, with no definite object in view, stopped in Detroit to look around. He secured employment in the boot and shoe house of H. P. Baldwin & Co., as a salesman, but left there shortly after, and engaged with C. H. Smith in buying produce and shipping it to the Eastern market. Then an opportunity presented itself to buy, cheap, a little, old-fashioned, and nearly worthless machinery that had been saved from the wreck of H. P. Baldwin & Co.'s factory, when that firm went out of the business of manufacturing, having found it unprofitable. Thus was formed, in 1866, the firm of Pingree & Smith, which has since grown to such large proportions. The entire capital did not exceed $1,500, and only eight hands were employed; but in the first year the sales amounted to nearly $20,000. From that time the growth of the business has been steady and gradual, until now the output of the factory is exceeded by that of few factories in the entire country. Several re- movals to larger quarters were from time to time found necessary to do the increasing business. In 1883, Mr. Smith retired from the firm, and Messrs. F. C. Pingree and J. B. Howarth, who had been the senior member's right hand men, were admitted to partnership. A disastrous fire in March, 1887, which destroyed the entire plant, threatened to sweep the firm out of existence ; but the indomitable energy of the members enabled them to recover, and even to gain ground, so that now they stand at the head of all Western shoe manufacturers. During the past year constant employ- ment has been given to nearly one thousand hands, whose weekly pay-roll amounts to from $6,000 to $7,000. Though Mr. Smith retired from the firm in 1883, the firm name has been retained because of the reputation it has made through- out the country. Over this immense business Mr. H. S. Pingree has had supervision from the beginning ; and it is owing principally to his wise and faithful control that the firm has made such a remarkable success in a field where so many others have failed. Having been thoroughly engrossed in business, Mr. Pingree has not had the time to take any active part in politics, though he has always taken a keen interest in public affairs, and has cast his vote where it would do the most good. He has resisted many importunities to take office ; but in 1889 the better elements of the local Democ- racy united their forces with the Republicans to overthrow the political corruption which had gained control of munic- ipal affairs in Detroit. Mr. Pingree was made the uri mous nominee of the Republicans at the head of the city- ticket, and was elected mayor by a handsome majority over all other candidates— his inclination to decline being headed off by the importunities of some of the best men in both par- ties. Mr. Pingree is an enthusiastic member of Detroit Post, No. 384, Grand Army of the Republic, and of the leading social and athletic clubs of Detroit, but finds his home si attractions superior to those to be found anywhere outside. In 1872, Mr. Pingree was married to Miss Frances A. (iil- bert, of Mt. Clemens, and they have an interesting family of three children — two daughters and a son. He is a regular attendant of the Woodward Avenue Baptist Church. HON. TIMOTHY E. TARSNEY, of East Saginaw, ex-representative in Congress from the Eighth District of Michigan, embracing the counties of Gratiot, Isabella, Mid- land, Montcalm, Saginaw, and Shiawassee, was born at Ransom, Hillsdale County, Michigan, on the fourth day of February, 1849. His father and mother, Timothy and Mary A. Tarsney, were born in Sligo and Westmeath Counties, Ireland, respectively, and emigrated to this country in 1 83 1. They first located in Rochester, New York, thence removing to Manhattan (what is now known as Toledo). In 1844 they removed to Medina, Lenawee County, Michigan, and in 1848 purchased a farm in Ransom, Hillsdale County, where they permanently located, and Mr. Tarsney engaged in his busi- ness of blacksmith and farmer. The subject of our sketch attended the common schools in Hillsdale County until twelve years of age. Inclining to mechanics, he entered a machine-shop at Hudson, Lenawee County, Michigan, for the purpose of learning the machinist trade. In February, 1864, he went into the Government service on military rail- roads in Tennessee, and served to the close of the war. Again entering a machine-shop, he worked there until Feb- ruary, 1866, when he went to East Saginaw, where he ran a steam-engine. In 1867 the United States Board of Steam- boat Inspectors gave him a certificate as marine engineer, which occupation he followed upon the Saginaw River and the Lakes up to and including the season of 1872. It was while so engaged as engineer on the Lakes that Mr. Tarsney con- ceived the idea of adopting the profession of the law, and, purchasing a copy of Blackstone's Commentaries, he read law while sailing during the summer months, and during the winter months attended school and the law department of the University of Michigan, graduating from that institu- tion in the class of 1872. During the following season he was engaged as chief engineer on the Lakes. On the close of navigation he engaged in practice of law in the city of East Saginaw. In the spring of 1873 ne was elected justice of the peace in the city of East Saginaw, being the only candidate elected upon the Democratic ticket. He served as justice until 1874, abandoning that position to engage in the practice of the law, in which occupation he has been engaged ever since. He is a member of the firm of Tars- ney & Weadock, one of the largest and most successful law 76 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. firms in the Saginaw Valley. He was appointed city attor- ney of the city of East Saginaw in 1875, '876, 1877, which position he resigned on account of increased private business. In 1880 he was nominated and ran for Congress in the Eighth District of Michigan, on the Democratic ticket, against Roswell G. Horr, Republican, running over two thousand ahead of the electoral ticket, but was defeated. In 1882 he was nominated for attorney-general of the State, but was with the entire ticket, defeated. In 1884 he was unani- mously chosen by the State Democratic Convention as first delegate-at-large to the National Democratic Convention, held at Chicago, and represented the State at that Conven- tion on the Committee on Resolutions. Later he was nomi- nated for Congress, and was elected by a plurality of 1,622 over Roswell G. Horr, his opponent. In 1886 he was re- elected by a vote of 18,301 to 17,615 for Roswell G. Horr, Republican, and 1,930 for Geo. W. Abbey, Prohibitionist. At no time has he ever sought or desired public office — in every instance having been selected without solicitation on his part. He is a member of the Roman Catholic Church, and from his youth has been, and still is, an ardent Demo- crat. On October 1, 1873, ^' r - Tarsney was married at Ann Arbor, Michigan, to Catherine O'Brien, of that place, the fruit of their union being six children, four of whom are now living. In the Forty-ninth Congress Mr. Tarsney served as a member of the House Committees on Labor and Com- merce, and rendered efficient services. He was also espe- cially active in promoting the interests of his constituents, and his determined and energetic fight to secure for East Sagi- naw the location of a United States Court, and the passage of an appropriation bill for a public building in the same city, gained him considerable distinction. In the Fiftieth Congress he served on the Committees on Commerce, on Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River, and on Labor. In 1888 he was again the choice of his party for Congress, but was defeated on the tariff issue in the country, not cities. In personal appearance Mr. Tarsney is of rather slim build, slightly above the average height, and quick in ac- tion. He is impetuous, and, when his mind is made up on any subject requiring his attention, moves promptly. In debate he is courteous, but strikes boldly from the shoulder, and never quails in the presence of an enemy. Early in polit- ical life he acquired the sobriquet of the " Young Lion of the Saginaw Democracy," and it still adheres to him. Socially he has few equals, his ready Irish wit and apt repartee win- ning hosts of admirers. In business he is the soul of honor, always fulfilling every obligation imposed upon him, and in a business as well as social sense few men of his years have achieved greater success. HON. JOHN MOORE, of Saginaw, was born in Lon- don, England, February 7, 1826. His parents belonged to that great middle class in English society that has at length become so potential in the current affairs of the British Em- pire. His father was of Irish parentage, though born in London. Only the first four years of his childhood were spent in his native land. Cooperstown, New York, was the place that witnessed the next four years of his growth into boyhood, in his recollections of which he goes back to his pupilage in a Presbyterian Sunday-school, conducted in the dining-room of James Fenimore Cooper. In 1834 he com- menced his pioneer home-life in Milford, Michigan. Here, amid the hardships of a new country, the work of a farm gave its peculiar discipline and industrial virtue to his char- acter. At the age of twenty he commenced the study of the law in the office of Hon. Augustus C. Baldwin, then of Mil ford, now a resident of Pontiac, and an eminent lawyer and jurist. Two years later, Mr. Moore transferred his law studies to the office of Lothrop &: Duffield, of Detroit — names highly distinguished in the legal profession, and the first of whom has been United States Minister to Russia. Under the guidance of these eminent men, Mr. Moore made such proficiency that in October, 1848, he was admitted as an attorney of the Supreme Court of the State. He com- menced his law practice in Fentonville, but in 1851 located permanently in Saginaw. In 1855 he was elected prosecuting attorney of Saginaw County, and served in that capacity four years. His ability and fidelity brought him business reputation and influence, and he soon found himself in the enjoyment of a large and lucrative practice, and thenceforth connected with nearly all the great questions and interests involved in litigation in his section of the State. In 1 86 1 he was elected mayor of Saginaw; again in 1862; and a third time in 1863, when he refused longer to serve. In 1871 the office of Circuit Judge in the Tenth Judicial Circuit became vacant by the resignation of Judge Sutherland. The bar of the circuit, indorsed in their action by leading citizens of all parties, unanimously requested Mr. Moore to accept the posi- tion, and petitioned the governor to exercise the appointing power in accordance therewith. It had so happened, in 1868, that Mr. Moore was the Democratic nominee for the execu- tive chair of the State, in opposition to Governor Baldwin (the incumbent of the office), now solicited to make this ap- pointment. Party feeling running high, the governor was besought to use his prerogative in favor of some man of his own political persuasion. But Mr. Moore's high character and standing with men of all parties, attested in the guber- natorial contest by his receiving thirty thousand more votes fur the office than had ever been cast for any candidate of his party up to that time, together with Governor Baldwin's personal knowledge of his exceptional qualifications for the judicial office, made the appointment a pleasant duty for the governor. This marked compliment to his eminent abil- ities and fitness for the position was emphasized at the en- suing spring election to fill the vacancy, when both the political parties united in his nomination, and he was chosen without opposition. Such an expression of confidence in his char- acter and qualifications for the discharge of high judicial functions was to him a greater reward for many years of hard toil in his profession than the honors and emoluments of his office multiplied a hundred-fold; and it is due to him to say, that in performing the duties of his office he fully met the expectations of his friends, and that his talents, fidelity, and integrity conferred dignity and honor upon the judicial office itself, and gave his name and character an enviable reputation in the State at large. But the business of his circuit, second to that of no other in the State, when viewed in ihe variety and magnitude of the interests in- volved, was quite too heavy for his health and strength, and in 1874 he was obliged to resign his position, greatly to the regret of the legal profession and the people of the whole circuit. Since retiring from the bench, Judge Moore has contented himself with the more quiet and agreeable voca- tion of counselor, and attending to his extensive business in farming and stock-raising, thus furnishing himself with health-giving exercise while enjoying the fruits of long years I- ^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 77 of industry, and passing serenely into the closing period of life. During his long career of professional activity, of useful and eminent citizenship, of fidelity to public trusts, Judge Moore has been an interested witness of the growth of busi- ness and rush of enterprise in the great Saginaw Valley, and an active participant in its scenes of industry, in its prosperous undertakings, in its financial fortunes. Much of past legislation, needed to promote and develop the vast and ever-increasing business of the valley, is the result of his skill and practical business experience. His official rela- tions to the direct management of several large corporations have been of essential service to their great success. Of all the business interests with which he has been connected, none have incurred the censure of the public from any want of integrity in their management, or from any failure in then- operations. Like most men who have, by hard struggle and persistent energy, made for themselves a good name in life, Judge Moore is mainly indebted for his marked qualities and attributes to his mother, who was born near Boston, Lincolnshire, England, in 1802, and departed this life in Mil- ford, Michigan, January 20, i860. The scenes of maternal love and filial obedience, and the years of unreserved con- fidence that united their lives into a sympathetic harmony that death alone could disturb, have enriched his memory with the tenderest recollections of her rare worth and excel- lence. A plain, Christian woman of the English Wesleyan type, she possessed strong common sense, steadiness of pur- pose, self-determining judgment in matters of duty, great courage amid the hardships of pioneer life, and earnest though undemonstrative Christian faith and fortitude. She did her work in life well, filling the circle of her influence and acquaintance with the deeds and fragrance of goodness. Knowing what it was to suffer from poor health for a term of years, she learned the lessons of patience and resigna- tion. Her dying benedictions included a tender reference to the unvarying kindness in word and deed that had always characterized the life of him who now blesses her memory as that of the best counselor he ever had. Dying peace- fully, without a doubt as to her future, she left to her dis- tinguished son a precious memory and influence as enduring as mind itself. Judge Moore was accustomed to severe toil during the years of his boyhood. His educational advan- tages were only such as our common-school system afforded some fifty years ago, before it reached the plane of graded and high-school instruction. Without the aid or advice of influential friends, he had to plan and execute for his own fortunes. By untiring exertion and habits of economy and self-denial, he made his own way in life, and thus developed those traits of character that gave him confidence in his own powers, and that found expression in a manly independence, ever challenging the respect of his fellows. Hard study and diligent reading formed his intellectual character. His mental discipline and acquirements are of a high order, showing that those best qualified and equipped for a career in which knowledge is power and brain is victor, do not always come from the splendid advantages of the college and university. Such a man will of necessity have an appreciative estimate of the value and benefits of educational institutions. Ac- cordingly, Judge Moore has rendered invaluable service to the cause of education in the city of his residence. For nineteen years he was directly connected with the official work of school building and school management. Serving as president of the Board of Education for many years be- fore the present method of superintendency came into vogue, it devolved on him to perform the work of a superintendent; and so he visited all the schools with monthly regularity, acquainting himself intimately with all the details of edw a tional work. It was also necessary to educate public opinion up to the right level of voting generous appropriations for erecting such buildings as would meet the growing wants of the community. The Central School Building, now adorning the beautiful city of Saginaw, and costing eighty thousand dollars, is a standing monument to his exertions in behalf of this noble cause. Judge Moore also held and honored the office of trustee in Albion College, in this State, where his strict business methods, as applied to the financial affairs of that institution, made his services valuable as being in the line of conservative and successful management. As respects the interests of morality and religion, Judge Moore's example and influence have wrought good, and only good, to the community. He is a stanch friend of the temperance re- form, having faithfully given his attention to the enforcement of temperance legislation when prosecuting attorney of Sag- inaw County. He has always been a steady and strong op- ponent of the liquor interest, and of all forms of vice that cluster around the saloon, and that multiply their tempta- tions in our municipal communities. Though not a member of any religious persuasion, he is, by his very nature and convictions, a religious man, and has identified his personal influence very largely with the history and growth of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Saginaw, contributing liber- ally of his means for erecting its first, and, quite lately, its second beautiful edifice of worship, serving efficiently as trustee of its property, and sustaining its agencies of good by current financial support and by personal attendance on its Sabbath services. Judge Moore was married to Miss Caro- line Smith Odell, at Milford, April 12, 1849, a lady of good mental endowments, of amiable disposition, of unobtrusive manners, whose truly womanly nature flows in the deep and quiet channels of those affections and sympathies that are eminently religious and domestic. With real bravery and strength of character, she shared with her husband the trials and privations incident to their early married life, before ample means and troops of friends made their home the center of large and gratifying associations. She has discharged the duties of wife and mother with so much intelligence, fidelity, and propriety, that the manly and womanly virtues of two lives blended in one is the picture whose beauty, more than that of hanging portrait or landscape, attracts the eye of friend and guest in the home of Judge Moore. Mrs. Moore is the only survivor of the original class of five members whose associated efforts, in 185 1, began the history of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Saginaw. During all these years her Christian life, ever approaching the model of truest excellence, has made her name and influence a benediction of peace and love to her friends, to her religious communion, to the community at large. To her care and instruction has been committed, from the beginning to the present, the large "infant class" in the Sunday-school, whose tender minds, so impressible by sweet religious influence, demand the best teaching talent and the most patient and thoughtful appli- ances of Christian training. Two daughters, Mrs. L. T. Durand, of Saginaw, and Mrs. DeForest Paine, of Detroit, and four grandchildren, complete the circle of Judge Moore's family life. His tour of Europe with his family, in 1870, was partly for the improvement of his health, but mainly for the 78 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. pleasure and advantage of his daughters. Judge Moore in person is a little above the medium in stature, of symmetrical proportions, plain in dress and manners, free from ostenta- tion, pleasant and thoughtful in the cast of his countenance, and so devoid of self-consciousness as to suggest to the in- telligent observer the idea of great merit in union with great modesty. His mind is more remarkable for the balance of its faculties than for what passes for profundity or brilliancy. No one trait stands out in such prominence as to suggest its mastership of the man ; but intellectual clearness and strength, soundness of judgment, quickness of perception, accurate disi limination, intuitional vigor, breadth of reflection, and a fullness of mental integrity, express the idea of large judicial power presiding over well-endowed capacities. Add to this, that the highest value of his character is found in its ethical elements. His native conscientiousness and in- stinctive love of truth, operating spontaneously as the life- blood of thought and reasoning, constitute the prime excel- lence of the man. Judge Moore is always self possessed and agreeable in social intercourse, and has remarkable conversa- tional powers. He is open and frank in discussion, uses language to express and not to conceal his ideas, exercises great tolerance toward the manifest victims of error and prejudice, is in sympathy with humanity, and most charitable in his judgments of men and character. His civic virtues are so complete, that no partisan interest ever interferes with his duties in life, or ever reaches into the circle of his friend- ships. Indeed, his most intimate friendships include those in opposition to his political sentiments more largely than those within the household of his party associates. His patriotism made him very conspicuous in his support of Presi- dent Lincoln's war policy, irrespective of all party consid- erations. Thus qualified by capacities, acquirements, and cultivated virtues for great usefulness in almost every de- partment in life, it is truth to say that Judge Moore's legal qualifications surpass all other claims to distinction. His integrity as a man was ever his integrity as a lawyer. Those who know him best have a right to regard him as coming very near the ideal of a legal practitioner, and the consensus of public opinion brings him still nearer the true standard of the judicial character. His abilities upon the bench, his analysis and comprehension of intricate cases, his clear and correct charges to juries, and his decisions so thoroughly grounded in fundamental principles, are a memory and tra- clition in the minds of intelligent citizens. Had his constitu- tion and health permitted the full application of his powers to the work most appropriate to his genius and professional tastes and aptitudes, he would have risen to the position and distinction of a great jurist. Hut his freedom from the am- bition that breeds discontent with providential allotments is his crown of strength amid the repose, the honors, and the friendships of his ripened manhood. CHARLES HENRY HACKLEY, lumberman, of Mus- kegon, was born January 3, 1837, at Michigan City, Indi- ana. His lather, Joseph H. Hackley, was a native of the State of New York, of Welsh descent, and for many years a contractor and railroad-builder. His mother, whose maiden name was Salina Fuller, passed her early youth in ( >hio, and attained the age of forty-eight years, dying at Muskegon, August 16, 1864. They had five children — three sons and two daughters of whom our subject was the eldest, and is the only one now living. While quite young his parents removed to Southport, now Kenosha, Wisconsin, and here Mr. Hackley obtained his education at the district 1 1 Is. Arriving at the age of fifteen he left school, and engaged with his Father in road-building. At seventeen years of age he had under him a gang of men, and had charge of twenty miles of plank-road, his duty being to keep it in repair. His time was devoted to hard work in connec- tion with his father's business until the spring of 1856, when he engaged to woik his passage to Michigan on the schooner Challenge. Landing in Muskegon the morning of April I", 1856, with just seven dollars in his possession, he went to work at noon of the same day as a common laborer for Durkee, True-dell & Co., lumber manufacturers, and without asking what remuneration he was to receive. His foreman afterward gave in his time at twenty-two dollars per month, which the firm afterward increased to twenty- six. In the fall of 1S56, when the mill shut down, he went into the woods for the same company, where he was em- ployed during the following winter scaling logs, receiving thirty dollars per month as wages. The next spring he was made outside foreman, and had charge of the men engaged in sorting and piling lumber and clearing the mill. The fall of 1857 was a disastrous one for the lumber interests, a large number of manufacturers failing, and comparatively little logging was done in the woods in the ensuing winter. Mr. Hackley, through his energy, perseverance, and ability, had by this time gained the confidence and esteem of his employers, and they suggested that if he would return to Ke- nosha and spend the winter at a commercial school at that place they would pay a portion of his expenses, with the understanding that if he proved competent he was to return the following spring and take charge of their books. This proposition was accepted. During his absence the firm of Dtirkee, Truesdell & Co. went into liquidation, and Gideon Truesdell became its successor. Early in 1858, Mr. Hack- ley became book-keeper for Mr. Truesdell, and, as well, had charge of the shipments of lumber and of the supply store which was run in connection with the mill, and filled this position acceptably, while still receiving only thirty dollars a month salary, until the spring of 1859. Pomeroy & Holmes, lumber manufacturers, failing at this time, Mr. Hackley, with his father and Mr. Truesdell, purchased the properly and organized the firm of J. H. Hackley & Co., under which name the business was successfully conducted during the next two seasons. In i860 the firm purchased the property known as the "Wing" mill, which they continued to oper- ate until 1866, Mr. Hackley assuming charge of the books of the two mills in addition to those of Mr. Truesdell, while he was, as well, general manager for the latter, who had re- moved to Chicago. In 1866, Mr. Hackley purchased Mr. Truesdell s interest in the old Pomeroy & Holmes mill, and, with his father and brothers Edwin and Porter, organized the firm of Hackley & Sons, under which style the business was continued until 1874. In the same year, Mr. James Mc- Gordon purchased the interests of J. H. Hackley and Gideon Truesdell in the old " Wing " mill, and went into partner- ship with our subject, under the firm name of Hackley & McGordon. In 1873 'be Hackley & Sons mill was sold and removed, and a new one erected upon the same site at a cost of eighty-five thousand dollars. The following year Mr. J. H. Hackley died, and shortly afterward the mill of Hack- ley & McGordon was destroyed by fire, with a loss of sixty- five thousand dollars, and was not rebuilt ; the insurance CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 79 covered thirty-five thousand dollars of the loss. Mr. Mc- Gordon having, on the death of J. H. Hackley,' purchased an interest in the firm of Hackley & Sons, a new firm was organized under the name of C. H. Hackley & Co. Edwin Hackley died in 1875, and in 1880 James McGordon died, when his interest was bought by Mr. Thomas Hume, and the firm again changed the name, adopting that of Hackley & Hume. In 1884, Porter Hackley died, when the entire business became vested in Charles H. Hackley and Thomas Hume, and has since that time been conducted by them under the firm name of Hackley & Hume. Their mill has a capacity of about thirty million feet of lumber and eight million pieces of lath per year, and is among the largest on Muskegon Lake, and, in fact, in the State of Michigan. Their timber-lands are principally in Clare County, from which they cut annually about thirty million feet of logs, and haul from ten to fifteen million for other parlies owning timber in the same vicinity, all of which is transported over their own logging railroad, fifteen miles in length, to the Muskegon River at Jonesville, Clare County. They are also the owners of sailing vessels having a combined capacity of fourteen hundred tons, which are employed in carrying their product to Chicago, where their principal market is found. The firm also own large tracts of pine timber-lands in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. They are also interested in the H. C. Akeley Lumber Co., of Minneapolis, an incorporated company, organized in Jan- uary, 1889, and the Muskegon Shingle and Lumber Co., of which Mr. Hackley is vice-president. He is president of the Muskegon National Bank, vice-president of the Lumberman's National Bank, of Muskegon, a member of the Boards of Directors of the Muskegon Savings Bank and the Oceana County Savings Bank, situated at Hart, and is also a stock- holder of twelve other National banks in various States of the Union. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Muskegon Booming Co. Mr. Hackley succeeded his father to the office of county treasurer on the death of the latter, in 1874, and was elected in 1877 alderman of the Fourth Ward of the city, holding that office two terms. He was elected a member of the Board of Education of Muskegon in 1877, for a term of three years, re-elected in 1880 and declined to serve, and in 1888 he was again elected to the same office. May 25, 1888, Mr. Hackley announced to the Board of Ed- ucation his purpose and desire to place in their hands, and in trust forever, the sum of #100,000 for the erection and maintenance of a public library ami reading-room in the city of Muskegon. The conditions of the grant were of the most liberal character — in the main being thai the library and reading-room should be kept open to the public without charge, and with suitable rules and regulations to be pre- scribed by the Board. The library will be one of circulation as well as reference, and the reading-room will be furnished with the best periodical literature of the day. The income of that portion of the fund not expended in the erection of the building is to be appropriated exclusively to the purchase of books, periodicals, etc., the geneial expenses of the build- ing, hire of attendants, etc., being borne by the Board of Ed- ucation. Since the donation was made, Mr. Hackley has for the third time become a member of the Board of Educa- tion, this time by a unanimous vote, and will be enabled to give his own voice and counsel to the carrying into execu- tion of the grand trust he has established. In commemora- tion of the gift, the Board of Education oidained that the twenty-fifth day of May in each year shall be forever set apart and observed by exercises of a special character, com- memorative of the munificence, public spirit, and good-will of the donor. Mr. Hackley subsequently made an addi- tional donation of $25,000, the amount to be devoted to the purchase, after furnishing the library building, of books, which further illustrates the philanthropic spirit of the man, and makes the most princely gift known to Michigan, while it adds materially to the value and usefulness of the bene- faction. Mr. Hackley has, almost since its organization, been a member of the Republican party, but not in any sense an active politician. He is an earnest worker in the cause of temperance, and has actively aided in its advancement and the promotion of that great moral reform for many years. He was married October 3, 1864, to Julia E., daugh- ter of Hiram Moore, Esq., of Centreville, Allegany County, New York. Mr. Hackley possesses in a marked degree those elements of character that insure business success. He is observant, silent, critical, and acurate in judgment, and gifted with unusual executive ability in the administration of business affairs. His counsel is always sought for and made use of in the directories of the many financial and business corporations with which he is connected. In the selection of men to aid him in the conduct of his numerous and impor- tant business enterprises, his practical sagacity is especially exemplified and justified. To such he gives his fullest con- fidence, and the trust is amply repaid. Affable and court- eous in his manners toward all, he is nevertheless unobtru- sive and retiring. Fond of domestic life, and of the society of friends in informal gatherings, he shuns crowds, social or political. The possessor of a large fortune, acquired by the exercise of his own intelligence, tact, and ingenuity, he has never forgotten the comparative privation of his early life, nor the hard and bitter struggle of many who have not been able to obtain a comfortable living. The public know but little of the numberless acts of charity and helpfulness that are due to his heart and hand. They have been done with- out ostentation, and when known he has discouraged public notice of them. They have been done, however, and in no half-hearted or half-handed way, but timely, generously, and efficiently. Latterly, however, the hidden and gracious in- fluences that have been molding and determining the real character of the man have impelled him to a rare and mu- nificent act of public benevolence that has brought him into special prominence, in the gift of $125,000 for library pur- poses. Thus he has founded a great public benefaction, of which every intelligent person in the community becomes a partaker for all time to come ; and while to do good to others, by inconspicuous deeds of charity 01 helpfulness, is within the reach of all, the spirit and the ability to perform such an act of generosity is a privilege that comes to few. Since the foregoing sketch was written, the plans for the library build- ing, provided for by Mr. Hackley's donation to the Board of Education of the city of Muskegon, have been adopted, and the publishers deem their sketch incomplete without present- ing a brief description of the structure. The Board of Edu- cation called for competitive designs from six leading archi- tects of the country, with the result that in August, 1888, the Board selected the plans submitted by Patton & Fisher, ar- chitects, Chicago, Illinois. The building will be a massive structure, of the Romanesque style of architecture, built of pink syenite granite, with brown-stone trimmings, symmet- rical and artistic, with a picturesque door of graceful design 8o CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. rising from one corner, the combination of gables, windows, arches, and columns giving the richest effects in external appearance. A broad entrance, with steps, fronts on Web- ster Avenue, and there is a private entrance on Third Street, near the book-room, Krom the main entrance a hall opens into the delivery room, 31x50 feet in size, fronting on Web- ster Avenue. To the left of this room is a reference library, and to the right a spacious reading-room, with ladies' read- ing-room adjoining, and the librarians' room on the north. The book-room, extending along Third Street, and lighted on three sides, is 42x56 feet, and will hold 71,500 volumes. On the second floor is a spacious room, with smaller and conven- ient rooms adjoining, suitable for lecture-room, art gallery, museum, or other purposes. The basement will be divided into convenient rooms for storage, heating apparatus, fuel, and such other purposes as may be hereafter determined. The contracts for the building, as already let, indicate that the actual cost will be ninet) thousand dollars or more. It is being constructed in the most durable and substantial manner, will be practically tin- proof, and nothing is left un- done to make it an attractive and convenient building, and in every respect adapted to the purposes for which it is to be used. HON. JOSIAH W. BEGOLE, of Flint, ex-goveinor of the State of Michigan. The great States of Ohio and Michigan owe their pre eminence, in all that goes to make the world bettei and brighter, to the character of their first settlers. Michigan has been especially benefited in this way, her pioneers having been, chiefly, emigrants from New England and the State of New York. Even her population of foreign extraction was carefully selected — large colonies oi Germans coming together, and settling, as one people, in one home; until, at last, the entire mass has been molded into a prosperous, liberal, virtuous, and singularly united community. This tribute to the pioneers of Michigan is but .1 simple act of justice ; and yet how far short of justice it is, will be inferred if the reader will give a deserved attention to the record herein to be traced of one of these eaily set- tlers, and of what he has been enabled to do for his adopted State. Josiah W. Begole, the subject of this sketch, was born in Livingston County, New York, January 20, 181 5. His parents, who were of French descent, originally settled in Maryland. His maternal grandfather was an officer in the Revolutionary army, and his father served in an official capacity all through the later war with England. At the beginning of the present century, however, both of his grandparents had emigrated to Livingston County, New York, and were among the pioneers of that region. There were ten children born to the parents of Mr. Begole, and he, being the eldest son, necessarily became a worker and a helper in the family ; but, as in many other notable in- stances, the habits of industry thus inculcated in his early youth became the aids to his advancement in future life. The circumstances of the family were comfortable, it is true; but the necess|ty for work still existed. The opportunities foi 1 uood education in those primitive days were very lim- ited. Only the very wealthy, or dwellers in cities, could se- cure the benefits of a collegiate course. Young Begole, like his associates, pursued his studies in the usual log school- house of the time; but he subsequently attended the Temple Hill Academy, at Geneseo, New York. At the age of twenty-one years he determined to venture out into the world, and this determination led him to Genesee County, in the then Territory of Michigan. The entire section was al- most a wilderness, the land being chiefly owned by the Gen- eral Government. There were but four or five houses at that time in the village of Flint. Now it is a prosperous and flourishing city, and has been, for many years, Mr. Be- gole's residence. At first he endured the hardships incident to a new country, ami yet he was enabled to form many firm friendships with his neighbors — a sentiment of more practical use and benefit than the friendships of the present dav. He aided in building many of the first residences con- structed in Flint, working at this or any other profitable em- ployment in the wanner weather, and in the winter he taught the district school. In the spring of 1839, Mr. Begole was married to Miss Harriet A. Miles, and immediately thereafter he began life in actual earnest by attempting the cultivation of a new and unimproved farm ; and this attempt was a suc- cess, for at the end of eighteen years he was the owner of five hundred acres of well-improved land. And from the commencement of his married life, too, not only have his material prospects prospered, but he has won the respect and confidence of an extensive constituency, and has held every office, nearly, within the gift of the people. He has been a school inspector — a position of more importance than many others with louder-sounding titles — a justice of the peace, and township treasurer. And then the people, having found liim honest and efficient in what is deemed smaller things, asked him to accept of higher trusts. In 1S56 he was clc' ted treasurer of Genesee County, which office he held for eight successive years. In the year 1870 he was elected to the State Senate of Michigan. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention, at Philadelphia, in 1872 ; and he was appointed to serve on the committee which was chosen to inform General Grant and Senator Wilson of their re- spective nominations. Shortly after this he was elected a member of the Forty-third Congress, and then, in 1882, the governor of his adopted State of Michigan. It is impossible, within the limits prescribed for such articles as these, to do more than passing justice to any man who has claims to public recognition, as has Josiah W. Begole. Many of his acts as senator, congressman, governor, were of grave im- portance ; and many measures which he originated and ad- vocated will have a lasting influence on the people of his State, and on the Nation at large. If any one of his acts, as a public official, were to be selected by the historian for kindly notice and mention, it would leave many of equal prominence unrecognized. And so it were better to treat his services as a life-work, for the benefit of his fellow-men. Governor Begole, as will have been observed, was one of the original Republicans. His antecedents, his sympathies — all led him naturally into that organization ; and there he would have remained, but for certain party errors in finance which he deemed of paramount moment ; and this belief led him to seek improvement, at least in such measures, in the so- called Greenback party. The outbreak of Southern rebell- ion found Mr. Begole at an age when he was legally ex- empt from active service, but he gave even more than that. He gave the young manhood of a dearly loved son to the cause of his country, and the son gave his life that others might continue to live in a land of freedom. This was the great blow, the heart-break of the father's career. And yet, during all of that fearful struggle, Josiah Begole performed a patriot's duty at home ; for all men could not go to war, -,"'"'- ■.;>■ ^^r 6^-A- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN whether unexemptecl or not. There was much to be clone in other fields of usefulness, and much heroic labor to be per- formed before the Nation emerged, successful, from her trials; and of all who did a man's labor, none did it in a more unstinted measure than he of whom this writer speaks. There is another bright chapter in his life, also, of which it is a pleasure to treat. The entire eastern shore of Michigan, a few years ago, was afflicted with that scourge of new woodland settlements. The season had been intensely hot, and a terrible drought, unexampled in its duration, had vis- ited that region. In the midst of this suffering, a fire broke out, which devastated with its scorching breath that entire section of the State. Generous men and women, all over America's wide domain, vied with each other in their contri- butions of help in this awful hour of the poor settler's need, and, in this exhibition of sympathy and true benevolence, Mr. Begole was among the first to extend relief, and among the last to withhold his hand. But it is not of isolated in- stances of kindness on his part, nor of the aggregated chari- ties of his life, that a man is to be judged, unless the claim of general philanthropist is made for him. It is fairer to call him a self-made man, and to judge him by that test. And, judged by this test, is not Governor Begole a success? To some men, the want of a classical education is often deemed a great deprivation through life. Having accomplished much without its aid, they are led to deplore its lack, and to fondly imagine the vastly increased usefulness their lives would have possessed had they only secured more liberal educa- tional advantages. Such reasoning is fallacious. It is neces- sity which makes men — not mere opportunity ; and the ex- perience which necessity gives, also furnishes the motive for seizing an opportunity at the proper moment. No. It should be a prouder boast to a man who has been the architect of his own fortune, that he has accomplished much, unaided by any factitious helps. Governor Begole has been a benefactor to his race. He climbed the ladder of life, beginning at the lowest round. In his new home in Michigan he may be found at an early age, imparting to others the information he obtained in the far-off district school-house ; then he begins to represent his fellow-townsmen on school boards, acquiring further information, even while teaching others; and so on, and on, until the topmost round of the ladder has been reached. That he has gained good for himself in all this fame and fortune, is true ; and it is also true that he has de- served the good things which came to him. In speaking of the true cause and incentive to his success, Governor Begole loyally gives much credit to his helpful, loving wife. In this apparently trivial incident the man's nobility of nature is ap- parent. It is not claimed for him that he is a great man, as the world counts greatness ; but if the word great is not ap- propriate to him, there is another and a better term which may be rightly applied to him. He has been, and he is, a true man. To this biographer, a strong test of a man's character is the repute in which he is held among the people with whom he has lived for so many useful years ; and to this test Josiah W. Begole need not fear to trust his reputa- tion and his name. For if to have it said of him that he is loved and respected by all in his community, for his unsel- fishness, for his sympathy in every case of affliction, for his charity, without limit,— if these things are true criterions of goodness and greatness, then is the subject of this sketch both good and great. The following, as being singularly appro- priate, we take intact from the Flint Daily News of April 24, 11 1889 : " The golden wedding of Ex-Governor and Mrs. Begole is over; but the associations brought up by its observance, the reminiscences recalled, the words of love and respect uttered, and the loyalty shown the esteemed and light-hearted bride and groom of fifty years ago, made the day one of the hap- piest — if, indeed, not the most sacred and joyous — in two lives singularly happy and full of honor and good deeds. It is granted to few to tread together in wedlock the paths of life for fifty years so buoyantly. The hand of unsparing time falls heavily on most of us. But it has failed to touch the hearts of Governor Begole and his amiable wife. Dur- ing those half-hundred years of married life, what great changes have these two honored citizens beheld! Little did the young man, who had come to this wild, unbroken country, to grow up with it, think, as he stood before the man of God on April 22, 1839, t0 be united for life to the woman of his choice, of the great part in the history of Michigan he would be called upon to play. Little did the blushing bride expect that the young school-teacher, in whose care she placed her happiness, would in time become governor of the great State of Michigan, whose foundations he so firmly helped to lay. They thought only of the trials of the pioneers' life be- fore them, and bravely determined to meet those trials to- gether. The ceremony that united in marriage Josiah W. Begole, the young school-teacher, and Harriet A., daughter of Manley and Mary Miles, was performed by the Rev. John Beach, a Presbyterian minister, whose place of worship was on Kearsley Street, on the site of Henderson's warehouse. As was laughingly recalled at the celebration Tuesday, 't was while boarding around that the bridegroom of 1839 met his bride of fifty years ago. The ceremony was performed in the log cabin of the bride's father, on the Saginaw road, two miles north of the city. Of those who attended the golden wedding celebration, Lyman Buckingham and wife, of De- troit; Harlow Beach, of Alpena; Mrs. William A. Morrison, Mrs. Champlin, and Mrs. Addison Stewart, all of this city ; Mrs. Hubert R. Pratt, of Lansing ; Mrs. Dewitt Parker, of Detroit; and Mrs. Milton Case, of this city, sisters of Mrs. Begole, were present at the wedding of fifty years ago. It was at the log cabin of the Buckinghams that the governor dressed for the wedding, and Mrs. Buckingham, Tuesday, laughingly recalled the incident that she had tied the gov- ernor's necktie for the occasion. Since that time, Mrs. Be- gole merrily answered, this portion of looking after him had fallen to her. Immediately after the marriage, the young couple settled on a farm of 160 acres in the town of Genesee. By energy, perseverance, and the aid of his faithful wife, suc- cess hovered over the humble but contented household, and at the end of eighteen years the farmer school-teacher had improved and freed from debt a farm of five hundred acres. So, hand in hand, Governor and Mrs. Begole journeyed on in life, sharing life's joys and sorrows. Little ones gathered about the hearthstone and filled their allotted space in the family circle. With years came political honors ; and as State senator, congressman, and chief executive of the State, the governor served the people who had honored him as faithfully as he had filled the various positions he had been called upon to assume in township and county affairs, remaining true to the faithful woman whose help and sym- pathy were ever present, and whose advice and counsel were ever for his advancement in the honorable paths ot life. The cozy and unpretentious residence that has for a number of years past been the abode of the honored couple, 82 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIG. \N. wasthronged with visitors. The dining and sitting rooms and rooms adjoining had been decorated with vines, flowers, and beautiful plants, which gave to them an air of cheerful- ness and comfort. A broad band of old-gold satin, bordered with smilax, was7placed diagonally across the table in the dining-room, around the sides of which were ranged seats for guests wishing to partake of the refreshments so gener- ously provided. The frame of the minor in the south pari of the same room was almost hidden from view by entwin- ing carnations, while in front of the glass was a large vase of yellow flowers, commemorative of the anniversary being so auspiciously celebrated. The governor and Mrs. Begole occupied a sofa in the north-east corner of the parlor, and each shook heartily by the hand the many friends who came to do homage to their worth and happiness. On entering, each lady caller was presented with a card souvenir, tied in the upper left-hand corner with a graceful bow of old-gold ribbon, and bearing in gold letters the inscription : i*U-. ant. ittva. $. UL ?enolr. 1839. 1889. Back of the sofa, and to one side, was suspended a beau- tiful ivy-leaf star of five points, which, with a congratulatory poem on card-board attached, was the gift of the local W. C. T. U. The faces of the governor and his wife beamed with cheerfulness as they merrily greeted their guests, recall- ing at intervals reminiscences of the early days of their wedded life. The reception in the afternoon, from three to six o'< lock was largely attended, but was far surpassed by that of the evening. From seven to ten, callers, singly and in groups, arrived uninterruptedly at the brilliantly illuminated residence, and, making their way to the presence of the gov- ernor and his wife, overwhelmed them with congratulations and well-wishes. It would be impossible to give a list of the names prominent in business and social circles. Mayor Baker and the aldermen called in a body to pay their re- spects; Ex-Mayor Stone, Judge Lovell, General C. S. Brown, R. J. Whaley, Dr. J. C. Willson, Postmaster Joyner, Judge Long, and hosts of others, in most cases accompanied by their wives and daughters, were among the callers. Hon. Walter 11. C<">ts, of Detroit, who represented the First Dis- trict of Wayne County during the governor's occupancy of the gubernatorial chair; Hon. John T, Rich, of Lansing, commissioner of railroads, and General William P. Innes, of Grand Rapids, commissioner of railroads under Governor Begole, journeyed to Flint to pay their respects. It was a scene of just tribute by those who best know the governor and his wife. The number of invitations sent out was seven hundred, and over one thousand one hundred called to pay their respects. As the hour of ten approached, the guests melted away with a farewell shake of the hand, a last token of esteem. In a short time the golden wedding of Governor and Mrs. Begole had faded away like the first faint flush of dawn, and lived only in the memories of the honored couple and their guests as a recollection of sweet regret that so soon pass away the epochs in our history that are commemorative of our happiest moments. It would be impossible here to enumerate the senders of congratulatory messages, and the messages of regret from friends on inability to attend the celebration. Ex-Senator Thomas W. Palmer, the newly ap- pointed minister to Spain ; Hon. Byron G. Stout, Hon. Enos Goodrich, 'and Judge Newton, were among the number so responding to invitations. These messages represented not only every portion of our country, but lands beyond the sea. In accordance with the expressed wishes of Governor and Mrs. Begole, there were no presents, if we except a few from several of the most intimate members of the family. There were a number of floral offerings from Arizona, Wisconsin, and other States. Much merriment was caused during the afternoon and evening by the hearty smacks with which the governor greeted the large bevies of young ladies who called to congratulate him and Mrs. Begole. The fervor with which the pleasant task was performed indicated a heart as youth- ful as in the days of courtship. Among those in attendance from a distance were the following relatives and friends of Governor and Mrs. Begole: Mrs. Sarah Brinkerhoof, of Grand Rapids, and Mrs. Hiram P. Mills, of Mt. Morris, New York, sisters of the governor; Frederick Begole, of Flint, and Philo M. Begole, of Vienna, brothers of the governor; Nathan Bills, a cousin, and wife, of Mt. Morris, New York; Lyman Woodard and wife, Augustus Woodard and wife, and Mrs. Henry Woodard, ofOwosso, cousins; Frank Depuy, of Cheboygan, nephew of the governor; Mrs. W. C. Gum- mings, Otter Lake, daughter of the governor, accompanied by her husband and five children ; Charles M. Begole, son of the governor, and wife, of Genesee ; Josiah W. Begole, a grandson of the governor, and his friend, Fred. Flower, students at the Agricultural College; Evan Begole, a cousin of the governor, and son, of Ypsilanti ; Harlow Beach, of Alpena, with whose father Governor Begole lived when mar- ried, ami wife ; Milton Begole, a nephew, and wife, of Ypsi- lanti; Lyman Buckingham and wife, of Detroit, at whose cabin the governor dressed on the ever-memorable evening of his wedding : Frederick Brinkerhoof, of Detroit, a nephew of the governor, and wife ; Mrs. Begole's sister, Mrs. Hubert R. Pratt, of Lansing, her husband, Deputy Auditor General Pratt, and daughter, Miss Hattie ; Mrs. Dewitt Parker, of Detroit, also a sister; and Mrs. E. M. Durand, a cousin of Mrs. Begole, of Owosso, complete the list of those in attend- ance from a distance. Among Mrs. Begole's relatives was also a sister from this city, Mrs. Sarah Case. When seen by a News reporter next morning. Governor Begole did not ap- pear fatigued in the least by the tax upon his energies by the handshaking he had endured. He described the blue suit he wore on his wedding night, with the coat front cov- ered with large brass buttons, and reminded us that the suit had been made by Hon. Sumner Howard's father. And as the old associations crowded upon him he laughed heartily. The News, on behalf of a large and admiring circle of friends and acquaintances, wishes the governor and his wife long years of continued wedded happiness, with each succeeding day a Golden Wedding Day." Julian G. Dickinson, counselor-at-law, Detroit. The bar of Detroit, founded by Solomon Sibley, tliat brilliant lawyer of Territorial days, and rejuvenated by Lothrop in 1851, has attained a numerical strength in recent years which can scarcely be credited ; and yet the ( itj is to be congratulated upon the dignity and honesty borne by the in- dividuals comprising her bar. Among the lawyers of the city who have attained eminence and succeeded in acquiring a lucrative practice, is Mr Julian G. Dickinson, who re- ceived his legal education among men who united ability and success with character and principle, and most loyally has he followed their example. He has pursued his profes- sion for over twenty years with a view to justice and right, as well as an extension of practice, and, as a result, he not Ct-t^c CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 83 only stands in the front rank of his profession to-day, but has the respect and confidence of the entire community as well. Mr. Dickinson was born at Hamburg, New York, November 20, 1843. His parents were William and Lois (Sturtevant) Dickinson. William Dickinson was a native of Auburn, New York, born in 181 2. In his youth he received a fragmentary education, but by thorough self-culture and good training he became a man of fine mental and moral attainments. He learned a trade before he was twenty-one, as was the good custom in those days. He was well known for scholarly ability as a lecturer and public speaker, and was frequently upon the platform in that capacity in the clubs and lyceums of the schools, and upon the stump in political campaigns. In politics he was first a Whig, and then a Republican. In 1852 he removed to Michigan, ac- companied by his family, and located at Jonesville, Hills- dale County, subsequently settling at Jackson, where he died in March, 1865. Julian G. Dickinson was given a thorough course in the high-schools of Jonesville and Jackson, which was continued until July, 1862, when he entered upon an educational course of an entirely different character, that has proven of the greatest personal satisfaction to him, and of eminent service to his country. The Nation had need of his services in the War of the Rebellion, and on the eleventh day of July, 1862, then being eighteen years of age, he en- listed as a private soldier in the Fourth Michigan Cavalry, and mustered into the service of the United States, August 28, 1862, at Detroit. He was promoted, successively, to ser- geant, acting ordnance sergeant, and sergeant-major; and on July 15, 1863, to first lieutenant and adjutant of that regiment. He was honorably mustered out of the service, August 15, 1864. Such is the military record of Mr. Dick- inson, as furnished by the State records; but this gives only a faint idea of his career as a defender of the Nation. The Fourth Michigan Cavalry, of which he was a member, and with which he served constantly in the field, was a fighting regiment almost from the time it landed upon Kentucky soil, in October, 1862. When it crossed the Ohio River it had twelve hundred men, every one of whom acted as though the entire responsibility of success or defeat rested upon his shoulders. It succeeded in driving the rebels from Ken- tucky, chased John Morgan across the Cumberland River, and was the first regiment to fire a gun and the first to lose a man in the memorable series of desperate fights consti- tuting the battle of Stone River. It was also the first regi- ment to enter Murfreesboro when vacated by Bragg. With Minty's Brigade, it was generally found where hard service and desperate fighting were to be performed ; participated in ninety-four engagements with the enemy, some of them the most severe of the entire war, and marched more than ten thousand miles. It gained considerable renown by the capture of Jefferson Davis, President of the so-called Con- federate States. At the time of the capture, the regiment was under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Pritchard, with Julian G. Dickinson as adjutant. They had been ordered, on the 7th of May, 1865, by General Minty, division com- mander, to move from their camp at Macon, Georgia, and picket the Ocmulgee River, and to scout for the purpose of capturing Davis, who, with a cavalry escort, was then sup- posed to be making his way to the Gulf coast. On the march, near Abbeville, Georgia, Colonel Pritchard learned that a party of mounted men resembling Davis and escort had already crossed the Ocmulgee, and, detailing one hun- dred and twenty-eight of the best-mounted men and seven officers of the regiment, they moved southward along the river road until nightfall ; thence striking through a wilder- ness in a westerly direction, marched to Irwinville, Georgia, arriving there about two A. M., May to, 1865. Here Colonel Pritchard was informed there was a force encamped in a piece of woods about three-fourths of a mile north, and. from descriptions given, it seemed to belong to the enemy, and might be Davis's camp. About three o'clock A. M., by a charge of the detachment under command of Colonel Pritchard, the camp was taken. After the charge through the camp, and pending an engagement on the picket-line beyond, Davis tried to escape, disguised in female attire. Adjutant Dickinson, being near his retreat, halted the fugi- tive President of the "Confederate States of America," and placed him under secure guard. The Fourth Michigan gained a world-wide notoriety for the capture of Davis. " It was the accomplishment of an eminently special and im- portant duty for the Nation, so distinctive and definite in its character as to render a like service impossible, giving it a place in the history of the war without a parallel." For his services in connection with the capture of Davis, Mr. Dick- inson was breveted a captain of United States Volunteers. He was subsequently commissioned as captain in the Second Michigan Cavalry by Governor Crapo; but by reason of the termination of the war, he was mustered out of service on August 15, 1865, and returned to his home at Jackson. In October, 1865, he entered the law department of the Uni- versity of Michigan, in connection with which he also en- gaged in special studies of the literary department. In the following year he accepted an invitation from his old com- rade, Major Levi T. Griffin, to enter the law office of Moore & Griffin, at Detroit. The firm of Moore & Griffin, of which Major Griffin was a member, was among the leading legal firms of Michigan, and Mr. Dickinson was not long in ac- quiring a competent knowledge of the law. He was ad- mitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Michigan, in November, 1866. He, however, remained in the office of Moore & Griffin until the fall of 1867, and then entered into partnership with Horace E. Burt, under the firm name of Dickinson & Burt. The partnership continued two years, when Mr. Dickinson formed a partnership with Don M. Dickinson. The firm was a very strong one, becoming widely distinguished for solid ability and worth, and enjoying one of the largest and best clientages in Detroit, and their business was important and lucrative. In 1874 the partner- ship was dissolved. Mr. Dickinson is one of the most con- stant, laborious, and industrious lawyers in Detroit. His hands are invariably full of business, which he never neg- lects or slights, every case receiving his personal, constant, and unremitting care. Mr. Dickinson has been a life-long Republican in politics. He is liberal in his views, while strong and unswerving in his convictions of right. He has never sought nor held a public salaried office of any kind, although on many occasions he has been urgently sought to accept a nomination for exalted positions. He is a member of the Central Methodist Church of Detroit, a member of the Union Lodge of S. O., No. 3, A. F. and A. M., and all higher Masonic bodies, including the Scottish Rite. He is a member of the Detroit Post, No. 384, G. A. R., and also of Michigan Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. On June 25, 1878, Mr. Dickinson was married to Miss Clara M. Johnson, daughter of Mr. H. R. 84 CYCLOPEDIA OF AflCHIGAN. Johnson, of Detroit. They have five children — William H., Alfred, Thornton, Julian, and Philip Sheridan. Their eld- est son, William H., died March 3, 1889. One who has been intimately acquainted with the subject of this sketch for many years, contributed the following personal reference to his worth as a citizen and standing among his legal brethren : "Mr. Dickinson's leading traits arc his thorough honesty of purpose and unfailing industry. In all his business affairs he expects to do and to receive justice. Whatever he prom- ises to do, he never fails to perform, and looks for corre- sponding treatment from his fellow-men. In his chosen profession he is a tireless worker and constant student. He possesses a fine judicial mind." JOHN CANFIELD, lumberman and capitalist, of Man- istee, Manistee County, was born in Sandisfield, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, May 17, 1830, and is a descendant, of the sixth generation, of Thomas Can held, who, with his brothers Timothy and Matthew, emigrated from England in the sev- enteenth century, the former settling in Milford, Connecticut, where his name occurs upon the township records as early as 1646, and who was a member of the commission that ob- tained the charter for the colony of Connecticut. John Can- field, grandfather of our subject, was a native of the State of Massachusetts, and was, from 1796 to 1802, a member of the State Legislature, at that time known as the Assembly. His son, Roswell Cantield, was for a number of years a farmer in Berkshire County, until 1842, when, with his family, he removed to Racine, Wisconsin, where he engaged in mer- cantile business and lumber manufacturing, which he con- tinued until his death, in 1857. His wife was Mariam, daughter of Elisha Harmon, of New Marlboro, Berkshire County, Massachusetts. They had four children, of whom three are living, two daughters and one son, the subject of this sketch, who was the youngest. A cousin of his is Elizar Smith, of Lee, Massachusetts, at one time the largest manu- facturer of paper in the L'nited States, and still well known as one of the most extensive operators in that branch of in- dustry. At the age of fourteen our subject left school, and secured a position as clerk in a mercantile establishment in Racine, which he occupied for three years, when he entered the employ of his father and brother, then established in the lumber business under the firm name of Canfield & Son. In 1848 he made a visit to where the city of Manistee now stands, and in the fall of 1849 returned, finally coming to that place in the spring of 1850, to take charge of the business of R. Canfield & Son. Manistee was, at that time, an Indian reservation, and was a part of what was then known as Ottawa County, which extended from a point south of the city of Grand Haven to the Straits of Mackinaw. The city knew at that time nothing in the way of dwellings or stores, other than log shanties, its manufacturing industries con- sisting of a water-mill on Little Manistee River, a small steam saw-mill at the north end of Manistee Lake, and two other small steam mills which had been erected in 1849. The white population numbered between a hundred and fifty and two hundred people, and were, according to Mr. Can- field's recollection, not a progressive people, as they thought the place so populous that linn was 1 om lor more, and especially were they opposed to the erection of any more mills. Notwithstanding this fact, our subject erected a steam mill having a capacity of from live to seven thousand feet ol lumber per day of twenty-four hours, situated where their present mill stands, at the mouth of Manistee River, which was completed in the spring of 1850, the capacity being in- creased before the expiration of the first year. Mr. Cantield assumed charge of the business here from its inception, and on coming of age, in May, l85l,he was given a partnership interest in the firm, which then adopted the name of R. Can- field & Sons, and he is now its only living representative. Up to the present year (1888), three mills have been de- stroyed by lire, the fourth having been built in 1 87 1, with a capacity of fifteen million feet of lumber per year. The firm of R. Canfield & Sons continued until 185S, when, Roswell Canfield having died, the two brothers organized the firm of E. & J. Canfield. Edmund Canfield died in 1868, and the following year the firm of Canfield & Wheeler was organ- ized, composed of John Canfield and Edward D. Wheeler, of Manistee, who still conduct the business, which has, under the active management of our subject, extended gradually until it is now, in point of capital employed and in extent, second to few (if any) private enterprises in the State. Mr. Canfield has, as well, numerous large interests in addition, employing a capital the possession of which makes him many times a millionaire. In 1883 the firm of Canfield & Wheeler engaged in the development of the salt industry, and own a salt-block having an output of four hundred bar- rels per day. Mr. Canfield is personally interested in three other blocks whose combined output is twelve hundred bar- rels per day. He is the owner of a saw-mill situated on Manistee Lake, which manufactures about fifteen million feet of lumber per year, and is a large stockholder in the Canfield Salt and Lumber Company, and the Stronach Lumber Com- pany. He has been one of Michigan's largest and most ex- tensive operators in pine timber-lands, being still largely interested in that business, owning important tracts of pine- lands in both Michigan and Wisconsin. He organized the Canfield Tug Line in 1869, which he controlled for a num- ber of years, and has been interested in numerous other en- terprises, some of which have been of a public nature, in that they have tended largely to advance the commercial interests of Manistee. Mr. Canfield is a man whose business in life has been to let the business of other men alone and pay strict attention to his own. He has thus steered clear of many pitfalls, and has been more successful than is given to many others to be. In carrying out such a policy he has remained outside the pale of politics, invariably declining to become a candidate for, or to hold, public office of any kind. He is a member of the First Congregational Society. Mr. Can- field was married in 1855, first to Helen M. Beach, of New Marlboro, Massachusetts, by whom he had three daughters. She died five years later. In 1865 he was married to Miss Frances Y. Wheeler, daughter of Abraham Wheeler, Esq., of Berkshire, Massachusetts. They have three children, two sons and a daughter, all of whom are living. An old-time and intimate friend of his writes of him as follows : " He has a certain diffidence that might impress a stranger un- favorably as to his social qualities; but after one becomes acquainted with him, it will lie found that ihere are few men who are his superiors as a conversationalist or genial host. While he has led an a< nve business life, he has commanded sufficient leisure to enable him to keep up .1 systematic course of reading, embracing the general literary and scientific field, which has given him the tastes and acquirements of a scholar. As a student of history Mr. Cantield stands very high. He is self-reliant to a degree, and, though never anx- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 85 ions to take the lead, he is always willing, if necessity re- quires, to assume any responsibility, if in doing so he can promote the best interests of the community. As a business man he may be classed upon the conservative side, and while he has been eminently successful, he remains a perfect gentleman, without the slightest taint of selfishness. Stand- ing high socially, with most excellent judgment on any ques- tion, and regarded, in business and otherwise, as a man of sterling integrity, he has always commanded confidence and exercised a marked influence in the community where he has made his permanent home." HON. WILLIAM C. MAYBURY was born in the - city of Detroit, November 20, 1849. He received his edu- cational training in the common schools of his native city, and graduated from the high-school of the same in 1866, com- pleting his education in the literary department of ihe State University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor; after which, having pursued his studies in the law school with special ref- erence to his future profession, he graduated, and at once entered upon its practice at Detroit. When a young man of four years' experience in the practice of law, he was elected city attorney on the Democratic ticket, holding this office until 1880, when he retired, to resume the practice of his profession. The bent of his mind, as well as the natural qualities of his heart, led him more and more into the field of a counselor, where he attained eminence, not only in wise counsel as to legal rights, but also in the number of cases that were settled amicably to the mutual interests of both parties. He was considered an eloquent advocate, and had unusual success in obtaining verdicts from juries. In politics he is a Democrat, decided, unflinching, but couiteous. In 1880 his party brought him out as their leader by nominating him for Congress from the First District. It was during the Presidential campaign that resulted in the election of Garfield as President, and by a strong effort on the part of the Republican party, he was de- feated by a small majority. In 1882 he was again nomi- nated by acclamation, by his party, and again pitted against the same opponent as in 1880, and this time was elected by over five thousand majority, and again re-elected by a ma- jority of over six thousand. Internal dissension in his party prevented his receiving the fourth nomination for Congress upon such terms as his high sense of honor demanded, and he withdrew before the convention. Since his retirement from Congress in 1886 he has resumed his law practice in relation to society in what, in modern terms, has come to be called a "business lawyer," and identified himself with some of the business enterprises of the city. In 1880 the Univer- sity of Michigan conferred upon him the degree of M. A. During the winters 1880-81 and 1881-82, Mr. Maybury lec- tured on Medical Jurisprudence in the Michigan College of Medicine at Detroit. In religion he is a devoted and exem- plary member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and for many years has been an active member of the State conven- tions of that Church, often influencing and deciding the work of that body wisely. A gentleman who has, from the com- mencement of Mr. Maybury's career, had an intimate per- sonal acquaintance with him, speaking of him, says : " While city attorney, the Common Council was of the opposition to him in politics; he, nevertheless, by his precept as well as by his wisdom in council in the interests of the whole peo- ple, soon commanded not only the respect of the city gov- ernment, but their entire confidence, and won for himself respect and admiration from all parties. His career in Con- gress was marked by that same urbanity of manner, as well as earnest, honest devotion to the interests of his district, so that at the close of his term he could hardly tell who were his strongest friends — the Democrats or Republicans. The meed of praise was cheerfully accorded him by the leading members of both parties for what he was able to accomplish during his term in Congress. This was pre-eminently true of his wise plans for a Federal building in Detroit ; and when he is gone, generations to come can truthfully say : We owe much of the credit for this grand building to the wise forecasting of Hon. William C. Maybury in the Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth Congresses. Hon. Edwin Ellis Benedict, lawyer, of Man- istee, Manistee County, was born in the town of Ira, Cayuga County, New York, August n, 1838. His father, William U. Benedict, was born at Stamford, Connecticut, September 25, 1808, and died at Vermontville, Eaton County, Michi- gan, in 1875, an d as a pioneer of the county, active in all its educational and religious enterprises, was intimately known by the people and greatly beloved. He was a pastor of the Church of the Vermont Colony (Congregational), and prin- cipal of the Vermontville Academy for twelve years, and was for a few years, at a later period, secretary and treasurer of Olivet College. His parents, born in New England, lived for nearly sixty years on a farm on the banks of Cayuga Lake, New York, and died about the same time at the ad- vanced ages of ninety-three and ninety-four years. His mother, Almira A. Benedict [nee Bennett), was born at Sheffield, Massachusetts, January 11, 181 1, and now lives, with unimpaired natural powers, on the old homestead at Vermontville, Michigan. Her father was a commissioned officer in the War of 1812, and died at Janesville, Wisconsin, many years ago. Her mother lived to the age of ninety- three years, and died at Vermontville. Both of these grand- parents were born also in New England. When a boy, our subject attended the Vermontville Academy, of which his father was principal, and worked on the farm during vaca- tions. He acquired, when quite young, some local notoriety in solving knotty problems in mathematics. He took his senior preparatory year at Oberlin College, which he entered as a freshman, and then changed to Olivet, which had just taken a college charter. The class of four young men, then formed, passed the freshman and sophomore years, and then disbanded, owing to the fact that the college was not yet fully equipped. He then attended law lectures at Ann Ar- bor, and graduated from the law department in 1863. At the age of seventeen a severe run of typhoid fever was fol- lowed by very delicate health for several years, and during his college course he was nearly blind for one year; but now, at the age of fifty, he enjoys vigorous health. His choice of his profession was the result of an earnest, boyish desire to get out of the woods into the bustle of life. A newspaper article turned his attention to Bay City, Michigan, where he opened an office with Mark Rice, a classmate, in April, 1863. The firm name was Rice & Benedict. After a few weeks, waiting for business, Mr. Rice fell sick with ty- phoid fever, and in three weeks died. Mr. Benedict con- tinued alone until the following January, at which time ex- penses and receipts from the business balanced by leaving on hand $25 to get out of town with. At this time, unknown 86 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. to himself, he was recommended to Hon. Charles Mears, a lumberman of Chicago, who was looking for a young lawyer to look after his business interests in the counties of Mus- kegon, Oceana, and Mason, and this resulted in an engage- ment which lasted three years. In January, 1864. he went in Western Michigan, and in Apiil located his head quarters at Lincoln, Mason County, Michigan During three years he held the office of prosecuting attorney and deputy county treasurer of Mason County. There were few inhabitants in the county except laborers at the lumber-mill at Lincoln and Pere Marquette (now Ludinglon). In 1866 he obtained sev- eral law retainers from the business men of Manistee. In the winter of 1866 and 1867, when a number of 1 itizens from Traverse, Antrim, and Leelenaw Counties had got into trouble with the revenue officers, he caused the United States marshal to be arrested and put in jail, thereby releasing a large number of prisoners. Attempts were made by the friends of the marshal to secure his indictment by the grand jury at Grand Rapids for this interference; but this attempt failed, and, on the Other hand, the matter being laid before President Johnson, the marshal was promptly discharged. In recognition of his services on this occasion, at a public meeting at Traverse City, a collection of #117, besides stage and hotel expenses, was taken up and presented to him. In April, 1867, he moved to Manistee, and entered into the law copartnership of Ramsdell & Benedict, which is believed to be the oldest law firm in the Stale. This firm has been en- gaged in most of the important litigation in Northwestern Michigan. In the fall of 1861 he was appointed by special authority of General John C. Fremont as one of an engi- neering and signal corps, numbering fifty, to act under the direct orders of the commanding general, and was sworn into the service of the United States. On the removal of General John C. Fremont soon after, this branch of the service was found to be unprovided for in the military or- ganization, and no commission was ever issued by the Gov- ernment. He has never yet applied for a pension. He was Judge of Probate of Manistee County four years. He has been for several years chairman of the Board of Trustees of the First Congregational Society of Manistee. In the winter of 1886-7 he traveled in Cuba with his son Elbert. He is a member of the Congregational Church, but hopes for a broader platform of Christian unity, in which, however, the doctrine of the divine incarnation, through Jesus, is the vital principle. He has invariably voted the nominations of the Republican party, although taking no active part in politics. On May 16, 1866, he was married to Miss Sophia A. King, four years his junior, the daughter of Dr. John W. and Elizabeth King, of Grand Blanc, Michigan. Her parents were pioneers of Genesee County, radical temperance and anti-slavery reformers. Both parents are deceased, but are tenderly remembered by the old residents of Genesee County, among whom Dr. King practiced his profession. Mrs. Benedict is possessed of all the qualifications which are required to make a first-class woman, wife, and mother. They have two sons, Elbert K., aged nineteen, who has entered upon a course of mechanical engineering in the Michigan University, and Glenn Ellis, a boy of promise, twelve years old. An adopted daughter, Ethel, eighteen years of age, whose genius is a cheerful temper and obliging ways, fills up the complement of a happy home. His resi- dence is delightfully located on a bluff, from which is a fine view of the river and harbor entrance and Lake Michigan fur niiks up and down the coast. He practices total absti- nence from tobacco, opium, and all intoxicants, and does not know how to play a game of cards. Mr. Benedict has for years been one of the leading lawyers of the State, and would undoubtedly have been selected for the position of I 'nited States Judge of his district on the death of Judge Withey, had there been no change in the politics of the Na- tion. His unflagging industry in his profession has won for the firm the leading law business of his section of the State, and his sterling worth is fully appreciated by those intrust- ing their business interests to his care. John C. Nottingham, M. D., of Bay City. There is no profession or calling known among men which car- ries with it the power for good that pertains to the conscientious practice of the healing art. The lawyer and the divine have their appropriate spheres of usefulness ; the merchant and banker, the manufacturer and mechanic, the farmer and all other classes of laborers — producers, inventors, or what not — -can be made to take a secondary rank, when com- pared with the grand and humane career of an honest dev- otee of the " art conservative of arts," a knowledge of the human system, and an ability to relieve physical pain and suffering. If to excel as an advocate at the bar ; if to take a high rank as a jurist; if the men who are honored by their fellows in being chosen as their representatives in the halls of Congress ; if all these, and many others who have attained prominence, are worthy of having their deeds re- corded, and themselves made honorable mention of in such a work as this sketch is intended for, then is the honest physician the peer of them all, in the amount of good he is enabled to accomplish. It is to give an account of a man who has thus become a blessing to his fellows, that this space will be devoted ; and the writer invites for his subject simply the honest judgment of the reader, whether the claim made in his behalf is not fairly made, and whether John C. Nottingham, soldier, conscientious citizen, and eminent physician, is not entitled to the rank and prominent position which he has attained in the community which knows him so well. He was born at Muncie, Delaware County, In- diana, on the 5th of February, 1842. On his father's side he is of English descent, and on his mother's side he is of Scot- tish origin. He received some early educational training at home ; and, at seven years of age, he was placed in the primary department of the Muncie Academy. Here he con- tinued until his tenth year, when, his father having removed into the country, he took his chances for further enlighten- ment at the ordinary district school, and different select schools organized mainly through his solicitation and that of his young associates. At the age of eighteen, when the country was frenzied with excitement, when Sumter had been besieged by the rebels, and the grandest man — bar none— who has ever occupied the Presidential chair, was calling on the people of the North for help, John C. Not- tingham responded by a prompt enlistment in the Eighth In- diana Volunteer Infantry, and an agreement on his part that the Nation could have his services until the war was ended. He was early promoted to the highest non-commissioned rank, and he would have risen still higher had there been any vacancies for him to fill in his company or regiment; or had he been willing to leave his first associates to join others for a commission. After a service of more than two years he was discharged, by re-enlistment, with a majority of his jW**'* CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 87 comrades, into the Veteran Volunteers, continuing the same regimental title, until May 20, 1865. Just three years and nine months after he entered the army, he was relieved from further duty for the honorable reason that he received a sur- geon's certificate of disability, caused by a gunshot wound received in the battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia, October 19, 1864. An incident which occurred to him while on his way, in an ambulance, to the field hospital at Winchester, after being wounded, will live in his memory forever. He was the fortunate eye-witness to the now famous military feat of the noble Sheridan, stemming the tide of retreat of the Union forces, and turning a defeat into a victory. It was a grand achievement on the part of one determined man, and was a stirring sight to friend or foe. Young Nottingham took part in many engagements — thirty-seven in all ; he was wounded four times in all, and taken prisoner at the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas ; and yet he deems his sufferings and his services, well borne and faithfully rendered, of but little per- sonal import in return for a country united, and really, truly free. Much more of interest could be said of his war ex- perience did space permit ; but to do this would be to cur- tail the record of more important events in his career — im- portant in matters which pertain to his life-work. During his service in the army, the many scenes of physical suffer- ing witnessed by him deeply impressed his mind ; and to this fact may be traced the influences which induced him to adopt the profession of a physician at a later day. On re- tiring from the army, he attended and graduated from a business college in Indianapolis, Indiana. After this event he taught school for a short time, and was then elected to the responsible position of treasurer of Grant County, in the lat- ter State. At the conclusion of his official term, he resumed the study of medicine. He attended Bennett College for this purpose ; had the experience to be derived from hospital practice at Cook County Hospital ; and then, returning to Marion, Indiana, he resumed the active duties of his profes- sion, until the year 1882, when he removed to Bay Citv, Michigan, which latter place has become his permanent home. As a physician he belongs to the Homeopathic school ; but, being a man of broad views, he does not en- tertain a bigot's belief for any particular creed of medicine. Whatever will tend to alleviate human suffering, and do it the most promptly, is adopted by him. His ambition is to excel in securing the greatest possible good to those who need his services. Dr. Nottingham is pre-eminently a social man, as is noticeable by his membership in the two most prom- inent benevolent organizations of the day, viz., the Masons and the Odd Fellows. In the latter body he has achieved all the honors obtainable from its ritual, and as a Knight Templar, haili-ng from Bay City Commandery, of which he is a mem- ber (having been a charier member of Marion, Indiana), and having now reached the 1 8th grade of Scottish Rite Masonry, he produces conclusive testimony that he is best re- spected where best known. He is a man of fine physique — tall, well-proportioned, and with a commanding presence among his fellows. Of pleasing address, unassuming and yet courteous demeanor, he has gathered around himself a circle of friends as honorable as it must be gratifying to him. Upright in all his dealings, his record is without a blot. From his first advent in Bay City he secured a great popu- larity in his profession, which has continued to increase as the years have passed. Above all else, beyond all else, he is an enthusiast in all that will dignify and redound to the glory of his well-beloved calling. The true family physician is the family friend and adviser also, if confidence is well defined between patient and medical iman ; and that this relation exists in an eminent degree between Dr. John C. Nottingham and those to whom he administers daily, can not fail to be recognized by those who notice the grow- ing popularity of his professional career, and hear the kindly terms of endearment in which his eminent services are held. Hon. Sullivan M. Cutcheon, lawyer, of De- troit, fifth son of Rev. James and Hannah M. (Tripp) Cutcheon, was born in Pembroke, New Hampshire, October 4, 1833. When fourteen years of age he commenced attendance upon an academy, then known as the "Gymnasium," in his native place, where he remained during a portion of the year 1848. Subsequently he visited Lynn, Massachusetts, and in the fall of 1849, returning to Pembroke, he entered the Blanchard Academy, where he continued during the ensuing winter. The year 1850 he spent traveling in com- pany with his brother, Lewis M. Cutcheon, then lecturing in Massachusetts and New York, and in the spring of 185 1 resumed his studies in a school at McGrawville, New York, which had been organized and was conducted on the man- ual labor theory. Here he remained upwards of a year, and in the spring of 1853 he entered Oberlin College, Ohio. In May, 1854, he became a member of the sophomore class in Dartmouth College, from which he was graduated July 31, 1856. On leaving college he returned to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where he had taught school during a part of his senior year, and took charge of the high-school department of the Union School, until November, 1858, when he re- ceived the appointment of superintendent of the public schools of Springfield, Illinois. There he became well acquainted with Abraham Lincoln. July 1, i860, Mr. Cutcheon resigned this position to return to Ypsilanti, where he was soon after- wards admitted to the bar, and commenced the active prac- tice of the law, to which end his studies had previously been directed. In 1867 he formed a partnership with Edward P. Allen, now member of Congress from the Second District of Michigan, who had studied with him. In September, 1875, ne removed his law office to Detroit, where he con- tinued the practice of his profession with Judge H. J. Beakes, under the firm name of Beakes & Cutcheon. It was thus continued until March, 1881, when Mr. 'A. C. Stellwagen, who had studied with the firm, was admitted to the partner- ship, which then adopted the name of Beakes, Cutcheon & Stellwagen. After the death of Mr. Beakes, May 17, 1S82, the surviving partners continued the business until October 1st following, when Mr. Albert Crane was made a partner, the firm taking the name of Cutcheon, Crane & Stellwagen. September 1, 1888, Mr. Crane retired, and Mr. Arthur H. Fleming, who had been connected with the office for some years, was given an interest in the business, and the firm name was changed to Cutcheon, Stellwagen & Fleming. Mr. Cutcheon has always been identified with the Repub- lican party. He was elected to the House of Representa- tives of the State Legislature in the fall of i860, and re- elected two years later. On the opening of the first session of his second term he was chosen speaker of the House, in which capacity he served during that and two special sessions called during 1863 and 1864, when matters of the utmost importance, growing out of the Civil War, occupied the time 88 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of the Legislature. In 1865 he was appointed National Lank Examiner for Michigan, which office he ret. lined dur- ing the ensuing seven years. Governor Baldwin appointed him a member of the State Military Hoard in 1868,011 which he served lour years. In 1873 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Bagley one of the eighteen commissioners to n the Constitution of the State, and was elected president of the Commission. March 24, 1877, he received the appoint- ment of United States District Attorney for the Eastern Dis- trict of Michigan, and was reappointed and confirmed No- vember 20, 1877, for a term of four years ; was again reappointed ad interim by Associate Justice Stanley Matthews, November 20, 188 1, and reappointed March 10, 1882, for four years by President Arthur, and held the posi- tion until May 14, 1885, when he resigned. Mr. Cutcheon was chairman of the Michigan delegation to the National Republican Convention of 1868, at Chicago, at which Gen- eral Grant received his first nomination to the Presidency. While Mr. Cutcheon has given his attention mostly to his pro- fession, he has been connected with many manufacturing and business enterprises, both at Vpsilanti and Detroit. He was one of the organizers and incorporators in May, 1884, of the Dune Savings Bank of Detroit, of which he was elected and still is president. He was also one of the incorporators of the Ypsilanti Savings Bank, in May, 1887, since which time he has been its vice-president. He has held the office of vice-president of the Moore Lumber Company since Janu- ary 1, 1885, and is also vice-president of the Moore & Whipple Lumber Company, organized in May, 1889. Mr. Cutcheon, with his family, visited Europe during the summer of 1880, and in January, 1885, he made a second trip in connection with his business interests, visiting England, Holland, and France. In the summer of 1888, with his wife, he made a tour of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switz- erland, and England. Brought up in the Presbyterian faith, Mr. Cutcheon has, since 1858, been a member and, a great poition of the time, an elder of that Church. In com- pany with two others he was instrumental in the organiza- tion of a Board of Management, of which he has been the only president, and the building of a Union Chapel at 'Sconset, Nantucket Island, where his summer vacations are usually passed. In 1882 he was elected a member of the Board of Trustees of Olivet College, Michigan, but declined a re-election in 1889. He has always evinced a lively in- terest in the Detroit Young Men's Christian Association, and was made its president in January, 1884. Under his admin- istration the association has erected a most elegant and costly building in a central portion of the city, which is fre- quently spoken of as perhaps the finest of its kind on the continent. In this connection, it may properly be stated that, during the years 1886 and 1887, Mr. Cutcheon was largely instrumental in securing for the building fund con- tributions to the extent of #115,000. In June, 1884, he was elected a trustee of Harper Hospital, Detroit, and in 188S was elected its vice-president. During the first six months of 1889, Mr. Cutcheon secured by solicitation the sum of Si 20,000 towards an endowment of the hospital. December S, 1859, he was united in marriage to Miss Josephine L01 the daughter of Clunks and Adeline (McAllister) Moore, of Ypsilanti. Of their children, Adeline Louise, born October 22, i860, now the wife of Edwin E. Armstrong, Esq., of Detroit, is the only survivor; a son, Sullivan M., born Oc- tober 20, 1872, dying September 13, 1877. HON. CHARLES D. LONG, of Flint, Genesee County. Justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan, was born in the township of Grand Blanc, Genesee County, June 14, 1841 His father, Peter Long, was born in New Hampshire, and, as a boy, moved with his parenis to Clarendon, Vermont. After attaining his majority he went on several cod-fishing ages from New Bedford, Massachusetts, after which he went to Genesee County, New York, where he married Betsy, daughter of Seth Swift. Subsequently he lived for a time at Ashtabula, Ohio, and from there went to La Porte, Indiana, whence he removed, in 1840, to Grand Blanc, Michigan, where he has since resided on a farm. They had six chil- dren — four sons and two daughters — all of whom are still living, Charles D. being the second son. Betsy Long died about twelve years ago, while her husband still survives. Our subject attended the public schools up to the age of fourteen, and graduated from the high-school of Flint in 1859. His early tastes inclined him to a literary life, and he commenced preparations for entering the University at Ann Arbor. He became, at seventeen years of age, a teacher in the common schools of Genesee County ; but on the break- ing out of the war he laid aside for a time his ambition, and entered the army as a private in Company A, Eighth Mich- igan Infantry. He was present at the battle of Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah River, in April, 1862, and on the 16th of the same month he was wounded at the battle of Wilmington Island, Georgia, receiving a gunshot wound through his left hip (which ball he still carries), and also through the left arm, necessitating amputation of the arm above the elbow. His injuries causing his retirement from active service in the field, he returned home in the fall of 1862, and entered the law office of Hon. Oscar Adams, at Flint, Michigan. In the spring of the following year he went into the law office of Hon. Sumner Howard, at Flint, late Justice of the Supreme Court of Arizona Territory. In the fall of 1864, Mr. Long was elected clerk of Genesee County, which office he held for eight years. In 1872 he entered upon the active practice of his profession, having formed a partnership with Hon. Sumner Howard, which continued for five years. He was elected prosecuting attor- ney of the county in 1874, an d held that office for six con- secutive years. He was appointed supervisor of the United States Census of 1880, having thirty counties in his district, extending from McComb County to the Straits of Mackinac. For the last ten years he has been in partnership with Judge George R. Gold, in the practice of law. Their business has been very large, probably exceeding that of any other law firm in the county in extent. In March, 1887, he was nom- inated by the Republican party of the State for Justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan for a term of ten years. He was opposed by Charles H. Camp, Esq., of East Sag- inaw, whom he defeated by a plurality of nearly thirty-seven thousand votes, while the majority over the candidates of all parlies was a little over five thousand votes. He has ever been an active member of the Republican party, and for the last eighteen years has devoted, at each succeeding elec- tion, considerable of his time and talent towards further- ing the interests of the party. He was a member of the State Central Committee for two years, ending in August, 1886. He was appointed, by Governor Luce, one of the two commissioners from the State of Michigan to repre- sent the State at the Constitutional Celebration held at Phil- adelphia in September, 1887. He has been an active mem- CTM 7 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 89 ber of the Grand Army of the Republic organization since 1880, and held the office at the hands of his comrades, of Commander of the Department of Michigan for one term, from February, 1885, to April, 1S86. He was judge-advocate on the staff of Governor Jerome, with rank of major, and member of the State Military Board during the administration of Governor Alger, and a member of his staff, with rank of colonel. He has been a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen since 1881, Knights of the Maccabees of the World since 1882, and Knights of Pythias since 1886. The judge is an attendant of the Presbyterian Church. He was married, December 6, 1863, to Miss Alma A. Franklin, daughter of Watson and Fidelia Franklin, early settlers of Genesee County. To them have been born three children — one son and two daughters, as follows : The eldest. Jessie E., was born January 5, 1867 ; Burt E. was born January 14, 1869 ; and Mae, born March 14, 1871, — all of whom reside at home. In the community where he resides, Judge Long has won the highest respect and esteem of its every citizen ; and this is in no wise due to any pushing on his part; but he is the possessor of rare mental endowments, united with a large heart, a serene temper, an accommodating spirit, and a gen- uine kindly feeling for all conditions of men ; and these have won for him not only a high standing in the community where he has spent his life, but a name honored, respected, and loved wherever he is known. His acquaintance is an extended one, while he may be said to number his friends by the thousand ; and perhaps no better proof of the fore- going could be given than the high position of honor in which he has been placed, and which he is so eminently qualified to fill. HON. LAWSON C. HOLDEN, LL. B., of East Saginaw, was born in New Hudson Township, Allegany County, New York, October 11, 1849. His father, Thomas Carroll Holden, of Irish origin, was a native of New Eng- land, as was also his mother, Randa D. Damon — the latter of Scotch-Welsh descent. The forefathers of botli parents performed valiant service during the Revolutionary War ; some of them engaged in the battle of Bunker Hill, where one was wounded. His paternal grandmother, Irene Carroll, was born at Bunker Hill, and died at the advanced age of 103 years ; in fact, the progenitors of Lawson C. Holden were noted for their longevity. The Holdens settled in Massa- chusetts in early colonial days. Seventeen brothers are said to have emigrated to this country on one vessel, and the large village of Holden was founded by their descendants. The parents of Lawson C. were among the pioneer settlers of New Hudson Township, and there they died at a good old age, on the very farm which they had located in the wilder- ness in their early married life. In his boyhood Lawson C. attended a district school. He afterwards entered the Gen- esee Valley Seminary, at Belfast, New York, and he there secured the appointment of professor of book-keeping and penmanship, and became assistant professor of mathematics. In 1871 he was a student in the law department of the Mich- igan L T niversity, and received the degree of LL. B. in the class of 1873. He had studied law, however, for one year in the office of Marshall B. Champlain, the attorney-general of New York. His early days were passed upon a farm, and there he imbibed his love for fine animals ; but public life — a more energetic and active existence — swayed his mind, and he adopted the profession of law. He located in East Saginaw immediately after the completion of his college course, entering the law office of the late William Gillett, then prosecuting attorney. He soon earned and obtained the appointment of assistant prosecuting attorney, and con- tinued in that position until January, 1877. During his in- cumbency he acted for the people in many important crim- inal cases, notably among them being the Cargin-Smith (Chesaning) murder trial. In 1879 lle secured the election of cily attorney, and was enabled to add to his legal reputa- tion by successfully conducting the extensive and important tax litigations which were then pressing for attention. Mr. Holden also secured a fair share of general business, civil and criminal. It is a subject of honest boasting on his part that he never had a client sentenced to State prison, and he jokingly explained the reason for his success in this respect by saying that he defended only innocent men wrongfully accused of crime. He also became interested in a number of heavy chancery suits, and this was the starting point of his pecuniary success. In 1884 he was chosen Judge of Pro- bate. He owns an excellent farm of four hundred acres near the city, and here he indulges the taste acquired in childhood by the breeding of fine trotting and carriage horses, for which he finds a ready and lucrative market. There are but few matters of general interest to his fellow-citizens in which Judge Holden does not take a part. He is essentially a busy man; but he has found time to become identified with many organizations — social, secret, benevolent, political, or other- wise. When it was determined to organize a Unitarian Church society in East Saginaw, Judge Holden was chairman of the preliminary meeting. He was one of the incorpo- rators of the People's Building and Loan Association of Sag- inaw County, and is its attorney; and, besides, the Saginaw County Farmers' Club has in him an earnest member. In 1877 he married Miss Anna I. Stage, of East Saginaw, whose birthplace was North Newbury, Geauga County, Ohio. The one child, Elsie, is a bright little sunbeam in the beautiful home of her parents — a model home, the result of honest in- dustry and laudable ambition. Most men, whether promi- nent or the reverse, have some passion or motive which ultimately dominates their lives. With Lawson C. Holden this ruling thought is his sympathy for and his belief in the aspirations of the wage class among his fellow-men. When Thomas B. Barry was arrested, under the so-termed "Baker Conspiracy Act," for inaugurating the strike among the saw- mill operatives in the Saginaws, claiming ten hours as a full day's labor, Judge Holden became his defender. Associated with him were Hon. Frank L. Dodge, of Lansing; Hon. Jerome Turner, of Owosso ; and Hon. W. D. Fuller, of Newaygo. Their efforts were successful. The case had at- tracted great attention on account of the prominence of Mr. Barry in the counsels of the Knights of Labor. Mr. Barry was then an intimate friend and one of the advisers of T. V. Powderly. Mr. Barry, prior to his trial, had been elected to the State Legislature, and Judge Holden had given his best efforts to secure this elevation. When Hon. Milo H. Dakin, of Saginaw City, was tried by the Legislature of Michigan for misdemeanors in his high office of representative, Judge Hol- den was naturally selected as one of the lawyers for the de- fense ; but the circumstances attending the case were so pe- culiar, the names of so many members of the Lower House had been so glaringly and recklessly used by the accused, that his condemnation was almost a foregone conclusion, and he was promptly expelled ; Hon. Frank L. Dodge, of Lansing, go CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. and Judge P. T. Van Zile, of Charlotte, being also of counsel for the defense. In politics Judge Holden was a Democrat until the organization of the Greenback party, since which time he was in active sympathy with the latter, attem most of its conventions and acting a prominent part therein, until its practical dissolution in 1888, when he, finding him- self without a party, again affiliated with the Democracy ; and, by unanimous consent of the State Democratic Convention, attended the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis, Missouri, as a delegate at large, along with Hons. M. 11. Chamberlain, Ceo. L. Yaple, and I. M. Weston. Hon. Stephen S. Cobb, of Kalamazoo, Kala- mazoo County, was born at Springfield, Windsor County, Vermont, April 10, 1821. He is the third surviving son of Moses and Martha (Printiss) Cobb. His father was, during his life-time, a widely known and successful medical practi- tioner at Springfield. Mr. Cobb attended the district schools until, at twelve years of age, his ambition led him to make a start in life for himself; and, obtaining a situation in a dry- goods store at Andover, Massachusetts, he continued as a clerk there for a period of eighteen months. In 1835 he entered the preparatory department of Kimball Union Acad- emy, at Meridcn, New Hampshire ; but, before completing his studies, he left school at the termination of one year, and returning to Windsor County, Vermont, became the man- ager of his Grandfather Printiss's farm at that place. Here he remained until 1842, when he determined to come West; and, settling at Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, he engaged in mercantile business, opening a general store. In 1849 ne moved his home and business to Kalamazoo, where he has since continued to reside. He opened a store at the latter place, and remained in mercantile business until 1868, since when his time has been devoted to looking after his numerous business interests, and in the discharge of the duties of those offices of a public nature to which he has been appointed. When, by act of the Legislature in 1873, the office of commissioner of railroads of the State of Michigan was created, John J. Bagley, then governor of the State, tendered the office to Mr. Cobb, and, by his able ad- ministration of that difficult position during his four years of service, his name became familiar to officers of railroads and others throughout the United States, as well as in ( heat Britain, Russia, Germany, and France, whose governments have solicited copies of his official reports. These reports, submitted annually to the governor, of the State, embrace a large fund of knowledge greatly prized by raiload men, and which has been found invaluable in connection with railroad legislation since that time. With Charles Francis Adams, Jr.. at one time commissioner of railroads for the State of Massachusetts, Mr. Cobb has frequently been quoted as authority by commissioners of other States, both having been eminent in their positions and exhibited a peculiar fitness for their duties. Mr. Cobb, by his natural energy, quick- ened by years of active business, a thorough system and method, and his quick perception and keen foresight, was eminently qualified for the discharge of the duties of this high office, and was able to guard the great interests of the people in connection with the roads, and at the same time re- main just to the corporations. He has been a stockholder in the Michigan National Bank, of Kalamazoo, since the or- ganization in 1865, at which time he was elected one of its directors, to which office he has been re-elected at the end of each term to the present time. A year later, he became a director in the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Com- pany, and still holds that position. In 1871 he became a director of the Kalamazoo and South Haven Railroad Company, and is also a member of the Boards of Directors of the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company; the Webster Wagon Company, of Moundsville, West Virginia ; the Baideen Paper Company, of Otsego, Michigan, of which Company he is also secretary; and in 1885, he was appointed treasurer of the Michigan Asylum for the Insane, at Kala- mazoo, by the trustees of that institution, succeeding the late Allen Potter in that position. In 1855, and again in 1856, Mr. Cobb was elected a member of the Board of Trustees for the Village of Kalamazoo, and in i860 was elected its president. Four years later he filled a two years' term as member of the Board. He has never taken an active part in political affairs, nor sought public office. His sympathies have been with the Republican party since its formation. He was married July 21, 1847, to Miss Lucy A. Goss, of Montpelier, Vermont. Mrs. Cobb died June 21, 1880. Mr. Cobb has been quite an extensive traveler, having covered almost the entire Union in his various trips. In January, 1888, he visited Old Mexico, going as far south as Orizaba, one hundred and eighty-one miles south of the City of Mex- ico, and, during the summer of the same year, visited Alaska, and made a trip through the Yellowstone National Park. Mr. Cobb is emphatically a self-made man. Beginning life with no advantages of influence, and few of education, and with no capital save his industry and integrity, he has met with a most flattering success — not only in the acquisition of wealth, but he has manifested a commendable purpose in the use of it, which does not always accompany the talent for gaining it. Every movement of public enterprise and of private benevolence has found in him a ready assistant. He enjoys to an enviable degree the esteem of his fellow- citizens of all classes — not only for his successful business career, but for the possession of a warm heart, a genial and sympathetic nature, and an honorable and upright life. Hon. David Howell Jerome, of Saginaw, the fifteenth governor of Michigan by election of the people, is the only native of its soil who has filled its executive chair. He was born in Detroit, November 17, 1829, the youngest son of Horace and Elizabeth Hart Jerome, who had emigrated to the Territory of Michigan the year before his birth, and the former of whom died a little more than a year thereafter. On the paternal side his family traces a New England descent through several generations, though his father, at the age of twelve years, had removed with his parents from Massachusetts to Onondaga County, New York. After arriving at manhood he was industriously en- gaged in lumbering, manufacturing, and commercial pur- suits in that State until 1828, when he made Detroit his residence, and soon afterwards, in connection with others, built at Pine River, in St. Clair County, one of the first saw-mills erected in Michigan. The mother of the ex- governor, a native of Long Island, New York, lived nearly thirty years after the death of her husband, dying at Sagi- naw in i860, at the age of seventy-three ; and in St. Clair County, where most of her later days were spent, and wher- ever else she was known, the fragrance of a useful and gentle life lingers among all the recollections of her friends. It is the testimony of those who knew her that she was a CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 9i woman of uncommon force of character, cultivated in mind and amiable in disposition, "full of good works," unosten- tatiously tempering the austerities of pioneer experience with the graces of a refined nature and an ardent religious faith, and leaving as an inheritance, when she died, the wealth of a sacred and tender memory, which is valued above all material acquisitions or political honor by the sons and daughter who survive her. From childhood until about the age of twenty-three, the ex-governor had his home at St. Clair, receiving his education at public and private schools, and gaining a livelihood by diverse occupations — on a farm, as deputy county cleik and register, and as a clerk on lake steamers — and in 1853 went to California, where, during a year's residence, he located the claim of a mine which has since been productive of much wealth, and is known as the "Live Yankee Tunnel Mine." In 1854 he settled at Sagi- naw, and still resides there, the senior member of the firm of D. H. Jerome & Co., who conduct one of the largest hardware establishments in the Saginaw Valley. In 1862, Mr. Jerome was charged by Governor Blair with authority to organize and prepare for the field the Twenty-third Regi- ment of Michigan Infantry, and as commandant of camp, with the rank of colonel, he lent valuable aid in adding to the service of the country one of the most efficient of the Michigan regiments. For eight years, beginning in 1864, he was a member, and for a large portion of the time, pres- ident of the State Military Board. In the same year of 1862, while the Civil War was in its most trying stages, he was elected to the State Senate, and twice re-elected, serving the entire six years as chairman of the important Committee on State Affairs. He was prominent in shaping legislation made necessary by the war, and in opposition to schemes permitting municipal taxation in aid of railroads. The bill to provide a resort for soldiers at Harper Hospital, in De- troit, was introduced by him, and became a law under his guidance. When a commission to revise the Constitution was created, in 1873, he was appointed one of the eighteen members composing it, and was chairman of its Committee on Finance. One of the incidents of Mr. Jerome's diversified and useful career, which possesses features of peculiar inter- est, is his connection with the United States Board of Indian Commissioners. He was appointed a member of this Board by President Grant, in January, 1876, and remained in office until 1881; and the writer of this sketch has a distinct re- membrance of the commendations bestowed upon his serv- ices by one of the Cabinet officers under whom his duties were discharged, and also of the marked expressions of satisfaction which were attributed both to President Giant and to President Hayes. Upon these commissioners devolved large responsibilities growing out of the care of the Indians, and among them were the purchase and distribution of sup- plies amounting in value to between five and six millions of dollars annually. The commercial experience of Mr. Jerome became, in this connection, conspicuously useful. During Mr. Jerome's first year of service on this Board he was chair- man of a commission, composed of three members of the Board and two army officers, one of whom was General O. O. Howard, charged with the duty of endeavoring to effect a settlement of the difficulties with Chief Joseph's band of Nez Perce Indians; and while engaged in this and kindred mis- sions among various tribes and reservations, he visited the Territories of Idaho and Washington, and the State of Oregon, traveling hundreds of miles on horseback and in wagons, in a journey which extended to the Straits of Fuca, on the Pacific. The next year he was sent on another mis- sion to the Sioux Indians in Dakota, and aided in the selec- tion of new homes for them on the Missouri River. Again, in 1879, Mr. Jerome was called upon to assist in negotiations with the Indians, and at a long conference held at the Un- compahgre Agency, with Head Chief Ouray and fifieen other chiefs, were laid the foundations for the purchase of twelve millions of acres of land held by the Utes in Colorado. This consummation was not at once effected, howevei . Further troubles followed with lawless whites, and in seek- ing protection from Government a delegation of the chiefs, headed by Ouray, visited Washington. In their intercourse with Mr. Jerome they had been impressed by his candor and evident friendliness toward them, and afterward, arriv- ing at the Capital, they inquired for him, and were informed at the Interior Department that he was expected to be in Washington within ten days. " Then we will wait until he comes before we talk," they replied ; and when Mr. Jerome ap- peared the chiefs gathered about him with friendly greetings, expressed their gratification at meeting him again, and were ready to resume negotiations, which resulted in a satisfac- tory sale of their lands. On the 1st of January, 1881, Mr. Jerome took the oath of office as governor of the State, a place to which he had been chosen at the general election of the preceding November. It has been the good fortune of Michigan to possess an almost unbroken line of prudent, intelligent, and faithful governors, to which both political parties have contributed ; and the title of Mr. Jerome to a place in their front rank is never challenged. Under any conditions his conduct of public affairs would have been characterized by eminent conscientiousness and untiring de- votion ; but his ambition to lie useful when he became chief magistrate had an additional incentive in the enthusiastic regard he entertains for his native State. When he first opened his eyes upon the Territory of Michigan, then com- prising also what is now the State of Wisconsin and part of Minnesota, it was literally a wilderness, dotted at distant intervals with scanty settlements, and all the rest of its vast area in the possession of Indians and wild animals. The en- tire number of its white inhabitants was about equal to the present population of the city of East Saginaw. The Michi- gan over whose interests he presided as governor was more than fifty-fold greater in the number of its people than the much larger Michigan he had seen as a boy. He had watched its progress with filial interest, and had been iden- tified with its growth, its business, its politics, and its legis- lation. On coming to the governor's chair he was thor- oughly familiar, not only with its history, but with its resources and institutions. His experience and his labors were given to the State with scrupulous and characteristic fidelity. His messages to the Legislature were distinguished by sound sense, comprehensive intelligence, and judicious recommendations; the public institutions were jealously guarded, and the laws faithfully executed ; and the good name of the commonwealth was honorably upborne in every act of his administration. Mr. Jerome was married, in 1859, to Lucy, daughter of Edward W. Peck, of Oakland County, and has had three children, two of whom died in infancy. His only remaining son, Thomas Spencer Jerome, now twenty-three years of age, is a member of the legal profes- sion, and resides at Detroit. His religious affiliations are with the Protestant Episcopal Church, of which he has for 9 2 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. many years been an active member. He was a Whig in politics until 1854, when he aided in the organization of the Republican party, of which he continues to be an ardent supporter. Since 1883 he h;is lived in contented retirement, happy in his domestic relations, prosperous in business, and in the enjoyment of a physical condition which is the just re- ward of a well-ordered, temperate, and exemplary life. DELOS A. BLODGETT, lumberman and capitalist, Grand Rapids, Kent County, was born March 3, 1825. in I Itsego County, New York. His is one of those eminently successful and valuable lives which, while adding materially to the wealth, refinement, and happiness of the community in the development of new and unopened tracts of land, the erection of costly and beautiful buildings, the encouragement of every worthy enterprise and earnest effort for the educa- tion and enlightenment of the people, after all, however use- ful, furnish but limited material for public interest. But though the successful man rarely looks for public favor or applause, yet in every strong, well-balanced character, in every self-sustained, enterprising career from youth and pov- erty to ripe age and affluence, there is much to admire and much that, to the youth of the land, is worthy of emulation and example. To write a sketch of Mr. Blodgett's life would be to cover the change from an uninhabited wilderness of whole counties in Michigan, in which condition he found them, to prosperous and populous communities, a large por- tion of that part of the State tributary to the Muskegon River, now the location of many growing villages and farms, owing their present condition to his business sagacity and activity. His father, Abiel D. Blodgelt, a descendant of the Vermont family of that name, was a native of Plymouth, New Hampshire, whence he migrated, when a young man, to New York State, where he married, and for many years fol- lowed the occupation of farming. In 1829 he removed to Erie County, that State, with his family, and during his resi- dence there was one of the most respected members of the community. In 1846 he removed to Harvard, McHenry County, Illinois, where he resided until his death in 1861, at the age of sixty-seven years. His wife was Susan Richmond, a native of Massachusetts. Mrs. Blodgett died at Harvard, Illinois, in 1867, aged sixty-nine years. They had five chil- dren, the oldest two of whom were sons, D. A. Blodgett be- ing the youngest of these. When he was four years of age the family moved to Erie County, New York, and here, when old enough, he attended the district, and afterward the se- lect, schools, engaging in work on the farm during the har- vest seasons. When twenty years of age he persuaded his father, who was then preparing to remove to Illinois, to al- low him to take a trip with a friend through the South ; and in this way a year was spent, during which he visited the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Ar- kansas, and Missouri, joining his father's family in Illinois in the fall of 1S47. From here he went to Geneva, Wiscon- sin, the following winter, to attend a select school, and in the early spring went to a place now known as Gladstone, on Little Bay de Noquet, in the Northern Peninsula of Michi- gan, where he obtained work in a saw-mill. Here he re- mained about five months, and it was during this time he came to realize that the life of a lumberman was best suited to his tastes. The grandeur of the vast forests of pine, the busy noise of the mill, the excitement of camp-life, the risks involved in every transaction of such a business, and crowded into each clay, all had their share in bringing him to this conclusion, which has controlled his movements since that time, and placed him among Michigan's best-known capitalists and most respected citizens. In the fall of that year he went to Chicago, and, from information gained from friends in that city, he determined upon Muskegon, Michi- gan, as the best point for him to locate, and in October, 1841s, commenced work in the camp of Henry Knicker- bocker, then a prominent logger on the Muskegon River. The following summer, Mr. Blodgett was employed by Mr. Knickerbocker in the village of Muskegon, and ihe next fall took charge of that gentleman's lumber-camps in the capac- ity of foreman, in whose employ he remained until Julv 4, 1850. Previous to this time, Mr. Blodgett had formed the acquaintance of Mr. T. D. Stimson, since then become one of Michigan's most prominent lumbermen, and they, to- gether with three other gentlemen, all of whom were log- gers on the Muskegon River, in July, made a journey up the river to a point where the city of Big Rapids now stands, for the purpose of determining upon a logging site for Messrs. Blodgett and Stimson to commence logging on their own account. They returned dissatisfied, however ; but the two young men, not to be discouraged, immediately started back up the river. They were fortunate in securing the services of a trapper named Parish, by whose aid they located a log- ging site in what is now the northeastern part of Osceola County, on a branch of the river ever since known as the Doc. & Tom Creek, taking its name from Mr. Blodgett and his partner. Here they established themselves, their articles of association being entirely verbal and their purse their common property, and the following winter got out about six hundred thousand feet of logs. The second sea- son Mr. Blodgett conducted operations on the Hersey branch and the main river in Osceola County ; and the third was in Mecosta County, Mr. Stimson in the meantime look- ing after their camps on other portions of the river. In 1854, Mr. Stimson married, and his partnership with Mr. Blodgett terminated. In 1851 the latter commenced clearing land, and the same year put in the first crop (potatoes) and made the first actual settlement in Osceola County. This clearing is now a part of the land on which the village of Hersey, the present county- seat of Osceola County, founded by Mr. Blodgett in 1869, stands. Here he eventually had a splendid farm of six hundred acres, upon which stood for many years his residence, afterward destroyed by fire. He is still the owner of this farm, and in addition has a farm of four hun- dred acres in Clare County, and one of seven hundred acres in Missaukee County. On these farms he is engaged in rais- ing French draft-horses, the Norman Percheron predominat- ing, of which he has now (1889) twenty full-blooded animals, in addition to a large number of half-breed stock. Making his head-quarters at his farm in Osceola County, Mr. Blod- gett, after separating his interests from those of Mr. Stimson, actively continued his logging operations, taking up new lands from time to time as his means increased, and thus gradually extending his logging business, which he has ever since continued. His first manufacturing was done in 1858, when he erected a saw-mill and grist-mill at Hersey, which, however, he subsequently tore down, erecting on the same site a grist-mill at a cost of about 58,000, since sold to Bel- lamy & Co. In 1 87 1 the firm of Blodgelt & Byrne was or- ganized, composed of D. A. Blodgett and the late Thomas Byrne, of Grand Rapids, for the purpose of engaging in the CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 93 purchase of pine-lands, logging, and the manufacture of lumber, this business being entirely unconnected with Mr. Blodgett's personal operations. Their lumber was manu- factured by contract with the owners of saw-mills variously located, until 1880, when the firm purchased the mill prop- erty of Watson & Hull, known as the old George R. Roberts & Co. mill, situated on Muskegon Lake, between Fifth and Sixth Streets, in the city of Muskegon. The mill had then a capacity of one hundred thousand feet of lumber per day, which has since, by the aid of new and improved machinery, been increased to one hundred and ninety thousand feet. In 1878, Mr. Blodgett purchased a half interest in the mill of Geo. Tillotson, at Lakeside, on Muskegon Lake, and the firm of Tillotson & Blodgett was organized, which continued for six years, Mr. Blodgett's interests in the property having been placed in the hands of his son, John W. Blodgett. At the end of this time, Mr. Tillotson's interests were purchased, and, under the able management of J. W. Blodgett, the old mill was torn down, and a new mill, frequently referred to as the finest mill on Muskegon Lake, having all the late im- provements and an increased capacity over the old mill, was elected. Both these mills have since continued during each season in active operation, their combined output for 1888 being sixty-one million feet. The active management of the business of Blodgett & Byrne and of D. A. Blodgett, at Mus- kegon, has been largely in the hands of Mr. John W. Blod- gett. In these mills and in various other capacities in con- nection with Mr. Blodgett's numerous lumbering interests are employed an average of six hundred men. Soon after the laying out of the village of Hersey, Mr. Blodgett sold a part interest in the village to Mr. James Kennedy, who was one of the earliest settlers and the first to open a store at that place. On the building of the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, Messrs. Blodgett and Kennedy conceived the idea of founding the town of Evart, Osceola County, which was incorporated as a village in 1871; and about the same time Messrs. Blodgett and Kennedy founded the town of Baldwin, now the county-seat of Lake County. In 1881, Mr. Blodgett purchased a residence property in the city of Grand Rapids, to which he removed that year from his farm in Osceola County. The interests, both of Blodgett & Byrne and of Mr. D. A. Blodgett individually, in Mich- igan pine-lands are very extensive, in addition to which the latter is the owner of about two hundred and fifty thousand acres of pine-lands lying principally in the center and eastern portions of Southern Mississippi, the first pur- chase of which was made in September, 1885. Mr. Blod- gett was one of the incorporators, in 1871, of the Northern National Bank, of Big Rapids, of which he lias ever since been a director. In February, 1882, he became a stock- holder and director of the Fourth National Bank, of Grand Rapids, of which he was elected vice-president in 1888. He founded a private bank at Cadillac in December, 1883, under the name of D. A. Blodgett & Co., which is now (1889) the only banking institution at that place. He was one of the incorporators, in 1885, of the Kent County Savings Bank, of Grand Rapids, in which he has ever since been a stockholder and director. Mr. Blodgett is also a stockholder in the Lum- berman's National Bank, of Muskegon, and of the Muske- gon Savings Bank, and has been a stockholdej in the Pres- ton National Bank, of Detroit, since its organization. He was one of the incorporators of the Grand Rapids Fire Insur- ance Company, organized September 22, 18S2, with a capi- tal of $200,000, and is a member of its Hoard of Directors; he has also been a stoi kholdei ami director in the Standard Accident and Life Insurance Company, of Detroit, since its organization in June, 1S84; he is vice-president and acting president of the Leaf River Lumber Companj . ol Grand Rapids, which owns large tracts of pine timber-lands in Mis- sissippi. Mr. Blodgett is the owner of considerable real estate in Grand Rapids, including one of the finest business blocks in the State, which is located on the corner of Ottawa and Louis Streets. It is seven stories in height, built of brick, with stone trimmings, and was completed in 1889 at a total cost of $165,000. He is also owner of another ex- tensive business block, situated on South Ionia Street, five stories and basement high, built of brick, and occupied by wholesale establishments of various kinds, together with numerous offices of a mercantile character. Mr. Blodgett is a stockholder in the Valley City Street and Cable Railway Company, and, until January, 1889, was one of its directors. He is, as well, interested in many other important enter- prises, and has large additional business interests, which in- clude the ownership of real estate in the city of Chicago, valued at half a million dollars. He has always been actively interested in agricultural matters, and accomplished the organization of the Osceola County Agricultural Society, in 1875, tne fi rst f a ' r °f which was held in Hersey in that year ; and was one of the organizers, in 1880, of the West Michigan Agricultural and Horticultural Society. He was also a member of the Executive Committee of the State Agricultural Society for four years. Mr. Blodgett has always been emphatically a member of the Republican party, for whose first Presidential candidate his first vote was cast. He was elected a delegate from the Ninth Con- gressional District to the National Republican Convention at Chicago, which nominated Mr. Garfield for President in 1880. In 1888 he was elected chairman of the Fifth District Congressional Committee, an election which demonstrated the wisdom of his party's leaders in the district, being fruitful in results, the party electing their candidate by a plurality of over two thousand seven hundred votes, in a district that, two years previously, had elected a Democratic candidate, to which result Mr. Blodgett's arduous labors and self-denying personal efforts largely contributed. Mr. Blodgett is not a believer in orthodox religion ; but, in his own language, is "an agnostic of the Huxley school," the ruling religious prin- ciple of his life, practically demonstrated by his acts from day to day, being founded on the truism that "one should rejoice in the good man, forgive the bad man, and pity and help all men to the best of one's ability." He was married September 9, 1859, to Miss Jennie S. Wood, daughter of John Wood, Esq., a resident of Illinois since 1879, and a native of Juniata County, Pennsylvania, where Mrs. Blodgett was born. They have two children — John W., and Susan R., now the wife of Edward Lowe, Esq., of Grand Rapids. One of his neighbors draws the following pen-portrait of his ap- pearance and characteristics: "Mr. Blodgett, using the phrases of the physiologist or the phrenologist, is of the nervo-sanguine temperament, of average height, rather spare in frame, not a large man, with grayish-blue eyes, and just a trace of the brunette in his complexion, a tint in his blood giving evidence of vigorous action of the heart and other organs. These tell of the strong, sturdy nature which has enabled him to achieve a great success in life ; for he has attained, in the prime of manhood, a leading position among 94 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. the foremost business men of a State containing a popula- tion of nearly two and a half million, though he came to the State, about forty years ago, a youth, with nothing but health and courage, a good head and strong arms, to carve out a fortune and a recognition for himself. To secure a recognized place among the score of leaders in the business communities of such a State, among so many strong, suc- cessful men, is a triumph indeed, and an index of his qual- ities and abilities. He has a genius for large affairs and operations in business, and carries on enterprises of a mag- nitude th.it would appall most men, with an ease and fai ility that are a constant surprise to even his intimate friends. To him they apparently seem like matters of course — almost as trifles. It is apparent to all who know of the character of the State in which he is an honored resident, though one of the most modest and unassuming of its population, that in- tegrity of the strictest sort, and honor which makes his word as good as his bond, and both as good as any other man's in the State — a straightforwardness in all the affairs of life, business, political, so, ial, and ethical, regular and exemplary habits, attentiveness to duty — are among the chief traits of his character. It may be added, too, that he has a warm corner in his heart for his fellow-men. He is glad to suc- ceed for himself and his family, to which he is devotedly at- tached. He is essentially domestic in his nature, and few men are so happy in wife and children and home as he, and also to help others to succeed, to help develop and build up the community in which he lives. His purse is freely opened for all reasonable appeals, whether of charity, of education, of ethical culture, or of political party, and his contributions are in the measure of the wealth he has accumulated ; yet he is never careless in business and benefactions, never indifferent to the value and proper use of money. He is a Republican in political persuasion and action, and his counsel, his labors, and his cash have always been freely given in behalf of that party. The quality of his Republicanism may be better estimated from the fact that he was, by heredity, and from the very essence of his nature, an Abolitionist in the days when that senti- ment was far from general or popular. So thoroughly was he persuaded of the inherent and absolute wrong of slavery, physical, mental, moral, it was actually difficult to restrain himself to the far less advanced position of Republicanism which proposed to combat an extension of the great wrong. However, with a practical man's wisdom, he took the best he could, in the direction he believed right, labored earnestly for that, and at the same time to educate his neighbors and fellow-partisans to the broader, higher altitude to which their party tended. But in this drift of his mind, as to this great principle, is seen the key to the exponent of his character and nature. An ardent secularist or freethinker as to relig- ious tenets, a believer in a glorious future, an immeasurable progress for man in this life, and the value and utility of that future in their effect on humanity, he is entirely tol- erant of the isms and ologies of others, even a contributor to Church organizations from which he* differs radically. Believing, as he does, in progress for humanity, he is an earnest advocate for equal suffrage, and to that has given much of attention and of his means. He is ever ready to aid what he believes "ill elevate mankind, and in his in- vestments of his wealth he carries into his constructions a strength, solidity, and permanence, ,md with them an adorn- ment in material and form, th.it make him in this depart- ment, as in others, one of the foremost men of the State, and a public benefactor as to example and influence, as well as to results. In this he but works out his own mind ; he does it to please himself rather than to please others. A good husband and father, an earnest, energetic, enter- prising citizen, a liberal man in matters of conscience, belief, and thought, as well as in purse and efforts, he is a notable product of the genius of our Government and the age, an example of honorable success and usefulness in life, which encourages the youth and dignifies the manhood of the State he lives in." Hon. Augustine Smith Gaylord, late of Saginaw, was born February 7, 1831, at Jefferson, Ashtabula County, Ohio. He came of good stock. His father, the Lite Harvey Russel Gaylord, was a son of Major Levi Gay- lord, a soldier of the Revolution, and was of the seventh generation in descent from William Gaylord (or Gaillard), of a noble Huguenot family among the refugees who fled from France to England in 1 55 1 . He was a man of rare natural ability, fine culture, a true Christian gentleman, loved and honored by all who knew him. His mother's maiden name was Stella M. Atkins. She was the daughter of Quintus F. Atkins, one of the pioneers of the " Western Reserve," and a leading citizen of Northern Ohio for many years, — an educated, earnest Christian woman, a fit help- meet for her honored husband in every good work, and a mother enshrined in the hearts of her. children and grand- children as the embodiment of all that was good, pure, and noble. The subject of this memoir spent his boyhood at Jefferson, and on a farm near that town, with such advan- tages for education as the schools there furnished. He was bright, energetic, full of fun and frolic, and loved by all for his kind and genial nature. His youth gave full promise of a useful manhood. He entered Oberlin College, and there was distinguished for rapid progress in his studies, and his uniform courtesy and kindness to all with whom he came in contact. He did not graduate. That restless desire to com- mence a business career that seems so attractive to the young and ambitious, was too strong in him to permit longer stay in the quiet of college life. He soon became engaged in teaching, and the year 1851 found him principal of the school at Saginaw, in the State of Michigan. He was peculiarly well-qualified for the profession he had chosen ; he was a fine scholar, pleasing in his manners, fond of chil- dren, a lover of music, a good singer, and had the capacity to govern his school by that strange power which is always seen in the successful teacher, but hard to describe. He easily became acquainted with everybody, made friends and retained them. He was generous to a fault, and neither then nor in his after business life did he seem to care for money, only for the use he could make of it. He manifested no desire to accumulate, simply to hold. In the fall of 185 1 a vacancy occurred in the office of county clerk ; he was an expert penman, his ability had attracted the attention of members of the bar, and, when this vacancy happened, a petition, signed by every lawyer in the county, was for- warded to the Hon. Sanford M. Green, then Circuit Judge, for the appointment of Mr. Gaylord as county clerk. He was then but twenty years old; his nonage was winked at by those who knew. He was appointed, and his discharge of the duties of the office was so satisfactory to the judge and those doing business with the court that, in the fall of LA_^L*f <-f — ^-i^V_^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 95 1S52, he was nominated as the Whig candidate for that office. The county was strongly Democratic, and there did not seem much chance for the success of a young man who had scarcely attained his majority. The result of the elec- tion showed that many Democrats laid aside their obligation to party, and Mr. Gaylord was elected. It was justly re- garded by his friends as a great triumph, and he discharged the duties of the office until the expiration of his term, the first day of January, 1855, with great ability. Judge Green frequently remarked that he was the best and most efficient clerk in his circuit. His records stand to-day as models of their kind — without a blot — showing the extreme care and taste with which they were kept. In 1851, Mr. Gaylord be- came intimately acquainted with the Hon. John Moore, then and ever since a member of the Saginaw bar, which ripened into the warmest friendship, and was destined to continue until broken by death. While county clerk he determined to make the practice of the law his life-work. He pursued his studies under the instruction of Mr. Moore until 1S56, when he was admitted to the bar after a rigid examination before the Hon. S. M. Green, Circuit Judge, in open court. The judge complimented him in the highest terms. It may be safely said that Mr. Gaylord was fortunate in the friend- ship of Mr. Moore. So strong had become the attachment of the latter that, immediately on Mr. Gaylord's admission, he became an equal partner in the large business of Mr. Moore, under the name of Moore & Gaylord, until the year 1861, when it was dissolved by mutual consent. Few young men are met at their entrance upon a business life with like liberality. In October, 1856, Mr. Gaylord married Emeline E. Warren, who, with four children, survives him, — Carrie, the eldest daughter, now Mrs. J. M. Morley, of East Saginaw; Elizabeth, now Mrs. I. B. Parsons, of Haywards, California ; Augustine S., the eldest son, now of Haywards, California; and Harvey R., the youngest son, now with his mother in Bay City. It was a happy union. In age, tastes, and in all that tends to draw husband and wife together, and make mar- ried life what it should be, they were suited to each other. His home was filled with every comfort. His taste for works of art and books here found a resting-place for its gratification. At the time of his deatli he had the largest private library in Saginaw. He had almost a mania for books. Fond of home, every wish of wife and children was gratified. For many years Mr. Gaylord was a member of the Board of Education, and largely aided in the develop- ment of that grand system of free schools of which the city is justly proud. As a member of the Common Council, he rendered services of great value to the city at a time when it was considered an honor to be an alderman, and when it would have been thought well-nigh larceny to have taken compensation from the city for services rendered. For four years Mr. Gaylord held the office of Circuit Court com- missioner, with credit to himself and usefulness to the county. In 1861 the office of Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial Circuit became vacant by the resignation of Judge Woodworth. At a meeting of the bar of the circuit, held at Saginaw, in January of that year, it was unanimously re- solved to ask the governor to fill the vacancy by the ap- pointment of Mr. Gaylord as Circuit Judge. A petition for such appointment, signed by the entire bar without distinc- tion of party, was forwarded to Governor Blair; but other in- fluence prevailed, and Judge James Birney, lieutenant-gov- ernor, was appointed to the place, Mr. Gaylord was a Republican by education and by the strongest conviction and faith in the principles of his party. lie was one of its trusted leaders, but never offensive to his political adversa- ries In 1862 he was elected a member of the State Legis- lature on the Union ticket, supported by Democrats Republicans, who believed that party contest should It sus- pended until the War of the Rebellion was ended. A, .. legislator he commanded the highest respect, and was a most useful member of the House. It w; session of 1863 that he voted against the re-election of his old friend Zachariah Chandler as United States senator. The subse.| relations between the two seemed to negative the genei ally re- ceived opinion that Chandler never forgave one who opposed his wishes. In 1865, Mr. Gaylord formed a copai tnei ship with Benton Hanchet, which continued until the time of his death. His law practice, as a member of the firm referred to, was large and profitable, and of a class that showed him to be a man of capacity and character, and one possessing the confidence of business men. As a lawyer, he was painstaking, method- ical, safe, and successful. He was an honest and upright man, not brilliant as a speaker, but a thorough student and well versed in legal principles. He was a wise and safe counselor, and had the confidence and esteem of all. At all times courteous and kind, he made hosts of friends, and from just cause no one could be his enemy. In 1875, Mr. Chandler became Secretary of the Interior under President Grant, and, on his request, Mr. Gaylord was made solicitor of that department. It was here that his practical talent and knowledge of legal principles found a fitting field for useful- ness. Mr. Chandler had the most complete confidence in his integrity and capacity, and his services in the depart- ment at once commanded the respect of those doing busi- ness with the Government, and gave assurance that no wrong would receive his approval. Secretary Chandler re- marked to a friend, after Mr. Gaylord's death, that only once was Mr. Gaylord overruled in his rulings, and he firmly be- lieved that Mr. Gaylord was right in that instance. His faithfulness to the interests committed to his charge soon at- tracted the attention of President Grant. At the President's request, in 1876 he accompanied Bishop Whipple and other commissioners to negotiate a treaty with the Indians of the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail Agencies, in Dakota and Mon- tana. For these services he received the highest commenda- tion from the President. The hardships of this journey caused, or hastened, the development of the disease that re- sulted in his death. He continued in the faithful discharge of the duties of his office at Washington against the protest of friends until eaily in the year 1877, when failing health forced his return to his home in Saginaw. Everything that could be done to remove or stay the progress of the fell dis- ease that had fastened upon him was done ; the best of medical skill, the kind offices of friends, the unceasing care of a loving wife and children, were his. These comforted, perchance lengthened life, and at times gave grounds for hope; but disappointment followed— there was no ground for hope. He had long been an active member of the Episcopal Church, of Saginaw. For years he was one of the vestrymen, and for more than twenty years was leader of the choir. With a firm faith in (lod, and in Christ as his Redeemer, he waited for his end. The end came ; surrounded by loving wife, children, and friends, on June 21, 1877, he breathed his last. A fond and indulgent husband and father, a trusted friend, a most useful and honored citizen, was gone. His 9 6 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. funeral services were under charge of the Masonic fra- ternities and the bar of Saginaw County. Thousands fol- lowed his remains to Brady Hill Cemetery, where they now remain. It seems appropriate to close what is here written, with the proceedings of a meeting of the bar of Saginaw County, held June 22, 1877, to give suitable expression to the high regard for, and sorrow at the death of, a friend so long known, loved, and trusted. The meeting was largely at- tended, not only by nearly all the members of the bar, but also by many leading citizens and lawyers from adjoining counties. A committee, consisting of Judge Moore, W. S. Tennant, C. S. Draper, and George A. Flanders, was ap- pointed to prepare and report a proper expression of the feelings of the bar. The committee reported the following preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously adopted: "Augustine S. Gaylord is dead. Our brother is gone. He, who for more than twenty years has gone out and in before and with us, as a member of the bar, c es not again. No more will he meet us here; he has fallen, after long months of suffer- ing bravely borne. His strong constitution has yielded; lie is dead. Yet he lives ill his deeds, lives in the honorable record he has made, lives in the noble example he has left us, lives in loving hearts, lives in the memory of friends, lives in the better land. Strange is the mystery of life and death. Why such a man must die is beyond our comprehension. In the midst of usefulness he is stricken down. Possessed in an unusual degree .it the confidence and respect of all classes, he is taken from us. Of this bar one of the most honored and useful members, no more he labors among u>. Blessed with this universal esteem, honored for his sterling manhood and great ability, loved most by those who knew him best, surrounded by a loving wife and children, with hosts of friends, more than willing to do all in their power to contribute to his comfort and hoped-for recovery, he has gone. Nothing could stay the progress of the fell dis- ease that had seized upon him; slowly but surely it did iis fatal wurk, setting at naught these great and good qualities — this love, this esteem, these friends. At half-past four o'clock in the afternoon of the 21st inst., our neighbor, our friend, our brother in the profession, ceased to live. We sorrow, but not as those without hope. "Resolved, That as members of the bar we desire to place upon record, in the most enduring form we can command, our high appreciation of the character of the deceased, of his ster- ling integrity, his great ability as a lawyer, his manly character as a member of the profession, his usefulness as a citizen, his honorable record as a faithful public servant, in the councils of his home, in the Legislature of the State, and in the executive department of the National Government; and last, but most heartily of them all, our love for him as a friend. "Resolved, That while we thus mourn our loss, we would not, and do not, forget the loved wife and children, nor the aged father ami mother, anil other members of the family of our de- li friend, upon whom this terrible affliction has fallen. We tender to them our strongest and warmest sympathy in their great trial, with the assurance that the memory of their beloved urn- will In- cherished by each member of the bar. " Kesoh'ed, That out secretary be instructed In furnish a copy if these resolutions to the friends of the deceased] ami that the prosecuting at v !"■ requested to present the same to the Circuit Court for the County of Saginaw, ami request that they he spread upon the records of the court." Hon. "William Lyman Bancroft, of Port Hu- ron, St. Clair County, was born August 12, 1825, at Martins- burg, Lewis County, New York. His grandfather, Edward Bancroft, was the owner of a very extensive farm, located near Westfiehl, Massachusetts, and was the descendant of one of three brothers who came from Wales, and were cal- ico-printers by trade. The father of our subject, whose name was Edward, removed to M.irtinsburg, New York, at an early age, and was for a time sheriff of Lewis County, and afterward was appointed Judge of the Court of Com- mon Pleas of that county, retaining the office for many years. He married a Miss Amanda Lewis, daughter of a sea-captain who was for a long time in the China trade, sailing from the city of New York ; and to them were born eleven children, of whom William L. was the ninth. In 1832, when William was seven years old, the family removed to Michigan, settling in Detroit, where he attended the high- school of Mr. D. B. Crane — well remembered by many of the older residents of Detroit — for three years, going, in 1835, to Massachusetts, where he entered the then famous Amherst Academy. Graduating from here in 1839, ^ e re ~ turned West, and after remaining a short time in Detroit he followed his father to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at that time a village. Here he entered the office of the Courier news- paper as apprentice, and learned the trade of a printer. In the spring of 1844 he returned to Michigan, and, coming to Port Huron, purchased the Observer newspaper, and became its managing editor, retaining control of the paper for about five years. But Mr. Bancroft had always had an ambition to study law, and in 1849, an opportunity offering, he went to Oswego, New York, and entered the office of the Hon. W. F. Allen, afterward Judge of the Court of Appeals of that State. In 1831 he was admitted to practice by the Su- preme Court of the State of New York, and returning to Port Huron entered upon his chosen career, gaining almost immediately a large and lucrative practice, and early dem- onstrating a special talent and promise of rapid distinction in his profession. Misfortune, however, awaited him ; for his years of close application to his studies had told upon his eye-sight, and soon culminated in chronic inflammation, which returned with every renewed attempt at business ; and this was followed in 1854 by the total destruction by fire of his office, library, and all of his papers ; and in 1857, to avert total blindness, he abandoned the profession. Soon afterward he established in Port Huron its first banking office under the firm name of Cyrus Miles & Co., Mr. Ban- croft furnishing the capital. Subsequently the business was conducted by John Miller & Son, Mr. Bancroft selling out his interest, and eventually, on the passing of the United States Banking Law, it became the First National Bank of Port Huron. In 1865, Mr. Bancroft was appointed, with Mr. Edgar White, to go to New York and buy for the company which they represented, the Port Huron and Lake Michigan Railroad stock and the property of the Port Huron and Mil- waukee Railway Company. Accomplishing their object, they returned to Michigan, and Mr. Bancroft succeeded in inter- esting in the project the people of the various counties be- tween Port Huron and Lansing through which the former mad was to pass, undertaking, as general manager of the Company, in connection with the local director in each county, to look after the interests of the road. Thus the suc- cess or failure of the project became vested in him, and he, after surmounting almost innumerable and apparently hope- less difficulties, finally accomplished the task he had set out to perform. The story is well worth a place in a sketch of his career as illustrating what is possible for one man to ac- complish in the face of circumstances the most disheartening and adverse influences the most powerful, and also as com- prising some of the most interesting portions of the history of railroads in Michigan. Among other internal improve- ments originated by the State was that of building what was known for a long time as the Northern Railroad, but in the early days of the financial embarrassment of the State the work was abandoned. A company under a special charter r^^^ A^Uy y^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 97 then undertook the project, but made a failure of it, and were succeeded by the Port Huron and Milwaukee Railway Company, and finally the management passed into the hands of Mr. Bancroft, as shown above. Meanwhile the railway interest of the State had grown to a vast power, controlling over two thousand miles of road, the policy of which was hostile to all new projects — this being the more determined as existing roads were controlled by parties influential with the political powers of the State. In the face of this the necessary legislation was secured, with conditions, however, injurious to the enterprise; but, making good use of it, Mr. Bancroft at once determined to make his road a through line to Chicago, and to that end entered into informal nego- tiations with the Peninsular Company, owners of a road running from Lansing to Valparaiso, Indiana. The Legisla- ture of 1867 passed the Municipal Aid Bill, originally passed at the previous session but vetoed by the governor, and Mr. Bancroft immediately contracted for rails and equipment for the entire road, and obtained a municipal guarantee of about four hundred thousand dollars in aid of the project. The Supreme Court, however, decided this law unconstitutional, and this blow was shortly afterward followed by the failure of his Eastern contracts, and finally its Western adjunct sought new affiliations, and was soon enveloped in clouds of embar- rassment. Notwithstanding, Mr. Bancroft, refusing to acknowl- edge himself defeated, literally single-handed and alone, went on and completed the road to Flint, himself finding the ways and means and being practically builder and con- troller. In the same way, in 1876, and after the consolida- tion of the Port Huron and Lake Michigan with the Penin- sular Company, which occurred in 1873, trie combined roads taking the name of the Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad Company, he followed up his former work by building the line through from Flint to Lansing, a distance of fifty miles, making a total of one hundred and twelve miles of road of the total two hundred and sixty-six miles built under his management and by his efforts, completed by means of his individual raising and under his personal superintendence. This he accomplished in the face of obstacles already men- tioned, the panic of 1873-4 having added to the difficulties to be overcome, placing the road in bankruptcy and retarding his efforts. Up to this time he had held at different times the various offices of president, vice-president, and general manager of the road, and on its going into liquidation he was appointed receiver for the Company. He maintained his connection with the road for a period of thirteen years, until 1878, when he severed his interest with it, and in 1880 the road became the property of the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway Company. Mr. Bancroft has held many offices of honor and trust in the gift of the people and of the General Government from time to time. He was the first mayor of Port Huron, in 1859, and organized the city government, hav- ing, as member of the State Legislature, in that year secured the charter for the city. During this session he was the Democratic candidate for speaker of the House, and was a member of the Ways and Means Committee. The recom- mendations in a report on finances made by him in 1859 were afterward largely incorporated in subsequent legislation. Ten years previously he had been secretary of the State Senate, and in 1854 was the candidate of the Democratic party for Secretary of State. In 1865 he was a member of the State Senate. He was a delegate to the National Demo- cratic Conventions of i860, held at Charleston and Balti- more ; 1864, at Chicago; and 1876, at St. Louis. In 1866 he was the candidate for Congress of the Democratic party of the district which included at that time Ingham, Livingston, Oakland, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer, Sanilac, and Huron Counties. In June, 1885, he was appointed, by the President, collector of customs for the District of Huron, but on po- litical grounds was rejected by the Senate, in August of the following year. He has been a life-long Democrat. He was active in raising troops for the Union cause during the late war. In fact, it has been said of him that he secured more volunteers in the district than were obtained by any one man before or afterward. His unswerving loyalty to the Demo- cratic party and his unfaltering adherence to its principles, his long life of study and hard and earnest effort, combined with the happy faculty of so dealing with men as to win their confidence and esteem, places him among the best known and most popular members of his party in the State. He has, by his pre-eminent intellectual attainments, held to- gether the weakened and discomfited elements of the party, and has largely contributed to its present standing in the eastern part of the State. He has been a member of the Masonic fraternity for many years, joining the order on the formation of the Port Huron Lodge. He was for a time master of the lodge, and has taken the thirty-second degree. He is also a member of the Order of the Knights of the Maccabees. In 1873 he visited England and the Continent of Europe, with his wife and youngest son, spending about a year abroad. He was married, October 12, 1853, to Miss Anna M. Barker, daughter of Messer Barker, Esq., and Eliza Bodley, his wife, of Plymouth, Ohio, the latter of whom was a descendant of the family of that name, a member of which, Sir Thomas Bodley, established the famous Bodleian Library in Oxford, England, and was also a descendant of Admiral De Ruyter, of Holland. The Bodleys are also re- lated to the Carroll family of Baltimore, descendants of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. They have three children, sons, the eldest being Edward Harold, born August 13, 1854; Richard Bayard, the second son, was born March 15, 1857; and Carroll Doug- las, born September 7, 1858. Mr. Bancroft, since retirement from the management of the railroad in 1878, has not been actively engaged in business. He has a fine library and is still a great student, and has for the last ten years spent the winter seasons in the South, returning to Port Huron during the summer months. His pen still wields its influence, and his voice is still heard on the stump in every political cam- paign, and his power as a speaker is attested by his ever-in- creasing popularity among the members of his party. His name, it has been said, is a household word in every Democratic home in the district, while intellectually, so- cially, in point of honor and strong good sense, he stands second to no man in the State. He has raised a lasting monument to his energy and perseverance as the founder and successful executor of the greatest enterprise ever at- tempted under similar circumstances by any citizen of the State, in the construction of the railroad from Port Huron to Chicago, and has added more to the prosperity of the city by that enterprise than any attempted before or since, and will remain long in the hearts and minds of its people as one of the foremost of its public-spirited citizens. In May, 1888, he was tendered, by Postmaster-General Don M. Dickinson, the position of superintendent of the Railway Mail Service, which, after due consideration, he «3 9 8 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. accepted, and entered upon his important duties the follow- ing month. Daniel Hardin, of Saginaw. The manufacturing industries of a town or city are the main factors of its growth and success. They stimulate to exertion, give em- ployment where none existed before, and they become the chief pecuniary reliance and support of many families. The man "who causes one blade of grass to grow where none grew before," has been termed a benefactor to his race. It is of a man who has, technically, caused many blades of grass to grow where none previously existed, that this sketch will treat. Daniel Hardin was born in Plainfield, Otsego, County, New York, on the ;th of May, 1820. His father, Nathan Hardin, was of Connecticut origin, and re- moved to the former State in the latter part of 1798. His mother was also a native of Connecticut. His chances for an education were the same as those secured by most of the boys in those early days; viz., the common school in the winter, with the opportunity to think over what he had acquired while working on the farm in the summer. On reaching his seventeenth year he became interested, with another brother, in a general store in Leonardsville, Mad- ison County, New York, which arrangement continued for three years, when he succeeded to the entire ownership. Mr. Hardin's connection with this mercantile venture made a success of it, and the next twenty years of his life were passed in conducting the affairs of the store, in farming, and in sharing with others in establishing a manufactory of agricultural implements. The starling of a factory where factories were comparatively unknown ; the building of farming implements, which would tend to reduce the labo- rious work on a farm to a minimum ; the giving of employ- ment to many ; and thus aiding and abetting lives of in- dustry, — all these things are worthy of record, and make the creator of them, in the fullest sense of the term, a benefactor of his race. But it would seem that, instead of resting satisfied with what he had already accomplished, in the prime of his best manhood as it were, Mr. Hardin simply utilized his twenty years of labor for himself and others, by treating it as so much active experience for greater and better things, if possible, in the future. Sagi- naw City, in Michigan, which had attracted the attention of so many of the bright minds of New York and New England to her splendid possibilities, also attracted Daniel Hardin. On his arrival there in 1865, his energetic spirit found full development for all of its powers. Uniting with others, with whom he had already been associated in busi- ness in his old home, milling property was purchased, consisting of saw-mill, planing-mill, and flouring-mill. The old methods were discarded, newer and better facilities were inaugurated, and so the first roller process flouring-mill in the Saginaw Valley was established, and is now (1889) operated under the title of Brand & Hardin. The planing- mill, which is now (1889) known as D. Hardin & Co.'s mill, is noted for its fine work. It has proven the precursor of other like establishments, where the finest of wood-finishing work is done, and where the most beautiful results have been obtained from Michigan's grand forest-trees. The text from which this brief sermon has been preached has its ap- plication and point in the fact that since Daniel Hardin's advent in Saginaw City, the industries with which he has been connected, have given employment to about one hun- dred and fifty men each year. Is not the author of such a result worthy to have his sketch included among those of the eminent men of the Peninsula State ? And he is not only the employer of labor — he is something more and bet- ter than that — for he is the sympathizing friend of the laborer, giving a kindly word and encouraging help in ad- dition to the wages he pays. Mr. Hardin has indulged his love for, and interest in, financial matters. He was the president and one of the organizers of the Citizen's National Bank of Saginaw City, organized in 1880, and Jie so con- tinued until 1888, when he sold his interest in that institu- tion, and some time later, in the same year, he aided in forming the new Commercial National Bank, of the same place, of which he is the president. He was married, in 1840, to Miss Lucy Brown, of Brookficld, New York. Of the four children of this union but two are living — a son named Abner C, now of the firm of Brand & Hardin, and a daughter, Emily P., the wife of J. F. Brand. Mr. Hardin lias never aspired to public office, but, like all good citizens, he holds decided opinions upon political matters, and takes an active interest in all that pertains to the general welfare. A pen-picture of the man, who has accomplished so much for his fellow-men, has been furnished to the writer of this, and it can not fail to interest those who have followed the recounting of such acts as have filled his life : " Of medium height, and compact, wiry frame, Mr. Hardin carries his sixty-eight years lightly. His frosted hair, worn short, sets off his clean-shaven, clear-cut face, Dark, keen eyes shine out from beneath a rather prominent forehead. A straight nose, firm mouth, and somewhat pointed chin, make a cast of countenance expressive of firmness in its best sense, and keen perception. Prudent, rather than bold, steadfast in purpose, accurate in judgment, and wilh the courage to fol- low his convictions, — these are the secrets of his business suc- cesses. Pre-eminently a just man, he would scorn to take an unjust advantage of another. He is generous to what- ever cause appeals to his better judgment, but his charities are free from ostentation. In business circles he is univers- ally esteemed, and in times of financial distress he is like a rock. Socially he enjoys an enviable position and his home-life is a model life.'' Daniel Hardin, for what he has done for humanity generally, is fairly entitled to an old age of rest and happiness when the time comes ; but like all men of similar achievements and similar successes, he is happiest when busiest. He is one of those who will wear out, not rust out. Yet, as he has sown abundantly of good, may he reap even more abundantly ! Hon. Ezra Child Carleton, of Port Huron, St. Clair County, was born at St. Clair, Michigan, Sep- tember 6, 1838. His father, Israel Carleton, was one of the early settlers in St. Clair County, having emigrated from Stillwater, New York, in 1817. He held the office of justice of the peace, under appointment from the governor of the Territory of Michigan, for about twenty years. Ezra at- tended the district school at St. Clair until sixteen years of age, when he entered the high-school, from which he grad- uated in 1858. Coming to Port Huron, he obtained a situa- tion as clerk in the boot and shoe store of Mr. Bockius, afterwards going to work as clerk for Mr. Haslett in the clothing business. In 1863 he accepted a position as clerk in the hardware store of Mr. Stewart, and in 1868 was taken in as partner. In 1878 the firm was changed to Sanborn, t^^y ^7 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 99 Carleton & Co., continuing four years, when it was again changed to Carleton, Stewart & Co. Mr. Carleton sold out his interest, January I, 1886, after a successful business career of twenty-eight years. In 1881 he was elected mayor of Port Huron, and was also chairman of the Port Huron Fire Relief Commission. In the fall of 1882, while away in New York, he received the nomination for Congress on the Democratic and Greenback ticket, for the Seventh Congres- sional District, and, although he made no active canvass, was elected in a district Republican by about fifteen hundred votes, by a majority of 284 over John T. Rich, the Repub- lican nominee, at the time the representative of the district in Congress. In 1884 he was re-elected as the candidate of the Democratic party, defeating Edgar Weeks, Republican, O'Brien J. Atkinson, Anti-Monopolist, and John Russell, Prohibitionist, by a handsome plurality. As member of the Forty-eighth Congress, Mr. Carleton was member of the Committee on Territories, and during his second term was on the Rivers and Harbors Committee, and was instrumental in securing a largely increased appropriation for Michigan river and harbor improvements. Since the expiration of his Congressional term he has been acting as secretary of the Citizens' Association. He is the owner of a farm of about one thousand acres on the Red River, Dakota Territory, and is also interested" in other large farms at South Heart, Dakota. An active Mason, he is a member of the Port Huron Lodge, Chapter and Commandery. He voted for Stephen A. Douglas in i860, and has ever since been a member of the Demo- cratic party. Mr. Carleton is one of the three residents of this State who are members of the Tammany Society of New York, of which he became a member in 1886. He was married in 1863 to Miss Helen S. Smith, daughter of Aaron Smith, Esq., of Port Huron, by whom he has one child, Miss Edith, who resides with her parents. Mr. Carleton is most active as secretary of the Citizens' Association in forwarding the interests of the city of Port Huron, and has done a great deal towards calling the attention of manufacturers in general to the location and natural advantages of that city, its situation and shipping facilities. DAVID EDWARDS, of East Saginaw, assistant general manager of the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, was born in Machynlleth, Wales, October 13, 1841, and was but twelve years of age when his father died, leaving a widow with five children. Shortly after the death of the father, in 1853, young Edwards accompanied his mother to America, and they settled in Detroit, Michigan. Entering the drug-store of J. S. Cuthbert & Co., at once upon his arrival, he remained in that employment about three years, and then secured further service in the same business with Higby & Stearns, with whom he continued for two years. In 1862, when he was twenty-one years old, David Edwards commenced the important career which has been the ruling incentive of his life. For the first three years he was check-clerk for the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad, and was still lo- cated in Detroit. For the next seven years he had active ex- perience in the important details of railway service, advancing, step by step, through many grades, and obtaining much valuable material for future use, both as aids in the develop- ing of future enterprises, with which he might become con- nected, and in strengthening his own opinions and ideas. He possesses a natural talent for this important factor in the world's betterment, and the ability he had evinced in vari- ous lines of the railway calling led to his early recognition by other companies, and he was chosen as superintendent of the Canada Southern Railroad, his field of operations to be west of the Detroit River. On the 1st of September, 1874, Mr. Edwards entered the service of the Flint and Pere Mar- quette Railway Company as general freight agent, and has continued with that Company for the past fifteen years. In 1 88 1 he became the assistant general manager, and has con- tinued in that position to this present writing (1889); and yet, to be more exact, for the past year he has been, practi- cally, the general manager, as no successor was chosen to fill the place made vacant by the resignation of Dr. H. C. Potter, who had long and successfully occupied that position. David Edwards is still a young man, healthy, self-confident, buoyant, and self-helpful. He is an earnest, active railroad business man, familiar with everything connected with rail- road traffic. He brought to the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad bright thoughts and the best experiences of his career. He proved to be the "right man in the right place." Railroad traffic had been his forte; and, under his manage- ment, as general freight agent, the road took an advanced position, and this advance, once gained, has never been al- lowed to be lost. What the road is to Saginaw, what it is to the communities all along its entire line, none but the people so interested can say. It is the product of much hard labor, many years of unrequited sacrifices and toil on the part of its projectors. It has gathered to itself the finest mechanical skill, the best practical talent, the brightest railroad minds ; and these men have made of it one of the most important factors in the growth and greatness of the State in which it is located. Mr. Edwards is a busy man, but he is also a methodical man ; and he finds time for the cultivation of such friendships as his heart prompts him to make. He is a social man, with a natural bent towards music, of which he is passionately fond, and a love for the fine arts generally. He enjoys the respect of the community where he dwells. Every matter which concerns his fellow-men, affects him as well, and he never fails to respond to such calls as come to every man who holds a prominent position in affairs. His temper is a genial and pleasant one, and, although he holds earnestly to opinions when once formed, still he gains the respect of his opponent by his fairness and courtesy. In December, 1871, he was married to Miss Emily A. Long, daughter of Win. Long, of Chicago, Illinois. His wife and daughter preside over his home, and therein he finds an added happiness; for he has a library of which he is justly proud, containing, as it does many rare volumes. He is a student of history, and this study affords to him a never- failing pleasure. In conventions, where the brightest intel- lects in the railroad world meet to formulate new views and advocate new methods, David Edwards is listened to with respect. In his office he is the active, busy man, but he is also, to all who approach him, the courteous gentleman. In his home he is a model husband and father ; and, as a friend, his friendships are earnest, sentient things, some- thing to be relied upon. In a word, he is the architect of his own fortune, and is a living illustration of the fact that that man does the best and most efficient, if, fortunately, he has had congenial work to do. David Edwards, in the opinion of those who know him well, is a railroad man by nature. Opportunity and experience have been his ; and, as a natu- ral result, he is a success. Mr. Edwards takes considerable pride in the fact that, although he was a British subject IOO CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. when the Civil War broke out, thereby being exempt from the draft, he took out his naturalization papers on Novem- ber i, 1862 (very few being taken out at that time). He came to America fully intending to make it his home, and, although a young man, considered it a cowardly act to claim British protection at such a time. He was drafted at the time of the first draft in Detroit; Mark Flanigan was the provost marshal, and the draft took place in the Old Major Kearsley homestead. Prior to the draft taking place, to gratify the wishes of his mother, he joined a club organized in the then Fifth Ward Engine-house, composed ot citizens of the ward, for the purpose of furnishing substitutes, and a substitute was furnished in his place. Hon. Lyman G. Mason, of Muskegon, was born in Belchertown, Massachusetts, June 22, 1829. His father, Lemuel S. Mason, a farmer and miller bv occupation, was also a native of Belchertown, where he died in 1844. aged forty-four years. His mother, Margaret Gates, was bom in 1808, at Belchertown, where she died in 1843, a g e d thirty-five years Our subject attended the district schools of his native town up to the age of eleven, when he entered an academy at that place, and continued his studies about two years. At thirteen years of age he entered an academy at Southbridge, Massachusetts, where he remained one year, and soon after was employed as clerk in a store at Worces- ter, Massachusetts. Here he remained until March, 1850, when he took passage on the packet-ship Sheridan, from New York to California, landing in San Francisco, July 8, 1850. Two weeks later he was appointed an inspector of customs, and stationed on the Pacific Mail Steamship Com- pany's store-ships in the harbor. After nine months in the service, he resigned and went into the Northern mining dis- tricts, and engaged with others in running a pony express. This they sold to Wells, Fargo & Co., on the extension of their business throughout the Pacific States, and Mr. Mason became one of the first agents of that Company in California. He continued in that capacity about one year, when he re- signed and returned to San Francisco to engage in lumbering and steamboating. In connection with his lumbering op- erations, he furnished a large number of poles for the first telegraph line constructed in California. He established a steamboat-line from San Francisco to Alviso and San Jose, the first to be operated between those points. Previous to this, however, he had been employed as confidential clerk by Mr. George Burnham, lumber-dealer and proprietor of large steamboat interests on the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. Mr. Mason caused to be bored the first two or three artesian wells in San Francisco, and for some time realized good profits in supplying water to distributers throughout the city. During 1854 he was, with others, in- terested in a hardware business. In 1855 he closed up all his interests in California and returned to the New England States, where he spent several months visiting friends. In the latter part of that year he made his first visit to Mus- kegon. The following spring, in connection with Mr. C. H. Goodman, then of Hartford, Connecticut, he commenced the erection of a saw-mill in Muskegon. Mr. Goodman sold his interest therein to Wilcox, Lyon & Co., of Chicago, about the time the mill was completed. A year later Mr. Mason purchased his partners' interest in the mill, and continued to operate it until i860, when he sold it to Geo. R. Roberts & Co. He commenced in the same year the erection of another mill on a site adjoining, which he operated until 1864, when he sold it to Bigelow Brothers. In the latter year he formed a copartnership with Charles S. Davis, and they erected a saw-mill, which they continued to operate until 1878, since which time it has been operated by the Thayer Lumber Company. In July, 1880, the copartnership with Mr. Davis was terminated, Mr. Mason succeeding to the linn's business. Mr Mason has since given his attention to , his real estate and other business in which he is and has been interested in Muskegon and elsewhere. The following is from the pen of a citizen of Muskegon, who has, by friendly association and connection with Mr. Mason in numerous business enterprises for nearly twenty-five years, had ample opportunity to know his business career and judge of his characteristics : " Prior to the year 1869, Mus- kegon was without a railroad. Fully appreciating the need of railway facilities to this already prominent and rapidly growing business center, Mr. Mason in that year took the first steps towards, and was the leading spirit in, the organ- ization of the Muskegon and Ferrysburg Railroad Company, to build a railroad to Ferrysburg, the nearest station on the then Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. He was first presi- dent of the Company, and remained in that office until its consolidation with the Allegan and Grand Haven Railroad Company, under the name of the Michigan Lakeshore Rail- road Company. Before this consolidation took place, how- ever, he had secured the construction of the road to Ferrys- burg, through a contract with the late W. F. Thompson, Esq., of Detroit, and the work had gone on substantially to completion. After the consolidation the road was built through to Allegan, and in this work Mr. Mason bore a prominent part. In 1872, Mr. Mason brought forward the scheme of building a railroad from Muskegon to Big Rapids, in order to develop and promote a business and trade nat- urally tributary to the former city, and of great importance to the lumber interests of the Muskegon Valley. The Mus- kegon and Big Rapids Railroad Company was organized for that purpose, with Mr. Mason as president, and in charge of all details relating to the location and construction of the road. The line was surveyed and located, rights of way secured, and a large amount of money pledged, by way of donation, by business men at Muskegon and along the line, towards securing the building of the road. It was at the time one of the most promising railway enterprises in the State, and assured, to whoever might undertake its execution, large remuneration. To secure its immediate construction, however, Mr. Mason effected an arrangement with Hon. J. F. Joy, the president of the Chicago and Michigan Lake- shore Railway Company, by which that Company undertook the building of the new line, and succeeded to all the ac- cruing profits and advantages. The original stockholders and subsidy-donors paid in their money, and were repaid only in their share of the general benefit which resulted to the communities on the line by reason of its construction. The road was merged with the general property of the Chi- cago and Michigan Lakeshore Railroad Company, and has been the mainstay and support of it and its successor, the Chicago and West Michigan Railroad Company. Mr. Mason took a prominent part in the negotiations that were had and the work that was done to insure the building of a branch of the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad to this city in 1886; and, while the credit which may be justly due to others for their aid in bringing this important enterprise CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 101 to a successful result should not be withheld, it is but justice to say that that result could hardly have been secured without the active and effective co-operation of Mr. Mason. Within the past year, almost wholly through his efforts and influence, Muskegon has secured another important railway — the To- ledo, Saginaw and Muskegon, now a part, and an important factor, of the Grand Trunk system. When first projected, few people believed that it was possible to accomplish its construction. Railroad building in Michigan had apparently ceased to be inviting to capitalists, and had almost stopped. Mr. Mason's far-sightedness, energy, pluck, and faith in the inexhaustible resources of Muskegon, were equal to the situ- ation, and he has accomplished what no other citizen of Muskegon would have dared to undertake, much less have hoped to succeed in doing. To him, and through his friendly relations with the late Captain A. E. Goodrich, Muskegon is indebted for the establishment of the daily line of side- wheel steamers between this city and Chicago, by the Good- rich Transportation Company. This was done in 1862, and the line has been profitable from the day of its inception, and has formed an invaluable factor in the commerce of Muskegon. In this connection it should be observed that, piior to 1864, Muskegon Harbor was extremely unsafe and insecure, frequently obstructed by sand-bars, and seldom open to steamers of the larger class navigating Lake Mich- igan. Mr. Mason had long been of the opinion that -no good reason existed why it should not be made one of the best harbors on the Lakes, and he foresaw that, if improved, it would be one of the most important. It had never re- ceived attention from the officers of the Government, and it was left to the energy and enterprise of one man, the subject of this sketch, to open Muskegon Harbor to the commerce of the Great Lakes, and to demonstrate its capacity and fitness as a first-class harbor. This was accomplished under the di- rection of Mr. Mason, in the spring of 1864, at a cost of upward of fifty thousand dollars, contributed by the lumbermen and business men of Muskegon. Its improvement since th.it time by the Government has confirmed all that was then claimed for it. Prior to 1864 the lumber manufacturers at Muskegon had through many years secured the driving, rafting, and delivering of their logs through a voluntary association, known as the Lumbermen's Association of Muskegon, of which Mr. Mason was long a director and active member. In 1864 the present Muskegon Booming Company was or- ganized, and has ever since handled the immense business of driving the logs in the Muskegon River and its tribu- taries. Mr. Mason was one of its incorporators and first Board of Directors, and was for many years prominently identified with the business and management of its affairs. He has always been an active member and supporter of the Democratic party. In times when the party was in a hope- less minority, when to be a Democrat almost brought social ostracism, he did not hesitate to affirm his convictions, nor to stand by them in an efficient way. He was the Democratic nominee for Congress in the Fourth District of Michigan in the campaign of 1868, and, though the contest was a hope- less one so far as individual success was concerned, pre- served the vitality of the party organization, and contributed largely to the success which has since crowned the party. He was the Democratic candidate for State Senator in 1879. He was again the Democratic candidate for Congress in the Ninth District in 1886, against General B. M. Cutcheon, and largely reduced the former majorities of that popular politi- cian. In 1873 ne was appointed by Governor John J. Bag- ley, the then Republican governor of Michigan, a member of the commission to revise the State Constitution, author- ized by the Legislature at its session in the previous winter. This commission was composed of some of the most emi- nent men in the State, of both the Republican and Demo- cratic parties. Mr. Mason was first president of the village of Muskegon after its organization in 1861. He was elected alderman in 1873 ar| d 1874. He was elected mayor of the city of Muskegon in 1886, and his administration of city affairs was one of the most business-like and economical that the city has ever had. As a citizen of Muskegon, he has been one of the few of its prominent men who have had faith in its growing and staying powers, a belief in its natural resources and advantages, and a disposition to do what might be necessary for its development and present and future prosperity. There never has been discourage- ment or croaking, on his part, as to the future of Mus- kegon. In an early day he invested largely in real estate in the city of his adoption, and has never parted with a foot of it except for its improvement or for the enhancement of the general interest. Besides building and operating mills and factories, he has done more than any other man toward the establishment of that class of buildings which show confidence in the permanence of the place as a busi- ness center. In 1867 he converted the old mill boarding- house, which stood on the corner of Western Avenue and Third Street, into what is now a part of the Occidental Ho- tel. In 1872 he built Muskegon's first opera-house, a most tasty and beautiful structure, with a seating capacity of twelve hundred. It was destroyed by fire March 29, 1874. He was a member of the School Board from 1873 t0 '878, and during that time treasurer of the district. Largely through his efforts and influence was erected the Central School building, in 1874, at a cost of upward of fifty thou- sand dollars — a structure in which every citizen to-day takes pride. The loan for this purpose was placed through his personal efforts. He also took a prominent part in securing the establishment of the present water-works system, con- structed in 1874 and 1875. I n 1875—76 he built Mason's Block, one of tlie handsomest, most convenient and central business blocks in the city. He was one of the organizers of the Muskegon National Bank, has been actively identified with its management and direction since it opened its door in 1870, and for many years has been its vice-president. He is a stockholder and president of the Muskegon Car Company, organized in 1886 for the purpose of manufacturing railroad cars. In 1888 he built the Lyman Block, the largest and only four-story building in the city. It is a business block, centrally located, provided with fire-proof vaults, a passenger elevator, steam-heated, lighted both by gas and electricity. It is, be- yond dispute, the most prominent and handsome building in the city, and bears fitting testimony to Mr. Mason's con- fidence in the future of Muskegon. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias and Masonic fraternities. As is obvious from the foregoing record, Mr. Mason is a man of great and extended business experience, of ceaseless activity and en- ergy, and of remarkable executive ability. It is rare to find a man who reaches out in so many directions, and appar- ently with equal power and success in each. This may be attributed to certain qualities of which he is the possessor, and which are seldom combined in a man. He is a man of close, accurate, and extended observation ; and, while 102 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. he almost instantly takes in the full scope and bearing of a fact or series of facts, yet his prudence leads him to master and register in a most thorough manner details that would not strike the ordinary man as important. He is most patient, persistent, and thorough in the acquisition of facts, dates, and figures. As a result, with reference to any matter in which he may be more or less interested, he will be found possessed of almost every pertinent fact that bears upon it. In this respect his mind and memory are encyclopedias. Ili^ value as a citizen can not be overestimated, from the loyalty, intelligence, and industry with which he promotes everything that conduces to the permanence and prosperity of the community, His experience and saga* it] in all mat- ters of business and public life are such that no enterprise of importance, having relation to the business or public interests of Muskegon and other localities with which he may be con- cerned, is undertaken without sooner or later inviting his counsel and co-operation. He is as prominent in social as in business life. No home in Muskegon offers greater or more attractive hospitality. No one is more often called on to aid in those works of charity and benevolence that re- deem our human nature ; and the appeal, if not forestalled or I antii ipated, is most generously met. Ardently fond of social life and diversion, he has been most prominent and helpful in the establishment of the Muskegon Club, and in securingthe building of the beautiful club-house. There is probably no man in Western Michigan who is more extensively known as a sagacious, large-brained, public-spirited man. gifted with marvelous grasp of comprehension and executive ability, with a kindliness of heart and disposition that rightly place him in the foreground of public esteem and confidence." COLONEL E. CROFTON FOX, capitalist and lum- berman, of Grand Rapids, Kent County, fifth son of Rev. Charles and Anna M. (Rucker) Fox, was born, June 18, 1852, on Grosse Isle, Wayne County, Michigan, and with his younger brother, Charles, is the only surviving member of a family of six sons. His father was the fourth son of George T. and Anne S. (Crofton) Fox, and was born, No- vember 22, 1S15, at Westoe, County of Durham, England. He was educated at Rugby School, which he left at the age of sixteen years to engage in mercantile pursuits, in accord- ance with his father's plans. In 1833 his father sent him to New Yoik, where an older brother had for some time re- sided. His business calling him to various parts of the United States and Canada, he made many friends and ac- quaintances among those who were, or afterwards became, prominent members of New York society. During this time he developed a strong taste for the study of natural history, and made many small collections of animal and bird skins, ol nsh and specimens of mineralogy, which he sent to his father in England, who took much inteiest in the Newcastle Museum, and was making collections for a museum of nat- ural history in Durham. During the latter part of 1835 he returned to England, at his father's request, to take a course of study in the University at Durham. Returning to America, he determined to study for the ministry, and was ordained a deacon in Hartford, Connecticut, on June II, 1839. Mr. Fox soon afterwards accepted a call to St. Pauls Episcopal Church at Jackson, Michigan, which was the first Church organization in Jackson, save that of the Free-will Baptists, which had been organized in February of the same year. His first sermon was preached in the court-house on August 1, 1839. He was ordained a priest on December 1st, of that year, at St. Paul's Church, Detroit. In 1841 he re- signed his rectorship at Jackson to accept a- call to Trinity Church, Columbus, Ohio. This charge he soon afterwards resigned to accept an invitation from the Hishop of Michigan to become his assistant in St. Paul's Church, Detroit. In the spring of 1843, Mr. Fox resigned this charge, and pur- chased a farm on Grosse Isle. Having but little knowledge of practical farming, he devoted himself to a thorough study of the subject, and soon mastered it, both theoretically and practically, and during his residence here organized the island into a separate parish, an Episcopal Church being founded and a building erected through his efforts. In 1852 he began publishing the Farmer s Companion and Horti- cultural Gazette, opening an office in Detroit for that pur- pose. Its publication was, however, brought to a sudden close by the untimely death of Mr. Fox, which occurred July 24, 1854, at Detroit, from an attack of Asiatic cholera. Mr. Fox has been instrumental in establishing an agricul- tural school in connection with the University of Michigan, and, while occupying the chair of professor of agriculture, he wrote and published the " American Text-book of Prac- tical and Scientific Agriculture," which proved to be a work of extensive research and admirably adapted to the purpose for which it was written. His death cut short a useful career, which promised much to the religious and temporal welfare of the people of Michigan. The mother of our sub- ject, Anna Maria Rucker, was a daughter of John Anthony Rucker, of Grosse Isle, and a native of Newark, New Jer- sey, where she was born, September 7, 1816. She and her parents were passengers on the Walk-in-the- Water, the first steamer on the Lakes, in 1818. Mrs. Fox is still living and in good health, residing with her son in Grand Rapids. E. Crofton Fox received his early education at the hands of a private tutor, and in 1861, when his mother removed to De- troit in order to give her sons better educational advantages, he entered the private school of Professor Philo M. Patterson, continuing his studies there, and working on his mother's farm on Grosse Isle during the summer vacations, until 1S68, when the family removed to Ann Arbor, where our subject entered the high-school, from which he graduated in 1871, and entered the literary department of the University of Michigan in the class of '75. In 1873 he left the university and came alone to Grand Rapids, entering a hardware store as a clerk, remaining about nine months, when he associ- ated himself in business with Willard Barnhart and Smith W. Osterhout, under the firm name of Barnhart, Osterhout & Fox, to engage in the buying and selling of lumber at wholesale. The capital of the firm was somewhat limited, Mr. Fox borrowing five thousand dollars, which he con- tributed as his portion. For the first two years he attended to the outside business of the firm, selling lumber from Louisville, Kentucky, to Boston, Massachusetts, and sub- sequently spent several years in charge of the logging and manufacturing departments. They commenced manufac- turing in 1876, their mill being located at Pierson, and after- wards at Fife Lake, Traverse County, and Crofton, Kal- kaska County. In addition to this branch, the firm engaged extensively in buying and selling pine-lands. In 1876, Mr. Barnhart retired from the firm, and Mr. Charles Fox became a partner, the name being changed to Osterhout, Fox & Co. ; and in 1882 the Osterhout & Fox Lumber Com- pany was incorporated, with a capital stock of §260,000 ' CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 103 paid up, the officers being, Smith W. Osterhout, president ; Robert Cutler, vice-president ; E. Crofton Fox, treasurer ; and Charles Fox, secretary, — these officers continuing until January I, 1889, when, owing to the death of Mr. Osterhout, December 2, 1888, E. Crofton Fox was elected president; Robert Cutler, vice-president; YV. G. Hinman, treasurer; and Charles Fox, secretary. From 1875 to 1880 the com- pany were large manufacturers and shippers of shingles by rail, some years shipping as high as one hundred millions. In 1878 and 1879 they made large purchases of pine-lands in Lake County, containing about one hundred and sev- enty-five million feet of standing pine, and a mill was built at Deer Lake, to which the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad built a spur-line known as the Manistee branch. Of this timber about one hundred million feet has been cut. They are also owners of other tracts of pine-lands in various parts of the Lower Peninsula and Wisconsin. In addition to their own mills, the services of several others have been utilized in cutting their timber under contract. Their trade extends from Kansas City, west ; through Ohio, Indiana, Northern Kentucky, Southern Michigan, Pennsylvania, and other Eastern States. In 1888 the volume of business transacted amounted to over tluee hundred thousand dol- lars, employing from one hundred and fifty to two hundred men. Mr. Fox is, as well, the owner of a considerable tract of pine-land in the Northern Peninsula, and is secre- tary and treasurer of the Leaf River Lumber Company, of Grand Rapids, the capital stock of which is $250,000, or- ganized for the purpose of purchasing timber-lands and manufacturing lumber in the State of Mississippi. He was one of the incorporators of the Kent County Savings Bank, and has been a member of its Board of Directors since its organization, January 1, 1886. He is also a director of the Old National Bank of Grand Rapids, and is as well a director of the Grand Rapids Fire Insurance Company, and was one of its first stockholders. He was one of the or- ganizers of the Grand Rapids Board of Trade, since when he has been a member of its Board of Directors and its treasurer. He is also connected with numerous other busi- ness enterprises throughout the State. In politics, Mr. Fox has always been a Republican, and in 1879 served as chairman of the Republican City Committee of Grand Rapids. In 1887 he was appointed by Governor Luce a member of the State Military Board, and was elected its president. He was reappointed in 1888, and re-elected president of the Board. Colonel Fox was made a Mason in Valley City Lodge, No. 86, in 1875, an d has taken all the degrees to the thirty-second, inclusive. He is a member of Grand Rapids Chapter, No. 7, Royal Arch Masons, and is com- mander-in-chief of De Witt Clinton Consistory of Grand Rapids. He is also a member of De Molai Commandery, No. 5, Knights Templar, of Grand Rapids. He is also a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 2, Knights of Pythias, and of the Chi Psi Society, the oldest secret organization of the Uni- versity of Michigan. Mr. Fox is a member of St. Mark's Episcopal Church, of Grand Rapids, in which he has been a vestryman since 1888. A friend of Colonel Fox speaks of him as follows: "It has been my privilege to have been intimately acquainted with him for the past seventeen years. He possesses a character that few have, combining that of nobility, kindness for all, unswerving integrity, and pure Christian motives and desires. His thoughtfulness for his friends has always been marked in the little things of life so often neglected. It is unnecessary to speak of his standing as a business man, because that is well known and estab- lished in the different communities where he has been en- gaged. His success has been that which naturally crowns an upright, conscientious career. Few persons have the privilege of as many friends and as much honest respect as he." Frederick Joseph Dowland, of Ludington, Mason County, secretary and treasurer of the Pere Mar- quette Lumber Company, was born at Carbonear, Newfound- land, October 8, 1837. His father, Samuel Dowland, \\ native of Dorsetshire, England, and came to Newfoundland alone, at twelve years of age, in 1818. He engaged as a clerk in a store at Carbonear, and was subsequently for a time in the fisheries business, and afterwards kept a hotel at that place. In 1848 he removed with his family to Wash- ington County, Wisconsin, then a wilderness, where he cleared up a farm, continuing to reside there until his death, which occurred February 12, iSSi.at the age of seventy-four years. His wife was Susannah Cosh, a native of Carbonear, who is still living at the homestead in Washington County, at the age of seventy-two years. To them were born seven children, of whom three were sons, the subject of this sketch being the second child and eldest son. The district school within reach of their wilderness home was kept only three months in the year. This he attended up to 1858, devoting his time, when not at school, to work on his father's farm. From this time he taught school during the winter terms, until the spring of 1861, when he entered Lincoln College, Milwaukee. In August, 1862, he left college and enlisted as a private in Company G, Twenty-sixth Wisconsin Volun- teer Infantry. He continued in this regiment until he be- came disabled by severe sickness, in 1863, and was incapac- itated for a year, being then placed in the Veteran Reserve Corps at Washington, and thence detailed on clerical duty at the Capital City, where he remained until discharged from the army in August, 1865. Returning to Wisconsin, he taught school during the winter of 1865-6, in" the neighbor- hood of his boyhood's home, and in the early spring went to Milwaukee. Here, in April, he was engaged by Mr. James Ludington, then the proprietor of large lumbering interests in Michigan, as assistant book-keeper. Mr. Dowland re- mained with him in this capacity until January, 1868, when he became head book-keeper. In July, 1869, the Pere Mar- quette Lumber Company succeeded to the business of James Ludington, which embraced a large tract of pine-lands situ- ated on the Pere Marquette River, in Mason, Lake, Newaygo, and Oceana Counties, and a saw-mill, general store, and extensive and valuable tract of real estate, all situated in the village of Pere Marquette, since (in 1873) incorporated into the city of Ludington. In January, 1878, Mr. Dowland was elected secretary, and, on the death of Mr. Delos L. Filer, in Inly, 1879, he became general manager. In June, 1886, he was elected treasurer as well, and still holds these offices. Mr. Ludington came into possession of the original mill, erected on the site occupied by the present plant, in 1859, '' being the first saw-mill in operation on the Michigan lake- shore between Muskegon and Manistee. This mill « .1^ burned in March, 1874, and the present one was immediately built, with an increased capacity, and was in operation in the following July. Their annual cut is about ten and a half million feet of lumber. Their real estate, in addition to the 104 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. pine-lands already referred to, originally consisted of a majority of the ground upon which the city of Ludington now stands, in addition to the land surrounding Pere Mar- quette Lake. The larger portion of this property has since been disposed of. This company is also the pioneer manu- facturer of salt at Ludington. The boring for salt began in 1883, and was completed in 1885, the well having a depth of 2,220 feet, and a capacity of about four hundred and twenty barrels per clay, the grades being No. 1 tine and packers' salt. The l'ere Marquette Lumber Company ranks aiming the largest salt and lumber producers of the State. Its present officers are John Mason Loomis, of Chi' president; John McLaren, of Chicago, vice-president; and Mr. Dowland, secretary, treasurer, and general manager. Mr. Dowland was appointed county superintendent of schools in 1867, being the first to hold that position in the county. He was postmaster for one year (1868-9), resigning the office owing to pressure of other business interests. He was elected treasurei of Mason County in 1876, and served four yeais. He was made president of the Pere Marquette Boom Company in 1879, - in ^ sti " 'i° lcls that office, and was one of the organizers of the Ludington Water Supply Company, incorporated in 1SS2 He was treasurer of this Company two years, and since 1884 has held the position of secretary of the Company. He is a member of the ('.. A. R. organ- ization, and is commander of " Pap Williams" Post, No. 15, of Ludington. He is a member of the first Congregational Church, of Ludington, and has been one of its trustees since the church was built, in 1883. In politics he is an earnest Republican. Mr. Dowland was married, October 22, 1867, to Miss Emily C. Mitchell, daughter of Hon. William T. Mitchell, of Port Huron, ex-judge of the Circuit Court, and present (1888) United States Consul to St. Hyacinth, Ontario. To them have been born four children, two sons and two daughters, .is follows: Addie S., born September 5, 1868; William F , born December 26, 1870; Clarence S., bom July 19, 1873; and Edith C, born March 28, 1877. An old friend and fellow-citizen of our subject writes of him as fol- lows : " Mr. Dowland is one of our best citizens — best in the Im idest and highest sense of the term. In business affairs his word is taken as ample security by business men who have dealt with him for years. To a capacity for man- aging large affairs, and a strict personal integrity, he adds those qualities that are most acceptable to the best people. His name and influence arc always welcomed as a source of strength to any measure, whether of a business, social, or religious character. With the people of Ludington the phrase 'leading citizen' applies with peculiar fitness to Mr. Dowland." Levi Thomas Griffin, attorney at law, Detroit, was born in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, on the twenty-third d.iv oi May, 1837. From his early childhood until his eleventh year he lived in the family of his mater- nal grandfather, Levi Thomas, of (Jtica, New York, from whom he received his name In 1S47 his parents removed to Rochester, Oakland County, Michigan. He early evinced great fondness for study, and so closely and successfully prosecuted his studies that he entered the University of Michigan at the age of sixteen years. He was proficient in the classics and history, and took a prominent part in de- bates, thus laying the foundation for his future professional success. Immediately after graduation, in 1857, he entered the office of Moore & Blackmar, of the Detroit bar, and, through the assistance of Mr. William A. Moore of that firm, he was appointed court deputy marshal, receiving two dollars a day during the session of the Federal Court, by means of which financial assistance he was enabled to pros- ecute his studies in the law, being dependent entirely upon his own resources. In May, 1858, he was admitted to prac- tice, receiving his certificate directly from the Supreme Court of Michigan, and was highly complimented by the judges for his proficiency. In November, 1858, he removed in Grand Rapids, and became associated with Lucius Patter- son, then one of the distinguished lawyers of Western Michi- gan. In April, i860, a fire destroyed the building where his offices were situated, together with all its contents, and he returned to Detroit and again entered the office of Mr. Will- iam A. Moore, with whom he remained until January, 1862, when the law partnership of Mooie & Griffin was formed. The Civil War was then raging, and the call for volunteers for the defense of the Nation was too strong to be ignored ; and, leaving his profession, he entered the United States army, being commissioned by Governor Blair as supernu- merary second lieutenant in the Fourth Michigan Cavalry. He was mustered into service on the 13th of August. De- cember i8thof the same year he was promoted to second lieutenant, and assigned to duty as brigade inspector. Feb- ruary 1, 1863, he was promoted to first lieutenant, and on April 15th following, adjutant of his regiment. February 24, 1S64, he was commissioned as captain. On September 15th of that year he was assigned to staff duty as acting as- sistant adjutant-general of the Second Cavalry Division, and on December 25th he was made acting assistant adjutant- general of the Cavalry Corps of the Military Division of the Mississippi. March 13, 1866, he was bieveted major of the United States Volunteers by the Piesident for gallant and meritorious service during the war. He was inusteied out of the service July I, 1865, at the close of the war. Im- mediately upon leaving the army, he returned to the prac- tice of his profession, and continued a member of the firm of Moore & Griffin, until the fall of 1875. when he associated himself with Mr. Don M. Dickinson, under the fiim name of Griffin & Dickinson. In 1880, Mr. Henry T. Thurber and George S. Hosmer, who had been students in the office, were admitted to the partnership, and the firm thus became Grffin, Dickinson, Thurber & Hosmer. In July, 1883, this firm was dissolved, and he associated himself with Mr. Car- los E. Warner, who was then a member of the firm of Moore, Canfield & Warner, his former partner, Mr. Will- iam A. Moore, being a member of that firm. The name of the new firm was Griffin & Warner. This association contin- ued unbroken until January, 1888, when Mr. Ormond F. Hunt and Mr. J. C. Berry, who had been students in the office, were admitted into the partnership. In March, 1890, Mr. Berry retired, and the linn of Griffin, Warner & Hunt was formed, which still continues. In August, 1886, Mr. Griffin was unanimously elected Fletcher Professor of Law by the regents of the University of Michigan, since which time he has regu- larly delivered lectures before the students of that institution in connection with his active practice. In politics he has been a life-long Democrat, though in municipal and local affairs he has generally risen above party prejudice. Al- though always an active participant in political affairs, he was never a candidate for an office of a political character until the spring of 1887, when he accepted the nomination CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. '°5 of his party as candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court. Owing to a triangular contest at this election, he was defeated, together with the other candidates upon the ticket, though making a gallant tight in the campaign. He is an active member of the leading social and fraternal societies of Detroit, being one of the incorporaters of the Detroit Club and Uni- versity Club, a Knight Templar, a thirty-second degree mem- ber of the Scottish Rite, and is also a member of the Lake St. Clair Fishing and Shooting Club, Grand Army of the Republic, the Loyal Legion, and many other associations. He is an excellent after-dinner speaker, and is frequently called upon at public banquets and anniversaries of societies and associations. It is, however, as a practicing lawyer that he is best known. It is to this service that he has devoted the best energies of his life. He permits nothing to interfere with success in this field. He loves his profession, and has established a high ideal in it to follow. Thoroughly honest in all his dealings, and conscientious in his devotion to his clients' interest, he has won the favor and commanded the respect and confidence of the business and professional public. He is quick to reach a conclusion, keen and in- cisive in thought and expression, and strong and forcible in presenting his points. It is as a trial lawyer that he excels. He fortifies himself well with his facts, and takes a broad and comprehensive view of his case. He goes in to win. He is strong and aggressive in presenting his own side, ex- ceedingly forcible and logical in his arguments before court and jury ; quick in his conceptions, and bold in execution. He presents forcibly the strong points of his own side, and attacks the weak points of his adversary with a vigor and energy which is calculated to break down all barriers. Uni- formly courteous to his adversary and to the bench, urbane in his deportment, honorable in his methods, and genial and affable in manner, he relieves his adversary of the sting of defeat, and commands the respect and confidence alike of court, adversary, and jury. He is liberal in public and private charities. The success of his life and character is an honor both to himself and the community in which he lives, and an incentive to the rising generation of young men who are earnestly striving to succeed, with no assistance except their own native talent and a conscientious desire to make for themselves an honorable record in life. WILLIAM HART BOYD, merchant and banker, of Monroe, was born in Hartwick, Otsego County, New York, October 6, 181 1. He is the third in descent from John Boyd, whose ancestors traced a relationship to the Earl of Kil- marnock. John Boyd emigrated to this country from Irvine, Scotland, in 1770. His father was William A. Boyd, a dry- goods merchant of Otsego County, and his mother was Miss Ruth Seymour, descended from the Seymours and Harts of Connecticut. He attended the Ovid Academy, at Ovid, New York, preparatory to taking a college course; but not de- siring to study for a profession, he turned his attention chiefly to natural history and science, and entered the Rensselaer Institute, at Troy, New York, under the charge of the dis- tinguished Professor Amos Eaton, from which he graduated in 1S32. His class numbered among its members several distinguished men, among them Professor James Hall, of Albany ; Hon. S. Wells Williams, of Yale College, kite of China, the latter being his room-mate .at college for one year. Returning to Ovid, Mr. Boyd spent about three years engaged in mercantile pursuits with his father, during which time he accumulated a valuable library of literary, historic, and scientific works. In the spring of 1836 he came West, and after visiting various cities in Ohio and Michigan, he finally rented a store in Monroe, where he decided to locate, and returned East to purchase a slock of dry-goods. This he did on a cash capital of $200, securing six months' credit for about $3,000, opening his store in June, 1836. His busi- ness prospering from the start, he added a stock of grocer- ies, and continued in the same stand for ten years, estab- lishing in the meantime branch stores at Hillsdale and Brooklyn, continuing them for twelve years. In 1846 he sold out his stock of dry-goods and groceries at Monroe, and engaged in the hardware business, which he continued for seventeen years, when he sold out his interest to his two partners, his former clerks ; he then devoted himself to buy- ing and selling produce, wool, etc., until 1868, when his store was burned with many other buildings, and he went to New York City, opening up an important business in native lubricating oils in Russia, Germany, France, and England, in which he was engaged for two years. This industry has been very successfully carried on since then by one of his own clerks, now head of the firm of Thompson, Bedford & Co. Returning to Monroe, he again entered into the produce trade, which he has continued to the present time, making fifty-three years in which he has been actively engaged in business in Monroe. Mr. Boyd was married in September, 1839, to Miss Lucy Chapell, of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and to them have been born five children, two of whom are still living — a son, Irving P. (engaged in business in New York), and a daughier, Carrie L. On the fiftieth anniversary of the commencement of his' business career he gave a reception to his former clerks, his friends, and associates. From his early manhood Mr. Boyd has interested himself largely in temperance and Sunday-school work. On commencing business in 1836 he wrote and signed a pledge, which he likewise required his clerks for the first ten years to sign, pledging total abstinence from intoxicating drinks and to- bacco. His clerks have, with few exceptions, proved in after life men of sterling character and successful in business, ;ind he can not recall a single instance of a dispute or expression of dissatisfaction at any time with those in his employ. On coming to Monroe he joined the Presbyterian Church, and became assistant superintendent in the Sunday- school, which position he held until January, 1 843, when he was elected superintendent, holding that office thirty-five years. He was active in all work pertaining to Sunday- schools, aiding in forming the State Sunday-school Associa- tion, being twice president at its conventions. He was a delegate to the National Convention at Indianapolis, in 1872, and to the International Convention at Baltimore, in 1875, and again at Chicago, June, 1887. He was a member of the first State Temperance Convention, held at Marshall, in 1838. He has been a number of times member of the Synod of Michigan, and of the General Assembly at New York, Buffalo, and Cincinnati. He is a life-member of the American Sunday-school Union, and was elected one of its vice-presidents in 1876, and has published a historical sketch of the Sunday-school work for one hundred years, and de- livered many addresses in relation to Sunday-school work, and patriotic orations on various occasions. He was a mem- ber of the convention held at Jackson, July 6, 1854, and signed the first call which resulted in the formation of the Republican party. He has always been a stanch adherent 14 io6 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of that party, from principle rather than policy, as he has never sought or obtained political office. Through his efforts the Sunday-school chapel in connection with the Presby- terian Church at Monroe was erected, he, as superintendent, contributing largely. He was, and is, active in every en- terprise for the interest of Monroe, having aided exten- sively in the building of various public institutions. He was one of the originators of the First National Bank, and for some years its vice-president and president. In all moral and religious work he is active and ready, be- ing known as a gentleman of strong Christian character, his aim and purpose being so to live as to honor his Maker, and to lead all under his influence to do the same. Oc- cupying a prominent place in the esteem of the people of his community, the high moral and religious standard adopted by him has been a power for good, and he looks with pleasure upon the thousands of Sunday-school scholars scattered over the United States who have passed under his care, and have followed the example set by him. He has been an elder in the Presbyterian Church of Monroe ever since 1839, and is sti " act ' ve in tl,e service. He was in- strumental in originating the Young Ladies, Seminary, erected in 1849, of which his brother, Professor Erasmus J. Boyd, was principal for twenty-nine years. He was also active in securing the construction of the Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Railroad, and one of the projectors and directors of the Holly, Wayne ami Monroe Railroad, which last was absorbed by the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad. He was one of the fust subscribers to the Merchants' Express Com- |i II... now the American Express Company, of which he is still a "stockholder. Hon. Mark S. Brewer, M. C, of Pontiac, Oak- land County, was born in the township of Addison, in said county, on the twenty-second day of October, 1837. Peter Brewer, his grandfather, emigrated from Holland to America before the Revolutionary War, and settled in what is now Westchester County, New York. He served in the army during the Revolution, and was active in aiding the Col- onies to secure their independence. At the close of the war he settled in Dutchess County, New York, where Peter Brewer, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born, in 1792. His mother, Mary Turns, to whom his father was married in 1.S24, was born in the North <>f Ireland, and came to America with her parents when three years of age. Mi. Brewer's parents came to Michigan, and settled in the township of Addison, Oakland County, in the year 1833. Nearly tin- whole State was then a dense wilderness, with- out roads or other public improvements. One hundred and sixty at res of wild land was purchased, and a log house and a barn were erected, and Mr. Brewer, Sr., began im- ]>m\ ing the land, determined to make lor himself and his fam- ily a home in the wilderness. There were but few settlers at this time in that part of Oakland Count) Neighbors were scarce and far between, and it was some years before school- houses were found in the township. Here Mr. Brewer and his large family, consisting of nine children, had to struggle with want and endure all the privations and hardships in- cident to pioneer life. Hon. Mark S. Brewer, who was the youngest of five sons, spent the first twenty years of his life on his father's farm, in work common to all tillers of the soil in a new country; but in 1857 his health became im- paired by excessive labor, and he was compelled to turn his attention to other pursuits in life, where less physical toil would be required, and he then set out to acquire an educa- tion by his own industry. For three years he pursued his studies at the academies at Romeo and at Oxford, and defrayed his expenses by teaching during the winter season. In 186 1 he entered the office of Hon. William L. Webber, at East Saginaw, Michigan, as a student at law, and afterwards read law with Ex-Governor Moses Wisner, and the Hon. M. E. Crofoot, at Pontiac. In 1864 he was admitted to the bar, and soon afterward entered into partnership with Mr. Crofoot, which continued until January 1, 187;. In 1866 and in 1868, Mr. Brewer was elected Circuit Court commissioner for Oakland County, and from 1866 to 1869 he was city attorney for the city of Pontiac. In 1872 he was elected senator, and represented his county in the State Senate during the years 1873-74, and here took a leading position, being one of the most able and industrious members of that body. In 1876, Mr. Brewer was nominated by the Repub- licans of the Sixth Congressional District as their candidate for Congress, and, after a very vigorous canvass, he was elected by a majority of 1,741 over his Democratic oppo- nent, who received at the former election a majority of 1,636. Mr. Brewer was re-elected to Congress in 1878, and served in that capacity until March 4, 1881. On June 30, 1881, he was appointed by the late President Garfield, with whom he had served in Congress, consul-general at Berlin, Germany, which appointment he accepted, and served in that position nearly four years, and until after Mr. Cleveland became President, when he returned to Michigan, and again entered upon the active practice of his profession. In 1876, Mr. Brewer married Miss Lizzie Simonson, the daughter of James B. Simonson, of Holly, Michigan. Not having any children, Mrs. Brewer became his constant companion, whether at home or abroad ; but in 1886 she died, and this loss threw such a gloom over his ambition and prospects, that he de- termined to permanently retire from public and political life. Notwithstanding his earnest protest, however, he was unani- mously nominated by the Republican Convention of his dis- trict as the candidate of his party for Congress, in the fall of 1886. Feeling under the deepest obligations to the Re- publicans of his district for their previous enthusiastic sup- port, he could not decline their unanimous request to be once more their candidate. The district at the previous election had given about fifteen hundred majority in favor of the candi- date who had been nominated by the Democratic-Greenback combination, and the chances of Mr. Brewer's success seemed doubtful ; but he, soon after the nomination, entered upon a vigorous campaign, thoroughly canvassing his dis- til t, and meeting with the most hearty reception, wherever he went, from the people of all parties, whom he had faith- fully served during his former terms in Congress. Mr. Brewer was elected, receiving 1,886 more votes than his Democratic-Greenback opponent, and running more than twelve hundred votes ahead of his party ticket in the dis- trict. As a member of the Fiftieth Congress, he served on the Committee on the District of Columbia, and on the Com- mittee on the Revision of the Laws. In 1888 he was again nominated, and elected a member of the Fifty-first Congress, and, upon the organization of the House, at the opening of that Congress, he was placed upon the important Committees on Appropriations, on Immigration and Naturalization, and on Militia. On December 26, 1889, Mr. Brewer was married to Louise B. Parker, the accomplished daughter of Mr. and 'rtyw >W^/C SI fio-tS^Lr^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 107 Mrs. Abiram Parker, of Pontiac. Mr. Brewer, since he came to manhood, has ever taken a deep interest in political mat- ters, and since 1864 has taken an active part in every polit- ical campaign except that of I884, when he was absent in Germany. In 18S0 he not only assisted in canvassing his own State, but lent his assistance as well to his party in Indiana and Ohio, where he rendered efficient service. He is a forcible and effective speaker, and a close and logical reasoner, whether upon the stump or at the bar, and many of his political speeches have been published by State and Congressional committees, as well as by his party friends, for general circulation. He takes a deep interest in, and contributes liberally towards, all general improvements which will tend to the benefit of his city. He is kind-heai ted, and ever ready to assist those who are in distress. He is pos- sessed of a genial nature, and is ever trying to look on the bright side of life. That he possesses the confidence of the people is manifest from the way in which they have given him their support. Michigan may justly enroll the name of this, her honored son, among her representative men. Hon. John Allison Edget, of East Saginaw, lawyer and judge. The subject of this sketch is the style of man of whom it is a pleasure to write, because he pos- sesses many of the best traits of character, and his ante- cedents have been in every way creditable to him. He is a young man, yet he has attained such prominence in the community where he resides, both professionally and so- cially, that no list of the self-made men of the Saginaws would be deemed complete unless the name of John A. Edget should be included therein. He was born in Sagi- naw County, Michigan, on the eighth day of August, 1849. His father and mother, coming to Saginaw County in 1844, and to East Saginaw in 1854, were early pioneers to Michi- gan. Young Edget was educated in the public schools of East Saginaw, and graduated from the law department of the Michigan University in the class of 1872. In the same year he engaged in the profession of law at East Saginaw, and that city has been his residence ever since. He has re- mained steadfast to the study and practice of law, the firm of Edget, Brooks & Conway, of which he was until recently, the senior member, ranking with the very best legal con- cerns in the State of Michigan, having a large and constantly growing business in both State and Federal Courts. Mr. Edget is an earnest, thoughtful man, strong in his attach- ments, devoted in his friendships. Such a man is usually singled out for political preferment, but it seems to be his fixed resolve to engage in no political work which would detach him from the profession of the law. He held the office of city attorney of East Saginaw for three consecutive terms, from 1884 to 1887, and the position was relinquished because of the press and growth of his other professional work. It is said to his credit that no person ever filled the position of attorney of the municipal corporation of East Saginaw with greater credit, either to himself or to the city. He set an example that all future officials in that position can safely and wisely follow. He gave not only his time, in no stinted measure, but he gave conscientious, painstak- ing, devoted service. Mr. Edget has been the president of the People's Saving Bank of East Saginaw, and standing counsel for numerous of the large business enterprises of the Saginaw Valley. By a recent act of the Legislature of the State, provision was made for the appointment of an ad- ditional judge of the Tenth Judicial Circuit, and Mr. Edget was, upon the unanimous recommendation of the bar, ap- pointed by the governor to the position, and will devote him- self entirely to his judicial duties. The chief characteristics of his make-up are his honesty, and the noted integrity of his purpose. These salient points of a well-rounded 1 hai u ter are noticeable alike to strangers and to friends. 1 his sometimes bluntness becomes a virtue, evidencing his earnest sincerity. In social intercourse, he is inclined to be reticent. There is a general modesty of demeanor notice- able in him which is laudable in all men, but especially in young men ; but, when sought, his opinions are promptly given. Although positive in all his convictions, no matter what may be the subject, yet he is courteous in debate, and kindly disposed to an opponent. To those who enjoy the privilege of Itis friendship it becomes a valuable possession. Such men as John A. Edget do not make or form sudden, violent friendships. With him a friendship is a sacred thing, to be deserved first, to be permanent afterwards. He has become noted and sought after in his profession, and has achieved success by innate ability and faithful adherence to lines of character laid down for his own guidance. He has been true to his own ideal of right, and the result has been a success, certain and durable. Is it too much to predict of Mr. Edget, judging from the record he has already made, that the future years of his life will be years of faithful en- deavor on his part, and of still more rapid advancement in all that goes to make up the world's esteem? The advance- ment and the esteem will be well merited by him, because his wisdom is true wisdom, and is founded on the best un- derlying elements of a manly character. HON. ALFRED J. MILLS, attorney at law, Kalama- zoo, was born in England, near the classic city of Cambridge, in January, 1851. There he was educated and commenced the study of law with a prominent firm of solicitors ; but lacking the means to continue his studies there in the man- ner and form prescribed in that country, he decided to avail himself of the advantages, privileges, and inducements of- fered by this marvelous Western land, and, forsaking the land of his birth, he set sail, and eventually settled in Kala- mazoo, one of the garden-spots of this favored State of Michigan. Being new in the country, uninitiated in its ways and customs, the first employment he engaged in was to work on a farm. That, however, he only continued about three months, when he obtained a position in a drug-store. This, too, was short-lived, for he quickly abandoned it to re- sume the study of law, under Arthur Brown, Esq. He was admitted to the bar in Kalamazoo in 1873. O n tne 3 0tn "f June, the year following, he was married to Miss Florence Balch, of that city. In 1875 he removed to Paw Paw, the county-seat of the adjoining county of Van Buren, where he formed a law partnership with Judge Chandler Richards. In 1876 he was elected Probate Judge for Van Buren County, and after a very popular term of service he declined a re- election in 1880. The year 188 1 saw him elevated to the Circuit Court bench, and he removed once more to Kalama- zoo. In 18S7, for business reasons, he declined a renomina- tion by his party, and on January 1, 1888, resumed the prac- tice of his profession. At the time of his election Judge Mdls was probably the youngest man holding such office in the State — an honor of which he feels justly proud. He is distin- guished for his thorough mastery of the law, and his fair and io8 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. candid decisions while on the bench. He is known among his friends as a genial, pleasant, intelligent, and unassuming gentleman, popular with all classes, and respected both as an officer and a man. Judge Jabez G. Sutherland left Michigan for Utah fourteen years ago ; but the fruits of his usefulness dur- ing thirty-seven years' residence among us, abide with the State. Many men have drifted away with the westward tide, and left little evidence behind of their existence in the haunts that knew them ; but Judge Sutherland has been missed by a wide acquaintance and a fraternity that looked to him, during many years, for a just and clear ex- position of the law. His former associates will learn with interest of his career since leaving the State, and will note that it has been one of calm, steadfast purposes, rather than of brilliant exploits; a full, round life, achieved with honor to himself and profit to his fellow-men. J. C. Sutherland came to Michigan in June, 1836. His father, Solomon Sutherland, farmer, was born in Rutland, Vermont, and, having married Elizabeth Stevens at Pompeii, Onondaga County, New York, made his home at the latter place. He afterwards moved to Van Buren, in the same county, where the subject of this sketch was born, October 6, 1825. Eight years after, the family went to Orleans County, but only re- mained until 1836, when they removed to the Territory of Michigan, settling in Argentine, Genesee County. Jabez was then between ten and eleven years old, but sturdy enough to drive the team that carried the family all the way from Detroit. The father purchased a tract of land from the Government, and entered on a genuine pioneer life. The nearest neighbor was three miles away, and the next nearest five miles. It was a season of hard labor, the boy working on the farm, with no opportunities to study until his father sent him to school at Detroit, in the winter of 1837-8. A similar chance occurred the following winter, when he at- tended a district school near Birmingham. In the spring of 1841, Solomon Sutherland fell in debt through unfortunate speculations, and lost the place he had labored so hard to acquire. Then the son went back to New York State, and hired out on farms in Cayuga and Onondaga Counties. He was but a common farm laborer, yet during the summer man- aged, besides maintaining himself, to save enough to go to school in the winter times. The fruits of his second sum- mer's work, being carefully husbanded, enabled him to en- ter Manlius Academy, where he studied for six months, con- suming the evenings by leaching the common branches to girls of the cotton factory. He never went to school after that, but has not since ceased to maintain a system of self- education, the effects of which have been seen in a gradual widening of his held of thought until the studious boy devel- oped to a man of understanding and of learning. In 1843, then aged eighteen, he returned to Michigan, working in the summer on a farm at Argentine, and teaching the district school of Linden the following winter. Now sufficiently de- veloped in his knowledge, he no longer labored with the plow, but continued to teach in Flushing and Kentonville until August of 1844, when he entered the office of Colonel Wm. M. Fenton, at Fentonville, to begin the study of law. Colonel Fenton is widely remembered as a good lawyer, a scholarly and public-spirited citizen, who enjoyed the confi- dence and respect of all parlies in the Stale. From the time when he was but thirteen, Sutherland had nursed the ambition to be a lawyer, never losing sight of it for a moment, his sum- mer toils and winter studies being all directed to the one aim. Indeed, he was so set upon this purpose that he was accus- tomed, while at farming, to have his employer lay out his day's work that extra diligence might enable him to return to his books in the early evening. His legal studies may be said to have begun at Manlius, where he belonged to a class engaged in the study of the Science of Government ; but perhaps even these were anticipated by his attempts at legal reasoning from the day when his resolution to become a lawyer was fixed. With Colonel Fenton, Sutherland re- mained, studying for two years, when the former removed to Flint, leaving the young man his law-office and his prac- tice, so far as Sutherland's imperfect knowledge of the law- would enable him to succeed an accomplished professional. Meanwhile a friendship had arisen between preceptor and student which developed to an intimacy, lasting until the death of Colonel Fenton, in 1871. In another two years Sutherland's continued study and experience in justice and county courts secured him admission, in the October term of 1848, to the bar of the Supreme Court at Pontiac, the Committee of Examiners consisting of Chancellor Manning, Colonel Hester L. Stevens, and Rufus Hosmer. He was then aged twenty-three. The year previous he had married Sarah D. Thurber, a lady from New Hampshire, but long resident in Michigan. He had now entered on his life's career, equipped with a sum of knowledge not confined to legal lore, but embracing even then a wide field of letters. From his boyhood, and to this day, he has been a diligent student and reader. Blessed with an excellent constitution, he has been able to study for more hours than would ex- haust most students, and, having sufficient perception to direct his own courses of reading, is emphatically a self- taught man. Sutherland had only been admitted to the bar nine months when Governor Ransom appointed him prosecuting attorney of Saginaw County, and he went immediately to Saginaw City to reside. At this time the county was extensively settled by Germans, some of them cultivated people, whose association led him to occupy his leisure in a study of the German language and its literature. Thus to his juridical knowledge, and that acquired by his general reading, were added the metaphysical and theolog- ical elements that enter so largely into German literature. When, in 1850, a convention was called to revise the Consti- tution of the State, J. G. Sutherland was elected delegate to the convention from Saginaw and the attached counties. Though he was the youngest member of that body, his labors were especially acceptable to his constituents by se- curing them representation in the Legislature without regard to population. He further assisted by his influence and votes in securing the adoption of those features which have made the Constitution then framed so popular with the people, that subsequent attempts to revise it have been rejected, Among the essential parts which Sutherland advocated and was ai tiu- in securing were those of economy in salaries, the modifying of the administration of justice by abolishing grand juries, the establishing of an independent Supreme Court, and the provisions which have enabled Michigan to distin- guish herself among States for her perfect system of free schools. Two years later, Sutherland was elected to the Legislature, sitting in the lower branch in the session of Jan- uary, 1853. In 1856 he stumped the State for James Bu- chanan, in the Presidential campaign, making twenty-five ty^'- (ytA^^>L-6tt^/\ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. rog speeches in quick succession, and with such palpable results as to excite his own zeal to the utmost. At the time vast forest-fires were burning throughout Genesee, Shiawassee, Tuscola, and Saginaw Counties, and as nearly all of his speeches were made in this district, outdoors, in the midst of dense smoke, his voice was seriously injured, and, as it proved, permanently impaired. Possessing, hitherto, an un- usually powerful and flexible voice, he had been rather dis- posed to feats of oratorv, but this misfortune now compelled him to change his style to one for which he is now noted. His attention was directed to the condensation of speech. He made a study of the economy of words, and has devel- oped the ait to such a degree that he can now tell in half an hour what another may labor in vain to express as clearly in two hours. Two years after this stumping experience, Sutherland was nominated by the Democratic party, and re- ceived its vote for the office of attorney-general of the State, to which, however, the opposing party elected its nominee. During all these years, and until the beginning of the war, he was closely engaged in an active practice, and gradually preparing for the judicial honors soon to follow. At the commencement of the great conflict he was energetic in se- curing recruits to supply the first calls of the President, but, by an odd chance, did not take the field himself. During the opening years of the war, the colonelcy of the Tenth Michi- gan Infantry was successively offered to a number of Republi- cans by John F. Driggs, Republican representative to Con- gress, but in each case was refused. Finally the dignity was tendered to Sutherland, who promptly' accepted ; but the de- lay of so many previous tenders and refusals had been such that the governor, despairing of Driggs's securing an officer, had already appointed Colonel Lum to the position. In the election for Judge of the Tenth Judicial Circuit, two years later, Sutherland, though a Democrat, was chosen in a Republican district for a term of six years, his term beginning January I, 1864. It was now, at the age of thirty-eight, that he began to prove his well-grounded knowledge of the law, and to inspire perfect confidence among the community of the circuit in regard to his motives, together with respect for his opinions among those who practiced before him. He made it his custom, unusual among judges, to write out his decisions on all matters of law, being willing to permit their close scrutiny, and knowing their essential value as records. A strict usage was enforced, and the bar brought to observe it by such mild measures that, while enjoying the practice, they learned not to look for indulgence. In seven years he was not five minutes behind time in opening court, and, with- out appearing to assert strict discipline, he managed to im- press upon the bar that punctual hours and pure practice must rule. Yet in the midst of this, Judge Sutherland owed his popularity in the district to the unanimous indorsement of the bar, and at the same time stood so well with the people, that at the end of his term he was re-elected by a separate nomination of both the Republican and Democratic parties, without opposition in either. In 1867, during his first term, he was elected to another convention called to revise the State Constitution, but the work of the convention on this oc- casion was rejected by the people. The confidence in Judge Sutherland's ability and uprightness, proven by his repeated election to the bench, was soon followed by a still greater testimonial of the esteem in which he was held. During the first year of his second term he was elected to the House of Representatives of the Forty-second Congress from what was then the Sixth Congressional District of the State. This consisted of a region which included Genesee, Shia- wassee, Clinton, and the counties north of them in the Lower Peninsula, together with the whole of the Upper Peninsula. At the time of resigning his office as judge, there were eight counties in his judicial district, in each of which he had been holding from two to four terms a year. The business was large, but was conducted with such thoroughness that when he left the bench it was nowhere in arrear. It was not easy to find another who could sustain such labors, and immediately after his resignation the circuit was divided into several districts. Judge Sutherland took his seat in Congress, March 4, 1871, for a two years' term. He was made a member of the Naval Committee, and distin- guished himself by an able speech on tariff" questions, doing good service for his constituents by securing a continu- ance of the valued protection on lumber, salt, and the iron and copper products of the Upper Peninsula. Some months after his term in Congress had expired, finding his health failing, he went to Utah for rest, hoping to receive benefit from the exhilarating climate of that favored region. There he found Judge George C. Bates, whom he recognized as a former acquaintance in Michigan, and whose peculiar situa- tion added to his pleasure at Sutherland's appearance in Salt Lake City. The latter part of Brigham Young's career was one of incessant conflict in the courts, especially as he made the strifes of the Mormon people his own, in addition to the legal intricacies which his personal affairs brought about. The Mormon Church always had its lawyers retained, though its traditional custom was to change its advocates at intervals of no great length. At the time Judge Sutherland first went to Salt Lake City, George C. Bates enjoyed the retainer of the Church, yet, owing to his unfriendly relations with the major- ity of the Utah bench and especially with the judge, his law business was greatly in arrear. The demand for his legal services and the flattering oppoitunity offered by Bates, made Judge Sutherland at once forget that he was an invalid, and he took hold of the business with a will. Meeting with success in his first cases, business poured in from Mor- mon clients and the Church, the fruits of this legitimate law business being forty thousand dollars the first year — a most remarkable sum to follow an attorney's labors in a new field. It is no cause for wonder that he concluded to remain for a time, and took his family there. He con- tinued for a long time as a pilgrim, a sojourner, never considering himself a settler, always intending to return to Michigan, whither many ties of affection and interest drew him, until, finally, the unceasing occupation that prevented his leaving, his success, his perfect health, and a growing love for the country, with its possibilities, its salubrious climate, and the generous character of the people west of the Rockies, per- suaded him to stay and make his home in Utah. The people of Salt Lake City now look upon him as an old and valued citizen. He enjoys the admiration and respect of the entire bar, and finds no occasion to seek clients, having rather to select those whose affairs promise to supply matter in which he can take a professional interest; for it is evident that he would now rather clarify a problem at law than seek the details of practice. The fire of a vigorous manhood has given place to a temperate sense of power in reasoning, the out- come of vast experience and a life-long habit of seeking the germ of a motive or the essence of an action. The knowl- edge of men that he has acquired, and his understanding of no CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. human incentive give his counsel great value. His taste has always run towards civil rather than criminal practice, and of late he has declined to serve in criminal cases. Vet it hap- pened that the most celebrated case he conducted in Utah was of a criminal character, the defense of the notorious John I). Lee, on trial for leadership in the execrated Mount- ain Meadow-- massacre. The trial began July 21, 1875, anc ' lasted fifteen days. The awful crime of which Lee was accused had been committed eighteen years before, and dur- j ing all that time he and others well known to be guilty had shunned their fellow-men and hidden in the wilds of South- ern Utah and Arizona, dreading lest justice should overtake them. As to Lee, he met the punishment he deserved, being found guilty at a subsequent trial, and shot; but at the trial at which Judge Sutherland defended him, he was saved by the disagreement of the jury. It was the last desperate chance of deferring his fate, and, in the face of direct evidence of his guilt, it required the utmost skill and address on the part of his attorneys to prevenl a prompt verdict against him. John D. Lee was looked upon as a doomed man up to the moment when Judge Sutherland began his speech for the de- fense. So fully had the story of the massacre been told, and the witnesses had so completely corroborated each other, that curiosity was excited as to how the prisoner's counsel could build up any plausible defense. Yet Judge Sutherland did it by a forensic masterpiece under which the most damning testimony crumbled away and left the jury filled with doubt and perplexity; they failed to agree, and when Lee was next tried he had other counsel to defend him, and he met his death. Judge Sutherland's address to the jury in behalf of Lee is still remembered in Utah as an extraordinary effort. Having to overcome a foregone conclusion on the part of the jury regarding Lee's guilt, he seems to have aimed at destroying the serenity with which they were about to con- demn him to death. It is not strange that their task appalled them when this solemn eloquence fell upon their ears: " Death always wears a grim visage. Those who have never seen it, except where disease or accident has marked its victim, when the last hours of the departed have been soothed by the ministrations of affection, have seen it in its least for- bidding aspect; but even then the smile of Providence seems for the time withdrawn, and the earth is dreary and desolate. But when life has been sacrificed to the wrath or avarice of man, and the brief span of existence has been curtailed by violence, the heart grows sick with horror at the appalling spectacle. ... I know you can not approach this subject pi with feelings of awe, with trembling and fear; for you and I and all of us arc treading on sacred ground. We are stirring the ashes of the dead. We are searching for the I. unworthily spilled, spilled by murderous hands, that we may lay it on the guilty. Its touch, where you put it, will blast, wither, and destroy. He whom you touch, in this holy office, will be marked for a felon's death. . . . And I say to you, gentlemen, that any mistake you commit by proceeding too hastily, upon prejudice, with voluntary blind- ness of mind to the indications afforded by the evidence — any mistake, I say, thus arising from aught but that infirmity of judgment which sometimes prevents the best men from com- ing to just conclusions when they are earnestly endeavoring to do so, will expose you to the same moral condemnation as though you had taken life like an assassin, instead of through criminal negligence or perversity by a false verdict." So much had to be undone by this speech — for, as we have in- dicated, the prisoner stood practically convicted beforehand — that an afternoon and a morning were consumed in its deliv- ery ; yet the exquisite diction never flagged to its close, and the successful result, though not contributing to the ends of justice, tells how much can be accomplished in a desperate case by a skillful advocate. In the same year, 1875, Judge Sutherland was engaged by Callaghan & Co., the law pub- lishing firm in Chicago, to write a treastise on the Law of Damages. The firm had known him on the bench in Mich- igan, and understood his qualifications for the difficult task. It was prepared in the intervals of a busy practice, and occu- pied much of his spare time until 1882, when it was published in three volumes. It is now a standard work, and few kin- dred publications appear without reference to the authority of "Sutherland on Damages.'' He is now engaged on another work of a similar character. For such authorship, his circum- stances and wide experience peculiarly fit him. He is pos- sessed of a fine law library, and is still a diligent student in his profession. At his present time of Jife, he is a counselor at law, rather than a court lawyer, having long since lost delight in oratorical display; but he was never keener in the elucidation of obscure legal points. He finds singular value in details, which frequently serve him as the key to an argu- ment that is not only convincing at the time, but, what is rarer, unanswerable afterwards ; and thus it often happens that matter appaiently subsidiary or immaterial becomes, in his hands, primary and of ruling force. Clearness of expres- sion has become his habit. His ordinary conversation is exceedingly good English, and one must have good wit who is not nonplused in repartee with him. His fellow-citizens seem to find pleasure in working with him. When the Salt Lake bar formed an association in 1881, Judge Sutherland was elected its first president; and when the University of Deseret decided, a year ago, to offer a series of law lectures to the young men of Utah, the faculty chose Judge Sutherland to deliver them. HON. RALPH A. LOVELAND, of East Saginaw. Unlike the majority of the prominent men of the Saginaws, many of whom were pioneers, and whose advance in prom- inence has kept pace with the growth of the cities of that name, Hon. Ralph A. Loveland is comparatively a recent resident of that locality. Still, like all men whose lives are deemed worthy of biographical notice, his career has been an eventful one. It is instructive, in itself, to note the differ- ence existing between the successful men of our own land and those of foreign countries. In England, for instance, the entire influence of the family is exerted in behalf of the oldest son ; his success is made a certainty. The younger sons also, where it is possible, have the doors of Hope opened to them by appointments under the Government. The army, the navy, the Church, — heavy contributions are levied on each to find a living for those " to the manor born." But, in America, there are none of these factitious helps and aids ; every one who aims at eminence, must be the architect of his own fortune. Mr. Loveland's life has been a busy and an important one ; and he has benefited others as he has proceeded on his way. He has been in many places ; and in all of them he has been recognized as a leader and a helper. His ancestors were all men of note — men who left their mark on the age in which they lived. They were New England men, of the old Colonial times; and it is of such stock that the heroes of the world are X ^~k) -> CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. made. His father was a native of Westport, Essex County, New York, or, rather, was taken there to live when a child ; and there it was that Ralph A. Loveland was born, on the seventeenth day of January, 1819. His boyhood was passed there, and at that place also he attended school, devoting his summers to the vocation of boating on Lake Champlain, and his winters to hard study in his efforts to secure an educa- tion. The pursuits of his early years gave him an insight into, and a lively interest in, the matter of water transportation, and it had an influence upon his later career. In 1845 ne consolidated the interests he had personally acquired with those of the Northern Transportation Line. In the year 1857, he, with others, engaged in the lumber business at Albany, New York, under the firm name of White, Love- land & Co. This proved a successful venture, and was con- tinued until 1863. His health having become affected, he disposed of his Eastern business in 1865, and removed to Janesville, Wisconsin. Here his ability was promptly rec- ognized by his fellow-citizens, and he was elected mayor of that city. Mr. Loveland had previously visited the great West, however, and had secured valuable property in Wis- consin, Iowa, and Minnesota. In the same year of 1862, he took the initiative in sheep-growing in the State of Iowa, having successfully brought four thousand sheep there; and he soon outranked all in the State in that line of business by the proportions of his enterprise. Having recovered his health, he again embarked in the lumber business. This time the venture was made in Chicago, Illinois, with part- ners residing at Albany and New York. The enterprise proved a prosperous one for five years, when a calamity overtook him, as tremendous as it was unforeseen and un- merited on his part. A failure occurred which created wide- spread disaster among many noted firms ; it was termed the nine-million dollar failure; and Mr. Loveland was one of the greatest sufferers through this. Over three hundred thou- sand dollars of indebtedness was placed on his shoulders, and all of this misfortune was caused, not by his want of prudence — because he was prudent, thoughtful, and careful— but by the unwisdom of others. Every part of his legitimate loss was paid in full or satisfactorily settled, leaving him without a dollar. Such a blow as this would have prostrated many men. Think of it! Here he was, at the age of fifty- four years, entirely bereft of a munificent competence, the results of a life-time of effort and struggle ; but, instead of dismaying him, the disaster seemed to invest him with new vigor. With but a few hundred dollars of active capital left, he embarked in the lumber business in Greenville, Michigan. He had lost everything, but his reputation and financial credit remained unsullied. Every venture seemed to pros- per with him. In 1881 he became engaged in the manufac- ture of lumber at Saginaw, and in this enterprise he is now the vice-president and general manager. It has an estimable repute, and is known as the Saginaw Lumber and Salt Com- pany. Mr. Loveland is also vice-president of the Emery Lumber Company. He has been an earnest, active business man, having great interests under his care; and yet he has given of his time and his talents to aid in State legislation, and to benefit his fellow-men. In 1856 he was elected to the Assembly from the Essex County (New York) District, and during the succeeding term he was the State senator from the same district. He was originally what was termed a "Henry Clay Whig'' in politics; but having been elected as a delegate to the Anti-Nebraska Convention in 1854, he then affiliated with the new Republican party, to which or- ganization he has remained attached ever since. He was the supervisor of his native town as often as his business would allow him to accept the position. He has been a member of the Baptist Church since 1840, and an officer of the Church for many years. In 1840, also, he was married, his wife being a Miss Harriet M. Kent, the daughter of New England parents. Five children have blessed the marriage, nor has the family circle been invaded by death. At the age of sixty-eight years, then an age when many men have withdrawn from the active labors of life, we find Mr. Love- land hale and hearty, still busy, still doing good in his day and generation. Since he became a resident of the Saginaw Valley, his home being at East Saginaw, he has not filled any public office, his time and his energies being engrossed by the responsible cares of his business enterprises; but he has lived there long enough, however, to enable the com- munity, of which he forms a part, to arrive at a fair estimate of his worth as a citizen. His fellow- citizens term him a Christian gentleman. What higher title, what nobler name can any man aspire to ? Is it not enough to satisfy the craving of the most ambitious? In every relation of life, social or business, he has proven himself honorable and con- scientious. He has won the esteem of his fellow-men. He has filled public station, with credit to himself and the con- stituencies which he has represented. He has lived in many places, and he has so lived in all that his memory has a fra- grant record wherever he has resided. It is a splendid summing up of an excellent and a useful life; and, with such varied and valuable experiences as his career teems with, he can, in the closing, sunset years of his existence, create much happiness for himself and for his fellow-men. For such men are not in the majority. They are creators of good, and the world is the better for their having lived in it. EDWARD L. 'WEBSTER, manufacturer, of Jackson, was born December 2, 1858, at that place. His father, Ed- ward A. Webster, was a native of Essex, Vermont, and came to Michigan at eleven years of age, with his parents, who settled in Kalamazoo. After a number of years spent there, Mr. Webster removed to Jackson and engaged in the manu- facture of wagons. He continued in this business up to the time of his death, which occurred June 1, 1885. He was married, in 1855, to Miss Fannie A. Austin, daughter of one of his business partners, who was the mother of the subject of this sketch. Edward L. Webster received his education in the common schools of Jackson, and subsequently was a student at the University of Michigan, graduating from its literary department in the class of 1880. During the holiday seasons much of his 'time had been spent in his father's office, and, on leaving college, he became purchasing agent for the company. This position he retained until his father's death, when he became vice-president and general manager of the company, and has since that time successfully con- ducted its affairs. The firm was founded in 1837, under the name of Davis, Austin & Co., and continued for some years, until Mr. Davis retired, and Mr. Tomlinson was ad- mitted to the firm, when the name of Austin & Tomlinson was adopted. In 1856, Edward A. Webster entered the office as a clerk, and was, in 1862, admitted to a partner- ship, when the firm adopted the name of Austin, Tomlinson & Webster, and became an incorporated company in 1873 Two years later Mr. Webster beeame president of the com- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. pany, and remained such until his death. In 1873 ne or " ganized the Webster Wagon Company, at Moundsville, West Virginia, of which he was also President during his life-time; and of this Company our subject has been the secretary since 1880. The business of the Jackson Company is very nsive, covering the whole of the United States, and their Is known as the "Jackson Wagon" and " Webster Cart " are also largely used in many foreign countries, among which may be named South America, England, and Aus- tralia. Mr. Webster is a member of the Republican party, as was his father, who was an intimate personal friend of Zachariah Chandler; but has never sought or held office. He is also an active member of the Episcopal Chun h. 1 >ur subject, as is indicated by the above brief outline of his career, is a young man who. at the outset, has attained to a responsible position, which lie has demonstrated his capacity to fill satisfactorily to the members of the company, and successfully for its best interests, lie is one of the stirring members of the younger class of Michigan's business men, is alive to every enterprise in which the welfare of his native < itv i^ at stake, and takes a very active interest in public matters, having, by Ins agreeable manners, refined and cul- tured bearing, and business ability, won hosts of friends, who are eager to place him in the front rank in those enter- prises aiming at the advancement of the city's best interests. Hon. Zachariah Chandler, deceased, Detroit, Wayne County. It is a fact, very often observed, that the State of Michigan is deeply indebted to her older sister, New Hampshire, for giving to us our two greatest citizens — great- est in the sense of personal popularity — both of whom, though having passed away, still live in the memory of Michigan pioneers, as well as in the hearts of the more recent comers ; for we all honored them. The first of these, General Lewis Cass, was the accepted leader of Michigan affairs from 1819 to 1854, when the mantle fell upon the in- dividual whose illustrious name heads this sketch. During the twenty-five years that Mr. Chandler devoted himself to the affairs of Michigan, the population of the State was more than trebled ; but his strength with the new-comers seemed equally as great as with the older settlers, with whom he had begun the struggle of life in the Territorial days, and who stood firmly by him in the faith and confidence of an ancient friendship, while the younger men followed his lead with an enthusiasm which grew into affection — an affection which ripened into reverence. This popularity was in no sense confined to the narrow limits of the political party of which he was such a shining meteor, but the leading men in the opposing ranks were among his warmest friends and admirers. Zachariah Chandler was born in the town of Bedford, New Hampshire, fifty miles northeast from Bos- ton, on December 10, 1813. The first of his ancestors of whom there is any record is William Chandler, who came from England about 1637, and settled in Roxbury, in Massa- chusetts Bay Colony. His particular lineal descendant with whom we have to do was Zachariah, of Roxbury, who was among the grantees of Souhegan East, in the right of his wife, the daughter of a soldier in King Philip's War. The oldest son of this union was Thomas, who was the first of the family to leave Roxbury, and the first actual occupant of the land granted to his father. He was married to a daughter of Colonel John Goffe, by whom he had four children, the youngest being a son, Zachariah, who was married to Miss Sarah Patten, second daughter of Captain Samuel Batten. To them were born two sons and one daughter — Thomas, Samuel, and Sarah. The younger son, Samuel, who was the father of the subject of this sketch, was born May 28, 1774, and married the oldest daughter of Colonel John Orr, Margaret, and to them were born seven children, one of whom died in infancy, the others being, in point of age, Mary Jane, Annis, Samuel, Jr., Zachariah, and John Orr. The eldest daughter was married three times — first to the Rev. Cyrus Downs, then to Rev. David P. Smith, and to her last husband. Rev. Samuel Lee; Annis became the wife of Franklin Moore, a resident of Detroit; Samuel, Jr., died in Detroit, in 1835; while the youngest son, who was a student of theology, died in Cuba, in 1839. The father died in Bed- ford, January 11, 1870, and the mother in 1855. At six years of age, Zachariah Chandler began going to school in a little brick school-house at Bedford, which remains unchanged to this day, and is still utilized, for school purposes. Here he continued his studies until reaching the age of fifteen years, when he entered an academy at Pembroke, and subsequently changed to a similar institute of learning at Derry, where his older brother was preparing for college. Here he remained one year, and in the following winter taught school for one term in the Piscataquog district. While he was teaching in a neighboring district, the little brick school-house where he had received his rudimentary education was presided over by a Dartmouth sophomore, James F. Joy, who will be recognized as one of Detroit's foremost citizens of to-day. An intimacy sprung up between the two young students, which lasted during the life-time of Mr. Chandler. In 1833 he entered upon a mercantile career by securing employ- ment in a store at Nashua, and in September of the same year, in company with his brother-in-law, the late Franklin Moore, moved westward, locating at Detroit, which he made his home until his death ; but, during the life of his father, paid at least two visits a year to the home of his childhood. Upon arriving at Detroit the brothers-in-law entered into partnership, under the firm name of Moore & Chandler, for the carrying on of a general dry-goods business, the store of the firm being located on ground now occupied by the Biddle House, the mansion of Governor Hull adjoining the store. On August 16, 1836, the firm was dissolved, and Mr. Chandler continued the business alone, which, under his management, grew to large proportions, and at twenty-seven years of age he found himself with success assured, and wealth only a matter of patience, his business being the first in Detroit to reach a limit of fifty thousand dollars per annum. Having added jobbing to his other business, he pushed this branch of trade into every portion of the new Northwest, and soon had an enviable reputation among the business men of Michigan. About 1845 he reduced his business to a strictly wholesale basis, in which he accumulated great wealth and popularity. Prosperity, however, did not affect the plainness of his manners nor the simplicity of his character. He was ever active in all public matters pertaining to the welfare of Detroit. Early in the fifties he began to intrust more and more of his business matters to those whom he had gathered around him, and turned his attention to matters political, On February 1, 1857, the firm name was changed to Orr, Town & Smith, Mr. Chandler retaining a fifty-thousand-dol- lar interest as a special partner. In the fall of the same year it was further changed to Town, Smith & Sheldon, by the admission of Mr. Allan Sheldon, who had entered Mr. ^3£t CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 113 Chandler's employ as a clerk, in 1S55. In 1866 the firm name was again changed to Allan Sheldon & Co., which still continues. On February 1, 1869, Mr. Chandler ceased to be a special partner, and thus severed the ties which had bound him to the business which had been established by him. He subsequently erected for the firm the substantial business block now occupied by them on Jefferson Avenue. The senior member of the firm also continued in confiden- tial relations with his predecessor, and in liter years was intrusted with a large share of the management of his pri- vate business. The political career of the subject of this sketch reads like a romance. His father had originally been a Federalist, and then a Whig, and the son thus naturally pi. iced his sympathies with the Whig party, being possessed of decided anti-slavery convictions. He, however devoted his entire attention, after coming to Detroit, to his business enterprise, refusing to take any share in party contests, but was a regular and free contributor to campaign funds. It was not until 1848 that he made his initial political speech, at which time he opposed his renowned predecessor in Michigan politics. General Cass; and in 1851 he was first prevailed upon to allow the use of his name for a political office, the Whig convention of that year giving him a unan- imous nomination as its candidate for mayor, his opponent being General J. R. Williams, a native of Detroit, and the first citizen to be honored with the mayoralty, having held the office six successive terms. Mr. Chandler organized the Whig forces with a thoroughness and system that had pre- viously never been known in political campaigns, with the result th.it, when the ballots were counted, it was discovered he had defeated his opponent by 349 votes, and led the average vote of his ticket by over four hundred, in a total vote of less than thirty-five hundred. In 1852 he was the Whig candidate for governor of Michigan, and, although he received over eleven thousand mure votes than had ever been given to a previous candidate on the same ticket, he was unable to pull down the Democratic banner, which had floated over the State from its inception, with the single ex- ception of Governor Woodbridge (1839-40). Mr. Chandler's name came before the Legislature of 1853 as a candidate for United States senator, but the Democrats had a majority on joint ballot of forty-eight, and Charles E. Stuait was elected. This was the last contest in which the Whigs, as a party, participated ; for before another State election its formal dissolution was pronounced. The admission of Nebraska as a Territory, and the defeat of Senator Chase's motion allow- ing the new Territory to prohibit slavery if it saw fit, pro- voked more adverse criticisms in Michigan than in any other section of the United States, and chief among those to denounce the action was Zachariah Chandler. He was very industrious in organizing all opponents of slavery in Michigan, and was one of the first to sign a call for the mass-meeting held at Jackson, July 6, 1854, out of win. h grew the great Republican party of to-day. In the State campaign which followed the convention, Mr. Chandler rendered valuable service as an organizer of Republicans throughout the State, for which activity he was dubbed "the traveling agent of the new Abolition party" by the Demo- cratic papers- When the first National Convention of the Republican party was held at Pittsburg, February 22, 1856, he beaded the Michigan delegation of eighteen prominent workers, and to his activity was due much of the success of the convention. On January 10, 1857, the two branches of the Michigan Legislature voted for United States senator, with the following result: Zachariah Chandler, Senate, 27; House, 62; total, 89. Lewis Cass, Senate, 2; House, 14; total, 16. Blank, House, 1; total 1. And thus Zachariah Chandler became Republican senator from Michigan, taking his seat at a special session on March 4, 1857. He at once became active, his first prepared address having been deliv- ered on March 15th, his subject being the attempt to force the Lecomptnn Constitution upon Kansas. This speech at- tracted wide attention throughout the country, and placed Mr. Chandler at once among the first debaters of the Senate. He partipated to a large degree in the Presidential campaign of i860, making speeches, not only in Michigan, but in New York and Illinois. One of the measures to which Mi. Chandler early devoted himself in the Senate was the secur- ing of an appropriation for the deepening of the St. Clair Flats Ship Canal, which work had been begun and aban- doned under the administration of his predecessor. Mr. Chandler was so indefatigable in his perseverance that his bill attracted more universal attention than any public im- provement bill ever introduced in the Senate, from the fact that, after successful passage, it was vetoed by President Buchanan, and in opposing the veto, Mr. Chandler- came into direct conflict with Jefferson Davis and other plotters of the Rebellion. This bill was introduced on January 14, 1858, and was never allowed to flag until its final passage in 1862, thus giving to us a ship-canal through the St. Clair Flats, which ranks to-day among the most important and useful public works on the American Continent. At the second session of the Twenty-fifth Congress, Mr. Chandler was appointed a member of the Committee on Commerce, on which he remained during the rest of his career as a senator, being its chairman and inspiring spirit during the years of its greatest activity and usefulness. In i860 the dark cloud of war became blacker, and the Southern States were convening rapidly and passing their ordinances of secession ; and through all the commotion no man in Wash- ington carried a more triumphant heart than Zachariah Chandler, of Michigan, who invariably opposed any policy that savored of bending to, or temporizing with, rebellion ; and he was consequently taxed, on many occasions, with the direct responsibility of the war, as the leader of Repub- licanism in the Senate. When the call for troops was issued, Mr. Chandler returned to Michigan and became exceedingly active in stimulating and organizing war movements, and throughout the entire campaign was ever alive to the require- ments of the Government. Probably no single act brought him so much notoriely as his famous "McClellan speech," delivered before the Senate on July 16, 1862, in which he denounced General McClellan for cowardice displayed at the battle of Ball's Bluff, and which speech finally resulted in the general being relieved from command of the army by President Lincoln. Senator Chandler was, on all oc- casions, ready to give personal or pecuniary assistance to any applicant wearing the uniform of a Union soldiei , and would spare no pains in doing even little things for men who were of the smallest consequence to one in his position, while through the tempest of civil strife his strong spirit battled its way unflinchingly, until he was finally knighted the Great War Senator. Upon the assassi- nation of President Lincoln he was one of the first to accuse Vice-President Johnson of infidelity to the Union, and was an active worker in the movement to have President John- 15 ii4 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. son resign his office, and labored incessantly in securing evidence toward his impeachment. He was instrumental in shaping and passing the Reconstruction measures of 1866, 1867, and 1868. In the Presidential election of 1868 he de- livered nearly forty addresses in Michigan alone, besides hard work in other States ; and when the Michigan Legis- lature of 1869 convened, it was found to have a Repub- lican majority of sixty-six upon a joint ballot, whereupon Mr. Chandler was chosen United States senator for a third term ; but his service through this term was without par- ticular note, except that he had ever a watchful eye upon all measures concerning a reconstruction of slaveholding States. In addition, he labored earnestly toward securing a passage of the act for the resumption of specie payments. In 1874 there was a considerable relaxation upon the part of Michigan Republicans, and as a consequence the Re- publican plurality on the State ticket was reduced to 5,696 in a total vote of 221,006, while the majority on a joint bal- lot in the Legislature was but ten votes; but to a large num- ber of the members Mr. Chandler's aggressiveness was ob- noxious, and this element, combining with the Democrats, secured the requisite number of votes to elect Judge I. P. Christiancy to succeed Senator Chandler, and at the termi- nation of his third term (March 3, 1875) he retired to private life, after eighteen years of activity in behalf of his country. During the second term of President Grant the Department of the Interior fell into bad repute through a lax administra- tion of affairs in the department, and Secretary Delano resigned his port-folio. To the vacancy President Grant called Mi. Chandler, feeling sure that he could rely upon him to denounce incompetency and rascality among his subordinates. He went to work in that business-like way which had char- acterized his movements from the time he first started in business, and in less than one month every desk in one of the important rooms of the patent office had been declared vacant, Mr. Chandler finding satisfactory proof of dishonesty in the transaction of business under their care. He later investigated the monthly pay-roll of the Patent-office Depait- ment, and discovered over a score of names for which no owners could be found, while other irregularities, in both the Pension and Indian Departments, kept him quite busy, and made his administration a notable one in the history of the country. In 1876, Mr. Chandler was Michigan's representa- tive on the National Republican Committee, and at the first session of that body he was elected its chairman ; and to the duties of his new position he devoted himself with an ardor that was astonishing, never relaxing an effort until the mem- orable election of that year was closed ; and even then did he seize hold with renewed vigor, which was maintained until R. B. Hayes was inaugurated President of the United States. Mr. Chandler then retired to private life as a citizen of Michigan, dividing his time between his beautiful residence in Detroit and his extensive marsh-farm near Lansing. In the political campaign of 1878 he again began a life of activity, was made chairman of the Republican State Committee, declaring that if Republicanism died then he would die with it Republicanism did not die, but when the ballots were counted it was found that the party had rolled up one of its old-time majorities of forty-seven thousand plurality, electing every Congressional candidate and a large majority in the local Legislature. Owing to the failing health of Senator Christiancy, who had defeated Senator Chandler in 1875, he was compelled to seek rest and quiet, and on February 10th he resigned his posi- tion, Mr. Chandler being chosen to fill out the remaining years of what had been intended for his fourth term. While occupying his chair, a bill was introduced giving pensions to the surviving soldiers of the War of 1812, and at the same time an amendment was offered denying the benefits of any pension bill to Jefferson Davis, and one of the most remarkable debates in the history of the United States Congress followed. The discussion had begun on Sunday evening, but it was after three o'clock on Mon- day morning before Senator Chandler gained the floor, and, although the galleries had been nearly deserted, and the senators themselves had lapsed into a listless state, the speech aroused instant attention, and before he had finished the chamber was nearly filled again. The speech was a masterpiece of oratory, and received more attention than any address delivered in the halls of legislation for years, while its author was overwhelmed by letters of congratulation and thanks, which came from every State in the Union. Then came the campaign of 1879, and no public speaker was in greater demand than Zachariah Chandler. He worked hard, traveled thousands of miles, and delivered innumer- able addresses in behalf of the party he loved so well. Re- peatedly during his arduous work did he show signs of failing health, suffering at times with what would seem to be attacks of indigestion. At Janesville, Wisconsin, he caught a severe cold, but on reaching Chicago he exhibited but slight signs of indisposition. He delivered an address that evening (Octo- ber 31, 1879) in McCormick Hall, to an audience which filled the spacious hall to overflowing, and which applauded vigorously almost every sentence of the address. After clos- ing his address, Senator Chandler returned to the Grand Pacific Hotel, and, after conversing for a short time with friends, retired for the night, and in the morning was found dead in bed by an employe of the hotel, who had gone to his room to give him an early call. In early life Mr. Chan- dler was married to Miss Letitia G Douglass, of New York. Their only child was a daughter, Mary Douglass Chandler, who was married to Hon. Eugene Hale, of Ellsworth, Maine, for many years United States senator from that State. CORYDON L. FORD, M.D., LL.D., professor of anatomy and physiology in the University of Michigan, was born August 29, 1813, at Lexington, Greene County, New York. William Ford, the founder of the family in America, and the earliest member of which there is any au- thentic information, came from England in the Fortune, landing at Plymouth in November, 1621. He settled in Marshfield, Massachusetts, where he died in 1676. The sixth in descent from him was Abner Ford, the father of the subject of this sketch, who was born in Canaan, Columbia County, New York, and early removed to Lexington, where he remained with his family for a number of years. His occupation was that of a farmer, and he served for a brief period as a lieutenant in the War of 18 12. His wife was Catharine Frint, of New England origin on her mother" side, and German on her father's. To them were born five children, of which our subject was the third son. When he was less than two years old his parents removed to Butter- nuts, Otsego County, and settling upon a farm near the village of Gilberlsville, remained until 1836, when they came West and located in the town of Van Buren, Wayne County, Michigan, where his mother died in 1856, and his father in ^,@for#LD CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 115 i860. His early education was obtained in the district schools in the neighborhood of his home, and subsequently he attended for a time a private school taught by a clergy- man, the Rev. H. P. Bogue. At seventeen years of age he commenced teaching school, and continued this occupation during the following nine succeeding winter seasons. He was thus enabled to earn the means of pui suing his studies, and, arriving at the age of twenty, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. A. B. Brown, of Somerset, Niagara County, New Yorlc, but soon afterwards removed to Medina, in the same State, and continued his studies under Dr. Caleb Hill. Perceiving that a higher grade of literary education than he had yet obtained would be of great advantage to him in pursuing his researches in the science of medicine, lie laid aside that work for a time and entered Canandaigua Academy, at Canandaigua, New York, where he took up the study of ancient languages, and laid a foundation to be built upon as he found opportunity afterwards. Leaving the acad- emy in 1840, he resumed the study of medicine, this time with Dr. Edson Carr, of Canandaigua, then one of the most prominent practitioners of Western New York. The friend- ship between Dr. Carr and himself, formed at this time, con- tinued up to the death of the former, which occurred in 1862; and not long after Dr. Ford became connected with the Uni- versity of Michigan, Dr. Carr, through his interest in his friend, made a donation of his collection of pathological specimens, of much interest and value to the institution, which is now in the museum of the college. In October, 1840, Dr. Ford entered the Geneva Medical College, at Geneva, New York, where he pursued with much enthusiasm the study of the different branches of medical science. Dr. James Webster was then professor of anatomy of the col- lege, and by his great skill, earnestness, and expertness, excited in his pupil especial interest in that study, and Dr. Ford soon became his particular favorite. Dr. Webster had the unusual faculty of lecturing fluently, and at the same time dissecting with great rapidity, displaying to his class the parts and tissues in their natural positions and with their proper connections. It has been said that his dexterity had more than the interest of a sleight-of-hand. Dr. Ford, while learning the sciences, found himself able to imitate his teacher's method, and through the long period of study and practice which followed the pupil came to surpass the mas- ter. So successful was he in this branch of medical science that on the day of his graduation, January 25, 1842, he re- ceived the appointment of demonstrator of anatomy in the college, and fulfilled the duties of that office for the succeed- ing seven years. In 1846, when the medical college in Buffalo was organized, he was made demonstrator of anat- omy there, and performed the duties of demonstrator in both the Geneva and Buffalo colleges for the three following years. The lectures, which he frequently gave during this time, met with such success, and gave such satisfaction to the classes, that his reputation as an expert teacher of anat- omy became fully established. As a result he was, in 1849, invited to the professorship of anatomy and physiology in the medical college at Castleton, Vermont. He continued to lecture there after having received other appointments until the breaking oul of the Civil War, when so many pro- fessors and students joined the army that the college was closed. In June, 1854, while at the operating chair in Dr. Carr's office in Canandaigua, he received the announce- ment of his appointment to the professorship of his favorite branch in the Department of Medicine and Surgery in the University of Michigan. On the 2d of the following Octo- ber he gave his first lecture in the university, and for thirty- five consecutive years, the 1st of October has found him at his post. Although since his appointment to this profes- sorship his chief labor has been in this institution, he lias performed the duties of professor of anatomy successfully in four Eastern colleges, the university sessions continuing from October to March inclusive, while those of the other colleges in which he officiated were in the summer months; and thus he was enabled to continue his work at Castleton until the close of the college in 1861. The other colleges in which he received appointments as professor of anatomy were the Berkshire Medical College in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, to which he. was appointed in i860, and with which he was connected until its close in 1867; the Medical College of Maine, so long established and successfully conducted in connection with Bowdoin College, where he filled that chair from 1864 until 1870, when he resigned and spent the follow- ing summer in Europe ; and Long Island College Hospital, in Brooklyn, New York, where he gave an annual course of lectures during the spring months after completing his work at the university, from 1868 until 1886, when he was honored by the title of Emeritus Professor of Anatomy in that institution, which his labors for nineteen years had greatly aided in establishing, and since Uien his whole time has been devoted to teaching in the field of his largest, labors — the University of Michigan. During much of the time of his connection with the university he has given instruction in physiology as well as anatomy, blending the two together, describing the function of each organ in connection with its form and structure. The fact that his services have been so extensively sought by medical schools is evidence of the doctor's extraordinary ability, and the reasons for it are to be found in his natural capacity, amounting to a genius for the work, and in giving his whole time and energy to the work assumed. During his childhood, Dr. Ford had an at- tack of infantile paralysis, affecting the lower left limb, ar- resting to a greater or less extent its development, and im- pairing its usefulness; the result, as is usually the case, has been a life-long lameness, and this defect has had its effect upon his whole organism, causing him to lead a life of great retirement, and has doubtless had an influence in keeping him from the active practice of medicine, confining his labors to the teaching of the fundamental principles of the profession. While at Pittsfield the doctor made the ac- quaintance of Mis. Messer, the widow of Nathaniel Messer, and only daughter of the late Ichabod Chapman, of that place. This acquaintance resulted in their marriage on the 24th of April, 1865. Mrs. Ford is a descendant of Robert Chapman, who came from Hull, England, in 1635, and settled in the same year at Say brook, Connecticut. In 1666 he built a house two and a half miles from the fort at Say- brook. In 1740 this house was pulled down, and another built about forty rods distant, in the construction of which many of the old timbers and boards were used. This house is still standing, and is an object of interest to antiquarians. The land has never been sold, having descended from father to son to the present owner of the sixth generation. The doctor has confined himself to the important and neces- sary work of teaching anatomy in a manner to make it at- tractive, and at the same time useful, to the students in their subsequent practice of medicine and surgery, which explains n6 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. the fact that an unusual proportion of graduates have become ■ ssful surgeons. To this end he has demonstrated, in the course of his lectures, every part of the human body, and shown the important surgical relation of the parts that may be subject to injury in operations. I le has demonstrated the topography of the different organs, their normal posi- tion, size, and relation, during the course of his anatomical lectures describing them. In this way he has made U the usual impressions made by these demonstrations to fix the important principles of anatomy in the minds of the students. By Ins peculiar methods, the vivacity and dear- •f his lectures, and the ao ura< y and minuteness ol his description, he has fixed the subject in their mind- to such an extent that those who have received instrui I from him have been generally considered among the best students of in itomy that are found in any of the schools. His reputa- tion for these qualities is almost as well known in all of the i medical schools of the East as among the students of the University ol Michi] in, oi thi oth lieges in which he has lectured; and u is a common thing to hear students of other schools, who have thus heard of him through those to whom he has lectured, and have seen the advanced position which they took in tins branch, express the wish that they might have him as an instructor. His manner in the lecture-room is animated and enthusiastic, and never fails to hold the attention of the students, and excite in them a similar enthusiasm in the study of this branch. He is full of the subject, and never tires in presenting it to his students. He is at the present time just completing his one hundred and third course of lectures, most of which have extended through a period of six months, but for many years he gave lectures in three different medi- cal colleges, varying in length from two to four months, and he has frequently delivered two or more lei lines a day. This is an extraordinary number of courses of lectures, even considering the number ol si hools in which he has acted as professor. As a teacher of anatomy he has been long re- garded as unsurpassed in this country, and. in fact, there arc many who consider that he has had no equal. In his man- ner he is modest and unassuming, and has always been re- garded by his pupils and his friends, not only as a most earnesl teacher, but in every respect as a straightforward honorable, and upright Christian gentleman. Frederick A. NlMS, lawyer, of Muskegon, Muskegon County, was born in Clinton, Lenawee County, Michigan, June 15, 1839. His father, the late Dr. Dwight B. Nims, was of English descent, Ins ancestors emigrating to this country in Colonial times. He was a son of James and Lucy (Boyden 1 Nims, and was born in Conway, Massachusetts, Septembei 12. 1808. His professional education was received at the Fairfield (New York) College of Physicians and Surgeons, Western District, and at the Berkshire Medical Institute, from which he graduated with the degree of M. D., in June, 1833. After practicing his profession in New York State for two years he removed to Michigan, first locating at Clinton, whence he afterwards removed to Homer, Calhoun County, in which place he remained until 1864, when he changed his residence to the city of Jackson. He was one of the best read and most successful practitioners in Central Michi- gan, and was held in high esteem by all who knew him. He was a member of the Onondaga County (New York) Medi- cal Society, the Jackson County Medical Societv, of which he was president ; the Michigan Stale Medical Society, and from 1856 until his death, which occurred in Jackson, April 15, 1879, of the American Medical Association. He was married Septembei 8, 1834, to Anna A. White, daughter of the late Nehemiah White, a native of Madison County, New York, when- Mis Nims was born, who afterwards moved to Grand Rapids, and engaged in furniture manufacturing and lumbering, dying at that place in 1859. "' s daughter is siill living, having attained the age of seventy years, and - with her son Frederick, at Muskegon. Our subject was the eldest of three children, of whom the youngest is dead. His sister, Mildred L , is the wife of Mr. C. P. Good- win, oi Toledo, Ohio. Up to the age of twelve years he at- tended the district schools of Homer, and in 1851 he com- menced a preparatory course of two years at the Wesleyan Seminary, at Albion, Michigan. In 1853 he entered Hobart College, at Geneva, New York, where he pursued a classical course until 1856, when a weakness of the eyes, brought on by a too close application to study, compelled him to return home. In the spring of 1858 he went to Grand Rapids and entered the law-office of Wilhey & Gray. These gentlemen have since attained to positions of prominence in their pro- fession, Mr. Withey having been subsequently appointed United States District Judge, while Mr. Gray was made gen- eral solicitor of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company at New York City. Mr. Nims studied law with them until his admission to the bar, June 5, i860, when he associated him- self with Major (afterwards Colonel I A. T. McReynolds, and opened an office in Grand Rapids. During the political campaign of i860, and previous to the breaking out of the war. Mr. Nims served as one of the political editors of the Grand Rapids Daily Enquirer. On the first call for volun- teers in 1861 , Major McReynolds was appointed colonel of the Lincoln Cavalry, then being organized in New York, and at that time the only cavalry regiment asked for by the Government. In July, 1861, Mr. Nims was commissioned second lieutenant of Colonel McReynolds's regiment, which he immediately joined in New York. Repairing to Wash- ington in August, the regiment was shortly afterwards brigaded with others under Brigadier-General Innis N. Pal- mer. In September, 1861, Lieutenant Nims was detailed for special service on General Palmer's staff, and during his term of service in the army was engaged in the various campaigns, principally in this branch of the service. Dur- ing the winter of 1861-2 he was acting assistant quarter- master and commissary of subsistence. He accompanied General Palmer, on his assignment to the command of a bri- gade of infantry in General Silas Casey's division, to the Peninsula in the following March, with the army of the Potomac, under General McClellan. The division was substantially wiped out at the battle ol Seven Pines, May 31, 1862, General Palmer being relieved of his command, and Lieutenant Nims rejoined his regiment. In August fol- lowing, the regiment was attached to General Buinside's command at Fredericksburg, which was evacuated by him, however, immediately after the second battle of Bull Run, and his forces joined the Army of the Potomac at Washing- ton Soon after the battle of Antietam, Colonel McReynolds was put in charge of a brigade of cavalry and sent to join General Kelley at Cumberland, Maryland. Lieutenant Nims was during this time on Colonel McReynolds's staff as acting assistant adjutant-general. In the spring of 1863 the brigade occupied Martinsburg, Virginia, at that time an out- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 117 post of the Shenandoah Valley; and shortly thereafier Colonel McReynolds, with his command, joined General Milroy, then occupying Winchester, where they remained until June, when Geneial Lee's army forced them to retire into Pennsylvania. Lieutenant Nims being sick in hospital, was, with about three thousand others, taken prisoner in this engagement, and was held at Winchester during Lee's advance into Pennsylvania. The battle of Gettysburg forced his retirement, and within six weeks from his capture. Lieu- tenant Nims, with two others, during the excitement of Lee's evacuation of Winchester, escaped from the hospital through the rebel lines, and remained in hiding at a Unionist's house until, the Union army coming up, they were once more at liberty. On coming to Winchester, Lieutenant Nims had been assigned on the staff of General Elliot, whom, he found, had during his imprisonment been transferred to the Army of the Potomac ; so he joined his regiment at Mar- tinsburg. In July, 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp on the staff of General J. C. Sullivan, who was then in command at Harper's Ferry, where he remained until the following spring. Early in 1864 he accompanied an expeditionary force of about twenty thousand men under General Sigel up the Shenandoah Valley, the movement having for its ultimate object the capture of Lynchburg. At the battle of Newmarket they were defeated, General Sigel was relieved, and General David Hunter was placed in command. Con- tinuing southward, they defeated General Jones at Piedmont; thence passing through Lexington and Buchanan they crossed the mountains at a point called " Peaks of Otter," only to meet with defeat when nearing their goal. Being closely pursued by the rebels, they crossed the mountains of West Virginia, and, after five days and nights of forced marching, without rest, they halted near Charleston, West Virginia. The fatigue and exposure experienced at this time resulted in sickness, and Lieutenant Nims returned to Michigan on leave of absence for one month. Returning in August, he remained on General Sullivan's staff until Octo- ber, 1864, when he was mustered out of service at Mar- tinsburg, Virginia. The following year he spent in recruit- ing his health at Grand Rapids, and in November, 1865, he removed to Muskegon. Resuming the practice of his profes- sion, he continued alone until 1867, when he formed a part- nership with Francis Smith and George Gray, of Grand Rapids. Mr. Gray retired from the firm in 1869, and in 1870, Mr. D. D. Erwin was admitted to the firm, then known as Smith, Nims & Erwin. In 1874, Mr. H. J. Hoyt became a partner, when the name of Smith, Nims, Hoyt X: Erwin was adopted, and the firm still remains as then constituted. This sketch would be incomplete without a reference to the railroad interests of Muskegon, with the promotion of which Mr. Nims has had much to do, and it is largely to his efforts that the different roads, with their different interests, owe their existence in the first place, and in the second their final amalgamation under one management. We refer par- ticularly to those lines now controlled by the Chicago and West Michigan Railway Company, the information being furnished by a gentleman who has been interested with Mr. Nims in all of the enterprises referred to, and has known him intimately since his first coming to Muskegon. Mr. Nims was one of the incorporators, in 1868, of the Muskegon and Ferrysburg Railroad Company, of which he was made secretary and attorney, while Mr. L. G. Mason, of Muskegon, was president, with whom, conjointly with our subject, the project originated; and, while this road covered only a dis- tance of fifteen miles, its consti'Ui tion resulted in fo building and extension of other lines, so that, while it was the pioneer of Muskegon railroads, it might be called the lather ol the city's present admirable railway system. In 1870 it was consolidated with the Grand Haven and Holland and the Holland and Allegan Railroads, the consolidated roads adopting the name of the Michigan Lake Shore Rail- road Company, Mr. Nims being made attorney for the Com- pany. Subsequently these roads became a part of the Chicago and West Michigan railroad system by right of pur- chase. In December, 1871, the Muskegon and Big Rapids Railroad Company was organized, Mr. L. G. Mason being president, and Mr. Nims its secretary and attorney, both being among its incorporators. Soon thereafter this road was consolidated with the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, which had just completed a line from New Buffalo to Muskegon, and Mr. Nims was appointed attorney of the consolidated lines. These roads, with others as shown above, finally came under the control of the Chicago and West Michigan Company in 1871, and Mr. Nims then received the appointment of attorney for that Company, which position he .has ever since filled, having entire charge of its legal interests. Mr. Nims has also encouraged and promoted, by financial assistance and otherwise, the construction of other railroads more recently completed to Muskegon. Mr. Nims was for a number of years a member of the Board of Directors of the Muskegon National Bank, and was one of the incorpora- tors, and is a member of the Board of Directors of the Mer- chants' National Bank of Muskegon, and holds the same office in the Monroe Manufacturing Company of Muskegon. He is also president of the Muskegon Street Railroad Com- pany, and has numerous other interests in enterprises look- ing to the growth of the city — among others the Electric Light Company. He was first elected, in 1876, a member of the Board of Education of Muskegon, on which he has served continuously since that time, having been re-elected to that office for the fourth term in 1888. He has been president of the Board continuously since the spring of 1883. Mr. Nims has been connected with the Masonic fraternity for the last twenty-eight years; and was in 1SS8 Worshipful Master of Muskegon Lodge, No. 140, F. & A. M. He has also been admitted to Chapter and Commandery, and is a member of the G. A. R., and of the Knights of Pythias organizations. He takes an active interest in temperance work, and is a member of various bodies having for their object the promotion of temperance. Mr. Nims was mar- ried, February 20, 1862, to Miss Mary, daughter of Colonel A. T. McReynolds, by whom he had two children, both of whom died in infancy. Mrs. Nims died in 1872. May 27, 1873, ' le was united in marriage to Ellen, sister of his first wife. They have six children as follows: Elizabeth M.,born August 1, 1874; Frederick D., born March 27, 1877; Frank N. R., born April 11, 1889; Charles B., born July 30, 188 1 ; Leslie W., born May 18, 1883; David E., born June 18, 1S87. The following is from the pen of a friend of our sub- ject, who has for the past twenty-two years been closely as- sociated with him both socially and in business: " His per- sonal character is without reproach. With an exalted ideal, his aspirations are to exemplify in life the intellectual and moral elements which manifest the dignity and worth of true manhood. Generous almost, if not quite, to a fault, gratui- tously devoting a great deal of valuable time and labor to n8 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. the schools of the city, to social organizations having for their purpose the elevation of the young, the purific.ition of I heir thoughts and the ennobling of their lives, and to chari- table institutions much time and pecuniary help, the walls of the professional rut are not his bounds. The expanded work for humanity has made the broader man, and the com- munity very much the gainer. These characteristics are an index to his social traits. Ever cordial and genial, but not diffuse, his natural reticence renders him liable to be mis- understood, but his intellectual and literary culture make him thoroughly companionable, and always a welcome member of the best and most appreciative society. His in- tegrity is unquestioned, and, with business capability of a high order, there have been but few business enterprises, of either a public or private nature, undertaken in the city, that his judgment has not been sought on some of the impor- tant phases entering therein. His influence, much appreci- ated to-day by his fellow-townsmen, like the silent forces always at work in society for good, will in the future be more largely exemplified by its fruit. CHARLES H. PLUMMER, lumberman, of East Sag- inaw, was .born, July 10, 1840, in the little village of Week's Mills, Kennebec County, Maine. His parents were of that sturdy New England type of pioneers, whose ancestors date back for many generations, and on his father's side were of English blood, while his mother, whose maiden name was Gray, was of that true old Scotch blood, whose excel- lent counsel and good. sense of justice and of right had much to do with molding the early ideas and the indomi- table pluck of our present subject, who was often heard to say that he had no excuses or apologies to make for any act committed by his mother, whose every-day life seemed to be in league with heaven, and whose highest desires and aims seemed to be the uplifting of some poor unfortunate. What wonder, then, that our subject should often feel to make this remark, "that if the whole human family were in the scale, his mother would tip the beam against them all ;" and the same feeling existed in the mother towards the son, who always spoke of him as her ideal boy. His father was of that class who are known as positive men, who early entered into politics in his native State, filling many positions of trust, such as treasurer of his township for many years, and also supervisor, and representative in the State Legislature from 1856 to 1858. He was a member of the old Know-Nothing party, having been previously a member of the Old line Whigs, and ever after, until his death, which occurred on April 18, 1886, was associated with the Repub- lican party. C. H. Plummer's early life was spent upon a farm, surrounded by the family circle — a father, mother, four brothers, and one sister, he being the youngest but one. This farm-life, however, was ever monotonous, and he early resolved to cut loose and tackle the wide world, as he was pleased to term it, and see what life had in store for him. His first experience after leaving the farm was in the saw- mills and in the woods of his native State, where he worked summer and winter, and eaily acquired the habits of lum- bering which so well fitted him for his future career, and it was in this occupation that we find him at the breaking out of the Rebellion, in April, 1861. One will scarcely wonder that, with such surroundings, our subject should feel the fires of patriotism, controlling all other desires of life, and that with the first gun fired on Sumter, and the first call for troops by the lamented Lincoln, in the dark hours of the Nation's life, he should feel but one object, and that to defend the coun- try's flag ; so that, at the first call for troops, he walked twelve miles to enlist, before daylight ; but judge of his dis- gust when, on offering himself as a soldier, he was told that he was not old enough. Then it was that, with all the earnestness of his soul, he uttered these words, and they might well find a place in the Nation's history: " Who shall plead years as an excuse from defending the flag, either from youth or old age? Both should be meaningless to the American patriot. The young man should never be too young to defend the principles that he expects to enjoy, and the old man should be ashamed to abandon those principles which he had enjoyed." And, as the officer whom he was addressing turned his back for a moment to address a com- rade, he ran his finger down the lines of the muster-roll and counted the names of sixteen ; then, seizing the pen, he signed his name, and was laying it down before he was dis- covered, when he was rebuked by the officer for having done so ; but his earnest appeal to go forth to battle for his country earned the good-will of the officer, when he imme- diately gave him permission, and agreed to aid him to any reasonable extent. This pledge was fully kept when the company was full, and the muster officer came along, by the captain speaking for him, vouching for his age and otherwise, to his great joy. And so we now find him in the army, in the three months' call by President Lincoln for the first 75,000 men, and going immediately to the seat of war in Virginia. His regiment, the Second Maine In- fantry, was the first to leave the State, and did excellent service at the first battle of Bull Run, losing 184 of its mem- bers. Our subject was taken prisoner on the field by the Black Horse Cavalry, but managed to escape during the night, and rejoined his regiment at Falls Church on the fol- lowing morning ; hence back to Arlington Heights, where the regiment was stationed for a time, doing garrison duty at Fort Cochran. When his three months' service had ex- pired, the regiment in a body re-enlisted in the field for two years. Young Plummer was in all the engagements of the Army of the Potomac, from the first Bull Run, under McDowell ; then with McClellan in the Peninsula, and be- fore Richmond in the seven days' fight; then to Manassas, under Pope, where he was wounded while charging on the enemy's works, but refused to leave the field until after the battle, when he was compelled for a time to enter the hos- pital. On recovering he again rejoined his regiment, at Sharpsburg, under McClellan, and was with Burnside at Fredericksburg, and Hooker at Chancellorsville. When vol- unteers were called for to go into the enemy's lines and bring out the wounded, who were being burned by the fires in the woods, young Plummer was the first to offer himself, and did excellent service in rescuing the sufferers, and was by his commanding officer personally thanked for the hero- ism displayed. He also volunteered to go through the en- emy's lines at Yorktown on the night of evacuation, to return with such news as could be obtained. He was on several occasions intrusted with important and dangerous missions, and the same were fulfilled to the satisfaction of all. He was several times offered promotion, but refused to receive it, preferring to serve with his comrades in the ranks. After the seven days' fight he" received a letter from his brother, asking for a recommendation that he might obtain a commission in a regiment then forming at home. The fol- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 119 lowing is a copy of the recommendation given, with the re- quest to show the same to his mother, that she might see in what esteem he was held by his commanding officers, and with the further request to make no effort to obtain a com- mission, as none would be accepted, as he had enlisted as a private, and would remain one until the end of his enlist- ment, which he did: " United States General Hospital, \ "Berkrly House, Virginia, July 19, 1862. j "Mr. Stephen P. Plummer, — Dear Sir: I have been shown a letter stating that a recommendation from me might be of advantage to your brother, Charles H. Plummer. The said Charles H. Plummer has been a member of my company, and under my command, for the last fifteen months, and I lake pleas- ure in saying that during that lime no soldier has done his duty more faithfully, throughout the severe trials which we have to undergo, than he. I also take pleasure in assuring you that, throughout all the temptations of camp-life, his moral character lias been irreproachable; and while I should exceedingly regret to lose so valuable a member of my company, if my recommenda- tion will be of use to advance his interests, he most cheerfully has it. I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, " R. B. Wiggen, Captain Co. A, Second Maine. " I fully indorse and approve the within. "Charles W. Roberts, Colonel Second Maine." He then entered the army in a business capacity, and was with the Army of the Potomac in all of its movements ; and on the morning the army moved on Richmond, in April, 1865, he asked permission of Colonel Hugh J. Brady, commanding the Two Hundred and Sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, to go through the line of battle and skirmish-line, and, beneath the guns of the enemy, capture a Confederate baggage- wagon, driver, and four mules, which he successfully did. amid the cheers of the "boys in blue," bringing the same within the Federal lines. His next move was through the enemy's works, and he was the first person to enter the city of Richmond, with Major Steven's Sharpshooters, who were in the advance. Young Plummer, being mounted, and see- ing the Confederates leaving the city from the opposite side, dashed after them and captured one, and, returning with him, was asked to allow him to go with his comrades, saying that the whole thing was now up with them, and that it was only a question of a few days at most ; and, noticing that the Confederate had a new saddle, he then and there told him that if he would swap saddles he might go his way. The offer was accepted, and the saddle is still in Mr. Plum- mer's possession, highly prized as a memento of the death of the Confederacy, and a struggle which ended in the sur- render at Appomattox, and the return of the white angel of peace to again bless a united people, with one sentiment and one flag; and the returning of the battle-scarred vet- erans to loyal and anxious friends and saddened homes, whose roll-call will never again be complete on this side of the dark river. But the experience of the past four years was such that he could not content himself with the quiet life which he found awaiting him, and a desire for adventure led him to the West ; and so we next find him in Min- nesota, where he engaged in lumbering upon_ the waters of Rum River, a tributary of the Mississippi. This was a new district, and unimproved as to booms and the facili- ties for holding logs or operating successfully, owing to the rapid rise of water and the powerful current to contend with; and so, after some five years of experience in lumbering on its various streams, he decided to visit Michigan, to see if something more substantial would not offer itself. He arrived in Michigan on the 29th of June, 1869, and immediately en- tered the forest with the view of examining the timber, and the facilities for handling it; these he found more than satisfactory in every particular, and so immediately commenced operations, connecting himself at fust with Daniel Hardin and W. S. Green & Son, of Saginaw City, and finally in' organizing the firm of Sturtevant, Green & Plummer, with Mr. Plummer as manager. The new firm owned pine-lands and mill property, etc., and carried on a large and prosper- ous business, which continued until the death of Mr. Sturte- vant, of Cleveland, Ohio, senior member of the firm, when the firm was reorganized as Hardin, Plummer & Co., with W. S. Green & Son and Daniel Hardin and C. H. Plumnier, with Mr. Plummer again as manager. Mr. Plummer was also a member and manager of the Plummer Logging Com- pany; also of the firm of Plummer & Bradley, composed of Hon. N. B. Bradley and sons, of Bay City, Michigan, with Mr. Plummer as business manager; and which finally cul- minated in Mr. Plummer buying out Bradley and sons' en- tire interests, except that in pine-lands located in the North- ern Peninsula of Michigan and Wisconsin, which are held joinlly. The firm of Hardin, Plummer & Co. was dissolved by mutual consent in 1882, W. S. Green and son and D. Hardin taking the mill property, and Mr. Plummer ihe pine- lands, etc.; and continuing to operate his mill at Ogemaw Springs, Michigan, and lumbering upon his various other lands in ihe State, and also operating a large lumber-yard and planing-mill in the city of Jackson, and a flour-mill in Saginaw City; and was also for many years president of, and large owner in, the Plummer Lumber Company, of Sandusky, Ohio. Besides all these vast operations, Mr. Plummer found time to explore a route from the St. Lawrence, at Montreal, up the Ottawa River, through the Mattewan River and Lake Nipissing, down French River to Georgian Bay ; a scheme of sufficient merit to allow, with reasonable improvement, a Liverpool steamer, drawing from eighteen to twenty feet of water, to pass to the docks of Chicago without breaking bulk, and avoiding the dangers of the Great Lakes — Huron, Erie, and Ontario — being landlocked the enlire distance, and shortening the distance from Montreal to Georgian Bay eight hundred miles over the old route. This scheme was of such vast importance as to attract the attention of Sir John A. Macdonald and the Canadian Government and Parlia- ment, as win be shown by the following letters; " State of Michigan, Executive Office, ) " Lansing, February 18, 1881. f " To whom it may concern, — The bearer, Mr. Charles H. Plum- mer, of Saginaw, in this State, is one of our most enterprising young men, and is connected witli men of ample means to carry out any enterprise they may enter into. Any attention given him, I would consider a personal favor to myself. "David H. Jerome, Governor of Michigan." "State of Michigan, Exf.cutive Office, \ "Lansing, March 21, 1881. f " To whom it may concern, — C. H. Plummer, Esq., of Saginnw, in this State, visits Ottawa, hoping to secure some rights and privileges from the Dominion Parliament to aid his scheme of opening a new route for transporting the immense traffic of the West to the sea, by way of the Oltawa River. As to the ad- vantages of the route, and as to its practicability, Mr. Plummer will make the exhibit. He has presented me with a list of gen- tlemen (whose names appear below) who are willing to join in an organization to promote the scheme. I take great pleasure in say- ing these gentlemen are among the first men of our Stale What- ever they undertake, would be entitled to confidence. "David H. Jerome, Governor of Michigan." " Ottawa. March 11, 1882. " My Dear Sir Charles,— The bearer, Mr. Plummer, has a scheme for making the Ottawa canal. Will you kindly give his representations full consideration? Yours Iruly. " Sir John A. Macdonald." 120 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. They again requested Mr. Plummer to go before the engineer in charge of government works in Canada, and who immediately indorsed the scheme to its fullest extent, giving his views, etc., as will lie seen by the following letter: "(hi iw \, Man h 16, 1882. " My DEAR Sik CHARLES, — I have had a conversation with Mr. Plummer this morning, in ac lance with your note 1 , with the following results. He has asked me to give him this let- ter to you, detailing them. Of course my views and reports upon the Trent Valley are all founded upon a barge navigation, with a five or six foot draught of water. Mr. 1'lummer's Ottawa scheme embraces a twelve foot draught of water, with locks the si/e of the St. Lawrence, ami a twelve-million-dollar expendi- ture. There is no doubt that, with a scale of navigation such as this, the Ottawa presents the most favorable route. Its summit level i^ some one hundred odd feet lower than the Trent, and a distance of a little over a hundred miles 1- saved in the distance between Montreal ami French River. The ii heme is certainly a grand one, as well as a ^t feasible one, ami. in view of my own lung entertained convictions thai 1 tilways can nevei be got to accommodate the mo, n traffii whii h must pour down any route opened for it, in my own opinion a most necessary one. I lii- fur your on 11 deration. Very sincerely yours. " L). Starke." Mr. Plummet nlso bail tin 1 indorsement of other civil en- gineers, among them Waltei Shanley, the man who built the Hoosac Tunnel ; and Thomas Clark, who built the ele- vated railroads of New York City; our own Captain Eads, and General U. S. Grant — all of the above mentioned join- ing heartily in the scheme, and giving it their fullest approval. Mr Plummer had also at a special meeting of the Board of Trade of Chicago, the entire appioval of that body, and was offered aid in money to any extent by capitalists of New V01 k City ; also a land-grant to any reasonable extent from the Dominion ol Canada, with charter to govern and regulate tolls, etc. The scheme was more particularly intended by Mr. Plummer to lessen the cost of transportation by shortenin the distance, and to allow vessels of unlimited draught to pa^s to Chicago and Duluth, receiving the surplus products of the North and West, and deliver them to the starving millions of the I 'Id World at the least possible price — a scheme, con- sidered in its proper light, one of the most gigantic of the nineteenth century, and one which at no distant day will be fully realized. The following which appeared in the Saginaw Courier of October 23, 1S87, is suggestive of the true charac- ter of the man, and shows the 1 eadiness n nh which he grasps all questions, and the interest felt in our form of government: ■ I 1 1.1 lies H. Plummer, n well-known lumberman of this city, operating a saw-mill at Ogemaw Springs, and a lumber-yard 1 [ackson, yesterday authorized the Courier to make the following statement'. '1 own thirty thousand acres of land in Michigan, not a single acre of which did not cost me a bushel of sweat. It was working everywhere from the sew- ers to the position of a business man. I see that funds are being raised in Chicago to erect a monument to the police- men massacred at the Haymaiket Square by the anarchists' bombs. This is well and proper, but I think the living should als, . 1 ie remembered. I will give forty acres of as good beech and maple land as there is in Michigan to each of the families of those murdered policemen, conditioned only on their occupying the same; and in addition to this 1 will give to each of said families accepting the offer sufficient lumber to erect a house on the land they occupy. I do this in behalf of honest labor and the preservation of law and order. I believe that the rest of my lands have been made more val- uable by the sacrifices made by those heroic and faithful men. I also believe Michigan would welcome their families 1 within her borders, and afford them protection.' Mr. Plum- mer apparently means what he says, and is lesponsible. He is a native of Maine, a thorough American patriot, and a in of the War of the Rebellion." In the Saginaw Courier of February to, 1889. we find the following: " Mr. Plummer is forty-six years of age, and one of the most en- ter prising lumbermen of the Saginaw Vnlley; has a yard at Jackson, Michigan ; is the owner of forty-six thousand acres ,,t , vpress, gum, oak, etc., in Arkansas, and is president of the Arkansas Land and Industrial Company, which is now building a railroad from New Orleans to St. Louis, with Kan- sas City connections His road has the right of way through parishes wdiich contributed liberally to its construction, and they are pledged to contribute to its maintenance for years to come. It will pass through the cotton and lumber belts of Arkansas and Louisiana, cross the river at Baton Rouge, and have an air-line to St. Louis. Mr. Plummer will commence lumbering his Arkansas timber next fall, giving special attention to ship- ping material. He can tell a story with charming exactness, is an elocutionist of marked attainments, and can probably figure up $250,000 worth of property as being the product of his energies." What we have so far said will give a pretty clear insight into the character and standing of our subject, and show in some degree what he has accomplished in life. It only remains for us to say that he had only the advantages of a common-school educaiion, and this largely in the winter season, as his services were required upon the farm during the summer months His eldest brother, Mr S. A. Plummer was for several years mayor of West Bay City, Michigan, and otherwise interested in politics. One brother, Stephen P., was for many years in trade in the city of Augusta, Maine, and highly esteemed by all. The other members of the family settled down upon the old home- Stead, or near by. All have been honorable and upright business men, and respected at all times and in all positions of life. Samuel Frederick Hopkins, late of St. Clair. St. Clair County, was born on September 15, 1803, at Hills- dale. Massachusetts, and died in the city of St. Clair, on the 2tst of June, 1884. The family found its origin in England, where its members were supporters of Oliver Cromwell. John Hopkins, the founder of the family in America, was born at Coventry, England, where the old homstead in which he first saw the light is still standing. He came to America in 1634, and settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he was made a freeman on the 4th of March of the following year. He afterwaids removed to Hartford, Connecticut, of which town be was one of the original proprietors. He died in 1654. leaving a widow, Jane, a son, Stephen, and daugh- ter, Bethia. Stephen was a freeman of Hartford in 1657. He married Dorcas, daughter of John Bronson, by whom he had six children — John, Stephen, Ebenezer, Joseph, Dorcas, and Mary. He died in October, 1689, and his wife died May 13, 1697. John, the eldest son of Stephen, settled in Waterbury, Connecticut, married, and had eight children, of whom one, Samuel, graduated from Yale College in 1718. and was a clergyman in West Springfield, Massachusetts. He became famous for his historical memoirs of the Housatonic Indians. Another, the fourth son of John, named Timothy, was born November 16, 1691. He was married in June, 17 19, to Mary fudd. They had nine children, of whom the eldest was Samuel. Timothy was a justice of the peace in Waterbury, ■^f~Z*^i~r-iJ£~- ^^ *zy CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. and was frequently a member of the Legislature from that city, from 1727 up to the time of his death, which occurred February 5, 1749. His son Samuel was born September 17, 1721, and graduated from Vale College in 1741. He was married January 13, 1748, to Joanna Ingersoll, at Great Barrington, Massachusetts, where he was then settled as a clergyman. They had five sons and three daughters, all of whom were born at Great Harrington. Dr. Samuel Hopkins, the eminent divine, removed to Newport, Rhode Island, where he died December 20, 1803, aged eighty-three years. He was the most powerful and influential clergyman in New England during the time in which he lived, and probably did more than any other man to mold and harden New England life into its peculiar characteristics. Harriet Beecher Stowe, who has founded a novel on the story of his life, says he is remarkable as having been the first clergyman in America who, publicly from the pulpit, advocated the imme- diate abolition of slavery, because slavery was contrary to the teaching of Christ. His system of theology still bears his name. Their eldest son was General David Hopkins, who removed to Baltimore, where he became a man of large property and influence. Their second son, Moses, born March 2r, 175 1, resided in Great Barrington until his death, March 9, 1838. He was a leading and influential citizen of the town, was its justice of the peace and postmaster for forty years, and held the position of county registrar for more than sixty years. The nine children born to Moses were Mark, Charles, Thomas, Richard, Edward, Appelona, Nancy, Eliza- beth, and Harriet. Mark Hopkins, Sr.,the first son of Moses, and father to the subject of this sketch, was born at Great Barrington, and after becoming of age was engaged there in mercantile pursuits. He married Anastasia Lukins Kellogg. In 1806 he removed with his family to Henderson, New York, where he remained a number of years. They had seven children— Augustus, Samuel F., Henry Kellogg, Will- iam, Mark, Moses, and Ezra Augustus, of which Samuel F. was the second. In 1824 they removed to Michigan, and settled in St. Clair, where Mark Hopkins, Sr., died in 1829. His fifth son, named Mark, and brother to Samuel F., went to California in 1849, w '>ere he became one of the wealthiest and most influential citizens of the Pacific Slope, his estate being worth $30,000,000, and was one of the prime movers in the building of the first great transcontinental rail- road. Our subject obtained his early education at a private school in Great Barrington, and when his parents removed to Michigan, in 1824, he accompanied them to Detroit, where he engaged in the furniture and cabinet business, on what is now the south-east corner of Woodward and Jefferson Av- enues. Here he remained until 1829, when his father's death called him to St. Clair, and he took up his residence there with his mother and brothers. He continued to follow his trade of cabinet-making, and was also postmaster of St. Clair. In 1836 he removed with his family to his farm of two hundred acres in extent, situated about two miles below St. Clair on the St. Clair River, and here he remained until 1848, when he returned to St. Clair, and continued to reside there until his death. He became a member of the Congre- gational Church in 1833, tne Church being organized in that year in the parlors of his residence at St. Clair, and was for many years one of its deacons. He was also one of the promoters of the Oakland Hotel, and contributed largely toward the erection and maintenance of the Summerville school, and every enterprise of public importance looking towards the building up and improving the city. Ik: w member of the Whig party, and afterwards of the Ktpubli- can party, but in a political sense was only known through his financial efforts towards furthering the interests of the parly. He was married in Lenox, Massachusetts, July 4, 1831, to Miss Mary Ann Keeney, only child ..1 Asahel and Theodosia Keeney. Asahel Keeney was born in 1776, youngest child of Alexander and Sarah Keeney, of East Hartford, Connecticut. Theodosia Keeney, whose maiden name was Woodriff, was a descendant of the Cuius family. Mrs. Hopkins's great-grandfather Keeney lived one hundred and seven years, and did a full day's work at reapin half a day's time, after he was ninety years of age. He in 1814. Mrs. Hopkins, who is still living at the age of nearly eighty-three years, is in full possession of all her faculties, and is remarkably active and well, considering her advanced age. Something more could be said concerning the vitality and youth of Mrs. Hopkins, for the reason she is a lady of ex- ceptional vigor, youthful face, and clearness of mind and thought. Their long and happy married life was blessed with seven children, six sons and one daughter, as follows : Mark, Charles Henry, Orin Kellogg, William Sherwood, Mary Fiances, Samuel Asel, and Edward Whiting, of whom Charles H., Orin K., Samuel, and Frances are dead. To sketch adequately the life of our subject would be to write a history of St. Clair. With her public enterprises, her schools, her churches, his name is closely associated. For sixty years he was a resident there, and for some years wielded an influence not due to his great wealth alone, but to his good- ness of heart, his unfailing good nature, and sound judg- ment upon men and affairs. His donations to the religious and scholastic institutions of the city were princely, while his private benevolences were munificent. His readiness to befriend those in need led to many quiet acts of charity. The interest taken by him in the prosperity of the town, in its schools and public enterprises, was of a practical char- acter, and not a little of their success is due to his liberality. In poverty honorable to his friends and trustworthy in his obligations, and in wealth a kindly Christian gentleman — such was the character and life of Samuel F. Hopkins, of St. Clair. HON. WALTER I. HAYES, of Clinton, Iowa, mem- ber of Congress from the Second District of Iowa, compris- ing the counties of Clinton, Iowa, Jackson, Johnson, Musca- tine, and Scolt, was born in Marshall, Calhoun County, Michigan, December 9, 1841. His father, Dr. Andrew L. Hayes, a native of New Hampshire, was an early settler in Michigan, and the first physician in Calhoun County. He was an active Democrat, and a member of the first Legisla- ture of Michigan, that sent General Cass to the United States Senate. He was appointed brigadier-general of the State Militia by Governor Mason, and took much interest in mili- tary affairs, and was generally known as General Hayes. His wife was Clarissa Selden Hart, daughter of Dr. Luther Hart, of Durham, New York, afterwards of Marshall, Michi- gan. Walter I. Hayes received a common-school education, then entered the Michigan L'niversity at Ann Arbor, and graduated from the law department in 1863. He studied law in the office of Hughes & Woolley, at Marshall, Michigan, and then entered the firm, under the name of Hughes, Woolley & Hayes. He was elected city attorney for Marshall, and was L'nited States commissioner for the Eastern District of 16 CYCLOPEDIA OF hflCHIGAN. Michigan. In 1S66 he went to Iowa to enter into partner- ship 'with Governoi N. B. Baker, late governor ol New Hampshire, and entered upon an extensive law practice there, in which lie has continued ever since. He was elected city attorney for Clinton, Iowa, and appointed United States commissioner for Iowa. From August, 1875, till Jan- uary I, 1887, he was District Judge of the Seventh District of Iowa. He has twice been the candidate of his party for | Judge of the Supreme Bench of Iowa. He was elected to the Fiftieth Congress, receiving 15,309 votes, against S.ooo. votes for Hon. S J. Kirkwood, Republican, and 8,602 votes for T. J. O'Meara, Republican and Labor candidate. In the Fiftieth Congress he served on the Committee on Territories, the Committee on Railroads and Canals, and the Committee on Accounts. He has always been a Democrat, and active in his party's interests; many a time as delegate to State con- ventions, both in Michigan and in Iowa. In 1888 he was re- nominated for Congress, and elected a member of the Fifty- first Congress by a majority of 5,032 votes, receiving 20,874 votes to 15,842 for P. X. McManus. A matter giving him large reputation was that of deciding the Prohibitory Liquor Law Amendment unconstitutional, which was sus- tained by the Supreme Court, and said amendment so de- feated after it was favorably voted upon by the people. This created great commotion and high feeling, and he has ever since been a target for the Prohibitionists, but sus- tained bv the people of his part of Iowa. He is a man of fine personal appearance, of striking features, and a command- ing air, of quick, active, and nervous disposition. Standing five feet seven inches, and weighing a hundred and seventy pounds, muscular in body, he is the impersonation of a healthy and vigorous man, both mentally and physically. He was married, June 28, 1865, to Frances L. Coan, the esti- mable daughter of W. F. Coan, Esq., president of the Clin- ton National Bank, of Clinton, Iowa. GEORGE H. BARBOUR, manufacturer, Detroit. There are a great many people in America to whom the name heading this sketch and the word "stoves" are synonymous, and certainly no discussion of one can long be maintained without reference to the other. The far-reaching influence which Detroit wields in the stove-world has been so long recognized, that any elaboration in that direction would be needless; yet no single individual has contributed more largely to this fame than Mr. Barbour. Like a major- ity of the successful business men and manufacturers of the West, the subject of this sketch is of New England birth, having first seen the light of day at Collinsville, Connecticut, on June 26, 1843. ^ e ' s the youngest son of six children born to Samuel and Phoebe (Beckwith) Barbour, having two senior brothers and three sisters. At an early age he was placed in the common schools of his native town ; but when he had attained the age of nine years business reverses overtook his father, which necessitated a change in his career. The senior Barbour having decided to resume business on a smaller scale, it was arranged that the services of his son (George H.) should be utilized in 1 urtailing expenses, and he was engaged as his father's onl) assistant, but was priv- ileged to attend school during a portion of the day. This arrangement continued to such good advantage for three years that the father was enabled to pay off his entire in- debtedness. While thus employed. Mr. Barbour received for his services fifty dollars per annum in addition to his boaid, and out of this, owing to his economic practices, he was enabled to save about twelve or thirteen dollars per annum. In 1861, Mr. Barbour was taken into his father's business as a partner. He was then eighteen years of age; but the ex- perience he had gained, and the results which he produced, made him older in knowledge than in years He gave him- self to his duties with close application and all the courage and energy that lay within him; consequently success was certain from the start. He subsequently formed a partner- ship with his brother-in-law, J. E. Goodman, and under the firm name of Goodman & Baibour purchased the interest of the elder Barbour. The business transacted was of the "general" description, the stock being made up of dry- goods, groceries, boots and shoes, hats and caps, etc. Pros- perity continued with the new firm to such an extent that in two years Mr. Barbour was in a position to pay up all in- debtedness to his father, and a year later purchased the in- terest of his partner, paying cash therefor. In 1872, Mr. Barbour decided upon seeking a larger field of usefulness ; and, learning through his relations living in Detroit that a company was being organized in Detroit for the manufacture of stoves, came hither to investigate. He at once became thoroughly impressed with the possibilities of the proposed company, and, after selling out his business at Collinsville, he invested in the stock of the Michigan Stove Company, removed to Detroit in July, 1872, and was elected secre- tary of the company, which position he held up to 1886; he was then made vice-president and general manager of the works, which office he still holds. His life has, indeed, been a busy one, and he has seen the small foundry ex- panded into wider scope, wherein is executed a business which, of its kind, has no equal in this country. The great results attained have come only through having the best of ability associated with him, and hard toil, close ap- plication, and the power within the company of furnishing something of which the world had need. Over sixty thou- sand stoves are annually manufactured at the works of this company, requiring a force of employes numbering over one thousand two hundred, the annual pay-roll amounting to about four hundred thousand dollars, with about the same amount expended for supplies purchased. The trade ex- tends not only into every portion of the L T nited States, but into nearly every foreign civilized country. In addition to the extensive works and offices at Detroit, branch establish- ments are maintained in Chicago, Buffalo, and New York City. Mr. Barbour has for many years been a member of the National Stove Manufacturers' Association, in which he has always taken an active interest. At the annual meeting in February, 1888, he was elected president of the associa- tion; also, re-elected in 1889. He is also a stockholder' and member of the Board of Directors of the Buck Stove and Range Company, of St. Louis, Missouri, and organizer and stockholder in the Ireland & Mattheus Manufacturing Company of Detroit, Michigan. He has not been given to scattering his forces very much in his business life, be- lieving thai concentration on a single enterprise, wiih proper care and attention to it, is the method by which the best success is won, rather than by a brief and half atten- tion to many. Fie is a stockholder and director in the Peo- ple's Savings Bank, of Detroit, and also in the Dime Sav- ings Bank ; stockholder in the Preston National Bank ; a stockholder and director in the Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and chairman of the Insurance Com- &? CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 123 mittee of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Exchange, of Detroit. At the annual meeting of the National Association of Wholesale Grocers he was elected a member of the Finance Committee — a very important trust, indeed. Mr. Barbour was one of the first citizens of Detroit to recognize the value which would accrue to the city from an exposition, and was exceedingly enthusiastic in the organization of the Detroit International Exposition and Fair Association, of which he is a director. In politics, Mr. Barbour is a Dem- ocrat of a decidedly conservative description. He has never sought political office, having always had a distaste for the methods employed lo gain it. In 1886, when ward politics had become unusually corrupt, he yielded to the persuasion of his friends, and allowed the use of his name as a candi- date for alderman in the Fourth Ward, with the result that he was elected by a large majority in the banner Republican ward of the city. During his second year in the Council he presided over the deliberations of that body, showing an ex- ecutive ability possessed by very few men in municipal bodies. He refused to make a canvass for a second term, and also refused to become a candidate for mayor, feeling that his business enterprises demanded his entire attention. In 1889 he was importuned by delegations from both parties to consent to a nomination as the city's chief executive, but again declined the honor. Mr. Barbour's father died in i860, and his mother in 1879, their children all surviving them. He was married on June 26, 1869, to Miss Kate Hawley, daughter of William H. Hawley and Susan Emily Robertson Hawley, of Collinsville, Connecticut, where they are still liv- ing in the enjoyment of good health. To Mr. and Mrs. Bar- bour have been born four children, as follows : Edwin S. Barbour 2d, George H. Barbour, Jr., Miss Grace L. Barbour, and Miss Stella Barbour. HON. JAMES E. DANAHER, lumberman, mayor of Ludington Mason County, was born at Plymouth, Wiscon- sin, October 15, 185 1 - His father, Patrick M. Danaher, was a native of Limerick County, Ireland, and was, for many years prior to his death, in 1886, a prominent citizen and lumberman of Ludington. His wife, Mary O'Brien, was also a native of Ireland, and is still living at Ludington. They had nine children — five sons and four daughters — our sub- ject being the eldest son. He attended the district schools at Brighton, Wisconsin, where his parents had removed, until thirteen years of age, and then continued his studies for two years at Kenosha, Wisconsin. He then came to Ludington with his parents, and completed his education during the next two years. At seventeen years of age he went into the woods for his father, and engaged in cutting timber, spending the summer season in work at the mill of Danaher & Melendy, of which his father was the senior member. He was night foreman for two years (1870-71), and afterwards head foreman for nine years. In 1876 the business was reorganized into a joint-stock company ; and in 1880, with his father and brother, C. D. Danaher, he pur- chased the entire plant, debts, and business, of the Danaher & Melendy Co. Patrick M. Danaher was made president, and James E. secretary and manager of the Company, C. D. Danaher assuming charge of its extensive lumbering operations. Owing to his father's health and age, our sub- ject became the active manager of the business, which posi- tion he has since continued, developing a capacity for the conduct of extensive business affairs, and meeting with de- served success. On the death of Patrick M. Danaher, in 1886, his widow succeeded to his interest in the business. The Company now own about one hundred and fifty mill- ion feet of standing pine, situated in Lake, Newaygo, and Mason Counties, which is transported, as cut, by railroads — one seventeen miles in length in Newaygo County, and one twelve miles in length in Mason County, of both of which they are the owners, to the Pere Marquette River; and thence floated to the mill, which is located near the mouth of the river, in the Fourth Ward of the city of Ludington. It is the original mill, erected in 1869 by Danaher & Melendy, and was the second mill built on Pere Marquette Lake. Its capacity is one hundred thousand feet of lumber per day, their cut for the season of 1888 amounting to seventeen million feet. Mr. Danaher, while a member of the Demo- cratic party, is not in any sense an active politician, and his election in April, 1888, to the office of mayor of the city, may be looked upon as a high compliment to his personal integrity and worth. He is a member of the Roman Catholic Church. Mr. Danaher was married, October 8, 1878, to Miss Hattie McMahon, daughter of Thomas M. and Anna McMahon, of Watertown, Wisconsin. They have two chil- dren—Raphael, born October 22, 1880; and Margaret, born March 16, 1882. The latter died when four months old. "Mr. Danaher, as a business man, has been commonly re- garded as quick to learn and adopt the best methods of management, and as belonging to the class who place a high value on personal integrity and honesty. Under his control the reliability of the business of the Danaher & Melendy Co. has been greatly augmented, and its good name elevated above previous standards. His social sur- roundings are the best, and it appears probable, from his steady development of character, that he is destined to take part in large affairs. Samuel Appleton Gibson, superintendent of the Kalamazoo Paper Company, of Kalamazoo, was born at New Ipswich, New Hampshire, August 17, 1835. His father, Colonel George C. Gibson, son of Dr. Stillman Gib- son, late of New Ispwich, was a native of New Ispwich, where he was born, March 10, 1805. He served in the New Hampshire State Militia for many years. He married Elvira Appleton, daughter of John Appleton, of New Ipswich, whose brother, John Appleton, was, during his life-time, a prominent member of the Maine bar, and served several terms as Judge of the Supreme Court. Our subject received his early education in the common schools, and later at- tended the Appleton Academy, at New Ipswich. His early life, when not at school, was spent in his father's shops, where the manufacture of carriages and sleighs was carried on. When twenty years of age, Mr. Gibson engaged as clerk in a general store and post-office, at Concord, Massachu- setts, which he left two years later to take charge of a simi- lar store in Ashby, Massachusetts. In 1S59 fte went into the grocery business at Fitchburg, Massachusetts, where he continued until 1S67, when he removed to Kalamazoo, Michigan, and has since made his home at that place. October 1, 1866, the Kalamazoo Paper Company was or- ganized, Mr. Gibson being one of the original stockholders ; a mill was erected on the Grand Rapids branch of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad, two miles south of the city of Kalamazoo, the plant being valued at one hundred thousand dollars, and the manufacture of 124 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. paper was commenced, Mr. Gibson entering the employ of the Company as mechanic and book-keeper, which latter position he retained until 1870, when he took the manage- ment of the business as superintendent, and still continues in that capacity. The Company, during the first year of its existence, employed about fifty people, and was confined to the manufacture of common paper and extra news paper. The mill has since been materially enlarged, and, with the addi- tion of new material, the Company are now making, as well as the above, book, lithograph, music, and colored papers. During the season of 188S they employed one hundred and thirty men and women, manufacturing two thousand and forty tons of paper of all kinds, the amount of business reaching as high as three hundred thousand dollars. The officers of the company, in 1889, "ere lion. Jonathan Par- sons, president ; Edward Woodbury, treasurer ; K.M.Hodge, secretary, and Samuel A. Gibson, superintendent; the direct- ors being Silas Hubbard, Jonathan Parsons, Edward Wood- bury, and Samuel A. Gibson. Mr. Gibson is, as well, in- terested in numerous other enterprises. He was one of the first directors of the Kalamazoo National Bank, and is a member of the Hoards of Trustees of Kalamazoo College and of the Congregational Church, with which he united in Ashby, Massachusetts, in 1858, and has ever since continued inactive membership. His political sympathies have always been with the Republican party, but what time he has not been actively at work in his responsible business connections has been devoted to his family, and he has thus found no op- portunity for becoming in any sense an active politician. Mr. Gibson was married October 14, i860, to Mrs. Mary A. Bardeen, daughter of Deacon A. Farns worth, of Fitchburg, Massachusetts. They have two daughters — Alice Gertrude, now the wife of Mr. F. D. Haskell, and Susan Edith, wife of Mr. F M. Hodge, both of Kalamazoo. Colonel Joseph Sumner Rogers, superin- tendent of the Michigan Military Academy, at Orchard Lake, Oakland County, was bom at Orrington, Maine, on the fifth day of July, 1844. His father, Joseph Rogers, was a native of that State, and a lineal descendant of Thomas Rogers, a member of that band of pilgrims who, leaving England in search of greater religious liberty, came over to America in the Mayflower, in the year 1620. The mother of our sub- ject was Joan 1 1. unman, a descendant of one of the old New England families, and still lives, with her husband, in Orring- ton. Colonel Rogers attended the public schools in the neighborhood of his home until sixteen years of age, when, in April, 1861, the war broke out, and he enlisted as a pri- m the Second Regiment Maine Volunteers, and par- ticipated in the first battle of Hull Run, all of the battles of the Peninsular Campaign under General McClellan, and in the second battle of Bull Run, where he was severely wounded in the face. June 9, 1863, he was discharged from this regiment by reason of expiration ol term of service. While at home on furlough, in 1862, owing to his wounds, he attended the Bucksport Seminary, at Bucksport, Maine, and subsequently received instruction from a private tutor 111 Latin, French, and mathematics, and was thus enabled to complete his education. In September, 1864, he again en- i the army, this time as second lieutenant, Thirty-first Regiment Maine Volunteers, and the following month was promoted to a captaincy. He served with the Army of the Potomai until the close of the war, when he was mustered out as brevet-major, July 15, 1865. He was appointed, Oc- tober I, 1867, a lieutenant in the Regular Army, and assigned to the First Infantry, and subsequently was breveted first lieutenant and captain, for military services during the war. He served with the army in Louisiana, and afterwards in Michigan, until 1877, when he resigned. In 1874 he was detailed as professor of military science and tactics, by President Grant, at the high-school at Detroit. While on duty .it Fnrt Wayne, in 1872, he was elected major of the Detroit Cadets, and commanded that corps until the fall of 1876, and visited, with his command, the Centennial Exposi- tion at Philadelphia. He resigned from the army in 1877, with the purpose of organizing a military academy at Orchard Lake, and since that time his work has been connected with that institution, a history of which show : s the successful ac- complishment on the part of Colonel Rogers of an aim at once a credit to his efforts, perseverance, and industry, and an institution of which the State may well feel proud. The acad- emy was incorporated, September 4, 1877, under the title of the Michigan Military Academy, the aim of the institution being to give to young men an education both physical and mental, which should develop them into the fullest and highest man- hood, and make them, as far as possible, full and perfect men. It is a college preparatory school of high grade. The school was established upon a system that combines mili- tary instruction with the ordinary courses of high-schools and academies. To this end Colonel Rogers secured a tract of land of about one hundred acres on the shore of Orchard Lake, in Oakland County, a spot commanding a view of that beautiful little sheet of water, and a location with sur- roundings peculiarly adapted to his purpose, and one of the most picturesque and beautiful places in the State of Mich- igan, and here, with about thirty students, the academy was opened. The undertaking has been a success from the start, the attendance has steadily and constantly increased, the roll numbering 184 names for the term of 1888-89, anc ' the institution now stands at the head of military academies of its class in the United States. At the National Encamp- ment, held in the city of Washington in May, 1888, a com- pany from this Academy had the distinction and honor of winning first prize as being the best-drilled company there, whereupon the following resolution was presented to the State Legislature, and passed both Houses unanimously : "Resolved, That the congratulations ami thanks of the Leg- islature are hereby extended to the management and cadets of ili< 11 ademy, and the governor is hereby authorized to forward to to Colonel J. S. Rogers, supei intendent, a copy of this resolution." The academy has been recognized by the General Gov- ernment, under Section 1225 of the Revised Statutes, by detail- ing an officer of the Regular Army (Lieutenant Frederick S. Strong, Fourth United States Artillery), who holds the chair of military science and tactics, and further by supply- ing it, under the same authority, with a full equipment of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage, and the State of Michigan has given its indorsement to the institution by passing the following resolution : •■In view of the fads narrated above, and further — •■ WHEREAS, The leaching of military science and tactics to tin young men of this Slate will materially aid in the instruc- tion and efficiency of its militia; therefore, "Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the Siatr of Michigan, that the governor shall cause an annual inspection to lie made of the discipline, courses of study, and genera; management of the instil til ion ; and further, "Resolved, That the graduates uf the academy shall be eli- JC 2 '-¥* CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 135 from that time the prosperity of the Company has been but once interrupted. This break in the record, which at first wore an appalling aspect, but which quickly mended itself, was on the occasion of the great fire on New-Year's day, 1886, when the Company's immense warehouse and its con- tents were totally destroyed by fire. The aggregate loss was a money value of about one million dollars- — the most severe visitation by fire ever known in Detroit. It was during the week succeeding this fire that Mr. Ferry demonstrated the fact that he was a general. When he received his first news of the fire, he was at the New-Year's dinner-table with old friends down in New York State. " The loss has trans- pired," he argued as he read the telegraph message of mis- fortune, " and I can be of no great service to-day." In- stantly he had outlined his plan of action, the first step therein being to continue the holiday dinner and festivities without furthur interruption. This was done, and it was en- joyed despite the fact that a million dollars had gone up in ashes and smoke. The next day he arrived on the scene, and with the aid of his able assistants, by use of the tele- graph and mail, the work of restoration began in earnest, with the general in command. All customers were notified that their orders would be filled on time ; temporary quarters were moved into, the working force employed was increased in some departments a hundred per cent or more; from every available source seeds of known quality were obtained and forwarded to Detroit; a competing firm in Detroit and another in Rochester, New York, were absorbed ; and within a fortnight the machinery, commercial and mechanical, of the Company was at work, business was going on, orders were being solicited and filled, and over all and through all was that spirit of enthusiasm and energy which told, in stronger lines than type may show, of the wondrous influ- ence of the man at the head of affairs. In brief, it was a magnificent climax, dramatic and beneficial, to a superb career in business. To-day there stands, on the same land where the fire raged, an immense new warehouse, covering half a square of ground, containing about seven acres of floor- space, and probably as nearly fire-proof in construction and management as any like structure in the country. To-day. also, the products of the Company are on sale in almost every village and hamlet in the country, over one hundred thousand merchants being supplied annually with seeds from D. M. Ferry & Co. The annual sales of the Company have aggregated over a million and a half of dollars ; and this is a business too, recollect, which has been created in less than thirty years. It is a business which ranks among the most important in Detroit, at the same time taking a leading place among the great establishments of the coun- try. Mr. Ferry, besides his relation to the great seed enter- prise, established and controls the National Pin Company, a new and valuable industry for Detroit ; he is president of the Gale Sulky-harrow Manufacturing Company, and director of the Detroit Copper Rolling-mill ; a director and vice-president of the First National Bank of Detroit ; one of the organizers and a trustee of the Wayne County Savings Bank and Safe Deposit Company ; president of the Standard Life and Accident Insurance Company ; vice-pres- ident of the Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Com- pany; a director of the Fort Wayne and Elmwood Railway Company; a trustee of Olivet College (Olivet, Michigan) ; a trustee of the Grace Hospital, and of the Woodward Avenue Congregational Church ; and a trustee of the Detroit Museum of Art. He is, finally, one of the most liberal supporters and first vice-president of the International Exposition and Fair Association, of Detroit. In 1877-78 he was a member of the Detroit Board of Estimates, and in 1884 he was ap- pointed a member of the Board of Park Commissioners, to which latter position lie was renominated in 1885. He was not confirmed, however, by the Common Council, because of his uncompromising opposition to the sale of intoxicating beverages on Belle Isle Park. In politics he is a Repub- lican, and repeatedly he has been urged to accept high polit- ical honors, which the variety and magnitude of his business enterprises prevented him from accepting. Such accept- ance, however, would still be greeted with eminent satisfac- tion by a large proportion of the better element of Detroit's population, irrespective of party. Mr. Ferry was married on the first day of October, 1867, to Miss Addie E. Miller, of Unadilla, Otsego County, New York ; and they have four children, and the happiest home possible. Although a re- markably busy man, he is devoted and liberal in his affec- tion and care of his family. He is not a club man, and yet a more agreeable companion it is hard to imagine. He is liberal, too, toward all persons in his employ who are ener- getic, meritorious, and loyal to themselves. As a citizen of public spirit he has few peers, and generally his liberality toward all persons and propositions of merit is one of his strongest characteristics. A man of prepossessing address, absolutely frank and honorable In all things, quick to recog- nize valuable qualities in other men, and thoroughly modest as to his own achievements, he is a citizen whose presence is valuable to the municipality, and a friend whose acquaint- ance is well worth seeking. Samuel Nott Warren, of Albion, was bom in Orwell, Vermont. September 15, 1813. His boyhood was not materially different from that of many other boys raised in the rural districts of the "Green Mountain State." When twelve years of age he left home to live with an uncle ; he worked on the farm, attended school when permitted to do so, and studied eagerly whatever books he could obtain, and finally enjoyed the advantage of a few terms in Shoreham Academy. He was fond of boyish sports, and at "general training " was always conspicuous in the games. At the age of nineteen he came to Michigan, and entered upon a career whose activity only closed when the weight of years precluded the possibility of further vigorous labor. He arrived in Wayne County in 1832, and during the following winter taught the district school in Redford Center. His summers were devoted to farm work, and winters to teaching, until 1835, when he had, by industry and frugality, saved enough to purchase a farm of forty acres in Southfield, Oakland County. December 31, 1834, he was united in marriage to Anna Keeler West, a woman of sterling qualities, who has ever been a faithful companion and mother. The winter of 1835-6 found him again in the district school. February 23, 1836, a son, Byron E., was born. Soon after he determined to push out into the then wilderness of Shiawassee County, which was at the time attracting the attention of settlers. He sold his farm in Southfield, and, after an eventful ride in which he was successful over several competitors, he reached the land-office in Detroit, and secured the three hundred and twenty acres of land which he had "looked," in Caledonia Township. The laggards who were after the same half sec- tion, and who left the county in advance of him, were aston- ■36 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. ished on reaching the hind-office to find that the land had been taken by the boy on horseback who had passed them. An acquaintance with the Indian trails, and his characteristic push, had been of service to him. The following fall found him comfortably located on his new purchase. The country was without roads, with few clearings and sparsely settled ; but with the heroism of the pioneers of those days he began work, and prospered in proportion to his enterprise. As the country filled up, his ability was recognized, and he became a leader in his section. He was elected supervisor and justice of the peace. Among the attorneys who frequently appeared in his court were Judge Sanfoid M. Green, now of Bay City, and the late Hon. Edward H. Thompson, of Flint. In after years he often referred to the first case in which these gentlemen ap- peared as opposing counsel. It involved the removal of the county records fromOwossotoCorunna. Headways tookpiide in the fact that Judge Whipple, who reviewed the proceedings, confirmed his decision in favor of removal. On the farm in Caledonia two more children, Marj !-., and Robert L., were born in the years 1838 and 1842 respectively. In the fall of 1842 the firm and a small stock of goods which he had accumulated were disposed of, and. with Ins family, he removed to Fenton- ville, where he engaged exclusively in mercantile business, but subsequently he became interested in several llouring- mills, farming, etc. During the nine years which ensued he was a very busy and successful man, and enjoyed the con- fidence of his fellow-citizens to an extent which showered upon him many honors, both social and political. He was postmaster, supervisor, justice, and was elected to represent his district in the State Legislature at its first session in the new capitol, at Lansing, in the winter of 1847-8. At Fen- tonville, Levi S., S. Roscoe, and Albert E. were born. It was there, too, that the parents and the family circle sustained a loss which neither time nor circumstances have effaced, in the death of Mary E., then a beautiful girl of twelve years. Albert E., an infant of six months, died a few weeks before. Thinking to enlarge his field of operations, Mr. Warren re- moved to the then thriving village of Flint, in the fall of 1852. There he at once became one of the leading business men, and to his shrewdness and sagacity that flourishing city owes much of its early prosperity. He built the first three-story brick building in the village soon after going there, and was for many years conspicuous in every move- ment of a public nature. In later years, turning his atten- tion more to political affairs, he became a power in the pol- itics of county, district, and State, and many a hot contest owes its final outcome to his successful leadership. How- ever, as he increased his interest in politics he relaxed his efforts in business, and that investment never proved a pay- ing one, although he was frequently honored with positions of trust and occasionally of profit. When the internal revenue laws went into operation soon after the commencement of the Civil War, he was appointed collector of the Sixth Dis- trict, by President Lincoln, a position to which he was re- appointed, and which he held until removed by Andrew Johnson in 1866. He was for sixteen successive years super- visor of his ward, and several sessions chairman of the Board. At Flint two other children, Anna and Volney, were born, making eight in all ; but the former died in 1854, at the age s. Davis, 1 Black, U. S. 476; Miller vs. United Stales, 11 Wall. 268; Jerome vs. McCarter, 21 Wall. 20; same case, 94 U. S. ; LTnited States vs. Repentigny, 5 Wall. 211 ; Allore vs. Jewell, 94 U. S. 506; ex-parte Slayton, 105 U. S. 451 ; Richardson vs. Hardwick, 106 U. S. 252; ex-parte Wilson, 115 U. S. 417. All these cases have been often cited. His name is found in every volume of the Michigan Reports from Volume III to Volume LXVI ; also frequently in the Federal Reporter and other LInited States Reports, and in con- nection with many of the great litigations of the last twenty- five years. At the age of twenty-three years he took part in the formation of the Republican part; 1 in Michigan, with Blair, Chandler, the two Howards, Bingham, etc., and in the Fre- mont campaign was president of the Michigan Republican Club. In the Lincoln campaign he was also president of the Republican Club, and spoke at mass-meetings with Sal- mon P. Chase and others. He took part in both political campaigns of General Grant, and spoke with Senator Ferry, Governor Bagley, and others. He participated in the Hayes campaign, and visited Columbus and Washington ; also in the Garfield and Harrison campaigns. Mr. Russell delivered the Commencement address at Dartmouth College in 1878 — subject: "Some Effects of the Growth of Cities on our Political System." He has also delivered addresses at the Michigan University. In 1889 he was very strongly supported for the place of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Mr. Justice Matthews, having been a candidate for that place when Mr. Matthews was appointed in 1880. He has been a member of the Historical Society, vice-president of the Young Mens' Society, president of the Detroit Club, and member of the Webster Historical Society. In religious affil- iation he is a member of the St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church. He was married at St. Albans, Vermont, October 28, 1857, to Mrs. Ellen P. England, born Wells, sister of Pro- 138 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. fessor W. P. Wells, of the University of Michigan, a genealogy of whose family has been published in a volume — the family being founded in this country by the first Colonial governor of Connecticut. The children are, Mrs. Richard ELPaulison, Mrs. John C. Glenny, of Buffalo, Phcebe Hewitt, and Louisa Brooks. Mr. Russell is a gentleman of high legal attain- ments. He has always been a laborious student, and his long practice in the courts has given him the wide and well- deserved reputation of a most able and accomplished lawyer. His ability, energy, and profound learning in the law are beyond all question, and his uniform courtesy and dignity in his professional life have always commanded the respect of both court and bar, and he is conceded to be one of the most able and distinguished of the members of the legal pro- fession. He is an untiring and successful practitioner, an indefatigable student, and an able and accomplished jurist. Physically he is a man of fine presence, possessed of a calm and dignified manner. HON. JAMES M. HOYT, M. D., of Walled Lake, Oakland County, was born in East Aurora, Erie County, New York, October 5, 1817. He was the son of the late Jonathan Hoyt, a prominent and highly respected physician of that place, and who for ten years during the latter part of his life was a Judge of the Circuit Court of Erie County. He was also a prominent politician, and was honored with the nomination for representative in the National Congress from his district by the Democratic party, his opponent being the late Hon. Millard Fillmore, who was then elected to that office for his first term. Our subject received his early edu- cation at the public schools of his native village, and subse- quently completed his literary studies at an academy at that place. Under the guidance of his father he commenced the study of medicine, which he afterwards continued for three years under the instruction of the late John E. Marshall, of Buffalo, then in charge of the Marine Hospital at that place, where he secured the advantages to be derived from hospital practice. In January, 1839, Dr. Hoyt graduated from the Geneva Medical College, at Geneva, New York, and in May of the following year, coming West, he settled in the village of Commerce, where he remained for about two years, when he removed to Walled Lake, where he has since continued to reside. Like his father, our subject has been a lifelong Democrat, and has been frequently honored by the people in election to public office. Being one of the pioneer settlers of the township, and, in fact, of Oakland County, he has at various time held numerous local offices, including those of town clerk, supervisor, school inspector, etc. He was elected in November, 1858, from the then Sixth District of Michigan to the State Senate, by a majority of forty votes over his op- ponent, Hon. Henry W. Lord, late of Pontiac, to accomplish which the doctor was compelled to run three hundred votes ahead of his ticket, and this fact amply testifies to the per- sonal popularity and high esteem in which he was held by the citizens of the district. During the term he served as chairman of the Committee on Asylums for the deaf, dumb, and blind, and was also a member of the Committee on Mines and Minerals. His report as chairman of the former commit- tee was comprehensive and exhaustive in its treatment of the subject, and the wisdom of its various recommendations was so manifest that the report was unanimously adopted by both branches of the Legislature, and became a law. The doctor was renominated in i860, but was defeated by a small majority by John Owen, then of Watcrford Township, now a resident of Saginaw City; but in November, 18^4, what was then called the home vote re-elected Dr. Hoyt to the Senate. He was given a certificate, and took his seal , but the election being contested, and the soldiers' vote being counted by the Lcgislatuie contrary to the decision of the Supreme Court, his opponent was declared elected, and was given the scat. Dr. Hoyt was one of the organizers of the State Medical Society, with which he has ever since affili- ated. He has also been for a number of years a member of the National Medical Association, and was, until rei years, an active member and supporter of the local medii . ■ 1 organizations. Dr. Hoyt was married April 3, 1841, to Mar- garet, daughter of Hon. Hiram Barritt, late of Oakland County, and during his life-time one of its prominent and most highly respected citizens. To Doctor and Mrs. Hoyt^ were born ten children, five of whom are still living — Hiram J. Hoyt, of Muskegon (a sketch of whose life appears in this work) ; James M., Jr., a successful farmer residing at Walled Lake, Michigan ; Benjamin R., a medical practi- tioner in good standing in Detroit ; William E., a successful lawyer residing in Greenville, Michigan ; while the fifth, a daugher, Lutie E., has been a teacher in the public schools in the vicinity of her father's home, where she continues to reside. Mrs. Hoyt died July 25, 1859. May I, i860, the doctor married his present wife, Eliza H., daughter of Lyman Hathorn, Esq , late of Novi, Oakland County, Michigan. An old friend of the doctor's, a gentleman of the highest standing in the State, contributes the following testimony : "From the commencement of his medical career in Com- merce, the doctor's practice has been highly successful, ex- tending into the adjoining counties of Wayne, Washtenaw, and Livingston. His genial disposition and his sympathy with, and attention to, his patients made him extremely pop- ular. During the latter years of his life he has become blind, an affliction that will test an active man's patience ; but Dr. Hoyt bears misfortune bravely, and his declining years, shut out, as he is, from the visible world, arc ren- dered cheerful and as pleasant as such circumstances will permit, by his loving and warm-hearted friends." ORRIN BUMP, banker, of Bay City. In the quiet officer of a bank, pursuing the daily routine of his chosen occupation, few persons would think of looking for the sol- dier of many battle-fields. Yet contrasts equally vivid would doubtless be presented by many lives if we knew their his- tories. Mr. Orrin Bump, whose life suggests the above remark, was born in Flushing, Genesee County, Michigan, August 13, 1S43; his father, David Bump, a farmer, having been born in Madison County, New York. Mr. Bump's early education was better than that of most farmer lads. He was attending the high-school at Flint, confidently an- ticipating the fulfillment of his ambition by a course at the university in Ann Arbor, when the outbreak of the Civil War changed his plans, and doubtless altered the whole course of his life, as it did that of so many others. He en- listed as a private in Company A of the Eighth Michigan Infantry, and was promoted through all the various grades until he reached the rank of adjutant of his regiment. He continued in the service for three years and three months, and during that time passed through no less than twenty- five battles and skirmishes, and was slightly wounded three times on different fields. His regiment was known as the Ju CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. '39 "wandering regiment," having been engaged in battle in as many as eight different States. After the war, Mr. Bump tried a mercantile business for a few months, and then ac- cepted a position in a bank at Flint. In April, 1866, he be- came a book-keeper in the First National Bank, of Bay City, and was subsequently made teller of the same bank. In 1869 he resigned this position, and organized the State Bank of Bay City, of which he was made cashier. Upon the consolidation of this bank with the Second National Bank, of the same city, May 1, 1878, he was elected cashier, a position which he has ever since continued to hold. In 1875 he married Miss Haltie L. Crosthwaite, daughter of Wm. Crosthwaite, a Buffalo shipbuilder. In 1885 a great affliction befell them in the loss of their only child, a lovely and promising daughter, who died at the age of seven years. As a monument to her memory the Second National Bank has her portrait engraved upon its drafts. Mr. Bump is a member of the Episcopal Church, and has always been a Republican in politics. Mr. Bump's character is of that sub- stantial kind that years of industry and integrity have rounded up and solidified. So closely has he confined himself to busi- ness that he has never held public office, and is apparently without political ambition. He clings to his convictions with considerable tenacity, in a quiet way, and, being cool and deliberate in his business transactions, is seldom at fault in his conclusions. One who has known him intimately for twenty years gives the following quaintly expressed descrip- tion of the man and his character : "In personal appearance, prepossessing; in friendship, constant and faithful; in busi- ness, prompt and energetic, but courteous and affable ; as a neighbor, kind, considerate, and obliging ; as a citizen, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic." Mr. Bump wins friends and retains them, enjoys the esteem and confidence of his fel- low-citizens, and, socially, is most agreeable and intelligent. He may be summed up as " one who sails by a laid-down course," and toward the haven of right. WILLIAM R. MCCORMICK. The two great indus- tries of the Saginaw Valley— those upon which all the others depend — are the production of lumber and salt, and to any one familiar with the thriving cities of that valley, it seems hardly possible that one of the operators of the first saw-mill, and the borer of the first salt-well in Bay County, should be liv- ing. Such is the case nevertheless, and, what is more re- markable, one of the first mill operators and the first well- borer are united in the person of one of the earliest settlers of Bay County, Mr. William R. McCormick, of Bay City. He was born near Albany, New York, August 16, 1822, of Scotch parentage, and with his father's family, emigrated to the Saginaw Valley in 1833, and settled on the old Indian fields on the Flint River, some twelve miles from Saginaw, adjoining the Indian village of Pe-wan-a-go-wing, and all the plavmates he had in his boyhood days were the young Indians. He soon acquired, and has ever since been able to speak fluently, the Indian (Chippewa) language. In his six- teenth year this acquisition called him into business as in- terpreter and clerk in an Indian trading store, at the head of the Saginaw River, which was started in opposition to the American Fur Company, which was then controlled by John Jacob Astor, of New York ; but owing to the vast influence and wealth of the latter, it soon failed. When he returned home to help his father on the farm, in 1837, his father sent him to Saginaw to school, they having started a school there. He was to live with Major Mosby, in one of the block-houses inside the fort, and do chores night and morning for his board. In 1841 he reinoved to Bay City, at which place his father bought and operated the first saw-mill built in that locality. While here, Mr. McCormick's father and one or two neigh- bors hired a teacher and started a school, which consisted of seven scholars, Mr. McCormick being one of the seven ; this was the first school in what is now Bay City. In 1845, Mr. McCormick went to Kingston, Ontario, as a clerk for his uncle, Wm. Garrett, the founder of Can ettsville, New York, from which place he had removed to Kingston, where he became an influential citizen. In 1847, Mr. McCormick left his uncle and went to Albany, where he was employed in the office of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company. After two years in this office he accepted a position with the New York and Erie Railroad at Piermont, as shipping clerk at their Eastern terminus ; and as fast as this ter- minus was pushed westward by the extension of the road, he was placed in charge of the freight of the extension until the road reached Hornellsville. In 1850 his services were secured as agent by the Buffalo and New York Railroad, now forming part of the Erie, between Hornellsville and Buffalo. In 1852 he took a contract for rock-work and filling on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, at White River Shoals, In- diana. After finishing this contract, in 1853, he returned to Hornellsville and resumed his old place, in which he remained for three years. He was then employed by the president of the railroad company in building a hotel at Portage Falls, and on its completion was placed in charge of it. In 1859 he returned to Bay City, and bored the first salt-well and made the first salt in that city. He did this for a company in which he was a stockholder and filled the offices of superintendent and secretary. He was subse- quently employed for some years in inspecting and measur- ing lumber, and for several years held the office of deputy State salt inspector. Meanwhile a considerable amount of real estate, which Mr. McCormick had acquired in Bay City, had gradually become valuable, and relinquishing other business, he now devotes his time to the care of this prop- erty. Mr. McCormick was married, September 20, 1849, to Miss Angelica Wayne, daughter of James Wayne, a prom- inent farmer of Albany County, New York. Six children, all living, have been born to them. They are Hiram W., a lumber-dealer of Bay City; William J., a lawyer of the same city ; Tilly, wife of F. B. Chesbrough, of Toledo, Ohio ; Hattie, wife of F. Van Lew, of West Bay City; Addie, wife of F. P. Chesbrough, of Bay City ; and Lewis H., of Me- nominee, Michigan. They are all in prosperous circum- stances. In politics Mr. McCormick has been a Republican since the days of the candidacy of Fremont. He has held several offices of trust, having been for some years a mem- ber of the Board of Education and of the Board of Alder- men of Bay City, and of the Board of Supervisors of Bay County. He is also the father of the Masonic fraternity of Bay City, having organized the first two lodges at that end of the valley. He is an attendant of the Universalist Church. Mr. McCormick still lives in the pleasant house which he built in i860, at the corner of Twenty-third and McCormick Streets. He has seen Bay City and Bay County grow from a single house, with four white inhabitants, to a population of nearly fifty-five thousand. At the first election held in what is now Bay City, in 1843, thirteen votes were cast, Mr. McCormick being elected to one of the offices. At the fall 140 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. election, in 1888, there were cast in the same territory, now comprising several counties, forty thousand votes. Naturally, Mr. McCormick is one of the best authoritieson the pioneer history of the Saginaw Valley. He is the oldest living settler, with the single exception of Judge Albert Miller. For many years past he has been the vice-president for Ba) County of the Pioneer and Historical Society of the State of Michigan, and one of his duties has been to report the deaths and write obituary notices of the pioneers of the county. His pleasant style of writing makes his annual memorial reports valuable contributions to the records and publications of the society. His knowledge of the Indian language, moreover, has enabled him to preserve, in writing, much of the traditionary lore of that rapidly disappearing people, and he has written articles, also, upon their history, as well as upon the mound-building of the Saginaw Valley. For some time he has been engaged upon a history of the valley during the past sixty years ; he does not, however, intend that it shall be published until after his death. Mr. McCormick is passing his declining years in peace and com- fort, highly respected by a larger number of acquaintances and friends than, perhaps, any other resident of the valley. Mr. McCormick's parents were highly educated people, and took care that their son's education should not be neglected. He attended the first public school at Saginaw, where he lived in the fort for one year, but his chief instruction was imparled by his parents, for which he has ever felt thankful. Temple Emery Dorr, of East Saginaw, if a stranger, visiting East Saginaw, should inquiie the name of the most practical lumberman in that busy hive of lumber- men, the answer would come, promptly and unanimously, from the acquaintance, " Mr. T. E. Dorr;" from the per- sonal friend, " Temp. Don." But such a reputation was not easily gained. It has required many years of patient, persistent, hard labor. It was the outcome of a natural apt- itude for the position, and much practical experience. Mr. Dorr was born in Bradley, Maine, on the 14th of January, 1840. It may almost be said of him, that he was born a lum- berman ; for his boyhood was passed in the nursery of men of that profession. His father was Charles Montgomery Dorr, a native of Dorchester, Massachusetts. His mother's maiden name was Miss Ann Morse, of Waterford, Maine. Young Dorr had the misfortune to lose a mother's love and a mother's devoted care when he was but four years of age. His boyhood career was uneventful — on a line, simply, with that of other boys of his neighborhood. In the winter he attended the common schools of the locality ; in the sum- mer he was employed at rafting logs on the Penobscot River. And right here occurs a thought which needs serious consideration : It is the custom in rural places, and in thinly populated lumber regions, to give the children but a six months' course of study in the year, the remaining six months being devoted to farming or lumbering ; and yet, with these meager facilities for an education, the children from such localities have vied with those who have been placed much more favorably, in this respect, in the various cities of our land. The "old red school-house " has had, and has now, a warm place in the affections of men and women eminent in many walks of life, who attribute much of the success or renown which they have gained to the incentives given them in their youth by the faithful teacher who "boarded around the district." It may be that a six months' vacation from study would create a desire for knowledge ; or it may be that the short time to be devoted to the useful purpose of gaining an education stimulates the student to use the brief period faithfully and honestly. Whatever may be the cause, the country winter school-term is all the chance many a boy and girl in this broad country of ours possesses to fit them for their life's duties ; and this was all that young Dorr secured. At the age of twenty-two years he went to California, and remained there four years. He then returned home to Maine ; but during the same year he visited East Saginaw, and having secured congenial employment, he de- termined on settling there permanently. His first engage- was with the prominent lumber concern of Eddy, Avery & Co. In the spring of the following year, 1867, he made a contract to raft and deliver logs from the Cass River boom, in which operation he was engaged during the succeeding four years. These services were followed by his appoint- ment as agent for the lumber firm of Avery & Murphy ; and after acting in this capacity for three years, he secured an in- terest with Eddy & Avery — Avery and Murphy, and C. K. Eddy — in various lumbering operalions. This active and eventful experience was invaluable to him. He had thus been engaged, gaining knowledge at every step, for thirteen of the best years of his manhood. He began at the foot of the ladder, climbing every round, until he began to see the reward of his labors in the result. At this juncture in his career the death of Mr. Avery occurred, upon which event a partnership was formed between Mr. S. J. Murphy and Mr. Dorr, under the name of Murphy & Dorr. This was in 1879, ar "d the firm is regarded as one of the most important among the many important lumber concerns in the Saginaw Valley. Mr. Dorr now began to reap that which he had sown so laboriously and well. He had acquired a most thorough mastery of all the details of the business in which he had been engaged. It has been said of him, by a man who himself is a past-master in the same profession, that there is no man in all that vast region who is more familiar with all branches of the business than T. E. Dorr. The same authority says of him, that he is equally at home in a lumber-camp, "on the drive," or in the mill wherein his stock is sawed. In addition to these varied traits of a busi- ness character, he possesses the happy faculty of managing large bodies of men successfully. There are but few who have this ability ; but Mr. Dorr has it — has it thoroughly. So well was this fact realized by his brother lumbermen some years ago, that, upon the death of the then president of the Tittabawasse Boom Company, Mr. Dorr was promptly chosen to fill the vacancy. This corporation is one of the most important enterprises in Northern Michigan. It is charged with the duty of receiving within its extended limits, logs from the many streams tributary to the Saginaw River, and to deliver the same into the booms of the mill-owners. The organization of the Company was a necessity of the situation. Many hundreds of men are in its employ and on its great pay-roll, annually ; and such is the wisdom and prudence with which it is managed, that no friction is ever experienced in all its many ramifications. The presidency of such an institution might well satisfy the ambition, as well as occupy the time, of any man ; but Mr. Dorr has learned through his life's experience the value of method and system in all things with which he is associated or in which he is interested. In this way he is able to accom- plish much work, as well as much good, for himself and for cT. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 141 others. He has never cared for political life, the aspira- tions for public office never having gained any influence over him. He is a Republican in party principle, and an earnest one. He is a Knight Templar in rank among Masons, and is a valuable member of East Saginaw's popu- lar St. Bernard Commandery. He is a director in the Home National Bank, of the latter city, the chief financial institution of all that region. He is also a director of the Rifle Boom Company, a corporation similar in its character and rela- tions to the concern of which he is the active and honored head. Mr. Dorr was married to Miss Nancy M., daughter of Edwin Eddy, of East Saginaw, February 8, 1866. There are three daughters of this marriage, and the household thus constituted is a very happy and loving one. Mr. Dorr is still a young man, a heallhy man, a thoroughly well-bal- anced one. His is a busy life ; but in this consists its happiness to a man of his temperament. He has achieved success ; but he won the success single-handed. " He was found faithful in a few things, and he was made ruler over many people," may be truly said of him. Nor did he " hide his talent in a napkin." On the contrary, he made the best possible use of the gifts he possessed, and the result is suc- cess away beyond his expectations. Sum him up, if you choose ; sum up the record of his life, as thus far made, and what do we find? This: The boy from the shores of the Penobscot, with his winters of schooling and his summers of rafting, adds somewhat to his education by a trip to California. In his early manhood he has the foresight to settle in a re- gion far west from his New England birthplace, where the business will naturally be of the same character as he had become familiar with as a child. He promptly secures con- genial employment, and then there are no breaks in his career onward and upward. Every change is in the nature of an improvement and a promotion, until, finally, he be- comes a partner in a live lumber concern, a firm which owns much valuable pine timber — valuable because of its quality, and because it is so closely tributary to the waters of the Saginaw. We find him the executive head of a great corporation, and an active director in the affairs of two others. Is it not a record deserving of honorable mention by others, and one of which he himself may feel proud? And yet in all his active labors of head and hand, "Temp. Dorr," as he is popularly termed, has time for earnest friend- ships. His head has not become educated at the expense of his heart. There are many who have intimate relations with him, who say that any man is to be envied who possesses "Temp." Dorr's confidence and love. M. HENRY LANE, manufacturer, of Kalamazoo. It is a well-known fact that wealthy parentage and a finished education do not always insure success in life ; and, on the other hand, it is noticed that of the men who have attained to prominence, either in a professional career, or as success- ful merchants or manufacturers, a large proportion is made up of those who, with nothing other than an incomplete com- mon-school education, a strong arm, and a stout heart, have gone out into the world to fight the battle of life. In this army of eminently self-made men the subject of this sketch takes deservedly high rank. Mr. Lane was born, January 21, 1849, in Genoa Township, Cayuga County, New York. His grandfather, Peter Lane, farmer, was a native of Herki- mer County, and subsequent to the birth of his son, William S., the father of our subject, removed to Genoa. William S. Lane learned the trade of a carriage-maker, and, in addi- tion, owned a farm in Chemung County, New York, to which place he removed with his family when Henrj years of age. He married Miss Mary Smith, and to them were born thirteen children, eight of whom survive. Henry is the second, and eldest living child— his elder brother dy- ing at the age of fifteen years. Our subject attended the district schools for a short period during the winter months, devoting most of his time, in company with his brother, to the care of his father's farm, and occasionally woikii his father's carriage-shop. Arrived at the age of twenty-one years, he left home in February, and, with his possessions in a satchel and about two dollars in his pocket, started to walk to his uncle's home in Cayuga County, a distance of about fifty miles. He engaged to work on his uncle's farm at a salary of seventy-five cents per day, and continued until the following April. From then until October his time was spent on a hop-farm in Madison County. Returning home at that time, he took charge of his father's farm, and was thus engaged for one year. He then determined upon coming West, and, having an uncle at Battle Creek, Michi- gan, he became the virtual manager of his farm, and re- mained with him for two years. It becoming evident to Mr. Lane that he could, by turning his energies to something other than farming, secure a more adequate remuneration for his efforts, he determined to give up that life. Opening a carriage repository at Charlotte, Michigan, he traded in carriages, wagons, harness, etc., for one year, when he con- cluded he had selected a poor location. Selling out his stock he went east to Trumansburg, New York, and took a position as salesman for a carriage manufacturing concern at that place. In February, 1876, he entered the employ of the Cortland Wagon Company, of Cortland, New York, to inspect, select, and buy lumber, and filled that position for a year, at which time he became one of their traveling sales- men, his territory covering the States of Michigan and Ohio. Returning to the office from his first trip, he was told th.it he had sold more goods in the two months he had been gone than had been sold in the same time by any of the otlier salesmen for the Company — a compliment he appreciated, as it was his first experience on the road. He continued in this position five years, and received an increase of salary each year. Traveling through the West, Mr. Lane became convinced that there was a large field in Michigan and the surrounding Western States for the manufacture of carriages, cutters, and carts, and, severing his connection with the Cort- land Wagon Company, January, I, 1 88 1 , he organized a co- partnership in Cortland, styled the Cortland Buggy Com- pany, and came to Michigan to look up a location. The village of Kalamazoo offered them a bonus of five thousand dollars, which was accepted, and work was commenced on the factory, April 1st, following. Mr. Lane conducted this business, meeting with very great success for two years, when, owing to the unwillingness of his partners to enlarge their factory to meet the demands of their constantly increas- ing business, Mr. Lane disposed of his interest to his part- ners, retiring from the firm in March, 1883. He immediately organized a joint-stock company, composed of his father-in- law, George T. Lay, of Allegan, Michigan, vice-president; Frank B. Lay, of Kalamazoo, secretary and treasurer ; and himself as president; Mrs. M. H. Lane being a large stock- holder, which was incorporated under the title of the Michi- gan Buggy Company. Their capital stock was $75,000, 142 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. which has since been increased to 5100,000, all of which is paid up, and it may here be said that the inventory, January I, 1888, showed a surplus over and above this amount of 540,000. They erected a factory in Kalamazoo, having nearly 60,000 feet of floor space, and made their fust ship- ment before their building was completed. From July I, 1883, to the following January, they manufactured about 1,300 buggies and cutters, and the following year, about 2,500; and the business steadily increased from the com- mencement, until, in 1887, their output was something over 17,000 vehicles of all descriptions — an increase of nearly 15,000 in three years. In 1888 they contracted for material for no less than 22,000-vehicles for the year. They make a speciality of the " Easy " road-cart, of which they made about 1 1 ,000 during 1887. In addition to this cart they manufacture a full line of buggies, phaetons, surreys, cutters, and sleighs, and the "Favorite and " Champion '" road-carts. In 1886, 10 accommodate their rapidly growing business, they erected a handsome five-story brick factory, having about 50,000 feet of floor space, in which they placed the latest improved machinery, and were soon compelled to rent an additional building to be used to store goods awaiting shipment. They also purchased the improved property, 341, 343, and 345 Wabash Avenue, Chicago, where their goods are dis- played at both wholesale and retail, and from which their Western trade is supplied. Their territory covers almost the entire civilized world, regular shipments being made to South America, Australia, France, England, and other coun- tries. Mr. Line was married, December, 11, 1878, to Miss Ida E. Lay, daughter of George T. Lay, Esq , of Allegan, the vice-president of the Michigan Buggy Company. Their little son, Frank T., was born in September, 1879, a "d died on August 5, 1880. They are regular attendants of the Presbvteri in Church. Our subject is in every sense a worker. A man of few words, he has made up his mind how a thing should be done, and is through with it before most men have finished talking. Wide-awake, energetic, and pushing, he is very apt to be successful in anything he undei takes, and the extraordinary success of the corporation of which he is presi- dent, is due greatly to his untiring industry, and his good business judgment. Devoting his time almost exclusively to his business, he takes little interest in politics, and is not a member of any secret or political society. His reputation socially and in business is that of an honorable and upright gentleman, while he is always willing to aid in advancing the interests of the city where he has made his home, and has done much in encouraging others — especially those en- 1 in manufacturing — to locate there. He is public- spirited and liberal, and just the kind of a citizen that is needed in every place to push forward public enterprises and improvements. HON. JOHN W. CHAMPLIN, LL. D., Chief-Jus- tice of the Supreme Court of Michigan, was born on the sev- enteenth day of February, 1831. He is a lineal descendant of ( ieoffrey Champlin, who, in 1638, came to this country from England, and settled in Rhode Island. The family has strong characteristics of mind and body, which strikingly appear in the subject of this sketch. They are strong in body, firm in conviction, and possess in a great degree that balance of the faculties known as common sense. Jeffrey C. Champlin, the father of the subject of this sketch, married Ellis Champlin, a descendant of a different branch of the same family, who in early times settled in Connecticut. Shortly after their marriage they removed to Kingston, New York, where Judge Champlin was born. Soon after, the family removed to Harpersfield, in the same State, and en- gaged in farming; and here Judge Champlin continued to reside until he was of age. The story of his youth is the story of the youth of so many of our best public men. In summer he worked beside his father and brothers on the farm, laying up stores of health and strength for the trying demands of his professional career. Here was formed that intimate acquaintance with the affairs of every-day life, its difficulties and its needs, which was to keep him through life in warm sympathy with the people. In this home-life, under the firm but kindly parental government, was acquired that habit of industry and those principles of integrity, inde- pendence, and love of justice which have been marked characteristics of the man. In the winter-time he attended the village school; at thirteen he entered the academy at Stamford, and afterwards the academies of Rhinebeck and Harpersfield. With teference to these schools it may be said, as could be said of many other academies in New York and New England towns, that if they lacked some of the advantages and much of the machinery of the modern school system, if they did not undertake to accomplish as large re- sults in a given time, they did not, like the modern school, tend to dull uniformity; they gave to the ambitious youth opportunities to acquire a training that tended to individual development and that individual independence and self-re- liance which peculiarly fit the student to grapple with the various questions of our political life. After leaving Har- persfield Academy, Judge Champlin took a course of civil engineering at the Delaware Literary Institute, and com- menced the practice of that profession in his native State. Seeking a wider field, at the age of twenty-three years he came to the city of Grand Rapids, in the year 1854, where his brother, Stephen G. Champlin, afterwards General Champlin, was then engaged in the practice of law. Judge Champlin commenced the study of that profession in the office of his brother; he passed his examination before Judge Martin, afterwards chief-justice of the State, and was admitted to the bar in 1855. While the city was comparatively small, and the country around it new, the local bar had in it many men of marked ability — men whose vigorous intellects and natural sagacity, uncontrolled by the strict enforcements of legal courtesy, made the conflicts which necessarily arose in the profession a rather hard but useful school for the young attorney on the threshold of his practice. One further ben- efit he derived from the position in which he found himself placed: In this, as in other communities where population is increasing rapidly, changes had to be made in the machin- ery of local government to adapt it to the wants of a larger community, and thus many new and important questions in local government arose. In 1857, Judge Champlin was chosen to prepare a revision of the charter of the city, and the results of his work have been the basis of all charter leg- islation of that city since. He held at different times the office of city recorder, city attorney, and, in 1867, was elected mayor ; and by these varied experiences he became acquainted with the practical workings of municipal government. The value of this experience to a lawyer situated as he was, is shown by his subsequent life. Probably there was no lawyer in the district where he resided whose opinion was more widely respected upon questions of municipal law than his. \ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. '43 From this time on, Judge Champlin pursued the practice of the law with an assiduity that withdrew him entirely (roni all other pursuits. This practice had become so varied and ex- tensive that it demanded his entire time in the trial of causes, and the examination of the many and delicate questions arising in the course of a large general practice. The years of conscientious work brought with them not only increase of practice and reputation, but also that growth in legal knowledge, and that wide and accurate judgment, the pos- session of which constitutes the most marked excellence of a lawyer. In the trial of cases he was uniformly courteous to the court, his opponent, and the witnesses; he cared noth- ing for display, never losing a point for the sake of creating a favorable impression with the audience, seeking to impress the jury rather by weight of facts in his favor and by argu- ment, than by an appeal to prejudices. In discussions of the principles of law he was remarkable for his clearness of statement and his candor. He sought faithfully for firm ground on which to plant his feet; and when once he found it, nothing could drive him from his position. He had the faculty of comprehending the point of greatest strength, and, in holding that, spent his entire energies. His zeal for his client never led him to urge in argument what in his judg- ment was not the law. His conceptions of legal principles were cleanly cut, and he preserved intact the perfect balance of his legal judgment. In 1883 he was nominated by the Democratic party for Judge of the Supreme Court, and was elected by a majority which was so far in excess of the vote of his own party, that it furnished very strong evidence of the high esteem in which he was held by the people of the State. He took his seat as a member of that court in Janu- ary, 1884. He brought to the bench not only a reputation, but a character for integrity unquestioned and unquestion- able ; a wide knowledge of the law, and of the difficulties which attend its perfect administration and practice; a mind which, while it did not readily adopt for its own opinion the opinion of others, was quick to comprehend an argument, and ready to follow it to a logical conclusion, however far that conclusion might differ from an opinion previously entertained. What has been said regarding his character and attainments as a lawyer affords the key to his career on the bench. To his many friends throughout the State who have carefully scrutinized his work since he has taken his seat, no word is necessary ; to the general public, it need only be said that the same careful, conscientious application of thought and study has been given to the duties of that position, as secured his success at the bar, the result being uniformly satisfactory alike to litigants, to the legal profession, and to the people at large, whom, in the capacity of a public officer, he has served with the fullest appreciation of the duties and responsibilities imposed upon him. At the semicentennial of the University of Michigan, in 1887, the Board of Regents conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. In politics Judge Champlin is in principle a Democrat. He, however, declined to follow that portion of his party who opposed the war, and for the past few years he has taken part in public affairs only as one does who would not shirk his duty as a citizen. On the 1st of October, 1856, he was married to Miss Ellen More. The union has been a singularly happy one, three children having been born to them. The Judge is a member of St. Mark's Protestant Episcopal Church, in the city in which he resides. In the ordinary affairs of life, Judge Champlin is a man of unusually keen perception, just and clear in judgment, and energetic in action. Co 1 the dark shadows of human life, he habitually turns lux towards its sunny side ; quick in sympathy, unobtrusively helpful, genial to all, and firm in his friendships, it is given to few men to be loved and trusted as he is loved and trusted in the community where he lives. In conclusion, it is proper for us to say, we are indebted to the Hon. Roger W. Butterfield for the greater part of the material in this sketch, taken from an article written by him in the Magazine of Western History. Hon. Edward K. Potter, of Alpena. There are many men to whom this country is greatly indebted for the energy and enterprise they have exhibited in developing her resources, and who, on the other hand, are themselves in- debted to this new country for the opportunities it has given them for the exercise of talents which, in another land and amid different surroundings, might have remained unused. The lives of such men, as illustrated by the subject of this sketch, are more than enough to justify even the apparently extravagant claims made for the advantages to be gained in a new land by men who are unshackled by petrified customs and legal restrictions. Mr. Potter was born in the Province of Quebec (formerly Canada East or Lower Canada), at Marlborough, near Ottawa, March 19, 1840. His father, Thomas Potter, a farmer, was born in Ireland, and his mother, Margaret Duncan, was a native of the same land. Edward was the third son in a family of seven boys; and when that number of sons are found in the family of a farmer, it goes without saying that the school education of all of them is necessarily limited ; their education must be mainly of that practical kind which each one can pick up for himself in subsequent life. In 1849 the family came to Port Huron, and, the father being advanced in years, the boys at an early age branched out for themselves in various directions and at dif- ferent occupations, Edward beginning in a saw-mill. After nine years in Port Huron, he, in 1858, accompanied his em- ployers, Lockwood & Minor, to Alpena. They were the first men to begin lumbering operations at Alpena or on Thupder Bav River. Mr. Potter worked at first in their camp as a "scaler" of logs, and remained with them, variously occupied, until 1867, when he was made superintendent of the Potter & Campbell mill, the Potter of this firm being one of his brothers, W. H. Potter. In 1870 he had some thoughts of relinquishing the lumber business, and went so far as to join with another brother, James J., in the hardware trade; but in 1871 he disposed of his interest in the store and bought an in- terest in the mill with which he had formerly been connected, the style of the firm being changed to Campbell, Potter & Co. In 1878 he and his brother, W. H., bought out Mr. Campbell, and later, early in 1887, Mr. Potter purchased his brother's interest, and the firm is now E. K. Potter & Sons, the "Sons" being Charles E., and W. H. 2d. They now own tracts of pine in several different counties of Michigan, and cany on lumbering operations on a large scale. Mr. Potter was married, September 9, 1861, to Miss Sarah G. Mooney, daughter of Mr. Charles Mooney, of Oakland County, Michigan. Their children are the two sons above mentioned and three daughters. In religion Mr. Potter is a member of the Congregational Church. In politics he is a stanch Republican, and has held important offices. By President Lincoln, in 1861, he was appointed postmaster at Alpena. This was at a time when the mail was brought 144 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. through l>y Indian I rains, Alpena being then without railroad connection, and not even accessible by boat in the winter time. He held this office for two years, and then resigned. Mr. Potter has also been a supervisor of the county, member of the School Board of Alpena. In iSSS he was elected Representative to the State Legislature from the Al- pena District, which include', the counties of Alpena, Mont- morency, and Otsego. In the Legislature he made a credit- able record, acting as chairman of the important Committee on Private Corporations, and as a member of the equally important Committee on Ways and Means, and serving also on the Committee on the Upper Peninsula Prison. He was the introducer of, and successfully carried through, several important measures. Mr. Potter is soi ial, affable, and public- spirited in disposition. The public schools of Alpena recog- nize his services, and the introduction of electric light, street paving, and other public have been furthered by Ins energetic sanction. He was popular in the Legislature, his associates there ret ognizing his fairness and courtesy, his willingness t" oblige, his knowledge of practical matters, and his freedom from partisan narrowness. In all he is one of tin best representatives ol the "self-made" men to be found in the State. Hon. John. S. Newberry, deceased, Detroit, was bom at Watervillc, Oneida County, New York, on No- vember iS, 1826, and died at Detioit on January 2, 1887. Many men achieve excellence and command success in seme given direction, but it is permitted to few to follow several lines of life and stand well up to the front in each ; yet in the subject of this sketch we have a striking illustra- tion in this direction. As a lawyer he won universal public recognition and indorsement ; as a business man and man- ufacturer he ptoiluc ed results of the most positive character, and as a public man he served his constituency with signal faithfulness and most unquestionable ability. John S. New- bciry was a son of Elihu and Rhoda (Phelps) Newberry, natives of Connecticut, the grandfather of Elihu, Thomas Newberry, having emigrated from England in 1625, settling in Dorchester, Massachusetts. When the subject of this sketch had 1 cached the age of five years his parents re- moved to Michigan, and, after a short slay at Detroit, located finally at Romeo, Macomb County, where he participated in such educational advantages as were to be obtained in the public schools of that day. Later he attended an institute of learning at Detroit, and subsequently entered the Uni- versity of Michigan, graduating therefrom as valedictorian in the literary class of '45. In the meantime he had ac- quired ;i practical knowledge of civil engineering and sur- veying, and. upon graduating from the University, attached himself 10 the construction department of the Michigan Central Railroad, in which service he remained two years, H Inch he spent one year in traveling through the Western Territories. Upon returning to Michigan he located in De- troit, where he took up the study of law, entering the office of Van Dyke & Emmons for that purpose. Here he applied himself with such industry and energy that he was admitted to practice in 1853. He afterwards became associated in practice with Messrs. Towle & Hunt, the linn name being changed to Towle, Hunt & Newberry. Later the firm was dissolved, and Mi. Newberry formed a business partnership with Mr. Ashley Pond, the firm name being Pond & New- berry ; and a little later the firm was enlarged by the ad- mission of Henry B. Brown (now Judge of the United States Circuit Court 1 to the partnership. Subsequently Mr. Pond withdrew from the firm, and Messrs. Newberry & Brown continued the business until 1863, when Mr. Newberry de- cided to abandon the practice of law. While in active practice, Mr. Newberry confined himself almost exclusively to the trial of admiralty cases in the United States Courts, and before retiring from the bar compiled a work on that particular classification ol cases, which has ever been recog- nized as a work of much merit. In 1863. Mr. Newberry, in company with Messrs. James McMillan, Dean, and Eaton, took a Government contract to build cars for army pur- poses, which proved highly remunerative, with the result that, the following year, the Michigan Car Company was or- ganized and incorporated, with Mr. Newberry one of its largest stockholders and the president of the Company. From this Company have sprung some of Detroit's most important manufacturing industries, notably the Baugh Steam Forge Company, the Detroit Car-wheel Company, the Fulton Iron and Engine Works, and many kindred establishments, in each of which Mr. Newberry had large financial interests and held official positions. The several industries trans- acted an average volume of business ranging from three to five million dollars annually, and gave employment to nearly three thousand employes. Mr. Newberry was also heavily interested in car-building enterprises at London, Ontario, and St. Louis, Missouri. At the time of his death he was a director in the Detroit, Marquette and Mackinaw Railroad; in the Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company ; the Vulcan Furnace Company, at Newberry, Michigan ; the Detroit National Bank, of Detioit; the Detroit, Bay City and Alpena Railroad ; I). M. Ferry & Co.; the Detroit Rail- road Elevator Company, and many other prominent cor- porations of Detroit and Michigan. Mr. Newberry was a decidedly careful business man — so much so, in fact, that his death caused no cessation of business in any of the nu- merous corporations in which he was financially interested. He was a large investor in real estate during the latter years of his life, especially in centrally located business property ; and wherever his money was so placed, it has proved of metropolitan benefit, as he erected some of the finest busi- ness blocks in the city, thus adding greatly to its beauty. John S. Newberry attached himself to the Whig party upon reaching his majority, and continued to vote that ticket until the birth of the Republican party, when he changed his al- legiance to the newer and stronger candidate for public favor. He was the first person to be appointed provost- marshal for Michigan by President Lincoln, serving in this capacity through 1862 and 1863, with the rank of captain of cavalry, during which time he had charge of two drafts, per- sonally looking after the forwarding of the drafted men and the substitutes to the field. Mr. Newberry was elected to Congress from the First Congressional District of Michigan in 1879, an d served one term, during which he accomplished much good for the commercial interests of the country, as a member of the Committee on Commerce. He also served on other influential committees, to the labors of which he devoted himself with earnestness. Realizing that his per- sonal business was suffering during his absence in Washing- ton, he positively declined a renomination, and until the time of his death directed his energies toward the develop- ment of his vast business enterprises. In early life, Mr. Newberry was a member of the Congregational Church, ■^&L^~<^Z / ^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. i45 but, on locating at Detroit, united himself with the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, to which he was a liberal con- tributor and a constant attendant upon its services. He has had few equals in Detroit in his liberality to charity, and his crowning act in this direction came after his death, when it was found he had bequeathed over half a million dollars ($650,000) to charitable institutions. During the last year of his life, in company with his business associate, Hon. James McMillan, he founded Grace Homeopathic Hospital, to the establishment of which he contributed $100,000. In 1855, Mr. Newberry was married to Miss Harriet N. Rob- inson, of Buffalo, who died early in 1856, leaving one son — Harry R Newberry. In 1859 he was married again to Miss Helen P. Handy, of Cleveland. There have been born to this union three children, two boys and one girl — Truman H., John S., and Helen H. In the death of John S. Newberry, Detroit has lost a citizen whose place can be filled with dif- ficulty. He was a man of great industry, strict habits of life, and of the utmost honor and honesty in all the relations of life. He was of an exceedingly social disposition, and made friends wherever he went. His home was always open and made welcome to whomsoever might come. His heart was kind, his sympathies broad, and his manners genial. When he was called to the rest of the other life, the feeling of the entire community was that a good and noble man had gone to his reward. Hon. Albert H. Wilkinson, lawyer, Detroit, was born at Novi, Oakland County, Michigan, November 19, 1834. His father was a native of Jefferson County, New York, and removed to Michigan in 1825, settling upon a tract of land in Oakland County, which he had purchased from the Government ; and there resided until his death, February 3, 1872. His wife, Elizabeth Yerkes, was a de- scendant of a German family which settled in America many years prior to the Revolution. To Mr. and Mrs. Wilkinson were born six children, the eldest, Harmon, dying at the age of nineteen years. Our subject was the second ; then followed James M., who is a banker at Marquette; Melissa (now the wife of Homer A. Flint, register of the Probate Court of Wayne County); William L., deceased; and Charles M., now practicing law at Minneapolis, Minnesota. The boy- hood and early youth of Judge Wilkinson were spent on his father's farm, and his rudimentary education was obtained at the district school, and subsequently at the Cochrane Acad- emy, at Northville. In 1853 he entered the State Normal School, at Ypsilanti, where he remained about eighteen months, when he left to accept the position of principal of the Union Graded School at Centerville ; but his desire for knowledge was too strong to permit of his continuing, and, after serving five months, he resigned. He next took up the study of Greek at an academy at Lodi Plains, and in 1855 entered the University of Michigan, graduating from the lit- erary department in the class of 1859, whereupon he imme- diately entered the law department, where he remained during the term, and then entered the law-office of Judge M. E. Crofoot, at Pontiac, where, under the guidance of that sterling practitioner, he studied until June, i860, when he passed a successful examination and was admitted to prac- tice. In the same year he formed a partnership with Henry M. Look, of Pontiac, which continued but a short time, when Mr. Wilkinson formed a new partnership with Oscar F. Wis- ner, which lasted until August, 1861, when he removed to Detroit, and entered into partnership with W. P. Yerkes, then Probate Judge. The firm name was Yerkes & Wilkin- son, and continued until 1866, when Mr. Wilkinson withdrew and formed a partnership with Hoyt Post, under the firm name of Wilkinson & Post. In 1873 ne was elected Jud°-e of Probate for Wayne County, and the firm was dissolved. Judge Wilkinson served on the bench until 1877, and while there was called upon to handle some very large estates, in- volving millions of dollars; but such were his rulings that he earned a reputation for learning, clear-headedness, judicial fairness, and honesty that gave him the confidence and re- spect of the litigants and the lawyers practicing in his court. Upon retiring from the bench he formed a partnership with his brother, C. M. Wilkinson, and shortly afterwards Mr. Hoyt Post (Judge Wilkinson's former partner) was admitted, and the firm name became Wilkinson, Post & Wilkinson, which continued until 1884, when Mr. C. M. Wilkinson re- tired, since which time the firm has been known as Wilkin- son & Post; and no legal firm in Detroit has earned a bet- ter reputation for upright dealings with clients, and for strict integrity at all times. Mr. Wilkinson was one of the organ- izers and incorporators of the Michigan Mutual Life Insur- ance Company, and also of the Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and has served both corporations in the capacity of director and attorney; he was, as well, one of the organizers of the Michigan Savings Bank, to which he has given considerable attention, having served as its attor- ney since beginning business. In politics, Mr. Wilkinson has always been a Republican; but, although having pre- served his identity with the party and acted with all its move- ments, he has had but little experience as a candidate for public office, a membership on the Board of Education being the only official position ever occupied by him in ad- dition to the judgeship of the Probate Court. In early life Judge Wilkinson became a member of the Baptist Church, and has been an active and devout participant in matters pertaining to that body. He has been a trustee and deacon of the First Baptist Church of Detroit for many years, as well as serving the Sunday-school in the capacity of super- intendent. He took an active part in the establishment of the Clinton Avenue Mission School, which he also served as superintendent for many years. He was one of the organ- izers of the Baptist Social Union, of Detroit, and was the first individual to be honored with its presidency. Judge Wilkinson was married, July 4, 1857, to Miss Elvira M. Allen, of Novi. A resident of Detroit for many years, who has watched the career of Judge Wilkinson with considerable pride, furnishes the following attest to his worth as a citizen, his capacity as a lawyer, and his bearing as a Christian worker: "He is personally of a quiet and retiring disposi- tion, but when that hedge is broken down he is found to be one of the most genial, generous, and companionable of men. Capable of an endless amount of work, he is never afraid to do it. From the beginning of his career as a law- yer he gave himself to the duties thereof with all the power, industry, and earnestness there was within him, never, allow- ing anything to interfere with his labors ; consequently his hands are invariably full of business, which he gives his per- sona], constant, and unremitting care. The position he has attained as a probate lawyer is due, primarily, to his upright Christian character, in addition to his natural ability and fit- ness for that line of work. I believe Judge Wilkinson loves his profession for its own sake, and does not regard it as a 19 I (.6 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. mere avenue for the pursuit of wealth. I lis ideals of moral and intellectual fitness for his chosen vocation have always been exceedingly high, his mannood never being overshad- owed by his more professional character. He is generous, high-minded, and manly in all the relations of life.'' Hon. Aaron T. Bliss, M. C, of Saginaw, it would almost seem, to those who have given the matter thoughtful attention, that the two most important factors in the success which has attended the elevation of almost all the men who are now eminent, or who are occupying a prominent position in the world, have been early experience on a farm, and such little education as the primitive district school of the neighborhood has afforded. There are but few ammig the practical men of this age who have ever received a classical training. Every man who has so risen, has done it by sheer pluck and pei The old adage that it is necessity which makes men, is as true as any of the wise sayings of Solomon. The successful men of to-day are apt to bewail their lack of educational advantages in youth, having the firm conviction that the possession of such priv- ili res would havi can ed them up much higher than the enviable point they have reached, forgetting that the time whii h would have been devoted to study and to books was utilized in a more practical way for themselves. Education is a good thing, but it is not everything. The man who is the subject of this sketch adds one more name to this list, affords another example of what a farmer-boy can accom- plish, with no other helps than all farmers' sons can enjoy ; but who has the incentive in him to better his own condition. Aaron T. Bliss was the son of Lyman Bliss of Smithfield, Madison County, New York, and was born on the twenty- second day of May, 1837. He was one of seven sons, all of whom had the early advantage — by reason of its healthful- ness, if for no other cause — of a life and work on a farm. The district school gave young Bliss the rudiments of learn- ing, and this was afterwards supplemented by a short term at a select school in the neighborhood. Then occurred the greatest disaster the country had ever known or experienced ; and yet this same War of the Rebellion, as it is termed, has been a great educator for the men of this generation. It taught them how to love and value their native land ; it nurtured in them thoughts and feelings, relative to a free government like that of America, which no college, however eminent, could so fully and effectually instill. Many laid down their lives for this sentiment. All who entered the army, in this behalf, offered all that they had, and were, on the sacred altars of home and country Many, very many, of the young men of the North did this ; but among them all, none were more loyal and devoted than were the farmer-boys of New England and of the Northern and Western States. Young Bliss enlisted in a cavalry regiment, the Tenth New York. He did more than that ; he induced over a score of others to enlist with him. They were all, or nearly all, farmers' sons, and they offered to furnish the horses they expected to ride into battle with. Aaron Bliss had all the experiences which the young soldiers of that day have lived to tell of. He has something more and worse to recount; for he was one of the number who were taken in battle, and who underwent the horrors and the suf- ferings which have become the curse and the blot upon the civilization of the times— he was in the prison-pens of the South. For years after the war ended, any allusion to this barbarity and outrage would cause a shudder to pass through the listener, and almost a doubt that such a state- ment could be credited. Captain Bliss lived through it, however, and he fairly won the title which was given him. Three years and six months of honorable war service, and six months of the time a prisoner, with all that the latter term implied at that day — well, no one will cavil or object if such a man is called captain. He did not rest long upon his laurels, however. Life had something more for him to accomplish than to sit idly down and recount his war ex- periences. And so, in 1865, we find him emigrating to Sag- inaw City. Michigan, where he had a brother. Dr. Lyman W. Bliss, enjoying a good practice as a physician. As the lumber business was the business of the Saginaw Valley, tin- two brothers began then to lay the foundation for one of the most successful industries in that line in all that region. Obstacles were met bravely, and as bravely overcome. Fire would destroy their saw-mills, but heroic courage enabled them to build their future mills stronger and better. And, better than all this, during all this time — during the years which have intervened between 1865 and 1889 — Aaron T. Bliss has become known to, and loved by, a vast number of people, who have delighted to do him and his brother honor, because they have deserved it. Their workmen are they who speak the best words of praise of the " Bliss Brothers," because they have felt, all through those many years, that their employers were such in name, but that they were friends, too, in many acts of timely kindness. Captain Bliss has been a busy man — that goes without saying. He was not w-edded to his business, however, so fully as to have no time to be helpful to the community in which he has lived. In March, 1868, he was married to Miss Allaseba M. Phelps, of Solsville, Madison County, New York, and his home has been one of the most pleasant and charming among the many beautiful homes in the Saginaws. He was a member of his city's government for four years ; he was a member of his county's Board of Supervisors; he was elected to represent his county in the State Senate of Michigan ; and while General Alger was the governor of the State, Captain Bliss was one of his military staff. Yes, Captain Bliss is a prominent man, a successful business man, a man respected wherever he is known. Is not that eminence ? And so, in the prime of his life, and when his usefulness is at its fullest, the people who knew him best — among whom he has lived for over twenty years — said to him that they wanted his serv- ices in the Congress of the Nation ; and so they elected him. It is a proper ambition, and he can bring a good, clear business intellect to bear on many questions which the people want to have solved rightly. A young man still ; and, God willing, with many more years to give to home and country, family and friends. Hon. Michael Shoemaker, of Jackson, colonel of the Thirteenth Regiment of Michigan Infantry in the late war, was born at German Flats, Herkimer County, New York, April 6, 1818. His father, Robert Shoemaker, was an officer of the American army in the War of 1812, and was sheriff of Herkimer County, and a member of the New York State Legislature. The early ancestors of the family were among the first settlers of the upper part of the Mohawk Valley. His mother was Katherine Myers, whose father, Michael Myers, was for thirteen consecutive years a mem- ber of the Legislature of New York. Our subject attended si CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. i47 the common schools in the neighborhood of his home. At the age of seventeen he started West, passing through Mich- igan on his way to Joliet, Illinois, where he spent the suc- ceeding seven years, engaged in mercantile business, and in contracting for work on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which was then in process of construction. In 1842 he pur- chased the flouring-mills at Michigan Center, and became a resident of Jackson County. Three years later he received the appointment of inspector of the Michigan State prison, at Jackson, and filled that office for a term of three years. In 1847 he was elected by the Democratic party a member of the State Senate for the Second District of Michigan, com- prising the counties of Washtenaw, Jackson, and Livingston, and was re-elected in 1849. He was also a member of the first Legislature which met at Lansing, on the removal of the government from Detroit to that city. In 1856 he re- ceived the nomination, on the Democratic ticket, as the first Presidential elector-at-large. In April, 1857, he was ap- pointed, by President Buchanan, collector of customs for the port of Detroit, and served in that capacity until December, 1859. He was candidate for Slate senator in 1854, and again in 1868; but as the district was at each period largely Republican, he failed of election. Upon the breaking out of the Civil War he gave his influence and hearty support towards the preservation of the Union. In January, 1862, he was commissioned, by Governor Blair, colonel of the Thir- teenth Michigan Volunteer Infantry. Proceeding South with his regiment almost immediately, he joined the Army of the Cumberland, and served with it for a period of nearly two years. Among the engagements in which he partici- pated were the battles of Owl Creek, and the siege of Corinth, Mississippi; Siiiloh, Farmington, and Stevenson, Alabama ; and Gallatin, Mill Creek, Lavergne, Stewart's Creek, and Stone River, or Murfreesboro, Tennessee. In the last-named battle, which commenced December 29, 1862, and ended the night of January 2, 1863, by the retreat of the Confed- erates and the evacuation of Murfreesboro, the Thirteenth Michigan, under command of Colonel Shoemaker, particu- larly distinguished itself. On the afternoon of December 31st, when one-third of the entire regiment were 1 either killed or wounded, it not only maintained its position after the other regiments of the brigade and the battery had retreated from the field, but also drove the Confederate forces, largely superior in numbers to Colonel Shoemaker's command, from the ground, recaptured two pieces of cannon left by the bat- tery in its retreat, and made sixty-eight prisoners. It is claimed by the colonel that this act of his regiment saved the day for the Federal troops ; for at that time there was no other organized force to prevent the enemy from cutting off the supplies and hospitals, and attacking the Union army in flank and rear. The regiment was under fire during almost every moment of daylight, from the time, on Monday after- noon, when it crossed Stone River, until the following Satur- day night. Speaking of the action of the 31st of December, Captain Cullen Bradley, commanding the Sixth Ohio Light Battery, says in his official report: "I retired my battery and took up a position five hundred yards in the rear, and again opened fire on the enemy, with case and canister, who were advancing in force. After an engagement of five minutes I was compelled to retire my battery, and to aban- don two pieces of the battery, one of which I had spiked, and sustaining a loss of one man killed, two wounded, and one man missing ; also eight horses killed and three wounded. About this time, Colonel Shoemakei - harged the enemy with the Thirteenth Michigan, driving them off the field and re- covering the guns, for which Colonel Shoemaker should receive full credit." Colonel H.uker. who commanded the brigade of which the Thirteenth Michigan Regiment formed a part, in his official report of this engagement, after stating the manner in which the other regiments of the biigade and the battery were repelled, and two of the cannon captured, says: "The Thirteenth Michigan fired upon the enemy with telling effect; and, having caused their ranks to waver, fol- lowed up this advantage with a charge, supported by the Fifty-first Illinois, which had come to our relief, and com- pletely routed the enemy. The Thirteenth Michigan retook the two pieces of artillery abandoned by our battery, and captured sixty-eight prisoners. For this act of bravery Colonel Shoemaker and his gallant regiment are deserving of much praise. The enemy, thus driven from our right, did not again attempt to annoy us from that quarter." The loss of the whole Army of the Cumberland in this mem- orable battle was over twenty per cent in killed, or wounded, while the comparative loss of the left wing, of which the Thirteenth Michigan formed a part, was twenty-four and one-half per cent, or nearly one-fourth of the whole. The greater percentage of loss, however, was sustained by the gallant Thirteenth Michigan, they losing thirty-nine and three-fourths per cent. At the close of the fight on Sunday morning, at roll-call every man of the regiment was ac- counted for; there was not one man "missing." All who had left Nashville were "present," dead, or wounded and in the hospital. There were but few, if any, regiments in the whole army with so clean a record. During the time that Colonel Shoemaker had command of the Thirteenth Regiment, it marched three times across Kentucky, twice across Tennes- see into Mississippi, at Corinth, and once across Alabama. Passing the summer of 1862 in the last named State, it built the fort at Stevenson, and held it until General Buell moved with his army into Kentucky, to repel the invasion of the Confederate army under General Bragg. In September, 1863, while the army was retreating towards Louisville, Colonel Shoemaker was taken prisoner near Tyree Springs, Kentucky. He was conveyed to General Bragg's head-quarters on the Cumberland River, and sent by him to Knoxville, Tennes- see, by way of Sparta, and thence across the Cumberland Mountains. He was paroled by General McCowan at Knox- ville, to report to General Winder at Richmond. He traveled by railroad, without guard or escort, and reported to General Winder, who, after extending his parole twenty-four hours, ordered him to be placed in Libby Prison, under charge of Captain Turner. In two weeks from the day he was captured Colonel Shoemaker was exchanged, and passed down the James River to Fortress Monroe, and thence to Baltimore, in charge of officers and men who were exchanged at the same time, and immediately afterwards returned by way of New York to his home in Jackson, Michigan. On November 1st following, he joined his regiment at Glasgow, Kentucky, which was then marching towards Nashville. In 1868, Colonel Shoemaker was elected president of the Young Men's Association, of Jackson, and re-elected in 1873. It was mainly through his efforts, during the first term of his presi- dency, that the excellent library of the society was estab- lished. He has, from his earliest years, been a close student, and has through many years acquired a fine library, prob- ably the largest private library in Jackson County. He has ! 4 S CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. been an active member of the Executive Committee of the Michigan State Agricultural Society since its formation, and in 1856 was president of the society. He has been the cor- respondent for Jackson County of the National Bureau of Agriculture since its establishment, and was president of Jackson County Agricultural Society during the years 1855, 1856, and 1857. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and during the years 1854, 1855, and 1857, he held the position of Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, and in 1886 he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Michigan, serving one term. In 1873 he was elected a member of the Board of Public Works of Jackson, serving ten years, and was for a number of years president of the Board. In November, 1876, he was elected State senator for Jackson County, and was re-elected to the same office in 1882, and again in 1884. In 1875 he was elected president of the Jackson County Pioneer Society, and in 1879 president of the " Pioneer and Historical Society of the State of Michigan," and chairman of the Committee of His- torians since 1880, when his term as president expired. The society has published, since Colonel Shoemaker's connection with it, thirteen volumes of historical collections of great value, relating to the history of Michigan. It was through the active instrumentality of Colonel Shoemaker that highly- important documents in the archives of Canada, at Ottawa, relating to the French and English occupation of Michigan, were copied, and are now being published in the "Collec- tions" of the society. Colonel Shoemaker regards the result of his labor in collecting and preserving the facts connected with the early history of Michigan as of more importance than that of any other work in his life. Colonel Shoe- maker has always acted with the Democratic party, and in 1858 was Chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- mittee. He was one of the Michigan delegates to the Dem- ocratic National Conventions, held at St. Louis, in 1876, and at Chicago, in 1884. He was married, July 18, 1850, at Mac- a-cheek, Ohio, to Juliet E. Piatt, daughter of J. Wykoff Piatt, of Cincinnati, Ohio. She died September 27, 1854. On August 25, 1857, at Penn Yan, New York, Colonel Shoe- maker was married to Sarah Wisner, daughter of Henry P. Wisner, Esq. They have three children living — one son and two daughters — of a family of nine born to them. Colonel Shoemaker has always been, and still is, an active business man. He owned and operated the mills at Michi- gan Center for about thirty years. He has been an active farmer for over forty years, and now owns two large farms in, and immediately adjoining, the city of Jackson. He has also, for twenty-four years, owned and operated oil-wells near Petrolia, Canada, where he now owns a valuable property. EDWARD D. WHEELER, lumberman, of Manistee, Manistee County, was born at New Marlborough, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, May 8, 1843. He ' s a lineal de- scendant, of the fourth generation, of Benjamin Wheeler, who was one of the brothers who came from Scotland about the year 1735, and settled in the State of New York. In 1739, Benjamin Wheeler left that State, owing, according to tradition, to a quarrel with his brothers, and went into the then wilds of Massachusetts. The " History of Berkshire County," that State, says: "About one mile north-west of New Marlborough Center, on the road to Great Barrtnglon, by the right bank of the An- thony Brook, so named from the last Indian resident of its val- ley, is the place first occupied in this town as a white man's abode. Here Benj. Wheelei passed the winter of 1739-40, alone, no white man nearer than Sheffield. The Wheeler homestead remained in the family for one hundred and forty-six years, through five generations of direct descent." It is somewhat remarkable that each of its five owners bore the name of Benj. Wheeler. The homestead was finally sold in 1885, much to the regret of many mem- bers of the family. Zenas, the second son of Benjamin, was, in 1764, one of the officers of a company of militia that went out from New Marlborough and served in the Revolu- tionary War. In the War of 181 2, Abram Wheeler, son of Zenas, and father of the subject of this sketch, was a non- commissioned officer in a company of volunteers from New Marlborough, of which his elder brother, Warren, was cap- tain. Abram was for many years engaged in mercantile pursuits in his native State, and about the year 1835 he moved with his family to Hudson, New York, where he en- gaged in mercantile business. Through the dishonesty of his partner this enterprise eventually failed, when he re- turned to Massachusetts, and this event had a lasting influ- ence upon his health. In 1857 he moved to Morris, Illinois, whence two years later he moved to Joliet, Illinois, where he continued to reside until his death, which occurred while on a visit to his son in Manistee, August 17, 1872, at the age of seventy-seven years. His wife, Lorinda Canfield, was also a native of New Marlboiough. She died at Joliet, January 14. 1874, aged sixty-nine years. They had eight children, seven of whom survive — three sons and four daughters, the subject of this sketch being the second son. Owing to the failure of his father's health, our subject was, with his broth- ers, called upon at an early age to aid in the support of his father's family. At nine years of age he engaged as clerk in a store at Sheffield, Connecticut, returning home during the winters to attend the district schools. When fotirteen years old he came West with the family, and went as clerk in a drug-stoie, where he remained during the next two years. After moving to Joliet he continued clerking until the breaking out of the war. Although he enlisted a num- ber of times, being filled with that loyalty which in others eventually led to the pieservation of the Union, he was pre- vented by his parents (being at that time under age) from going to the front. They, in July, 1862, to keep him out of the army, sent him on a visit to relations in Manistee. Mr. John Canfield was one of these, and, taking a fancy to him, put him to work about the Canfield mill. Here he continued for three years, having commenced at the lowest possible position — that of firing — and attained at the end of that time the posi- tion of foreman of the mill. In 1865 he returned to Joliet, where he remained a year. Coming back to Manistee he was engaged at a salary of twelve hundred dollars per year by Nathan Engelman as a book-keeper, but soon found him- self in entire charge of the immense lumbering and shipping interests of his employer. Two and one-half years later the business was purchased by Cushman, Calkins & Co., of Chicago, who engaged Mr. Wheeler at a trebly increased salary, in addition to an interest in a portion of the business as a general manager, in which position he remained until the fall of 1871. On the death of Edmund Canfield, about this time, Mr. Wheeler purchased his interest in the firm of E. & J. Canfield, and that of Canfield & Wheeler was or- ganized, composed of Mr. John Canfield and himself, for the purpose of lumber manufacturing and general merchandise. <^c^&c^ the private life of Daniel Webster. A revised edition, in uniform style, now in course of preparation, will consist of twenty volumes, as 1 66 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. follows : " Essays for Summer Hours," " Curious Characters and Pleasant Places," "A Summer in the Wilderness," "A Tour to the River Saguenay," "Letters from the Alleghany Mountains," "A Tour to the River Restigouche," "A Winter in the South," " Private Life of Daniel Webster," " Life of Octavius Perinchief," " Haphazard Personalities," three vol- umes ; "Life of William Wooclbridge," "Evenings in My Library," " Riverside Essays," " A Motley Crew," " My Ships of Thought," "From the Potomac to Mount Desert,'' " Ja- paniana," and " In the Evening Twilight." Hon. Augustus Carpenter Baldwin, of Ponti.ic, Oakland County, was born at Salina, Onondaga County, New York, December 24, 1817. He is the seventh in lineal descent from Henry Baldwin, who, according to the early records of the family, came from Devonshire, Eng- land, and settled in Woburn, Massachusetts, shortly before 1640. Sewall's " History of Woburn " says he was a sub- scriber in Charleslown to the town orders for Woburn in 1640, and, after that, a distinguished citizen of the latter town. He lived at " New Bridge," or North Wobui n, where, in each succeeding generation, some of his descendants have lived, and been large owners of land. He was selectman in 1681, and a deacon from 1686 until his death, which occurred February 14, 1698. His original will, with his own signature, well written, was admitted to probate, April 4, 1698, where he is called Deacon Henry ; and it is now to be found at Fast Cambridge, Massachusetts. Augustus C. was the son of Jonathan Baldwin, who was born in Canter- bury, Connecticut, March 9, 1786. His mother, Mary Car- penter whose name he bears, was the eldest daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth (Wheeler) Carpenter, and was born in Rutland, Vermont, in October, 1798. After a longand event- ful life, she spent her declining years with her son, and died at his residence in Pontiac, February 9, 1869. He was the eldest child and only son in a family of three, his sisters being Pamelia S. and Mary Elizabeth. Mary died unmar- ried at Buffalo, New York, January 25, 1843; Pamelia, wife of John B. Farnham, died at Buffalo, December 5, 1845, leaving two little children, a son and daughter, to whom their uncle gave henceforth the tender and affectionate care of a father, himself personally superintending their educa- tion. There are now living but three descendants of Jona- than Baldwin. The Baldwin family were well represented in the Revolutionary War and in the War of 1812. Two brothers of Rufus Baldwin (grandfather of Augustus C), Thomas and Waterman, served all through the Revolution- ary War, and rendered active service at Yorktown, in 1781, assisting at the capture of Cornwallis and his army. Waterman Baldwin was a remarkable character. Of him it is said that " he filled to the full his measure of usefulness during the Revo- lution, and that he prided himselfas being one whom Wash- ington had trusted." Jonathan, the father of Augustus, was engaged in mercantile business; but, like many of the pioneer settlers of Western New York, possessed slender capital, and at his death, which occurred at Salina, August 12, 1822, his family were left in somewhat straitened cir- cumstances, the husband and father having been their only stay and piovider. Left an orphan in his fifth year, Augus- tus fust lived with an uncle, a brother and former partner of his father. With this uncle, and afterwards with an aunt, his father's sister, lie remained until 1828, when he joined his mother at Lancaster, New York, where she was then living. Inheriting from both parents and a long line of vigorous ancestry, mental, moral, and physical strength, the difficul- ties with which he had to contend, served only to aid in the development of the bright and interesting boy into a noble and useful manhood. It is stated authoritatively that at the age of four he could read as fluently and correctly as do most children at eight or ten years. During all his early life, whatever may have been his occupation, a book was close at hand, to be studied at every spare moment. This intense love of books, which has characterized his whole life, exhibited itself thus early in his hoyhood. While his youthful associates were at play, he was eagerly acquiring the language and literature and science of the day. In No- vember, 1836, he left New York and went to Canterbury, Connecticut, his father's birthplace, and the home of many of his ancestors and kindred. There he taught school for a short time, and also pursued his studies at Plainfield Acad- emy. The limited advantages afforded in the Eastern States to young men of energy, caused him to turn towards new and wider fields. In the fall of 1837 he started for the great West, and on November 12th, that year, he arrived in Oak- land County, in the then newly admitted State of Michigan ; and during the ensuing winter taught a district school at Southfield, and for the five years following taught and studied by turns, delving all the while as deeply into history and standard literature as the time and books at his command would allow. Having determined upon the law as his pro- fession, he began reading under the tuition of John P. Rich- ardson, Esq., of Pontiac, in 1839. During this time he took advantage of the facilities afforded by the branch of the State University, then located at Pontiac, for highei advance- ment in his academic studies. Subsequently he entered the law-office of the Hon. O. D. Richardson, at Pontiac, and there continued until his admission to the bar in 1842. In June, 1842, he settled and began the practice of his profes- sion at Milford, Oakland County, and it was during his neaily seven years' residence there that he won to himself that solid business confidence, and established those habits of close application, temperance, and strict economy, which lie at the foundation of his exceptional success. It was at Milford that he faced and overcame those two- mighty ob- stacles which lie in the pathway of almost every young law- yer — poverty and obscurity ; and there, too, he made the pro- verbial "first thousand." But the demands of his growing practice made his presence at the county-seat more and more necessary, and in 1849 he moved to Pontiac, and entered into partnership with Hon. Hestor L. Stevens, with whom he contin- ued about two years. There, with the exception of a residence of about fifteen months upon a farm, which he purchased in Commerce, his home has ever since been. Since this, his last and permanent location, his career has been that of a busy and successful lawyer, eminent, trusted, and honored, with such interspersion of official station and public duty as natu- rally falls to a man of high character and superior intelli- gence. He has participated in almost every capital case that has been tried in Oakland, Lapeer, and adjoining counties since he came to the bar, and the records of the courts bear his name as counsel through a greater variety and extent of litigation than probably any other attorney of Northern Mich- igan. In 1S51 he formed a paitncrship with Hon. Charles Draper, of Pontiac, which partnership, with a few changes, and some brief intermissions, still continues. For nearly forty years, Judge Baldwin has not only been an acknowl- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. if>7 edged leader at the bnr, but has stood as one of the ablest counselors and most courageous champions of the great Democratic party, of which he has always been an active and consistent member. He has been an efficient and influ- ential coadjutor with the best men of the State in improv- ing and perfecting the government of the State in all of its institutions and departments, as well as in the upbuilding of his profession and the strengthening of his party, as great instruments of justice and of good within the commonwealth. The following brief outline of his official and public record, aside from his professional and private employments, will serve to show the esteem in which he has been and is still held by his compeers, and in some degree the extent of his services and usefulness. The first public office ever held by him was that of school inspector for the township of Bloom- field, Oakland County, to which he was elected in 1840. He was elected to the House of Representatives in the Michigan Legislature in 1843 and 1845, and served during the sessions of 1844 and 1846. In 1846 he was appointed brigadier-general of the Fifth Brigade of State Militia, and held that office until 1862, when the militia system, as then existing, was ab- rogated by law. During 1853 and 1854 he was prosecuting attorney of Oakland County. In 1862, Judge Baldwin was elected a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress from the Fifth District of Michigan, over R. E. Trowbridge, Republi- can, and served on the Committees on Agriculture and on Expenditures in the Interior Department. When the propo- sition was before Congress, in January, 1865, to amend the Constitution by submitting the proposition to abolish slavery, he was one of those Democrats who gave it a full and hearty support, thus enabling it to be engrafted into the organic law of the country as the "Thirteenth Amendment. At the beginning of the late Rebellion he took a decided stand in favor of maintaining the unity and integrity of our Govern- ment. His voice and his efforts were untiring in aiding to fill our regiments, and to sustain the Government against the act of secession. It was his fortune to be in Congress in one of the most eventful and critical periods of our country's history, and he gave the Administration every aid in raising men and money for the preservation of the Union. While doing this, he did not, nor could he, support such measures as the denationalizing of the States, or the Confiscation Act. His doctrine was that a State could not, by its own will, se- cede, and the fact of armed resistance being made against the National Government did not take away the rights of a State as a member of the Union ; and therefore, when the Rebellion ended, the State was entitled to its former posi- tion. He was nominated for re-election by his party in 1864, with Mr. Trowbridge again as his opponent. The State had in the meantime enacted a statute authorizing Michigan sol- diers in the army to vote in the field. The Supreme Court of the State had, upon a test case, declared the statute un- constitutional. Judge Baldwin received a clear majority of the lawful home vote ; nevertheless, upon a contest, the House of Representatives gave the seat in Congress to Mr. Trowbridge, in direct defiance of the decision of Michigan's own Supreme Court as to the validity of the law. Judge Baldwin was elected mayor of Pontiac, in 1S74, and from 1868 he was continuously, for eighteen years, a member of the Board of Education of that city. During this period very important improvements in the local school system were made, largely through his influence, and the present fine school buildings were erected. He was active in securing the loca- tion of the Eastern Asylum for the Insane at Pontiac, and he has for many years been one of its Board of Trustees— a State appointment. He has always contributed la. towards the present success of the Michigan Milit emy, situated at Orchard Lake, about five miles west of - tiac, and has for a number of years been one of its trustees and its president. He was also for several years president of the Oakland County Agricultural Society, and president of the Pioneer Association of the county. In 1875 lle was elected Judge of the Sixth Judicial Circuit of Michigan, for the term of six years. He presided upon the bench more than four years of his term, with the ability which his emi- nent legal attainments would indicate, when the utter inade- quacy of the salary caused him to resign and return to the practice of the law. Besides having been, during the past fifty years, a frequent member and officer of local and State political conventions, Judge Baldwin was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Charleston ami Haiti more, in i860; delegate-at-large to the National Convention at Chicago, in 1864; delegate to the National Peace Conven- tion at Philadelphia, in 1866; and at different times a mem- ber of the State Central Democratic Committee. From early manhood he has been a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is a Past Eminent Commander of Pontiac Commandery, No. 2, of Knights Templars. The judge is slightly above medium stature, and is naturally of a strong constitution and robust physical frame. By temperate and prudent habits of life his powers have been well preserved, and he is now, at the age of seventy-two, in the full possession of physical and intellectual vigor, which gives promise of much fin ther useful- ness. He is still to be found daily at his office, applying him- self diligently to his business, which includes that of solicitor for the Pontiac, Oxford and Port Austin Railroad. His industry is unceasing, and he rarely takes a holiday The most prominent traits in Judge Baldwin's character are an untir- ing energy, strong common sense, and that kind of moral courage which men call decision of character. In financial affairs he is prudent, thrifty, and just, but not miserly. When he gives, he gives freely and generously, but not until he is sat- isfied the object is worthy. His is a clear and accurate mind, acquiring a subject with deliberation, and reaching a conclu- sion by a due course of reasoning. A subject once acquired is mastered forever, and a conclusion once reached is generally firm and correct. His power as an advocate lies in his clear, straightforward reasoning upon the facts of his case, rather than in magnetic oratory. While he loves poetry, he deals in plain hard prose, and drives home facts and figures with merciless force. Positive in his opinions, he is ever ready to maintain them. He is a man of unbend ing integrity, yet with a warm heart, steadfast and strong in his friendships. His broad and extensive culture, united with a genial humor and ready wit, give a charm to his conversation which not all men possess. He was married, October 26, 1842, to Isabella Churchill, of Bloomfield, Oak- land County. His wife is still living, and is a lady of kind heart and generous deeds, much esteemed by a large circle of friends. They have one daughter, a young lady of ami- able qualities and fine attainments, who is the light of their pleasant home. Having amassed a comfortable fortune, he has invested quite largely in farming lands, in the care and supervision of which he finds needful relaxation from business. But his ruling taste is for books, and his special delight, apart from the devotion to the learning and litera- 1 68 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. tine of his profession, is his private library of general liter- ature This collection comprises nearly twelve thousand vol- umes, and is kept at his residence. It has steadily grown under his fostering care, through all the years of a long and laborious life, until each volume has become to him a personal and familiar friend. In the departments of history, philosophy, poetry, and the drama, Judge Baldwin's library is very com- plete, lie has many rare and costly volumes, some of great antiquity, and his cultivated taste is further shown by his line collection of works of art, both paintings and statu- ary. His law library now numbers about three thousand volumes. The lives which contribute most towards the im- provement of a State and the well-being of a people are not always those which furnish the most brilliant passages for the pen of the biographer or historian There is in the steady and laborious career of the business and professional man little, perhaps, to attract an idle reader. But to a mind thoroughly conscious of the reality and meaning of human existence, there are great and immortal lessons to be learned from the life of a man who, with no other means than a clear head, a strong arm, and a true heart, conquers ad- versity, and, toiling on through the long years of an ardu- ous career, sits down at the evening of his life with an honorable competence and a solid, good name. Such a man is the subject of the above sketch — a man whose character, through threescore years and ten, stands unblemished and unquestioned ; a man honored and respected in and by the community where he lives, and wherever he is known. While another or a different mind, peculiarly endowed, might bear a vast assembly upon the loftiest wave of im- passioned eloquence, or weave over millions of hearts the raptures of an immortal poem, yet in all that goes to ben- efit practically the common mass of men, and to bear so- ciety forward in all that is meant by that expansive term civilization, there are but few men in Michigan, thus far, who can with justice be assigned a place coequal with Judge Baldwin. Notb. — A portion of this article appeared, in November, 1886, in the Magazine Of Western History. To that sketch considerable additions have been made, and a Careful revision given by one who is familiar with the facts of Judge Baldwin's history, and who has known him intimately more than forty years— H. GEORGE T. SMITH, of Jackson. The subject of this sketch, like by far the largest portion of those who have achieved marked distinction in any walk of life, began his career sufficiently near the bottom of fortune's ladder to call for the most determined, energetic, and unremitting effort on his part to secure such a place among his fellow-men as he aspired to ; hence his life has been, and still is, a busy one He was born at Bethany, New York, in 1841, and is therefore still in the very prime of life. With his own fortune to build from the very foundation-stone, it was necessary that he should be early at the task ; and before he had reached his majority he had acquired such a knowledge of the trade he was destined later to completely revolutionize in every prin- ciple and process, as made him a recognized expert in every thing pertaining to the manufacture of wheat into flour by the methods then practiced. From the constitution of Mr. Smith's mind it was inevitable that he should be specially impressed by the grave defects in the system on which his chosen calling was conducted, and should strive to remedy them ; and, being naturally a very close and correct ob- server, and accustomed to make deductions, and sound ones, from his observation of things as well as of facts, and their relations to each other, his selection of an occupation which gave ample opportunity to work with mind, as well as hands, was an unusually happy one. Late in the sixties, Mr. Smith h.nl removed to the West, and had located at Hastings, Minnesota. Here the result of his thought and skill soon made itself apparent in the wide reputation and compara- tively high value of the flour produced by the mill under his charge, Success of this kind is sine to be followed by op- portunity for still greater success, and in 1870 he found him- self at the head of the Washburn Mill, at Minneapolis, then a village, now a great city and the milling metropolis of the world — a result to which Mr. Smith contributed by far the most important factor. At this time milling at Minneapolis on a large scale was nearly impossible, owing to the inferior quality and lower price of spring-wheat flour as compared with that made from winter wheat in all the leading flour markets; but in 1871 the New York Journal of Commerce chronicled the then surprising fact that a lot of Minneapolis flour, made from spring wheat by a new and secret pro- cess, had been sold in that city at a price more than two dollars per barrel higher than could be obtained for the best grade of its winter wheat competitor. The process re- ferred to, and the machine by which it was carried out, were the invention of Mr. Smith, and the development of the Northwestern States and Territories, whose soil and climate especially favor the growth of spring wheat, dates from that invention. It goes without saying, that a thousand eager hands were at once reached out to grasp the fruits of an in- vention of such importance from their rightful owner, and Mr. Smith's experience of the treachery of trusted friends, the law's delay, and the crushing power of money unscrupu- lously employed, would have made a man of narrower mind or less generous nature the bitterest of misanthropes. To him, however, the situation simply presented so many ob- stacles to be overcome in the road to the end he was deter- mined to reach ; and with matchless skill, patience, and perseverance, he has surmounted them all, and not only es- tablished but secured his rights. The Geo. T. Smith Middlings Purifier Company, which takes its name from the most im- portant machine of his invention, and of which he has been for years chief owner and unquestioned manager, is known in every country in the world where wheat is grown and ground into flour. Under his direction it has grown up from small beginnings to the greatest establishment of its kind in existence — a striking witness to the inventive genius, as well as to the business capacity of the man who gave it its origin. Mi. Smith is still a young man, with ambition as eager, mind as bright, and body as sound as at any period of his life, and it may therefore be safely predicted of him that before his career is closed it will furnish ample material to whoever, a decade hence, may undertake the preparation of such a work as this, for even a more interesting chapter than the one we close here. Hon. Thomas D. Gilbert, president of the National City Bank, of Grand Rapids, was born in Green- field, Massachusetts, December 13, 181 5. His father, Thomas Gilbert, was born in the same city, in 1793, and died there forty-nine years later. He was for many years sheriff of Franklin County, in which Greenfield is located, and ob- tained his title of "General" through a life of active mem- bership in the State militia. He obtained his first military M CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 169 tastes as a soldier in the War of 1812. His wife, Harriet A., was a descendant of the well-known Arms family, a daughter of Ebenezer Arms, also of Greenfield. Mrs. Gilbert died at Amherst, Massachusetts, in 1837, at the age of forty- five years. Of their seven children, two were sons, the subject of this sketch being the eldest of the family. He attended the common schools, and afterward the Deerfield Academy, until fourteen years of age, at which time he became a clerk in the store of John Clark, of Northampton, Massachusetts, who, during his life-time, was widely known for his philan- thropic works. Here Mr. Gilbert remained for five years, when he became one of a company of migrators to the Ter- ritory of Michigan, and locating at Grand Haven, which then consisted of one house, he, in June, 1835, commenced business by the purchase of an interest in a small saw-mill owned by the Grand Haven Company. He had been con- nected with it about two years when the panic of 1837 forced the Company into liquidation, and the ensuing five years were spent by Mr. Gilbert in a successful effort to pay off his indebtedness and square himself with the world. In 1842 he was elected sheriff of Ottawa County, holding that office two years. The firm of Gilbert & Co., composed of Thomas D. Gilbert and his brother, Francis B. Gilbert, was organized in 1844 to engage in lumbering and the forwarding and com- mission business, and continued until 1856, during the last six years of which the firm had been engaged extensively in the manufacture of lumber. In that year their mill was dis- posed of and the partnership dissolved, our subject devoting the following two years to an extended tour of the United States, Europe, and the Orient. Returning to Michigan in the autumn of 1858, he located in Grand Rapids, where his home has since been. He became interested in the Grand Rapids Gas Company, and three years later was made its manager, also holding the offices of secretary and treasurer. The Company has grown with the city's growth in extent of business and wealth, and is now reputed to have the best equipped gas light plant in the State. Mr. Gilbert assisted in the organization of the City National Bank, in 1865, and was, on its incorporation, elected its president, holding that office until the expiration of the charter of the bank, twenty years later, when its business and banking-house was suc- ceeded by the newly organized National City Bank, of which Mr. Gilbert had been made president. Mr. Gilbert was one of the original stockolders in the Michigan Barrel Company, of Grand Rapids, and of the Grand Rapids Brush Company, and was one of the incorporators of each. He has, during his residence in Grand Rapids, become consid- erably interested in city real estate, and has numerous finan- cial interests in addition to those shown above. During his thirty years' residence in Grand Rapids, Mr. Gilbert has de- voted a great deal of his time to public service in various official capacities. In i860 he was elected to the State Legis- lature. It will be recalled that the session of 1861-62 was the first convened after the breaking out of the war, and its work was therefore of vital importance. Mr. Gilbert served on the Committee on Ways and Means, and on the Com- mittee on Municipal Corporations. In 1864 he was elected a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, and served as such for twelve years, during which time he was chairman of the Finance Committee. He came into the Republican party naturally thiough the old Whig tendencies instilled into his mind as a youth, and to this party his services have always been given. On the organ- ization of the Grand Rapids Board of Public Works, in 1873, he was appointed a member, and elected its president, which he continued until the expiration of his term in 1878. He was also for many years a member of the Board "I Educa- tion. Mr. Gilbert was brought up in the Congregational Church. He was married, November 28, 1871, to Mary A., daughter of the late Rev. Abel Bingham, who was a soldier in the War of 1812, and was for nearly thirty years a mi*,- sionary among the Ojibway Indians of Lake Superior, at Sault Ste. Marie. Replying to an inquiry, a gentleman who for many years has been a fellow-resident of Grand Rapids with Mr. Gilbert, and known him the greater part of that time, thus writes: "In physical appearance, Mr. Gilbert is commanding, being tall, straight, and well-formed for action — of which fact his life has given ample evidence having neither a superabundance nor a scantiness of flesh. His features are regular and well formed; his complexion inclines to pallidity ; his countenance suggests thought and firmness, often giving expression to the sunshine and shad- ows of the mind animating it; in manners a gentleman, affable with his friends and those with whom he is in sym- pathy ; to others, less so; and at times inclined to a plainness of manner and brevity of speech, that give to some unfavor- able and unjust impressions of him, and furnish the real foundation for any and all unfavorable comment that may, or can, be made about him as a man and a citizen in the community in which he lives. He is no bidder for the phantom popularity, but his integrity and solid worth com- mand public esteem and confidence to an unusual degree. He has an honorable reputation throughout the State. At home, among his fellow-citizens, no man bears a higher character. Socially, as in all other positions, he sustains the highest relations. He is not a leader in social life, as he cares nothing for its glamour and glistening display; but in all the best and nobler phases of it he is not excelled. His standing as a business man is in the front rank, where he is pre-eminent among his associates. He is public-spirited, taking interest in all public affairs, but more particularly in the municipal affairs of his own city, having given largely of his time and means to promote the public good. His activity and usefulness have been such as to command both the respect and confidence of his fellow-citizens generally, while among his immediate neighbors, friends, and asso- ciates, no citizen has accorded to him a larger share, and none will be found of whom it may be more truthfully said, The world is better from his life in it." JERRY R. HALL, shingle and salt manufacturer, of Bay City, was born in the Province of New Brunswick (where his parents were temporarily residing while his father was engaged in lumbering), on January 2, 1830. His father, Neal Hall, was born in Brunswick, Maine, and was descended from John Hall, one of the earlier pioneers of Massachusetts, to which he came from England early in the eighteenth century. His mother, Alice (Stone) Hall, born in Ca- lais, Maine, was also a descendant of the pioneers of that State. The early tastes of Mr. Hall were decidedly for me- chanical pursuits and inventions, and these tastes he has kept up through life. His first years, from the age of two and a half until he was thirty, were spent in Brunswick, Maine, and his business was lumbering from very early man- hood until the last named age. In i860 he removed to Salem, Ohio, and engaged in the manufacture of a patent '7" CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. shingle-machine of his own invention. This machine is said to be the best in use. In 1870 he established a mill for the manufacture of shingles, and also began the production of salt, in Bay City, or rather at Essexville, an adjoining village. His family weic removed to his new scene of oper- ations in 1876. Here, for nearly twenty years, he has carried on a flourishing business His shingle-mill is probably the largest and best equipped mill for the purpose in the Sagi- naw Valley, and his salt-works produce fifty thousand barrels of salt yearly. In politics, Mr. Hall is a Republican, but has not been an aspirant for office, although for three years after the incorporation of Essexville, in 18S4, he held the office of president of that village. He wasmarried, November 2,1853, to Judith L. Gilbert, of South Leeds, Maine, by whom he has had three children, two w Fred. 1'.. 1 1. ill and Alice L. Cupit. Mr-. Hall dying in 1878, he was married again, January 20, 1879, to Susan C. Macomber, of West Tin. .11. Iowa. Mr. Hall stands very high in the esteem of his fellow-citizens. He is a man of social and genial dispo- sition. His yacht, in which he takes great delight, and from the ownership of which his friends have given him the title of " Commodore," is enjoyed most when giving pleasure to his friends and neighbors. He adds a directorship in the Commercial Bank to his other affairs; and in all business transactions his word is as good as his bond. He is honest, candid, and very straightforward, and all business men think well of him. His employes also think well of him; and during the great strike in the Saginaw Valley a few years ago, no disturbance occurred on his premises through the action of his own employes. It does not detract at all from his good qualities, but enhances his merit, to say that he is a very modest man, and, while doubtless enjoying his success in life, is heartily averse to all ostentation and noto- riety. He is a man, in short, whom to know thoroughly is to be made better by that knowledge. Judge Samuel T. Douglass, of Detroit, was bom in Wallingford, Rutland County, Vermont, February 28, 1814, of parents whose ancestors were among the early settlers of New England ; but he is essentially a Western New Yorker, for his parents removed to Fredonia, Chautauqua County, New York, in 1816, and that was his home until he reached early manhood, and migrated to Detroit, in 1837. He was educated at the Fredonia Academy, and studied his pro- fession principally with Hon J.cmes Mullett, an able lawyer and brilliant advocate, who was afterwards one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of New York. He spent some time, however, in the office of Hon. Esek Cowen, at Saratoga, while he and Nicholas Hill— boih distinguished jurists (though the latter was then young and comparatively unknown to fame) — were engaged in writing their notes to " Phillips's Evidence." He was admitted to the bar in Michigan in the early part of 1838, and immediately commenced practice in Ann Arbor, but in the autumn of that year returned to Detroit, where, with the exception of his service upon the bench, he has been engaged in the practice ■ ;, ssion ever since. Of his early professional contemporaries the only survivors are Hon. James F. Joy, who preceded him by a few years, and, after a brilliant profession. ,1 career, carved his way to fame and fortune in a widei sphere ol activity, and the Hon. George V. N. Lothrop, who came a few years later, and was the nized and honored leader of the Michigan bar for over thirty years, until his professional career was closed by his appointment as minister to Russia, in 1885. Judge Douglass has never held, nor apparently aspired to any strictly political office. During his early career he was at one time city attorney of Detroit, and while he resided within the city limits he was for several terms a mem- ber of the Board of Education, being a contemporary and co-laborer on the Board with his friend, Samuel Barstow, to H hose ardent and enlightened zeal the city is largely indebted for the early organization and development, under peculiar difficulties, of our present free-school system. He was pres- ident of the long since extinct Detroit Young Men's Society in 1844, for many years subsequent to its foundation, in 1833, a literary and educational institution of no inconsiderable importance and influence. In 1845. and on the first creation ■ a thai office, he was appointed reporter of the Supreme Court, and in that capacity published the two first of the now nearly seventy volumes of its decisions. His reports cover the years 1843 to 1847, inclusive. The Constitution of 1850 divided the State into eight Judicial Circuits, of which Wayne County was the third, and provided for the election of a Cir- cuit Judge in each circuit, who was to preside over the Cir- cuit Courts in his circuit ; and these judges, sitting together, were to constitute the Supreme Court. This was Michigan's first experiment of an elective judiciary. At the first judical election held under this Constitution, by a spontaneous move- ment of citizens irrespective of party, Mr. Douglass was put in nomination as an independent candidate for Circuit Judge of the Third Circuit, and was elected by a large majority. This was the more flattering compliment, because Mr. Douglass was a decided Democrat, and was not an aspirant for the office, his name not having been used in connection with it until this movement took place a few days before the election. He held this office until the spring of 1857, when he declined a renomination, and returned to practice. A separate Supreme Court had been organized, and the first election of judge of that court took place in the spring of that year. His party put him in nomination for one of the judges of that court ; but it was a mere compliment, for the party was in a hopeless minority. His brother-in-law and former partner, Hon. J. V. Campbell, a Republican, was then first elected one of the judges of that court, and so continued until his death, in March, 1890. The office of Circuit Judge of the Third Circuit during Judge Douglass's incumbency was an exceedingly laborious one, for the Circuit Court was then the sole depository of all the jurisdiction (except of case arguing under the city ordinances) now exercised by four Circuit Judges and the city recorder ; and, in addition to circuit duties, he was occupied about one-third of each year with duties as a member of the Supreme Court. In 1856 he mar- ried Elizabeth Campbell, an intellectual and accomplished lady, the sister of Hon. J. Y. Campbell. They have, three children — two daughters, both married — one to T. P. Ander- son, formerly of Cincinnati, now of Grosse Isle; the other to Louis P. Hall, of Ann Arbor; and one son, Benjamin, who is well established in his profession of civil engineer. In i860, impelled by his strong taste for rural life and scenery, he removed to Grosse Isle, a beautiful island in Detroit River, which is fast becoming a sort of suburb of Detroit, and this has been his home ever since. Here he has kept his law library, and done much of his professional work. Adding from time to time to his possessions on the island, he has carried on farming on a considerable scale for the last twenty years or more. But agriculture has been a recrea- ^Ovyvv v \ . \£>0\ao\\caS :ass, CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 171 tion, a means of preserving mental and bodily health, rather than a serious employment, and his profession has always continued to be his chief occupation. In this he has been throughout all the years devoted to its practice, occupied mainly with difficult and intricate cases, involving, perhaps, years of litigation, and it is scarcely necessary to add that he has been uniformly successful. He has, in a remark- able degree, that equanimity of temper, calmness of insight and judgment, and steady mental poise, which enable him, naturally and with great ease, to carry the lawyer's burden of complicated law and fact along the lines of light, reason, and level-headed sense, and reach rational conclusions witli remarkable force and clearness. Judge Douglass never sought success at the bar by the arts and affectations of the mere advocate, but was invariably so exact and pains- taking in his preparation, and so honorable, pure, and high- minded in his life and motives, that he was enabled to put into the cause in hand the most potential factors in all ad- vocacy — a masterful grasp of his case, and the weight of an unsullied character. His first professional association in Detroit was as a member of the firm of Bates, Walker & Douglass, 1 1 is partners being Asher B. Bates and Henry N. Walker. In 1840, Mr. Bates retired, and the business was conducted by the survivors until 1845, when James V. Camp- bell, who had been a student in the office, was admitted, and the firm name was changed to Walker, Douglass & Campbell. As might be surmised from the foregoing, Judge Douglass is a very successful lawyer, his name standing well up to the front among the legal practitioners of Michi- gan. For many years his practice has been confined al- most exclusively to cases of the more important order; but in his earlier career, before the common law pleading had been abandoned in this State, he was conceded to be with- out a peer, or even a rival, as a special pleader. Jury trials were never regarded with much favor by Judge Douglass, yet he was ever considered as successful to a high degree in the trial of issues of fact. In eliciting the truth from obsti- nate or dishonest witnesses, he exhibited a rare gift; and his oratory, if not pretentious, was certainly of a decidedly con- vincing nature. No more fitting evidence of his accom- plishments can be found than is contained in the following remark concerning Judge Douglass, made by one of Michi- gan's foremost jurists : " His greatest professional sin is against himself. He undertakes tasks of such magnitude that they seem almost beyond human accomplishment ; and he not only undertakes, but well performs them. This, how- ever, is done at the cost of a strain upon himself, which he is scarcely justified in enduring." Judge Douglass has been a life-long Democrat in politics, but never a narrow-minded partisan. He regards the party as a representative of cer- tain constitutional principles far above any present emer- gency. Though ardently supporting the fundamental prin- ciples of his party, he nevertheless ofttimes takes issue with the interpretation placed upon them by temporary leaders in times of excitement. A resident of Detroit, who has had many oppoitunities of studying the characteristics of Judge Douglass, thus speaks of him : " In every association he maintains a distinct and unmistakable independence of char- acter. Most amiable and loyal in all relations, there is a piquant dash of caviare in his character whicli makes him an especially charming companion. He is, himself, a man of salient qualities ; without any lack of symmetry, he en- tirely lacks neutrality. He is not a person of conventional views or opinions. Outspoken and frank to a high degree, holding his right to independence of opinion as sacred, he has no hesitation in declaring his views whenever they are demanded, and they are always so declared as to leave not the least chance of misapprehension. In spite of these strong opinions, conscientiously followed, which have arrayed him in opposition to many of his fellows in critical affairs, he has made no enemies among those whose friendship is worth the having, and his honesty of motive and fair deal- ing are admitted even by those whose interests he has most seriously opposed. Though now seventy-five years of age, Judge Douglass shows not the least evidence of mental de- cay, and is even physically stronger than he was twenty years ago, and his friends have much hope that he will yet see many years of active and useful work in his profession." JOHN F. BRAND, of Saginaw. There are not many men in Saginaw City who have a more genuine claim to re- spect and popularity than he whose name heads this sketch. Men may achieve prominence in any one position ; they may become notoriously well known, it may be; but it is of a different kind of popular notice that we would treat. It is the -intention of the writer, by a plain, unvarnished narra- tion, to tell the story of one who has secured to himself name and character by the possession of those traits which bind men one to the other with hooks of steel. Many years ago — to be more exact, in the early part of the present century — a young lad named Nathan Brand made the journey from Westerly, Rhode Island, to a place known as Leonardsville, in Madison County, New York, entirely on foot. It was a distance of several hundred miles, and the boy was but eleven years of age. He had but one objective point, and that was to find an uncle who was located at the place named. In these days of rapid transit and luxurious modes of travel, it is hard to conceive of such a pilgrimage as this, and by such a mere child. But it is of such grit that New England boys and girls — her men and women — were made. It was the possession of just such a ground-work, mental and physical, which made the American Republic a possibility to its settlers. It was the possession of these qualities, in all their fullness, which made the volunteers from the North in- vincible in the late war, and which insured to the whole people a united Nation of freemen. This digression was a necessity ; for it will supply the reason, if any were needed, why the Brand family history is replete with the names of men who have conquered fate and wrested good fortune from adverse circumstances. Young Nathan Brand reached his destina- tion safely, and thenceforward made Leonardsville his home. In due time he established an important industry at that point, and he obtained the celebrity attaching to a pioneer inventor and manufacturer. His skill in inventing many important devices, especially in the making of hoes and forks — a necessity in every agricultural region — made him famous; and many of his ideas are still in vogue in every manufactory of those implements in the United States. He is now (1890) eighty-two years of age, hale and hearty, and is a resident of Ilion, New York. It is of such parentage that John F. Brand, the subject of this sketch, springs; and it is of this parentage that he is so justly proud. He was born at Leonardsville, New York, December 14, 1845. His mother, Clarinda Brand, was born in the vicinity of the same town, and died in 1876. John attended common school until he was thirteen ; but. unlike many boys of that 172 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. day. he was fortunate enough to secure the adv.mt.i_ a finishing educational touch at the Whitestown Academy. He did not obtain this opportunity, however, until he was in his sixteenth year, nor did he enjoy the advantage very long; for. one year from that time, when the count,-. calling upon its brave men to rise in defense of their liber- ties, young Brand volunteered for the war. He enlisti pan) G One Hundred and Fourteenth New York Reg- iment. He was but seventeen; and yet the same spirit which anmited the father to make the long and pel journey of bis youth, single-handed and alone, inspired the son to give his earliest manhood to the service of the Nation. His enlistment occurred in 1862. His regiment, with « he remained during the war, formed part of Banks's expedi- tion to New Orleans. It rendered glorious duty in Western l.oms.ana; aided in the siege of Port Hudson; was then withdrawn to the North, and became part of Sheridan's army, serving valiantly in the Shenandoah Valley campaign, and engaging in the battle of Cedar Creek. Like many others- like the vast majority of those who enlisted— young Brand obtained no military rank. To him, as to them, the motive which actuated his enlistment was the patriotic desire to preserve the integrity of the Union. If that were accom- plished, then was his work well done; and the discharge papers which he received, when mustered out of the army, claimed for him that he had been loyal, steadfast, and true. On leaving the army he located at Ilion, New York ; but the fatigues and hardships of the war, the marching through and camping in deadly swamps, had made sad havoc with his constitution, and he was obliged to remain idle for a year, in order to recuperate his wasted forces. After recov- ering his health somewhat, he procured employment in the Remington Armory, and there he remained for two years. He then made a trip to Saginaw, and, liking the place, he started a small mercantile business there. This was in 1868, and he continued in this business until 1875, when he sold out and once more returned to his old home in Leonardsville, and remained there some years. But in 1878 he again turned his face westward, again settled in Saginaw, and this has been his home ever since. The love for manufacturing en- terprises comes naturally to him, for it is an inherited trait. At first. Mr. Brand rented the old Saginaw City Mills, and entered upon the manufacture of flour and feed ; and to this was added another dissimilar industry, but an industry pe- ■ uliar to that region — the making of shingles. To these two enterprises he added still another — the making of sail ; and heie he found the employments for which he was best fitted. His ventures were successful, so much so that in 1882 he erected a new (louring and shingle mill. It was the first all- roller flour-mill in Michigan, with a capacity of two hundred barrels of flour per day; and it has run almost continuously from that time. In 1880, however, Mr. Brand formed a co- partnership with Mr. A. C. Hardin, and the concern of >d & Hardin has no superior, in its various lines of business, in the entire West. The enterprise, in all of its puts, has been a success from the outset, for the reason that its projei to. aimed first to excel all competitors in the quality ol the goods. His pride was to produce the best articles, to deal honestly by all men, to trust the result to the Supreme Ruler and Arbiter; and success, under these conditions, was a foregone conclusion. And as John Brand has sown in the past, so shall he reap in the future. By his upright dealing. by his sterling honesty, he has. formed friendships which are among his most valued possessions. It has been well said that the man who causes one blade of grass to grow where none grew before, is a benefactor to his race. Brand & Hardin are benefactors in this sense, and in many ways, m employment to many, and they have given an excellent reputation to the city in which they make their by the character of the enterprises they have estab- lished in her midst. In 1870, Mr. Brand was married to Emily P., daughter of Daniel Hardin, of Saginaw. A friend, in giving his estimate of John F. Brand, recently said of him: "The purity and nobility of his personal character make the characteristics of a beautiful, well-rounded life. Men who know him are proud of the acquaintanceship.'' What better record could any man have made "'. What bet- ter legacy can he leave to those he loves, and those who love him ? HON. J. W. MOON, capitalist and lumberman, of Muskegon, was born in the township of Van Buren, Wayne County, Michigan, January 18, 1836, to which place his par- ents had removed two years previously from Ontario County, New York. His father, Stewart C. Moon, was born in 1798, in New York State, and is of English descent on his father's, and Irish on his mother's side. He is still living, now in his ninety -second year, residing with his son at Muskegon. His wife was Mary A. Snyder, of Jersey Dutch ancestry, and a native of New Jersey. She was born in 1804, and lived to be seventy-six years of age, passing away at their home in Jackson County, Michigan, in 1880. L T ntil eighteen years of age our subject took part in the routine work on his father's farm, attending "district school" during the winter seasons. In 1852 the family removed from Wayne to Jackson County, and in December, 1854, leaving the shelter of the paternal roof, he commenced the battle of life in earnest. He went to the lumber-camps on the Flat River, near the then lum- bering town of Greenville, Montcalm County, where, in the following spring, he secured work in a saw-mill, and within nine months was found occupying the position known in those days as head-sawyer, from his taking charge of the lumber-yards, attending to the selling of lumber, and scaling logs as they were drawn into the mill. In the spiing ol 1856 he removed to Muskegon, and found employment as head- sawyer in the mill of Beidler Bros., then one of the leading lumbering firms on Muskegon Lake, with whom he remained in this capacity until the fall of i860. The year 1S61 he spent on his farm in Ionia County, purchased with the savings from his wages; and in the spring of 1862, returning to Muskegon, he engaged as head-sawyer with Roberts, Calkins & Hull, with whom he continued in that capacity two seasons, scal- ing logs in the woods during the winter months. The years 1864 to 1867 he held the position of foreman of the mill during the running season, and had charge of a lumber- camp during the winters. The season of 1867 he ran a mill by the thousand, and in March, 1868, in company with Mr. Alexander V. Mann, organized the firm of A. V. Mann & Co., which still continues, and is now one of the most exten- sive lumber operators on Muskegon Lake. The firm pur- chased the mill built the year previously by Shupe, Haines ..V Weymouth, situated on Muskegon Lake, in the then vil- lage of Lakeside, since become a part of the city of Muskegon. The mill then had a capacity of about twelve million feet of lumber per year, which has since been materially increased. The output for the season of 1888 was about twenty million <^>-?^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 173 feet, the firm employing in this work upwards of seventy-five men. They are largely interested in timber-lands in Arkan- sas, in which they own about a billion and a quarter of stand- ing pine, and also own a one-third interest in a billion or more of standing pine in British Columbia. In addition to these interests, Mr. Moon is president and principal stockholder of the Alaska Refrigerator Company, of Michigan City, Indiana; president of the Muskegon Savings Bank, of whicli he was one of the organizers in 1887. This bank has a capital of $50,000, and has been doing a successful business from its inception. Mr. Moon is a stockholder in the Lumberman's National Bank, of Muskegon, and is president of the Michi- gan Fire Ladder and Truck Company, of Grand Rapids, or- ganized in the spring of 1888. He has large real estate in- terests in the city of Red Cloud, Webster County, Nebraska, near which he owns and operates an extensive stock-farm ; and is also a stockholder in the Farmers' and Merchants' National Bank, of that city. In politics Mr. Moon is a close adherent to the principles and an active supporter of the Republican party. The township and village of Lakeside, which were built up mainly by the employes of A. V. Mann & Co., have elected him to various offices, among them being township treasurer, supervisor and president of the village, etc. He was elected to the State Senate of 1885-6 from the Twenty-first Senatorial District, composed of Ottawa and Muskegon Counties, and re-elected at the close of his first term. During the second term as senator he was chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations and Finance. Mr. Moon is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of Muskegon, and in this connection his name is well known throughout the State as one of the most active workers, both in time and means, in the interests of that denomination. He was first married in February, i860, to Sarah M. Miller, of Jackson County, Michigan, who died in October, 1861. In November, 1863, he married for his sec- ond wife, Miss Cynthia A. Hough, of Ionia County, Michigan. She died May 8, 1866. He was united in marriage, January 23, 1867, to Miss Alice M. Noble (his present wife), a native of New York State, whose father dying during her childhood, she migrated to Michigan with her mother and brothers in [857. To them have been born six children, as follows: Paul S., born March 1, 1868; Grace N, March 18, 1869; Dora A., March 28, 1874; Roy E., March 15, 1875; John W., Jr., February 22, 1882; and Alice M., April 7, [884. A Mus- kegon gentleman contributes the following: "The writer has had the pleasure of an acquaintance with the subject of this sketch for more than twenty years. At its commence- ment, Mr. Moon was a young man actively engaged in oper- ating a saw-mill here, under contract with the owners, from which arrangement he saved a few thousand dollars. This sum, together with his characteristic energy and high integrity, formed the foundation of his present fortune and noble busi- ness reputation. He is large in stature, in benevolence, in public spirit, and in heart. He is of even temper, genial dis- position, and warm sympathies. I doubt if a person in real need and trouble ever applied to him without receiving a kind word and substantial aid. Many a young man, now en- gaged in business, has reason to be thankful for Mr. Moon's kind and valuable counsel, often coupled with material as- sistance. His character is of the highest, and his habits un- exceptionable. His religious convictions are pronounced, and pervade his every-day life. He has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church since he was twenty-one years of age, and is one of the most prominent and liberal mem- bers within the State, though his reputation as a generous and cheerful giver to the Church, its institutions, and benev- olences, is by no means confined to our own commonwealth. By nature modest and retiring, yet his high character and integrity, broad and intelligent ideas, have forced him into many positions of trust and responsibility in the business and political world, the duties of all of which have been promptly and faithfully performed Altogether it may be said of him: He is a broad-minded, public-spirited, benev- olent Christian gentleman, whose daily motto would seem to be ' Good will to all men.' " William Merritt Osband, M. A , of Ypsi- lanti, Washtenaw County, was born in Newark, Wayne County, New York, June 25, 1836. His father, the Rev. Wilson Osband, was born Januaiy 11, 1791, at Tiverton, Rhode Island. The history of his family is known as far back as 1729. William Osband, his grandfather, was con- nected with the early settlement of Rhode Island. The fam- ily is believed to have taken its origin in Scandinavia, and is traced through Normandy to England at the time of the Norman Conquest. Susanna Sherman, mother of William M., was a descendant of Rev. John Sherman, who came from England in 1634, and was the great-grandfather of Roger Sherman, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. William M's. boyhood and youth were spent on the farm. His father was an itinerant Methodist minister, whose field of labor compelled his absence from his family for months at a time, and so threw upon the mother the sole responsibility of caring for the family, which she dis- charged with a fidelity and energy seldom equaled. To pro- vide from scanty resources the clothing and sustenance of nine children, under circumstances which would discourage most men, was the task she assumed. The strength of a mother's love and the spirit of ceaseless vigilance were put to a severe test, and faithfully did she toil, and diligently did she train those children to self-helpfulness and independence. To her he owes whatever habits of industry and thrift have marked his later years. Up to the age of seventeen his school ad- vantages were such as were afforded by the ordinary district school of those times. After thirteen years of age he seldom enjoyed those privileges for more than four months in the year, the balance of the time being spent in work on one of the stoniest and most rugged farms in Wayne County. To his father he owes his early impulse toward books. Good's "Book of Nature" opened to him the subject of natural science, and excited an earnest desire to know more of the marvelous theme of which it treated. The Greek and Latin quotations in Clark's "Commentaries" provoked in him the resolution to master the difficulties of those languages ; and, though penniless and with no prospect of outside help, he de- termined to work his way to college, and through it. At sev- enteen he studied in the Union School at Newark during the winter; also the following winter. About this lime his father died, leaving a small farm to an older brother and himself, conditioned on the payment of existing mortgages and legacies, more than the value of the farm itself. At the age of nineteen he began to teach district school, working during the summers on the farm. December, 1856, having leased his interest in the farm to his brother, he bid adieu to the old home, and, with thirty dollars in his pocket, started for school at Lima, New York. He prepared for college in ■74 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, entered Genesee College in the autumn of 1858, graduated with the degree of A. II. in 186], having earned, by working vacations and teaching winters, nearly dl the money Ins education cost. He after- wards received the degiee of A. M. from Syracuse Univer- sity. His tastes were naturally for the law, but necessity forced him to seek employment which promised more ready return for service. Prior to graduation he had closed an en- gagement as professor of mathematics and natural science in Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, located at Gouverneur, St Lawrence County. New York. He held that position three years. and then accepted the chaii of natural science in what is now Albert University, Ontario, where he remained one year, accepting, at the close, the principalship of the Northville Union School, at Northville, Michigan. This portion he held two years, from 1865 to 1867, when he moved to Ypsilanti, but returned after one year, and took re of the school again foi moihei yeai In 1870 he re- ceived an offer from Chelsea, and accepted the position of principal. In 1871 he was elected principal of the preparatory department and associate professor of chemistry in Olivet College. At the close of the first year, in 1872, he was elected to the chair of natural science in Albion College, which he occupied for nearly Ms years, being obliged in 1878 to give up his work there on account of failure of health. When sufficiently recovered in health he became actively connected with the Michigan School Furniture Company, of Northville, which Company he had helped to organize in 1873, and in which he is a stockholder. With an intelligent comprehension of public questions, he has been for many - an occasional contributor to the public journals on top- ics of general interest. Becoming deeply interested in the questions which have been prominent in party politics for the last five years, he sought a suitable field for the expression and enforcement of his views; and in December, 1887, pur- chased a half interest in the Ypsilantian, a Republican paper, published at Ypsilanti, Michigan, assuming a portion of the editorial work of that sheet. In this congenial occupation he finds opportunity not only for gratifying his literary tastes, but for exerting a wider influence in the discussion of social, political, and economic questions. He was a member of the Amphictyon Society, in Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, and of the Aletheon Society, in Genesee College. His life has been that of the student, and a very busy one. He is a stock- holder in, and president of, the Granville Wood ec Son Pipe Organ Company, of Northville; chairman of the Washtenaw County Republican Committee, and president of the Board of Education in Ypsilanti ; also a member of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church. He was married, August 7, 1861, to Lucy, eldest child of Hiram and Phiantha Aldrich, of Newark, New York. They have one child, Marna R. One who knows him well writes thus. " I'rofessor William M. Osband is of medium stature, intellectual cast of features, and of scholarly bearing; a most genial gentleman, with warm, sympathetic nature, dignified, self-possessed, and af- fable. He ia in the prime of life and endowed with an analytical and judicial type of mind of the first order. He is possessed of scholastic attainments rarely surpassed, lib- erally educated, having graduated at Genesee College, New York, in 1861 . with distinguished honors. He completed the four years' classical 1 ourse in three years, less one win- ter, in which he wa I in teaching. As an educator he possesses the spirit which keeps him fully abreast with the best, and there is in his nature and qualifications a peculiar power by which students are developed into men and women of culture and breadth of understanding and character. He is also a man of affairs, critically intelligent in politics and all questions of the times; is a ripe Christian, a good speaker accurate and logical in the broadest sense in what- ever he undertakes." Hon. James W. Sheldon, banker, of Albion, was born at Parma, Monroe County, New York, April 25, 1830. He is the son of James Sheldon, who was well known at that place as a master-builder and mechanic, and who came from Seneca County to Parma in i8i5,and constructed the saw and grist mills which he afterwards owned and op- erated. In 1824 he married Harriet Patterson, who was also a native of New York Slate, where her parents had moved from Massachusetts. In 1833 he located lands near Albion, and in 1835 took his wife and children (of whom there were five, Mr. J. \Y. Sheldon being the second I there, and en- gaged in farming and the real estate business. In 1845 ne was elected a member of the State Legislature, and subse- quently was made a member of the Board of Prison In- spectors, and supervisor of the town of Albion. He died at Niagara Falls, New York, November 9, 1866, in his sixty-sev- enth year, and his wife in Albion, Michigan, in her seventieth year, July 22, 1867. The subject of this sketch began his education in the common schools of Albion. In 1846 he entered the Wesleyan Seminary there, where he studied for three years, and then attended the preparatory school at Lima, New York, for one year. In 1850 he returned to Al- bion and re-entered the Wesleyan Seminary, where he studied for two years longer, working on his father's farm during the summer-time. It was Mr. Sheldon's intention and desire to study law, but his father strenuously opposed his plans and refused to aid him in carrying them out. He therefore set about procuring, through his own exertions, the means for supporting himself till he could become estab- lished in the profession of his choice. Accordingly he ob- tained employment in a general store as a clerk, where, after three months, he was promoted to a position in the office. Meanwhile he devoted his spare time to study. As it soon became evident that but little progress could be made reading law without giving it his undivided attention, he abandoned all hope of entering upon a professional career, and accepted the position of a book-keeper in a bank just established at Albion by Messrs. M. Hannahs & Son. Il was his determination to obtain, in the commercial world, a prominence equal to that which he felt would have re- warded his efforts in the practice of a profession. He consequently remained in the banking-house until 1858, when, as a result of energy and economy, he had amassed sufficient means to enable him to suceeed to its business and establish the Albion Exchange Bank, at the head of which he has since remained. But Mr. Sheldon's attention to commercial affairs has not interfered with his usefulness in other respects. For many years he was connected with the Board of Education, and to his influence during that time the excellent school system and buildings, of which Albion is justly proud, are largely due. For the past twenty- five years he has been a member of the Board of Trustees of Albion College, and during eight years was president of that body. In that capacity and as treasurer — which posi- tion he now fills — his experience has been of great value in CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. i75 directing the management of the college finances. In 1856 he married Mary E. Peabody, daughter of Tenny Peabody, one of the earliest settlers of Calhoun County, and by her has one child, a daughter. Mr. Sheldon has been a con- sistent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for twenty years, during fourteen years of which he has acted as super- intendent of the Sabbath-school. Politically he has acted with the Democratic party, which elected him mayor of Albion, in 1868, and re-elected him to that office in 1869 and 1870. In 1880 he was tendered the nomination for member of Congress by the unanimous vote of the Democratic Con- vention of the Third District, which honor, however, he pos- itively declined. Mr. Sheldon's social and business rela- tions have always been of the highest order. His connection with the educational institutions of Albion has given him numerous opportunities for exerting a kindly influence over the younger portion of the community, for assisting and en- couraging those students whose homes were elsewhere, and who felt the need of a friend near at hand. To take ad- vantage of these opportunities seems to have been a great pleasure to him, and the effect of this good-will on others has been beneficent and wide-spread. Mr. Sheldon has amassed a large fortune as Ihe result of eminent business capacity. There is no one else in his community to whom the public so naturally look for noble acts of generosity. In this they will not be disappointed ; he will live in the aug- menting forces for good as the years go by. WILLIAM HAY, manufacturer, of Ypsilanfi, Washte- naw County, was born in the county of Durham, England, on the 4th of March, 1844. His father was Andrew Hay, and his mother's maiden name was Mary Patterson. Mr. Hay's parents emigrated to Canada, and located in Perth County, Canada West, now Province of Ontario, in 1845, and engaged in farming, which had been their occupation in the old country ; and their son passed his boyhood working on the farm, and getting what education he could in the district schools. In 1865 he came to Michigan and obtained em- ployment as an unskilled laborer in a saw-mill in Decatur, Van Buren County, where he remained four years ; then for two years more he worked in a saw-mill at South Haven. By this time, through patience and industry, he had become head sawyer, and his old employer having built a new mill at Columbia, Van Buren County, he went there in 187 1 to fill that position, and at the end of the year was able to buy a half interest in the property. After two and a half years of successful business his partner retired, and Mr. Hay con- ducted the business alone for a short time, when a partner- ship was formed with a merchant named Wing. In 1875 part of the Van Buren County property was exchanged for the Ypsilanti Woolen Mill, of which Mr. Hay immediately took charge. The new business was conducted under the name of Hay, Wing & Co., until, in 1876, Mr. Wing withdrew, and then it was Hay & Todd. In 1886 the Hay & Todd Manufacturing Company, capital stock $100,000, with Mr. Hay as president, succeeded to the business, and has been remarkably prosperous. Mr. Hay was married in 1868 to Caroline J. Dickinson, of Medina County, Ohio, by whom he has had two children, who are still living. Mrs. Hay died in 1874, and in 1876 he married Jennie Fearzell, of Grand Junction, Van Buren County, Michigan, and by her has had three children, who are also living. Though not a politican, Mr. Hay advocates the principles of the Republi- can party. Socially he stands high in the community, and has an enviable reputation as a thorough, energetic, and successful business man. EZRA RICHARDSON, of East Saginaw. In many of our New England cities there are names which are an honor to those who hold ihem — an honor of more value even than hereditary titles to their possessors in the Old World, for the reason that the value of the name, in this country, has been created by the owner of it. As in New England, so also is it true of certain names of people in East Saginaw, Michi- gan, and in other Westerncommunitieswhere the New England emigrant has made his home. In East Saginaw, for instance, there are but few, if any, names which have a better founda- tion than the Eddys, the Averys, and the Richardsons, in all that tends to make for good citizenship. It is of the owner of one of these names that this sketch has to do. Ezra Richardson is a native of Burlington, Maine. Nothing event- ful occurred during his childhood. He attended the com- mon schools of the vicinity, and at the age of seventeen he entered upon a course of study at the Bucksport Academy. With the knowledge thus acquired he was able to impart information to others ; and so he taught school for a while, like many others before him. This school-teaching in their young manhood seems an experience common to all young men with push and ability ; but it is an occupation seldom followed by them for long. Like many others in that por- tion of Maine, young Richardson gained an insight into the lumber operations of his native State, and like many others, too, from that State, he was early impressed with the pos- sibilities of the pine-forests of Michigan. The Saginaw Val- ley owes much of its success to the sterling qualities of the pioneers from Maine and New York. They have made a permanent impression upon the social and business growth of that entire region ; and future historians will give them due credit for their work. In 1864, Mr. Richardson determined to make East Saginaw his future home. He was then twenty-six years of age and in the prime of his young man- hood. On his arrival there he entered into the employment of the Huron Boom Company as their agent; but he after- wards returned to Maine, to pursue a course of study at a commercial college in Portland. This completed, he again journeyed to Michigan, and engaged with Eddy, Avery & Co. as book-keeper and salesman, wilh headquarters at Bay City. He afterwards served as manager for Ketcham & Ed- sell, and at the conclusion of this service he became interested in the firm of Eddy, Avery & Co., who lumbered on their own account. Succeeding this arrangement the firm of Dorr, Richardson & Co. was formed, and lumbering was success- fully conducted by this concern for two years more. Then, after an association of one year with the Tittabawassee Boom Company, the lumber firm of Richardson & Avery was founded, the names of its members being Ezra Richardson and Waldo A. Avery. In 1865, Mr. Richardson was mar- ried to Marian E. Eddy, daughter of Ware Eddy, of Edding- ton, Maine, by whom he had one child. His wife lived but two years after her mairiage, and he was afterwards united to Miss Delia A. Knapp, a native of the State of New York. In politics, Mr. Richardson is of the Republican faith. He has had but little, if any, experience in public official life, for the reason, doubtless, that li is time has been fully occupied by the engrossing cares of an active business career. Business men can not enter the political arena and 176 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. aim at the holier rewards which are possible to some, unless they risk success in business. Both pursuits can not be suc- cessfully followed, and hence it is that many business men de< line the calls win. h .ire made upon them to enter public life; but this fact does not, and should not, prevent the act- ive business men of .my community from feeling an earnest interest in all tli.it relates to tin- public good. Mr. Richard- son is of this lattei 1 lass ol 1 itizens. His manner is quiet and unostentatious. In fait, he is rathei reticent in e Hon. not thai Ins nature is a secretive one, but there is a modest) in Ins demeanoi which is in pleasing contrast to the self-assertive claims which are advanced by so many. Tin- modesty, united loan unfailii y, is one of the traits in Mr. Richardson's character which has so endt him to his friends, and made an acquaintanceship with him a pleasure. Among business men he has attained .1 promi- nent rank— a tank accorded to liim willing!) and cluei fully, be. .ins,- he h.is won it by a life of probity and honor. His business is an important one in magnitude, having grown in volume year In year ; but it is conducted without confusion or outside show, from his early boyhood, eai h succeeding yeai has fitted him more and more completely for his life- work, and success has naturally followed his efforts. Hon- orable among lus fellow-men, taking a just pride in the fact that "his word is as good as his bond," he makes his iden- tity fell in the community ol which lie is a member. Such men as Ezra Richardson do good unwittingly to themselves; for they form models on which the younger generation com- ing up may successfully build ; and when, to all other good things win. h have been said of him, it is added that his do- mestic and private relations are of the purest and best, then but little more can be said. A cleanly and a virtuous life, an honorable man among honorable business men, a worthy citizen and a sincere friend, — these traits, to any possessor, round out a perfect character. Addison P. Brewer. East Saginaw, by reason of the la. t that it la) somewhat to the north and out of the beaten track of travel, secured the unenviable notoriety among emi- grant, and even among the pioneer class of the . ountry, of be- ing ,\n unhealthy loi ality, unlit e\ en for . ultivation or practical development. And the fact that there were men brave enough, in the early days, to nsk sii kness and other disasters in the true -|iini oi enterprise and adventure, speaks volumes for theii true heroism and innate bravery. Of this class of men — I made man among many self-made men — is Addison P. Brewer. Horn in 1826, 111 Greene County, New York, the eldest of nine children, his boyhood days passed the same as those of his neighbors, until he was about seven years of age, when his father, with his little family, moved to the State ol M1.h1g.111. The voyage consumed eighteen days. It was made by sloop on the Hudson River, by canal throu il New York, and thence by Lake Erie, finally ed destination, a piece of wild land in the township ot Addison, in Oakland County. Young Brewer was the eldest -on. as has been stated, and much of the hard labot of making ii home in the wilderness devolved upon him, No sui h advantages for securing an education existed in those days as are enjoyed now by rich and poor alike, but he managed to obtain the rudimentary bran, lies taught then m the district school ; and this, with the privilege of a high-school course 1 sveral terms, fitted him, in turn, to become a teacher, which occupation lie followed for several winters. He probably might have continued farm-life, until he reached manhood at least, had not an opportunity offered which became the turning point in his career. Call it acci- dent, incident — what you will; but it is the ability to grasp the offer, or chance, at the opportune moment, and to use it to its uttermost limit, that has marked the life of every success- ful man. In this, instance, it was the profession of survey- ing win. b had the power to alluie the young man. A dep- uty I 'iiited States surveyor had a contract for surveying sev- eral townships of land in the Upper Peninsula for the Gov- ernment, and he induced young Brewer to accompany him. The latter soon became so expert in the use and adjustment ol the solar compass, that his employer advised him to make the profession of surveying his life pursuit. He acted upon the suggestion, and became so proficient that he secured the . hiel position in the gift of his employer during the three years he remained with him. From 1853 to 1858 he, with others, was chosen to select the lands for what was known as the Sault Ste. Marie Ship Canal Company, and here he secured the first elements of his education in the art of es- timating and selecting pine-lands, as the Company's selec- tions were wholly of that nature. In the winter of 1859, the lale Governor Moses Wisner appointed him to act as one of the State swamp-road commissioners, to locate and estab- lish a road from East Saginaw to the Sable River. This brought him to the spot which was to become his future home ; for it was to East Saginaw that, in the fall of 1859, Addison P. Brewer brought his wife and his little family. He was married to Sarah S. Graves, of Washington, Macomb County, Michigan, on the 24th of October, 1850 — the daugh- ter of early pioneers from the State of New York. During all the time, until 1863, Mr. Brewer devoted his attention to the profession of surveying and locating and estimating pine- lands, when, at the latter period, he formed a copartnership with his brother and P. C. Killam, and, for the succeeding two years, lumbered on Saganing Creek, near Saginaw Bay. He then purchased the interest of his partners, and became interested in lumbering with Messrs. Sage and McGraw, on the Cedar River, which management was continued for sev- eial years. In the year 1870 he united with the late John Met .iiw & Co. in building their first saw-mill at Portsmouth. In 1872 he purchased a large tract of pine-lands in Wiscon- sin, which he held but a short time; and then, in 1873, he joined Mr. John G. Owen in partnership, and in the pur- chase of the McLean saw-mills. This union was severed in the course of two years, he having purchased the interest of Mr Owen at the end of that time; and thus, until 1878, he was the sole owner, when the crowning disaster of his life occurred ; for in December of that year his mill and salt pioperly were entirely destroyed by fire, at a loss, to him, of over eighty-five thousand dollars. Such a loss would have ended the business career of ordinary men ; but Mr. Brewer is not an ordinary man Unaided, with none of the factitious helps that surround the pathway of the pets of for- tune, he had accumulated a property which would have seemed affluence in his early pioneer days. It was an ac- complishment of a great purpose; and although much was lost, many golden piospects blighted, yet the same indomi- table energy and will which had enabled him to overcome so man) obstacles in the past, stood him in good stead now. The practical knowledge of his surveying days had become an important factor in a region where fabulous fortunes could be made by judicious management, and where pine was prac- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 177 tic. illy a king. Connecting his sons with him, under the firm name of A. P. Brewer & Sons, he has since then confined his attention to the dealing in pine-lands in the States of Michi- gan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. His marriage was blessed with six children — children who have indeed proven a bless- ing and a credit to their parents, and in this has been his life's happiness. Politics have had no attraction for him ; public life no allurements. He has loved his home, and wife and children have well repaid his care and devotion. His has been an active, stirring life, yet in this he has not differed from the many who, in the early days of the century, re- solved to carve out for themselves a name and a fortune in the Far West. And yet there must exist some difference, some salient features in the man, which have marked him as, in some way, a leader among men. Modest, even reti- cent at times, his is not a nature to force himself into prom- inence, and yet a rank is accorded him in the community where he has dwelt so long, which it is well worth having lived a life-time to gain. It is a life filled to repletion with activity and the enterprises incident to the people among whom he has sojourned. Possessing a sagacious mind, great energy, and native pluck, he has made circumstances. And yet there is something beyond all this which has attracted men to him ; it is a legacy better than gold to bequeath to his children. He is an honest man, that noblest work of God. In the language of one who has known him long and intimately, it may be quoted, "that no man stands higher in the community fur honesty and integrity." His instincts of business integrity are of the finest and noblest. He has strong convictions, and he has a manly way of asserting and defending them. Probably one of his strongest character- istics, or the one which the soonest attracts attention, is his supreme contempt for shams ; let them be of whatsoever nature you will, whether social or business, or with a cloak of religion, he is energetically their opponent. At the age of sixty-two now, he seems yet in the prime of life. He will endure hardships in the woods, carry as heavy a bur- den, and step out as briskly as men but half his years. He has acquired a competence again for his older age, when needed rest must be taken, and the verdict of all who know him is, that his wealth has been honestly acquired. He has wronged no man ; "his word has been his bond" for all his life long. What richer patrimony can he leave his family by and by ? The world has been, and is, the better for his sojourn in it, and there are but few, if any, of the Saginaw pioneers who will leave behind them a more fragrant mem- ory for kindly acts and honest thoughts and purposes than the subject of this sketch, Addison P. Brewer. HON. JOHN M. NORTON, of Rochester, Oakland County, was born in Richmond, Ontario County, New York, May 5, 1820. His parents, John and Naomi (Short) Norton, were natives of Massachusetts, and removed to New Y01 k State about the beginning of the present century. Their parents were from England. Mr. Norton moved to Oakland County, Michigan, in 1823, and entered one hundred and sixty acres of land. The family removed to their West- ern home in 1824, when John M. was but four years old. His father was extensively identified with the early settle- ment of Oakland County. He built the first house in what is now Oakland Township, preached the first sermon (being a Free-will Baptist preacher), and married the first couple. He died in June, 1839, having lived a life of industry, and winning the respect and esteem of all who knew him. Mr. Norton is a born farmer. His tastes and desires early led him to turn the furrow and sow the seed of agricultural in- dustry. Born of sturdy stock, endowed by nature with a large frame and an iron constitution, he was fitted for the hard blows of pioneer life. His rare natural qualities to en- dure hardship and hard work have been supplemented by habits of life that have added much to his capacity to meet the arduous duties of a farmer. His seventy years rest lightly upon him, and he meets life's duties and labors with unusual energy for one of his age. By industry and pru- dence he has mastered the hardships and privations incident to pioneer life, and reached the goal of his ambition — an in- dependent farmer. He is a practical, not a cultured, man. His education was very limited ; but being of a studious turn of mind, he gathered much information, which gave him prominence with neighbors and friends, and his advice and counsel were sought fur by many, and when given were always prompted by good intention toward all. In private and official life he devoted much attention to agricultural interests, and made a study of important political questions, delivering public lectures on various subjects to local granges and farmers' institutes. When twenty-six years of age he was married to Miss Nancy Hazen, who was also a native of Ontario County, New York, but ten years his junior, being born January 22, 1830. He purchased a farm of one hun- dred and sixty acres in De Witt Township, Clinton County, to which place he moved after his marriage. He remained there but one season, selling out and purchasing a farm in Novi Township, Oakland County. He lived there eight years, removing to Avon Township, and thence to Troy Township. In 1865 he again sold out, and located again in Avon Township, where he now resides. He has owned three farms in the vicinity, and still retains one of two hun- dred and twenty acres. It is situated three miles south of Rochester, and is indisputably one of the finest farms, if not the finest, in the State, in point of fences, buildings, drainage, etc. Politically, Mr. Norton was an Old-line Whig, casting his first vote for Harrison. Subsequently he became a Republican, and attended, as a delegate, the first Repub- lican Convention in the State, at Jackson. He has taken an active part in political matters, being recognized as one of the best workers for the party that he thinks is in the right, but has never sought any particular emolument for his untiring labors. He has held the offices of collector, under-sheriff, and other local offices. In 1876 he joined the Greenback movement, and in 18S0 was the nominee of that party for State treasurer. He polled the full vote of his ticket, but failed to get the election. In 1882 he was nominated at Pontiae for the office of State senator, to represent the Fif- teenth Senatorial District, and was elected by a majority of 393 votes over Herbert Wyckoff, the Republican candidate. Senator Norton served as a delegate to the National Green- back Convention, held at Indianapolis, when Peter Cooper was nominated for President of the United States. He was also elected delegate to the National Convention held at Chicago, which nominated General Weaver for President. He was also at Cleveland, Ohio, when the party was first organized, and he has since attended all the State Conven- tions to nominate State officers. The writer of this notice has known Mr. Norton for many years, and during all this time he has been a sacrificing and devoted advocate of every interest and improvement that would enhance the i7« CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. material welfare of the farming class, with whom he has been identified by a life of labor on the farm. JAMES L. EDSON, of the firm of Edson, Moore & Co., wholsale dry-goods merchants of Detroit, a firm whose vol- ume of business exceeds that of any other of its kind in Michigan, is a representative and fitting illustration of what the man who applies himself to the task may accomplish, and is in himself the exponent of an honorable, honest, and industrious application of natural talent and ability to what- ever business he has in hand, or in whatever position he may find himself. His motto (though perhaps unconsciously | has been to "do well" whatever he liad to do; and so we find him in early life a clerk in a wholesale store, where his services became of sufficient value to warrant his being in- vited to become a member of the firm. After some years as such, we find him reaching out for a wider field ; and as a re- sult the firm of Edson, Mo,. re & Co, sprung into existence. In a period not very far remote, military prowess was the almost exclusive standard for honor or for fame ; but in our happier commercial age the successful founding and build- ing up of a great mart of commerce is considered an honor of more than equal value, and the monument of industry greater than that of arms, and more lasting in its fame than the marble column ; for it confers a benefit on humanity in adding to its physical welfare and comfort. Lewis M. and Sarah A. (Flint) Edson were the parents of five children, three of whom were sons, James La Fayette, the subject of our sketch, being their first-born. He first saw the light in Batavia, Genesee County, New York, July 31, 1834. The Edson family came from that good old Puritan stock which has so strongly marked the development of the Nation. On 9 leaving school at the age of sixteen, James L. Edson entered the store of a Mr. Rich, at Akron, where he remained four years, when he went to Buffalo, which city he left about a year later, and came to Detroit. His advent in Detroit was 011 December 7, 1855. Here his first employer was James Stephens, in the dry goods and clothing business. Two years later he became a cleik in the wholesale dry-goods store of On. Town & Smith, in which firm he became a partner in 1866, when the name of Allan Sheldon & Co. was adopted. In the spring of 1872, Mr. Edson, together with two others from Allan Sheldon & Co., and Stephen Baldwin, a Detroit capitalist, organized the firm of Edson, Moore & Co. The new firm was a success from the start, and has been contin- uously growing ever since, until it has become the largest of its kind in the State. Mr. Edson has other business inter- ests, among them the Brush Electric Light Company, in which he is a stockholder, and he is also a member of the Board of Directors of the People's Savings Bank. His chief attention is, however, given to the business which he so materially aided in founding, and which owes so much of its success to his efforts. In politics he is a Republican, and has been sought by his party for high political preferment; but the magnitude of the vast business of the firm has pre- c huled his acceptance of office, with the exception of having been president of the Michigan Republican Club, chairman of the Board of Jury Commissioners for a term of six years, commencing in 1887, and member-at-large of the Board of Estimates for two years, from January 1, 1S90. Such men as he are the men who build up the community in which they piss then active lives; and the fair city of Detroit has reason to congratulate herself that Mr. Edson, in his early manhood, decided to cast his lot with her, for this fact has resulted, largely through his influence and work, in adding to her commercial interests one of the most important of her many wholesale establishments ; and in this connection it will not be out of place here to say that, for business probity and fair and honorable dealing, the business houses of Detroit enjoy a reputation surpassed by none, and the great house of Edson, Moore & Co. most fully share that confi- dence in their extended business intercourse, alike whether they are the purchaser or the seller. O* Mr. Edson's person- ality, a friend of many years' standing intimately associated with him, both in the world of business and of society, thus speaks: " Having for a foundation of his fortune only those characteristics of manhood embodied in the best of American citizens, he, with a manner quiet, unostentatious, and unas- suming, a determination and ambition amply exemplified in the above outline of his career, and a keen sense of honor, integrity, and manliness, has made his every acquaintance a friend, his business a success, gratifying beyond what he could have expected, and gained a name as a man of gen- erous impulse and kindly disposition, a synonym of whatever is the best." DAVID K. ALLINGTON, of East Saginaw. Wherever the repute of the pine products of Michigan has gone, throughout the L'nion, the name of the Saginaw Valley has accompanied it; the one has become the complement of the other. The natural advantages of that region fifty yeais ago were of the most moderate nature ; in fact, the ill rep- utation of climate and soil was the cause why emigration thither was retarded. It demanded great courage and real genius and skill on the part of the pioneers in that portion of Michigan, to develop resources which have since proven of such inestimable benefit to mankind, and which have given the Saginaw Valley the advanced and important posi- tion which it now holds and seems destined to maintain. The chief factor in this great success was the possibilities of the enormous lumber supply ; and when the discovery of inexhaustible quantities of salt was made, the future became very bright. All along the Saginaw River, from Saginaw City to Bay City, are scattered mammoth saw-mills, giving employment to thousands, and daily adding to the ever- increasing wealth of that section. It has been truly said that he that causes one spear of grass to grow where none grew before, is a benefactor to his race. Granting this as a a truism, what shall be said of the men whose minds were of such grand capacity as to be able to create saw-mills, stock them with appropriate •machinery, or so to improve upon old processes as almost to revolutionize the manufac- ture of lumber ? It is of one of such men that this brief sketch will treat ; and no worthier subject for a pen-picture can offer itself. The name of this man is David K. Alling- tnn, architect and mechanical engineer, and a resident of East Saginaw. He was born near Dresden, in Yates County, New York, January 6, 1828. His father, William Allington, was a farmer, a native of the same State ; and he died when his son David was but ten years of age. His mother's name was Mary King, a native of New Jersey. Her father, David King, moved from New Jersey, in the year 1814, to Dresden, Yates County, New York ; and from there to Seneca Falls, New York, in 1830. Owing to the fact that he was left an orphan in early boyhood, he went to re- side with his grandfather King until his fifteenth year, attend- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 179 ing the common district schools of the country. At the age last mentioned he began" an apprenticeship at the car- penter and joiner trade, which continued five years. He received no wages for his services during all of this period, although he was, after a while, capable of supervising others at this employment. Notwithstanding the injustice of such an arrangement, the information, skill, and experience which he secured while so engaged became of incalculable advan- tage to him in after-life. When he arrived at the age of twenty years his apprenticeship ceased, and he went into the building business with his brother, as joint partners. This arrangement continued for three years, when the con- nection was dissolved, and David K. Allington began the battle of life single-handed. He still adhered to the building trade, and nothing of moment in his career occurred until 1856, when he removed to Syracuse, New York, and there engaged in the manufacture of lumber for the Solar Salt- works, of that city. He also invented some valuable mill machinery while there ; and finally, in 1862, he went to East Saginaw, which became his permanent home. Here it was that his inventive faculty and his mechanical skill were to have full play. He was, chosen to the superintendency of the Michigan Salt Company, and while in its employ he built what is now known as the Mitchell & McClure saw- mill, finally assuming the management of the entire estab- lishment. In 1873, Mr. Allington was selected to supervise the construction of the East Saginaw Gas-works, a very important enterprise. This employment continued for about a year, and he then again ventured upon his legitimate business of builder and architect ; and this choice of voca- tion has proven a blessing to many. The monuments of his skill are to be seen throughout the entire valley. Hardly a first-class saw-mill in all that section can be found that does not contain some of his handiwork. He was also an inventor and adapter of no mean pretensions, but his in- ventions ran chiefly in the line of mill machinery ; and this improved method is rapidly being introduced into the mills of the vicinity. On November II, 1852, Mr. Allington mar- ried Miss Sarah Cuddeback, the daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Cuddeback, of Wayne County, New York, and two children were the result of the union ; viz., William Eugene, born May 6, 1858, and Winfield Everett, born De- cember 26, i860. Like most of the men who helped to rock the cradle of Republicanism, in the infancy of that heroic party, Mr. Allington remained faithful to its teachings. In the dark days preceding the War of the Rebellion, men needed something of more than oidinary earnest- ness and principle in a party — something that would bind them together like hooks of steel; and to such the Re- publican party was an ideal organization. They gave to it the love and devotion of their young manhood — a love and devotion which they never afterwards with- drew. But although his convictions in political direc- tions were earnest and sincere, he was never bitterly parti- san. He never cared for or sought prominence in official life, although, as was but natural, he had been sought and urged to accept party nominations. His aspirations, how- ever, had a higher and better aim than those which animate the professional politician. For him it was reserved to ben- efit humanity — to make many spears of grass grow where before was barrenness. His inventions, his appliances, have added to the wealth, to the growth, and to the higher supremacy of his native land. It was a noble ambition, and was carried out in the modest, manly way which marks the possessor of true genius the world over. His was a very active, laborious life, and was filled with that which is useful to his fellow-men. Of David K. Allington it may be truth- fully said "that the good this man has done will live after him." His life-work will prove his most enduring monu- ment. He died, April 22, 1889, after an illness of but a few hours. ERNEST NELSON SALLING, lumberman of Man- istee, was born March 15, 1843, at Viborg, Denmark. His father, Christian A. Sailing, was for many years a con- tractor at that place, where he is still living at the age of eighty-eight years. His mother, Else C. (Dyerberg) Sailing, died in 1880, aged seventy-four years. She was the mother of nine children, of whom three were boys, our subject being the youngest of the family. He attended the common schools up to thirteen years of age, when he engaged as clerk in the mercantile establishment of his brother, with whom he remained until 1862. In May of that year he left home and came to America. From New York he went to Chicago, where he remained for about nine months as clerk in a retail dry-goods store. Leaving that position he went to Detroit, whence he shorlly afterwards came to Manistee, where he arrived April 3, 1863. His first work here was as a laborer in the saw-mill of Michael Engelman. In September follow- ing he became a clerk in Mr. Engelman's store, and the next spring was made outside foreman, in which capacity he served for the two following years. Mr. Sailing continued in the employ of Mr. Engelman until 1868 (when the latter dis- posed of his saw-mill), being engaged during the winter months in superintending the lumber-camps, and was foreman of the mill in the summer seasons. From that time until 187 1 he had charge of the Engelman vessel property, which included five steamers carrying passengers and lumber. In 1867, Mr. Sailing formed a co-partnership with Mr. R. Hansen, under the firm name of R. Hansen & Co., for the purpose of buy- ing and selling pine-lands, which continued until 1878, when Mr. Hansen removed to Grayling, Michigan. In 187 1 a partnership was formed under the title of Engelman & Sail- ing, composed of M. Engelman and our subject, who pur- chased the saw-mill formerly owned by Waterman & Wing, situated in Maxwelltown, an addition of Manistee, and en- gaged in the manufacture of lumber. The following year, Mr. S. Babcock was admitted to the firm, which then adopted the name of Engelman, Babcock & Sailing, and opened lumber-yards in Milwaukee and Chicago. In 1879, Mr- Sailing sold out his interest in the firm, and spent the sum- mer of that year in visiting his old home in Denmark, and traveling over the European Continent. Returning to Man- istee in 1879, in company of Mr. Hanson, of Grayling, Mr. Nels Michelson, then of Manistee, and Mr. Engelman, he organized the firm of Sailing, Hanson & Co., for the pur- pose of general lumber manufacturing and logging. Mr. Sailing at present controls the Manistee interests of the firm, which are under the management of Mr. Hanson at Gray- ling, where they have a saw-mill having a capacity of one hundred thousand feet of lumber per day of twenty-four hours, and a large store. Mr. Sailing has, as well, been in- terested in various other mercantile interests in Manistee, and, as member of the firm of Sailing, Hanson & Co., has an interest in pine-lands in Crawford, Kalkaska, Montmo- rency, and Presque Isle Counties. He has a large individual i8o CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. interest in pine-lands situated in Manistee. Lake, Mason, and other counties on the Upper Peninsula ol Michigan, and in Washington Territory. Mr. Sailing was brought up in the Lutheran Church, but is now a member of the Congrega- tional Church, of Manistee. He has, ever since attaining his majority, voted with and upheld the principles of the Repub- lican party. He was married. October 25, 1867, to Miss Marion L. Johnston, daughter of William Johnston, Esq., lawyer, of Mackinaw Island, by whom he had five children. as follows: Ernest Johnston, born January 30, 1870; Susie Else, born December 20, 1872; Lillias Nellie, born April 19, 1874; Jennie Marion, born June 12. 1876; Olga Andreetta, born September 2. 1879. Mrs. Sailing died August 26, 1S82. On April 2, 1S84, he was united in marriage to Miss Lotta A. Wheeler, daughter of the late Abram Wheeler, of Hud- son. New York, and Joliet, Illinois. " Mr. Sailing is one of those men, who, coining to this country without friends or capital, has made an honoi 1 himself in the com- munity where he lias made Ins home, He has been a sober, industrious, and enterprising citizen, and has, while attaining for himself a place high among the successful business men of the State, won the respect and esteem of all. He is a man of few words, and known to the public life, never by his words, but frequently by his deeds. He has done his fair share to uphold and prosper the business interests of the 1 it\ , while socially he is regarded as a genial host and a re- fined, cultivated gentleman." HON. JOHN D. NORTON, banker, of Pontiac, Oak- land County, was born December 18, 1842. at Van Buren, ndaga County, New York, and is the youngest of four children. His father, Dudley Dorman Norton, was born in Hebron, Connecticut, in 1799, and removed to Onondaga County in 1822, where he married, January 24, 1824, Mar- garet F, Farrington. He followed the occupation of farming for forty years. His death occurred in 1870, and that of his widow in 187;. They were prominent members of the Pres- byterian Church for a number of years. Mr. Norton passed the first twelve years of his life on a farm, and in 1854 re- moved to the village of Baldwinsville, New York, where he remained until 1867. His early education was obtained in the village schools. He prepared for college at the Elbridge Academy, at Elbridge, New York, and afterwards at Cort- land Academy, at Homer, and entered Hamilton College, at Clinton, New York, in 1863, whence he graduated in 1867. He was an active member of the college secret society known as the "Chi Psi.'' After leaving college he started West, settling in St. Louis, where he engaged in the real estate business, and remained about three months. In 1868 he be- came largely interested in pine-lands in the western part of Michigan, and since that time has made the State his home. In 1874 he was elected from the Third Representative Dis- trict of Oakland County to the Michigan Legislature, and was re-elected in 1876, serving upon the Committees of Ways and Means, Railroads, and Education. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention, held at St. Louis in June. 1876, and was the member of that Convention, from Michigan, upon Rules and Permanent Organization. His political views are in strict ,1 cordance with those of the Democratic party, of which he has ever been an active member. .Mr. Norton was one of the charter members of the present organization of the first National Hank, of Pontiac, and its cashier for a period of ten years, and was elected president of the bank, January i, 1S87. He was one of the organizers of the Second National Bank, of Owosso, Michigan, and is one of the directors, being the largest stock- holder in both banks ; and is also a stockholder in the Third National Bank of Detroit. Since 1883 he has held the office of treasurer of the Michigan Asylum for the Insane, at Pontiac, and is also treasurer of the Michigan Military Acad- emy, at Orchard Lake, with which he has been connected since 1S82, and in which he has taken a deep interest, being one of its strongest supporters financially. He is also secre- tary and treasurer of the Pontiac Knit Boot Company, of which he was one of the incorporators, in 1884, and is like- wise a member of the firm of C. E. Wakeman & Co., owners of the Pontiac Knitting Works, the main industry of Pontiac, and one of the leading mercantile houses of this section of the Slate. He is still interested in Michigan pine-lands, and is the owner of very extensive pine-lands in the State of Mis- sissippi. He recently purchased, in connection with one other, fifty acres of Boulevard property in the city of Detroit, and owns, in addition, considerable real estate in Southern California, including a residence property in the city of San Diego, where he spends the winter, season with his family. Mr. Norton has been for some years city treasurer of Pontiac, and was also for a considerable period treasurer of the County Agricultural Society. He was also one of the charter members of the Board of Control of Cemeteries. He has been a member of the Masonic fraternity for the last fifteen years, and is a Knight Templar. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias organization. Mr. Norton was mar- ried, on the ninth day of June, 1869, to Elizabeth C. Elower, daughter of Theron A. Flower, Esq., formerly of Pontiac, a prominent business man, and who was its first mayor on its incorporation as a city. They have three children living. The eldest, Hattie M., was born January 25, 1874; John D., Jr., was born November 29, 1876; and Mary C, born October 31, 1881 — all of whom reside at home. Mr. Norton has for a long time occupied a prominent place as one of the most enterprising and successful business men of his adopted city. He has interested himself largely in every enterprise of a public nature, contributing both time and money towards the welfare of the community, and has aided largely in building up and maintaining its industries. Of sturdy and honorable character, and with business energy and ability of no mean order, he has won a deservedly high place in the esteem of his fellow-citizens, and a success in business that enables him to enjoy a life of comfort and hap- piness with his family and large circle of friends. In 1888 he was nominated for State treasurer; and, although making a magnificent run, was, with the majority of his party, de- feated on the tariff issue. JAMES GOULDEN, of Port Huron, was born in the county of Sligo, Ireland, in 1829, son of Bernard and Eliza Goulden. He attended the common schools in that and the adjoining county up to the age of fourteen ; after that date he worked on a farm until 1S47, fiom which time he was engaged as clerk in Government and other offices until 1853, when he came to America. After four years spent in the States of New York and Ohio, he came to Port Huron, and, borrowing sufficient capital he embarked in the grocery trade, which continued for a period of three years, when he engaged in the business of a rectifier. In this venture he prospered, continuing it for a period of nearly twenty-three years, retir- mm CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 181 ing from active business about seven years ago. He became vice-president of the First National Bank in 1870, which of- fice he still holds ; and he is also a director of the Port Huron Gas Company. He was one of the charter members of the Port Huron Street Railway, but at present lias no interest in that Company, having sold out to the present Electric Street Railroad Company. He is a stockholder of the Upton Manufacturing Company, and was a contributor, to a consid- erable extent, to the citizens' fund raised for the purpose of sinking wells to obtain natural gas in the city of Port Huron. He is also interested in the Michigan Sulphite-fiber Works, of that city. He has always been a member of the Demo- cratic party, but is not an active politician. He is an active worker in, and member of, the Episcopal Church, of which lie has been a vestryman for the last twenty years. He was married, in 1857, to Miss Martha R. Roberts, of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is said of him that he is a good citizen and a valued member of the community which he has aided largely in building up. Commencing at the very bottom of the ladder he has, by his industry and perseverance, won his way to a place of importance in his adopted city. He is one of the largest owners of real estate in Port Huron, and has always interested himself in enterprises looking to the public good. Hon. Charles Ford Kimball, of Pontiac, Oakland County, was born in Piermont, Grafton County, New Hampshire, July 24, 1S34. His father, Lewis Kimball, was of the old Plainfield stock of Kimballs, and a lineal descendant of the family of refugees who came from Scot- land and found an asylum in Connecticut about the year 1640. His mother, whose maiden name was Lucy Ford, was of English descent, her ancestors having settled in Hebron, Connecticut, some time in the seventeenth century. Our subject attended the district schools until about ten years of age, and afterwards, for brief intervals, the acade- mies at Haverhill, New Hampshire, and at Bradford, Ver- mont. It was his ambition to study law, and he was thus preparing to enter college; but owing to financial embar- rassments, the family removed in 1849 from Bradford, Ver- mont, to the city of Holyoke, Massachusetts, and here he determined to earn his own living, and finish his education as circumstances might favor him. At the age of fifteen he entered the printing-office of the Holyoke Freeman, as an ap- prentice, and there remained about one year; and when, in 1850, the family removed to Nashua, New Hampshire, he entered the office of the Nashua Telegraph, at that time published by Hon. Albin Beard. In the spring of 1854 he had finished his apprenticeship, and meanwhile had pre- pared himself, by close application, for entering the univer- sity, and in December of that year left the New England States, intending to matiiculate at Madison University, at Hamilton, Madison County, New York. His previous years of hard, confining work and close application had impaired his health, and before long he found that it would be impos- sible to continue his studies, and left the university, and started West on a prospecting tour. He visited Cincinnati and St. Louis, and thence went to Kansas, where he remained about a month. From Kansas City he sent home his books and extra baggage, and started alone on a journey on foot through sparsely settled Northern Missouri, intending event- ually to reach Chicago. Before many days, however, health again failed him, and when he had reached the little town of Trenton, Grundy County, he laid up for repairs. When convalescent, he was induced to purchase the dismantled wreck of a printing-office, wherein the Frontier Western Pio- neer was wont to be published, and in May, 1855, issued the first number of the North Missouri Herald, at Trenton. Here he continued, against the odds of ill-health and a " pio- neer country printer's purse,'' until the following November, when he loaded the entire plant into a couple of " prairie schooners," and moved it across the prairie to Brunswick, Missouri, where he entered into partnership with Judge Rich- ard H. Musser, and commenced the publication of the State Gazette. Here he was successful, and would have continued, but his health again failed, and he was compelled to sell his interest in June, 1856. He returned to his native State, New Hampshire, and, on the 19th of August following, consum- mated a matrimonial engagement of several years' standing, in marriage with Kate L., daughter of Hon. Joseph Sawyer, of Piermont, New Hampshire. In May, 1857, by the advice of his physicians, Mr. Kimball went abroad and spent a. little over a year visiting the Bermudas, Azores, Madeiras, and the Cape Verde Islands, the West Coast of Africa, and the West India Islands, arriving home in August, 1858, with health completely restored — as he says : " I went away a de- sponding, emaciated stripling, and came back a nut-brown, hardy sailor." During his absence, Mrs. Kimball, who was an accomplished scholar and teacher — a graduate at the head of her class of 1855 from Kimball Union Academy, at Meri- den, New Hampshire — had accepted the position of principal of the Mount Pleasant High-school at Nashua, New Hamp- shire. In September, 1858, Mr. Kimball, with his wife, again started West, and to begin life anew at Aurora, Indiana, formed a partnership with Colonel Nelson, and commenced the publication of the Aurora Commercial, Colonel Nelson was a native of Kentucky, and soon they differed on the question of sectional politics; Mr. Kimball withdrew, and went to Richmond, Indiana, where he engaged as a journey- man printer in the Palladium office, the paper, at that time, being edited by Hon. D. P. Holloway, afterwards commis- sioner of patents under President Lincoln. Here he re- mained until March, 1861, when he was elected secretary of the Board of Control and clerk of the Northern Indiana State Prison, then in course of construction at Michigan City, Indiana. He had occupied this position over two years when he was appointed, by Governor Oliver P. Morton, military agent of the State of Indiana, with the rank of major, for the Department of Kentucky, and soon afterward was transferred to the Department of the Tennessee and the Gulf, with head-quarters at Vicksburg, and subsequently at New Orleans. This position he filled until the fall of 1864, when, but few Indiana soldiers remaining in those depart- ments, he resigned and returned North. He carried on a book and stationery business for a short time at Cambridge City, In- diana ; thence went to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and tempo- rarily engaged in the fur business ; afterward, in 1866, he be- came interested in general mercantile and lumber business at Boscobel, Wisconsin. In l869and 1870 his firm sustained seri- ous losses in the Mississippi River lumber-trade, and in Feb- ruary, 1 87 1, he came to Michigan, and became editor and joint proprietor of the Pontiac Gazette, and removed to Pontiac, where he has since lived. The circulation of the Gazette at that time was small, and the plant limited ; it soon, however, increased, and for the last thirteen years has averaged about two thousand subscribers, and is recognized 182 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. as one of the best county papers, as well as one of the lead- ing Republican organs of the State. Mr. Kimball was ap- pointed postmaster of Pontiac, in April. 1875, and tilled that position until February, 1880, when he declined a reap- pointment, and recommended his assistant, who was ap- I ,1 to succeed him. He was elected secretary of the Northern Michigan Agricultural and Mechanical Society, in September, 1872, and upon its consolidation with the Michi- gan State Agricultural Society, in January, 1S73. was elected secretary, which position he held to 1877, when he declined a re-election. In November, 1889, Mr. Kimball was appointed, by President Benjamin Harrison, United States appraiser for the District and Port of Detroit, and he as- sumed the duties of that office December 2d following He has been an enthusiastic member of the Republican party from its organization, and lias taken a prominent and active pait in ever) campaign. He was for many years, and is now, a member of the Republican State Central Commit- tee of Michigan. He has been a member of the Masonic fiaternity since i860, and organized and was Master for several years of Grant Lodge, No. 163, at Boscobel, Wiscon- sin. He is a Knight Templar, for many years he has been a trustee of the Congregational Society, of Pontiac, and is an attendant of the Congregational Church. As a citizen he has taken an active interest in all matters pertaining to the public welfare. Liberal, sincere, self-reliant, and ener- getic in character, he has been prominently identified as one of Pontiac's representative citizens. As a writer he has shown a strong and vigorous mind, and expresses himself tersely, clearly, and to the point, and has placed his news- paper among the leading Republican journals of the State. Hon. Byron M. Cutcheon, M. C, lawyer, soldier, and statesman, of Manistee, was born at Pembroke, New Hampshire, May II, 1836. He is from one of those old and highly respected New England families whose moral strength and respectability have toned the character of the entire Nation, and among whose descendants are found many of her brightest sons. The Cutcheons (or McCutch- eons, as the name originally was), lived at North Pembroke —iii* e before the Revolutionary War, in which the grand- father of our subject, Frederick McCutcheon, took an active part as a soldier in the cause of Independence. His father wis James M. Cutcheon, who was born at North Pembroke, and died there in 1856. Our subject received his earliest school training in the district school of his native town, and a little later, at the age of thirteen, entered the Pembroke A< idemy, in which, by diligent application, he qualified himself for a teacher by the age of seventeen, having chosen that vocation to earn money with which to continue his studies, and being at this time left an orphan without means. Enticed by the unfolding opportunities of the West, he left the family home while yet a boy, and came to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where he continued his preparatory studies, spend- ing the winters in teaching, and keeping up his private studies as occasion would permit. His fine natural abilities as a teacher attracted the attention of those about him, and he was sought to take charge of the Birmingham Academy, in Oakland County, in 1857. After holding this position one year he entered as a student the University of Michigan, from which he graduated, taking the degree of A. B., in 1861. His 1 o liege course was interrupted by absence during three winters, which he spent teaching, earning means with which to complete his course. During all of this period de- voted to the acquisition of a thorough education, which was the end of his earliest ambition, Mr. Cutcheon steadily dis- played a firm purpose, a pure character, and a native strength, both intellectual and physical, that have character- ized his whole career, and shaped his success in after-life. Having completed his collegiate studies his first engagement was that of teacher of ancient languages, higher mathe- matics, and mental and moral philosophy in the high-school at Ypsilanti — a position he filled with marked ability until he resigned to enter the army in 1862. A feature of his educa- tion, which is important in determining the natural bent of mind of our subject, was a brief period of his boyhood spent in a military school. Being descended from a race of sol- diers on both sides of the family, he chose this from natural admiration of military life. Thus schooled lightly in the af- fairs of soldiery, he raised a company for the Twentieth Michigan Infantry, in response to the President's call for three hundred thousand volunteers, and was at once mustered into the service as second lieutenant. His career through the war was one of faithful duty and brilliant deeds, which found recognition in successive promotions up to the title of gen- eral, by which he is now known. He entered upon the scenes of actual war at Washington, in September, 1862, when, having been promoted to the captaincy of his com- pany, he saw the demoralized army of General Pope return- ing from the field of the disastrous second battle of Bull Run. He was at once thrown into active service, being engaged in battle at Fredericksburg, Virginia; Horseshoe Bend, Ken- tucky; Vicksburg, Mississippi; Jackson, Mississippi; Blue Springs, Hough's Ferry, Lenoir Station, Campbell's Station, Knoxville, Strawberry Plains, Thurley's Ford, Bean's Sta- tion, and other points in Tennessee. At Campbell's Station, in November, 1863, in which action his regiment bore a con- spicuous part, our subject, then major, was thrown in com- mand by the death of the lieutenant-colonel, and led his regiment with such bravery as to elicit the commendation of his commanding general. From this time to the end of the war his command was never less than a regiment. From Tennessee his command was ordered east in the spring of 1864, when it joined the Army of the Potomac, and was en- gaged in most of the memorable engagements of that army. Colonel Cutcheon. commanded his regiment in the three days' fighting at the Wilderness ; commanded the rear guard of the army in its movement via Chancellorsville to Spott- sylvania, led the advance across the river in front of Spott- sylvania, and commanded the regiment that made the first lodgment on the crest in front of the enemy's works. On May 10th, while leading a charge on a battery of the enemy, he was severely wounded by a fragment of a shell, from which he was obliged to retire to the hospital for nearly two months. He rejoined his command in front of Petersburg, July 5, 1864, and on the 30th led it in a charge upon the mined fort on Cemetery Ridge, through a storm of bullets and canister that mowed down fully half of his men. In August he took part in the three days' fight on the Weldon Railroad, on the first day of which he distinguished himself by- rallying a broken regiment under fire, taking the colors in his own hands, and leading them in a bayonet charge upon the rifle-pits of the enemy, capturing many prisoners and rebel arms. For this he was brevetted by President Lincoln, on recommendation of General Wilcox, a colonel of United States Volunteers, " for conspicuous gallantry." Later he v* £ 6cS ' <3^L4L* the present time. Mr. Wood- ruff held the offices of secretary and treasurer ol Marquette Boom Company foi — 1872101882. He- is still a stockholder in the Comp lently served on its Board of Direi tors. When sixteen years of he bei ame a member of the Congregational Church, and when about eighteen years old was made superintendent of the Sabbath-school at St. Clan. He has since then held that position continuously (except during the first year (.1 his residence at Ludington) in the Chinch of that denomination, where his home has been. At twenty-five years of age he icon of the Church in St. Clair, and is a deacon and trustee of the Church at Ludington. He is a member of the Republican party, but in no ol the word is he politician. He was married, August t, 1867, to Miss Helen F., daughter ■■I" Hon. J. D. Willi. mis, of Ann Arbor, Michigan. They have live children, as follows: Eugene C, April 8, 1871 ; Edwin F., born August 4, 1874; John W., born June 2, 1S78; Jennie H., born March 26, 1880 ; and (lira E., bum March 12, 18S5. Mr. Woodruff is, as the fore- 1 implies, a valued member of the Church, and a leading spirit in its work and support. An old friend of his thus speaks of him: " His devotion to religious matters is almost exemplified in unostentatious acts of benevolence and charily. His mind, on this subject as on others, is broad liberal in its scope, and he embraces in his creed a re- foi all men, whether of his Church or otherwise. His life, while uneventful, has been a busy and successful one, and lie has brought to bear upon his work a well-balanced, keen-witted mind, a firm, rounded character, and a courteous and gentlemanly bearing, that has enabled him to make of it a steady, continued success. His part in the social life of tin community has been broad and of a high standard; his interest in all matters pertaining to its welfare, his readiness to work for others, his genial and companionable nature, have made him one of the most respected, most honored and upright citizens of his adopted city." DAVID W. RUST, late of Last Saginaw, was born in the town of Wells. Rutland County, Vermont, March 24, 1821, and died at his residence in Last Saginaw, October 4, 1880. His life is a striking illustration of the possibilities and advantages derived from American citizenship, when accompanied by manliness, courage, and perseverance. His parents wen- Amasa and Charlotte (Ward) Rust, who, in 1837, removed to this State, settling near Newport (now Marine City), on the St. Clair River. Amasa Rust was by occupation a farmer, and was able to give to his children -.hum ihere were eight, five being sons) the educational advantages offered by the district schools of the then com- paratively unsettled new country, in addition to robust health, the result of participation in the work upon the farm. id W. was the second son, and on attaining his maj learned the trade of a ship-carpenter, becoming a master- workman. Not long afterwards, having by close attention in his woik laid up a small capital, in company with his elder brother, Aloney, he built the schooner Vermont which they together sailed for a number of years. The ven- ture, a profitable one financially, was perhaps the one of which our subject was the most proud, notwithstanding his man) aftei successes; and in later years, in describing the and adventures of this time, his achievement in building and navigating his own vessel seemed most grat- ifying to him. Eventually this life was brought to a close by the sale of the Vermont, and the brothers embarked in imber business by erecting a saw-mill at Marine City, whii h they operated until the fall of 1859, when David re- movei maw. As early as 1844, Aloney and David W. Rust had organized the firm of A. & D. W. Rust, which was continued until the death of the former in 1874. They were large owners of pine-lands on the Muskegon River, in connection with Hon. J. P.Sanborn, of Port Huron, and in other parts of the State, with Coburn, of Maine. This firm was, as well as lumbermen, among the largest ship-builders of their time, many of their boats being now on the Lakes. During his life-time our subject was, in con- nection with various parties, a large owner of vessels, among the first being the schooner A. Rust, which ran to Saginaw as early as 1855; the steamer Bay City and tow; D. W. Rust and tow ; Leuty and tow, and others ; each tow con- sisting of from two to three barges. Mr. David W. Rust was also actively interested in the following firms, in addi- tion to his interests named above : John F. Rust & Co., or- ganized in 1858, and dissolved in 1874; George Rust & Co., organized in 1874, and continued until 1880; J. F. & D. W. Rust & Co., beginning about 1875, and continued until David's death in 1880; J. H. Rust & Co., 1875 to 1879; A. Rust & Co., organized in 1859 or t86o, and continued until Aloney's death, in 1874; A. Rust & Bros., 1874 to 1880; D. W. Rust & Co., beginning in 1875 and continued to 1880; Rust, King & Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1865 to 1S74; Rust, King ec Clint, also at Cleveland, Ohio, 1874 to 1880. These various firms show the extent of his business interests ; and as our subject was the managing partner in many of them, and as well superintended the construction of a large num- ber of their steam and sailing vessels and barges, some idea may be formed of his great business ability. In 1851 they commenced the purchase of pine-lands, largely on the Sag- inaw River and its tributaries, and six years later erected a steam saw-mill at the upper end of the river, now lying within the city limits. Still later they built a similar mill at Bay City, and on the discovery of salt in the Saginaw Val- ley became extensive manufacturers of that article. Mr. Rust was also the owner of large tracts of pine-timber lands in Michigan and Wisconsin, and iron and farming lands in the former State. We can not refrain from quoting the language of a man of high standing in the business community, who, in his early career, had the benefit of the counsel and advice of Mr. Rust : "He was a grand man, of great intellectual power, courage, and strength of character ; one of my best friends, whose advice was always good, and who aided me greatly in starting in business, and who, in his career, justifies anything that can be said or written of him." The Saginaw Morning Herald of October 5, 1SS0, in re- ferring to him, said : '• Mr. Rust was, from his boyhood until his death, the guid- ing spirit, in business matters, of his father's family ; and his brothers and others attribute very much of their well-known business success to his good judgment and advice. In the lan- guage of one of the brothers, ' He did not give them money, but he put them in the way to help themselves.' So largely inter- CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 197 ested in very many business interests of this valley, Mr. Rust will be very largely missed in the councils lhat have so long been benefited by his unerring business sagacity and judgment. In his political convictions, Mr. Rust was an unswerving Re- publican, and his influence and efforts were ever on the side of loyalty to the Nation, and a safe, economical, and just government for the people. In religious matters he had no professed faith, but was a 'man of the world,' though he had a style of benev- olence none the less hearty or acceptable because it was quiet and unostentatious. He was a good son, husband, father, brother, and citizen, and few have belter filled their position and destiny in life, with the opportunity and light given them. There are too few such sturdy, self-made men, and we pause awhile to think who shall rise up and take his place, as we bid adieu to so much natural integrity and true manhood." Mr. Rust was three times married. By his first wife there were four children, three of whom survive. His surviving wife, who, in loving remembrance, contributes the accom- panying portrait as a monument to his memory, is Laura, daughter of Joseph Luff, who came from England when thirteen years of age, and was a farmer and mill-owner at Sackett's Harbor, Jefferson County, New York, where Mrs. Rust was born. Their son, David W. Rust, who, in addi- tion to his father's name, inherits his strong and robust physique, was born June 13, 1873, and resides with his mother in Detroit, where Mrs. Rust took up her residence in 1883. HON. HENRY H. HOLT, of Muskegon, ex-lieutenant- governor of Michigan, was born March 27, 1831, in Cam- den, Oneida County, New York. He is the eldest son of Henry Holt, who was a native of Pomfret, Connecticut, where he was born in 1803. Mr. Holt, Sr., removed to New York State about 1830, where he followed the occupation of farm- ing and continued to reside until 1852, when, with his family, he came to Kent County, Michigan, where he purchased a farm and has ever since lived ; and now, in his old age, enjoys the fruits of his early labors, and takes comfort in being the owner of one of the finest farms in the State. The mother of our subject was Lorency Potter, daughter of Philip W. Potter, a farmer, of Herkimer County, New York, whose paternal ancestor of the seventh generation, Robert Potter, came from England in 1628, and settled first in Salem, Massachusetts, whence he moved ten years later to Rhode Island, of which he was one of the first settlers. A grandson of Robert, Fisher Potter, married Mary, daughter of Mercy Williams (who was a daughter of Roger Williams, founder of the Rhode Island Colony) by her second hus- band, Samuel Windsor ; and our subject is a lineal descend- ant of this branch of the Williams and Potter families on his mother's side. Mrs. Holt died April 22, 1S35, at twenty- seven years of age. Our subject attended the district school until 1848, when he continued his studies at Fairfield Acad- emy, and subsequently spent one year at Christ's Church Hall, in Pomfret, Connecticut. In 1852 he came with his father to Michigan, and continued the work of teaching, commenced previously, which he followed until 1855, when he entered upon the study of the law, at a law-school in Poughkeepsie, New York. He remained there one year, when he entered the Union Law College at Cleveland, Ohio, from which he graduated with the degree of LL. B., and was admitted to practice in July, 1857, Hon. David Tod, after- wards governor of the State, being at that time president of the institution. Returning to Michigan, Mr. Holt was ad- mitted to practice at Grand Rapids by Hon. George Martin, who at that time was Judge of the Circuit Court, and subse- quently Chief-Justice of the State Supreme Court. In Maj 1S58. Mr. Holt came to Muskegon, and in the fall of thai was elected prosecuting attorney of Ottawa County, which then included all the territory now embraced in Muskegon and Ottawa Counties. In 1859, Muskegon County was organ- ized, and our subject was elected prosecuting attorney for the new county, and held that office four years. At the ex- piration of this term he was elected Circuit Court commis- sioner, and was re-elected for a second term two years later. In 1866 the Republicans of his district elected him to represent the district in the Lower House of the State Legis- lature, to which office he was re-elected in 1868, when he became Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. In 1870 he was again elected, and served in the same capacity on that committee. Much of his time was devoted to the interests of the charitable institutions of the State, and the present prosperity of a number of them is due to his earnest efforts in securing appropriations. In 1872 he was elected lieutenant-governor of the State on the Republican ticket, headed by Governor Bagley, and two years later was re- elected to that office. In 1878 his district again sent him to the State Legislature, when he was once more appointed chairman of the Ways and Means Committee ; and in 1886, when again elected, he was made chairman of the Committee on Railroads, and second on the Judiciary Committee. He was chairman of the Ways and Means Committee during the building of the State capital at Lansing. In 1867 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention held at Lansing. Mr. Holt has served five terms in the State Leg- islature as the representative of his district, and two terms as lieutenant-governor, being a longer term of service than that of any resident, past or present, of the State of Michigan — a record of which he may well be proud. In April, 1878, he was elected mayor of Muskegon, and was re-elected in 1S79, he being the second Republican mayor of that city. He has also served the people in various other public offices to which he has been elected from time to time. His experi- ence in this respect is a remarkable one, in the fact that, of the numerous times that he has been nominated for office (being about twenty-five times, altogether), he has never known defeat — a proud record in a city and district as often Democratic as Republican ; a record that speaks louder than words of the appreciation of his services, and one that shows the esteem in which he is held by the people of the community. He lias, ever since taking up his residence in Muskegon, intainemad a law office, and continued in the active practice of his profession. In 1873 al, d 1874, Mr. Holt made an extended lour of Europe, and in 1S75-6 he again visited the Old World, journeying through Egypt and the Holy Land, and making stops at Constantinople and the old cities of the East, from which he returned with a fine collection of pictures, other works of art, and rare curios- ities. The foregoing history of Mr. Holt's public career should be a sufficient guarantee for his personal character, social and business standing. "Thus shall it be done unto the man whom the king delighteth to honor," is as true to-day as it was thirty centuries ago. In all business trans- actions his promise is unquestioned; once made, the fulfill- ment comes with the day. During the past few months, Mr. Holt was, with several other gentlemen, intrusted by leading business citizens with the delicate task of procuring an in- creased appropriation by Congress for the Muskegon Harbor, and an appropriation for other purposes, and it can be 198 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. safely said, and without detracting from the others, that to the success of the mission much credit is due to Mr. Holt. His knowledge of legislation and governmental methods proved an important factor in the execution by himself and his associates of the important duties and interests with which they were clothed. A life-long Republican, imbued with the doctrines of his party, and unswerving in fealty thereto, he is yet sufficiently generous to see the patriot in a political adversary. Thoroughly American, he illustrates in his life and character many of the better traits of the Amer- ican citizen. ROBERT J. WHALEY, banker, of Flint, Genesee County, was born in the town of Castile, Wyoming County. New York, December 8, 1840. Mr. Whaley is descended from a good old ancestry, dating as far back as the reign of His Majesty King Charles 1., of England. Edward Whalley from whom the Whaleys of the United States came, was one of the judgi issed sentence of death upon King Charles I., who was beheaded in accordance with the sen- tence. Afterwards, and during the reign of King Charles II., the judges who had rendered judgment against Charles 1., among them Judge Whalley, with discretion left England, and came to the United States, and lived many years in seclusion in the Connecticut River Valley. Judge Whalley died, and was buried in New Haven, Connecticut, and from him descended the subject of this sketch. When Robert J. was nine years of age, his parents resided in the town of Pike, Wyoming County, New York, that being the birthplace and home of his mother, whose maiden name was Permelia A. Flint. A later his parents removed to the town of Hudson, Wis- consin, about eighteen miles east of St. Paul, with their son Robert. There Mr. Whaley's father engaged extensively in mercantile business, and Robert attended the public schools, .end also clerked for his father in the latter's store, where he thoroughly learned the art of business, and received much practical knowledge, which has been of very great advan- ind value to him during his highly successful and use- ful career. Arriving at the age of eighteen, he became the general overseer of his father's business affairs, and con- tinued in that capacity for a period of three years. At the age of twenty-one, Mr. Whaley went to Caledonia, Living- ston County, New York, where he again engaged in farming successfully for three and a half years, at the expiration of which time he disposed of his farm in Livingston County, and returned to Hudson, where he purchased a large farm of three hundred and twenty acres in extent, about four miles from Hudson, and was successfully engaged in farm- ing there for two years, when, in 1867, he came to Flint in the employ of the Hon. Alex. M< Farlan, a prominent and wealthy lumberman of that place, as book-keeper and busi- ness manager. While at Caledonia, New York, in 1863, Mr. Whaley formed an acquaintance with Miss Mary McFarlan, daughter of the Hon. Alexander McFarlan, which ripened into mutual love and affection, and resulted in matrimony between them on the twenty-fourth day of January, 1867. Mr. Whaley continued in the employment of Mr. McFarlan until the latter's death, which occurred on the twenty-sec- ond day of April, 1881. Mr. Whaley was for a long time the trusted and confidential business manager of the im- mense business of his father-in-law, and never was that con- fidence misplaced, but, on the contrary, Mr. McFarlan's interests were always well looked after and advanced. Since his death, Mr. Whaley has had entire charge of the affairs of the estate, and in this connection it may be said he has managed to conduct them to the satisfaction of all the heirs, without any legal assistance whatever — a fact well attesting his shrewd business management when the importance of the interests involved are considered. Mr. Whaley is a mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity, of Lodge, Chapter, and Com- mandery, and is also Michigan's Great Finance Keeper of reat Camp of the Knights of the Maccabees. Hebe- came connected with the Citizens' National Bank when it was first organized, and has been for a number of years one of its directors. In 1880 he was elected president of the bank, and has held that office continuously since that time. Mr. Whaley is also extensively engaged in the raising of Hereford cattle and Clydesdale horses on his large farm near Flint, and has now a collection of stock in which he very justly takes considerable pride. Possessed of good sound judgment, energetic and pushing, his success has been almost a foregone conclusion, and this, added to his liberal and open-handed spirit, has given him a popularity in his adopted city excelled by none. He is a director of the Flint Gas Com- pany, and of the Water-works Company, and is interested in many other of the public as well as private enterprises of the city of Flint. HON. GEORGE W. WEADOCK, consolidated Sagi- naw's rii st mayor, stands pre-eminently to the front as one of her foremost representative citizens, in whom she takes a natural pride, as sustaining the honorable position with a dignity and ability befitting its multifarious responsibilities. His election was a compliment to the young men of the city, he being but thirty-six years of age, and to those who wit- nessed the pleasure, as well as enthusiasm, with which his name was received from the time the matter of his possible acceptance of the nomination was first bruited, down to the day when the culmination was reached, it had a deeper significance than simply appeared upon the surface. Born in St. Mary's, Ohio, on November 6, 1853, his boyhood days being spent upon his father's farm until his seventeenth year, receiving his primary education in the public schools of his native place, he early displayed the qualities of an earnest, painstaking student, which led his friends to prophesy bright possibilities for his future career. He taught school at the age of eighteen years to enable him to enter college for the study of law, which he was reading during the hours when free from scholastic duties. Under the able supervision of Colonel S. R. Mott, of St. Mary's, he laid a good founda- tion for his future success as a disciple of Blackstone, and in 1875 entered the Michigan University at Ann Arbor, where he studied law. He subsequently entered the law office of Wilson & Weadock, the latter being his brother, the Hon. T. A. E. Weadock, ex-mayor of Bay City. He was admitted to the bar on September 11, 1876, passing a most satisfactory examination before the Examining Board, consisting of Judge Cobb, Hon. T. F. Shephard, and Hon. H. H. Hatch. He went to East Saginaw in January, 1877, entering the office of T. E. Tarsney, with the intention of locating permanently. On August 1, 1877, he formed a part- nership with Mr. Tarsney, which still exists, the firm rank- ing as one of the most successful in the Saginaw Valley. Possessed of a pure moral character, the result of a cleanly, spotless career, earnest endeavor to achieve an honorable eminence at the bar and among men, kindly courtesy to old CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 199 and young, and a modest, winning manner withal, are traits which still endear their possessor to his fellows. In spite of the push and almost brutal egotism that characterize this age, men still believe in moral purity and goodness, and it may prove of incalculable benefit to the young man just starting on the voyage of life, if he will read the lesson aright that was conveyed by the citizens of Saginaw in hon- oring this favorite son with the proud title of first mayor of the united cities. George W. Weadock has ever proved him- self worthy of the esteem in which he is held, and pos- sesses exceptional ability in many directions. He is a sound lawyer, a valuable member of the bar. His judgment is rare for one so young in years, and yet it is a judgment which is offered with modesty as well as dignity. It is sel- dom that one of his age is so wholly trusted by men of wealth and influence ; but they see in him one who never swerves from the right, no matter how alluring the tempta- tion, and instead of allowing the flattery of such a relation- ship to make him vain and arrogant, it seems merely to have matured his mind and made him more fit for the con- stant demand on his time and his talents. Comparatively few have readied his time of life and preserved so fully their true manhood and integrity, and yet he assumes no merit, claims no deference on this account. In fact, he has never claimed anything for himself in the past; all Ins ability and influence have been exerted in behalf of others. Herein lies the true secret of his success ; for, of all characteristics, that of un- selfishness commands the respect and admiration of the world. Happily married, with a cluster of olive-branches to shed sunshine in the comfortable family home, thoroughly domestic in his tastes, enjoying himself best when in the midst of his household, the subject of this sketch fills his niche in this world most acceptably. In botli private and public life, Mr. Weadock, by his quiet beneficence, has a main spot in the hearts of many citizens, always carrying out the Scriptural injunction, not to let his right hand know what his left doeth. The writer has had opportunity to know whereof he speaketh, and can testify lo the truth of the above in more senses than one. In conclusion, it might be added that it is such men as this United Saginaw may al- ways rely on, in whose hands the municipal ship will sail safely, with the wheel of progress as motive power. The con- fidence reposed in him is never misplaced, and whatever step he takes is always carefnlly considered, the result of calm deliberation, guided by that unerring judgment which ever acts as a sort of fly-wheel to restrain the more impetuous ones. In wishing that he may live the allotted span of life, filling many more years of usefulness, the writer but voices the sentiment of the community at large and friends in gen- eral throughout this beautiful Wolverine State. HENRY D. WlCKES. The firm of Wickes Brothers, of East Saginaw, Michigan, has no superior, in its peculiar line, in America. Its prominence has aided in giving char- acter to the city in which its operations are conducted. Nor is this all. Lumbering and the manufacture of lumber have become the chief basis of the life and enterprise of the en- tire Saginaw Valley, and the mammoth works of the Wickes Brothers have borne an important part in this accomplished fact. It is the object of this sketch to give a bi ief history of the founder of this noted firm ; to tell how Henry D. Wickes has been entitled to the honor of being ranked among the prom- inent men of Michigan. He was born in Yates County, New York, on the nineteenth day of August, 1833. His father was a farmer and cabinet-maker, a combination of trades seldom known in the present day. In 1839 tlie family home was removed to Redding, Steuben County, New York, where young Henry Wickes attended the common schools of the locality, in which he secured all of the education at that early day available to boys of an ambitious turn. There were no free colleges, or comparatively free institutions, where a classical course of studies could be followed. On the contrary, the little red school-house at the junction of the cross-roads was the chief seminary ; and the boys were taught by the "school-mistress" in the winter, and they were expected to obtain their outfit of mental training in a few years of such privilege. And they were deemed privileges, too; the term is not a misnomer, for of the many eminent men, in all the varied walks of life in America, but few among them possessed more favorable opportunities for a thorough education ; and yet the natural talents of many of this earlier generation were of such a sterling and advanced character, and they gave such heed to the privileges which they did possess, that they more than held their own when compared with the young men of the present time. The natural bent of Henry D. Wickes's mind was towards any- thing and everything of a mechanical nature. As a boy he turned his attention to the invention of ingenious devices, something that would simplify and benefit labor. At the age of nineteen years he began an apprenticeship at the foundry and machine business, at Penn Yan, New York, and in this pursuit he continued for two years. He then spent another year at Auburn, New York, perfecting himself in the trade for which he had always had a predilection ; and from thence he journeyed to Flint, Michigan. Here a few more months were devoted to his chosen vocation, and then his brother, E. N. Wickes, joined him, and they formed a company with H. W. Wood, under the title of H.W. Wood & Co., to conduct the business of foundrymen and machinists. This was the actual start in what may be called an eventful life, and here Mr. Wickes fully utilized his abilities as a practical, painstaking mechanic — a title of which he is justly proud, and than which there is no greater eminence among right-thinking men. Many of the prominent lumber-mills of Flint were fitted up with the gang-saws for which this concern has since become so noted during the succeeding four years which marked the Company's sojourn in that place. But the Saginaws were then gaining an enviable notoriety for push and enterprise, aiming to secure the position of base of supplies of Northern Michigan; and thither the firm of H. W. Wood & Co. wended its way in the year i860. The concern had already inaugurated a reputation in East Saginaw for the building of first-class mill machinery, as two important mills at that point were then operating with its saws and appurtenances; and here the Company became firmly established. At first two lots of land were secured and the ground cleared of timber, preparatory to the erection of shops ; for the embryo "city" of East Saginaw had not long before emerged from the primeval forest. This was twenty-eight years ago, it must be remembered, and as the city has grown, in a little more than a quarter of a century, from a small hamlet to a thriving city of over thirty thousand people, with all that goes to make a people happy, prosperous, and contented, so has this once infant industry grown. The two city lots have grown to twelve city lots, with shops covering the entire area. In 1864, Mr. Henry D. Wickes and his brother purchased 200 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. the interest of Mr. Wood, and they then formed the partner- ship which has since become such a popular title in tlieir line, known as Wickes Bros. In the year 1883, however, the con- cern having assumed such large proportions, it was deemed -able to organize a joint-stork corporation; but the same general name was adhered to, the Company consisting of Henry D. Wickes, his two sons, and his brother, E. N. Wickes. The business done by tins corporation has grown to mammoth proportions. It should be borne in mind that all through tlie Saginaw Valley, and throughout the Upper Pen- insula of Michigan, lumber manufacturing is the most im- portant of the many important industries of that wonderful State, and then the growth of an institution like that of the \\ ickes Brothers can be understood. And it will be more fully understood if the reader will also remember the fact that the genius of this concern has made a specialty of its wonderful mill machinery. Complete mill-outfits have been sold for European use, and the reputation of its workman- like ability has become world-wide. With such an indus- try to organize from its birth, and then to aid in its growth for nearly twoscore years, with all the many details incident to such an establishment. Henry Wickes has had but little time, and still less inclination, to indulge in political ambi- tion ; but he is a good citizen, and has done a good citizen's part by giving of his time and valuable services for many years to make a success of East Saginaw as a community, and he has gained the respect of the community in that ca- pacity. He is a vestryman of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, in East Saginaw, and his fellow-members have learned to love him as an associate. He is always ready to aid every object looking to the welfare and good of his fellow-citizens; and they, in their turn, have given him of their esteem and good-will. On September 21, 1858, Mr. Wickes was married to Miss Ann S. Bailey, the daughter of Jarvis Bailey, of Flint, Michigan. There have been three children of this union; and of these, two sons are now connected with their father in business. Has not the writer fairly carried out the promise indicated in the opening paragraph of this sketch ? Is not the man about whom he has written worthy of recog- nition in the respect with which such recognition is intended ? Is not every man who improves the condition of his fellow-men entitled to words of praise for praiseworthy efforts and praise- worthy results? Then is Henry I). Wickes a public bene- factor; for he benefited others; he has given employment to many, and he has done much to bring credit and respect to the name of American mechanic, and to America's im- proved methods in mechanism. WILLIAM WeSTOVER, lumberman and banker. There is no name more prominent in Bay City than that which heads this sketch. In fact, there are few names in Northern Michigan better known than that of William West- over; and the name of the man, and the name of the city which has been his abiding-place for many years, seem to be parable in the minds of the people. "William Westover, of Bay City," is the legend, the one being as well and favor- ably known as the other. Mr. Westover was born in Shef- field, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, November 16, 1S27. His education was acquired at the common school of his native town, with a finishing touch at an academy in a neighboring city. Farm work and a brief experience in a factoiy in Connecticut,— these were the only events of his boyhood, and in this he fared as did all New England boys of that day ; but the education he did secure, and the indus- trious habits he formed in his earlier career, fitted him for future undertakings of an important nature, and gave him the ige and the ability to carve out for himself an enviable name. The gold-fever which swept the country, and which brought a new territory into the consideration of the Ameri- can people, affected young Westover as it affected thousands of other adventurous spirits, and so we find him soon on his way to the Pacific Slope, in search of fortune and perhaps fame. He remained in California about two years, and met with fair success. In 1852, however, he returned to the East, and, opportunity offering, he went to Canada, and engaged in the manufacture of lumber. He continued in this busi- ness for about twelve years, and then removed to Bay City. This latter removal occurred in 1865, and thus Mr. Westover has been a resident in his present home for a quarter of a century. He has continued the business of lumbering throughout all this period, and he has been as successful as his colleagues in similar enterprises. It has not been the mere fact of his wealth, or the success of his business ven- tures, which have so associated his name with the city of his adoption. Other men have done as well in these particulars, and have secured but little praise or credit. Mr. Westover, however, has ever had the courage of his convictions, and believing firmly that a bright future was in store for Bay City, he has done his utmost to make a certainty of that future. Every enterprise which has needed development; every business which has sought a helping hand, has found in him an earnest friend and faithful coadjutor. It is for these reasons that men like and respect William Westover. He has beautified Bay City by the erection of a splendid business block; he has given his means and time to organ- ize a National bank, and for many years he has been its presiding officer; to every new railway project he has given a generous greeting, and he has never turned any deserving applicant away empty. " William Westover, of Bay City:" It is a proud title in the way in which that title is recognized throughout the Saginaw Valley. It means that the man is known, and that he is loved for what he has done for others as well as for himself. It is therein that such men become public benefactors. They are self-helpful, it is true ; but while benefiting themselves, others reap a similar advantage. It is not alone what Mr. Westover has accomplished, in a pub- lic way, for the community where he resides, that has given him his prominence among men ; it is the kindly advice, here and there, to young business men; it is the unostenta- tious charity to the deserving poor. It is even more and better than this; it is the true sympathy displayed where sympathy was indeed needed. In personal appearance William Westover is a fine example of a sound mind united to a sound body. Genial and social by nature, his life has been purely lived, and old age can gain no definite advan- tages of him as yet. He has hosts of friends who delight in his society ; he is sought after for his business experience, and because of his sound financial views; and yet outside of the social and business spheres of life, his is a different nature. He has never cared for political or party honors or suprem- acy for himself, nor can he see any merit in his own best acts. In discussing Mr Westover's character with a personal friend of his, the writer was made happy in having his own faith in the man corroborated by one who knew him so well ; and especially was this done in the matter of the purity of his business methods. In these days of rapid advancement ■ ■ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 201 in wealth, the end to be gained is the important point ; the means to that end are not considered. " His wealth was gained by no sharp dealing, by no oppression, by no mean advantages of others. His financial success was the result of recognized business principles." What more honorable record could any man covet than the testimony here adduced gives to William Westover ? His has been an eventful, pros- perous, valuable life, and it would seem that he had earned, fairly earned, immunity from further care and toil ; but in spite of his diffidence, in spite of the fact that his own affairs are a sufficient burden for him, the call is always made on him to give his time in aid of public enterprises of a charitable or financial character. And to this call he has always promptly responded in the past ; and so long as his vigor remains unim- paired, he will continue to be the active figure in all important affairs that he has been for so many years. Mr. Westover was married, October 13, 1853, to Miss Mary D. Culver, of Simcoe, Ontario, a daughter of Darius Culver, of New Jersey. MICHAEL ENGELMANN. The State of Michigan does not present a more marked example of a self-made man than that of the late Michael Engelmann, of Manistee. He was born February 8, 1832, at the village of Floss, Bavaria, where his father was a merchant of moderate means. Young Engelmann attended the village school, and led a life not unlike his hundreds of associates, except that he showed an unusual aptness in mathematical studies. At the age of fourteen his teacher, a man, attempted to chastise him in a manner that seemed unjust to the young scholar; and, being a vigorous, muscular youth, he resented, and got the better of his would-be punisher. The law was resisted, and young Engelmann was brought before the court and sentenced to jail for eight days. His father and other friends being men of influence, an order for his release was promptly secured from the judge, and in three hours after committal our hero was released, but not to return to the school again or even to his home. He set face toward the great port of Bremen, with a mind on the New World across the Atlantic, although he had no money in his pocket, and no clothes except those on his back. Arriving at Bremen, he found an op- portunity to work his way across as cabin-boy on one of the great steamers, and a few weeks later landed in New York, not yet fifteen years of age, with not a cent, not a friend, and his whereabouts a mystery to his anxious parents. He soon found employment with a butcher, and delivered meat over New York City for one dollar a week. After about five weeks he fell in with a merchant from a subuib of Burlington, Vermont, who took a liking to him, and asked him to go up and work for him. The offer was accepted. He remained there five months, working for eight dollars a month. Besides his daring, the young adventurer had also manifested a thrifty, speculative disposition, and by the time now reached (having been in this country six months) he had accumulated a capital of thirty-five dollars. He had also applied himself diligently to mastering the English language, and could already speak it fluently. From Burling- ton he took a canal-boat for Whitehall, New York, and while en route met his first business misfortune by falling into the hands of those who swindled him out of all he had accumu- lated, even to his coat. He worked his way on to Buffalo, and found a steamer bound for Milwaukee. He determined to go there, and, finding employment on it as a cabin-boy, thus worked his way to that city. Before starting, the cap- tain of the steamer, to whom he had told his misfortune on the canal-boat, made an attempt to recover his property, but without success. Landing in Milwaukee, his eye met an advertisement asking for a man to work in a saw-mill at Manistee. The advertisement was Stronach's, and Engel- mann answered it in person, landing October 8, 1848. He went to work first at four dollars a month, which was soon raised to eight dollars. Thus finding at last reasonable com- pensation and a good outlook for the future, Manistee secured to her future this strong-minded and strong-bodied young foreigner, who was to be an important factor in the future welfare of the city, and rise prominently in the great commercial interests of the Northwest. Although he contin- ued to work for wages for eight years, all of which time he remained in the same establishment, Engelmann was not the man to spend his earnings foolishly, or even let it lie idle. By outside contracts and various investments he had, by the time he was twenty-four years of age, accumulated several thousand dollars' capital ; and this time, leaving his business then in the hands of a brother, who had arrived the year before, he returned on a visit to his parents, whom he had left so unceremoniously, and who did not learn of his whereabouts for two years after his departure. There may have been another attraction in his native town to which he longed to tell of the good fortune he had met, but as to the details history must remain silent. He did not return alone, but brought a beautiful German maiden, Sophia Stein hart, as a wife to share with him the future of his adopted home. She was a lady of high birth. His marriage has the distinction of being the first to occur between a foreigner and a native in the bounds of Bavaria, such having been, prior to this time, contrary to law. Mr. Engelmann was known particularly as a mill man, although the bulk of his money was made by outside speculation. His first interest in mill property was in 1857, when he bought into the firm of J. L. McYicker & Co., of which he was the company. This Company broke up in i860; but afterwards Mr. Engel- mann paid the entire indebtedness, about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, dollar for dollar. In i860 he bought the Smith mill, on the present site of the Engelmann mill ; but in this another misfortune overtook him in the total destruction of the mill by fire six months after he bought it. The loss was complete, there being no insurance; but the loser was plucky, and had gone through too much of the adverse fortunes of human life to be disheartened. He went right to work rebuilding a larger and better mill on the site of the old one, which was soon put in operation, and which he owned and operated under the name of the Manistee Salt and Lumber Company. He had already at this time bought a large amount of timber-land in the vicinity of Manistee at a low figure, so that at no time had he been obliged to go beyond his own possessions to supply with timber the vast capacity of his various mill properties. He had at different times owned not less than half a million acres, three-fourths of which lay in Michigan, and the re- mainder in Wisconsin, CaHfornia, and Oregon. Since 1869 he had been interested in the Babcock mill, and also had a large interest in the Free-soil Mill, in Manistee County. At the Engelmann mill was located also a salt-block, capacity eight hundred barrels daily; a shingle-mill, capacity five hundred thousand shingles daily ; a cooper-shop, where all the barrels for salt were made; a machine-shop; and for carrying purposes he owned two large steam barges, with a 26 202 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. total capacity of six hundred and fifty thousand feet of lum- ber. The capacity of this one lumber-mill was two hundred thousand feet daily. Besides his vast mill property and timber-lands, Mr. Engelmann owned a large amount of real estate at Manistee, Grand Rapids, Milwaukee, Chicago, and other places. The Engelmann Block, built by him in 1881, is the finest business block in Manistee, and is a monument to its builder. It contains the First National Bank, of which Mr. Engelmann was a large stockholder and vice-president, besides a number of stores and offices, and one of the 1 Masonic halls in the State. As a testimonial to Mr. Engel- mann's business qualifications and fair treatment of his fel- low-men it is worthy of note that, notwithstanding the vast number of workmen who had been in his employ, he never had a strike, and more than thirty of the men had been in his employ constantly for thirty-five years. Mr. Engelmann was a liberal contributor to Church, educational, and other worthy enterprises, and did much toward building up his city. He was a Democrat in politics.a 32° Mason, and a member of the Unitarian Church. His family consisted of seven chil- dren—six daughters and one son, one son having died. Mr. Engelmann died very suddenly of pneumonia, at his home in Manistee, January 29, 1888, honored and respected by all. Hon. Christian H. Buhl, one of the foremost of the solid men of Detroit, a leading merchant, manufac- turer, and banker, is of German extraction, his father, Chris- tian Buhl, and his mother, whose maiden name was Fred- ericks Goebring, having come to the United States when voung. settling in Pennsylvania, where they were married, and where their lives were spent. Mr. Buhl was born in Butler County, Pennsylvania, May 9, 1810. His education was such as the schools of the locality afforded, and his early business (raining was in connection with his father's interests, his father being a hatter, but a man of activity and energy and of local prominence, both in business and in public affairs, and comparatively well-to-do financially for the time in which he lived. Coming to Detroit, May 30, 1833, Mr. Buhl soon thereafter, in partnership with his brother, Frederick Buhl, engaged in the hat and fur business, under the firm name of F. & C. H. Buhl. The firm conducted a prosperous trade for twenty years, when the business was divided, C. H. continuing the fur branch, and his brother the hat department. The fur trade, both under the firm and individual management, extended over the entire Northwest. After a couple of years the fur business passed into the hands of the senior partner, and in March, 1855, C. H. formed a partnership with Charles Ducharnie, under the firm name of Buhl & Ducharme, for the purpose of engaging in the wholesale hardware trade. The firm absorbed two stocks then doing business in the city, the new house thus becoming the largest of its kind at that time in the North- west. This connection continued until the death of Mr. Ducharme, in 1873, since which time the style of the house has been Buhl, Sons & Co., consisting of C. H. Buhl, his sons, Theodore D. and Frank H., and other partners. In connection with the Detroit house, the firm is also engaged on an extensive scale in the manufacture of nails and mer- chant iron of all descriptions, at Sharon, Pennsylvania. Mr. Buhl himself is also a large stockholder in, and president of, the Detroit Copper and Brass Rolling-mills Company, and is connected with other business enterprises. He has been .1 leading actor in securing the construction of nearly three hundred miles of railway centering in Detroit, including the i ale and Indiana, the Detroit and Eel River, and the lit and Butler Railroads, and, in connection with the latter, the Detroit Union Depot and Elevator. While his railwa} en nay not have been profitable to him, they have greatly benefited the city and connecting points. Mr. Buhl was among the first to move in the establishment of National banks in Detroit, and was vice-president of the Second National during its corporate existence, and is now president of its successor, the Detroit National. As the greater comprehends the lesser, the mention of these large enterprises will show the interest that Mr. Buhl has taken 111 the affairs of the city and State, without enumerating others, to do which would extend this sketch beyond reason- able limits. A large owner of rentable real property in the city, he has always been liberal in its improvement, and scrupulous in maintaining it in the best possible condition for the comfort of its occupants,. Mr. Buhl was a stanch Whig in politics in the old-time days, and has since been a no less stanch Republican, though never an active partisan. His official life is limited by a term of service as alderman, and one term as mayor of the city, embracing the years i860 and 1861. He is an attendant at the Presbyterian Church, though not a communicant, and has always been a liberal contributor to society and benevolent enterprises. His family now living consists of his wife, and two sons above men- tioned. Of three daughters, one died in infancy, a second at the threshold of womanhood, and the other after marriage. Mrs. Buhl nte Caroline De-Long, was of a prominent family in Utica, New York, where she became Mrs. Buhl, August 10, 1843. Coming immediately to Detroit, Mrs. and Mr. Buhl, after a year's boarding, began housekeeping, which has been continuous for forty-five years, and it is worthy of mention that during this time they have lived in the two houses built by Mr. Buhl for his own occupancy, involving but one removal. Mr. Buhl's worldly means, the fruits of a busy life, coupled with a marked sagacity in apprehension and management, are such as to leave him no feeling of anxiety for the future, and as will insure a firm basis for his house when he shall leave it. Though crowding on his four- score years, he is as vigorous and buoyant as the average man of sixty, and gives regularly the same daily hours to business that he did forty years ago, though in the nature of things contributing less of nervous activity. Though of Ger- man parentage, he shows little of the German type in his make-up, w-hich is thoroughly American. He shows a happy blending of the temperaments, with a predominance of the sanguine-nervous. He possesses a genial, social nature, that bubbles up betimes in little sallies of humor that relieve the hard lines of a business life. His society connections are few, being limited to three or four social clubs of which he is a member. That Mr. Buhl is indifferent to the honorable appreciation of the world in his life-work would be too much to say, but this is wholly distinct from any tinge of vanity, while anything like eulogy would be distasteful to him, even to the verge of an affront ; and yet the record of a useful and upright life is the highest eulogy. Hon. Nathan B. Bradley. There are but few, if any, of the inhabitants of Bay City, Michigan, who take rank higher, in public estimation, than the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. There are many men in every important place who secure prominence among their fellows <^rP^^O^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 203 by reason of their wealth, it may be, or from some peculiar incident in their lives ; but it has not been given to every man to secure to himself such full and perfect public approval, and to have it known and believed of him that such ap- proval has been worthily and justly won, as has been given to Nathan B. Bradley. He comes of Puritan stock, and was born in Lee, Massachusetts, May 28, 1831, and moved with his parents to the Western Reserve, in Ohio, in 1835. He acquired his education in the common schools of his native town, .and passed his early boyhood in working on his father's farm, and, from his fifteenth to his eighteenth year, in securing the rudiments of a trade. Like all ambitious New Englanders, however, he felt the necessity of seeking a wider field in which to attempt his life-work ; and this ambition led him to Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he obtained his first in- sight into the lumber business — a business which afterwards became his leading pursuit. A year in this latter place, then two years in Central Ohio, and three years at Lexington, Michigan, manufacturing lumber, and the days of his wan- derings were ended ; for then he decided to make his home in the Saginaw Valley, and finally settled in Bay City. This was in 1858, when Mr. Bradley was twenty-seven years of age. And yet it was thirty years ago, when Bay City was a mere hamlet, before railways were built in that region. It was in the days of stage-coaches, and the days of primitive methods in many things ; but those were clays which tried the courage of many men, bringing some to the front and keeping them there, and relegating many to the rear. Mr. Bradley purchased a saw-mill at Bay City, and continued the manufacture of lumber. In 1864 he erected salt-works, which he has since continued to operate in connection with his mill — a custom followed throughout the region by most of the own- ers of a lumber plant. In November, 1853, Mr. Bradley was married to Miss Huldah L. Chase, of Sparta, Ohio. Two sons were the issue of this marriage, Elemar E. and Fred W. Bradley, both of whom are now associated with him in business. His wife having died, he again married, the lady being Mrs. Emeline E. Gaylord, widow of the late Hon. A. S. Gaylord, of Saginaw City, Michigan. So much, as a brief resume of an honorable business career. It has been a busy, an eventful, and successful experience — a career of which any man might be proud, and one also which would have entitled him to a well-deserved rest. But while doing this work for himself and the well-being of his family, while giving employment to many and thus becoming a benefactor to others, he has been enabled to do more than loyal service for the whole community of which he has been such a conspicuous member. In the year 1865, Bay City as- sumed the rank and dignity of a corporate city, and Nathan B. Bradley had the honor of being chosen its first chief mag- istrate. A year or so previous to that event, he and others secured a charter and the right of way for a street railway in the same city ; and for several years he held the position of secretary and general manager of this public-spirited enter- prise. In the fall of 1866 he was elected to the Senate of the State of Michigan. He performed valuable services for his constituents, which were promptly recognized in an offer of a renomination ; but his increasing and very important busi- ness affairs prevented his acceptance. In the fall of 1S72, however, he was nominated by the Republican party — the party with which he had always affiliated — as a candidate from his district for the Forty-third Congress, and his can- didacy was successful. At the conclusion of his two-years' term he was again nominated, and again chosen as a repre- sentative in Congress. His services as a congressman were of more than ordinary utility and benefit— not alone to the people of his district, but also to the country at large. Emi- nently practical and sagacious, his business experience gave him advantages which he used for the best interests of all. His positions on the various committees of which he was a member were recognized ones, both by his fellow-committee- men and his associate members of the House. He secured appropriations for the improvement of the various rivers and harbors in his district, which made his services valuable to the people of his State. The people of his district did recog- nize this important work by a prompt re-election, it is true ; but such acts deserve even better rewards than this ; for, to the people of that region, as well as to other parts of the country, sure, steady, unobstructed navigation of its rivers, and free entrance to its harbors, is of incalculable benefit. Mr. Bradley was a member of Congress on the memorable occasion when the" Electoral Count" Bill was the great and exciting event of the session. He took a deep interest in the matter ; and believing — believing truly, too — that this was the best and most feasible plan for settling a question which threatened to disrupt the Union, he voted for the measure. And, as the years have passed and the passions of men have become more equable and subdued, the wisdom of such action has become the more apparent. It is an act to which he can look back with the feeling that he did his duty best by voting as he did — his duty to his God, to his constituents, and to himself, although his colleagues from Michigan dif- fered from him. He served on the Committee of Public Lands in the Forty-third, and on the Committee of Claims in the Forty-fourth Congress ; and his services on these committees were deemed of great value. Much more could be said, much of readable value — valuable as a record, as well of Mr. Bradley's Congressional services ; but the limits of a sketch in such a work as this will not permit. There are many other things which he has done for his time and for his community, of which some mention should be made. During the existence of the important organization known as the Saginaw and Bay Salt Company, he was a director, a member of the Executive Committee, and its treasurer for sev- eral years. He was also a director of the Michigan Salt Association. He held the office of vice-president of the First National Bank, of Bay City, for a number of years. He is a prominent Mason, a charter member of Bay City Lodge, and its presiding officer for a number of years ; he was the first presiding officer of Blanchard Chapter, and a member of the Bay City Commandery of Knights Templars. To the ques- tion asked of him by the publishers of this work, to quote the highest public title held by him, he modestly and yet proudly replied, " A citizen of Michigan." And the people of Michi- gan — and very many of them know him well — reciprocate the feeling, and gladly number him among the honored sons of the State. Personally, Nathan B. Bradley is a fine speci- men of the old Puritan strain of men. About six feet high, erect and manly in his bearing, possessing great physical ability, he has few equals among the men of his age ; and, intellectually, his mental powers have kept pace in vigor with his physical development. Starting in life with nothing but his splendid determination to succeed, handicapped, somewhat, by the want of educational opportunities, yet, by the practice of his New England virtues, and the splendid grit with which he was endowed at his birth, he has made 204 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. the race of life, and has won many of its prizes, not the least among which are the solid regard of his friends and fellow- citizens, for his exceptional social and endearing qualities, and the respect and love of those — and these latter are very many — whom he has made happy by his deeds of benevo- lence and brotherly kindness in their hours of need and dis- tress. It is for all these reasons that the writer has said that no man in Bay City, Michigan, ranks higher in public re- pute than Nathan IS. Bradley. Hon. William A. Atwood, of Flint, Onesee County. Of the many successful and influential careers portrayed in this volume, perhaps those whose lives are made up of the smaller experiences within narrower boundaries, where nothing other than a steadfast fidelity, an earnest, res- olute purpose, combined with an upright and honorable moral and business character have been the means of advance- ment, show less of interest to the casual reader ; yet they are, to the seeker after knowledge, to the thinker, and, as setting forth a worthy example, to the young men entering upon the first act of the drama of life, of the most practical value; and such a history is made up, such an example is set forth, in the life of the subject of this sketch— a man who, commencing at the foot of the long flight of steps lead- mi; to prosperity and prominence, has, by his own honest efforts, won an honorable place among Michigan's repre- sentative men. William A. Atwood was born in a log house in the town of Newfane, Niagara County, New York, on April ii, 1835. His father, Asa Atwood, was a native of Connecticut, and was engaged in business for a number of years near Hudson, New York, whence he removed, about 1826, to Niagara County, and was among the first to engage in mercantile business in what is now the city of Lockport. Subsequently he sold out his business interests and engaged in farming, which he continued up to the time of his death, which occurred in 1849, ' ,e being then sixty-six years of age. His wife was Miss Fannie Gibbs, daughter of a New York merchant and ship owner, by whom he had six children, of whom William A. was the youngest. Mrs. Atwood attained the remarkable age of ninety-two years, dying in 1886, at the home of her son William, in Flint. Our subject at- tended, when not engaged in work on his father's farm, a country school, held in an old log-cabin, where he gained the first rudiments of an education that has served him well in life. He studied hard, and in time it was found advisable to semi him to some place where the educational advan- tages were better than at home. He attended a school in Lockport, New York, for several terms, and spent one term subsequently at the Wilson A< ademy, in the village of Wil- son, Niagara Count] . At the age of seventeen he left school, ami, going to Lockport, engaged for the following three years in the jewelry business. In 1855 he moved to the city ol 1 alt, Provini e <<( Ontario, Canada, where he engaged extensively in the manufacture of coopers' supplies. Selling mil his business there at the expiration of four years, he re- turned to New Ymk State, and took charge of his mother's faun at Pendleton, upon which he erected a shingle and heading factory. In the fall of i860 he married Miss Rachel Pickard, of Pendleton, daughter of a prominent farmer of that place. Mr. Atwood was doing an extensive and paying business with his shingle-factory, when, in 1862, it was totally destroyed by fire. Ik- then determined upon returning to Canada, and, locating at Harrisburg, Ontario, he engaged in the lumber business. He was successful in this undertaking until the expiration of the reciprocity treaty, when the lumber business suffered a marked decline, and he concluded to seek a new field of labor. After the death of his wife, in January, 1866, Mr. Atwood, accompanied by his brother, the late Hon. J. B. Atwood, and Mr. B. W. Simington, came to Flint. Here they erected a lumber-mill, and from that time until 1879 conducted the business on a large scale. In the latter year a scarcity of pine-lumber resulted in the closing down of the mill, and Mr. Atwood and his brother trans- ferred their interest in the business to Fast Saginaw, and to Clare County, where they continued the manufacture of lumber 'for a number of years. In 1876, Mr. Atwood pur- chased a partnership in the business of the Flint Woolen- mills, in connection with Mr. Oren Stone, the firm being organized under the name of Stone, Atwood & Co. Since its organization the capacity of the mills has been doubled, and the business now is one of the largest and most impor- tant in the county, "manufacturing more goods than any other woolen-mill in the State. In February, 1883. he purchased the interest of George W. Hubbard in the hardware firm of Hubbard & Wood, of Flint, and the firm was reorganized under the title of Wood & Atwood. The business is one of the most extensive of its kind in the county. Mr. Atwood is also the owner of a farm of one hundred and fifty acres in extent, situated within a mile of the city of Flint, which he has under cultivation. From 1885 to 1886 he was president of the Flint Gas-light Company, and since 1877 has held the position of vice-president and a director of the Genesee County Savings Bank. He is also part owner and director of the Flint City Water-works Company. He was a mem- ber of the City Council of Flint, as alderman, for one term, and in 1881 was elected mayor of the city. In 1886 he was nominated by the Republican party of Genesee and Livingston Counties for the office of State senator for the district comprising those counties. He was opposed on the Democratic ticket by Ex-Governor J. W. Begole, and by Mr. F. B. Clark, nominee of the Prohibition party, whom he succeeded in defeating by a majority of 308 votes over both candidates, while his majority over the Democratic candidate was 1,898; and his vole for senator on the Republican ticket was 727 in excess of the vote for that party's nominee for governor in the district. Mr. Atwood has ever taken an active interest in political matters, and has been for some yeais a member of the Republican State Central Committee. He is an active member of the Episcopal Church, having been for many years one of the vestrymen of the Church in Flint. He is also a member of Genesee Valley Com- mandery, No. 15, Knights Templars. In January, 1871, Mr. Atwood was united in marriage to Miss Helen C. Wood, daughter of the lale Hon. H. W. Wood, one of Flint's prominent merchants and manufacturers. They have one child, Edwin W., born September 14, 1875. Mr. Atwood was commissioned by Governor Luce, in September, 1887, one of the two delegates from the State of Michigan to the Constitutional Centennial, held at Philadelphia. As a citizen he has been foremost in promoting the public welfare, and it was largely through his efforts while mayor of the city of Flint that the construction of iron bridges across the Flint River within the < ity's •boundaries was secured. It is a well-known fact that the promoters of any worthy object never go to Mr. Atwood in vain. Ever ready to assist the needy, or to further the advancement of any good cause, he CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 205 may well be classed among the most public-spirited and benevolent of her citizens. His popularity is attested by his overwhelming majorities in the elections— a popularity which has been won by his kindly nature and disinterested gener- osity, establishing at once his credit and honor in the city of his adoption. GURDON K. JACKSON, of Bay City, was born in Al- gonac, St. Clair County, Michigan, December 18, 1840. His parents were Michael and Elizabeth (Kimbiill) Jackson. His father was a native of England, and came to this coun- try in 1818, when he was in his thirteenth year, and setiled in Penn Yan, Yates County, New York, of which State his mother, Elizabeth Kimball, was a native, where she was born in 1805. The parents eventually went West, and be- came residents of, and identified with, the interests of Algo- nac, Michigan. In many respects their married life was notable ; they lived together as man and wife fifty-seven years, and the family union was never broken until the death by drowning, in 1862, of one of their sons. The wife and mother is now living in the old homestead in Algonac. Her husband died in 1883, held in high affection by friends and family. Gurdon K. Jackson in boyhood attended the com- mon schools near his home until thirteen years of age, when he entered as clerk in a store doing a general merchandise business. At this early age he had a spirit of independence, and a desire to rely upon his own resources and efforts in life. But clerking was not in harmony with his tasles ; he became satisfied of this after giving it a trial of two years. He then left the store and secured employment in a mill. This proved to be far more to his liking and more in line with his natural tendencies, which were those of a machinist. In three years after entering the mill, being then only eighteen years of age, he was made foreman of the mill. The fact of his promotion to such an important position at an age when most boys are experimenting in the choice of an occupation, is ample proof that he had made a wise and proper selec- tion of employment, and also that the firm, of whose business, in this branch, he had charge, had made an equally wise and proper selection in a man to manage their mill. He continued here, useful and important to li is employers, until 1863, when he went to Bay City and embarked in business for himself. This was an important step for himself, and it also proved a good one for Bay City, for he had a thorough knowledge and mastery of the business, which was prac- tically in its infancy in the Saginaw Valley, and needed men of the ability, energy, and enterprise possessed by Mr. Jackson. Many towns and cities of quite considerable pre- tensions and importance owe in large degree the progress they have made and the position they occupy to such men as Mr. Jackson. In fact, it would be hardly possible to overestimate the value of their lives, services, influence, and example. The business ability, good judgment, and sound, practical ideas possessed and exhibited by Mr. Jackson have had merited recognition at the hands of the public. His ad- vice and opinions are sought because known 10 be good and valuable. He has attended closely to his business, and is looked upon by the community as one of the principal oper- ators in the Valley. He has not confined his operations ex- clusively to lumber, but has taken front rank in various other branches. He is managing owner in four large, fine freight-boats — the largest, in fact, which come to the Valley ports. He is a director in the Commercial Bank, and also a director in the Bay National Bank, of Bay City. He married, January 11, 1866, Cordelia Swartout, a native of Algonac, the daughter of Mr. Benjamin Swartout, of the same place. Mr. Jackson is large, over six feet high, well- proportioned, and of attractive physical appearance. He is quiet, gentlemanly, and dignified in demeanor, and has that solidity and substantiality of bearing that come of knowl- edge of the business affairs of life and strength of character. His social position is an elevated one, and his integrity un- questioned. He lias the respect and esteem of his fellow- citizens, and it is hoped that there are yet before him many years of usefulness. HON. CHARLES D. NELSON, lumberman, of Mus- kegon, Muskegon County, was born in Newbury, Orange County, Vermont, May 12, 1824. His father, Stephen P. Nelson, was a farmer and native of New Hampshire, whence he removed to Vermont when a young man. He died at Newbury, about 1840, at the age of sixty-one years. The family was founded in America by his father, Jonathan Nel- son, who came from Scotland, settling in New Hampshire, where he took up the occupation of farming, and lived to be one hundred and three years of age. The mother of our subject was Rachel, daughter of Ezra Gates, a farmer of Newbury. She died at that place in 1867, having attained the age of eighty-six years. They had twelve children, of whom six were sons, Charles D. being the fifth child and third son. Of the children, six are still living— three sons and three daughters. Mr. Nelson attended the common schools until sixteen years of age, and subsequently took a year's course at the seminary at Newbury, Vermont, and then attended a commercial college at Boston for one year, graduating therefrom in 1842. He began his active business career as a book-keeper in a commercial house in Boston, which position he held for two years, and then purchased an interest in the granite business of Richard Munn & Co., of Quincy, about seven miles from Boston. Mr. Nelson re- mained a member of this firm eight years, selling out his interest in the latter part of 1854, and for the next two years remained there as agent and foreman for the West District Granite Company. February, 1857, he came to Muskegon as agent for Marsh & Foss, lumbermen, of Chicago and Muskegon, taking charge of their saw-mill and business in- terests at the latter place. He continued with this firm eleven years, when he purchased an interest in a mill prop- erty at Port Sherman, at the mouth of Muskegon Lake, then owned by Phillips & Browne, of Chicago, the new firm name being Browne, Nelson & Co , Mr. Nelson becoming the managing partner of the business at Muskegon. The prop- erty then consisted of the mill at Port Sherman, and about seventy-five million feet of standing pine on the Muskegon River. The firm as thus organized continued about seven years, Mr. Browne selling out his interest to Mr. R. A. Loveland, now of East Saginaw, in 1874, the firm adopting the name of C. D. Nelson & Co., under which the business is still continued, Mr. William B. Phillips, of Chicago, the senior member of the old firm of Phillips & Browne, pur- chasing Mr. Loveland's interest in 1S77. The mill was built by Mr. B. LaMeaux, in 1861, and had a capacity of three million feet of lumber per annum. It was entirely re- built, under Mr. Nelson's management, in 1876, with the latest improvements, its capacity being increased to thirty million. The property of the firm consists, at Port Sherman, 206 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of about two hundred and eighty acres, upon which is lo- cated the saw-mill, etc., lumber-yards, and about twenty dwelling-houses occupied by their employes. The firm still owns about five million feet of standing timber in Michigan, their cut for the season of 1888 being twenty-five million feet of lumber, giving employment to eighty men. Mr. Nelson is also a member of the firm of George D. Herrick & Co., dealers in musical merchandise, of Grand Rapids, and is also interested in numerous other mercantile ven- tures. In politics he has always affiliated with the Repub- lican party, and was the first registrar of deeds of Muskegon County, being elected to that position in 1859. and holding the office two years, lie was elected supervisor of the vil- lage of Muskegon in 1862, and continued in that position until 1867. He has served four terms as alderman of the city, from 1878 to 1882. On the incorporation of Muskegon as a city, Mr. Nelson was elected its treasurer, serving one year. In 1874 he was elected to represent the Twenty-ninth Senatorial District, embracing Ottawa and Muskegon Coun- ties, in the State Senate, and was re-elected in 1876, being president pro tern, of the Senate during the session of 1877. During his first term he was chairman of the'Committee on Penal Institutions, which was called upon to make an in- vestigation of the condition of affairs at the State Prison at Jackson, charges having been preferred against the warden for harsh and cruel treatment of prisoners. The investiga- tion continued for some time, and resulted in the dismissal of the warden, the committee recommending the adoption of a more humane system in treating with refractory prison- ers, which w.is embodied in a bill introduced by Mr. Nelson, and became a law. Mr. Nelson's name was at one time among those most prominently mentioned for the Repub- lic an nomination for member of Congress for the then Ninth Congressional District, but was withdrawn in favor of Hon. Byron M. Cutcheon, the present incumbent. May 20, 1848, Mr. Nelson was married to Miss Carrie Wason, daughter of Thomas Wason, Esq., of Corinth, Vermont. She died in 1884, at Kalamazoo. They had three children, the eldest of whom, Herbert, was born in 1856, and died when two years "I age; Jennie, born in 1S59, died at Fort Huron, January 9, 1888; Harley was born in 1861, and is now with Messrs. ('.. D. Herrick & Co., of Grand Rapids. The following is from the pen of a gentleman who has had an intimate per- sonal acquaintance with our subject for a period of nearly thirty years: "Mr. Nelson, from a business stand-point, has shown, by a long career of uninterrupted success, a capacity above the average for the management and control of ex- its. He has, in his dealings, ever ex- hibited an unimpeai liable integrity, a sound judgment, and a self-reliant nature. He is held in the highest esteem by his fellow-citizens as a man of pure personal character, who has ever conducted himself as an upright, honest, and straightforward Christian gentleman.'' Captain James Davidson, of Bay City, is of stanch, sturdy, ncestry, both of his parents having been natives of Scotland. They seem to have been pos- sessed of great self-reliance, determination, and energy. They were a thrifty, frugal, and industrious couple, never "eating the bre ness," but had a desire to be use- ful and independent in their sphere, and to be respected and esteemed in the community where they lived. Joseph, the father of Captain Davidson, married in Scotland, Elizabeth Smith, and came to America in 1828. He was a man of more than ordinary capacity, and found ready and active employment in Buffalo, New Vork, where he early made his home, in his occupation, that of stone contractor. He took the contract to build the first piers that were built in Buffalo. His work he successfully and satisfactorily performed, and he continued in active business for upwards of twenty years. He and his wife both died in 1852, leaving three children — lames, Elizabeth, and Helen. Elizabeth married John Bell, a merchant of Victoria, New South Wales ; and Helen is the wife of Wm. W. Starkey, a well-known ship owner of Ash- tabula, Ohio. James was only eleven years old when his parents died, and from that time he commenced to take care of himself. He always had a liking for the water, and when but a small lad in Buffalo ran a ferry over the river at that place. From this he commenced sailing on the Lakes a year later, when only twelve years old. This kind of life suited him, and he soon became a thorough and reliable sailor. So proficient was he as a mere boy, that at seventeen years of age he was second mate of a vessel, and at nineteen was cap- tain. It is not probable that there are many instances, if any, where such responsible duties in connection with life in our great inland waters have fallen upon one so young ; and the efficient manner in which they were discharged, is evidence that he had great natural adaptability for, and became master of, this pursuit. He regularly continued sailing during the summer season while yet a boy, and winters attended the public schools of Buffalo. He also, at that place, for a time attended the well-known commercial college of Bryant & Stratton. A year or so later he left the Lakes, and went to sea, sailing before the mast on some of the largest packet- ships plying between New York, Liverpool, and Calcutta. These were great days in our ocean marine. He followed this for some two years, when he returned to the Lakes for the summer, taking up again his studies at the commer- cial school in the winter. From mate to master, he soon be- came owner of the vessels he sailed. He now felt that he would like to become familiar with the construction and building of vessels, and he therefore spent a winter in the ship-yards of Buffalo. Later he was made superintendent of a yard at Toledo, and finally owned and operated a yard at East Saginaw. His business was prosperous, in which he exercised great care, and increasing, he practically abandoned sailing, and devoted his entire time to the building of vessels. These were added to his fleet, or sold at remunerative prices as occasion offered. In 1873 he gave up his yard at East Saginaw, and opened one at Bay City, from that time on making his home at the latter place much of the time, it being his head-quarters for vessel-building. From this point, for nearly twenty years, Captain Davidson has sent out and constructed some of the finest and largest wooden sailing vessels and steamers ever seen on fresh water. He has al- ways done the very best of work, and his yard and name in connection with ship-building are well and favorably known throughout the entire chain of the Great Lakes. The large logging barge, the WahnapUae, carrying more than two million feet of lumber, was built by him, and is by far the largest of the kind on the Lakes. In the spring of 1889 he completed the magnificent steamer, built and launched as the Majestic, which was recently purchased by George G. lladley and two other gentlemen of Toledo, "and has been named the George G. Hadley. She is the largest steamer afloat on fresh water. Her government measurement is 2,160 net C^yyU^y fC ] cmhJMc7y\_^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 207 tons; carrying capacity, 100,000 bushels of corn, or 2,800 tons of coal, or 2,500 gross tons of iron ore, at ordinary stage of water. She has been pronounced by experts the finest model and strongest built ship on the Lakes. She has all the late and important improvements in the way of steam steerer, steam capstan forward and aft, steam windlass, steam pumps, and triple expansion engines of the most recent pattern. All the rooms are finished with antique oak and hard woods. This boat will be added to the Toledo fleet of the parties mentioned, and she is attracting great attention in all the Lake cities and much admiration in Toledo. She certainly reflects great credit on the skill and workmanship of Captain Davidson and the men he employs. It must likewise be a matter of just and honorable pride, as well as deep satisfaction to Captain Davidson, as he contrasts his early years of sail- ing life with the present, and remembers that the first vessel he sailed was the Sea-Gull, the little schooner of some two hundred and fifty tons, and that now lie builds and owns and sails such grand commercial palaces as the George G. Had- ley. It is, indeed, creditable and honorable, the result of an active, enterprising nature, good judgment, honest and up- right motive, and turning out under every contract the kind and character of work promised. He has gone quietly and steadily about his life-work, making no display, but never other than industrious, and always thoroughly honest and re- liable ; seeming to be impressed with the thought that " our value in life is not in being conspicuous, but in being faith- ful in the work given us and the trust imposed on us." His ship-building and timber interests are extensive. He em- ploys about five hundred men in his yard at West Bay City, and two hundred men and one hundred and fifty teams in the winter in the woods in getting out his oak-timber. Thus does his large industry benefit the laboring man, and con- tribute in no small degree to the prosperity of the place in which he lives. He has a beautiful home in Buffalo, New York, but latterly his residence in the main has been in Bay City, where he also has a beautiful residence on Center Ave- nue, that his business may have his personal attention. He has also financial interests in Buffalo, being largely connected with the Frontier Elevator Company, of that city, and is vice- president and a director of the Frontier Iron and Brass Works, of Detroit. He is a stockholder in the Home Elec- tric Company, and has an interest in Romer, Lovell & Co., of Bay City, and is a director of the First State Bank, of Hills- dale, Michigan. In all of these concerns and enterprises his counsel and advice are highly prized, his excellent business judgment and experience giving his opinion great weight in everything pertaining to their management. He is no poli- tician, and cares but little for public life ; but his worth and merit are well known by the people, and he has been called upon to fill many positions of trust at their hands. He is now, and has been from its organization, on the Board of Managers of the Lake Carriers' Association. He is a Re- publican in party affiliation, but in no sense is he a man of narrow views in politics or anything that may affect the pub- lic welfare. He married, January 22, 1863, Miss Ellen M. Rogers, the daughter of John Rogers, of Buffalo, New York. They have had seven children — -five of whom are now living. The eldest, James E., became associated with his father in business. On every hand, and by all classes of the com- munity, Captain Davidson is held in high esteem for all those qualities which make a valuable citizen and a respected and worthy man. Hon. Julius Houseman, of Grand Rapids, Kent County, is a representative of a class of citizens of the United States, gathered from every civilized portion of the globe, whose aim is not alone the enhancement of their material welfare, but, as well, a desire for that grand freedom of thought, speech, manner of religion and of living, which the United States alone grants ; and the many positions of honor and responsibility attained by this gentleman are only examples of the vast opportunities offered by America to the people of all nations. Born at Zeckendorf, in the kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, December 8, 1832, of Hebrew parentage, his father, Solomon Hausmann, was a native of Bavaria, and a merchant and manufacturer of silk and cot- ton goods at that place, where he died in 1873, at the age of seventy-one years. The mother of our subject was Henrietta, daughter of Julius Strauss, of Heiligenstadt, Bavaria; she died in 1835, at the age of thirty-five years. Mr. Houseman was the eldest of two children born to them, his sister, Mary, being now the wife of Albert Alsberg, Esq., a mer- chant of New York City. His education, up to the age of thirteen years, was obtained in the common, or what was there known as the national, schools of Zeckendorf and Bamburg, and was completed with a two years' commercial course, after which he engaged as clerk in a dry-goods store in Bavaria, where he remained for three years. This ex- perience in the mercantile world enabled him to see that his native land afforded but few opportunities for the gratifi- cation of that enterprising spirit and ambition which were among his chief characteristics, and this knowledge culmi- nated in his taking passage for America in the spring of 1851. Landing in New York, he proceeded at once to Cin- cinnati, Ohio, where he remained a few months as clerk in a clothing establishment. In the fall of that year he went to New Vienna, Ohio, where he secured a similar position in a general country store, and remained until March, 1852, when he removed to Battle Creek, Michigan. Here he met Mr. I. Amberg, with whom a partnership was formed, under the name of Amberg & Houseman, to carry on a merchant tailoring and clothing business. In August, 1852, Mr. House- man removed to Grand Rapids, where he established a branch store, which was continued by the firm of Amberg & Houseman until 1854, when the partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Houseman became sole proprietor of the Grand Rapids establishment, and conducted the business alone suc- cessfully for nine years. In 1863 the firm of Houseman, Alsberg & Co., was organized, with branch houses in New York, Baltimore, and Savannah, which continued until 1870, when the firm was dissolved, Mr. Houseman retaining pos- session of the Grand Rapids establishment. In 1876, Mr. Houseman disposed of this business to his partner, Joseph Houseman (a cousin) and Moses May, who continued it for a number of years under the name of Houseman & May. The present firm is Houseman, Donnalley & Jones, proprie- tors of one of the largest and most prosperous clothing establishments in the West, brought to that point under the careful and business-like management of its former owner, Mr. Julius Houseman. Since 1876, Mr. Houseman has en- gaged extensively in buying and selling pine-lands, manu- facturing lumber, and has become largely interested in real estate in the city of Grand Rapids. In 1878 he established the Stanton Lumber Company, of which he was made treas- urer, at Colby, Montcalm County, Michigan, where their mill was located. Six years later the charter of this Company 21 >s CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. expired, and its business was wound up. Mr. Houseman is at present the owner of large tracts of pine-lands in both Pen- insulas of Michigan and in Wisconsin, and is still extensively engaged in the manufacture of lumber. In 18S3 he built what is known as the " Old " Houseman Block in Grand Rapids, to which, three years later, .1 large addition was made, the new part being one >f five stoiics, while the old part has fmir. The building occupies one-half of an entire square, situated in the heart of the business portion of the city, and is a favorite location for the offices of the legal fra- ternity. The property has a total value of three hum thousand dollars. Mr. Houseman is also the ownei ol the Leppig Block, situated on Lyon Street, and valued at forty thousand dollars, and of numerous dwelling-houses lo- cated in various parts of the city. He was one of the or- ganizers of the Grand Rapids Chair Company, and of the Grand Rapids Brush Company, in both of which he is a large stockholder and a member of the Boards of Directors. He is also a stockholder and vice-president of the National Cit) Bank, of Grand Rapids, and has large additional in- terests in many of the important manufacturing and other business institutions of the city. Mr. Houseman is a firm believer in the principles adt 01 ated by the Democratic party, and has been honored with various official positions. In 1863 he was elected alderman of the First Ward of the city, and served as such until 1870. The same season Mr. House- man visited Europe, and spent the summer in Germany, England, France, and Switzerland. In the fall of that year he was elected to represent his district in the State Legisla- ture, and near the close of ihe session of 1872 was elected mayor of Grand Rapids. In 1874 he was again elected mayor, and during his administration the present admirable system of water works was begun, and successfully com- pleted In 1876 he was the candidate of his party for lieu- tenant-governor of the State, and in the State convention of the Democratic party, two years later, his name was among those most prominently mentioned for the nomination for governor. In 1883 he was elected to represent the Fifth Con- gressional District of Michigan in the National House of Rep- resentatives. He has been a member of the Masonic order since 1854, being initiated in Grand River Lodge, No. 34, and has since taken the Chapter degrees in Grand Rapids Chapter, No. 7. He is also a member of the I. O. O. F. and the I. 0. B. B. fraternal organizations. DlVIE BETHUNE DUFFIELD, lawyer, Detroit, traces back his descent through a line of ancestry as well known in American history as that of any individual whose sketch adorns these pages. He was born at Carlisle, Cum- berland County, Pennsylvania, August 29, 1821, his father being Rev. George Duffield, D. D., who graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, at the age of sixteen years, and then entered the Theological Seminary of New York City, where he remained four years under the training of the distinguished John \1. Mason, D. D., and on April 20, 1815, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Philadelphia. For over fifty-two years he was an active, earnest worker in Christ's vineyard, his first pastoral charge being at Carlisle, where his grandfather, of the same name and a Revolutionary patriot of 177c, had labored some years previously. Here he remained nineteen years, and resigned to accept the pastorate of the Presbyterian Church of Phila- delphia, where he continued two years, and then removed to New York, in response to a call from the Broadway Taber- ! nacle. His stay in the Tabernacle was of exceedingly short duration, for, after preaching through the month of October, 1837, he resigned to take charge of the First Presbyterian Church, of Detroit, and here he remained during thirty years of active life, until, on June 24, 1868, he was stricken down, while delivering a public address, with a paralytic attack, which ended his life soon afterwards. So endeared had he ne to the citizens of Detroit — not alone of his own de- nomination, but of every creed — that by common consent the church-building over which he had presided so long and so faithfully is to-day still known as the " Duffield Church." The grandfather of D. Bethune Duffield was also named George, and was a Philadelphia merchant. He was for nine years the comptroller general of Philadelphia during the gubernatorial administration of Thomas McKean. The great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, the Rev. George Duffield, D. D., already referred to, was for many years pastor of the Pine Street Presbyterian Church, of Phil- adelphia, and, in conjunction with Bishop White, was chap- lain of the first Congress of the United States. His name is one prominent in American history as an earnest advocate of the cause of liberty. The mother of D. Bethune Duffield was Isabella Graham (Bethune) Duffield, a sister of George W. Bethune, D. D. (a distinguished lecturer and preacher of New York 1, and a granddaughter of Isabella Graham, whose name is identical with the Presbyterian Church of both Scotland and America. D. Bethune Duffield gave evidence at an early age of an unusual capacity for study, and at the age of ten years entered the preparatory department of Dickinson College, at Carlisle, when his father was there preaching, and at twelve years of age was prepared to enter the freshman class of the collegiate department, but the rules of the institution forbade the admission of one so young, and he then came directly under the tutelage of his father until 1835, when the family removed to Philadelphia, and the fol- lowing year he entered Yale College, and received his degree as of the class of '40. His father having removed to Detroit in 1838, he followed in 1839, and look up the study of law in the office of Bates & Talbott, then among the leading practitioners of the city. He subsequently returned to Yale College, and entered the law-class of '43, taking the two years' course, and graduating therefrom with distinction be- fore reaching his majority. After graduating from the law- school he took up a theological course of six months or more in the Union Theological Seminary, at New York ; but, owing to impaired health, he was unable to complete the course, and returned to Detroit, where, in 1843, ne was admitted to prac- tice law. In 1844 he entered into partnership with the Hon. George V. N. Lothrop, which continued until 1856, when Mr. Lolhrop's political engagements caused a dissolution of business relations, and Mr. Duffield continued alone until some years afterward, when he entered into partnership with his brother, Colonel Henry M. Duffield, which lasted for ten years or more. Subsequently, in the year 1886, Mr. Duffield admitted, as a partner in his legal business, his son Bethune, a graduate of the Michigan University ; and this relationship, under the name of Duffield & Duffield, still continues. Mr. Duffield's life has been a very busy one. He never faced the haid and pitiful poverty to which some of our successful men were born, but was left so nearly to his own resources when a youth as to merit the' full and complete honor of the high reputation he has won in the legal world. In politics he fa^c^s_ 6u>c£f New Kng- laml origin. They moved to Springfield, Massai husetts, when he was two years old, and there gave their son such ii t.i. ilities as the common si hools afforded al that early day. Al the age of seventeen he commenced an ap- prenticeship at the tradi of carpenter and joiner, with Gideon Gardner, in Springfield. In his verj earlj history he became a member of the Hampden Association, a lemp which flourished in Springfield at that time; and to the prin- ciples which were then instilled in his mind he attributed much of the happiness and prosperity which attended him through life Mr, Samuel Bowles, the editor and founder ol the Springfield Republican, a papei md of wide circulation, was the president of the organization re- ferred to, and the effect of such an example on the mind of young Warner could not fail to be beneficial. In 1830 he removed to Mi. Clemens, Michigan, being then twenty-three Ige and the master of a good trade. He continued in (his pursuit, in the last-named place, until LS54, when he made one more, and tins lime a final removal, to East Sag- inaw, where he continued to reside until the time of his death, which occurred on March 18. 1890. His first busi- enlerprise, after settling in his new and permanent home, was the establishment of a foundry and machine- shop, the first of its kind in the entire Saginaw Valley. It was al this lime, also, that his partnership with Mr. L. H. Eastman was formed, under the firm name of Warner & Eastman, which continued in active operation for some twenty-five scars, until the death of lite latter, which oc- ■ nrrcd in 1879. A short time subsequent to the building of the machine-shop, Warner & Eastman built a saw-mill, and they were among the early successful pioneers in the manu- I n nire of Saginaw's great staple — salt. As has been slated, the historj of this firm is identified with the history of the city, which it helped to build Mr Warner's influence was ever used to benefit the community of which he was a member ; and his firm was among the foremost in the aid of every important undertaking. It is not properly within the scope of such an article as this to give a history of all the many events in which Mr. Warner bore his part, sn man- fulls and well, but it can safely be stated that his life svas a useful one for the consistent example he exhibited through- out his history. It svas marked, also, by an earnest piety and a strict integrity of character, tsvo salient points of great sveight in and thriving city. Mr. Warner svas one of the organizers of the First Congregational Church of East Saginaw, and one of its most useful officers and members. In 1867 the machine-shop which he founded svas sold to A. F. Bartlett & Co., and is yet in active operation. The saw-mill and the lumber interests which the firm had ac- quired were sufficient to occupy the attention of Mr. Warner and his partner from 1867 until 1879, smce which latter date Mr. Wan the matter his personal supervision. A friend who knesv him well, pays this tribute to his reputa- tion "Although Mr. Warner's life has not been an exciting or an eventful one, it has yet been marked by consistent piety He is kindly in his judgment, and is ever a peace- maker." Then , more in the last suggestion than is generally conceived. The highest authority has given to "peace-makers'' an exalted position. His was the privilege to prevent broken friendships, or to restore such relation- ships if once severed A life has been svell lived when such a record has been made. Mr Warner svas twice married. His first union svas with Miss Clarissa D. Barnett, of Hins- dale, Ness Hampshire. Eight children were born to the parents, only two of whom survive. Mrs. Warner died in In 1865, Mr. Warner married Miss Eliza Eldred, a native of laic County, Nesv York. There were two children but none living, of this latter marriage. In politics, Mr. Warner svas originally a Whig; but when that party be- came extinct, he, with many others of like mind, joined the Republican ranks. He never solicited public office or polit- ic . il preferment, but svas ever willing to perform his part as (1 citizen, and to give such service as might be de- manded of him. To sum up the record of his life, it can be- well and truly said that he svas an active, attentive busi- ness man. He svas a good man, as well — good in the world's meaning of the svord — and the belief is general that his piety was something more than a name. He secured the esteem and confidence of the entire community. His position as deacon in his Church, for a great many years, gave him a prominence svhich he bore modestly and becom- ingly. It has been svell said that "the good that men do lives after them ;" but Mr. Warner had the opportunity and the inclination to benefit others, during his long and active life, both by kindly influence and an honest example; and in this, svhile imparting good to others, he svas himself a gainer. HON. JAMES D. TURNBULL, of Alpena, one of the acknowledged leaders of the bar in Northern Michigan, svas born at Harvey, Nesv Brunssvick, on the shore of the Bay of Fundy, February 5, 1843. His father, James Turn- bull, a farmer, was born in Maine, and his mother, Mary A. Bennett, was a native of Nova Scotia. James D. svas the fifth child in a family of seven. The father died svhen this son svas in his sixth year. The mother survived the husband and father for twenty-five years, and then died in Chelsea, Michigan, in 1874. Three years after the death of the father the family removed to Sparta, Elgin County, Province of Ontario, where James attended school and learned a trade. In 1858 he came to Chelsea, Michigan, and contin- ued to svork at his trade and attend school. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in Company K, Tss'entieth Michigan Infantry, and served through the remainder of the Civil War. He svas made a lieutenant of his company in 1864, and svas finally mustered out of service svith his regiment, at Jack- son, Michigan, in 1865. At the close of the svar he began svork again at his trade, but soon after entered the State Normal School, at Ypsilanti, svhere he took the full course of study, and svas graduated in 1868. He then taught the Union School, at Memphis, Michigan, for three years, studying lasv meansvhile, and reading svith his brother, G. W. Turnbull, of Chelsea. He svas admitted to the bar at the Ann Arbor Circuit Court, in 1871, and in June, 1872, removed to Alpena, svhere he has since resided. Mr. Turnbull svas married, in 1873, to Miss Frank A. Burke, daughter of Hiram Burke, of Memphis. Tsvo children — both boys — have been born to them. In politics, Mr. Turnbull is a Democrat, and the positions he has been called upon to fill attest his popularity svith his party as svell as with the citizens of his community. For many years he svas chairman of the Democratic County Committee, a position svhich he held until the pressure of (J t^^^uJil CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 211 other business obliged him to resign. For six years he was comptroller of the city of Alpena, and for two years was chairman of the County Board of Supervisors. In 1879 ne was elected representative in the State Legislature from the Alpena District, which then embraced the counties of Alpena, Alcona, and Presque Isle ; and was renominated and re- elected to the same office in 1881. Besides his success in law and in politics, Mr. Turnbull has been equally success- ful in his general business affairs, and since 1882 has been interested in the manufacture of lumber at what is known as Middle Island. As a lawyer, Mr. Turnbull has attained to the very front rank of his profession by sheer force of his own energy and ability. He went to Alpena as an unknown man, and has gained his reputation alone and unaided. There is no mystery, however, regarding his success to those who are acquainted with his personal character, his habits, and his methods. His chief intellectual characteristics are, probably, cl.arness of perception and directness of applica- tion. He is blessed with a large measure of practical com- mon-sense, which enables him, in complicated cases arising in his profession, to detect the points upon which the natural justice of the case depends, and to these he clings with re- markable tenacity. To these natural equipments he adds native energy, and no detail of practical proof of law escapes his attention and careful study. He is, moreover, a fluent and forcible speaker, and is especially effective with a jury. In the prime of life, there is a bright future before him. Hon. Algenon Sidney Munger, of Bay City, was born in Bergen, Genesee County, New York, March 1, 1 82 1. Both his parents were natives of Connecticut, and that they were of original Puritan stock is apparent from their names, which were, respectively, Jesse and Huldah. The father had removed from Guilford, Connecticut, to the farm in New York, where Algenon was born about the year 1806, and was thus one of the pioneer farmers of Western New York, as his son subsequently became one of the pio- neers of Michigan. Algenon was the youngest of a family of eight, six of whom (four brothers and two sisters) lived to grow up, and one brother and one sister are still living. His mother died when he was only two years of age, and four years later his father married Miss Prudence Brandt, who died when Algenon was ten years old. The step- mother proved — as step-mothers often do, notwithstanding the popular impression to the contrary — a genuine mother to the children ; and, "although they were soon bereft of a mother's care for the second time, Mr. Munger still refers to the only mother whom he ever knew, with words of filial affection. As is true of so many men now prominent in Michigan, Mr. Munger was thrown upon his own resources at a very early age. His father having lost his property, the son, when only ten years old, started out to earn his own living, working at first for four dollars a month, and attend- ing school during the winter. The age of fifteen finds him at work on the Tonawanda Railroad, the first road built west of Rochester. It seems like a dream, in these days of palace cars, running at sixty miles an hour, to look back to that day, and to recall the fact that the first cars on the Tonawanda Road were hauled by horses instead of a loco- motive. In his seventeenth year we find our lad learning the cooper's trade, at which he continued for several yens It was this trade which really brought him into Michigan. Coming into Oakland County in his eighteenth year, he traveled from town to town, working at his trade and saving a little money, until in his nineteenth year he opened a shop of his own in the town of Franklin. Here he was joined by his brother Curtis, and, better still, by a wife whom he took to himself at the early age of twenty — Miss Adeline Crego, daughter of Rulef Crego, a Cass County farmer. The wedding took place October 1 5, 1841. Three years ended his life as a cooper, and the two following years were spent on a farm at Adrian, from which he removed to a farm he had purchased in Cass County, where he remained for the next five years. There his young wife died, and, unable to endure the place which continually awakened painful mem- ories, he left the farm and went to Elkhart, Indiana, where he opened a grocery-store and built up an excellent busi- ness. Selling out in 1854, he came again to Michigan, and with his brother Curtis opened a general store at what was then known as Lower Saginaw, now Bay City. For twenty years Mr. Munger's chief energies were devoted to this business. Beginning in a small way, at the end of ten years' time it was the boast of the brothers that a customer at their store could not ask for anything that they were un- able to furnish. In politics, Mr. Munger is a Democrat, though not a strong partisan. He has never been an office- seeker, but has been literally pushed into office by the peo- ple, as the one best qualified to fill it. In 1862 he was elected to the Board of Supervisors, in order to assist in breaking up a ring which had obtained control in Bay County. The same year he was chosen county treasurer, an office which he filled for six years with credit to himself and benefit to the county. In 1871 he was elected mayor of Bay City, against a strong opponent. But the filling of public office and his legitimate work as a merchant represent only a small part of the good which Mr. Munger has done to the community in which the prime years of his life have been spent. A large part of Bay County, as is well known, is only a few feet above the waters of Saginaw Bay, and the county contains- vast tracts of swamp-lands. Mr. Munger has been intimately associated with schemes for the drainage of these lands, and has succeeded in redeeming thousands of acres from their swampy condition and rendering them fit for tillage. He has thus accomplished much more than the traditional feat of the typical good man who makes two blades of grass grow where one only grew before. In ad- dition to this beneficent work he has also built some of the substantial business blocks in Bay City. In fact, so exten- sive did his real estate transactions become that his mercan- tile business had to be abandoned. In 1S64 it had already been changed from a general to a dry-goods business, and in 1874 the brothers disposed of this also; and, being already largely interested in lands in Bay and other counties, opened a real estate office. It is doubtful if the people of Bay City really appreciate their indebtedness to Mr. Munger for the position their city now occupies as a business center. After the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad reached East Sagi- naw, the live men of Bay City saw at once the necessity of extending the line to this point. But the road was con- trolled practically by inhabitants of the rival city of East Saginaw, and they were naturally averse to extending it to Bay City. In this emergency a company of the business men of Bay City was organized to build a railroad to East Saginaw. The Company was able to control only a limited amount of capital, and the road, running mainly through swamps, would be a difficult one to build. Mr. Munger was CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. chosen by the Company as the man best fitted to contend with the difficulties before them. Appointed superintendent of construction, by his good judgment in selecting a route, and his indomitable energy and perseverance amid the most discouraging circumstances, the road-bed was success- fully built and graded, and the Flint and l'ere Marquette Company were thus forced to carry their work to comple- tion. But for the efforts of Mr. Munger, the building of this road to Bay City might have been long delayed. An elegant gold watch, highly prized by Mr. Munger, was presented to him as a token of their appreciation of his work, by those whom he had so faithfully served. During the whole period of his residence in Bay City, Mr. Munger has been esteemed a-, an energetic and public-spirited man, of the most perfect integrity. He is now residing on a farm at Munger's Sta- tion, near Bay City, and in the evening of life is enjoying h day as fully as when more actively employed. In his sixty-ninth year he does not feel old, neither does he seem old. His first wife died in 1S50, leaving two daughters— Laura A., wife of the Hon. George I'. Cobb, of Bay City, and Harriet C.wife of Julius Benedict, of Adrian. In 1853 he married Miss Susan J. Strong, of St. Joseph County. She died in 1887. A busy, useful, and honorable life, will be the final verdict pronounced upon Mr. Algenon S. Munger. HON. JOHN S. ESTABROOK, of East Saginaw, was born in Alden, Erie County, New York, January 22, 1829. His father, Scth Estabrook, a man interested in many af- fairs of importance as a farmer, merchant, lumberman, and other leading enterprises, was born in Massachusetts, in 1795, and died in 1840. His mother, Hannah Alden He- bard, was a lineal descendant of John Alden and Priscilla Mullen. Many were the tales told him in his youth of the days of the Aldens. She was born in Lebanon, New Hamp- shire, and was the daugher of Moses Hebard, a fanner, and i icon of his Church, whose fame as a man of probity, worth, and ability, is remembered to this day. Mr. Esta- brook's paternal grandfather, Experience Estabrook, was an early graduate of Dartmouth College, and a famous Presby- terian clergyman of his time. In 1837, through the rascality of a citizen of Buffalo, New York, Mr. Estabrook's father lost his fortune; so Mr. Estabrook, as the youngest of a family of live, had only his two hands and his natural ability to begin life with. Until fifteen years of age he attended the district school at Alden, spending one winter, in his fif- teenth year, at the select school of Deacon Haws, a man remembered by his old pupils with respect and love. When sixteen years of age he found employment as salesman in a grocery-store in Buffalo, New York. In June. 1845, ne • to Michigan, sailing on the schooner Cambria, com- manded by his brother, Captain Moses Hebard Estabrook. He made St. Clair, Michigan, his home. In 1848 he was aged with a United States surveying party under the com- mand of Guy Carleton, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, lie was next engaged by Willard Parker at St. Clair, and entered upon duties which have become his life-work. Here he gained a practical knowledge of the lumber business, «hich has been of incalculable benefit to him. He soon was made a foreman by Mr. Parker, and to Mr. Parker's system and knowledge of business modes Mr. Estabrook large praise, and acknowledges that to him he owes that which has made him the careful man of affairs he is. In 1852 he went to Saginaw in Mr. Parker's employ, and a partnership was soon formed, with Mr. Estabrook as resident partner. In 1854; Mr. Parker retired from the lumber business, and Mr. Estabrook formed a partnership, arranged in simi- lar manner, with Mr. Alexander Gebhart, of Dayton, Ohio. In 1856 he became a member of the firm of S. W. Yawkey & Co., commission lumber-dealers. From 1857 to 1865 he was alone in the lumber business. In 1866 the firm of Es- tabrook & Mason was formed. In 1871 he joined hands as business partner with Mr. Alexander Gebhart, under the firm name of Gebhart & Estabrook. This firm now stands one of the leading lumber and salt firms in Michigan. Mr. Esta- brook is a Knight Templar, and holds in the Masonic order in Michigan an important andinfluential position. He is an attendant of the Congregational Church, and his life shows that he has been a close follower of its teachings. In political faith he was, until 1854, a Democrat, but at that time he determined to cast his influence with the Repub- lican party, as its principles were more in accordance with his own views; and with that party he has continued to affil- iate ever since. He has never sought office, but some of the most important trusts of the city in which he resides have been placed on his shoulders. He was married, in 1854, to Miss Ellen R. Burt, of Ypsilanti, Michigan; one daughter was born to them, Miss Winnefred. Mis. Estabrook died January, 4, 1864. In 1865 he was married to Miss Helen C. Norris, of Ypsilanti ; she died, April 17, 1S87, leaving two chil- dren — Justus Norris and Mary Elizabeth. September 3, 1889, he married Miss Harriet E. Sharp, of Jackson, Mich. Mr. Estabrook has for many years occupied a prominent business, social, anil political standing in the Saginaw Valley, and his as- sistance and resources have been freely drawn upon in pushing forward every public or private enterprise that has added to the material benefit of the community. A positive man, he has made enemies often by reason of his blunt, outspoken man- ner of speech ; yet he possesses a tender and kindly nature that can always be enlisted in the cause of every good project, and he is a stanch and' faithful friend. He has held posi- tions of trust in every department of the city government — mayor, alderman, school inspector, water commissioner, po- lice commissioner, and member of the Board of Public- Works. He has also twice represented his district in the State Legislature, with credit to himself and honor to his constituents. He is president of the Saginaw Board of Trade, an organization that represents more than fifty million dol- lars of material wealth. Commencing life without any spe- cial or peculiar advantages, he has won his position by honesty, integrity, perseverance, and an untiring devotion to duty in each sphere of his career. HON. JAMES DEMPSEY, lumberman and capitalist, of Manistee, was born near the town of Roscommon, Ros- common County, Ireland, April 10, 1832. His father, Law- rence Dempsey, was a farmer by occupation, and came to America with his family in 1847, settling in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, near what is now Scranton, where he died in 1857, aged fifty-nine years. His first wife was Mary Ward, the mother of the subject of this sketch. She died during his childhood days, leaving four children, of whom James was the second son, his two sisters being younger. Coming to this country with his father, he went to live with an uncle at what was then known as Hyde Park, now a part of Scran- ton, with whom he remained two years. He subsequently lived with Judge Nathaniel B. Eldred, in Bethany, Wayne ^^^^S^^^z^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 213 County, Pennsylvania, for four years. August 24, 1854, he came to Manistee, and the following winter went into the woods and engaged in logging for Can field Brothers. The next winter he was again employed by them, and had charge of one of their lumber-camps, and was for the succeeding eight years in their employ in this capacity during the win- ters and in delivering logs at their mill in the summers. In 1869 he formed a partnership with Mr. A. E. Cartier, now of Ludington, and engaged in assorting and driving logs on the Manistee River, Mr. Dempsey continuing in charge of one of the Canfield lumber-camps during the winters of 1869-70 and 1870-71. In 1873, Dempsey & Cartier pur- chased what was known as the Green and Milmo mill prop- erty, situated at the north end of Manistee Lake, and en- gaged in the manufacture of lumber. In 1882 a joint-stock company was organized under the title of the Manistee Lum- ber Company, of which Mr. Dempsey is president, Mr. Cartier and Mr. Wm. Wente being the other stockholders. Their mill now has all the latest improved machinery, and has a capacity of one hundred thousand feet of lumber per day. The Company own a logging railroad fourteen miles in length, situated in Kalkaska County, and have consider- able property in pine-lands along the Manistee River from which their mill is supplied with logs. They also own a third interest in the State Lumber Company, of Manistee, whose plant is situated on Manistee Lake, within the city limits. In 1880, Mr. Dempsey, in partnership with the late John Brown, of Big Rapids, commenced the erection of a mill on the east shore of Manistee Lake. Mr. Brown dying before the building was completed, his interest was purchased by Mr. Dempsey and Mr. E. B. Simpson, of Milwaukee, who operated the mill under the firm name of Dempsey, Simpson & Co. until 1S87, when it was destroyed by fire, and was not rebuilt. Mr. Dempsey owns about ten thousand acres of pine-lands situated on the Pearl River, Hancock County, Mississippi. He also organized the Dempsey Tug Line, in 1880, of which he was the proprietor until the prop- erty was disposed of in 1887. Mr. Dempsey was the second postmaster of Manistee, being appointed in 1857, and serving until the end of President Buchanan's Administration. At this time there was only a weekly mail, and the office was kept wherever the postmaster happened to be. He was again ap- pointed to that position in 1886. He has been mayor of the city one term, and made a most excellent public officer ; but having less ambition for office than for business, he could not be induced to accept a second term. He was married, June 30, 1861, to Miss Mary Mullen, daughter of Michael Mullen, of Racine County, Wisconsin. They have eleven children, as follows: Thomas L., born April 29, 1S62 ; Mary Helen, August 21, 1863; Emily Margaret, May 30, 1865; James Ward, February 14, 1867 ; Henriette, August 20, 1868; Cecilie Rose, May, 1 1870; Estella Josephine, July 17, 1872; Louis C, May 28, 1874 ; John Joseph, March 2, 1876; Frank Michel, July 14, 1878; Neale, August 10, 1880; Walter M., December 7, 1883. Of these, the last named died Septem- ber 20, 1886. Miss Mary H. was married October 24, 18SS, to Mr. John M. Clancy, of Racine, Wisconsin Mr. Demp- sey is an active member of the Democratic party, and labors earnestly to further its interests. He is, with his family, a member of the Roman Catholic Church. Coming to Man- istee at a time when lumbering was almost the sole industry of its people, yet without the slightest knowledge of the busi- ness and with a capital consisting of nothing other than sterling honesty and an ability and willingness to work, Mr. Dempsey's career has been marked by a success that is a shining example, which the hundreds of friendless foreign and native-born Americans may hope to emulate. The same careful management which he exercised over his em- ployer's affairs when he was foreman and had charge of the lumbering operations of others, he has exhibited in his own private business, which has grown to the employing of hun- dreds of men. As a judge of the intrinsic value of standing timber Mr. Dempsey has no superior. He stands high in the opinion of his neighbors as a man of unsullied reputa- tion and commercial integrity. HON. HERSCHEL H. HATCH, who stands at the head of the bar in Bay City, was born at Morrisville, Mad- ison County, New York, February 17, 1837. His father, Julius W. Hatch, born at Sherburne, Chenango County, New York, was a scientific lecturer of note, and a man of fine education. His mother, Harriet Bicknell, was born in Mor- risville, but the ancestors of both parents were Massachu- setts and Connecticut Puritans. After receiving a common- school education, Judge Hatch left home at the early age of sixteen, and for two years was clerk in a New York City store. He then entered Hamilton College Law-school, at the head of which, at that time, was the celebrated T. W. Dwight, now of Columbia College Law-school. In 1858 he was admitted to the bar, and practiced in his native place until 1863, when, for the sake of a larger field, he came to Bay City. On the 21st day of June, in the following year, he was married to Miss Eliza E. Haughton, of Morrisville, a former school-mate. Five children have been born to them, of whom four are now living. His oldest son, Charles H., a graduate from the Michigan University, is at present a law student in the office of his father. Judge Hatch has been active as a politician as well as a lawyer. He was elected an alderman of Bay City at its first organization in 1865 ; was elected Judge of Probate (whence comes his familiar title of Judge) of Bay County, in 1868, for a term of four years; was appointed by the governor a member of the Constitutional Commission of Michigan in 1873; was a P" pointed a member of the Tax Commission of Michigan in 1881; and was elected to the Forty-eighth Congress, on the Republican ticket, by a very large majority. The above epit- ome of his political experience indicates something of the estimation in which he is held by his fellow-citizens, but gives no indication of the qualities which have won for him their esteem and his own success. It is no detraction from the merits of other excellent gentlemen among the legal frater- nity at the lower end of the Saginaw Valley to say that Judge Hatch is facile princeps among them all. Twenty-six years in the active practice of his profession in the same com- munity have made him intimately acquainted with all the phases of life presented by it; and, on the other hand, he is so well known to those who habitually meet him, that any descriptive words which attempt to picture him to strangers must apparently fail to present him fully and fairly in all his moral worth and intellectual excellence. The following, however, although inadequate, will ,give some idea of his characteristics: "He is a man of great physical as well as mental vigor. In personal appearance he is tall and com- manding, and his strong face is covered by a full beard, cut to medium shortness. In disposition he is thoughtful and studious. His manner is perhaps somewhat reserved with -''4 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. strangers, but with his friends — and they are many — he opens out in a most genial way and shows himself in his true character — that of a cultured, educated, intelirgent, positive, dy, but modest gentleman. His social standing, like his professional, is of the very highest. That his ability is universally recognized is sufficiently proved by the highly honorable positions he has been called upon to fill. His capacity to conduct large affairs in a large way is settled by the sure test of success, and his integrity is unquestioned and unquestionable. The exigencies of a busy and i i ii. ri have made no demands upon him which he could not fill; nor. in filling these demands, lias he adopted methods other than the most straightforward and honorable. Finally, it is high praise to say of him that prosperity has not turned his head, nor has success affected his simplicity. HIRAM J. HOYT, lawyer, of Muskegon, Muskegon County, was born in Commerce. Oakland County. Michigan, March 23, 1843, and is the oldest son of Dr. James M. Hoyt, of that place, one of Michigan's early and prominent medical practitioners, a sketch of whose life appears in this work. The mothei ol our subject was Margaret, daughter of Hiram Barritt, Esq., of Oakland County, a native of Wheeler, Steuben County, New York, where Mrs. Hoyt was born. Hiram |. Hoyt was the oldest of ten children, of whom six sons, five of the children are living at this time. Hiram J. attended the district schools until eleven years of age, and then entered the Aurora Academy, at East Aurora, Neu York, from which he graduated in 1X63. Returning to Pontiac, he took up the study ol the law in the office of the late Hon. M. E. Crofoot, with whom he remained three years, and was admitted to practice by Judge San ford M. Green, then Judge of the Circuit Court of Oakland County. 1 ..Hung to Muskegon in 1S67, he began the practice of his profession, whii h he continued .done until the spring of 1074, when he formed a copartnership with Smith, Nims & Erwin, under the name of Smith, Nims, Hoyt & Erwin, which Mill continues. Mr. Hoyt is a firm believer in the principles advocated by the Democratic party, of which he has been a member and ardent supporter since reaching Ins majorit) Mr. Hoyt was married, February 26, 1867, to Mis> Ada E., daughter of Benjamin Smith, Esq , .1 farmer ..f Oakland County. The) have one child, Wilbur S., born [raduale ol Orchard Lake Military Academy, now .1 law student in the office of the firm of whii h his father is a member. A critical judge of men, and lio 1 nows him well, contributes the following pen-pic- ture: "Mr. Hoyt is neat .\nA trim in appearance, active and prompt in movement, embodying those phasing personal characteristics which arouse interest and attention at sight. lb- is pre-eminentl) .. popular ami social man, and is the fortunate possessor ol those rare gifts of manner and speech which make some men the charm of their social environ- ment. With a wide knowledge of men and affairs, tiained "i profi sional .ml political debate, quick and brilliant at repartee, pointed ami incisive in argument, having always at ' '■" Il1 a rich fund of anecdotes and illustrations, he is tantly demanded for the platform and banquet. An earnest and uncompromising Democrat, he has always been I in e nl in party councils, and has often been the hon- ored and deserving recipient ol most complimentary nomi- nations from Ins party. Thoroughly grounded in legal principles by education, and combining a large experience at the bar with great practical sagacity and good sense, his pro- fessional standing is of the best. There are few men in pro- fessional life who possess to such an eminent degree the power of clear, accurate, and cogent presentation of the facts of a case, and of the law applicable. And while his success at the bar of nisi prats courts has been of the most flattering character, yet it has not excelled, if it has reached, that which he has achieved before appellate tribunals and courts of last resort. His standing as a citizen is that of the most liberal and progressive. He is the zealous and hearty advocate and promoter of all measures and enterprises that tend to promote and confirm the commercial prosperity of Muskegon. He is never short-handed towards genuine char- itable or benevolent movements. His heart is always open to the appeal of the unfortunate, and his purse to the needy ; his generosity is almost without safeguard or restraint. Without striving for wealth, he has easily attained comfoit and competence. In religion, his views are of the broadest and most tolerant character. He has for many years been an officer and active member of the Universalist Society." Samuel H. 'Webster, f East Saginaw. The name of " lumberman," in certain portions of Michigan, has come to possess a rank and merit which do not attach to any other trade or calling. To be known as a lumber- man, especially in the Saginaw Valley, carries with it the " hall-mark " of wealth and prominence in the affairs of the world. And the prominence has been fairly earned ; for no nobler set of men, taken as a class, exist anywhere within the limits of the Peninsular State. It is the purpose of the writer of this sketch to endeavor, within the brief space al- lotted, to describe one of these lumbermen, and his choice has fallen upon Samuel H. Webster, of East Saginaw. In per- forming this pleasant duty, or what would be a pleasant duty were it not for the want of material of a more exciting nature to attract attention to the subject, the historian is met at the outset with the same set of circumstances which have sur- rounded the early career of every man who has attained to eminence in any walk of life, throughout the length and breadth of our wonderful land. The very things which would have been insurmountable obstacles in other coun- tries have become the incentives to success in America. Here were the same humble surroundings, the same want of educational facilities of an advanced nature, which have marked the advent of every man who has striven to make a success of his life; and yet in this case, as in all others, nothing was allowed to interfere with the clearly defined purpose to succeed. Samuel H. Webster comes of New England stock, and he himself was born in Surry, Cheshire County, New Hampshire, December 19, 1822. The son of a farmer, he secured only the rudiments of a common-school education ; and yet the district school of the older Eastern States gave the children of those early days as good op- portunities for learning as many of the high-graded schools of the present time can accomplish ; or else how can the fact otherwise be accounted for, that our men of eminence, having had no other facilities for mental improvement in their youth than that first mentioned, stand the peers of many who were college-bred ? The fact must have been that the boys of that olden time felt the importance of learn- ing, were imbued with the idea that education is an im- portant factor in the struggle for wealth and distinction ; and they determined at least to give the teacher a fair chance. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 215 Young Webster followed the course pursued by all the coun- try lads in his neighborhood — attended school in the winter season, and then devoted his boyhood and young manhood in aiding his father in the management of his farm. This continued until he reached his twentieth year, when the active personal duties of his life were entered upon. At first he devoted two years to railroading, acting as super- intendent in the construction of a line. Then followed an interval of hotel-keeping in Boston, and this episode was followed by a break in all the old established relations of his life. Like many other young men, especially those of Yankee birth, lie wanted a wider field of operations than any that the old home offered to her sons, and he profited by the advice that Horace Greeley was so often giving in that day. He went to the West, and at first settled in Detroit, Michigan. Here he remained for seven years, engaged in commercial pursuits, and then, believing that the lumber business presaged fame and fortune in the future for him- self, he journeyed north to Saginaw City, in the same State, and remained there the first ten years, since when EasT Saginaw has been his home. Mr. Webster's first important venture in this direction was, first, to unite himself in partner- ship with Myron Butman, of Saginaw City, and then to pur- chase a saw-mill at Zilwaukie, on the Saginaw River, and operate the same. They were among the pioneers in the salt-making business — an industry then in its infancy, but it has since become one of the most important in the land. A salt block was built, and operated in connection with the mill just alluded to. Mr. Webster retained his interest in this property for but a few years, and then, having sold the property, his active mind needed fuither employment. This he secured by erecting another saw-mill and salt-block at Carrollton, a short distance only from the scene of his former labors, and this property he operated successfully for several years. In time he sold out his interest in the Carrollton plant, and built another mill and salt-block at Bay City. He retained his interest in this venture for some five years, and then sold out only to re-engage in the same business at Portsmouth, near Bay City, where he erected another mill, and established the necessary salt-works. This property, too, he disposed of, after having established it permanently. His mind was of unceasing activity, needing employment constantly, and finding it fully in these many successful en- deavors to develop the resources of the wonderful land in which he had made his home. But since the building and selling of the Portsmouth mill, Mr. Webster has devoted his time to the management of his investments in pine-lands. He had no predilection for public office, but he has always performed a good citizen's part by feeling an earnest interest in his country's welfare. He was married in early life to Miss Angeline Rice, the daughter of Eli Rice, of Bartonville, Vermont. He has had but one child, a son, Benjamin F. Webster, born September 8, 1853, who is associated with him in business. One of Saginaw's most eminent citizens gives this estimate of the hold Samuel H. Webster possesses upon his fellow-men, and the rank accorded to him among them. It was an opinion formed on long experience, and it is a truthful one. He says: " Mr. Webster has had the happy faculty of being able to so move among men as to win business success to himself, without incurring the envy or hostility of any. His social ways and his kindly man- ner towards all with whom he comes in contact ; his hearty appreciation of the merit of others, and his enjoyment in whatever brings good to them; his integrity, which has been tried by the vicissitudes of fortune, and found to be sterling and true, — all of these things have won for him a position among his fellows which is one of the greatest prizes of life. In all that goes to make a worthy American citizen, Mr. Webster is the equal of the best;" and, adding his tribute also to the admirable manhood of the man he has attempted to portray, this writer takes a kindly leave of the subject. HON. JOHN M. EDWARDS, lawyer, of Kalamazoo, was born in Northampton, Hampshire County, Massachu- setts, June 22, 1820. His paternal ancestors came from Wales at a remote period, to New England, and settled at Northampton, in which place and its vicinity many genera- tions of their descendants have since lived. The Edwards family in New England, with its collective branches, is quite numerous, and has embraced at different periods persons of historical prominence in the literary world — to mention a more recent instance, the late Rev. Doctor Justin Edwards, president of Andover Theological Seminary, was a cousin of George Edwards, the father of the subject of this sketch. Through his mother, Martha (Stuart) Edwards, our subject is descended from Scotch ancestry. She was the sister of Dr. Charles Stuart, father of the late United States Ex-Senator Charles E. Stuart, of Kalamazoo. Mr. Edwards's father was a farmer, and his parents removed from Northampton, Mass., to Batavia, New York, when John M. was eight years of age, and there the early years of his life were passed, at the home on the farm, until, arriving at the age of sixteen, he was sent from home to complete his education by an academic course of study. He left school, having finished his studies, in 1841. Later, having decided to make the profession of law his life's business, he entered as a student the office of Taggart & Chandler, at Batavia, and was admitted to the bar at Buffalo in November, 1847. In 1848 he removed to Kalamazoo, and commenced the practice of his profession, in which he has continued ever since, and has won and maintained among the leading members of the bar of Michigan a standing as a sound and able lawyer. In the course of his professional life, Mr. Edwards has had as associate partners several able and prominent lawyers and public men of Michigan, among whom were Hon. Samuel Clark, representative in Congress from Western New York, and afterwards holding the same position from the Kalamazoo District, of Michigan, and L'nited States Senator Charles E. Stuart (both now deceased) ; Hon. Henry F. Severens, United States District Judge for the Western District of Michigan ; and Hon. Thomas R. Sherwood, Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan. In the line of his professional practice, Mr. Edwards's spe- cialty is not as a trial lawyer in court, of cases at nisi prius. His work is that of placing the prepared case in court for the trial lawyer, though, when occasion requires, he conducts the case himself. His specialty in court is in conducting cases in equity. In his preparation of cases for trial at the circuit, and in his conduct of equity cases and cases before the appellate courts, he is especially strong. His briefs pre- pared in trials before the Supreme Court, and his written arguments, are models of clearness and force. He is a self- reliant man, and has steadily through life applied himself to his profession. Though of decided political views, he is not a politician, and has never sought the adventitious profit or emoluments of political promotion as auxiliary or supple- mentary to his legitimate business. He has not been, in the 2l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. as commonlj understood, a publii man, yel hi i shirked the discharge oi publii duty when imposed upon him. From 1850 to 1X52, under the api tment of President Fillmore and until a subsequent change ol ad- ministration, he held the office of receiver of publii moneys .it Kalamazoo; and more recently for a number of ye.us idenl ol the Board ol Edui ation. A distin- guishing trail of his character is his sense of justice, his recog- nition of moral obligation, and his resolute courage to meet and discharge what under the emergency of circumstances appears to him a duty. As an interesting episode in his active professional life, and worthy of mention, to illustrate his character, reference is had to the attempts, by its friends, to enforce the prohibitory liquor law. In opposition to its en- forcement, the liquor-dealers organized, and some of the more rei kless threatened to retaliate with violence to property and life. Some ol the earliet prosei utions (although the evidence produi 1 d, of the violation ol the law, was 1 onclusive) proved tbortive; the justice of thi who rts complaints «iie presented, dismayed by their opposition and threats, weakened, and defendants were acquitted on the most frivo- lous technicalities. In the emergency, cases were brought . Mi Edwards, who then held the office of justice, and before whom the friends ol the law, through several contin- uous months following, vigorously prosecuted offenders. The history of that time shows Mr. Edwards silting in judg- ment upon cases before him, administering the law upon proved facts, impartially, in the face of mobs visiting his house and office to overawe him, and in the face of violence to his life and property, threatened, and to an extent consum- mated, in the firing and destruction of his residence and con- tents. Mr. Edwards was married, May 28, 1850, to .Miss Emma S. Knettles, at South Lansing, Tompkins County, New York. Her father, Joseph T. Knettles, was a native of Germany, who came to America at an early age and settled in Pennsylvania, from whence he afterwards removed to New Yoik State. He was by occupation a farmer. William Dwight Edwards, the eldest son, is now a resident of De- troit, and is connected with Fletcher, Jenks, & Co., wholesale hardware merchants. The youngest son, Albert K. Edwards, is the senior member of the firm of Edwards, Chamberlin & Co., hardware merchants, of Kalamazoo. HENRY A. NEWLAND, of Detroit, is the leading representative in Michigan of that branch of commerce wlm h at one time comprised the sole traffic of not only what is now the State of Michigan, but also of the entire North- west; we refer to trading in furs, with however, the distinc- tion that his chief attention, since the almost depletion of fur- bearing animals in this section of the country, has been given to the much-prized fur obtained from that semi-inhab- itant of the water, the seal, rathei than the fur supplied by the denizens of the forest. So close a study has he given to the subject that there is probably no better judge in the coun- try than he. Like many of Michigan's most successful men, Mr. Newland came from the Empire State, having been born in Hammondsport, Steuben County, New York, on March 17, 1833. His parents were Adolphus Thayer and Lucinda (Smith) Newland. At the age of nineteen he be- came a resident of Detroit, and entered the employ of that pioneer house in the fur-trade, Frederick Buhl & Co. At the age of twenty-two he became a partner in the firm, which then adopted the name of K. Buhl, Newland & Co. After twenty-six years' connection with this house, he, in 1880, es- tablished the firm of Henry A. Newland & Co., which is par excellence regarded as one of the leading fur-houses of the United States. They are large importers and exporters, and their domestic trade is immense. It may not be generally known that, while the United States, from her latest acquired territory, Alaska, supplies the world with the dainty fur of the seal, London alone (or rather one particular and im- mense firm in London) can properly prepare and dye the skin ; and so all are shipped there ; and thither go the pur- chasers from all the seal-buying countries, to attend the great annual sales, at which time the prices for the season are deter- mined upon ; and to these sales Mr. Newland goes each year, and there his excellent judgment is brought to bear, and, as a result, inures to the advantage of the patrons of his firm. Mr. Newland's partners in this concern are Messrs. Arba M. Seymour, Theodore Newland Ripson, and Frank L. Hyde. In their extensive manufacturing department the firm em- ploys about one hundred and fifty people. In political faith, Mr. Newland is a Republican, and in 1865 Governor Crapo appointed him a member of the State Military Board, and aid-de-camp on his staff, conferring the rank of colonel. Eight years after his arrival in Detroit, on March 11, 1S62, Mr. Newland was married to Miss Emily A. Burns, daughter of the Hon. James Burns, since passed away, Mrs. Newland died on June 18, 1871 ; one daughter, Helen L., survives. Six years later, on March 7, 1877, Mr. Newland was united in marriage to Miss Martha Alger Joy, daughter of the Hon. James F. Joy. They have one daughter, Mary Joy Newland. A fellow-resident of Detroit, who has for many years been intimately acquainted with Mr. Newland, asked as to his characteristics, thus speaks: "The best estimate of a man's qualities and powers can be found in the work he has done, and in the repute in which he is held by those who know him well. Judged by these standards, Mr. Newland must be set down as a business man who has attained the highest suc- cess in the early prime of his manhood, and as a recognized financial and personal force in this community. His capac- ity for work is immense. His industry and energy are qualities suggested in his tone and bearing. His honesty and honorable methods of business have never been ques- tioned. His word is, according to the old saying, as good as any man's bond, and when he outlines a course of policy or conduct, his associates and employes understand that he means what he says, and will stand by it. Personally he is pleasant and sociable in disposition, is open to the approach of any one, and, all in all, is a robust representative of the successful business men of America." CLARENCE B. CHATFIELD, of Bay City, was born in Dryden, Tompkins County, New York, December 15, 1 85 1. His parents were David A. and Elizabeth (Brown) Chatfield. David A. Chatfield was the oldest son of William and Ascenith Chatfield, who removed to Dryden from Balls- ton, New York, in 1833. At this time the new country to which they came was nearly in its primitive or wilderness state, although some portions of the county had been settled many years before, especially along the line of the public road built by Joseph Chaplin in 1791, '92, '93. This was known as Chaplin's' Road, and it became the great highway for immigration in that part of the State. Along the highway came families from New England, among them the Chat- fields, who were probably natives of Connecticut, in which P\ dAA^y^^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 217 State there were several families of the name as early as 1639-40. David Chatfield settled in the midst of a pine for- est, working in which was his employment during the sum- mer season for many years. Like very many men of his time, he had only the commonest advantages for obtaining an education. In fact, it is mentioned with just pride by his descendants, that his education was obtained chiefly by the light of pine-knots during evenings at his own humble home after hard labor during the day in the pine-woods. And unfavorable as were his opportunities, yet he made such ac- quirements from books that he was fully competent to teach school. His services were much sought, and he was thought such an able and thorough instructor that he was thus occu- pied for many winters. This added quite materially to the income of the family, and was put to good use. It was like- wise a pleasant and agreeable change from the severe manual and bodily labor. It rested the body and strengthened the mind, and stored it with much useful and practical knowl- edge. Among his pupils in Lansing, New York, where he taught, was Miss Elizabeth Brown, whom he married in 1848. They had five children, four of whom are now living. Clar- ence B. was the oldest, and was born in a log house among the tall pines. It is said that physical or material surround- ings have much to do with the shaping and developing of the physical and mental. At any rate, this son, Clarence, grew tall and strong in body and mind, qualities which stood him in good need in after life. He had but few opportuni- ties for obtaining an education when young, the hard labori- ous life and circumstances of his father making it necessary for the son to aid by work in supporting the family. It fol- lowed, therefore, that he attended school only during the winter months, except two terms at Dryden Academy. With the education thus obtained he taught district schools during four winters, and worked on his father's farm summers. These were interesting and useful years and experiences to the young man. If he did not make rapid progress, he never- theless laid deep foundations, and built strongly and securely. While farming was not especially distasteful to him, he had more of a leaning to mercantile life. In other words, he felt that he could accomplish more in the world, and rise to a position more in harmony with his tastes and inclinations by his head than his hands, and he entered upon mercantile life in a small country store in Dryden. There was nothing of the go-easy or superficial in his nature, and he soon be- came convinced that in order to be thorough and successful in a mercantile career it was necessary to have a commer- cial education. He therefore, in March, 1875, went to Poughkeepsie and entered Eastman's Business College. He was studious, and made very gratifying progress, standing high in the school, and giving evidence of possessing abili- ties essential in successful and useful business-life. Predic- tions were made of a promising future, and so well thought of was he that, while yet in school, before graduating, he was offered a situation as book-keeper in the large general store of John McGraw & Co., of Portsmouth, Michigan. This he accepted, and entered upon the duties of the position, June 11, 1875. There he remained until October, 1877, giving complete satisfaction to the firm, and receiving unbounded confidence in return, when he accepted a somewhat more desirable offer to keep the books for Carter & Maltby, jobbers of produce and provisions, which firm was soon succeeded by Maltby, Brotherton & Co., as wholesale grocers. He had now become entirely familiar with the business in its details, from carrying on the business at Dryden, and had had a four years' experience in keeping books. The training which he had received, beginning in his youth and resulting from his being obliged to depend upon his own resources — farming as a boy and young man, going to school winters, studying win- ter evenings, later teaching school, and then coming into con- tact, in various capacities, with business men — all had been of value to him, and had prepared him for wider and more responsible fields of operation; and in June, 1879, he com- menced business for himself. He formed a partnership with Mr. E. A. Spear in the retail grocery trade, at No. 308 Center Street. The firm was successful from the first, and built up a large trade, which was carried on until the spring of 18S2, when Mr. Chatfield retired from the concern, and in April of that year purchased a half-interest of Mr. S. G. M. Gates in the Central Flouting Mills. He assumed the entire man- agement of the business; and so well was it guarded, and so ably managed, that the demand for their goods soon out- grew the capacity of the mills to supply, and in the winter of 1884 it became necessary to very materially enlarge their facilities, and to adopt the " roller system." Almost unpar- alleled prosperity had followed their efforts, when, in Novem- ber, 1886, the mills and elevator were totally destroyed by fire. But, as Mr. Chatfield remarked, " the ashes were not yet cold when plans were made and a contract signed for a new mill of nearly double the size of the burned structure." And in June following, the new Phcenix Mills were again turning out the celebrated "Purity" flour. They are now in successful operation, and are among the prominent industries of Bay City. In this particular branch of manufacture, Mr. Chatfield's mills are classed alongside the best in any por- tion of the country. He has applied himself closely and as- siduously to business, and occupies a leading position among the leading men of the Valley. While his success in business enterprises has been marked — almost phenomenal — no part of it is due in the least degree to what is sometimes termed " luck," but is the result of the very best practical sense and excellent good judgment, quick and ready comprehension, and direct and forcible application. And back of it all, he has always exhibited an honesty and integrity of purpose and uprightness of character that have been felt in the com- munity. The result is that he has, to the fullest extent, the con- fidence and respect of the entire community, which has shown in very many ways its appreciation of his worth and merit. He has been for two years, and now is, president of the Bay County Agricultural Society, an organization which had suf- fered decadence, but which seemed to* receive new life and energy as soon as it came under his management until it is now upon a solid and substantial basis and of efficient use- fulness. He is president of the Michigan Poultry and Pet Stock Association, first vice-president of the Business Men's Association, a director in the Commercial Bank, in which latter organization his opinion and advice have great weight, perhaps to as great an extent as that of any other man, al- though he is much younger in years than many of his asso- ciates; and president of the Mutual Building and Loan Asso- ciation of Bay County, a corporation recently organized, with a capital of $2,000,000. He was also the first president of the Bay County Humane Society. His personal popularity, suc- cessful career, and intrinsic merit have often brought him prominently before the public mind as a fit person for high of- ficial honors and positions, but he has persistently refused all solicitation and entreaty, with the one exception of becoming 28 218 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. i member of ilie Common Council of Bay City. He has been a number of years a member ol the First Presbyterian Church of Bay City, is a member of its Board ol Trustees, ami is active in its welfare and liberal in its support. In politics he is an tamest and influential Republican. February II, 1879, he married Miss Charlotte P. Russell, of Memphis, \l,l,i in She comes of a very worthy family, hei father having been a Congregational minister, in which denomina- tion lie held the oldest pastorate in Michigan, having settled over one charge for thirty-one years. Her mofhi ibeth Prall, of Prallville, New Jersey, one of the oldest families in the State, and of high respect and ability. Mr. Chaltield has a family of live children— four sons and a daughter. He is yet a young man, and he have made every Step and -Hoke count. He lived on a farm, working hard until twenty years of age, and tin- first mone) he ever earned was from teaching school, which lie used in getting a business education. Securing this, he looked out into life's future with no misgi d came to Michigan with but a bare one hundred dollars in his pocket. He has never received pecuniar] • bom any one, and owes his present position in the world and standing in the com- munity entirely to his own efforts and abilities. HON. THOMAS J. RAMSDELL, lawyer and capi- talist, ol Manistee, was "born in Plymouth, Wayne County, Mil higan, July 29, 1833. The family is of Scottish descent, and was founded iii America in 1668, our subject being a of the sixth generation. His father, Gannett Ramsdell, whose mother's maiden name was Gannett, she being a member of that old and well-known Boston (Mass.) family, was a native of Lenox, Berkshire County, Massa- chusetts, where he was born in 1801. He died in Plymouth, Mil higan, seventy-five years later. His wife was Anna Pcr- rin. whose ancestors emigrated to this country from England in 163;, and settled in Massachusetts, where she was born in 170.S. Mrs. Ramsdell died in 1875, at Plymouth, Michi- gan. To them were born four children — the late W. A. Ramsdell, farmer, Plymouth; D. E. Ramsdell, also a farmer, of Ionia County; the well-known Judge J. G. Ramsdell, ■ I Traverse City,' Judge of the Thirteenth Circuit; and Thomas I. Ramsdell; three of whom are living. Our sub- ject's father being a farmer, he had recourse for his early ed- in ation to the district schools, which he attended during the winter seasons, the summer months being devoted to work on ither's farm. He subsequently entered Plymouth Semi- nary, from whii h he graduated at the age of twenty, and im- mediately entered the State Normal School, at Ypsilanti, where he prepared himself for teaching. In this occupation he engaged in the township of Plymouth for two years, when he commenced reading law in the office of Hon. J. W. Long- 1 nited States District Judge. Here he remained on.' year, when he entered the National Law-school, at hkeepsie, New York, from which he graduated in 1858, and was admitted to practice iii that State. He, however, immediately returned to Michigan, and was admitted to the bai ol Ingham County in the summer of the same year. I hi nil he received the appointment of clerk of the Supreme Court at Lansing, where he became acquainted with Ho.. 1 lartin, then Chief Justice of the Supreme In higan. Judge Martin, 1. ome interested '"'hi iwyer, suggested that he remove to Mam at that nine a growing lumber manufacturing village, where, he understood, the profession had no representative. He also offered to make a selei tion of such books as he deemed' necessary for future use. Accepting this advice, our subject, in the fall of 1859, set out from Lansing with his books and other possessions in a sleigh, to make the jour- ney. In this I 1 oed an entire week, as there was then no road north of Muskegon, from which place he fol- lowed "a three blaze trail" through the woods. He opened an office in a shanty formerly used as a shoe-shop, near the Canfield mill, where he very soon had a lucrative business, he being the onlv lawyer in the neighborhood, and the field being an excellent one for a man possessed of ability as a lawyer, and of those qualities which command respect from all 1 lasses of men, including the roughest of those always to be found in a new country ; and in this respect Mr. Ramsdell was not long in demonstrating himself the right man in the right place. He had the good sense and manhood to decline all annual retainers, and thus held himself open to accept any case, and was thus enabled to act for both sides in the drawing up of contracts and other papers of a similar nature. This practice he followed as long as he remained in posses- sion of the field. For a number of years he rode the circuit with Judge F. J. Littlejohn, who was in those days known as "the old trailer." Mr. Ramsdell has ever since continued in the active practice of his profession, and is now in partnership with Mr. E. E. Benedict, the firm having been organized in 1867, under the title of Ramsdell & Benedict. In the fall of i860 he was elected on the Republican ticket to represent the district in the State Legislature, and served in the gen- eral session of 1861, and two succeeding special sessions. He has since served one term as county treasurer, and has for a number of terms held the office of prosecuting attorney of Manistee County. He was secretary and treasurer of a cor- poration formed for the purpose of building a bridge across the Manistee River, and was one of the organizers, in 1869, of the Manistee Boom Company, of which he was elected secretary and treasurer. In the same year was organized the Filer City Boom Company, of which he has been from its organization secretary and treasurer. He became a stockholder in the Manistee River Improvement Company in 1874, of which he then became the treasurer, and has since been very act- ively interested, having charge of its entire legal business, which has included the successful prosecution of a number of important cases through the Supreme Court at Washing- ton. He was one of the incorporators, in 1879, °^ lne Man- istee State Bank, of which he was made president on its or- ganization. Two yeais later this bank was merged into the First National Bank, of Manistee, Mr. Ramsdell being made president. He has acquired large property interests both in the city and county, and has erected and is the owner of several of the finest of the city's business blocks. He started the first hardware store in Manistee, and was instrumental in the establishment of the first newspaper. In fact, so large and so numerous have been, and are, his interests in local improvements, that his history is necessarily an important part of the history of the city and county of Manistee. His residence, which was completed in 1876, is one of the most elegant and costly of the many beautiful private dwellings with which the city is adorned. Mr. Ramsdell is a member of the Unitarian Church Society, and is president of the Manistee Olympian Club, organized among the leading mem- bers of the social and business community, its object being the promotion of social and physical culture. He was mar- ^/ /7 J^J ^ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 219 lied, September 7, 1S61 , to Miss Nettie L. Stanton, a native of Wayne County, Michigan. They have nine children liv- ing, of whom five are sons, as follows: Fred. W., born De- cember 9, 1865; Robert J., born September 25, 1868 ; Thomas Ellis, born December 19, 1871 ; Lewis S., born July 4, 1875; Carl H., born October 30, 1881 ; and four daughters — Win- nogene, born July 4, 1864; Helen E., born January 14, 1873; Nettie, born December 13, 1878; and Ruth, born February 11, 1883. "Although no man in Michigan can boast of a brighter, happier, and more intelligent family of children, two of them give very fair promise of possessing genius of such high order as to insure to their names an en- during inscription on the tablets of fame. His son Fred, sojourning in Paris and Venice, has developed such wonder- ful powers of transferring nature to canvas as to attract high encomiums from many of the most noted masters of Europe. In 1885, Fred left the Manistee High-school, and took a year's course in the Michigan University. After spending about two years in the Student's Art League, of New York City, where his remarkable genius brought him much dis- tinguished attention, he was sent by his indulgent father to one of the celebrated art schools of Paris. Here, as in New York, he rapidly grew in favor among artists of renown, and, in the ardent pursuit of 1 1 is studies in Venice and Paris, no student is accorded more favorable attention and flatter- ing expectations from the masters than he. In every con- tours (competitive monthly exercise) in his school, he has taken the first prize, with only one exception, and he has been admitted to the Ecole de Beaux Arts (the French National Art School). His reproductions of the " human form divine " from life have been pronounced marvelous in their fidelity to nature, and his first effort at putting per- spective upon canvas in oil, which the young man proudly sent his father, received universal commendation as a great triumph of genius. Winnogene, the other child referred to as having shown brilliant gifts of nature, was married, in Paris, to Mr. Frank E. Scott, a young artist, a native of New York City, but at the time of their marriage also an art student with Fred. Mr. Scott was a teacher in the New York Art League three years, a graduate of the Beaux Arts, of Paris, the small crayon drawing upon which he gained admittance to that school having been purchased by an en- thusiastic admirer at the munificent price of #500. Mrs. Winnogene's special inclinations have turned to music and the languages. She has a full and rounded-up education which few women possess. She graduated in Manistee High-school, taking two diplomas, one in the scientific and Latin course, and the other in the classics. She afterwards entered the Michigan University, passing most creditable ex- aminations, and winning distinction at every step of her career. Owing to ill-health she did not remain in the uni- versity to graduate, but pursued such studies abroad as would not interfere with the acquirement of bodily health and robustness of constitution. She is an accomplished musician, her piano renditions attracting distinguished at- tention wherever they have been heard. In the languages she is a most perfect Greek and Latin scholar, and speaks French, German, Italian, Spanish, Danish, and Norwegian, with ease and accuracy." In the Republican State Conven- tion held in Saginaw, on February 28, 1883, for the purpose of nominating Justices for the Supreme Court, Benton Han- chett, of Saginaw City, in presenting the name of Mr. Rams- dell, said : '■ I desire to present to the convention fur its favorable consid- eration the name of Tlios. J. Ramsdell, of Manistee. I will en- deavor to make my speech in his behalf as pointed, as direct as distinct as are the judgments and ..pinions of Mr. Ramsdell. He graduated from the State and National Law-school of Pough- keepsie, New York, in the year 1858. I was a fellow-student with him there, and I had an opportunity to know the char- acter of the man, the habits which lie had formed, the en- ergy which he there developed, and the ability of which he then gave promise. Soon after his graduation he located in the city of Manistee, where he has ever since been engag. active and successful practice. He has also participated largely in the general business interests and affairs of the locality in which he has lived, and has displayed marked success ,., . business man. He has been for many years one of the leading and most influential citizens of his home. The first essential of a good judge is, that he should have a competent knowledge of the principles of the law which he is called upon to administer. Mr. Ramsdell has this quality. A second requisite, well known to the bar, is, that he should have a competent knowledge of the practice of the law before juries, and not simply a theoretical knowledge. This is only to be derived by actual practice and by long experience before the circuit courts. Mr. Ramsdell does not depend upon speculative theories. The best law every- where is that which applies to affairs in the most direct way, that which contains the best business sense of business men. It is because I can present to you a man who has business sense, who has good judgment, who has the qualification of a long and successful practice, who has learning in the law, that I urge upon you the favorable consideration of his name." Hon. Herbert H. Hoyt. No list of the men who have aided in giving East Saginaw the rank it now main- tains among the important cities of Michigan would be com- plete which excepted the name and services of Herbert H. Hoyt, a former mayor of that enterprising commonwealth ; nor could those services have proven so valuable had not the man who rendered them possessed an ability rare among his fellows. But it is not of the good he performed in the capacity mentioned that the writer cares to treat in this brief article. On the contrary, it is intended to give a short sketch of the life of a man who has made himself favorably known in the community where he resides, and who has the innate ability to accomplish much hereafter, to the benefit of himself and others. Herbert H. Hoyt, attor- ney at law, was born at Ashville, Chautauqua County, New York, September 4, 1840. His father, Joseph Hoyt, was born in Grafton, New Hampshire, March 7, 1809. In his early manhood, Joseph Hoyt became a merchant, and so remained for nearly half a century. After having passed six years in Boston, in the dry goods business, he removed to Ashville, where he remained nine years; and from there he went to Panama, Chautauqua County, still following in the line of life originally marked out, until 1876, when, having been a merchant for forty-seven years, he retired from active pursuits to enjoy the peaceful repose he had so fairly earned. He enjoys even more than this, for he has secured the respect, esteem, and veneration of his fellow-citizens of Panama, by his long life of unswerving honesty, and true, manly character. The mother of Herbert Hoyt was born in Bolton, Canada. Her parents, however, were natives of New Hampshire. Her maiden name was Sarah Boyce. She died when the subject of this sketch was but an infant, and he would never have experienced a mother's care had not his father married for his second wife a woman who became a true parent to the little orphaned child, and of whom the latter often speaks now in terms of grateful kindness. There is one singular fact in regard to the prominent men of the Saginaws, and that is, that the most of them were natives of the State of New York, and that their ancestors were of New CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. England origin. Young Hoyt commenced his studies in the common school of Panama, and then, at the age of seven- teen, he went to the Fredonia Academy, where he remained for one year. He then attended Fort Edward Institute for two years, from which place he went into the office of W. L. Sessions, of Panama, to read law, Mr. Hoyt was married, on November 25, 1865. to Sophia J. Silsbee. a daughter of Alfred T. Silsbee, of Watkins, New York. They have but one child, a daughter, named Jessie S. Hoyt, now in the spring- time of her bright young womanhood, the joy and pride of a singularly felicitous home. A happy incident in the life of Mr. Hoyt occurred on July 23, 1884, when a reunion of the Hoyl family was held at the residence of his father, in Pan- ama. It was not an extensive assemblage, but it was a house- gathering of those who had gone forth from that roof so many years before to found homes for themselves in distant States. It was more than this; it was what there are but too few of in this fast-living age, when men and women are wont to neglect, and even forget, those who cared for them in their childhood; it was a visit of respect and love to an lionate father, and to one who had proved herself more than a mother to those who were motherless. Such an epi- in the life of any man can not fail to make him a better parent, citizen, and friend. Mr. Hoyt has not taken an active part in the politics of the country for several years, but when the Greenback party became an important factor in National affairs, he was prominent in its councils, and could have se- cured the honors and rewards incident to a successful polit- ical movement. He. however, contented himself by serving a large constituency in the State Legislature, at Lansing, and as mayor of the city of Last Saginaw. He not only made a g 1 record for himself in both positions, but he gained credit for his unselfish devotion to the public service. Ks- yi < Lilly was this the case while performing his duties as Or; for, in this position, he did not content himself with mere routine affairs, but advocated, and even orignated, many measures of great public utility ; and the value of this work must be enhanced in the mind of the reader when it is stated that it was performed without compensation, for the office of mayor was comparatively unsalaried. He has gained the esteem of the community of which he forms a part ; and those who know him well, admire him for his in- telligence, his social qualifications, and his breadth of char- acter. He is in the prime and vigor of a healthy physical and intellectual manhood, and, with his native ability, his acquired knowledge, and valuable experience, he can and will yet make the world still better for his having lived in it. HON. ALPHEUS FELCH, LL.D., of Ann Arbor, ex-governor of the State of Michigan, was born at Limerick, York County, Maine, September 28, 1S04. The family is of Norman descent, and went first to England, it is supposed, about the time of the Norman conquest. They afterwards removed to Wales, whence they again returned to England, and in the seventeenth century came to America. Abiiah Fell h, the grandfather of our subject, was born in Massachu- setts, and served in the Revolutionary War. He was one of the original proprietors of the township of Limerick, and one of the first settlers. He was a fanner, but held many local offices, and was a member of the General Court of Masssa- chusetts when Maine formed a part of that commonwealth. His wife, whose maiden name was Lydia Clark, was also a native of Massachusetts, and was a sister of the grand- mother of Ex-Yice-President Hamlin on the side of his mother. Daniel Felch, his son, was born at Limerick, Maine, September 26, 1 771, and died at that place, October 6, 1806, at the age of thirty-five years. He was a merchant, and was the first person who kept a store in the country then known as the region " between the Ossipees," consisting of some five or six towns lying between the two rivers desig- nated as the (neat and Little Ossipee. His wife was Sarah Piper, daughter of a substantial and enterprising farmer of the adjoining town of Parsonsfield. She was born March 17, 1774, and died at Limerick, February 28, 1808. To them were born six children, of whom our subject was the fifth child and only son. After the death of his mother, young Alpheus, then only three years of age, went to live with his grandfather Felch, in the neighborhood of his birth- place, and there his boyhood was spent. On the death of liis grandfather, about the year 1817, he went to live with another relative in the same town, and soon afterwards went as a student to Limerick Academy. He began there the study of Latin and Greek ; but the doors of the Academy being closed, he continued his studies at Phillips Exeter Academy for a year or more, finally leaving that institution in the autumn of 1822. At that time the means derived from his father's estate were so limited that he dared not think of obtaining a college education ; but he was so imbued with the love of knowledge, and the desire of pursuing a course of liberal studies, that he determined to complete his preparatory studies and enter college. This he did at Frye- burg Academy, in Maine, and in the fall of 1823 he entered Bowdoin College. From there he graduated in 1S27, and just fifty years later the same institution conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL. D. His early ambition had been to devote his life to the practice of the law, and immediately after graduating he commenced the study of that profession at Fryeburg, where he remained nearly two years. He completed his legal studies at Bangor, Maine, and was there admitted to the bar in October, 1S30. Immediately after- wards he was employed by a bookseller of Bangor to go to Houlton, a town on the eastern border of the State, and in a part of the country just beginning to be settled, for the purpose of reclaiming a small law library which he had fur- nished to a young lawyer there, who had been delinquent in his payments for it, and had just left the country. He was successful in recovering the books; but, being urged by many of the citizens to remain and open an office there, he concluded to do so, and continued in practice there until 1833. The rigor of the climate, added to a constitutional tendency to consumption, compelled him to seek a warmer atmosphere ; and, disposing of his library, he left the place. He had intended joining his old college friend, Sargent S. Prentice, in Mississippi, then beginning a career which after- wards gained him much distinction, and came by way of Michigan, and thence proceeded south as far as Cincinnati. At this time the cholera was raging in that region, and the boats had ceased running on the Mississippi. Added to this interruption in his progress, he was seized with that terrible disease. The attack being light, however, he soon recov- ered, and came northward, and in August, 1833, settled in Monroe, Michigan, where he opened an office and took up the practice of law. He remained there for a period of ten years, when, in 1843, he removed to Ann Arbor, where he has ever since continued to reside. While at Monroe he dty£^ftiZjC_ ■ .- .-. ■ ■. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 221 held the office of attorney for the village, and in 1835 was elected representative in the first Legislature of the State of Michigan, and in the following year was elected to the sec- ond Legislature. In 1838 he was appointed by Governor Mason, with the advice and consent of the Senate, one of the bank commissioners of the State, and for over a year de- voted his time almost exclusively to investigating the insti- tutions known as "wild-cat" banks. While a member of the Legislature, in 1836, the general banking law of the State was enacted and went into operation. Mr. Felch, after mature deliberation, became convinced that the pro- posed system of banking could not prove beneficial to the public interests, and that instead of relieving the people from the pecuniary difficulties under which they were labor- ing, it would result in still further embarrassment. He there- fore opposed the bill, and pointed out to the House the dis- asters which in his opinion were sure to follow upon its passage. The public mind, however, was so favorably im- pressed with it that no other member in either branch of the Legislature raised a dissenting voice, and but two voted with him in opposition to the bill. As a result, almost every village in the State had its bank, and the country was soon flooded with depressed "wild-cat" money, and the commis- sion was appointed. Their examinations brought to light frauds at every point, which were fearlessly reported to the Legislature, and were followed by criminal prosecutions of the guilty parties and the closing of many of their institu- tions. The -duties of the office were most laborious, while the salary was small and insufficient ; and so, in 1839, Mr. Felch resigned ; but in the meantime the chartered right of almost every bank had been declared forfeited, and the law repealed. In the summer of 1840 he was nominated by the Democratic State Convention as a candidate for Congress. Michigan at that time had only one member, the entire State constituting but one Congressional district. Hon. Jacob M. Howard was the opposing candidate. The campaign of 1840 was the most active, the most exciting, and in many re- spects the most remarkable in the history of the country. Meetings were held in every town and village, and the entire population was wild with political frenzy. Both Mr. Howard and he went through the State, discussing the various ques- tions involved in the campaign. There were no railroads in those days, and his journeyings through the State were made in a buggy, and in the newer parts on horseback. The Democrats here, as through the country generally, suf- fered an overwhelming defeat, and Mr. Howard was elected. In 1842, Mr. Felch was appointed by Governor Barry, the Senate concurring, auditor-general of the State, and entered upon the duties of that office, but resigned it within a few weeks to accept the commission of the governor as one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the State, the nomina- tion being made in January, 1843, to fill out the unexpired term of Judge Fletcher, and for the succeeding full term of six years. He was nominated by the Democratic party, in 1845, as their candidate for governor of the State, and was elected for the ensuing term of two years. Through an or- der made by him as governor, he saved thousands of dollars to the State in withdrawing from sale the school section of land in the township at Lansing upon which, by an act of the Legislature, the Stale capitol was to be erected ; his order to the commissioner of (he land office, then located at Mar- shall, reaching him at his house after his office was closed for the day, the delay being caused by an accident which de- tained the train conveying the governor's order ; and the agents of interested parties, sent to purchase the section, who reached the city in the evening, were compelled to wait until the opening of the office the following morning, when thev found they were too late. In February, 1847, he resigned this high office, having been elected, by the Legislature, United States senator for Michigan, his associate in the Senate being General Lewis Cass. His resignation was to take effect on the 4th of the following March, when he entered upon his duties as senator. While a member of the Senate the appropria- tion for the Sault Ste. Marie Canal was obtained, entirely through his instrumentality. The bill securing this appropria- tion, which he introduced and which was passed, was entitled, " An Act to provide for the construction of a Ship Canal around the Falls of Ste. Marie," and was urged by him in Committee on Public Lands, of which he was chairman. He was also instrumental in securing the appropriation to the State of those vast tracts of swamp-lands within its borders which have proved such a mine of wealth to it. He filled out his full senatorial term, and at its close was appointed, by Pres- ident Pierce, a member of the Board of Commissioners to adjust and settle the Spanish and Mexican land-claims in California, under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and an Act of Congress passed for that purpose. He went to California in May, 1853, and was made president of the commission, which was composed of himself, Thompson Campbell, mem- ber of Congress from the Galena District of Illinois, and R. A. Thompson, of West Virginia. The duties of this commission were of the most important and delicate charac- ter. The interest of the new State and the fortunes of many of its citizens, both the native Mexican population and the recent American immigration ; the right of the Pueblos to their common lands, and of the Catholic Church to the lands of the missions — the most valuable in the State — were involved in the adjudication of this commission. During the second year of this work, Mr. Felch sent his resignation to the Pres- ident, who, however, refused to accept it, and called him to Washington, where he was prevailed upon to return and finish his labors as president of the commission. In March, 1856, they concluded their work by the final disposition of all the claims which were presented, numbering between eight and nine hundred. The record of their proceedings, with the testimony which was given in each case and the de- cisions of the commissioners thereon, consisting of some forty large volumes, was deposited in the Department of the Interior at Washington. In June, 1856, Mr. Felch returned to his home in Ann Arbor, where he has since given most of his time to his old profession of the law, up to 1877, when he retired from active practice. In 1879 he wr >s appointed by the regents of the Lmiversity of Michigan to the Tappan Professorship, in the law department, his subjects of lectures being real estate and estates of deceased persons. He re- signed this office in 1883. Since 1856, Mr. Felch has been once nominated for governor, once for the office of United States senator, and twice for that of Judge of the Supreme Court of the State ; but the Democratic party, of which he has al- ways been a consistent member, being in the minority, he failed of election. He is the oldest surviving member of the Legislature from Monroe County, the oldest and only sur- viving bank commissioner of the State, the oldest surviving auditor-general of the State, the only surviving member of the California Land Commission, the oldest surviving governor of the State, the oldest- surviving Judge of the JJJ CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Supreme Court of Michigan, and the oldest surviving United states senator from Michigan. While governor of the State, and while Judge of the Supreme Court, he was, under the then existing law, ex-officio member of the Hoard of Re- gents of the University, and during liis term as governor was president of the Board, and he is the oldest surviving member of that Board. He has for the greater part of his life been a member of the Presbyterian Society. He was married at Monroe, Michigan, September 14, 1837, to Lucretia Williams Lawrence, of that place, by whom he had eight children, of whom five— two sons and three daugh- ters — are living. Mrs. 1 el. h died in Ann Arbor, July 30, 1882, at the age of sixty-five year-. A life so well rounded out, so full of honor, so pure, and so devoid of that selfish- ness which throws its shadow o'er our brightest lives, seems to call for no criticism, to give room for no remarks other than those which naturally suggest themselves to the reader of such a story as is set forth in the above outline of a record made up of devotion to principle, of worthy ambition ful- filled, of a high standard of the right, the true, and the good in life; and the writer leaves the record as it is, to in- spire in those of the younger generations who will read, a noble example, a high ambition, and a steady purpose to improve every opportunity to attain the end for which they strive. Richard Prosper Gustin, of Bay City, was born in the county of Middlesex, Ontario, March 18, 1837. His parents were Eliphalet and Sarah Ann (Edwards) Gus- tin. His father was a native of New Jersey, to which State the family originally came from the Isle of Jersey. Eliph- alet (iustin, when young, went with his father's family to the county of Norfolk, Ontario, and later removed to the County of Middlesex, where he was for many years promi- nentl) engaged in the milling business. R. P. Gustin re- ceived a grammar-school education in Canada, and, on corn- ing to Michigan, connected himself with the Michigan Uni- versity, spending two years in the literary department in the class of 185 1. He then returned to Canada, and served five as an articled clerk in Toronto, attending all terms re- quired, and was admitted as a member at Osgood Hall. In 1861, on account of poor health, he went to Charleston, West Virginia. This was soon after the breaking out of the Rebellion, and while what is now West Virginia was yet a part of the parent State. This section li.nl remained loyal to the Union, although some of its inhabitants had favored the South. The condition of affairs was pret .irious and unsettled. General Cox had his head-quarters here, with Captain M. D. W. Loomis as chief quartermaster on his staff. Mr. Gustin entered the military service under Captain Loomis, and was sent b) the latter to New Creek, Virginia, which was then the base of General Fremont's operations in that State. It was simply a small station on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road, twenty-one miles from Cumberland ford, and afford- ing no shelter or supplies for the army. At this critical junc- ture he at once set to work to relieve the necessities of his 1 ommand. It was expected that there would be found there thing that would give protei tion from the elements, and j as a base for supplies. In this he was disap- pointed, and his energy and were conspicuously displayed in making needful provision. In obedience to. in- structions from Colonel Clary to "create a post," he had everything necessary, within a few days, for the wants of a large army. The cool judgment and admirable executive ability of Mr. Gustin had been observed by his superiors, and he was now detailed to relieve Captain Harrison, at Cumberland, of all stores, camp equipage, and general par- aphernalia of war, and to forward the same to New Creek. This he did in a manner that met the full approval and sat- isfaction of those in command. He was then sent to General Sigel's head-quarters as chief clerk to the quartermaster of the forces at Hope Landing, on Acquia Creek, Warrenton [unction, and Alexandria. After this he was also employed in the office of the qartermaster-general, his special work being on reports, returns, and roster. This was very pe- culiar and particular work, and required neatness, accuracy, skill, and dispatch ; and as it was a part of his nature to do everything well, Mr. Gustin's services were of great value. He was employed in various capacities and in positions of much responsibility in the army until October, 1863, when he was appointed auditor and attorney for the quartermaster's department at Baltimore, Maryland. This was a great compliment to Mr. Gustin, and was "evidence of his worth and the confidence reposed in him. He held this position two years, which, in 1865, he resigned, and opened there, in Baltimore, a United States claim-office. His former occupa- tion in the army had been such as to render him competent to conduct a business of this kind, and he made it a great suc- cess. The people of Baltimore came to appreciate him, and to place reliance in his judgment and honesty; and they placed large sums of money in his hands for .investment, which yielded them good returns, not a dollar of which, while passing through his hands, was ever lost. In the spring of 1866, while on a trip through Michigan, he visited Bay City, and became so impressed with its situation and advantages and probable future importance, that he returned to Baltimore, disposed of his property and all business inter- ests, and then went to Bay City, and at once engaged in the wholesale grocery trade. He embarked in the business alone, but afterwards took in a partner, and the firm was known as Gustin & Co. This was followed by Gustin & Merrill, which continued until about the year 1880, when Mr. Eugene Kifield was admitted, and the concern was known as Gustin, Merrill & Co. Soon after, Mr. Gustin re- tiied from active life in this branch, that he might give closer attention to his lumber interests, which had now be- come large and important in Alcona County. A few months later, however, he opened another wholesale store in the city, which is now in successful operation. The business has grown to such dimensions that it now ranks among the larg- est in the West. Mr. Gustin was engaged quite extensively in the manufacture of lumber, chiefly at Killmaster, Alcona County. The town was named in honor of his wife's family, which is Killmaster. The name of the firm transacting the lumber business there was Killmaster & Co.; but Mr. Gustin was the main man in the concern, which had the influence of his advice and capital. He was a great lover of nature, and his ample means gave him opportunity to gratify his tastes and desires in this direction. He owned a large stock- farm known as "Balmoral," and took much delight and pride in raising blooded stock, as well as choice varieties of fruit and vegetable products. Many happy hours were passed here in rest and relaxation from pressing business cares. He was a man of bright, cheery disposition, of marked social qualities, and had much enjoyment in the calls and visits from his friends and acquaintances. He loved CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 223 to show them his farm, cattle, and crops, and to talk of his plans, and to entertain them at his table. He was generous, whole-souled, and always gave liberally to a needy and de- serving person and worthy object. He was kind of heart and considerate of the rights and feelings of his fellow-men, and, as a consequence, was popular with, and liked by, the public. He took a deep interest in the affairs of the city, but had lather a dislike for "politics." It was, therefore, much against his will that he was elected alderman ; but he was one of the most valuable officials the city had. The Council chamber and various societies and organizations took proper and sincere notice and action on his death, which occurred February 25, 1889. One of his ancestors performed good service in " King Philip's " War, in which he was wounded, in 1676; and another was equally useful in the War of the Rev- olution. Some men start well in life, and end badly ; others start badly, and end well. Mr. Gustin both started and ended well. He married, October 19, 1863, Rachel Smith, daughter of Hon. Henry Killmaster, of Norfolk County, Ontario. They have had seven children. The following is from the pen of a gentleman who knew him well and intimately : " Mr. Gustin was a gentleman of medium height, a little under weight, but remarkably strong, and capable of enduring the greatest exertions of either mind or body without fatigue. In business matters he was always prompt, exact, shrewd in his transactions, but would scorn to take a mean advantage of a less informed man. I do not know of any gentleman whose characteristics were so happily combined — kind, gentle, ever ready to forget or forgive an injury, and just as willing to ask forgiveness when he had incurred even a suspicion of doing wrong. In public matters he was always a leader, and many of the valuable improvements made by the city during the last fifteen years, were suggested by Mr. Gustin. He gave his time and means liberally to any project calculated to beautify the city or advance its interests. As a philanthro- pist, according to his means, he had no superior; he dis- pensed his charities with a lavish hand, and no unfortunate person ever applied to him for aid, and was denied. In pol- itics he was a stanch Republican, and gave much of his time and means to aid in the success of that party. His fund of anecdotes, wit, and general information made him socially a prime favorite and a genial, interesting compan- ion. His domestic life was singularly happy, and he found his greatest enjoyment surrounded by his interesting family and at his own fireside. His wife, who survives him, lent him every aid and encouragement in his financial ventures; and her kindly solicitude, and the devotion of his children, to whom he was passionately attached, did much toward lessening his business cares. His death, coming so unex- pectedly was a great shock to the community, and hundreds gathered at his late residence to express their sympathy and mingle their tears with those of the grief-stricken family. In Mr. Gustin's death his family lost a kind, indulgent, and loving husband and father ; the city, an enterprising and valuable citizen. No truer eulogy can be pronounced over him than to say that his death was a public calamity." Now that he has passed over to the great majority, we bow with resignation to the will of Him who makes all things work together for good to them that love Him. "Green be the turf above thee, Dear friend of by-gone days ; None knew thee but to love thee, Nor named thee but to praise." Hon. Frederick J. Russell, of n art, Oceana County, ex-Judge of the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit of Michi- gan, composed of the counties of Muskegon and Oceana, was born at Orion, Oakland County, Michigan, October 7, 1841. His father, Josiah Russell, was born at Newry, Ox- ford County. Maine, April 25, 1804. In early life be settled where the city of Greenville now stands. He was elected County Judge of Ionia and Montcalm Counties, and opened the first Court of Record in the latter county. lie served one term in the Michigan Senate, declining a renoinination for that office. In 1859 he removed to Oceana County, where he was elected Judge of Probate, county surveyor, and held several other offices of trust, and might well be considered a pioneer of Oceana County, as well as of Montcalm County, and one of its foremost and prominent citizens. He died at Hart, April 25, 1874. His wife, Harriet Egleston, was born at Colebrook, Litchfield County, Connecticut, August 30, 1808, and lived to a good old age, dying at Hart, June 27, 1S87. To them were born ten children, of which our subject was the sixth child and fourth son. As a boy he had but few educa- tional advantages ; the country was new and but sparsely settled, school facilities were almost entirely lacking, and his parents were at that time very poor, young Frederick often attending school almost barefooted ; and one consequence was, he found much more pleasure in playing on the logs in the mill-pond. Later on, however, matters improved ; his father obtained a fair competency, and school facilities were en- larged. When he was sixteen years of age his father lost his property, and he then, for the first time, realized how important it was that be should prepare himself for his man- hood's career; and so he attended the Union School, at Cook's Corners, Ionia County (where he was a school-mate of the present Justice of the Supreme Court, Allen B. Morse, of Ionia), and worked and did chores for his board. When he became qualified to do so, he taught school in the winter, attending school during the summer, in addition to doing farm-work; and during the summers of 1861 and 1862 he attended the State Normal School at Ypsilanti. In the winter of 1860-1 he taught school at Grattan, Kent County, and "boarded around the district;" and the following two winters he taught in the Cooley district. He enlisted in the 2ist Michigan Infantry, August 8, 1862, but was, owing to the condition of his health, rejected by the examining board; and the following spring he was taken sick with consump- tion, and returned home, never expecting to leave it again. Recovering, however, he determined to choose the law as a profession, and commenced its study by borrowing books from John Morse, father of Justice Morse, and during this time received the appointment of deputy county clerk and register of deeds of Oceana County. He was admitted to the bar at Hart, on September 20, 1866, before Judge Little- john, and at once commenced the practice of his profession, which he has since continued, except when called upon, as has frequently been the case, to serve the public in various offices of trust. He was first appointed, in January, 1867, clerk of the Probate Court, and at the election in 1868 was nominated for the office of Circuit Court commissioner, re- ceiving, in the ensuing election, 1,060 votes to his opponent's 3; and in 1870 he was re-elected by 930 votes, his oppo- nent receiving 4. Soon after the expiration of his term in this office, in 1871, he was appointed Judge of Probate, and in the election in November, 1872, was elected to that office, and was again elected Judge of Probate, November 7, 1876. 224 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. He was, on January $■ l88 '- appointed by Governor Jerome, |udge of the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit, which was then posed of Oceana, Muskegon, Newaygo, and Mecosta lilies, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation, of Judge Michael Brown; and at the ensuing election he was nominated and elected to that position without opposition. He served in this capacity until January, 1888; then, at the expiration of his term, he retired to private life, again taking up the practice of the law, and, in addition, looking after his other interests. In 1865 he engaged in forming at Hart, and has unquestionably done more than any other man 10 introduce line slock in the Lake-shore counties between Mus- kegon and Manistee. He has taken great interest in thor- ough-bred merino sheep and Durham cattle; in 1888 he had about fourteen hundred of these sheep. In this enter- prise he has been ven successful, and has, in addition, in- terested himself quite extensively in lumbering. In 1875 he engaged in the banking business, and is now one-third owner in the Citizens' Exchange Hank, at Hart, the pioneer banking institution of that place. In 1883 he assisted in or- ganizing the Merchants' National Bank, of Muskegon, and is a member of its Hoard of Directors. He was one of the principal organizers and the first president of the Hart Im- provement Company, a corporation organized to build a hotel and make other improvements in the town, which has suc- cessfully accomplished its objects. He was also one of the organizers of the Muskegon Electric Light Company, of which he is vice-president; and he was a liberal subscriber and active worker in inducing the Chicago and West Michigan Railwa) Company to extend their road to Hart, which was done in the summer of 1880. He assisted in or- ganizing the Oceana County Agricultural Society, and was its president for a number of terms, finally declining a re- election. He was also instrumental in organizing the West- ern Michigan Agricultural and Industrial Society, of Grand Rapids, incorporated May 29, 1879, of which he has ever since its organization been a director. He joined the Ma- sonic order November 25, 1868, and on April 8, 1879, be- came a Knight Templar. He was instrumental in secur- ing, for the erection of the Congregational Church, large subscriptions, in addition to his own handsome donation, and actively aided in the work, of which the present beauti- ful church structure is the result. In politics he is a Repub- lican, and has been a delegate to many State conventions, lie has taken an active part in political matters, his voice being frequently heard on the stump in the inteiests of his party, and never without good effect. He was married, Oc- tober 10, 1867, to Miss Ellen C. Gurney, of Geauga County, Ohio, the seventh child of Zcnas and Sophronia Gurney, na- tives of the State of Massachusetts, and direct descendants from Puritan stock. To them have been born four children, three of whom are living, as follows: Nellie H. S., born July 26, 1870, now in Oberlin College; Lucy Hayes, born September 22, 1876; and Mary, born June 30, 1878. "Judge Russell is a man of considerable force of character, firm in his convictions, which he is fearless in upholding, and his word is always good for anything he undertakes. His career has been that of a successful, self-made man, who has, wilh a foundation of pluck, energy, and rugged honesty, built up a comfortable fortune, and, as well, an honorable place in the community in which his life has been spent. As a judge, his rulings and decisions were ever marked by an impartiality and fairness which stamped his judicial life an enviable success; while as a private citizen he has been prominently identified with much that has conduced to the welfare of Hart, bringing to a successful issue many enter- prises of benefit, as well to the community in general as to himself. Politically, he is a valued member of the Repub- lican party, and in the campaign of 1888 devoted the greater part of his time for nearly two months towards furthering that party's interests. His place in the community socially, politically, and in business is that of one of its most valued members, and the esteem in which he is held must ever be to him a source of gratification and of pride.'' Hon. Charles Albert Ward, banker, of Port Huron, St. Clair County, was born in Battle Creek, Michi- gan, October II, 1849, son of Joseph M. Ward and Susan S. (Mason) Waul, both natives of the State of New York, whence their parents emigrated from Massachusetts, being descendants of the early English settlers of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. He attended the common schools at Battle Creek until sixteen years of age, when he enteiedthe college at Racine, Wisconsin, remaining there two years. Leaving college, he entered the grain business with his father, which business was extended to many towns in Cen- tral Michigan. L'pon completion of the present Chicago and Grand Trunk Railroad, in 1877, Mr. Ward removed to Port Huron, and erected the first grain elevator at that place, from which has grown a grain and shipping trade second in the State only to that of Detroit. He retired from this business in 1881. On the organization of the Commercial Bank of Port Huron in the following year, he was elected and has since remained its president. He is also secretary and treasurer of the Port Huron Elevator Company, and treas- urer of the Port Huron and Gratiot Electric Railway. He was an incorporator, and for two years (1880 and 1881) was vice-president, of the Port Huron and Northwestern Rail- road. In August, 18S6, he was appointed, by President Cleveland, collector of customs for the District of Huron, and was confirmed by the United States Senate upon its conven- ing in December following. He is an active member of the Democratic party, as was his father and grandfather. Mr. Ward was married, on the 14th of October, 1875, to Miss Belle Hinman, daughter of John F. Hinman, Esq., of Battle Creek, Michigan, and has one daughter, An- abel, born July 16, 1876. He is one of the most active citi- zens of Port Huron, and has been the means of largely in- creasing the importance of that place in the shipping and commercial world. A thorough business man, having a large practical experience, he has aided materially in build- ing up the city, and has, by his sterling honesty arid integrity of character, gained an exalted place in the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens, and has before him a career of great usefulness and honor as one of the successful men of the State. JOHN F. EDDY, lumberman, etc., of Bay City, was born at Bangor, Maine, February 23, 1848. His father, Jon- athan Eddy, was also a native of Maine, having been born near Bangor. His mother was Caroline Bailey, daughter of Amos Bailey, likewise of Maine. Bo'th families were classed among the intelligent, industrious, and respected people of that portion of the State. Jonathan Eddy, the father of John F. Eddy, was the great-grandson of Colonel Jonathan Eddy, who is well known in the early history of Maine and the CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Revolution, and the township of Eddington, Maine, was named in honor of Colonel Jonathan Eddy, and a grant to him and others, for military services, was made by Congress, in 1775. When John F. Eddy was fourteen years old he was sent to the academy at Andover, Massachusetts Later he became a student and graduated at Westbrook Seminary. His educational acquirements were considerable, but he did not feel like educating himself for a profession, and he did not seem to be cut out for professional life, but his bent and leaning seemed to be more towards an active business career. At eighteen years of age an opportunity was presented which gave full scope and play for talent and ability in this direc- tion. His father, with Newell Avery and S. J. Murphy, had established a large lumber business, with mills and timber- lands on the Penobscot River, Maine, and also at White River, Port Huron, Muskegon, and Bay City, Michigan, with yards at Chicago, Illinois. Messrs. Avery and Murphy having removed from Maine to Michigan, the former in the year 1853, and the latter in the year 1863, to conduct the Western branches of the business, and Jonathan Eddy having died in 1865, John F. Eddy in 1866 purchased the interest in which his father was formerly interested at Bay City, and moved there at this early age. And so in harmony with his nature was this stirring, active life, and so adapted did lie seem to be to its requirements, and to gain such quick and ready insight into the details, that he soon found himself practically in charge of the entire business at Bay City. His subsequent history and career have demonstrated that the management of large and important industries fell into capa- ble hands, and that he was fitted to discharge the duties of the most responsible positions. They have likewise shown that he possesses unusual adaptability and resources in his calling. He has remained in Bay City and in the same calling for twenty-three years, reaching out, however, and engaging in other branches of trade. The lumber interests have so grown that they have frequently been forced to make changes and resort to new expedients to keep pace with and meet its demands. In the earlier years they manufac- tured five million feet of lumber a year, which was then really a large out-put, and regarded as something wonderful. Now, thirty millions is the amount annually turned out and sixty thousand barrels of salt, and demands and facilities are continually increasing. This lumber firm is one of the old- est in the State, it having been organized by Eddy, Avery & Murphy during the early days at Port Huron. It dates back to 1853, when that country was nearly in its new and primitive condition. Their mill is large and completely equipped with the most valuable and improved machinery and conveniences, their aim being to do a business large in volume, and excellent in quality. Mr. J. F. Eddy is also a member of the firm of Eddy Brothers & Co., manufacturers of lumber, lath, and salt. This firm was organized in 1878. They own, in various portions of the State, large tracts of pine and farming lands, and their varied interests, employ- ing hundreds of men and large capital, have placed them among the leading and influential organizations of the Sagi- naw Valley. The lumber and salt industry of this concern is one of the important pursuits of this section of the coun- try, their annual product of these commodities being twenty million feet of lumber and forty thousand barrels of salt. The two houses with which Mr. J. F. Eddy is connected — Eddy, Avery & Eddy, and Eddy Brothers & Co. — have done much in making Bay City an important commercial point, 225 and have for years exerted a powerful and good influence in business circles, adding an air and feeling of prog thrift, and substantiality. Their dealings have alw characterized by fairness, uprightness, and justice to ..II. and the public has unlimited confidence in them as busin Mr. J. F. Eddy is personally largely interested in pine lands in the Upper Peninsula and in Canadian timber, as u in southern pine in Louisiana. He is also a member of the firm of James Seed & Co., and Vail & Eddy, and the Eddy Transportation Company, which owns and operates several large vessels. He is vice-president of the Bay National Bank, and there is scarcely an enterprise of any magnitude in the city in which he is not directly interested, or with which he is not associated. Especially is he active in what- ever may increase the growth and prosperity of the plai e 01 add to its financial, moral, or intellectual condition. He has been eminently successful in all business matters undertaken by him. There are several reasons for this — he is possessed of excellent business judgment and tact, is cool, cautious, level-headed ; but while he divines rapidly, he yet keeps a tight rein. Withal, he is an admirable judge of men, and in all his intercourse with mankind is fair, courteous, and agree- able. He is of marked and striking personal appearance, and of strong individuality and character. He is a member of the First Universalist Church, which organization owes in great degree its usefulness and prosperity to him and to the lib- eral support he has always given to it. He is a reliable and valuable member of the Republican party. He married, September, 1882, Charlotte Whittemore, daughter of John Whitlemore, a worthy family of Rome, New York. THOMAS MUNROE, manufacturer, of Muskegon, was born in Rushville, Schuyler County, Illinois, October 26, 1844. His father, Thomas Munroe, was a native of Balti- more, Maryland, and came to Rushville in 1837, where he took up the practice of medicine, and was for many years a leading physician of that place. He is still living there, re- tired from active practice, at the age of eighty-two years. His wife, Annis (Hinman) Munroe, was a native of Herkimer County, New York, a daughter of Benjamin Hinman, of that State, who was a soldier, holding, at the time of his dis- charge, the rank of major in the Revolutionary Army. Mrs. Munroe is still living, at the age of seventy-three years. To them were born six children, of whom ihe subject of this sketch is the oldest. He attended the district schools as a boy, and at the age of eighteen entered the Illinois Wesleyan College at Bloomington, Illinois, where he remained about two years. Subsequently he spent six years as a clerk in a general store at Rushville, and in 1870 he resigned that position and came to Muskegon, where he has since continued to reside. He immediately entered the office of L. G. Mason & Co., with whom he remained eight years. For a time he had charge of the books and other office work, and subsequently was manager of the outside work. On the organization ot the Thayer Lumber Company, in 1878, Mr. Munroe was appointed superintendent of the Company, whose interests have been under his management since that time. The Company are now operating two saw-mills, the largest ol which was built by L. G. Mason & Co. in 1864. Its present capacity is about thirty million feet of lumber per year. The second mill was purchased from Bigelow & Co., in the winter of 1887, and has a capacity of about fourteen million feet of lumber per year. Their combined cut for the season 29 226 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. of 1888 was about forty-five million feet, the employes of the Company numbering three hundred men Their pro- duct is handled largely by rail, the market being found pun ly in the East and Southeast. The Companj was in- corporated in 1880, and its present officers are Ml Nath Thayer, of Boston, Massachusetts, president; Mr. H. Park, of Muskegon, secretary and treasurer; and Mr. Munroe, superintendent. In addition to the mills, the property of the Company in Muskegon consists of seven hundred and twenty-five feet of lake frontage between Third and Fifth Streets, and extending from Muskegon Lake to Western Avenue. They are also large holders of pine-lands situated in Newaygo and Missaukee Counties, in the latter of which they own a logging railroad ten miles in length, built b> the Company in 1885. Mr. Munroe has been a stockholder in the Muskegon Booming Company for a number of years, and has frequentl) served on its Board of Directors. He was treasurer of the Company for four years, ending in 1887, and in January. 1888, was elected its secretary. Mr. Munroe was one of the incorporators, in 1880, of the Munroe Man- ufacturing Company, and is one of its principal stockholders and president. They own and operate a planing-mill situ- ated on the Chicago and West Michigan Railroad, within the city limits, and handle about thirty million feet of lumber annually. Of this Company, Mr. H. Park is secretary and treasurer, and Mr. Munroe is general manager. He is a member of the Republican party ; but, devoting his entire time to the management of his numerous business interests, he takes no active part in political matters. He became a number of the Masonic fraternity in 1868, and has taken all the degrees to the thirty-second, inclusive, since then. He has served a number of terms as Master of Lovell Moore Lodge, No. 182, of Muskegon, the last being in 1888, and is now Eminent Commander of Muskegon Command- ery, No. 22. "Mr. Munroe was married, June 19, 1872, to Miss Katherine A. Jones, of Rushville, Illinois, a lady whose many estimable qualities have made her hosts of friends, rmong whom are many who have known her as an active participant in Church and other charitable work, while in the social world she has made their beautiful home on West Clay Avenue one of the most hospitable and agreeable in the city. It has been the pleasure of the writer to enjoy the acquaintance and friendship of Mrs. Munroe during her residence in Muskegon. In addition to the prominent part she takes in Church and benevolent work in the community, many of her friends and neighbors have, from experience, a knowledge of her kindly sympathy and rare skill in ex- tending comfort and material aid to others in time of illness and affliction. It can be truly said of her, she is a good woman. An intimate acquaintance with Mr. Munroe since childhood enables the writer to speak in the highest terms of his personal character. In manner he is quiet and unas- suming, but firm and prompt, and his duties are performed fearlessly and without hesitation. His friendships are strong and lasting. Socially he is inclined to be modest and retir- ing. The attractions of his pleasant home are many, and the entertainment of friends is almost constant, while gath- erings of an informal character seem more congenial than large and ultra-fashionable assemblies. His excellent busi- ness ability and high integrity, together with industry and rare fidelity to the large business intrusted to his care, fully justify the confidence reposed in him by those whose ex- tensive properties he has so successfully managed for several years. The same characteristics have called him to numer- ous positions of trust and confidence in the community where he li> SOLOMON DAVIS, of Detroit, was one of the pioneer manufacturers of Michigan, and spent many years of labor in his chosen field. Many men have drawn to themselves a larger share of public attention than Mr. Davis, but none can be found who have lived a more upright life, or who have given a greater share of conscience to the duties and labors surrounding a long business career. Solomon Davis was born in Rockingham, Windham County, Vermont, on March 17, 1792, and came of an honored English ancestry, who settled in New England about the year 1670. His par- ents were Joshua and Rhoda Davis, who had located at an early date in Vermont. The early life of Mr. Davis was filled with stirring events, embracing, as it did, the period of al- most constant Indian warfare, and the War of 1812 with England. The Davis family was well represented in the American armies that participated in the various wars against the French and Indians, as well as the War of the Revolu- tion. When the country had in a measure become settled, Mr. Davis returned to his farm duties. Later he became in- terested in woolen manufacture, which he carried on for some years in his native State. He was doing well and gaining success when, by reason of the removal of the em- bargo and the resumption of commercial relations with Eng- land, the young concern was forced by competition to close its doors. This was a serious blow to the busy and hopeful young manufacturer, entailing a serious financial loss, but he retired with the satisfactory knowledge that, though his all was sacrificed, he had paid every debt, personal or business. In June, 1830, Mr. Davis determined to seek a more promising business and location in the Far West, and removed to Detroit. The year of his arrival was one of no small importance, as it saw the settlement in this section of a number of men of commanding strength and influence, and the forward movement along a number of lines of prog- ress. After looking the industries over, Mr. Davis decided upon embarking in the manufacturing business, and estab- lished Detroit's pioneer foundry. In business circles he was noted for unswerving honesty and trusting confidence in others, and by his rigid adherence to the "pay as you go" maxim, contributed largely to the building up of that solid system of business so eminently characteristic of the City of the Straits. Much credit is certainly due Mr. Davis, and to other early settlers who established manufacturing indus- tries here, and who worked, in season and out, to make the city what it is, and to give it not only a name for business enterprise, but business integrity as well. They certainly made no mistake in deciding upon this location, as every year that has passed between their time and ours justi- fies all the more the steps so early taken. Born a little after the birth of the Nation, and now but a trifle short of one hundred years old, what a vision is presented to his mind's eye as he looks back ! Mr. Davis is undoubtedly the oldest living representative of that class of citizens who braved the hardships surrounding a primitive life in Detroit, and contributed his full share in giving to the new city the muscle and brain, the industry and strength of character, that in a few short years were to bring to it both wealth and greatness. How mighty have been the changes in the his- tory of Detroit and Michigan coming under the personal ' ■ :- '■ ;.•■■ ■ -:■:■-':■-■.■.■ j j CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. observation of this one man ! Residing here, as he did, seven years before the State was admitted to the sisterhood, what a fund of knowledge must be preserved in his still active memory ! Upon his arrival he found the entire territory to have a smaller population than is embraced in the ward of the city in which he now makes his home. He was an active par- ticipant in the movement for State government, rejoiced with others over the outcome of the Toledo War, and was an eye- witness to the many stirring events subsequent to the admission of Michigan as a State. Many years ago Mr. Davis retired from the busy and engrossing cares of trade and commerce, and now rests quietly and comfortably at his home in De- troit, at the advanced age of ninety-eight years, calmly and hopefully awaiting the summons that shall call him to join the company that have gone before, in the great beyond, which his sublime faith has invested with the realities and splendors of immortal bliss. Mr. Davis was first married, in 1825, to Miss Annie H. Duncan, of Vermont, who died in Detroit in 184S, leaving three daughters and two sons. Of the former, one became the wife of Mr. G. F. Turrill ; an- other married Mr. Charles Ketchum ; while the third is the wife of Mr. C. S. Bartlett. The elder of the sons is Mr. Geo. S. Davis, of the firm of Parke, Davis, & Co., the extensive manufacturing chemists of Detroit; while the younger is Mr. James E. Davis, a wholesale druggist, also of Detroit. Mr. Davis was subsequently married, in 1852, to Mrs. E. A. Campbell, of Detroit. Captain Harry P. Merrill, merchant, etc., of Bay City, was born in Darien, Genesee County, New York, March 10, 1839. His parents were natives of New York, hTs lather, Theodore S. Merrill, being a merchant in Genesee County. His mother was Abigail Durfy, and was descended from one of the early and respected New England families of that name. The Merrill family was also of New England origin, and among the most prominent and worthy Connec- ticut families. So Mr. H. P. Merrill comes of hardy, intelli- gent, enterprising Eastern stock. When he was four years of age his father went to Michigan, and opened a store in Shiawassee County, and also conducted a farm at the same time. In 1849, when but ten years old, H. P. Merrill was left practically dependent upon himself, as his parents both died in that year, and he remained on the farm with an older brother until his twentieth year, when, with something of a spirit of adventure, coupled with the determination to make his way in the world, he went to Colorado, California, and New Mexico, and engaged in trading and taking goods to the mining regions. He remained in the Far West until the breaking out of the Civil War, in 1861, when he returned to Michigan and enrolled himself under the banner of his adopted State with so many others of her patriotic sons. He enlisted at Pontiac, in the Twenty-second Michigan Volunteer Infantry, as a private, and went with his regiment to Lexington, Kentucky. Mr. Merrill not only possessed good soldierly qual- ities, but good practical business ideas and judgment as well, which were at once recognized by those in command, and he was soon detailed on special duty in the capacities of purchasing agent for the Government and as inspector of horses. His services were so valuable that he was continued in special work for a period of two years or more. He tired of this, however, and was anxious for a more decisive and soldier-like life, and to experience more of real war. He was therefore commissioned captain of Company H, Fourth Kentucky Mounted Infantry Veterans, by Governor Bram- . lette. He had recruited a company, and the regiment was immediately sent to the front under Sherman, at Chattanooga. The branch of the service to which they belonged, mounted infantry, gave opportunity for most active soldier life in skir- mishing, raiding, and real hard fighting during all of that most memorable campaign, and every soldier who marched from "Atlanta to the Sea," has become historically immortal. One hundred thousand men under general command of Sherman, of imperishable renown, of whom, at Shiloh, Hal- leck sent word to Washington, "It is the unanimous opinion here that General W. T ."Sherman saved the fortunes of the day," and Grant added eulogy by declaring, "To Ids indi- vidual efforts I am indebted for the success of that battle," and led by Thomas, McPherson, and Schofield, moving on the Southern Confederacy, which then existed only in its armies, was a military spectacle unparalleled in any land or time. Part and parcel of this was the Fourth Kentucky. On arriving at Atlanta they were sent on a raid known as "Stoneman's raid," operating to the south of Atlanta. On that expedition, Captain Merrill, with others, was captured While a prisoner, the Union forces bombarded Charleston, and the Confederates sent fourteen hundred of their prison- ers, including Captain Merrill, and placed them under the guns of the Union forces to receive their fire. Captain Merrill had no intention of losing his life in that way, and sought a means of escape. This he effected by tunneling under the street with one other prisoner. They were, how- ever, soon recaptured, and all the prisoners were transported to Columbia, South Carolina. Here he made another effort to escape, and was this time more successful, but endured almost unbearable and untold agony, privation, and distress in the attempt. Witli a companion, Lieutenant Charles Swoope, of Kentucky, he followed the Santee River from near Columbia to its mouth, to the sea, a distance of three hun- dred miles through an enemy's country, and nearly starved, having lived chiefly on raw sweet-potatoes for twenty-two days. They were here rescued by a blockading steamer, from which they were transferred to a passenger steamer, and reached New York in the spring of 1865. Mr. Merrill was not naturally of the most robust and vigorous constitu- tion, and the wearing service experienced by him, together with the hardships endured while a prisoner, and the suffer- ings of his escape, had rendered him unfit for further service in the field, and in April, 1865, he resigned his commission and returned to Michigan. Ill-health, the result of army life, its exposures and its disasters, still clung to him, and for more than three years he was physically incapacitated for work. In the meantime (November 30, 1866) he married Laura C, daughter of Elijah Grow, of Pontiac, Michigan. In 1868, his health being much improved, he went to Sagi- naw and opened a grocery-store. He pushed this actively for about three years, when, in 1 871, having confidence in his business capacity and ability in a business point of view, and also in the future of Bay City as a commercial place, he removed to that place and engaged in the wholesale grocery trade. In this new location the business felt the impress of his hand and judgment, and it has continued to grow and increase yearly, until now it is the largest of the kind in that city, and in volume is excelled by only one in the State. Mr. Merrill has not confined himself entirely to the grocery business, but is engaged in various other enterprises, in all of which he has been successful. He is a director in the 228 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. Second National Bank, of Bay City, and was president of the first Chamber of Commerce of that place. His honesty is beyond question, and his opinion in public matters is lly relied upon. In various ways many of the city's in- >ts have been committed to his care and keeping, and he is regarded as one of the most valuable and useful citizens in that part of the State. Personally and socially, he is one of the most agreeable men met with, of attractive appear- ance, good address, and is held in the highest esteem, respect, and affection by his fellow-men. He has been active and zealous in the prosecution of his own business interests, and has never failed in dui\ to the public, giving to its various ems his time and advice, and at all times has its welfare and progress uppermost in his mind. Hence he occupies a high position and standing in the community. All worthy enterprises and organizations receive from him generous and open-handed support. He is a regulai attendant of the Methodist Church, and an earnest Republican. THOMAS R. LYON, lumberman and capitalist, of Ludington, Mason County, was born in Conneaut, Ashtabula in. Ohio, May 31, 1854. His father, Robert Lyon, was a merchant of that place, and died when our subject was four months old. He had been twice married, his first wife leaving three sons and two daughters. Of these, one son, |(ihn B. Lyon, the prominent and well-known mem- ber of the Chicago and New York Boards of Trade, and both sisters, survive. Robert Lyon's second wife was Clarissa Kellogg, by whom he had four children, three of whom were girls — now Mrs. Alexander Cameron, of Toronto, Canada; Mis. Justus S. Stearns, of Ludington; and Mrs. Clara L. Wade, wife of Colonel James F. Wade, in command of the United States Military Post at Fort Reno, Indian Territory; the subject of this sketch being the only son. During his boyhood and early youth, Thomas R. Lyon spent his time in attendance upon the common schools at Conneaut, and in 187 1 commenced a year's course of study in Goldsmith's Commercial School, at Detroit. In 1S69 his sister, Cathe- rine L, now Mrs. Alexander Cameron, married Captain Eber I; Ward, a gentleman whose name was for many years familiar to almost all of the older residents of Michigan as tint of one of its most wealthy and influential businessmen. Captain Ward had, as early as 1852, become interested in timber-lands bordering on the Pere Marquette River, and in 1872 w;is operating two large saw-mills, a store, and other extensive interests at Ludington. In the latter year. Thomas R Lyon accepted the position of cashier in Mr. Ward's Lud- ington office, and inn. lined in his employ in that capacity until Mr. Ward's sudden death, on January 2, 1875. Dur- ing tin previous ten years, Mr. Ward's business interests had become very extensive, and included stock in the Chi- cago and Milwaukee Rolling-mills ; mines on Lake Superior; ; about two million dollars' worth of real estate; the Ludington business, which, with the tim- ber-lands from which the saw-mills were supplied with logs, involved a capital estimated at one million dollars; and numerous other enterprises, involving an immense capital. The panic of 1873 v illy a severe strain on one so extensively and heavily interested, and it was in the midst of the perplexities and anxieties thus occasioned that he was carried off, almost without a moment's warning, by apoplexy. By his will the Ludington property, including sixty thousand acres of land, of which twenty thousand had been cleared, the two saw-mills, etc., were left to his widow and their two chil- dren ; and to others was left the remainder of his immense property, its total value being estimated at something over five million dollars. The will, however, was contested by the children of Mr. Ward's first wife, a compromise being finally effected by which the Ludington property came to Mrs. Ward and her two children, and all of the balance, less the special bequests, went to the children by the first wife. It, however, soon became apparent that, owing to the then great depreciation in values of almost every kind, the estate when settled up would barely pay the indebtedness. It was just at this point that Mrs. Ward, wisely, as the sequel proved, placed all of her interests in the hands of her step-brother, John B. Lyon, and her full brother, Thomas R. Lyon, the latter being then twenty-four years of age. The brothers, after a careful study of the situation, determined upon the purchase of all the debts against the estate, by which they would become its owners, and then depend upon a revival of business for an appreciation in the value of the proper- ties included in the estate. Up to May, 1878, the business at Ludington had been conducted by Mr. John S. Woodruff, as agent for Catherine L. Ward. At this time the brothers had, in a great measure, accomplished their aim and secured control of the business, which was reorganized, becoming a partnership interest — Catherine L. Ward, John B. Lyon, and Thomas R. Lyon being the partners — and it has since been conducted under the name of " Thomas R. Lyon, Agent.'' With this reorganization, the entire management passed to our subject, and has since remained entirely under his con- trol. The firm owns about four hundred million feet of standing pine in Michigan, situated principally in Mason, Lake, Osceola, Oceana, and Newaygo Counties. They also own some fine hardwood timber-lands in the State of Ohio. The plant at Ludington consists of two saw-mills, both of which were built by Captain Ward. The first, now called the " North " mill, was erected in 1870, and had a capacity originally of about eighty-five thousand feet per day. The fol- lowing year the mill known as the " South " mill was built, and was at that time considered the finest saw-mill in the United Slates. It had a capacity of about twenty-two million feet for the season, its first cost being $146,000. Since Mr. Lyon has been in charge of the business, numerous additions and improvements have been made in the way of putting in the latest improved machinery, thus increasing the capacity of the mills, which is now three hundred thousand feet per day — about thirty-five per cent. In 1885 two salt-wells were put down, and a salt-block built, having a capacity of seven hundred barrels per day. Under Mr. Lyon's management this branch of the business has recently been leased for a period of five years. The firm owns about fifteen miles of railroad, built by Mr. Lyon in 1880, by which their timber is transported as cut, to the Pere Marquette River and then floated to the mills. The railroad is standard gauge, and crosses the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad near Branch Station, thus enabling the timber to be transported direct to the mills by rail, should occasion require. An ex- tensive lumber-yard in Chicago, situated on the corner of Robey Street and Blue Island Avenue, also the property of the firm, handles thirty-five million feet of lumber annually. The firm own a fleet of vessels consisting of three large barges, having a carrying capacity of seven hundred and fifty thousand feet each, a schooner, and a tug-boat. A large brick building, having the general offices in the rear and an CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 229 extensive general store in the front, was built by Mr. Lyon, in 1882, on Washington Avenue, near the "North" mill. The stores, which are a part of the general business, handle two hundred thousand dollars worth of goods annually. The firm, in all departments of its business, employ about one thousand men, who largely contribute to the prosperity of Ludington. Mr. Lyon was elected to the Board of School Trustees of the city in 1885, and was at once made its pres- ident, holding that position three years. During this time the handsome buildings in the First, Third, and Fourth Wards of the city were built, largely through his instrumentality. He was married, October 26, 1875, to Miss Harriet, daughter of Cyrus C. Rice, of Ludington. They have four children living, as follows: Emily C. Lyon, born October 11, 1878; John B. Lyon, born July 17, 1880; Paulina Lyon, bom April 12, 1882, and Harriet R. Lyon, born July 8, 1889. One of Mr. Lyon's friends and intimate business associates thus speaks of him : " Mr. Lyon is a most worthy citizen. He is surrounded by an interesting, intelligent, and affectionate family, is a devoted husband, and a kind and indulgent father. Among men he is genial and companionable, manly and fearless, independent in character and thought, and thoroughly consistent and temperate in all respects. His social standing is high, and he is a man of integrity, taking a great interest in all matters pertaining to the welfare of the city, and being liberal with his means. He is quick and shrewd in business, has good judgment, and is uniformly suc- cessful; and in the conduct of the vast business interests of which he has had the management since 1878, he has shown a marked ability, developing a capacity for the successful carrying-out of a business varied and extensive in its char- acter, and of proportions equal to any in the State in amount of capital involved." Arthur Wilkinson, M. D. Many years ago, Alpena was visited by an epidemic of small-pox. The dis- ease having never before appeared in that place, was not recognized by the inhabitants in general, nor even by the physicians who were called upon to attend those whom it had stricken down. One man alone insisted upon the dan- gerous character of the malady, and pleaded for the taking of strenuous precautionary measures. Against determined opposition he finally carried his point, and was placed in charge of the sick by order of the City Council. The man whose sagacity in diagnosis was thus made apparent, was Dr. Arthur Wilkinson, who still resides in Alpena. He was born in West Essa, north of Toronto, Ontario, May 25, 1842. His father, John Wilkinson, was a native of the North of Ireland, and came to America in 1832. Soon after he joined the Royal Troops, and aided in the suppression of the McKenzie Rebellion. At the close of this rebellion he settled upon a farm, and remained there until his death, February 7, 1877. Dr. Wilkinson's mother was Jane Spears, who, like the father, was a native of the North of Ireland. The father and mother were married in 1838, and had nine children — six boys and three girls — all of whom are still living. The doctor was the second of the nine children. The mother still survives at the age of sixty-eight. Until his eighteenth year, Dr. Wilkinson remained with his father, spending his summers on the farm and his winters at school. In his eighteenth year he attended the Bradford Grammar- school, remaining one year; and the following year he at- tended the Barrie Grammar-school, of which the principal was the Rev. Mr. Checkley, a noted teacher. After teach- ing school for several years, he entered the medical de- partment of the University of Toronto, where he remained four yeais, spending a part of the time, however, in connec- tion with the Government Military School, at the s.une place. Receiving his diploma in 1872, he at once came to Michigan and repaired to Alpena, where he began the prac- tice of his profession, now become the largest practice in that part of the State. Though naturally diffident, Dr. Wil- kinson is a man of affable and courteous manner. He is very popular with the people of his city, and enjoys their respect and confidence in a high degree. From a business, as well as from a professional, point of view, he has been very successful, and spends his hours of recreation at his suburban firm in the gratification of rural taste and the raising of rural riches. Though often urged to accept the nomination for mayor of Alpena, he has persistently declined, having no ambition for political office, but preferring to give his entire time and attention to the duties of his chosen profession. He holds, however, the position of first surgeon ol the Third Regiment of Michigan State troops ; was one of the founders of the Red Cross Hospital, of Alpena, and is one of the proprietors of the Red Cross drug-store. Dr. Wilkinson was married, November 18, 1874, to Miss Frances E. Shepardson, daughter of Captain Seymour Shepardson, of Whitehall, New York. They have two children — a boy and a girl. In religion, Dr. Wilkinson is a member of the Epis- copal Church ; in politics, he is a Democrat. HON. EMIL ANNEKE, of Bay City, was born De- cember 13, 1823, in the city of Dortmund, Prussia. At the age of ten years he entered the Gymnasium at Dortmund, and passed his examination of maturity nine years later. He was then admitted to the University of Berlin, where he studied higher mathematics, natural science, and law. After completing his studies, he traveled for his general informa- tion through Saxony, Bohemia, Austria, and other parts of the Continent. In 1848 he took part in the revolutionary movement that swept over a large part of Europe, and when those struggles had been subdued, and all efforts for the es- tablishment of a German Republic proved unsuccessful, Mr. Anneke, with hundreds of other liberal young men, left his native country and came to the United States. He arrived in the City of New York in 1849. From there he went to Pennsylvania, where he engaged in school-teaching; but dis- liking this employment, he was offered and accepted a posi- tion on the editorial staff of the New York Staats-Zeitung, which he soon after resigned to engage with a large mercan- tile house in New York as corresponding clerk. He remained here until 1855, when he removed to Detroit, Michigan, and assumed the editorial management of a German paper. In the following year he was appointed clerk in the auditor- general's office at Lansing. He took with him to this office the same energy and precision that had characterized his life; he suggested many new improvements in the conduct of the office, and made his services so valuable as chief clerk as to have them recognized by a nomination by the Repub- lican party for the office of auditor-general, to which he was elected by a large majority in 1862. He discharged the du- ties so faithfully that he was again tendered the nomination, and re-elected by an increased majority. At the expiration of his term he was admitted to the bar, and began the prac- tice of law at Grand Rapids ; during the summer of this year 230 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. he was appointed receiver of public money in the District of Grand Traverse. He resigned this position, and removed to Saginaw, where he resided until 1874, when he came with his family to Baj City, where lie resided until his death, which occurred at his residence on the corner of Tenth and u Streets. During his residence in East Saginaw and Bay City he was engaged in the practice of law and the real estate business. Mr. Anneke's nature was domestic and re- tiring, and his happiest moments were passed in the privacy of his home, to which he was greatly attached. His honor .mil integrity were unimpeai hable, and he looked for the same virtues in others that were so stroi ifest in his own nature. He was a genial companion, a gentleman of the old school, generous in scanning the faults of others, and ever ready to lend a helping hand to his less forlunate friends. In business matters he was strict, but never exacting; eco- nomical, but generous when the cause was worthy. He at- tached people to himself by his unostentatious manner and his uniform politeness. His sufferings during his last illness were lightened by the administrations of his three surviving children, who anticipated every want and desire, and made, so far as love could suggest, his last hours peaceful and contented. In politics, Mr. Anneke was a stanch Republican. His children who survive are, Mrs. Charles F. Kusterer, and Mis. Emma 1.. Sullivan, of Grand Rapids; and Edward E. Anneke, a prominent lawyer of Bay City. Captain Benjamin Boutell, of Bay City. It is probable tint Bay City contains more vessel-men than almost any other place of equal size in this country, and Captain Benjamin Boutell gets his appellation of " Captain " from having been in his earlier mature years in command of sailing craft and a large owner in vessel property. It is altogether probable, too, that this class of men has done more for the material growth and prosperity of Bay City than any other class. Captain Boutell was born in Deer- field, Livingston County, Michigan, August 17, 1844. His parents were Daniel and Betsey (Adams) Boutell. His father wis a native of New Hampshire, the grand old "Granite State." and was born in 1800. When a young man he went Syracuse, New York, and learned the milling business. Soon after this period he built a couple of canal-boats and operated them on the canal for a time ; but not liking the business, he dis- posed of the boats, married in his twenty-fourth year, and pur- . hased a farm near Syracuse. In 1833 he removed to Deer- field, Michigan, where he purchased a large farm, on which he spent most of the remainder of his days. His wife, a native of New York, was a niece of John Quincy Adams. Benjamin Boutell was born to the inheritance of honest, in- dependent farm-life, and also inherited the good, strong sense and sound judgment which characterized both his par- ents. He was the seventh of nine children, and there are, besides him, three bi others and two sisters still living. His father died February 7, 1865, at Bay City, and the mother at the same place in November, 1881. In the early period, when his father bought and settled on the large farm at Deerfield, the improvements and facilities in farming im- plements, machinery, and tools were very few^ and crude in comparison with those of the present day ; and to work a large farm required every resource and every aid that could be utilized. Besides, there was a large and growing family to be looked after, and its wants supplied. Benjamin, therefore, found it necessary to give nearly his entire time to the farm, and his opportunities for education were of necessity limited. But it is not education alone that makes the man, nor the la. k of it that renders him a nobody. This son had good, honest training, influence and example, and he did not con- tent himself with deliberating on the probabilities of life, but resolutely set himself to get the most out of its possibilities. He worked on the farm summers, and went to school, as he could, winters, While a young man attending to the duties ol farm-life, he seems to have formed a very commendable habit and trait — that of doing well and thoroughly whatever he had to do. While on this new farm, at the age of ten years, he plowed the land for, and put in, forty acres of wheat himself. Farm-work was then chiefly done with oxen. And so well pleased and proud was his father with what his son had done that he had him take the yoke of oxen with which he had put in the wheat, to the annual fair, at Howell, the county-seat, and compete in a " plowing-match," with twenty competitors. " Ben " won the first prize. That was a great day for the father and boy. The latter now, after the father sleeps from his labors, refers to it and speaks of it with just and pardonable pride and satisfaction, and says he would rather have won that match than to have been made governor of the State. In 1857 his father's health failed, and he left the farm and settled at Birch Run, leaving Benjamin to manage the farm. Two years later his father sold the farm, purchased property in Bay City, and moved his family there. This threw additional and great responsibility and ex- pense on Benjamin, but it likewise brought out and devel- oped the noble, sterling manhood within him. Many young men would have been discouraged here ; the father was still sick, and his two brothers having died, left families whom Benjamin felt it a duty to look after and provide for. And this work, this duty of life, too, he did well. In 1864 he was employed as a " wheelsman " on the boat known as the Wave, on the river and lake. The season following he was made mate of this boat, and the next year captain of the steamer Ajax. A year or two later he purchased an interest in a tug-boat, and in 1869 formed a partnership with a Mr. Mitchell, the firm owning several tugs. This partnership continued until 1885, when Mr. Mitchell withdrew, and Mr. Boutell has since prosecuted the business with Mr. P. C. Smith as a partner, which has grown to wonderfully large dimensions. In 1888 the amount of rafting done reached three hundred and twenty-six million feet, taking in Wiscon- sin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and Canada. Mr. Boutell has not met with failure in anything he has undertaken. There are two chief reasons for this. He does not engage in any enterprise unless it is sufficiently feasible and worthy to recommend itself to his judgment, and everything un- dergoes the scrutiny of a keen and well-balanced mind ; and when he has once entered upon a project, his method- ical, painstaking nature and tenacity of purpose push it to a successful ending. His strict adherence to business, never leaving it for " side-issues " or to mingle in politics — although often urged for positions before the public — has secured to himself and family far more than a competency, and has also won for himself the business confidence and respect of the community. He is regarded as one of the most reliable men, both in ability and word, in Bay City. He is generous, public-spirited, and enterprising, and a most valuable citizen. He is a member and officer of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and useful in all its relations, and also a director of the Young Men's Christian Association. In politics he is CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 231 thoroughly Republican. He married, December 2, 1870, Miss Amelia Dudlenger, whose father was a worthy citizen of Erie, Pennsylvania. He died when Mrs. Boutell and her twin sister were six months old. Mr. and Mrs. Boutell have had three children — sons — two of whom are living to share the respect and esteem of their parents. COLONEL WILLIAM M. FENTON, of Flint, ex- lieutenant-governor of Michigan, was born December 19, 1808, in Norwich, Chenango County, New York. Here his father, Hon. Joseph S. Fenton, was one of the first citizens in wealth and social position, being a prominent banker and an elder in the Presbyterian Church, of which he was one of the main pillars of support. His mother, a member of the same Church, was distinguished for devoted piety and an earnest zeal in every good work. William was the eldest of nine children, and in early life, while under the parental roof, was remarkable for his integrity and great love for knowledge, which made him a most indefatigable student, so that when but fourteen years of age he passed his exam- ination and entered Hamilton College. From this institu- tion he graduated at the head of his class in 1827, at the age of eighteen, when the most of students are only pre- pared to enter. From the college halls he went into the banking-house of his father. The confinement consequent upon this business was too close for his feeble health, and after a service of but a few months he entered upon a sea- faring life, shipping from Charleston, South Carolina, as a common sailor. Four years later he left this occupation, having acquired that physical culture and discipline, and gained that knowledge of human nature, which proved of great service to him throughout the remainder of his life. At the time of quitting his marine life he was mate of a merchantman, and was offered the captaincy of a similar craft. On April 11, 1836, he married a daughter of Judge James Birdsall, of Norwich, and in July of the same year emigrated to Michigan. After residing for two years at Pontiac, being engaged in mercantile pursuits, he removed to Genesee County, and purchased the land where the vil- lage of Fenton now stands. In 1839 he commenced the study of law in Fentonville, and in 1841, with Andrew Par- sons, afterwards governor, was admitted to the bar. Soon after he engaged in politics, and his talents as a lawyer and his extensive knowledge of men and affairs at once made him a leader in the Democratic party, of which he was a member. In 1844 he vvas tne candidate of his party for representation in the State Legislature, but was defeated. At the next election, however, he was chosen senator from the district composed of the counties of Oakland, Macomb, Genesee, and Livingston. He was twice elected lieutenant- governor, serving from 1848 to 1852, inclusive, while Gov- ernors Ransom and Barry were in office. He presided with dignity and ability over the Senate, and had the party to which he belonged continued in power he would undoubt- edly have been raised to the office of governor. He was twice nominated for circuit judge by his party, and had he been elected he would have secured the same praise which he so unanimously received while performing other re- sponsible public duties. In 1850, Mr. Fenton removed to Flint, where he resided until his death. He was appointed regis- ter of the land-office in that city by President Pierce, in 1852, and held the position until the office was removed to Saginaw. During the year 1856 he traveled through Europe with his family, for the purpose of improving his wife's failing health. Returning, he was elected mayor of Flint. in 1858. When the first murmurings of the Civil War were indistinctly heard throughout our land, the voice of Mr. Fenton was raised far above the din of party discord for his country, which he loved so well. He had been and was a Democrat ; but he was more than either Democrat or Republican — he was a true patriot; and dropping all con- siderations of a party character, he offered his services to his country in a way that at once attested his devotion to the principles of American Union, and proved how much dearer his country was to him than his life. His wealth was also freely given to sustain the causo for which he fought; and when financial difficulties first faced the Gov- ernment, he telegraphed to Governor Blair that the sum of }5,ooo of his private means was at the disposal of the State for the equipment of the State troops. Early in the season of 1861 he was appointed a member of the State Military Board, and shortly afterward he received the appointment of major of the Seventh Infantry. On the 7th of August following, being commissioned, by Governor Blair, colonel of the Eighth Infantry, he, with that regiment, started for the seat of war in Virginia on the 27th of September, 1861. This regiment he was mainly instrumental in recruiting, and he seemed to diffuse his own courage through the entire command. No regiment has a better record; and, while health permitted, his record and that of the Eighth are identical. The rapidity and number of its marches were such as to give it the name of the "wandering regiment." From the time that it started for the seat of war until No- vember 7, 1861, a little more than thirty days, it landed in South Carolina during the capture of Port Royal Inlet. From this time it was engaged most creditably in several battles, until April 16, 1862, when it became specially noted in the spirited engagement of the reconnoissance made on board the steamer Honduras, by Colonel Fenton, at Wil- mington Island, Georgia, where, after landing from the boat, it encountered the Thirteenth Georgia, about eight hundred strong, and drove them from the field in confusion. Up to this time, and afterwards, it was engaged in numerous battles in South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, and Maryland. On the 16th of June following, an assault was made on the enemy's work at Secessionville, on James Island, South Car- olina. The direct attack was made by Colonel Fenton, under General Stevens. Colonel Fenton led the brigade, while his own gallant regiment was commanded by Lieuten- ant-Colonel Graves. This was one of the most dashing assaults of the war, but made at a distressing sacrifice of life. Colonel Fenton's health failing, he was compelled to tender his resignation, which was accepted in March, 1863, after having done his country incalculable service. His name has passed into the history of his country, and his gallantry and patriotism have become a part of the record of which his State may well feel proud. When he could no longer serve in the army, his whole energies and wide influence were given to aid the Government in its mighty struggle to remain intact. In 1864 he was the Democratic candidate for governor of the State, in opposition to Gov- ernor Crapo Upon his return from the seat of war he gave his attention to the practice of his profession, in which he ranked very high, and to the details of his personal busi- ness, which was quite large. He built the magnificent block in Flint which bears his name ; was the founder of the Citi- 2^2 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. zens' National Bank in that city, and its president at the time of his death. He was chief of the Flint fire depart- ment, and on the evening of May ll, 1K71, hearing an alarm of fire, he ran rapidly to the rescue, striking himself against a hitching-post with great violence, from which he received the injuries which resulted in his death at eleven o'clock the following evening. His wife, Adelaide S. Fenton, died November 9. 1869, preceding her husband by only one and a half years. The death of Colonel Fenton was a blow felt throughout the State, but more especially in his own city, where he occupied a position which but few men can ever attain. On the day of his funeral all places of business in Flint were closed, and his remains were followed to their last resting-place by a funeral cortege which ion, tinned the most striking and brilliant spectacle ever witnessed in that city, being conducted under the imposing ceremonies of the Knights Templar. Note. — From Tunic's " History of Michigan." FRANCIS PALMS, deceased, Detroit. A history of the city of Detroit, or the State of .Michigan, would be illy told without .1 sketch of Francis Palms, who was for many years an eminent and valuable citizen — a man who was an honor to the c iu in which he lived, and in whom it held a pardonable pride. Though not strong in his physical man- hood, his intellect was oi mighty proportions and distinctly clear^ Being not only generous but just, he had a character as sterling as new coin, and was respected most by those who knew him best. Detroit was but little more than a frontier village when he arrived there, and he lived to see the place grow up about him a handsome, populous city. Francis Palms was born in Antwerp, Belgium, in 1810, a son of Ange Palms, who had been a commissary in the French army under the first Napoleon, until the battle of Waterloo put an end to the unparalleled career of that great master of war, when Mr. Palms returned to Antwerp and en- gaged in manufacturing. Success attended his efforts to such a degree that he was enabled to build up one of the largest industries in the kingdom ; but in 1831 the entire establish- ment was destroyed by fire, together with a large quantity of the manufactured products. Mr. Palms gathered together what he could of all that was left of a magnificent enterprise, and with his family, consisting of four sons and two daugh- ters (the eldest of whom is the subject of this sketch), emi- il to America, arriving in Detroit in July, 1833, where he remained three or four years, and then removed to New Orleans, where he established himself in business, and con- tinued to reside until his death in 1876. On removing South, Mr. Palms left his son Francis and one daughter (the late Mrs Daniel J. Campau) in Detroit. The city of Antwerp was equally noted for its educational facilities as for its ex- cellent military fortifications, and Francis Palms was per- mitted to enjoy the benefits of a liberal education. At the age of twenty-three years he entered upon a commercial career in Detroit, first as a clerk, and subsequently as a man- turer of linseed-oil on his own account. In 1837 he dis- posed of his business, and entered the employ of Franklin, Moore .N. Co.. wholesale grocers, remaining until 1842, when the firm was reorganized under the name of Moore, Foote & Co., Mr. Palms becomin ber of the firm. The en- terprise proved an eminently successful one, and when, a few years later, the firm was dissolved, Mr. Palms found himself possessed of a large cash capital. This he utilized exclusively in buying and selling land, one of his first pur- chases being forty thousand acres of Government land in St. Clair and Macomb Counties, Michigan, which, after holding for several years, he disposed of in small parcels, realizing nearly four hundred thousand dollars on the investment. He subsequently invested largely in pine-lands in Wiscon- sin, as well as Michigan, his purchases being so numerous, and the acquired tracts so large, that in a few years he at- tained the reputation of being the largest individual land- owner in the United States. The possession of so much land naturally produced litigation, and at one time he was compelled to defend his rights in the opening of a Wiscon- sin river, on the banks of which he had an immense tract of timber-land. The river was held and obstructed by an opposition firm, and after numerous personal encounters, in which large forces of men on either side participated, the matter finally reached the courts, where Mr. Palms was triumphantly successful. The litigation in this case alone cost about £250,000 ; but, by securing a navigable channel, his adjoining lands increased in value over 5800,000. It was Mr. Palms's custom to retain all lands after he had cleared them of the timber, especially if they gave the least evidence of a mineral deposit. His sagacity in this respect was amply rewarded by subsequent discoveries of valuable mines upon his lands, which, when disposed of, added largely to his rapidly increasing fortune. To his extensive business interests, Mr. Palms invariably directed a personal supervision ; but he ultimately began to feel the effects of the close mental and bodily labors to which he had given him- self for nearly fifty years, and consequently felt the need of younger shoulders upon which to lay some of his burdens ; and he naturally turned to his son. He also decided upon concentrating, as far as possible, his extensive possessions, and to this end disposed of large tracts of timber and waste lands in the newer portions of Michigan and Wisconsin, and made purchases of Detroit real estate, upon which he erected numerous handsome business blocks, which are a decided credit to the city ; he also aided materially in developing many of Detroit's manufacturing industries. He was for many years president and the largest stockholder in the People's Savings Bank, of Detroit, president of the Michigan Stove Company, and president of the Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company. He was interested financially in the Vulcan Iron and Furnace Company, the Union Iron Company, the Galvin Brass and Iron Company, and the Peninsular Land Company. He was vice-president for many years of the Detroit, Marquette and Mackinaw Railroad Company, and was largely interested in developing railroad enterprises in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Mr. Palms had generally enjoyed good health until prostrated by a paralytic stroke in 1885. His body continued to grow weaker, but the light within still burned with a steady glow. He continued to administer counsel and advice concerning busi- ness transactions in which he was interested. Two days before his death he attended a meeting of the Board of Directors of the bank over whose affairs he had so long presided. The end came on Wednesday, November 24, 1886, and with such silence and quiet peace that he seemed to have fallen into a gentle slumber, rather than that sleep that knows no waking. The Board of Directors of the People's Savings Bank voiced the feelings of all who knew him when they said: "We learn with deep sorrow and regret of the death of our late president and associate, Francis Palms. He was >i; '" irV -■;'■"-. CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 233 a man of high honor, strict integrity of character, and honest in all things; diligent in the fulfillment of every duty, and punctual in the discharge of every obligation. Characterized .by gentleness and amiability of manner, and of a modest and retiring disposition, he was incapable of inflicting injuiy on any man ; yet in defense of justice and fair dealing he ex- hibited cool and stern determination, unflinching courage, and remarkable strength of character. Clear-headed and prompt in arriving at conclusions, palient, persevering, and resolute in purpose, he was a man of indomitable will, of great intellectual force, of broad and comprehensive mind, and of unusual foresight." Mr. Palms was a devout Catho- lic, an attendant at SS. Peter and Paul Church, and was as thorough and earnest in his religious duties as in those of every-day life In 1836 he was married to Miss Martha Burnett, one son being born to the union, Francis F., a sketch of whose life appears in this work. Mrs. Palms died soon after her son was born, and, in 1840, Mr. Palms was married to Miss Catherine Campau, daughter of the late Joseph Campau, one of Detroit's earliest settlers ; and they had one daughter, Clothilde, now the wife of J. B. Book, M. D., of Detroit. ALEXANDER V. MANN, lumberman and banker, of Muskegon, Muskegon County, was born January 18, 1834, at Somerville, Somerset County, New Jersey. His paternal ancestors emigrated from Ireland in the early part of the eighteenth century, and were among the first settlers of Pennsylvania. His father, John M. Mann, was a native of that State, and removed to New Jersey when a boy. He studied law with Governor Peter D. Vroom, afterwards United States Minister to Prussia, and practiced that profes- sion at Somerville, New Jersey, until his death at the age of sixty-four years. His wife was Eliza Bonnell, whose ances- tors, coming from England about the year 1730, were among the early settlers of New Jersey. The subject of this sketch was the second of seven children — six sons and one daugh- ter, the latter being the eldest. He attended an academy at Somerville, until, arriving at the age of fourteen years, he took charge of a large farm near his birthplace, which he managed for the following seven years. Reaching man- hood he left home, and, coming West, located at Grand Rapids, where he obtained a situation as clerk in a retail dry-goods store, retaining that position two years. In the spring of 1857 he came to Muskegon, which was then a village of about five hundred inhabitants, and engaged in the purchase of timber-lands and in logging. As illustrative of the changes made by time, some of his logs were cut from property now lying within the city limits. He contin- ued in this business and in the manufacture of square timber for the Chicago market until 1868. In that year he formed a partnership with Hon. John W. Moon, under the firm name of A. V. Mann & Co. They purchased a sawmill having a capacity of sixty thousand feet of lumber per day, which had a short time previously been erected by Messrs. Shoup, Haines & Co., in what is now the village of Lake- side. This mill was destroyed by fire in 1872, and was im- mediately rebuilt, with a daily capacity of one hundred and twenty-five thousand feet of lumber and thirty thousand pieces of lath. Previous to the erection of this mill, the village of Lakeside had no existence, and A. V. Mann & Co. purchased with the mill the greater part of the property on which the village now stands. The firm, by aiding in the erection of dwellings for their employes, were virtually the founders of the village, which has rapidly increased in pop- ulation since that time, and, adjoining the city of Muskegon, has practically become one of its wards, though not yet within its corporate limits. The firm owns several thousand acres of pine-lands in different counties bordering on the Muskegon River, and about one hundred and fifty thousand acres of pine-lands in Arkansas, and are also interested in fifteen hundred millions of timber in British Columbia, on the Columbia River. They also own two steam barges, having a combined capacity of eight hundred tons, engaged in carrying the produce of their mill to Chicago, Milwaukee, and other Lake Michigan ports. They are also extensive shippers of lumber by rail. M r. Mann is the president of the Lumberman's National Bank, of Muskegon, to which office he was elected on the death of its first president. Major Chauncey Davis, in January, 1888. This bank is the successor of Muskegon's first bank, which was established in 1859 by the late T. J. Rand, and successfully conducted by him until his death in 1872, when the Lumberman's Na- tional Bank was incorporated, Mr. Mann being a member of its first Board of Directors and one of its incorporators. In 1875 he was elected vice-president of the bank, and held that office until he was made president in 1888. The bank was incorporated with a capital of $ 100,000, its business being a satisfactory and constantly increasing one. Mr. Mann is also treasurer of the Heaps Earth Closet Company, of which he is one of the principal stockholders. He is a stockholder and one of the directors of the Muskegon Boom- ing Company, and also a stockholder and member of the Board of Directors of the Muskegon Chemical Fire Engine Company, recently incorporated and established in that city. He holds the office of president of the Muskegon Club, a social organization composed of the business men of the city. This club erected, in 1888, an elegant club building, having a frontage of forty-eight feet and a depth of seventy feet, on its lot on Western Avenue, opposite the opera-house, in the best business portion of the city. It is Romanesque in style, faced with sandstone up to the under side of the second-story belt course, which is of red pressed brick. Taken as a whole, the building is well arranged, shows careful study, and is a credit to the club and an adornment to the city. Mr. Mann has devoted considerable time to the study of his native land, and for that purpose has traveled through every State in the Union, all of her Territories, as well as most of the Canadian Provinces. Having seen his own country, he now hopes to spend some time abroad in the near future. During the war, four out of his five brothers then living served in the Union army, as his family, though Democratic, were all War Democrats — heart and soul for the Union cause. Mr. Mann was united in marriage, October 2, i860, to Sarah G., daughter of Captain T. J. Rand. They have two children, Eliza Bonnie, and William H., the latter being book-keeper for A. V. Mann & Co. A gentleman, an acquaintance and friend of Mr. Mann, whose business and social connections with him cover almost the entire period of his residence in Muskegon, voices the sentiment of the community with reference to him in the following language : "A casual acquaintance with him gives to the observer of human nature the impression that, under cover of a roughness and carelessness of man- ner, an abruptness of speech, a personal appearance always neat yet never careful, Mr. Mann embodies most of those 3° 234 CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. qualities most desirable in a citizen of any community, whose position in life give? weight to his influence for the advance- ment or retention of the best interests of the place. This impression is gained from the keen, sharp, yet always pleas- ant expression of his eyes and face, the candor and hearti- ness of his manner and speech, and is confirmed by his readiness to lend a helping hand in furtherance of any en- tei prise ; to contribute whenever called upon in the cause of charity; to engage his capital and time in almost every matter of public interest, and in fulfilling his part and duty as a citizen. One of Mu-kegon's earliest si-ttlers, he has seen the village he founded grow to a town, and the town to a city, and his has never been a voire to retard its growth— rather his personal efforts and interests have shared that growth, and in the business world of the city he has ad- vanced to the position of one of its most important citizens, his financial interests, as shown in the preceding sketch, being very large and involved in many of the manufacturing and mercantile enterprises which contribute to give Muske- gon its present important place in the commercial world. His admirable social qualities make him and his family leaders in the community, and his beautiful residence on Webster Avenue is at once one of the most comfortable, happy, and hospitable homes of the city. In the opinion of the writer, Mr. Mann will always be found entitled to a share of the credit due every fair-minded, unselfish citizen, and possessed of the utmost confidence and esteem of the community where he has so long made his home, having for his friends all who know him, and few (if any) enemies to reproach him for a single act of hatred, malice, or un- charitableness." AARON LINTON, manufacturer, of East Saginaw. Salina — or South Saginaw, as it has been called by general consent, for many years — is made up of the Seventh and Eighth Wards of the city of East Saginaw, Michigan. These two « aids constitute a flourishing community in themselves, and the people who reside there are, chiefly, the owners of pleasant cottage-homes — a genial, contented people, who re- joice in the name and title of "South-enders." Let a stranger wander in that direction at any time, and if of an inquisitive turn, should he inquire of a resident of the locality who, of all others in that region, was entitled to credit for a worthy manhood and an honorable fame among his fellow-men, the answer would be as prompt as it would be truthful, "Aaron Linton." It does not always follow that a man will reap of good as he has sown of good, in this world; but now and then one is found to whom, by general consent, due praise is given for a consistent life and for helpful con- duct to others ; and among this class of philanthropists the writer is warranted in giving an eminent place to Aaron n, of South Saginaw. But few men have been tried by adversity as he has been, and yet have preserved their integrity so untarnished. He was born in the province of New Brunswick, and there he continued to reside until he reached his seventeenth year, when he removed to Buffalo, State of New York, where he resided three years ; then com- ing to Michigan, which State has been his abiding-place from th it date down to the present time. He first settled in the pretty little village of St. Clair, and there remained some eight years; but some time in 1858 he made another re- moval, and this proved to be his last venture in emigration. He then, with his wife and two children, resolved to make a permanent home in East Saginaw, settling at the south end of the then straggling village; and here Aaron Linton has lived for thirty years, except for a short period of three years, when he established a saw-mill at Fai well, a town on the line of the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad. Mr. Linton built the second dwelling-house that was erected in South Saginaw, and for twelve years he occupied the posi- tion of superintendent in Curtis & King's saw-mill, which had been established in that place. With this experience, he resolved to make a similar venture on his own account, and accordingly he built and equipped a large mill at Far- well. Michigan. He operated this successfully for three rears, when a fire — that scourge which has pursued even- lumber manufacturer in the State — destroyed in a few hours the accumulation of years of patient industry, skill, and economy. There was no insurance — it was a total loss. No better opportunity than this can occur to make a due acknowledgment of the devotion and true heroism dis- played by the mill-owners of Michigan, under oft-repeated destruction of their extensive mill properties by fire. No calamity of the kind was ever sufficient to deter these brave men from making a second, a third, or even a fourth at- tempt to rebuild their works and make another struggle to conquer fortune. And when it is remembered that in- surance rates on saw-mills were almost prohibitory in their excess and stringency, some better idea may be gained of the courage displayed on such occasions. The experience of Mr. Linton was in no wise exceptional in this respect. He returned to South Saginaw, after the fire at Farwell, and he there built a planing-mill ; and yet the existence of this enterprise was of only six years' duration. Fire destroyed the plant, but the same Spartan courage was again dis- played, and another planing-mill was at once erected. In this latter venture, however, Mr. Linton had united with his two sons, Will S. and Charles E., the concern being known under the title of A. Linton & Sons. The life of this new mill was but for eight years, however, for another fire devas- tated the entire property in 1887. Still, neither discouraged nor dismayed, the Lintons made another effort ; and this time, it is to be hoped, the fire-fiend will retire from the field. Offers of help, offers of premiums and bonuses from various localities were made to the Lintons, with a view to the removal of their industry ; but the offers were gratefully declined, and a new and more extensive plant has been or ganized and built, within a short distance from the old site, and the wheels of a successful business enterprise are once more in motion. It is not within the province of this article to describe a particular industry, or to advertise a successful manufacturing concern. Rather, it is the intent of the writer to paint a portrait of a man who has shown himself superior to adverse fortune. The reader can not fail to im- bibe this fact, however, that there must have been some- thing more than merely indomitable will-power in the make-up of Aaron Linton. His neighbors and his fellow-citizens generally speak of him not only with respect, but with affection as well. They term him an honorable Christian gentleman, and it is this inherent quality in his character that has made a business success of his life. Those who have dealt with him have learned to have faith in his hon- esty and integrity So, when a mill was destroyed, that was all that was lost. The firm belief in his square, honorable dealing always remained; and it is upon this foundation that every successive superstructure has rested. "An hon- ; ^^/^.j-l. ?e-^i . CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN. 235 orable Christian gentleman," — this is the record Aaron Linton lias made for himself. This is even a better legacy to leave his children than the wealth he possesses. He has lived to see his boys take, and make, an honorable position for themselves ; to see them both associated with him in business ; to see civic honors conferred on one of his sons, and to know that those honors were worthily bestowed. He is still young enough, and active enough, in feeling and in reality, to plan for the good of others in many ways. One of the most beneficent of the public acts of his life was the establishing of one of the most important Sabbath-school en- terprises in Northern Michigan, known as the Hess Street Methodist Sunday-school ; and to this object he has devoted many of the best years of his best manhood. And in this— in seeing the boys and girls under his charge growing to manhood and womanhood, the better for his teaching and the example of his consistent life, and their knowledge of its genuineness — he has had his reward. Surely, Aaron Linton deserves recognition among the "eminent men of Michigan," judging him simply by his life-work.. Colonel Charles R. Hawley, of Bay City. This is another of the worthy family names of New England. As early as 1649 they were settled in Connecticut, and were of much prominence, representing the State in General As- semblies, and occupying various high and honorable posi- tions. In the last quarter of the eighteenth century there was a large emigration from this State to the State of New York — at one time, in 1785, as many as twenty families set- tling there from Fairfield County. Among these were the Hawleys. William Hawley settled in Delaware County, and was the grandfather of Charles R. Hawley. Benjamin M. Hawley was born on his father's farm, in the same county, where his early years were spent in the useful and healthful occupation of tilling the soil. He later studied and prac- ticed medicine. He married Miss Abigail Hathaway, a native of Delaware County. To them was born, April 29, 1840, Charles R. Hawley, the third in a family of nine chil- dren. His education was obtained in the common schools of Steuben County, and ended, so far as the school-room was concerned, when he was fourteen years of age, at which early period he commenced life for himself. He appreciated the value and felt the need of more complete education, but the large family depending on the labor of the father for support, as well as the son's self-reliant nature, led him to " look out " for himself. He therefore entered a dry-goods store at Olean, New York, where he remained four years, when he accepted a like position at Portville, in the same county, Cattaraugus. Here he was engaged two years, when he returned to Olean and was made a partner in the store where he first started out in life at the age of fourteen. This act was creditable both to himself and the old firm, and the coidiality with which he was welcomed back and given an interest in the business spoke well for his ability, and augured well for the new management, which was satis- factorily and profitably continued until the fall of 1865, when, after a thorough looking over and visiting of several places with a view of permanent settlement, going as far west as Omaha, he concluded that in very many respects Bay City was the most desirable and promising place he had seen. Here he opened a store under the name of C. R. Hawley & Co., which name has remained unchanged to the present time. This store was successful from the start, there being push, energy, and enterprise back of it, and now a large business is carried on. In fact, this store is the leading one in its brand, of trade (dry-goods and car- pets) in Bay City. Mr. Hawley is also connected with and proprietor of the principal dry-goods stores each in the towns of Alpena and Oscoda, Michigan. In both of these places the same systematic, thorough, upright, and honest manner of conducting business prevails as at Bay City, and the business relations of C. R. Hawley are everywhere regarded and looked upon with a sense of confidence and reliability by the public. His enterprises, his business operations, his public spirit, and broad views have had their effect and in- fluence on the community, and he has been a chief factor and moving spirit in all lines of progress and growth. His life and business career have many points of interest, and may be profitably studied and safely followed by the youn