/ C^7 /7f GETTYSBURG: WHAT TO SEE, AND HOW TO SEE IT. EMBODYING FULL INFORMATION FOR VISITING THE FIELD. BEAUTIFULLY EMBELLISHED fl'ITlI ^VOOD-CUTS. WITH COMPLETE INDEX. ILLUSTRATED BY THE ISOMETRICAL DRAWING OF THE GETTYSBURG BATTLE-FIEI.D SHOWING THE POSITIOX OF EVERY REGIMENT AND BATTERY OF BOTH ARMIES. BY JOHN B. BACHELDER, AUTHOR OP THE ISOMETRICAL DRAWING OF TUB GETTYSBURG BATTI.E-FIELD, BESCRIPTIVS KEY TO PAINTING OP LONGSTREET'S ASSAULT AT GETTYSBURG, HISTORICAL DESIGNER OP THE PAINTINGS OP THE BATTLE OP GETTYSBURG, DESIGNER OF THE HISTORICAL PAINTING OF THE LAST HOURS OF LINCOLN, ETC., ETC. I. BOSTON: ^^ JOHN B. BACHELDER, PUBLISHER, 149 WASHINGTON STREET, (OPPOSITE THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH.) NEW YORK: LEE, SHEPARD, & DILLINGHAM, 49 Greene Street. 1873. Kntered, acccrding to Act of CoDgress, in the year 1873, by John 13. Bachelder, lu the Office of the Librari.in of Congress, at Washington RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE: STEREOTrPED AND PRINTED BY B. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY. PREFACE. The work herewith presented has been prepared to meet a popular demand. During a recent visit to Gettysburg, the writer became impressed with the ne- cessity for a book from which visitors could gain reliable information regarding the battle, and directions for visiting the field, independently of the fanciful tales of local guides, who, with the best intentions, are liable to be imposed upon by vainglorious heroes, whose vivid descriptions they have no means to disprove. It will also make a valuable souvenir for those who would ex- plain to others the intricacies of this important battle. It is not intended as a history, but may rather be con- sidered as an introduction to the history now in course of preparation. It will also serve as a useful key to the Isometrical Drawing of the battle-field, a copy of which it contains. Many of the illustrations with wliich it is embellished were sketched from local scenery, while others have been kindly furnished by the publishers of some of the best illustrated works vi PREFACE. in America : " Forest Scenes," published by Hurd & Houghton ; " The Artist's Sketch Book," by G. P. Put- nam & Sons ; Longfellow's " Poems," by James R. Osgood & Co., and others. JOHN B. BACHELDER. June 1 1873. CONTENTS. PAGE Routes to Gettysburg 4 Gettysburg — Civil History 6 The Battle-field 9 Compass-face Guide 14 Visiting the Field 15 Where and how shall I go ? 17 Preparation for the Excursion ... 18 Historical Reflections ... 19 Theological Seminary 21 Union Troops . . .... ... 22-24 The Advance 23 Oak Hill 30 East Cemetery Hill 37 Cemetery Hill 44 Cemetery Hill from the Summit . 4^) Bringing up tiih Troops 49 Confederate Troops 51 Engagemknt July 3 .53 The Battle-field and its Surroundings 56 Carriage Drives 58 Seminary Ridge . 60 McPherson's Ridge 61 Herr's Ridge 62 Marsh Creek . 63 A Charming Resort 65 Bream's Tavern 67 Bream's IVJill 68 Sulphur Spring ... 69 Harrisburg Road 70 Yin CONTENTS. PAGE Hospital Hill 73 York Street 74 The Eailroad 76 Drive to Eound Top 77 Peach Orchard 81 Wheat Field — Devil's Den 83 Round Top 84 Vincent's Spur — Little Round Top 85 Second Day's Engagement 86 The Return 92 Excursion to Gulp's Hill 93 Stevens' Knoll 94 Assault of Hates' and Hokes' Brigades 94 Gulp's Hill 96 Rock Greek 98 Over Benner's Hill to Wolf Hill 100 Wolf Hill 101 Marsh Creek 103 Directions to Visitors 105 Springs Hotel — Gupola 106 Springs Hotel — Veranda 108 Katalysine Springs 109 Soldiers' National Gemetert 110 National Monument 115 The Reynolds Statue 118 Theological Seminary 121 Pennsylvania Gollege 122 GETTYSBURG. with O Time ! thou beautifier of the dead, — A-dovner of the ruin, — comforter And only healer when the heart hath bled, — Time ! the corrector when our judgments err, The test of truth, love, — sole philosopher ! — Byron. HE fanciful Theogony of the an- cient Greeks, if our recollection is not at fault, furnished no god to represent Time. Night, Day, Sleep, Dreams, Woe, Discord, Youth, Old Age, had their representative deities, but Time, the most won- derful and powerful of all agencies in the world, seemed to defy poetic ingenuity. We are not without classi- cal symbols, however, to represent the eternal builder and destroyer. The winged, bald, and beard-flowing figure, scythe and hour-glass, has admonished the race 2 GETTYSBURG. — ^^ Tempiis fvgif — of the flight of Thne for ages; of the changes, constant and inevitable, occurring in all things of earth. Of all these infinite risings, buildings, and crumblings, but few are saved from utter oblivion. Things vast, marvelous, and signally distinguished, are rescued from the general wreck, and preserved for the continued study and teaching of our race. All else is utterly forgotten and lost. Men seek out these, travelling from remote regions to gaze, and to learn the stories they teach; and the historian makes the record which preserves the les- son and points its moral. None of the great events which distinguish epochs in history, fix such in- delible fame upon localities as do mighty battles. The renown which ever gives lustre to some signal victory, passes into perpetual story, and is read with increased interest by succeeding generations. No tourist considers his study of countries complete un- less the famous fields of historical battles, near which he may be, are visited and studied. The Battle of Gettysburg — equal in magnitude, in gallantry and desperation of the combatants, in human slaughter, and in the vast interests which hung upon the issue, to any recorded in history — has brought the name of Gettysburg from rural obscurity, to world-wide celebrity. The traveller now studies the towering eminences, the rocky ra- MEMORIES OF THE BATTLE. 3 vines, the woody coverts, the open fields, the mean- dering waters, and all the vast region over which de- struction and death held carnival for three long days, with an intensity of interest which the simple charms of nature never would have aroused. And thus it will continue to be for centuries to come. Hither came hostile armies, from States far remote, to de- stroy and subdue ; and here, too, came the patriotic soldiers of the Union, to defend the soil and to pre- serve our government. Here, those who should have met in concord and peace stood in desperate and deadly struggle, drenching the land and the waters with human gore, and covering the whole battle-field with the wounded and the dead. There are per- sons who talk of forgetting that field of slaughter. But will those Avho fought that day forget it ? Will those who had lost, or those who had won, when the bugles sounded their closing blasts over the third day's fight at Gettysburg, forget that hour? Those who were in the calm of home peace, when the billows of^Longstreet's fearful charge broke in wild disorder and defeat, may think it very pretty sentimentalism to talk about forgetting that supreme moment ; but the brave men who marched in that great column, and the gallant soldiers of the Union who met and overwhelmed it, can now sit upon the spot in ami- cable cordiality, and remember all about it. And it is 4 GETTYSBURG. here, more than uj)on any other of the great battle- fields of that terrible war, that the veterans of the Army of the Potomac and the veterans of the Army of Northern Virgmia will meet to interchange gener- ous courtesies with their old adversaries in the long years to come ; for out from the ground where carnage and death swept their tens of thousands to wounds and the grave, there gushes healing water, said to possess wonderful virtues, to which the feeble,, the sick, and the weary resort for strength and rest. And thus, as the great multitude hasten to Gettys- burg for health or pleasure, the renowned battle-field will come to be as much a part of their aims as it would be if it was the plunging Niagara instead of the murmuring stream, whose fame had captivated them. EOUTES TO GETTYSBURG. Although there are many carriage roads leading into Gettysburg, there is but a single railroad. This branches from the Northern Central, which leads from Baltimore, through Harrisburg. The f)ohit of inter- section is at Hanover Junction, thirty miles from Get- tysburg. This road, bearing the name of the " Han- over Branch Eailroad," extends thirteen miles to Hanover ; thence, without change of cars, we con- tinue seventeen miles over the Susquehanna, Get- tysburg, and Potomac Railway, to Gettysburg. The ROUTES. 5 principal routes of travel to this place are, from Wash- ington via Baltimore and Potomac Railway, Northern Central, to Hanover Junction ; thence to Gettysburg. From Baltimore, via Northern Central. From Phila- delphia, the usual route is via Pennsylvania Central to Lancaster, Columbia and York to Hanover Junction. From New York, the route via Philadelphia may be selected ; or the Oentral New Jersey, via Easton, Al- lentown, and Reading, to Harrisburg ; thence by the Northern Central to Hanover Junction. From the North and West, Harrisburg must first be reached. GETTYSBURG. CIVIL HISTORY. Until the 19th of May, 1729, the territory of Gettysburg was embraced in Chester County ; the three original counties of the State being Philadel- phia, Bucks, and Chester. Lancaster County, which included the territory of Gettysburg, was formed at that date ; and the 19th of August, 1749, the county of York was created, which embraced the territory west of the Susquehanna River to the top of the South Mountain, and south to the Maryland line. From the western part of York a new county was formed on the 22d of January, 1800, called Adams, of which Gettys- burg is the county seat. Its products are almost entirely agricultural. The southern boundary line of Adams, embraced in the line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, was surveyed in the years 1767-68, by Mason and Dixon, commissioned by the British crown to settle the disputed line between the proprietors of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The nearest point is seven miles south of Gettysburg. Near the year 1780, James Gettys, a Presbyterian of Scotch-Irish descent, settled on a tract of about one hundred and sixteen acres of land belontJi-inQ: to the Penn family. It was in the " Mask Manor," * being one of the manors given by the General Assembly of Penn- * In the original Penn deeds this was written Masque. CIVIL HISTORY. 7 sylvan ia, after the Revolution, to the heirs of William Penn. On the 10th of January, 1786, James Getty s had a plot made of the town, and gave it the name it now bears. He made a lottery of the town lots, and in the deeds they were all conveyed, subject to a ground-rent of seven shillings sixpence annually, to be paid to the proprietor, and his heirs or assigns. When the county was created, a contest arose be- tween Gettysburg and two other places for the county seat, and to secure it here, James Gettys conveyed to the commissioners nearly all of the ground-rents, which the county still holds and annually collects. The first court was held by Hon. John Joseph Henry, in the winter of 1800-1, in the dwelling-house of James Gettys, still standing in the rear of Mc- Clellan's Hotel. A court-house was afterward built in the " square," which remained until 1857, when the present court-house was completed and the old one removed. For nearly twenty-five years, Thaddeus Stevens was a citizen of Gettysburg. He read law in York while teaching ; was admitted to practice November 14, 1816, and removed immediately to Gettysburg. In 1840 he changed his residence to Lancaster. While in Gettysburg he was one of its most active and efficient 8 GETTYSBURG. citizens. He was a zealous advocate of education, and may justly be called the father of the present common- school system in this State ; having formed and pro- cured the passage of the act, one of the greatest works of his life, while representing the county in the State Legislature. He also procured the charter and founded " Pennsylvania College," located at Gettysburg. This will be noticed hereafter, as will the Theological Semi- nary also located here. The town of Gettysburg was created into a borough in 1806. It is regularly laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles, according to the four cardi- nal points of the compass. It is the centre of eleven different roads, which radiate from it like the spokes of a wheel from a common centre, which rendered this locality one of peculiar significance as a military strategic point. The turnpikes leading from Pitts- burg to Philadelphia and Baltimore, once important thoroughfares, bifurcate at Gettysburg. In 1858, a railroad was finished from Hanover to Gettysburg, which is the present terminus, in continuation of the Hanover Branch Railroad, which intersects the Northern Central at Hanover Junction, thirty miles distant from Gettysburg. The population of the borough is about 3,200, the county numbers 35,000. 1 Many will consider it a singular coincidence that the battle to decide the fate of human liberty should have been fought on land partly owned by Thaddeus Stevens, the great champion of freedom. THE BATTLE-FIELD. THE BATTLE-FIELD. The battle-field of Gettysburg is a general term, embracing the village of Gettysburg and that portion of the surrounding country occupied by the contend- ing armies during the battle. The infantry opera- tions covering about twenty-five square miles, are embraced in the accompanying Isometrical Plan of the field. Much of the cavalry fighting was done outside of these limits. The country is generally open, and the surface rolling, though deep forests, high hills, and rocky ravines are not unfrequent. The geological formation, in this section of the coun- try, consists of a succession of undulations, commen- cing with the Blue Ridge, eight or ten miles away in the western horizon, and running generally parallel with it, in a northerly and southerly direction. The next of importance, east of the South Moun- tain, as affects the history of the battle, is Seminary Ridge, on which is situated the Lutheran Theological Seminary, in the western suburbs of the town. Pre- vious to the battle this was called Oak Ridge, a local name unknown to the soldiers who fought there. But in their camp-fire recital of the details of the fearful contest around this building, and in the home letters written immediately after, they naturally called it Seminaiy Ridge. This name, christened with fire 10 GETTYSBURG. and baptized in blood, will be retained so long as Gettysburg is known as a battle-field. Seminary Ridge extends for several miles, and is crossed by all the roads which diverge from Gettys- burg toward the west, southwest, and northwest. That portion extending north from the Mummasburg road was occupied by EtveWs^ corps, and for conven- ience sake I shall retain for it the name of Oak Hill. As a defensive military position, this ridge possesses great advantages. It was held, from the first night of the battle, by the Confederate army, and heavy field-works were constructed along its crest on the nights of the od and 4th. From Oak Hill, b-i4,^ to its intersection with the Emmettsburg road, d-2, every available position was held by artillery. The alti- tude of Seminary Ridge is not as great as Cemetery Hill, E-12, and Ridge, occupied by Union artillery ; but its extended position, admitting of a converging fire upon any desired locality, more than balanced this defect. There are also several ridges between Seminary Ridge and the South Mountains, which will be alluded to hereafter. Cemetery Ridge is the next of importance toward the east. During the great convulsion, coeval with 1 Names of officers of the Confederate army printed in " Italics," Union officers in Small Capitals. 2 References to Isomf.trical Drawing. SEMINARY AND CEMETERY RIDGES. 11 the birth of continents, the mighty Power by which this configuration was moulded seems to have been more caj)ricious in the formation of Cemetery Ridge than with its neighbors. This is marked by three distinct elevations, standing out in clear relief, like bastions on a rampart. Round Top, r. g-i, its ex- treme southern terminus, is seven eighths of a mile east from Seminary Ridge, and rises directly from the plains beyond, its wooded crest towering high above the surrounding country. From its northern face a bold shoulder protrudes, separated from the parent mount by a gentle depression, heavily wooded. This latter hill was nameless prior to the battle, but has since been known as Little Round Top, f-3 (marked " Weed's Hill " on my plan, in honor of the officer who died in its defense). The western side was denuded of timber the year before, which added materially to its advantages as an artillery position.^ Returning from Little Round Top towards the larger hill is a rough, stony ridge, which I have called " Vincent's Spur." It was here the gallant officer bearing that name fell on the second day of the battle. Plumb Run, a small and unimportant stream, flows ^ It is to be hoped that the bushes of ten years' growth will again be cut away, as they materially change the character of this part of the field, and almost completely obscure the magnificent view formerly had from its summit. 12 GETTYSBURG. along the western base of these hills, and drains a marshy swale in front of Little Eound Top. West of this is a stony, precipitous undulation called Houck's Ridge, f-2, 3, along which the Third corps line of battle ran on July 3. The evidences are, that, by some mighty convulsion of nature, this ridge was rent asunder at its intersection with the base of Round Top, thereby draining an extensive body of water in front of Little Round Top. The gorge thus produced is called the Devil's Den, f-2, and presents a scene of the wildest character. Huge syenitic bould- ers are crowded into this narrow ravine, through which struggle the waters of Plumb Run ; while yawning chasms suggest to the visitor the haunts of the lurking sharp-shooters, who occupied them during the battle. From Little Round Top the ridge, depressed, yet well defined, rises gradually in its northern course to Cemetery Hill, where, obstructed by some unseen cause, it was hurled ruthlessly back to the east, and in convulsive throbs expended its force in the forma- tion of Gulp's Hill ; thus leaving a broad, extensive basin, northward from the Cemetery Hill, in which, upon a gentle elevation, is situated the village of Get- tysburg. Gulp's Hill, like Round Top, rests upon a foundation of syenite. It is irregular in shape, quite precipitous on its eastern face, and generally covered GULP'S, WOLF, BENNER'S, AND HOSPITAL HILLS. 13 with a heavy open growth of hardy timber. Rock Creek separates it on the east from Wolf Hill. This, like the last, is wooded, but exceedingly rough, and formed the eastern boundary of the infantry opera- tions. Rock Creek meanders its course in a general southerly direction, among enormous boulders and through gentle fields, until it unites with Marsh Creek, a few miles south of Gettysburg, to form the Monocacy. A half mile north east from Culp's Hill, on the opposite side of Rock Creek, and a half mile east from town, another elevation commences, called Ben- ner's Hill, e-u. This ridge continues several miles in N.N.E. direction. Its highest summit is called Hospi- tal Hill, where a general hospital was located soon after the battle, d-is. Benner's Hill was occupied by Confed- erate artillery. Turning back again to the south side of the field, we find an undulation intermediate between Cemetery and Seminary Ridges, yet parallel with neither. It shoots off from Cemetery Hill, and, leading diagonally across the valley, intersects with Seminary Ridge at a distance of nearly three miles. The Emmettsburo; road is laid alono; this ridge, e-m. The historic Peach and Apple orchards are here, E-5, e-?, and on it General Sickles formed his line of battle on the second day. The foregoing constitute the (/mud topographical features of the battle-field. 14 GETTYSBURG. These are again subdivided into minor irregularities, each bearing upon the general result of the battle ; but it will be impossible to describe them in a book of this size. ^SS-FAC^ *'^^nj:i;:r^*'' THE COMPASS-FACE GUIDE. I have incorporated into this volume two features entirely new, that I may make it so thorough a Guide Book that any stranger, without other than these directions in his hands, can explore, and clearly com- prehend all the important localities and movements of the battle. First, I have devised and secured the above Compass-Face Guide, which will be inserted here- after in connection with descriptions of prominent lo- calities. By carefully consulting this, as the reader finds it presented from time to time, he will be at no loss in pursuing his studies. For example — if, standing upon East Cemetery Hill, you turn that COMPASS-FACE GUIDE. — ISOMETRICAL PLAN. 15 point of the Compass-Face Guide marked Theological Seminary towards that object, then the National Monmnent, Gulp's Hill, and all other places named on the diagram will point directly towards the real objects ; and the result will be the same at every place where it is presented, if you turn the name of any one known locality towards the object itself. For the further convenience of the reader I have in- troduced the IsoMETRiCAL Plan of the battle-field ; which I have caused to be laid off in squares, lettered on the sides and numbered at top and bottom. To lo- cate any object it is only necessary to name the letter and number of the square it is in. Thus — Round Top, G-i, or Herr's Tavern, a-h. In space g, and column i, Round Top will be found, and Herr's Tavern in space a, column II. In addition to this, that the reader may understand readily to which army an officer belonged, I have caused the names of each to be set in a distinct type, the Union officers in small capitals ; the Confederate in italics. VISITING THE FIELD. If the visitor to Gettysburg intends to remain dur- ing the season, and the many charming retreats in the vicinity will prove a strong temptation to do so, he will at his leisure visit the entire field and study it in all its details ; but to many economy in time will be an important desideratum. 16 GETTYSBURG. , The battle will be much better comprehended if we commence with the theatre of the first day's engage- ment; study the various apjDroaches, and carry in mind the succeeding movements of the two armies. To do this satisfactorily, requires considerable time ; as some localities were fought over repeatedly, and on different days. If you would avoid confounding the movements in the mind, several visits must be made. But the time which can be devoted to this will govern the investigations of the visitor. Some will give it one general examination, relying on memory to retain the details ; and at their leisure separate and ar- range them. Others will examine the salient j)oints only ; from which commanding views may be had — thus connecting the intervals by the eye, with perhaps a more careful study of particular localities. The great magnitude of the field of battle is generally the first surprise to the visitor at Gettysburg. It often hap- pens that the stranger, after registering his name at the hotel, turns innocently to the clerk and asks him to point out, or direct him to the field in which tliQ battle was fought. Judge his astonishment, when he learns that not only every field but every forest, hill, and dale, and even the town of Gettysburg itself, w ere embraced in the mighty struggle. He gazes upon this vast domain with wonder; and disappointment often takes the place of pleasant anticipations. For how is it VISITING THE FIELD. 17 possible to master, unaided, the details of a battle so ex- tensive and so complicated ? It is to assist the visitor in this emergency that this volume has been prepared. WHERE AND IIOW SHALL I GO ? Will be the first question. Unquestionably the pleas- antest and best way for those accustomed to the ex- ercise, is to secure a saddle horse, as very many places can thus be examined which would never be visited with a carriage. If you have ever ridden on horse- back this will be an excellent occasion to continue the practice 5 nor should those but little accustomed to this exercise be deterred from the attempt. There is no necessity for fast riding, indeed it is not expected, and the most timid should not hesitate. Ladies will find it prudent to take a riding-skirt from home, rather than rely on getting one in town. Many interesting points can be visited by public conveyance, with a little occasional walking. The Theological Seminary is reached from either hotel by street cars, and on its cupola an hour may be profitably and pleasantly spent. The National Cemetery, East Cemetery Hill, Gulp's Hill, Oak Hill, and other points of interest, are in the suburbs of the town. Around each, centres a train of historic events ; and it is much better, if you have the time to spare, to examine them in a leisurely way. The visitor who neither rides on horseback, nor cares 2 18 GETTYSBURG. to walk, can always be accommodated with a carriage, in which the more prominent places can be readily visited, and studied. PREPARATION FOR THE EXCURSION. Nothing conduces so much to- the pleasure of the ex- cursionist, as a proper outfit, nor is this at all difficult, if a little precaution is taken in advance. First of all be well shod ; not with new, but strong, Avell-fitting boots. Remember that some of the fiercest encount- ers occurred in the wildest spots, and to visit these rough, craggy ledges must be scaled, or damp ravines crossed. To leave the field without an examination of these points might materially detract from the pleasure of some, who had come a long distance for this pur- pose. The same is true, to a great extent, with other .articles of clothing. If the visitor would thoroughly understand the wholc/battle, high hills must be climbed, and forests traversed ; and the fatigues of the jaunt should be compensated in the intervals by freedom and unrestraint. The cool, grassy knolls in spring-time ; the moss- covered banks in summer ; and thick beds of leaves in autumn, present tempting resting-places for the weary traveller ; which, for pleasure's sake, we cannot afford to pass unheeded by. It is the little things which make the pleasant whole. The writer well remembers HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS. 19 visiting the battle-field some years since with a party of Philadelphians, who, after a ride of several hours, concluded the excursion by the ascent of Round Top. It was a beautiful November day ; the morning bright and inviting ; the noon-day warm and sunny ; but as the shadows of evening lengthened the wind veered to the east, and soon the air filled with frozen sleet. For- tunately, a long shawl had been placed under the seat ; with tjiis a covering was improvised for the entire party, and, crowded into a large, open wagon, they re- turned to town in supreme comfort. An extra wrap in the carriage, at any season of the year, will give little trouble, and may add materially to your comfort ; particularly as the points from which the best pan- oramic views are to be had are difficult of access, and the exertion required to reach them, coupled with the desire to remain when there, renders this precaution necessary, and in this connection I will add, that a field, or opera glass, and pocket compass will prove great auxiliaries to your pleasure. HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS. It will be difficult for the tourist to realize, in after years, that these picturesque streams, charming val- leys, broad fields, and towering heights, were once the theatre of a great and mighty battle. Indeed, to-day, but the ninth anniversary of that fearful strug- 20 GETTYSBURG. gle, hundreds of acres, where thousands of men fought vaUantly, are passed unheeded by — the gallant deeds there enacted, unknown ; their history lost, save when a soldier from afar returns to see the spot where some hero fell, — " His breast Avith wounds unnumbered riven, His back to earth, his face to heaven." It is the desire of the writer, as quickly as pos- sible, to chronicle on the pages of history the exact record of every feature of this great battle. But the information gathered from interviews with thou- sands of Confederate officers and soldiers while with them for months in hospital, consultations at the front with the officers of every regiment and battery of the Army of the Potomac ; visits to Gettysburg with over one thousand commissioned officers, participants in the battle, forty-six of them generals in command ; a careful study of the full reports of the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia, has afforded a fund of material too voluminous to be introduced into a book of this size. In the present volume, only the grand movements of the battle can be given. SEMINARY AND CEMETERY RIDGES. 21 5 > Reynolds' Grove Spring's Hotel. « Hill. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY/ One of the first places for the military student to visit should be the Theological Seminary, D-12. From the cupola of this building the entire northern half of the battle-field can be viewed ; and with this book in hand the opening movements of the battle can readily be traced. The size of the field will be better under- 1 See explanation of Compass-face Guide on page 14. 22 . GETTYSBURG. stood, and the magnitude of the battle reahzed, when the eye stretches away to Round Top, f, g-i ; and it is known that the whole intervening country was filled with armed combatants. ^ From this cupola, the gallant Buford directed the opening battle on the morning of July 1, 1863. As you turn towards the west, a succession of ridges stretch away in the distance to the South Mountain range. The quiet hamlet of Cash town sits perched on the hill-side, a half dozen miles away. The turnpike, which leads from Chambersburg, twenty-five miles dis- tant, passes through Cashtown, and, crossing the suc- cessive undulations, leads to our right, c-12, down into the village of Gettysburg. Along this road Hili's corps, which had lain in the mountains since the night of the 28th, advanced on the opening day of the battle. THE UNION TROOPS Engaged on the first day, consisted of the First division of cavalry. General Buford, which had reached Get-' tysburg the day before, and bivouacked in the fields west of the Seminary. Gamble's brigade lay in our immediate front, c-io, b-h, 12 ; Devin's on the right, b-is, extending to the Mummasburg road, hidden from view by the grove ; Tidball's battery, commanded by Lieu- tenant Calef, was advanced to McPherson's Ridge, 8-12. General Buford picketed from the Fairfield road, c-io, UNION AND CONFEDERATE ADVA:^CE. 23 at our left front, along the ridge, crossing the Mum- masbiirg road at Oak Hill, bis, on our right, across the flat ground, in the northeast, to the Harrisburg road, D-16 ; sendino; out videites on all the roads leadino- north and west. On the same night, June 30, the First corps. General Doubleday, lay at Emmettsburg, a vil- lage in the northern part of Maryland, ten miles away ; except Wadsworth's division, with Hall's 2d Maine battery, which had been thrown forward to Marsh Creek, within four or five miles of Gettysburg. The Eleventh corps, General Howard, marched in the rear of the First. These troops were all under the imme- diate command of General Reynolds. The undulation next west of the Seminary will hereafter be styled Bu- ford's Ridge, c-9, lo, B-11,12; the second McPherson's Ridge, B-ii, 12 ; and the third Herr's Ridge, a-h ; and, for conve- nience sake, names will be given to other localities, not known by such before the battle. THE ADVANCE. At five o'clock on the morning of July 1, HilPs corps broke camp, in the mountains, and advanced on the Chambersburg turnpike. Buford's videttes were discovered at Marsh Creek, and a section o? Pegrmns artillery opened fire upon them from Lohr's Hill on the west side of the creek. HetJis division formed in line of battle, and forced the Union skirmish line steadily 24 , GETTYSBURG. in ; the artillery firing in succession from Lohr's, Whistler's, and School-house Ridges. Finally discover- ing Calef's battery, B-12, in position on McPherson's Ridge, supported by a line of dismounted cavalry, the section was advanced to Herr's Ridge, from which place, standing at the tavern, a-ii, the first gun of the battle was fired ; and this was immediately responded to by Calef's battery. The remaining guns of Pegram's battalion at once went into position on Herr's Ridge, north of the turnpike, A-12 ; and under cover of their fire, HeiJis division advanced to the attack. UNION TROOPS. In the mean time the First corps, which had broken camp at eight o'clock, continued to advance on the Em- mettsburg road, without any definite idea, however, of the proximity of the Confederate army. Wadsworth's division, with Hall's 2d Maine battery, led, accom- panied by General Reynolds in person. Upon the first sound of artillery, he put spurs to his horse and dashed to the front. When he reached the field, General Buford was watching with deep anxiety from the cupola (where we are supposed to stand, D-12;, the advance of the Confederate lines. Descending im- mediately, he met General Reynolds, and together they reconnoitered the position. It was decided to order up the infantry ; and, if possible, save the town FIRST DAY'S ENGAGEMENT — FORENOON. 25 of Gettysburg from capture, d, e-i3, k. The Union troops rapidly crossed the fields from Cordora's house, e-9, on the Emmettsburg road ; moving over the ridge, near the Seminary, by a flank, they formed in line and be- came immediately engaged. Hall's battery galloped to the front to relieve Calef, b-i2. Cutler's brigade moved to the north of the railroad and engaged Davis', B-12, who had already crossed Willoughby Run ; and the " Iron Brigade," General Meredith, dashed into Reynolds' Grove, b-io, n, to meet Archer, b-io, ii, whose bri- gade had already cleared the run and charged gallantly Tip the steep, into the forest, forcing the dismounted cavalry before them. The attack and defense, all along the lines, was of the most desperate character. Cutler was soon forced to give ground, and fell back nearly to town ; by which means Davis got possession of the railroad cut, B-12. But it proved a trap to the 2d Mississippi, in which the entire regiment, with its colors, was captured. Hall's battery was only saved by the quick coolness of its commander, and intrepidity of the men. On the left the engagement was, if possible, even more fierce. General Reynolds, who advanced with Meredith, fell, shot through the head just after entering the grove, and the country lost one of its best and bravest defenders. General Archer was repulsed. The right of his brigade was enveloped by Meredith's left, and, while gallantly rallying his command, he was 26 GETTYSBURG. made prisoner of war, together with several hundred of his men. The theatre of this engagement was at Wil- loughby Kun, at the western j)ortion of Reynolds' Grove. The Horse Railway, Hotel, and Springs Hotel Avenue, have been constructed since the battle. The Katalysine Speings, now so widely sought, then gushed unknown from the earth, placidly meandering their course, as the wild thunders of the fierce struggle shook the very heavens, and their sweet and peaceful waters assuaged the fiery thirst, alike, of the men in blue and the men in gray. In consequence of a reported body of Confederate tJTOops at Fairfield, on the 30th, General REYjfOLDS ordered his third division to picket in strong force in that direction. The time required in drawing in this picket line gave the first division two hours' start on the march, while the second division, which had en- camped at Emmettsburg, having several miles farther to go, came still later upon the field. The corps artil- lery marched in the following order: Hall's battery, 2d Maine, with Wadsworth's division ; Cooper's bat- tery, B, 1st Pennsylvania, with Rowley's division ; Steveists', 5th Maine, Reynolds', L, 1st New York, and Stuart's, B, 4th United States, batteries, followed Wadsworth's division, which advanced on the Em- mettsburg and Gettysburg road, followed by Robin- son's division. Rowley's division moved on a parallel road several miles farther to the west. It came upon MOVEMENTS OF FIRST CORPS. 27 the battle-field at the White Bridge, b-s, at which place the first sound of the opening battle was heard. The first brigade, Colonel Biddle, led the advance, and continued up Willoughby Run to the Millerstown road ; while the second brigade, Colonel Stone, crossed the country to the Ernmettsburg road, and approached by the road previously taken by the first division. General DouBLEDAY, having seen the third division en route, galloped to the front, overtaking the first division as it went into action. The Eleventh corps. General Howard, which had been ordered to support the first, marched from Emmettsburg, following Robinson's division. Up to the hour of noon Wadsworth's division was the only Union infantry engaged. Doubleday's divis- ion arrived on the field at twelve o'clock. Stone's bri- gade formed at the McPherson buildings, b-h, on the right of Meredith, and Biddle's brigade occupied several positions on his left, c-io. The corps artillery came up, under Colonel Wainwright, and was event- ually formed on Seminary Ridge, c-12 ; and in these posi- tions the troops fought later in the day. Robinson's division reached the field at one o'clock, and was held in reserve, under cover of the Seminary. The Eleventh corps. General Howard, now came up. Steinwehr's division with Wiedrick's battery, was turned to Ceme- tery Hill, E-13, where they remained in reserve. Gen- eral Howard being in command of the field, turned over the corps to General Schurz. Two divisions 28 GETTYSBURG. were ordered to advance through town, out the Mum- masburg road, d-w, to seize Oak Hill, b-k, and form on a prolongation of the line of the First corps b-i3. The troops moved at double-quick, but had scarcely passed the Pennsylvania College, d-k, when a new force ap- peared on Oak Hill, and General Schurz turned his command to the right, and formed in the open fields, with his left resting on the Mummasburg road, c-14. 15. 16, 17. EwelVs corps, which was moving back from Carlisle and York to concentrate with Hill and Longstred at Cashtown, had encamped the previous night wdth Rodes' division at Heidlersburg, Early s at Berlin, and JohmovLS with Colonel Brovjit's reserve artillery, be- tween Green Village and Scotland. General Eivell accompanied Rodes' division. On the morning of July 1 the column recommenced its march toward Cashtown, but before reaching Middletown, General Ewell received a note from General Hill, informing him that he was advancing from Cashtown on Get- tysburg ; whereupon General Eivell dispatched messen- gers to Eaf^lfj and Johnston, ordering them to the same place ; and when Rodes' division reached Middletown, the head of the column was turned in the same di- rection. General Eivell notifying the commander-in- chief of his movements. The sound of artillery was soon heard in the direction of Gettysburg. The men EWELL'S CORPS — ELEVENTH CORPS. 29 pushed enthusiastically forward. On reaching the heights where Oak Ridge is crossed by the Middle- town road, the troops were turned to the right, and, with Carter s battalion of artillery at the front, ad- vanced in line of battle, pushing in Devins' cavalry videttes. Carter soon opened an artillery fire from the commanding heights of Oak Hill, b-k, which completely enfiladed General Doubleday's line. It was at this moment that the Eleventh corps, ad- vancing to seize these heights, was turned to the right from the Mummasburg road, and formed in the open fields, c-14, 15, le. Robinson's division, which was laying at the Seminary, moved rapidly to the right, and formed behind a stone wall, masked with bushes, on the crest of Seminary Ridge, immediately south of the Mummasburg road, with its right regiments refused through an open grove to the road, b-is. Cut- ler's brigade changed front and advanced through the grove on Robinson's left. The right of Stone's brigade, B-12, was farther refused along the Chambers- burg road. Riddle's brigade, c-io, changed front, and formed (temporarily) perpendicular to the main line, across the meadow. Cooper's and Reynolds' batter- ies going into position in the same direction. The de- scription of the latter part of the engagement will be very much better understood if we change our position to Oak Hill. 30 GETTYSBURG. OAK HILL. South Mountain, s cf. 3 '^ -« -Z Few localities in the vicinity of Gettysburg furnish a more charming landscape view than that to be had from Oak Hill, b-k; and, aside from its local histori- cal interest, it will amply repay a visit. There is no place that the military student can go to understand so well the movements of EweWs corps ; indeed, the whole latter half of the first day's battle. This hill is approached from town by the Mummasburg road. On reaching the crest of Seminary Ridge, it is neces- sary to leave the carriage and walk up the open field to near the summit ; then turn to the right until both sides of the hill can be embraced in the OAK HILL. 31 view. It is to be regretted that the bushes have been allowed to grow, as they will soon materially inter- fere with this prospect. Immediately before you in the south, lies the town of Gettysburg, which forms a pleasing feature in the middle distance. Cemetery Hill, E-12, with its national monument, is beyond; while Cemetery Ridge stretches away to Round Top, f-i, whose conical summit rises majestically in the distance. Between Cemetery Ridge and the grove, the broad glacis, up which Longstr-eef s magnificent charge was made on the last day of the battle, is distinctly seen. This grove, c-13, was also the theatre of a desperate engagement. It was here that the right of Robinson's division engaged O'Neal's brigade of Alabamians ; here that the gallant General Paul received a fearful wound, — a bullet passing into one eye and out at the other, — from which he has since been totally blind. Reynolds' grove, bh, can be seen in the southwest, standing out like a square bastion in the open fields which surround it. We look down upon the Springs Hotel, B-io, at the right ; while, in the distance, the South Mountain range cuts the horizon ; and nearer, in the west-southwest, is Herr's Tavern, a-h. As we turn towards the east, objects of equal interest meet the gaze. The imposing structure in the suburbs of the town is the Pennsylvania College, d-k. Culp's Hill, E-14, 32 GETTYSBURG. beyond forms a fine background for the left of the vil- lage. East Cemetery Hill, e-i3, is to the right of this ; a peculiar lone tree on its summit fixes it as one of the landmarks of the field. The bare rounded ridge to the left of Gulp's Hill is Benner's Hill, e-i7. We look over the Almshouse buildings, d-is, to see it. Ris- ing up toward the left from the Almshouse is Bar- low's "Knoll," c-16, beyond which is Hospital Hill, d-i8. Having familiarized ourselves with the topography of the field, the positions and general movements of the troops can be readily explained.^ While HetJis division was engaging the First corps on the Chambersburg road. Bodes' division unexpect- edly reached the field, and Carter s battalion of artil- lery advanced and went into position on Oak Hill, where we stand, enabling him to enfilade the Union line engaged near the Chambersburg road. Bodes' division stretched in line of battle entirely across the ridge in our rear. In the mean time Robinson's divis- ion advanced from the Seminary, and formed in line along the crest at our right front, b, c-i3, Cutler's bri- gade advancing in the grove on Robinson's left. General Schurz formed the Eleventh corps in the open fields north of town. The left of Von Amsburg's brigade of Schimmelphennig's division rested on the Mummasburg road. Kryzanowski's brigade lay ea«t 1 I have traced with care the movements of every regiment of both armies, which will be found in my illustrated history of the battle. FIRST DAY — AFTERNOON ENGAGEMENT. 33 of the Carlisle road, with Ames' brigade of Baklow's division on its right, extending to Barlow's Knoll. Yon Gilser's brigade, the right of Barlow's division, formed on the " Knoll," and was refused to Rock Creek. Wilkinson's battery, G, 4th U. S., was posted on Barlow's Knoll, c-ie. Dilger's Ohio and Wheeler's New York batteries were with Schimmelphennig's division, c-14. Major Carter detached several batteries from the position where we stand, and posted them on the flat spot behind the house, on the east side of the hill, B-14, where they engaged in a sharp duel with DiLGER and Wheeler. Rodes' division now advanced to the attack. Iversons North Carolina brigade moved past our immediate right, and soon encountered Rob- inson's division. A desperate struggle ensued, resulting in the capture of three of Iversons regiments, with their colors. Daniels' North Carolina brigade moved to the south- west towards the railroad, where it united with Davis' Mississippi brigade in an attack upon Stone's brigade on McPherson's Ridge, B-12 ; and the whole of HetJis division, supported by Pender s division, now became generally engaged as far south as the Fairfield road, B-9. Mcintosh's battalion of artillery had already gone into position on the right of Pegram, a-ii.^ O'NeaVs 1 Lanes', Poagues', and Garnett's battalions were on the ground, but for want of suitable positions were not engaged. 3 34 GETTYSBURG. Alabama brigade of Rodcs' division, in its advance, moved around the brow of Oak Hill to our left, and became ens-aored with the riiJ^ht of Baxter's and Paul's brigades of Robustson's division at the grove in our front. Doles' Georgia brigade formed on the flat ground to the left of O'JYeafs brigade, c-is, and was ordered to hold the right of the Eleventh corps in check. It advanced handsomely, but was near being cut off from O'Neal by an evolution of Schimmel- phennig's division, which was avoided by a skillful change of front. At this stage of the engagement Earl/f's division arrived on the Harrisburg road, c-i7. is, and under cover of the heavy fire of Jones' battalion of artillery, d-is, advanced to the attack. Gordons Geor- gia brigade led, supported by Hayes' Louisiana brigade. During this sanguinary but short engagement, the position was carried. General Barlow was severely wounded while rallying his men, and General Ames as- sumed command of the division. The fighting along the whole line, three miles in length, occupying over one hundred and eighty degrees of a circle, now became most desperate. Finally at four o'clock, outflanked on the right and left by nearly a quarter of a mile, and overwhelmed by numbers, the Union troops were forced from the field, and in great disorder retreated through town to the heights of Cemetery Hill. An attempt was made by Hoke's brigade of Earli/s divis- EARLY'S DIVISION — UNION RETREAT. 35 ion to get between the Eleventh corps and town. It moved down Rock Creek, which it crossed at the mouth of Stevens' Run, above the railroad bridge, d-i6. Continuing up the Run, it was met near the brick- yard, in the suburbs of the town, by Costae's brigade of Steinwehr's division, d-is, sent from Cemetery Hill by General Howard to cover the retreat of the corps. The engagement was of short duration. Costar was soon forced to retire to Cemetery Hill, and the Confed- erate lines entered and took possession of the town, making prisoners of large numbers of Union troops. The advantage of having held a body of troops in reserve on Cemetery Hill was now manifest. But a single brigade. Smith's of Steinwehr's division, re- mained unengaged. This was posted in the Cemetery, E-12 ; while Wiedrick's New York battery held a com- manding position on East Cemetery Hill, e-i3. This small force formed a nucleus around which the broken, shattered, dispirited troops rallied. General Hancock reached the field at this moment with orders from Gen- eral Meade, who was at Taneytown, twelve miles away, to assume command. In his efforts to reform the lines he was ably assisted by Generals Howard, DouBLEDAY, Warren, and others, and soon confidence was again restored. As the artillery came in, every position on East Cemetery Hill, and in the Cemetery was occupied, and batteries posted by Major Osborn 36 GETTYSBURG. and Colonel Wainwright. The Eleventh corps formed in the Cemetery. Robinson's division of the First corps moved to the left and lay along a stone wall, e-io, n, on the ridge. Wads worth's division was sent to oc- cupy Culp's Hill, E-14 ; Stevens' battery was put in position on the "knoll" at the foot of Culp's Hill; and Doubleday's division was held in reserve, under cover of Cemetery Hill. Pending these movements, General Buford was maneuvering his cavalry in the open fields south of the town ; the exhibition unques- tionably produced a very imposing effect. Soon Geary's division of the Twelfth corps arrived, and was directed by General Hancock to seize the heights near the foot of Little Round Top, f-6, g-s. Williams' divis- ion of the same corps had turned to its right, as it came up to the Baltimore pike, and crossed Wolf Hill, for the purpose of .getting on the flank of the Confed- erate army. It was about to advance and seize Ben- ner's Hill, e-i?, when Confederate videttes were seen in possession ; General Williams then retired to the Bal- timore pike and lay for the night. At a later hour Stannard's brigade of Vermonters reached the field on the Emmettsburg road, and joined Doubleday's division, to which General Stannard had been ordered to report. Birney's division of the Third corps came up from Emmettsburg at sundown, and bivouacked in a grove on the left, f 5, and Humphreys' division ar- ^'"l'. '^ ^■ '^/r^v ''^^^j^>^ --7 EAST CEMETERY HILL. 37 rived at midnight The lines having been reestab- Ushed, General Hancock turned over the command to General Slocum and returned to Taneytown, where he reported to General Meade ; and upon the report which he bore, General Meade decided to order up the rest of the army, EAST CEMETERY HILL. ^"""^ Wounta/n A ■g Benner's Hill, Although the general view from East Cemetery Hill is not as extensive as that from the Cemetery, the scen- ery is fine and imposing ; and historical associations make this a place of great interest and resort. We 38 GETTYSBURG. have from this point an excellent view of the locality of the first clay's operations, particularly that of the Eleventh corps. Round Top is barely seen from this position ; its conical peak rising through the trees in the S. S. W., past the left of Evergreen Cemetery gate. At the left of Round Top the crest of Powers' Hill, g-io, occupied by General Slocum as head-quarters, just cuts the horizon. The Baltimore pike is still far- ther to the left. The bald hill in the foreground, southeast, is Stevens' Knoll, over which can be seen Wolf Hill in the distance. From the ledge on its summit a pleasing landscape view may be had. Gulp's Hill is the next important feature. The remains of Wadsworth's field works can be seen climbing the height until lost in the forest. The cultivated ridge to the left of this, with a few scattering trees on the summit, is Benner's Hill. Rock Creek flows in the valley between. This ridge rises gradually on the left to a grove, which crowns the summit of Hos- pital Hill. To the left from this, and just to the right of the town, is a group of brick buildings, known as the Almshouse, d-is, around which was severe fighting on the first day. A smooth field to its right rises to Bar- low's Knoll. Over the centre of the town, and cut by the spire to the left, is Oak Hill. The crest extending from this towards the left, is Seminary Ridge.' The TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION'S. 39 railroad " cut " can be seen at the left of the grove ; and still farther to the left the Theological Seminary. The cupola of the Springs Hotel rises beyond the grove. At the left from this, just at hand, is the Na- tional Soldiers' Orphans Home. The "lodge" and gateway of the National Cemetery is the next object of interest ; and rising up to the left is the Cemetery itself, crowned by the National Monument. The grounds of East Cemetery Hill are owned by the " Gettysburg Memorial Association," which ac- counts for the defenses being kept in repair. This is one of the few localities where hand-to-hand fighting actually occurred. In a book of this size but little can be said of the details of a battle so extensive ; the dif- ficulty, where so much is known, is to avoid giving them, although there is often a desire to know them. It is a mistake to suppose that our modern battles con- sist of desperate charges, bayonet thrusts, and cloven skulls, as in the conflicts of the olden time. The fight- ing is mostly done at longer range. The improvement in the implements of warfare has wrought this change. There is but a single instance recorded in the reports of the battle of men being killed with a bayonet or wounded with a sabre. Colonel Jeffees of the 4th Michigan Volunteers was mortally wounded with a bayonet in the " wheat field " on the afternoon of the 2d J and General Wade Hampton is reported to have re- 40 GETTYSBURG. ceived a sabre cut during his engagement with Geegg's cavalry on the right. This is a small proportion among the thousands killed and wounded at Gettysburg. But on the spot where we stand occurred a scene on the night of the 2d, which embodied the magnificent charge, the firm defense, the fierce seething struggle of armed men, frenzied with the maddening influences of war. They fought with cannon, muskets, pistols, handspikes, rammers, clubs, stones, anything with which an attack could be made or defense given. Here, in this immediate vicinity, occurred instances of personal bravery and intrepidity seldom surpassed. An attack was made on this position in the dusk of evening by Hayes' and Hokes brigades of Early s division, a de- scription of which will be found on another page. The Union line. Barlow's division, commanded by General Ames, lay along the stone wall at the base of the hill. Wiedeick's New York battery was posted behind the redans north of the cross-wall. Stuaet's battery, B, 4th U. S., stood towards the Cemetery in the field and road. RiCKETTs' Pennsylvania battery was on the south of the wall, with Reynolds' New York battery still farther down the hill. They were firing at Johnsons division of infantry, which could be seen passing the opening between Benner's and Gulp's hills, as it advanced to at- tack the Twelfth corps' position. Suddenly the skir- mishers came rushing in, firing as they retreated, and ASSAULT ON EAST CEMETERY HILL. 41 reported an immediate attack on this point ; and soon a long line of battle stretching through the valley and across the ridge, came sweeping in upon them, with the impetuosity of the whirlwind. The guns were depressed as quickly as jDOSsible, but not in time to be as effective as a more level surface would have made them. The Union infantry lines were broken and scattered like chaff from the summer threshing floor, and the wild assailants followed their beaten adversaries, through showers of canister, into the very batteries where we stand, seizing guns, spiking others, and for a moment holding this important position in their possession. Officers dashed hither and thither, their voices ringing high above the din and clang of battle. Men raved, im- plored, swore, and cried, by turns in the mad excitement of the moment.-^ Here, south of the wall, at Ricketts' left gun, a Confederate lieutenant dashed boldly up and seized the battery's guidon. Private Riggin", its bearer, drew his revolver and shot him dead ; at the same mo- ment a minie-ball severed the staff", and Riggin fell a corpse with that of his adversary. Lieutenant Woi-cester, 1 The importance of this position and the probability of its being attacked, seems to have impressed itself upon the officers in command. But a short time before the assault, while General Ames was explaining to Captain Ricketts its value as a keij point position, and the necessity for holding it, Colonel Wainwkight added, " In case you are charged you will not limber up under any circumstances, but fight your hatlery to the last." This order was communicated to the men, who, being naturally intelligent, felt their responsibility when the attack came. 42 GETTYSBURG. 7th Louisiana, charged into the battery, and laying his hand on a gun, demanded its surrender, but was instantly brained by a blow with a handspike in the hands of one of the gunners. Here, at the third gun from the wall, a Confederate sergeant, musket in hand, sprang upon Sergeant Stafford and de- manded his surrender. He was answered by Lieutenant Brockway of the battery, who coming quickly behind, with a stone he had seized, felled him to the ground. Stafford caught the musket and fired, wounding him severely ; and in the fury of the moment clubbed the gun and, but for the interposition of Captain Ricketts, would have killed hun on the spot. These are but a few of the startling incidents of that fearful struggle. Why ! what is there in this beautiful locality to indi- cate that it is the theatre where was once enacted such a fearful drama ? What in this old stone wall to attract the attention of the passer-by ? Yet here, where the grass grows so freshly, and the modest flower timidly opens its petals to the gladdening hght of heaven, men, clothed in the image of their Creator ; brothers, who should have extended the friendly grasp, frenzied by the maddening influences of political strife, with the mania of savage beasts, writhed and strove in mortal combat. Here at this wall. General Ames succeeded in rallying the regiments of his old brigade as they were -A REPULSE OF EARLY'S ASSAULT. 43 pushed back through the guns of the battery. Here the ferocious combatants stood and glared into each other's eyes, so near indeed, that they could almost breathe the hot breath of their adversaries. The brave color-bearer of the 107th Ohio, Sergeant Geible, ':^ sprang upon the wall, and defiantly waved his flag in the very faces of his opponents. The satisfaction was but momentary. He was shot, and the colors fell on the opposite side ; but had scarce touched the ground before Adjutant Young cleared the wall, and snatched them from the very grasp of his foe ! The color-bearer of the 8th Louisiana " Tigers," in his enthusiasm dashed gallantly forward, waving his flag as he advanced ; seeing which Adjutant Young, re- volver in hand, with one desperate leap sprang into the opposing ranks, seized the staff, and shot the color- bearer in his tracks. But he too was shot ; a minie- ball passed through his left arm, and pierced his lung ; a Confederate officer aimed a fearful blow at his head, which was skillfully parried by Lieutenant Suhree; and reeling to his regiment, still clinging to the flag, he sank into the arms of Sergeant-major Bricker, and was saved ! And General Ames promoted . him to a captaincy on his staff, for his bravery. But why repeat the sickening details. This is not intended as a history of the battle. But an allusion to this episode will perhaps convey a faint idea of the hor- 44 GETTYSBURG. rors of a three days' contest, which extended over a field like this. It is true there were but few instances of hand-to-hand fighting, but in many, very many places, the loss of human life was far greater than here. CEMETEEY HILL. No person can stand on Cemetery Hill, and from its commanding summit survey the field on which the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Vir- ginia met to decide the fate of human liberty, without being impressed with the remarkable beauty of the landscape view, and its peculiar fitness for a great bat- tle-field. The whole scene is grand and imposing. Broad fields, stretching away in the distance ; diversified by gentle undulations, and flanked by commanding heights, with contiguous valleys, affording a natural covered way for the movement of troops ; deep forests, and sheltering groves, with streams of water ; and be- yond all, towering in the distance, clothed in azure blue, a picturesque mountain range completes a landscape of rare beauty and magnificent proportions. And to the lover of nature, who, " Slave to no sect, who takes no private road, But looks throtigh nature up to nature's God," its hills, towering in stately majesty, its forests, enam- eled with verdure, its quaint old town, like a miniature SCENE FROM CEMETERY HILL. 45 city, nestled amid fields sparkling in the sunlight of heaven, give to it, aside from its historical associations, a halo of sublime grandeur. If the visitor to Gettysburg has but one hour at his command, Cemetery Hill would unquestionably be the place to spend it. If, however, the field is to be generally examined, the practice of coming here first should be severely reprehended, as the details of the first day's battle will never be as satisfactorily studied thereafter. But to those who have but the hour, or to others wishing to connect the future operations of the armies with the first day's engagement, a brief resume of the opening day of the battle will here be given, although much which the following chapter contains will be found in other parts of the book. CEMETEKY HILL FROM THE SUMMIT. As the " Seminary " is always associated with the first day's battle, let us commence with that as a start- ing point, and from it pursue the movements of the two armies on the first day. Its white cupola rising above the brick structure in the north-northwest, em- bowered among the shade trees which surround it, marks its position. The panoramic view from this point is one of the finest in the neighborhood. To the left of the Seminary, over the grove, the South Mountain 46 GETTYSBURG. range is seen in the distance. From Cash town, a hamlet on the hill-side, some eight miles away, IlilVs corps started on the morning of July 1, and advanced along the Chambersburg turnpike, which leads to Get- tysburg. The First corps. General Doubleday, and the Eleventh, General Howard, the two under the ""B BAClie^' < K -6 ^ " i? o o^ § f C£. c;„.--« ^^ BREAM'S MILL. 69 If our party from above liave not yet arrived, a short but interesting drive can be made, in the interval, by continuing to Bream's Mill, a half mile down the stream. Ford the creek below the mill, and take the right hand path up the stream. Two gunshots above the old mill you can alight if you desire, and leave your carriage in the shade of the fine old sycamores; cross to the field at your right, and a stone's throw from the fence you will find an excellent SULPHUR SPEING, Not highly, but sufficiently impregnated to establisn the character of its waters. The drive can now be continued up the stream, which is frequently crossed and recrossed as we continue along the rich bottom, shaded by sycamore, oak, and hickory : many fine pic- nic grounds will be noted by the way-side. The charac- ter of the scenery is similar to that above, visited from the Chambersburg road, with this addition. Here the western bank is walled by high ledges, crowned with rich and varied foliage, while forms of beauty clinging to the projecting crags dance in the babbling stream below. The path above winds along the valley, pass- ing the ruins of an old mill-dam, and intersects the Millerstown road a half mile west from Bream's Tavern, back to which we drive. If scenery of a still wilder character is desired, we turn again towards Bream's 70 GETTYSBURG. Mill, On the hill-top leave the carriage, walk clown to the right, and you soon reach a grove, and descend to a precipitous bank, heavily wooded, which overhangs the stream, the water of which is here deepened by the mill-dam below. This is a wild and romantic resort, which will more particu- larly interest persons fond of fishing. In the return to town, either of several very pleasant routes may be taken. The drive may be continued down the creek to the White Bridge ; then turning to the left, to the school-house at Pitzer's Corner; or the same point may be reached more direct by a cross road to Willoughby Run and the school-house, thence crossing to the Peach Orchard, and return to town by the Emmetts- burg road. These drives are worthy of a more ex- tended notice, which will be given further on. We will return direct to town, and complete the move- ments of the first day's battle. THE IIAKRISBUEG ROAD. From the " Square " we drive out Carlisle Street past the depot, and turn at the first street short to the right, which leads into the Harrisburg road. Here halting a moment, you look across the road and the field beyond into a valley through which flows Ste- vens' Run. Tracing the valley to the left, you ob- serve a grove which marks its entrance into Rock THE HARRISBURG ROAD. 71 Creek. HoJces brigade crossed the creek at this point, continued up the Run, and was met by Costar's bri- gade of the Eleventh corps, near the brick kiln, D-15.' If we now drive out the Harrisburg road to the brow of the hill, we shall see the Almshouse buildings before us. Turning to the left we have a fine view of Oak Hill and Seminary Ridge stretching away still fur- ther to the left, on which the First corps lay. The fields across which Schimmelphennig's division of the Eleventh corps formed, are on our left. His right extended to a point beyond the Almshouse. Barlow's division came later upon the field, moving from left to right in his rear, passed through the valley in oui front, crossed the road, and massed under the brow oi the ridge before us, to which point we now go. We have reached the second ridge, and the landscape changes. The ground now rises to the left to a rounded hill surmounted by a forest. To this place General Barlow moved his division, and formed on a prolongation of the line of Schurz's division, with his right refused to Rock Creek, which runs through the valley in our front. Looking over this, the ground rises to a forest, behind which Earhfs division formed, and under cover of the fire of Jones' artillery posted at the grove, advanced to attack the Eleventh corps, which was then engaged with Dole's Georgia brigade, which had just moved down from the high ground on 72 GETTYSBURG. the left. Wilkinson's battery, G, 4th U. S., was posted on the knoll. He soon fell mortally wounded, and in the fierce encounter which followed, General Baelow was severely wounded while trying to rally his men, and left on the field. The hill where he fell we will call Barlow's Knoll, c-ie. The particulars of this engagement are given from Oak Hill, which the visitor can read at his leisure. He may now return to town, or continue the drive across the creek and up to the grove. The artillery stood in the field at our right, c-18, Earli/'s division debouched from the grove at the left, charging down to the creek, c-i?, is, A cross road turns to the left immediately beyond the grove, and an- HOSPITAL HILL. 73 other a mile from this. Either will lead to the Carlisle road, by which we can return to town over a well hard- ened road, entering on Carlisle Street. This is a lovely drive ; Rock Creek, which is here quite shallow, winds its course among the trees of lofty hickory groves, in the openings of which are rich meadows and cozy farm-houses. The sweet melody of the forest trees, the fragrant fields and melodious winds, will give us a pleasing variety before we continue our examina- tion of the field of battle. HOSPITAL HILL lies northeast from the town, is approached by the York road, and is the summit-crown of an extended ridge. Although seldom visited now, yet it became a scene of the saddest interest — the one that is most instructive yet least described in war histories — im- mediately after the sanguinary struggle closed. Here the living victims of the fight were gathered into a general hospital, from hill and dale, and barn and house, all over the vast area of contention. No dis- tinction was known. The man in gray laid by the side of the man in blue whose ball pierced him, or whose shell made that fearful slash. Those who had sousi:ht each other's lives in fiercest blood-thirstiness, now peacefully occupied contiguous cots, and received the cooling draught and the tender care of physician, 74 GETTYSBURG. nurse, and philanthropist, at the same moment, and of like kindly solicitude. Here came the benevolent mis- sionaries of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions, to rescue those who could live, and bury those who died. Great numbers were fated to close life there, and many were rescued and taken to their homes by rela- tives and friends. Notwithstanding the mournful mem- ories of this hill, it is still a very charming spot. Its commanding location, its leafy shades of hickory and oak, its sjDring of delicious and pure water, indeed, all its surroundings, invite the traveller to pause and rest and ponder. An entirely new yet interesting view of the field can be had from this locality. YORK STREET. If a half hour remains vniappropriated from the hours of driving, we can stop on our return and receive an instructive lesson. Or if perchance the visitor in town would spend an hour pleasantly and profitably, let him walk out York Street to the suburbs. The road to the left leads to York, past Hospital Hill ; but we continue on the Hanover road to the brow of the ridge, where the lane turns down to the right, e-is. This locality will be examined with unusual interest by the military visitor, showing as it does the obstacles overcome in the assault upon the heights in front. After Costar's brigade retreated to Cemetery Hill on YORK STREET. 75 the evening of the 1st, HoJces brigade, with which it had been engaged, followed ; passing to the east of the town, it halted and lay for the night in the valley in our front as we face the south. Hades' brigade lay on its right in Third Street, the location of which is marked by two buildings with spires, standing conspicuously on the brow of the hill in the eastern part of the town. To the left from this can be seen the Cemetery, with its National Monument rising to the sky. East Ceme- tery Hill is further to the left. It pushes boldly out to the front, and when crowned with artillery must have presented a formidable appearance. Culp's Hill, forest clad, is directly in our front. Between this and East Cemetery Hill is Stevens' Knoll ; we look over a ridge which completely covered HoJces brigade from the Union fire when it lay in the valley. Turning to the left from Culp's Hill, we see Wolf Hill, also covered with timl^er. Further to the left, yet nearer, is Ben- ner's Hill, which stretches away towards the north to Hospital Hill. Graham s twenty-four pounders were in position there near the point of the grove. His shell fell thickly among the tombstones on Cemetery Hill. Johnson s division lay on the eastern face of Benner's Hill, from which locality it advanced through the val- ley, on the night of the 2d, and attacked the Twelfth corps on Culp's Hill. 76 GETTYSBURG. THE RAILROAD. If the visitor has not had an opportunity to go to Oak Hill, or out the Harrisburg road, and would like to have a brief explanation of the movements of the Eleventh corps, he should turn to the left from the place where we stand, walk through the lane, cross the York road, and continue to the railroad bank. From this point, looking a little to the left, we see Oak Hill in our front. Bodes' division, with Carter s artillery, was posted here. The crest to the left from this is Seminary Kidge, which was occupied by the First corps. Its forests make a fine background for the town. The Eleventh corps lay in the open fields, its left be- yond the college, the prominent white building in the suburbs, and stretched in line of battle to the right, past the Almshouse, to the rounded crest beyond, called Barlow's Knoll; then turned back to Rock Creek in the valley below. While in this position, engaged with Doles' brigade, Early's division reached the field, ad- vanced through the grove, seen over Barlow's Knoll, and joined in the attack. The Union troops were soon forced to fall back through the town to the heights of Cemetery Hill. Having examined pretty thoroughly the locality and movements of the first day's battle, we now turn to the left, to which part of the field we will make an excursion. DRIVE TO ROUND TOP. 77 DRIVE TO ROUND TOP. While passing out Baltimore Street, a few points 3f interest may be noted. The Confederate line of battle was formed through Third Street. Hayes bri- gade lay to the left of Baltimore Street, and Gordon s brigade on the right. As you descend to the valley in the south part of the town, marks of the battle can still be seen, particularly in the brick walls of build- ings exposed to fire from Union sharp-shooters. The dividing line between the armies was at the tannery on the right, marked also by a watering trough on the left. We turn to the right into the Emmettsburg road. At the time of the battle, the stone wall on the left had traverses constructed at right angles with it, and about thirty feet apart, to cover the troops. Washington Street crosses this, and turns back to town. At the left it is called the Taney town road. Some new brick buildings have been constructed on the corner, but the old stone cottage, fifty yards be- yond, stood there then, and received the body of General Reynolds when brought from the field. The Union skirmish line ran over the ridge to the right. The red barn on your left has been erected since the battle ; but the little white cottage by the roadside stood there then. Ziegler's Grove, at your left, marks the position of the Union line of battle. As you pass V8 GETTYSBURG. the white cottage Corclora's brick house will be seen ahead. Remember it was from this house that the First corps turned to its left on the first day, and crossed the fields to the Seminary. The wliite cot- tage in the field at the left was General Hays' head- quarters. It has received a second story since the battle. The Union line ran between the house and barn, and along the wall, to a small evergreen tree ; at which point the wall makes an angle, running fifty yards down towards the road, and then turns again to the south, along which the line of battle continued. General Trimble was wounded and lay under the elm at our right. We will stop when the carriage reaches the height of land for a more careful examination of the position. First let us fix a few landmarks. On 3^our left is the peculiar umbrella shaped " copse of trees," spoken of in the description of Long street' s assault, and you will observe that it cuts sharply against the sky. It forms a distinctive landmark from the oppo- site side of the field. We have a good view of Semi- nary Ridge. The Confederate line of battle, infantry and artillery, lay along its crest. The artillery Avas also in position from the Seminary to Oak Hill, along the ridge seen to the north and right of the Seminary. The cupola of the Springs Hotel rises to the left from the Seminary, while the South Mountains form a fine background in the distance. It should be THE EMMETTSBURG ROAD. 79 borne in mind that two distinct engagements oc- curred on the fields as we look towards Round Top; one on the afternoon of the second day, when the Third corps was forced back from the Emmettsburg road ; and also on the afternoon of the third, when Longstreef s celebrated assault was made across the very ground where we stand. On the evening of the second, the battle extended northward to embrace Cordora's house, to which point General Hancock sent three regiments to cover the retreating line, e-9. All were pushed l)ack, however, to the " copse of trees ; " but not with sufficient momentum to carry the position. On the third, the battle was on a grander scale, a general description of which has already been given ; yet we should not pass on without knowing that we now stand on historic soil, the famous spot where that great contest raged. On yonder ridge at our right was posted the Confederate artillery, as far as the eye can see ; and here, at our left, from Cemetery Hill to Round Top, were the Union guns. The cannonade which followed was indeed a fearful spectacle. The air above us was rent and torn by screaming shot and shrieking shell, the very earth trembling with the concussion. It ceased at last, and out from yonder groves emerged a line of battle, and then another, and yet a third moved out, and this enormous column swept grandly on. The stillness which pervaded the 80 GETTYSBURG. Union ranks was awful ! The soldiers held their breath ; past experience taught them that the deci- sive moment of the battle was at hand. It seemed impossible to resist this living, moving avalanche of men. As the lines rose from the valley, the artillery from Cemetery Hill to Round Top opened a converg- ing fire. Shot and shell now tore through their ranks ; dust and smoke enveloped the seething mass, through which in pitiless fury showers of canister swept. Yet on they marched ! This road is crossed, and from lines of musketry behind yonder wall leap sheets of livid flame, deluging all with a shower of lead. Men went down by hundreds and thousands, and in the mad des- peration of the moment, the dead and dj^ing Avere trampled by their enthusiastic comrades, who strove to reach the wall, or by those who ran with wild panic through the ranks, and fled beyond the hills from which they had emerged. As we pass into the valley beyond Cordora's house, the small tree by the road-side on the left marks the right of the Third corps' line of battle. Carr's brigade of Humphreys' division extended through the apple orchard on the hill, supported by Brewster's brigade. It is hard to realize, as we look across this beautiful field to Round Top, that it was once the theatre of such a fearful scene. It was here, at the close of the second day's battle, that General Humphreys " changed THE PEACH ORCHARD. 81 front to the rear " while engaghig Barksdales brigade on his left, and Wilcox's, Perry s, and Wrights brigades on his right. As we pass the house on the hill, we look down upon the Peach Orchard at our left. Graham's bri- gade was posted there, its right along the Emmetts- burg road, its left turned back along the cross road, to which place we will drive. Mr. Sherfey's house on the right bears many scars of the battle. His barn was burned, and many bodies of dead Union soldiers were consumed with it.^ John Wentz, a man eighty-seven years of age, and his wife, aged eighty-five, lived in the little- house on the left, and Avitli a daughter re- mained there during the battle. It is said that a son in the Confederate service came and protected them, and slept two nights at the house. The road falls with the ground beyond this, forming a deep valley through which a portion of McLaivs division advanced during the battle, entirely covered from artillery fire. This corner of the road formed the salient of General Sickles' line. From here it turned back towards Round Top. As you look along the Emmettsburg road you ob- 1 The 114th Pennsylvania Volunteers were posted here, and lost heavily in killed, wounded, and prisoners. A rumor is afloat that wounded men were burned in this building, but the writer met a Confederate officer, in hospital, who assured him that he was personally in the barn immediately before it was burned and that such was not the case. 82 GETTYSBURG. serve a grove on the ridge through which the road passes. Longsireef s right flank advanced from here to attack the left of General Sickles' line near Round Top, each brigade advancing to the attack as that on its right became engaged, until finally the entire line had been pushed forward to the woods. It will now be seen that the guns of Henry s battalion on Semi- nary Ridge, where it is crossed by the Emmettsburg road, could enfilade that portion of the Union line along which we have passed. By turning to the west it will also be seen that the Washington New Orleans artillery, Eshlemans battalion, posted at the edge of the woods on the right of the cross road, could sweep the left of the Union line. This is the position as- saulted by General Barksdale. He was wounded at Sherfey's barn, but kept his saddle. General Geaham was severely wounded and made prisoner. Artillery was placed in every available position in the vicinity of the Peach Orchard ^ (see Isometrical Drawing). General Sickles received the wound which resulted in the loss of a leg, in the field beyond the grove on the left, as we turn to the right toward Round Top. i The Peach Orchard of battle renown has already passed away. It occu- pied the corner of the field at the intersection of the cross road with the Emmettsburg road. The present orchards were then small trees ; others are continually added, as the fame of this orchai'd has created a demand for the fruit, which is now extensively canned and shipped by Mr. Sherfey, the owner. THE DEVIL'S DEN. 83 Having descended the short hill, we stop on the slight rise beyond, turn across the road, and we have before us the famous wheat field, — the whirlpool of the battle, in whose yawning vortex line after line fought. A beautiful field of uncut wheat stood here in the morning ; at night it was hard to tell the growth. The open fields between the Peach Orchard and wood were covered by artillery fire. The infantry line com- menced again on the rocky, forest-clad knoll in our front, crossed the field, through the grove on the left to the foot of Round Top. There are two ways to go to Little Round Top. Either continue across the flat ground to the crest, where a path turns back, by which you can drive nearly to the summit, or turn to the right down between Little Round Top and Houck's Ridge to THE devil's den. Prompted by the associations connected with this weird spot, many will alight here, not only to study the romantic scenery, but to examine the position where the left of General Sickles' line rested. To appreciate this fully, however, and to realize the desperate character of the attack, it is better to go up the hill at the right, from which a commanding view can be had. The pathway up between the Round Tops is rough, yet many will wish to go over the ground where Law's and Robertson's brigades ad- 84 GETTYSBURG. vanced to engage Vincent's and the left of Weed's, on the high land above. Plum Run, a mere rivulet at this point, is easily crossed, and we wind our way up among the rocks and trees to a stone wall. This wall, although built to protect the troops, was constructed after the engagement on this part of the field. It con- tinues nearly to the top of Round Top, and also around in front of Little Round Top. From this place we make the ascent of BOUND TOP. It is easily accomplished, however, on horseback or by the pedestrian, notwithstanding the path leads up a rugged way. At places enormous boulders overhang deep chasms, but the mosses of ages have rounded their outlines, and a luxuriant growth of ferns will delight the romantic lover of nature. The finest view from the summit is towards the south, where the eye stretches away for miles into northern Maryland over an extensive champaign country, giving a beautiful diversity to the character of the scenery. The view to the west and north is obstructed somewhat in midsummer by the foliage, although it would be a great pity to cut it away ; but the public will demand, and all will soon see that there should be an observatory on this mountain, which would afford a magnificent view, not only of the battle- field but of the surrounding country. '-■^?A LITTLE ROUND TOP. 85 Returning to our carriages, we observe a sharp rise to the left. It is Vincent's Spur. Here occurred one of the hardest contested scenes of the battle. Vin- cent's brigade lay along the summit of this ridge, and was attacked by Law's and Robertson s brigade of Hood's division. Its brave commander was killed off to the left, where the spur unites with Little Round Top. The carriages will drive around the south point of the ridge,^ while we walk over it to LITTLE ROUND TOP. 1 At the time of preparing this work there is no path connecting this part of the hill with the northern face of Little Round Top ; but there are no 86 GETTYSBURG. If Little Round Top is ascended by this route, the view is concealed until you rise the crest. Then from its summit the battle-field in all its vast expanse opens in magnificent grandeur before you. You look down upon a landscape of unusual loveliness. Field and forest, hill and dale, cottage and farm-house, melt into one harmonious whole. At the time of the battle the wood had been recently cut away, on its western face, which gave the rough, naked sides of this artillery crowned crest the appearance of an immense battle- ment, while the view of the battle from this spot was supremely grand. Having examined so critically the formation of the second day's line of battle, it will require but a brief description to give a general idea of the engagement. At four o'clock on the afternoon of the 2d (the Third corps being in the position already explained), Hood's division advanced to attack the left of General Sickles' line, which lay at the Devil's Den. General Hood was wounded at the commencement of the move- ment, and General Robertson assumed command. Gen- eral Warren chanced at that moment to be upon Little Round Top ; but a glance sufficed to show him that the flank of the Third corps was in danger of being serious difficulties to prevent the construction of one, of easy grade, from the Devil's Den to the summit of Little Round Top, and along its posterior slope to the northern side. This will materially add to the interest of the drive. LITTLE ROUND TOP. 87 turned, in which case these heights would be seized by Confederate troops. In the mean time, General Sickles, by previous direction of General Meade, had called on General Sykes, commanding the Fifth corps for reinforcements, and he ordered forward Barnes', Ayres', and Crawford's divisions in succes- sion. Barnes' division was the first to move. These troops were seen by General Warren as they came up from Rock Creek, who at once hurried to General Barnes and received permission to detach Vincent's brigade, which was taken rapidly up the posterior slope of Little Round Top, and arrived at the brow of the " spur " just as the Confederate line, having passed the left of Birney's division, came rushing up the valley. The 140th New York of Weed's brigade, by direction of General Warren, came in at nearly the same moment, and formed on Vincent's right; and in an instant the troops were engaged in a desper- ate contest, which only ended with the darkness. A portion of the same line had encountered the left of the Third corps at the Devil's Den. As Long sir eef s successive brigades advanced, the battle extended to the wheat field and Peach Orchard. Tilton's and Sweitzer's brigade of Barnes' division passed to the front through the fields at our right, and crossed the Peach Orchard road, through the valley at the upper side of the wheat field, and formed on the rocky, 88 GETTYSBURG. wooded knoll beyond, relieving De Trodriand's bri- gade. These were subsequently relieved by Cald- well's division of the Second corps, and during the engagement, which followed. General Zook, Colonel Cross, and Colonel Brooke were wounded, Zook and Cross mortally ; General Semmes was killed, and Gen- eral Anderson wounded. The Union artillery at the Peach Orchard, and the Confederate guns on Semi- nary Ridge were all the time engaged in a terrific duel. In the mean time Ayres' division reached the field. Weed's brigade was ordered to this hill, to support Hazlett's battery, which its commander had dragged to these heights, under the direction of Captain Martin, chief of the Fifth corps artillery. The two brigades of regulars had advanced across the swale to the ridge in our front, while Crawford's division " massed in column by division " in an open space on the northern face of the hill. The superior situation of the Confederate batteries, allowing a con- centrated and cross-fire on the Peach Orchard, com- pelled the Union guns to retire, but General Graham, commanding the infantry, continued to defend the posi- tion. At this time Barksdales brigade advanced to the assault, and finally succeeded in breaking General Graham's line. It was then that General Barksdale was first wounded, and General Graham was also seri- ously wounded and made prisoner. General Sickles LITTLE ROUND TOP. 89 was wounded soon after, and General Birney assumed command of the corps. He now directed General Humphreys, w^liose line lay along the Emmettsburg road, to " change front to the rear." General Woford's brigade, which lay in rear of Barksdales, ad- -^ vanced through the opening made by the falling back of Graham's command, and turning to its right swept down across the fields, and attacking Sweitzer's bri- gade, on its flank and rear, forced it from the field. Hood's division and portions of McLaws' on iVqf'ord's right now advanced again. The " regulars " were at- tacked in front and flank, and compelled to fall back. Hazlett's battery now opened an eflective fire from these heights. General Weed, whose brigade sup- ported him, was soon stricken down by the sharp- shooter's bullet, and while receiving his dying message. Lieutenant Haslett received a fatal shot, and fell across the body of his fallen comrade. The Sixth corps. General Sedgwick, had now come up, and was formed en masse in the open field at the northern base of this hill, with Nevin's brigade on the crest. Crawford's division had just moved from this opening over the crest. In obedience to an earnest request, Fisher's brigade was sent to the left to re- inforce Vincent's brigade, then under command of Cobnel Rice ; while McCandless' brigade moved down the hill-side, and formed among the scatterino; trees. 90 GETTYSBURG. At this moment, the entire Union force along this front was broken and j)i-ished back across the flat ground, followed by WoforcVs brigade and other troops, which received a telling fire of musketry from McCandless' command at the foot of the hill. The impracticability of carrying this stronghold was instantly seen by the Confederate commander, who ordered a retreat. At the same time General Ckawford led McCandless' brigade in a dashing charge down the hill, across the swale, to the wheat field, followed and supported by Nevin's brigade. On observino" that Barksdale s brio;ade had " chano-ed direction to the left," and was about to take his division in reverse, General Humphreys ordered it to " change front to the rear," which difficult evolution was gallantly executed, yet scarcely completed, when Wilcox's, Perry's, and Wright's brigades swept over the ridge, and attacked him on the right. It would xequire the pages of history to give a detailed account of the incidents of this battle from Round Top to this point, but I will allude to a few, which will be an index to the character of the whole. In the thick of the fight, as General Humphreys and his officers were using every exertion to hold the troops, the General saw Captain Chester of his staff spring with a con- vulsive start ; turning to his commander, Chester said, " General, I'm shot ! " General Humphreys, who had LITTLE ROUND TOP. 91 noted his gallantry in sustaining the line, sprang to his assistance, and clasping him with his arm, sustained him in the saddle until Captain Harry Humphreys, his son, could take him in charge. An orderly took the horse to lead him from the field, when at the instant a round shot killed the horse, and carried away the orderly's head. At this moment General Humphreys' horse, bleeding from seven bullet wounds, was struck by a shell, and springing convulsively into the air, threw his rider violently to the ground, though fortunately not seriously injuring him. Just then, Captain Hum- phreys was shot through the arm ; General Carr had his horse killed under him, and Captains McClellan and Cavada both had their horses killed. A portion of the guns of Turnbull's battery " retired with pro- longe " firing as they went, others were drawn\)fF by hand, by the infantry, and others were captured. By this almost superhuman eifort the attacking force was held in check, until portions of the First, Second, and Twelfth corps could be brought up by General Meade, and a new line formed on Cemetery Ridge ; here the battle ended on the left for the night. The reader must not suppose this an exceptional case ; there was not an acre of ground between this and Round Top where the fighting was not as severe as here, and in more than one case the field was fought over re- peatedly by successive commands. 92 GETTYSBURG. THE RETUKlSr. In our drive to town we will first go to the Peach Orchard ; then if time will permit, we will cross the Emmettsburg road, continue to and over Seminary Ridge, and drive to the School-house at Pitzer's Corner. Here we turn to the right, cross the stream, and enter a magnificent grove, which is permeated by private driveways leading to stately farms and rural cottages. The " thatch " roof may still occa- sionally be seen in this vicinity. If the direct road were continued it leads to Bream's Tavern, but we turn to the right after leaving the grove, down to Willotighby Run, up which we drive. The route leads along a high bank, which overhangs the stream. Hav- ing reached the Millerstown Road, we turn to the right to town or drive through the grove to the road EXCURSION TO GULP'S HILL. 93 beyond, which leads into the Millerstown road. This also takes us to the private road leading to the Springs Hotel. EXCUKSION TO CULP's HILL. There is, probably, no place on the Gettysburg battle- field which presents such strong attractions as Gulp's Hill. It is natural that the visitor should wish to see some tangible evidence of the results of the battle. Many portions of the field have since been cultivated, and little remains to distinguish them from other and contiguous grounds. But here there is no mistaking the fact that some great and unusual event has oc- curred. The destruction of the forest is perhaps the most marked characteristic. In the midst of a healthy growth of fine old oak and hickory, many of the trees are battered and dying from the effects of the terrible musketry fire. Indeed, over acres they have already gone to decay, and are being blown to the ground by every storm. The remains of breastworks, occupied during the bat- tle, also form an interesting feature. It is to be regret- ted, however, that greater efforts have not been made to preserve them ; and even now they could be easily rebuilt, and would make the most appropriate memen- toes . and lasting monuments for the study of future generations. To visit Gulp's Hill you go out the Baltimore turn- 94 GETTYSBURG. pike, pass the Cemetery, continue down the hill to the lane which leads to the left at the cottage. This you enter, but stop at the farther extremity to examine the position. Looking to the left toward town, the eye runs along a stone wall, at the base of the hill, which was occupied by the Eleventh corps line of battle. That portion nearest you was taken up by Carroll's brigade on the evening of the 2d, which continued to hold it till the close of the battle. The 33d Massachu- setts regiment was also detached from its brigade in the Cemetery, and placed at the stone wall at our right, shaded by an apple orchard. The path leads to the right, and rises over the northern face of Stevens' Knoll. This elevation was occupied from the first night of the battle by the 5th Maine battery, Captain Stevens. The redans thrown up to protect the guns can still be seen. There is no better place from which to study the attack and defense of East Cemetery Hill on the second night of the battle. The explanations from that local- ity, and from " York Street," will have prepared the reader for the brief description given here. ASSAULT OF HAYEs' AND HOKE's BRIGADES. Facing to the northwest, leaving the town at our left front, with Cemetery Hill on the left, we have immedi- ately before us a cultivated ridge, extending from Cem- etery Hill toward the east. A brick farm-house is be- ASSAULT ON EAST CEMETERY HILL. 95 yond, to our right. When Ilokes brigade of Eavlij's division advanced from the place of its engagement with Costar's brigade at the brick kihi, on the first day, it halted and lay for the night beyond this ridge, with Hafjes' brigade on its right, laying along Third Street in town. Barlow's division, commanded by General, Ames, lay at the stone wall along the base of East Cemetery Hill, supporting the artillery on its crest. As the shades of twilight deepened, Hayes' brigade moved by its left from town, and, uniting with Ilokes brigade, advanced to attack East Cemetery Hill. Great gallantry was displayed in this assault. The Union line was broken and forced back through the batteries, fol- lowed by the enthusiastic Confederates to the guns on the summit. Wiedrick's battery was captured entire, and two guns of Rickett's battery were " spiked." But the assaulting party, which had suffered comparatively little in the direct attack, being bfelow the jwint-hlank range of the guns, now came directly under the flank fire of Stevens' battery, from this knoll ; which, w4th double-shotted canister, poured death and destruction into their ranks ; while the 33d Massachusetts regiment opened at " left oblique " a withering fire of musketry. At this moment Carroll's brigade, and the 106th Penn- sylvania Volunteers, with some reinforcements from Schurz's division, came sweeping over the hill, dashed down with a cheer and a volley ; the guns were re- 96 GETTYSBURG. taken, and the line reestablished. This ended the sec- ond day's battle. Colonel Avery, commanding Hokes brigade, was mortally wounded in this assault. Resuming our drive we observe a line of earthworks running up the slope of Gulp's Hill. This marks the position of the left of Meredith's brigade of Wads- worth's division. The visitor is advised to alight and follow the line over the hill on foot ; while the carriage continues by the path to the " angle " in the works be- yond. Cutler's brigade lay on the right of Meredith, its right resting on the summit. From here the line was prolonged by the Twelfth corps. Greene's brigade of Geary's division joined Wadsworth's division. Its line ran down the hill to the " angle " in the works, where we shall meet our carriage. The portion of Gulp's Hill in front of these works is exceedingly rough and precipitous. Just before reaching the rendezvous, the carriage crossed a valley or depression in the ground, in which General Greene held his reserves. From this place they rushed over to the relief of the men in the trenches, when their ammunition was expended. One regiment of Greene's was beyond the " angle." Kane's and Candy's brigades of Geary's division, and McDougall's brigade of Ruger's (General Williams commanded the corps) extended the line over the hill to the meadow beyond ; with Golgrove's brigade of Ruger's division, and Lockwood's independent brigade GULP'S HILL. 97 on the east side of the swale. These troops, excepting Greene's brigade, were ordered to the left to reinforce the Third corps. The main attack of Johnsons division on the night of the 2d, was against Greene's brigade, along the hill-side ; but eventually it was discovered that the works on his right had been vacated, or com- paratively so. An advance was then made by Stuart's brigade, which passed over them, and from the grove on the opposite ridge, opened fire upon the left of Greene, whose right had now been refused along a traverse constructed at the angle ; and from that pro- longed through the woods, at right angles to the main line toward the Baltimore turnpike. This was the position occupied by the troops after their return from the left and during the engagement on the morning of the 3d. The Union line was reinforced in the fore- noon by Shaler's brigade of the Sixth corps, Lock- wood's independent brigade of the Twelfth corps, and some regiments from the First and Eleventh corps; while Daniels', O'NeaVs, Walker s, and Smitlis brigades were sent to the assistance of Johnsons division. As we continue the drive through the valley and over the ridge, we pass along a stone wall, over which is a stile ; the path from it leads down, a stone's throw, to a spring of pure cold water. This locality and the grove at the left, as we drive down to 7 98 GETTYSBURG. ROCK CREEK, Has from time immemorial been the picnic gromid of the citizens of Gettysburg. And to-day, fathers arid mothers with their happy brood can frequently be seen with well-filled baskets, driving to this favorite resort, where they, with their fathers and mothers, have so often been before. The fine old forest, the adjacent stream, and the diversified character of the scenery, afford ample amusement for the young and recreation for the aged. ROCK CREEK. 99 From how small a variety does nature give us the most beautiful effects. We have here the babbling stream, following its tortuous course among the rocks ; the quiet eclcly, swej)t by the overhanging shrub ; the towering oak, monarch of the forest, with the luxuriant vine clinging to it for support; the huge boulder from some far off land, — yet combined, how charming the landscape. How potent the influence of a scene like this, which electrifies the inmost recesses of the soul. While here, we should look out from the forest to the meadow at our right. In the grove beyond, Colgrove's brigade formed across the "point" to the water and turned back to its right among the rocks, with Lockwood's brigade on its right. This locality is not accessible to a carriage, yet it can easily be reached by the pedestrian. Neill's brigade of the Sixth corps lay on the east side of Rock Creek, opposite from McAllister's mill. The most direct route to Neill's position from town, is to continue down the Baltimore pike and turn to the left below the mill, before crossing the bridge ; ford the stream, and thread your course up a picturesque path- way to a small house on the hill. This was held by the advance skirmish line of Walker s brigade. From this, look down toward the south, and Neill's brigade lay behind the second stone wall. He held the extreme right of the infantry line of battle, but a line of cavalry 100 GETTYSBURG. videttes extended over Wolf Hill. We can also reach this position from Rock Creek bj first going up the stream to the ford, then turn to the right, and follow down its eastern bank. We soon pass a stone cot- tage, and from this a rough path leads, amid wild and picturesque scenery, into the road from the Baltimore pike before mentioned, which we follow to the hill-top as before.^ We can, if we wish, wind our way among the rocks, up by McAllister's mill to the Baltimore pike and home. Still another course is open to us, which, though considerably longer, will furnish even a greater variety of scenery. From the picnic grove we turn up Rock Creek and ford it as before ; then turning to the left we drive, on a good road, along its banks, shaded by overhanging trees up to the Hanover road. The town will be seen a short distance to the left ; but we turn to the right and go OVER BENNER's hill TO WOLF HILL. Those wishing to take this drive without going to -Gulp's Hill, should leave town by York Street, and con- tinue on the Hanover road. Benner's Hill affords a fine landscape view, and would well repay a visit, aside from the interest in it as a mil- itary position. It was occupied by Andrews' battalion of artillery, commanded by Major Latimer, a gallant 1 This route was passable immediately after the battle. WOLF HILL. 101 officer, who was mortally wounded during the battle. Johnson^s division lay on the eastern side of this hill from the first night of the battle until it advanced on the evening of the 2d to the assault of the position on Gulp's Hill. Having driven on through the valley, we turn to the right into a path leading through a grove to WOLF HILL. This is a rough forest-clad elevation located on the left bank of Rock Creek, southeast from Benner's Hill, and east from Gulp's Hill. A few rural cottages have here and there nestled down in the openings among the rocks. They are often surrounded by fine gardens, and nearly obscured by luxuriant vines, nourished by the disintegration of ages. They are approached by rough pathways, rendering fast driving impossible. Indeed, a good saddle-horse forms the best conveyance for this trip, although the residents go with carriages, and there is no trouble in doing so with proper care. Having crossed the hill to the southern side, we again reach the position occupied by the troops during the battle ; con- tinuing down the hill, the path divides, that to the right leads by a rough way through Rock Greek, past McAl- lister's mill to the Baltimore pike. A blind path turns from this to the right,^ up Rock Greek, where you can 1 This path was passable the season after the battle. It may be closed now ; should it be, it is easy to turn back. 102 GETTYSBURG. cross and return to town over Gulp's Hill ; or continue along the stream to the Hanover road, and return to town through York Street. The path to the left, which is most frequented, leads down the hill among the boul- ders, through the grove to Rock Creek, which we ford, and come upon the Baltimore turnpike, between the bridge and old saw-mill. If we turn to the right, it would lead to town ; but the drive may be lengthened by turning to the left on the hill, toward the Taney- town road. We pass to the left of Powers' Hill where General Slocum had his head-quarters. The first road to the right is the direct one, but that to the left is pleasanter. We drive through beautiful ' groves and past fine fields along a good road, and intersect the Taney town road at the foot of Little Round Top. The distant landscape views along this route are very pleas- ing. At the Taneytown road we can turn to the right to town. By this route we drive along the rear of the Union line on the third day. The "copse of trees" can be seen over the ridge at our left, and we pass by the little white cottage before reaching the Cemetery, where General Meade had his head-quarters. But our ex- cursion may be still farther continued. If desirable we can cross by the foot of Little Round Top and the wheat field to the Peach Orchard, and return by the Emmettsburg road ; or we can continue across the Em- mettsburg road and Seminary Ridge to the School- MARSH CREEK. 103 house at Pitzer's Corner ; turn to the right and return by the route described on the return from Round Top ; or turn to the left and go down the east side of the stream to MARSH CREEK. A few miles' drive has brought us from the rough primeval rocks of Wolf Hill down to the rich alluvial 104 GETTYSBURG. bottoms of Marsh Creek. This stream, which forms the western boundary of the battle-field, affords an unusual variety of pleasing and picturesque scenery. There is nothing awe-inspiring in it; but its deep overhanging banks, mantled with rich luxuriant foliage, through which some straggling sunbeam penetrates and dances in the quiet ripple of its transparent waters, the broad, highly cultivated meadows which hem it in, combine to give beauty to the scenery, and render this a pleasant and interesting excursion. We now ford Marsh Creek, and turn to the right, along a beautiful drive to the White Bridge. From this point we again have a choice of routes. We can continue up the creek to Bream's Mill and the Millerstown road, where the scenery is exceedingly pleasant, and return to town as already explained ; or we can turn to the right, cross to Wil- loughby Run and the School-house, then turn to the left, ford the stream, and return by the route given from Round Top ; or we can cross again to the Peach Orchard, and return by the Emmettsburg road as far as the Apple Orchard. From there to the Springs Hotel there was, immediately after the battle, an ex- ceedingly romantic route by private driveways, which those inclined can try. From the Apple Orchard, on the Emmettsburg road, turn down the cross road to the left, to the farm buildings, from which a private road leads past Emanuel Pitzer's house to Willoughby Run. DIRECTIONS TO VISITORS. 105 This we cross, and turn to the right along the stream to the Millerstown road ; continue through the forest to the next road, and turn to the right towards town. This route passes the entrance to the private roadway leading to the Springs Hotel. There are many other longer, yet interesting drives in the vicinity, which wdll be suggested by the hotel proprietors or livery men. If it is always borne in mind that all leading roads converge at the town, the visitor need have no fear of being at any time led astray. As has been already stated, eleven different roads centre at Gettj'^sburg. These are all connected, two or three miles from town, by cross roads ; hence, by driving out any road and always turning to the right^ or left, you come back to town. DIRECTIONS TO VISITORS. Having completed the tour of the field, more definite directions may occasionally be found useful. If the visitor has but one hour to spend, go to the Cemetery. If a half day, drive out along the Chambersburg turn- pike to Seminary Ridge ; thence returning go by way of the Cemetery to Little Round Top, and return to Culp's Hill. If a day Can be devoted, a previous visit to the cupola of the Seminary will be advantageous ; then drive along the Chambersburg turnpike to Herr's Tavern ; turn to the right, cross to the Mummasburg 106 GETTYSBURG. road, and return to Oak Hill ; then out the Harrisburg road, and back to York Street, in the suburbs of the town. After dinner go to East Cemetery Hill, Cemetery Hill, Round Top, and Culp's Hill. For a detailed de- scription of these drives, or if longer ones are desired, the visitor is referred to the book. SPRINGS HOTEL CUPOLA. South Mountain. ^A The guests of the Springs Hotel will be surprised, on first visiting the cupola, with the fine view which it affords. Facing the east, looking to the right, Round Top forms the prominent feature in the landscape. To SPRINGS HOTEL — CUPOLA. 107 its left is seen the rugged summit of Little Round Top. The crest of Cemetery Ridge is clearly traced towards the left to Cemetery Hill, whose summit is crowned by the National Monument. To the south from the Cem- etery is Ziegler's Grove, occupied by Union artillery. Between us and Cemetery Ridge is Seminary Ridge, on which lay the Confederate line on the second and third days ; the two ridges are hardly distinguishable, though seven eighths of a mile intervene. To the left of the monument is seen a lone tree which stands on East Cemetery Hill. The Evergreen Cemetery "lodge" is barely discernible to its right; while to its left the rounded summit of Culp's Hill cuts the horizon. Wolf Hill is beyond and to the left of Culp's Hill. The white spots seen on its summit are ledges, from which fine landscape views may be had. Reynolds' Grove, on the hither side of which is Wil- loughby Run, is directly in our front ; and the Theolog- ical Seminary rises beyond. Through the opening to its left a vista of the town can be seen. The Springs Hotel Avenue and Horse Railroad have been constructed since the battle. The house seen to the left of the grove, and the stone barn at its left, are the McPherson farm buildings. The first Union gun fired was from the field west of the barn, in reply to the Confederate artillery standing at Herr's Tavern, the brick building seen as we turn back to the left. The Katalysine Springs 108 GETTYSBURG. buildings are in the foreground, while immediately over them, in the distance, is Oak Hill. The timber with which it was covered, has been cut away since the bat- tle. Just where the ground slopes to the north stood two Whitworth guns, which threw their bolts to Round Top. By turning to the west you have a fine view of the South Mountain range. SPEINGS HOTEL VERANDA. There will undoubtedly be those who will not feel like climbing to the cupola or may not be able to do so, and yet may desire to understand the points of interest seen from the hotel. Such will be glad to have a brief explanation from the veranda. Seated at the north- eastern corner, facing the east, we have Reynolds' Grove directly in our front, rising above which may be seen the cupola of the Theological Seminary. From this, stretching away to the right is Seminary Ridge, partially covered with forest trees ; Round Top can be seen rising in the distance. In the left foreground are the Springs buildings, over which is a smooth rounded field to the left of Reynolds' Grove ; from this position the first Union gun of the battle was fired. Oak Hill can be seen beyond. This vicinity possesses much his- toric interest. It was here that the battle commenced, and across the field where this house stands that HilVs corps made its first advance ; in yonder grove that KATALYSINE SPRINGS. 100 General Reynolds was killed ; and at Willoughby Run that General Archer was captured, the description of which has already been given. THE KATALYSINE SPRINGS. That the Gettysburg battle-field should become a popular resort was a natural consequence. This is the history of great battle-fields of the world. The battle of Marathon was fought more than two thousand years ago ; yet to-day the plains of Marathon are examined with interest by every visitor to Athens. The name of Waterloo is as familiar as household words. Yet, while it was exjjected that the soldiers engaged, the friends of the fallen, the military student and tourist, would visit Gettysburg, it was certainly a surprise that it should become a great watering-place ; that a field where so many had gone down in death should become the resort of thousands to prolong life. The Katalysine Springs, now so justly celebrated, were embraced in the theatre of the first day's battle. Each year increases the number of visitors, and swells the list of those who bear testimony to the efficacy of its waters ; the medicinal qualities of which have been fu^ly indorsed by the leading medical authorities of the country. THE SOLDIERS' NATIONAL CEMETERY HE Soldiers' National Cemetery is now, and will always continue to be the great central point of interest ,7=v£j at Gettysburg. It is to be re- gretted, however, that the Con- federate dead were not collected at the same time, and placed together in some suitable lot. But during the excitement incident to a state of hos- tilities this was neglected, and to - day there is nothing to mark the spot of their burial, save that the grass grows greener where they lay ; they were buried where they fell, as most of the soldiers, Union and Confederate, were after the great battles of the war. But whether they lay in well kept grounds, shaded by the myrtle and rose, or in the broad fields where the violet blossoms unseen, matters little to the loved ones at home, who still trace the day of their sorrows to this sanguinary field. THE DEAD AT GETTYSBURG. Ill How many a mother's heart still bleeds : how many a father with trembling steps, and broken staff, goes tottering down the path of life alone j how many a fatherless child to that fatal day looks back, and maiden, with broken heart and blighted hopes, sighs for the loved one buried here ; and throughout the land how many a friend we miss, how many a vacant seat at the board, and heart made sad as it turns to this gory field. To those who have friends in the Cemetery a brief history of its organization and completion will not prove uninteresting. Immediately after the battle, while thousands of anxious people traversed the fields in search of the bodies of fallen friends, every sensibility was shocked and heart sickened at the sights which everywhere presented themselves. In many instances the soldiers had been but imperfectly buried, or were wholly uncovered, from the necessary haste in the in- terment. For miles around, they lay on arable land, which would of necessity be farmed over in a short time. The graves were shallow, and the marking of them was superficial, liable soon to be obliterated by the action of the weather. This deplorable condition of things called for a remedy. The ancient Athenians gathered the bones of their citizens who fell in battle, and with appropriate cere- monies interred them with the highest honors in the beautiful suburbs of Athens. Actuated by this historic 112 GETTYSBURG. precedent, to David Wills, Esq., a citizen of Gettys- burg, is to be ascribed the credit of devising and insti- tuting a place for gathering the scattered dead into one place of interment. He procured suitable grounds, organized an association which collected the remains of thirty-five hundred and eighty Union soldiers, and entombed them upon the consecrated spot which they had rendered forever famous. Thus was started the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg, from which all other national cemeteries in the country took their origin, and this is still the most complete of any in all its details. About the middle of July, 1863, having fully matured the plan, Mr. Wills opened a correspondence with the governors of the eighteen States represented in the Union army, by whom commissioners were sent to meet in confer- ence at Gettysburg. The grounds were consecrated on the 19th of November, 1863, when President Lincoln, standing on the spot now crowned by the National Monument, delivered his immortal speech. They embrace seven- teen acres, the highest point of which overlooks nearly the whole battle-field. The dead of each State and of the regular army, and also the unkno^vn, are buried in separate lots, arranged in rows in a semicircle, in the centre of which stands the national monument erected to commemorate their heroic deeds. A commissioner NATIONAL CEMETERY. 113 was appointed by the governor of each State for the term of three years, and under an act passed by the Pennsylvania legislature these were organized into a board of managers April 6, 1864, of which David Wills of Gettysburg was elected president, and John R. Bartlett of Rhode Island, secretary. Several States were represented by more than one commissioner be- fore the completion of the cemetery. The following is a list: Maine, B. W. Norris, Stephen Coburn; New Hampshire, Ira Perley ; Vermont, Paul Dillingham, William Hebard ; Massachusetts, Henry Edwards ; Rhode Island, John R. Bartlett ; Connecticut, Alfred Coit, A. G. Hammond, William S. Chamley ; New York, Edward Cooper, Robert H. M' Curdy ; New Jersey, Levi Scoby, Edward M. Du Bois ; Pennsylvania, David Wills ; Delaware, John R. Latimer ; Maryland, Ben- jamin Deford ; West Virginia, Chester D. Hubbard ; Ohio, Gordon Lafland ; Indiana, John G. Stephenson, James Blake ; Illinois, Clark E. Carr ; Michigan, T. W. Ferry ; Wisconsin, W. Y. Selleck ; Minnesota, Alex- ander Ramsey. The organization of the board in its officers continued the same throughout. Each State contributed in proportion to its population, as indi- cated by its congressional representation, the following amounts : — 114 GETTYSBURG. Maine . . . New Hampshire Vermont . . Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut . New York . . New Jersey . Pennsylvania Delaware . . $4,205.30 2,.523.18 2,523.18 8,410.60 1,682.12 3,364.24 2(3,072.86 4,205.30 20,185.44 841.06 Maryland S4,205.30 West Virginia . . . 2,523.18 Ohio 15,980.14 Indiana 9,251.66 Illinois 11,774.84 Michigan 5,046.36 Wisconsin 5,046,36 Minnesota 1,682.12 Tot.il $129,523.24 GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MONUMENT. THE NATIONAL MONUMENT. The National Monument, erected by the several States to commemorate the memory of the men who died in the nation's defense, is purely historical in its design, telling its own story with pleasing simplicity. The base .and pedestal are of white granite, from Westerly, R. I. It is twenty-five feet square at the base, and sixty feet in height, crowned with a colossal marble statue representing the genius of liberty. Standing on a three quarter globe, she holds in her right hand the victor's wreath of laurel, while with her left she clasps the victorious sword. Projecting from the angles of the pedestal are four buttresses, supporting an equal number of allegorical statues representing, respectively, War, History, Peace, and Plenty. War is personified by a statue of the American sol- dier, who, resting from the conflict, relates to History the story of the battle which this monument is in- tended to commemorate. History, in listening attitude, records with stylus 116 GETTYSBURG. and tablet, the achievements of the field, and the names of the honored dead. Peace is symbolized by a statue of the American mechanic, characterized by appropriate accessories. Plenty is represented by a female figure, with a sheaf of wheat and fruits of the earth, typifying peace and abundance as the soldier's crowning triumph. These fine pieces of statuary were designed, with the monument, by J. G. Batterson, Esq., of Hartford, Conn., and executed in Italy, under the immediate supervision of Randolph Rogers. The main die of the pedestal is octagonal in form, paneled upon each face. The cornice and plinth above are also octagonal, and are heaAdly moulded. Upon this plinth rests an octagonal moulded base, bearing upon its face, in bronze relief, the National Arms. The upper die and cap are circular in form, the die being encircled by stars, equal in number with the States whose sons contributed their lives as the price of the victory won at Gettysburg. This monument as it stands cost fifty thousand dol- lars ; and the purchase of the ground, the removal and reinterring of the dead, the granite headstones, the inclosure, and landscape ornamentation of the grounds, and such other work as put the Cemetery in its present condition, exclusive of the " Reynolds statue," cost about eighty thousand dollars more, mak- THE NATIONAL MONUMENT. 117 ing the total cost of the cemetery and monument, about one hundred and forty thousand dollars, includ- ing the Reynolds statue. Having finished the duties they were appointed to execute, the board of managers voted to relinquish the charge of the National Cemetery in favor of the General Government, under whose supervision it now is. THE REYNOLDS STATUE. The first object which meets the eye as we enter the National Cemetery is the statue of Major-general John F. Reynolds. The sound of battle had scarcely ceased to reverberate among the adjacent heights be- fore the idea was conceived by some members of Gen- eral Reynolds' staff to erect a monument to his mem- ory. It was then intended to place on the spot where he fell, a simple, substantial monument of stone. The first meeting of officers of the corps was held Janu- ary 5, 1864, in the Baptist Church, Culpepper Court House, Virginia, when a committee of five was ap- pointed to undertake the work. Owing to the exigen- cies of military service, the committee was frequently changed. It, at present, consists of General Charles F. Wainwright, General Richard Coulter, Colonel Chap- man Biddle, and Lieutenant-colonel Thomas Hewson Bache. None of the original members are on the com- 1 At this date the Reynolds' monument (though ah-eady cast) has not been placed on the base which has been prepared for it; but from data fur- nished by the secretary of the committee, the following account has been prepared. THE REYNOLDS STATUE. 119 mittee, though they all served in the First corps when General Reynolds commanded it at Gettysburg. Two of them were members of his staff. At an early meeting of the committee, December 21, 18G4, it was unanimously resolved to place the monu- ment, not where he fell, but in the Soldiers' National Cemetery, and at a subsequent meeting, held July 31, 1866, this action was confirmed by selecting the present site. As the original subscription was restricted to five dollars from each officer, and fifty cents from each en- listed man, but $5,709 was, at first, collected. In 1867, it having been decided to erect a bronze statue of the General, the State of Pennsylvania donated con- demned cannon for the j)urpose and the managers of the Soldiers' National Cemetery made an appropriation towards the pedestal. This assistance and additional subscriptions from officers who had served with Gen- eral Reynolds, has enabled the committee to complete the work. The monument consists of a semi-colossal statue of General Reynolds in bronze ; the right hand, holding a field-glass, hangs at the side ; the left grasps the top of the hilt of the sword. The fiice is turned towards that part of the field on which the enemy were ad- vancing when he fell. The statue, designed and moulded by J. Q. A. Ward, 120 GETTYSBURG. and cast by Achille Bureau, at the foundry of Messrs. Robert Wood and Company, at Philadelphia, will cost about $10,000. It stands on a pedestal of dark Quincy granite, about ten feet high, designed by Richard M. Hunt. The pedestal, consisting of but three stones, weighs twenty-three tons. They were furnished by Messrs. H. Barker and Brother, at a cost of $2,825, delivered in Philadelphia. The railroads transported them free of cost, and the expense for setting them was $312. SEMINARY. The Theological Seminary of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, in the United States, founded in 1825, is located within the borough of Gettysburg, to the west of the town, and is j)leasantly situated on a commanding eminence that overlooks the surrounding country. The battle began a short dis- tance west of it. The Seminary building was directly in the line of the Confederate army after the first day's fight ; and was occupied as a hospital during and after the battle. This institution has sent forth nearly five hundred ministers, and has been a chief instrument in moulding and developing the Lutheran Church in this country. S. S. Schmucker, D. D., was the first professor, who still resides in Gettysburg. The present faculty embraces Doctors Brown and Hay, Professors Baugher and Stork, with several sjjecial lecturers, one of whom. Rev. Dr. Morris, is a regular instructor in the institution. Being located in the suburbs of the town, it is pleasantly retired. It was never in a more prosperous condition than at present, and furnishes an inviting resort for theological study. PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE. This institution, originally established as a gymna- sium in connection with the Lutheran Theological Seminary located in Gettysburg, was chartered as a college in 1832, and is now in a jElourishing condition, and holds an honorable and commanding position among the literary institutions of our country. Its hundreds of graduates are filling posts of honor and influence in almost every State in the Union. The present faculty and instructors are as fol- lows : — MILTON valentine;, d. d., President, and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Science. REV. EDSALL FERRIER, A.M., Graeff Prof elisor of the English Language and Literature. LUTHER HENRY CROLL, A.M., Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy. REV. HENRY LOUIS BAUGHER, A. M., Pearson Professor of the Greek Language and Literature. REV. ADAM MARTIN, A. M., Professor of the German Language and Literature. REV. HENRY EYSTER JACOBS, A.M., Franklin Professor of the Latin Language and of History. PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE. 123 SAMUEL PHILIP SADTLER, PH. D., Ockershausen Professor of Physical and Natural Science. JOHN G. MORRIS, D. D., Lecturer on Natural History. HART GILBERT, A.M., Principal of the Preparatory Department. JOHN A. HIMES, A. B., Instructor in Physics and Tutor. The board of trustees is composed mainly of mem- bers of the Lutheran Church, and the institution is thus practically under the supervision and control of that denomination ; though its administration is not characterized by any sectarian or illiberal spirit. Stu- dents from almost every Protestant denomination, and even Roman Catholics from Mexico, havft frequented its halls. It is charmingly situated in the northern suburbs of the town. The buildings are ample and commodious, the grounds well kept and highly attractive. During, and for some time after the battle, the College building was used as a Confederate hospital. The preparatory building, an imposing structure, has been more recently erected. INDEX. Comparatively fe-w of the regiments or batteries given in th« index are mentioned by name in the book, but the pagns where their movenients or engagements are described are affixed to each. Reference will al«o be made to many batteries which 'G. PAt>E B-12. Calef s (Tidball's) Battery, A, 2d U. S. . . . 22, 23, 24, 25, 60, 01, 62 E-3. Carlton's Battery 51, 55, 78 E-17. Carpenter's Battery 28, 51, 78 E-8. Caskie's Battery 51, 55, 78 B-14. Carter's Battalion 28, 29, 32, 33, 48, 59, 61, 76 B-14. Carter's Battery 28, 31, 78 E-5. Clark's Battery, B, 1st N. J 82-88 D-12, F- 13, F-7. Cooper's Battery, B, 1st Pa 29, 55, 79-97 r-9. Cowan's Battery, 1st N. Y. (Independent) 55, 79 D-12. Cunningham's Battery 51, 55, 78 D-10. Cutt's Battalion (Lane's) 51. 55 F-9. Cushing's Battery, A, 4th U. S 55, 79 C-12, D-18. Dana's Battalion 28, 51, 55, 78 F-7. Daniels's 9th Mich, (horse) Battery. See McGilvery's Artillery 55, 79 E-8. Bearing's Battalion 51, 55, 78 Dement's Battery 28, 51, 78 D-14. Dilger's Battery,' I, 1st Ohio 33, 35 F-6. Dow's Battery, 6th Maine 55, 79 E-12. Eakin's Battery, H, 1st U. S 55, 79 E-12. Edgell's Battery, 1st N. H 55, 79 E-1. Elder's Battery, E, 4th U. S. . . '. 56 D, E-6. Eshleman's Battery 51, 55, 78 F-10. Fitzhugh's Battery, K, 1st N. Y 55, 79 E-3. Frazer's Battery 51, 55, 78 Fry's Battery 28, 51, 78 Garber's Battery 28, 51, 78 D-8. Gamett's Battalion 51, 55, 78 G-5. Gibb's Battery, L, 1st Ohio 89 E-1. Graham's Battery, K, 1st U. S 56 D-18. Graham's Battery 28, 51, 55, 75, 78 D-8. Graham's B-18. Green's Battery 28, 51, 78 B-12, E-12. Hall's 2d Me. Battery 23, 24, 25 D-12. Happ's Battery 28, 51, 55, 78 B-14. Hart's Battery 51, 55, 78 E-5, F-7. Hart's Battery, 15th N. Y. (Independent) 55, 79, 88 F-9. Hazard, Captain, Chief 2d Corps Artillery 51 F-9. Hazard's Battery (see Brown's B., 1st K. I.) '. . 55, 79 G-3. Hazlett's (Rittenhouse's) Batterj-, D, 5th U. S 55, 79, 89 D-14. Heckman, K, 1st Ohio 33, 35 D-1. Henry's Battalion 51, 55, 78, 82 F-10. Hexamer's Battery (see Parsons), A, 1st N. J 55, 79 E-12. Hill's Battery, C, 1st West Va 55, 78 F-10. Hunt, Brigadier-general, Chief of Union Artillery 50 E-12. Huntington's Battery, H, 1st Ohio 55, 79 A-11, D-10. Johnson's Battery 28, 51, 55, 78 C-18. Jones' Battalion 34, 51, 78 I)-4. Jordan's Battery 51, 55, 78 G-10. Knapp's Battery, 1st Pa 34 D-10. Lane's Battalion 51, 55, 78 INDEX. 127 ISOMETRICAl DRAWING PAGE D-1. Latham's Battery 51, 55, 78 E-17. Latimer, Major 100 D-8. Lewis's Battery 51, 55, 78 E-8. J/rtco«'s Battery 51, 55, 78 E-12. McCartney's Battery (Mass.) 55, 79 D-3. McCarthy's Battery 51, 55, 78 A-11, D-9. McGraiv's Battery 51, 55, 78 E-5, F-7. McGilver3''s Brigade, Reserve Artillery 55, 79 A-11, D-10. Mcintosh's Battalion 33, 51, 55, 78 F-11. McKenzie's Battery, K, 5 U. S 54 D-4. Manly's Battery 51, 55, 78 A--12, D-9. Manye's Section opened the battle 51, 55, 78 Martin, Captain, Chief 5th Corps Artillery 51, 88 F-4, G-1. Martin's ( Walcott's) Battery, C, Massachusetts 82, 87 F-4, G-1. Martin's Battery, F, 5th U. S • 51, 55, 79 D-8. Maurin's Battery 51, 55, 78 Millege's Battery 23, 51, 55, 78 E-8. Miller's Battery 51, 55, 78 D-4. Moody's Battery 51, 55, 78 F-10. Muhlenburg's Battery F, 4th U. S 54, 55 G-10. Muhlenburg, Lieut., Chief of 12th Corps Artillery 54, 55 Nelson's Battalion 28, 51, 55, 78 D-4. Norcum's Battery 51, 55, 78 E-12. Osborne, Major, Chief 11th Corps Artillery' 35, 41, 95 B-14. Page's Battery ' 28, 55, 78 D-5. Parker's Battery 51, 55, 78 F-10. Parsons' (Hexamer) Battery, A, 1st N. J 55, 79 D-10. Patterson's Battery 51, 55, 78 A-12, D-9. Pegram's Battalion 23, 24, 33, 51, 55, 78 E-5, F-7. Phillips' Battery, 5th Mass 55, 79, 87 D-8. Poague's Battalion 51, 55, 78 Raine's Battery 28, 51, 55, 78 Randolph, Captain, Chief 3d Corps Artillerj' 51 E-6. Randolph's (Bucklyn's) Battery, E, 1st R. 1 82, 88 E-8. Ransom's ( Wier's) Battery, C, 5th U. S 55, 79 Reese's Battery 28, 51, 55, 78 D-1. Reilly's Battery 51, 55, 78 B-12, E-13. Reynolds' Battery, L, 1st N. Y 27, 29, 40, 55, 79 D-4. Rhett's Battery 51, 55, 78 A-11, D-10. R.ice's Battery 51, 55, 78 D, E-6. Richardson's Battery 51, 55, 78 E-13. Rickett's Battery, F and G, 1st Pennsylvania 40, 41, 55, 95 G-10. Rigby, Battery A, 1st Md 54, 55 G-3. Rittenhouse's (Hazlett's) Battery, D, 5th U. S 55, 79, 89 F-7. Rock's Section (New Jersey) 55, 79 B-11. Roder's Section (Calef's Battery) 61 D-10. Ross's Battery 51, 55, 7S r-5, F-9. Rorty's Battery, B, 1st N. Y 55, 79 E-7. Seeley's Battery, K, 4th U. S 52 F-2, 3. Smith's Battery, 4th N. Y. (Independent) 82, 87 C-12. Smith's Battery 28, 37, 55, 78 128 INDEX. ISOMETRICAL , DRAWING. PAOB ^ F-7. Sterling's Batteiy, 2d Connecticut 55, 79 D-12, E-13. Stevens' Battery, 5th Me 27, 36, 55, 95 E-8. Striblimfs Batteiy , 51, 55, 78 C-13, E-13. Stuart's Batter}-, B, 4th U. S 27, 40, 55 E-13. Taft's Batter)', 5th N. Y. (Independent) 55, 79 C-18. Tanner'' 3 Battery 28, 55, 78 D-5. Taylor's Battery 51, 55, 76 B-12. Tidball's (Calef 's) Battery, A, 2d U. S 22 F-7. Thomas's Battery, C, 4th U. S 55, 79 E-5, F-7. Thompson's Batterj-, G and F, Penn. (Independent). . . 55, 82, 79, 88 F-0. Tompkins, Colonel^ Chief 6th Corps Artillery, 51 E-8, E-11. TurnbuII's Battery 52, 91 Tyler, Brigadier-general Commanding Artillery Reserve.. . 79, 82, 88 D-8. Vozntt's Battery 51, 55, 78 Wainwright, Colonel, Chief 1st Corps Attillery 27, 35, 41, 95 D-8. Ward's Battery 51, 55, 78 r-5, 6. Watson'si Battery 72, 87 C-12. Watson's Battery 28, 51, 55, 78 C-14, F-9. Wheeler's Battery, 13th N. Y. (Independent) 33, 55, 79 E-8. Wier's (Ran.som's) Battery, C, 5th U. S 55, 79 E-13. Wiedrick's Battery, I, 1st N. Y 26, 35, 40, 48, 55 C-17. Wilkinson's (Bancroft's) Battery, G, 4th U. S 33, 72 G-10, 11. AVinegar's Battery, M, 1st N. Y 54, 55 D-10. Wingfield's Battery 51, 55, 78, 95 F-4. Win.siow's Battery, D, 1st N. Y 83, 87 E-11. Woodruff's Battery, I, 1st U. S 50, 55, 79 D-4. Woolfolk's Battery 51, 55, 78 A-11, D-9. Zimmerman's Battery 51, 55, 78 F-4, G-4. Ayers, Brigadier-general, 2d Div., 5th Corps 52, 88 Bache, Lieutenant-colonel Thomas Hewson 118 Baltimore 5, 8 Baltimore Turnpike 36 Barker, Messrs. H. & Brother 120 -V Barhsdale's Brigade, (13th, 17th, 18th, and 21st Mississippi Reg- iments) 81, 82, 87, 88, 89 ■«-4- C-16. Barlow, Brigadier-general {wounded), 1st Div., 11th Corps (see Ames) 33, 34, 40, 71, 72, 95 C-16. Barlow's Knoll 32, 33, 38, 72 F-5, G-6. Barnes, Brigadier-general, 1st Div., 5th Corps 52, 87 G-5. Bartlett, Brigadier-general, 2d Brig., 3d Div., 0th Corps (5th Me., 121st N. Y., 95th and 96th Pa. Vols.) 53, 89 Bartlett, John R 113 Batterson, J. G 116 Battle-field 9, 21 Baugher, Professor 122 B-13, E-12. Baxter, Brigadier-general, 2d Brig., 2d Div., 1st Corps (83d, 97th N. Y., 88th, 90th Pa., and 12th Mass. Vols.) . . 27, 34, 58, 59, 96 E-17. Benner's Hill 32, 36, 38, 5l, 53, 75, 100 D-2, E-3, Benning's Brig. (2d, 15th, 17th, and 20th Ga. Reg'ts). . 52, 56, 87, 89 B, C-10. Biddle, Colonel 1st Brigade, 3d Division, 1st Corps (121st, 142d, 151st Pa., 20th N. Y. S. M.) 26,29,118 INDEX. 129 ISOM ETHICAL DRiVWINO. PAGE E-6. Birney, Major-general, «ommanding 1st Div., 3d Corps. . . 36, 87, 88 Blake, James 113 E-10. Bliss' Buildings Blue Kidge 9 A-6. Bream's Tavern 67 A-4. Bream's Mill ... 68 (cut), 69, 104 E-8, F-7. Brewster, Colonel, 2d Brig., 2d Div., 3d Corps (1st, 2d, 3d, 4tli, 5th Excelsior, and 120th N. Y. Vols.) 36, 52, 89, 90 Bricker, Sergeant-major 43 Brockway, Lieutenant 42 B-10, E-10. Brokenboroufjh's Brigade (23d, 40th, 47th, 55th Va. Reg'ts, and 22d Battalion) , 62 E-4, F-7. Brooke, Colonel, 4th Brig., 1st Div., 2d Corps (2d Del., 27th Conn., 64th N. Y., 53d and 145th Pa. Vols.).. . 50, 52, 83, 87, 88 Brown, Rev. Doctor 121 C-12. Buford, Brigadier-general, 1st Div. Cavalry ... 22, 24, 36, 47, 60, 64 B-11, 12. Buford's Ridge 23, 60, 61 Bureau, Achille 120 E-4, F-7. Burling, Colonel, 3d Brig., 2d Div., 3d Corps (2d N. H., 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th N. J., and 115th Pa. Vols.) 36, 52, 53, 87, 88 F-4, G-4. Burbank, Colonel, 2d Brig., 2d Div., 5th Corps (2d, 7th, 10th, 11th, and 17th U. S. Infantry) 88 F-15. Candy, Colonel, 1st Brig., 2d Div., 12th Corps (5th, 7th, 29th, 66th Ohio, 28th, 147th Pa. Vols.) 36, 95 E-4, F-7. Caldwell, Brigadier-general, 1st Div., 2d Corps 52, 87 C-15. Carlisle Road 33, 73 E-8, r-8. Carr, Brigadier-general, 1st Brig., 2d Div., 3d Corps (1st,. 11th, 16th Mass., 11th N. J., 16th N. H., and 29th Pa. Vols.). 36, 52, 89, 90 Carr, Clark E 113 E-11, E-13. Carroll, Brigadier-general, 2d Brig., 3d Div., 2d Corps (4th Ohio, 8th Ohio, 7th West Va., 14th Ind.) 50, 55, 94 Cashtown 22, 28, 46 E-12. Cemetery Hill 10, 26, 31, 34, 35, 39, 44, 45, 49, 50, 74, 75, 79 Cemetery Ridge 10, 31, 53 Chambersburg 22 C-12. Chambersburg Turnpike 23, 46, 58 Chamley, William S 113 Civil History (Gettysburg) , 5 Coburn, Stephen 113 Coit, Alfred 113 G-14. Colgrove, Colonel, 3d Brig., 1st Div., 12th Corps (3d Wis., 13th N. J., 2d Mass., 27th Ind. Vols.) 36,^;^' Confederate Troojis 51, 59, 61, 64, 87 Columbia 5 Compass Face Guide 14 Cooper, Edward 113 Court-house (when built) 5 D-15. Costar (Col.) 1st Brig., 2d Div., 11th Corps (27th, 73d, 134th, 154th N. Y. Vols.) 35, 71, 74 F.9. Copse ofTrees 54, 56, 78, 79, 102 9 130 INDEX. UOUETRICAL DBAWINO. PAOK E-9. Cordora's house 25, 47, 51, 78, 79 Corps 1st 23, 24, 28, 32, 36, 46, 47, 48, 71, 79 " 2d 52 " 3d 12, 48, 50, 51, 78, 80, 87 " 5th 51, 52, 87, 88 " 6th 52, 89 " 11th 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 46, 48, 59, 71, 76 " 12th 36, 48, 52, 54, 75 " Longstreet's 28 " Hill's 22, 23, 28,46,47,52 " Ewell's 10, 28, 30 Coulter, Colonel 118 F-4. Crawford, Brigadier-general, 3d Div., 5th Corps. . . .52, 56, 87, 88, 89 CroU, L. H 122 F-3. Cross, Col. {killed, July 2d), 1st Brig., 1st Div., 2d Corps (5th N. H., 61st N. Y., 81st, 148th Pa. Vols.) 50, 52, 83, 88 E-14. Culp's Hill 12, 31, 36, 38, 50, 51, 75 F-9. Cushing, Lieutenant, Battery A, 4th U. S 55, 79 -' B-12, F-8. Custar, Brigadier-general, 2d Brig., 3d Div., Cav 56 B-12, E-14, 15. Cutler, Brigadier-general, 2d Brig., 1st Div., 1st Corps (56th Pa., 76th, 95th, 147th N. Y. Vols., 14th N. Y. S. M.).25, 29, 32, 61, 96 B-13, E-15. Daniels' Brigade, 32d, 43d, 45th, 53d N. C. Reg'ts, 2d Batt'n. .28, 33 46, 53, 59, 97 F.4, G-4. Day, Colonel, Ist Brig., 2d Div., 5th Corps (3d, 4th, 6th, 12th, and 14th U. S. Infantry) 88 B-12, E-11. Davis's Brig. (2d, 11th, 42d Miss., and 55th N. C. Reg'ts) 25, 33 Deford, Benjamin 113 F-2. Devil's Den 12, 52, 83, 86, 87 B-13, 14. Devin, Colonel, 2d Brig., 1st Division (Cav.), (6th, 9th N. Y., 17thPa.) 22,29,36,47,64 Dillingham, Paul 113 C-14, 15. Doles' Brigade (4th, 12th, 21st, and 44th Ga. Reg'ts 34, 71, 76 C-R, F-9. Doubledav, Major-general, 1st Corps and 3d Div. .23, 27, 29, 35, 36, 46, 47, 50, 52, 91 DuBois, Edward 113 ■C-13, E-14. Early's Division 28, 34, 47, 48, 53, 59 72, 76, 94 Edwards, Henry 113 Emmettsburg 23, 46 E-12. Emmettsburg Road 10, 24, 25, 36, 47, 51, 52, 79, 81, 82, 88 E-13. East Cemetery Hill 14, 32, 35, 37 (cut), 53, 75 G-5, F-9. Eustis, Brigadier-general, 2d Brig., 3d Div., 6th Corps (2d R. I., 7th, 10th, and 37th Mass. Vols.) 53, 89 B. 17. Ewell, Lieutenant-general 28, 47 F>-6, 7, 8, F-7. Excelsior Reg'ts (see 70th, 71st, 72d, 73d, and 74th N. Y. Vols). C-10. Fairfield (Millerstown) Road 22, 32, 63 F^l. Farnsworth, Brigadier-general (killed), 1st Brig., 3d Div., Cavalry (1st Vt., 1st W. Va., 5th N. Y., and 18th Pa. Vol. Cav.) 56 Ferrier, Rev. E 122 Feiry, T. W 113 F-1, G-2. Fisher, Colonel, 3d Brig., 3d Div., 5th Corps (5th, 9th, 10th, 12th Pa. Reserves) 88, 89 INDEX. 131 ISOMETRICAL DRAWING. ''•*<'■ B-11, 12. Gamble's (Cav.) Brig. (8th N. Y., 8th and 12th III., 3d Ind, . .22, 24, 36, 47, 60, 64 E-10. GarneWs Brig. (8th, 18th, 19th, 28th, and 56th Va. Eeg'ts) 51, 54, 79 Geary, Brigadier-general, 2d Div., 12th Corps 36, 96 Geible, Sergeant 43 Gettys, James ^ D, E-13, 14. Gettysburg 8, 31 Gettysburg Memorial Association 39 F-8. Gibbon, Brigadier-general, 2d Div., 2d Corps 50, 55, 78 Gilbert, Professor 123 C-17, E-13. Gilser, Colonel (von) 1st Brig., 1st Div., 11th Corps (41st, 54th, and 68th N. Y., 153d Pa. Vols.) 26, 33, 40, 48, 94 C-17, D-13. Coj-(/o7i's Brigade (13th, 26th, 31st, 38th, 60th, 61st Ga. Reg'ts).28, 34, 53, 72, 94 E-5, F-8. Graham, Brigadier-general, 1st Brig., 1st Div., 3d Corps (57th, 63d, 68th, 105th, 141st Pa. Vols.) 36,81, 82, 88,89 G-1. Grant, Colonel, 2d Brig., 2d Div., 6th Corps (2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th Vt. Vols. ) 53, 89 E, F-15. Greene, Brigadier-general, 3d Brig., 2d Div., 12th Corps (60th, 78th, 102d, 137th, 149th N. Y. Vols.) 36, 96 Gregg, Brigadier-general, 2d Div. Cav 40, 56 F-9. Hall, Colonel, 3d Brigade, 2d Div., 2d Corps (19th, 20th Mass., 42d, 59th N. Y., 7th Mich. Vols.) 50, 55, 73 Hammond, A. G 113 Hampton, General Wade 39, 56 F-8. Hancock, Major-general (commander left centre). 35, 36, 37, 49,50, 79 Hanover (Bonoughstown) road 74, 100 Hanover 4 Hanover Junction 4 Harrisburg 4, 5 D-16. Harrisburg Road 23, 70 (drive), 71 F-8. Harrow, Brigadier-general, 1st Brig., 2d Div., 2dCorps (1st Minn., 15th Mass., 19th Me., 82d N. Y. Vols.) 50, 52, 55, 78 Hay, Rev. Doctor 121 C-18, E-14. Hayes' Brigade (5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th La. Reg'ts) 34, 40, 77 E-10. Hays, Brigadier-general, 3d Div., 2d Corps 50, 55, 78 G-3. Hazlett, Lieutenant, Batt'y D, 5th U. S 88, 89 F-9. Hazard, Captain, Chief 2d Corps Artillery 50 Hebbard, William 113 A-11, 12. Herr's Ridge 23, 24, 60, 62 (cut) A-11. Herr's Tavern 15, 24, 31, 60,68 B-9, 11, E-10, 11. Heth's (Pettigrew's) Division 23, 24, 32, 33, 55 Hill, Lieutenant-general 47, 55 Himes, Professor 123 D-2. Hood's (Robertson's) Division 52, 56, 86, 89 D-18. Hospital Hill 38, 73, 74, 75 B-10. Hotel, Springs 31, 39 F-2, 3. Houck's Ridge 12,83 D-15, E-4. Hoke's (Colonel Avery), Brigade (21st, 61st, 57th N. C. Reg'ts) .34, 40, 71, 75, 95 F^12. Howard, Major-general, 11th Corps 23, 26, 35, 46, 47, 48 132 INDEX. ISOMETRICAL DRAWING. PAOB H-1. Howe, Brigadier-general, 2d Div., 6th Corps 52, 80 Hubbard, Cliester D 113 Hunt, Brigadier-general, Chief of Artillery 50 Hunt, Richard M 120 E-7, F-8. Humphreys, Major-general, 2d Div., 3d Corps 36, 80, 88 E-5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Intermediate (Sicldes') Ridge 13,51, 77 Isometrical Drawing 9, 15 B-13. Iverson's Brigade (5th, 12th, 20th, and 23d N. C. Reg'ts) 33, 46 Jacobs, Rev. Henry E., 122 E-4. Jeffers, Colonel, 4th Mich. Vols 39, 82 C-18. Jones' Artillery 71 D-18, F-15. Jones, Brigade (25th, 42d, 48th, and 50th Va.) . . .28, 51 D, E-18, F-15. Johnson's Division 28, 40, 51, 53, 75, 97, 100 F-15. Kane, Brigadier-general, 2d Brig., 2d Div., 12th Corps (29th, 109th, 111th Pa. Vols.) 36, 96 A-10. Katalysine Springs 26, 106 E-4, F-7. Kelley, Colonel, 2d Brig., 1st Div., 2^ Corps (28th Mass., 63d, 69th, 88th N. Y., and 116th Pa. Vols.) 83, 87 E-9. Kemper's Brigade (1st, 3d, 7th, 11th, and 24th Va. Reg'ts). 51, 54, 79 D-4. Kershaw's Brigade (2d, 3d, 7th, 8th, and 15th S. C. Reg'ts). .52, 56, 87, 89 E-1. Kilpatrick, Brigadier-general, 3d Div. Cavalry 56 A-10. Katalysine Springs 26 C-16. Kryzanowski, Colonel, 2d Brig., 3d Div., 11th Corps (26th Wis., 75th Pa., 82d Ohio, 58th and 119th N. Y. Vols.). . .32, 48, 59, 71 Lafland, Gordon 113 Lancaster 5 A-10, E-10. Lane's Brigade (7th, 18th, 28th, 33d, and 37th N. C. Reg'ts). .32, 46, 55, 78 Latimer, John R 113 D-1. Law's Brigade (4th, 15th, 44th, 47th, and 48th Ala. Reg'ts). 83, 85, 87 Lee, General (Commander-in-Chief) 54 Lincoln, President 112 G-3. Little Round Top H, 12, 36, 49, 50, 53, 83, 84 (cut), 86, 87 G-13, F-14. Lockwood, Brigadier-general (Independent) Brigade, 1st Div., 12th Corps (1st P. H. B., 1st Md. E. S., 150th N. Y. Vols.) .36, 96, 99 D-9, E-9. Longstreet, Lieutenant general 31,52, 54, 59,78, 79, 82,87 M'Allister's Hill 54 H-11, 12. McAllister's Mills 99, 100 F-4, E-3. McCandless, Colonel, 1st Brig., 3d Div., 5th Corps (1st, 2d, 6th, 11th Pa. Resei-ves, and 1st Rifles) 56, 88, 89 McCurdy, Robert H 113 F-14, G-12. McDougall, Colonel 1st Brigade 1st Div., 12th Corps (3d Md., 46th Pa., 5th, 20th Ct., 122d, 145th N. Y. Vols.) 36, 96 M'Goxoan's (Perrin's) Brig. (1st, 12th, 13th, 14th S. C. Reg'ts, and Orr's Rifles) 32, 46, 55, 78 McLaios, Major-general 52, 56, 81, 89 McPherson's Ridge 22, 24, 33, 60, 61, 62 Mahone's Brigade (6th, 12th, 16th, 41st, and 61st Va. Reg'ts) Marsh Creek 13, 23, 47, 63, 64, 65 (cut), 103 (cut) B-9, D- -10, , E-11, C-5. B-12. "^ D-8. INDEX. 133 ISOMETBICAL DRAWING. ^"^^ Martin, Captain, Chief 5th Corps Artillery 51, 88 Martin, Rev • • • • 1^2 F-11. Meade, Major-general (Commander-in-Chief). 35, 37, 48, 49, 50, 52, 87 E-11. Meade's Headquarters 102 . B-10. Meredith, Brigadier-general 1st Brig., 1st Div., 1st Corps (2d, 6th, and 7th Wis., 19th Ind , 24th Mich. Vols.). 25, 26, 36, 47, 96 E-1. Merritt, Brigadier-general (Reserve Cavalary Brigade) (1st, 2d, 3d U. S., 6th Pa. ) 56 Memorial Association 39 C-10. Millerstown (Fairfield) Road 22, 32, 63 Morris, Rev. Dr 104, 121 E-12. Monument (National) 75, 110 D-14. Mummasburg Turnpike 10, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 63 Monocacy 1" E-12. National Monument 75, 110, 114 (cut) G-9, 10,H-12. Neill, Brigadier-general, 3d Brig., 2d Div., 6th Corps (43d, 49th, 77th N. Y., 7th Me., 61st Pa. Vols.) 52, 89, 99 F-5. Nevin, Colonel, 3d Brig., 3d Div., 6th Corps (62d N.Y., 93d, 98th, 102d, and 139th Pa. Vols.) 52, 89 F-8, 9. Newton, Major-general, 1st Corps 53, 80 Ne\r York 5 Morris, B. W 113 B-14, A-15, 16. Oak Ridge 9.29 B-14. Oak Hill 10,23,28,29, 30 (cut), -32, 34,38, 48,49,59,74 O'Neal's Brigade (3d, 5th, 6th, 12th, and 26th Ala. Reg'ts).31, 33, 53 E-12. Osborne, Major, Chief 11th Corps Artillery 35 C-13. Paul, Brigadier-general, 1st Brig.. 2d Div., 1st Corps (13th Mass., 16th Me., 107th Pa., 94th, 104th N. Y. Vols.). .26, 29, 31, 32, 36, 50, 58, 91 C-13, E-11. Paul, Brigadier-general, 1st Brig., 2d Div., 1st Corps (107th Pa., 16th Me., 13th Mass., 94th and 104th N. Y. Vols.) 26, 31, 34, 50, 58, 91 E-5. Peach Orchard 13, 51, 81, 82, 83, 87, 88 A-11, E-9, 10. Pender's, Major-general, (Trimble's) Division 33, 55, 62, 78 Pendleton, Brigadier-general (Confederate Chief of Artillery). . . .51 Pennsylvania ^ Pennsylvania and Pittsburg Turnpike 8 D-14. Pennsylvnnia College 7, 28, 31, 59, 63, 122 Penn, William 6 Perley, Ira 113 D_7 E-7. Perry's (Col. Lang's) Brigade (2d, 5th, and 8th Florida Reg'ts>. .55, ' 78, 81 E-10. Pettir/rew, Brigadier-general (Heth's Division) 55, 62, 67 B-9, F^IO. Pettigrew's (Col. Marshall's) Brigade (11th, 26th, 47th, and 52d N. C. Reg'ts^ 23, 32, 55 Philadelphia 5 E-9, 10. Pickett's Division 51> 54, 79 Pittsburg and Philadelphia Turnpike 8 Pittsburg and Baltimore Turnpike 8 C-4, 5. Pitzer's Corner 70, 103 Pleasanton, General 50 Plum Run 11.8^ 134 INDEX. ISOMETRICAL DRAWING. PA8B D-8. Posey's Brigade (12th, 16th, 19th, and 48th Miss. Reg'ts, and 2d Battalion) 55 G-10. Power's Hill 38, 50, 51, 54, 102 C-12, D-15, 16, 17. Railroad 25, 38, 39, 61 D-16. Railroad Bridge 35 Ramsey, Alexander 113 Ramseur's Brigade (2d, 4th, 14th, and 30th N. C. Reg'ts) 28, 46 Randolph, Captain, Chief 3d Corps Artillery 51 REGIMENTS. ALABAMA. — Confederate. ISOMETRIC AL DRAWING. B-14. REGIMENT. 3th Reg. BRIGADE. O'Neal, DIVISION. Rodes, CORPS. Ewell, PAGE. 28, 33, 46, 97 D-1. 4th (( Law, Hood, Longsti •eet, 52, 83, 85 li-11, A-9, E-10. 5th Bat. Archer, Heth, Hill, 25, 62, 78 B-14. 5th Reg. O'Neal, Rodes, Ewell, 28, 33, 46, 97 B-14. 6th " " (( " 28, 33, 46, 97 D-6, E-7. 8th a Wilcox, Anderson, Hill, 46, 52, 54 D-6, E-7. 9th " II " " 46, 52, 54 D-6, E-7. 10th = ' " f( (( 46, 52, 54 D-6, E-7. 11th " < 51, 87, 88 F-3, G-4. 14th " o entire reniovat of the inorganic body, without surgical intervention, has not, we believe, hitherto been brought about, by either internal remedies or external applications, or by both united. In the case now under notice we cannot believe tiiat the absorbent would be equal to the task of sucking up, as it were, the deposited inorganic matter, unless this deposit had been subjected to the solvent action of the blood brought to the part of the delicate capillaries. Whence comes this solvent property?" He further adds that "the Get- tysburg Water has produced signally curative and restorative effects in different forms of Dyspepsia, Sickness of the Stomach, Heart-buen, Waterbhash, Acute Netj- KALGic Pains, Loss of Appetite, Chronic Diarrikea, Tokpii> Liver, Gout, Chronic Hheujiatism, Nodosities of the Joints, approaching and actual Paralysis, Diabetes, Kidney Disease, Gravel, Albu- minuria, Irritable Bladder, Calculous Disorders of THE LiTHic Acid Diathesis, Nervous Diseases, Colonic Dyspepsia, Hematuria, Abdominal Dropsy, Cholera Infantum, etc." The N'ew York Medical Record says, editorially, — " From experiments made on our own person, as well as others, we can state that the Gettysburg Water is a: regulator of all the secretions and excretions. Under its influ- ence the kidneys and liver, the glands of the intestinal canal, and the skin all perform their normal functions; the bowels, if constipated, become regular? the skin, if dry, be- comes moist; tlie torpid liver is excited to healthy action, and the kidneys perform their functions with perfect regularity. There is a total absence of any disagreeable things whatever; the vis medicatrix seems roused to increased activity, and all morbid causes of bodily or even mental disorder seem readily to pass away. The result is, increased appetite and digestion, a freer circulation, a stronger pulse, a calmer mind, and a more tranquil sleep, a clearer complexion, and an increasing ner\'ous and muscular power." The United States Dispensatory, the acknowledged record of our Materia Medica, and the highest authority among physicians, classes the analysis of this American Spring of some nine years of age with those of the A-'ichy and Pyrmont, two of the most re- nowned medical sources of the Old World, and of as many centuries of age. (See revised Ihirteetith edition of this work, page 1-39.) This Medicinal Water is bottled and demijohned, and sent to all parts of the country and of the world, by the GETTYSBURG SPRING COMPANY, And by their General Agents, WHITNEY BROTHERS, Philadelphia. ADTEETISEMENT. Since the accompanying volume went to press a large number of orders have been received from railroad and steamboat companies, and the propri- etors of pleasure resorts for space in the " Illustrated Tourist's Guide." The unexpected success of this work, added to a request for its continu- ance from those already illustrated, has determined the author to issue annual editions in which will be inserted additional " Popular Resorts, and Routes to Reach Them," every page to be illusitrated. Sketches, designs, and engravings furnished, when desired. But in no case will orders be received except from first-class enterprises, in which the trav- elling public have an interest. TO CANVASSERS. The undersigned lias already completed and in hand several su])erior subscription Avorks, varying largely in style and prices, on which unusually good terms will be given to canvassers. ILLUSTRATED TOURIST'S GUIDE. A fine Edition of the Illustrated Tourist's Guide, on large, heavy, tinted, calendered paper, beveled boards, gilt sides, back and edges, has been issued for a subscription edition. ENGRAVINGS. THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG ( LOXGSTREET's ASSAULT). This magnificent pure line Steel Engraving, already three years in the engraver's hands, will be ready to publish January 1, 1874. The superior character of this print, issued in styles and prices to suit all, promises for it the best subscription publication extant. THE LAST HOURS OF LINCOLN. This splendid line and stipple Steel Engraving, containing 47 figures of distinguished personages, unciuestionably the best portrait piece in the country, will also be completed during the winter of 1873-74, and be sold exclusively by subscription. These engravings have been constantly in hand for years, and in point of excellence surpass anything of the kind previously attempted in America. HISTORY OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. The History of the Battle of Gettysburg, one of the richest illustrated books ever issued in this country, is now in the course of preparation, and will also be sold by subscription. The very best terms given to canvassers on each of these publications. JOHN B. BACHELDER, Author and Publishkk, 149 Washington St., Boston .... 57 Beekman St., New York. (Opposite the "Old South.") 82 TESTIMONIALS. "Head-Qctarteks Army op the Potomac, Feb. Wth, 1S64. " I have exainlnod Col. Bacliclder's Isometkicax Drawixo of the Gettysburg Battle- field, and nni perfectly satisfied with the accuracy with which the topo^apliy Ik dcliiicared. and the positions of the troops laid down. Col. B., in my judgment, deserves great credit for the time and labor he has devoted to obtaining the materials for tnis drawing, which have resulted in making it so accurate. " GEO. G. MEADE, "■ Maj.-Gen. Vol., Comdg. Army Potomac.'^ "■Sept. nth, 1S64. " Cou Baciieldeu :— I have received the published drawing of the Battlc-fleM of Gct- tysbur;;. The execution of the work Is very creditable and admirably preserves the accuracy and fidelity which characterized the original drawing, and which I had occasion to commend, when you exhibited it to me, last winter. Knowing the labor you have Liestowed upon this work, in collecting information and embodying it in this drawing, 1 can cheerfully recommend it to all those who are desirous »f procuring an .accurate picture and taithfiil record of the events of this great battle. * * * « " I remain most truly your.s, "GEO. G. MEADE, " Maj.-Gen., Comdg. A. P." " Head-Quarters Skcosd Army Corps, Pec. 2Dt/i^ 1SC3. "The view of the Battle-field of Gettysburg prep.ared by Col. Bacheldcr, has been carefully examined by me. I find it as accurate 1:is such a drawing can well be made. And it in accurate, as far as my knowledge extends. "■^"INPD S. HANCOCK, ^ Major- Oeiteral, Comdg. 2d Corps.'" " In Front of Petersritrg, Va., Sept. \1ih, ISCl. " The drawing is most beautiful, more so than 1 expected to find it. "WINFD S. HANCOCK, ^^Major-General, Comdg. 2d Corps." " Co]. Bachclder's IsOmetrical View of the Battle of Gettysburg is an admirable pro- duction, and a truthful rendering of the various positions assumed by the troops of my command. "A. DOUBLED AY, '^Maj.-Gen. Vols., Comdg. Ist Corpt,* TESTIMONIALS. "Boston, Sept. 23rf, IS&l. "Col. Baciielder : — I have examined your beautiful drawing of the Battle-field oi Gettysburg: and vicinity. The certificates of Gen. Meade and the Corps Commani'.erSi which appear on its face, est.^.blish its accuracy on the hijiheEt authority. Your jier sonal explorations, and your inquiries of all the commissioned officers in command of the Union Army, and of the Confederate otlicers made prisoners, have furnished you means of information not possessed, I imagine, by anj' other person. Such opportu. nities of observation as I had during three days passed at Gettysburg satisfy me of the fidelity of your delineation of the position of every regiment of the two armies on each of the three eventful days. * * * * \ may add, that the engraving is beautifully executed and colored. Wishing j'ou ample remuneration. "I remain sincerely yours, "EDWARD EVEKETT." " IIkad-Quaktkks Fifth Armv Coups, Sept. 2Si/4, 1864. ** Mr. Jno. B. Bacukloer. Dear Sii:: — I .am exceedingly gratified with receiving a finished co[iy of your print of the Cattle-field of Gettysburg. I am familiar with your long and untiring labors in all the fields where truth could be reached, and know th.at your efforts were crown- ed with a success that leaves nothing more to be desired. You are authorized to add my name to those who bear testimony to its accuracy. "Very respectfully your obedient servant, " G. K. WARllEN, "■' Af Army ok the Tennessee, OcC. 24, 1864. ** Mr. Jno. B. Bacueldeu. "My Dear Sir:— I was much gratified on receiving a copy of your beautiful draw- ing of the 'Gettysburg Battle-field.' 1 have never seen a painting or topographical map that could give so vivid a rei)rcsentation of a great battle, 1 regard it as un honor that you have associated my name with those of other corps commanders in your historical picture. Be pleased to accept my kind regards. " Itespiictfully yours, "O. O. HOWARD, Major-GeneraL" "Col. Jno. B. Baciielder. "Dear Sir:— I have examined with care your Isometrical Drawing of the Gettys- burg Battle-field, and can cheeriully Var testimony to the accuracy of the position of the ti-oops on the right of our line. Yours very truly, " II. W. SLOCUM, •^MaJ.-Kien. Voii.. Coi/idu. liight Wiiig at CtttyiOvrg- ' DC! -1 i'3!;lt