G B 
 
 XL^ . U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 WEATHER BUREAU. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO 
 
 SPECIAL 
 
 RIVER AND RAINFALL OBSERVERS 
 
 OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OP THE 
 SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
 
 1909. 
 
Gass Ot'B l ? 05 
 Book 
 
 [ I (r 
 
W. B. No. 415. 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 WEATHER BUREAU. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO 
 SPECIAL 
 RIVER AND RAINFALL OBSERVERS 
 OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. ^ t 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE 
 SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 / ■ if* 
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 "^^^S^^ 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT TRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 19 9.. 
 
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 DEC 7 1909 
 

 NOTE TO SPECIAL EIVEK AND EAINPALL OBSEEYEES. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Weather Bureau, 
 
 Washington, D. C, August 1, 1909. 
 ■ The accompanying Instructions to Special River and Rainfall 
 Observers, Weather Bureau, are published for the information of all 
 concerned. 
 
 Willis L. Moore, 
 Oliief, TJ. S. Weather Bureau. 
 
 Note. — This book should be kept neat and clean. When an observer is relieved, 
 or is temporarily absent from his station, he will turn over these instructions to his 
 successor, obtaining his receipt for the same, and will please forward this receipt, by- 
 mail, to the observer in charge of the district. 
 
 (3) 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
 http://Www.archive.org/details/instructionstosp02unit 
 
INSTRUCTIONS * 
 
 FOR 
 
 SPECIAL RIVER AND RAINFALL OBSERVERS. 
 
 OBJECT OF RIVER AND RAINFALL OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 The river and rainfall stations of the Weather Bureau are main- 
 tained primarily for the purpose of giving warning of the approach, 
 magnitude, and duration of high waters, and for forecasting water 
 stages at all heights, in the interest of navigation on the inland water- 
 ways of the country. The river and precipitation data are also of 
 great value to various other interests, particularly to those concerned 
 with the problems of irrigation and water supply. 
 
 DISTRICT CENTERS. 
 
 For the better supervision and control of the work, the special 
 stations are arranged in districts. These districts are under the direc- 
 tion of officials at regular meteorological stations of the Weather 
 Bureau (designated the district centers), and are usually at the lower 
 end of the district. 
 
 All correspondence relating to the work of substations, the furnish- 
 ing of supplies, renewal of gages, settling of accounts, employment of 
 observers, etc., is conducted through the official in, charge at the dis- 
 trict center to which the station is assigned. 
 
 Observers are furnished with penalty envelopes for correspondence 
 with the district center and with the Central Office in Washington, 
 D. C. No postage is required on letters regarding the work of the 
 station when inclosed in penalty envelopes. 
 
 Persons accepting positions as special river and rainfall observers of 
 the Weather Bureau become authorized agents of the United States, and 
 are amenable to the laws in case of neglect of duty. 
 
 River gages are constructed at the expense of the United States, 
 except where in cases previous to the establishment of river stations, 
 there are gages already in existence, the property of municipahties, 
 counties, townships, or corporations, in which cases there will, as a 
 rule, be no gages erected if permission can be obtained to use those 
 already installed. 
 
 (6) 
 
Duplication of gages will be avoided when possible, both in the- 
 interest of economy, and to prevent confusion arising from double 
 records of stages. 
 
 The records of stages are carefully preserved at Washington and 
 
 printed from time to time. They are accessible to interested persons 
 
 at all times. 
 
 SUPPLIES. 
 
 Supplies of blank forms, franked and addressed envelopes, rain 
 gages, measuring sticks, etc., are furnished to observers upon appli- 
 cation to the official in charge of the district center. Timely requisi- 
 tion will be made for such supplies as are needed, and the needs of 
 the station must be so anticipated as to allow ample time for the 
 delivery of the articles from the Central Office at Washington, D. C, 
 through the district center. One month is sufficient for this. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 The duties of a river observer consist in noting on a form furnished 
 for the purpose — 
 
 First. The height of water on the gage, with change in twenty- 
 four hours. 
 Second. Depth of rain or melted snow, with times of beginning 
 
 and ending. 
 Third. Actual depth of snow, if any, since last observation. 
 Fourth. Direction of wind. 
 Fifth. State of weather. 
 
 Sixth. Depth of snow, if any, on ground on 15th and last day of 
 month; also date on which last snow of season disappeared. 
 A postal card containing a record of the observations is also mailed 
 daily, when required, to the official in charge of the district center. 
 
 A postal card (Form 1049, Met'l) containing the original record of 
 the daily stages of 'water in the river is mailed on the last day of each 
 month to the Chief, U. S. ¥/eather Bureau, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Telegraphic reports are also made under certain conditions as here- 
 inafter set forth. 
 
 The duties of a rainfall observer consist in noting on a form fur- 
 nished for the purpose — 
 
 First. The depth of rain or melted snow, with times of beginning 
 and ending. 
 
 Second. Actual depth of snow, if any, since last observation. 
 Third. Direction of wind. 
 Fourth. State of weather. 
 
 Fifth. Depth of snow, if any, on ground on 15th and last day of 
 month. 
 
 A postal card containing a record of the observations is also 
 mailed daily, when required, to the official in charge of the district 
 center. 
 
Telegraphic reports are also made under certain conditions, as 
 hereinafter set forth. 
 
 All reports will be rendered to the officials in charge of the district 
 centers, who will disseminate the information so as to best subserve 
 the interests of the public. 
 
 The height of water on the gage should be noted to the nearest 
 tenth of a foot each day, including Sundays and holidays. 
 
 This can only be done accurately when the water is placid; in a 
 rough or turbulent stream, or when there is much wind, the waves 
 prevent an accurate reading. In such a case the tenths must be esti- 
 mated as near as possible, by taking the average of the highest and 
 lowest marks on the gage which the water is seen to touch. 
 
 The depth of rain or of melted snow, or of melted snow and rain, 
 must be given in inches and hundredths of an inch, properly separated 
 by a decimal point. 
 
 A measurement of the actual depth of the snowfall since last obser- 
 vation must always be made and entered in inches and tenths of an 
 inch. 
 
 In addition to measuring the depth of snowfall since the last obser- 
 vation, a measurement should be made of the actual depth in inches 
 and tenths of an inch of the accumulated snow on the ground at the 
 time of the observation, on the 15th and last day of the month. 
 
 It is desired, if it can be readily determined, that the observer report 
 in the space on the form prepared for that purpose the date on which 
 the last snow of the season disappeared. 
 
 Full instructions as to the method used to obtain the above data 
 will be found under the head of ''To measure rainfall or snowfall." 
 
 The direction of wind will be designated by the eight principal 
 points of the compass, viz: N., NE., E., SE., S., SW., W., and NW., 
 legibly written. When there is no wind the word ''Calm" should be 
 recorded. 
 
 The state of weather will be determined and recorded with reference 
 to the degree of cloudiness, and whether or not precipitation is falling 
 or likely to fall soon ; thus when the sky is three-tenths or less covered 
 with clouds, record "Clear;'" four to seven tenths, inclusive, "Partly 
 cloudy;" eight to ten tenths, "Cloudy;" and "Sprinkling," "Light 
 rain," "Heavy rain," "Light snow," "Heavy snow," "Sleeting," 
 "Hailing," "Threatening," "Clearing," when these conditions exist. 
 When light fog, light haze, or light smoke is observed with no clouds, 
 the state of the weather will be recorded as "Clear." 
 
 Any unusual occurrences connected with the stages of the water in 
 the river, such as the presence of floating ice, timber, etc., formation 
 and breaking up of ice gorges and other obstructions, also thunder- 
 storms, hailstorms, tornadoes, and earthquakes, should be noted. 
 
8 
 
 Observers should, when possible, have substitutes capable of per- 
 forming all the duties of a river observer, in order that there may be 
 no interruption of the work in case of sickness or unavoidable absence 
 from the station on the part of the regular observer. Members of the 
 observers' families are very often instructed in the work. 
 
 TIME OF OBSERVATION. 
 
 The observation of the river stage will be made daily at 8 a. m., 75th 
 meridian time, except when otherwise directed. 
 
 In all cases the 75th meridian time of observation should be given in 
 the proper space at the head of the form, whether 8 a. m. or some 
 other time. 
 
 The observations in feet and tenths of a foot will be written in the 
 first column of the monthly blank form. 
 
 When the stage is below the zero of the gage it will be written in 
 the form with a minus ( — ) sign before it. 
 
 The rise or fall will be given in the proper column on the form in 
 feet and tenths of a foot. When the change is a fall it should have 
 the minus ( — ) sign placed before it. 
 
 SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 Special observations of the stage of water will be made at other 
 times of the day than 8 a. m. when requested by the official in charge 
 of a district center or by the Central Office in Washington, or when 
 the river is near, at, or above the flood stage. 
 
 It is desirable to have a special observation of the highest stage 
 reached by the water in the case of the very great rises, without any 
 request from a district center. In many cases the stage in a rise will 
 reach in the course of the day several feet above the 8 a. m. stage and 
 fall several feet before the time of the next regular observation on 
 the day following. 
 
 When the rise in a river is very sudden and great, and, in the judg- 
 ment of the observer, dangerous to points below, the stage will be tele- 
 graphed to the district center and to the places most interested in the 
 information, according to such special instructions as may be given to 
 each observer. 
 
 Special observations will contain exactly the same information as a 
 regular report, but the rainfall after being measured should not be 
 emptied out of the gage, but left therein until the next regular obser- 
 vation, when, after measuring, it will be poured out. 
 
 RIVER GAGE. 
 
 A river stage is the vertical height of the water surface in feet above 
 some definite plane, the zero of the gage usually, at, or somewhere 
 near, the level of the lowest water that has occurred. A river gage is 
 a device for observing the river stage. 
 
When possible without too great expense, river gages are made 
 vertical. They consist of a plank or planks, usually 2 inches thick 
 and 8 to 12 inches wide, fastened to a bridge pier or piling or other 
 structure, and of sufficient length to cover the greatest range in height 
 of water ever likely to occur. The planks are graduated to feet and 
 tenths, and the height of the surface of the water in the river can be 
 read on it by estimation to the nearest tenth of a foot. 
 
 Sometimes river gages consist of a strip of the surface of a stone pier 
 dressed smooth so as to receive the necessary marking and numbering. 
 
 When a river gage can not be set vertically, it is laid along the 
 bank according to the slope of the ground. It should then be made 
 of heavy timbers, at least 6 by 6 inches, and preferably of oak, hard 
 pine, or Oregon fir, embedded in the ground, with the top surface 
 even with the surface of the ground on the river bank. Strap iron 
 J inch thick and 2 inches v/ide, is spiked along the top and upstream 
 sides, and on the toppiece are cut the foot and intermediate marks. 
 The even foot marks are also indicated by figures, in brass or paint, 
 on the timber. The foot marks on a gage of this kind must be accu- 
 rately located by a civil engineer. 
 
 Very substantial inclined gages are made of concrete or lengths 
 of block stone, with bars of railroad iron inlaid, on which the foot 
 marks are cut. 
 
 It is not always possible at the time of setting a gage to put the 
 zero of graduation at the exact level of the lowest water apt to occur, 
 or the lowest that has occurred in a long period of years. In such 
 cases the gage should be finished as far down as possible, and com- 
 pleted when the water falls sufficiently low. 
 
 When a stage of water below the zero occurs it is read as a minus 
 stage. It is desirable that the zero should be put so low that this will 
 never occur, as the minus sign is apt to lead to confusion. The bed 
 of the river channel usually makes the best zero mark. 
 
 When a gage is once established and a long record of readings made, 
 it is not advisable to make any change in its zero on any pretext 
 whatever, even if a stage lower than any ever before known should 
 occur. 
 
 For the purpose of ascertaining from time to time any changes that 
 may occur in the level of the zero of a gage or any of its marks, a 
 bench mark should be established close by the gage or somewhere in 
 its vicinity. A bench mark consists of some accessible, presumably 
 permanent, point or surface, the difference in level between which and 
 the zero or some other mark on the gage is knowm by actual leveling 
 between the two. When this difference is found to vary it is presumed 
 it indicates a corresponding change in the level of the marks of the 
 gage, requiring either adjustment of the gage or correction of its 
 readings. 
 
 6082—09 2 
 
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 A bench mark is essential in case a river gage is to be repaired or 
 renewed, in order that the new gage may be set at exactly the same 
 level as it was before. On a bridge pier the top surface of the largest 
 stone accessible in the top course of masonry is often used as a bench 
 mark. Sometimes a bench mark is the top surface of a large stone 
 buried in the ground specially for the purpose of estab- 
 lishing a permanent surface. Prominent surfaces in 
 stone buildings are good places for permanent bench 
 marks. A copper bolt, or metal plate, set in the stone 
 wall of some public building, such as the custom-house, 
 post-office, or city hall, is a common device for a bench 
 mark in a large city. 
 
 The river gages used by the Weather Bureau are partly 
 shown in figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. The design best adapted 
 to any particular location will be used in each case. 
 
 The specifications to be followed in procuring bids for 
 the construction of these gages are as follows : 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR RIVER GAGE SHOWN IN FIG. 1. 
 
 The river gage will be made of sound pine or oak 
 timber, free from knots or shakes, 2 inches in thick- 
 ness, 12 inches in width, and of such a length as 
 to extend, if possible, from 2 or more feet below the 
 zero point to about 5 feet above the highest known 
 water. The face of the plank upon which the gradua- 
 tions are to be made, and the top, bottom, and sides, 
 will be planed smooth, and wdll receive two coats of 
 the best white-lead paint. The face will then be grad- 
 uated as follows: 
 
 Commencing at the point which will correspond to the 
 zero, graduate the gage both above and below that point 
 in feet and tenths of feet. 
 
 The graduations will be chiseled or burnt into the 
 wood to the depth of about one-eighth of an inch and 
 then given two coats of the best black paint. The 
 marks for even feet will extend entirely across the face 
 of the gage; those for half -feet one-half the distance 
 across, beginning on the left side, and those for the 
 intermediate graduations one-fourth of the distance 
 across, beginning on the left side. Even feet will also 
 be shown by the appropriate figures, 6 inches in height, on the 
 right side of the gage, and so placed that the marks for even feet 
 will exactly bisect the figures. The figures will also be chiseled 
 or burnt into the wood to the depth of about one-eighth of an 
 inch, and then given two coats of the best black paint. The legend, 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
11 
 
 U. S. Weather Bureau, should be painted in black across the top of 
 the gage. 
 
 Having graduated the gage, select a pile or other stationary object 
 on some portion of the levee, wharf, or bank where the gage will be 
 secure from injury. Lower the gage into the water, taking care to 
 keep it in a vertical position until it touches the bed of the river or 
 its zero is the point of lowest water ; then securely fasten it by spikes 
 or bolts. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR RIVER GAGE SHOWN IN FIG. 2. 
 
 Procure a piece of pine, cypress, or oak timber about 6 by 6 inches, 
 and of sufficient length to cover the full range of the river between 
 extreme low and high water marks. This timber will be placed in 
 
 4feet 
 
 /foot 
 
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 Fig. 2. 
 
 the river bank, firmly embedded in the earth, leaving 1^ inches 
 exposed above the level of the ground. 
 
 To secure this form of gage thoroughly it will be necessary to 
 attach it to 4 by 6 or 6 by 6 inch oak, cedar, locust, or fir posts, driven 
 6 feet into the ground, and placed 6 feet apart. The upper edge of 
 the gage should be planed smooth, and a strap of iron, i by 2 inches 
 screwed along the top on the upstream side, and graduated in feet 
 and tenths of feet, after being placed in position, taking the point of 
 lowest water, or that which has been selected as the zero of the scale, 
 and locating the feet and tenths both above and below that point. 
 The graduations for this gage will be the same as for the gage shown 
 in fig. 1. Especial pains should be taken in graduating the gage to 
 see that the distances marked off upon it for each foot and its subdi- 
 visions correspond exactly to a vertical foot and its subdivisions of 
 
12 
 
 which it is a measure. This should be done by means of an ordinary 
 carpenter's square and a spirit level. 
 
 It is also very desirable that this form of gage should have its top 
 surface covered with two coats of the best white lead or zinc paint, 
 with the proper figures opposite the even footmarks on the iron strap 
 in black paint and not less than 4 inches in length. Figures should 
 also be burnt in before painting, as permanent markings are thereby 
 secured. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR RIVER GAGE SHOWN IN FIG. 3. 
 
 Where a stone pier or abutment is available, a very durable gage 
 can be made by dressing a face, 12 inches in width, from extreme low 
 
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 water to as far above as may be necessary. The dressed surface 
 should be covered with two coats of the best black paint, preferably 
 asphaltum, after ail holes and indentations in the pier have been 
 filled with cement. 
 
 The space, both above and below the point at which the zero will 
 be placed, will be graduated with two coats of the best white lead or 
 zinc paint into feet and tenths of feet. Markings for even feet will 
 extend entirely across the gage ; those for half feet one-half the way 
 across, beginning on the left side; and those for the intermediate 
 graduations one-quarter of the way across, beginning on the left 
 side. All markings will be one-quarter of an inch in width. The 
 figures for the even foot marks will be in white, 5 inches in height, 
 and the center of each figure must be over the foot line at the right. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND INSTAL- 
 LATION OF GAGE-BOXES FOR CHAIN AND WEIGHT 
 RIVER GAGES. 
 
 (United States Geological Survey pattern.) 
 
 The material, except lumber and paint and heavy bolts, will be 
 furnished by the Weather Bureau. 
 
 The box will be made of |-inch oak, cypress, or hard pine lumber, 
 planed smooth on both sides, and free from knots and shakes. It 
 will be 15 feet in length, 6 inches in width at the bottom (inside 
 measurement), 6 inches in height on one side and 4 inches on the 
 other. The top will be fastened to the 4-inch side by 6-inch hinges, 
 the hinges being secured, by l}-inch tire bolts and clamped inside the 
 box with washers and nuts. The hinges will be placed one at each 
 end of the box and also at intervals of 3 feet, making 6 hinges in all. 
 They will be bent around the bottom of the box so that the lower 
 screw bolt of each can be driven into the box from the under side. 
 A hasp and staple will be attached to the middle of the box in the 
 usual manner, using Ij-inch tire bolts. The lock will be attached 
 with a staple or clamp that can be clinched inside the box. 
 
 The pulley will be mounted on the 6-inch side of the box, as shown 
 in diagram attached, and directly below it the bottom of the box will 
 be sawed out. 
 
 A slot one-half inch in depth and width will be cut in the middle 
 of the top of the end of the box nearest the pulley. When not in 
 use, the weight can then be drawn up, lifted over the end, and placed 
 in the box, with the chain in the slot. This will admit of the box 
 being securely locked, leaving only a few inches of chain exposed. 
 
 The scale will be graduated in feet and tenths of a foot on the 
 6-inch side of the box (inside), beginning at the inner edge of the 
 pulley frame and ending at the far end of the box. The whole feet 
 will be marked with 2-inch staples, half -foot marks with 1-inch 
 
14 
 
 staples, and intermediate graduations with J-inch staples. One 
 staple will be used at each foot and half-foot mark and intermediate 
 
 graduation. The brass figures for the 
 even feet will then be screwed to the bot- 
 tom of the box. The scale limits of each 
 will be furnished by the official in charge 
 of the district center. A hook will be 
 provided at the far end of the box to 
 hold the ring secured to the end of the 
 chain. 
 
 When the zero shall have been estab- 
 lished, the weight will be lowered so that 
 its bottom just touches the zero point. 
 The link of the chain directly opposite 
 the zero mark on the scale will then have 
 a rivet driven into it and flattened on 
 both sides so that it will remain firm 
 Should it be necessary to record river 
 readings beyond the scale limits of the 
 box, the rivet in the chain will be drawn 
 up so that it will be exactly opposite the 
 highest foot mark on the scale. Another 
 rivet will then be driven into that link 
 of the chain exactly opposite the zero 
 mark on the scale, and readings taken 
 using this second rivet as a base. A 
 third rivet can also be added if neces- 
 sary. In recording readings which are 
 beyond the scale limits of the box, the 
 second rivet will be used as a zero mark 
 instead of the first, and there will be 
 added to the observed reading the dis- 
 tance between the rivets, which will 
 correspond to the highest reading on 
 the scale. 
 
 The box will be securely attached by 
 its 6-inch side to the guard-rail or side of 
 bridge, the former preferred. 
 
 The whole box will be painted with 
 two coats of best white lead or zinc 
 paint. 
 
 In making requisition for material for 
 these gages, officials in charge of river districts will state the length 
 of sash chain required. 
 
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15 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE MOTT RIVER GAGE. 
 
 Box. — The gage box and doors are constructed of sand-dried oak 
 lumber dressed on all surfaces, |-incli stock, and inside dimensions as 
 follows: Height, 18 inches; width, 18 inches; depth, Ih inches. 
 
 Doors. — The box has two doors secured with extension hinges in 
 such manner as to permit the doors to swing back against the sides of 
 the galvanized-iron box. The entire outside surface of the box, ex- 
 cepting the bottom, and including the doors, is covered with No. 24 
 galvanized iron. The joints of the galvanized-iron cover are lapped 
 and soldered, making the cover water-tight. The galvanized-iron 
 cover of the box is painted with two coats of dark-green mineral 
 paint, with a label on the doors of the box bearing the words ' Trop- 
 erty U. S. Weather Bureau. Penalty for Interference.' 
 
 Lock. — The box is fitted with a brass mortise lock, using the same 
 key as is used in the standard padlock for the chain and weight gages 
 of the U. S. Weather Bureau and U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 Mechanism. — The box is fitted with a tape reel consisting of an 
 aluminum brake wheel and a brass spider, mounted on a turned cast- 
 iron standard and fitted with a wooden handle. A leather brake strap 
 and suitable levers for releasing the brake are provided. The brake 
 strap is attached to a brass coil spring of sufficient strength to hold 
 the weight and tape in any position. An iron guide wheel running 
 on a turned axle, secured in the box by a cast-iron standard, is also 
 provided. 
 
 Ta'pe and gage. — The tape is made of phosphor-bronze, gV inch in 
 thickness and \ inch in width. It is nickeled throughout, excepting 
 the relief in which the figures are etched, which is plain. The tape, 
 accurately subdivided to feet, with foot marks numbered consecu- 
 tively between such limits as may be necessary, is furnished with each 
 gage. A 1-foot scale divided into 100 parts, and having every fifth 
 division mark suitably numbered, is placed in the box so as to stand 
 cornerwise back of the tape in a vertical position. This scale is made 
 of No. 16-gage iron, enameled in black and white with six coats of 
 enamel, and is attached to an iron bar which projects upward through 
 the top of the box, the projecting end being covered by a cast-iron cap 
 or cover attached to the box by screws, the object being to provide a 
 suitable bench or reference mark outside the box. 
 
 The 1-foot scale is adjustable vertically. A standard weight of the 
 pattern used by the U. S. Weather Bureau and the U. S. Geological 
 Survey is provided with each gage together with a clip and wire for 
 attaching the same to the tape. The gage weight is painted with two 
 coats of white enamel paint. 
 
 Miscellaneous. — Each gage contains a covered compartment for the 
 observer's record card, etc., instructions for erecting a gage in various 
 
16 
 
 positions, for attaching the weight, checking the gage datum, and 
 operating the gage. 
 
 A rectangular wooden down spout, 16 inches in length, with screw 
 for attaching the same, is provided with each gage. 
 
 Each gage is also provided with a screw-driver and a f-inch twist 
 drill for use in erecting the gage. 
 
 Operation. — Release brake and slowly unwind tape until weight 
 reaches water. Do not run tape all out without holding reel handle. 
 Brake will hold reel in position, and observer can stand to one side to 
 see that tip of weight just touches water. Read number of even feet 
 on bronze tape and tenths of a foot on enameled scale. The figure on 
 the tape standing opposite some part of the 1-foot scale gives the 
 whole feet; the number of tenths and hundredths on the 1-foot scale 
 opposite the index of the number on the tape gives the decimal or 
 fractional portion of the gage reading. 
 
 For example, if the number 7 on the tape stands opposite 60 on the 
 enameled scale, the gage reading would be 7.6 feet. 
 
 Erection. ^The gage may be bolted to the hand rail of a bridge, if 
 not liable to interference, one side being fastened to tie bars that ex- 
 tend down to the floor of the bridge. It may also be secured to a 
 platform extending beyond the hand rail, the bottom of the box being 
 on a level with the top of the rail. When there is no hand rail, as on 
 most railroad bridges, the gage may be bolted or secured to vertical 
 bridge members; or it may stand on horizontal bridge chords, or be 
 attached to two sleepers at their ends. In all cases room must be 
 provided for the unobstructed movement of the weight. 
 
 Mott gages ready for installation will be supplied from the central 
 office at Washington, D, C, and bids for installation only will be 
 necessary. In each instance the exact distance from the zero stage of 
 the water to the bottom of the support on which the gage box will 
 rest must be furnished. 
 
 RAIN GAGE. 
 
 EXPOSURE OF RAIN GAGE. 
 
 The exposure of the rain gage is a very important matter. The 
 most serious disturbing effect in collecting rainfall is the wind. In 
 blowing against the gage the eddies of wind formed at the top and 
 about the mouth of the gage carry the rain away, so that too little 
 is caught. 
 
 Observers will take particular care in selecting a good place for 
 the location of a gage, as the value of the records is sometimes 
 greatly impaired by improper exposure. It is scarcely necessary 
 to say that every precaution should be taken to protect gages from 
 the interference of animals and unauthorized persons. Select, if pos- 
 sible, a position in some open lot as unobstructed as possible by trees, 
 
17 
 
 buildings, or fences. Such a place in general affords the best expo- 
 sure. Gages should be exposed upon roofs of buildings only when nec- 
 essary, and then the roof should be fiat, or nearly so. The middle 
 portion of a flat unobstructed roof generally gives the best results. 
 
 Rain gages in slightly different positions differ greatly in the depth 
 of rain indicated. Within a few yards of each other two gages may 
 show a difference of 20 per cent in the rainfall in a heavy rainstorm. 
 The stronger the wind the greater the difference is apt to be. In a 
 high location eddies of wind produced by walls of buildings divert 
 rain that would otherwise fall in the gage. A gage near the edge of 
 the roof, on the windward side of a building, shows a less rainfall 
 than one in the center of the roof. The vertical ascending current 
 alongside of the wall extends slightly above the level of the roof, and 
 part of the rain is carried away from the gage. In the center of a 
 large flat roof, at least 60 feet square, the rainfall collected by a gage 
 does not differ materially from what is collected at the level of the 
 ground. A rain gage mounted on a mast at the height of 43 feet col- 
 lects only 0.75 as much as at the ground; at 85 feet, only 0.64; and at 
 194 feet, only 0.58. A gage on a plain with a fence 3 feet high around 
 it at a distance of 3 feet will collect 6 per cent more rain than without 
 the fence. These differences are due entirely to wind currents. 
 Forests intercept from 6 to 15 per cent of the rainfall in different 
 rainstorms. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USB OF THE RAIN GAGE. 
 
 Description of gage. — The rain gage consists of the following parts: 
 The receiver A; the overflow attachment B; the measuring tube O. 
 
 The top cylindrical portion of the receiver, marked a in fig. 5, is 
 exactly 8 inches in diameter, inside, and is provided with a funnel- 
 shaped bottom, which conducts any precipitation falling into the 
 receiver into the tall cylindrical measuring tube C, the total height of 
 which, inside, is exactly 20 inches. The diameter of this tube is much 
 smaller than the large receiving tube a, being only 2.53 inches. In 
 consequence of this a small amount of rain falling into the receiver 
 and flowing into C fills the latter to a depth greater than the actual 
 rainfall in proportion as the area of the receiver is greater than the 
 area of the measuring tube. In the standard gages of the Weather 
 Bureau the depth of the rainfall, in accordance with this principle, is 
 magnified just ten times. The receiver A has a sleeve ^, fig. 5, which 
 slips over the tube C, and very effectually prevents any loss of rain- 
 fall. Again, when the rainfall is very heavy the tube C may be more 
 than filled. In this case, to still prevent loss, a little opening, shown 
 at e, fig. 5, is made in the sleeve d, just on a level with the top of the 
 tube C. 
 
 6082—09 3 
 
18 
 
 The excess of rainfall escapes through this opening, and is retained 
 in the large overflow attachment B, and can be measured afterwards, 
 as will be described below. The diameter of the overflow attachment 
 in the latest style gages is now made just 8 inches inside diameter. 
 The object of this is to be able to use this portion of the instrument as 
 a snow gage, as will be explained hereinafter. 
 
 RAIN GAGE AND SUPPORT. 
 
 The box in which the gage is shipped to the observer is expressly 
 designed as a stand for the instrument, and should be opened at the 
 
 Front View. 
 
 Vertical Sectiort. 
 
 Receiver 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 
 ill i ' 
 
 { 
 
 inyll! 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ^y^'^ 
 d 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Horizontal Section, E.K 
 
 O t 2 3 4 S 6 7 d 3 10 II IS t3 /4 /S tGJ7 /8 /9 20 SI 22 ?3 24 (nchsq 
 SCAL£.. 
 
 Fig. 5.— Rain gage. 
 
 head, which is fastened by screws. Set the box up as nearly vertical 
 as possible at the place selected for the exposure, and secure it in this 
 position by driving down four stakes alongside, in the manner indi- 
 cated in fig. 6. Care must be taken to have the gage in a truly ver- 
 tical position. Slip in the head and lower it to the level of the screw 
 holes in the sides of the box about 10 inches from the bottom, where 
 the head will be securely fastened with the screws taken out in open- 
 ing the box. The gage can now be placed inside, and appears as 
 shown in fig. 60 
 
19 
 
 TO MEASURE RAINFALL AND SNOWFALL. 
 
 RAINFALL. 
 
 The rain-gage measuring stick is graduated into inches and tenths 
 of inches. Remembering that the actual depth of the rainfall is mag- 
 nified ten times, as explained above, it is plain that if we find the v/ater 
 10 inches deep in the measuring tube, the real rainfall must have been 
 only 1 inch deep; or, if the water in the tube is only one-tenth inch 
 (or, written as a decimal, 0.1 inch deep), 
 the rainfall must have been only one one- 
 hundredth inch (or, written as a decimal, 
 0.01 inch). 
 
 To save observers the trouble of always 
 thinking about the magnification, and to 
 avoid possible errors in reports, the num- 
 bers on the graduations of the measuring 
 sticks are not actual inches, but have all 
 been divided by 10, and thus represent the 
 actual rainfall. Moreover, these numbers 
 are expressed in hundredths of inches of 
 rainfall, and are written as decimal frac- 
 tions. Thus the 10-inch line is numbered 
 1.00 (read one and zero hundredths), 
 which is the depth of rainfall in inches 
 corresponding to 10 inches of water in 
 the measuring tube; siiriilarly the 1-inch 
 line is numbered 0.10 (read ten one-hun- 
 dredths) , which again is the depth of rain- 
 fall in inches corresponding to 1 inch of 
 water in the tube. 
 
 The depth of the water is measured by 
 inserting the measuring stick into the 
 gage through the small hole in the funnel. When the stick reaches 
 the bottom of the measuring tube it should be held for one or 
 two seconds and then quickly withdrawn and examined to see at 
 what division of the graduation the top of the wetted portion comes. 
 The numbering of this division, as stamped on the sticky gives, as has 
 just been explained, the actual depth of rainfall, and in making out 
 records and reports observers should always use the decimal expres- 
 sions. Of course, it will rarely happen that the top of the wetted 
 portion will fall exactly upon one of the numbered lines — it will gen- 
 erally be on or near one of the shortest lines. Thus, for example, 
 suppose the watermark comes to the sixth short line beyond the line 
 
 Fig. 6.— Rain Gage Ami 
 Support. 
 
20 
 
 numbered .80; the proper record to make in this case would be 0.86- 
 inch rainfall. The number of short lines, reckoned from the num- 
 bered line next lower, are always to be inserted in place of the in the 
 stamped numbers. 
 
 Observers should always be careful to put the stick into the gage 
 so that the end at which the numbering begins goes to the bottom, 
 and the stick passes through the middle of the tube; for if the stick is 
 placed near the sides the water is sometimes drawn up by capillary 
 action into the narrow space between the stick and the tube, so as to 
 wet the former entirely too high and give very erroneous records. 
 
 After measuring and recording in this way the precipitation found 
 in the gage the top should be removed, the measuring tube emptied 
 and drained, and the gage put in position again. Observers should be 
 careful after emptying the gage to replace the measuring tube so that 
 the bottom stands within the ring in the middle of the bottom of the 
 overflow, and in putting on the receiver that it passes over the measur- 
 ing tube and rests squarely down upon the overflow. 
 
 When the amount of rain that has fallen more than fills the measur- 
 ing tube, some care is required to determine the total rainfall. First, 
 carefully remove the receiver so as not to spill any of the v/ater in the 
 measuring tube, which should be exactly full. If some water has 
 been slopped out and the measuring tube is not exactly full, the 
 amount of water remaining must be accurately measured with the 
 stick as already described. The tube is then lifted out slowly and 
 carefully, if full, so as not to spill any of the water into the overflow, 
 emptied, and allowed to drain a moment or so. The water remaining 
 in the overflow is now poured into the measuring tube, being careful 
 not to lose any, and measured in the usual way. Suppose we find this 
 to be 0.47 inch rainfall, then, remembering that the measuring tube is 
 just 20 inches high, the total rainfall will be 2 inches plus 0.47 inch = 
 2.47 inches. Or, in case some water was spilled from the measuring 
 tube, the 0.47 inch should be simply added to the first measured 
 amount to give the total rainfall. 
 
 SNOWFALL. 
 
 During the winter season, especially in those climates where the 
 precipitation is nearly all in the form of snow, it is necessary to expose 
 only the overflow attachment in the support as a snow gage, removing 
 the receiver and measuring tube to the house, as these parts can not 
 be used for measuring snow, and even if rain should occur it is very 
 apt to be frozen while in the measuring tube, generally bursting it 
 and rendering it worthless or highly inaccurate. 
 
 First method. — The snowfall collected in the overflow attachment is 
 measured by first placing the vessel in a warm room until the snow is 
 
21 
 
 melted. The water is then carefully poured into the measuring tube 
 and measured just as though it were rainfall. 
 
 Second method. — The above method is objectionable because it often 
 requires considerable time and is liable to be inaccurate owing to the 
 loss of the snow or water by evaporation. The following plan is much 
 better, unless clumsily conducted so as to spill and waste the water: 
 Take the overflow into the room and pour into it, carefully, one meas- 
 uring tube full to tlie brim with water, preferably warm water. This 
 in general will mostly melt, or at least reduce to a very fluid slush a 
 considerable snowfall.. The measuring tube should be again carefully 
 filled to the brim from the melted contents of the overflow and emp- 
 tied, whereupon the remaining water in the overflow should be care- 
 fully measured in the measuring tube, thus giving quickly and easily 
 the depth of melted snow. 
 
 The amount of snow collected in the overflow of the rain gage is 
 likely to be greatly deficient when the wind blows during the snow- 
 fall. In such cases it will be much better if the observer will discard 
 the snowfall in the overflow, empty it out, and cut out a normal 
 section of the snow in an open place where it has neither drifted nor 
 blown away. This section is to be taken by plunging the empty 
 overflow mouth dovv'nward in the snow, so as to cut out a cylindrical 
 portion the size of the overflow and the depth of the snow. By the 
 use of a thin board or other means it will not be difficult to gather up 
 the complete section of snow inside the overflow, after which it should 
 be reduced to slush and measured, as already explained. 
 
 In addition to this measurement by the gage a measurement will be 
 made of the actual depth in inches of the snow on the ground. Select 
 a level place of some extent, where the drifting is least pronounced, 
 and measure the snow in at least three places. The mean of these 
 measurements will give the snowfall, which is to be entered in the 
 column of the report headed "Depth of snowfall in inches," and when- 
 ever it is impracticable to melt the snow as described in the preceding 
 paragraphs, one-tenth of this mean will give an approximate value, in 
 water, for the snow which could not be melted. This value must be 
 set down in the proper column of the report in precisely the same 
 manner as rainfall, or snow melted in the gage. After having once 
 made a measurement of the snowfall it is not desired that the same 
 snow be measured at each succeeding observation until it shall finally 
 disappear. Any fresh snow, however, should be measured and re- 
 corded as it falls. 
 
 Observations of rainfall should be made at the time of river obser- 
 vations, and the gage should be emptied of all the w^ater it may con- 
 tain as soon as it has been measured. 
 
22 
 
 If no rain, snow, or hail has fallen during the period of observation 
 make the entry .00 in the proper column. If the amount is too small 
 to measure, make the entry ''Trace'' or "TJ' 
 
 It is particularly important in the interests of accuracy that the ob- 
 servations be recorded as soon as made, and that the daily entries be 
 made each day. Even if no rain has fallen, the observer should bear 
 in mind that his official record of that fact is very important. 
 
 RECORDINa OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 Form 1006, Mefl. — The record of the observations made at the 
 station for the month, and should be filled up in accordance with the 
 instructions printed on the back of the form. 
 
 The form should be mailed to the official in charge of the district 
 center on the first day of the succeeding month. 
 
 Before mailing, a copy must be made by the observer in the book 
 furnished for that purpose. 
 
 Form 3069, Tel. — For telegraphing reports in accordance with in- 
 structions hereinafter given. 
 
 Form 1084, Mefl (postal card). — For reporting the daily observa- 
 tions to the official in charge of district center or to other officials 
 when specially authorized. 
 
 Form 1049, Met'l {postal card). — For reporting the record of the 
 stage of water in the river for the month, to the Chief, U. S. Weather 
 Bureau, Washington, D. C. This is the original record of river stages. 
 
 PROPERTY. 
 
 When property and supplies are furnished to an observer, an item- 
 ized receipt therefor will be immediately mailed to the official in 
 charge of the district. 
 
 When an observer is relieved from charge of a station, he will make 
 out a list in triplicate of all Government property in his possession, 
 and append at the bottom thereof the following certificate : 
 
 {Date) , 19—. 
 
 I certify that I have this day received from {name of former observer) 
 
 the above-mentioned articles in good condition unless otherwise specified hereon. 
 
 {Name of new observer) . 
 
 One copy of this report will be mailed to the official in charge of the 
 district, one given to the new observer, and the third retained by the 
 retiring observer. 
 
 When from any cause any article of property becomes unserviceable 
 or in need of repairs, the fact must be at once communicated to the 
 official in charge of the district for such action as he may deem proper 
 and necessary. 
 
23 
 
 The Chief of the Weather Bureau reserves the right to withhold 
 payment from any person who persistently neglects to make his reports 
 accurately and forward them promptly. Payment wdll be made 
 quarterly. 
 
 REPORTS, WHEN TELEGRAPHED. 
 
 The telegraphic reports must be sent as soon as possible after the 
 observation is taken. 
 
 Some river observers, when specially instructed, telegraph daily 
 stages to the district center, others only when the river reaches a cer- 
 tain height on the gage, and still others when the water is near, at, or 
 above the flood stage. 
 
 In all cases, however, when the rainfall in the past twenty-four 
 hours equals or exceeds 1 inch (or less in special cases), the observer 
 will take a reading of the river gage and telegraph it, together with 
 * the amount of precipitation, direction of wind, and state of w^eather 
 at the time of observation, to the official in charge of the district 
 center. 
 
 Telegrams concerning the formation or breaking up of ice gorges, 
 of heavy drift, or other obstructions in the river, wlien of sufficient 
 extent to endanger navigation or destroy property, will be sent to the 
 district centers and places specially authorized. The telegrams should 
 give, in as few words as possible, the location and extent of the dam 
 or obstruction. 
 
 ' Observers will not prepay telegrams on official business, as settle- 
 ment will be made by the Washington Central Office direct with the 
 telegraph companies sending the reports. 
 
 TELEGKAPMINa REPORTS. 
 
 It is usually required that telegraphic reports of river stages, efc, 
 be made in cipher. This is for the purpose of saving expense in the 
 transmission of messages. 
 
 The cipher accompanying these instructions will be used in tele- 
 graphing reports. 
 
 ^Tien the river is rising at the time of observation, use the cipher 
 words in the column headed '^Rising;" when falling, those headed 
 ^'^ Falling." 
 
 The rising or falling words will be used by the observer in enci- 
 phering the stage according to the information available at the time of 
 observation, as to whether the river is rising or falling. This may be 
 ascertained from any noticeable water marks indicating a rise or a fall, 
 or from any special observation made since the last regular a. m. 
 observation. YvTien there is no special knowledge as to whether the 
 river is rising or falling at the time of observation the code word 
 selected to be sent will indicate rising or falling, according as it may 
 
24 
 
 be shown to be by comparison witli the previous day's observation 
 at 8 a. m. 
 
 The rising or f aUing feature of a river is especially important at the 
 high stages when the crest of a flood wave is approaching. 
 
 The cipher words should be carefully and legibly written in letters 
 that can not be misunderstood. 
 
 Observers are advised to write messages, whenever possible, in 
 print letters instead of a running hand. Where written in a running 
 hand the letter ^'n/' wherever it occurs in the message, should be 
 underscored thus n. This is a device for distinguishing ^ ^ n " from ^ ' u " 
 where it is a matter of importance. Care should be taken to so make 
 the script or running-hand letters that an ^'o" may not be mistaken 
 for an '^a," a 'H" for an '^1," an '4" for an '^e/' and so on. 
 
 When there is difficulty experienced in translating a cipher message 
 at a district center, or when the stage is apparently wrong or incon- 
 sistent with observations at other places, caused by careless writing 
 of the message, the observer may be required by a special message 
 from the district center to send the stage in plain words. In such a 
 case the message must contain the stage of the river in plain words ; 
 as, for instance, '"forty-five six" for fortj^-five feet six tenths. In 
 such message no wind direction, state of weather, or rainfall will be 
 sent. 
 
 One copy of the telegram will be given to the operator at the tele- 
 graph office and a copy retained by the observer. 
 
 Messages should be ffied at the telegraph office as soon as practicable 
 after the observation has been taken. 
 
 Reports for telegraphic transmission will be enciphered on Form 
 3069, as follows: The first space will contain the word ''observer;" 
 the second, the name of the place to which the report is to be tele- 
 graphed; the third, the name of the station from which the report is 
 telegraphed; the fourth, the cipher word for the date and time of the 
 report; the fifth, the word to indicate the direction of wind and state 
 of weather; the sixth, the word for the stage of water; the seventh, 
 the depth of rainfall; the eighth, the depth of unmelted snow in 
 inches, and the ninth, the surname of the observer sending the report. 
 If there is no snow on the ground, the name of the observer will go 
 in the eighth space. If no rain or snow has fallen, the name will go 
 in the seventh space. 
 
 The following is an example of an enciphered report, with the trans- 
 lation. The water is above the zero of the gage and the ground cov- 
 ered with snow. 
 
25 
 
 [Form No. 3069, Tel.] 
 
 XJ. S. Department op Agriculture, Weather Bureau. 
 
 Telegraphic cipher report of observations . 
 
 [Observation taken at Clinton, Tenn., on March 1, 1901, at 8 a. m.] 
 
 1 
 
 Observer 
 
 Chattanooga 
 
 3 
 Clinton 
 
 Baby 
 
 Sing 
 
 6 
 Saddens 
 
 7 
 Humpy 
 
 8 
 Ten 
 
 9 
 Jones 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Received at 
 Sent at — — 
 
 19- 
 
 Observer. 
 
 Operator. 
 
 Note. — Operators will send only the matter inside the heavy lines, without address or signature. Full 
 instructions for the preparation of this report will be found in the ''Weather Code," and on the back of 
 this form. The letter "n" is underscored to distinguish it from "u." 
 
 Translation. 
 
 Observer, Chattanooga. . .Address of Weather Bureau observer at Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Clinton Name of river station at CUnton, Tenn. 
 
 -D 1 fDate of report, first day of the month. 
 
 ■"-^^^y 1 Timc> nf nhsprAratirin (l^iYx Tnprirli«n 
 
 Sing. 
 
 \Time of observation (75th meridian), 8 a. m. 
 
 f State of weather, rain. 
 
 1 Direction of wind, northwest. 
 
 o 1 1 (Stage of water in the river, 12.5 feet. 
 
 S^d^^^« iRiver rising. 
 
 Humpy Amount of rainfall, 0.01 of an inch. 
 
 Ten Depth of unmelted snow on the ground, 10 inches. 
 
 Jones Name of river observer. 
 
 The following is an example of an enciphered report, followed by 
 the translation, when the river is below the zero of the gage and there 
 is no snow on the ground : 
 
 [Form No. 3069, Tel.] 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau. 
 
 Telegraphic cipher report of observations . 
 
 [Observation taken at Helena, Ark., on April 20, 1901, at 8 a. m.] 
 
 1 
 
 Observer 
 
 9 
 
 Memphis 
 
 3 
 Helena 
 
 4 
 Bear 
 
 5 
 Rush 
 
 6 
 Pedometer 
 
 Brown 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Recei^d at 
 Sent at 
 
 -, 19-. 
 
 Observer. 
 
 Operator. 
 
 Note.— Operators will send only the matter inside the heavy lines, without address or signature. Full 
 instructions for the preparation of this report wall be found in the "Weather Code," and on the back of 
 this form. The letter "n" is underscored to distinguish it from "u." 
 
26 
 
 Translation. 
 
 Observer, Memphis..... Address of Weather Bureau observer at Memphis, Tenn. 
 
 Helena Name of river station at Helena, Ark. 
 
 -D fDate, twentieth day of the month. 
 
 ^ \Time of observation (75th meridian time), 8 a. m. 
 
 -p , /State of weather, cloudless. 
 
 ■^^^^ - -IDirection of wind, west. 
 
 PAHnmp+pr /Height of water below zero of gage, 2.8 feet, 
 
 reaometer \River falling. 
 
 Brown Name of river observer at Helena. 
 
 TABLE FOR CONVERTING INCHES INTO TENTHS OF A FOOT. 
 
 If the river gage is graduated in feet and inches, the inches will be 
 converted into tenths of a foot by the following table before encipher- 
 ing for telegraphing: 
 
 1 inch of water equals one-tenth (0.1) of a foot. 
 
 2 inches of water equal two-tenths (0.2) of a foot. 
 
 3 inches of water equal three-tenths (0.3) of a foot. 
 
 4 inches of water equal three-tenths (0.3) of a foot. 
 
 5 inches of water equal four-tenths (0.4) of a foot. 
 
 6 inches of water equal five-tenths (0.5) of a foot. 
 
 7 inches of water equal six-tenths (0.6) of a foot. 
 
 8 inches of water equal seven-tenths (0.7) of a foot. 
 
 9 inches of water equal eight-tenths (0.8) of a foot. 
 
 10 inches of water equal eight-tenths (0.8) of a foot. 
 
 11 inches of water equal nine-tenths (0.9) of a foot. 
 
 RIVER STAGE CIPHER COI>E. 
 
 The code consists of about 1 ,400 words, so arranged that the condi- 
 tion of the river at the time of observation (whether rising or falling) 
 and the stage from 9.9 feet below zero to 60 feet above {including all 
 the intervening tenths of feet) can be reported in a single word. 
 
 The initial letters indicate the condition (whether rising or falling) 
 of the river at the time of observation; thus words beginning with J 
 or S represent river rising, words beginning with P or T represent 
 river falling. 
 
 Words beginning with J or P indicate stages below zero, from one- 
 tenth of a foot to nine feet and nine-tenths, inclusive; those with S or 
 T, immediately followed hy a vowel, indicate stages from zero to 49.9 
 feet above, inclusive; those with S or T, immediately followed hy a 
 consonant, indicate stages from 50 to 59.9 feet above, inclusive. 
 
 As the S and T words, in which the initial letter is immediately fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, cover a range of from zero to 49.9 feet above, 
 inclusive, it is necessary to indicate the tens of feet in those ^ords 
 otherwise than by the initial letters only. This is done by assigning 
 certain values to the first vowel, thus u or y = ; a = 10; e=20; i=30; 
 o =40; thus words beginning with Su or Tu represent stages less than 
 10 feet; Sa or Ta, over 10 and less than 20; Se or Te, over 20 and less 
 than 30; Si or Ti, over 30 and less than 40; So and To, over 40 and 
 less than 50. 
 
27 
 
 The units offset are indicated by the first consonant (immediately 
 preceding a vowel) of the second syllable, according to the following 
 values, viz: b=01., d=02,, f=03., g=04., m=05., n-06., r=07., 
 s=08., t=09. Should the^rs^ consonant (immediately preceding a 
 vowel) of the second syllable be one which has no value in the code, 
 that is, it is not b, d, f, g, m, n, r, s, or t, it indicates that there are 
 no units of feet in that word. 
 
 The tenths of a foot, in all words, are indicated by the vowel imme- 
 diately following the consonant which represents the units of feet. The 
 values assigned to the vowels indicating the tenths of a foot are as fol- 
 lows: uory=0.0; a=0.2; e=0.4; i=0.6; o =0.8. These values (m 
 order to indicate the odd tenths of a foot, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) 
 are subject to the proviso that the final letter of the word in which any 
 ^ of them occur is not ^^s"; if it is, then the value of the significant vowel 
 indicating the tenths of a foot in that particular word is increased hy 
 one-tenth. That is to say, words ending in ^^s" indicate stages in 
 which the tenths of a foot are 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, or 0.9, while words 
 ending in any other letter indicate stages in v/hich the tenths of a foot 
 are 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8, as may be more readily seen from the 
 
 following table: 
 
 
 
 Final letter not "s." 
 
 Final letter "s." 
 
 uory=0.0; 
 
 U or 
 
 y=o.i; 
 
 a=0.2; 
 
 
 a=0.3; 
 
 e=0.4; 
 
 
 e=0.5; 
 
 1=0.6; 
 
 
 i=0.7; 
 
 0=0.8. 
 
 
 0=0.9. 
 
 A stage of 60 feet if river is rising is indicated by the w^ord 
 ^' Sword;" if river is falling, by the word ''Twoply." These words, 
 as will be noticed, are arbitrary, that is, they are not formed accord- 
 ing to the key. 
 
 When the stage is above 60 feet, the word indicating 60 feet, rising 
 or falling, as the case may be, will be sent, immediately followed by 
 the word representing the stage in excess of 60 feet which is to be 
 reported; thus a stage of 70 feet rising would be enciphered by two 
 words '^ Sword" — '^Sack;" a stage of 69.9 feet falling would be 
 enciphered ^^Twoply"—^^ Tutors." 
 
 Should the river become frozen, the word ^^ Frozen" w^ll be added 
 to the next succeeding report only. 
 
 The following are examples of the use of the code. 
 
 0.9 below zero, falling, ''Pathos." 
 1.2 below zero, rising, "Jobation." 
 6.0 above zero, falling, "Tunny." 
 9,0 above zero, rising, "Suture." 
 55.3 above zero, falling, "Thomas." 
 
 58.7 above zero, rising, "Spousings." 
 
 68.0 above zero, falling, "Twoply "— "Tucksy." 
 
 75.8 above zero, rising, "Sword" — "Salmon." 
 
28 
 
 The code for precipitation gives a word for each even hundredth of 
 an inch from 0.02 to 4.98, inclusive, and also for 0.01 inch and ''trace" 
 (amount too small to measure). When more than 0.01 is measured 
 only the even hundredths will be telegraphed; when the measurement 
 is exactly halfway between two even numbers the lower of the two 
 
 will be sent. 
 
 Example. 
 
 0.12 inch, send the word, "Husband." 
 2.54 inches, send the word, "Helmet." 
 0,01 inch, send the word, "Humpy." 
 "Trace," send the word, "Hung." 
 
 Should the precipitation exceed 5 inches, the word five, six, or 
 seven, etc. (to indicate the inches), will be entered on Form 3069, 
 Tel., and immediately following the extra hundredths will be en- 
 ciphered in a regular word. Should exactly 5, 6, 7, or more inches 
 fall use the proper figure and follow with the word for ''trace." 
 
 Example. 
 
 7.30 inches, send the words, "Seven Hurtful." 
 6.00 inches, send the words, "Six Hung." 
 
29 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 tH!MCO^ 
 
 lOCD t^CO 
 
 05 0.-IC1 
 
 ro-f lOO 
 
 ^22Si 
 
 ?i?ig5?; 
 
 S^?;?S 
 
 ^^?5 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 !^ -H ft 
 
 > IOC3 c3 
 03 03 o; 03 
 
 03 03 03 O 
 
 03 03 03. ii 
 
 'gf.i^ft 
 
 
 0000 
 
 
 
 
 c3 c3 o3 c3 
 
 C3 03 03 03 
 
 03 03 03 -P 
 
 .p 
 
 OOOO 
 
 p3 
 
 
 a 
 ft 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 PPPP 
 
 'a.2>;p > 
 PPPP 
 PPPP 
 
 03 +j 
 
 o3 03^:3 a 
 > > > y, 
 
 PPPP 
 
 ki >^ k) 
 PPP 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 ^ a.a a 
 
 c3 c3 03 03 
 
 oaoo 
 
 PI fts-i w 
 03 03 c3 03 
 OOOO 
 
 i^p^>. 
 
 cS o3 03 c3 
 
 OOOO 
 
 OOOO 
 
 .sill 
 
 OOOO 
 
 loll 
 
 OOOO 
 
 ^.a-O^ 
 
 (- t-l tH 3 
 
 OOOO 
 
 000 
 
 a 
 
 ft 
 
 CO 
 
 'c^:^a 
 
 c3 03 c3 c3 
 
 oaoo 
 
 a§a£? 
 
 03 c3 03 c« 
 OOOO 
 
 OOOO 
 
 OOOO 
 
 ^sa^ 
 
 OOOO 
 
 OOOO 
 
 OOOO 
 
 OOOO 
 
 ftSt: fc. 
 P 3 P 
 000 
 
 a 
 ft 
 
 ^03^S 
 
 a a p a 
 
 03 
 
 tH P £ fcH 
 
 p p p p 
 
 p i;?.a 
 
 pp'p'p" 
 PPPP 
 
 II ^g 
 
 Op p p 
 
 PPPP 
 
 p p p ft 
 PPPP 
 
 ftftftd^ 
 PPPP 
 
 03 
 
 PPP 
 
 ft 
 
 
 fill 
 
 
 «2 ^ 
 
 03 3 03^ 
 
 
 •c S c; s^ 
 
 
 -c.a| 
 
 a 
 
 03 03 'S'^ 
 02 02 02 02 
 
 -2 
 
 « C P M 
 
 03 c3 03 03 
 
 P^!>.§ 
 c3 03 03 O 
 
 mmmm 
 
 C3 P P M 
 
 Mt 
 
 03^ P >^ 
 
 c2 oi c2 c5 
 
 .a.a.p^ 
 
 mmmm 
 
 M 
 
 r- P W) 
 
 p: 3 P 
 mmm 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 <VM 03 
 
 AhPhPmPh 
 
 llll 
 
 
 P 
 
 llll 
 
 8^ 
 
 PPPPh 
 
 PPPP 
 
 llll 
 
 PPPP 
 
 1^1 
 
 PPP 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 00 
 
 
 pqpqpppp 
 
 pUPQfqpp 
 
 §03 .a 
 PPPP 
 
 rP G t-l 
 
 -^52 c3 03 
 03 03 03 03 
 PPPP 
 
 rc-P 
 TJ MP'S 
 03 03 03 03 
 PPPP 
 
 pqpqpqpq 
 
 PPP 
 
 a 
 
 § ^ ^ ^ 
 fiPfifi 
 
 c3 03 03 03 
 PPfiP 
 
 P t>io3 o3 
 PPPP 
 
 llll 
 
 PPPP 
 
 .22 
 
 PPPP 
 
 PPPP 
 
 PPP 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 IrH t-l l-H Ir-I 
 
 l-(|-Hl-lt-l 
 
 asaa 
 
 lift 
 aaap 
 
 i-Ht-lh-4l— 1 
 
 fl P P P 
 
 ossa 
 PPPP 
 
 p p p^ 
 
 03 a' 
 
 PPP 
 
 ai 
 
 a 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 
 s 
 
 03 
 ft 
 
 rHIMi-O-^ 
 
 lO to t^OO 
 
 OiOj-HC^ 
 
 OO^lOO 
 
 ^ssa 
 
 c^?^?5^ 
 
 ^^^§^ 
 
 ^^P. 
 
30 
 
 CODE FOR DIRECTION OF WIND AND STATE OF WEATHER. 
 
 
 
 
 State of weather. 
 
 
 
 Direction of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wind. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Clear. 
 
 Partly cloudy. 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 Rain. 
 
 Snow. 
 
 Calm 
 
 Us 
 
 All 
 
 Each 
 
 Ink 
 
 Oak 
 
 N. 
 
 Bulk 
 
 Bank 
 
 Beak 
 
 Birth 
 
 Book 
 
 NE. 
 
 Duck 
 
 Damp 
 
 Debt 
 
 Dip 
 
 Dog 
 
 E. 
 
 Full 
 
 Faith 
 
 Few 
 
 Fish 
 
 Folk ^ 
 
 SE. 
 
 Guy 
 
 Gall 
 
 Get 
 
 Gig 
 
 Gown 
 
 S. 
 
 My 
 
 Mark 
 
 Mean 
 
 Milk 
 
 Moth 
 
 sw. 
 
 Nut 
 
 Nail 
 
 Nest 
 
 Nick 
 
 Nook 
 
 w. 
 
 Rush 
 
 Raw 
 
 Rend 
 
 Rink 
 
 Round 
 
 NW. 
 
 Sunk 
 
 Say 
 
 Seek 
 
 Sing 
 
 Soak 
 
 All code words must be distinctly printed. 
 
 "Fog," "sleet," "clearing," etc., can be indicated by an extra word. 
 
 PRECIPITATION SINCE LAST 8 A. M. REPORT. 
 
 T. 
 
 Hung 
 
 .70 
 
 Hurrying 
 
 1.40 
 
 Handgun 
 
 .01 
 
 Humpy 
 
 .72 
 
 Hurrah 
 
 1.42 
 
 Haggard 
 
 .02 
 
 Huzzaing 
 
 .74 
 
 Hundred 
 
 1.44 
 
 Hargett 
 
 .04 
 
 Humble 
 
 .76 
 
 Hungrily 
 
 1.46 
 
 Hanging 
 
 „06 
 
 Hulking 
 
 .78 
 
 Hydrometer 
 
 1.48 
 
 Hagood 
 
 .08 
 
 Hullo 
 
 .80 
 
 Hussy 
 
 1.50 
 
 Halmus 
 
 .10 
 
 Humbug 
 
 .82 
 
 Hussar 
 
 1.52 
 
 Handmaid 
 
 .12 
 
 Husband 
 
 .84 
 
 Hulsean 
 
 1.54 
 
 Hammer 
 
 .14 
 
 Huckberry 
 
 .86 
 
 Hussite 
 
 1.56 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 .16 
 
 Hubbite 
 
 .88 
 
 Hudson 
 
 1.58 
 
 Harmon 
 
 .18 
 
 Humbolt 
 
 .90 
 
 Hubturn 
 
 1.60 
 
 Hagny 
 
 .20 
 
 Hurdy 
 
 .92 
 
 Huntable 
 
 1.62 
 
 Hannah 
 
 .22 
 
 Huldah 
 
 .94 
 
 Hunter 
 
 1.64 
 
 Harness 
 
 .24 
 
 Hurden 
 
 .96 
 
 Hunting 
 
 1.66 
 
 Hay knife 
 
 .26 
 
 Hurdles 
 
 .98 
 
 Hutton 
 
 1.68 
 
 Hanover 
 
 .28 
 
 Huntdog 
 
 1.00 
 
 Hack 
 
 1.70 
 
 Harry 
 
 .30 
 
 Hurtful 
 
 1.01 
 
 Happy 
 
 1.72 
 
 Harass 
 
 .32 
 
 Huntfarm 
 
 1.02 
 
 Harland 
 
 1.74 
 
 Harebell 
 
 .34 
 
 Hulfere 
 
 1.04 
 
 Hamlet 
 
 1.76 
 
 Harrison 
 
 .36 
 
 Huffish 
 
 1.06 
 
 Hacking 
 
 1.78 
 
 Harrow 
 
 .38 
 
 Hub form 
 
 1.08 
 
 Havoc 
 
 1.80 
 
 Haysucker 
 
 .40 
 
 Huguenot 
 
 1.10 
 
 Hapsburg 
 
 1.82 
 
 Handsaw 
 
 .42 
 
 Hungarian 
 
 1.12 
 
 Hatband 
 
 1.84 
 
 Hawser 
 
 .44 
 
 Hunger 
 
 1.14 
 
 Habeas 
 
 1.86 
 
 Halfsister 
 
 .46 
 
 Hugging 
 
 1.16 
 
 Habit 
 
 1.88 
 
 Hassock 
 
 .48 
 
 Hugo 
 
 1.18 
 
 Harbor 
 
 1.90 
 
 Haughty 
 
 .50 
 
 Humus 
 
 1.20 
 
 Handy 
 
 1.92 
 
 Hardtack 
 
 .52 
 
 Human 
 
 1.22 
 
 Haddam 
 
 1.94 
 
 Hatter 
 
 .54 
 
 Hymen 
 
 1.24 
 
 Hayden 
 
 1.96 
 
 Halting 
 
 .56 
 
 Humidity 
 
 1.26 
 
 Harding 
 
 1.98 
 
 Hampton 
 
 .58 
 
 Hummock 
 
 1.28 
 
 Haddock 
 
 2.00 
 
 .Hen 
 
 .60 
 
 Huffsnuff 
 
 1.30 
 
 Handful 
 
 2.01 
 
 Healy 
 
 .62 
 
 Hymnal 
 
 1.32 
 
 Halfage 
 
 2.02 
 
 Hellcat 
 
 .64 
 
 Hunnewell 
 
 1.34 
 
 Hay fever 
 
 2.04 
 
 Heaven 
 
 .66 
 
 Hunnicut 
 
 1.36 
 
 Hadfield 
 
 2.06 
 
 HeaHng 
 
 .68 
 
 Hypnotic 
 
 1.38 
 
 Hartford 
 
 2.08 
 
 Hemlock 
 
31 
 
 Precipitation Since last 8 a. m. Report — Continued. 
 
 2.10 
 
 Heartburn 
 
 3.10 
 
 Highbuilt 
 
 4.10 
 
 Hobby 
 
 2.12 
 
 Herbage 
 
 3.12 
 
 Highbacked 
 
 4.12 
 
 Hogback 
 
 2.14 
 
 Herbert 
 
 3.14 
 
 Hibernian 
 
 4.14 
 
 Hotbed 
 
 2.16 
 
 Herbis 
 
 3.16 
 
 Hibicus 
 
 4.16 
 
 HornbiU 
 
 2.18 
 
 Herdboy 
 
 3.18 
 
 Highborn 
 
 4.18 
 
 Hoboy 
 
 2.20 
 
 Hedyle 
 
 3.20 
 
 Hindustan 
 
 4.20 
 
 Honduras 
 
 2.22 
 
 Heyday 
 
 3.22 
 
 Hidalgo 
 
 4.22 
 
 Hockday 
 
 2.24 
 
 Herder 
 
 3.24 
 
 Hinder 
 
 4.24 
 
 Holder 
 
 2.26 
 
 Heading 
 
 3.26 
 
 Hiding 
 
 4.26 
 
 Hoarding 
 
 2.28 
 
 Herndon 
 
 3.28 
 
 Hindoo 
 
 4.28 
 
 Hoodoo 
 
 2.30 
 
 Helpful 
 
 3.30 
 
 Highfurled 
 
 4.30 
 
 Hodful 
 
 2.32 
 
 Head fast 
 
 3.32 
 
 Highfalls 
 
 4.32 
 
 Holdfast 
 
 2.34 
 
 Heifer 
 
 3.34 
 
 Highfed 
 
 4.34 
 
 Hoofed 
 
 2.36 
 
 Headfish 
 
 3.36 
 
 Highfinish 
 
 4.36 
 
 Hoofing 
 
 2.38 
 
 Heathfowl 
 
 3.38 
 
 Hillfolk 
 
 4.38 
 
 Holdforth 
 
 2.40 
 
 Headguide 
 
 3.40 
 
 Hindgut 
 
 4.40 
 
 Hoggy 
 
 2.42 
 
 Hellgate 
 
 3.42 
 
 Highgate 
 
 4.42 
 
 Howgate 
 
 2.44 
 
 Hedge 
 
 3.44 
 
 Hinge 
 
 4.44 
 
 Hodgen 
 
 2.46 
 
 Hedging 
 
 3.46 
 
 Higgins 
 
 4.46 
 
 Hoggish 
 
 2.48 
 
 Hengoose 
 
 3.48 
 
 Hipgout 
 
 4.48 
 
 Hobgoblin 
 
 2.50 
 
 Helmuth 
 
 3.50 
 
 Hillmule 
 
 4.50 
 
 Hogmullet 
 
 2.52 
 
 HelpmatG 
 
 3.52 
 
 Hickman 
 
 4.52 
 
 Hoffman 
 
 2.54 
 
 Helmet 
 
 3.54 
 
 Highmen 
 
 4.54 
 
 Holmes 
 
 2.56 
 
 Hermit 
 
 3.56 
 
 Hielmite 
 
 4.56 
 
 Homily 
 
 2.58 
 
 Henmold 
 
 3.58 
 
 Hindmost 
 
 4.58 
 
 Homo 
 
 2.60 
 
 Henny 
 
 3.60 
 
 Hinnus 
 
 4.60 
 
 Horny 
 
 2.62 
 
 Hernando 
 
 3.62 
 
 Hinan 
 
 4.62 
 
 Hobnail 
 
 2.64 
 
 Hennepin 
 
 3.64 
 
 Highness 
 
 4.64 
 
 Honesty 
 
 2.66 
 
 Hernia 
 
 3.66 
 
 Hinniate 
 
 4.66 
 
 Honied 
 
 2.68 
 
 Headnote 
 
 3.68 
 
 Hinoid 
 
 4.68 
 
 Honor 
 
 2.70 
 
 Henry 
 
 3.70 
 
 Highrule 
 
 4.70 
 
 Hoary 
 
 2.72 
 
 Herald 
 
 3.72 
 
 Hierarch 
 
 4.72 
 
 Horace 
 
 2.74 
 
 Hebrew 
 
 3.74 
 
 Hired 
 
 4. 74 
 
 Horehound 
 
 2.76 
 
 Herring 
 
 3.76 
 
 Hiring 
 
 4.76 
 
 Horrid 
 
 2.78 
 
 Herod 
 
 3.78 
 
 Hidrotic 
 
 4.78 
 
 Horror 
 
 2.80 
 
 Hersum 
 
 3.80 
 
 Hirsute 
 
 4.80 
 
 Hotsunk 
 
 2.82 
 
 Hearsay 
 
 3.82 
 
 Hilsa 
 
 4.82 
 
 Hosanna 
 
 2.84 
 
 Herself 
 
 3.84 
 
 Himself 
 
 4.84 
 
 Hose 
 
 2.86 
 
 Hesitate 
 
 3.86 
 
 Hissing 
 
 4.86 
 
 Hosiery 
 
 2.88 
 
 Hessomite 
 
 3.88 
 
 Highsouled 
 
 4.88 
 
 Hobson 
 
 2.90 
 
 Hearty 
 
 3.90 
 
 Hightuned 
 
 4.90 
 
 Hoity 
 
 2.92 
 
 Hectare 
 
 3.92 
 
 Hightaper 
 
 4.92 
 
 Hostage 
 
 2.94 
 
 Heater 
 
 3.94 
 
 Hinted 
 
 4.94 
 
 Hotel 
 
 2.96 
 
 Hectic 
 
 3.96 
 
 Hinting 
 
 4.96 
 
 Hoisting 
 
 2.98 
 
 Hectoid 
 
 3.98 
 
 History 
 
 4.98 
 
 Horton 
 
 3.00 
 
 High 
 
 4.00 
 
 Hoard 
 
 
 
 3.01 
 
 Highly 
 
 4.01 
 
 Holy 
 
 
 
 3.02 
 
 Highway 
 
 4.02 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 
 3.04 
 
 Higher 
 
 4.04 
 
 Hope 
 
 
 
 3.06 
 
 Hillier 
 
 4.06 
 
 Hopping 
 
 
 
 3.08 
 
 Hickock 
 
 i 
 
 4.08 
 
 Hollow 
 
 
 
32 
 
 RIVER REPORT IN FEET ANB TENTHS OF A FOOT. 
 
 RIVER BELOW ZERO OF GAGE. 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Jettons 9.9 Patois 
 
 Jawtooth 9.8 Pluto 
 
 Jauntiness 9.7 Patients 
 
 Jauntily 9.6 Pastime 
 
 Jeterus 9.5 Patents 
 
 Jester 9.4 Patella 
 
 Jacktars 9.3 Potatoes 
 
 Junta 9.2 Potash 
 
 Jantus 9.1 Patulous 
 
 Jetty 9 feet Putty 
 
 Jacksons 8.9 Pinsors 
 
 Jimson 8.8 Parson 
 
 Jussis 8.7 Passions 
 
 Jessica 8.6 Passing 
 
 Josephus 8.5 Passes 
 
 Jesse 8.4 Pease 
 
 Jetsams 8.3 Passages 
 
 Jessant 8.2 Passable 
 
 Jesuits 8.1 Possums 
 
 Jessup 8 feet Palsy 
 
 Jurors 7.9 _ Pharos 
 
 Jerome 7.8 Payroll 
 
 Jurists . 7.7 Paris 
 
 Jeering 7.6 Peril 
 
 Jereeds 7.5 Parents 
 
 Jeremiah 7.4 Palfrey 
 
 Jurats 7.3 Pirates 
 
 Jimcrack 7.2 Peerage 
 
 Jorums 7.1 Perukes 
 
 Jury 7 feet Perusal 
 
 Jannocks 6.9 .. __ Panoplies 
 
 Juno 6.8 Pinole 
 
 Juniors 6.7 Penitents 
 
 Janitor 6.6 Peninsula 
 
 Justness 6.5 Pines 
 
 June 6.4 Panel 
 
 Journals 6.3 Panadas 
 
 Jonathan 6.2 Panacea 
 
 Janus 6.1 Pannus 
 
 Jenny 6 feet Peanut 
 
 Jeelmoss 5.9 Pomologists 
 
 All code words must be distinctly printed. 
 
33 
 
 Rising. Stage. FaUIng. 
 
 Jymold 5.8 Pamona 
 
 Jemminess 5.7 Palmipeds 
 
 Jasmine 5.6 Palmine 
 
 James 5.5 Palmettos 
 
 Jimmer 5.4 Palmed 
 
 Jumarts 5.3 Pamas 
 
 Jamaica 5.2 Penman 
 
 Jamuls 5.1 Permutes 
 
 Jimmy 5 feet Palmy 
 
 Jargons __4.9 Pagodas 
 
 Jingo 4.8 Pigot 
 
 Joggings 4.7 Peggings 
 
 Jiggish 4.6 Pagil 
 
 Jiggers . _4.5 Pages 
 
 Judge 4.4 Pigeon 
 
 Jingalls 4.3 Pegassus 
 
 Jiggamaree 4.2 Pagan 
 
 Jugulates 4.1 Peguins 
 
 Jugular 4: feet Pinguid 
 
 Jafords 3.9 Performs 
 
 Jailfoil 3.8 Pinfold 
 
 Jagfirs 3.7 Pitfishes 
 
 Jugfish 3.6 Perfidy 
 
 Juffers 3.5 Pilfers 
 
 Jefferson 3.4 Perfect 
 
 Jeofails 3.3 : _ _ _Pitfalls 
 
 Jawfall 3.2 Palmfan 
 
 Joyfulness 3.1 Perfumes 
 
 Jestful 3 feet Pailful 
 
 Juddocks 2.9 Paddocks 
 
 Jibdoor 2.8 Pedometer 
 
 Judicious 2.7 Paddings 
 
 Jading 2.6 Pedim 
 
 Jardes 2.5 Pedestals 
 
 Jade 2.4 Pander 
 
 Judaists 2.3 Pedals 
 
 Judah 2.2 Pindal 
 
 Jurdus 2.1 Pindusts 
 
 Judy ' 2 feet Paducah 
 
 Jibbooms 1.9 Pollbooks 
 
 Jamboree 1.8 Parboil 
 
 Jubilees 1.7 Poebirds 
 
 Jobbing 1.6 • Pay bill 
 
34 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Jibes 1.5 Pallbearers 
 
 Jobber 1.4 Pemberton 
 
 Jubas 1.3 Pebas 
 
 Jobation 1.2 Panbase 
 
 Jumbus 1.1 Pabulous 
 
 Jewbush 1 foot Pabulum 
 
 Jailors 0.9 Pathos 
 
 Jaspoid 0.8 Pappoose 
 
 Jerkings 0.7 Palliates 
 
 Julian 0.6 Pallid 
 
 Javelins 0.5 Pallets 
 
 Javel 0.4 Pale 
 
 Jalaps 0.3 Pampas 
 
 Japan 0.2 Palate 
 
 Julus 0.1 Papuans 
 
 RIVER ABOVE ZERO OF GAOE. 
 
 Sunk Zero Tucum 
 
 Sulks 0.1 Tusks. 
 
 Subjacent 0.2 Tuscany 
 
 Surpass ^ 0.3 Tuckahoes 
 
 Superb 0.4 Turtle 
 
 Sublets : 0.5__._r Tumbles 
 
 Survive 0.6 Tucking 
 
 Suscitates 0.7 Tulips 
 
 Suppose 0.8 Turcoman 
 
 Subjoins - 0.9 Turcois 
 
 Sudbury 1 foot Tubular 
 
 Suburbs : 1.1 Tubulus 
 
 Subastral 1.2 Tubal 
 
 Subagents 1.3 Turbans 
 
 Subbeadle 1.4 Tube 
 
 Sunbeams 1.5 Tuberous 
 
 Subinduce ' 1.6 Turbid 
 
 Sunbirds _ 1.7 Turbidness 
 
 Suboval 1.8 Tyboe 
 
 Subordinates 1.9 Turbots 
 
 Subduct 2 feet Turfdum 
 
 Subdues 2.1 Turdulis 
 
 Sudak 2.2 Tyndall 
 
 Sundays 2.3 Tyndarus 
 
 Sudden 2.4 Tysdell 
 
 Suddenness 2.5 -_Tydeus 
 
 Sundial 2.6 Tundish 
 
35 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Subdivides 2.7 Tuditanus 
 
 Sundown 2.8 Tudor 
 
 Subdolus _ 2.9 Tudors 
 
 Suffusion 3 feet Turfy 
 
 Suffuses 3.1 Tyfus 
 
 Subfamily 3.2 Turfan 
 
 Surfaces 3.3 Tuff as 
 
 Sufferance 3.4 Turfed 
 
 Suffers 3.5 Turfers 
 
 Suffix 3.6 Tuficani 
 
 Suffices 3.7 Turfings 
 
 Suffolk 3.8 Tuffoon 
 
 Suffocates 3.9 Tyfoons 
 
 Surgy 4 feet Tuggy 
 
 Surguts 4.1 Tunguses 
 
 Sugar 4.2 Tugaloo 
 
 Sugarless 4.3 Tygarts 
 
 Suggestion 4.4 Tuggerah 
 
 Suggests 4.5 Tuggers 
 
 Surging 4.6 Turgid 
 
 Suggillates 4.7 Turgidness 
 
 Surgo 4.8 Tungo 
 
 Sungors 4.9 Turgoils 
 
 Summy ^ 5 feet Tumult 
 
 Summus 5.1 Tumulous 
 
 Sumatra 5.2 Turnman 
 
 Summaries 5.3 Turmalines 
 
 Summery 5.4 Tumefy 
 
 Summers 5.5 Tumefies 
 
 Summit 5.6 Tumid 
 
 Summitless 5.7 Tumidness 
 
 Summoner 5.8 Tumor 
 
 Summons 5.9 Tumorous 
 
 Sunnyside 6 feet Tunny 
 
 Sunnus 6.1 Turnus 
 
 Sunnapee 6.2 Tunable 
 
 Surnames 6.3 Tunas 
 
 Sunem 6.4 Tumey 
 
 Subnects 6.5 Tunnels 
 
 Sunning 6.6 Tuning 
 
 Sunniness 6.7 . Turnips 
 
 Subnote 6.8 Turnover 
 
 Subnormals _ 6.9 Turnouts 
 
 Surry 7 feet Turung 
 
36 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Syrups 7.1 Tyrus 
 
 Syracuse 7.2 Tyranical 
 
 Subtracts 7.3 Tyrants 
 
 Surely 7.4 Turret 
 
 Sureties 7.5 Tureens 
 
 Syria 7.6 Turio 
 
 Syringes. 7.7 Tyrians 
 
 Surrogate 7.8 Tyro 
 
 Surrounds 7.9 Tyrones 
 
 Subsume 8 feet Tucksy 
 
 Subsultus 8.1 Tursus 
 
 Susannah 8.2 Tutsan 
 
 Susans 8.3 Tussahs 
 
 Sunset 8.4 Tusseiner 
 
 Subserves 8.5 Tussers 
 
 Subsidence 8.6 Tussicular 
 
 Subsides 8.7 Tursins 
 
 Subsolary 8.8 Tussock 
 
 Subsoils 8.9: Tysonites 
 
 Suture 9 feet Tufty 
 
 Sumptuous 9.1 Tutuilas 
 
 Sustainable 9.2 Tutary 
 
 Sustains 9.3 Turntables 
 
 System 9.4 Tutelary 
 
 Subtends 9.5 Tutelages 
 
 Subtile 9.6 Tutti 
 
 Subtilizes 9.7 Tuitions 
 
 Sutton 9.8 Tutoring 
 
 Suitors 9.9 Tutors 
 
 Say 10 feet Tally 
 
 Salutes 10.1 Talks 
 
 Salary 10.2 Tankard 
 
 Salads 10.3 Tallages 
 
 Save ' 10.4 Tape 
 
 Sales 10.5 Tales 
 
 Saline 10.6 Talking 
 
 Salivates 10.7 Tapis 
 
 Sallow 10.8 Talcose 
 
 Saloons 10.9 Talons 
 
 Sabula 11 feet Tabular 
 
 Sabus 11.1 Tabulates 
 
 Sabaism 11.2 Tabasco 
 
 Sabbaths 11.3 .Tabards 
 
 Sabellian 11.4 ^ Taber 
 
37 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Sabers 11.5 Tabernacles 
 
 Sabianism 11.6 Tabid 
 
 Sabines 11.7 Tabidness 
 
 Sabot 11.8 Taboo 
 
 Samboes 11.9 Taborets 
 
 Sandy 12 feet Tardy 
 
 Sadduces 12.1 Tardus 
 
 Sadda 12.2 Tardation 
 
 Sandals 12.3 Tardacious 
 
 Saddest 12.4 Tadde 
 
 Saddens 12.5 Tandems 
 
 Sandiver 12.6 Tardily 
 
 Sardines 12.7 Tardiness 
 
 Sardonic 12.8 Tardo 
 
 Sadocus 12.9 Tarldons 
 
 Safune 13 feet Taffy 
 
 Sackfuls 13.1 Taffys 
 
 Safable 13.2 Tafa 
 
 Safableness 13.3 Tafallas 
 
 Safely 13.4 Tafeta 
 
 Safes 13.5 Tafferels 
 
 Saltfish 13.6 Tafi 
 
 Safies 13.7 Tafias 
 
 Sanford 13.8 Tarfork 
 
 Sainfoins 13.9 Talfords 
 
 Sanguine 14 feet Taguan 
 
 Sanguifies 14.1 Tagus 
 
 Sagacity 14,2 Taganet 
 
 Sagacious 14.3 Tagals 
 
 Sagely 14.4 Tangent 
 
 Sageness 14.5 Targets 
 
 Saginaw 14.6 Tangible 
 
 Saginates 14.7 Taggins 
 
 Sago 14.8 Tagolanda 
 
 Sagoins 14.9 Tagouts 
 
 Sammy 15 feet Talmud 
 
 Samuels 15.1 Talmudists 
 
 Samarcand 15.2 Tamable 
 
 Samaritans 15.3 Tamarins 
 
 Same 15.4 Tame 
 
 Sameness 15.5 Tameness 
 
 Samite 15.6 Taming 
 
 Salmis. _ _ _ „ , 15.7 Tamines 
 
 Salmon 15.8 Tamora 
 
38 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Samos 15.9 Tamos 
 
 Sanny 16 feet Tawny 
 
 Sannups 16.1 Tannus 
 
 Sanable 16.2 Tannate 
 
 Sanatives 16.3 Tannahills 
 
 Sanely 16.4 Tanned 
 
 Saneness 16.5 Tanners 
 
 Sanity 16.6 Tannin 
 
 Sanions 16.7 Tarnishes 
 
 Sanok 16.8 Tarnow 
 
 Sannos 16.9 Tapnors 
 
 Sary 17 feet Tarry 
 
 Sacrums 17.1 Taurus 
 
 Sarah 17.2 Tarrant 
 
 Saracens 17.3 Tarragons 
 
 Sacred 17.4 Tarred 
 
 Sacredness 17.5 Tarentulas 
 
 Sacristy 17.6 Tarrier 
 
 Sacrifices 17.7 Tariffs 
 
 Saffron 17.8 Tagro 
 
 Saronis 17.9 Tarrocks 
 
 Salsuma 18 feet Tansy 
 
 Satsumas 18.1 Tarsus 
 
 Sausage 18.2 Tarsal 
 
 Sassafras 18.3 Tarsals 
 
 Sasse 18.4 Tasset 
 
 Salses 18.5 Tassels 
 
 Sassin 18.6 Tassian 
 
 Salsifies 18.7 Tasimeters 
 
 Samson 18.8 Tasso 
 
 Sassorals 18.9 Tassoons 
 
 Saturn 19 feet Tasty 
 
 Saturates 19.1 Tartuffes 
 
 Satanic 19.2 Tartar 
 
 Satanisms 19.3 Tantalus 
 
 Salted 19.4 Taste 
 
 Satellites 19.5 Tasteless 
 
 Satiate 19.6 Tactile 
 
 Satisfies _ 19.7 Tactics 
 
 Santon 19.8 Taunton 
 
 Sandstones 19.9 Tattoos 
 
 Seek 20 feet Tell 
 
 Seals 20.1 Telys 
 
 Secant 20.2 Tekamah 
 
39 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Sealarks 20.3 Templars 
 
 Select 20.4 Tempest 
 
 Sealegs 20.5 _ .. Tempestuous 
 
 Sealing 20.6 Tepid 
 
 Servitudes 20.7 Tellinas 
 
 Seahog 20.8 Teletype 
 
 Sepoys 20.9 Teapots 
 
 Selby 21 feet Tenby 
 
 Seabugs 21.1 Tebbys 
 
 Sebate 21.2 Tebal 
 
 Sebaceous 21.3 Tebars 
 
 Sebesten 21.4 Tebeth 
 
 Seabeans 21.5 Tebbes 
 
 Seabird 21.6 Tebinal 
 
 Sebiferous 21.7 Tebbins 
 
 Seaboy 21.8 Teaboard 
 
 Seaboards 21.9 Telbons 
 
 Seduce 22 feet Teddy 
 
 Sedulous 22.1 Tendums 
 
 Sedate 22.2 Tendance 
 
 Sedateness 22.3 Tendants 
 
 Sedentary 22.4 Tender 
 
 Senders 22.5 Tenderness 
 
 Sediment 22.6 Tedium 
 
 Seditious 22.7 Tedious 
 
 Seldom 22.8 Tendo 
 
 Seadogs 22.9 Tendons 
 
 Seafurth 23 feet Tearful 
 
 Seafurs 23.1 Teamfuls 
 
 Sefatian 23.2 Telfair 
 
 Serfages 23.3 Tenf ans 
 
 Seafern 23.4 Termfee 
 
 Seafennels 23.5 Terfens 
 
 Seafish 23.6 Terfile 
 
 Seafights 23.7 Telfis 
 
 Seafoam 23.8 Telfort 
 
 Seafowls 23.9 Tenfolds 
 
 Sedgy 24 feet Tegular 
 
 Seagulls 24.1 Teguments 
 
 Segano 24.2 Tergal 
 
 Segars • 24.3 Tergants 
 
 Sedgewick 24.4 Tegellen 
 
 Sedges 24.5 Teages 
 
 Sedging 24.6 Tergiant 
 
40 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Seagirdles 24.7 Tergites 
 
 Seagoing 24.8 Tergo 
 
 Seagods 24.9 Tegorskois 
 
 Seamy 25 feet Temulent 
 
 Semunies 25.1 Temulences 
 
 Selma 25.2 Termagancy 
 
 Seamaids 25.3 Termagants 
 
 Segment 25.4 Temerity 
 
 Seamells 25.5 Temenos 
 
 Seeming 25.6 Terminal 
 
 Seminates 25.7 Terminates 
 
 Semolino 25.8 Teignmouth 
 
 Sermons 25.9 Telmos 
 
 Senur 26 feet Tenure 
 
 Seanymphs 26.1 Tenuous 
 
 Senate 26.2 Tenable 
 
 Senators 26.3 Tenants 
 
 Seine 26.4 Tenet 
 
 Seneschals 26.5 Tenements 
 
 Senile 26.6 Tenioid 
 
 Seniors '. 26.7 Tennis 
 
 Segno 26.8 Tenon 
 
 Senoculars 26.9 Tenors 
 
 Serum 27 feet Terry 
 
 Serrulates 27.1 Tetrus 
 
 Seraphim 27.2 Terrapin 
 
 Seraphs 27.3 Terraces 
 
 Sebree 27.4 Terrence 
 
 Serenades 27.5 Terrets 
 
 Serial 27.6 Terrible 
 
 Series 27.7 Terrifies 
 
 Seabrook 27.8 Tenbrook 
 
 Serous 27.9 . Terrors 
 
 Sensual 28 feet Tessular 
 
 Sensuous 28.1 Tensys 
 
 Sensate 28.2 Tefsa 
 
 Sensations 28.3 Tensates 
 
 Sense 28.4 Tessellate 
 
 Senseless 28.5 Tenses 
 
 Sensible 28.6 Tensity 
 
 Sensibleness 28.7 Tensions 
 
 Seasonable 28.8 Telson 
 
 Seasons . 28.9 Tensors 
 
 Setule . 29 feet Testudo 
 
41 
 
 Rising. , Stage. Falling. 
 
 Sextus . 29.1 Testuous 
 
 Sextant 29.2 Temptation 
 
 Setaceous 29.3 Tetanus 
 
 Sentence 29.4 Tetter 
 
 Settees 29.5 Teamsters 
 
 Setting 29.6 Tempting 
 
 Sections 29.7 Testifies 
 
 Seton 29.8 Teutonic 
 
 Sextons 29.9 Teutons 
 
 Silly 30 feet Tip 
 
 Silks 30.1 Tillures 
 
 Silvan - 30.2 Tillable 
 
 Sillabubs 30.3 Tillages 
 
 Silent 30.4 Tipper 
 
 Silenes 30.5 Tiplers 
 
 Silicate 30.6 Ticklish 
 
 Silliness 30.7 Tippings 
 
 Sirloin 30.8 Tivoli 
 
 Sillons . 30.9 Tillots 
 
 Sibyline 31 feet Tiburon 
 
 Sibyls 31.1 Tilburys 
 
 Sitzbath 31.2 Timbal 
 
 Sinbads 31.3 Tidballs 
 
 Siberia 31.4 Tiberg 
 
 Siberians 31.5 Tiberius 
 
 Sibilation 31.6 Tibial 
 
 Sibilants 31.7 Tidbits 
 
 Sibboleth 31.8 Tibbo 
 
 Signboards 31.9 Timborines 
 
 Sidulation 32 feet Tidy 
 
 Sidulates 32.1 Tiduates 
 
 Sidacene 32.2 Tidal 
 
 Sirdars 32.3 Tindal 
 
 Sideral 32.4 Tidesman 
 
 Sideways 32.5 Tides 
 
 Sindi 32.6 Tidily 
 
 Sidings 32.7 Tidings 
 
 Sindon ' 32.8 Tidology 
 
 Sidonis 32.9 Tidors 
 
 Sinful 33 feet Tiffy 
 
 Sinfulness.. 33.1 Tightfuls 
 
 Sitfast 33.2 Tifano 
 
 Sif acs 33.3 Tiff anys 
 
 Simfero 33.4 Tifernum 
 
42 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Sifers . 33.5 Tifersas 
 
 Sifilet 33.6 Tiffish 
 
 Siffians 33.7 Tiffins 
 
 Sixfold 33.8 Tilford - 
 
 Sixfooters 33.9 Tinfoils 
 
 Singular 34 feet Tigutta 
 
 Singultus 34.1 _ Tilgus 
 
 Singapore 34.2 Tigaria 
 
 Singacs 34.3 Tiogas 
 
 Sigel 34.4 Tiger 
 
 Singers 34.5 Tigellas 
 
 Singing 34.6 Tingild 
 
 Sigils 34.7 Tingis 
 
 Sigourney 34.8 Tiggold 
 
 Sigoes 34.9 Tibgoats 
 
 Sigmund 35 feet Timmy 
 
 Simulates 35.1 Tilmus 
 
 Sigma 35.2 Timal 
 
 Simars 35.3 Tiermas 
 
 Simeon 35.4 Time 
 
 Simmers 35.5 Timeless 
 
 Similar 35.6 Timist 
 
 Similes 35.7 Timidness 
 
 Simony 35.8 Timothy 
 
 Simoons 35.9 Timorous 
 
 Sinuate 30 feet Tiny 
 
 Sinuous 36.1 Tionus 
 
 Signalize 36.2 Tinate 
 
 Signals 36.3 Tinamous 
 
 Sidney 36.4 Tinnent 
 
 Sinners 36.5 Tinners 
 
 Sinning 36.6 Tinning 
 
 Signifies 36.7 _ _ Tinibras 
 
 Signor 36.8 Tinnock 
 
 Sinoples 36.9 Tinos 
 
 Sirupy 37 feet Tigry 
 
 Sirups 37.1 _Titrucks 
 
 Sirrah 37.2 Tirano 
 
 Sierras 37.3 Tirades 
 
 Siren 37.4 Tired 
 
 Sires . 37.5 Tireless 
 
 Siritch 37.6 Tiring 
 
 Sirius 37.7 Tigris 
 
 Sirocco 37.8 Tiro 
 
43 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Siromus 37.9 Tironians 
 
 Sissy 38 feet Tipsy 
 
 Sisyphus 38.1 Tissues 
 
 Sisal 38.2 Tirsah 
 
 Sisamnes : 38.3 Tinsaws 
 
 Sipsey 38.4 Tinselly 
 
 Sises 38.5 Tinsels 
 
 Sinsinawa 38.6 Tipsily 
 
 Sissings 38.7 Tipsiness 
 
 Simpson 38.8 Tilson 
 
 Sissons 38.9 Timsons 
 
 Sixty 39 feet Tincture 
 
 Situates 39.1 Titus 
 
 Siesta 39.2 Tintag 
 
 Siltages 39.3 _ Titans 
 
 Sixteen 39.4 Tighter 
 
 Sites - - 39.5 Tightens 
 
 Sistine 39.6 Titilation 
 
 Sittings 39.7 Titilates 
 
 Sinton 39.8 Tito 
 
 Sitones 39.9 Tiptops 
 
 Soak 40 feet Told 
 
 Solubles : 40.1 Tolus 
 
 Solar 40.2 Tokay 
 
 Solaces 40.3 Towards 
 
 Solemn 40.4 Toledo 
 
 Soles ■_ 40 . 5 Tokens 
 
 Solitude . 40.6 Tokio 
 
 Solids : 40.7 Topics 
 
 Solo 40.8 Tocoa 
 
 Solons _-40.9 Toponis 
 
 Sowbug 41 feet Toby 
 
 Soapbubbles 41.1 Tobusos 
 
 Sowbane 41.2 Tobacco 
 
 Sorbates 41.3 Tobas 
 
 Sober 41.4 Torbert 
 
 Soberness i 41.5 Tomberlins 
 
 Sobieski 41.6 Tombigbee 
 
 Sobbings 41.7 Tobias 
 
 Sokipboil 41.8 Tombo}^ 
 
 Soboles _41.9 Toboggans 
 
 Soddy 42 feet Toady 
 
 Sodus 42.1 Toadyisms 
 
 Soda 42.2 Tondano 
 
 I 
 
44 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Sodalities 42.3 Toydarts 
 
 Sodden 42.4 Todder 
 
 Solders 42.5 Toadeaters 
 
 Sodium 42.6 Toadish 
 
 Soddings 42.7 Toadishness 
 
 Sodomy 42.8 Tondorf 
 
 Sodomites 42.9 Tondotus 
 
 Songful 43 feet - Toyful 
 
 Soefuls 43.1 Tofus 
 
 Solfa 43.2 Tofano 
 
 Sofas 43.3 Tofalls 
 
 Sofett 43.4 Toffee 
 
 Sofettes _ _43.5 Tofets 
 
 Sofia 43.6 Topfit 
 
 Sofisms 43.7 Torfields 
 
 Soulfoot 43.8 Tomfoolery 
 
 Sorfors 43.9 Tomfools 
 
 Soggy 44 feet Tongue 
 
 Solgus 44. 1 Tongueless 
 
 Sogano 44.2 Togated 
 
 Southgates 44.3 Togas 
 
 Sogel . 44.4 Together 
 
 Sogers 44.5 Toggeries 
 
 Songish 44.6 Togging 
 
 Sogginess 44.7 Toggings 
 
 Sorgo 44.8 Tongo 
 
 Sogonois 44.9 Torgochs 
 
 Solmuth 45 feet Tommy 
 
 Somus 45. 1 Tomyris 
 
 Somal 45.2 Tomahawk 
 
 Somatists 45.3 _ _Tomatoes 
 
 Some 45.4 Tormentor 
 
 Sortments 45.5 Torments 
 
 Somina 45.6 Tomini 
 
 Somites 45.7 Tomis 
 
 Southmost 45.8 Toulmouche 
 
 Solmonas 45.9 _ Tomoris 
 
 Sonny 46 feet Tournure 
 
 Soapnuts 46.1 Tonus 
 
 Sonant 46.2 TonaHty 
 
 Sonatas 46.3 Tonnages 
 
 Sooner 46.4 Toned 
 
 Sonnets 46.5 Tones 
 
 Somnial 46.6 Tonnish 
 
45 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Somnifics 46.7 Tonics 
 
 Sonoma 46.8 Tomnoddy 
 
 Sonorous 46.9 Tonometers 
 
 Sorry 47 feet Tory 
 
 Sorus 47.1 Torus 
 
 Sorrance 47.2 Touraco 
 
 Socrates 47.3 Torrances 
 
 Sorento 47.4 Tore 
 
 Soreness 47.5 Torrefies 
 
 Sorrily 47.6 Torrid 
 
 Sorriness 47.7 Tourists 
 
 Sorrowful 47.8 Torosity 
 
 Sorrows 47.9 Torones 
 
 Sonsy 48 feet Tonsured 
 
 Soapsuds ^ 48. 1 Tolsus 
 
 Soothsay 48.2 Toussaint 
 
 Soothsayers 48.3 Topsails 
 
 Souse 48.4 Tossed 
 
 Sowses 48.5 Townsends 
 
 Sossian 48.6 Tossing 
 
 Sousings 48.7 Tonsils 
 
 Soso 48.8 Topsole 
 
 Soursops 48,9 Towsons 
 
 Sooty 49 feet Torture 
 
 Soltuns 49.1 Tortugas 
 
 Sontag 49.2 Totality 
 
 Soutages 49.3 . .Totals 
 
 Softening 49.4 Tottering 
 
 Softens 49.5 Totters 
 
 Sottish 49.6 Tortilla 
 
 Solstices 49.7 Tortious 
 
 Soto 49.8 Tortoise 
 
 Soapstones 49.9 _ . Tombstones 
 
 Sharply 50 feet Trimly 
 
 Shalus 50.1 Trijugous 
 
 Shellac 50.2 Thecal 
 
 Stewards 50.3 Thalamus 
 
 Skillet 50.4 Thicken 
 
 Spotless 50.5 Thankless 
 
 Spavin 50.6 Thalian 
 
 Stealings 50.7 Thalidans 
 
 Shiloh 50.8 Thallogen 
 
 Shakos 50.9 Tripods 
 
 Stubby 51 feet Tribune 
 
46 
 
 Rising. Stage. Falling. 
 
 Strombus 51.1 Tributes 
 
 Skimback 51.2 Threadbare 
 
 Snowballs. _" __51.3 Thebans 
 
 Stuben 51.4 Thibet 
 
 Stabbers 51.5 Thibetans 
 
 Scrubbing 51.6 Trebizond 
 
 Stebbins 51.7 Twibills 
 
 Stubborn 51.8 Tribolet 
 
 Steamboats 51.9 Trombones 
 
 Study 52 feet Thready 
 
 Spondulics 52.1 Traduces 
 
 Standard 52.2 Tridactyl 
 
 Scandals 52.3 Thursdays 
 
 Shadest , 52.4 Thunder 
 
 Shoulders 52.5 Thunderless 
 
 Spalding 52.6 Traditor 
 
 SHdings 52.7 Traditions 
 
 Shaddock 52.8 Theodoric 
 
 Shadows 52.9 Theodolites 
 
 Skillful 53 feet Thankful 
 
 Spoonfuls 53. 1 Transfuses 
 
 Stefano 53.2 Trafalgar 
 
 Shroffages 53.3 Trifallows 
 
 Strife 53.4 Transferring 
 
 Snuffers 53.5 Transfers 
 
 Starfish 53.6 Transfix 
 
 Spearfishes 53.7 Traffics 
 
 Stafford 53.8 Trefoil 
 
 Scaffolds 53.9 Transforms 
 
 Spongy 54 feet Triangular 
 
 Shoguns 54. 1 Tragus 
 
 Slogan 54.2 Tragacanth 
 
 Sluggards 54.3 Tragalisms 
 
 Sturgeon 54.4 Tragedy 
 
 Strangers 54.5 Tragedians 
 
 Staging 54.6 Tragic 
 
 Sluggings 54.7 Tragicalness 
 
 Strigon 54.8 Trigonal 
 
 Slangous 54.9 -Trigonous 
 
 Slimy 55 feet Tremulant 
 
 Sloomus 55.1 __ Tremulous 
 
 Stigma 55.2 Thermal 
 
 Stomachs 55.3 Thomas 
 
 Stamen 55.4 Trammel 
 
Stories W 57.7 Theorizes 
 
 Spiroscope 57.8 Thorough 
 
 Sparrows 57.9 Tharos 
 
 Scissum 58 feet Treasury 
 
 Scissures _ 58. 1 Thapsus 
 
 Spousage 58.2 Thessaly 
 
 Spousals 58.3 Thousands 
 
 Stansell 58.4 Thyself 
 
 Spouses 58.5 Trisects 
 
 Scissible 58.6 Transit 
 
 Spousings 58.7 Thesis 
 
 Slawson 58.8 Transom 
 
 Scissors 58.9 Treasons 
 
 Statute 59 feet Treaty 
 
 Status 59.1 Treatures 
 
 Sprigtail 59.2 Tractable 
 
 Spartans 59.3 Tractators 
 
 Spatter 59.4 Twister 
 
 Shooters 59.5 Trustees 
 
 Shooting 59.6 Thirtieth 
 
 Stations __59.7 Treatings 
 
 Stanton 59.8 Tractory 
 
 Swintons 59.9 Traitors 
 
 Sword 60.0 Twoply 
 
 O 
 

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