\ / Pass LC I04(h Book__4\LsB-S_- PRESENTED BY STATE OF NEW YORK MILITARY TRAINING COMMISSION BUREAU OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING OUR BOYS A study of the 245,000 sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old employed boys of the State of New York HOWARD G. BURDGE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Commissioners Major-General JOHN F. O'RYAN, Chairman GEORGE J. FISHER, M. D. JOHN H. FINLEY Secretary THOMAS G. STOWELL .ra 2i. ALBANY J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS I92I r CONTENTS l'A(iH Front is]ii('<'o Ackiiawledgment 3 Inlvoductory Chaiiter — '• Our Boys " 5 Chapter 1 ^Faking the Survey 9 Its Purpose Enrolling the boys Method of Making Random iSumplings of Data Note on the Reliability of Prediction based on Random Samplings Personal interviews with over ten thousand boys II Enrollment Statistics 33 III Nationality 3S IV Guardiansliip 49 ^V Size of Families 50 VI Persistence in School O-t ^VII Age Leaving School 74 ^•VIII Last Grades Completed 87 >- IX Reasons for Leaving School 1 15 X Kind of School Last Attended I"i4 XI Kind of Shop Work Done in School ^2>^ XII Best and Least Liked Studies 133 XIII Money Earned While in School 170 ^XIV Night School Enrollment 181 ^ XV Beginning Weekly Wage 1 87 A XVI Present Weekly Wage 190 / XVII How They Obtained Employment 104 vXVIII Number of Jobs Held 197 XIX The Length of Time on the Present Job 200 XX Why Boys Liked Their Jobs 202 XXI Lack of Care Used in Hiring Boys 206 XXII How They Saved Their Money 210 XXIII Contributions Toward Family Support 215 XXIV Occupations 217 Mothers' Occupations Fathers' Occupations Boys' Occupations Boys' Desired Occupations [iii] Co^TTE^'^TS PAGE Chapter XXV Finding* and Conclusions 238 Appendix 243 Code used in Punching Hollerith Cards 244 Detail tables for individual cities, villages and other groups used in connection with Chapter I Tables lA to IC 253 II Tables 2A to 2C and 2E to 2G 25u III Tables 3A to 3G 259 IV Tables 4A to 4C 261 V Tables 5A to 5C, 5E to ol and 5M to 50 263 VI Tables 6A to GC 269 VII Tables 7A to 7N 271 VIII Tables 8C to SE, SL to SZ, 8AA to SGG and SMM to SXX 276 IX Tables OA to 9C 293 X Tables lOA to lOG 295 XI Tables llA to lie 297 XII Tables 12F to ISM and 12T to 12ZZ. 299 XIII Tables 13A to 13C 305 XIV Tables 14B to 14D 307 XV Tables 15A to 15C 309 XVI Tables 16A to 16C 341 XVII Tables 17A to 17C 313 XVIII Tables ISA to ISC 345 XIX Tables 19A to 19C 317 XX Tables 20A to 20C 319 XXI Tables 21A to 21C 321 XXII Tables 22A to 22C 323 XXIII Tables 23A to 23C 325 XXIV Tables 24 to 24R 327 LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS I'AGE ENROLLMENT Diagram A. Comparative enrollment by groups 35 Diagi-am B. Percent of all boys of ea,ch age group in and out of school oG Diagram C. Boys of each age in school 30 Diagram D. Boys in and out of school 37 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION Diagram E. Percent orf population living in luban and rural comnuniil ics 37 NATIONALITIES Diagram F. Proportion of Ameriiiui and ftircign Ijorn boys 3S Di.agrara G. Proportion of American and foreign born parents 3S Diagram 11. Boys of American, mixed and foreign parents 3S Chart 3 American and foreign birth. State siunmary and cities over 25,000 41) Chart 3 A Same for cities under 2o.000 41 Chart 3B Same for villages over 5,000 42 Chart 3C Parents of American and foreign birth. State summary. . 43 Chart 3D Same for cities over 25.000 44 Chart 3E iSame for cities; under 25,000 47 Chart 3F Same for villagi^'s over 5,000 4S GUARDIANSHIP Diagram I, Four lioys out of live claim fatliers as guardians 40 Chart 4 Boys naming father, mother and others as guardians. State summary and cities over 25.000 52 Chart 4A Same for cities luider 25,000 53 Chart 4B Same for village over 5,000 54 fa:\iilies Chart 5 Oldest, second, third, fourth oldest, etc., l)oys coming from families of from two to eight children (i 1 ( luirl 5A Boys coming from families of from one to ten or more idiildren. State suiuniary (ii Chart 5B Families of American, mixed and foreign parentage groups. Greater New York and cities over 25,000 (i:! PERiSISTENCE IN SCHOOL Chart fi Persistence in school. Cities over 25,000 05 Chart 6D State summary OS CJnirt OA Same for cities under 25,000 7(1 Chart OB Same for villages over 5,000 71 Chart OC Percent of American and foreign l)oys in and out of school . 72 AGK LEAVING SCHOOL Chart 7 Percent of various groups leaving school at each age S2 Chart 7.V Percent of boys of various nationality groups leaving school at each ago 83 Chart 715 Percent of boys of various groups who dropped out of school under each age 84 [v] VI J. 1ST OF L)lAGKA.\lS A.\D CliAUTS PAGE Chart 7C Above continued 85 Chart 7D Above continued , 86 LAST GRADES COiU^LETED Chart 8C Percent completing eacli grade, percent drojjping out, and total percent who had dropped out hy the end of each grade 104 Chart SD Last grade completed and age leaving school. State summary lOu Chart 8E Same for Greater New York parentage groups 100 Chart 8F Same for cities over 25,000 parentage groups 107 Chart SG Percent of oldest, second oldest, etc., boys of different parentage groups dropping out of school at the end of each grade and total percent completing each grade. Greater Xew York 110 Chart SlI Same for cities over 25,000 Ill Chart 81 Percent of oldest, second oldest, etc., boys of different parentage groups dropping out of school at end of each grade and total percent who had dropped out at end of each grade. Greater New York 112 Chart SJ Same for cities over 25,000 11.'] REASONS FOR LEAVING SCHOOL Chart 9 Reasons for leaving school. State summary and cities over 25,000 {^ Chart 9A Same for cities vmder 25,000 121 Chart 9B Same for villages over 5,000 122 Chart 9C Same for age and parentage groups. Greater New York. . 123 KIND OF SCHOOL LAST ATTENDED Chart 10 Kind of school last attended. State summary and cities over 25,000 125 Chart lOA Same for cities under 25,000 120 Chart lOB Same for villages over 5,000 , 127 KIND OP SHOP WORK DONE IN SCHOOL Chart 11 Kind of shop work done in school. State summary and cities over 25,000 130 Chart llA 'Same for cities under 25,000 131 Chart IIB Same for villages over 5,000 132 BEST AND LEAST LIKED STUDIES Chart 12 Best and least liked studies. State summary for 5th grade 135 Chart 12A State summary for 6th grade 130 Chart 12B State summary for 7th grade 137 Chart 12C State summary for 8th grade 138 Chart 12D State summary for 1st year high school 139 Chart 12E State summary for 2nd year high school 140 Chart 12F State summary for 3rd year high school 141 Chart 12G State summary for 4th year high school 142 Chart 12H Mathematics. State summary for all grades 145 List of Diagrams and Charts Vll Chart 12P Mathematics and History. Grade summary for city, village and farm groups 146 Chart 121 English. State summary for all grades 148 Chart 12Q English and Langaiages. Grade summary for city, village and farm groups 149 Chart 12J History. State summary for all grades 151 Chart 12K Spelling and Geography. State summary for all grades. 153 Chart 12R Geography and Drawing. Grade summary for city, village and farm groups 154 Chart 128 Spelling and Elementary Science. Grade summary for city, village and farm groups 156 Chart 12L Drawing. State summary for all grades 159 Chart 12M Elementary Science. State summary for all grades. . . . 160 Chart 12iSr Advanced Science and Commercial subjects. State sum- mary for all grades 161 Chart 120 Languages. State summary for all grades 157 Chart 12T Advanced Science and Commercial subjects. Grade sum- mary for city, village and farm groups 162 Chart 12U Mathematics. Grade summary by parentage groups. Greater New York and cities over 25,000' 164 Chart 12V History. Greater New York and cities over 25,000 165 Chart 12W Geography. Greater New York and cities over 25,000.. 166 Chart 12X Spelling. Greater New York and cities over 25,000.... 167 Chart 12Y English. Greater New York and cities over 25,000 168 Chart 12Z Correlation between best and least liked studies. Greater New York, American and foreign parents combined 170 BOYS WHO EARNED MONEY WHILE IN .SCHOOL Chart 13 Boys who earned money while in school. Summary for New York State and cities over 25,000 178 Chart 13A Same for cities under 25,000 179 Chart 13B Same for villages over 5,000 180 NIGHT SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Chart 14 Night school enrollment. State summary, cities over 25,000 and ten nationality groups 184 Chart 14A Same for cities under 25,000 185 Chart 14B Same for villages over 5.000 186 BEGINNING WEEKLY WAGE Chart 15 Beginning weekly wage. Summary for New York State. . 189 PRESENT WEEKLY WAGE Chart 16 Present weekly wage. Summary for New York State.... 193 WHO HELPED THEM GET THEIR JOBS Chart 17 Who helped them get their jobs. Summary for New York State 196 NUMBER OF JOBS HELD Chart 18 Number of jobs held. Summary for New York State 199 VI 11 List of Diageams and Charts PAGE LENGTH OF TIME ON PRESENT JOB Chart 19 Length of time on pTesent job. Summary for New York State 201 WHY BOYS LIKED THEIR JOBS Chart 20 Why boys liked their jobs. Summary for New York State 203 LACK OF CARE USED IN HIRING BOYS Chart 21 Percent filling out application and reference blanks. Summary for New York State and cities over 25y0OO. . 207 Chart 21A Same for cities under 25,000 208 Chart 21B Same for villages over 5,000 209 HOW THEY SAVED THEIR MONEY Chart 22 How they saved their money. Summary for New York State and cities over 25,000 212 Chart 22A Same for cities under 25,000 213 Chart 22B Same for villages over 5,000 214 WEEKLY CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD FAMILY SUPPORT Chart 23 Weekly contributions toward family support. Summary for New York State 216 OCCUPATIONS — Mothers', fathers', boys' present and desired Cities over 25,000 including Greater New York Chart 24 Correlation between father's occupation and boy's present occupation. 16, 17 and 18 year old boys combined. . . . 220 Chart 24A Same for 16 year old boys 221 Chart 24B Same for 17 year old boys 221 Chart 240 Same for 18 year old boys 221 Chart 24D Correlation between father's occupation and boy's desired occupation. 16, 17 and 18 year old boys combined. . . . 223 Chart 24E Same for 16 year old boys 224 Chart 24F Same for 17 year old boys 224 Chart 24G Same for 18 year old boys 224 Chart 24H Correlation between boy's present and desired occupa- tion. 16, 17 and 18 year old boys combined 226 Chart 241 Same for 16 year old boys 227 Chart 24J Same for 17 year old boys 228 Chart 24K Same for 18 year old boys 229 Chart 24L Correlation between last grade completed and boy's present occupation 230 Chart 24M Correlation between last grade completed and boy's desired occupation 230 Chart 24P Correlation between boy's desired occupation and best liked study 233 Chart 24Q Correlation between boy's desired occupation and least liked study 233 Chart 24N Correlation between boy's present occupation and best liked study 235 Chart 240 Correlation between boy's present occupation and least liked study 235 Chart 24R Percent of fathers ajid boys in each occupation and number of boys desiring to be in each occupation .... 237 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The task of conducting and completing a survey of such magni- tude could never have been accomplished had it not been for the cooperation of the Goveinor, Charles S. Whitman ; the Commissioner of Education, Dr. John H. Finley; the Deputy Commissioner, Dr. Thomas E. Finegan ; the school superintendents and all the teachers of the State. I am particularly indebted to Professors George D. Strayer, ISTickolaus L. Engelhardt, Arthur D. Dean, William C. Bagley and Edward S. Evenden of Teachers College, Columbia University, and to Don C. Bliss, Superintendent of Schools of Montclair, New Jersey, for their invaluable criticisms and suggestions. I cannot commend too highly the fine spirit of cooperation which prompted the employes of this bureau to work oveirtime, on holi- days, and even to shorten their vacation periods that the work on this report, done in many instances in addition to their regular routine duties, might be completed. For a bureau, organized for other purposes than research work, to undertake and complete such a stupendous task would have been utterly impossible without the intelligent cooperatioli, displayed ait all times by the following employes of the bureau: Chief Inspector F'red F. Moran, Inspec- tors Louis Dicker, Joseph J. Endres, E. J. M. Herd, Thomas Gr. Eussell, James MeC. Shillinglaw, Clyde B. Simson, George Stein and E. W. Thurston; James Marsh, Edward J. Matthew, Ritie L. Winnie and Susie J. Caddick, Stenographers ; Beulah W. Carroll and Mary A. Dingivan, Sorting-machine Operators, and Marie A. Dolan, Statistical Clerk. I am also deeply appreciative of the cordial support and interest of my colleagues, Brigadier-Geneial William H. Chapin, Chief Supervising Officer of the Bureau of Technical Military Training and Dr. Thomas A. Storey, State Director of Physical Training. It is impossible to mention by name scores of others, prominent in education and boy welfare work, who have assisted in the com- ijilation of this report. tt /n -r. ^ '■ Howard G. Burdge^ 525 West 120th Street, New York City. [3] OUR BOYS INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER We are all more or less familar with the social group known as the "school-boy." We went to school with him, played with him, bartered with him, quarreled with him, shared his punishments, his disappointments and his pleasures. In early adolescence, wearied by the game of books, pencils and makef-believe shops, many of us shared his desire to leave school, to be a man, to earn money, to pos- sess and to continue his education in the great, rough game of life, being played so enticingly all around him by grown men. This school-boy group continues to occupy a definite place in onr minds because we assemble these boys en masse in our schools, and see them in large numbers as they romp back and forth on our thoro^- fares. We have an abiding interest in them, we love them, we study them physically and mentally and know something of their psychology. During the World Wai' we suddenly became aware cf another large social group, " the dough-boys." Like magic they appeared, conspicuous because of their uniforms. We immediately became interested in them, trained, studied and tested them, physically, mentally and vocationally. We became' thoroly conscious of this social group simply because they were assembled en. masse and made conspicuQus as a group; Never before did the soldier boys theon- selves realize that they belonged to so numerous and powerful a group of vigorous young men. Here was a new game from which all weaklings were l>arred. They lived and mingled with their fellow^s on equal footing, rich and poor alike. Again, as when school-boys they shared their hardi::hips and their pleasures, they lived, bled and conquered together. As a result of having been assembled shoulder to shoulder in this great struggle for humanity these young men will go thru life more conscious of their individual responsibilities to their comrades and to the members of other social groups. There is another large- and important group of boys concerning whom we have known little and for whom we have done little. We have been unaware of their presence because we have never thot of [5] 6 Our Boys the'm. as a distinctive, economic group. These are th.© employed toys from sixteen to eighteen inclusive, of whom there are now 245,000 in New York State. Until recently they have never been assembled with their fellows and have never themselves realized that they belonged to an important and well-defined group six times as large as the school-boy group of the same ages. On leaving school, as most of theim do at ages fourteen, fifteen and sixteen, unprovided with definite guidance and counsel at the very period in life when it is most needed, they become separated from their mates and are soon lost tO' view. As a gToup they have never until recently been trained either mentally, physically or vocationally and little or nothing is known of their psychology. The iSTew York State co^mpulsory training law, requiring all the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old boys of the State to assemble for a course of citizenship training prescribed by the State Military Training Commission, composed of Major-General Jo'hn F. O'Ryan, commanding the iN'ational Guard, chairman, ex-ofiicio; Dr. John H. Finley, Commissioner of Education and George J. Fisher, M. D., Deputy-Chief Scout Commissioner for the United States, made necessary a survey of these employed boys. This survey has brot to light many interesting and important facts concerning their nationality, parentage, guardianship^ families, schooling, occupa- tions, wages, savings and future aims. The returns from 150,000 of these boys have been studied, in all sorts of groupings such as Greater 'New York, other large cities, small cities, large villages., small villages, rural sections, by nation- alities, boys with fathers, mthout fathers, with mothers, without mothers, American boys, foreign boys, oldest boys, second oldest, third oldest, fourth oldest, fifth oldest and sixth oldest of both Ameri- can and foreign birth, and it has been found that regardless of birth, fam.ily conditions and environments approximately Y3,000 or thirty percent of these 245,0'0'0 boys leave sichool before fifteen, 172,000 or seventy percent before sixteen and by the end of the sixteenth year less than ten percent or 20,000 are still in school. About Gl.O'OO or twentynfive percent drop out on or before co'm- pleting the seventh grade, 132,000' or fifty percent on or before completing the eighth grade, and 220,000 or ninety percent before completing the first year of the high school. Investigations made by the Inter-church World Movement show that boys desert the Our Boys 7 Sunday schools at these same ages and the leaders in the Boy Scouts of Ameirica report that most boys drop out of the scout troops before reaching sixteen. The employer, prone to criticize the schools and welfare organ- izations, has not himself succeeded in stopping the excessive boy labor turnover. Do these facts not challenge the school, the church, boy welfare organizations and business men to supply programs of education, recreation and training that will appeal to and hold the interest of these boys ? All the evidence shows that the " reasons " given by these boys for leaving school are not " real " reasons but " good " reasons, or rather excuses for leaving. They leave because there is in them some impelling force which is creating for them a new vision of life and filling them with a desire to becom^e independent and self-sup^ porting. The attitude of parents, teachers and society in general toward the boys who drop out of school is such as to make them feel that they are " flunkers," " quitters," and " slackers." Hence, they nat- urally seek a plausible excuse for leaving, a reason which is " good " but not " real." They themselves do not recognize the real reason but they know they want to quit and not wishing to be known as " quitters " and " slackers " naturally seek a reason which will in a measure relieve them of censure and criticism. Whatever the " real " reasons may be why boys drop out of school, the fact remains that they do ! Very few of them attend night school and the others frankly say they have no desire to attend. This study shows that they are thoroly averse to further school- ing and that compulsory part-time continuation-school and night- school work will be practically valueless unless we can awaken in these boys an interest in further education. They must be convinced that by completing certain definite and practical short courses they can increase their earning capacity and secure promotion. To accomplish this is the task of boy welfare organizations as well as of the schools. The major part of the future training and education of these boys will be secured thru business and social contacts, but this must be supplemented by carefully selected and well planned short continuation-school courses which are attractive to boys because of their practical value. These boys when they leave school, as mo'St of them will at ages 8 Our Boys fourteen, fifteen and sixteen, are like 'seedlings from the scliool nursery and should be transplanted to carefully selected and well prepared soil where under expert direction and training they can continue their education and development. At present, however, they are scattered by the winds of chance and dropped here and there, first into one environment, then another, and another, almost without eud, in the vain hope that they will finally fall into fertile soil, take root and make good. " You might as well throw the Greek alphabet on the floor and expect to pick up an Odysisey," as to expect these inexperienced, aimless, uncounseled boys, 50,000 or onenfifth of whom have no father as a guardian, and 12,50'0 or one-twentieth of whom have neither a father nor' a mother as a guardian, to obtain by accident the kind of employment best suited to their growth and development as citizens and wage earners. -- What these boys really need and crave is sane, sympathetic, indi- vidual counsel, guidance and leadership, beginning with the Junior High School (seventh year) and continuing with them thruout that trying period after they have left school. By the term guidance is meant guidance of the ^' Big Brother " type ; guidance of a very intimate and pea^sonal nature that will soon develop into a strong and lasting friendship between the boy and his counselor. As this friendship grows it will become increasingly unnecesisary for the counselor to seek the boy because the boy and his parents will seek the counselor whenever an important decision is to be made. Guidance of this " Big Brother " type is a calling and cannot be bot for mere money. The successful counselor of boys must be a mature lover of boys, keenly interested in their welfare and at the same time thoroly acquainted with the best methods of systematic vocational guidance. If our schools and welfare organizations will seek men of this type, free them from all other duties and have it understood that they are not " advisors " or givers of '' advice " but are friendly coaches, always ready to listen -sympathetically and eager to give a lift, many a b'Oy will remain longer in school and when he leaves will land on his feet at once. His job will be ready for him and suited to his mental and physical makeup. Under leadei^ship of this type these boys will gladly avail themselves of the opportunity for increasing their efficiency by further study in our part-time schools and night scbools. Schooling of this kind will be purposeful and therefore worthwhile. CHAPTER I Making the Survey Its Purpose 1. To give every sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old boy in the State an opportunity to comply with the Military Training Law and receive a certificate of enrollment enabling him legally to attend school or to be employed. 2. To obtain accurate information concerning the number, nationality, schooling, home enviroimient, employment, opportuni- ties for advancement and future aims of these boys, thereby mak- ing it possible for schools and all agencies interested in boy wel- fare work to adjust their programs to the actual needs of the boys. Enrolling the boys The plan of the enrollment and survey which had been prepared by the director of the Vocational Bureau was presented to the Mili- tary Training Commission with the request that, if approved, they secure the cooperation of Governor Charles S. \Vhitman in carry- ing it out. The Coimnission approved the plan and at their request the following proclamation was issued by the Governor on Nbvem- bei' 19, 1918: PROCLAMATION State of New York — Executive Chamber Whereas, The Military Law of the State of New York provides that all boys above the age of sixteen years and not over the age of nineteen years shall be given such military training as the Military Training Commission of the State may prescribe; and Whereas, With the coming of peace the varied training contemplated by this act becomes more important than ever through its interpretation as a universal selective training program instilling in our youth a sense of responsibility to the State in time of peace as well as in time of war and preparing them to meet this responsibility intelligently and effectively, not only through the lessons of good hygiene, correct personal bearing, discipline and obedience to properly constituted authority, so prominent in military drill, but also by emphasizing the importance of vocational training which may be of service to the State ; and Whereas, The Military Training Commission is required to issue to each boy complying with the law, in order that he may legally attend school or be m 10 Our Boys employed, a certificate stating that such boy is enrolled for military training and is meeting the requirements of the law as to such training; and Whereas, The Military Training Commission has prepared to enroll boys and issue certificates, on December 3d; Now, Thekefoee, I, Charles S. Whitman, Governor of the State of New York, do hereby designate Tuesday, December 3d, between the hours of 9' A. m. and 9 p. M., as a time when all boys sixteen, seventeen and eighteen years of age shall appear in person at the nearest public school-house to enroll and be credited with compliance with the Military Law of the State. Given under my hand and the Privy seal of the State at the Capitol in [l. s.] the City of Albany, this nineteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and eighteen. (Signed) CHARLES S. WHITMAN. By the Governor: George B. Graves, Assistant Secretary to the Governor. On the issuance of the proclamation of the Governor, Dr. John H. Finlej, 'Commissioner of Education for the State of JSIew York, sent under date of ]*^ovember 19th, to all the city, village and dis- trict school superintendents, the following letter: THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK The State Department of Education Albany, November 19, 1918. To City, Village and District Superintendents of Schools: I am enclosing a marked copy of chapter 566, Laws of 1916, as amended, com- monly known as the Military Training Law, and a copy of a proclamation issued by Governor Whitman to which I invite your careful attention. In accordance with this proclamation, the teachers of the State of New York, who have already done valuable patriotic service in all branches of war work, are hereby instructed and directed to perform on Tuesday, December 3rd, between the hours of 9 a. m. and 9 p. m. this additional piece of work, highly important both in time of peace and in time of war, in accordance with the following directions,: 1. Two forms of enrollment blanks will be provided. The form printed on white paper will be for all day-school boys and also for all employed boys not working on farms. The other forms printed on yellow paper will be for boys working on farms and not attending school. 2. There will also be provided a certificate of enrollment which is to be given by the teacher to each boy who enrolls. The boy will sign the certificate and the teacher will write the boy's address in the space indicated, signing her initials under the name of the Zone Supervising Officer of Military Training which appears on the certificate. This card should be retained by the boy as evidence that he has complied with the law. 3. The enrollment blanks and certificates of enrollment will be sent to the city, village and district superintendents of the State and are to be distributed by them to the schools under their jurisdiction. 4. All entries on the blanks are to be made by the teacher and not by the boy. This is done to insure accuracy and legibility. 5. The enrollment of the school boys is comparatively simple as they need answer only the questions at the top of the white form, including questions 1, 2 and 3. 6. Working boys are required to answer all questions on the blank in order that all claims for recognition or exemption may be decided intelligently by the Military Training Commission. Our Boys 11 7. F,irm boys not attending school are required to answer all questions on the yellow form. 8. While at first this enrollnient seems to be a very great task, owing to the fact that every public schoolhouse in the State will be an enrollment station, the number of boys to be enrolled from each community is really comparatively small and the enrollment can therefore be accomplished without the necessity of suspending school work. 9. On the completion of the enrollment the blanks are to be compared with the school census and a list of the names and addresses of all boys who failed to appear for enrollment made and sent at once together with the enrollment blanks, including unused forms and certificates, to the superintendents who will express them C. O. D. to the Zone Supervising Officers, of the Military Train- ing Commission as follows: 10. City, village and district superintendents of schools located in the counties of Allegany Chautauqua Genesee Wyoming Cattaraugus Erie Niagara Orleans are directed to forward all enrollments and also the lists of those who failed to enroll as shown by the school census to Brigadier General George C. Fox, 451 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y. 11. Superintendents of schools located in the counties of Cayuga Monroe Seneca Wayne Livingston Ontario Steuben Yates are directed to forward all enrollments and also the lists of those who failed to enroll as sliown by the school census to Colonel Eugene K. Austin, State Armory, Rochester, IST. Y. 12. Superintendents of schools located in the counties of Broome Delaware Madison Otsego Chemung Herkimer Oneida Schuyler Chenango Jefferson Onondaga Tioga Cortland Lewis Oswego Tompkins are directed to forward all enrollments and also the lists of those who failed to enroll as shown by the school census to Lieut. W. K. Whitley, State Armory, Elmira, N. Y. 13. Superintendents of schools located in the counties of Albany Fulton Rensselaer Sullivan Clinton Greene Rockland Ulster Columbia Hamilton Saratoga Warren Dutchess ]Montgomery Schenectady Washington Essex Orange Schoharie Franklin Putnam St. Lawrence are directed to forward all enrollments and also the lists of those who failed to enroll as shown by the school census to Major John P. Treanor, State Armory, Washington aventie, Albany, N. Y. 14. Superintendents of schools located in the counties of Bronx New York Richmond Westchester are directed to forward all enrollments and also the lists of those who failed to enroll as sho^\•n by the school census to Major Louis M. Greer, State Armory, Park avenue and Thirty-third street, New York city. 15. Superintendent of schools located in the counties of Kings Nassau Queens Suffolk are directed to forward all enrollments and also the lists of those who failed to- enroll as shown by tlie school census to Major Elliot Bigelow, Jr., State Armory, Parle avenue and Thirty-third street, New York city. Very truly yours, ( Signed ) JOHN H. FINLEY, Commissioner of Education. 12 Our Boys On ]Srovember 23, 1918, tlie director of the Vocational Training Bureau of the Military Training Commission wrote the school superintendents of the State as follows: Albany, November 23, 1918. To City and Village Superintendents: In connection with the enrollment of all 16, 17 and IS year old boys on December 3rd, in accordance with the proclamation of the Governor and. the instructions sent out to the schools by the Commissioner of Education, we are sending you under separate cover what we hope will be a sufficient number of enrollment blanks and certificates for the boys of your city. Will you please have them properly apportioned as soon as possible to the various schools under your jurisdiction, as the date of enrollment is very close at hand? The information which we are gathering in this survey will, we believe, prove of great value to the schools of the State in the promotion of vocational and agricultural education. For this reason Ave feel ' sure that we will have your hearty cooperation. Very truly yours, (Signed) HOWARD G. BURDGE, Director, Vocational Training Bureau, Military Training Commission, State of New York. A letter similar to the above was also sent to each of the district superintendents of the State on the same date. Publicity Wide publicity was given the proclamation of the Governor in the public press, schools, manufacturing plants, shops, factories, post offices, street railway and subway cars thruout the entire State. As a result of this publicity 186,060 of the 264,000 boys of these ages reported for enrollment on December 3, 1918. Additional enrollments received up to June 1, 1919, increased this total to 192,378. The wide scope of the survey ISTever before has it been possible to secure so much reliable in- formation about boys of every nationality, employed in such a wide variety of occupations, in every section of the Empire State, from the smallest rural community to the largest city in the world. Excellent work done by the public school teachers of the State The public school teachers are the only highly trained, organized group reaching every community of the State and with characteristic energy and willingness they gave freely of their time, often at great personal inconvenience, to the painstaking work of recording the Our Boys 13 answers to the questions on the questionnaires. Without their intelligent and generous cooperation this important piece of work would have been impossible of accomplishment. Forms used in the enrollment Two questionnaires were prepared by the director of the Voca- ■•.ional Bureau of the Military Training Commission in consultation Avith George D. Strayer, Professor of Educational Administration, Columbia University ; Thomas E. Finegan, Deputy Commissioner of Education, New York State ; George A. Works, College of Agricul- ture, Cornell University; Nickolaus L. Engelhardt, Professor of Education, Columbia University ; Arthur D. Dean, Professor of Vocational Education, Columbia University ; Don C. Bliss, Superin- tendent of Schools, Montclair, 'N. J. ; Herbert F. Blair, Statistician, New York City ; Joseph P. O'Hearn, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, Rochester, IST. Y. ; Lewis A. Wilson, Director of Agricultural and Industrial Education, New York State Education Department ; Russell H. Allen, Educational Director of the Bureau of Municipal Research, New York City and many others prominent in educational, industrial and agricultural work. The questionnaires used are shown in exhibits A and B and are self-explanatory. 14 Our Boys - c= u ^ "^ • 1 • to 0^ ^ -i ^9%. 1 ^ Q ^ ■ c^a i ci CO ^ ;ii > ^ J (g 1 ^ C^ ^ "— 4f= z o r- a o _ r* rr ■* o en •H t s •t3 -0 o ul c^ 5 I 1 P" > o -§ i do c £ •s a -1 'c 3 a. >. 'E E as tlfl ^ >. UJ > m Q Ui q: Ui i c 40 ^ 1 5 -0 c 0. 3 c 1 s 1 •0 ^ ba 3 >, 01 5 in "q. E r 3 0. i T3 a J3 £ 3 is il £ 1 < UJ u CD Z 5 b 5 Z a. (-■ I S X m O 1- Ul C£ •< s 1 is ^j • 1 o J ^^ UJ CO i5 am ^ • ^ 1 z o 01 iij J 1; 5 Ul < ^ 1 1 3 _J < i ^ J J -* ^3 e ♦ 8 4 ^ 0. o 1- o a < J J I i I t^ h vi •J J ^ ^ ■" «o 1 j c z :: r ^ - \o ■o ^ 1 J3 C 1 JZ J ^ •0 c — -^_ © « iQ T3 = -C c c c c c 1 1 W « •0 b3 '& « c c 2 !3 •5 Is 3 a. 3 « bo > _c E 8 1 i a. TJ i 1 .2^ XI ^ «S J» 1 c J" "oj' V ^0- J Q 3 £ % ^ e a m S ■0 c p >,i f - 2 z u. s a a -J 2 k m J Our Boys 16 :^<> 16 Otte Boys Our Boys m 18 Our Boys Instructions sent to teachers ENROLLMENT FOR MILITARY TRAINING Instructions to Teachers Acting as Enrolling Officers 1. Every boy, except those serving in the United States army or navy, 16, 17 and 18 years of age, who is living in Nevr York State on December 3, 1918, must enroll for military training under the State Military Training Commis- sion, at the public schoolhouse nearest his place of residence between the hours of 9 a. m. and 9 p. m. on December 3d, in accordance with a proclamation of the Governor. This applies to every boy, whether he is in school or not, and whether or not he is already a member of a military training unit receiving drill, or has been exempted or has had the work in which he is engaged recog- nized as equivalent to military training. In case of inability to report for enrollment because of physical disability, boys should be directed to send a rep- resentative to the nearest public schoolhouse and such representative should report the boy's name, address, age and reason for not enrolling. This informa- tion should be entered on an enrollment card and a certificate of enrollment issued. 2. Two forms of enrollment blanks are provided. The form printed on white paper (Exhibit A) is for all day school boys and also for all employed boys not working on farms. The other form, printed on yellow paper (Exhibit B ) , is for boys working on farms and not attending school. 3. There are also provided certificates of enrollment (Exhibit C), one of which is to be given by the teacher to each boy who enrolls — the boy will sign the certificate in the space indicated, and the teacher will insert boy's address and place her initials under the name of the zone supervising officer of military training which appears on the certificate. This card should be retained by the boy as evidence that he has complied with the law. 4. Enrollment blanks and certificates will be sent to city, village and district superintendents of schools and will be distributed by them to the schools under their jurisdiction. 5. All entries on the blanks are to be made by the teacher and not by the boy. This is done to insure accuracy and legibility. 6. The enrollment of school boys is comparatively simple, as they need answer only the questions at the top of the white form, including questions 1, 2 and 3. 7. Employed boys not working on farms are required to answer all questions on the white blank up to and including number 42, in order that all claims for recognition or exemption may be decided intelligently by the Military Train- ing Commission. 8. Farm boys not attending school are required to answer all questions on the yellow form. 9. If the supply of enrollment blanks is exhausted, the teacher will record the required information on a plain sheet of paper, numbering the answers as indicated on the regular form, and forward with the other blanks. 10. If the supply of certificates of enrollment is exhausted, the teacher will make a list of the names of all boys enrolled who have not been supplied with certificates, and forward this list of names with the other material. 11. If a boy cannot answer any questions or refuses to answer any questions, the teacher will make note accordingly in the space provided for the answer. 12. All claims for exemption from drill should be made by the boy to the zone supervising officer whose name and address appears on the certificate of enrollment. 13. While at first this enrollment seems to be a very great task, neverthe- less, owing to the fact that every public schoolhouse in the State will be an enrollment center, the nvimber of boys to be enrolled from each community is comparatively small and the enrollment can therefore be accomplished without the necessity of suspending school work. 14. On the completion of the enrollment, the blanks are to be compared with the school census and a list of the names and addresses of all boys who failed to Our Boys 1!) appear for enrollment iriiule and sent at once, together with the enrollment blanks including unused forms and certificates, to the school superintendent, who will forward them C. O. D. to the proper zone supervising officer of the Military Training Commission. Certificate of enrollment Exhibit C shows the certificate of enrolhiient issued to each boy who enrolled. 11-15-18-300,000 (48-815) STATE OF NEW YORK MILITARY TRAINING COMMISSION NOT TRANSFERABLE "Cbis Ccrtiflcs'that the bearer whose signature appears on the line following: ^^ Name L*^ tt. ^ ~'>»- Address , _ , _ is enrolleplfOT military training as a member of the Corps of Cadets. State of New- York, in conformity with the {Provisions of the Mi!itar>' Lav/ of the State, and is meeting the requirements of the law as to such military training. Subject to cancellation by the Military Train- ing Commission. ^'- ^/^i£ By Zone Suprrvisitiii > Major, N. G. R. leer. Military Training '^. Not valid after December 31, 1918, unless endorsed as Indicated on back hereof ( /^et^ers-'C 'S/ w , o f Supervising Officer December 31, iQiS } Instructor , ., ( Supervising Officer Apnli. 19^9 (Instructor T , , , ,^ (Supervising Officer J"5y I. 1919 \ In^ructor If cadet is member of a training unit, this certificate is to be presented for endorse- ment to his instructor; othy2rwise the certificate is to be presented in person or mailed with a self-addressed STAMPED envelope to Major John P. Treanor, State Armory, Albany, N. Y.- No Certificate Mailed for Endorsement Will Be Returned Unless Accompanied by Stamped Return Envelope 20 OuK Boys Bshilsit D > 02 ^ 4 9 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 e'e 7f( i I -. 0! 1 1 1 922 3 33 4 4 4 l5 5 5 6 7 7 7 1 91 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5^ 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 6 0 If o9 1 1 il 1 1' ' t { C 1 )0 '1 3 if It 1 2 3 1« 2 2 3 3 l€ 22 3 3 it 2 i''2 3 3 1 2 3 1 < 2 il il 2 2 2 2 3 3®3 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1- 22« 3 3 r? JUS 1 J 2« 3 3 -1 1 • '- ■ '2 2 3 3 1 2 3 2"' 3 l1 1 2 2 2 i 3 3 ^44 I 5^ 3 6 6 1 1 22 3 3 4 4 6~6 1 3 9 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3^ 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 1 1 ii 4 4 5 5 S3 6 6 3 c 4 4 III )1 > 2 _3|< ^ 4 ' 1 2 2 is 1 4 5 5 3 6 1 2 3 4 5 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 3 8 9 9 4 4 5 5 6 6 4 4 5 5 6 6 4 5 6 4 < 5 6 t 4 4 4 ' 3 5 5 5 1 3 6 6 6 t^ 4 l| 3 6 4 5 6 4 5 6 44 ' 5^5 ^ 4 i I 3 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 II 6 6 4 5 S 6 4 f 5 6 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 7 e'8 9 9 7 7 8 8 9 9 7 8 9 7 6 9 r 7 7,#^ 3 8 8 6 3 9 9 9 ? 7 3 3 1 ■ B 9 9 8 9 7 7 0«4 9 9 ? 7 3 8 3 9 7 7 8 8 9 9 7 7 9 3 7 9 7 e 9 7 7 7 3 8 3 9 9 7 7 8 8 9 9 7 8 9 8 9 7 7 7 8 8® 9 9 9 7 7 8 8 9 9 7 7 6 £ 9 £ 7 ) e J 9 r 7 i 8 3$ 7 8 9 A Hollerith card. In Exhibit E the six in the "Age" column Is punched out showing that the card is that of a sixteen-year-old boy. Method of recording the answers to the questions Each question was asked and the boy's answer recorded by a licensed teacher whose signature and school address were required on each questionnaire. This signature and address aided materially in securing accuracy and legibility as it was obviously possible to trace any careless work to its 'author. Seventy-eight percent of the boys live in the one hundred odd cities and villages of the State with Our Boys 21 a population of more than 5,000 and having a well organized system of schools under the supervision of a su})erintendent. Another six percent of the boys live in the incorporated villages of the State, having a Union High School in charge of a supervising principal. This means that eighty-four percent of the questionnaires were filled (Alt in w^ell organized schools under close supervision. The filling out of the questionnaires in the rural communities was very carefully supervised by the district superintendents of the State and the returns received from the rural schools show that the work was carefully and accurately performed. On the completion of the enrollment the questionnaires were returned, in accordance with instructions sent out by the Commissioner of Education, to the offices of the Military Training Commission. Accuracy of answers on questionnaires That the work of recording the answers was conscientiously and accurately performed by the teachers of the State is evidenced by the fact that the answers to the questions on practically every one of the 186,060 questionnaires received were complete. The tabula- tions of the answers received from widely separated cities and villages show a uniformity of results which could not obtain had the work been carelessly done. Fui'thermore, the information obtained on over 10,000 similar questionnaires previously filled by the field staff of the bureau in personal interviews with boys in their places of employment in all parts of the State has verified the accuracy of the data on the questionnaires filled out by the teachers. Data transferred to sorting-machine cards On the receipt of the questionnaire cards a group of five specially trained young women transferred the information from the question- naires to Hollerith sorting and tabulating machine cards. This alone took several months of careful and painstaking work owing to the nature of the answers which required the use of an extensive code. The name of each boy was written on the back of the Hollerith card which enabled those supervising the work to check the results of the card-punching by comparing the punched cards with the 01 iginal questionnaires. 22 Our Boys Exhibit D shows a Hollerith card with the answers as given on the questionnaire in exhibit A painched on it ready for sorting in the electric sorting-machine. Exhibit E shows a Hollerith card with the answers as given on the questionnaire in exhibit B punched on it ready for sorting. Codes used in punching the cards The complete codes used in transferring the data from the question- naires in exhibits A and B to the Hollerith cards in exhibits D and E respectively are published in full in the appendix of this report. How the cards were sorted The punched cards were sorted on two machines, one a Hollerith machine located at Albany and the other a Powers machine located in Teachers College, Columbia University. The work of sorting the cards and tabulating the results of these sortings required a year's time and gives some idea of the magnitude and scope of the work. While a vast amount of information has been obtained from the cards the possibilities for further detailed study are by no means exhausted. The information on the cards is of such a nature as to make it of value for a long period of years. It will be impossible to publish in detail all of the information secured. The number of questionnaires received School Boys Greater 'New York 1Y,593 Cities over 25,000 7,648 Cities under 25,000 2,746 Villages over 5,000 2,189 Places under 5,000 Employed farm boys ' '' Total 38,135 Boys out /'s of School Total 82,575 100,168 26,991 34,639 7,550 10,296 4,276 6,465 1 12,004 I 14,529 19,963 14,529 147,925 186,060 The necessity for using random samplings of data The work involved in properly sorting and tabulating such a tiemendous amount of material made it imperative to resort to ran- dom samplings of the data wherever possible. If all the 147,925 Our Boys 23 cards received from the employed boys had been used there would have been an aggregate total of over 12,000,000 sortings as each card had to be sent thru the machines approximately one hundred and fifty times. By resorting to random samplings of the data it was possible to get accurate results and at the same time reduce the labor of sorting and tabulating by about fifty percent. Even then the work assiuned almost overwhelming proportions as an aggregate total of over 6,000,000 sortings were made and the results tabulated. The method of making the random samplings of data In Greater I^ew York, 82,575 cards were received from the employed boys, divided into three age groups as follows: 16 year olds , 36,410 17 year olds 33,895 18 year olds 12,270 Total 82,575 A random sampling of each group was then made so as to furnish a total of 18,000 cards, consisting of 7,000 cards from each of the six- teen and seventeen year old groups and 4,000 cards from the eighteen year old group. This made a sampling of approximately every fifth card from each of the sixteen and seventeen year old groups and every third card from the eighteen year old group. Tlie following method was employed in making the samplings : 1. The cards of each group were arranged in strictly alphabetical order so as to destroy all traces of racial or nationality groupings. 2. From the sixteen year old group every fifth card was withdrawn making a total of 7,282. From the 7,282 cards every twenty-fifth card was withdrawn leaving 7,071 cards. Then by withdrawing approximately every one-hundredth card the number was further reduced to exactly 7,000 cards. By a similar method 7,000 cards weire selected from the seventeen year old group and 4,000 from the eighteen year old group. 24 Our Boys Cities over 25,000 population outside of Greater New York In the twentj-one cities of the State outside of Greater New York having over 25,000 population 26,991 cards were received from employed boys divided into three age groups as follows: 16 year olds 9,818 17 year olds 9,644 18 year olds T,529 Total 26,991 A random sampling of each group was then made so as to furnish a total of 15,000 cards, consisting of 5,000 cards from each age group. The following method was employed in making the samplings : 1. The cards were divided into sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year age groups. 2. Each age group was then arranged in strictly alphabetical order. 3. From the sixteen year old group every second card was with- drawn making 4,909 cards. From the remaining 4,909 cards every Jlfty-fifth card was withdrawn furnishing ninety-one more cards or a total of 5,000 cards. By a similar method 5,000 cards were selected from the seventeen and eighteen year old groups respectively, making a total of 15,000 cards. Cities under 25,000 population In the thirty-six cities of the State having less than 25,000 popula- tion 7,550 cards were received from the employed boys, divided in three age groups as follows : 16 year olds 2,559 17 year olds 2,603 18 year olds 2,388 Total 7,550 For the general tabulations made of this entire group of cities all the cards were used. Our Boys 25 Villages over 5,000 population In the fortv-oiie villages of the State having over 5,000 popula- tion 4,276 cards were received from the employed boys, divided in ihree age groups as follows : 16 year olds 1,887 17 year olds 1,558 18 year olds 1,331 Total 4,276 For the general tabulations made of this entire group of villages all the cards were used. Places under 5,000 population In places under 5,000 population 12,004 cards were received from tne employed boys, divided in three age groups as follows: 16 year olds 4,065 17 year olds 4,273 18 year olds 3,666 Total 12,004 For the general tabulations made of this entire group all the cards were used. Farm boy group From boys employed on farms in all sections of the State 14,529 cards were received, divided in three age groups as follows : 16 year olds 5,331 17 year olds 5,187 18 year olds 4,011 Total ' 14,529 For the tabulations made of this entire group all the cards were used. 26 Our Boys School boy group From the school boys of the State 38,135 cards were received but no tabulations were made of this group because no data other than nationality was collected. Tabulations for individual cities and villages over 5,000 population In the detailed studies of the individual cities and villages prac- tically every card received from the employed boys was tabulated excepting in Greater JSTew York, iRochester and a few smaller places where minor adjustments were made. Tables ISTo. 1, in the text, 1-A, 1-B and 1-C, (see appendix) show the exact number of cards received and tabulated for each city and village. Population and Enrollment Of All Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys TABLE No. 1 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Num- Per- Total Total Total Popu- ber of cent Popu- School boys Num- popu- per- lation em- of em- lation ber of GROUPS lation ber en- rolled cent of em- ployed ployed of cards of en- ployed boys boys school rolled tabu- boys rolled boys en- en- boys lated rolled rolled Greater New York . 142,472 100,252 70.4 124,879 82,659 66.2 17,593 17,593 18,000 Cities over 25,000.. 50,529 34,830 68.9 42,881 27,182 63.4 7,648 7,648 20,523 Cities under 25,000. 13,982 10,518 75.2 11,236 7,772 69.1 2,746 2,746 7,496 Villages over 5,000. 7,967 6,686 83.9 5,778 4,497 77.8 2,189 2,189 4,269 Places under 5,000. 49,050 33,774 68.8 41,091 28,515 62.8 7,959 7,959 12,004 Employ'd farm boys * * * * * * * * 14,529 Total 264,000 186,060 70.5 225,865 147,925 65.4 38,135 38,135 76 821 * The cards of the employed farm boys were eliminated from the above groups and tabulated separately. Definitions of terms used Employed hoys. — The term " employed boys " as used in this report refers to all boys not attending day schools and employed otherwise than on farms. Fwpm hoys. — The term " farm boys " as used in this report refers to all boys not attending day schools and employed on farais. School hoys. — The term " school boys " as used in this report refers to boys in regular attendance at day schools. Our Boys 27 Reliability of results obtained from a random sampling of data The novice in the matter of handling statistics is often very skeptical of results obtained from random samplings of data. In this connection it is interesting to note that a test case was made of the data received from 6,468 employed boys in the city of Buffalo. The fact that the test was made by skeptics, who became so thoroly convinced of the validity of the results obtained from their random samplings that they turned the data of their investigation over to the director of the bureau, adds a peculiar interest and value to the work. Dr. Truman L. Kelly, assistant professor of education, Columbia University, bec?me interested in using these figures for a further study of the reliability of the percentile method with the result that the following article was written by Mr. Ben D. Wood. NOTE ON THE RELIABILITY OF PREDICTION BASED ON RANDOM SAMPLING 1. The laymen and the not widely experienced statistician find it difficult to accept with any satisfactory degree of confidence predictions based on pro- portions of comparatively small random samplings. For example, if it is observed in a random sampling consisting of 25 percent of all the 16, 17 and 18 year old boys in a given city, that 83.4 percent have the father as guardian, what would be the proportion of the remaining 75 percent of such boys who would similarly have the male parent as guardian. The average layman would not eA'en attempt to guess within 10 percent of the truth, and he would prob- ably laugh if someone should venture that it would be 83.4 plus or minus 2 per- cent or less. Again, if for the above sampling it were observed that for 6.3 per- cent of the boys the second year high school was the last school grade com- pleted, and that for 1.4 percent of the boys sickness was the (reported) cause for leaving school, and that for fl.S percent of the boys $18 was the (reported) beginning weekly wage, and that 2 percent left school at the age of ] ,S years, the average person would be far from ready to accept these as anything like the approximate proportions that would be observed in the total group. 2. Many will welcome the evidence afforded by an empirical study which recently came to light in the form of a test case which is none the less valid for having been made somewhat clandestinely by a group of skeptics. On December 3, 1918, the Vocational Bureau of the New York State Military Training Com- mission received a questionnaire card from each of the 6,468 emnloved bovs 16, 17 and 18 years old in the city of Buffalo. About 275 public school teachers filled out the cards for the boys. The like was done in every part of the State, and in order to avoid the tremendous task of handling so many cards, the director of the bureau, Howard G. Biirdge, gave orders that in certain units random samplings be taken which were to be studied in lieu of the total number of cards for such units. The group of subordinates in charge of the Buffalo cards was so skeptical that some of its members determined, sub rosa, to test the wisdom of Mr. Burdge's economy. 3. Accordingly, the 6,468 cards were put into strict alphabetical order, and every fourth card extracted. The extracted cards, constitutinsj 25 percent of the total, were sorted and tabulated with Hollerith machines. Then the remain- ing cards, constituting 75 percent of the total, were run thru the machines for 28 Our Boys similar sorting and tabulation. Finally, all cards were thrown together and the total 6,468 cards were put thru the machines. The results were placed in parallel columns as below. The agreement illustrated ought to put an end to heresy. It is noteworthy that even in the items involving small numbers of cards, the proportions in the three groups are almost identical, clearly demon- strating the sagacity of Mr. Burdge's judgment in the matter. TABLE No. X Results of Random Sampling as shown in six of the items studied in Buffalo. Item I — Guardian of Boy -Percent of enrollment- 25 Father 83 Mother 13 Uncle Aunt Stepfather . . . Stepmother . . Brother Sister Headmaster or matron Grandparents. . Others not re- related .... No answer Item II — No. Children in Family One 6.3 Two 11.3 Three 14.8 Four 13.6 Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven or more No answer. . . . 14.3 11.9 9'. 8 8.1 4.2 3.0 2.7 Item III — Reason for Leaving School Financial .... 9.1 Wanted to work 68.4 Sick 1.4 Graduated ... 12.2 Miscellaneous. .6 Disliked school 8 . 3 75 82.4 14.1 .6 .2 .9 .1 .5 .3 .04 6.3 11.0 13.7 14.4 14.6 12.6 10.5 7.2 4.1 2.7 2.0i .04 10.1 69 1 11.0 .3 7.9 100 82.4 13.9 .6 .2 .9 .2 .5 .4 .02 6.3 11.7 13.9 14.2 14.5 12.4 10.3 7.4 4.2 ;.8 i.2 .03 9.9 69.0 1.3 11.4 .3 8.0 Item IV — • Age Leaving School Ten years under or answer Eleven . . Twelve . Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen . Sixteen . Seventeen Eighteen -Percent of enrollme^it- or no 25 .8 .2 .6 2.0 31.6 36.9 21.5 5.5 .9 Iton V — Last Grade Completed Fourth grade or under or no answer . Fifth grade . . Sixth grade . . Seventh grade Eighth grade . 1st yr. H. S.. 2nd yr. H. S . 3rd yr. H. S. 4th yr. H. S. Business school 2.1 3.2 14.5 19.7 23.7 23.8 6.3 1.7 1.8 3.2 Item VI — Beginning WeeJdy Wage $3.00 ....'.. 10.1 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27 . OO More than $27 No answer. . . . 17.4 13.8 11.2 14.5 9.8 7.7 5.6 2.8 7.1 75 .7 .1 .5 1.9 30.1 37.3 23.5 5.0 .9 2.2 3.4 13.5 20.3 26.9 20.4 6.2 2.2 1.4 3.3 8.6 18.0 15.1 10.9 14.4 9.4 7.6 4.7 3.6 '7.'7 100 .8 .2 .5 1.9 30.4 37.1 22.9 5.2 .9 2.2 3.4 13.8 20.2 26.1 21.2 6.2 2.0 1.5 3.3 17. 14. 10. 14. 9. 7. 4. 3. 4. These parallel columns afford material for studying the reliability of the percentile method. The standard deviation of the difference of two proportions The results for independent events is given by the f ormvila : adp \ (— ^ -|- ^-i- \ n n^ given by it can be tested by calculating the actual S. D.s of the difference between columns I and II of Table X for definite percentile ranges. This has been done roughly with results as given in Table Y. OuB Boys 29 The values in the S. D. column are TABLE Y obtained by distributing the differences Standard Deviation of the Differ- of the proportions within the percentile ences or Proportions Empirically range indicated at the left, and cal- and Theoretically Derived. culating the second moment in the or- Proportion Actual 8. D. pq/n-p'q' /n' dinary way, assuming M = O. The values in the third cohuun were ob- tained by taking p =^ p' midpoint of percentile range indicated at left, p ^ p' (1— p), n = 7617 and n' = 485l. 50-65 1.78 1.43 65-75 2.15 1.316 75-85 1.756 1.149 85-90 1.288 .950 90-94 1.259 .778 94-98 .7865 .596 97-985 . 39.37 .4:^6 985-995 .2816 .252 995-998 .1948 .1675 998-999 .0913 9994-99'97 .0946 It will be oliserved that the actual S. D"s. are consistently larger than the theoretical. This is due partly to the roughness of the calculations in both columns, partly to the slight inaccuracies involved in carrying the original proportions to one decimal only, partly to slight error introduced by assum- ing M = O in calculating tlie actual >S. D.'s and laregly to the fact that 27S relatively untrained teachers made out the cards. The variability in their interpretations of answers to such questions as "Why did you leave school?", "Age at leaving school?", "Last grade completed?", etc., would justify reduc- ing the denominator in the formula a(^p \ — -\- ^' ^ quite considerably, so \ n ' n^ as to increase the theoretical S. D. systematically. Another influence which makes for a consistent difference in favor of the actual S. D. values is the inadvertent weighting of various differences of proportions by the repetition of sortings involving practically the same (or dependent) elements; this is notably the case in tlie second actual S. D. value — 2.15. This vitiation crept in before the fact of repeated or correlated sortings was noticed. It must be noted also that in deriving tliese actual S. D. values, n was quite small in the larger percentile ranges. On the whole the roughness of these calculations does not hide the very strong and unequivocal support afforded by empirical facts for the theoretical reliability of the percentile method of truly random sampling. BElsr D. WOOD. Columbia University. Over 10,000 additional personal interviews made by field staif Previous to the State-wide enrollment conducted by the teachers of the State over 10,000 personal interviews with hoys were made l)y the eighteen field inspectors connected with the Vocational Bureau, in the shops, manufacturing plants and other firms employ- ing boys in a large number of city, village and rural communities, so selected as to cover industries of all types in all sections of th(; State. These inspectors were all technically trained men experienced in dealing with boys in educational and industrial work. Many of them had also completed courses in employment management. Five of the group, who were graduates of agricultural colleges, conducted personal interview's with every farm boy in Livingston county. The so Our Boys questionnaires used in these personal interviews contained practically the same questions as those used in the State-wide enrollment con- ducted by the teachers. Exhibit F shows the questionnnaire used and exhibit G shows the location on the map of the various communi- lies surveyed by the inspectors. The information gained in these per- sonal interviews verified in every respect the accuracy of the infor- mation obtained by the teachers in the State-wide enrollment and forms a very valuable check on the accuracy of their work. OuB Boys 31 \, c S2 OuK Boys Exhibit G. Showing the location of varlojE cities, villages anJ rural TiunliieQ covfired by the field stiff who held personal interviews witd over 10,000 boys at tnair places of emplo^Tiont. Fourteen cities over ;25, 000 ^ Eishteen cities under 25,000 # Ten villages over S.ooo Thirty villaireB under 5,000 All farm boys In Livingston County Oufi Boys 33 CHAPTER II Enrollment Statistics The estimated population of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old boys in the State of New York on December 3, 1918, was 264,000. These estimates were based on the Federal census of 1910 and the annual growth as shown by the State census of 1915. The enroll- ment of sixteen and seventeen year old boys was considerably larger than of the eighteen year old boys. See table No. 2-D in the text. This can be accounted for in some degree by the fact that a large number of eighteen year old boys were with the American Expedi- tionary Forces and had not yet been demobilized. It is also probable that eighteen year old boys, who within a short time were to become nineteen years of age failed to respond to the call of the Governor. Diagram A and table No. 1-D in the text, show the number and per- cent of boys enrolled by age groups. They also show the number of school boys and employed boys enrolled and not enrolled. Tables No. 1-A to 2-F inclusive, in the appendix, show the enrollment in detail for the individual cities and villages of the State. Tables No. 4 and fi show the number of employed boys enrolled and the number of cards tabulated for each city and village. Practically all school boys were enrolled The fact that the school authorities of the State strictly enforced the law compelled a very complete enrollment of the sixteen, seven- teen and eighteen year old school boys. The boys who did not enroll were those who were not attending school. This number is not exces- sively large when it is remembered that a large number of these boys were still in the army. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys Percent of Boys In and Out of School and Total. Enrollment TABLE No. 1-D — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Popula- tion of boys Total enroll- ment Percent enrolled School boy enroll- ment Percent in school Per- cent out of school 142,472 50,529 13,982 7,967 49,050 100,252 34,830 10,518 6,686 33,774 70.4 68.9 75.2 83.9 68.8 17,593 7,648 2,746 2,189 7,959 12.4 15.1 19.7 27.4 16.2 87.6 Cities over 25,000 84.9 Cities under 25,000 80.3 Villages over 5,000 72.6 Places under 5,000 . . . 83.8 Total 264 , 000 186 060 70.5 38,135 14.4 85.6 34 OuE Boys Peecent of Slxteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Yeak Old Boys In and Out of School TABLE No. 2 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Percent Out of School Percent in School Total number of boys in each age group Total GROUPS Age Age popula- tion of 16 17 18 16 17 18 boys 79.3 75.5 67.4 52.1 72.7 89.0 85.8 83.0 75.4 86.6 94.7 93.0 90.7 90.0 92.0 20.7 24.5 32.6 47.9 27.3 11.0 14.2 17.0 24.6 13.4 5.3 7.0 9.3 10.0 8.0 47,490 16,843 4,661 2,656 16,350 142,472 Cities over 25,000 50,529 Cities under 25,000 13,982 Villao-es over 5,000 7,967 Places under 5,000 49,050 Total 76.0 87.2 93.5 24.0 12.8 6,5 88,000 264,000 Percent of All Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys Respectively Who Enrolled on December 3, 1918 TABLE No. 2-D — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS 16 years 17 years 18 years Popula- tion of boys Number of employed boys enrolled Total per cent enrolled Per cent 92.8 81.3 88.6 100.0 98.8 Per cent 78.5 70.2 73.9 93.0 82.9 Per cent 29.7 50.9 61.3 66.5 64.0 142,472 50,529 13,982 7,967 49,050 100,252 34,830 10,518 6,686 33,774 70.4 Cities over 25,000 68.9 Cities under 25,000 75.2 Villages over 5,000 83.9 Places under 5,000 68.8 Total .... 91.7 77.7 41.9 264,000 186,060 70.5 OuE Boys 35 Total 264,000 Tot»l 186,060 1. Snonlnt; the number ct all 16", 17 »nd 18 2. ShowiivT the mirnbor of each oge group year old boyt in the state that <»ivrolled. that enrolled. Total 39,135 Totol 225,865 3. Showing the nuwber of school toys tliat 4. Showing the number of boys out of enrolled, school that enrolled. DIAGRAM A Detailed enrollment of school boys Table ]^o. 2 in the text shows the percent of boys of each age in and out of school for the city and village groups. Tables No. 2-A, 2-B and 2-C in the appendix show the enrollment of school boys by age groups for the individual cities and villages of the State. Dia- gram B shows the percent of all the boys in the State of each age group in and out of school. It also points out very clearly the rapid elimination of boys still in school. At age sixteen about three out of four boys are out of school. At age seventeen, seven out of eight are out of school and at age eighteen, fifteen out of sixteen are out of school. See Diagram C. 36 OuB Boys 18 year DiAGBAM B SHOWING THE PERCENT OF BOYS OF EACH AGE GROUP IN AND OUT OF SCHOOL DIAGRAM C Out OF EVERY SEVEN SCHOOL BOYS FOUR ARE SIXTEEN, TVFO ARE SEVENTEEN AND ONE IS EIGHTEEN The majority of these boys are out of school Table No. 1-D above, shows that the percent of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old boys out of school is higher in Glr eater New York than in the other city and village groups. In Greater New York 8Y.6 percent are out of school as compared with only Y2.6 Our Boys 37 percent in villages over 5,000. The State average, however, is 85.6 percent. In other words about six out of every seven of these boys are out of school. DIAGRAM D Six out of every seven are out of school state Total lOCK State Totnl 100:? Percent of Population living In Urban and Rural Communities DIAGEAM E The majority of boys live in urban communities Diagram E shows that 77.7 percent of the boys live in places of 5,000 or more population. In all of these communities there is a superintendent of schools and a well organized public school system. Another six percent lived in incorporated villages under 5,000. In inost of these communities there is a union high school in charge of a supeiwising principal. Only 16.3 percent of the boys attended strictly rural schools. While the solution of the rural school problem is of tremendous importance it is encouraging to note that in compari- son with other states such a small percentage of the population of the State of New York is educated in the rural school. The above infoirmation is based on the 1915 State census. 88 Our Boys CHAPTER III Nationality DIAGRAM F In Greater New York one boy out of five is foreign born DIAGRAM G In Greater New York three boys out of five have both parents foreign born DIAGRAM H In Greater New York six out of ten boys have two foreign parents; one OUT of ten has one parent foreign BORN; THREE HAVE TWO AMERICAN PARENTS There are more boys of foreign birth in the cities Charts 'No. 3, 3-A and 3-B and tables No. 3 in the text, and 3-A, 3-B and 3-C in the appendix, give the data with regard to the country of birth of the employed boys and show that in general the popula- tion of foreign boys is much greater in large cities than in rural communities. There is, however, no direct correlation between popu- Our Boys 39 lation and the percentage of foreign born boys in the case of indi- vidual cities. The foreign population of smaller cities and villages varies widely as to nationality because the type and percentage of foreigners in any given city or village is detei-mined largely by the type of employment offered. In many of our smaller cities and vil- lages the foreign element is predominantly of the unskilled labor class, whose interest in education is not very great. Later studies in the report show that the type rather than the percent of foreign population should be taken into consideration when making com- parisons between schools and school systems. For example, while the percentage of foreign population in Greater New York is very high it is of a very cosmopolitan character and the unskilled labor element is not so predominant as is the case in many of the smaller cities and villages of the State. Very few foreign born boys on farms It is significant that only three percent of the employed farm boys are foreign born. While an average of about ten percent of the boys in all other communities of the State outside of Greater New York are foreign born, in Greater New York where fifty-four percent of the boy population of the State is found, twenty percent of the boys are of foreign birth. Charts ^o. 3, 3-A and 3-B show quite a wide variation in the percent of foreign born boys found in the individual cities and villages of the State. 40 Otjr Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Birth and Parentage TABLE No. 3— SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE BiBTH American Boys Foreign Boys Popula- tion of employe boys GROUPS American boys Foreign boys Two American parents One American parent Two foreign parents Two foreign parents Greater New York Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Places under 5,000 Employed farm boys .... 80.0 87.6 91.5 90.3 94.2 97.0 20.0 12.4 8.5 9.7 5.8 3.0 27.0 44.1 59.4 57.5 66.4 76.7 10.5 13.7 11.0 10.6 10.9 9.7 42.5 29.8 21.1 22.2 16.9 10.6 20.0 12.4 8.5 9.7 6.8 3.0 124,795 42,690 11,014 5,557 1 41,809 Greater Mew York*... CltleB OTer 259OOO. . Cities imdar 25,000. Villages over 5,000. Pieces under 5,000.. linployed farm boys.. smoaHz FOB as* torn siatb 30% '•0% S07o 60 7o 70% 80% >»% 100% Cities over 25,000 1 Hlagara Palis. 2 Hew York 3 isohester 4 Utlca. ... 5 AjQSterdam 6 Jamestown 7 Auliani. 8 ^clieneotady.. ... "i Sofw .upohAllo.. .. 10 BeiTburgh j1 Moimt Vernon.... 12 Syracuse 13 WatertOYin 14 Baffald 15 Blu^azitton, 16 Pou^ikeepsle. 17 lonkers 18 Albany 19 OsTrego. ...... 20 Mngston HE 21 Iroy., ZZ aimira, ssb: 0% Foreign born boys CZ. io7(, 20% 30% 4070 I American born boys 50%, 60% 70%, W% i007o Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Boys of American and Foreign Birth Chart No. 3. — State Summary and Cities over 25,000 Our Boys 41 MTo a aiovariTll ]••••• % 4 llMliulsvllU... 5 QiUn. Gov* 6 Jotaasto' 7 BatavU. • lerth Toiwmnda. 9 a«a»Ta*. 10 Little Halls.... 11 Sanlclzic 12 BeaooB...*. IS White Plains.... 14 Oohoet 15 OaoandAigoa 16 XoaawaodA....... 17 Oedaiuibuzg..4... 18 lorwloh 19 Olean 20 Hudson 21 ithaoa 22 Oneida 23 Watervliat 14 Santoga Sprlnga 25 Coming......... 26 aalamanoa 27 Talton.. ........ 20 Pert Chester.... 29 Lookport 50 Onaonta......... 51 UidUetovn 52 Homell 4E 35 Cortland £ 34 aiens ftilla JC 35 Platt8hurg......C 36 araaeelaer Ju K 1>% 10% 20% 30% «% SC% «% n% M% 90% U»% Foreign bom boys i 1 American born boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Boys of Amekican and Foreign Birth Chart No. 3A.— Cities under 25,000 42 Our Boys 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 lAwronoe****) 2 Maaaena* 3 Hoxklzner*** ••«••• 4 fort Cheater 5 Sepew 6 Seneca J^lla 7 Bewirk.*** 8 Albion 9 Solvay... ........ 10 Fort Waablagtoii.. 11 Endloott 12 fatchogoe....... 13 Pann Yan. 14 Vaterford 16 Kamaroneolc. 16 fredonla 17 iiedonia. 18 Whitehall 19 Uastinga 20 Oaalnlne. 21 Hempatead 22 Horth Xazrytown.* 23 Walden ^ 24 Saranao ijBke.....HHBL 25 uaTeratraw HE: 2£ Hoaaiok inill8....bflB_ 27 lllon ^E: 28 Baatln^ou.. MMt- 29 Jialone fiEI 30 Peekaklll WZ. 31 B)elcvllle Center.^^ 32 Iiya«ilc WZ 33 Lancaster. M~~ 34 Tarrytoim » 35 CataHlll IB — 36 WtiLlSTille jiB!rr 37 Bidaon ^lls m — 38 Johnaon City * 39 ?reeport .. 1 40 T^Terly*. I~~~ 41 OwBgo r~~' 0% Foreign born boys 10% 20% 30% 40% HI American born boys 50% 40% 70% 80% 90% 100% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Boys op American and Foreign Birth Chart No. 3B.— Villages over 5,000 Our Boys 43 There are many foreign parents in large cities Charts No. 3-C, 3-D, 3-E and 3-^ and tables No. 3 in che text, and 3-A, 3-B and 3-C in the appendix, show the number of boys hav- ing American and foreign parentage in the various city and village groups, and also in the individual cities and villages of the State, A comparison of the various city and village groups as shown on chart No. 3-C and table No. 3 shows that the percent of boys having two American parents increases quite regularly from twenty-seven percent in the case of Greater New York to 76.7 percent in the farm boy gi'oup. There is also a very noticable correlation between the poj>ulation of the various groups and the number of foreign born boys and parents. It is interesting to note : 1. That only twenty-seven percent of the employed boys of Greater New York have two American born parents. 2. Sixty-two and five-tenths percent have two foreign born parents. 3. Ten and five-tenths percent have one foreign born parent. 4. Seventy-three percent have either one or both parents foreign born. 5. One out of eveiy five boys is foreign born. 6. Three out of every five boys have both parents foreign born. 7. One boy out of ten has one foreign and one American born parent. •% gOBMAEf poa HBff TOBK 3tA.fS 30% 40% 50% 60% 70^ Sraater Hew Yorlu.. Cities over 25,000.. Cities xmder 25,000, Places oTer 5,000... Places under 5,000.. fiaployed f&zm boys.. 0% 10% *>% 30% 40% I I American born boys with two American parents. American born boys with one American parent. American born boys with two foreign parents. Foreign born boys with two foreign parents. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Parents of Amebican and Foreign Birth Chart No. 3C. — State Sununary 4) Our Boys e 4> III! CO o ^ ^- a O OJ 5 < I g CO Our Boys 45 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Percent of Foreign Born Fathers Marrying Into Each ISTationality TABLE No. 3-D— GREATER NEW YORK AND CITIES OVER 25,000 Mother's Birthplace a o a o H FATHKR'S BirvTIIPLACE 3 c O .3 3 ■n 1 C 3 a A 3 < T3 1 c 1 to c W 0! C OS O ■0 a o 1 3 o O B 3 c o Italy 99 i .2 9;S r ' ' ^5 91 .S .1 4.1 1.7 4.3 .1 1.3 95.8 .1 2^2 17.2 13.1 23.1 .1 2.7 4.1 .5 .8 2.3 .1 .2 1.8 .2 .6 .2 .4 2.2 1.8 1.0 .9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,678 .5 1.0 .2 ' .1 .1 3 2 1 4 1.971 2.1 .7 2.9 .9 1.9 5.5 2.8 .9 1,905 1,392 ')1 .S 1.2 .3 2.3 .5 95. S 130 Poland 721 .92. S .6 .3 58. ii 4.9 5.6 .^ 3 4 i 7 5 363 347 183 1.9 108 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Percent of Foreign Born Mothers Marrying Into Each Nationality TABLE No. 3-E— GREATER NEW YORK AND CITIES OVER 25,000 MOTHER'S birthplace Italy Germany Russia Ireland Austria-Hungary . Poland Scandinavia England Canada Scotland Father's Birthpl.\ce 09. G .3 .1 90 . C .5 1.7 3.9 1.6 .8 3.2 3.7 2.3 2.0 •94 .0 5.8 2.7 5 1 SS.9 11.2 7^0 1.9 2.8 .1 SS.O 1.0 .3 .7 1.1 .6 70.6 15.4 7.0 3.2 75.0 1.1 .6 2.1 3.2 73.1' 1.3 3.1 2.1 1.0 4.5 100.0 lOJ.O loO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,844 1,358 731 2Sf. 1,498 86 35J 46 189 1,993 Most foreigners marry into their own nationality- Tables No. 3-D and 3-E in the text show that most of the parents of the ten largest nationality groups of Greater New York and the 46 Our Boys other cities over 25,'00'0 population marry into their own nationalities. The English, Canadians and Scotch are the exceptions to this rule. Less than one percent of the Italians marry into other nationalities. About eight percent of the German men and nine percent of the German women marry into practically all other nationalities. The Russians, most of whom are Hebrews, do not marry Italians, Irish, Scandinavians, Canadians nor Scotch. This is probably due to the fact that they marry into their own race and few Hebrews are found in the nationalities they seem to avoid. Ninety-six percent of the Irish men marry into their ovoi nationality while only eighty-nine percent of the Irish women marry into their own nationality. The Austro-Hungarians have a record of ninety-two percent for the men and eighty-eight percent for the womsn, the rest being scattered among all nationalities. About ninety-five perceni; of the Poles marry into their own nationality, the remaining few marry Germans, Russians and Austro-Hungariaus. About ninety-four percent of the Scandinavians marry into their own nationality and the others are scattering. Only fifty-eight percent of the English men marry Eng- lish women, seventeen percent marry Irish women, six percent marry German women, eight percent marry Canadian women and the rest scattering. Seventy percent of the English women marry into their own nationality, eleven percent marry Irish, three percent marry Germans, five percent marry Russians, three percent marry Cana- dians and the rest scattering. Seventy-eight percent of the Canadian men marry into their own nationality, thirteen percent marry Irish, five percent marry English and the rest scattering. Seventy-five per- cent of the Canadian women marry Canadian men, fifteen percent marry English men and the rest are scattering. Sixty-two percent of the Scotch men marry into their own nationality while twenty- three percent of them marry Irish women. Seventy-eight percent of the Scotch women marry Scotch men, seven percent marry Irish, seven percent marry English and the rest scattering. The Italians, who have the highest record for marrying into their own nationality, are evidently more prone to colonize in this country than are some of the other nationalities, while the Germans and the inhabitants of the British Isles and 'Canada marry into many dif- ferent nationalities. Our Boys 47 ■s 4Sl s o a I ^ « H««*««..«»g-aa*a-5i-saaaasasa5S855gs5BSiR « S « I S £ S H <# lo 11 ABiste?daffi..e... 12 EiasstosLtfft IB ffitohester. 14 Oswego •• 1£ Hai^Bt TerooiUx 16 Saffalo 17 Utiea 18 S«v ijDohelle... 1» renkers.......' 20 Perngiikeepsle. .. 21 jmbnn...* 22 Magara falls.. 0% io^o 20% 30% 40% 50% bd'.o 70% 80% 90% 100';^ X'iBerlcaa born boys with Jtjaerieai bom pareske. 'Q Ansrieaa bern boys with Ibrei^i bom er sised parents. ^S fttroign bom boys with foreign bosi farents. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Boys Naming Father, Mothkk and Others as Guardians Chart No. 4. — State Summary and Cities over 25.000 Our Boys 53 1 lorwloh* 2 OsnBadsigQ*. 3 Uiddletoviu 4 QlaoB aallB 5 7ata7rllet 6 BO mail 7 Sf i»r'-''''i'V^ i Colioos 9 port Jerrlfl 10 Little njila 11 ik)3oon 12 Jtensselaer^ 13 xthaca 14 i?ulton 15 CoimstovD. 16 Hudson 17 Oneonta, 13 iiookporfc 19 GenoTa. 20 Saratoga Sprlags 21 OlMlU 22 White Plains 23 Glover«Tlllo..., 24 Ogdensbupg 25 Uuiilcirk 26 Aleolianioy?. J le. ... 27 liaclsawaBaa 28 Cortland. 29 CoTOlne 30 Batcvia 31 Bomn.tt 32 unalda 33 dim Cove 34 Sosawanda 35 Plattsburg 36 iiiorth Touai»anda«* Hiatecn, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Boys Xaming Father, Mother and Others as Guardians Chart No. 4A.— Cities under 25,000 54 Our Boys others 0% Dathar I 80% «»^ 1 Backvllla Caater Z UooslelE Falla.«. i Saraiiao ItSiza. 4 Owego«»«« •••••• 5 Hudson Kills... 6 feek^lll 7 Catailll H Walden*... 10 Uuntiiigton. 11 Patchogae 12 Haver St raw. 13 Whitehall 14 tiastiuijs.. 15 Hanpstead. 16 Johnson City 17 MortH Tarrytown, 18 Heitin^r 19 Waverly 20 Mevarlc* Zl Haraaroneck 22 Praeport 23 llion, 24 Albion 25 Ossining 26 fean Yan 27 lialone 26 Tarrytown 29 Uassena 30 ^dioott 31 Sensoa f^lls 32 WellsTille 33 Vaterford S4 Port Chester, 35 Depew. 36 Laooaster, 37 ft-adonla 38 Medina 39 Pott Washli^tea*. 40 Lavrenoe 41 ^ol'^ «« Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Boys Naming Father, Mother and Others as Guardians Chart No. 4B.— Villages over 5,000 Our Boys 55 Some cities and villages have very poor records Charts 'No. 4-A and 4-B, and tables No. 4-A, 4-B and 4-C in the appendix, show the number of bojs claiming the father, mother and others as guardians in the individual cities and villages of the State. Just why Albany, Troy, Binghamton, Jamestown, Norwich, Rens- selaer, Watervliet, Hudson Falls, Catskill, Kockville Center, Hunt- ington, Whitehall, Haverstraw and Hempstead should have from nine to twenty percent of their boys claiming others than the parents as guardians as compared with from five to six percent in other places, can be determined only by a study of local conditions. That such conditions exist should be a sufficient incentive to prompt local organizations interested in community welfare work to seek the facts. 56 Our Boys CHAPTER V Size of Families There are many families with four, five and six children Each boy was asked to state the number of children in the family and the number of children older than himself. Table No. 5 and chart ISTo. 5-A give the comparative sizes of families in the city, vil- lage and farm groups and show that there are many families of four, five and six children. This chart is derived from tables No. 5 in the text (see also table ilSTo. 5-D in the text) and 5-E, 5-F, 5^G, 5-H and 5-1 in the appendix. In Greater New York, the other cities over 25,000 and in the villages over 5,000' there are slightly more families with four children. In the employed farm boy group there are exactly as many boys coming from families of three children as there are from families of four children. In the cities under 25,000 and places under 5,000 there are slightly more families with three chil- dren. In general, however, there is not very much difference be- tween the sizes of families in the various groups. The figures from Greater New York, which has more boys than the other groups com- bined, naturally show a more uniform distribution. Sixteen^ Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Percent of Boys Coming From Families of From One to Ten OR More Children TABLE No. 5 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Number of Children in Family 10 + Total per cent Greater New York. . Cities over 25,000. . . Cities under 25,000.. Villages over 5,000. . Places under 5,000 . . Employed farm boys 12.3 12.8 13.1 12.8 12.4 12.3 16.2 15.3 15.9 14.9 15.3 14.8 17.4 15.4 15.5 16.6 14.5 14.8 16.2 14.3 13.4 13.0 13.6 13.2 12.7 12.3 11.5 12.7 11.3 11.0 9.1 8.2 10.0 9.2 4.9 6.4 6.7 5.8 6.9 6.5 2.5 3.9 3.5 4.2 4.2 5.0 1 3.3 4.6 4.3 5.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Foreign families are larger than American families Chart No. 5-B showing the sizes of families of boys with American parentage, mixed parentage and foreign parentage, both in Greater New York and in other cities over 25,000 was derived from tables Our Boys 5( JsTo. 5-J, 5-K and 5-L in the text, and tables No. 5-M, 5-lSr and 5-0 in the appendix. In the case of the American born boys with American born parents in Greater New York and also in the other cities over 25,000 the families are smaller than those of the American born boys with foreign or mixed parentage and those of foreign born boys with foreign born parents. In the case of American boys with American parents the median boys come from families of three and four children, while in the mixed and foreign parentage groups the median boy comes from families of five children. These facts are important because of the prevailing opinion that children coming from large families usually drop out of school at earlier ages than those coming from smaller families. Later on in the report special studies of the progress in school and the age on leaving school of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth oldest boys show that these opinions are erroneous. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys, Showing the Percent of Oldest, Second Oldest, Third Old- est, Etc., Boys Coming from Families of from One to Ten OR More Children TABLE No. 5-D — GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined Number of Children IN Family RANK IN FAMILY Total per- cent Per- cent of total Cum. per- cent Cum. per- cent Total boys Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ One 100.0 49.8 35 7 28.3 22.0 18.8 15.4 12.1 8.3 3.9 100 100.0 100 100 100.0 100 100 100.0 100 100 7.1 12.3 16.2 17.4 16.2 12.7 8.9 4.9 2.5 1.8 7.1 19.4 35.6 53.0 69.2 81.9 90.8 95.7 98 2 100.0 100.0 92.9 80,6 64.4 47.0 30.8 18.1 9.2 4.3 1.8 1,248 Two 50.2 33.8 25.3 21.3 19.0 17.0 16.0 11.5 6.0 2,168 Three 30.5 23.5 20.4 18.0 15.3 15.6 12.6 10.1 2,861 22.9 17.3 14 6 15 12.4 14.0 7.7 3,060 Five 18 1 14.7 13.1 11.8 12.4 15.5 2,857 Six 14 9 12.1 11.1 12.2 9.3 2,215 12.1 10 9.0 9.6 1,576 Ei?ht 11 10.1 10.1 871 9.9 7.5 20.3 435 Ten or more. . . . 336 Total 5,678 4,337 3,039 1,953 1,257 703 349 174 63 69 100.0 17,627 ■ 58 Our Boys Sixteen^ Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys, Showing the Pekcent of Oldest, Second Oldest, Third Old- est, Etc., Boys Coming from Families of from One to Ten OR More Children TABLE No. 5-J — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys With American Parents Number op Children IN Family RANK IN FAMILY Total per- cent Per- cent of total Cum per- cent Cum. per- cent Total boys Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ One 100.0 51.7 35.4 27.3 20.0 17.9 13.7 11.3 6.3 1.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.8 19.2 18.3 16.4 12.3 8.9 5.8 3.0 2.0 1.3 12.8 32.0 50.3 66.7 79.0 87.9 93.7 96.7 98.7 100.0 100.0 87.2 68.0 49.7 33.3 21.0 12.1 6.3 3.3 1.3 614 Two 48.3 35.2 23.6 20.7 17.2 14.3 13.4 8.4 3.1 911 Three 29.4 23.5 20.5 17.5 12.3 13.4 11.6 15.6 £69 Four 25.6 19.4 14.8 15.1 16.9 22.1 3.1 784 Five 19.4 16.3 13.7 15.5 10.5 7.8 584 Six 16.3 15.8 9,8 11.6 14.0 424 15.1 11.3 8.4 10.9 277 Eight 8.4 7.4 4.7 142 Nine 13.7 9.4 ■■29!8 95 Ten or more 64 Total 1,861 1,193 707 466 257 147 73 22 19 19 100.0 4,764 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys, Showing the Percent of Oldest, Second Oldest, Third Old- est, Etc., Boys Coming from Families of from One to Ten OR More Children TABLE No. 5-K — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys With Foreign or Mixed Parents Number op Children IN Family rank in family Total per- cent Per- cent of total Cum. per- cent Cum. per- cent Total Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ boys One 100.0 47.0 33.1 25.8 20.5 16.1 13.4 11,5 7.9 4.6 100,0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100.0 5.2 10.5 16.0 17.3 16.7 13,9 9,6 5.8 2.8 2.2 5.2 15.7 31.7 49.0 65.7 79.6 89.2 95.0 97.8 100.0 100.0 94.8 84.3 68.3 51.0 34.3 20.4 10.8 5.0 2.2 492 Two 53.0 33.1 25.8 20.0 18.4 17.5 14.9 11.7 6.9 987 Three 33.8 24.6 21.5 17.7 16.1 17.1 13.5 8.7 l,48l6 23.8 18.9 15.9 14.7 11.6 13.2 9.1 1,612 Five 19.1 15.7 13.5 12,0 13.2 18,4 1,570 Six 16.2 12.4 11.5 13.2 6.9 1,246 12,4 10.5 9.8 10.1 904 Eight 10.9 9,3 9.6 550 Nine 8.2 7,3 ■■i8',4 266 Ten or more 218 2,610 2,258 1,757 1,130 759 425 218 106 38 40 100.0 9.341 Our Boys 59 Sixteen^ Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys, Showing the Percent of Oldest, Second Oldest, Third Old- est, Etc., Boys Coming from Families of from One to Ten or More Children TABLE No. 5-L — GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys With Foreign Parents NnMBKS OF Children IN Family RANK IN PAMILT Total per- cent Per- cent of total Cum. per- cent Cum. per- cent Total boys Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ One 100.0 53.0 43.7 35.3 30.5 24.8 21.3 14.5 12.1 3.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.0 7.7 14.0 18.8 20.0 15.5 11.2 5.1 2.1 1.6 4.0 11.7 25.7 44.5 64.5 80.0 91.2 96.3 98.4 100.0 100.0 96.0 88.3 74.3 55.5 35.5 20.0 8.8 3.7 1.6 142 Two 47.0 33.7 26.3 24.9 22.0 17.7 21.2 14.8 5.5 270 Three 22.6 20.7 17.7 18.9 15.7 12.8 10.8 9.4 496 Four 17.7 12.4 11.5 15.4 11 2 6.8 7.4 664 Five ... 14.5 11.4 11.7 8.4 12.1 13.0 703 Six 11.4 8.8 11.2 9.5 13.0 545 9.4 7.3 6.8 5.5 395 Eight 13.4 16.3 18.5 179 Nine Tenor more 10.8 5.5 18.5 74 54 Total 1.207 886 575 357 241 131 58 46 11 10 100.0 3,522 Many employed boys come from families of only one child Table ISTo. 5-D in the text, shows that 7.1 percent of the oldest boys are really boys from families of only one child. In this table there are 5,768 oldest employed boys shown as compared with 4,337 second oldest. By substracting the 1,248 oldest boys coming from families of only one child from 5,678, the number of oldest boys is reduced to 4,430 which is approximately the same as the number of second oldest. A glance at the percentage of oldest, second oldest, third oldest, etc., groups coming from families of one, two, three, four, etc., children as shown in this table, shows that there is veiy little difference between the number of boys of each rank in the family in the case of the combined American and foreign parentage group of Greater New York. Table Xo. 5-J in the text, which is a study of the American born boys with American parents in Greater New York, shows that the number of boys of each rank in the family is almost identical. The same is true in table Xo. 5-K for American born boys with foreign or mixed parentage. Table No. 5-L, however, of foreign born boys with foreign born parents, shows that there are more older foreign born boys employed than there are younger boys. This table at first seems to contradict other studies in the report which show that in general the oldest foreign born boys do not leave school 60 Our Boys at an earlier age than their younger brothers. The reason why there are more oldest foreign boys employed is probably the continu- ous influx of foreigners with large families whose younger chil- dreai are not yet old enough to go to work. This continuous' supply of oldest foreign boys naturally increases the number who are employed. If immigration were stopped and this continuous supply of oldest boys cut off for a generation, the same proportion of oldest, second oldest, etc., boys would be found to exist among employed foreign boys as among American born boys. Almost equal number of oldest, second oldest, third oldest, etc., boys are employed Chart No. 5 gives a comparison of the number of boys of each rank in family in the American, mixed and foreign parentage groups haying families of from two to eight children inclusive. The chart shows that in the case of the American boys with American bom parents and the American boys with foreign or mixed parents the per- cent of boys of each rank in the family is almost identical. For instance, in the case of families of five children there are about twenty percent of oldest, second oldest, third oldest, fourth oldest and fifth oldest boys in each group. In the case of the foreign born boys with foreign born parents, however, there are almost twice as many oldest boys employed as fifth oldest as has been pointed out in the discussion above and as is shown in table ISTo. Y-D in Chapter VII. At age fourteen or younger 27.6 percent of oldest boys leave school and 28.6 percent of fifth oldest boys leave school; 68.4 percent of the oldest and 66.8 percent of the fifth oldest leave school under sixteen; 95.3 percent of the oldest and 96.3 percent of the fifth oldest leave under seventeen. It is true that 4.6 percent of the oldest leave rmder fourteen while only 2.5 per cent of the fifth oldest leave under fourteen. This slight difference, however, would not make much difference in the total number affected because by the time the boys reach the age of sixteen slightly more fifth oldest than oldest boys have left school. The best explanation of the fact that there are iilmost twice as many oldest foreign born boys employed as fifth oldest is the one given above concerning the continuous influx of large numbers of foreign families whose oldest boys immediately go to work. Our Boys 61 tVK> \/ /■ oMldjpen 0% \0% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% r^A iWA^df. Hwa 4^ //////// rvm Z\5Bnllie3 of three '^ ^ ^ > ^ > ^ children r^sjailiea of m s 21213 fazcllleS of I lilriaaT five 1^ ^ ^ J ^ children mi:: iitamilies of i ninnsr. six children U / / / t^_ / J / T^T SSSL ins: y y />! /> y / y I Families of I lllriflflt) ana seven ZZ children bCft ■ 'I Vth eight ZiZTZ children 0% i0% 20%, 307o 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100^ €ZZ3 American born boys with American bom parents Fc ^^ American bom boys with foreign bom or mixed parents Foreign bom hoys with foreign bom parents Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Oldest, Second, Third. Foukth Oldest, Etc., Boys Coming from Families of from Two to Eight Children Chart No. 5. — Greater New York 62 Our Boys 2 345 678 9 10+ Vlllagoo OTer 5,000 23456 7 89 10+ ^laoes onder 5,000 2345 67 8910+ Bi^loyed fam boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Boys Coming from Families of from One to Ten or More Children Chart No. 5A. — State Summary Our Boys 63 15* fl 10* n -, 5* --- OREATER mv YORK h W Children l23456789 10* 123466789 lOf In family I I 12346678 h 9 10^ 15* 10*- 5* CITIES OVER 25,000 V\- Chlldren x234B«T«9 10+ 123466789 10+ 1234647 in family I lAm^yii^pyi bom boys with Amerioan bom parents ezz^imerloan 'bom boys with forslgn bom or nilzvd parents ■^B Foreign bom boya with foreign bom parents Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Yewr Old Employed Boya Families of American, Mixed and Foreign Parentage Groups Chart No. 5B.— Greater New York and Cities over 25,000 64 Our Boys CHAPTER VI Persistence in School Over sixty-five percent remained in school beyond the compulsory age limit Chart No. 6 and table 'No. 6 in the text show that over sixty-five percent of the boys remained in school beyond the compulsory school age. This refutes the statement which is commonly made to the effect that most of the employed boys in New York State would have dropped out of school at an earlier age than they did had it not been for the compulsory school law. Enlightened public opinion which frames and enforces compulsory school laws also provides good schools and creates a sentiment in favor of education which is in itself much more effective than the compulsory law. It is of course true that many of the thirty-five percent who dropped out of school as soon as the law allowed would probably have left sooner had we lacked a well-enforced compulsory school law. Sixteen^ Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Persistence in School TABLE No. 6 — iSUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Remained Betond Legal | Age Left illegally Left on reaching legal age One Two Three year years years 7.0 28.6 39.9 20.5 4.0 4.8 28.9 37.1 22.5 6.7 8.7 23.5 36.0 24.0 7.8 5.0 23.6 36.8 26.9 7.7 4.3 23.8 38.0 26.0 7.9 3.4 26.4 40.0 25.1 5.1 Total per- cent Greater New York. . Cities over 25,000... Cities under 25,000 . , Villages over 5,000 . . Places under 5,000. . Employed farm boys 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 OuB Boys 65 SONQiARY FOR NEW YORK STATE Remained beyond Left on reaching ILeft legal age L legal age 11 1 legally t% 10% 20% 34% 40% S»%,,,..__60% 79% 80%~.«.^% IOO9 av*kt«r lav Toz«:....] Oitias OTar 25,000..] Oltles ui^ar 25,000. | TlllageB OTer 5,000.1 Plao^B tmdtr 5,000. . | B)q)loy*d Ibtu boys I 1 Blmixai 2 Vow BDdhsU*.... 8 lUont yxaon. . . . 4 W^tortowu ••...« 6 Soheusotady ft X(Qi)c^n...s« ... . T Sroy..... 9 HlaeSkTa Rille. .< 10 Bluefiamton. 11 Alhaay 12 A'dbmn 13 Oa»*go .*..< 14 Pooc^ilEeapsle.... is Klogston.. 16 aiyraausa*. 17 Boohester. ...... 18 Utloa....'. 19 James towo. ...... 20 Buffalo......... 21 iasterdam Cities over 25,000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 31 100% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Persistence in School Chart No. 6 — State Summary and Cities Over 25,000 Some boys leave school illegally. The type of boy who leaves school illegally or as soon as the law allows is very likely to be inaccurate when it comes to remembering his exact age on the date of leaving school. For this reason it is probable that the percentage of boys who reported that they left school at ages which were illegal is in some instances too high. In some of the individual cities which have a relatively high percent of boys who left school illegally it is quite probable that many boys of the unskilled foreign labor group were imported after leaving 3 66 OuE Boys school, into the cities where they lived at the time of the survey, from other cities, states and countries. For this reason a very poor record for persistence in school is not necessarily chargeahle to the school system of the city in which they lived at the time of the survey. Quite a number of cases were discovered by the inspectors of the bureau making this survey, showing that boys slightly under the ^egal age for leaving school, on moving into a strange city during the school year, found it easy to secure employment by stating that their age was sixteen. It is difficult to prevent this practice because the school authorities do not have the boy's name on their census list and many employers either ignorant of the law or indifferent to it are perfectly willing to take the boy's statement that he is sixteen. The inspectors located many such boys who gave their correct ages to avoid military training. On being asked for their employment certificates they confessed that they had raised their ages to obtain employment without a certificate to which they were not entitled. In cities with a large, shifting foreign population it is next to impossible for school authorities to stop this practice. As a matter of fact these boys are usually very close to the legal age for obtain- ing an employment certificate and would gain little by being com- pelled to enter a strange school for a few months in the middle of the school year. About forty percent remain one year beyond the compulsory age Table No. 6 also shows that in Greater New York and in the farm boy group about forty percent of the boys remain in school from one to two years beyond the legal age for leaving. The figures for the other city and village groups are two or three percent smaller which is, however, more than made up later on by the number of boys who remain from two to four years beyond the legal age. Greater New York holds slightly fewer boys beyond the legal age than any of the other groups. This is probably due to the fact that there are more opportunities for employment in Greater New York and that fewer boys plan to enter the high school than in the smaller communities. From twenty-five to slightly over thirty percent of boys in the various groups remain from two to four years beyond the legal age for leav- ing school, the record for the smaller communities being slightly Our Boys 6"r better than that of New York City. In general, however, there is remarkably little difference between the records of the various city and village groups in regard to persistence in school. When boys reach the ages of fourteen, fifteen and sixteen regardless of where they live, the size of the family, nationality, opportunities for employ- ment and home conditions they drop out of school in uniformly large numbers as is shown in Chapter VII. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Persistence in School TABLE No. 6-D — CITIES OVER 25,000 Parentage Groups GROUPS Left illegally Left on reaching legal age Remained beyond legal age Total percent Total boys Greater New York American born boys with two American parents American born boys with one American parent American born boys with two foreign parents Foreign born boys with foreign born parents. Cities Over 25,000 American born boys with two American parents American born boys with one American parent American born boys with two foreign parents Foreign born boys with two foreign parents 6.0 6.5 6.4 8.1 4.3 3.9 6.0 7.8 26.0 27.0 31.5 27.9 23.9 29.5 36.0 31.2 68.0 66.5 62.1 64.0 71.8 66.6 69.0 61.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4,757 1,803 7,272 3,522 6,575 1,872 4,096 1,642 American born boys with American bom parents have the best records On chart 'No. 6 (see table iNo. 6-D in the text) is shown the per- cent of boys in each of the various parentage groups from Greater New York and the cities over 25,000 who left school illegally, who left on reaching legal age and who remained beyond legal age. It will be noted that in Greater New York the American born boys with American born parents have slightly better records than the other groups, while in the other cities over 25,000 the record of these boys is much better than that of the boys of the other groups. This is probably due to the fact that the unskilled labor group of the foreign population in the smaller cities is predominant while the foreign population of Greater New York is very cosmopolitan and the unskilled labor element is not predominant. 68 Our Boys CHART 6-D PABKHTSCS OBOOPS Left fietnained 'beyond i Left on rsaohlag i J l«eal age [^lagal age [^ Illegally e% 10% M% 3«% 40%— 50%,__60% 70% 80%" 90% 100% 5" Greater Sew York. Oltles crer 25,000.. 100% 0% iO% 20% 36%- 40% , 1 American Iwrn boys with two American parents. ama American born boys with one American parent. ^^ American born boys with two foreign parents. ^^ Foreign bom boys with two foreign parents. There is a wide variation in the records of individual cities While there is little difference between the city, village and farm groups in the records for persistence in school (see charts ISTo. 6, 6-A and 6-B in the text ; also tables ISTo. 6, 6-A, 6-B and 6-C in the appen- dix), there is quite a wide variation in the records of individual cities and villages. In the list of cities over 25,000 population, Elmira and Kew Rochelle held over eighty percent of the boys beyond the compulsory age while Amsterdam has a record of only iifty-two percent. That the difference in these records is not charge- able to the percent of foreign population but rather to the type of foreign population is evidenced by the fact that in Elmira sixty- seven percent of the boys have two American born parents while in Amsterdam and New Rochelle the records are 28.8 percent and 29.4 percent respectively. Elmira has only 4.4 percent of boys with both parents foreign born, while Amsterdam and 'New Rochelle have 17.2 percent and 13.4 percent respectively. The records of Elmira and New Rochelle show a wide difference in the percent of popula- tion of American and foreign born parents, and yet they both have a very high record for persistence in school. Amsterdam and New Rochelle have very similar records in regard to the percent of Amer- ican and foreign born parents but widely different records in per- sistence in school, llew Rochelle being at the head of the list and Amsterdam at the foot. It is unfair to draw the conclusion from Our Boys 69 these figures that the schools of Amsterdam are less efficient than the schools of New Rochelle. It should be remembered that the type of foreign population rather than the percentage of foreign popula- tion is an important factor in progress and persistence in school. It is also possible that a very large proportion of the foreign born boys in Amsterdam are not the product of their schools but moved into the city after leaving school. Later on in the report it will be shown that there is also quite a variation in progress and persistence in school between ten of the leading nationalities found in cities over 25,000 population including Greater New York. This is most likely due to the fact that some of our foreign nationality groups are made up largely of the unskilled labor element. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Boys Percent of American Born and Foreign Born Boys In School AND Out of School TABLE No. 6-E — A RANDOM SELECTION OF CITIES American Born Boys Foreign Born Boys In school Out of school In school Out of school 21.4 78.6 17.8 82.2 16.0 84.0 6.2 93.8 24.8 75.2 18.5 81.5 21.4 78.6 11.5 88.5 19.8 80.2 11.8 88.2 25.9 74.1 15.1 84.9 26.2 73.8 4.9 95.1 23.6 76.4 16.6 83.4 16.7 83.3 7.0 93.0 28.7 71.3 17.9 82.1 21.5 78.5 3.7 96.3 32.6 67.4 27.3 72.7 21.8 78.2 12.6 87.4 27.3 72.7 14.9 85.1 23.4 76.6 13.2 86.8 24.3 75.7 23.8 76.2 15.7 84.3 4.4 95.6 21.5 78.5 6.9 93.1 Albany Amsterdam . . Auburn Bingham ton. . Buffalo Elmira Jamestown . . . Kingston .... Newburgh . . . New Rochelle Oswego Poughkeepsie. Rochester. . . . Schenectady . Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown. . . 70 Our Boys flBtnained beyond legal age 3% 10% 20% 30% 1 CanandalgoA. . . 2 Ithaca 3 Olen Cove 4 Plattstrnxg 5 ITorvloh 6 Cortland. 7 Ulddletown e Little Tails...., 9 Batavia 10 Olean 11 Vhite Plains.... IB Qlens Falls 13 Geneva 14 Coming 15 Oneonta 16 Dunkirk. 17 Saiatoga Springs 18 Homell 19 Oneida 20 Hudson 21 Watervllet 22 Laokaminna 23 aniBselaer 24 Dome 25 Salananoa .L Left on reaohlng legal age .40% 50% 60%, 70% L 26 North Tonaivanda.J 27 Ogdensburg 4 28 Fort Jervis 4 29 Loclrport 4 30 aioversville....^ 31 Heaaiianlovllle....| 32 Fulton.. I 33 Beaoon. .1 34 Johnstown........ I 35 echoes...... | 36 Tona«anda........| beft Illegally 80% _ 90% 100% 0% 10% 30%, 40% 59% 60%, 70% 100% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Yea/i- Old Employed Boys Persistence in School CJiart No. 6A.— Cities under 25,000 Our Boys n »7c Lned bsTOnd 40% 507o L«ft on raaohlag ILnft i AM lll«gall7 .78% 80% 190%^ 10«%' 1 tARTtovn. ■ I J»akTllld Oratar.H 5 Xortli Sajrryluwi* • Hi 4 OmItiIth H 6 Xmnreooao •H 6 WaT«rl7>** B 7 Icwark ■ • Badsoa Talis ■ 9 7r«doiila*«. • H 10 H&stlag* ■ 11 Wells-rill* ■ It Treaport ■ 13 Eosipstead* ••.*••• I 14 Solvay ■ 15 Valdea. ■ 16 ^Tack ■ 17 Senaoa Falls ■ 18 Feeksklll B 19 Illon a SO Oatsklll ■ 21 Saraaso Lake ■ 22 Johnson City M 2Z llbion ■ 24 Hsrklfflsr.* ■ 26 Port Washington.. ■ 26 Huntington* ••••••fl 27 Ksaoaroneolc fl 28 Whitehall f 29 Fort Chester H 30 Sndicott .1 21 Hoosiok Tails.. ..^ 32 U&lono 41 33 Depev % 34 Watorford... % 35 Fena Tan*..*.....^ 36 Itedlna 4 ^1 Lancaster......*..! 38 Uassena. ......... ^ 39 Patchogue Jg 40 Baverstnw.......^ 41 Owego .■ 0%, 10% 20% 30% 409 100% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Persistence in School Chart No. 6B.— Villages over 5,000 72 Our Boys 1% !•% 19% 3»% 40% 5»% 60% 70% 80% 90% 1007o AXbaxiy. Aiibum.. Blxt^cmton. Buffalo* Xlailra. ^BBMStCnnU a Sings toa.. Bevbiuno^ i< Bew Soobelle...! Os'wogo. Fon^jtatoepsle. Soheneotad;. Syraoose* JCroy. inerican Poralgn Amerloan PO reign Merloan PDrelga /Unerlcan ^relgn ^erloan. Pojwlgn .toorloan Foreign /mcrloan Foreign .Werloaa Foralga .Amsrloan Porolgn iUosrioan loraign Afflerican Foreign Amerloaa Foreign American ft) reign Amsrloazi Sor»ign .Amsrloan yorolgn ^erlo&n Foreign ijBarloan □ Foreign American ForelKn P% 10% 20% 30% 407o 50% 60%^ 70% SO'jS 90% 100%j I Out of Sohool I m -Sohool Pee Cent op Amebican and Foeeign Bobn Boys in and Out of School Chart No. 6Q. — ^A Random Selection of Cities Our Boys 73 More American than foreign boys are still in school Chart 'No. 6-C and table No. 6'-E in the text, show the percent of American born and foreign born boys residing in eighteen of the large cities of the State who are in school and out of school. In every one of the cities the percent of the American boys who are still in school is greater than the percent of foreign boys who are still in school. As most of the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old school boys are in our high schools this shows that the persist- ence of American boys in high school attendance is greater than that of foreign born boys. This should not, however, be confused with the ages at which sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old employed boys left school, for in this case we are considering not only the employed boys but the entire group of sixteen, seventeen and eigh- teen year old boys including both the school boys and the •mployed l)oys. 74 OuK Boys CHAPTER VII Age Leaving School While it is true in general that nationality, home conditions and environment have little effect on the ages at which boys leave school, it is important to take note of some of the slight differences shown between the various groups on tables No. 7 and 7-D in the text, and on charts from ITo. 7 to 7-G, inclusive. Table No. 7 gives the per- cent of boys dropping out at each age in each of the fifty groups shown in this table. This table shows that the majority of the employed boys left school at ages fourteen, fifteen and sixteen, and that in general thruout the State approximately twenty-five percent of the employed boys left at age fourteen, thirty-eight percent at age fifteen and twenty-six percent at age sixteen. These fig"ures of course vary slightly in different communities and different groups but before reaching the seventeenth year over ninety percent of the boys in all groups had dropped out of school, most of them having dropped out at ages fourteen, fifteen and sixteen. Table No. 7-D shows the cumulative percent of boys in each of these groups who dropped out before reaching each of the ages. Table No. S-HIH in Chapter VIII which shows the age at which the twenty-five percentile boy, the median boy and the seventy-five percentile boy in each of these groups dropped out of school, gives us a better basis for com- paring the groups. By the twenty-five percentile boy we mean the twenty-fifth boy out of each hundred to drop out of school. By the median boy we mean the fiftieth boy out of each hundred to drop out of school and by the seventy-five percentile boy we mean the seventy-fifth boy out of each hundred to drop out of school. For instance, if we were to line up one hundred typical boys from Greater New York in the order of the ages at which they dropped out of school beginning with the one who dropped out at the youngest age and ending with the one who dropped out at the highest age, then count from the beginning up to boy twenty-five we would find that he dropped out of school at age 14.8 years; counting on up to the fiftieth or median boy we would find that he dropped out of school at 15.5 years of age. Continuing up to the seventy-fifth boy we would discover that he dropped out of school at 16.2 years of age. The middle fifty per- Our Boys 75 cent of the boys, extending from the twenty-five percentile boy to the seventy-five percentile boy, dropped out of school between the ages 14.8 years and 16.2 years. In other words the first twenty- live percent of the boys in Greater New York dropped out of school on or before reaching age 14.8 years, the first fifty percent of the boys dropped out of school on or before reaching age 15.5 years and the first seventy-five percent of the boys dropped out of school on or before reaching age 16.2 years. If we follow down the twenty- five percentile column thru the various groups of table 'No. 8-HII in Chapter VIII, we see that there is a very slight difference in the ages of the twenty-five percentile boys. The same is true in the case of the median boys and the ages of the seventy-five percentile boys. This shows conclusively that the middle fifty percent of the boys, between the twenty-five percentile and the seventy-five percentile boys, dropped out of school within about one and one-half years between the ages 14.8 and 16.2 years. 76 Our Boys Pekcent of Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Yeae Old Employed Boys of Various Groups Leaving School at Each Age table No. 7 —14 14 15 16 17 18 Tola] percent 3.8 .3.0 6.5 2.3 2 2 iIq 2.9 3.9 3.2 3.6 2,9 3.7 3.7 4.1 2.3 2.7 4.6 3.9 4.4 2.6 2.5 4.7 3.4 3.3 3.4 5.0 2.6 2.9 3.4 3.7 2.6 .9 3.0 2.5 4.5 5.1 5.8 3.8 6.9 3.8 3.5 2.1 1.0 3.6 4.0 3.2 4.2 3.2 3.0 1.5 27.0 26.1 18.9 17.9 18.2 19.7 25.6 32.3 25.6 28.4 26.2 25.3 26.6 22.1 27.4 27.4 23.0 26.7 27.1 23.6 26.1 17.2 24.8 26.3 .30.3 23.8 21.6 27.2 33.5 25.0 28.9 26.5 27.4 32.5 15.9 23.5 32.0 22.7 31.1 24.5 31.8 25.4 21.3 43.6 24.1 30.3 36.8 26.8 31.3 34.3 39.3 35.1 33.6 .34.8 35.3 37.4 39.9 36.8 39.3 35.8 37.5 38.9 39.7 40.1 41.4 38.4 40.8 39.3 39.6 34.6 38.2 33.5 39.0 39.4 39.8 38.7 34.1 34.6 36.0 37.2 40.0 32.1 30.9 37.5 38.7 39.6 38.7 39.0 31.1 45.3 37.5 34.5 42.6 32.1 40.4 40.7 38.6 40.0 37.2 37.3 25.3 28.3 32.2 35.6 34.9 34.6 26.6 22.5 25.6 26.3 26.9 27.2 25.8 27.9 23.4 24.7 26.9 25.9 25.7 35.4 29.5 35.2 27.0 25.7 22.9 27.9 31.6 27.4 22.5 30.0 26.1 33.0 30.9 21.7 38.7 28.8 20.9 29.2 22.4 18.9 22.4 31.7 30.2 17.3 28.4 23.0 18.7 23.9 25.3 22.4 4.2 6.1 7.2 7.7 8.1 5.5 4.5 4.1 5.5 5.7 5.5 4.4 3.8 5.4 5.5 5.5 4.3 3.7 3.0 3.5 2.9 9.4 5.2 4.9 3.4 4.2 8.1 6.6 3.7 3.4 2.2 4.7 7.2 5.8 2.2 2.5 2.6 4.9 6.9 7.5 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.6 1.7 5.8 2.7 1.5 .4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.3 .9 .5 4.4 .8 .2 1.0 .5 .4 .4 .4 .5 .2 .3 .8 .6 .4 .2 .4 2.0 1.3 .9 .7 .2 2.8 .6 ""a 1.6 .6 2.1 1.0 .5 .4 .2 '".3 .5 3.0 100 Cities over 25,000 100 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 100.0 100 100 Employed farm boys Greater New York 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 American Boys with American Parents Oldest 100.0 100.0 100.0 4th oldest 100.0 100.0 100.0 Foreign Boys with Foreign Parents Oldest 100.0 100.0 100.0 4th oldest 100.0 100.0 100.0 Greater New York American boys with two American 100.0 American boys with one American 100.0 American boys with two foreign 100.0 Foreign boys with two foreign 100.0 Cities Over 25.000 American boys with two American 100.0 American boys with one American 100.0 American boys with two foreign 100.0 Foreign boys with two foreign 100.0 Boys and Parents Foreign Born 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Polish 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 American Bots with One Foreign Parent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Polish 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. i Our Boys TIT Percent of Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys of Various Groups Leaving School Under Various Ages TABLE No. 7-D Under Under Under Under 15 16 17 18 30.8 70.1 95.4 99.6 29.1 64.2 92.5 98.6 25.4 59.0 91.2 98.4 20.2 55.0 90.6 98.3 20.4 55.7 90.6 98.7 21.6 59.0 93.6 99.1 28.5 68.4 95.0 99.5 36.2 73.0 95.5 99.6 28.8 68.1 93.7 99.2 32.0 77.8 94.1 99.8 29.1 66.6 93.5 99.0 29.0 67.9 95.1 99.5 30.3 70.0 95.8 99.6 26.2 66.3 94.2 99.6 29.7 71.1 94.5 30.1 68.5 93.2 98.7 27.6 68,4 95.3 99.6 30.6 69.9 95.8 99.5 31.5 71.1 96.8 99.8 26.2 60.8 96.2 99.7 28.6 66.8 96.3 99.2 21.9 55.4 90.6 28.2 67.2 94.2 99.4 29.6 69.0 94.7 99.6 33.7 73.5 96.4 99.8 28.8 67.5 95.4 99.6 24.2 58.3 89.9 98.0 30.1 64.7 92.1 98.7 36.9 72.9 95.4 99.1 28.7 65.9 95.9 99.3 31.5 71.5 97.6 99.8 27.4 59.5 92.5 97.2 30.4 61.3 92.2 99.4 35.0 72.5 94.2 20.4 59.1 97.8 28.6 68.2 97.0 99.5 37.8 76.5 97.4 26.5 65.5 94.7 99.6 38.0 69.1 91.5 98.4 28.3 73.6 92.5 35.3 72.8 95.2 99.4 27.5 62.0 93.7 97.9 22.3 64.9 95.1 99.0 47.1 79.2 96.5 99.5 28.1 68.5 96.9 99.6 33.5 74.2 97.2 99.8 41.0 79.6 98.3 30.0 70.0 93.9 99.7 34.3 71.5 96.8 99.5 35.8 73.1 95.5 97.0 Under 19 Greater New York Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Vill.^gcs over 5,000 Places under 5,000 Employed farm boys Greater New York Father No father Mother No mother American Boys with American Parents Oldest 2nd oldest 3rd oldest 4th oldest 5th oldest 6th oldest Foreign Boys with Foreign Parents Oldest 2nd oldest 3rd oldest 4th oldest 5th oldest 6th oldest Greater New York American boys with two American parents American boys with one American parent American boys with two foreign parents Foreign boys with two foreign parents Cities Over 25,000 American boys with two American parents American boys with one American parent American boys with two foreign parents Foreign boys with two foreign parents Boys and Parents Foreign Born Austro-Hungarian Canadian English German Irish Italian Polish Russian Scandinavian Scotch American Boys with One Foreign Parent Austro-Hungarian Canadian English German Irish Italian Polish Russian Scandinavian Scotch 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Y8 OiJE Boys The first twenty-five boys dropped out a little earlier in Greater New York The first twenty-five boys in "New York City dropped out of school on or before reaching 14.8 years of age. This is also the case in the other cities over 25,000. In the cities under 25,000 this age increases to fifteen years. In the villages over 5,000, places under 5,000, and the farm boy group it increases to 15.1 years. This difference is really very slight and it must be borne in mind also that about seventy-five percent of the boys of the State live in Greater "New York and the other cities over 25,000. The first fifty boys in Greater "New York dropped out of school on or before reaching 15.5 years of age. This median age increases slightly in the other city and village groups. In Greater I^ew York the first seventy-five boys dropped out of school on or before reaching 16.2 years of age. In the other city and village groups there is a slight increase over this age. Boys having a father and boys having a mother have slightly better records In order to determine just what the effect of being fatherless or motherless had on the ages at which boys dropped out of school a special study was made of all the boys in these groups in 'New York City. See table jISTo. 8-HH in Chapter VIII. The first group studied was boys having a father (for the age-grade table see 8jDD in the appendix), and it was found that the twenty-five percentile boy left school at 14.8 years of age, the median boy at 15.5 and the 75 per- centile boy at 16.3 years of age. In the group of boys having no father (for the age-grade table see 8-EE in the appendix) the twenty- five percentile boy left at 14.7 years of age or one-tenth of a year younger than the boy having a father, the median boy left at 15.4 years of age or one-tenth of a year younger than the median boy having a father and the seventy-five percentile boy left at 16.1 years of age or two-tenths of a year younger than the seventy-five percentile boy who had a father. In the case of boys having a mother (for the age-grade table see 8-FF in the appendix) the twenty-five percentile boy left at 14.8 years of age, the median boy at 15.5 years of age and the seventy-five percentile boy at 16.3 years of age. Our Boys 79 In the case of boys having no mother (for the age-grade table see 8-GG in the appendix) the twenty-five percentile boy left at age 14.3 years or a half year sooner than the twenty-five percentile boy hav- ing a mother. The median boy, however, left at exactly the same age, 15.5 years, and the seventy-five percentile boy left at 16.1 years^ which is two-tenths of a year sooner than the corresponding boy with a mother. In other words there is little difference in the ages of leaving school in the case of boys having a father and having no father, altho the chances are slightly in favor of the boy having a father. In the case of boys having a mother, however, and boys having no mother, the main difference is in the case of the first twenty-five boys who drop out of school. The twenty-five percentile hoy, for instance, drops out a half year sooner if he has no mother than he does if he has a mother. Oldest boys remain in school just as long as their younger brothers In order to determine the effect of rank in the family on the age that boys leave school (see tables No. 7-1 and 7-K in appendix), the oldest, second oldest, third oldest, fourth oldest, fifth oldest and sixth oldest American born boys with American born parents in Greater New York were compared with the following results, as shown in table No. 8-IIII, Chapter VIII. In the case of the American born boys with American born parents regardless of rank in family the twenty-five percentile boy left school at 14.8 years of age, showing very conclusively that for that group, rank in family had nothing to do with the ages at which the first twenty-five boys left school. The median oldest, fourth oldest and sixth oldest boys left school at 15.6 years of age. The median sec- ond oldest, third oldest and fifth oldest boys left at 15.5 years of age, which shows that rank in family had no influence on the age at which the median boys in this group left school. The seventy- five percentile oldest, second oldest, fourth oldest and sixth oldest boy left school at 16.3 years of age; the third oldest at 16.2 and the fifth oldest at 16.1 years showing that the seventy-five percentile oldest boy remained in school just as long as the sixth oldest of this group. In the case of the foreign born boys with foreign born parents the group of sixth oldest boys was comparatively small which accounts for some of the deviation between tjieir record and that of the other 80 Our Boys boys. The twenty-five percentile oldest, fourth oldest and fifth old- est boys left school at 14.9 years of age; the second and third oldest at 14.8 and the sixth oldest at 15.1 years of age. In the case of the seventh oldest boy (see table ISTo. l-'N in appendix) the record of the twenty-five percentile boy is the same as the record of the oldest boy and shows that the twenty-five percentile oldest boy remained in school just as long as his younger brothers in this group. The median oldest boy left at 15.6 years of age as did the fifth oldest; the second oldest and third oldest at 15.5, the fourth oldest at 15.7 and the sixth oldest at 15.8 years of age, showing again that rank in the family did not affect the age at which the median boy of this group left school. The seventy-five percentile oldest boy left at 16.2 years of age, as did the second oldest and third oldest; the fifth oldest left at 16.3 and the fourth oldest at 16.4 years of age. The sixth oldest left at 16.6 years of age and the seventh oldest boy left at approxi- mately the same age as the oldest boy, showing conclusively that rank in the family in the case of the foreign born boys with foreign born parents had little, if any, effect on the age of leaving school. American boys with American parents have slightly better records The record of the four parentage groups for Glreater 'New York and the cities over 25,000 as shown in table ISTo. 8-HH in the text and derived from tables 1:^0. 8-L, 8-M, 8-N, 8-0, 8-P, 8-Q, 8-R and 8-S in the appendix, shows that there is practically no difference in the ages at which the twenty-five percentile boys of the several parentage groups left school. The American born boys with Ameri- can born parents have a record of only one-tenth of a year better than the foreign born boys with two foreign born parents. In New York City the median American boy with two American born parents and the median foreign born boy with two foreign born parents left school at 15.6 years of age. In the cities over 25,000 the median American boy left at 15.8 years of age, while the median foreign born boy with two foreign bom parents left at 15.6 years of age. In Greater New York the seventy-five percentile American born boy with two American born parents left at 16.3 years of age and the median foreign born boy left at 16 years of age. In the other cities over 25,000 the seventy-five percentile American boy left at 16.5 years of age, while the median foreign born boy left at 16.3 years. In the case of Greater New York and the other cities over Our Boys SI 25,000 the seventy-five percentile American born boy with two Amer- ican born parents left at a slightly lower age than the seventy-five percentile foreign born boy with two foreign born parents. These differences, however, are very slight. Some nationalities have better records than others Table N^o. 8-IIII in the text shows the ages at which the twenty-five percentile, median and seventy-five percentile boys, of the ten lead- ing nationalities living in Greater New York and the other cities over 25,000, left school when both the boys and the parents were foreign born, also when the boys were born in America but had both parents born in foreign countries. This table was derived from tables '^0. 8-T, 8-IJ, 8-V, 8-W, 8-X, 8-Y, 8-Z, 8-AA, 8-BB and 8-CC in the appendix. The twenty-five percentile boys left school at ages varying from 14.5 years to 15.1 years. The median boys left school at ages varying from 15.1 years to 15.9 years. The seventy-five percentile boys left school at ages varying from 15.9 years to 16.5 years. There is a slight variation between the records of these nationalities due to the fact that some of them are comparatively small gToups. In every case where the group contains a large number of boys the records are almost identical. Prisoners in New York State prisons have very poor records On page 222 of the RejDort of the ITew York State Prison Survey Committee of 1920, is an age-grade table for the prisoners in the State prison of New York. The twenty-five percentile prisoner left school at age 14.2 years, the median prisoner at 15.1 years and the seventy-five percentile prisoner at 15.5 years of age, showing that in general they began to drop out of school at earlier ages and that fewer of them persisted after the compulsory age than the boys studied in this survey. Taken as a whole the records of the various groups in table No. 8-HIT show that regardless of the size of the community, the home environment, rank in the family and nationality the twenty-five per- centile employed boy of the State of New York left school at about 14.8 years of age, the median employed boy at about 15.6 years of age and the seventy-five percentile boy at about 16.3 years of age. They also show that the middle fifty percent of the boys left school between 14.8 and 16.3 years of age. In other words they show that seventy-five percent of the boys left school on or before reaching 16.3 years of age. 82 OuK Boys t^ S5 -I ■■■■! 6? Illlll nil I III II II ■■■I ■ ■I o d d o n o o o o >» o ••op ® "S »► ft o n 0) a 111 60 n t>> 4> Pi SJ I S I g i s I s tj "ti 'CJ "^ ^ rH l-l iH rt f-1 O O O O O •^ "p AH A A 'tf 'O 'tf "^ Xj 4* 1-4 rH f-l r-4 rH n O O O O O 3 "S « 5 5 5 o N to T^ in «o Our Boys 83 an m H d M ri..H„II..H''Pr..M m-MM , 'ivDPlI DDii rilllHiilil lillivif^^l^^^^^^^ 84 OuB Boys o ^ o o f-t o ^ o •■ •"«?. 00 " o 00 ■^ "5^ o .. .. " .. . o to (O 00 2 • •• o -H •^ ■* u C "■ ^ 2J, a o c^ © 1^ . ,P o 3 to © Jj UOi 5 ~ cc t, o a! A aSjH 1* u s fe o .. .. &< » . :^ ^^ c- '*' c © too ■V —1 T^ © m, So .... (D ^ U, b 1 fe tn ^ B>. Mi to O _j H ■■ ^ Hi. H •K> ^IIb ■■■■ vltf^^ .1 2 |S|||||| lill |ll|s =5 S Ivillllll ■III ■■■B fc( ^^■■■■■H ■■■■ ■■■■>^ o , , . . ■■■■ ■ "^-B ■ o H •OOOOoj . .t-S »•*« fe U Q New York ver 25.0 nder 25, oyer 5, nder 5,0 farm bo d Parent B Am. Pa o For. p wo For. : Parents, Am. Par For. Pa th For. ] M 0>» M *0*^ ♦>®©eB©o m m "> >, m E e H o ' ^ ^ C <^ *?2lJ. «-i E^ 'Ooooo ' o ° 9. Si S, oo 'CQeQCDoQCD .ffieQCOCQtn Ql C of c ^ n y weather conditions, distance, poor roads, etc. Crowded school conditions often combine with the above factors in fostering rapid promotion without which the rate of progress thru the grades is bound to be too slow. In rural com- munities the teachers are usually young, inexperienced and lacking in supervision, the attendance of the children is irregular and little effort is made to secure a high rate of promotion. Whatever may be the reasons the rate of progTess varies from 92.2 percent in Greater IsTew York to 82.8 percent in the group of farm boys who have received their schooling in the rural schools of the State. The record of the boys in the farai boy group has been Our Boys 103 divided into counties and shows a variation between counties of from 77.1 percent in the case of Clinton county to ninety-two percent in Queens county and ninety-one percent in Onondaga county. The number of farm boys in Queens county is relatively very small, as a large portion of the Queens county population is in Greater New York. See table iNo. 8-HHH in the text. American boys have highest rate of progress In New York city American born boys with two American parents have an average rate of progi*ess of 91.2 percent; with one American parent 89.3 percent and with two foreign parents 92.3 percent, while foreign boys with two foreign parents have a rate of progress of only 87.9 percent. The fact that the average rate of progress of the Russian and some individual groups is very high when the boys are born in America and the parents are foreign born accounts for the high general average of the entire group of American boys with two foreign parents in Oreater New York. In the cities over 25,000 the American boys with two foreign parents have a record of 9v3.2 percent; with one foreign parent 91.2 percent; with two foreign parents 88.7 percent; while the foreign born boys with foreign born parents have a record of only 80.2 percent. The relatively low records of the boys with foreign parents in cities over 25,000, as compared with the records of boys with two foreign parents in Greater New York is due to the fact that the foreign groups in the smaller cities are predominantly the unskilled labor element which is not true in Greater New York. The percent of boys reporting each grade as the last one completed, for the individual cities and villages of the State, is shown on tables No. 8-C, 8-D and 8-E (in the appendix) and on charts No. 8-C, 8-D, 8-E and 8-F. 104 OuE Boys m% n% m% COlIFL'STUa SIE aZiSS CCariMIEO 67H (EL&IB ■CKFU)t£B ?iai BOTS BETomis Bra ic,(ioo B^FUlOSS nsSB 6,000 EZ^otiiu anal zs.oca irvuLtttu OTIS s,oo«, lamiatL m tobe s.ooo COHEI^TDTO Zim HUB £.3. COlffaiKG 3HD TKiH H.f «C CO!iPI£TmG 4TH XEAB H.S .OIUBS OTBl ,GBKkT£H SET tOSC FLIOES OIHEE 6,000 affLOTED Fija: BOTS 0III£3 IHDEH 26,000 TILUCE3 oris 6,000, ssiiiE lar Tos, onus OVKS 2B,000 TUiioss oraa b.ooo, PU0£3 DTOES 6,000 Cima U102£ 2E,000| ajFLOTSD FAai SOTS CJSIIEB ISO TOBE CITIES OTXa 26,000 cinss nxD££ 2E,ooa TILUOIS OTSd 6,000 TIUOJCS muiJUi 6,000 ;aiPLOTSI> FABl BOTS ClflXS OTIS 26,000 Ci:lS3 OCBE 26,000 TIIiiCES OTBB 6,000 PUC£3 UIDES 6,000 iGBSinS OC TOiSE JBFLOT£D na BCTS .CITIS3 OTES 26,000 ICIIIES ISDEa 26 ,000 1 jucss misB 6,000 IVLLLiOSS OraE 6,0O0p loBxiTss sac TOS I ^aeiiOTED JPia JOTS 1ST XHOOL ISFOBS P^C^DIS 5TH SSilUE I£FT 3CSD0L BEFOBE ESICHINS 7TR StlUE I£PT SCHOOl. BEFOEE BZ^CHmO 2BS TBAB K.3. I£FT SCHOOL BEF03Z RJUCHIHO 3RII TKIB H.S. ;clil:J3 OVia 26,000 IPLACilS U5I1EH 6,000 iTILLAOaS OVEB 6,000| lOIIIKS UBDiSB 25,000 : HBZitss rat Toai |dg( ZaeuiTEa am tors |BBI g I«PT aCHOOL B3F0XE KEiCHISO iT.l YSiH H.S. _7uc£s cmsa 6,000 ■ ICITljiS OTEE £6,000 (| rciriKS OBDEIi 25,oao| : VliLACtS OTSK 6 ,0008 ZSHUliS SSW TOS I .9IFL0TS3 FAS SOTS fl i«» a« M« 4*it - 3*jt M« n% M« f4< mft V^PSW rtn«Bt drcppls^ ^t at til* aad •; M«h gm&9 : whs liad dr9vp«d t by Ui« «ad of aoelt grrnd^ Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Per Cext CoT^rpLETiNG Each Grade, Per Cent Deofpiivg Oi't, and Total Per Cent ^^*IIO Had Dropped Out by the End of Each Grade Chart Xo. SC. — Slate Siimmarv Orii Boys 105 ^ 1 t § « ^ ^stt^^^if I i ^ ^ i i sa B^ p :;' I 106 OoR Boys •iMm attxa *»* 7B pUHBtU* *«• Of » tan* .e 1«.2 MM 14.T le.i V5.t li.i *9.»t n.af •T.H Ainerifsn horn terjH Ameflcan tKini fceya Itb «Je Aiirerifon p»reit. itli two {oreijn parent Sketeen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Last Grade CoMPt^rrED and Ajge Leaving School Chart No. 8E. — Greater New York. Parentage Groups On; Bovs 107 H^ - citlas OT»r 26,000 30jt ... zei .... a* _. wi .... t* JOd qq eoi^l»t«d American bom boys \>ilh two American paicnt^. Ors4e* i^< 25 p«ro«itll> 7.3 IS.O median 8.4 16. S 75 pcraantll* 9.3 16.6 Aiarega percent of a gT«d» COB- 90.3^ pltttd M«li 7wr 2 3 4 ■« 6 « 7 • American born boys with one .Anicncjn parent. Orads* 7.3 a. 3 i8«« 14. a 16.4 ■« 6 6 7 • 1 OimdH 6.9 7.9 8.7 UU El M 2 3 4 E .4B(7«123« ISji 6* Foreign bom boys iili two foreign par i\n. U.6 16.4 16.1 91.2^ andss te»» 6.3 14.9 7.3 16.6 6.6 lo.S 35iJ -. 16'^ lOik .. 0^ D >,g» laaT- M 14' 1616 17 It Ing tabool American bom boyi wtih twt Amcricaa parent dia 2S$ 18!C .10^ ,.— B5t I. -14 14 16 1617 18 .14 1415 16 17 18 American bom boys nth two foreign parent -U 14 IB 16 17 18 Foreign bom hoys with Iwro foreign pore Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School Chart No. 8F. — Cities over 25,000, Parentage Groups Many individual nationalities have very high records In the group of American boys with two foreign parents the Austro-Hungarians, Germans, Russians, Scandinavians and Scotch have a record of over ninety-four percent, excelling the all-American record, which is 92.1 percent in Greater New York. In the group where the boys and parents are both foreign born, the Scandinavian and the Scotch have a record of over ninety-two percent excelling the record of the Greater I^ew York all-American group, which is 91.2 percent. Records of boys with fathers and mothers are slightly better There is practically no difference between the rate of progress in the case of boys having a father and boys having no father. 108 OuK Boys Boys having a mother have a slightly better record than boys having no mother. It is interesting to note, however, that the best of these four records is that of boys having a mother, which is 93.3 percent, as compared with 92.2 percent in the case of boys having a father. Oldest boys make most rapid progress In the American and foreign gToiips the records for boys of vari- ous ranks in the family, show in each instance that the oldest boys have made more rapid progress than their younger brothers. This shows conclusively that the statement which is commonly made by welfare workers that oldest boys, particularly in our foreign population, do not receive so much schooling as their younger brothers is based on opinion rather than facts. The average welfare worker gets his ideas from the fact that he comes in contact with a family having a large number of children and sees the older boy taken out of school to go to work to help support the family. He does not, however, continue his acquaintance with this family long- enough to discover that when the younger children arrive at the compulsory age limits they too leave school to go to work and very often at a slightly younger age than the older children. Greater New York holds more boys thru the eighth grade Chart ]S[o. 8-C compares the various city, village and farm boy groups in regard to the last grades completed, the percent com- pleting each grade and the total number who had dropped out by the end of each grade. It should be borne in mind that this chart shows only the last grades completed and does not take into account the fact that some of these boys undoubtedly took some work in the next grade above before dropping out of school. On the other hand, probably a few boys overstated their cases and reported as the last grade completed the one they were in when they stopped school. However, these questions were asked by experienced teachers who could be relied upon to get a fairly correct answer to this question by methods of questioning known to all teachers. For comparison between the various groups, however, the facts are per- fectly reliable as the percentage of error would be the same in all cases. The number of boys in each group completing the fifth grade is about the same ; this is also true of the sixth grade, altho the larger cities have a slightly better record. Greater ISTew York and the Ouii Boys 109 other large cities make a better shpwing' in the seventh grade than the other groups. This is also true in the eighth grade, where the record of 'New York City is over sixty percent, as compared with only fifty percent in the small cities and villages. Greater New York does not send so many boys to the high school When it comes to completing the first year of the high school, however. Greater iSTew York is excelled by all the other city and village groups. The employed farm boys' record is the only one lower than Greater New York. Graduating from the elementary school has been a time honored event in Greater l^ew York and has been promoted for many years by the alumni associations of these schools. It is only within recent years that ISTew York city has had tax supported high schools and graduation from the ele- mentary school has long been looked upon as the final goal of public school education. The emphasis placed upon graduating exercises may have a tendency to hold more boys in school to the end of the eighth grade, but it may also tend to make them and their parents think their education has been fairly well completed with "gradua- tion " from the eighth grade. That eighth grade graduation is. considered a final goal is verified by the fact that about thirty percent of the boys in Greater New York gave as a reason for leav- ing school, " Graduated from the eighth grade." With the excep- tion of a few cities where similar exercises are in vogue, a very small percent gave this as a reason for leaving school. The largest number of boys leave at the end of eighth grade This chart also shows that large numbers of boys leave school before the end of the seventh, eighth and ninth grades. Greater ISTew York does not lose so many before the end of the seventh grade as the other city and village groups, but more than makes up the difference by the end of the ninth grade where the total number who have left school is eighty-two percent as compared with about 75.8 percent in cities over 25,000 population. The farm boys have poorest record Naturally the farm boys, because of many handicaps, such as distance from school, impassable roads, poorly trained, inexperienced teachers, etc., make a poorer showing than the other groups. 110 On; ]>(>^s Imo^oa I^BBaQsQ BisS.Sb doBengiB isssBS Iqb l^ssKs iSssS Orit Bovs 111 / ^1 m S ■ » hi ft s^ « i 14. 2 m Z' •3 1 u f r jTrj n "^ r n ri In ^ ^ , ~ ^ s ' ■ ' ^ V - ■ ' lilt' • ^ ^ ■■ s ; " «■ ■ ^ ^ ^ ^ : ; ^ s , ' " », . ' " ^ ' ^ s . . _ . $ ^ V . ' ^ - 1? • - . . ' " V ; ; ~ -^ ... . . * ... ^ s ^ iUa 11 1 till » fin «■" • ■ ■ ■■ -* V « < 5 ' ~ V V ^ . , ^ ' ^ •■ ^ s " i ; ; , liiHy II 1 1 II 5 I 5 II 5 • -a 5 * ? s 5 5 5 t ¥ .2 « s s 9 « ^ S 5 i ° rv <• i6 112 Our Boys 91 - - n' nn n -^ ^ - N V, s ^■^ s ^ ^ s *■ ■■ s ^ ^ ^ s i V . - ■■- ;:; ^ ' V ^ s «, ' ^\ V s ., ■■ V V ^ - s ^ -^ s ^ ^ s ^ ■ \ ■ s " '^ s s.-V ., ^ ^ s ^ ^ -, a 5 O ^ P ® c 2 ^ « < C5 oO >i Kj ^ o y these charts, has little if anything to do with the number of grades completed. It has commonly been assumed that oldest boys a a rH a 9 n 31 ll S£ i If Is ilSll la I a lis III ills 1 1 llsi««l2S Our Boys 123 «&at0d to nork jlaaaelal Under • Anienc*n< 14 **i(lzed.... ••• *op«lgiu. * American.. 14 »• Mixed ••• foreign... 15 * Aserloan.* >• Jllxed » fonign... * Aaerloan*« 16 ••Mixed ••• VDreign..< * jbDorican.. 17 ••Mixed...., •"• Foreign... 10 * American.. •* Mixed ••• foreign... ftraAiatedj SiilliMd 50":^ to'r 7i^L' 80 Sick and JtUMlIaaMBS -w,-c 7»ro M% n% li*^ • Amerloaabom boys with loari^aa bom parents. •• American bom boys with fdreif?! bom or mixed pareatt. *•* Foreign bom boys with flBwlga bom parents. Sixiccv, Heroitecii and EUjhIccn Year Old Emplo}fed Bojfs Reasons for Leavikg School Cliart No. DC. — Greater Now York_. Age :jnfl Parentage Groups 124 Our Boys CHAPTER X Kind of School Last Attended In studying charts Xo. 10, lO-A and 10-B' and tables I^o. 10 in the text, 10-a, 10-b and 10-e in the appendix, it should be remem- bered that this question referred to the school last attended and that most of a boy's education might have been received in some other school than the one last attended. Since, however, most of the boys did not get beyond the elementary school it is safe to assume that with the exception of Greater ISTew York, the school last attended was the type of school attended most of the time. In Greater New York many boys answered '' Elementary School " and did not state whether public or parochial. These were all listed as being public schools altho some of them were without doubt parochial. This accounts for the record of parochial schools in I^ew York being pro- portionately smaller than in the other large cities of the State. The question was asked primarily to find out if possible what special interests these boys might have in vocational schools and others offering special types of training. The answers received show that these interests are very slight and that the majority of boys finish their education in the public elementary schools. There is little correlation between the kind of school last attended and persistence in school. In some cities with a large foreign, unskilled labor element we find a large number attending parochial schools and a relatively low record for persist- ence in school beyond the compulsory age. In other cities, however, having a large number who attended parochial schools there is a relatively high record for persistence in school beyond the com- pulsory age. Cohoes and Glens Falls respectively have such records. See Chapter VI on persistence in school. Sixteen^ Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys KiXD OF School Last Attended TABLE No. 10 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Greater New York Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Places under 5,000 Employed farm boys .... t, * Data not accurate. School Total Public Parochial Private Vocational percent 89.3 6.3* 2.5 1.9 100.0 84.4 11.0 .6 4.0 100.0 87.7 9.0 2.1 1.2 100.0 91.4 5.3 2.7 .6 100.0 94.5 3.6 1.2 .7 100.0 97.1 1.4 1.2 .3 100. Q Our Boys 125 Fabllo eraatar lew Tork...l Cities OTer 25,000. J Cltlaa under 25,000 J Tlll«eaa o'*' 5,009J Flaoea under 6,000. J Sqployed faxTD boya. M 1 Albaii; t iDSterdam 3 AnVum, 4 Blnghamtoa. . . . e Buffalo ' 6 Blnlra 7 J&ioa8tom....< • Ungaton 9 Hoast Vernon. . 10 Vawbnrgh < 11 lew kohalle. 12 Ilagsra Alia U Oswego U Foushkaepsla. 15 itochaater.... it Sohensotady. . 17 3ir»aase..... 18 traj B 19 Dtioa 20 latertown H 21 leakers I iz ■««i«ik.> ■ 1 ■ eitlM OTsr £5,000 7C% »% »5i Ut7,»% ur, '^•r. i«% »r. liixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys IviND OF School Last Attended Chart Xo. 10. — State Summary and Cities over 25,000 126 OuK Boys KklU 1 HllTi* J t i«aocsu«.* * 6u«.B&»ieB> S 00]%^net>** t OcnUaB T tottlA. • toMen...... t »«S*TS..... je ftitk Oct* U ftl«B> Will J£ tlvntFTill* IS l*m>U 14 ]tadMB«« U Itteuu I£ jaslmctoa... IT teetemma....... It litUc IMLla..(.. U iMlvort... to ■•elaaloTlll*.... U KlUlaton. tz lorUi nnytoan.c ts lonloiu M OedntlmTg ££ Olaui.. u omiStL^ £7 Oneostc**. •..*••. £e Il£tt>tnrg Z* ton itirU II ftna... St aulamsBoa. St, Sax«nad Se CBtunrltlct.a.... 9C tsistt ri»ta».... Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Kind of School Last Attended Chart >J'o. lOA.— Cities under 25,000 Our Boys 12T ^""f.-. other aohooli 1 M)>10B l^Bli t c&tsklU ■■■ S Dapm ■■P 5 fr*4oal« ■■■ ( fTMport •••HHH T WitiiWi IHip 9 Baq^ttMA •••■MH 10 UarUner ■■■ 11 Booalek nil ■■■ 12 mdaoa Mia ■■■ U BotlDEtOB ■■■■ 14 Illea. H^H IB Johaaon City ■■■ 16 LUMBatar ■■■ IT lAwrano* BHH 1« Malcn* ^^Bi 19 Ma^roiMck. ||^^| 20 Kuaanft. ■■■ 21 Kadlai ■■■ 22 laaark ■■■ 23 liorth f8rT:rtowB. .I^^H 24 artttiL, IHBi 2fi OaalBlag ^HB 2( u«*ge ■■■ 27 ratebogB*. Bmi 29 Faekaklll ^HB 29 I'aoa xan. d^Bi 30 port Obaater ■■■ 31 lurt WkaMngtoiu.^^Hi 32 AMimUla Caater.i^^H 33 Ssraaae U>ks.....mH| 34 Sfftaoa Klla ^HH 35 SolTay, Hmg 34 i&nytm. I^HH 37 Valtea. ^BH 38 Tatarford. ■■■ 39 VaTarl;..........M^Hi 40 Vai;ivlll*. i^^p 41 fhltahaU ^^H m^m 7»r. ••% (ar, i«a%«' Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys KixD OF School Last Attended Chart Xo. lOB — Villages over 5,000 128 Our Boys CHAPTER XI Kind of Shop Work Done in School Hore shop work is done in the larger places Chart No. 11 and table Xo. 11 in the text, show that the percentage of boys who had woodvv'orking, varies from 54 percent in Greater ITew York to only 11.2 percent in places nnder 5,000 population and that the percent receiving no training at all varies from 39.2 percent in Greater ]S[ew York to 87.5 percent in places nnder 5,000. Miscellaneous shop work, including plumbing, sheet-metal work, electrical work, printing, machine-shop work, forging, auto-repairing, etc., varies from 6.2 percent in Greater ]^ew York to 1.3 percent in places under 5,000. The woodworking refers in most cases to forms of elementary manual training. Very few of these employed boys had anv trainino,- in State aided vocational schools. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Shop Work Done ia' School TABLE Ko. 11 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Greater New York. . Cities over 25,000... Cities under 25,000 . , Villages over 5,000. . Places under 5,000 . . Employed farm boys No Wood :Miscell- training working aneous 39.2 54.6 6.2 55.6 38.5 5.9 65.7 32.0 2.3 6S.5 29.4 2.1 S7.5 11.2 1.3 .0 .0 .0 Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 There is a wide variation in the amount of training- given In the cities over 25,000' population as shown on chart ISo. 11 (see table Xo. 11-A in appendix) there is a variation in the percent of boys who had shojD work of from 76.4 percent in jSTew Eochelle to only 2.2 percent in Watertown. Iii cities under 25,000 as shown on chart ISTo. 11-A (see table jSTo. 11-B in the appendix), Glen Cove heads the list with a record of 87.2 percent and Salamanca is at the other end with .8 percent. In the villages over 5,000 as shown on chart JSTo. 11-B (see table No. 11-C in the appendix) Port Chester leads with 90. 1 percent and about a third of the list compete for the record at the other end. Our Boys 129 Some boys were trained in state aided vocational schools The cities and villages having well organized State aided trade and vocational schools such as Rochester, Buffalo, Elmira, Mt. Vernon, Yonkers, l^ew York and several smaller cities and villages, show that they have reached from eight to about twenty percent of the boys. The above mentioned charts and tables show very con- clusively that the majority of the boys however received little or no shop training, aside from elementary manual training, altho some individual cities and villao'es have most excellent records. 130 Our Boys af B B M .00 ll I I I. II I llll I. n iS s I" o • • s J S o. °. 8 15 • in w » o in N . m ^'^ », s ». «8 I » I o a n &p a 4J 0) -tt CO 9 8 *>+»"-• 3 a O U > f4 g 2 : 9 S fl £ ■& -^ - :^ I ^ S S S 4 S r^ N » * W p, ^1 d m ♦» o W w ffl a M ^ ffl n P i % 14 P) M » O ^ •""sssaaasjisss^ssi ft5 ?>< B £ o K) o •« w O fe H V B w *u t^ h o p W M rs; O ^ PM IS O K w e OQ 1 1^ o a u <» s a 2Q Our Boys 13^1 ■ P^ i::i:i ► g • »] f-i 2 S 1 I E « cs 4> a o o o HNw^«-r-«o.3p|j4asaa5;saasaas!saE;saS5aas«s« 132 OuE Boys : « I ? It I i « : § j i ;a ^ t-i U t-t *» ^ i-i >^ Si 6S SS g S 05 Our Boys 13<3 CHAPTER XII Best and Least Liked Studies Each boy was asked to state his best liked and least liked study. The resulting answers have been classified by grades, city and parent- age groups with a view to determining if possible just where the greatest likes and dislikes for certain studies are located, and also to compare the likes and dislikes for various studies in each of the grades in each one of the city and village groups. Charts l^o. 12, 12-A, 12-B, 12-C, 12-D, etc., which are derived from taibles N"o. 12 to 12-Z, inclusive, in the appendix, show the studies liked best and least by boys leaving school on the completion of each of the various grades in the city, village and farm boy groups. It has been assumed that in the majority of cases the boys named the subjects most liked and disliked in the last grades completed. The like or dislike for a given subject may in some cases of course have been increased by a further study of the same subject for a short period of time in the grade following the last one completed by the boy. For purposes of comparison, however, the data here given are reliable as the same percentage of error would prevail in all sections of the State. It is also important to note that uniform courses of study are used in all the schools of the State. The boys who expressed a like and dislike for certain subjects in the fifth grade are those who left school on or shortly after the com- pletion of this grade and the likes and dislikes expressed by the sixth grade group are in no way influenced by the fifth grade group. This is true of every other grade. It is possible to conceive that a dislike for English as stated by a boy leaving school on or soon after the completion of the eighth grade might be a dislike for it acquired in some previous grade and still retained so strongly as to supersede other dislikes acquired in the eighth grade. However, it can safely be assumed that in the vast majority of cases the likes and dislikes indicated were for subjects studied in the last grade completed. Dislike for a subject does not register the quality of the dislike. It may be a very mild or a decidedly strong dislike. Mathematics, English, History, Geography and Spelling receive a great deal of attention in the form of likes and dislikes, while such subjects as Drawing, Manual Training, Elementary Science, etc., get 134: Our Boys little attention. This maj possibly be due to the form of the questions on the questionnaire, which were as follows : " Best liked study ? " " Least liked study ? " If the word " study " as used was misleading does it not indicate that Manual Training and Drawing haye not yet reached the point where they are naturally included by students and teachers in the list of studies for each grade, but are regarded as extraneous ? However, in other studies of likes and dis- likes where the subjects were arranged in alphabetical order and the pupil checked the ones liked best and least, Drawing, Manual Train- ing, Physical Training, Music, Domestic Science, etc., received little attention. These studies in likes and dislikes are of course very crude but covering as they do such a large number of cases and showing such a wide difference in the maximum and minimum likes and dislikes for the different subjects in the different grades, show the need for a much more careful State-wide investigation of this raatter in the schools themselves. The purpose of such a study would be to dis- cover where the courses of study and methods of teaching should be modified so as to make a more uniform appeal to the children in the various grades. The theory that there is a disciplinary value in a study whose content does not make any appeal to the pupil has been shown by psychological investigation to be without foundation. As a matter of fact when a subject ceases to be interesting pupils cease to study it and therefore gain none of the so-called disciplinary training. Because a study is difficult does not necessarily mean that it is uninteresting, nor does the fact that a subject is easy, make it interesting. Studies were grouped under eleven headings The term " Mathematics " covers all forms of mathematics taught in the elementary and high schools. " English " covers oral English, Written English, G-rammar, Language and Literature. " History " covers United States History, American History and Civics, Ancient History, English History and Modern History. " Geography " covers Political Geography. "Drawing" covers Free-hand and Mechanical Drawing. " Elementary Science " covers IvTature-study, Physiology, Biology and General Science. "Advanced Science " covers Chemistry, Physics and Physical Geography. " Language " covers all foreign languages such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Latin and Greek. Our Boys 135 L«a«t LUced OBBAISH HBV YOSC 40> 30)9 20>> 40°/& 40^ «^ 1 Uatbsmatloa S SngllBh 3 Qeography 4 Ulstoz7 5 Spall lag 6 Drawing 7 Uaimal Tr« 8 Ele, 40;<; 30;0 Snglltfi Uathanat los G«ograpl>7 Spelling History Drawing M Sis. Solence Uannal Sr« CIIIBS OVEa 25,000 0^ Qeography Uathenatlos English Spelling £le. Science History Drawing Manual Tr. 0> IC/i 20^ 90^ 40ii 3 Soismce ^ 1 £Iathenatic0 2 Geogr^hy 3 SngliBh 4 Spelling 5 History 6 Drawing 7 Uannal Tr. Iff/, ao» 80% vei. 8 Sle. Science CITIB3 OBDSB 25,000 Least LUoed 30^ 20^ 10^ tteograpl^? liMgllsh Hath emat los Spelling History Elo. Soisnoe B Drawing I iiannal Tr« 1 llstheoat los i 2 Geography l 3 Spelling 4 Snglish I 5 History [ 6 Drawing 7 uaanal Tr. 8 £le. Science ' ' I i i ' Bert Liked 10^ taj, zoj, VILUGES OVEH 5,000 I I 1 ! Best Lllce^ 1056 20% 30% Geography Snglieh Uathematics Spelling History Kle. Science { Drawing 1 Uathogatios 2 Geography 3 ESlgllah 4 History 5 Spelling 6 Drawing 7 Els. Science 8 Manual Tr. 3 PLACBS D3IDEB 5,000 0% Best LUced 10^ 20% 30;» Least LUrad 30% 20% 10% Geography MathesBtlos fligllah Spelling History £le. Science Drawing Uo yTHgl (Jr. 1 Mathematios 2 Geography 3 Gngliah 4 History 5 Spelling 6 Drawing 7 ¥aniial Tr. 8 ^le. Science ZIl jatPiona) fajm- bots 0^ Best LUced 10;^ 20% SV/c Geography Mathemat los English Spelling i.le. Science History I Drawing Uaaual Tr. 1 Uathematlos -_ 2 Geography — 3 jogliah ~ 4 Spelling ~ 5 History ~ 6 Sle. Scloice n 7 Drawing 3 8 Uannal Tr. 2 1 40% *oi ia$ Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best and Least Liked Studies Chart No. 12. — State Summary for Fifth Grade 136 OUK BOTS Laast UkBd GHSiTEB Uathenatlos Gflogreptiy Spell lag History gSravlng I file. Soienoe lU&imal Tr. CITIES £ngll8li Geogispliy Ustbeznatioa Sipelllag Histoiy £le. Soienoe Bfiravisg Ilaimal Tr* 05^ CITIES liSBglitih. .tbsisat loB Geography Spelling iHlatory Sla. Science BDrawlng 1 Uatheoat loa 2 Histoiy 3 Snglleh 4 Geography e Spellii« e Uaimal Ir. 7 Sra'nlng Beat Ulead Mjg 80^ *0^ 8 Sle« SolenoaJ OTOB 25,000 1055 80^ 3095 iO^ 60^ 1 Usthematloa Z Geography 3 Spelling 4 Hi8toi7 e SngliBh 6 Sisnlng 7 uannal Tr* 8 £le« Solenee { WDSR 25,000 0^ 1 llathematios ~ 2 Geography I 3 uiatory I 4 Spelling I 5 £ngllah Z 6 Drawing 7 Kanual It, 314 V4 Wfi d ! 1 6 £le< ?oleno3 1 VILLtGiS OTBH 5,000 English 1 Mathemat loB Least lilted Geography liathenatloa Spelling HlBtoiry £le« 3olenoe I Drawing ilannal Tr* 2 Geography 3 HistoiT- 4 Spelling 5 fingllah 6 Drawing 7 Banual Vr« 8 jjle« boienoe PLiCES U3IDKH 5,000 liah Best LUDsd 05J 10^ 205? 305^ 40^ 1 Math«iELtioa _ 2 Geography ~ 3 Jfistory ~ 4 laiglish ~ 5 Spelling ~ 6 Sle. GolenoeQ 7 Drawing 3 8 Llanual Ir, aO^OISD FAai BOYS 40^ 50^ English 1 Geography 2 Matheroatlea 3 Spelling 4 loathenatioa History Geography Spelling Ele. Soienoe 5 English — Hietoiy 6 Ele. Soienoe^ g Drawing Mflnnal 'it. 7 Drawing 8 Hamal Ir. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best and Least Liked Studies Chart No. 12A. — State Summary for Sixth Grade Our Boys 137 40^ IiMst lUcai 30^ 20^ 10^ Best LUcod BV^ngllsli I Mathssat Iob I Ooogpapliy QSpalllng ■ History ftDrswlag OBEATEH HH7 YOBK 1 Uathomatioa 0^ 10°/ 30^ 40^ n I History CaograpJiy English Spelling llanoEil Tr. Least Ll&sd 90^ 20^ |£l*u. Soltnoe 7 £i«. Sol«ace^ jUaoual Tr. 8 Srewlng 1 cinas ovEs 25,000 0% Best LUcsd lO^i ZOf-fl Zp^^ L«aBt LUcsd 30^ 20li lOii iBnglish ^thenatics lOeograpby Ispelllag ■Hlstoiy ■Els. Sclenoe IBrawlog Uannal Tr. 1 uathematlcs 2 Geography 3 History 4 Spelling 5 BngllBh 6 Drawing 7 Manual Tr. 6 £le. Science CITIES OTDEH 25,000 3 ] J 0% I I Beat LUcsd' 10'^ 20^ 30^ bnglish .thetnatlcs •ograpi^r [Spelling istory HElem. Science 6 ■Diowlng ' uathonatics lieogpaphy History Spelling Ii rawing lianoal Tr. Least IiUsd sgi 20 iO% WsDAl Tr. 8 ^le. Scieno*^ VIUAGES 0VE2 5,000 0% Beet Llliad 10^ 20% 30^ J.«a8t LVoti. 11 sh thoE&t ies Geography Spelling Histoiy Ele. Science- g Drawing Manual Tr. 1 UathecBt los 2 History 3 Geography 4 Spelli!^ 5 English 6 Drawing 7 jile. Science 8 I.iamial Tr. PLACiJS XJlOSa. 5,000 Least hUsBi llah thoiBtics lography 'Spelling Istoiy Ele. Science JDrawing lianuBl Tr. 3 3 1 30% Mathaaatios ' History \ Geography i Spelling _^ iingllsh □ Elo. Science^ D.'iwing □ Lairual Tr. jiest Liloed 40;'6 30;? 20^ 40^ 40^ 40-> ~3 10^ % jilPLOYED FAE: BOYS 0? ^ 10^ 20,"^ 30% 40^^ Hl^HSrEnglidh 1 Uathenntics _^___^^^___^__^— ■ , I I 2 History i i | 3 Geography I | | ] 4 Spelling ^I 5 English — ; Mathanatios Geography 3pallli« Hiotoiy Xle. Science I Drawl i^ Irlanoal Tr. 6 Ele. Science "2 7 Drawin*; "j 8 Manual Tr. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best and Least Liked Studies Chart No. 12B. — State Summary for Seventh Grade 138 OtTB Boys I I *°i. CHiJlI HO. Least L5k»d 12C ~ STATE SUMARY FOE 8TH SRADE. B*Bt Ukad if, OBIUf U KBW YOS 0^ 10^ Baellih 1 ItathoBtlss i " Hlatoiy I Bugllah I I Geography ' | ^elline ^3 I Uaoial Tr. 3 ' nf Hathamtlos G«osioiliy Hlsto>7 Spalllog SlB«ll« El*. Solanoe Uanial Tr« Ela. SeienoaU Drawing 3 Com'l 3abJ ] L«a(t LlJisd 40^ 30^ CoB'l SubJeotsU) Lasuguagss { 0^ CITISS OTBB 26,000 0^ ! Beat LUad 1051; 20^ 3*;? 40^ Least LUnl 30jt 2(^ lOjii Ssgllah 1 ItethenBtloa £ Seograpligr 3 Spelling 4 Histoiy 5 £le> Science 6 Drawing 7 tngaagee S i]iml Ir. 9 Coal SubJeotslO UBthanat ioe Elstoiy Geography Sngllah Spelling Draning £le* Solanoe Uanial Tr. Ijingiagea Coml Subjeota ' CITIES MTOEa 25,000 lagllah 1 UathasBtles Beat LUcsd 0^ 10> 20^ 30^ Least Lllmd !0^ 1055 Leaat Liked 3051 20% 10^ Uathenatloa 2 Eletoiy r- Spelllng 3 Gaognphor — GeogiBphy 4 Bnglleh — Hiatory 5 Spellli^ 3 Ele. Science 6 Drawing 3 Languagea 7 Ele. Science 3 (Drawing 8 Ifannal Tr. ] Uasoal Tr. 9 Laoguagea Q Oon'l Subjeota ID 0ml Subjeota 0% VlLLiGES OVSa 5,000 0^ KEngllah 1 llathemat lea r- SMathamatlca £ Ulstoiy BGoogiBphy 3 GoograiJiy ■ Spellias 4 Engliah ■ History 5 Spelling ■ Ele. Solonce 6 Ele. Science BLan^ages 7 Uanual Tr. |Drawlng 8 Drawing jCmi'l aibJectB 9 an'l aiijects UaiEial Tr. 10 Languages Beat Liked loji 20-^ serf. Vi PUCES DHDSS 6,000 ' English 1 Uathenatloa Best Liked Wf, ZQfjL SO UathemEit los I Spelling I Hiatory I Geography I Lasgi^ges I i:le. Science 1 Drawing £ Ulstoiy 3 Geography 4 Englidi 6 Spelling 6 Ele. Solanoe P 7 Drawing 8 Com'l Subjec Least LUoBd loon'l Subjects9 l^anual Tr. Uanual Tr. 10 40:^ 30^ 20;i 10^ 0^ ajpliiYiB lEngllah Illlathaisit loB I Spelling IHlstory I Geography Jelne* Leignagee |Dr:iwlng •km 30 i3 0-fi 1 AathesctlCB ^^ 2 HistT-y ~~~ 3 'J80!?r.i?hy 4 ^wlllae m 5 Sa^lik _j C Jle. Science ^ 7 Drawing T 8 Com'l Subject] 40> 60?, 30% 40JS i>aii Com'l Subjects 9 Uanuai Tr Mojiinl Tr. 10 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best and Least Liked Studies Chart No. 12C.— State Summary for Eighth Grade Our Boys 139 tt« l>t 7»ar U^ Ba>u»l B*it Ulmi 10^ a)?i 30% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best and Least Liked Studies High School Chart No. 12D. — State Summary for First Year High Shool 140 Our Boys Least LUiBd 40^ Za^ 20% 1(^ % GHIiATEB HEW YOHC iilngllah 1 iiathonELt loa Langaages 2 English Uathematlos 3 History £le. bcioDoa 4 Laz!^ua€«a Hletory 5, c^le. Soienoa Geogrsptay 6 Com*l Subjeots 7 GdogTiipliy 6 Dzuwliig 9 Manual Tr« 10 Adv. Sclonoe 11 Spelling Best LUosd fp 20% 30', B Drawing g Spall ing I Qniaib^dcti I Adv. Solecci I Manual ' Laast Ll}cad 40. 30;j aO> lO-/^ CITIES OVEa 25,000 1 Uathenatloa 2 HlBtoiy 3 i^Jigllah 4 Com»l Subjects 5 £;ls* Solenoe 6 brawing 7 GaogTBphy 6 languages 9 ilanual Tr, 20% SO';; 40^ 8 Adv. Scienoe 10 Spelling liianual Tr. 11 Adv. Soienoe CITIi;S UlIDfia 25oOOO i^siglleh 1 Uatbeimtlos 10% 20f, ZO^ 40^ 2 History 3 tagllah . — 4 ijla* bcisnce ; — 1. B LanguagsB •— ^ 6 Oom'l Sabjacta ^ 7 l»rrn7lag — ^ 8 Gaography H Adv. Solanoe 9 Adv. Soienoa 3 Oan'l SubjeotalO Spoiling 1 Uanoal Tr. 11 Lianual "^t* c* Best LUced VILIAGJiS G7EB 5,000 i^nglleh 1 IlatbenBtlos 2 Ulatoiy 3 r^ngllah 4 £;ie. Soienoa 5 Drawing 6 Gaul SubJBOts 7 Langoagas Qani biabjeets Geography 9 Drawing 9 Spelling Adv. Soienoa 10 Adv. Soienoa Llanual Tr. 11 Uanual Tr. PLACES UTOEE 5,000 LaEguages 1 i«ia.thonBti03 iSigliBh 2 History iiathemattoa 3 iingllah Histoiy 4 iJ.3. Science ila. Soience 5 Langiages Best LUcad S spelling ■ Gaogmphy 6 Com'l subjects Least Ll^ed 40^ 30^ SO-fi 10^ 7 Urawing ■ Adv. science 8 Adv. soiani I Drawing 9 Geogi^hy j om'iajbjects 10 Manual it. I iiocoal Tr. 11 Spelling 0S5 B I BIPLOyED P.UIM BOYS £bigliah Lanf^iagas 10^ 2C^ SO^ 40Ji 10> 20;i 30?; 40^ 1 i^thettBtlcs 2 History Uatho^tlos 3 £le. Science ulotciy 4 fingllflh Spelling 5 Langtiagos Ela. Soienoo 6 Geography Geography 7 Com'l subjects Drawing 8 Spelling I Adv. Scienoe 9 Adv. Science Ocinl SubjeotalO Drawing Uanual Tr. 11 tianual ^r. n n 2 2 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best and Least Liked Studies High School Chart No. 12E.— State Summary for Second Year High School Our Boys 141 4(,5{ Mjt atf 10^ L»ut Lltod »(^ 20^ lOjt Lcsit Llkad 40^ 30^ Z0$ 10^ lO-yc 80-> 20). 10> 40)( <0]C tO^ 10^ . OiiSAIiH HOT lOffi ^, ■ LangQftg«« 1 UAthSDBtlos ^Z ■ 2n£lleli 2 English '■ H.IiAthomatlo* 3 History B History 4 Languagos f ■ £l6m.SoleBO« 5 Com'l Subjaots^^ ^ Drawing 6 £Aflo. Solenoa ""~! ■ a«ogni>h7 7 Drawing ^ |A7 Uatliamtloa 3 Si:«llali Blma» Solonae 4- Sl«t«3olaso9 Hl0toi7 fi Dittwlsg Claograpiiy 6 Com'l 3ubJ«cti i.dr. Solatua 7 Lai«oaga> Spalllng 6 AdT. 3oleaoe Coa'l SubJaotsS Hsmal Tr. Dr^dag 10 Spalllog Uasoal Tr* 11 Gaograpl^ I I Bast LUcsd 0^ lOji 30^ 10^ P I ^ I 3 I 3 0^ Sngllah (UfttbomAtl CITUaS UHDEB 25,000 1 llathflcatico 2 History 3 Kogllah "^ g^ flo^ History 4 £ltm. Solenoe Sl«iuSol«noo 6 com'l Subjeots AdT* 3olonoe 6 LBngofieot ollliif 7 AdT.Solonco Geogr&phy 8 Dz«vlng Pi««li« 9 GoogrsptQT Com'l SubJaotlO Uanoal Tr* U&imai Tr, U Spslllne ^ TILUGE3 07£a 6,000 , Snglish 1 Uatbeoatlcs 2 Cngliah lUthsoatioB HlBtoiy 4 lAngoages BIai«33l«no« 6 History Drmrins 6 Com*lSut>Joots Spelling 7 Drawing Geographer 6 Manual Tr. 9 Spell log 10 joography AdT. Solanoe 11 Advanced So* Boet Xilkel 1D% tO^; SO^ 3 £lem« Soleao* Coa'l Snbj Uam&l Tr. o-> FL&C£S UKDSa 6,000 iT Bait ^Usd Languagas 1 Mathamatloa Sngllah 2 Hlstoiy """ UattMsiatlofl 3 English ~^ History 4 Languages ~~1 £lJeott ^ |( Qaograpliy 6 Geography ^ DiAwlag 9 Drttwlng * Com'l SubJ. 10 Spelling Muual Tr« 11 Uanaal Tr* a), ao'LOTjo) ?Aai bots i "T'lr* 1 HatlianBtloe Snglieh 2 Elstoiy UatlMiaatlos 3 Sngllsh Hlatoi7 4 dlem«3olenod H BlsB* Solanoe 6 Adv.Solenoe H Spelling 6 Languaeas m Ceogreplv 7 Spelling I Drawing 6 Com'l SubJ* Com''i 3ubJ. 9 Gaograplqr ii^T*Solenae 10 Drawing T'o^'^l Tr> 11 Manual Tr« Best LlkeA 10* iO)t Wji I ♦I* T — I — r Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best and Least Liked Studies Chart No. 12F.— State Summary for Third Year High School 142 Our Boys .g6» tbaaatlcs Z j^DgllBll Iscgllsh 3 History |£laiiuSoleae9 4 Languseu jlJrswiiig 5 Cam*l Subjaota Istory 5 il««.Solan lost &0^ I«att Llkol 30^ 2a; 10";^ OITiaS OTKE 2D ,000 riaBgua.eB« 1 Uatlieisatio8 tCnglUh 2 UlBtory ■ Uathgcatloa 3 £laa< Soionco Msiem. Selenc«4 iSaellsh ■riuistoiy 5 Com*! Subjaots H Drawing 6 I.angaag«s ■AdT. Soiencs 7 Adr. Soieiwa ■ Spalllziig 8 Drawing Ceograptqr 9 Geograpliy |com*l 3nb).^10 Spalllng tHanual Tr. 11 llanual fr* 0^ THUGKS OTSB 6,000 , B^-Qoguagas 1 Battaeoatios B Si^liah 2 Hl8tox7 ■ illam. 3cianoe3 "lem. ^solanoa HI lUathonatiaa 4 Lasguagea H Uistoxy S ' Sogliah. qcom'l SubJ. 6 Adv. Scienoa Canual i'raui 7 Drawing Spelling 8 ixanual Iralu* Gaograpliy 9 Spoiling Drawing 10 Coogrephy Adv. Jelanoell Com'l SubJ 3aat LUad 10$ 20^ 30;^ 40^ Beat LUcad 105£ m Wit 40^ B05« PUC£S UNDiSB S,000 0^ 1 ftathanatioa i^^i iOngllsh Z Hlstozy ■— lathematioB 3 ^dT. Soienoa -^— i aaa. boloiica4 Elen* ^oianoa — ■felling 5 fingllBb _ tlstoty G Languages ^3 dT* ficianea 7 Com'l Subjaota ^3 Mceography 3 Oaogiaphy 2 I Brawlng 9 iJrawlng * Com*l Subj. 10 Hamial Training ttaimal Tralnll Spelling ■ Bast Llkai 10$ 20$ 30$ 40$ eo> 0^^ aiPLoyfia fasi boys o$ H Languages 1 Katbonatioa _ ~i English 2 History 3 I leathematloa 3 llem> oolenca ■4 History * AdT. Soisnoe l^iUvD* Solenoft & luiguagaa pUiAvln« fi Ooa>l SubJ. )i»paUlng 7 Oaogiaphy lOeogrEq)!]; g Drawing |ldT. Solenea 9 qpalllag tian. Training 10 Soellah Oo»*l SubJ. U Ifcm. Tmlnin£_ Bast LUcad 10$ 20$ 30$ 40$ 50$ Sixteen, Seventeen ond Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best and Lijast Lii^ed Studies Chart No. 12G.— State Summary for Fourth Year High School, Our Boys 143 Charts 'No. 12 to 12-G inclusive show the comparative likes and dislikes for each subject in each of the city, village and farm groups. Chart No. 12 gives these comparisons for the fifth grade; No. 12-A for the sixth grade; No. 12-B for the seventh grade; No. 12-C for the eighth grade ; No. 12-D for the first year of the high school; No. 12-E for the second year of the high school; No. 12-F for the third year of the high school and No. 12-G for the fourth year of the high school. This series of charts is useful for making comparisons by city, village and farm groups between the best and least liked studies for each grade separately. Charts No. 12-H to 12-0 inclusive, show comparative likes and dislikes for individual studies by grades and by the various city, village and farm groups. These charts are useful for studying the likes and dislikes of individual subjects and enable anyone to make a comparison between the various city, village and farm groups in the matter of likes and dislikes for any particular grade. Charts No. 12-P to 12-T inclusive, make a comparison between the various city, village and farm groups showing the like and dislike for each study in each of the grades within the group. Mathematics ranks first in like and second in dislike Chart JSTo. 12-H compares by grades the like and dislike for mathe- matics in the various city, village and farm groups. Chart No. 12-P makes similar comparisons by grades within each of the city, village and farm gi-oups. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E, No. 12-N to 12-S in the text.) In Greater New York Mathematics is uniformly liked in all the grades and the high school by about thirty-seven percent of the boys and uniformly disliked by about twenty-two percent of the boys. In the cities over 25,000 Mathematics is uniformly liked by about forty-three percent of the boys and disliked by about twenty- one percent. In the cities under 25,000 Mathematics is uniformly liked by about forty-three percent of the boys and disliked by about twenty-one percent of the boys. In the villages over 5,000 population it is liked by about forty-two percent and disliked by about twenty- one percent. In the farm boy group, however, the uniform like increases to about forty-nine percent and the dislike decreases to about seventeen percent. While the like for Mathematics is almost twenty percent greater than that for any other subject the dislike 144 Our Boys for Mathematics is only fifteen percent less than the dislike for English which stands first on the list for dislike. Altho Mathe- matics is the best liked study it also ranks second in the list d£ disliked subjects. The remarkable uniformity in the percentage of like and dislike for the subject of Mathematics in all the grades in all communities of the State, indicates that the course of study in Mathe- matics is uniformly interesting to from forty-three to forty-eight percent of the boys and uniformly uninteresting to from sixteen to twenty percent of the boys. OuB Boys 145 ZO^ 20^ 20^ 30i 40> eoit Greater Mew York Qnployad farm boys Places onder S,000 Cities over 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Cities under 25,000 Greater How York Cities under 25,000 Places under 5,000 Villages over 5,000 Cities over 25,000 Qqployed farm boys Greater Hew York Places under 5,000 Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 6,000 anployed farm boys I Places under 5,000 I Greater Hew York ( Villages over 5,000 I Cities over 25,000 I Cities under 25,000 I J:inployed fajn boys Villages over 5,000 Cities over 25,000 anployed form boys Cities under 25,000 Places under 5,000 Greater new York aiployed faim boys Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Places undsr 5,000 Villages over 5,000 Greater New Yoric IE Qqployed farm boys Cities undsr 26,000 Places under 5,000 Cities over 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Greater New Yori: i^loyed famn boya Cities under 25,000 Places under 5,000 Cities over 25,000 Villsgos over 5,000 Greater New York 1 st YEifl HIGH SCHOOL Cities under 25,000 Cities over 25,000 Greater Bew York places under 5,000 Villages over 5,000 tioployed taxa boys 2nd Cities undsr 25,000 Greater How York Cities over 25,000 Places under 5,000 Villages over 5,000 jiii^loyed fans boys 3d Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 Greater Uew York Biuployed farm boys Places under 5,000 Cities over 25,000 4tlj YBifi HIGH SCHOOL Cities under 25,000 Greater New Yoric ^Diployed fans boys Cities over 25,000 Places under 5,000 Villages over 5,000 *o'/. 30% 1 £^loyed farm boya 2 Places under 5,000 3 Cities over 25,000 4 Villages over 5,000 5 Cities under 26,000 6 Greater Hew Yoric Y£A^ HIGH SCHOOL 1 Anployed fans boys 2 Villages over 5,000 3 Cities naier 26,000 4 Places under 5,000 5 Cities over 25,000 6 Greater Haw Yoric Y£AH HIGH SCHOOL i^loyed fiua boys Places under 5,000 Villages over 5,000 Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Greater New Yoric xiqiloysd f&m boys Villages over 5,000 Places undsr 5,000 Cities undsr 25,000 Cities over 25,000 Greater Haw York 2% OltlsB over 25 000 Citi9B undflp 25,000 i 1 1 | 1 1 1 iH ■H^ 10% 20> 30?S 40> 60^ G raster Hew I 6th Grad* lUyp. H.S 34 " lea OTer 25, eth Grad* Tlh '• SM " Utyr. M.S. 2d " ■• 3d ■• " 4th •• " es under 25, eth Gradd em " lityr.H.S. i ' 1 ■ 1 rlc 1 [ '^ 1 1 li 1 1 1 1 ■i ==^ 1 1 ou I 000 1 1 1 pill — ■: 1 1 > ' 'II 1 ■ 1 1 Cit 000 ! '. j " 1 1 1 i ' '1 ' THJ ages 07er 5, etfi Grad* Idtyr. H.S oet under 5, Sth Grada Ttl. '•■ etii " IMyp. M.S. 2d '• " 3d •• " 4Ih •• " loyed Fan B< etn Crada Idtyp. H.S. 3d " " 000 1 i 1 ^=< 1 ! ' ■" 1 , j , _ 1 ' 1 IH ^i 1 1 Pla 1 ' ' 000 i 1 1 ■ I 1 \ « 1 ' ' >;• 1 1 1 l=3i ; 1 1 ■ '' 1 _^ ' 1 i 1 : 1 1 10% 0%. 0^ 10% 20% 30%; Sixteen, Seventeem and Eighteen Year Old Einploped Boys Mathematics and History Chart No. 12P. — Grade Summary for City, Village and Farm Groups Our Boys 147 English is the most disliked study Chart ISTo. 12-1 compares by grades the like and dislike for English in the various city, village and farm groups. Chart ^o. 12-Q makes similar comparisons by grades within each of the city, village and farm groups. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E, and No. 12-N to 12-S in Ihe text.) From twenty-five to thirty percent of the boys disliked English in the fifth grade, the dislike being slightly greater in Greater New York than in the other groups. This dislike increases until it reaches its maximum in the eighth grade where it is about forty-three percent. It then gradually decreases to almost twenty percent in the fourth year of the high school. Erom ten to fifteen percent of the boys like English in the fifth grade. Tliis like decreases gradually up to the eighth grade and then increases slightly in the high school. English is the one subject required in all grades and in each year of the high school and it is quite evident that the course of study as arranged at present does not appeal to boys. Many theories have been advanced in an endeavor to explain why boys do not like English. The data of this survey simply indicate that English is not interesting to boys. A further study of this subject should be made in each grade endeavoring to discover the percent of like and dislike for oral English, written composition, grammar and literature. The subject as here discussed necessarily covers all of these branches of the subject. Personal interviews with a large number of boys have revealed the fact that oral and written English as well as grammar and literature, as at present presented, fail to interest many boys. Correlation tables were made for the various nationality groups to see whether English was more disliked by foreign born boys than by American bom boys. It was discovered that English was no more distasteful to foreign bom boys than to American born boys and in some instances the foreigners expressed a slightly greater like for English than did the American bom boys. These different nationality correlation tables are not published in the report because of lack of space. It should be noted that the like for English is greater than the like expressed for a number of the other studies. 148 Our Boys Least LUced < 30^ 20^ 30JJ Z(yJ, lOiJ Graatar Has Yorit Villages cnrer ^00 Cities under 25,000 i^nployed £arm boys Cities over 2^00 Places imder 5,000 Great ar Haw Yoit Cities over 25p00 Cities under 25,000 Villages ovar 5p00 Bnployed farm boys Places under SpoO Greater Sew YoiJc iteployod farm boys Places under 5000 Cities under 25000 Villages over 5000 Oltlas over 25000 stii omns 1 2 3 4 5 6 6th QSiDS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7th aOiDB 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bast Liked 0* 10% zor/i Greater New YoiSc anployed farm boys Cities ovar 25000 Places under 5000 Cities under 25000 Villages over 5000 8th GEADE 1 2 3 4 5 6 I^loyed farm boys Greater Ha* Yoric Places under 5p00 Cities under 25,000 Cities over 25p00 Villages ovar ^00 Greater Has Yoit Places under ^000 Cities under 25pOO Villages over 5poo Qaployed farm boys Cities over 25pO0 Greater Haw Yoi* Cities over 25000 Cities under 25000 Villages over 5000 Places under 5000 Ui^iloyed farm boys Groat ar Kew Yoite Cities under 26000 Villages over 5000 Cities over ^^00 Places under 5000 Qsployed farm boys HD 1st YEiE HIGH SCHOOL Cities ovar 35030 Qsployed fam boys Villages over 5000 Cities under 25000 Places Older SOOO Greater Has Yoik 1 Graatar Haw Yorlc 2 Cities under 25000 3 Cities over 25000 4 Villages ovar 5000 5 Places under 5000 6 anployed farm boys 2d YEA a HIGH SCHOOL Cities over 25000 anployed farm boys Villages over 5000 cities undar 25000 Greater Haw Yort Places under 5000 Cities over 250O0 Grooter Haw Yorlc Cities under 25000 Places under 5000 Villages over 5000 aig)loyad fann boys 3d YEAB HIGH SCHOOL Cities over 25000 VlllBses ovar 5000 Cities under 25000 ai^loyed farm boys Qraater Haw Toric Places under 5000 Villages ovar 5000 Greater Hew Yoric Cities under 25000 Cities ovar 25000 anployed f jna boys Places under 5000 4th YEaa HICW SCHOOL anployed farm boys Cities over 25000 Places under 5000 Cities under 25000 Villages over 5000 Greater Haw Yortc Greater Haw Yoric Cities ovor 25000 Cities under 25000 Places under 5000 Villages over 5000 anployed famo boys 0^ 10^ 20^ Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys English Chart No. 121. — State Summary for all Grades Our Boys 149 Laaat Llksd ENGLISH 4055 30!S 20^ lo:^ 0% Best LUcal Least Liksd USOUAaES Best LUud «oj{ 3o;i 2o;« 10^ 0^ 0% io?i a Sixteen, Seventeen mid Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys English and Languages Chart No. 12Q.— Grade Summary for City, Village and Farm Groups 150 . Otjr Boys History ranks second in like and about fifth in dislike Chart ^0. 12-J compares by grades tlie like and dislike for History in the various city, village and farm groups. Chart l^o. 12-P makes similar comparisons by grades within each of the city, village and farm groups. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E and Ko. 12-^" to 12-S in the text.) The like for History increases uniformly from the fifth to the eighth grade where it reaches almost thirty percent The like then gradually decreases thruout the high school. This is par- ticularly encouraging when it is recalled that as the amount of His- tory required in the grades increases, the like for the subject also increases, reaching its maximum in the eighth grade. The record for the first year of the high school whei-e most pupils study History is also high. In the upper grades of the high school the percent liking the subject gTadually decreases. The dislike for History, how- ever, on the other hand is uniformly about seven percent thruout all the grades and the high school in each one of the city, village and farm groups. This small and uniform dislike for History indicates that the subject fails to appeal to a uniformly small percent of the boys in each grade. The fact that the dislike does not increase in the seventh and eighth grades where more time is devoted to the subject verifies this statement. It is unfortunate that the boys were not asked to state their second best liked and second least liked study as it would then be possible to measure in some degree how much stronger the like for Mathematics was than the like for History or vice versa. The important fact to note with regard to the like and dislike for History is that as the amount of work increases the like for the subject increases while the dislike remains uniformly quite small, indicating that the course of study is so arranged as to make an increasing appeal to the boys as the requirements increase. Our Boys 151 Least Liked Bast Llksd 0^ 10^ ao^ ll>laoes under 5000 I Villages over SOOO I Cities under 25000 I GiToater Hew Zoxk I aapXojai taim boya I Cities over 26000 iBi^loyed faniboya I Sroater Haw Yoj* I Villagas over 5000 I Flaoes under 5000 I Cities under 25000 I Cities over 25000 I Bsployed faim boy* I flacas under SOOO I Tillages OTor SOOO I Cities under 25000 ; Cltlea over 2S000 I Elreatar Hea Yozk issployed fSjnn boya IPlaoee under SOOO icitles over 25000 ICitias under 25000 SvillagoB OTer 5000 reeter Saw Toitc Z 3 4 5 6 6th aaiaa 1 2 3 4 S 6 TthOBUK 1 2 3 4 5 6 8th amsa 1 2 3 Places under 5003 Greater Nor Yoik Vlllaeas over 5000 Smployad farm boys Cities under 25000 Cities OTsr 25000 Sreatar He* York Tillages orer 5000 PlBoes oadar SOOO ai;>loyed farm boys Cities nader 25000 Cities over 26000 O-reeiter Hew Yoik Villa gaa over SOOO Plaoas mider SOOO BQ>loyed fazB boys Cities under 25000 Cities over 25000 TiUaees atw 5000 Places under 5000 Qi^loyad t&im boys Cities orer 25000 Oraater Hew Yortc Cities under 25000 1st TBia BIOB SCHOOL 20? io$ ! Tillages OTer 5000 1 Cities orer 25000 Cities OTer SOOO 2 aiiployed fazn boys ' allayed taxa boys 3 Places under 5000 i Greater Hew Yoric 4 Tillages over 5000 1 Cities under 25000 5 Cities under 25000 i Places under 5000 6 Greater Has Yoik 2d YSA.B HIGH staoci. 1 Tillages over 5000 1 Places under 5000 i Places under 5000 2 Bs^loyed faim boys 1 Cities under 25000 3 Tillages over 5000 1 Bnployed tajm boys 4 Cities over 25000 1 Cities over 25000 5 Cities under 25000 1 Greater Hew Yoik 6 Greater Hew Yoifc 3d YSLS HIGH SCHOOL 1 Villages orer 5000 1 1 Cities under 25000 2 Boployed farm boy* 1 Greater Hew Yoifc 3 Cities under 25000 1 Cities over 25000 4 Cities over 25000 I BQ>loyed faro b oys e Greater Hew Yoik 1 Places under SOOO 6 Villages oyer 25000 4th YUB HI(m SCHOOL 1 Biiployed faa boy* 1 Villages over 5000 1 Tillages OTer 5000 2 Cities under 25000 1 Greater Haw YotSc 3 Qq^loyed fann boys 1 Cities under 25000 4 Greftter Hew YoA ■ Cities over 25000 5 Cities OTer E5000 ■ Places under 5000 6 Places under 5000 0* 0^ 10'/ 20^ Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys History Chart No. 12 J. — State Summary for all Grades 152 Our Boys Greography is most disliked in the lower grades Charts 'No. 12-K and 12-E, compare the likes and dislikes for geog- raphy by grades and by the various groups. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E, and No. 12-IT to 12-S in the text.) The dislike for Geography is greatest in the fifth grade and the like for Geography is about uniform in the fifth, sixth and seventh grades. It is noticeable that the like and dislike for Geography reaches into the high school. Of course these likes and dislikes werre acquired in the grades. This suggests that some of the like and dislike in the upper grades for other subjects has also been carried over from the lower grades. It does not show, however, on the tables and charts because most of the other subjects are taught in the high school as well as in the grades. Our Boys 153 ^ a m ^ o o o i< O t3 V o o > o a] 5 I ■M 4> )H Oj ^ *4 iri r-t O O > P* ^ -^ r-l O r-l Cd ^ s © o ** r-* C\J tO^mOcd rHCMtQ-^JllO^OOf-ICVJPJ^lOOcSr-IOllO ^inU> * T» o ^ O > O O CM :; :;: t ^ C5 O O > llllliiui" t o >> o o 8 « 8 « ^ 8 8 *• S :: E a (H o e -=t M »< ^ a -I i^ o i-i ♦* © »H ** d P* 4* 04>eortO o© o pj o cs >• o e< o o o P< > O O O (1< o c» O C» nnnn ^ g =5 g cS to A to ( ) ^ iQ C9.H N tO'tin tOOiHCM eO-^lflO^^ M(0 <«flO 0) -I rH ^ w o .-H -H -< ll o< o > o § 8 r^ -^ T^ O O O Ph > O IIIHMIIIiMllli 1? ^ 154 Our Boys Least Lllced 30% 2054 10^ Best Liked 0^ la^ Greater Hew roi* | 6th Grad« Cities over 6th Grad* Cities uader 25000 h Grad* TlHagoa over 5000 6th Grad* Places under 5 000 6th Gradd clsployai fans bo^ I Grad* _— Least Lllced 10^ Of, Greater Now York i tu 10^ 20% cities over 2 500 1 6th Gradd t 1 6th " 3 1 /■th " ] ■ Sth " J 1 I»t»r. H.S ^ ■ 2d " " 3d •' " 1 *th •■ " n Cities under 25000 ■ 6th Grad* H ■ Sth " I I 7th •• 7 1 eth ■• J 1 1st yr. H.S p k 2d " •• 3d •' " =3 4th " □ Vlllagsa OTsr 5000 1 6th Gradd ^ Places under 5,000 I 3d •' •' P i 4th ;' " D £taployed farm boy^ 1 6th Gradd J 1 6th " 3 1 Tlh t H eth " 3 ■ l.t/r.H.S. c |2d ■• •• p 1 3d •■ •• h ■ 4th " J l»^ 0^ on Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Chart No. 12R. — Grade Summary for City, Village and Farm Groups Geography and Drawing • .Our Boys ;155 Spelling is least liked and best liked in the lower grades Charts No. 12-K and 12-S compare the likes and dislikes for Spell- ing in the grades of the various groups (see tables ]SI"o, 12 to 12-E and 'No. 12-ISr to 12-S in the text), and show that the greatest dis- like as well as the greatest like for Spelling occurs in the lower grades. As in the case of Geography, dislike and like for Spelling reach over into the high school. 156 OuK Boys SPEIillKJ Least Liked I Greater New York I Cities over 25000 6th Grad* 6th " Tlh iCltieo under 25000 eth Grad* 6th 7th " .H.S ^ Tlllagea over BOOO 6th Grad* lit jr. H.S 12 Plaoes under 5,000 eth Grad* 1=1 Qnployed farm boys 6th Grad* 20^ 10^ 0% MiOT.TiTAffl' SOICSCE Iieaet LUced. Best Ll'/ced 20^ 20^ 205« xo^ a;2 0^ Greater Hew totx. 10^ 6th Grad* 6th " Cities over 25000 I Cities tinder 25000 6th Gradd 6th " Tth Tlllag«B over 5000 Sth Gradd Plao93 \mder 5,000 6th Gradi anployed farm boys 5th Grade 10^2 0^ Siccteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Spelling and Elementaey Science Chart No. 12S.— Grade Summary for City, Village and Farm Groups Our Boys 157 Foreign language is very much disliked in the high school Charts No. 12-0 and 12-Q (see tables ]^o. 12 to 12-E and No. 12-]^ to 12-S in the text) show a very strong dislike for Foreign Languages, increasing from the first year of the high school to its maximum in the fourth year. This is the only instance where any study outranks English in dislike. The like for Foreign Languages is uniformly very small. Villages over 5000 Plao9s under 5000 Cltiea under 25000 Greater New Yoik Qnploysd farm boya Cities over 25000 30% 30% 10% 0^ Sth OB&SS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Villages over 5000 Cities under 25000 Pisces under 5000 Greatsr Hen York J:2Q)l07ed t&ttn boys Cities over 25000 Best Lllcsa a I I 1 I 1st YEiH HIGH SCHOOL Places under 5000 Bi5)loyed farm boys Greater Hew York VillagBs over 500O Cities under 25000 Cities over 25000 Greater Sew YOZ& Villages over 5000 Cities und»r 25000 Bi^loyed fann boys Cities over 25000 Places under 5000 2d XMS HIGH SCHOOL Places under 5000 Bi^jloyed farm boys Greater Hew Yorfe Cities under 25 000 Villages over 5000 Cities over 25000 Greater Haw Yoite Cities under 25000 £>nployed farm boys Places under 5000 Villages over 5000 Cities over 25000 c c u 3 3d YSAB HIGH SCHOOL Places under 5000 Employed farm boys Greater New York Cities under 25000 Cities over 25000 Villages over 5000 z=n 1 Greater New Yoilc 2 Villages over 5000 3 Places under 5000 4 Cities under 25000 I I 5 Cities over 25000 D 6 Itaployed farm boys U 4tll YBaH HIGH SCHOOL Villages over 5000 Places under 5000 anployed f&rm boys Greater Haw YoA Cities under 25000 Cities over 25000 1 Greater New Yoilc 2 Cities under 25000 r~~l 3 Villages over 5000 f~~t 4 Qnploped farm boys '~~^ 5 Places under 5000 □ i 6 Cities over SOOO 3 [ 0% 10^ Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Lajjguages Chart No. 120. — State Summary for all Grades 158 Our Boys Likes and dislikes for other subjects are relatively small Charts No. 12-L, 12-M, 12-E", 12-R, 12-S and 12-T show that the likes and dislikes for Elementary Science, Advanced Science, Com- mercial Subjects, Drawing, Manual Training, etc., are relatively- small. (See tables No. 12 to 12-E and No. 12-N to 12-S in the ftext.) Our Boys 159 10% 0% ■ Cities under 25000 H Greater Ue« lorlc I Cities over 25000 I tLsoes niider 5000 I Villages over 5000 I Snployed &rm boys I Cities under 25000 I Flaoes under SOOO I Greater Htm xoA I Tillages over SOOO I Cities over 25000 I finployed f aim boys i Sreater Hew York I Cities under 25000 I Cities over 25000 I Places uzider SOOO I Bi^iloyed f a rm boya I Tillages OTer SOOO B Greater Hew Toik I Cities OTer 25000 I Bnployed farm b oys I Flades under SOOO i cities under 25000 I Tillages over SOOO 5tii aatss 1 2 3 4 5 6 6tb aaiSE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7th SfiUffi 1 2 3 4 5 6 8th GBiSS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Best Liked 0% lOji Greater Hew Yoifc Flaoes under SOOO Citla* under 2500C Cities OTer 25000 jaq>loyed fans boys Tilla«eB OT«r 5000 Places under 5000 Tillages OTer 6000 Cities OTer 25000 Greater Bev Yoik Qqiloyed farm boys Oities under 2S000 Tillages orer 5000 Places under 5000 Cities OTer 25000 Greater Hew York Cities under 25000 ^^loyed farm boys Greater isew York Cities under 25000 Cities OTer 25000 Tillages OTsr 5000 Places under 5000 J!>q>loyed faiai boys 1st rSLR HtOH SCHOOL ^ Greater Sew Yortc I Bsployed fbrm boys I Cities orer 25000 ■ Villages OTer 5000 ■ Cities under 25000 I Places under 5000 1 Greater Haw Yoj* ^ 2 Places under 5000 ^ 3 Villages OTer 5000 U 4 Cities OTer 25000 ^ 6 Cities under 25000 ^ 6 Ssployed fiaia boys ^ 2d tBiil Hiaa SCHOOL ■ Greater New York I Cities uzKler 25000 I Cities OTer 85000 I Tillages OT«r 5000 I Bnployed f&im boys I Places under 5000 1 Tillages OTer 500(J — 2 Cities OTar 25000 — ^ 3 Greater Hew York —^ 4 Cities under 25000 ^ 5 Places under 5000 ^ 6 ai^loyed ftrta boys J 3d YSAB HIGH SCHOOL ■ Greater Hew Toxk p Tillages OTer SOOO I Places under 5000 I Snployed f&rm boys I Cities OTer 25000 Cities under 25000 1 Cities orer 25000 — ^ 2 Cities under 25000 ^^ 3 Tillages OTer 5000 ^ * Greater Hew York ^ 6 Anployed fans boys ^ 6 Places under 5000 >l 4th YSAB HIGH SCHOOL XOJl ■1 Greater Sm York ■ Cities under 25000 ■ Cities OTer 26000 M Biployed fitna boya H Places under SOOO Tillages 0T«r 5000 0» Greater Hew York ^ Cities OTer 25000 3 Tillages OTer 5000 ^ Cities under 26000 3 Bqployed ftm boys i Places under SOOO j Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Drawing Chart No. 12L, — State Summary for all Grades IGO Our Boys Least XiUoad Flacea under 5000 ^nployed faan boys Cities over 25000 Tillages over 5000 Cities under 25000 Greater Hew Yoik ai5)loyod faim boys Places under 5000 Villages over 5000 Cities under 25000 Cities over 25000 Greater Hew YoOc Ssployai faan boys Villages over 5000 Cities under 25000 Cities over 25000 flaoes under 5000 Greater Hen Yoric Bnployed flELxn boys Villag«i over 5000 Cities under 25000 Cities over 25000 Places under 5000 Greater Haw York ELEMEHIAHr SCLEHCE ^ 61th aBiUS 1 z 3 4 5 6 6th GBU3B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7th GBADB 1 2 3 4 5 6 8th OHiLDE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Best Liked Of, van ar«ater Hew York ai?)loyed fara boys 3 Cities over 25000 P Cities under 25000 Villages over 5000 Places under 5000 Places under 5000 anployed fam boys p Greater Hew YoHc Cities under 25000 I Villages over 5000 Cities over 25000 Greater Hew Yortc 3 Bq>l07ed farm boyi ] Places under 5000 VillaieeB over 5000 |3 Cities over 25000 Cities under 25000 Greater Hew Yoik Sqployed fam boyc ID Villages over 5000 p Places under 5000 Cities over 25000 Cities ualer 25000 t) let YfiiH HIGH SCHOOL Cities under 25000 1 Villages over 5000 2 Greater Hew York 3 Cities over 25000 4 Places tinder 5000 5 ai^loyed farm boys 6 2d YBAB Hlffl SCSOOL aiployed farm boys Places under 5000 Cities under 25000 Greater Sew York Villages over 5000 Citlea over 25000 Cities over 25000 Greater Hew Yoric Villages over 5000 Cities under 25000 Places under 5000 alloyed farm boys VllUgea over 5000 Places uaier 5000 ai^iloyed farm boys Greater Hew York Cities over 25000 Cities under 25000 3d TS&B HIGH SCHOOL Cities over 25000 Places under 5000 Greater Hew York Villages over 5000 Cities under 25000 ai$>loyed faim boys Villages over 5000 Cities under 25000 Cities over 25000 Bi^loyed fans boys Greater Hew YoiSc Places under 5000 4th YEiH HIGH SCHOOL 10% 0% Villages over 6000 Cities over 25000 Cities under 25000 Greater Hew York Places under 5000 ijnployed farm boys Tillages over 5000 Cities under 25000 Places under 5000 anployed faim boys Cities over 25000 Greater Hew Toric 03t 10^ Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Elementaby Science Grades Chart No. 12M. — State Summary for all Our Boys 161 ^^-Finnnnr, nnnnnn flnnnn,. Hnnnn O lO o ^ o o >3 ir> © o "d "^ ® *M 9 § tJ © ® tJ Vt ■!-> a] O r-« 4> ca ■r4 f4 'H •r4 rH O Ca >■ O Oi O 4^ O 0) ® r-4 03 -r^ --( r-l O a« »-^ 4) 4^ 4* iH Ol SO >< w ^ ^ »H o o U O > fti o o o rt o J4 o o o o t4 o lO in A O Tl O t^ & ■rt if CM O iH -t t-l d rH 4> Oi 35 CvJt0»*in«OXrHCNJt0Tl'in> t> n >( o o o >^ o »fl m >» *> o o B ^ >4 ^ a> o O O O *C) Tl M o . g a > o o o p< O O "^ O XI *M s ii d 2 t o o > A, da lo o in c\l O "^ O O tJ *H c3 — -< r-( o o i§ 1?^ .§■□ DDna ODD Qa 8i2 8 ?, ci X & s a 5 g O (1, cs CD (D CO BB ^ O 43 O 4» Qi i-t O (d o aj r^ ^ ^ > CG P< o -H O o -H m (»< o u -e onn .-.(J rin .^ 5 05 O J3 O lO to m ff> rf f. >• 5 d § ^ O I-- O -J OH- rH C\J (O <* lO o lo o u j3 in lo cj in o g 9 & I ® © © +* o r-l .H .^4 K iH oj to ^ in (0 a e >, CO ^ 5 o tn ;h in o to W o in o 9 fc > >4 Ti t3 to o o 3 3 no 2 2 « 60 ra S 5 S ^ 5 0} 4» A <-l 4J rt ^ C ^ ^ A< O O > O «-* cj to ■<;i' m vO o o >» "d o o o Q O O to O O O ^ fe E O -H -^ C5 r-i ^ :: :j 2 ::3 (1) o o o > :j^ ^J to ■> 1°% "^ oisdo o;t wj zaj, za), vyf, eo^ a ojg ao^ lojt ojt am* o^ jjjS zojt go^t 48? s o; ^^ ' -' " -' \j ? J ^ j^ /^ J ^\> A J I i : '>■'-'■'- ^ ■ - y^y.-^y^^^,>^A .^^ ^^// ^ .' ^//A i i : TzazzznzzTzzrcm ^ZZZZZIZTIZZZZZ 0^ lOy 20vi 3(>,i 20;i io;{ o;J ojE lo,! a)?; 3c^ 4oj! so? ^B Fori-iinl Un, l.ov< w.lli l»n r..,c,,-M |..r., 1- Siscieen, ^.erenieen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Mathematics Chart No. 12-1-'. — Grade Snmraary by Parentage Groups, Greater New York and Cities over 25,000 Our Boys 165 r uRaTBB TSSS JOBS. EISTOffl ! c Yn ■1:^2 I S2 ! iZH GBaDS Bast Llkod 10^ 20% Z / ////A \ 1 ) > > ) ) >Xy ^ ^^'::=^ Least LUoBd C : iz^ ; Ez: 0IIIS3 OTBS 26,000 EISTOS ■ EZZ oJBun Best LiJcBd 0^ 10^ 10^ 0% a,i 10% 20fa xi-/> y^i^ 0^ 056 10/. 2056 t r Amerirsn born leys with two American parents. ^^ American born boys with two foreign parents. airE .-'.vnerican born V'jys with one American parent, ^tm Foreign born boys with two foreign p.ircnts. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Yeai- Old Employed Boys History Chart No. 12V. — Greater New York and Citie.s over 25,000 16(> Our Boys ^^ «i ^5 C oi t 'aft. S o o Xi o o H 03 Si o 5 _•£ O IC ^ «) '& cq CM O &> ,„ "« j_, -I Si > c ^ _o o fe c "a. ai « S c S 0) I 2 o a O o » >^ O Ji t; c c J? 'eft. 2S O o n to ^ CD Cl) ff^ F= P < <: ^ Our Boys 107 MMt Mtod aPKLLIBO Bast Liked ClflEi OVEa 25.000 Least LUcad SPSaJillKJ 20ji Wi Oi , VZ2J. yzzk IZZ2 ao:;! 105J 0/ O;? 10^ 20-^ 30)lf ^Vf, lOy O^/C r \ ! l > f ) )\ 3 i ZZZZZZZ3; /* /' /^/1 22 ! I E2:^2ZZ2ZZ: i Ezzz: Ezzz: EZZZ ll Oj^ IO5K 20J6 30;^ 20,i 10:^ 0)5 Best Lllc/^^/ ///^^ ZZ2L : I : I///////////////, 8 tZ2 ; ZZZZ3 ; r '"1 American born boys with Iwo Anicric.in pniTiii^. r/mv^M American bom boys with one American parent. tJ^^ American bom boys with iwo foreign parents. BBS Foreign bom boys with two foreign parents. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys English Chart No. 12-Y. — Greater New York and Cities over 25,000 Our Boys !<;•) There is little correlation between likes and dislikes Chart No. 12-Z (see table No. 12-AA in the text) shows the correlation between best and least liked studies. Boys liking- Mathematics best like English least and boys who like English best like Mathematics least. Boys who like History best like English least, but boys who like History least do not like English best. Boys who like Geography best like English and Mathematics least and boys who dislike English and Mathematics most show a stronger like for geography than boys in other groups. However, these studies show in a crude way that there is really vei-^' little correlation betwee'U best and least liked studis. 170 OuE Boys a u - 'A ;3| g^ ^ s g-- I « 2.. Id h..... I s ^ i E I t i 5 J y.' -1 iu Cj -) 'J < 5 S 3 s I M o H & S B Q -i CJ < OuK Boys 171 Sixteen, Seventeen' and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best Liked Study Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Best Liked Study TABLE No. 12 — GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 1 >> S .2 a M C 'a a % O a z a i a B -a •< Total per cent No. of cards tabu- lated 5th 6th 7th 43.1 39 4 35.3 37.7 36.8 36.8 38 34.9 15.4 13.5 10.6 13.3 15.6 14.3 15.0 16.4 10.7 19.3 25.9 25.6 15.9 14 11.5 16.4 2.1 1.9 3.2 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.6 10.0 11.1 9.5 5.0 2.1 .8 '""a 6.3 9.1 11.2 9.9 14.2 13.0 12.8 8.9 5.2 4.1 10 1.3 2.6 1.0 1.2 2.2 3.9 4.3 3.5 4.0 ""a 4.8 5.3 9.3 6.6 1.9 .8 1.5 3.2 5.9 6.4 5.1 5.3 '"".7 2.4 2.7 2.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 422 1,219 3,815 8th 7,431 Ist high school 2d high school 3d fligh school 4th high school 1,392 922 374 152 Total 5,857 2,047 3,586 482 942 267 1,479 349 192 480 46 15,727 TABLE No. 12-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined s M >, :2s >. c mS No. of LAST GRADE COMPLETED a >> 1 •3 !« i 3 a a c t 03 h3 1 a a £ J3 1 s ^•5 r < Total per cent cards tabu- lated 5th 48.0 10.2 5.0 1.1 9.4 23.9 1.3 1.1 100.0 540 6th 46.4 6.5 8.7 .9 11.4 24.7 1.1 .3 100.0 2,108 7th 41,7 6.6 16.4 1.1 10.2 22.2 1.4 .4 100.0 3,035 8th 42.0 7.2 27.2 1.1 6.7 i 12.2 1.9 1.5 100.0 4,274 1st high school 44.6 10.1 23.4 1.1 2.6 1.9 4.9 3.2 2.6 5.2 .4 100.0 1,629 2d high school 42.7 15.1 15.9 1.6 1.1 3.3 3.6 4.6 5.9 5.? 1.0 100.0 926 3d high school 45.1 11.4 13.4 3.0 1.0 3.0 .7 6.0 5.7 7.7 3.0 100.0 299 4th high school 40.4 11.0 16.4 1.2 1.2 3.7 2.4 5.5 9.7 8.5 100.0 164 Total 5,620 1,059 2,470 150 950 84 1,961 275 126 242 38 12,97s TABLE No. 12-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE COMPLETED 1 I "5) H ■i •si 3 "" a a 1 CO a B ►J 1 Q r- S a " i I'i B Total per cent No. of cards tabu- lated 5th 46.7 43.9 42.4 44.9 40.5 48.2 38.1 41.3 10,6 7.2 5.7 8.0 13.5 13.1 12.2 8.0 7.7 13.7 19.3 24.6 20.0 15.8 14.5 18.7 .7 .4 .6 9 14 .2 1.5 11,8 9,3 9.0 6.3 2.6 .7 2.9 4.9 6.1 6.7 20.9 24.4 21.6 11.2 4.7 2.4 2.3 1.6 .7 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.8 4.6 1.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 426 8th . '3.7 4.7 6.1 8.0 .4 .4 1.3 7.6 4.9 9.2 12.0 " .1 1.3 5.4 4.0 1 265 7th 1 598 8th 1 942 1st high school 2d high school 3d high school 858 450 131 75 Total 2,946 579 1,268 51 460 76 1,013 122 67 146 17 6,745 172 OuE Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Best Liked Study Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Best Liked Study TABLE No. 12-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined LAST GRA.de COMPLETED "c3 "5b M C 03 _g a xn 1 1 2 o O >. a a " 1 3 ll a 1 < Total per cent No. of cards tabu- lated 5th 48. 8 41.0 39.fi 39.8 44.5 48.8 47.3 45.9 10.9 6.8 5.5 7.4 9.8 8.1 17.5 4.2 9.7 16.9 24..? 31.4 20.6 17.8 6.8 20.8 "ko 1.1 1.8 2.0 9.7 9.7 7.2 4.5 1.5 20.1 22.6 19.0 8.8 4.2 1.2 .8 1.6 1.8 1.7 3.2 7.2 4.0 2.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 248 6th ■■■i;2 4.7 5.2 4.0 .4 1.2 2.5 5.9 8.1 9.5 16.6 ■■,.1 700 7th 918 8th 3 3 9 6 9 6 6 5 1 141 Ist high school 2d high school 471 248 3d high school 4th high school 1.4 74 48 Total 1,614 291 879 49 216 46 506 87 52 106 2 3,848 TABLE No. 12-D — PLACES UNDER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined LAST GRADE COMPLETED i .a "m "a (3 a 1 to .S 1 02 >> a 1 "3 S > o bO C '? d Q s o O >> a P 1 s e 11 a -a Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 26.0 26.5 23.7 20,3 23.2 21.6 21.0 20.1 30.5 30.9 41.4 44.7 31.8 27.6 22.8 19.5 5.6 7.7 7.3 7.0 6.0 5.4 7.4 6,2 16.7 11.1 8.2 4.9 2.3 1.6 .3 '.z 2.5 15.4 27.4 33.5 32.7 18.2 21.5 10.5 13.9 7.6 4.0 3.1 2.8 1.8 1,3 1.3 4^6 3.4 3.1 6.9 ■■.1 .8 .9 .S .7 1.2 .6 1.0 2.0 7.0 e.4 G.O 6.9 ' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 no.c 100.0 396 6th 1 4 3 5 8 8 3 4 2 5 9 8 8 1 162 -th 3,658 8th 1st high school 2d high school 3d high school 4th high school 6,971 1.291 ^72 352 144 Total 3,285 5,S57 1,026 74 880 796 2,040 403 27 412 46 M,c40 TABLE No. 12-0 — CITIES OVER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined Last Grade Completed 5th 6th 7th 8th 1st 2d igh school. igh school, .'d ! igh school. 4th high school. Total. 23.2 20.2 21.5 19.3 23.3 21 2 HO 13.8 !,515 21.3 29.1 33.4 43.0 37.3 37.9 37.1 31.8 4,432 2.7 5.3 8.3 8.3 7.0 5.6 7.2 4.8 877 17.8 15.1 11.2 10.3 6.7 3.6 1.8 2.1 1,272 .5 1.2 8.8 17.5 27.7 31.0 474 1,903 9 6 3 6 2 1 2 .1 1.0 1.2 .3 3.9 3.2 3.2 4.1 6.5 7.0 7.6 8.9 Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Num- 11, r J .;ards tab.i- 1.1 ted SIS 1,990 2,889 4, on 1,533 859 278 145 l..',233 TABLE No. 12-P — CITIES UNDER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined Last Grade Completed s 'a 2 ja to a p .2 w f 60 g 1 1 p. a s o a Q e o O >> a |l i a T3.S > <1 Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 6th 20.5 23.7 20.8 18.3 25.0 23.6 24.0 23.5 23.5 28.7 36.0 41.6 33.0 29.3 32.0 23.6 5.6 6.3 9.0 8.2 4.7 8.1 8.0 5.6 2 1 1 2 17.4 12.8 12.8 11.3 6.1 3.9 .8 1.4 '2.1 13.7 23.1 29.6 32.0 26.6 22.1 15.6 11.2 4.1 2.8 2.6 1.9 1.3 .8 1.0 1.8 '4.2 5 5 3.6 4.5 4.4 5.9 10.8 5.5 4.0 8.3 LO 1.2 1.6 1.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 414 1,229 1,554 1,871 823 433 125 72 7th 8th 1st high school 2d high school 3d high school 4th high school Total 1,397 2,243 483 4 708 324 879 90 6 371 16 6,521 174 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Least Liked Study Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Least Liked Study TABLE No. 12-Q — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined Last Grade Completed •to a 1 C3 Si a H .S 1 ►J .a 6 a S o O b i I'i I 3 T3. i > ■a 5 i Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th • . 21.9 20.6 20.1 20.3 22.4 20.3 22.6 12.5 27.5 27.3 34.8 40.1 34.8 32.8 35.3 20.7 6.0 7.5 9.6 7.8 7.7 11.7 8.4 6.3 10.3 10.9 10.8 8.7 4.0 1.7 1.4 '4:6 14,2 20.2 23.9 43.7 29.6 26.7 18.0 19.7 5.3 3.4 .8 1.2 .7 .6 1.3 1.3 2.8 3.9 5.8 6.0 6.7 9.1 6.0 5.6 14.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 233 6th 1 2 1 2 4 6 7 i 4 9 667 7th 880 8th 1,086 1st high school 2d high school 3d high school 4th high schoo 452 232 71 48 Total 755 1,255 305 2 310 199 553 34 12 240 4 3,669 TABLE No. 12-R — PLACES UNDER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined .2 .1 1- 1 g a Num- Last Gbade Completed IS J3 "bb C S 1 J3 a, 1 6 Drawing Commerci 3 i > -0 Total per cent ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 24.2 20.9 22.6 19.3 25.9 36.3 6.5 7.0 10.0 14.9 13.5 12.3 '".6 28.2 23.0 14.4 1.0 .. 1.3 .9 .. 5.9 8.4 2.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 636 6th 1,95.3 7th 2,078 8th 20.6 22.8 42.5 32.3 8.8 4.7 2 9.9 5.5 4.6 22.7 8.6 3.7 .9 .7 7 3.8 5.0 i 7 100.0 100.0 2,955 1st high school 1,186 2d nigh school 20.4 27.5 8.4 1 3.3 30.3 1.9 .9 5 5.1 1 6 109.0 656 3d high school 17.4 21.7 6.6 1.9 42.1 .9 .9 6.6 1 9 100.0 212 4th high school 12.8 26.4 3.1 3.1 43.1 1.3 1.3 9 5.3 2 7 100.0 227 Total 2,259 3,537 842 5 1,084 810 1,345 102 ; !1 513 42 10,560 TABLE No. 12-S — EMPLOYED FARM BOYS American and Foreign Combined 3 Manual training Spelling „ V >i c P Num- Last Grade Completed 03 1 B 1 a "1 1 C It S " i i "g'i c IS T3 < Total per cent ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 26.0 18.8 15.2 13.6 19.2 21.6 25.8 37.3 44.7 36.9 5.3 8.5 12.4 8.8 6.2 ... 14.1 ... 14.5 ... 12.6 ... 11.7 6.9 2.5 19.4 26.9 22.1 13.8 9.3 4.8 .7 .9 .9 1.1 1.9 5.4 9.4 7.7 7.3 3.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 977 6th 3 5 2,475 7th 4,017 8th 3,989 1st high school 917 2d high school 18.1 36.5 6.6 3.8 27.7 1.4 1.2 2 4.1 4 100.0 496 3d high school 19.2 31.5 6.8 1.8 35.2 1.2 .6 3.7 100.0 162 4th high school 14.4 33.0 7.2 2,1 36.1 1.0 2.1 3.1 1 100.0 97 Total 2,183 4,733 1,258 ... 1,558 513 1,787 133 4 953 8 13,130 Our Boys 175 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boi/s Correlation Between the Best and Least Liked Studies TABLE NO. 12-AA — GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined LEAST LIKED STUDY g e2 ■o Best Liked Study i >> a M 1 CO C 'S 'a ^^ 3 P a c 1 3 bD 'S 2 Q 1 c 2 c ■ac/3 c n -a <; s d Z Mathematics History pHglish _eography c,'elling lyaniwl training l-ementary science. 28^1 48.5 38.2 40.4 25.5 25.2 28.3 40.7 25.0 19.2 9.8 11.2 7.2 7.3 5.6 5.3 6.5 5.4 8.8 8.8 49 4 46.7 40^6 30.1 39.7 39.5 35.0 23.2 28.3 32.8 18.2 11.2 15,8 20^6 11.9 6.6 6.2 4.4 4.6 6.4 8.4 5.0 4.2 7.7 5.8 1.4 3.6 2.4 1.9 1.6 .3 .3 1.4 .3 .1 " .9 1.7 .3 1.5 .8 2.4 2.0 3.6 1.6 .7 3.7 '3'4 11.8 5.8 4.8 3.3 2.3 4.3 1.6 .9 1.6 3.9 5.4 3.2 7.3 3.8 8.3 1.6 .4 5.8 16.7 14.0 i7.2 21.6 1 3 3 6 2 8 7 8 .6 .3 2.1 .5 .1 2 ,'5 .5 3.0 1.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5,967 3,620 2,063 1,458 968 486 437 357 language ommercial subjects advanced science. . . 297 261 125 Total 16,039 BEST LIKED STUDY -a m J3 Least Liked Study J J3 >> t 1 .s '3 2 C3 a c 1 a Q c 5 a a a a > ■n 1 -0 d Mathematics History English 52^0 47.6 50.1 53.2 21.5 40.1 42.0 43.8 30.7 31.0 28.8 27^3 18.8 19.2 15.2 16.5 18.3 13.6 24.5 10.3 28.5 20.7 15.3 9.2 35.5 17.0 19.0 17.4 24.5 36.2 15.9 10.3 9.5 i2J 6.3 5.2 5.0 2.3 6'0 11.2 6.2 4.7 9.1 'i.'3 1.6 1.9 .4 ■■.■9 3.5 2.4 3.1 2.7 3.0 '4'i 1.7 2.8 2.0 .9 3.1 2.0 2.8 1.4 .6 5.0 '3^7 7.4 'i!7 2.9 2.0 2.0 1.0 12 7 6 2.7 5^0 6,1 1,7 3.5 1,4 1,1 ,6 .8 1.3 8.0 4.5 16.2 7.8 1.9 2.0 1.2 .6 ,5 5,0 3,4 3.0 4.6 '3.5 .7 1.0 ,7 ,4 ,2 1,3 1.4 ,9 2.7 2,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3,508 1,121 6,193 Geo^aphy 2,136 940 Manual training Elementary science . Drawing 79 442 464 991 Commercial subjects Advanced science . . . 49 116 Total 16,039 17G Our Boys CHAPTER XIII Money Earned While in School Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Boys Who Earned Money While in School TABLE No. 13 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE 1 o' J3 l§ o o 60 si S 03 ■s GROUPS "S <^ s, Ui -C O c &^ o h o >> a a •... •9 5 BngllBh......... ji 6 iaatia-'daas^rlaaJSl 7 SoimEia. .....B 3 relioh, MyaxE.jils.M 3 CBnactlano . c . . . • 10 SoaodlnaTlan. . . . >&. 1 3Dohseter.. ..<... Z ^mnnxsiu. „..,... S Honut 7a7iicn>..< 4 SsT Toric 5 ToniCQrao.o-"..- < £affslo...o..... 7 Blaga^m S&lla..< 8 Sohonectaiiy..... S Eov Bishslle. . . ■ 11 Elnlza..... 12 iinborx... -. l-Ci DtlSK... 15 JbhxSjBBtO^AUc.*.*. ' U ElBgStOC........ 17 i^iracio&o. •>...• J4 Slad^bas^iu....! 29 G39(^,.... A to aF07 J S c >-l S ^ O .=; o I •2^§ '• ® K 6 ? s ««*«.«.s.o.ajjrjj3;3aj;jj,ojggjjjjjjjjjjj.jjjjgg„gg^g 186 Our Boys « W 6 ^ n o in u) • 8 h si •H .ri ■-< O S S S ^ .H ^ ^ r-t 190 Our Boys CHAPTER XVI Present Weekly Wage Boys wages were smallest in Greater New York Chart ^o. 16 and tables No. 16 and 16-D, in the text, give the present weekly wages for the city and village groups as of Decem- ber 3, 1918. The wage given as $6.00 means wages from $4.50 to $7.49, inclusive; $9.00 means from $7.50 to $10.49, inclusive, etc. As in the case of the beginning weekly wages, the wages paid in ]Srew York City were smaller than those in other communities of the State. The most plausible explanation for this seems to be that given in the preceding chapter, namely, that older men and boys were drawn from the smaller communities to the larger cities by the demand for labor in the war industries and the younger boys who could not leave home so readily were in greater demand in the smaller communities. Twen, ^ i fe CO I o 65 «» o o > 202 OuK Boys CHAPTER XX Why Boys Liked Their Jobs About ninety percent of the boys hke their jobs It is to be expected that most boys like their present jobs, other- wise they would quit. Some jobs are of such a character that no boy could like them long and it is no discredit to the boys that they dislike them. In many cases, however, the boys are misfits, there being nothing wrong with either the boy or the job. It is remarkable that the percentage of dislike is no higher when we consider the fact that no system^atic effort is made to direct boys to suitable employment. The fact, however, that the boy likes his job now is no indication that he will continue to like it long. The fact that boys do not hold their jobs for many months at a time, as is shown in Chapters XVIII and XIX, indicates that their like for their jobs is not necessarily a very strong like, for if it were they would not change jobs so 'often. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Why Boys Liked Their Jobs TABLE No. 20 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Learn a trade Easy Clean Good wages Ad- vance- ment Inter- esting Miscel- laneous Don't like it Total per cent Greater New York Cities over 25,000 7.0 7.1 5.5 4.2 20.2 19.9 18.3 21.4 1.3 2.1 4.6 6.2 6.7 12.0 14.9 13.0 19.7 9.1 5.3 5.9 26.8 29.5 27.4 26.6 7.3 10.0 13.5 11.1 11.0 10.3 10.5 11.6 100.0 100.0 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 100.0 100.0 OuE Boys 203 ca >i II ■I w C- s pq (S o o «► 204 Our Boys One-fifth of the boys like easy jobs In all sections of the State about twenty percent of the boys said they liked their jobs because they were "easy." "Easy" is, of conrsej a relative term — it may infer that the present job is easier than a previous one or the job of some boy friend. About seven percent like their jobs because they can learn a trade Most of the jobs of boys are so-called " blind alley " jobs and must probably be so in our present industrial scheme. This does not mean, however, that his present job cannot be so selected as to better fit him for another so-called " blind alley " job requiring more general efficiency and so on up the scale. A "blind alley" job is one which does not of itself develop into permanent employment of a skilled or even semi-skilled type. Boys are not learning trades today, but are becoming semi-skilled workmien. That is, they are learning in a short time to produce as much as another worker who has been at the same job for a period of years. To learn a skilled trade requires a much longer period of time. When the compulsory training law was passed by the IsTew York State Legislature, in 1916, it was assumed that a large number of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old employed boys of the State were apprentices and were learning skilled trades. The infor- mation received on the questionnaires, as well as that gathered from the personal interviews made by the inspectors of this bureau, show that less than five percent of the boys are actually learning skilled trades. Many who say they are learning trades or think they are learning them, are really learning to be semi-skilled workmen, the time required to learn this semi-skilled trade being from one to three or four months. Unless a special effort is made to select and train some boys to become thoroly skilled journeymen there will soon be a dearth of all-round mechanics and tradesmen from whose ranks foremen, master mechanics, etc., are drafted. The opportunity for advancement is greater in New York city than elsewhere About twenty percent of the boys in 'New York Cit}^ like their jobs because there is an opportunity for advancement. In the cities over 25,000 only nine percent of the boys gave this reason and about six percent in the smaller cities and villages. Our Boys 205 Wages are not attractive in Greater New York In Chapters XV and XVI it was clearly shown that the begin- ning and present weekly wages in ^ew York City were much lower than in the other eommnnities of the State. This explains why less than seven percent of the boys in Greater ITew York like their jobs because of good wages as compared with from twelve to fifteen per- cent in the other comnmnities of the State. From twenty-five to thirty percent of the boys like their jobs because they are interesting A little over one-fourth of the boys in all the communities of the State regardless of size, reported that they liked their jobs because they were interesting. It should be borne in mind that " interest- ing" like " easy " is a relative term. The present job may be more interesting than the previous job because it is newer. It may be more interesting than going to school for the same reason. That it is not interesting enough to hold boys for any length of time is shown by the data in Chapters XVIII and XIX. About ten percent of the boys like their jobs for miscellaneous reasons All sorts of scattering reasons were given by boys for liking their jobs and it was necessary to classify them under the heading " Mis- cellaneous." This term includes such reasons as " Like the Ijoss," '' Near home," " Nice place to work/' " Short hours," etc.. Only about two percent like jobs because they are clean It may seem strange to many persons that as high as two percent of the boys liked jobs because they were clean but such is t^he case. 206 OuK Boys CHAPTER XXI Lack of Care Used in Hiring Boys About thirty percent of the boys filled out application blanks The boys were asked whether or not they filled out application blanks to discover if possible how much care is used in the hiring and placing of boys by employers. The returns on the question- naires verify the information gathered by the inspectors of this bureau in their personal interviews with employed boys in all sec- tions of the State, namely, that little effort is ever made by employers to fit boys to their jobs and as a result the labor turnover is very large. Where application blanks are used they contain very little valuable infonnation and unless there is a trained employment manager connected with the business little use is ever made of them. The same is true of the references which the boys are required in some instances to give. In fact in the majority of cases the so-called application blanks and references are nothing more than small blank forms asking for the boy's name, age, address and place of last employment. Almost sixty percent used neither application nor reference blanks The majority of boys were not required to fill out any sort of blank or to give any references. New York City seems to use a little more care in the selection of boys than the smaller communi- ties of the State. This is probably due to the fact that there are many firms employing large numbers of boys that have employment managers who are making every effort to fit boys and other employes to their jobs. It is very difficult, however, for boys of these ages to properly evaluate the opportunities offered by some of these firms for future advancement. A wise counselor of boys working in con- junction with an employment manager can be of immense assist- ance both to the boys and to their employers. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Application Blanks and References TABLE No. 21 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Filled out Gave Did Total appli- references neither cation 32.9 12.6 54.5 100.0 36.2 6.1 57.7 100.0 31.7 2.4 65.9 100.0 30.8 3.7 65.5 100.0 Popu- lation of employed boya Greater New York . Cities over 25,000 . Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 . 124,795 42,690 11,014 5,557 OUK Boys 20' Orsatar Haw York... Cities ovar 25,000. Cities undar 25,000 Villages over 5,000 1 Sabeaectady H 2 Watertown 3 Itoobestar 4 Baffalo 5 Auburn. •• 6 SyriMuae 7 Vev^nrgh 8 Albany 9 Hlagara Balls.. 10 Mount Temon... 11 Dew YOlfc H 12 Oswego... 13 ntioa 14 Tonkars. ....... 15 Saw Bsobella... 16 Jaaestown. • • . . . 17 Troy . 18 Pou^lceapsle... 19 Binghanton 20 Blmira SI Aisstardam. . . . . . 22 Kingston M^o n',~o 8»'o IV'^^'o 19«% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Emploi/ed liojis Per Cent Filling Out Application and Reference Blanks Chart No. 21. — State Summary and Cities over 25.000 208 OuE Boys 1 Coning Z Sonkirk..... Z Salaosooa* •••••• j 4 Oa9onta**> •••••• J 5 Hornell 6 Olean. .*. * 7 Laoloavamis t Bcime. I 9 Fort Jor7ls..«..S 10 OonaTa.... 11 VB&tervllat 12 Onaida 13 Ssosselaar 14 Horth Tonawanda. 15 iniite Plains.... 15 Uecbaaic7llla... 17 MidMetovm. 18 Batavia 19 Ithaca 20 Lootepopt 21 ToiEt\?audaa 22 Piatt Bbiirg 23 Bidson( 24 Cohoes 25 Canandalgua. 26 Beaooiu 27 Saratov Springs Se Gl«n8 Sails 29 Little Falls.... SO Fulton 31 Glen Cove 32 lorvich S3 OgdensMrg 34 Johnstown 35 Cortland. S6 Glorersville.... 0% Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employe'd Boys Per Cent Filling Out Application and Reference Blank/" Chart No. 21A.— Cities under 25,000 OuE Boys 209= ' ?lU«d •FpllMtlOB t7o ••% *>% 30% 1 Illoa.... 2 frcdoBlA S SolTBy. 4 Vaverly***** 5 3eneM fBLllB 6 BadcvlUa Center* 7 Lancaster 8 Tarrytovm, 9 Osslnlog ••! 10 fiarlclner»««« B 11 Whitehall 12 WellsTille 13 Oepeir..... 14 Jreaport 15 HamsiTOueoik 16 Port Chester 17 l^aolc .< 18 Feeksklll, 19 Johnson City 20 lorth Tarrytown 21 Hastings 22 Oirego... 23 Bunting on. 24 Sndioott ■ 25 Lawrano* 26 Haverstravr 27 Patchogaa 28 Waterford 29 Catsld.ll 30 Walden 31 Hewaric 32 Ualone 33 Medina 34 Port Tashington.J 35 Badson I&lls 36 Hooslclc Ji&lls....] 37 Pem Tan 38 Hempstead 39 Hassena ^ 40 Albion. ■ 41 Saranao Laka....^ 0% lleither «o7o \ wco iM": »•% »% 3»% «•? 50% 7»% W% W% 1M7, Sixteen, Seventeen cund Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Per Cent Filling Out Application and Reference Blanks Chart No. 21-B.— Villages over 5,Q00 210 Our Boys CHAPTER XXII How They Saved Their Money About fifty percent bought Liberty Bonds or War Savings Stamps The Liberty Loan drives reached about fifty percent of the boys. Whether these boys would have saved their money in other ways had it not been for these drives it is impossible to tell. Slightly fewer boys in ISTew York City were reached by the drives than in the smaller communities of the State. These tigures of course do not give any indication of the amount of money which they saved in this manner. Their savings may have been very small indeed in some instances, altho the majority of these boys were purchasers of Liberty Bonds rather than War Savings Stamps. The figures for the individual cities as given in tables 'No. 22-A, 22-B and 22-C show quite a wide variation in the number of boys saving their money in this manner. In the cities over 25,000 Binghamton heads the list with 53.5 percent and Troy is at the end with 39.3 percent. In the cities under 25,000 Salamanca heads the list with 81.3 percent while the record for Ogdensburg is only 23 percent. In the villages over 5,000 Lancaster heads the list with 74 percent and Saranac Lake is at the end with 12.3 percent. Sixteen^ Sevenieen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How They Saved Their Money TABLE No. 22 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS Greater New York . Cities over 25,000 . Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 . Liberty bonds 46.7 50.0 52.2 49.4 Bank 9.8 20.0 20.5 18.5 other ways 4.3 4.0 4.6 6.0 Did not save 39.2 26.0 22.7 26.1 Tot-;! per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Fewer boys in Greater New York saved money in banks Only ten percent of the boys in Greater New York saved money in the banks as compared with twenty percent in the other communi- ties of the State. In the city of Utica as high as thirty percent of the boys saved money in the banks as compared with only ten per- cent in the city of Albany. In the cities under 25,000 Cortland holds the record with 45.3 percent. In one or two other cities the record Our Boys 211 is as low as eleven percent. In the villages over 5,000 Port Wash- ington heads the list with a record of thirty-six percent while in one village the record goes as low as five percent. These records are of interest and value to local communities as a check on the methods used by local banks for inducing boys to open savings accounts. Forty percent of the boys in Greater New York did not save any money The record of the boys who did not save money varies from forty percent in Greater New York to twenty-three percent in the smaller cities of the State. In the cities over 25,000 the record varies from seventeen percent in the case of Utica to about thirty-five percent in Troy. In cities under 25,000 the record varies from seven per- cent in Salamanca to thirty-six percent in Cohoes. In villages over 5,000 the record varies from 63.2 percent in Massena to only 11.6 percent in Johnson City. Boys need counsel in matters of thrift The above figures show conclusively the wdde variation in the number of boys in the different communities who are saving. The fact that the record of saving is so high in some communities and so low in others shows that where a special effort is made large numbers of boys can be influenced to save their money. A wise counselor would not only be able to induce boys to save their money but to save it to the best advantage. It would be interesting to follow up the methods used by the banks in some of the communi- ties, such as Cortland, N. Y., where the record is relatively high for savings in banks, and compare them with methods used in other cities. Some of these results may be traceable to efforts which the public schools have made along the line of thrift campaigns. 212 Our Boys Liberty Bonds or War Saving Stamps jp% 10% »% 30% I BBnk j JLll others J So no Oreftter Ho^ YQ?k«.. Citiss over 25,000. Cities UQdor 25,000 ViUsgQS orar 5,000 Places under 5 , 000 . '. 1 Utica 2 Jaort«.. B 3 Cortland | 4 Vortb Tona«aada.S 5 Bdbw 6 Littls Flails.... I 7 Johnstown. 8 Comlag 9 Canandalgoa 10 Oneida 11 Euntlrlr ■ 12 Oneontta 13 aioTorsvllle.. 14 Olsan 15 Be&oon. 16 lllddletown. 17 Tonawanda 18 Badson 19 Port Jervis 20 Ebmell 21 Oonera. 22. Olens Palls I 23 Laolcawamia 24 White Plains.... 25 Bansselaer 26 Korwioh... 27 Batavia. .. 28 Ithaca B 29 MeehanicTille*.* 30 PlattBburg......B 31 Waterrliet...... 32 Oohoes 33 Glen Cove 34 Saratoga SprtogsH 35 Ogdensburg 36 Pulton.... Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Bops How They Saved Theie Money Chart No. 22A.— Cities under 25,000 214 Our Boys Lib-irty Bonds of War Saving Stamps Pi "" ' 1 Johnson City 2 lanoaster 3 Ilion 4 Wei 1st Ills B SolTay £ Eoosio^c Falls 7 Waverly 5 Feelcsklll 9 Waldan 10 Hertlmer 11 Boclcville Center 12 Port Chester.... ffl 13 Depaw. ... 14 Penn Yan 15 Predonia 16 Waterford 17 Tarry town 18 H&stlnga 19 Ow»go 20 Bndicott 21 Hudson Falls... • 22 Kyaok 23 Bimtlngton« 24 Ossinlng 25 Patchoguo 26 Whitehall 27 Hewart 28 Matoaroosolc'. .... 29 Freoport.. .«..•. SO Horth Tarrytown. 31 Senooa Falls.... 32 Port Washington. 33 Ksdina 34 Albion 35 Malons 36 Catskill 37 Xavrenoo. ••..•. 38 Eeis^etead. ..... 39 Haverstraw 40 Uassena 41 Saranac Lake...* Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys How They Saved Their Money Chart Xo. 22B. — Villages over 5,000 OuK Boys 215 CHAPTER XXIII Contributions Toward Family Support Almost ninety p.jicent of the boys contributed toward family support The iinmber of boys who did not contribute toward family sup- port varies from 10.5 percent in Greater ]^ew York to 19.6 percent in villages over 5,000. In Greater JSTew York 77.4 percent of the boys contributed more than $10.00 per week; in other cities over 25,000 population 68.8 percent contributed over $10.00 ; in cities imder 25,000 population 59.6 percent contributed over $10.00 and in villages over 5,000 population 59.6 percent of the boys con- fributed over $10.00. The median contribution in each of the groups falls between $10.00 and $15.00. Foreign born boys contnbute more than American born boys A special study was made of the contributions of American born and foreign born boys in the city of Niagara Falls which has a A^ery large foreign population and it was found that the median American born boy contributed $8.50 per week toward family sup- ])ort, while the median foreign born boy contributed $12.50. Time prevented a more detailed study of the contributions of individual boys and we are therefore unable to state definitely what percent of the weekly wage was contributed toward family support. Tt should be noted, however, that more boys in the smaller cities and villages contributed nothing, altho the data on present weekly wages in Chapter XVI show that boys in the smaller cities and vil- lages received higher wages than in the larger cities. Table N"o. 23, in the text, and chart 'No. 23 show the percent of boys in each city and village group who contributed various amounts toward family support. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Weekly Contkibution Toward Family Support TABLE No. 23 — SUMMARY FOR NEW YORK STATE GROUPS SI S2 S3 SI $.-, $3 $7 S8 S9 $10 to S15 $15 or more Noth- ing Total prr cent Greater New York Cities over 25,000 Cities under 25,000 Villages over 5,000 .1 .2 .5 .3 .4 .6 .6 .4 .9 1.2 1.4 lis 2.2 2.2 3.7 6.9 10.5 11.4 2.0 5.2 7.9 6.7 3.9 6.8 8.5 8.5 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.1 4.0 2.5 2.0 2.2 44.5 38.2 27.6 26.7 22,4 17.2 16.6 13.3 10.5 13.4 15.4 19.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 216 OuE Boys C5 H Kl S >H II 155 S 5 1 P"? 33^ la • S S!^ R ■* R § ■ fj to n £ 4 e o o > Our Boys 217 CHAPTER XXIV Occupations On the questionnaires the boys were asked to give the motlier's occupation, tlie father's occupation, the Iwy's present occupation and the occupation he desired to follow ten years hence. The tabulation of these various occupations has been confined to the boys of Greater New York and the other cities of the State over 25,000 population. This group of boys includes about seventy-five percent of the six- leen, seventeen and eighteen year old employed boys of the State and covers every type of occupation. No additional information Avould have been secured by including the boys in the small cities and villages and the work would have been greatly complicated by so doing. The occupation code used is printed in full in the appendix of the report and follows mainly the classification used by the Federal Census Bureau. In order to make it practicable to study the cor- relations between fathers' occupations, boys' present and desired occupations, last grades completed, best and least liked studies, etc., it was necessary to group these occupations under seventeen main headings as follows: Professional Clay, Glass and Stone Clerical Printing Retail Business Transportation Executive Positions Food Production and Preparation Government Service Textiles Building Trades Leather Metal Trades Miscellaneous Manufactures Wood-working Labor Clothing It is a very difficult, unsatisfactory and well-nigh impossible task to even roughly classify such a wide variety of occupations imder as few as seventeen headings. Any one who studies the code care- fully will probably feel that some of the occupations have been improperly classified. This is often due to the fact that the name of the occupation is somewhat misleading. The field inspectors who visited the difl^erent manufacturing plants in all parts of the 218 OuE Boys State became very familiar with the actual work done by men and boys in different occupations. Many of the doubtful cases were classi- fied in the light of their knowledge. It should be borne in mind that oftentimes the same name is applied to a large variety of occu- pations in different industries. For purposes of comparison, how- ever, very satisfactory results have been obtained by using these classifications. Most of the mothers of these employed boys are homemakers The tabulations of the mothers' occupations are not published in this report because with few exceptions the mother's occupation was given as that of housekeeper. The occupations of the few mothers who Vv^orked away from home were so scattering as to make the data of little value. This information, however, covering as it does the entire State of ]Mew York, shows conclusively that practically none of the mothers of employed boys of these ages were wage earners. More fathers than mothers were reported dead About one-tenth of the boys reported that the father was dead while only one-twentieth of the boys reported that the mother was dead. Vital statistics show that no more fathers than mothers are actually dead which means as has been stated in Chapter IV on Guardianship that many boys had been told their father was dead as an easy way to explain his absence. There is some correlation between fathers' and boys' present occupations Four correlation tables were made between the father's occupa- tion and the bey's present occupation. See tables 'No. 24, 24-A, 24-B and 24-C in the appendix and charts No. 24, 24-A, 24-B and 24-C. Chart No. 24 and table I^To, 24 deal with the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old groups combined. Charts and tables !N"o. 24-A, 24-B and 24-C deal with the occupations of the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old groups taken separately. The cross hatched bars on the charts show where the correlation in each group occurs. The charts for the three age groups are almost identical and show con- clusively that there is no greater correlation in the eighteen jear old group than in the sixteen and seventeen year olvi groups. In Chapter XIX it has been shown that boys change their jobs very frequently and in Chapter XX that about ten percent of the Our Boys 219 boys dislike their jolis. Keeping all of these facts in mind it can he readily seen that a hoy likes his job for a while and then gradn- ally drifts to the point of disliking it so much that he change j to another one. Altho there is a constant and frequent shifting of boys from job to job, nevertheless the number of boys following the occupations of their fathers is slightly greater than those following other occupations. A great many of the changes from job to job are changes within an occupation group rather than from one group to another. 220 OuK Boys = = I " I - ? S OuK Boys 221 ii It n n ii i ? ■ IIMIIMW ( ? s. s U I I GZa KSIBB Sixteen Year Old Employed Boim Showing Cokrexation Between Father's Occupation and Boy's Present Occupation Chart No. 24A. — Cities over 25,000 including Greater New York II S 1 U U*M |4« Ml \ 1. a im a £3 nil CBBiii •H a j ■ ta man n >! Seventeen Tear Old Employed Boys Showing Correlation Betwebin Father's Ocoupation and Boy's Present Occupation Chart No. 24B.^ Cities over 25,000 inchiding Greater New York mi f I m mm t I ■ 1 ii ! i" "j-a-" ^ i 3 i ^ ' ? a ™ L 2_ Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Showing Correlation Between Father's Occupation and Boy's Present Occupation • Chart No. 24C. — Cities over 25,000 including Greater New York 222 OuE Boys There is some correlation between fathers' occupations and boys' desired occupations Four correlation tables were made between the father's occupa- tion and the boy's desired occupation. See tables IS"©. 24z-T>, 24-E, 24-F and 24^G in the appendix and charts 'No. 24-D, 24-E, 24-F and 24-G. Chart 'No. 24-D and table No. 24-D deal with the occupa- tions of the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old groups combined. Charts and tables '^o. 24-E, 24-F and 24-Gr deal with the occupations of the sixteen, seventeen and eiighteen year old groups takep sepa- rately. The cross hatched bars on the charts show where the cor- relation in each occupation group occurs. The charts for the three age groups are almost identical and show conclusively that there is no greater correlation in the eighteen year old group than in the sixteen and seventeen year old groups. Many fathers were reported as being in the clothing trades who were really in the retail clothing business. This accounts for the fact that over thirty percent of their sons expressed a desire to go into retail business. If these retail clothing dealers had been properly classified the correlation as shown under retail business would be much larger. Personal interviews with boys also brought to light the fact that many of the sons of clothing makers have no desire to follow the occupation of the father, but are desirous of entering the retail clothing business. Our Boys 223 •iu)«n'ni«o«111 t,'„.___^ __ B ^ _ a^ __ „ H „ i "bH^- - fe^ ..tlll.i L_' H ^ is* -^ p .„.....<... JielllllifliilleBl ^ ^ • u K o t.«ip •<»I0 '• -«' " ^ -^^ (h S. S) >H aj a>i-n'i3 ' _- — . ti ■<• — r; f_, ^ ^ g^ N ^ < bo B "^ 2 "I .iiiillllilillll S o o -£ O R, ^ w S3 IBIlllilllliiiIti IllimUlliiiiii 3 = t : ! S 1 1 2 3 i 3 t 3 Is £ a ^ & s 224 OuE Boys II i Sixteen Year Old Employed Boys Showing Correlation Between Father's Occxtpation and Boy's Desired occxjpation Chart No. 24E. — Cities over 25,000 including Greater New York 1 t * ■ « 1 1 1 1 ri a HI n 1 1 1 1 az, 1 1 S 1 [ I ' 5 i f ^ T El sod « I I a r i I JT noa « I i ■ Seventeen Year Old Employed Boys Showing Correlation Between Father's Occupation and Boy's Desired OcCUPATIGJSr Chart No. 24F. — Cities over 25,000 including Greater New York Eighteen Year Old Emplm/ed Boys Showing Correlation Between Father's Occupation and Boy's Desired Occupation Chart No. 24G. — Cities over 25,000 including Greater New York OuK Boys 225 There is a large correlation between boys' present and desired occupations Four correlation tables were made between the boys' present occu- pations and desired occupations. See tables No. 24-H, 24-1, 24-J and 24-K in the appendix. Chart No. 24-H and table No. 24-H deal with the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old groups com- bined. Charts and tables No. 24-1, 24-J and 24-K deal with the sixteen, seventeen and eighteen year old groups taken separately. The cross hatched bars on the charts show where the correlation in each occupation group occurs. The correlation shown between the present and desired occupations is much greater than between the fathers' occupations and the boys' present and desired occupations. This large correlation is easily explained when we recall that ninety percent of the boys said they liked their present occupations. For this reason many of them probably thought they would like to con- tinue in that type of occupation, with the resulting large correla- tion. It should be remembered, however, that most of these boys change their occupations frequently and that this large correlation is, therefore, not at all indicative of the fact that a few months later they will be following these same occupations or will have a desire to follow them in the future. It is possible, however, that when they change their occupations they change to some other occu- pation classified in the same group as their present occupation. It should by no means be assumed that because there is such a large correlation shown between the present and desired occupations that these boys will finally follow or desire to follow occupations similar to their present ones. 226 Our Boys 111 ill! 1.1 I. Biliiiilll.l ■111 .lllilntliimll lllnilt.iinil Mn^Miva 'oan '^....1 ■.__.i>-Bb nil «^>m £ . ^..«al.«a.H-*Bl.-'H .11 vlllvli illvBl -I •nti Tn ■nt« ''p%it vnn' liulill 'pnSs?l-iWllJ ■■■lilllall r^aavSlBlal.BBllal lllllllllllll (Ij»]«j) ••rainf -,' !li..ill.iiiiil 1 .Bl.i«..ii.i .■.■I ....'illiLillliiiliii a . 3 . . ....J.., I.... HI .. B... ■■■■ iiiiiiii.il lull •oo»e vn~ _ 3 . ~ S 1-'3 Hi,-!?- * III I -: sill I -3 2334 O >^ H 5 o -xs § I. « = 228 OuK Boys 17 yaur old Kiploytd te;i Orwattr Ivi XoAz jlU Cltlai ovtr £5,000 3U(nrln£ ctB-raUticm batwaaa Bo;*« Pr«««it Oooupatloa and B^'i Stslfod vooujAtloi -t^irllll ■..fll «l«l.la«ll1 •OTAjea ii.i.««iiliii .IlLllllhllllll -«U PMlS.BB-a ■■•■ ■ I ! jiiiliilii.E 1 'I »1 Ina.-iil. illali tsaoifftajoxj I? o M H < ^ -■N O 1 1^ 1 1 «5^ 15 u fl ■^ (D O '■ItM ^ ►, si 5rs K 0) o O >H cq go 'e ^ SO ■ • 9 3 l-C" i5 K) H .S s w 2 05 O ■ ■ O W "^ M m 5> P-l (N 1 «2 5;5 >. o o § " CO te a> l.l i as 1 o S J; IN fc P d ■•no **T0 * Is amn«to fe •• — — II II illllll.llll.llll _ » J J i ; - S V . s t I fllllulllll-irall 1 psl 1 *• ° S I ^ : OuB Boys 229 rill III iiiU t I .itl ■ — -wal i.«Bl«l-v«Vlll.| I tU|>|M< t t »l««nlM4 wt SI, .tlllllfltlfllUl » ■ I fit, h iiiiii I .ii..i.i.iii..i -.'- '■•« avva [ . itl|nllVi.lllll S^WOID • — — I.. 9t[t:tiOMpooj| t^ ^ ..B I « « 9 Pu •• I Hi I 8 , hi ''•V ! « I S f I S « » 3 » o o O Is: SO !?; £ -«! be 0^ a o o ^ "« (N § CO g o o ^ 3 2 o '-' O o 02 iin^l 230 Our Boys hill... n0| %v%Jt)3wnxt z X o Of « MTn« «»iii rim..-. nof}«4I»I i _ _ _ I a _ ■ ■ _ >a..^.xos^« ■■■■■.■.■■■ Illllllllll II III P o o o ^ w O e H I ^;m Si =" K r-' ■S § I^ UIbiIbiIiI llllili uoitonpo>l2 pool I«(ot«M^MJ Illllllllll llllllll 1 1 ^ 3 a I ,3 ? S I S g 8 8 n lit "2 15 ^ "^ ;^ Jill 234 OuB Boys There is little correlation between boys' desired occupations and best and least liked studies Charts 'No. 24-P and 24-Q (see tables E"o. 24-P and 24-Q in the appendix) show the correlation between the boy's desired occupa- tion and the best and least liked study. It is noticeable that boys desiring to be in professional occupations are more fond of drawing than those in other occupations. Boys desiring to be in clerical occupations are most interested in commercial subjects. Boys desir- ing to be in retail business are most interested in commercial sub- jects and language. Boys desiring to be in professional occupations expressed their greatest dislike for manual training and language. Boys desiring to be in clerical occupations disliked drawing and language most. Boys desiring to be in retail business disliked com- mercial subjects, drawing, language and manual training. It should be noted, however, that boys desiring to follow retail business also expressed their greatest like for language and commercial subjects. The likes and dislikes for certain subjects in fact are so scattering and varied as to be of little value in prognosticating a boy's future occupation. OuK Boys 235 JJb.Ii lllllill.li *«!»•»! g l> ■- ■■ «l rsBaBa.MB 4 . mote vn il ■ . ■■ BlBalflliBHft ■■■■■nal.B ® CO li *i',inoio §f I i I i»»»ii # i lllJililil »:,PTT<« «||a.|_|B||H <-__ t x—u»xo { I lllllllllll '~-'-'s..nl.l,,lBl ? II lllltll HI o C o o 5 Q J5 Ed * "^ to rr ■is H O = o M (» h:; ^ %> H ;h =M r/1 o <1 M s%, (d OJ C^ Q o P^ .2 !U S c a ^ 1 Si 1^ ■'-n pq H ^ H 9i % ^ ■^ m W «» HH •& Q ct, ^ M '^ 1 -? 'A < O H a « '? lO rf r«: o s b-^ ^ «i ,^ W <» h-l jj" ■^ m 1 O g -Tr^ Vj c ^ "So o o ■2'H 3-^ 3 "Is a 3 Q. a PL, g O •-i-^iOOOOO-^Wb-OiO ^ r-l C^ 0^ C INOOOO • ■-HCOlNOOS •50.-(OC^O 00 lO T)l CO M .-H to 05 O -H "3 N C^ lo r- ira lo CO (N f^ ira lo !M lo ■-•:) CO o o ■^^^t^ioiocor- CO 'N W rl -H rH ^ cno"OC5ooiocooco -a< CO C^ T-H tH rl rt rt OOCnt^t^COMOMCO OO'»OCOC^C^T-v^rt^ S 2 0)0505lOrHOC0 35t— -H OXI05«30t>-000?0 io05'H^OaO«u)iNco OCOINCOX-^OSOO-HO OCOO-:)-l cooioa I Tjtococooo >oc^oot>o fH .... .-(^ ^ O"-i00t^O o (NO Orl) » Tit o ,-1 -i • o c^i 00 -^ CO rj CO o • CO CS .-1 -H rH ,-, ,-( O^STJtOCOt-t^iOO CDTl0 CO C^l -N M . 266 Our Boys Eq tq ^ &Q •'S> + o =i ^ o Cii ^ s •'?^ lO S oi K > iO O [h ^ n o r/) uq W S CD < _o ^ 1-^ CO 1— 1 \4 ■^ 1 a ^ O O 5^ LO 1 ^ H =0 h-1 ^ P3 iO'OCO(M'-li-l OiCr-OOC^lMOMiOCC OC00 05C5O lOOOCntOOt^lNOOINM l>lNTto 00 oo t^ lO ^ lO OCiCTicD ■ r~ Tf to to 00 o >c to ■-< --1 00 o; C<1 CO t^ (N C5 00 lO IM W -H CO CC >0 Tt< 00 to CO CO o Cq r-( l-< .-I .-H ,-. rt (MiC00(NO'-l>-l«3'* i-H(N-*C0Q0CDC0IO'-l OOOtO'^":icDTfiOO'-i OoOTrO^OI> 0-#CO(MCOO^">-'lMO OC0OiC)^t^cDCDC)»0 00:000 "OCOIN 1-1 oocqiooto 050100 00 COOStj'OS'MCOCOO'OO ■-(CO"*Ot^0005050 00-*C0>0!OC0O0:a5^-■*co^- "CCOH tf o o 'fo (1^ 1-1 !- (^ fc, 02 ^ H 1 o 1 tf 1— 1 s^ 'F^ -«: r> fi i^ ^ '^ en H W 1-1 '^ m o < "■^ g o ^ 53 en s.^- r°. O.', ro-*'oocoooO'N'^ro i-H IN (N -H --< --1 O-*— ic<5>OCCC<5-^tO« OOSOClClOeCuMrHi-^ tOOOrooO'-HIN'HiXMO .-(C<5-*eDW00000:O OrooOOOiNOIN'OOcO oooooooooo oooooooooo oooooooooo (N ::;;:;;■. ^t* OSOO : ! ; ; : ! ; iodoo U50000 ; I ! ! ■ ! -T-iojoi ■<)< o ^_ ■* '.'.'.'.'. lo-HOOO ■* tOlNtOO '. '. '. '. ' Tf< eo — 1 (N(M OS t» CO " (NtO t^ ro 00 to t^ ■* lo IN CO — I IM O f(Nt>- CC (N .-H -H rH rl -H lOOC^lXO^TjioOiO 03N'J3 ? e iMdOiOinoOOC^I^t^rf" o^ococ^^oc^o:c»o t^^C^OOOtO-^CC-H-H 0-*tO-*C00005>fl05C<5 005C050)0 «O00'OO»'f«0'#e^c>i oooooooooo oooooooooo oooooooooo 42 <^^ I — o» s- ■■■;;;;;'" e Os t-lO-H a g (N03t> « '"' .g «) S 0"0oq ■^ ; : ; ; ; ii^oa"^ ^ : : : : : i'^ ^ •«* . — — ^ OtOOOOO 2^ '. '. . ■ • 00 —I o «o CO o : : : : ;'~''^ '"''^ oq S . ■ ■ ••^coOcooO'O o • • • ■ 00 to ■* ■* CO 00 • O CO t~ J5 O 00 •* .,-,.^,-(tOt-C100-< ■C^(Mi'500tOC<1000tO • OS'H«O00tO-« o ^ s: o S lO' o ^i. C^ «■ -Ts W ^ CO O S H S >— t o y, to" U ■o Ir-* CO 1 t.. ^ 3 ■< lO P4 ■ K bn B H -Ho ■-IC3t> t^OO i-ilM -100030 C^J aO O CO 03 CO—I — iT-iO C5 rf t^ 00 -Jl 01 O t^ IC ■# — ^ (M —!—(-(— 1 —I 1:^ Ci) lO IN GO (M CO t^ Oi lo CO CO CO c^i (M — I — I — I — i — I — I 003i-0 0-*COOOO 03COWCOlO-*C Oa3CDTtlOOC Q ■COt-- •030 •C0O3CO ■ ococo HH r^ IOOOI>^ Si 03 100^03 S '. ; 1 '. '. o o -# CO — ( — I CO 00 1>- CO CO CO 00 CO loco CO CO (N 00 O 00 00 00 03 — ( rH — ( 03 t> t-t^lO00O3O300(N OCOOO^t^CJOOOCO C0C3t~l>C0OJCo ■* t>. t- • . 03 ■ . . d +^ • • • n ^ H Jc! ^ J —I03C<103— 1030500— ICO i>iocoa3a3Tfco— i>oc^ ^ IN ri ri C<1 -1 rH o CO CO 01>— 1— 1— ICOCOOOI^CO Ol'3COC0003030 CO CO O O lO O 00 "H.^ CO o ■OO3t^CO— 1 o o OOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOO Our Boys 269^ Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Emplo2jed Boys Persistence in School TABLE No. 6-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Albany Amsterdam . . Auburn Bdnghamton . . Buffalo Elmira Jamestown. . . Kingston Mt. Vernon. . Newburgh New Rochelle Niagara FaDs Oswego Poughkeepsie. Rochester. . . . Schenectady . . Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown. . . Yonkers New York Left Re- Left illegally on mained Total reaching legal beyond legal per cent age age 5.3 25.2 69.5 100.0 2.8 45.1 52.1 100.0 4.5 26.2 69.3 100.0 5.1 23.8 71.1 100.0 4.7 33.2 62.1 100.0 4.4 14.4 81.2 100.0 4.8 33.1 62.1 100.0 4.7 30.0 65.3 100.0 2.2 19.2 78,6 100.0 5.3 23.2 71.5 100.0 5.1 14.0 SO. 9 100.0 4.8 24.0 71.2 100.0 4.1 27.0 68.9 100.0 6.5 26.9 66.6 100.0 5.9 29.6 64.5 100.0 3.1 22.9 74.0 100.0 5.0 30.0 65.0 100.0 3.5 24.1 72.4 100.0 3.5 33.4 63.1 100.0 3.3 22.1 74.6 100.0 6.8 19.8 73.4 100.0 7.0 28.6 64.4 100.0 Popu- lation of employed boys 2,542 810 829 1,356 11,257 971 838 553 857 700 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 1 , 658 2,241 669 2,241 124,795 Number of employed boys enrolled 1,751 522 422 787 6,468 647 587 456 647 545 414 731 344 478 4,059 1.510 2,157 1 ,033 1,551 530 1,352 82,575 Number of cards tabulated 1,751 500 422 750 6,468 647 587 400 482 545 414 731 344 400 955 1 ,000 soo 993 1.551 500 581 18,000 TABLEjNo. 6-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua . Cohoes Corning Cortland . . . Dunkirk. . . Fulton Geneva . . . . Glen Cove. Glens Falls.. Gloversville . Hornell Hudson Ithaca JoTinstown . . . Lackawanna. . Little Falls Lockport Mechanicville. Middletown .... No. Tonawanda. Norwich Ogdensburg. . . . Olean Oneida Oneonta. . . Plattsburg . Port Jervis. Rensselaer . 7.0 16.2 76.8 100.0 7.2 30.0 62.8 100.0 4.1 13.9 82.0 100.0 8.0 39.8 52.2 100.0 4.7 20.8 74.5 100.0 3.3 18.7 78.0 100.0 1.6 24.9 73.5 100.0 5.4 31.6 63.0 100.0 6.2 18.8 75.0 100.0 3.4 17.2 79.4 100.0 5.8 18.7 75.5 100.0 2.8 30.4 66.8 100.0 3.1 24.0 72.9 100.0 3.0 25.6 71.4 100.0 3.8 14.2 82.0 100.0 7.7 30.8 61.5 100.0 4.1 24.9 71.0 100.0 1.3 21.6 77.1 100.0 4.6 26.4 69.0 100.0 5.8 28.0 66.2 100.0 7.2 15.4 77.4 100.0 2.3 27.7 70.0 100.0 5.7 16.2 78.1 100.0 3.8 26.2 70.0 100.0 6.3 17.0 76.7 100.0 3.2 24.4 72.4 100.0 3.7 21.8 74.5 100.0 2.5 18.4 79.1 100.0 6.3 24.5 69.2 100.0 6.3 22.7 71.0 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 187 180 73 431 305 151 370 204 194 117 173 286 222 164 183 1.57 221 1.53 238 207 263 229 91 153 403 125 160 159 162 190 187 180 70 400 303 150 370 204 180 117 173 286 222 164 180 157 221 153 238 207 263 229 91 153 403 125 160 159 162 190 270' Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Persistence in School TABLE No. 6-B — CITIES UNDER 25,030 — (Concluded) CITIES Rome Salamanca Saratoga Springs Tonawanda Watervliet White Plains ... Left illegally 5.4 9.2 2.9 5.0 5.0 3.2 Left on reaching legal age 23.6 20.6 23.6 43.2 23.9 20.8 Re- mained beyond 71.0 70.2 73.5 51.8 71.1 76.0 Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Popu- lation of employed boys 528 189 289 230 393 457 Number of employed boys enrolled Number of cards tabulated 342 150 173 162 322 250 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia TABLE No. 6-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Freeport . . . Hastings. . . Haver-straw. Hempstead . Herkimer . . . Hoosick Falls. Hudson Falls . Huntington. . . Ilion Johnson City . Lancaster . . . . Lawrence . . . . Malone Mamaroneck . Massena Medina Newark No. Tarrytown. Nyack Ossining Owego* Patchogue. . . Peekskill Penn Yan*. . Port Chester. Port Washington. Rockville Center. Saranac Lake .... Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown . Walden. . . . Waterf ord . Waverly . . . Wellsville. . Whitehall . 9.7 4.5 4.6 5.6 4.9 2.1 6.9 9.3 2.5 5.1 12.2 3.1 4.7 1.4 5.2 3.7 2.5 5.2 6.0 10.3 1.2 8.3 3.2 6.6 4.0 10.0 5.5 3.8 15.4 3.2 3.8 16.1 74.2 100.0 20.9 74.6 100.0 31.2 64.2 100.0 26.3 68.1 100.0 17.1 78.0 100.0 20.4 77.5 100.0 15.4 77.7 100.0 35.1 55.6 100.0 20.5 77.0 100.0 21.2 73.7 100.0 20.2 67.6 100.0 18.7 78.2 100.0 22.6 72.7 100.0 23.7 74.9 100.0 20.4 74.4 100.0 38.3 58.0 100.0 17.5 80.0 100.0 27.8 67.0 100.0 23.0 71.0 100.0 33.0 56.7 100.0 37.7 61.1 100.0 12.5 79.2 100.0 11.8 85.0 100.0 17.6 75.8 100.0 15.3 80.7 100.0 35.0 55.0 100.0 38.5 56.0 100.0 21.1 75.1 100.0 23.1 61.5 100.0 28.7 68.1 100.0 23.1 73.1 100.0 13.4 86.6 100.0 23.4 74.5 100.0 15.9 75.4 100.0 17.3 ■ 76.6 100.0 8.6 88.7 100.0 21.4 76.4 100.0 27.0 62.8 100.0 16.4 80.0 100.0 19.1 77.6 100.0 30.2 68.1 100.0 165 96 148 164 95 204 155 120 140 249 120 108 62 215 153 134 28 163 153 111 128 136 90 72 217 72 107 292 72 388 56 137 100 147 157 85 144 68 115 73 118 31 72 109 214 83 95 73 107 41 186 75 98 109 276 172 134 40 134 100 85 72 128 91 158 20 95 239 26 308 78 54 49 71 82 35 90 89 55 116 * Data incomplete. Our Boys 271 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Age Leaving School TABLE No. 7-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Ages Total p?r cent Popu- lation —14 U 15 16 17 18 ployed boys 3.2 1.8 1.8 2.9 2.6 3.5 2.6 2.9 1.2 3.0 1.9 2.5 1.2 3.9 3.9 1.7 3.6 1.6 2.7 2.6 3.3 3.8 21,9 44.3 23.8 20.9 30.8 13.4 30.9 26.4 17.6 19.1 16.2 20.3 27.1 23.5 29.3 19.3 27.6 19.0 28.8 14.4 16.8 27.0 . 34.7 33.1 38.8 39.9 37.6 36.7 35.5 36.4 37.2 33.2 39.7 34.4 37.3 34.4 34.1 36.4 32.9 40.7 35.4 35.2 42.2 39.3 31.1 18.4 27.9 29.6 22.9 34.0 24.5 28.7 3.T.5 35.4 32.1 35.1 27.9 .30.5 26.2 32.9 27.5 .32.1 25.9 39.2 31.3 25.3 7.5 1.2 6.8 6.0 5.2 10.6 5.5 4.8 7.5 7.1 8,7 6,5 5,0 6,5 5,3 7.6 7.0 5.1 6.2 5,6 6.1 4,2 1,6 1.2 ,9 ,7 .9 1.8 1.0 .8 1.0 2.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 2.1 1.4 1.5 1.0 3.0 .3 .4 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 810 829 1,3.56 Buffalo 11,257 971 838 553 Mt. Vernon 857 700 760 1,147 546 Poughkeepsie Rochester Schenectady 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 Troy 1,658 Utica Watertown Yonkers New York 2,241 669 2,241 124,795 TABLE No. 7-B — CITIES UNDER 25,030 2.6 3.3 1.4 Cohoes 3.8 3.3 2.7 .8 Fulton Geneva 2.0 3.7 .9 Glens Falls 3.2 Glaversville Hornell .6 1.4 2.4 3.4 2.0 Lackawanna Little Falls .8 7 3.0 2.5 5.7 No. Tonawanda .9 5.7 2.0 Olean 3.7 2.4 Oueonta 1.2 Plattsburg Port Jervia 1.8 Rensselaer 3.2 12.7 37.3 40.0 6.9 .5 100.0 25.1 40.5 27.8 3.3 100.0 12.5 38.8 37.5 9.8 100.0 34.0 37.8 18.5 5.6 .3 100.0 16.9 36.2 35.3 7.0 1.3 100.0 14.0 32.0 38,0 11.3 2.0 100.0 19.1 35.9 32,9 7.9 3.4 100.0 29.4 35.3 25.0 5.4 2.9 100.0 16.7 34.5 32.5 10.5 2.1 100.0 15.3 39.3 40.2 3.4 .9 100.0 15.5 28.8 34.4 16.4 1.7 100.0 27.6 29.0 35.6 6.2 1.0 100.0 22.0 31.1 31.5 11.7 2.3 100.0 16.5 30.5 39.0 9.2 2,4 100.0 9.5 33.9 42.6 7.3 3,3 100.0 26.9 33.9 26.9 9.6 .7 100.0 16.7 40.5 34.8 6.8 .4 100.0 29.0 41.6 20.9 6.5 1.3 100.0 25.3 35.5 27.3 6.4 2.5 100.0 13.9 38.6 35.6 7.4 2.0 100.0 14.8 37.6 33.2 6.8 1.9 100.0 16.2 36.5 41.9 4.0 .0 100.0 10.3 34.5 39.1 9.2 1,2 100,0 10.4 22.9 54.9 6.5 3.3 100,0 14.2 40.7 36.4 5.0 100.0 23.2 40.0 27.2 5.6 1.6 100.0 14.8 35.8 35.1 10.6 2.5 100.0 13.9 29.1 45.0 10.7 1.3 100.0 16.9 28.8 41.3 8.7 2.5 100.0 20.1 31.2 31.8 11.6 2.1 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 2-72 OuE Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Age Leaving School TABLE No. 7-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000— (Concluded) CITIES Ages Total per cent Ponu- lation of em- ployed boys —14 14 15 16 17 18 Rome Salamanca Saratoga Springs Tona-^-anrla Watervliet 4.2 3.5 1.2 3.7 3.3 2.8 20.1 17.7 17.9 41,6 19.8 12.8 ■ 38.8 40.4 42.2 28.6 37.9 33.6 32.9 28.4 30.6 18.- 30.7 38.8 3.5 5.0 8.1 4.9 6.8 9.6 .5 5.0 '"2'.5 1.5 2.4 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 289 230 393 White Plains 457 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia TABLE No. 7-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Freeport .... Hastings . . . Haver.straw. Hempstead . Herkimer . . . Hoosick Falls. Hudson Falls. Huntington. . . Ilion Johnson City. Lancaster .... Lawrence. . . . Malone Mamaroneck. Massena Medina Newark No. Tarrytown. Nyack Ossining Owego Patohogue. . . Peekskill Penn Yan. . . . Port Chester. Port Washington . Rookville Center. Saranao Lake. . . . Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown. Walden. . . . Waterf ord . Waverly . . . Wellsville.. Whitehall. 3.2 1.5 2.7 2.4 1.2 1.0 4.2 2.0 4.3 6.8 2.0 3.1 .7 4.1 2.2 2.2 13.0 5.0 1.4 1.6 2.7 2.8 10.0 1.7 11.5 1.6 2.1 2.8 4.8 2.7 l.I 7.8 3.6 2.2 1.8 12.9 25.8 35.5 22.6 100,0 16.4 31.3 35.8 8.9 6.1 100.0 22.0 44.1 25.7 . 5.5 100.0 14.5 33.3 46.5 3.3 100.0 13.4 31.7 39.0 12.2 2.5 100.0 12.9 37.7 38.8 7.5 2.1 100.0 U.l 37.6 38.9 8.2 100.0 28.5 37.1 25.7 6.7 100.0 14.6 53.7 19.5 12.2 100.0 15.0 36.3 37.4 5.4 1.6 100.0 17.6 45.9 24.3 4.1 1.3 100.0 16.6 31.9 38.2 8.2 3.1 100.0 20.5 36.1 27.8 10.4 2.1 100.0 21.8 23.9 38.7 10.9 4.0 100.0 16.3 29.1 41.2 8.1 1.2 100.0 36.9 38.4 15.7 6.1 .7 100.0 5.0 25.0 60.0 7.5 2.5 lOJ.O 23.4 30.7 32.6 8.2 2.9 100.0 37.0 40.0 8.0 2.0 100.0 21.4 30.6 37.9 3.1 2.6 100.0 30.6 36.5 28.2 3.5 1.2 100.0 12.5 30.5 45.9 6.9 2.8 100.0 7.3 40.4 41.2 7.9 1.6 100,0 11.7 43.7 33.9 6.2 1.8 100.0 14.4 34.3 31.2 13.1 4.2 100.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 15.0 100.0 37.2 39.3 20.1 2.2 1.2 100.0 13.9 37.9 36.4 8.8 1.3 100.0 7.7 34.6 46.2 100.0 22.4 40.9 28.6 6.2 .3 100.0 11.5 26.9 50.0 9.0 2.6 100.0 12.9 25.9 44.5 14.8 1.9 100.0 8.5 31.9 44.8 10.6 2.1 100.0 14.1 38.0 36.7 4.2 4.2 100.0 15.9 44.9 25.9 7.3 1.2 100.0 2.7 20.0 57.4 17.2 100.0 17.4 37.3 44.2 100.0 27.0 34.8 22.5 7.9 100.0 9.1 32.8 49.1 5.4 100.0 14.6 24.7 47.2 8.0 3.3 100.0 13.8 28.5 40.5 12.0 3.4 100.0 Our Boys 273 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Rank in Family and Age Leaving Schoo^ TABLE No. 7-D — GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined Age Leaving Rank in Family Per cent of total Number of cards School Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th Sth 9th 10th tabu- lated Under 14 3.4 27. C 39.1 25.1 4.8 .6 3.8 28 . r. 38.8 24.8 3.7 .4 3.6 28 8 39.3 24.3 3.6 .4 3.1 26.') 39.1 26.8 4.1 .5 2.7 26 .- 40.4 25.8 4.r: .1 3.0 26.7 38.0 26.7 5.3 .3 1.4 27. • 42.. 23.9 4.6 2.3 21. 48.8 22.7 4.6 .6 2.9 16 :. 43.6 25.0 5.9 1.4 6.0 19.: 34.6 28.8 9.1 1.5 3.4 27.." 39.3 25.2 .4 554 4,460 6,399 4,089 683 73 14 15 . 16 17 18 Total per cent . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 4,391 4,311 3,025 1,933 1.264 697 347 172 68 66 16,264 Under 11 14 15 16 17 18 Total per cent Total T 3.1 25.8 35.6 27.5 6.4 1.6 ABLI 3.0 26.6 33.9 29. G 6.0 1.5 ] No 3.0 26.5 36.6 27.2 5.6 1.1 7-E 2.0 28.2 34.6 27.0 6.2 1.1 — CI 3.3 27.1 36.6 27.2 4.8 1.0 TIES 2.9 26.6 36.0 28.7 4.6 1.2 OVI 3.1 27.7 35.9 27.1 5.9 .3 :R 2. 1.5 29.4 43.5 22.5 2.1 1.0 5,000 5.7 34.3 34.3 21.0 1.9 2.S 3.9 29.4 29.4 30.4 5.9 1.0 3.1 26.7 35.4 27.7 5.8 1.3 410 3,597 4,761 3.722 781 181 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3,523 3,319 2,450 1,656 1.098 654 354 191 lOo 102 13,452 TABLE No. 7-F — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Under 14 14 15 16 17 18 Total per cent . . 1 otal 6.6 5.9 6.0 5.9 7.1 8.8 7.1 4.5 14.3 13.1 6.5 4.58 17.9 20.1 19. S 17.5 21.0 21.2 20.2 23.6 17.9 19.0 19.2 1,356 34.6 32.5 33.9 36.4 33.8 34.7 36.9 33.7 37.5 32.2 34.2 2,401 32.2 33.0 32.4 31.1 31.5 . 28.4 32.8 33.7 26.8 31.0 32.1 2,254 7.3 6.7 6.8 7.2 5.4 6.0 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.5 6.6 464 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.9 1.2 .9 1.1 1.2 1.4 101 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 i:x).o 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,915 1,741 1,199 841 594 317 198 89 56 84 7,034 TABLE No. 7-G — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Under 14 14 15 16 17 18 Total per cent Total 3.0 16.9 34.0 36.7 7.8 1.6 3.7 17.4 36.1 34.8 6.6 1.4 2.4 17.7 35.1 35.9 7.8 1.1 2.4 18.4 37.3 33.9 6.8 1.2 3.6 22.0 35.4 31.2 6.5 1.3 .6 19.3 32.8 35.1 10.5 1.7 3.3 15.4 30.8 39.5 8.8 2.2 18.6 30.0 42.9 7.1 1.4 12.8 18.0 30.8 30.8 5.1 2.5 9.1 30.3 27.3 30.3 3.0 3.1 18.0 35.0 35.2 7.3 1.4 122 715 1,390 1,402 291 56 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,015 1,019 733 499 306 171 91 70 39 33 3,975 Note. — The group of boys coiniu^j: from familiei of only o:ie child is oavitted. ■274 OuE Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Rank in Family and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 7-H — PLACES UNDER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined Rank in Family Per cent of total Number Age leaving School. Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th tabu- lated ■Under 14 2.4 18.8 35.2 34.0 8.2 1.4 2.6 18.5 34.2 35.8 7.7 1.2 1.6 17.4 38.0 33.4 8.2 1.4 1.5 18.4 34.4 37.0 7.1 1.6 2.3 17.4 37.6 36.3 5.4 1.0 3.6 20.2 35.0 .33.8 6.6 .8 1.8 18.7 38.9 33.3 6.4 .9 .6 20.3 38.3 36.0 4.8 1.9 22.6 41.5 27.5 5.6 .9 1.9 17.9 46.0 31.1 3.1 2.2 18.5 35.9 34.8 7.4 1.2 243 14 2,037 15 3,959 16 3 , 832 17 821 18 137 Total per cent. . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 2,856 2,806 1,944 1,273 897 529 326 186 106 106 11,029 . TABLE No. 7-1 — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two American Parents Under 14 14 15 16 17 IS Total per cent Total 2.9 26.2 37.5 26.9 5.5 1.0 3.7 25.3 38.9 27.2 4.4 .5 3.7 26.6 39.7 25.8 3.8 .4 4.1 22.1 40.1 27.9 5.4 .4 2.3 27.4 41.4 23.4 5.5 2.7 27.4 38.4 24.7 5.5 1.3 1.3 39.2 46.6 19.2 2.7 3.3 25.5 39.0 26.8 4.8 .6 136 22.7 45.4 31.9 5.2 47.4 36.9 10.5 15.7 36.9 36.9 10.5 1,059 1,617 1,101 201 26 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 1,243 1,190 706 466 256 146 73 22 19 19 4,140 TABLE No. 7-J— GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with One or Two Foreign Parents Under 14. . . . : . . 14 15 16 17 18 Total per cent Total 3.1 3.9 3.2 2.8 2.9 2.6 1.4 1.9 5.2 10.0 3.2 287 29.3 30.9 30.3 29.1 26.3 29.3 26.6 21.9 13.2 20.0 29.3 2,588 39.4 38.6 39.3 40.1 40.8 39.3 42.2 50.5 58.0 32.5 39.6 3,492 23.2 23.1 23.2 23.6 25.4 24.8 24.8 20.0 15.8 25.0 23.5 2,070 4.5 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.6 4.0 5.0 4.8 5.2 10.0 4.0 351 .5 .2 .4 .6 .9 2.6 2.5 .4 34 100.0 100.0 ICO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,112 2,251 1 ,755 1,123 757 423 218 105 38 40 8,822 Under 14. 14 15 16 17 18 TABLE No. 7-K — GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents Total per cent . Total 4.6 23.0 40. S 26.9 4.3 .4 3.9 26.7 39.3 25.9 3.7 .5 4.4 27.1 39.6 25.7 3.0 .2 2.6 23.6 34.6 35.4 3.5 .3 2.5 26.1 38.2 29.5 2.9 .8 4.7 17.2 33.5 35.2 9.4 1.8 26.8 39.3 26.8 5.3 4.4 17.8 46.7 24.5 6.6 4.0 24.8 39.0 27.8 4.0 .4 131 45.4 18.2 36.4 28.6 42.8 28.6 819 1,290 913 131 13 100.0 100.0 100. G 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ICO.O 100.0 100.0 1,036 870 504 344 241 128 56 45 11 7 L-^ 3,302 Note. — The group of boys coming from families of only one child is omitted. Our Boys 275 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Rank in Famiy and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 7-L — CITIES OVER 25,030 American Boys with Two American Parents Age Leaving School R.\XK IN Family Per cent of total Number of cards tabu- lated Oldest 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Undpr 14 14 15 2.6 21.5 34.3 30.3 8.9 2.4 2.6 21. S 32.0 33.7 8.0 1.9 2.6 22.7 36.1 30.1 7.1 1.4 l.S 24.7 33.6 30.2 7.8 1.9 2.8 22 2 35^9 30.3 6.8 2.0 1.2 22 . 5 39.2 30.0 5.0 2.1 4.5 21 .1 39.8 27.1 6.8 .7 33^8 47.7 16.9 1.6 6.6 30.0 43.4 10.0 io'.o 7.5 20.0 27.5 35.0 7.5 2.5 2.5 22.4 34.5 30.9 7.7 2.0 150 1,317 2 026 16 17 IS 1,814 455 116 Total per cent . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 1,658 1 , 578 1,070 668 396 240 133 65 30 40 5,878 TABLE No. 7-M — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys ivith One or Two Foreign Parents Under 14 3.3 31.5 36.7 23.3 4.2 1.0 3.3 33.1 34.8 22.8 4.6 1.4 3.0 30.0 36.5 24.9 4.6 1.0 3.4 31.5 .35.3 24.1 5.2 .5 3.7 30.4 38.0 23.2 4.2 .5 3.8 29.0 33.7 28.5 4.4 .6 1.5 34.1 33.5 25.8 5.1 1.8 27.7 42.8 23.2 2.7 1.8 6.4 42.0 27.4 21.0 3.2 1.7 36. 9 29.8 26.3 5.3 3.3 31.5 35.8 24.0 4.5 .9 197 14 15 16 17 18 1,88S 2,151 1,439 272 56 Total per cent . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 1,306 1,322 1,125 839 62! 365 194 112 62 57 6,003 TABLE No. 7-N — CITIES OVER 25,000 Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents Under 14 14 15 16 17 18 Total per cent Total 4.1 25.4 37.2 28.6 3.8 .9 3.3 23.9 38.7 31.0 2.9 .2 4.3 27.5 38.4 25.5 3.9 .4 4.7 24.8 35.6 29.5 4.7 .7 3.7 24.7 29.6 42.0 f 4-1 28.6 36.7 24.5 4.1 2.0 7.4 14.8 33.3 37.1 7.4 7.1 21.4 28.6 42.9 4.0 25.0 37.2 29.9 3.4 .5 63 7.6 46.2 46.2 20.0 40.0 40.0 392 584 469 54 9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 559 419 255 149 81 49 27 14 13 5 1.571 Note. — The group of boy.s coming from families of only one child is omitted. 276 OuE Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Last Grade Completed Percent of Boys Reporting Each Grade as the Last one Comple'ed TABLE No. 8-C — CITIES OVER 25,000 Grades Total per cent Popu- CITIES 4th or under 5th 6th 7th 8th 1st high school 2d high school 3d high school 4th high school lation of em- ployed boys Albany Amsterdam .... Auburn Binghamton. . . . Buffalo 2.4 .4 1.2 2.0 2.3 1.6 1.4 4.6 3.6 3.6 5.0 3.5 2.3 4.1 4.6 2.8 6.2 4.6 4.6 3.5 4.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 5.9 6.3 9.3 3.6 2.5 15.9 20.4 19.9 18.8 14.2 11.3 17.3 18.4 8.2 18.5 10.6 20.4 14.6 8.8 16.6 13.7 9.7 17.9 21.1 17.0 14.9 7.4 21.8 30.1 25.3 25.9 20.9 21.6 23.3 27.0 21.7 22.4 16.2 23.7 25.8 23.6 20.1 27.1 22.5 22,5 20.7 21.3 23.1 22.9 29.1 25.2 32.0 28.2 27.0 32.7 30.3 30.2 33.4 28.4 33.8 26.7 24.6 32.9 36.9 25.1 33.2 27.7 26.3 24.9 34.8 43.5 12.1 10.2 5.7 10.6 21.9 14.5 12.0 9.0 16.4 10.4 14.6 10.3 14.6 12.2 7.4 14.0 14.1 12.4 12.9 12.4 8.3 8.8 8.9 7.5 7.2 5.4 6.4 11.4 7.5 6.8 10.4 6.8 9.4 6.4 10.2 9.9 8.2 9.2 11.4 7.1 7.6 9.7 8.3 5.9 3.8 1.3 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.8 4.4 2.6 4.3 2.8 3.5 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.5 1.6 2.3 1.4 1.3 3.0 1.3 1.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.8 4.3 3.1 4.3 1.0 4.4 2.4 3.0 2.9 2.6 1.6 2.9 .9 1.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 810 829 1,356 11,257 971 Jamestown 838 553 Mt. Vernon .... Newburgh New Rochelle. . . Niagara Falls. . . Oswego Poughkeepsie. . . Rochester Schenectady 2.6 .2 3.4 1.0 1.4 .8 1.41 .9! 857 700 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 Troy 1.6 .8 1,658 2,241 669 Yonkers New York 4.5 5.7 2,241 124,795 TABLE No. 8-D — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua. . . Cohoes 1.1 .6 4.1 4.4 Dunkirk Fulton .2 Geneva 2.2 Glens Falls Gloversville .... Hornell Hudson .5 1.3 .5 2.4 Johnstown Lackawanna. . . . Little Falls Lockport Mechanicville. . . Middletown. . . . No. Tonawanda. Norwich Ogdensburg .... 2.5 4.0 .7 .8 3.8 3.0 1.3 3.3 .7 Oneonta 4.4 Port Jervis Rensselaer 6.2 2.1 3.7 22.6 20.9 24.6 12.3 8.0 8.9 30.0 26.1 23.3 3.9 1.7 4,1 8.2 19.0 47.3 5.1 5.4 6,8 24.8 24.0 22.5 8.8 3.9 5.7 15.0 22.7 29.7 14.7 7.6 4.4 21.3 24.6 24.9 16.8 4.6 5.1 19.1 22.9 25.9 14.8 6.6 11.3 18.2 21.7 22.7 14.3 6.9 5.0 18.3 11.7 24,8 17.5 12.8 2.6 9.4 23.1 24.8 14.5 18.8 2.7 17.3 22.3 19.6 12.8 10.6 2.0 18.8 27.2 23.7 17.9 6.5 3.6 7.2 18.9 30.9 15.9 12.6 12.2 25.1 20.7 20.7 12.2 5.5 3.9 12.9 12.9 36.8 14.5 11.2 3.8 17.8 20.4 15.3 13.4 11.5 9.5 17.1 20.8 28.7 12.6 4.6 6,3 16.3 20.7 32.0 12.0 10.0 3.8 21.4 21.0 28.6 11.8 7.6 17.5 17.5 12.1 18.8 15.0 7.7 2,2 12.6 32.7 28.5 14.6 4.2 7,9 10.2 22.0 34.4 14.6 3.1 7.7 13.2 15.4 35.2 12.0 8.8 11.1 26.1 18.4 16.4 11.7 2.6 4.0 15.9 25.2 28.6 9.3 9.3 1.6 11.4 22.8 24.4 23.6 9.7 6.4 13 1 24.4 30.2 8.8 6.9 6.0 10,1 20.1 27.0 18.9 10.7 8.1 10.5 22.4 27.3 12.4 7.6 4.2 20.5 19.6 29.5 13.1 5.8 3,2 3.7 1.7 3.9 5,4 1.4 1.2 3,6 2.0 2.6 2.7 .7 3.7 2.7 .6 4.4 3.3 4.4 6.1 1.7 6.7 8.6 1.0 1.6 8.6 1.8 .6 .6 5.0 2.8 5.1 10.2 .9 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.9 3.8 3.8 1.5 .8 2.2 4.4 4.4 3.9 9.1 3.0 4.8 4,1 2.4 2.5 4.3 3.2 5.0 1.9 3.7 3.7 1.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. JO OuK Boys 277 Sixteen, Seventeen ani Eighteen Year Old Employed Brjs Last Grade Completed Percent of Boys Reporting Each Grade as the Last one Completed TABLE No. 8-D — CITIES UNDER 25,000 — (Concluded) Grades Total per cent Popu- CITIES 4th or under 5th 6th 7th 8th 1st high school 2d high school 3d high school 4th high school lation of em- ployed boys Rome .6 4.2 5.3 8.8 3.1 4.9 6.0 19.7 20.6 13.5 S.6 17.6 16.8 26.7 18.0 17.7 27.8 21.3 19.6 22.1 27.3 22 4 30 ! 9 28.4 27.6 12.3 12.7 27.1 18.9 11.9 10.4 10.5 4.7 7.1 6.4 8.0 9.6 2.1 4.7 1.7 1.2 4.0 2.0 1.8 6.7 1.7 3.1 2.4 4.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 Salamanca 189 289 230 Watervliet White Plains . . . 1.5 3.2 393 457 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia TABLE No. 8-E — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Freeport. . . . Hastings. . . . Haverstraw . Hempstead. Herkimer . . . Hoosrick Falls. HucLdon Falls. Huntington. . Dion Johnson City. Laaca.ster. . . . La wrence . . . . Malone Mamaroneck . Massena Medina Newark No. Tarrytown . Nyack Oasining Owego Patohogue Peekskill Penn Yan Port Chester . . . Port Washington Rockville Center Saranac Lake. . . Seneca Falls .... Solvay Tarrytown. Walden. . . . Waterf ord . Waverly. . . Wellsville. . Whitehall. 6.5 6.9 9 6.5 2.4 1.1 4.1 4.0 2.5 1.3 3.1 .7 9.0 12.2 2.4 3.9 3.5 1.3 10.0 3.2 5.9 7.7 3.2 7.7 4.1 7.2 1.2 2.7 7.9 1.7 1.1 5.6 10.1 10.7 2.4 7.3 1.4 9.0 10.3 11.4 4.0 2.1 3.7 1.8 3.5 1.5 10.0 8.2 10.0 9.2 4.7 2.8 5.4 8.8 2.5 5.0 3.2 5.3 7.7 6.5 14.1 8.2 5.8 1.2 5.7 4.4 4.5 7.3 6.8 ( 32.3 12.9 8.3 26.4 20.2 24.7 9.8 23.8 21.7 30.2 13.7 23.2 6.8 21.9 28.0 14.0 25.6 25.6 22.2 15.9 6.7 27.9 18.3 27.5 6.4 26.6 8.3 19.1 13.5 19.2 16.4 26.9 5.0 35.0 28.3 19.3 12.0 28.0 23.5 22.4 16.5 23.5 16.7 19.4 15.6 23.4 IS. 6 23.9 19.0 15.2 20.0 25.0 U.7 11.7 20.5 20.5 15.4 19.3 22.7 27.9 23.2 20.3 7.7 9.6 18.4 24.4 23.2 11.6 1.2 20.7 8.6 25.7 23.4 33.3 27.0 24.7 25.5 27.3 11.2 18.0 14.7 12.0 3.2 36.1 19.3 30.0 26.5 27.4 35.9 23.0 30.9 30.1 29.4 28.5 43.1 38.5 33.6 32.8 20.0 17.6 18.0 21.5 31.7 27.8 28.9 19.5 21.5 35.0 34.0 28.5 42.3 19.5 12.8 25.0 14.4 31.9 32.9 28.6 23.4 20.2 23.7 30.2 16.1 11.1 11.0 14.1 6.0 15.8 17.9 10.0 7.9 13.3 14.3 11.1 14.6 18.0 11.2 15.0 8.2 14.0 6.1 9.4 11.1 13.6 15.9 20.9 16.0 8.8 3.8 8.8 12.8 25.0 24.4 8.7 22.0 11.5 12.2 6.8 7.3 15.7 14.7 19.3 1.4 9.2 2.8 7.2 7.3 10.6 3,0 5.1 7.4 8.0 4.1 2.7 9.4 6.4 4.5 10.0 7.4 6.0 3.1 6.2 10.1 8.5 6.7 6.2 3.9 23.1 2.0 5.S 13.4 11.5 2.2 4.5 5.4 10.2 4.3 1.4 .9 1.4 1.2 1.1 4.0 3.4 6.7 3.7 4.3 1.2 3.0 'h'.i) '•2.0 1.2 9.7 1.5 .9 3.8 8.5 2.1 1.6 1.3 7.7 5.8 4.9 5.7 1.1 3.3 1.8 3.4 1.7 9.7 2.8 3.7 .9 2.4 3.1 1.4 5.0 1.7 2.7 2.1 1.8 4.0 2.3 3.0 5.0 4.4 3.0 2.4 4.2 1.5 2.7 5.7 5.0 3.2 3.9 1.9 4.1 1.1 '3A 1.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 165 96 148 164 95 204 155 120 140 249 120 108 62 215 153 134 28 163 153 111 128 136 90 72 217 72 107 292 72 388 56 137 100 147 157 85 144 68 115 73 118 278 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-L — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two American Parents Last Grade Completed Ages No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 6th 38 9 7 23 85 70 17 64 315 571 139 54 28 111 438 876 216 133 59 44 117 253 458 121 158 77 '"3 10 23 50 29 36 45 50 "i '"7 2 3 9 8 221 102 309 1,052 2,047 507 330 131 58 4.6 2.1 6.5 22.2 43.1 10.6 7.0 2.7 1.2 4.6 6.7 13.2 35.4 78.5 89.1 96.1 98.8 100.0 100.0 95 4 6th 93 3 7th 86 8 8th 64 6 1st high school 2d 21.5 10 9 3d 3 9 4th 1 2 Total 162 1,176 1,856 1,2S7 246 30 4,757 100.0 Per cent of total 3.4 24.8 39.0 27.0 5.2 .6 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.4 28.2 67.2 94.2 99.4 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.6 71.8 32.8 5.8 .6 TABLE No. 8-M — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with One American Parent 4th or under 5th 11 3 4 8 34 32 10 28 129 225 60 26 10 42 154 352 75 50 19 15 38 82 185 42 50 33 3 1 S 28 9 13 13 14 ■"■3 .... "3 88 41 113 381 827 176 114 46 17 4.9 2.3 6.3 21.1 45.9 9.8 6.3 2.5 .9 4.9 7.2 13.5 34.6 80.5 90.3 96.6 99.1 100.0 100.0 95 1 6th 92 8 7th 86 5 8th 65 4 1st high school 2d 19.5 9 7 3d 3.4 4th 9 Total 60 474 709 464 89 7 1,803 100.0 Per cent of total 3.3 26.3 39.4 25.7 4.9 .4 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.3 29.6 69.0 94.7 99.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.7 70.4 31.0 5.3 .4 TABLE No. 8-N — GREATER NEW YORK 4th or under 5th Ame 38 8 23 33 143 rican 109 30 96 630 1,155 177 Boys 112 44 188 64'8 1,458 278 167 with 90 49 151 304 643 107 208 115 Two F 3 5 11 16 62 20 37 42 52 'oreign "i 2 1 1 7 8 Parent 352 136 469 1,632 3,463 583 413 164 60 4.8 1.8 6.4 22.7 47.6 8.0 5.7 2.2 .8 4.8 6.6 13.0 35.7 83.3 91.3 97.0 99.2 100.0 100.0 95.2 6th 93 4 7th 87.0 8th 64 3 1st high school 2d 16.7 8 7 3d 3.0 4th 8 Total 245 2,197 2,895 1,667 248 20 7,272 100.0 Per cent of total 3.4 30.3 39.8 22.9 3.4 .2 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.4 33.7 73.5 96.4 99.8 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.6 66.3 26.5 3.6 .2 OuK Boys 279 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Ages and Grades Correla'ion Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-0 — GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents Last Grade Completed Ages No of cards tabu lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 5th 71 12 17 28 49 48 26 91 268 3.50 58 57 47 124 378 592 102 58 64 80 143 199 302 64 85 46 5 4 3 15 43 15 15 18 31 1 "l ' ' 2 3 1 3 3 246 169 379 888 1,338 242 159 67 34 7.0 4.9 10.9 25.4 38.3 6.9 4.6 1.9 .1 7.0 11.9 22.8 48.2 86.5 93.4 98.0 99.9 100.0 100.0- 93.0' 6th 88. 1 7th 77.2 8th 51.8 1st high school 2d 13.5 6 6 3d 2 4th .1 Total 177 841 1,358 983 149 14 3,522 100.0 Per cent of total 5,0 23.8 38.7 27.9 4.2 .4 100.0 Cum. per cent 5.0 28.8 67.5 95.4 99.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 95.0 71.2 32.5 4.6 .4 TABLE No. 8-P — CITIES OVER 2-5,000 American Boys with Two American Parents 4th or under 5th 31 12 20 34 71 61 32 215 402 550 157 55 73 307 554 776 360 127 79 63 208 332 614 375 320 80 6 7 18 28 94 95 129 90 67 4 ■ ■ 4 15 11 30 34 35 236 187 768 1,354 2,120 998 606 204 102 3.6 2.8 11.7 20.6 32.2 15.2 9.3 3.1 1.5 3.6 6.4 18.1 38.7 70.9 86.1 95.4 98.5 100.0 100.0 96 4 6th 93 6 7th 81 9 8th 61 3 1st high school 2d 29.1 13 9 3d 4 6 4th 1 5 Total 168 1,417 2,252 2,071 534 133 6,575 100.0 Per cent of total 2.6 21.6 34.1 31 6 8.1 2.0 100.0 Cum. per cent 2.6 24.2 58.3 89.9 98.0 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.4 75.8 41.7 10.1 2.0 TABLE No. 8-Q — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys ivith One American Parent 4th or under 5th 8 2 9 12 23 7 8 97 144 204 49 12 13 86 134 247 108 48 15 23 63 85 140 95 73 19 3 2 2 7 12 22 28 22 25 2 6 3 7 6 46 48 257 382 628 280 152 48 31 2.4 2.6 13.8 20.4 33.5 15.0 8.1 2.6 1.6 2.4 5.0 18.8 39.2 72.7 87.7 95.8 98.4 100.0 100.0 97.6 95,0 81 ' 6th 7th 8th 60.8 27.3 12.3 4.2 1.& 1st high school 2d 3d 4th Total 54 509 648 513 123 25 1,872 100.0 Per cent of total 2.9 27.2 34.6 27.4 6.6 1.3 100.0 Cum. per cent 2.9 30.1 64.7 92.1 98.7 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.1 69.9 35.3 7.9 1.3 280 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-R — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two Foreign Parents La8t Grade Completed Ages No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 5th 16 13 38 34 37 33 49 270 475 461 85 36 64 293 380 497 144 61 31 39 158 165 269 137 96 28 6 1 4 8 29 22 30 26 26 2 1 1 ' "5 4 5 7 10 124 167 764 1,082 1,298 392 192 61 36 3.2 4.7 18.5 25.8 31.5 9.5 4.6 1.4 .8 3.2 7.9 26.4 52.2 83.7 93.2 97.8 99.2 100.0 100.0 96.8 6th 92.1 7th 73.6 8th 47.8 1st high school 2d 16.3 6.8 3d 2.2 4th .8 Total 138 1,373 1,475 923 152 35 4,096 100.0 Per cent of total 3.4 33.5 36.0 22.5 3.7 .9 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.4 36.9 72.9 95.4 99.1 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.6 63.1 27.1 4.6 .9 TABLE No. 8-S — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents 4th or under 5th 15 10 14 13 9 32 36 98 119 108 16 23 60 172 129 158 53 16 IS 64 128 85 106 57 28 7 2 4 4 9 8 10 7 5 7 1 2 1 ""i 1 1 2 3 91 176 417 355 390 137 52 14 10 5.5 10.7 25.4 21.6 23.8 8.4 3.2 .8 .6 5.5 16.2 41.6 63.2 87.0 95.4 98.6 99.4 100.0 100.0 94.5 6th 83.8 7th 58.4 8th lat high school 2d 36.8 13.0 4.6 3d 1.4 4th .6 Total 61 409 611 493 56 12 1,642 100.0 Per cent of total 3.7 25.0 37.2 30.0 3.4 .7 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.7 28.7 65.9 95.9 99.3 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.3 71.3 34.1 4.1 .7 TABLE No. 8-T — CITIES OVER 25,000 INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Scotch Boys with Scotch Parents 4th or under 5th "i 5 5 2 8 8 5 3 ""I 1 1 1 1 .... 2 1 1 17 18 8 5 3 1.9 1.9 "32;i 34.0 15.0 9.4 5.7 1.9 3.8 3.8 35.9 69.9 84.9 94.3 100.0 r 100.0 98.1 6th 96.2 7th 8th 1st high school 2d 1 1 96.2 64.1 30.1 15.1 3d 5.7 4th .... Total 2 13 24 10 4 53 100.0 Per cent of total .... 3.8 24.5 45.3 18.9 7.5 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.8 28.3 73.6 92.5 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.2 71.7 26.4 7.5 .... — — OuB Boys 281 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-T — (Continued) American Boys with Scotch Parents Last Grade Completed Ages No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 5th 1 .... 6 12 3 "3 6 13 2 1 .... '"2 9 1 2 i 1 1 4 14 35 7 3 1 1 1.5 1.5 6.0 20.9 52.1 10.5 4.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.0 9.0 29.9 82.0 92.5 97.0 98.5 100.0 100.0 98.5 97.0 91.0 70.1 18.0 7.5 3.0 1.5 6th 7th ... Sth 1st high school 2d 3d 4th 1 Total 1 23 25 15 1 2 67 100.0 Per cent of total 1.5 34.3 37.3 22.4 1.5 3.0 100.0 Cum. per cent 1.5 35.8 73.1 95.5 97.0 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 98.5 64.2 26.9 4.5 3.0 TABLE No. 8-U — CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Russian Boys with Russian Parents 4th or under 5th 9 2 2 20 27 18 7 21 109 170 32 22 12 55 133 298 56 39 23 26 62 66 166 44 46 26 2 1 1 6 20 5 12 13 18 .... . . .^ 1 '"2 2 74 48 142 334 682 138 97 41 20 4.7 3.0 9.0 21.2 43.3 8.8 6.2 2.6 1.2 f 4.7 7.7 16.7 37.9 81.2 90.0 96.2 98.8 100.0 100.0 95 3 6th 92.3 83.3 62.1 18.8 10.0 3.8 1 2 7th Sth 1st high school 2d 3d 4th Total 60 357 615 459 78 7 1,576 100.0 Per cent of total. . . . 3.8 22.7 39.0 29.2 4.9 .4 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.8 26.5 65.5 94.7 99.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.2 73.5 34.5 5.3 .4 American Boys with Russian Parents 4th or under 5th 12 2 1 9 31 32 2 15 108 266 45 44 7 41 104 343 98 61 32 11 23 54 124 40 86 47 4 4 10 8 22 26 27 .... 1 .... 2 120 22 84 279 775 192 169 74 9 6.9 1.2 4.8 16.0 44.4 11.0 9.7 4.3 1.7 6.9 8.1 12.9 28.9 73.3 84.3 94.0 98.3 100.0 100.0 93 1 6th 91 9 7th 87 1 Sth 71 1 1st high school 2d 26.7 15 7 3d 6 4th 1 7 Total 55 468 698 417 101 5 1,744 100.0 Per cent of total 3.2 26.8 40.0 23.9 5.8 .3 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.2 30.0 70.0 93.9 99.7 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.8 70.0 30.0 6.1 .3 282 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Betweem Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-V — CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Irish Boys with Irish Parents Last Grade Completed Ages No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 5th ■"2 .... 1 5 ' ' '2 6 7 ■ ' '2 1 ' ■ '4 '"s 1 3 .... 1 2 7 7 20 2 5 2.2 4.5 15.9 15.9 45.6 4.5 11.4 2.2 6.7 22.6 38.5 84.1 88.6 100.0 100.0 97.8 '6 th .1 93.3 7th 77.4 8th 61.5 1st high school 2d 15.9 11.4 3d 4th Total 2 7 17 17 1 44 100.0 Per cent of total 4.5 15.9 38.7 38.7 2.2 100.0 Cum. per cent 4.5 20.4 59.1 97.8 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 95.5 79.6 40.9 2.2 4th or under 5th 7 1 3 13 29 Amej 10 1 23 104 167 16 ican 1 6 8 50 142 252 56 25 Soys -u 6 10 37 77 161 30 45 13 nth Ir "i 3 14 3 8 5 ish P .... 1 2 1 arents 29 20 114 339 623 105 74 23 6 2.2 1.5 8.6 25.4 46.7 7.9 5.5 1.7 .5 2.2 3.7 12.3 37.7 84.4 92.3 97.8 99.5 100.0 100.0 97.° 6th 96.3 7th 87. i 8th 1st high school 2d 62.3 15.6 7.7 3d 2.2 4th .5 Total 53 321 539 379 36 5 1,333 100.0 Per cent of total 4.0 24.1 40.4 28.4 2.7 .4 100.0 Cum. per cent 4.0 28.1 68.5 96.9 99.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 ■ — 96.0 71.9 31.5 3.1 .4 TABLE No. 8-W — CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Scandinavian Boys with Scandinavian Parents 4th or under 5th 3 7 7 1 1 "3 14 3 2 3 3 2 1 "i 1 .... .... 2 8 15 26 4 2 1 3.5 "isIs 25.9 44.8 6.9 3.5 "1.6 3.5 3.5 17.3 43.2 88.0 94.9 98.4 98.4 100.0 100.0 96.5 6th 7th i 2 1 96.5 82.7 8th 56.8 1st high school 2d 12.0 5.1 3d 5.1 4th 1.6 Total 4 18 18 13 4 1 58 100.0 Per cent of total 6.9 31.1 31.1 22.4 6.9 1.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 6.9 38.0 69.1 91.5 98.4 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 93.1 62.0 30.9 8.5 1.6 ^--_ .^-- Our Boys 283 Si.vteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Emplojjed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-W — (Continued) American Boys with Scandinavian Parents Last Grade Completed Ages No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 5th 2 4 1 7 27 59 7 .... 3 2 7 28 62 13 10 3 "9 9 32 16 11 5 "2 2 3 1 1 .... 1 12 3 25 65 160 38 25 7 1 3.6 .9 7.4 19.3 47.7 11.3 7.4 2.1 .3 3.6 4.5 11.9 31.2 78.9 90.2 97.6 99.7 100.0 100.0 96.4 6th 7th 2 1 5 95.5 88.1 Sth 1st high school 2d 68.8 21.1 9 8 3d 2 4 4th .3 Total 10 105 125 85 9 2 336 100.0 Per cent of total 3.0 31.3 37.2 25.3 2.7 .5 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.0 34.3 71.5 96.8 99.5 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.5 65.7 28.5 3.2 .5 TABLE No. 8-X — CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK German Boys with German Parents 4th or under 5th 6th 1 1 10 14 11 4 2 1 10 8 14 8 2 1 1 5 6 9 3 1 "2 4 3 26 30 35 16 4 2 3.3 2.5 21.7 25.0 29.2 13.3 3.3 "i'.7 3.3 5.8 27.5 52.5 81.7 95.0 98.3 'i66!6 100.0 96.7 94 2 7th Sth 1 72.5 47 5 1st high school 2d 18.3 5 3d 4th 1 7 Total 3 39 45 26 7 120 100.0 Per cent of total 2.5 32.5 37.5 21.7 5.8 100.0 Cum. per cent 2.5 35.0 72.5 94.2 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.5 65.0 27.5 ■5.8 .... _^-l_ •r'l- ^ 15 3 10 11 26 American Boy.? with Get man Barents 4th or under 5th 6th 7th 8th 1st high school 2d 21 14 97 242 346 67 12 U 58 13S 276 52 34 10 8 36 60 119 34 31 15 4 1 1 3 17 7 S 7 " '4 ■ ■ '2 4 62 37 202 454 788 160 73 24 11 3.4 2.0 11.2 25.1 43.5 8.8 4.0 1.4 .6 3.4 5.4 16.6 41.7 85.2 94.0 98.0 99.4 100.0 100.0 96.6 91.6 83.4 53.3 14.8 6 3d 2 4th g Total 65 787 581 313 55 10 1.811 100.0 Per cent of total 3.6 43.5 32.1 17.3 3.0 .5 100.0 Cu n. per cent 3.6 47.1 79.2 96.5 99.5 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.4 52.9 20.8 3.5 .5 _--!_ 284 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-Y — CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK English Boys with English Parents \ Last Grade Completed Ages No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 5th 2 2 2 1 11 13 14 5 2 1 5 14 20 8 2 3 1 5 15 18 4 6 "■7 1 2 1 1 "1 9 5 21 43 59 18 11 1 1 6.4 3.0 12.5 25.6 35.1 10.7 ,6.5 .6 .6 5.4 8.4 20.9 46.5 81.6 92.3 98.8 99.4 100.0 100.0 94.6 6th 91.6 7th 8th 1 79.1 53.5 1st high school 2d 18.4 7.7 3d 1.2 4th .6 Total 5 46 52 52 12 1 168 100.0 Per cent of total 3.0 27.4 30.9 30.9 7.2 .6 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.0 30.4. 61.3 92.2 99.4 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.0 69.6 38.7 7.8 .6 4th or under 5th " i 1 Amen 3 "l 10 22 7 can B 1 2 11 16 36 9 11 oys wt 5 4 7 9 16 12 4 4 th En "s 3 " '"2 .... glish J . ..^ "i Parents 9 7 20 35 78 31 15 7 4.5 3.5 9.9 17.3 38.6 15.3 7.4 3.5 4.5 8.0 17.9 35.2 73.8 89.1 96.5 100.0 100.0 95.5 6th 92.0 7th 82.1 8th 64.8 1st high school 2d 26.2 10.9 3d 3.5 4th Total 2 43 86 61 8 2 202 100.0 Per cent of total 1.0 21.3 42.6 30.2 3.9 1.0 100.0 Cum. per cent 1.0 22.3 64.9 95.1 99.0 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 99.0 77.7 35.1 4.9 1.0 TABLE No. 8 Z — CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK 4th or under 5th Canad 4 2 8 lu 4 ian Be 1 "io 8 8 5 2 ys wit 1 1 6 5 6 9 6 1 h Cane ""\ 3 . ... dian 1 1 " i 1 ^arents 7 1 19 21 25 21 8 3 1 6.6 .9 17.9 19.9 23.6 19.9 7.5 2.8 .9 6.6 7.5 25.4 45.3 68.9 88.8 96.3 99.1 100.0 100.0 93.4 6th 92.5 7th 74.6 8th .... 54.7 1st high school 2d 31.1 11.2 3d 3.7 4th .9 Total 1 28 34 35 5 3 106 100.0 Per cent of total .... .9 26.5 32.1 33.0 4.7 2.8 100.0 Cum. per cent .9 27.4 59.5 92.5 97.2 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 99.1 72.6 40.5 7.5 2.8 Our Boys 285 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-Z — (Continued) American Boys with Canadian Parents Last Grade Completed Ages No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 5th 6th .... 6 9 16 3 4 1 5 10 23 5 1 4 3 6 10 12 4 6 .... " i 3 "i .... 8 7 17 30 53 13 12 2 5.6 4.9 12.0 21.1 37.3 9.2 8.5 "i'.4 5.6 10.5 22.5 43.6 80.9 90.1 98.6 'i6o!6 100.0 94.4 89.5 7th 77.5 8th 2 56.4 1st high school 2d 19.1 9.9 3d 4th 1.4 Total 3 36 49 45 6 3 142 100.0 Per cent of total 2.1 25.4 34.5 31.7 4.2 2.1 100.0 Cum. per cent 2.1 27.5 62.0 93.7 97.9 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.9 72.5 38.0 6.3 2.1 TABLE No. 8-AA — CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Austro-Hungarian Boys with Ausiro-Hungarian Parents 4th or under 5th 6th 7th 1 1 3 3 5 6 7 22 43 61 6 8 8 24 60 78 16 7 2 9 30 28 31 14 13 4 1 1 3 4 1 .... 17 1 27 80 137 179 37 20 4 1 3.4 5.4 15.9 27.3 35.7 7.4 3.9 .8 .2 3.4 8.8 24.7 52.0 87.7 95.1 99.0 99.8 100.0 100.0 96.6 91.2 75.3 8th 1st high school 2d 48.0 12.3 4.9 3d 1.0 4th .2 Total 13 145 201 131 11 1 502 100.0 Per cent of total 2.6 28.9 40.0 26.1 2.2 .2 100.0 Cum. per cent 2.6 31.5 71.5 97.6 99.8 10( D.O Cum."'per cent 100.0 97.4 68.5 28.5 2.4 .2 ^l-L. 4th or under 5th Amer 2 2 9 6 23 ican J 22 5 33 100 194 26 3oys n 22 11 36 79 219 58 23 nth A 20 5 21 22 103 22 45 29 ustro-I 3 1 ' ■ 2 6 5 8 10 15 lungar .... "3 3 ian Par 69 24 99 209 546 111 76 42 18 ents 5.8 2.0 8.3 17.5 45.7 9.3 6.4 3.5 1.5 5.8 7.8 16.1 33.6 79.3 88.6 95.0 98.5 100.0 100.0 94.2 6th 92.2 7th 83.9 8th 66.4 1st high school 2d 20.7 11.4 3d 5.0 4th 1.5 Total 42 380 448 267 50 7 1,194 Per cent of total 3.5 31.8 37.5 22.4 4.2 .6 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.5 35.3 72.8 95.2 99.4 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.5 64.7 27.2 4,8 .6 286 OrK Boys Sixteen, Seventeen ani Eighteen Year Old Emplcyed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-BB — CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YOR K Polish Boys with Polish Parents Last Grade Completed Ages No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 5th 1 5 5 16 29 17 5 5 22 17 33 4 1 4 5 16 4 10 5 1 2 i 1 1 2 " 1 15 16 57 60 63 9 2 2 1 6.7 7.1 25.3 26.7 28.0 4.0 .9 .9 .4 6.7 13.8 39.1 65.8 93.8 97.8 98.7 99.6 100.0 100.0 93 3 6th 7th 2 9 1 86.2 60 9 Sth 34 2 1st high school 2d 6.2 2 2 3d 1 3 4th. 4 Total 13 72 87 47 6 225 100.0 Per cent of total 5.8 32.0 38.7 20.9 2.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 5.8 37.8 76.5 97.4 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 94.2 62.2 23.5 2.6 ' ' ' ' I 4th or under Sth 6th 7th 3 3 10 5 8 Ameri ' 5 9 64 84 77 15 can B 10 10 67 76 68 26 10 oys w 7 7 24 27 38 11 10 5 ith Pi ' "2 1 2 ' ' '4 2 1 ylish 1 ^arents 25 29 167 193 193 52 24 7 1 3.5 4.2 24.4 27.9 27.9 7,5 3,5 1,0 ,1 3.5 7.7 32.1 60.0 87.9 95.4 98.9 99.9 100.0 100.0 96.5 92.3 67.9 8th.. Ist high school 2d 40.0 12.1 4.6 3d 1.1 4th .1 Total 29 254 267 129 12 691 100,0 Per cent of total 4,2 36.8 38,6 18,7 1.7 100,0 Cum. per cent 4,2 41,0 79,6 98.3 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 95,8 59,0 20.4 1.7 TABLE No. 8-CC — CITIES OVER 25,000, INCLUDING GREATER NEW YORK Italian Boys with Italian Parents 4th or under Sth 28 11 17 15 12 32 38 88 135 89 2 38 73 150 199 170 13 6 41 85 120 100 92 19 9 7 3 4 2 9 15 2 2 1 3 1 1 .... 1 "i 3 143 212 377 458 379 37 17 9 6 8.7 12.9 23.0 27.9 23.1 2.3 1.1 .6 ,4 8,7 21.6 44.6 72.5 95.6 97.9 99.0 99.6 100.0 100.0 91.3 6th 78.4 7th 55.4 Sth 27.5 1st high school 2d 4.4 2.1 3d 1.0 4th . ... .4 Total 83 384 649 473 41 8 1,638 100,0 Per cent of total .... 5.1 23.5 39.6 28.8 2.5 .5 100.0 Cum. per cent 5.1 28.6 68.2 97.0 99,5 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 94.9 71.4 31,8 3,0 .5 OuE Boys 287 Sixteen, Seventeen and Ei'iKlee'i^ Year Old Emplo'jed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Age Leaving School TABLE No. 8-CC — (Continued) American Boys with Italian Parents Ages No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. per cent Last Grade Completed —14 14 15 16 17 18 4th or under 5th 6th 6 7 21 18 33 25 33 99 331 283 35 25 51 164 330 442 44 22 15 34 119 151 212 37 30 12 1 2 5 8 26 7 9 4 9 .... " 1 1 2 72 127 409 838 996 123 62 17 11 2.7 4.8 15.4 31.6 37.5 4.7 2.3 .6 .4 2.7 7.5 22.9 54.5 92.0 96.7 99.0 99.6 100.0 100.0 97.3 92.5 7th 77.1 8th 1st high school 2d 45.5 8.0 3. 3d 1. 4th . . . . 1 4 Total 85 806 1,078 610 71 5 2,655 100.0 Per cent of total 3.2 30.3 40.7 23.0 2.6 .2 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.2 33.5 74.2 97.2 99.8 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.8 66.5 25.8 2.8 .2 Correlation Between Age Leaving School and Last Grade Completed for all Boys Having a Father as Guardian TABLE No. S-DD — GREATER NEW YORK 4th or under 5th 6th 39 24 36 69 251 Ame 211 59 212 1,001 1,808 380 rican 219 100 364 1,280 2,727 602 375 and F 264 157 359 681 1,.327 315 467 250 oreign 7 11 17 51 147 74 96 109 137 Comb .... 1 12 9 8 21 23 ined 740 351 989 3,083 6,272 1,380 946 380 160 5.2 2.4 6.9 21.6 43.9 9.7 6.6 2.6 1.1 5.2 7.6 14.5 36.1 80.0 89.7 96.3 98.9 100.0 100. 94. 8 92 4 7th 8th 1st high school 2d 85.5 63. 20.0 10 3 3d 3 7 4th 1 1 Total 419 3,671 5,667 3,820 649 75 14,301 100.0 Per cent of total 2.9 25.6 39.9 26.6 4.5 .5 100.0 Cum. per cent 2.9 28.5 68.4 95.0 99.5 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 97.1 71.5 31.6 5.0 .5 Correlation Between Age Leaving School and Last Grade Completed for all Boys Having a Guardian Other Than Father TABLE No. 8-EE — GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined 4th or under 5th 6th 7th 19 8 13 25 77 53 27 80 374 547 101 42 30 113 384 626 94 54 47 37 98 172 309 55 66 40 ■•-2 8 13 41 17 19 22 26 "3 2 2 2 6 161 104 312 968 1,603 269 141 64 32 4.4 2,8 8.5 26.5 43.9 7.4 3.8 1.8 .9 4.4 7.2 15.7 42.2 86.1 93.5 97.3 99.1 100.0 100. 95. 6 92.8 84. 3 57.8 13.9 6.5 2.7 .9 8th 1st high school 2d 3d 4th 1 Total 142 1,182 1,343 824 148 15 3,654 100.0 Per cent of total 3.9 32.4 36.7 22.6 4.0 .4 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.9 36.3 73.0 95.6 99.6 100.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.1 63.7 27.0 4.4 .4 288 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Fear Old Employed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Age Leaving School and Last Grade Completed for all Boys Having a Mother TABLE No. 8-FF — GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined Last Grade Completed Ag ES No. of cards tabu- lated Per cent of total Cum. per cent Cum. —14 14 15 16 17 18 per cent 4th or under 5th 83 28 45 82 298 54 72 260 1,243 2,152 436 80 121 425 1,497 3,085 663 590 91 164 411 775 1,490 337 502 439 7 16 23 57 175 76 103 119 254 2 "l3 13 9 25 74 317 401 1,164 3,654 7,213 1,525 1,204 583 328 1.9 2.5 7.1 22.3 44.0 9.3 7.3 3.6 2.0 1.9 4.4 11.5 33.8 77.8 87.1 94.4 98.0 100.0 100.0 98.1 6th 95.6 7th 88.5 8th 66.2 1st high school 2d 22.2 12.9 3d 5.6 4th 2.0 Total 536 4,217 6,461 4,209 830 136 16.389 100.0 Per cent of total 3.2 25.6 39.3 25.6 5.5 .8 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.2 100.0 28.8 68.1 93.7 99.2 100.0 Cum. per cent 96.8 71.2 31.9 6.3 .8 Correlation Between Age Leaving School and Last Grade Completed for all Boys Having No Mother TABLE No. 8-GG — GREATER NEW YORK American and Foreign Combined 4th or under 5th 8 4 3 4 26 7 12 25 109 158 42 4 8 40 134 206 22 32 7 25 40 68 115 24 26 23 4 7 10 8 8 16 18 26 49 112 322 515 96 66 39 2 20 2.1 3.9 9.0 25.8 41.4 7.8 5.3 3.1 1.6 2.1 6.0 15.0 40.8 82.2 90.0 95.3 98.4 100.0 100.0 97.9 6th 94.0 7th 85.0 8th 59.2 1st high school 2d 17.8 10.0 3d 4.7 4th 1.6 Total 45 353 446 328 71 2 1,245 100.0 Per cent of total 3.6 28.4 35.8 26.3 5.7 .2 100.0 Cum. per cent 3.6 32.0 67.8 94.1 99.8 1( )0.0 Cum. per cent 100.0 96.4 68.0 32.2 5.9 .2 Our Boys 289 S'xieen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Ages and Grades Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Rank in Family TABLE No. 8-MM — CITIES OVER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined Rank in Family No. of Last Grade , cards Completed Oldrst* 2d 3d 4th Sth 6th 7th Sth 9th 10th + tabu- lated 4th or under 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.6 3.8 1.6 3.0 2.0 551 5th 3.7 3.8 4.3 4.7 4.9 4.6 5.3 6.4 6.0 4.0 552 6th 16.0 13.9 15.2 16.4 16.5 15.6 14.7 18.6 26.0 12.0 2,088 7th 20.6 22.6 23.6 24.0 25.4 23.4 24.4 23.4 32.0 29.0 2,991 Sth 31.1 30. 8 32.0 31.4 31.2 33.2 32.8 32.4 26.0 33.0 4,111 1st high school. . 12.1 12.6 12.2 11.0 9.5 11.0 10.6 13.8 6.0 12.0 1,631 2d S.2 2.3 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.3 2.7 1.0 4.0 862 3d 2.2 2.4 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.4 2.6 1.0 264 4th 1.6 1.2 .8 .6 .7 1.4 .5 1.1 3.0 147 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 3,443 3,221 2,390 1,608 1,064 642 341 188 100 100 13,097 TABLE No. 8-NN — CITIES UNDER 25,000 American and Foreign Combined F ANK IN Family No. of Last Grade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th Sth 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under .... 5th 5.0 6.8 19.1 21.4 25.3 13.0 6.7 1.9 .8 5.3 6.2 16.1 22.3 28.3 12.0 6.2 2.2 l!4 5.2 5.4 17.5 23.4 28.4 12.2 5.8 1.4 .7 4.3 5.0 18.9 23.4 27.3 11.4 6.0 2.4 1.3 5.7 6.7 16.5 23.5 25.6 13.1 6.7 1.5 .7 4.5 8.5 18.5 21.4 31.8 7.2 5.8 1.6 .7 5.2 4.7 21.7 25.9 27.5 9.3 4.7 .5 .5 2.3 6.9 20.7 34.5 23.0 10.3 2.3 7.3 7.3 25.4 23.6 29.1 5.5 1.8 7.4 3.7 27.2 22.2 27.2 8.6 3.7 346 422 6th 7.th 8th 1st h'Sih school. . 2d 1,231 1,548 1,857 813 415 3d 126 4th 65 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 1,850 1,689 1,161 817 582 308 193 87 55 81 6,823 TABLE No. 8-00 — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined Rank in Family No. of Last Grade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th Sth 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under. . . . tth 5.6 7.5 16.7 .21.9 .27.5 11.1 6.3 1.8 1.6 6.5 6.0 14.6 -22.5 29.5 11.9 6.5 1.3 1.2 4.4 5.5 18.8 21.2 28.8 13.0 5.8 1.5 1.0 6.5 5.9 20.3 22.5 26.8 9.7 5.7 2.2 A 3.7 5.4 17.9 28.6 27.9 9.4 4.4 2.0 .7 2.4 7.7 20.8 22.6 28.0 8.3 6.0 1.8 2.4 4.4 6.6 24.2 22.0 23.0 11.0 5.5 1.1 2.2 2.9 2.9 17.7 26.5 29.4 7.4 10.3 2.9 5.4 13.5 27.1 16.2 24.3 5.4 8.1 6.7 10.0 6.7 33.3 40.0 3.3 209 249 6th 682 7th 885 Sth 1st high school. . 2d 3d 4th 1,100 431 235 65 45 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 998 994 725 493 297 168 91 68 37 30 3 901 * Boys coming from families of only one child omitted 10 290 OuE Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Rank in Family TABLE No. 8-PP — PLACES UNDER 5,000 American and Foreign Combined i Rank in Familt: No. of Last Grade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under. . . . 5th 6th 7th 4.4 5.9 17.3 22.9 26.2 11.2 7.7 1.9 2.5 4.1 6.4 17.6 24.2 27.0 10.7 6.1 2.0 1.9 4.2 5.7 17.4 23.8 27.4 12.1 5.8 1.8 1.8 3.6 7.7 16.8 26.6 27.8 8.8 5.1 1.4 2.2 6.9 6.3 18.1 24.1 25.8 11.7 4.2 1.7 1.2 3.9 6.9 22.6 25.1 26.7 7.1 4.9 1.5 1.3 4.0 8.0 20.4 26.5 25.8 8.9 4.0 .6 1.8 2.7 9.8 20.2 27.4 27.4 8.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 3.8 8.5 20.8 29.1 24.6 7.5 5.7 5.7 9.4 20.8 23.5 28.4 8.5 2.8 .9 480 715 1,970 2,676 8th 1st high school. . 2d 3d 4th 2,947 1,174 659 199 209 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 2,856 2,806 1,944 1,273 897 529 326 186 106 106 11,029 TABLE No. 8-QQ — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two American Parents R ANK IN F.WIILT! No. of Last Grade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under .... 5th 6th 4.5 1.6 6.8 20.9 42.9 12.2 7.0 3.0 1.1 5.8 2.2 6.5 22.7 42.7 9.8 6.9 2.2 1.2 3.7 1.8 6.6 26.2 46.0 8.5 5.7 .9 .6 2.7 3.0 6.5 24.1 45.9 8.7 4.8 3.4 .9 1.2 1.2 8.1 28.9 43.9 9.4 4.5 1.2 1.6 1.4 2.9 6.5 .30.2 45.3 7.9 2.9 2.9 1.6 2.9 14.7 23.6 41.2 8.8 4.4 2.9 ■4.3 34.9 52.2 4.3 4.3 11.1 5.5 11.1 11.1 44.7 5.5 6.5 5.6 i6!6 45.0 30 5.0 10.0 163 79 270 7th 8th 1st high school. . 2d 927 1,713 391 240 3d 4th 91 39 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 1,162 1,131 669 437 246 139 68 23 18 20 3,913 TABLE No. 8-RR— GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with One American Parent Rank in Family No. of Last Gkade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9 th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under. . . . 5th 4.8 1.9 5.7 20.2 45.8 11.4 6.3 2.7 1.2 3.4 3.0 6.9 26.4 42.8 9.3 7.0 1.8 .4 6.6 1.7 6.2 19.5 45.9 9.3 6.1 3.8 1.0 3.4 2.2 6.2 17.0 52.0 13.5 5.1 .6 4.4 1.8 6.2 25.7 49.6 2.6 4.4 4.4 .9 6.8 3.4 13.5 20.4 35.6 13.5 3.4 1.7 1.7 9.4 3.1 3.1 22.0 50.0 6.2 6.2 '5.3 10.5 42.1 42.1 9.1 63!6 9.1 9.1 i2 50 37 5 6 5 75 39 6th. 101 7th 359 8th 742 1st high school. . 2d 160 98 3d 39 4th 13 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 475 440 292 177 113 59 32 19 11 8 1,626 * Boys coming from families of only one child omitted. Our Boys 291 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Em ployed Boys Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Rink in Family TABLE No. 8-SS — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two Foreign Parents R .\NK IN Family No. of Last Grade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under. . . . 5th 4.9 1.6 6.3 21.4 48.5 8.2 5.5 2.5 1.1 4.5 1.8 7.0 23.9 47.7 7.5 5.1 1.8 .7 4.8 2.5 7.2 22.3 48.5 6.8 5.0 2.0 .9 5.0 1.7 5.2 22.6 48.1 8.2 6.0 2.6 .6 5.4 2.2 6.7 19.4 46.9 8.9 7.5 2.2 .8 6.1 1.1 5.0 27.0 46.4 5.8 5.8 2.0 .8 2.3 1.1 6.8 21.6 42.1 12.5 10.2 2.8 .6 3.5 2.4 2.4 27.4 40.5 14.3 4.8 3.5 1.2 3.7 7.4 3.7 18.5 40.8 18.5 3.7 3.7 10.3 '6.9 20.7 38.0 17.3 3.4 3.4 336 133 6th 450 7th 1,572 8th 3,322 Ist high school. . 2d 3d 4th 555 395 155 58 Total per cent. , 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 1,572 1,747 1,428 924 629 360 176 84 27 29 6,976 TABLE No. 8-TT — GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents R ANK IN Family No. of Last Gr.4.de Completed Oldest* 2d 2d 4th 5th 6 th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ cards tabu- lated 4th or under .... 5th 5.8 6.1 9.5 27.0 39.6 6.3 3.7 2.2 .8 6.9 4.8 13.1 21.5 41.1 5.8 4.8 1.0 1.0 5.7 5.3 11.1 30.4 37.1 5.7 2.8 1.4 .5 6.0 3.7 13.2 26.7 33.5 8.0 6.6 1.7 .6 6.2 5.4 11.2 22.8 42.8 5.4 2.5 1.6 2.1 6.3 6.3 6.3 21.3 40.2 9.5 6.3 2.3 1.5 3.6 i7'.8 21.4 41.1 10.7 1.8 3.6 4.3 34!8 43.5 6.5 4.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 36 54 '9 .3 6 i i4!3 14.3 28.6 28.5 14.3 198 157 6th 379 7th 841 8th 1 , 267 1st high school. . 2d 3d 209 135. 57 4th 30 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 1,020 856 560 349 241 127 56 46 11 7 3,273 TABLE No. 8-UU — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two American Parents Rank in Famil-j No. of Last Grade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th+ cards tabu- lated 4th or under .... 6th 6th 5.0 2.2 11.1 17.8 33.2 14.3 11.2 3.2 2.0 5.3 1.9 10.5 21.1 33.8 14.6 8.4 3.1 1.3 4.3 3.7 11.9 22.4 32.6 14.1 8.2 1.8 1.0 5.3 4.3 13.4 24.7 30.6 12.7 6.5 2.4 .1 5.0 4.8 16.5 24.6 29.4 9.1 6.8 3.0 .8 4.1 2.1 12.9 28.2 34.0 12.1 3.7 .8 2.1 6.1 6.9 13.0 21.4 38.2 7.6 4.6 1.5 .7 3.0 4.5 19.7 18.2 31.9 19.7 3.0 3.3 6.6 23.4 33.3 33.4 5.0 7.5 17.5 30,0 27.5 5.0 5.0 '2.5 288 174 700 7th 1,246 8th Ist high school. . 2d 3d 4th 1,904 783 490 153 75 Total per cent . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 1,644 1,549 1,061 656 395 241 131 66 30 40 5,813 * Boys coining from families of only one child omitted. 292 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Em'ployed Boys Correlation Between Last Grade Completed and Rank in Family TABLE No. 8-W — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with One Amei'ican Parent Rank in Faiiilt No. of Last Grade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th + carda tabu- lated 4th or under 5th 2.5 2.8 11.1 18.1 36.0 15.6 10.3 1.9 1.7 2.2 2.6 15.3 22.1 28.4 15.5 7.7 4.3 1.9 2.3 2.5 13.1 18.5 37.7 14.1 7.3 2.9 1.6 2.4 1.9 17.4 24.3 32.5 11.7 6.8 1.5 1.5 4.0 2.6 12.5 21.0 34.2 15.8 6.6 2.0 1.3 1.3 2.5 16.7 21.8 34.6 15.4 7.7 ■2!7 24.3 13.5 29.7 21.7 5.4 '2!7 is.b 17.4 21.8 34.9 4.3 4.3 '4'.3 i6'.7 41.6 25.0 16.7 ii!7 35.3 35.3 11.7 6.0 40 46 6th 243 7th.. 356 8th 582 1st high school. . 2d 256 138 3d 42 4th ,28 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 475 418 313 206 152 78 37 23 12 17 1,731 TABLE No. 8- WW — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys luitli Two Foreign Parents Rank in Family No. of Last Gbade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th Sth 9th 10th + cards tabu- lated 4th or under 5th 6th 3.6 4.0 20.5 25.4 29.6 9.4 4.5 1.7 1.3 3.4 4.3 21.0 26.6 30.0 8.5 3.6 1.3 1.3 3.2 3.4 18.1 27.5 31.4 10.3 4.4 1.2 .5 3.0 3.9 17.8 23.7 33.5 10.6 5.5 1.5 .5 3.2 4.8 16.6 28.8 31.9 7.8 5.5 .9 .5 3.4 4.4 15.5 21.3 34.8 9.5 7.3 2.3 1.5 1.3 4.1 12.3 30.8 30.8 10.5 6.1 4.1 19.0 27.4 35.6 13.2 1.2 33.3 31.0 20.0 6.7 2.3 '7'.7 25.6 38.4 20.5 ■2.6 5.2 121 162 746 7th 8th 1,044 1,253 Isthigh school. . 2d 380 187 3d 59 4-th 36 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 769 836 762 598 436 273 146 84 1 45 39 3,988 TABLE No. 8-XX — CITIES OVER 25,C Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents Rank in Family No. of Last Gbade Completed Oldest* 2d 3d 4 th 5th 6th 7th Sth : 9th 10th 4^ cards tabu- lated 4th or under 5th 6.1 8.7 28.1 24.2 22.9 6.1 2.9 .3 .7 5.7 10.8 26.8 20.8 24.0 8.6 3.1 2 9.4 11.8 22 1 22^5 24.0 6.7 2.3 .8 .4 5.2 14.2 22.3 21.7 25.0 5.6 3.4 1.3 1.3 3.7 9.9 23.5 18.5 30.9 9.9 2.4 1.2 6.0 22.0 26.0 14.0 18.0 8.0 4.0 2.0 11.1 7.4 22.2 18.6 22.2 11.1 3.7 3.7 6.6 20.0 13.4 26.8 • 13.4 6.6 6.6 'g.q 15.4 7.7 15.4 23.0 30.8 7.7 25!6 25 '.6 25.0 25.6 102 170 Qth 399 7th 345 Sih 372 1st high school. . 2d 112 47 3d 10 4th 8 Total per cent. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 555 418 254 148 81 50 27 15 ; 13 4 1,565 * Boys coming from families of only om child omitted. OuB Boys 293 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Beys Reasons for Leaving School TABLE No. 9-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Wanted to work Financial Gradu- ated Dis- liked school Miscel- laneous Sick Total per cent 67.0 11.9 5.7 11.9 1.7 1.8 100.0 78.4 10.4 1.2 7.6 1.6 .8 100.0 59.9 16.3 3.7 15.6 2.8 1.7 100.0 63.3 20.3 2.3 9.4 1.5 3.2 100.0 69.0 9.9 11.4 8.1 .3 1.3 100.0 60.3 11.2 12.6 10.6 l.S 3.5 100.0 48.2 28.8 2.6 18.3 .7 1.4 100.0 79.0 8.2 4.7 5.4 1.2 1.5 100.0 74.6 10.2 2.7 11.0 .7 .8 100.0 81.7 4.1 8.2 5.1 2 .7 100.0 68.1 13.5 2.1 13.9 .3 2.1 100.0 56.9 16.2 .6 20.3 3.0 3.0 100.0 67.4 6.0 19.5 6.9 .2 100.0 73.0 9.2 2.5 11.9 2.2 1.2 100.0 56.0 13.9 15.7 9.1 3.5 1.8 100.0 52.0 23.6 3.5 17.7 1.4 1.8 100.0 67.2 11.0 5.2 14.6 2 1.8 100.0 63.3 15.7 5.0 13.3 .3 2.4 100.0 60.0 21.5 2.7 10.9 2.7 2.2 100.0 78.0 3.6 2.6 11.2 .2 4.4 100.0 69.4 5.3 17.2 7.9 2 100.0 51.0 10.8 30.8 3.3 3.2 .9 100.0 Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Albany Amsterdam. . Auburn Bingham ton . Buffalo Elmira Jamestown . . Kingston .... Newburgh. . . New Rochelle Niagara Falls Oswego Mt. Vernon. . Poughkeepsie, Rochester . . . Schenectady . Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown . . Yonkers New York. . . 2,542 810 829 1,356 11,257 971 838 553 857 700 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 1,658 2,241 669 2,241 124,795 TABLE No. 9-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canaudaigua . Cohoes Corning Cortland .... Dunkirk Fulton Geneva Glen Cove. . . Glens Falls... Gloversville . . Hornell Hudson Ithaca Johnstown . . . Lackawanna . Little Falls. . Lockport. . . Mechaiiicville Middle town. . No. Tonawi Norwich. . . . Ogdensburg Olean Oneida Oneonta. . . . Plattsburg. . Port Jervis. Rensselaer . . 44.9 58.8 72.1 59.2 63.2 SO.O 37.8 79.0 53.8 86.3 53.1 55.5 65.7 66.5 60.5 55.4 66.4 67.6 64.3 41.5 43.0 53.3 51.6 82.4 54.4 79.2 68.7 75.5 62.9 70.0 40.6 17.8 13.6 15.2 13.0 10.0 34.0 9.8 9.4 1.7 16.2 21.4 11.2 20.1 16.7 18.5 11.2 11.1 18.1 38.7 29.3 30.2 20.9 6.5 26.0 6.4 19.4 7.6 28.4 6.8 11.7 18.3 6.8 21.7 15.3 6.6 23.2 8.7 27.8 22.6 18.2 18.3 8.5 15.0 17.2 18.4 16.9 9.7 15.8 22.8 11.8 20.9 9.1 13.5 12.0 8.2 14.4 4.3 8.4 4.7 .5 3.5 1.4 .4 1.2 1.1 .7 1.6 1.0 .4 .8 2.2 .7 2.1 3.3 1.4 .7 2.5 3.4 2.7 1.0 3.3 1.7 1.2 2.8 1.3 3.1 5.0 2.6 .4 1.3 3.8 1.3 3.3 1.6 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 294 OuB Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Reasons for Leaving School TABLE No. 9-B —CITIES IJNEER 25,C00 — (Concluded) CITIES Wanted to work Financial Gradu- ated Dis- liked school Miscel- laneous Sick Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys 81.6 63.3 80.8 52.4 68.7 72.8 2.9 20.6 8.7 16.7 17.3 7.2 1.3 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.7 7.6 11.6 10.7 4.0 25.9 8.6 10.8 ' "i'.3 " ".3 .8 2.6 2.7 2.3 1.9 2.4 .8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 Saratoga Springs 289 230 393 Watervliet White Plains 45 5 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia Freeport Hastings Haverstraw Hempstead Herkimer Hoosick Falls. . . Hudson Falls. ... Huntington Ilion Johnson City. . . . Lancaster Lawrence Malone Mamaroneck. ... Massena Medina Newark -No. Tarrytown. . 3^yack Ossining Owego .Patchogue yeekskill Penn Yan Port Chester Port Washington. Rockville Center. ^Saranac Lake . . . , Seneca Falls Solvay , Tarrytown Walden Waterf ord Waverly Wellsville Whitehall TABLE No. 9-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 90.3 6.5 3.2 100.0 66.6 20.8 4.3 8.3 100.0 52.3 33.9 2.8 9.2 1.8 100.0 42.5 38.8 .9 3.7 10.4 3.7 100.0 66.2 14.5 15.7 3.6 100.0 61.1 16.6 2.8 13.9 2.8 2.8 100.0 78.0 1.4 11.0 9.6 100.0 83.0 4.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 100.0 95.2 2.4 2.4 100.0 48.3 31.2 1.1 13.4 2.7 3.3 100.0 55.9 29.3 1.3 12.2 1.3 100.0 54.1 38.7 1.0 2.1 4.1 100.0 68.0 6.4 .9 21.1 1.8 1.8 100.0 51.5 15.8 6.7 22.7 3.3 100.0 83.1 7.0 2.9 2.9 4.1 100.0 72.4 3.7 1.5 20.9 1.5 100.0 92.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 100.0 82.7 5.8 1.4 6.7 .7 3.7 100.0 81.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 100.0 67.3 2.0 4.2 22.4 4.1 100.0 82.3 7.1 1.2 9.4 100.0 68.0 18.0 2.8 5.6 2.8 2.8 100.0 90.7 3.1 2.3 3.9 100.0 55.7 20.3 3.5 15.2 .9 4.4 100.0 78.5 13.3 2.5 3.8 1.9 100.0 70.0 10.0 5.0 15.0 100.0 88.4 2.1 4.2 4.2 1.1 100.0 76.2 10.0 2.1 9.6 2.1 100.0 80.9 3.8 3.8 11.5 100.0 14.9 64.2 2.3 3.3 .7 14.6 100.0 92.4 2.6 3.8 1.2 100.0 72.1 1.9 7.4 16.7 1.9 100.0 65.3 4.1 2.0 20.4 8.2 100.0 59.1 12.7 16.9 9.9 1.4 100.0 76.8 4.9 2.4 14.7 1.2 100.0 85.9 5.7 5.7 2.7 100.0 70.0 7.8 20.0 2.2 100.0 78.7 7.9 11.2 1.1 1.1 100.0 80.0 11.0 5.5 3.5 100.0 65.2 6.8 4.5 22.4 1.1 100.0 52.5 18.3 2.6 23.2 .8 2.6 100.0 Our Boys 295 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boj-i Kind of School Last Attended TABLE No. 10-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES School Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Public Parochial Private Voca- tional 81.6 70.8 79.7 88.4 78.5 80.2 88.4 83.6 84.8 91.5 88.8 90.8 94.6 90.3 75.7 91.7 91.2 75.3 86.8 99.6 82.6 89.3 12.5 19.8 16.6 8.2 13.7 7.3 8.5 11.7 0.8 5.7 7.5 7.8 2.7 7.7 13.2 5.9 7.4 15.8 7.0 .4 12.5 6.3 1.9 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.1 1.7 2.6 4.7 7.7 2.7 3.5 1.3 2.7 1.5 2.5 2.0 1.0 4.1 2.0 4.4 2.5 4.0 6.0 .4 .5 5.7 10.8 0.5 ■ 6.7 .1 .2 .1 '.5 8.6 .4 .4 4.8 4.2 .5 1.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 Amsterdam 810 820 1,356 Buffalo 11,257 971 838 Kingston 553 857 700 New Rochelle 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 Syracuse 3,874 Troy 1,658 Utica 2,241 Watertown 669 Yonkers 2,241 New York* 124,795 TABLE No. 10-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua. Cohoes Corning Cortland. . , Dunkirk. . . Fulton Geneva. . . . Glen Cove . Glens Falls., Gloversville . Hornell Hudson Ithaca Johnstown. . . . Lackawanna. . Little Falls.... Lockport Mechanicville . Middletown. . . . No. Tonawanda . Norwich Ogdensburg Glean Oneida .... Oneonta. . . Plattsburg . Port Jervis. Rensselaer . 94.2 92.1 85.0 57.4 96.7 97.2 91.8 99.0 75.0 94.8 67.1 96.5 96.8 88.5 94.0 99.4 89.3 90.1 85.3 77.8 93.9 84.4 95.6 76.4 94.5 4.3 1.0 .5 6.1 1.2 .6 13.6 1.4 39.0 3.4 .2 2.0 .3 1.0 .7 1.4 .7 7.8 .2 1.0 .2 21.0 2.9 i.i 4.3 .9 32.4 .5 3.5 2.7 .5 8.5 .6 2.4 3.3 .6 2.7 8.6 1.7 .4 7.8 1.4 .7 10.5 3.8 .4 5.3 16.9 3.0 3.1 14.4 .8 .4 3.3 1.1 22.2 1.4 4.7 .3 .5 .6 ■■■■i".2 .6 19.5 3.1 4.3 20.6 6.3 .5 100.0 97.6 77.4 95.7 73.2 * Many boys in Greater New York answered elementary school and did not say whether public or parochial. 100.0 268 100.0 271 100.0 119 100.0 561 100.0 322 100.0 235 100.0 414 100.0 262 100.0 252 100.0 252 100.0 322 100.0 536 100.0 319 100.0 247 100.0 243 100.0 242 100.0 412 100.0 282 100.0 422 100.0 179 100.0 415 100.0 338 100.0 153 100.0 325 100.0 425 100.0 244 100.0 243 100.0 205 100.0 211 100.0 209 296 OuK Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Kind of School Last Attended TABLE No. 10-B— CITIE3 UNDER 25,000 — (Concluded) CITIES School Total IDer cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Public Parochial Private Voca- tional Rome Salamanca Saratoga Springs Tonawanda Watervliet White Plains 93.2 87.3 84.9 96.9 79.8 89.6 5.0 12.7 3.5 2.5 10.3 7.6 1.8 i'.i .6 6.8 2.4 "s'.i .4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 289 230 393 457 TABLE No VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott. Fredonia Freeport Hastings Haverstraw Hempstead Herkimer Hoo&ick Falls Hudson Falls Huntington Ilion Johnson City Lancaster Lawrence Malone Mamaroneck Massena Medina Newark North Tarry town Nyack Ossining O wego Patchogue Peekskill Penn Yan Port Chester Port Washington Rockville Center Saranac Lake Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown Walden Waterf ord Waverly WellsviUe Whitehall 10-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 93.6 70.8 81.7 99.1 98.8 98.9 86.2 65.0 97.6 90.9 67.2 95.0 90.4 97.0 89.9 89.3 100.0 91.3 83.1 95.0 95.0 93.7 93.3 92.3 97.5 97.5 90.8 89.8 91.6 98.8 97.2 97.8 78.7 100.0 92.2 87.9 3.2 11.1 18.3 1.1 5.5 24.0 2.4 2.7 29.3 32.1 2.5 8.2 2.0 2.0 7.1 4.4 1.1 5.1 7.7 1.9 8.4 1.1 11.3 5.6 2.6 3.2 18.1 .9 1.2 2.8 11.0 2.1 4.0 1.0 3.6 1.9 .7 2.5 1.4 1.0 7.1 1.6 5.4 .6 5.0 4.1 1.6 2.5 7.4 10.2 2.8 1.1 7.8 5.5 3.1 I'.i 1.0 1.2 i'.Q 1.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 OuB Boys 297 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Emplotjed Boys Shop^Work Done in School TABLE No. 11-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Shop Work Total per Popu- lation of em- No Wood Miscel- cent ployed training working laneous boys 73.5 23.6 2.9 100.0 2,542 64.6 34.6 .8 100.0 810 64.6 33.4 2.0 100.0 829 65.7 31.9 2.4 100.0 1,356 46.2 45.4 8.4 100.0 11,257 66.3 21.2 12.5 100.0 971 39.8 57.5 2.7 100.0 838 90.5 7.2 2.3 100.0 553 30.1 46.7 23.2 100.0 857 44.5 53.5 2.0 100.0 700 23.6 75.7 .7 100.0 760 63.3 33.7 3.0 100.0 1,147 71.0 27.0 2.0 100.0 546 92.0 6.0 2.0 100.0 698 58.7 27.1 14.2 100.0 6,322 51.8 46.8 1.4 100.0 1,821 47.6 51.1 1.3 100.0 3,874 67.8 26.3 5.9 100.0 1,658 54.3 43.0 2.7 100.0 2,241 97.8 2.2 100.0 669 27.8 65.4 6.8 100.0 2,241 39.2 54.6 6.2 100.0 124,795 Albany Amsterdam. . , Auburn Binghamton. . Buflalo Elmira .Jamestown . , . ICingston Mt. Vernon.. Newburgh . . . . New Rochelle Niagara Falls, Oswego Poughkeepsie . Rochester . . . , Schenectady . . Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown . . Yonkers New York ... TABLE No. 11-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua . Cohoes Corning Cortland. . Dunkirk . . Fulton Geneva. . . Glen Cove. Glens Falls. Gloversville . Horrell .... Hudson. . . . Ithaca .Johnstown .... Lackawanna. . Little Falls. . . Lockport Mechanicville . Middletown North Tonawanda. Norwich Ogdensburg Glean Oneida Oneonta Plattsburg . Port Jervis . Rensselaer. 78.6 18.7 2.7 100.0 94.4 4.4 1.2 100.0 58.5 39.4 2.1 100.0 97.5 2.0 .5 100.0 81.6 16.7 1.7 100.0 71.9 26.6 1.5 100.0 66.4 32.9 .7 100.0 60.8 38.7 .5 100.0 86.6 10.5 2.9 100.0 12.8 86.3 .9 100.0 58.9 40.4 .7 100.0 46.7 52.5 .8 100.0 45.5 53.5 1.0 100.0 71.3 28.1 .6 100.0 62.7 36.6 .7 100.0 82.2 15.9 1.9 100.0 39.8 58.8 1.4 100.0 74.1 25.4 .5 100.0 63.0 34.0 3.0 100.0 52.6 40.1 7.3 100.0 50.9 47.9 1.2 100.0 53.7 45.8 .5 100.0 97.9 1.1 1.0 100.0 96.6 3.4 100.0 33.5 62.2 4.3 100.0 66.4 .32.8 .8 100.0 32.5 67.5 100.0 94.9 4.4 .7 100.0 94.5 1.2 4.3 100.0 85.2 4.2 10.6 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 .325 425 244 243 205 211 209 298 OuE Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Shop Work Done in School TABLE No. 11-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 ~ (Concluded) Shop Work Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys CITIES No training Wood working Miscel- laneous 59.9 99.2 35.8 37.0 89.5 47.2 39.7 .7 56.1 62.3 1.8 52.0 .4 .1 8.1 .7 8.7 .8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 Saratoga Springs 289 230 393 White Plains 457 TABLE No. 11-C- VILLAGES VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Albion Catskill Depew Endicott 90.3 90.2 92.6 92.9 80.7 44.4 17.7 90.0 29.2 80.1 95.8 31.6 31.1 71.3 81.9 75.3 27.5 89.5 94.0 90.8 96.4 65.2 46.1 91.9 67.7 60.0 95.6 72.4 100.0 3.6 90.0 29.7 85.8 98.6 25.6 42.9 87.8 61.8 68.0 69.7 91.3 6.5 1.4 6.4 4.2 19.3 65.6 79.5 1.0 65.9 18.3 1.3 60.2 68.0 27.4 18.0 24.6 70.0 7.4 6.0 1.0 1.2 33.3 52.3 3.5 31.0 40.0 1.1 27.6 ""qqA 10.0 68.5 2.0 1.4 74.4 54.3 8.9 37.1 42.0 29.4 .9 3.2 8.4 1.0 2.9 2'.8 9.0 4.9 1.6 2.9 8.2 .9 1.3 .1 ■ .1 2.5 3.1 8^2 2.4 1.5 1.6 4.6 1.3 3.3 '.3 i'.k 12.2 2.8 3.3 1.1 .9 7.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 165 96 148 164 Fredonia 95 204 155 120 140 249 120 108 62 215 153 Lancaster 134 28 163 Mamaroneck 153 111 128 136 90 72 217 72 107 Peekskill 292 72 388 56 137 109 147 157 Tarrytown 85 144 Waterf ord 68 116 Wellsville 73 Whitehall , . .... 118 Our Boys 29t Sixteen, Seventeen ani Eighteen Year Old Emplo'jed Boys Best Liked Study Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Best Liked Studyf TABLE No. 12-F — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two American Parents Last Grade Completed 1 .S .S Q. C8 >> s 6 c 1 Q is S o O a •" 1 3 a d > Total per cent Num- ber 6" cards tabu- lated 5th 38.3 38.5 32.1 35.2 35.7 38.5 32.2 35.4 13.8 14.0 10.1 12.4 15.9 17.7 17.3 10.4 10.6 18.3 27.7 27.9 15.7 9.2 14.8 10.4 3.2 1.6 3.1 3.0 2.2 2.8 2.6 4.2 13.8 14.0 10.3 6.5 2.9 1.1 '".2 A 4.9 5.3 9.6 16.7 12.8 12.0 14.0 8.8 6.7 5.3 .9 4 3 1.0 1.3 2.2 4.5 7.8 4.3 10.4 ":8 3.4 4.6 9.6 4.2 3.2 .6 1.2 2.8 7.2 5.6 6.1 6.2 "!9 2.1 2.6 2.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94i 6th 301 7th 8th 1,033 1,990 let high school 2d 446. 283 3d 4th 115 48 Total 1,504 551 1,025 122 306 67 414 118 57 132 14 4,310;> TABLE No. 12-G — GREATER NEW YORK Am'irican Bjys with One American Parent Last Grade Completed .2 1 la -a ■3) a .2 w ■a 3 a a 60 a 3 s C If o o 1 3 > Total per cent Num- ber off cards tabu- lated; 5th 35.0 36.9 36.6 36.7 41.5 29.7 41.9 33.4 10.0 6.3 8.2 11.8 10.9 14.5 11.8 20.0 17.5 18.0 25.9 26.7 18.9 19.8 9.3 13.4 7.5 3.6 1.6 2.9 3.5 2.7 10.0 18.0 10.0 4.9 3.5 .9 "a 4.5 11.7 9.3 13.4 15.0 13.6 12.9 10.1 4.1 6.3 2.3 5.0 2.7 1.6 1.9 4.5 1.8 9.3 6.6 "^9 3.2 3.8 3.5 3.6 6.9 6.6 ".6 2.7 2.3 6.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.0 1)0.0 100.0 100.0 4C'- 6th 7th 4 6 6 8 5 3 9 111 370 8th 806 let high school 2d 174. HI 3d 43 4th 1 15. Total 613 179 399 45 108 31 165 42 25 57 6 1 , 67& TABLE No. 12-H — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two Foreign Parents Last Grade Completed i ■s a (4 M a 'S a ca 2 1 c CO 1 13 o O 1 |g o S "5 ^ 1 3 > •a Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 40.0 37.8 34.7 38.5 35.7 36.5 39,1 31.0 16.7 14.2 11.6 13.9 16.8 13.7 17.0 18.8 6.0 21.3 24.9 24.8 17.9 14.8 9.6 18.8 2.3 1.8 3.7 3.7 .3 2.2 3.5 1.7 13.7 10.6 10.4 5.3 .1 .5 "a 7.8 11.0 12.2 6.1 15.3 12.2 12.7 8.8 4.7 2.2 1.2 3.3 2.3 .8 1.0 1.7 3.7 3.4 1.2 '6.4 5.6 9.6 10.2 3.7 1.3 1.0 2.9 6.1 7.6 4.7 6.8 ".5 2.5 1.9 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 130 6th 44 & 7th 1 572 8th 3 356 1st high school 2d 565 394 3d 156 4tb 58 Total 2,504 908 1,508 224 415 117 595 118 74 198 18 6,679 300 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Em'ployed Boys' Best Liioed Study Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Best Liked Study TABLE No. 12-1 — GREATER NEW YORK Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents Last Grad3 gomplbted 1 o a 1 1 c >> 8 a 'S a Q "3, S i g f 3 -3.2 c > -0 Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated Sth 50.6 42.7 37.5 40.4 38.1 39.6 43.4 42.0 16.5 14.8 11.1 13.8 17.8 9.0 10.0 19.4 12.7 17.9 25.3 23.0 13.1 16.4 11.7 22.6 "i.i 3.2 3.6 2.9 3.0 1.7 3.2 4.4 7.0 6.7 1.8 .5 .7 2 '.1 9.2 9.0 13.2 6.4 13.9 14.5 12.7 8.5 3.9 5.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 3.3 2.9 2.2 3.3 "^6 6.3 5.2 10.0 6.4 .6 .3 2.0 4.3 4.3 7.5 1.7 'i'.o 2.2 5.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 158 6th 358 7th 840 Sth 1,280 1st high school 2d 207 134 3d 4th 60 31 Total 1,236 409 654 91 113 52 305 71 36 93 8 3,068 TABLE No. 12-J — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two Amsric^n Parents Last Geade Completed .a 1 b S .2 M p. CS -a a, C 1 Q It a 1 -a. > -0 1 Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5ith 45.8 43.6 42.3 42.2 41.7 39.7 45.9 45.0 9.1 5.6 6.1 7.6 10.7 16.2 10.5 8.0 7.3 11.2 17.9 27.1 22.5 16.9 11.6 14.7 1.1 1.1 .7 1.2 1.2 2.0 3.3 12.4 13.3 12.2 7.2 3.2 1.1 .5 2.2 ■".3 2.6 3.1 2.2 2.2 20.9 23.1 18.9 10.9 4.4 3.4 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 2.4 4.0 5.8 7.2 2.2 '2'.8 6.2 6.6 5.7 1.7 .5 .4 1.1 6.3 4.7 8.3 10.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30D.0 103.0 lUO.O 177 6th 2 10 6 9 8 734 7th 1,312 8th 2,053 1st high school 2d 863 551 3d 4th 181 89 Total 2,523 500 1,207 72 465 52 736 165 75 141 24 5,960 TABLE No. 12-K — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with One American Parent Last Grade GoMPLBTEiD rQ 1 -a ;=! c 1 '3 c bO .S SO h3 0, § Q 1 -o. 1 < i Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 47.8 45.7 40.9 40.3 48.3 45.6 52.1 41.9 11.3 6.6 7.4 6.1 9.1 13.7 12.5 12.9 6.8 9.9 16.4 ,30.7 26.5 15.7 18.8 25.9 '1^9 1.1 1.1 1.3 '3^2 11.3 13.2 9.3 7.5 1.4 1.9 2.1 '3.5 4.1 18.2 23.0 22.1 12.4 5.1 2.7 2.3 1.2 1.7 1.3 2.9 4.8 1.4 6.1 2.1 2.3 .4 .3 .6 3.9 4.1 2.1 6.5 100. C 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 44 6th 6 9 ■ 3 6 2 6 243 7th 366 Sth 607 1st high school 2d 276 147 3d 48 4th 31 Total 764 140 386 20 124 7 239 33 14 27 8 1,762 Our Boys 301 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Bo!/s Best Liked Study Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Best Liked Study TABLE No. 12-L — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Borjs with Two Foreign Parents Last Grade Completed s bO 21 o S i J3 J3 To 5 C 60 1 E° >> -a 1 'S.'S a eg ■o.S a Total per cent S W W s k ►J O Q 6 ■a 49.7 7.5 4.3 .6 8.7 28.6 .6 100.0 49.3 7.4 6.3 1.0 11.2 24.2 .5 .1 100.0 41.8 7.2 14.9 .9 8.9 24.7 1.1 .5 100.0 42.2 6.9 27.5 .9 5.9 14.2 1.4 1.0 100.0 48.0 9.4 24.3 1.1 1.8 1.3 5.7 2.4 2.7 3.3 100.0 49.4 13.9 12.2 .6 .6 3.3 3.9 2.2 5.0 78 1 1 100.0 41.0 9.9 13.1 4.9 1.6 4.9 6.6 4.9 11.5 1 fi 100.0 31.1 13.8 13.8 2.7 8.3 5.5 8.3 13.8 2 7 100.0 1,697 296 674 38 270 17 681 52 25 57 4 Nom- berof cards tabu- lated 5th 6th 7th 8th 1st high school 2d 3d 4th Total .... 3,811 TABLE No. 12-M — CITIES OVER 25,000 Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents Last Grade Completed 1 bO a o W bO C •g s 1 1 ii ►3 S O bO a '$ s ■" a o O b i a B a 11 m $ •a •< Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 48.7 45.8 39.8 45.0 46.0 41.8 22.2 25.0 13.9 6.6 6.2 8.5 10.1 12.5 33.4 25.0 2.6 8.3 14.7 22.6 19.4 18.7 22.2 12.5 1.9 1.0 2.1 1.1 .8 2.1 6.3 24.0 29.6 26.8 13.0 5.9 6.2 1.3 1.1 2.1 2.2 1.7 ii^i ".5 4.2 6.2 11.1 12.5 1.3 '■:3 1.0 6.7 4.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 158 6th 7 8 5 2 6 8 6 2 6 12 3 6 2 5 2 12 i k 398 7th 339 8th 363 1st high schoo} 2d 119 48 3d 9 4th 8 ' Total 636 123 203 20 )1 8 305 25 12 17 2 1,442 t302 OuE Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Least Liked Study '''^ ^'^ Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Least Liked Study TABLE No. 12-T — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two American Parents 'Last Grade 'Completed .2 a 1 J3 1 •a a 1 1 1 5 3 1 a •" a -2 3 i S a I" > Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated Mh 28.4 28.9 27.0 23.0 23.1 20.3 23.0 23.9 29.6 29.9 39.8 45.0 32.5 25.5 21.2 26.1 1.1 8.2 7.1 6.3 6.1 4.1 6.2 6.5 '".3 .5 .2 .7 .4 '2'. 2 18.2 9.2 7.7 4.6 3.1 1.8 i'.o 3.2 16.9 34.1 42.5 34.8 19.3 21.4 14.5 12.7 6.8 5.6 .9 1.1 1.4 .9 2.2 2.8 1.1 .9 2.2 "".1 .7 .4 2.3 .7 1.5 2.7 6.8 5.6 4.4 4.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8S sgth 1 5 1 9 294 7th 993 •Sth 1,899 t!st high school 2d 425 270 :3d 113 4th 46 Total 1,001 1,607 263 15 225 299 509 74 7 122 6 4,128 1 TABLE No. 12-U — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with One American Parent Last Grade Completed 1 bD a 1 S s OS 1 J a s [3 g a "^ a si i -0 < Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated Jith 44.8 28.7 22.4 21.2 27.8 24.2 14.6 7.5 13.2 35.4 45.6 46.5 29.2 27.3 19.4 23.5 5.2 2.7 7.6 6.5 7.6 6.5 4.6 ".5 .4 .7 1.8 2.3 7.5 18.4 10.3 9.2 5.6 1.3 1.8 ■3.9 12.7 26.6 37.6 23.5 15.8 22.0 12.2 11.0 7.6 i2'.0 "'9 1.5 2.1 5.3 4.6 7.2 15.2 i'.s 1.8 2.3 7.5 2.6 To 2.8 6.0 2.7 15^3 '2'7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 38 Sth 7th 104 366 ■Sth 764 1st high school :2d 160 107 :3d -ith 41 13 Total 368 644 104 10 99 103 176 40 7 39 3 1,593 TABLE No. 12-V — GREATER NEW YORK American Boys with Two Foreign Parents Last Grade Completed a S a Ml .S "3 is a 1 bD .s 1. 1 1-^ >> 1 bi C Q a £■1 fi I gs a 1 Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated ,5th 26.0 25.3 23.9 19.8 22.7 21.8 22.1 17.6 29.2 32.5 42.0 44.6 31.3 28.5 24.8 14.0 7.8 7.9 7.3 7.3 5.3 5.9 8.3 7.0 '".6 .2 .5 1.1 1.1 17.4 9.8 8.2 4.8 1.5 1.6 .7 '2.6 15.2 25.5 28.3 31.5 16.6 21.6 16.0 14.7 7.6 4.5 2.7 5.3 2.3 1.9 1.5 3.1 6.7 3.4 2.7 12.3 ■".8 1.1 1.4 .7 .4 .9 2.5 7.2 6.1 7.6 7.0 "j .6 .5 1.4 5.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 127 ■> ja p. s a a a " i i -a.S a ta > < Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 30.3 23.6 21 8 20.7 24.6 21.1 11.8 11.4 12.2 24.5 31.5 41 2 37.2 39.3 39.0 31.6 2.9 .. 5.1 8.7 .. 8.0 6.7 5 4 7.7 2.5 .. 1 3 2 4 18.6 15.0 11.3 10.6 6.9 2.9 1.8 2.5 1.4 9.7 18.1 29.6 38.0 29.0 27.6 22.3 12.7 5.6 2.3 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 5.8 2.8 2.5 3.9 6.5 7.9 6.5 6.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 172 6th 1 2 1 6 1 5 4 8 8 1 703 7th 1,269 8th 1,950 1st high school 2d 825 518 3d 169 4th 79 Total 1,239 2.000 405 LI 564 2S3 836 60 16 248 14 5,685 _ TABLE No. 12-Y — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with One American Parent Last Grade Completed 1 a 1 5 ca .b 3 a C3 bO .S 1 ca O. ca O a 2 Q 'if o a "' i -T3. ca > a Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 14.6 18,5 23.9 18.8 18.8 19.7 21. U 28.0 22.0 29.0 34.1 44.1 39.0 36.4 34.8 36.0 4.9 4.2 6.5 8.2 8.5 O.b 7.0 26.8 16.2 12.0 11.2 5.8 8.1 2.3 io!8 19.7 25.6 20.0 29.3 28.2 17.7 12.3 7.3 3.6 '4.0 "'4 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.3 4.0 2.4 3.5 4.0 3.8 5.0 2.2 4.7 8.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41 6th 7th 3 4 i 1 2 5 1 2 2 3 237 351 8th 571 Ist high school 2d 259 137 Sd 43 4th 25 Total 333 625 116 2 182 71 236 25 5 65 4 1,664 304 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Emiployed Boys Least Liked Study Correlation Between the Last Grade Completed and the Least Liked Study ym TABLE No. 12-Z — CITIES OVER 25,000 American Boys with Two Foreign Parents Last Grade Completed 1 03 a a 60 .s. n 1 a a a >> 1 1 bO C "§,'S 1 i 3 8 a > < Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5th 2.3.8 18.5 21.4 17.6 22.1 23.7 17.8 6.2 24.5 31.5 34.4 46.0 37.9 34.7 28.6 33.3 '5^4 8.3 8.6 6.9 6.1 5.4 12.2 "^1 .1 "^6 16.5 13.8 10.5 8.9 8.1 2.4 ■3.6 32.4 27.4 20.7 11.4 9.5 6.8 3.5 3.0 .6 .5 1.3 1.4 1,2 2.4 '3^0 2.2 2.9 3.3 4.4 6.7 6.8 14.3 15.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 152 6th i 5 14 26 21 6 8 8 9, 1 1 9 9 8 1 3 9 6 8 n 689 7th 959 8th 1,169 1st high school 2d. 346 164 3d 56 4th 33 Total 701 1,336 258 3 359 S3 617 43 7 155 6 3,568 TABLE No. 12-ZZ — CITIES OVER 25,000 Foreign Boys with Two Foreign Parents Last Grade Completed 8 a .a [a bO g a 1 1 1 1 bO "3 § i Elementary science Advanced d Total per cent Num- ber of cards tabu- lated 5fh 17.2 18.3 17.4 17.8 26.6 17.5 25^0 28.5 33.5 38.0 41.4 32.1 35.0 60.0 12.5 4.6 6.0 9.4 9.4 6.4 2.5 10.0 12.5 15.9 17.2 12.3 11.2 3.7 2.5 10.0 'i'.3 .9 7.3 17.5 10.0 37.5 28.5 18.5 15.8 11.2 12.9 7.5 10.0 2 3.3 .. 4.4 ., 4.2 ,, 5.3 ,, 8.3 ., 12,5 ,, 12^5 :; 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 151 fith 5 1 1 2 1 6 6 8 8 5 9 367 7th 310 8th 321 Ist liigh school 2J1 109 40 ;vi 10 4th 8 Total 242 473 98 2 167 26 214 25 3 66 ., 1,316 OuE. Boys 305 Sixteen, Sevenleen and Eighteen Year Old Emploijcd Boys How They Earned Money While in School TABLE No. 13-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES si o £ S o c *-• o 1 ■a ^-3 2 f2 o c 1 3.1 .4 .2 .3 .1 .6 .8 .7 .1 14.8 '.5 2.7 10.4 11.3 15.0 3.9 8.8 5.9 4.2 14.4 .1 .7 3.2 7.2 .5 5.2 .4 9.6 6.7 8.5 10.6 1 .1 1.4 .7 2.8 .3 2.0 1.1 2 !3 .5 .1 '".5 8.1 1.0 4.2 4.4 4.5 1.7 4.6 2.8 8.3 4.7 9.9 5.7 10.0 6.7 2.5 4.2 6.4 4.7 7.2 4.8 4.8 5,4 1.3 2.0 2.8 1.6 3.7 1,0 1.1 1.9 '"".2 2.5 .1 .2 8.2 .1 2,2 .1 11.9 9.2 17.4 12.1 7.6 11.1 20.4 11.6 6.6 10.9 4.5 7.7 16.8 11.5 13.8 9,8 16.0 7.9 13.9 13.8 7,6 2.8 .1 .2 2 .....^ .2 ...... '"".2 2 ■"2!o .3 .6 2.3 2.8 .5 3,7 1.7 2.0 " 1.2 .7 .5 3.4 1.2 1.3 1.9 3.2 1.0 1.2 2.2 .1 1.0 3.9 8.8 2.0 10,5 4,9 ,7 1,9 2 8^9 1,0 7.5 .7 6.6 6.6 11.0 8.4 1.6 3.6 7.2 ■■■3:2 4.4 ,3 10.5 1.0 9.8 2.9 13.9 '"q.5 .6 10.5 '"".3 .1 G.y .9 64.8 67,6 54.3 52 2 77.9 53.5 59.2 66.0 65,0 57.9 81.3 67.9 51.8 62.9 64.4 02.3 57.4 61.9 57.4 56.4 80,4 82,1 Amsterdam Binehamton Buffalo Jsunestown Mt. Vernon Newburgh Niagara Falls .2 .5 .8 l!7 .5 .2 .1 Poughke«psie 8.5 1.0 10.0 .6 ^3 .2 Sohenectady Syracuse TVoy .3 .3 1.0 .1 ";4 Watertowii New York .5 5.0 .5 .2 ^ c-o a. •^& ■g'S g 100.0 2,542 100,0 810 100,0 829 100,0 1,356 100,0 11,257 100,0 971 100,0 838 100.0 553 100.0 857 100.0 700 100.0 760 100 1,147 100.0 546 100,0 658 100,0 6,322 100.0 1,821 100.(1 3,874 100.0 1,658 100. c 2,241 100.0 669 100. c 2,241 100.0 124,795 TABLE No. 13-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua. Cohocs Coming Cortland.. . Dunkirk. . . Fulton Geneva.. . . Glen Cove . Glens Falls.. Glovcrsviile . Bkirnell Hudson Ithaca Johnstown Lackawanna . , , . Little Falls Lockport Mechanicville . . . Miduleto^-n No. Tonawanda. Norwich. Ogdensburg Olean Oneida Oneonta Plattsbarg Port Jervis Rensselaer 12.1 6 1.8 4.2 7.2 6.8 11.7 7.0 14.6 6.4 8.8 10.4 7.6 .5 10.4 11.3 22.5 17.8 7.0 6.3 17.6 4.6 10.1 12.2 5.3 15.7 .3 2.2 12.8 14.4 13.0 7.4 4.2 2.6 2.7 3.2 1.7 10.0 5.1 3.9 2.7 43.6 5.7 2.7 3.6 3.7 8.9 3.2 4.9 1.3 7.3 3.4 4.2 8.8 7.7 2,.0 8.6 2.5 2.5 4.3 .5 3.3 2.7 7.2 1.0 .5 7.6 7.6 5.4 3.7 6.5 'i',0 3.8 '3!3 1.3 .3 2.4 'i'.3 12 3 .5 7.4 16.2 55.2 100.0 13 4 1.7 7.2 64.6 100.0 11.1 4.1 22.5 47.4 100.0 9 7 5.5 11.3 .2 62.5 61.9 100.0 100.0 5.7 3.0 9,3 5.3 12.0 46.8 100. C 6,2 3.7 8.9 68.7 100.0 12:3 3.9 9.3 60.8 100.0 10.9 .3 1.0 12.4 45.4 100,0 9 2.6 4.0 42.7 45.9 100,0 100,0 10 9 .5 20.4 10.9 .3 1.0 12.4 45.4 190.0 9 4 2.3 8.6 .5 57.1 100.0 3 1 1.2 .6 11.0 53.6 100.0 10.5 3.8 8.9 49.5 100.0 11,5 .6 .6 21.7 50.3 100.0 4 5 4.5 3.3 77.6 63.5 100.0 100. c 5 2 1.3 13() 5.0 15.1 ,4 54.6 100. G 5 .5 12,5 17.8 .8 02.2 53.6 100.0 100.0 9.9 3.0 8^ .4 8.8 67.6 loo.o 12.1 3.3 9.9 6.6 46.1 100. 1, 3.3 2.0 17.6 57.4 100. u 9.1 .8 14.1 64.5 lUO.O 8.0 1.6 11.2 62.4 100. c 3 1 8.1 9.4 .6 60.7 100,0 3.6 .6 1.3 .b 13,0 70.4 100,0 3 7 16.7 18.4 62.3 60.6 100,0 100.0 12.1 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 530 316 249 240 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 306 OuE Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Em-ployed Boys How They Eaened Money While in School TABLE No. 13-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 — {Concluded) CITIES o 1 1 1 fe c o g "a ° 11 1 2 1 ■a' 1 lie A) 1 1 1 a 1 5?° a i 1^ 7.6 4.7 19.0 6.2 4.6 3.2 10.2 10.0 4.6 6.2 4.3 9.2 .2 '"".6 '"".3 4.8 8.7 20.2 8.6 4.3 6.0 4.0 2.0 11.4 14.7 .6 6.8 .3 "i;2 "15^5 8.4 61.8 59.2 52.0 70.4 09.8 70.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 .7 1.2 189 'L2 .3 .8 .6 289 .6 230 .6 393 White Plains 1.6 457 TABLE No. 13-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 VILLAGES 12,9 8.3 1.8 2,8 4,8 8,4 1,4 4,0 9.7 2,8 ■19^5 16.8 2.8 Catskili 1.4 23.6 1.4 2.8 5.5 1.4 4.8 3.2 16.5 1.0 12.2 4.8 2.7 1,0 10,1 6,1 1,2 1,5 32.5 3.7 6.0 7,4 1,4 1.8 3.3 3,6 5,5 16.8 2.1 2.8 5.1 1.2 8.4 4.1 4.0 7.3 20.4 1.3 11.2 8.3 15.1 6.4 1.5 5.0 1.4 13.0 4.1 Fredouia 2,1 1.2 r.i 22.0 2.4 2,1 1.1 'i'o ,5 '"".9 "'2!2 6,0 1,0 10,2 5.3 6.0 4.6 10.5 12.8 11.9 2.5 3.7 4.0 4.1 18.8 5,6 6,3 9,6 3.8 10,0 3,2 12,1 3,8 7.5 8.1 1.3 14,6 17,4 5,5 .7 10.5 13.4 15.0 8,2 '"i'.i, 38,5 12.6 ■"2:1 3.4 '"".3 2.1 1.0 .9 6,4 3.2 4,1 1,5 1.8 10.4 "'2!5 1.1 1,2 2.5 6.7 l.C 2,2 4.0 1.0 2.4 1.4 6.3 7.1 4,2 2,3 22.3 8.3 1.4 11.1 2,3 8.8 3.8 2.8 No. Tarry town 1.2 5.1 "li 2,5 10.0 3.2 3,4 7.8 50.0 1,1 2.1 26,9 12,7 6,4 10.0 4,3 7,5 3,8 4.9 11.5 9.3 8.2 Patchogue Peek-skill 1.1 .4 2.0 6.3 3.S 5.5 6.4 11.1 12,2 15.5 6.1 2.9 '5^4 Port Chester .3 .... Port Washington.. . 1.9 2.0 2.8 3.7 2,0 11,3 13.4 5.7 6.7 12,4 9,1 1.1 2.6 24,5 8.6 20.0 4,5 "22!9 21,5 Seneca Falls 4.2 5.6 4.2 1,2 2.9 2,2 14,1 14,7 5,6 20.0 14.3 1.1 1.1 ■"i^i 5,6 Walden 8.9 5.6 14.5 3.3 6.0 2.2 3.6 "i'.i .9 1,8 7,8 1.7 Wellsville 3.3 2.6 Whitehall 77,4 100.0 59.7 100,0 85,4 100,0 70,6 100,0 64.9 100,0 51.6 100,0 71,0 100,0 69.0 100,0 78.1 100,0 51,7 100.0 74,8 100,0 60.3 100,0 61.5 100,0 52.9 100,0 63.8 100,0 70.2 100,0 55.0 100,0 61.5 100,0 51.0 100,0 81.6 100.0 49.4 100.0 58.3 100.0 75.0 100,0 42.8 100,0 71.0 100,0 20.0 100,0 81.9 100,0 59.4 100,0 53.9 100,0 68.8 100.0 75.7 100.0 74.0 100.0 51.1 100,0 42.3 100,0 64.6 100,0 65.6 100.0 58.9 100.0 63.0 100.0 51,0 100.0 60.5 100.0 64.7 100.0 OuK Boys 307 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Night School Enrollment TABLE No. 14-B — CITIES OVER 25,000 Attendance Total per cent Popula- tion of employed boys CITIES Attends Would attend Would not attend 7.2 5.5 6.1 3.2 9.2 7.2 5.0 4.6 10.4 10.7 7.3 8.9 3.0 2.0 20.6 8.0 4.3 2.9 5.2 2.0 9.4 10.0 16.3 15.2 23.2 22.8 16.2 19.7 19.4 41.2 23.4 17.8 17.6 26.7 43.0 15.5 15.3 14.7 28.0 36.5 23.3 25.3 21.8 30.6 76.5 79.3 70.7 74.0 74.6 73.1 75.6 54.2 66.2 71.5 75.1 64.4 54.0 82.5 64.1 77.3 67.7 60.6 71.5 72.7 68.8 59.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 810 829 1,356 BufiFalo 11,257 Elmira 971 838 553 857 700 New Rochelle 760 1,147 546 698 6,322 Schenectady 1,821 3,874 Troy 1,658 Utica 2,241 669 2,241 124,795 TABLE No. 14-C — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua . Cohoes Corning Cortland . . Dunkirk . . Fulton Geneva. . . Glen Cove. Glens Falls. Gloversville . Hornell. . . . Hudson. . . . Ithaca Johnstown . . . Lackawanna. . Little Falls. . , Lockport Mechanicville. Middletown North Tonawandi. Norwich Ogdensburg Olean Oneida Oneonta . , . Plattsburg. Port Jervis. Rensselaer . 6.9 5.7 87.4 100.0 268 4.1 25.6 70.3 100.0 271 60.5 39.5 100.0 119 4.2 11.4 84.4 100.0 561 2.4 35.3 62.3 100.0 322 2 3 25.5 72.2 100.0 235 9.5 5.6 84.9 100.0 414 2.0 24.8 73.2 100.0 262 2.1 29.4 68.5 100.0 252 6.8 37.2 56.0 100.0 252 2.0 19.7 78.3 100.0 322 3.4 17.4 79.2 100.0 536 3.7 21.4 74.9 100.0 319 .6 14.0 85.4 100.0 247 5.3 24.2 70.5 100.0 243 3.0 10.5 86.5 100.0 242 24.0 12.0 64.0 100.0 412 .3 48.0 51.7 100.0 282 1.8 26.3 71.9 100.0 422 1.4 15.0 83.6 100.0 179 3.7 18.5 77.8 100.0 415 1.8 52.3 45.9 100.0 338 1.3 47.0 51.7 100.0 153 6.7 U.4 81.9 100.0 325 4.0 32.8 63.2 100.0 425 .4 15.2 84.4 100.0 244 3.3 19.3 77.4 100.0 243 2.0 44.0 54.0 100.0 205 .4 1.3 98.3 100.0 211 .7 17.5 81.8 100.0 209 308 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Night School Enrollment TABLE No. 14-C — CITIES UNDER 25,000 — (Concluded) Attendance Total per cent Popula- tion of employed boys CITIES Attends Would attend Would not attend .8 .4 .6 2.3 2.5 3.4 D — VILI 45.4 9.4 2.2 48.9 28.8 16.8 .AGES 48.4 7;5 34.1 57.0 55.3 43.5 ■"'29;3 46.5 ■■"49;2 46.0 48.4 25.0 58.3 42.5 61.5 30.1 29.1 55.7 ■"■58;6 30.0 22.3 52.2 65.4 54.0 64.0 56.3 "■"56!7 40.0 59.9 37.5 47.1 39.0 32.6 1.9 53.8 90.2 97.2 48.8 68.7 79.8 VER 5,00 51.6 100.0 67.4 61.3 41.6 43.6 52.3 100.0 70.7 52.2 100.0 100.0 49.3 50.6 47.7 62.6 40.6 57.5 36.8 100.0 67.6 70.9 44.3 98.4 39.1 70.0 77.7 45.4 34.6 44.0 35.1 43.2 100.0 42.8 53.2 38.8 60.1 46.0 59.6 67.4 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 289 230 393 White Plains 457 TABLE No. 14- VILLAGES 165 Catskill 96 25.1 4.6 1.4 1.1 4.2 148 164 95 204 155 120 1.3 140 249 120 108 1.5 3.4 3.9 12.4 1.1 62 215 153 134 28 163 1.7 153 111 2.3 128 136 i'.h 2.9 90 72 217 72 107 Peekskill 2.4 292 72 2.0 .9 .5 388 56 137 100 .5 6.8 1.3 2.4 6.9 1.4 147 157 85 Walden 144 68 115 73 Whitehall \ 118 \ OuE Boys ;09 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Emjploycd Boys Beginning Weekly Wage TABLE No. 15-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES S3 $6 $9 $12 $15 $18 $21 $24 $27 $30 or more Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boya 9.7 10.0 3.7 3.4 9.7 6.1 14.2 22.7 4.0 5.1 7.0 3.4 9.7 11.1 3.3 25.1 31.1 35.3 26.0 19.2 14.8 24.0 34.4 22.0 23.2 33.7 11,3 26.9 24.1 31.5 25.4 23.6 24.1 18.5 16.1 18.8 23.7 16.9 33.6 14.0 19.6 16.4 20.9 22.4 22.3 19.8 23.7 25.3 21.2 13.9 23.0 25.1 12.8 19.9 18.1 22.3 11.9 12.0 12.7 8.1 14.2 10.7 12.5 11.0 15.9 20.6 14.3 14.2 13.9 12.3 14.3 11.0 17.9 13.5 10.5 11.2 13.1 17.6 15.6 14.7 16.4 8.6 15.3 13.3 12.5 18.8 13.0 12.1 14.1 13.4 13.8 7.8 15.0 16.1 16.5 11.2 6.1 2.7 3.7 8.2 10.3 14.1 5.0 4.4 5.4 6.7 3.4 14.7 8.0 3.9 7.4 6.6 10.4 6.8 12.0 14.5 3.2 4.8 4.4 .7 1.8 1.1 8.2 9.5 .8 2.1 3.6 10.0 3.1 14.0 2.9 .9 3.1 5.1 5.3 3.2 4.5 8.2 5.1 2.3 2.7 .4 .2 1.8 5.3 5.0 2.8 1.9 1.1 9.2 .7 7.8 .8 2.6 2.0 1.7 2.5 .9 1.5 8.4 1.5 1.1 1.0 .2 2.3 .2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 Amsterdam 810 829 Binghamton Buffalo ■■3.7 1.4 .4 ■■3',7 .5 2.6 1.9 1.4 .4 1.1 1.4 .6 .9 1.1 3.6 ^9 .8 4.1 7.0 1.6 1.4 ' 1 '. i 1,356 11,257 971 Jamestown Kingston Mt. Vernon 838 553 857 700 New Rochelle Niagara Falls 760 1,147 546 Poughkeepsie 698 6,322 Schenectady 9.7 8.2 12.8 9.4 7.0 4.2 8.9 27.0 20.8 29.2 21.2 12.3 28.2 32.2 1,821 3,874 Troy 1,668 Utica 2,241 Watertown S.6 .4 .7 669 2,241 New York 124,795 TABLE No. 15-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua Cohoes Corning Cortland Dunkirk Fulton Geneva Glen Cove Glens Falls Gloversville Hornell Hudson Ithaca Johnstown Lackawanna . . . . Little Falls Lockport Mechanicville . . . Middletown . . . . No. Tonawanda Norwich Ogdensburg Olean Oneida Oneonta Plattsburg Port Jervis Rensselaer 7.3 15.5 23.0 12.5 14.3 12.5 10.7 34.2 20.3 11.5 13.2 2.8 2.5 30.6 33.3 11.4 5.8 8.7 14.4 26.9 22.4 11.7 12.4 6.7 1.5 7.9 20.2 14.2 26.2 16.5 6.8 18.8 14.2 25.5 15.5 14.2 5.5 14.4 13.6 15.5 16.8 14.9 8.6 20.4 21.4 20.0 15.9 5.6 1.3 22.5 25.2 13.0 15.2 18.0 9.6 23.4 22.5 19.1 13.1 7.0 5.3 24.4 21.4 17.2 13.9 6.9 14.6 26.1 27.8 19.1 7.9 2.0 3.9 23.2 21.1 12.5 13.8 8.8 8.4 15.1 18.8 23.6 10.3 10.3 7.2 13.3 24.9 18.8 20.5 9.4 16.1 26.2 30.1 11.7 8.5 4.7 5.3 18.4 10.7 7.5 20.7 15.7 6.5 20.8 21.5 18.9 11.7 13.0 8.4 9.3 19.1 21.1 15.2 15.2 9.4 14.7 18.1 11.8 11.4 17.1 12.4 20.8 22.3 19.2 10.4 9.6 4.6 19.5 21.7 16.4 11.6 14.2 7.6 11.0 30.8 24.2 11.0 14.3 17.5 35.8 18.8 5.0 6.9 5.6 6.5 18.3 17.5 12.2 13.9 10.5 9.7 15.3 16.9 18.5 16.9 13.7 3.9 9.0 14.7 14.7 17.8 10.9 6.6 12.2 25.4 16.6 15.4 11.1 15.6 22.3 11.8 19.3 14.9 10. C 21.4 28.4 12.6 11.4 8.8 4.6 7.0 3.0 5.9 1.9 7.9 4.2 8.5 4.2 2.4 5.3 6.9 1.9 9.7 8.3 3.0 2.7 9.3 4.9 5.9 7.5 5.5 6.6 ■3.7 9.9 4.9 11.6 7.9 1.2 2.0 7.9 2.4 1 9 1 8 .8 3.2 1.7 .8 1.5 .9 .8 1.0 2.2 .8 1.3 1.5 ^8 1.6 1.2 1.2 .6 2.1 3.4 2.9 1.5 3.4 1.6 9.8 2.0 4.6 5.4 2.4 4.6 1.1 6.6 10.5 2.5 5.2 1.6 .6 4.2 2.6 .7 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.8 ' "3.6 2.0 1.1 .7 1.6 12.2 1.6 .6 3.6 " i.6 3.7 3.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 310 OuB Boys Sijcteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Beginning Weekly Wage TABLE Na. 15-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 — (Concluded) CITIES $3 $6 $9 S12 $15 $18 $21 $24 $27 $30 or more Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys 4.9 3.5 18.6 13.9 14.3 7.2 12.4 21.6 25.6 18.1 23.1 25.3 12.7 11.6 14.6 13.9 14.0 20.9 17.7 14.9 11.6 13.9 20.2 17.3 23.2 20.2 6.4 15.7 9.0 12.9 13.9 8.9 14.4 9.5 10.3 6.8 8.3 8.9 5.8 6.4 3.1 5.6 4.8 9.5 1.8 4.6 3.1 2.8 2.1 .9 "i'.O 1.0 1.2 '"i;2 '"i'.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 Saratoga Springs . . . Tonawanda Watervliet 289 230 393 White Plains 457 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia TABLE No. 15-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Freeport. . . Hastings . . . Haverstraw. Hempstead . Herkimer. . . Hoosick Falls. Hudson Falls. Huntington. . . Ilion Johnson City . Lancaster. . . Lawrence Malone Mamaroneck. Massena .... Medina Newark No. Tarrytown. Nyack Ossining Owego Patchogue . . . Peekskill Penn Yan . . . Port Chester. Port Washington. . . Rockville Center . . . Saranac Lake Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown. Walden . . . Waterf ord . Waverly . . . Wells ville.. Whitehall. 20.3 2.1 2.6 4.0 20.2 3.0 4.4 6.1 6.5 9.3 12.6 6.1 .6 4.1 7.0 7.2 12.2 13.2 2.1 16.6 9.0 20.5 1.3 5.6 6.3 6.4 8.2 10.8 2.7 4.7 28.6 1.4 3.9 9.5 21.6 7.9 ■35.3 19.2 17.6 25.9 4.0 11.3 6.4 18.0 2.8 7.6 29.6 21.3 14. C 34.6 8.4 7.4 15.9 40.3 16.8 19.0 10.6 29.6 25.9 29.9 18.0 29.1 8.1 17.8 6.5 28.0 23.5 20.5 17.2 27.3 15.2 26.4 32.3 20.3 6.1 12.2 35.5 14.3 19.8 17.2 32.4 17.7 38.0 18.4 23.4 29.9 30.6 20.7 26.7 19.3 23.9 15.1 27.4 16.0 31.4 17.4 11.6 20.8 27.0 21.5 22.5 10.2 25.4 29.6 19.8 19.8 23.9 21.0 25.0 30.5 25.0 23.8 15.0 2.2 18.3 3.5 6.8 18.0 12.8 10.7 13.1 41.5 14.9 9.6 12.6 8.4 8.5 14.1 20.0 10.6 17.1 14.6 32.0 7.8 22.2 13.0 19.2 16.4 13.1 17.2 12.9 12.7 16.5 5.6 13.9 24.9 19.8 17.4 32.3 19.6 14.3 19.7 9.5 7.2 14.8 22.3 20.5 9.5 9.5 6.4 10.5 11.3 10.4 17.2 9.2 13.7 6.2 10.7 7.4 15.5 12.6 25.4 18.4 15.9 6.1 16.6 17.8 10.6 18.6 9.6 7.6 10.7 8.9 16.4 21.8 19.9 7.1 10.8 10.1 7.2 7.2 10.0 11.5 6.2 3.2 14.3 22.5 9.5 3.7 19.9 17.2 13.7 7.5 2.8 4.0 12.1 7.7 20.7 8.4 6.4 12.7 8.9 4.2 12.0 10.1 6.2 15.6 11.6 17.7 6.6 10.2 8.2 15.5 4.2 21.0 10.1 29.5 6.0 2.7 11.4 10.2 18.7 7.7 25.1 10.3 15.4 26.6 8.5 5.0 15.9 2.6 25.7 1.2 3.0 16.4 3.6 3.4 9.2 1 5.5 4.5 7 3.2 17.3 4.8 8.7 5 1.8 5.8 5.6 7.4 5.5 8.2 5.0 2.9 1.4 10.1 6.6 2.7 4.6 22.3 12.6 1.7 5.2 3.6 28.8 1.7 19.7 3.0 10. 4 3.6 4.3 2.5 2.4 5.2 8.5 7.2 3.9 1.2 5.1 2.5 5.6 6.3 2.6 2.7 1.6 2.3 5.9 2.6 5.9 3.1 6.4 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.3 '6.3 6.3 1.2 2.0 1.8 5.6 2.7 6.0 2.8 1.4 2.7 5.9 1.3 i'.S 2.0 5.3 '4!2 5.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Our Boys 311 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Present Weekly Wage TABLE No. 16-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES «3 $6 $9 $12 $15 $18 $21 $24 $27 $30 or more Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys 1.6 .7 .7 1.0 .9 1.3 1.8 2.6 .8 3.6 1.0 3.5 1.1 6.4 3.2 2.8 3.5 1.5 3.2 "s'.i 2.1 2.9 1.2 11.3 3.9 6.5 1.0 5.5 1.4 6.2 1.7 .2 .6 1.1 BLE 5.3 3.6 5.9 2.9 .9 1.0 1.1 3.0 2.4 6.0 6.3 4.6 2.5 4.8 2.2 1.6 1.3 .7 .8 .8 5.5 1.8 2.5 22.5 .8 1.7 2.9 5.0 3.1 7.2 15.1 4.8 15.2 6.7 6.5 10.2 9.5 14.1 14.0 7.4 19.2 15.9 7.1 12.5 6.4 15.6 8.6 19.0 6.9 7.6 14.4 11.4 No. 10.1 5.8 10.0 9.4 3.5 6.4 2.8 3.0 13.0 11.9 15.6 9.5 5.2 9.2 11.0 11.2 5.8 5.9 4.6 2.7 17.0 5.1 9.1 21.8 3.0 8.1 4.1 15.8 6.9 16.3 17.8 20.4 19.7 11.5 7.7 10.2 14.3 13.9 22.0 8.6 20.2 11.0 19.2 21.8 14.6 12.5 9.8 17.8 8.4 7.8 16.3 20.3 16-B 13.9 15.8 11.4 14.5 2.5 17.1 5.7 9.2 11.3 25.7 12.7 17.7 0.0 18.4 14.4 18.1 2.2 12.4 8.0 8.5 13.9 1.8 20.2 13.9 4.5 8.9 8.5 12.5 15.5 12.6 18.0 38.4 24.2 25.5 15.2 13.3 37.5 20.7 25.9 13.3 29.4 18.9 23.0 24.8 23.9 17.1 20.9 16.8 22.2 19.1 29.6 28.4 -CI 21.5 23.5 22.4 19.5 11.5 20.4 13.4 20.1 19.1 17.1 23.1 33.7 16.2 20.8 19.9 22.7 8.1 26.8 18.1 7.0 18.9 15.2 20.2 10.0 10.0 17.7 8.5 20.2 13.1 13.1 11.4 15.6 18.3 25.8 15.8 19.2 23.2 12.4 17.8 9.2 13.4 14.8 17.5 14.0 20.7 14.1 18.5 17.1 22.6 15.2 16.0 17.1 riES 12.3 18.7 22.4 27.3 20.6 25.7 20.7 24.0 24.6 19.7 16.1 16.2 14.8 10.5 21.7 25.9 11.8 22.9 17.7 22.5 16.6 25.4 15.7 11.3 12.5 19.3 15.5 18.9 20.4 12.0 9.8 10.4 12.6 10.4 17.3 15.2 6.8 13.5 9.0 13.6 7.5 14.0 12.7 6.0 14.4 14.7 19.5 12.0 17.3 15.1 12.1 9.9 UNI 12.9 11.1 14.1 11.0 20.6 17.7 12.9 18.1 15.7 7.7 16.1 8.6 21.1 16.0 14.3 9.8 14.1 19.5 21.9 20.6 8.2 21.2 12.4 4.8 23.2 22.5 11.7 13.3 8.7 10.4 8.1 2.6 4.2 8.4 16.8 15.5 3.0 9.4 5.3 20.1 5.6 7.9 8.1 5.3 10.3 9.0 11.3 4.6 9.4 15.9 6.6 6.0 )ER 15.5 11.1 4.6 5.9 14.2 8.4 13.1 11.8 8.5 6.8 4.5 3.9 12.0 9.2 11.6 3.5 16.8 9.8 15.9 18.2 7.0 17.5 4.7 6.1 18.6 8.1 16.7 6.6 5.6 9.3 3.6 2.2 1.6 3.2 18.3 3.0 3.9 1.9 1.3 8.6 ' '2.7 7.4 4.5 3.0 4.6 9.6 3.7 11.2 18.1 3.8 1.7 25,00 8.5 2.9 1.9 4.4 4.5 2.3 30.3 9.8 1.3 5.1 2.8 1.1 5.6 3.7 3.3 4.1 38.1 2.0 11.3 8.0 6.2 12.0 6.9 3.5 25.4 13.7 30.5 3.1 3.1 3.0 8.2 1.7 .7 4.0 8.9 ■'3'.4 1.8 12.7 2.6 "'4;6 4.8 5.5 "1.6 3.8 "i'.b 7.3 4.2 21.2 "i'.i 2.8 2.5 15.5 5.6 2.2 "i6!9 4.7 "5.8 "i'.h "i'.e 5.6 21.1 14.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 Amsterdam 810 1,829 Bingham ton Buffalo 1,356 11,257 Elmira 971 Jamestown Kingston Mt. Vernon 838 553 857 700 New Rochelle Niagara Falls 760 1,147 546 698 Rochester Schenectady Syracuse Troy .9 1.4 .4 1.2 .3 1.0 .6 .3 TA " .6 6,322 1,821 3,874 1,658 2,241 Watertown 669 2,241 New York 124,796 Batavia Beacon 268 271 119 Cohoes .9 .5 1.0 561 322 Cortland Dunkirk 236 414 Fulton 1.0 262 252 252 Glens Falls 322 Gloversville 2.2 1.1 1.8 1.6 .9 1.8 536 319 Hudson Ithaca 247 243 242 Lackawanna Little Falls 412 282 1.7 .8 2.0 "2!5 6.1 .3 422 Mechanicville Middletown No. Tonawanda .... Norwich Ogdensburg 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 Port Jervis Rensselaer 2.5 1.5 211 209 312 Ohr Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Present Weekly Wage TABLE No. 16-B— CITIES UNDER 25,000— (Concluded) CITIES S3 $6 $9 $12 «15 S18 $21 $24 $27 $30 or more Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys .7 1.3 2.4 12.2 1.6 5.1 4.0 2.5 ■i7!4 3.5 8.5 11.2 6.3 7.8 12.2 6.6 15.3 14.4 15.1 12.4 19.0 12.1 13.2 18.8 21.6 17.2 13.9 17.7 20.0 14.4 16.5 9.8 12.2 18.2 13.8 20.8 21.8 20.5 2.8 19.5 8.2 10.8 14.2 29.9 2.2 20.8 6.0 4.4 '"6.4 "'s'.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 Saratoga Springs . . . 1.7 289 230 Watervliet 1.4 1.2 393 White Plains 467 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia TABLE No. 16-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Freeport. . . Hastings. . . Haverstraw. Hempstead . Herkimer . . . Hoosick Falls . Hudson Falls . Huntington . . . Ilion Johnson City . Lancaster. . . LawTence. . . . ■Malone Maniaroneck . Massena Medina Newark No. Tarrytown. Nyack Ossining Owego Patchogue. . . Peekskill Penn Yan . . . Port Chester . Port Washington. Rockville Center . Saranac Lake. . . . Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown . Walden ... Waterf ord . , Waverly . . . Wells ville.. 2.1 1.8 4.4 1.3 1.7 1.7 4.7 .9 4.3 Whitehall. 5.9 3.5 1.2 2.2 1.6 7.9 1.8 3.4 6.1 1.2 2 3.4 3.6 1.7 1.7 8.5 5.0 1.3 10.5 4.4 1.2 4.3 1.8 4.0 6.9 13.5 1.5 2.9 3.8 3.5 3.4 12.4 24.3 1.2 1.3 1.6 16.4 18.2 7.4 20.8 3.3 9.4 4.4 10.0 1.9 3 1.7 12.2 15.9 12.0 7.3 9.5 6.1 16.8 11.5 18.2 25.0 15.0 9.7 8.1 11.9 9.1 16.1 11.5 10.1 4.9 12.3 15 9.4 5.4 5.9 5.0 15.7 13.2 5.8 13.5 2.8 17.4 10.0 8.4 15.8 6.1 20.2 12.5 11.8 6.3 12.9 4.7 19.6 15.1 25.0 12.5 8.4 8.8 9.0 32.5 11.7 15.0 21.4 8.1 27.4 10.9 24.6 15.1 17.7 24.2 1.2 12.3 15.3 26.2 3.6 8.2 10.3 15.7 14.6 5.8 29.4 11.3 24.8 16.8 25.4 13.5 20<6 22. rs 15.7 23.9 20.0 20.4 10.7 17.2 14.4 17.0 9.4 35.5 24.1 18.5 18.3 20.0 5.0 24.7 21.8 12.0 25.9 20.6 19.8 15.5 38.2 8.5 23.8 29.7 21.7 16.4 18.3 6.8 22.2 18.6 9.6 26.6 6.5 14.3 18.2 18.4 15.8 24.9 33.5 44.3 18.3 26.5 21.6 17.5 17.2 19.6 22.0 25.8 19.0 28.4 13.0 10.6 14.9 25.0 11.8 14.7 19.8 21.3 27.2 17.9 19.7 12.9 30.5 9.6 14.2 20.6 12.7 23.9 34.4 22.2 5.9 2.1 14.6 3.5 3.5 17.8 14.2 44.4 15.3 5.5 2.2 3.2 19.8 24.6 31.8 8.0 5.9 1.7 3.6 14.1 7.2 1.8 10.1 16.4 10.4 1.4 4.4 18.3 6.1 3.6 22.8 11.5 8.9 .7 2.9 5.4 2.9 8.6 6.4 3.4 15.5 6.3 2.6 6.3 14.6 12.1 18.6 22.2 10.6 7.0 19.7 13.7 28.6 12.2 12.2 4.7 10.7 6.2 4.8 4.8 8.0 8.0 2.0 21.7 • 8.3 3.2 10.5 15.5 8.4 3.7 21.3 6.1 3.3 33.3 5.1 4.3 8.2 2.7 1.6 2.6 26.5 5.3 3.4 5.0 15.0 10.0 6.5 7.6 2.2 6.4 22.2 18.5 2.9 19.8 4.3 14.5 9.3 4.4 6.5 4.0 4.0 12.4 8.7 3.1 9 4 7.4 2.9 5.9 4.3 19.5 20.7 14.7 26.7 15.3 2.9 4.0 4.0 11.8 9.4 3.7 3.7 27.3 16.4 18.2 18.3 12.6 9.3 8.6 9.4 20.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 OuK Boys 313 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Who Helped Them Get Their Jobs TABLE No. 17-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Friend Adver- tise- ment School Church Employ- ment bureau Applied Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Albany 28.1 25.4 32.2 32.5 9.9 26.8 30.5 22.6 23.0 27.9 22.9 18.2 30.7 24.6 26.9 25.9 30.7 28.4 25.6 22.2 16.4 27.9 .7 '"".7 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 1.5 .3 '"".8 A .1 .4 .1 1.2 .1 5.7 1.7 .8 .4 .4 .6 .3 1.0 .7 1.2 .3 2 '.2 .2 .2 2.0 2 2 ^6 -.1 1.8 " ". i '"".2 .3 .1 2 .2 .6 .4 1.5 1.7 .1 .3 .1 ■"i;7 "'l!3 .3 .4 '.i 2 1.7 68.9 73.4 65.2 65.3 89.3 72.5 68. 3 76.5 72.6 71.5 76.9 81.5 68.1 75.0 69.1 73.4 68.1 70.9 72.7 77.2 83.5 62.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 ' 2,542 Amsterdam ;«. 810 Auburn 829 Binghamton ' 1,356 Buffalo 1 1 , 257 Elmira 971 Jamestown 838 Kingston 553 Mt. Vernon 857 Newburgh 700 New Rochelle Niagara Falls Oswego 760 1,147 546 698 Rochester 6,322 Schenectady Syracuse T^Dy 1,821 3,874 1 , 658 Utica 2,241 Waterto-.vn Yonkers New \ ork 669 2,241 124,795 TABLE No. 17-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua. Colioes . \ . . . . Corning Cortland . . Dunkirk . . . EHilton Geneva Glen Cove. Glens Falls . Gloversville. Hovnell Hudson .... Ithaca Johnstown. . . . Lackawanna. . Little Falls . . . Lockport Mechanicville. Middletown No. Tonawanda. Norwich Ogdensburg Olean Oneida. . . . Oneonta. . . Plattsburg . Port Jervis. Rensselaer. 22.9 .5 76.6 100.0 20.5 .6 78.9 100.0 32.9 67.1 100.0 22.5 2 3 .2 76.9 100,0 19.7 1.0 .3 79.0 100,0 23.3 .7 76,0 100.0 18.9 .2 .5 80.4 100.0 16.7 1.0 .5 81. 8 100.0 30.6 69.4 100.0 19.7 .9 79.4 100.0 34.8 .5 .5 .5 63.7 100.0 26.6 1.0 72.4 100.0 26.1 73.9 100.0 23.2 76.8 100.0 33.8 .6 65.6 100.0 25.5 .6 73.9 100.0 19.5 .4 .4 79.7 100.0 31.4 .7 67.9 100.0 18.0 .4 .4 81.2 100.0 22.3 .5 1.0 76.2 100.0 27.0 1.1 .8 71.1 100.0 18.2 o .i 81.5 100.0 39.5 1.1 59.4 100.0 28.2 .7 71.1 100,0 19.5 .3 .5 .3 79.4 100.0 23.2 .8 76.0 100.0 33.2 .6 1.2 65.0 100.0 36.5 63.5 100.0 21.0 79.0 100.0 27.3 .5 72.2 100.0 [ 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 314 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Who Helped Them Get Their Jobs TABLE No. 17-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 — (Concluded) CITIES Friend Adver- tise- ment School Church Employ- ment bureau Applied Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boy a 26.5 34.6 28.2 22.8 36.8 19.6 .2 .7 '""a A .8 " ' i '. 2 "'i'.2 72.5 64.7 70.6 77.2 61.6 80.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 Saratoga Springs 289 230 393 White Plains 457 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia TABLE No. 17-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Freeport. . . . Hastings. . . Haverstraw. Hempstead . Herkimer. . . Hoosick Falls . Hudson Falls. Huntington. . . Ilion Johnson City. Lancaster Lawrence Malone Mamaroneck. , Massena Medina Newark No. Tarry town. Nyack Ossining Owego Patchogue . . . Peekskill Penn Yan . . . Port Chester. Port Washington . Rockville Center . Saranac Lake . . . . Seneca Falls Solvay Tarry town. Walden Waterf ord . Waverly. . . Wellsviile. . Whitehall. 12.9 87.1 100.0 43.0 1.4 1.4 54.2 100.0 23.8 .9 75.3 100.0 37.4 .5 62.1 100.0 20.5 79.5 100.0 37.9 1.1 61.0 100.0 45.3 1.3 63.4 100.0 35.0 1.0 6.0 68.0 100.0 22.0 78.0 100.0 34.4 .5 65.1 100.0 29.2 1.3 69.5 100.0 31.6 68.4 100.0 26.7 .9 .9 .9 70.6 100.0 29.4 .4 .4 69.8 100.0 27.9 72.1 100.0 37.3 62.7 100.0 20.0 2.5 77.5 100.0 25.3 .7 74.0 100.0 37.0 1.0 62.0 100.0 11.2 88.8 100.0 8.2 91.8 100.0 30.6 69.4 100.0 12.5 87.5 100.0 40.7 i.i 1.1 57.1 100.0 15.1 84.9 100.0 45.0 55.0 100.0 15.9 84.1 100.0 21.7 78.3 100.0 7.7 92.3 100.0 14.0 .3 85.7 100.0 14.1 85.9 100.0 44.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 50.1 100.0 18.3 81.7 100.0 33.8 66.2 100.0 42.7 57.3 100.0 17.2 82.8 100.0 41.1 48.9 100.0 23.6 1.1 75.3 100.0 34.5 65.5 100.0 15.7 1.1 83.2 100.0 37.1 62.9 100.0 OuE Boys 315 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Number of Jobs Held TABLE No. 18-A — CITIES OVER 25.000 CITIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys 23.7 14.6 21.1 22.5 19.4 26.0 16.8 23.3 27.4 19.5 31.9 18.0 21.2 22.8 20.5 28.1 18.8 22.7 19.2 24.6 23.0 23.6 29.4 26.4 27.5 30.1 25.3 30.6 20.7 28.2 30.8 28.2 29.9 27.0 28.1 26.8 24.4 34.9 26.5 27.9 28.6 13.8 27.6 25.7 22.0 26.4 22.5 26.0 23.1 22.0 26.2 24.4 24.6 23.7 17.1 22.9 25.2 25.4 24.5 17.5 22.5 23.9 22.7 26.8 22.3 22.8 10.3 15.0 12.7 9.6 13.0 10.4 14.3 13.5 7.1 13.2 8.9 13.7 11.3 10.7 14.0 7.6 11.6 10.7 13.0 17.8 10.0 12.1 4.6 6.7 7.6 5.8 7.0 4.9 8.9 4.7 4.9 5.7 5.0 6.5 5.8 3.7 7.7 2.9 5.4 6.0 7.4 6.4 6.1 6.4 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.7 4.1 2.1 3.6 2.7 2.4 2.6 3.3 3.4 3.6 4.2 2.9 3.1 4.2 3.0 2.6 4.8 4.4 3.3 1.4 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.3 .8 2.6 1.2 .8 1.7 1.6 1.3 .8 1.7 1.5 1.4 2.4 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 .3 1.7 .7 2.1 1.0 "2!3 .4 1.8 .4 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.2 .8 .4 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.7 .5 .3 4.1 .4 4.8 "".3 .5 1.9 5.4 3.6 1.1 .5 1.3 7.0 .8 4.0 3.8 3.1 1.2 2.8 2.1 2.1 0.3 2.1 1.7 2.6 "i!8 2.4 1.8 "2'.7 2.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 810 829 Binghamton Buffalo 1.356 11,257 F.lmirft. , 971 838 Kingston 553 867 Newburgh 700 New Rochelle Niagara Falls 760 1,147 546 Poughkeepsie 698 6,322 Schenectady Syracuse 1,821 3,874 Troy 1.658 Utica 2.241 669 2.241 New York 124.795 TABLE No. 18-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua Cohoes Corning Cortland Dunkirk Fulton Geneva Glen Cove Glens Falls Gloversville Hornell Hudson Ithaca Johnstown Lackawanna. . . . Little Falls Lockport Mechanicville. . Middletown . . . , No. Tonawanda Norwich Ogdensburg Olean Oneida Oneonta Plattsburg Port Jervis .... Rensselaer 18.4 28.7 25.3 13,0 5.9 20.9 29.4 20.4 14.3 6.0 23.6 20.8 29.0 9.6 4,2 15.0 27.9 26.0 14.3 7.0 39.0 36.3 15.3 5.3 1.3 18.9 24.3 31.6 8.9 6.2 27.4 29.3 20.2 10.7 5.0 17.5 24.8 18.9 16.0 8.1 29.3 34.2 22.4 7.5 4.1 32.6 24.3 21.8 8.1 2.9 22.9 28,8 16.6 13.7 7.9 19.1 27.0 25.8 11.8 7.5 30.5 34.5 20.9 6.5 4.7 21.7 29.7 29.1 10.2 2.1 23.1 30.9 27.0 10.7 3.5 18.8 27.1 22.6 11.0 7.3 25.3 35.3 16.3 10.0 5.7 20.7 27.2 20. & 16.3 6.5 17.9 27.9 25,4 10.3 6.6 23.0 34.5 20.6 8.5 7.1 15.7 32.4 23.5 11.1 6.5 17.8 25.8 25.8 10.4 8.8 29.6 33.0 18.7 6.6 4.4 21.8 24.5 19.9 10.6 7.4 20.2 29.8 28.1 13.8 3.4 25.2 26.0 21.2 16.4 4.0 23.3 33.8 19.4 7.7 5.1 14.3 31.4 21.2 14.3 7.3 30.4 29.7 24.2 5.7 4.4 31.8 27.2 22.7 10.5 4.2 2.7 .6 1.1 4.3 2,0 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.2 1.6 2.8 4.2 3.4 1.9 .9 .4 3.2 1.5 1.3 1.5 2.9 .9 4.8 3.2 1.3 .2 2.7 6.2 1.2 2.7 4.6 2.5 3.7 3.7 2.9 4.4 1.5 2.7 1.5 3.3 1.8 1.2 .7 1.8 .7 1.5 .7 2,1 1.5 1.5 2.1 3.5 1.3 .8 2.1 4.8 3.4 2.1 3.0 .7 1.2 2.5 2.0 2.6 1.3 2.6 3,2 2.7 1.5 4.5 3.7 1.3 1.3 4.1 3.5 1.6 1.6 3.5 1.3 .4 6.2 4.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 4.1 4.1 2.8 4.8 1.9 1.4 .9 .5 .1.6 .8 4.8 5.7 1.9 .6 2.5 2.3 3.5 1.7 2.3 1.7 1.2 .6 1.2 .6 2.0 .9 1 .9 .9 .9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 316 Ode, Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Eni'ployed Bays Number of Jobs Held TABLE No. 18-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 — (Concluded) Popu- Total lation CITIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ per cent of em- ployed boys Home 20.8 30.1 25.3 11.3 7.1 2.7 .3 .9 1.5 100.0 528 Salamanca, 22.9 36.7 21.4 7.4 6.7 1.4 1.4 .7 1.4 100.0 189 Saratoga Springs .... 27.4 26.7 19.7 12.8 3.6 4.2 1.3 1.3 3.0 100.0 289 Tonawanda 16.0 29.1 23.4 14.8 6.2 6.2 1.8 2.5 100.0 230 Watervliet 24.4 32.5 24.4 5.8 4.8 3.9 1.3 1.0 1.9 100.0 393 White Plains 30.8 26.3 19.5 10.7 4.7 2.7 2.3 2.3 .7 100.0 457 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia TABLE No. IS-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Freeport. . . Hastings . . . Havers traw. Hempstead . Herkimer. . . Hoosick Falls . Hudson Falls . Hiontington. . . nion Johnson City . Lancaster . . . Lawrence. . . . Malone Mamaroneck. Massena .... Medina Newark No. Tarry town. Nyack Ossining Owego Patchogue. . . Peekskill Penn Yan . . . Port Chester. Port Washington. Rockville Center . Saranac Lake. . . . Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown . Walden . . . Waterf ord . Waverlv . . . Wellsville. . 33.1 16.9 23.4 18.9 25.8 20.2 22.1 19.4 33.1 34.0 34.5 17.6 19.3 21.7 26.5 36.9 22.1 20.0 32.0 26.6 18.3 27.4 35.4 21.4 41.9 15.0 22.4 22.1 25.8 16.1 25.4 37.2 20.1 26.9 21.6 19.7 24.1 23.1 25.0 22.5 29.9 19.6 26.2 26.8 23.2 13.3 35.0 23.7 35.4 12.9 32.9 17.4 29.4 19.1 21.0 31.0 24.0 19.1 36.4 21.1 18.8 21.2 15.3 23.7 18.0 20.8 30.4 26.0 20.5 28.0 22.5 21.5 27.6 33.9 24.0 35.0 20.0 5.0 22.9 23.0 17.7 31.1 31.9 18.9 26.9 19.3 26.9 22.7 33.6 23.7 27.8 26.6 24.0 28.1 29.9 20.6 25.2 22.2 18.1 18.5 18.5 26.7 17.1 36.6 20.7 45.6 22.8 14.6 20.8 35.3 14.2 24,0 24.0 21.8 22.1 27.6 18.4 23.8 29.4 26.1 27.6 29.4 22.5 7.3 4.0 7.3 4.0 4.0 7.7 9.1 6.3 6.3 2.1 3.6 12.0 2.9 3.8 1.0 1.0 4.7 6.8 3.1 1.1 1.1 .7 1.1 6.0 10.8 1.2 1.2 13.3 9.4 1.1 6.4 1.0 1.0 2.1 ^'>. 8 7.3 3.3 3.0 3.3 5.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 10.1 2.7 9.1 5.2 3.8 2.7 5.4 11.8 2.1 3.8 4 5.3 9.5 6.7 3.4 "i^s 1.3 2.4 11,5 1.3 2.4 8,5 5.7 5.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.9 10,6 8.3 2.9 2.9 1.8 1.1 .4 14.5 5.8 2.3 .6 .6 8.1 10.3 3.6 2.0 1.2 2.8 10 4 2.8 5.4 2.8 10.0 2.8 3.1 7,8 3.1 4.7 7.0 12.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 6.8 2.6 3.8 3.8 1.6 4.8 20.0 6.9 8.2 2.4 8.2 18.0 11.1 3.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 1.8 10,4 .9 2.6 14,7 3.7 1.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 7.2 4.1 .8 .8 1.6 5 20.0 7.0 5.0 2.7 10.0 8.0 "8.6 8 2.7 10 1 2.5 1.3 .8 2.i 1.3 19 3 3.8 4.9 3.8 10.4 1.9 .6 .6 1.6 9 9 4.7 2.1 3.5 3.9 3.5 9.5 2.0 3.9 9.9 "9.7 7.3 7.9 2.8 4.9 8.8 7.9 7.0 16 8 6.1 6.1 1.2 8.6 2.8 6.3 8.2 2.8 3.0 3.7 2.8 15 2 5.2 4.8 7.0 3.7 1.4 1.4 14,8 3.8 7.5 3.8 2.0 8.2 5.7 6.1 3.4 5.1 3.4 1.6 4.3 3.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Our Boys 317 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys The Length of Time on Present Job TABLE No. 19-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES 3 mos. G mos. 8 mos. 12 mos. 15 mos. 18 mos. 21 mos. 2 yrs. 3 yrs. 4 yrs. 5 yrs. or more Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Albany Amsterdam . . . Auburn 30.4 33.1 40.0 34.5 40.6 40.6 50.9 22.5 40.4 38.9 40.8 47.8 35.1 37.2 35.6 26.6 39.0 41.0 40.0 53.6 48.6 39.0 23.5 18.7 18.7 23.6 21.1 21.1 20.4 25.8 22.0 31.1 19.5 18.2 21.6 21.1 21.3 24.8 23.1 17.1 21.5 22.2 22.5 17.6 10.6 10.1 8.8 10.0 5.9 5.8 3.1 13.1 9.9 10.1 7.4 2.1 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.9 8.2 9.9 6.4 5.0 8.0 9,8 12.3 11.4 9.0 9.0 8.8 5.2 14.4 9.7 4.1 10.7 8.1 12.1 9.1 9.5 12.5 8.6 10.0 9.4 5.8 9.0 10.4 4.8 3.1 4.0 2.6 8.6 8.4 5.4 5.0 2.7 1.6 2.5 8.1 1.9 2.7 3.9 5.2 2.2 4.0 1.9 1.2 4.0 3.4 5.1 5.3 5.7 7.3 10.7 10.6 7.2 6.8 5.2 4.8 16.6 8.9 6.4 5.0 5.2 7.8 6.0 5.0 5.5 4.0 10.5 6.6 1.3 .8 .8 1.1 7.5 9.7 8.3 7.3 4.5 5.3 2.3 2.5 3.3 3.1 1.0 4.1 2.2 2.5 1.7 1.6 .8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 2,542 810 829 Binghamton. . . Buffalo 1.1 1.8 ' 'i!8 1.0 .8 1.6 " ".3 .5 2.5 1.1 1.0 .8 .5 1,356 11 257 Elmira 971 Jamestown. . . . Kingston Mt. Vernon. . . Newburgh .... New Rochelle . 1.4 " ".2 .5 4.4 6.5 7.4 4.1 838 553 857 700 760 Niagara Falls.. Oswego Poughkeepsie. . Kochester Schenectady.. . S.yracuae 1.1 .7 .9 1.3 1.1 .2 1.2 "".2 1.7 10.0 7.5 9.1 6.4 9.3 8.2 8.3 3.8 2.9 2.1 3.7 3.8 4.2 1.7 3.6 3.0 2.8 .2 3.2 "l.3 2.9 .5 2.0 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 3,874 Troy .9 .5 .8 1 658 2 241 Watertown 669 Yonkers 1.0 .2 .5 2 241 New York .7 9.5 124,795 TABLE No. 19-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua. . Cohoes Corning Cortland Dunkirk Fulton Geneva Glen Cove .... Glens Falls. . . . Gloversville . . . Hornell Hudson ". . Ithaca Johnstown .... Lackawanna. . . Little Falls.... Lockport Mechanicville . Middletown. . . No.Tonawanda Norwich Ogdensburg . . . Olean Oneida Oneonta Plattsburg .... Port Jervis. . . . Rensselaer .... 48.1 35.4 33.4 37.4 34.4 40.2 46.3 42.9 37.8 25.3 26.5 36.8 31.5 40.2 44.6 40.5 38.8 34.7 54.1 46.3 43.2 47.8 36.8 46.8 49.2 39.2 38.7 38.0 46.9 44.3 21.3 19.9 18.2 19.5 17.4 19.0 17.7 22.8 19.8 15.0 25.4' 20.8 19.3 25.6 20.1 20.2 24.3 26.7 16.8 16.0 19.5 21.2 12.6 16.8 15.2 24.8 20.6 31.6 17.9 10.6 4.8 11.0 10.0 7.9 9.3 9.7 2.5 7.6 8.5 11.6 19.0 7.7 10.3 8.5 6.5 8.5 3.2 17.0 5.6 2.2 8.0 9.9 5.8 5.6 6.9 7.4 8.6 12.7 10.2 12.8 13.0 12.6 11.6 8.5 13.2 8.5 10.9 12.6 4.3 10.2 7.4 13.0 13.1 6.7 13.1 8.1 8.9 11.4 9.2 13.4 8.0 15.3 5.8 2.5 1.8 2.5 2.6 8.7 1.8 1.6 4.7 3.9 4.1 4.9 1.1 3.7 1.6 10.8 4.2 8.0 1.5 io^g 2.9 3.3 9 n 2.1 • 6.4 1.4 1 5 6.4 .9 7.5 5.9 1.8 10.0 3.1 3.1 6.V .4 8.8 4.8 1.4 .4 6.0 10.6 5.6 1.3 3 7 1.0 1.7 11.7 2.0 1.7 2 7.7 .6 2.8 1.2 7.2 .7 .7 .7 8.9 9.4 3.7 .6 1.2 7.2 14.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 6.2 4.5 3.3 2.7 6.4 .6 7.3 2.7 2.7 5.2 2.1 10.3 3.0 .8 2.3 1.7 8.4 3.7 4.2 4.2 .8 4.8 3.7 1.4 7.4 7.4 6.0 2.8 6 1 3.0 5.9 6.5 7.2 .7 8.0 2.5 .7 2.5 1.1 5 8 1.2 9.2 4.2 2.8 3.8 5.7 1.6 7.6 .9 1.5 .9 4.8 7.0 4.8 2.6 1.5 8.2 7.6 3.7 2.4 112 .4 ■■2;5 9.6 6.3 2.7 4.0 .7 3.3 1.9 3.8 4.8 9.2 4 6 9.2 10.5 13.2 5.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 26S 271 116 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 24^ 243 205 211 209 318 OuK Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys The Length op Time on Present Job TABLE No. 19-B — CITIES UNDER 2b, Qm — {Concluded) 5 or more Popu- CITIES 3 mos. 6 mos. 9 mos. 12 mos. 15 mos. 18 mos. 21 mos. 2 yrs. 3 yrs. 4 yrs. Total per cent lation of em- ployed boys Rome 36.5 20.4 13.3 11.2 1.8 4.5 .7 8.3 1.8 1.5 100.0 528 45.1 50.5 18.4 10.5 1.1 4.1 8.4 11.6 7.1 11.8 5.2 3.7 ii'.b 4.4 4.1 100.0 100.0 189 Saratoga Spgs . 289 Tonawanda . . . 43.2 19.7 1.8 9.9 9.9 8.6 i.8 3.1 1.0 1.0 100.0 230 Watervhet. . . . 41.2 16.1 9.2 9.8 1.6 5.4 10.0 5.7 i.6 100.0 393 White Plains. . 43.3 25.3 6.4 7.3 2.8 10.5 2.0 2.4 100.0 457 VILLAGES TABLE No. 19-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 46.1 56.6 42.6 41.2 53.3 43.9 48.2 34.0 28.1 37.3 44.0 53.6 36.4 40.3 39.5 34.6 38.2 39.1 53.9 65.0 61.0 46.7 46.4 51.2 43.6 55.0 33.5 38.2 36.2 36.8 28.3 35.9 50.9 41.8 30.5 20.4 35.4 47.7 62.8 64.6 53.0 20.1 10.6 30.7 18.3 26.7 16.5 15.2 23.8 13.3 22.8 6.7 17.9 19.3 26.6 21.5 28.7 20.7 15.1 12.9 13.1 8.6 13.3 21.4 13.9 25.2 15.0 28.2 26.0 20.8 27.8 15.4 17.3 7.9 17.8 26.9 14.7 22.0 18.5 25.4 15.1 20.2 5.0 3.0 5.6 1.4 5.9 4.3 5.1 6.1 13.7 "'5.& 13.4 10.9 8.2 3.3 13.1 13.6 3.9 2.8 3.9 6.5 5.8 3.6 6.0 "s^o 6.4 9.2 4.0 6.4 11.7 9.8 10.7 14.6 11.8 7.6 3.9 3.6 3.8 2.8 13.7 10.6 11.4 14.1 8.6 9.1 9.8 15.4 25.7 12.0 13.3 7.6 12.5 10.6 12.8 7.8 3.1 6.9 5.9 11.1 12.2 9.2 5.0 12.9 6.0 10.0 4.7 8.9 16.9 4.9 16.4 15.4 5.8 7.9 8.5 14.7 8.7 7.2 3.6 12.9 11.4 4.1 2.7 5.0 "2'.8 2.2 '"2'.9 10.7 1.5 3.3 2.9 4.1 12.2 3.1 3.8 2.8 "2'.2 1.9 1.1 3.5 "5!7 2.9 20.1 6.0 4.1 2.7 3.7 3.8 6.7 8.8 3.6 2.9 ■■2!6 1.5 2.9 1.7 7.8 6.6 6.9 6.9 7.0 18.1 3.7 14.3 8.1 15.7 10.0 8.0 16.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 165 Catskill Depew Endicott 7.8 2.2 4.1 1.9 2.2 96 148 12.2 1.3 "i'.i 164 95 Freeport 1.7 17.3 12.2 12.5 9.7 23.2 3.3 4.0 8.7 7.9 3.6 9.3 .9 10.6 6.1 6.9 5.0 6.9 1.5 1.0 204 165 120 Hempstead. . . . Herkimer Hoosick Falls. . 140 1.6 "2'.6 3.3 2.2 2.9 4.7 5.6 5.4 2.9 6.0 6.2 5.0 1.9 2.3 2.9 2.7 1.3 24S 120 108 Huntington . . . 2.4 62 21S Johnson City. . 153 134 28 Malone Mamaroneek. . 3.1 3.9 163 153 111 128 13.4 136 No. Tarrytown Nyack 3.3 90 7.0 72 217 Owego Patchogue .... Peekskill Penn Yan Port Chester. . Port Washing- 10.0 5.7 72 4.7 1.5 1.2 107 292 16.9 14.1 4.3 5.8 8.0 4.9 72 3.0 3.9 4.3 20.5 11.6 4.3 .6 3.9 2.5 .9 .6 .9 388 56 Rockville Ctr. Saranao Lake.. Seneca Falls. . . Solvay Tarrytown. . . . Walden Waterford Waverl/ Wellsville Whitehall 4.3 14.0 "2;4 3.3 8.7 3.9 5.5 1.5 137 5.8 2.2 100 3.6 6.1 3.3 1.9 1.6 ' 'i!5 8.6 6.1 31.8 3.0 9.5 5.5 10.6 4.5 147 157 85 9.8 6.1 3.6 3.0 1.6 144 68 115 73 8.1 118 Our Boys 319 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Why Boys Liked Their Jobs table no. 20-a — cities over 25,000 Popu- Learn Good Ad- Inter- esting Mis- Don't Total lation CITIES a Easy Clean vance- cella- like per of em- trade ment neous it cent ployed boys Albany 6.5 10.9 1.4 10.8 12.9 39.1 8.0 10.4 100.0 2,542 Amsterdam .... 3.8 22.4 4.4 12.2 5.6 19.2 19.8 12.6 100.0 810 Auburn 6.8 11.4 1.9 14.7 7.3 18.5 28.2 11.2 100.0 829 Binghamton . . . 3.6 15.5 2.9 17.3 4.7 13.1 31.2 11.7 100.0 1,356 Buffalo 5.0 34.8 1.3 9.1 11.5 25.3 1.4 11.6 100.0 11,257 Elmira 6.0 7.6 2.8 9.1 4.2 11.6 46.0 12.7 100.0 971 Jamestown .... 1.8 17.8 13.7 4.7 5.4 41.3 3.0 12.3 100.0 838 Kingston 5.5 16.2 .5 17.1 4.2 35.5 9.9 11.1 100.0 553 Mt. Vernon 9.4 25.5 2.3 8.2 13.9 26.9 .4 13.4 100.0 857 Newburgh 7.7 10.3 1.4 26.3 6.9 35.6 2.9 8.9 100.0 700 New Rochelle. . .5 20.3 .2 4.3 15.7 43.8 4.3 10.9 100.0 760 Niagara Falls . . 6.1 30.2 .6 12.9 10.8 26.5 1.0 11.9 100.0 1,147 Oswego 10.4 18.6 1.7 23.6 34.6 1.4 9.7 100.0 646 Poughkeepsie . . 17.6 20.3 .7 9.5 6.2 36.3 1.9 7.5 100.0 698 Rochester 8.3 9.9 2.5 9.0 8.1 24.5 29.6 8.1 100.0 6,322 Schenectady . . . 6.5 9.7 .6 7.8 9.5 48.2 2.3 14.9 100.0 1,821 Syracuse 14.8 13.2 4.2 18.6 42.4 .4 6.4 100.0 3,874 Troy 6.3 12.7 7.2 16.7 15.1 26.2 2.0 1.6 3.4 18.8 20.5 16.0 9.8 .1 40.4 11.9 43.1 26.8 .6 .2 7.7 6.3 6.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,658 Utica 2,241 Watertown .... 669 Yonkers 1.0 25.3 1.4 9.6 15.5 30.3 .6 16.3 100.0 2,241 New York 7.0 20.2 1.3 6.7 19.7 26.8 7.3 11.0 100.0 124,795 TABLE Batavia Beacon Canandaigua. . Cohoes Corning Cortland Dunkirk Fulton Geneva Glen Cove. . . . Glens Falls . . . Gloversville . . . Hornell Hudson Ithaca JohiLstown .... Lackawanna. . Little Falls . . . Lockport Meohanicville. Middletown. . . No. Tonawanda Norwich Ogdensburg. . . Olean Oneida Oneonta. . . . Plattsburg. , Port Jervis . Rensselaer. CITIES UNDER 25,000 43.4 30.1 13.7 9.5 1.0 20.0 31.5 30.2 10.3 23.4 37.3 30.9 29.4 12.9 19.7 47.4 28.2 19.4 34.8 47.2 38.2 42.1 27.4 32.4 2.9 10.6 17.0 23.1 36.6 47.1 33.6 35.0 42.3 8.0 31.4 7.4 24.7 14.5 10.0 6.8 9.5 15.0 14.7 7.8 14.6 2.6 27.3 11.6 11.1 9.0 11.6 10.0 9.1 4.6 9.7 11.6 12.5 8.8 9.9 19.6 7.7 5.6 14.4 10.1 8.7 9.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 320' Our Bots Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Why Boys Liked Their Jobs TABLE No. 20-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 — {Concluded) CITIES Learn a trade Easy Clean Good wages Ad- vance- ment Inter- esting Mis- cella- neous Don't like it Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys Rome Salamanca Saratoga Spgs. . Tonawanda. . . . Watervliet White Plains... 12.2 6.0 3.5 3.7 9.7 14.6 22.0 5.8 22.8 8.6 33.2 .8 2.7 6.4 'is'.s 2.0 28.7 16.7 1.2 9.3 11.2 "8'.7 6.9 6.2 2.7 8.4 38.1 36.6 11.6 43.8 21.2 30.8 "52.5 1.2 31.4 2.4 7.6 7.3 12.1 13.0 8.1 12.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 -289 230 393 457 VILLAGES Albion . Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia Freeport Hastings Haverstraw . . . . Hempstead . . . . Herkimer Hoosick Falls . . Hudson Falls. . Huntington . . . . Ilion Johnson City . . Lancaster Lawrence Malone Mamaroneok. . . Massena Medina Newark No. Tarry town. Nyack Ossining Owego Patchogue Peeksldll Penn Yan .... Port Chester. . Port Washing ton Rockville Ctr. Saranac Lake. Seneca Falls . . Solvay Tarry town .... Walden Waterford. . . . Waver ly Wellsville Whitehall TABLE No. 20-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 3.2 51.6 3.2 6.5 12.9 22.6 100.0 4.2 11.1 12.5 4.2 6.9 48.6 12.5 100.0 5.5 34.9 32.1 1.8 17.4 8.3 100.0 1.9 8.9 3.3 24.2 4.7 12.6 31.3 13.1 100.0 2.4 43.4 30.1 1.2 16.9 6.0 100.0 1.1 11.6 6.3 21.1 32.6 14.7 12.6 100.0 1.3 17.8 1.4 2.8 17.8 27,4 20.5 11.0 100.0 1.0 28.0 22.0 9.0 10.0 18.0 12.0 100.0 .53.7 2.4 2.4 12.2 29.3 100.0 7.0 22.0 2.7 25.8 33.3 .5 8.7 100.0 6.7 13.3 32.0 1.3 5.3 5.3 28.0 8.1 100.0 6.0 7.1 34.7 8.2 11.2 16.4 16.4 100.0 10.1 37.6 1.9 7.3 8.3 21.1 1.8 11.9 100.0 4.4 16.7 3.3 24.2 41.6 9.8 100.0 6.4 12.8 1.2 31.9 41.3 6.4 100.0 4.5 21.6 1.5 15.7 7.5 44.7 1.5 3.0 100.0 5.0 65.0 7.5 2.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 3.0 17.1 1.5 11.2 3.0 29.1 10.5 24.6 100.0 2.0 2.0 14.0 6.0 17.0 40.0 19.0 100.0 9.2 7.1 43.9 1.0 29.6 9.2 100.0 1.2 48.2 2.4 8.2 1.2 21.2 17.6 100.0 8.3 23.7 8.3 2.8 13.9 31.9 11.1 100.0 40.6 .8 5.5 14.9 21.9 16.3 100.0 17.6 8.8 5.5 8.8 6.5 44.0 8.8 100.0 .6 17.1 3.2 6.3 20.2 43.1 9.5 100.0 10.0 20.0 5.0 20.0 40.0 5.0 100.0 7.5 40.5 2.1 2.1 6.4 29.8 i.i 10.5 100.0 .8 26.8 3.3 19.7 5.0 31.8 2.1 10.5 100.0 7.7 19.3 7.7 11.5 3.8 38.6 11.5 100.0 1.0 28.8 2.6 11.7 9.7. 36.8 2.3 7.1 100.0 1.3 2.6 17.9 2.6 34.6 11.5 29.5 100.0 1.9 22.2 3.7 3.7 24.1 29.6 14.8 100.0 2.0 14.3 10,2 6.1 36.8 30.6 100.0 8.4 11.3 1.4 9.8 1.4 24.0 32.4 11.3 100.0 7.3 23.2 1.2 11.0 53.6 3.7 100.0 22.9 2.9 11.4 48.6 5.7 8.5 100.0 7.8 26.7 1.1 8.9 3.3 35.6 5.5 11.1 100.0 3.4 18.0 4.5 5.6 3.4 24.7 34.8 5.6 100.0 10.9 1.8 3.6 31.0 45.5 7.2 100.0 4.5 24.7 1.1 19.1 3.3 36.0 11.3 100.0 4.3 1.7 45.7 8.6 1.7 24.2 13.8 100.0 OuK Boys 321 Albany Amsterdam . . Auburn Binghamton . Buffalo Elmira Jamestown . Kingston. . . Mt. Vernon. Newburgh. . New Rochelle. Niagara Falls. Oswego Poughkeepsie . Rochester .... Schenectady. Syracuse .... Troy Utica Watertown. . Yonkers . . . New York. Batavia Beacon. Canandaigua . Cohoes Corning Cortland. . Dunkirk . . Fulton .... Geneva . . . Glen Cove. Glens Falls. Gloversville . Hornell .... Hudson. . . . Ithaca Johnstown. . . Lackawanna. . Little Falls. . . Lockport Mechanic ville. Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Percent Filling Out Application Blank TABLE No. 21-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Middletown .... No. Tonawanda. Norwich Ogdensburg .... Olean TABLE No. 21-B — 32.9 12.6 54.5 100.0 2.542 12.2 2.0 85.8 100.0 810 37.5 3.5 59.0 100.0 829 14.9 13.4 71.7 100.0 1,356 41.8 3.9 54.3 100.0 11,257 13.8 36.6 49.6 100.0 971 26.7 6.8 66.5 100.0 838 8.8 1.7 89.5 100.0 553 32.0 8.2 59.8 100.0 857 34.9 2.7 62.4 100.0 700 27.1 8.2 64.7 100.0 760 34.5 3.1 62.4 100.0 1,147 30.8 2.9 66.3 100.0 546 20.3 4.7 75.0 100.0 698 44.2 6.7 49.1 100.0 6,322 63.0 3.7 33.3 100.0 1,821 35.8 5.2 59.0 100.0 3,874 22.9 5.9 71.2 100.0 1,658 29.7 5.2 65.1 100.0 2,241 48.6 3.8 47.6 100.0 669 28.2 8.1 63.7 100.0 2,241 32.9 12.6 54.5 100.0 124,795 -CIT [ES UND ER 25,000 26.3 0.5 73.2 100.0 269 15.1 3.9 81.0 100.0 278 17.9 2.9 79.2 100.0 111 19.6 1.5 78.9 100.0 561 65.4 0.3 34.3 100.0 322 6.0 6.0 88.0 100.0 235 60.1 1.3 38.6 100.0 414 10.3 1.5 88.2 100.0 262 41.7 3.3 55.0 100.0 252 7.7 3.4 88.9 100.0 252 13.9 6.9 79.2 100.0 322 5.8 3.1 91.1 100.0 536 50.9 0.5 48.6 100.0 319 20.7 1.8 77.5 100.0 247 26.1 2.8 71.1 100.0 243 6.4 2.5 91.1 100.0 242 46.2 3.1 50.7 100.0 412 12.5 2.0 85.5 100.0 282 24.8 4.2 71.0 100.0 422 30.4 1.0 68.6 100.0 179 30.4 2.7 66.9 100.0 415 33.0 3.1 63.9 100.0 338 7.7 12.1 80.2 100.0 153 7.2 2.6 90.2 100.0 325 60.5 3.2 46.3 100.0 425 11 322 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Percent Filling Out Application Blank TABLE No. 2 1-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 — {Concluded) CITIES Filled out appli- cation Gave references Did neither Total per cent Popu- lation of employed boys 36.0 51.0 20.8 42.0 35.3 44.3 59.3 14.5 24.7 40.6 32.0 4.8 3^8 i'.Q 2.2 1^2 1.8 3.6 59.2 49.0 75.4 58.0 63.1 53.5 40.7 85.5 74.1 57.6 64.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 244 243 205 211 209 528 189 289 230 393 White Plains 457 TABLE VILLAGES No. 21-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 3.2 1.4 ""13.6 6.0 7.4 9.6 1.0 ■■■■i2'.4 4'.6 1.1 3.5 3.7 7.5 2.9 6.0 1.2 6.9 3.1 i'.2 10.0 i'.3 5.8 3.8 ""ie.h 11.4 5.6 2.2 1.8 2.2 96.8 81.9 61.5 65.4 34.9 55.7 64.4 80.0 97.6 47.9 95.8 93.9 73.4 14.3 69.8 52.3 72.5 83.5 60.0 97.9 90.6 77.8 70.4 69.2 58.8 65.0 82.9 71.9 96.2 62.4 88.5 53.7 100.0 7.0 50.0 45.7 77.7 80.9 51.0 58.4 60.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 165 CatskiU 16.7 38.5 21.0 59.1 36.9 26.0 19.0 2.4 39.7 4.2 6.1 22.0 84.6 26.7 44.0 20.0 13.6 34.0 2.1 8.2 15.3 26.5 30.8 40.0 25.0 17.1 26.8 3.8 31.8 7.7 46.3 ""46'.5 50.0 42.9 16.7 16.9 47.2 39.4 39.6 96 148 164 95 204 155 120 140 249 120 108 62 215 153 134 28 163 153 111 128 136 90 72 217 72 107 Peekskill 292 72 388 56 137 Saranao Lake 100 147 157 85 144 Waterford 68 115 Wellsville 73 Whitehall 118 Our Boys 323 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Emploijed Boys How They Saved Their Money TABLE No. 22-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 CITIES Liberty bonds Bank Other ways Did not save Total per cent Popu- lation of employed boys Albany 47.2 42.8 50.8 53.5 52.2 58.0 53.2 47.0 43.8 49.9 48.6 42.0 53.2 48.7 54.7 51.0 44.9 39.3 50.1 51.4 48.2 46.7 E No. 22 36.4 61.6 47.8 42.0 60.7 40.5 64.6 33.4 49.4 41.9 43.8 46.0 54.0 44.5 37.7 64.3 57.5 71.9 67.2 50.8 57.7 71.1 42.9 23.0 48.0 60.8 51.8 42.7 58.1 53.7 10.8 22.4 19.6 15.8 18.3 15.9 23.0 16.5 17.9 22.0 21.5 28.3 20.7 18.0 21.1 19.3 23.9 22.8 30.8 20.2 16.3 9.8 -B — CIT 30.6 14.4 31.5 20.0 19.0 43.5 14.3 20.6 21.7 18.8 26.6 30.9 17.6 28.1 28.9 16.6 11.3 10.4 18.6 14.0 17.9 12.7 24.2 32.6 28.8 18.4 26.8 22.0 13.6 14.2 7.8 3.2 7.9 7.8 3.8 2.9 4.6 1.9 3.7 1.3 5.0 2.7 5.9 6.5 1.9 1.6 6.4 2.4 2.1 10.0 3.4 4.3 lES UND 5.8 1.2 6.8 1.5 4.0 2.0 4.6 10.8 13.9 2.6 1.8 1.6 9.5 5^6 4.4 7.2 1.4 1.2 12.0 2.7 1.4 2.2 9.9 3.0 4.8 3.9 10.8 5.5 7.9 34.2 31.6 21.7 22.9 25.7 23.2 19.2 34.6 34.6 26.8 24.9 27.0 20.2 26.8 22.3 28.1 24.8 35.5 17.0 18.4 32.1 39.2 ER 25,00 27.2 22.8 13.9 36.5 16.3 14.0 16.5 35.2 15.0 36.7 27.8 21.5 18.9 27.4 27.8 14.7 24.0 16.3 13.0 23.2 21.7 14.8 30.7 34.5 20.2 16.0 17.5 24.5 22.8 24.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 810 829 1,356 Buffalo 11,257 Elmira 971 888 553 857 700 New Rochelle 760 Niagara Falls 1,147 546 698 6,322 1,821 Syracuse 3,874 Troy 1,658 Utica 2,241 Watertown 669 Yonkers 2,241 New York 124,795 TART Batavia 268 Beacon 271 119 Cohoes Corning 561 322 Cortland .... 235 414 Fulton 262 252 252 Glens Falls 322 Gloversville 536 HorneU 319 Hudson 247 Ithaca 243 242 Lackawanna 412 Little Falls 282 Lockport 422 179 415 338 153 325 Olean Oneida 425 244 243 Plattsburg 205 211 209 324 OuB Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and''Eighteen Year Old" EmployecTBoys How They Saved Their Money TABLE No. 22-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 — (Concluded) CITIES Liberty bonds Bank Other ways Did not save Total per cent Popu- lation of employed boys Rome Salamanca Saratoga Springs Tonawanda Watervliet White Plains 66.1 81.3 36.4 61.7 52.9 36.0 17.3 10.0 20.2 13.6 11.6 32.8 2.9 2.0 7.6 4.4 3.7 3.6 13.7 6.7 35.8 20.3 31.9 27.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 289 230 393 457 Albion. Catskill.. Depew. . Endicott . Fredonia. VILLAGES TABLE No. 22-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Preeport Hastings . . . . Haverstraw. Hempstead. Herkimer. . . Hoosick Falls. Hudson Falls. Huntington. . . Ilion Johnson City. Laticaster .... Lawrence. . . . Malone Mamaroneck. Massena Medina Newark No. Tarrytown. Nyack Ossining Owego Patchogue . . . Peekskill Penn Yan . . . Port Chester. Port Washington. Eockville Center. Saranac Lake. . . . Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown. Walden Waterf ord . Waverly. . . Wellsville.. Whitehall. 38.7 15.3 57.9 55.6 48.2 41.7 57.5 25.0 17.1 57.1 72.0 41.9 35.7 67.7 71.6 74.0 30.0 32.0 43.0 22.5 31.7 44.4 39.9 51.6 49.4 50.0 42.5 56.9 50.0 63.1 17.9 63.7 12.3 28.2 64.7 60.0 51.1 60.7 52.7 65.2 48.2 12.9 29.1 15.6 13.1 24.1 19.4 13.7 9.0 17.1 19.3 9.3 24.4 28.5 25.8 16.2 10.4 6.0 19.4 19.0 11.2 20.0 18.0 19.5 14.3 14.6 20.0 21.3 20.9 23.0 11.4 35.9 22.2 18.4 26.8 17.0 11.4 25.6 11.2 27.3 16.9 15.5 23.7 1.8 4.3 8.4 11.1 8.0 34.1 5.9 2.7 9.2 11.0 2.2 .6 .7 12.5 7.4 15.0 3.1 4.7 22.3 3.1 9.9 10.0 10.6 2.1 11.5 2.6 10.3 11.1 18.4 16.9 3.7 3.4 3.6 2.2 48.4 100.0 165 31.9 100.0 96 24.7 100.0 148 27.0 100.0 164 19.3 100.0 95 27.8 100.0 204 28.8 100.0 155 58.0 100.0 120 31.7 100.0 140 17.7 100.0 249 16.0 100.0 120 24.5 100.0 108 24.8 100.0 62 14.3 100.0 215 11.6 100.0 153 14.9 100.0 134 52.5 100.0 28 41.2 100.0 163 23.0 100.0 153 63.2 100.0 111 43.6 100.0 128 15.3 100.0 136 37.5 100.0 90 24.2 100.0 72 35.4 100.0 217 20.0 100.0 72 25.6 100.0 107 20.1 100.0 292 15.5 100.0 72 22.9 100.0 388 35.9 100.0 56 13.0 100.0 137 50.9 100.0 100 28.1 100.0 147 14.6 100.0 157 28.6 100.0 85 23.3 100.0 144 24.7 100.0 68 16.4 100.0 115 15.7 100.0 73 30.2 100.0 118 OuE Boys 325 Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Em.ployed Boys Weekly Contributions Toward Family Support TABLE No. 23-A — CITIES OVER 25,000 cities $1 $2 S3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $10- 15 $15 Noth- ing Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys .2 .4 .2 .1 .4 .6 .2 .9 .2 .4 .5 .6 .2 .2 .9 .2 1.3 1.2 1.9 1.6 .4 1.8 1.2 1.1 .6 .5 1.9 .2 .6 2.3 .8 2.0 .4 .6 .4 2.2 .5 .4 2.0 1.6 2.6 2.4 .5 2.4 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.3 .7 1.3 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.8 2.3 .9 4.2 .7 .7 8.0 6.0 14.7 13.1 3.1 13.7 17.4 7.2 5.8 7.2 6.5 4.8 10.5 13.0 5.5 9.3 8.2 7.7 5.7 15.8 3.3 3.7 8.0 4.4 8.6 9.2 2.2 9.2 7.5 6.8 2.9 6.8 3.9 2.2 8.1 9.8 6.5 6.8 5.2 6.3 5.2 8.4 2.1 2.9 8.8 6.2 10.4 7.9 3.2 10.9 5.1 7.5 5.6 8.4 5.1 6.3 11.8 11.1 8.0 7.4 8.2 8.1 6.7 16.0 4.3 3.9 9.3 5.4 6.9 6.3 4.4 6.8 4.1 6.4 11.6 9.0 9.2 7.7 5.8 9.0 6.6 6.7 8.6 11.4 8.6 7.0 6.0 6.6 3.3 1.0 2.8 1.6 1.8 3.0 .5 4.2 5.2 3.1 2.9 1.9 3.4 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.4 5.1 2.1 1.6 4.5 4.0 33 9 56.0 25.6 26.6 48.4 23.7 43.1 37.7 44.4 38.7 43.3 33.6 32.0 29.5 34.1 36.3 35.8 29.3 34.6 13.6 55.6 44.5 9.5 6.2 11.2 13.0 24.2 12.3 2.5 10.1 10.4 12.5 5.6 27.0 13.9 4.8 22.2 6.4 18.2 16.7 24.3 7.4 10.0 22.4 15.3 11.0 14.9 18.3 11.6 15.8 15.7 16.5 11.2 12.1 19.8 14.7 11.6 15.1 11.1 19.8 10.6 11.6 10.5 23.0 12.7 10.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,542 Amsterdam Auburn Bingham ton Buffalo 6810 ■r829 1,356 11 257 Elmir» 971 838 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 553 Mt. Vernon 857 700 New Rochelle Niagara Falls 760 1,147 546 1.0 .4 .5 .6 .5 .6 .6 .3 .3 698 .2 .4 6,322 Schenectady 1,821 3 874 Troy .4 .4 .2 1,658 Utica 2,241 Watertown Yonkers 669 2,241 New York .1 124,795 TABLE No. 23-B — CITIES UNDER 25,000 Batavia Beacon Canandaigua . Cohoes Corning Cortland. . Dunkirk. . Fulton Geneva. . . Glen Cove. Glens Falls. Gloversville . Hornell .... Hudson .... Ithaca Johnstown. . . Lackawanna. . Little Falls. . . Lockport Mechanicville. Middletown No. Tonawanda.. Norwich Ogdensburg Olean Oneida Oneonta. . . Plattsburg. Port Jervia . Rensselaer. .6 1.4 2.0 ".5 .5 16.4 1.1 1.4 1.2 .7 .5 1. 1. 2.0 2.6 2.9 4.2 .5 1.2 3 4.5 '".7 1.5 1.1 3.3 .5 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.1 3.4 2.2 3.3 .6 2.5 .6 1.6 2.7 4.1 .2 .3 4.6 .2 1.0 2.0 .9 4.6 6.3 2.7 .6 4.4 7.6 .7 2.1 .5 3.0 .9 7.7 9.1 1.0 2.4 1.2 1.9 1.9 3.2 16.6 8.6 8.6 8.0 1.6 29.4 8.0 16.0 100.0 5.0 6.1 6.1 10.5 5.0 47.2 7.8 11.7 100.0 19.2 13.7 8.2 5.5 2.7 9.6 13.7 16.4 100.0 2.8 2.3 7.9 5.3 3.0 ^7.2 .36.2 4.9 100.0 13.4 10.0 12.0 6.0 .6 23.4 15.0 18.4 100.0 22.5 13.9 6.0 4.6 2.0 6.6 8.0 26.5 100.0 3.8 4.4 4.9 7.8 1.1 43.3 26.5 7.6 100.0 12.7 14.2 15.7 7.3 2.0 16.7 6.4 22.0 100.0 13.9 10.8 7.2 8.3 4.1 19.6 12.9 21.2 100.0 1.7 3.4 5.1 6.8 4.3 29.1 11.1 35.0 100.0 15.0 8.7 10.4 9.8 4.0 28.4 15.0 100.0 23.1 12,6 8.8 6.6 3.1 16.8 .3 17.5 100.0 17.1 7.7 12.6 8.5 14.4 14.4 21.1 100.0 6.1 10.4 12.2 11.0 3.1 31.1 6.1 100.0 19.7 13.1 12.0 5.5 1.6 11.5 5.5 20.2 100.0 23.6 13.4 4.5 5.1 1.3 24.1 .6 15.3 100.0 .4 1 .3 1.3 2.3 23.1 .59.3 12.3 100.0 7.7 10.5 9.8 10.5 2.6 39.9 8.5 9.1 100.0 10.1 8.0 13.4 12.2 1.3 34.0 4.2 13.9 100.0 3.4 6.3 5.0 1.4 24.1 45.3 12.6 100.0 13.7 11.4 8.7 7.6 2.7 11.0 10.7 25.9 100.0 5.2 2.6 2.2 5.2 2.2 ,'i2.0 19.2 9.6 100.0 16.5 16.5 9.9 8.8 1.1 15.4 3.3 17.5 100.0 11.7 13.1 11.1 5.2 1.3 14.4 .7 26.8 100.0 8.2 6.0 7.5 8.3 1.3 32.4 21.5 12.5 100.0 19.2 9.6 13.6 6.4 4.0 17.6 11.2 13.6 100.0 7.5 7.5 11.9 6.3 .6 21.9 15.0 26.3 100.0 16.4 13.8 13.8 6.9 1.3 19.5 23.9 100.0 13.6 11.1 8.(1 6.2 1.2 29. C 16.1 10.5 100.0 6.8 7.9 6.3 8.9 3.2 21.6 25.7 13.7 100.0 268 271 119 561 322 235 414 262 252 252 322 536 319 247 243 242 412 282 422 179 415 338 153 325 425 244 243 205 211 209 326 Our Boys Sixteen, Seventeen and Eighteen Year Old Employed Boys Weekly Contributions Toward Family Support TABLE No. 23-B — CITIES UNDER 2 5fiQ0— (Concluded) CITIES $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $10- 15 $15 Noth- ing Total per cent Popu- lation of em- ployed boys .6 .8 1.3 1.7 '".3 1.2 2.0 .7 4.6 .6 .9 3.6 10.0 6.0 14.5 5.6 6.6 8.4 9.1 6.0 8.1 3.1 4.7 6.8 12.0 4.0 12.1 6.2 5.0 4.8 6.7 5.3 7.5 4.9 5.6 6.0 2.3 2.7 1.7 .6 2.2 2.0 25.2 40.7 13.3 47.5 32.9 41.2 20.8 20.6 12.1 17.9 33.5 4.8 10.5 12.7 23.8 13.0 9.0 20.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 528 189 .6 .6 .3 1.2 289 230 Watervliet 393 White Plains 467 VILLAGES Albion Catskill Depew Endicott Fredonia TABLE No. 23-C — VILLAGES OVER 5,000 Freeport. . . Hastings . . . Haverstraw. Hempstead . Herkimer. . . Hoosick Falls. Hudson Falls . Huntington. . . lUion Johnson City . Lancaster . . . , Lawrence. . . . Malone Mamaroneck. Massena Medina Newark No. Tarrytown. . Nyack Ossining Owego Patchogue Peekskill Penn Yan Port Chester Port Washington. . . Rockville Center . . . Saranac Lake Seneca Falls Solvay Tarrytown . Walden . . . . Waterf ord . . Waverly. . . Wellsville . . Whitehall . 1.0 1.1 3.2 1.8 '^5 1.7 1.0 1.4 3.2 .4 11.5 1.4 1.1 i!i 2.8 .9 1.9 1.1 1.3 2.4 .9 1.4 2.3 .7 2.5 6.7 2.0 2.4 i'.6 5.0 3.2 1.3 7.7 .3 9.3 4.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 3.4 3.2 4.2 2.8 1.1 1.3 4.9 3.8 2.1 1.8 .4 5.8 2.2 '4". 5 1.0 2.0 2.4 2.8 '4".4 1.2 10.0 5.3 1.7 19.3 1.3 1.3 3.7 1.4 1.2 2.8 3.3 1.1 1.8 3.3 2.6 9.7 16.7 21.0 4.8 13.7 1.3 9.8 11.3 14.7 14.3 5.5 15.2 20.4 5.2 7.5 15.7 9.0 8.2 17.6 22.2 11.7 15.9 12.0 10.0 9.6 5.9 19.3 2.8 10.3 14.6 8.2 15.5 5.7 17.8 4.5 12.7 30.4 10.4 3.2 3.2 9.7 18.0 2.8 9.8 8.4 1.2 3.6 10.1 11.6 1.3 1.8 1.8 7.8 2.4 10.8 10.8 5.3 25.3 15.3 12.2 2.8 9.2 5.8 8.3 10.5 7.6 3.7 9.7 5.0 7.5 4.5 5.2 3.0 7.0 3.1 5.1 5.9 9.4 9.7 8.3 1.6 3.9 12.4 14.2 4.4 8.4 15.0 5.0 6.4 5.3 7.9 6.7 11.5 7.7 5.5 7.5 6.4 5.1 3.7 5.6 8.2 10.2 5.6 25.4 4.9 3.7 5.7 8.5 21.1 21.1 4.4 4.5 20.1 3.6 3.3 14.6 7.8 6.7 3.2 8.3 2.8 5.1 3.6 8.5 4.1 1.8 12.2 6.5 8.1 11.2 11.0 6.2 6.4 5.2 10.0 4.5 14.0 9.2 5.9 2.8 9.4 3.5 15.3 3.2 10.5 3 9.4 12.8 7.4 2.0 12.7 6.1 5.7 4.4 12.4 1.8 1.1 5.2 4.2 1.8 1.4 2.1 4.1 2.1 5.3 4.1 4.6 1.1 .6 .7 2.5 3.0 4.0 3.1 1.2 1 5.3 1.3 7.4 2.1 3.6 2.6 1. 2 3.7 3.3 1.1 25.8 9.7 38.8 100.0 12.5 9.7 13.9 100.0 28.4 58.7 4.6 100.0 21.0 5.6 21.0 100.0 36.2 37.3 13.3 100.0 17.9 5.3 28.6 100.0 45.2 28.8 12.6 100.0 17.9 66.4 7.5 100.0 31.7 4.9 24.4 100.0 25.2 18.8 9.1 100.0 25.3 10.7 5.3 100.0 18.3 3.1 19.4 100.0 28.4 12.8 21.2 100.0 17.0 3.6 41.0 100.0 8.7 14.5 20.9 100.0 41.9 21.7 7.6 100.0 10.0 20.0 35.0 100.0 16.4 39.5 100.0 26.0 19.0 17.0 100.0 14.3 15.3 36.7 100.0 30.5 3.5 21.2 100.0 25.0 9.7 16.7 100.0 46.1 10.9 14.0 100.0 18.6 6.2 17.7 100.0 30.4 5.0 21.4 100.0 .30.0 25.0 100.0 24.5 10.6 21.3 100.0 42.6 9.6 10.5 100.0 7.7 11.5 100.0 49.5 6.8 13.0 100.0 23.1 12.8 25.6 100.0 9.3 5.6 38.9 100.0 10.2 6.1 51.0 100.0 18.5 7.1 9.6 100.0 35.4 26.8 7.2 100.0 51.4 5.7 14.5 100.0 12.3 14.5 100.0 41.5 21.4 9.0 100.0 30.9 18.2 10.9 100.0 10.1 33.9 100.0 19.8 19.8 22.5 100.0 Our B'ots 32^ Bq 1^ ^ o H «r1 W Oi fr; P o U ^ u o ^ w ^ p^ 1^ w s H Pin « O W iT| Oi Eh U :z; M \ w ^ CM pq 6 !? 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S §^.9 S Q S iS Haw ftS a; tj o,s;t3 Our Boys 345 o -« ft) -2 O ►5 S 5^ OSS ^nao J8cJ lE^ox &2 H =r o ^ Pi Joq^i snoaaBjjaosiivf j9q:jBarj eamxax ooo ood coo (NrH uot^'BJ'BdaJd puB noi^onpojd pooj noi:>B^JOdsuBJx 3ni:juuj auo^s SuiqjojQ 3UI5[JOAlpOOj\i^ sapBJ^ IB;ai\[ OCOOS COrHi-H OOlOt^ i- Suipitng lOOQO aoiAJas !juauinjaAO£) suopisod aAi^noaxg (ire^^aj) ssanisng co-OCD CO COOS [BsuaiQ IBuoissajoij (>)00 eortt^ ootooj . ol 03 S "2 P-"^ (U m m (jj o o VITA The author of this dissertation, Howard Griffith Burdge, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, October 13, 1873. He received his early education in the pubhc schools of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the Bloomsburg, Pa., State Normal School. He was graduated from Alleghany College in 1900, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He was a student at Columbia University summer sessions in 1910, 1915, and 1919; the winter and spring sessions of 1919-1920-1921. He received the degree of Master of Arts from Columbia University in 1920. He served as an instructor in the Bloomsburg, Pa., State Normal School and in Alleghany College, Meadville, Pa., also as teacher, principal and superintendent respectively in the public schools of Pennsylvania and New York. He served on the special educational survey staff of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, and acted in the same capacity for the New York State Education Department. In the World War he served as the Chief Educational Adviser of the Second Army, A. E. F., with headquarters at Toul, France. He was Director of Research and Vocational Training for the New York State Military Training Commis- sion for three years. In 1921 he became an assistant director of the Educational Finance Inquiry, under the auspices of the American Council on Education. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 019 595 509 8