°-'' r . X™ t% <& < ^'°"' * & V » * • o. ^ A* \«/ * ^, vl ^ ^ t \lfc<ther synthetic grammar. Its memorial lessons need liscreet guidance, careful explanation, and sound cate- •hesis on the part of masters. They need also to be upported and supplemented by good exercise-books Subsidia Primaria) of a merely analytic and imitative haracter. IV PREFACE. The distinctive features of the Primer are mainly these : — 1. By discerning from the outset the Stem (or Crude Form) of declined words, the learner is prepared to understand the principles of higher philology. 2. The arrangement of the Six Cases given by Key, Madvig, and Roby, is adopted. 3. The division of the Verb into two parts, Finite and Infinite, appears as in Kruger's grammar. 4. Neat and uniform adjustment of the Paradigms is observed as an important aid to the memory. 5. The Memorial Syntax appears in English (with the Latin Examples) as well as in Latin, to meet the wish of those masters who object to the use of Latin rules. In the English rules brevity and precision are, as far as possible, preserved. 6. An Appendix of brief Notes is given, enabling learners to make considerable advance in the study of Latin. 7. A Glossary of Terms is added for the purpose of reference. Any remarks (sent through the Publishers), which may tend to improve future editions, will be thank- fully received and fully considered. London : January, 18G7. THE PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN PRIMER. ET-Sr]VXOX.OGY. THE LETTERS. § 1. The Latin Alphabet is the English without W. The Letters have two forms : (l) the Capital, or ancient ; and (2) the Cursive, or modern form. (1) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP (2) abcdefghijklmnop QESTUVXYZ. qrst uvxyz. § 2. The Vowels, sounding by themselves, are a, e, i, 0, u, y. § 3. The Consonants sound with Vowels : of these The Mutes are b, c, d, g, k, p, q, and t : The Liquids are 1, m, h, r: The Spirants f, h, j, s, v: The Double, x and z, express two letters each, cs, ds. 1. K remains in very few words : as, Kalendae. 2. !Fand z only in words from the Greek: as, Dryas, zona. 3. Q blends with u or v : as, quis or qvis. 4. I and u are Half-consonants, corresponding to the Half- vowels j and v. § 4. Latin has three usual Diphthongs (double vowels), ^e (ae), oe (02), au : three seldom used, ei, eu, ui. B 2 PARTS OF SPEECH. § 5. Latin is spelt by Syllables, as English. § 6. The Quantity of syllables is short ( w ), long (-), or doubtful (-), as the vowels are short, long, or doubtful : as, filgeris. A Vowel may be — (1) Short or long by nature : as, amas. (2) Short by nature, but long by position: as, vindex^ § 162. 4. (3) Short by nature, but doubtful by position : as, quadruplo. § 162. a. § 7. Diphthongs are long. § 8. The modern Stops are used in Latin. PAETS OF SPEECH. § 9. The Parts of Speech, or Words, are of three kinds : I. Nouns ; II. Verb ; III. Particles. I. (l) The Substantive names a Thing : As, rex, a king ; Caesar, Caesar. (a) Names of Persons and Places are Proper Names. All others are Appeliativa, or Common Nouns. (2) The Adjective attributes Quality : As, mare vastum, the vast sea. ^ Vastum is called an Attribute or Epithet of mare.* (3) The Pronoun stands for Substantive or Adjective As, tu, thou; manus haec, this hand. II. (4) The Verb states what a Thing is, does, or suffers As, homines caimnt, men sing. (a) Homines is called the Subject. Canunt is called the Predicate. (b) When we say, Mors est propinqua,. death is nigh, Mors is the Subject ; Est is called the CopfTiA ; Propinqua is called the Complement ; And Copula with Complement is the Predicate. * A Substantive attributively joined to another Substantive is called its Apposite : as, Croesus rex Lydorum, Croesus, king of the Lydians, where rex is Apposite to Croesus, and agrees with it in Case. FLEXION. III. (5) The Adverb shows Where, When, or How : As, Hue curre nunc celeriter, run hither now quickly. (6) The Preposition governs the Case of a Noun ; and shows the relation of it to some other word : As, sto ad fores, / stand a t the door, (7) The Conjunction links words and clauses: As, oves et aves, sheep and birds. (8) The Interjection is an exclamation : As, ecce ningit, lo, it snows. Note. There is no Article in Latin like a, an, the, in English. Thus lux may mean a light, the light, or simply light. § 10. Hence the Parts of Speech may be called eight : 1. Substantive, 5. Adverb, 2. Adjective, 6. Preposition, 3. Pronoun, 7. Conjunction, 4. Verb, 8. Interjection, Which have Flexion. Which are without Flexion. § 11. (l) The changes made in a word, in order to vary its meaning, are called its Flexion or Inflection. (2) Nouns are Declined. Verbs are Conjugated. (3) A Noun has three Accidents : Number, Case, Gender ; A Verb five : Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, Person. a. The Stem is that part of a word on which the changes of Flexion are based. b. A Flexional addition at the end of the Stem is called an Ending or Suffix. c. The last letter of the Stem is called the Character, and in this book is often indicated by a Capital. d. The Stem of a Komi is usually discerned by casting off -rum or ~um from the Grenitive Plural:* as, mens a-, domino-, Icon-, man-, gradi;-, diE-. e. The Stem of a Yerb is shown in the Imperative Mood: as, amA-, audi-, monE-. But in the Third Conjugation -e must be cast off: as, reG-e ; and in a Deponent Yerb -re or -ere: as, fA-re, rE-re, lan-ere. f. The Root is that part which a word has in common with kin- dred words. Thus in agitare, agitA- is the Stem, but ag- the Root as shown by comparing ag-ere, ag-men. And g is the Root-character. * Dropping -rum in the First, Second, and Fifth Declensions ; -urn in the hii\ and Fourth. b 2 SUBSTANTIVES. DECLENSION OE NOUNS. § 12. The Substantive is declined by Number and Case : the Adjective by Number, Case, and Gender, agreeing in these with its Substantive. See § 9 (2). § 13. The Numbers are two: 1. Singular, speaking of one, as mensa, a table ; 2. Plural, of more than one, as mensae, tables. § 14. The Cases are six. Answers the question 1. Nominative . Who or what? 2. Vocative (Case of one addressed) 3. Accusative 4. Genitive 5. Dative 6. Ablative* Whom or what? Whose or whereof ? To or for whom or what? By, with, &c, whom or what ? Quis dedit? Who gavel Quern video? . Whom see I? . Cujiis donum ? Whose gift? . Cui datum? . To whom given? A quo datum? By whom given? Vir, A man. Vir, Oman. Virum, A man. Viri, A man's. Viro, To a man. A viro, By a man, § 15. The Genders are three: 1. Masculine; 2. Feminine; 3. Neuter. A Substantive which may be either Masculine or Feminine is said to be Common to both Genders. SUBSTANTIVES. § 16. There are five Declensions of Latin Substantives, known by the endings of their Genitives : — I. II. III. IV. V. Gen. Sing. ae i is us ei Gen. Plur. Arum Orum umf or Ium Uum Erum § 17- (1) In Neuter Nouns, the Nominative, Vocative, and Accu- sative are the same in each Number severally ; and in the Plural they end in &, (2) The Vocative of Latin words is the same as the Nominative, except in Singular Nouns of the Second Declension like dominus, f Ilius. (3) The Dative and Ablative Plural are always the same. * Many English Particles may be signs of the Latin Ablative : as, by, icilh, from, in, wpon, of , for, at, than. t The Consonant before um is the Character. See § 11 c ; § 21 (a). FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. THE FIRST DECLENSION (A-nouns). § 18. The First Declension contains Latin Nouns, mostly Feminine, with Nominative in a ; and a few Greek words, chiefly Proper Names, in as, es, Masculine, and e Feminine. Nom, Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. Singular. Mensa, a table Mensa, table XVEensam, a table 2Mensae ; of a table IVZensae, to or for a table Plural. XVSensae. tables, f. XVXensae, tables ZVIensas, tables Mens Arum, of tables XVTensis, to or for tables XVXensa, by, with, or from a table BXensis, by, with, or from tables Nom, Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. Decline also : Goddess, f. De-a De-a De-am De-ae De-ae De-a Singular. Son of Theseus, m. Aeneas, m. Thesid-es Thesid-e (a, a) Thesid-en (am) Thesid-ae Thesid-ae Thesid-e (a) Cybele, f. Aene-as Cybel-e Aene-a Cybel-e Aene-an (am) Cybel-en Aene-ae Cybel-es (a< Aene-ae Cybel-ae Aene-a Cybel-e (a) Plural. N. V. De-ae Ace. De-as Gen. De-Arum D. Abl. De-abiis. Thesid-ae Thesid-as Thesid-um Thesid-Is. (as Mensa, but rare.) (as Mensa, but rare.) Note. — Masc. Substantives in a are declined like mensa : as poeta, a poet. THE SECOND DECLENSION (O-nouns). § 19. The Second Declension contains Nouns with Nomi- native in us, er, generally Masculine, and in um, Neuter. Singular. Nom. Dommiis, a lord Voc. 3>5mine, lord Ace. Dominum, a lord Gen. Domini, of a lord Dat. Domino, to or for a lord Abl. Domino, by, with, or from a lord (a) Masculine. Plural. IS 5m mi, lords, m. Domini, lords Dominos, lords 33 6m in 6 rum, of lords Dominis, to, or for lords Bom in Is, by, with, or from lords. SECOND DECLENSION. Singular. Plural. Nom. Puer, a hoy Pueri, hoys, m. Voc. Puer, hoy Pueri, hoys Ace. Piierum, a hoy Piierds, hoys Gen. Pueri, of a hoy Puerdrum, of hoys Dat. Piierd, to or for a hoy Piieris, to or for hoys Abl. Piierd, hy, with, or from a hoy Piieris, hy, with, or from hoys. Nom. ^agister, the master SVIagistri, masters, m. Voc. BSagister, master X&agristri, masters Ace. Xttagrlstrum, the master IVIag-istros, masters Gen. BEagfistr I, of the master Magistrdrum, of masters Dat. Magistro, to or for the master IVSagistris, to or for masters Abl. BEagistrd, hy, with, or from Magristris, hy, with, or from the master masters. (h) Neuter. Singular. N.V.A. Bellum, war, or war Gen. Belli, of war Dat. Bello, to or for war Plural. Bella, wars or wars Belldrum, of wars Bell Is, to or for wars Abl. Bello, hy, with, or from war Bellis, hy, with, or from wars. Decline also : Nom. Voc. Ace. G-en. Son, m. Pili-us Fil-i Fili-um Fili-I or Pili Singular. D.Abl. Fili-5 Coin, m. Num-iis Num-e Num-um Num-i Num-6 God, m. De-iis De-iis De-um De-i De-d Garlic, n. Alli-um Alli-um Alli-um Alii or AUi-I Alli-o N.V. Ace. Gen. Fili-i* Fili-os Fili- drum D.Abl. Fili-is. Plural. . . Num-i* Di (seldom Dei) Alli-a Num-os De-os Alli-a f Niim-Grum or De-drum or \ A «« = Num-is. Dls (seldom Deis). Alli-is. THIRD DECLENSION. 7 THE THIRD DECLENSION (Consonant and I-nouns), § 20. The Third Declension has two Divisions : I. Nouns which have for Character a Consonant. II. Nouns which have for Character the Half- consonant I. Of these Divisions the First is Imparisy liable, having more syllables in the Genitive than in the Nominative Singular. The Second is Parisyllable, having the same number of syllables in the Genitive as in the Nominative. But a few Parisyllable Nouns belong to the Consonant Di- vision ; and many Imparisyllable Nouns to the I-Division. The Endings of the Nominative Singular are numerous. §21. I. CONSONANT-NOUNS. (a) Masculine and Feminine. Singular. Plural. N. V. Judex, a judge, or judge Judices, judges, or judges, c. Ace. Judicem, a judge Judices, judges Gen. Judicis, of a judge JudiCum, of judges Dat. Jiidici, to on for a judge Judicibiis, to or for judges Abl. Judice, by, with, or from a Judicibiis, by, with, or from judge judges. N. V. Aetas, an age, or age Aetates, ages, or ages, f. Ace. Aetatem, an age Aetates, ages G-en. Aetatis, of an age AetaTum, of ages Dat. Aetati, to or for an age Aetatibus, to on for ages Abl. Aetate, by, with, or from Aetatibus, by, with, on from ages, an age N. V. led, a lion, or lion Leones, lions, or lions, m. Ace. Xieonem, a lion Xieones, lions Gen. Xieonis, of a lion LeoNum, of lions Dat. Xiedni, to on for a lion Xsednibiis, to on for lions Abl. Xiedne, by, with, or from a Leon ib us, by, with, or from lions, lion N.Y. Virgd, a virgin, or virgin Virgines, virgins, or virgins, f. Ace. Virginem, a virgin Virgines, virgins Gen. Virgin is, of a virgin VirgiSTum, of virgins Dat. Virgin!, to on for a virgin Virginibiis, to on for virgins Abl. Virgtf ne, by, with, or from Virginlbus, by, with, or from vir- a virgin gins. THIED DECLENSION. Decline also Singular. N.V. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. Law, f. Lex Leg- Leg- Leg- Leg- Foot, m. Pes Ped- Ped- Ped- Ped- Love, m. Amor Amor- Amor- Amor- Amor- Plural. Cinder, c. Cinis Ciner- Ciner- Ciner- Ciner- Father, Pater Patr- Patr- Patr- Patr- m. em is 1 e N.V. A. Gen. D. Abl. Leg- LeG- Leg- Ped- Pen- Ped- Amor- AmoR- Amor- Ciner- CineR- Ciner- Patr- PatR- Patr- es um ibus Singular. N. V. A. Women, name, or name Gen. UomlnKs, of a name Dat. N 6 mini, to or for a name Abl. Nomine, by, with, or from (5) Neuter. Plural. Nomina, names, or names NomlNum, of names XtTdminibtis, to or for names Nominibus, 6y, with, or /rowt N. V. A. 6piis, a work, or work Gen. dperls, o/* a work Dat. dperi, to or for a work Abl. dp ere, by, with, or /r or for a tooth Abl. Bente, 5y, with, or /row a D antes. fc M H s S si W ' 02 >0> ID esto, thou must he esto, he must he estote, ye must he sunt5, they must he. r o o essem vel forem, I might * esses v. fores, thou mightst esset v. foret, he might essemiis v. foremiis, we might essetis v. foretis, ye might essent v. f orent, they might j CONJUNCTIV sim, / may sis, thou mayst sit, Ae raa^ simus, we may sitis, ye may sint, ?Aey may „ Indicative Mood. S. Sum, 2" am es, £Aow ar£ est, he is PL sumiis, we are estis, ye are sunt, they are. so •ss § *> fe e S j- S S ^ ^ S> § «w d £ >g ig io3 05 S. ero, I shall 1 eris, thou wilt erit, he will PL erimus, we shall eritis, ye will erunt, they will is : »t. — •©idra^Jiqiyr •;09jjp3uii THE VERB ' SUM. 29 is E3 > o 0) to ?H ICD © £ to jr. to " to S s CD " &•*> U!^ .&<* 3 8 CD CD 9* £ CD .p. o •• rD to CO PI cm £3 >CD Ph >3 CD !£ CD Si e « fe § ^ S a § § >CD >CD )CD >0> ££<3CD ICD CO CO to to ^ rT ^1 ICD CD to CO CO to ££££<££ 5: ^ cs -^ *» ^ Gs •pojjoj *W2?2 aa»?/ ^ r< ^ CO "^ "Si ?H M J- *-l ^1 M )CD >CD )CD >!!> >CD )CD ■Uddq icS )c3 )CD )CD eg >2 to- )CD )CD ^2 CQ CQ •^oajjoj om^nj •^DQIJfldciU 92 0-1 OQ TO 3 S3 to aj § g ^^ I? « ?zT 1 a fa a5l CO ICD TO .■si ?3 X! cd CO )CD o ICD H^ .S S ^ CD lis « s"s rO * W o to ^j ■8 5 S 1 .S » *4 OJ os S j .si* >?3 e3 to PL) ^ 30 FIBST CONJUGATION ACTIVE. g *? W H I hH fc ^ O HH H 1^ -^ 3 PQ p hn « O £ § o 3 a 3 o 103 a >o8 fe M £ *0 r~ ^ £ 5> ^ A . 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Imperative Mood. mone, advise thou monete, advise ye. ••* 1 to CO 1 moneto, thou " moneto, he monetote, ye monento, they <*. .CO 1 >advise. Conjunctive Moc moneam, / may moneas, thou mayst moneat, he may moneamus, we may moneatis, ye may moneant, they 7nay tO HO 42 •< ^2 f 8 f % i i S= 55 § 55 ^ %? S » +rfl^ d 0) 10) )0) 10) 10) 0) f-4 ^ f-t f— I J-H J~< 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) d d d d cL^d >o >o >o >o )3too a a a a^a Indicative Mood. S. Moneo, I advise mones, thou advisest monet, he advises PL monemiis, we advise monetis, ye advise monent, they advise. '9sinpv 'Sutsiapv f * s S ^ s» « § S § * | *-, a ^ „ 5 w -^ d co +3 d 4-5 £ c3 ic3 X3 ic3 ic3 c3 ^ ,& ^ ^ ^ ^O /O) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) d d d d d d >o >o >o >o >o >o a a a a a a S. monebo, / shall monebis, thou wilt- monebit, he will PL monebimus, we shall monebitis, ye tvill monebunt, they will „ •asuaj, luesoij •ajdiuTg ojnqnj •;09JJ9dlIIJ SECOND CONJUGATION ACTIVE. 33 3 >o> S £j} ^5 * N _ ; i^ •2 .§ ^ » . ■ >0> cc 10) >d d a >o >o s a r"? >=s S S 5 e « k d .~ "O .g - n3 ^d ^ .5 0> O) £ ^ a d d s >o >o >o « a a a 2 ~^ d id o >0 S5 && 1 d d ■•"4 a> a? a) 3 «3 d a •rH »r-« d, p., d d go m ^3 5s r~ *o Sx^ v go > 1 *s £ ^ tt S S5 2 «3 £ v o ♦3 s >d c m 4-T d WrH ii— i— i 5h ~ ^ Ph Ph u >a> >0> >o> VCJ KD >o >d >!= >d >d >d >d d d d d d d >o XD XD >o xo >o a a a £ S rt 5> ,°!> )D a 53 -S « ^ 1^ *K> <^ d & ,-T^ >d OT d ^ '■& ^ d ^ ?-i 5S 'pdsiapv 9 ami ^3 5^" of >d >d d a s s s s s )d >d : d d >o >o >d ^ d ^ -pasiapv davi{ ^ | § § S> j? ^ ^^>d ^^ )(D )3 >s >d >d d d d d >o >o >o >o . _ a a a a a a >0) )d >d d d ^Q ^ •joojiaj •;o9jja j eiuiti^ d CQ +3 d> Id) )3 >d >d d d d >o >o >o s a a a >■& d Id) |3 >3 >3 d d d )0 >o >o a a a -pdsiapv ■^3 a oT U U >d >d d d >o >o a a ^5 )rf 1=3 )0) )d >d d d a a ^3 ^ d 133 c8 )CD )0) >d >d d d >o >o a a •■joajiodnxa; •8 •« ^s c 3 34 THIKD CONJUGATION ACTIVE. £ s l o O « I— i £ EH « o o 3 £ 1— 1 5 * w P-4 »« S> S — 1 g W >0) >S bo bD >0) ft o o H D R o I s ~ « ^ >3 03 103 >o3 103 io3 c3 50 bo bo bJD bo bo >0) >0) >0) >0) >0) >0) }~K U U 'r-\ U U t — 1 S*> £ »< *> ^S xj >S B !2!3 IS g bo bO bO bo >0) >0) >0) )0) fH f-l ^ f-( S s N.8 ^> W +*Z >2 <» s* is> O) 10) )0) ^H f* f* >0) )0) >0) bo bo bo >0) )0) )0) )0) >0) bo bo bo >0) >o> ?-l ?H *H P o o s ^^ fcfpr 1 Jj- 1 5r-( )p-i >0) bp bo bo bo - >o> >o> >o) >o) : fr-i ?H ?-< fH P3 CO 30 SQ § § ^ g ^ "50 Zfl ,&« c3 ia>iia> id) a? bo bo b0 bo bo bo )0) )2 .§> e 53 Si s S ^ •a B rn' a lad rO rJZ 10) ICU bo bO >0) >a; ?H H Q « S ^ S ■4-T a >C3 Id rO rC 10) KU bo bo >fl) >0j ?H Sh ^ 1^^^ ^ ^ PI 103 e3 IO) 10) bo bo )0) )0) CQ •9snax ^nasoij # 9]rdniTg OJTl^TlJ ^oajjoduij THIRD CONJUGATION ACTIVE. 35 ^ o 5- o s a FINITE. ere, to rule. isse, to have turus esse, t about to rule gendum, ruli gendi, of ruli gendo, for or ruling, ctum, to rule £ *1 1 £* >0) >0) O O ^ fcj] O " >0) )0) >«3 ^5 ^ ^ J-l I* EH Q_, 0)0 0) rT O O O £> ^ -4-3 -U d C3 c3 ^ P-i Ph fl o TO u s^ . 02 r ^ t ^ \ s s ■« fl erim, / may eris, £/ie>w mayst erit, Ae ma?/ erimus, we may eritis, ?/e ??iay erint, they may ^-^ §31 TO O -a * 1 1 § *> °5> S § 5s ^ 5f -^>d ^^ d to j* b jp d 0) 10) )0) 10) 10) 0) Tfi ji in ui xn xji TJ1 xn 02 CO 02 CO a M X >< X >< >< M 6 if H3 •« 10) |2 -s lp>ljH >r-( >_, >,T; .3. ?-( M ?H M ?-| ?-l c3 log )o3 103 ic3 c3 ^ ^ ^ ~ ^, i^ I [-J •'"-I ~>r-i >l-H . r-< 1 M X X *{ X X )0) )0) )0) )0) )0) )0) )0) )0) )0) )0) )0) )0) X M X X JxJ M X X X X X X 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) L 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 1 t-4 U t-i i-< 't-4 f-t ^ ?H ^ ^ ^ M f-l JH ^ *H ^ ^( CQ SJ w •;oajjaj j •^oajjoj ejnjng; •^09jj9dnu 36 O > H O o o O O w W H H l-H pq FOURTH CONJUGATION ACTIVE. § Q *__ ; H ' gj a ^> a ^ 5S la *3 *a 2 r^ -+-3 IS" 12" 10 s -+-' r-' •3 'B |f-< Ir-t T5 -"P •B S P P p p p p c« o3 c3 03 c3 c3 C s! 53 e O so <^ >■< ^< O Is A A ( \ *•*»*» ! « H 3* ^ °0 r< rC» • s •* ^ ^ s^ ^ § § ? (»^ 5 § s ^ ^^ ^^S ^< )p r/ r - 1 O O „ t»o i<: )t-< -. ^ S m ^S & ^ p c3 lc3 )c3 iq3 lo3 c3 •"P 'IS '"P T3 r P '"P p p p p £ p c3 o3 c3 o3 c3 c3 p co *r r +3 p >(U ld> l ^ ^1 ^ Jh F-i H IrH IpH 1^-t lr-( If-H IrH r P T5 ""P r P r o nzj P P P P P P o3 c3 o3 c3 c3 o3 B 'Buumi[ O O £ « § ^. t^ ?^ "^- 5S 10 - - § >2 S CO ^ <^> 5B IS 1 £ "3 '£> ^ ^ ^5 § s s ^•K, r< )P S »T +T P |1 if 8 n g «i y ^ § S " ^ ^ •« r< )p ^ ^ S oiT +r S +3 P c3 ic3 )c3 103 !c3 c3 3 >rH OQ +^ P +3 P c3 10 >£> i*-H >— H )i— ( )p >^ >'"* 5z< 1— I nj ^ 'tj tJ T3 tS rp r^ r^ rp rp rp p P P P p p P P P P P P o3 c3 o3 c3 c3 c3 o3 o3 05 c3 c3 c3 ^ • ^ ^ ' SQ ^ &Q (^ 5Q ^ i •Gsnax ^uese.ij *a];dinig ejn^ti^ •^oejjoclnii FOURTH CONJUGATION ACTIVE. 37 NITE. e, to hear, isse, to have rd. Kb CQ CO >d '3 mt to hear, ndum, hearing. ndi, of hearing. ndo, for or by ring, um, fo hear. 5, in hearing ', or »e heard. ns, hearing. r. ►H U »> « <=> O 0) o> s 43 -P "^^ O +J ^ INF audi audi het 'S "^ 2d id 2d ^ i- 1 ^ nj 15 nj ^ r^ fi fi fi B 5 « ^ fi ** fi fi , ^- Cj c3 c3 c3 c$ c3 c3 c5 W ftft • u " P-J * * . • « a * . in. A n. . t.Ab um • ^ P-( fi fi 5S » S fi fi Ger. No Ger. Ge Ger. Da Sup. in bup. in Part. Pi Part. Fi ^3 'pdV9l( 9CWV L § « ( K \ c <^> i«c: i-< ho ^3 f A —> QQ »-«» •>* O I may hou mayst i.e may s, we may ye may they may , / should thou would, he would us, we shou i, ye would , they wouh 1 .s **"» **» >P T X- ~ d «- d ^ -^ »*3 fi go +a a Vs d , fi CO +3" d -*3 d 10 >o id) i r < ''r- 1 xr 1 T 1 CQ CQ CO 8C CO CQ *H ^ ?H —l ?-l *-l CQ CQ CQ CO OQ CQ >0> )U ). ;> |> J> >- t> *> "p *> > '£ *> O |rH ,U( |pH l-H lr-( 1 — < H |H H H H H nj T3 r 3 r O T3 T3 T? ^O rC T3 13 T3 ♦ fi fi fi d fi fi fi s€ cz 7i 7i ci tz cS c3 c3 C3 c3 c3 )aT 'pdV97( 9UDl( 'pdD9l( ( K ^ ( *" -\ ^ ^ > »-«o ^ ^3 ^ mus, ^y«3 hear 3tis, ?/e heard erunt v. audi ro, / shall ris, thou wilt rit, he will nmiiSyWesha ritis, ye will rint, they wil ram, / had ras, ^Ao^ 7^ac? rat, he had ramus, ive ha ratis, ye had rant, they ha( ■ IrH .IH )PX >£ .r-l 1 >i >0> > >0> ->0) )0> )0) >0J ) > > > > > .>>>>> >>>>>?> |,_( |r- ( |_ |*H |r- 1 1-4 >"3 T3 T3 *^ T3 TS "fo •"d ^3 T3 t3 '"O r & T3 T5 T3 "^ T? TS c3 s3 e3 c3 o3 oS c3 c2 c3 c3 c5 c3 c3 c3 c3 eg c3 c3 . ^ • ^ ^ SQ O, 5Q Os CQ R, -IMgwj: •^09jj9j ara^n.j •^ajredufci 38 o < P* 525 o < O H O fr FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE A o o i— t w o 1 s, •* 'a '2 1 103 103 a a )o3 >o3 - must be loved. r ss o £ 103 a >o3 amator, he amantor, they. ft O O S H ! o 1 O •pdClOl 9Q •p9aoj 9q H h- 1 i— i > amer, / may ame-ris vel -re, thou mayst ametiir, he may amemur, we may amemmi, ye may amentiir, they may amarer, / might ^ amare-ris vel -re, thou mightst amaretur, he might amaremur, we might amaremini, ye might amarentiir, they might J d o o H d s 'p9aoj •pdaoi 9q 'p9ao\ 6ui9q i -^— : » « S S I »> oo <^> <^> ^ >2 § § § S* | s§ - § * - ^ & J?£ ,a >g )o3 lo3 2 io3 io3 103 o3 103 103 S ««3 |o3 103 lo3 a a a a a a >o3 >o3 >o3 )o3 >o3 >o3 S. Amor, I am ama-ris vel -re, thou art amatur, he is PL amamur, we are amammi, ye are amantur, they are S. amabor, / shall amabe-ris vel -re, thou wilt amabitur, he will PL amabimur, we shall amabimini, ye will amabuntur, they will J •asuax -;u8S8Jj; •9^duilg GJirjll^ •yoojxQdmi FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE. 39 * <» <» ^ hC> •« r^ <*> <2 o o © p4 ho >£ to ti o H © a> S IrH r«o TO i— ( **""* CO H i >3 >> £5 1— i 5 ;§ a >c3 >3 103 a 1 a >o8 9 a >o3 W Ph i— < • • • tf a w HH P-i a> Ph 0) l> to 2 Ph Ph P^ -jj «M *£j «+H P< ?H ►3 i— i o 'pzaoj U99q davi[ t * ^ S of ■S3 'S3 TO TO )g >J -t^> -4-3 I03 193 a a >c3 >o3 Si >3 w lo3 103 a a >o3 >o3 ra -j^T CQ TO lc3 153 a a )o3 >o3 -pdaoi 99 e co 41 i ^ l< >3 >3 >3 -£ +2 -S 103 103 lo3 a a a >o3 )o3 >c3 &3 ^> <» <» s $3 s 1 s §> TO ^^ Iff TO 0> TO £ £ S 103 153 103 a a a )C3 >c3 )o3 vpajjoj "pdcio\ uddq davi[ r>s ,"2 >^ .s ■B * s XI) KL) 10) TO to TO >3 >£ +s -m +-> tod lod 103 a e )03 >n M )CL» JO) 103 Ig io3 a a a >c3 >e3 >c3 ^ •10djjd& 9m\xi£ •p9aoj uddq dam[ o I § 0) 03 TO TO ■*2 -*2 103 io3 a a >c8 )o3 ^ 02 TO <0 +3 4J lo3 103 a a )o3 )o3 ^3 TO jjT IO> c3 )03 )0 >3 >tf |p . ^J3 -^ ^j !^ TO **" "^ ^5 TO" +3* 103 1^ 103 a a a )o3 >o3 >o3 >o> >£> )^> 103 103 103 a a a >o3 >o3 )o3 ^09JJ8dtlJJ £ I o S3 a )3$ o3 P4 P^ fl S o el 40 SECOND CONJUGATION PASSIVE. o > w > on r/l -4j *l H 1 E-i ft HH o fc c^ ft pq ft « o W Q^ o w m w ft EH to ^3 «s •■*> ft ts <» 1 8 o •S2 ^> o b r 53 1 r ^ H <^> a • \ «2 53 & ^ ^ IrT ■s ^ 1— 1 « a ~ f-* r» )<-* ! >g a Id) 10) lo >2 >o >o >o a a a a a 'pdsiapv dq t A \ 'pdsiapv dq . i K ~\ \ ! ft IS 1 o 1 O § ^ ^ ■¥ ! 3 53 5s* 2 ^ 5^ « jr v s s a a )03 lc3 ic3 lc3 lc3 c3 1 B : £ ft ! >-3 i o n >2 ^ ^r>ft 3 >S ^ i ^2 43 a a ft )d ld )(D >d >d )d >d Id Id •53*10? IO> Id ICL> ft ft a ft ft a ft ft g ft ft d ft >o >o *" >o >o >o >o >o >o >o >o >o >o a a a a a a a a a a a a 'pdstapo •pdsiapv dq 'pdsiapv duidq r \ t '—^. : — , f '\ to 53 •*** 53 ^> 53 *> *§ £ £ e I i <* $ ^^ ~,2 u-B >S >ft o £» r^ O ^> cvj ?- ft o o r< . «) S 5?j^ »< &» si. ^ Co H 5 <^> ^> ^> 1- < ^02 tT.fa ft >ft SH ^ >ft >ft ^3 c v gaaa )0 )S >ft ft - ? >ft s a -s ^-t • -+j w p p )C3 lg ^> Ig lg IQ3 C3 ^r^ CO ^5 rO ^5 pO ft XD id id ia> lg >§ § >g 1 >§ >g J-H >o >o >o >o >o >o >o >o * - >o >o >o >o a a s a s a a a a a a a a a a a a s . "--^ ^ •^ 5Q (^ CQ ^ CQ ft, •8SU8J, ^UaS9JJ •o^draTg ajxijnj ;08jjadraj SECOND CONJUGATION PASSIVE. 41 .Co r< Is. w »>q> 02 r? t-* S ^ § H 1— 1 ~ >2 H S S « ^ a e bo" >P +3 P of )P 0/ p |2J a a a >o >o e 1— t a a . W Ph &• • • tf a £ P3 ^ Ph ^ l> Inf. Pres. Inf. Perf. Inf. Fut. > p u CD i 'p9siapv •p9sjapu U99q 9am[ U99q 90Vl[ t * r~ \ •♦o S ^^^S ; CO ssem, / shou sses, ^Ao^ sset, he woul emus,itfes/i02 setis, ?/e woul ent, £Ae?/ ^ow im, / may is, thou may it, he may llus, we may is, ye may 02 ai cc c -^ ^p • ••s • a i a 02 02 02 <£ 02 *02 02 02 ^3 02 0) $> 0) >P )p >p |rH ,^ l>-( )P )P ^ )P ,-H ,-H lrH -1-3 -+3 +3 -t-3 U-3 -US -*J cf +J 4J 4J 4J >^ )--t )^H >,-l )— ( )— 1 )^H O ><-* >^ )^H >P^ fl £ a a p p p p ^ p p p p >o >o )Q )D >o >o )D >o ^ )D >o >o >o a s a a a g a a a a a a •p9siapv -p9Siapv U99Q 90Vl[ 'p9$ppj) U99q r ^ t K N sum, / was es, J^ow was£ est, 7ie was ilmus, we were stis, ye were c t n p s P cram, / had eras, thou hads\ erat, he had ramus, we had ratis, ye had rant, they had ero, / shall -) ens, thou wilt erit, he will rimus, we ; — j do" ) — 02 02 02 02 OQ m 02 02 >0) _, )c; >3 02 02 02 >0) >0> )0) )P >P >P lrt lrH . . )p )P )p lrH £2 )P )P )P lrJ lrH 1^ +3 +3 +3 ->-> +3 53 ■P P -P -w 8 ■£ -1-3 +3 -J-3 +3 ^J +3 )_- )_< )_ ,^h ^O )— t >-H >— < >—< )— f )— 1 p p p q p '3 P 5 p P P P P P P >o >o >o >Q )Q >o >o >o )3 jo ^ >o >o )C >o )o >o >o >o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a . "-i ^ . ■**>* SQ ft, ^ Rs CQ ft, w»a: •pajaej 8Jti;tl £ •^jjadnxj 42 THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE 5 s EH W H t^ O O HH P o o 1 to 1 So 5>i >£ 1 bJO bO regitor, thou •> regitor, he reguntor, they -p9\nd 9q ft s« O gi o )oT S *= ^ s=* g >i * § ^ ^ g e '. *> § ^~ g N ,« h >& >S >J >c3 103 lo3 103 lc3 c5 bO bO bO bO bO bO > )03 >£ regentur, they will •p9\nd dupq A ' a *» *» ^ *\^s a as >c3 103 cc ics3 lo3 lc3 c$ ,Q r& Q r& r& r& r& bO bO ^ bfl bfl bO bO )0) >0> ) — a ^ Kb . « o ^S ^ •£ . fini': s^ IB k in S 5 02 f»o ,-r f £ I >S 8 g g v bO o o o to )CD CD CD CD )CD hH H fH H *_, f-. pq A A * • ' P3 a ^ E? »-< Qui Li 33 F Inf. Pres. Inf. Perf. Inf. Fut. Part. Per: Gerundiv 'pdjru U9dq dam[ r "\ 'p9\nd U9dq davv °3 f>& r ' a •si 00 1 is la § ^ §> §* 5> §>§§>s§>1 .iS-8"5 §1 essem, / 5/ esses, thou esset, he w\ ssemiis, we ssetis, ye w ssent, they \ sim, / m sis, thou sit, he m imus, we itis, ye m int, Z/ie?/ 02 02 02 DO 02 OQ 02 02 02 O) 0> CD >3 >£ >2 w ,^ , H >3 >g >2 lrH w ■_. +J +3 -4-3 -4-3 +3 -<-3 4J +3 +3 +3 -t-3 ^3 o o o o o o 000000 cd o cd cd o cd CD 0) >0> 02 02 02 >CD )s >2 >d irt ih i~. >3 >2 >£ |lH hH 1* >3 >2 >3 ,^< l|H inn +3 4J +3 4-3 4-3 43 4^> -+3 +3 4^> +3 -|J 43 +3 43 +3 +3 43 o o o o o o o o o o o o OOOOOO d> > o H < O O w H 03 P O Pm Pn pq P3 GO ^ s. « <*> r< o Qi o »0 o ^ * ^ e «» W •^ §i > A A f ~\ f - \ H •O <» to hQ *2» »v ^ ._T •^r< ^ '3 ^ ~ >rH ^ ^ d . S ,i •B »t3 IrH IrH >rH ■"d Tj T^ d d a a -J 03 03 03 03 03 •puv9i[ dq 'pjmi[ dq r A > ' -K» ^ cc co ft I s •< o s ^ — . .^ o i 5 g ^ s s •& ►> H O O O »< >oT § >< _ ^ cVSSSS )0) 10) IO) 10) 10) )0) >C3 lc3 lc3 lc3 103 03 ?Lh ;_, u M ?h ^h lr-1 IrH l-H Ir-t IrH | rH r T^ '"d 'TIS r d ^3 "T^ T3 T3 r C T^ h3 nz3 d a a a a a d a a a a 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 'pjV9l[ 'puvdi[ dq -pum^i Baidq a t ^ "> : ^ , r \ t° r^* | « Q o o to SO ^> S* T °0 i<* S ^ ^ v^ r< ^o ^ro 2? c 5 ^ >P § *> ^ ^ ^ T *> § ^^ ^ & •< ^ 1,4* - •« « ^ fe *S ^ ^ S eo i 5> qj 3 ,g >g < s v 2 a a 1 ►r?s aa-g )03 103 -. 103 103 103 03 s )03 ICO ICD 10) 10) O) IO) IO) S3 '^ ia) |(i) IO) 5 rrt l"-! I 1- * 22 ,,-H :>r ~ l H nd 13 nd t5 "o J3 d a a <3 03 03 03 03 03 r T3 T3 r t3 T3 r Tj nzJ ^3 ^S S l£ T3 "T5 ^3 a a d a a a d g 3 S 3 El 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 ^ S^ cq s; ^5 5^ •9SU8X HI9S9IJ •8]diuig ojn^tij[ •^oajjaduij FOURTH CONJUGATION PASSIVE. heard. ) to have d. rd. meet to ! H H O S r~ . ^ >3 t— 1 02 ^ S of ^ to £5 3 g ^ ,g £ J £ S >£ n3 T3 ^ n3 n3 ^ to £j a s 3 3 t— I c3 c3 a c2 c3 W ^ Ph c^ Inf. Pres. Inf. Perf. Inf. Fut. Part. Per Gerundiv •pdV9i{U99q9ami -pdV9iiu99q9avi[ HO rS S ^ f A °3 ^ g O "-o is *-<> o fc ?= « ^ « R J - 1 * § s S s g to S ^ L^ ^> «. 5 ^ S K| „§ <© S to „§ 3 cc -+n '3 tc -p .§ ,2 >S % &■£ 02 02 m ,3 j+J ^3 a> i S S S g g g M 03 05 K IC 'tC 02 02 02 0> QP 3 >3 >3 IrH IrH IrH >3 >3 >3 IrH IrH IrH ■ +J "^ "t^ tn "S "^ -U) ^H5 -p -<-3 HJ -t- 3 |r-( l-H IrH IrH |rH IrH 13 ""O ""O 13 h3 13 TS 13 T5 T3 13 T3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 c$ cS c3 cs c3 c3 c5 a & a cs c5 'pdV9l{ 'pdr?9iiu99q9ami •pdV92l U99q A r \ f ^ ^ ^ f N , I was hou wast he was s, we were ye were they were I shall thou ivilt he will s, we shall ye will , they will eram, / 7i«(i eras, ^ow 7mc?5i erat, Ae Aad ramiis, we had ratis, ?/6 had rant, £Ae?/ 7?ac? 3 ., -uT 3 of h-^ 3 ro 02 g vh 3 02 >d> © >3 DQ 3 ero, eris, erit, rimu ritis, runt. 02 02 32 =C 0> 02 02 02 )(U >3 >3 fl W H IH )3 >3 >3 IrH IrH .rH )2 >3 >3 IrH |r n ,^ 43 -t-S -JJ -J-3 -t-3 -t-3 +) +) 4J -P -P 43 '43 +3 H-3 +3 1+J H-3 IrH f— |pH IrH IrH IrH J^ i^ |_ ( IrH |_( |_i ^ r d r C13 p O l u 13 t3 r r3 13 13 13 rrj 15 T3 "o Tj 15 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 cj oj cj S. 2. S. 3. PI. 2. PI. 3. Am- a ate | at5 ato atote anto Mon- e ete i eto eto etote ento' KeG- e ete < eto eto etote unto' And- i ite ito lto Itote lemto iVofe. — When the Perfect-stem ends in av, ev, ov> v is often eliminated before is or er (but not before er£), and contraction always follows : as — amavisti x amasti implevissem x implessem novisti x nosti amaverunt x amarunt impleveram x impleram noveram x noram When the Perfect-stem ends in iv, v is often eliminated, and contraction may ollow before is only : as, audivi x audli : audivisti x audlisti x audisti. Writers sometimes cast out is from other Perfect forms : as, dixti for dixisti, accestis for accessistis , surrexg for surrexisse" ; erepsemtis for erepsissemus. The sign x means * changed to.' ACTIVE VOICE. 47 Four Conjugations. VOICE. Singular. 1. 2. 3. Am- em es et Mon- earn eas eat Reg- am as at Aud- lam las iat Conjunctive Mood. 1. emus eamiis amiis lamus Plural. 2. etis eatis atis latis 3. ent eant ant lant Ama- Mone- Rege- Audi- rem res ret remus retis rent Amav- ^ Monii- Rex- Audiv- d erim ens ent erimiis eritis erint Amav- Monu- Rex- Audiv- issem isses isset issemiis issetis issent VERB INFINITE. Infinitive. Pres. Imperf . . Ami.- \ Mode- I « ReGe- I e Audi- Perf. Pluperf . Amav- \ Monti- I . Rex- 1SS Audiv- J GrERUND. N.Ac. a. D.Abl. Am-and- Mon-end- Reg-end- Audi-end- um i Participle Pres. Impf. ans Am- Mon- Reg- Audi- ens Supines. Amat- \ 1. 2. Monit- I , - Rect- f um > u Audit- J Participle Future. 48 THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS: §60. Scheme of the PASSIVE Indicative Mood. Am- Mon- Keg- Aud- 1. or eor or ior Singular. 2. 3. aris* atiir etur £tur Itiir ens eris iris 1. amur emiir mur Plural. 2. 3. amim antur emini zmini entur wntur Imur lmini ltmtur S H3 Ama- ) Mone- I Reg- l Audi- } bor beris bitiir v. bere ar eris etur v. ere bimiir bimini buntur emiir emmi entur Ama- Mone- Rege- Audi-e- bar baris batur f. bare bamur bammi bantur Amat- Monit- Rect- Audlt- us us sumf es us est i i sumiis estis i sunt | V Amat- Monit- Rect- Audit- us ero us eris us erit ill erimiis eritis erunt Amat- Monit- Rect- Audit- us us eram eras us erat ill eramiis eratis erant Impeeative Mood. Present. S. 2. PI. 2. AniA- ) Reo- ere £mini Audi- re mini S. 2. tor tor etor tor Future. S. 3. tor tor etor tor PI. 3. ntor ntor untov wntor * In the Second Pers. Pres. Indie. Passive it is not so usual to write r& for ris, on account of the confusion with Infin. Act. and Imperat. Pass. t In the periphrases fill is occasionally used for sum, fuero for ero, fueram for eram, fiiSrim for sim, f iiissem for essem, and fiiisee for ess8 : as, amatiis fui, fuero, fueram ,f uerim, f iiissem, f uisse^ etc. I our Conjugations. VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 40 Conjunctive Mood. Singular. Plural. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. im- Mone- er ens v. ere etur emiir emini entur Reg- Audi- j - ar arfs v. are atiir amiir amirji antur Ama- ) Mone- l - Rege- f rer reris v. retur remur remmi rentur Audi- ) rere Amat- \ Monit- 1 us us us i I I Eect- i sim sis sit simus sitis sint Audit- ) 50 THE DEPONENT VERB c UTOR.' w o H P H H t» h- 1 Eh H-H Sz; ^ H pq fa M fa Q £ fa- ti H fa o £ o t— 1 H "^ tt 1 t3 *s & O O f to 5^ ^ 1 § i S3 ^ S 3 ^ » ^ ^ Ir-T ^ >2 h >3 ,5 « u v s a a s )c3 ic3 I5S log ic3 c3 4J -P +3 4J +3 4-' 13 13 i3 13 13 13 & ^ ~, s 00 1-4 >3 3 )3 tS 1 )3 3 a rt >0> >o) >o> )QJ +J -4J -+-> +j a 13 13 13 13 ir 'dinsn 3 ^3 © ^o *~o >oT to CO . -re, th e will we shal l **o £? *T8 *>o § ^ i 6 ** 5^ U 1 ^ ?h )3 )G 1 -13 >3 If*" U 3 >3 FI A CO ^ >3 3 I -m 3 a a ■+-> >0) )-H 10) 10) io 10) 0) 10) 10) W 13 13 +3 -+J -4-3 -+-3 -{-3 4^> •+j -w •+J -+3 13 13 13 13 13 13 '3 13 13 13 13 ^ ^o SQ ?j ^ * &Q ^ )3 CO -JJ c3 leg 13 03 5- 5 3 s *> rO $ -^ e f_i 3? ^ LNITE. to use. esse, to h sed. »ijMH I £ 3 *■§ a** *js * s 3 « § * ^ § P tf io.g -.* 3 * "f^S >P>P =^ *- ^flPP5Sbj^^Pp?3P J S O O P IP a IP )P CD £ 5 .2 1— i '— '— 5 4J 4J ^J 02 02 -»-= 02 02 -»-=> 1 = IP IP IP IP IP ip ip ip iP ERB Imp. Plnp. er. Nom. Ac. er. Gen. . . er. Dat. ALL up. in um Lip. in u . . 02 . «+4 CD Inf. Pres. Inf. Perf. art. Pre art. Fut art. Per erundiv hH OOO tf} CO f^PHf^O > -p9sn 9 am[ !> 1 1 §>§ §>s §>| an, I should s, thou wouldsi t, he ivould liis, ^6 should s, ?/ ^M cd H >r3 i g| % i53 10 CD ® «" © % a 02 02 02 02 02 ^ 02 '02 02 02 02 3 >P >P l-H |~l l-J )P )P )p ,^ ,_ 1— 1 02 02 02 02 02 "Jl 02 02 '72 02 02 02 Id Id Id Ip IP Ip IP IP IP IP IP IP -p9sn 9 ami •p3S» A f \ A. f \ «KS ^ sum, I used es, £Aow used est, 7iC W5(?6? timus, we use StlS, ?/ Ci *^> ^ '""■^ ^ 0, / sha is, thou it, he w niis, we is, ye iv nt, £//#?/ am, [ h as, Z/icw at, Ae 7ii [nus, we )CD >CD >£ >£ £ )CD )0 )CD 'g 'g 02 02 02 02 cy 02 gq op 02 >£> >D XI) 02 02 02 >CD )CD )P >P 1- IrH IpH >P" >P )P IjH ,jH IrH )P )P >P |,H |rW ,. 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 li Id Ip IP IP IP l^j IP IP IP IP 15 Ip IP Ip Ip Ip IP . '*** Kj r -»S CQ ^ GQ ^ SQ ^ rwZPd •^ajjaj W11 4M •poijadqj 1 » 2 52 THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS i §62. Scheme of the DEPONENT Indicative Mood. Yen- Yer- Ut- Part- 1. or eor or lor Singular. 2. 3. a-ris (re) atur e-ris (re) etur e-ris (re) ltiir l-ris (re) ltur 1. amiir emiir lmiir lmiir Plural. 2. amini emini imini imini antur entur wntur iiaitur Yena- Yere- Ut- Parti- Ibor be-ris(re) bitiir bimiir bimini buntiir J ar e-ris (re) etur emur emini entiir bans v. batur bare bamur bamini bantur 8 Yen at - Yerit- I us Us- j sum Partit- ) us es us est i i sumiis estis l sunt Yenat- \ Yerit- f us Us- [ ero Partit- j us eris us erit ill erimiis eritis erunt Yenat- ] Yerit- f us iis Us- feram eras Partit- J . us erat ill eramus eratis erant Imperative Mood. Present. S. 2. PI. 2. VenA-) rg YerE- ) Ut- ere z-mini Parti- re mini mini S. 2. tor £tor tor Future. S. 3. tor £tor tor PI. 3. ntor wntor tmtor Note. Some Deponents have an Active form also ; as,puniorand punio, punish. Many Participles Perfect of Deponent Verbs are used Passively as well as Actively ; such are, auspicatus, abominatiis, adeptiis, comitatus, commentus, confesses, de- testatus,dignatus,exsecratiis,expertus, emensus, furattis, fabricates, frustrates, Imitatus, meditatiis, mentitus, medicatus, meritus, moderates, oblitus.5pInatus, pactus, partitus, pollicittis, populates, praedatus, precatus, professdsy solitus, testatus, testificatiis, veneratus, etc. DEPONENT VERBS. 53 Four Conjugations. VEKBS. Conjunctive Mood. Singular. Plural. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Ven- er e-ris (re) etur emur emmi entur Ver- ear ea-ris (re) eatur eamur eammi eantur Ut- ar a-ris (re) atiir amur ammi antur Part- lar ia-ris (re) latur lamur lamini iantur Vena- r rer Vere- Vt-c- reris v. retur remiir remini rentiir Parti- rere Venat- 1 us Verit- us us I I I Us- f sim SIS Sit simus SltlS sint Partit- ) Venat- \ Verit- Us- f Partit- J us essem us esses us esset i i essemus essetis i essent Infix. Pres. Imperf . VenA.- ) . T tw . [ ri V erE- J Ut- i Parti- ri VERB INFINITE. Infix. Perf. Plup. Part. Fut. Venat- ) Vent- [ . f- T )■ us esse Us- Partit- J IXFIN. Fut. Part. Pres. Venans Verens Utens Partiens GrERUND. Venand- \ Verend- tJtend- u ' Partiend- J Gerundive. Part. Venat- 1 Perf. ' Verit- us TTs- Partit-, • us Supines. 54 VERBS IN 10 (THIRD CONJUGATION). § 63. A. Verbs in i-o of the Third Conjugation, in their Present- stem forms, retain this inorganic i generally ; but not before i, final e, and short er. These Verbs are : — Capz5, cup?o, and faczo, F6d£6, fugzo, and jaczo, Pareo, rapzo, sapzo, quatzo, Compounds of speczo and laezo. Deponent : gradzor, patzor, monor ; And, in some tenses, potior, orzor, Examples. Active. Indie. Pres. capz-6, cap-is, -it, -imus, -itis, capz-unt. Fut. cap£-am, -es, -et, -emus, -etis, -ent. Imperf. capz-ebam, -ebas, -ebat, -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant. Conj. Pres. capz-am, -as, -at, -amus, -atis, -ant. Imperf. cap-erem, -eres, -eret, -eremus, -eretis, -erent. Imper. Pres. cap-e, -ite. Put. cap-ito, -itote, capz-unto. Infin. Pres. cap-ere. Gerund, capz-endum, -endi, -endo. Deponent. Indie. Pres. pat£-6r, pat-eris, -itur, -imiir, -imini, patz-untur. Fut. patz-ar, -eris, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. Imperf. patz-ebar, -ebaris, -ebatur, -ebamiir, -ebamini, -ebantur. Conj. Pres. patz-ar, -aris, -atiir, -amur, -amini, -antur. Imperf. pat-erer, -ereris, -eretiir, -eremur, -eremini, -erentiir. Imper. Pres. pat-ere, -imini. Fut. pat-itor, patz-untor. Infin. Pres. pat-!. Gerund, patz-endum, -endi, -endo. Gerundive, patz-endiis. Note 1. Orior is conjugated like patior, except a few forms which follow the Fourth Conjugation : oriri, orirer, etc. PotiSr follows the Fourth Conjugation, but in some forms wavers between the Third and Fourth : as, potrtur or p5titur; potimur or potimur ; pSterer or potirer. Note 2. Morior, Srior, have Future Participles moriturils, oriturus. B. Verbs in uo retain u in all forms ; as, induo, indiiis, indui, induere. PEKIPHKASTIC CONJUGATION. § 64. The Participles in uriis, dus, may be conjugated with all the Tenses of the Verb sum. These forms are called Conjugatio Periphras- tica Fiituri and Conjugatio Periphrastica Gerundlvi : as, PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. r=l O 00 '^3 cc ^ g >0 >© ?i I© >© *> oa ,= ~ 02 w g p 1 -4 )<| Pi ' ■g ig 1r _, 'g H -P? g | ,_ g J B*S a >£ g i© X — aw X X 1© 3© 1 X 1 X 3p >i X © «+-( <4-< - pi runt rant erunt crint erant X 3© 3© i 1 ' Q -3 xl > , ^ ^ o tt U3 53 © £/yt ■*"* 9> O <*0 r^ o 83 ■» H s © Si 1 *s ■P )H IS t! ^ S-I x ,g f-i .£ 3© 3© © 3© 3© I I I p g s >g >s >© >S ^ '3 J >i >p 5a >s j© "S>S $3 © g S ^ © 2 b£^3 SP ^1 © S >0 >S> 2 1© 5© £ c3 • 3PJ . Ip £3 ~>p X fj J 1+3 *J '"-? >P* ,^ , 3 ^ $3 >£ ip "£ 5 fS 1© 3© w S3 >P* += >i-i ->:J ,(_; © 3© 3© 1 ._ ^1 fn >2 )G >P I )i )© «H © X X >© X X 1 - «+-i X © <4H S-I © PhPM * g S ill ^^ x j. S ■ff pi j « -^ ^ a only required to e s sum, I am about ■ to be ; futurus sim M 33 12 tfi fH Sf - g Td = H ranslating, i pie : as, am 3 sum, / am ^'S>P In Parti futiir 56 SIGNS OF THE TENSES AND MOODS. SIGNS OF THE TENSES AND MOODS. § 65. The Latin Tenses may be variously rendered : as, Indicative Mood. Pres. amo, love, am loving. Imp. amabam, loved, was loving, used to love. Perf. amavi, loved (Simple Past), have loved (Present Past). § 66. The Conjunctive Mood has two general uses : (1) Pure, or not subordinate to another Verb : (2) Subjunctive, or subordinate to another Verb. 1. The Pure Conjunctive is rendered in English with auxiliary Verbs for Signs ; generally would or should ; sometimes can, could ; may, might ; shall, or will : as, amem te (si bonus sis), I can love you {if you are good). amarem te (si bonus esses), / should — would — love you {if you were good), or I should have been loving you {if you were good). amavissem te (si bonus fuisses or esses), I should — would — have loved you {had you been good). 2. When the Mood is Subjunctive, it sometimes has a sign in English: as, Ede iit vivas, eat that you may live-, but oftener it must be rendered as if it were Indicative : as sis, esses, fuisses, in the last Examples. So : Laudatur quod paruerit, he is praised in that he obeyed. Laudavi eum qui pariiisset, / praised him (as one) who had obeyed. § 67. The Present Conjunctive is also used Imperatively : Active. Amem, may I, or let one Ames, mayst thou, or thou, Amet, may he, or let him Am emus, may we, or let us Ametis, may ye, or see ye Ament, may they, or let them) Amer, may 1, or let one Ameris, mayst thou, or see thou Ametur, onay he, or let hion Amemur, onay we, or let us Amemmi, onay ye, or see ye Amentur, onay they, or let them THE INFINITIVES. 57 THE INFINITIVES. § 68. The Infinitives in re, ri, are Present or Imperfect ; Infinitives in isse, tus-esse, Perfect or Pluperfect : as, (1) Dicitiir amare, He is said to be loving. (1) Dicitiir amari, He is said to be loved. Dicebatiir amare, Dicebatiir amari, He tvas said to have been loving. He was said to have been (at the time) loved. Scio eum amare, I know (that) he is loving. Sciebam eum amare, I knew (that) he was loving. (2) Dicitiir amavisse, He is said to have loved. Dicebatiir amavisse, He was said to have loved. Scio eum amavisse, I know (that) he loved. I know (that) he has loved. Sciebam eum amavisse, I knew (that) he had loved. Scio eum amari, / know (that) he is lo ved. Sciebam eum amari, I knew (that) he was loved. (2) Dicitiir amatus esse, He is said to have been loved, Dicebatiir amatus esse, He was said to have been (at a former time) loved. Scio eum amatum esse, I know he was loved. I know he has been loved. Sciebam eum amatum esse, I knew he had been loved. § 69. A. The Future Infinitive Active has two forms, -uriis esse, -iirus fiiisse, the uses of which a few instances will show : — (a) Crederis ituriis esse, you are believed to be about to go. Credo te iturum esse, / believe (that) you will go. (b) Credebaris ituriis esse, you were believed to be about to go. Credebam te iturum esse, I believed that you would go. (c) Crederis ituriis fiiisse, you are believed to have been about to go. Credo te iturum fiiisse, I believe that you would have gone. d 3 58 GERUND, SUPINES, PARTICIPLES. B. The Future Infinitive Passive is formed by the union of the Supine in um with the Impersonal Infinitive iri : as, Credo amatum iri Juliam, (lit.) / believe there-is-a-going to love Julia i.e., / believe Julia will be loved. Aiunt ultum iri injurias, they say that the wrongs will be avenged. a. The same may be expressed by fiiturum esse iit, fore iit, with ametur, amaretiir; as, Credo futurum-esse (or fore) iit Julia ametur, I believe (that) Julia will be loved. Credebam fore lit Julia amaretur, / believed (that) Julia would be loved. GEKUND.— SUPINES.— PAKTICIPLES. § 70. A. The Gerund is perhaps the Neuter Gerundive Participle declined as a Yerb-Noun (um, i, 6). B. The Supines are Cases (Accusative and Ablative) of a Verb-Noun of the Fourth Declension. C. The Gerundive (iis, a, um, like bonus) is used to express meetness or necessity, either impersonally, as, eundum est, one must go ; or personally, as, vita tuenda est, life should be protected. If a Case of the Person is added, that Case is usually the Dative: as, eundum est mihi, / must go; vita nobis tuenda est, life should be protected by us. J). The other Participles are— Active. Pres. amans, loving, like ingens. Fut. amaturiis, about to love. ) ,., *.* ^ v ' [ like bonus. Passive. Perf. amatiis, loved, ) The three Participles wanting may be thus supplied : Act. Part. Perf. ' having loved,' quum amavisset (or by § 125.) Pass. Part. Pres. ' being loved,' qui amatiir, or dum amatiir. ,, Part. Fut. i about to be loved,' qui amabitur. E, Some Verbs form Participials in bundiis or cundiis, expressing 'fulness,' as, vagabundiis, wandering, iraeundiis, wrathful; in bilis, expressing 'possibility,' as, parabilis, procurable ; in ilis, expressing ' capacity,' as, docilis, teachable ; in ax, expressing ' inclination,' as, loquax, talkative; inidiis, expressing 'active force,' as, rapidiis, hurrying, ciipidus, desirous. DERIVED, ETC. VERBS. 59 DERIVED VEEBS. §71. I. Frequentative Verbs express repeated action, are of the First Conjugation, and formed either in -to, -so, from Supine-stems: as, canto, I sing often (cano, cantum), cnrso, Iran often (curro, cursum) ; or by adding -i-to, -i-tor to the Clipt Stem, as, rogzto, I ash often (rogo). II. Inceptive Verbs express beginning of action, are of the Third i Conjugation, and formed by adding -sco to the Present-stem : as, Labasco, / begin to totter, from labile. Pallesco, I turn pale, „ pallEre. Or from Nouns, with suffix -a-sco or -e-scd ; as, Puerasco, / become a boy, from piier. Mitesco, I become mild, „ mitis. III. Desiderative Verbs express the desire of action, are of the Fourth Conjugation, and formed by adding -urio to the Supine-stem as, Esiirio, I am hungry , from edo, es-um. Parturio, I am in labour , ,, pario, part-um. QUASI-PASSIVE AND SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS. § 72. The Verbs which unite an Active form with a Passive meaning are : Exulo, I am banished (are). Vapulo, I am beaten (are). Flo, I am made. Veneo, I am on sale (ire). Liceo, I am put to auction. § 73. The Verfe which have an Active Present with a Perfect of Passive form, are: Audeo, I dare, Perf. ausiis sum, I dared. Fido, / trust, „ f Isiis sum, I trusted. Gaudeo, I am glad, „ gavlsus sum, / was glad. Soled, I am wont, „ solitus sum, I was wont. Some have Active Perfect -with Deponent Perfect Participles : as, Present. Perfect. Part. Perf. Juro, I sic car juravl, I sic ore juratus, having sworn. Ceno, I sup cenavl, I supped cenatus, having supped. Prandeo, I dine prandi, I dined pransiis, having dined. So nupta, wedded, potus, having drunk, and some others. Coep- Od- Indic. Y ero Conj. erim Infin isse Memm- J eram issem isse 60 DEFECTIVE VEEBS. DEFECTIVE VEEBS. Defective Verbs want some of the usual parts of a Verb. § 74-. I. The Verbs eoepi, I have begun, odT, I hate, meminl, 1 remember, have no Present-stem Tenses, Scheme. Infin. Perf. Fut. Perf. Plup. Meminl has Imperative Fut. Sing, memento ; Plur. mementote. Coepi has Part. Perf. coeptiis ; Fut. coepturus. Odi „ „ osiis „ osuriis. a. Novi, I Jcnovj (from nosco), is similarly used. II. Many Verbs have Perfect without Supine (see Table), and many Inceptive and other Verbs have neither Perfect nor Supine : as, mitesco, polleo, furo, ferio. III. Verbs Defective in other forms : (1) Aid, I say l ay] affirm. Indie. Pres. aio, ais, ait aiunt. ,, Imperf. aiebam, -bas, &c, complete. Conj. Pres. aias, aiat aiant. (2) Inquam, I say. Indie. Pres. inquam, inquis, inquit, inquimiis inquiunt. „ Imperf. inquiebat inquiebant. ,, S. Fut. inquies, inquiet. „ Perf. inquisti, inquit. Imper. Pres. inque inquite. (3) Quaeso, I entreat', 1st Pers. PL quaesiimus. (4) Fan, to speak; used by the Poets in this and a few other forms : as, fatiir, he speaks ; fabor, / shall speak ; fare, speak thou. Participles : fatiis ; fandiis. Grerund : fandi, fando. (5) The Imperatives : a. Apage, begone. Cedo, cedite {or cette), give h;re. Have (or ave), havete, hail. Infin. havere. Salve, salvete, hail. Infin. salvere. Fut. salvebis. h. Age, agite, come; Vale, valete, farewell ; Infin. valere ; ar* used with special meaning, but their Verbs ago, valeo, are fully eon-* jugate^ • 1 IMPERSONAL VERBS. 61 Impersonal Verbs. § 75. Impersonal Verbs are conjugated (as such) only in the Third Persons Singular of the Finite Verb, and in tbk 'Infinitive. A. Active Impersonate have no Passive Voice. (1) The principal of these are of the Second Conjugation : Oportet, decet, dedecet, Piget, piidet, paenitet, Taedet add and miseret, Libet, licet, and liquet, Attinet and pertinet. it behoves, beseems, misbesecms, it irks, shames, repents , it disgusts, moves pity, it phases, is lawful, is clear, it relates, belongs. Conjugation of Impersonal Verbs (Second). Indie. Conjunc. Infin. , 1. Oport- ^ 2. Dec- 3. Dedec- me, te, eum,J 4. Pig- et eat ere. Pres. nos, vos, eos \ 5. Pud- ebit. a Fut. 6. Paenit- eba-t eret. Imperf. 7. Taed- ' ? x \ uerit uisse. Perf. V 8 Miser- uerit. Fut, Perf. v, ^ , f 9. Lib- nub, etc. { 10 Mc . uerat iiisset. Pluperf. v, . . (11. Attin- ad me, etc. \ l% p ert j n .j The Persons are expressed by the Case : as, Sing. Oportet me ire, it behoves me \ oportet te ire, ,, oportet eum ire, ,, Plur. oportet nos Ire, ,, oportet vos ire, ,, oportet eos ire, ,, you him you them or 1 - to go, you he ye they ought to go. Sing. Licet mihi ire, it is allowed me \ licet tibi ire, ,, ?) you licet el ire, „ ?> him Plur. licet nobis ire, ,, )5 us licet vobis ire, „ 5} you licet lis Ire, ,, 5) them 1 h to go, or / you he ye they may go. So in the other Tenses and Moods 62 IMPERSONAL TERES. (2) Among Impersonal Verbs of other Conjugations are : Accidit, Contingit, Evenit, Convenit, Expedit, it happens it befalls it turns out it suits it is expedient I mini \ M, ei, etc. I Delectat, .Tuvat, Interest, Kefert, Constat, it delights ) eum, etc. it concerns ) mea, tiia, it imports J ejus, etc. it is acknowledged. (3) Some Impersonals express changes of season and weather : as, Pulgiirat, it lightens. Ningit, it snows. Plait, it rains. Tonat, it thunders. Liicescit, it dawns. Vesperascit, it gets late. § 76. B. (1) Intransitive Verbs are used impersonally in the Passive Voice : as, luditur, there is playing, from ludo, I play. Indicative. Conjunctive. Infinitive. Present Luditur ludatiir ludl. Simple Put. ludetiir lusum M. Imperf. ludebatiir luderetur. Perfect lusum est lusum sit lusum esse. Put, Perf. lusum erit Pluperf. lusum erat lusum esset lusum fuisse The Persons may be expressed by an Ablative of the Agent : as, Present Indicative. Sing. Luditur a me, there is flaying by me, or / flay, luditur a te, „ ,, thee, thou playest, luditur ab eo, „ ,, him, he plays, Plur. luditur a nobis, ,, ,, us, we play, luditur a vobis ,, ,, you, ye play, luditur ab lis, „ ,, them, they play. But the Ablative is often omitted, being understood from the context. § 77- (2) The Neuter Gerundive is used impersonally with esse to express meetness or necessity : sometimes with Dative of Person. Present Indicative. Sing. Ludendum est milii, there must be playing by me, or/ ludendum est tibi, „ ,, ,, thee, thou ludendum est ei, „ „ „ him, he Plur. ludendum est nobis, „ „ „ vs, we ludendum est vobis „ „ „ you, ye ludendum est iis, „ ,, „ them, they Here too the Case is often omitted : nunc est bibendum, now we (or men) must drink. ANOMALOUS VERBS. 63 ; ANOMALOUS VEBBS. § 78. Anomalous Verbs do not form all their parts according to rule. Sometimes their Tenses are borrowed from several stems, as in sum, possum, fero ; sometimes their irregularities arise from mutation of letters, as in volo, nolo, malo, eo, queo, edo. /§ 79. CoNJUGATIO n-Fobm OF An< 5MALOUS VE RB.* l . Be able. 2. Wish. 3. Not-wish. 4. Wish-rather. /l Pers. Pres. Possum Yolo Nolo Malo ' 2 Pers. „ potes yIs nonvis mavis Infin. „ posse Telle nolle malle Perfect potii-i Yolu-i nolii-i malu-i Grer. in dam — (volend-um) (nolend-um) (malend-um) „ di — Tolend-T nolend-i malend-i „ do — volend-o nolend-o malend-o Part, Pres. — yolens nolens malens Potens, able powerful, is used as an Adj ective. 5 . Bear. 6. Be made. 7. Go. 8. Can. 1 Pers. Pres. Fero Flo Eo Queo 2 Pers. „ fers fis is quis Infin. „ ferre fieri ire quire Perfect tiili factiis sum rvl quivi Ger. in dam ferend-um — . eund-um „ dl ferend-i — eund-i „ do ferend-o — . eund-o Supine in um lat-um — it-um u lat-u. — it-fi Part. Pres. fer-ens — lens (eunt- 18) „ Fut. lat-iirus — it-urus 5. Feror (Passive)- has Pres. Ind. 2. ferris (for fer-eris) ; 3. fertiir; Imperf. Conj. Sr-r-er (for fer-erer), ferreris, etc., and Inf. ferri. Other Present-stem forms are regular. Supine-stem forms, latiis sum, etc. 6. Flo in the Present-stem forms is the Passive of facio, which is regular in the Active, and in the Supine-stem forms, of the Passive. 8. Queo and its compound nequeo {cannot) form their tenses like eo. 9 Edo, / eat, often changes some of its forms as follows Pres. 2nd Pers. edis or es 3rd Pers, edit or est Infin. edere or esse Imperf. Conj. ederem or essem- Pres. Conj. edim, edis, edit, is used. Other forms are regular. 64 ANOMALOUS YERBS. §80. . Tense-Formation of 1 Indicative Mood. i Singular. Plural. 1 i 1. 2. 3. l. 2. 3. Possum potes potest possumiis potestis possunt Volo vis vult voliimus vultis volunt Nolo nonvis nonvult noliimiis nonvultis nolunt +3 Malo mavis ma vult maliimus mavultis malunt % Fero fers fert f erimiis fertis ferunt Ph Flo fis fit — — fiunt Eo is it imiis itis eunt Pot- er.am eras erat eramiis eratis erant Vole- ^ -t-S Nole- 1 S i— i Male- Fere- -bam bas bat bamiis batis bant Fie- I I- J Potii- \ . Volii- Nolii- - Malu- ( * isti it imiis istis erunt or p-t Tiil- Iv- J ere Potii- \ o Volii- s 1 ft Nolii- w Malu-r eram eras erat eramiis eratis erant Tul- Iv- J Pot- ero eris erit erimiis eritis erunt o Vol- x : | Nol- m Mal- \ am es . et emiis etis ent I Fer- s Fi- J ft I- bo bis bit bimiis bitis bunt ^J Potii- \ 8 Ph 2 Volu- Nolu- 1 w - Malu-f ero eris erit erimiis eritis erint | Tul- ft 1 Iv- j ANOMALOUS VERBS. 65 Anomalous Verbs. Conjunctive Mood. Poss- ) 1. Singul 2. ar. 3. i. Plural. 2. 3. Vel- im Is it lmus ltlS int Mal- Fer- FI- E- at amus atis ant Poss- Vell- Noll- Mall- Ferr- Fier- Ir- em es et emus etis ent Potii- Volu- Nolu- Malu- Tiil- Iv- i y erim ens ent erimus eritis ennt Potu- Volii- Nolii- Malu- Tul- Iv- issem isses isset issemiis issetis issent Imperative Mood. Singular. 2. (3) Noll (5) Fer (6)FI (7)1 2. (3) NoJIto (6) Ferto (7) Ito Present. Plural. 2. nolite ferte fite ite Future. 3. 2. 3. nolito nolitote nolunto ferto fertote ferunto Ito ltote eunto (For the Parts of Verb Infi- nite, see Form of Conjugation, §79.) 66 PKESENT, PEKFECT, AND SUPINE 81. TABLE OF VERBS, SHOWING PRESENT, INFINITIVE, PERFECT, AND SUPINE. (See §48; Note 2.) I. First Conjugation (Character A : Am A- re). Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. Usual Form : (a-o) -5 a-vi a-tum Am-o -are ania-vi ama-tum. Exceptions. -in, -itum. Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. (1)1. 2. Crep5 Ciibo -are -are crepui crepitum eubui cubitum creak, lie down Z. Dom5 -are domiii domitum tame. 4. Mico -are micui — glitter. 5. 6. Plico Sono -are -are -plicui -plicitum soniii sonitum fold, sound. 7. Tono -are tonui tonitum thunder. 8. Veto -are Yetin vetitum -in, -turn. forbid. (2) Seed -are seciii seetum Eedupl., -turn. cut. (3) 1. Do -are dedi datum give. 2. Sto -are steti statum -vi, -turn. stand. (4) 1 2. Juvo Lavo -are -are juvi jiitum lavi lotum help, wash. (1) 5. Also plicavi, plicatuni. (3) 1. Do, dare, has short a throughout ; with the compounds circumdo, surround ; pessumdo, ruin ; venumdo, put on sale, which form -dedi, -datum. The other compounds pass to the Third Conj. and form -didl, -ditum. III. 18. 2. Comp. ad- con- ob- per- prae-sto, etc., form stiti, statum (-stitum, rare). II. Second Conjugation (Character £ : MonE- re). Usual Form : Mon -eo -ill -eo -ere mon-m Exceptions. -Vi, -turn. -itum mon-itum (1) 1. Deleo 2. Fleo 3. -ple5 -ere -ere -ere deleyi deletum flevi fletum -pieyi -pletum -ill, -turn. blot out weep. fill. (2) 1. Doceo 2. Misceo 3. Tene5 -ere -er§ -ere dociii doctum miscui mistum teniii -tentum teach. mix. hold. (1) 3. Forms thus described are only used in the compounds. SECOND AND THIRD CONJUGATIONS. 67 -Si, -turn . Present. Infiii. Perfect. Supine. (8) 1. 2. Augeo Torqueo -ere -ere auxi torsi auctum tortum increase, twist 3. Lugeo -ere luxi -Si, -sum mourn. (4) 1. Mulceo -ere mulsi mulsum soothe. 2. Ardeo -ere arsi arsum take fire. 3. Kideo -ere risi risum laugh. 4. Suadeo -ere suasi suasum advise. 5. Maneo -ere mansi mansum remain. 6. Jubeo ^ere jussi jus sum command. 7. Haereo Jt§e haesi haesum stick. 8. 9. Fulgeo Luceo fulsi J^jUXl — glitter, shine. r Redupl., -sum. (5) 1. Mordeo -% momordi morsum bite. 2. 3. 4. Pendeo Spondeo Tondeo -ere -er^ -ere" pependi spopondi Ktotondi k>:; - * -l, -Sum. pensum sponsum tonsum^ m hang. pledge, promise shear. (6) 1. 2. Prandeo Sedeo -ere -ere prandi sedi pransuin* sessum lunch, dine, sit. 3. Video -ere vidi -I, -turn. visum * see. (7) 1. Caveo -ere eavi cautum beware. 2. Faveo -ere favi fautum favour. 3. Foveo -ere fovi fotum cherish. 4. Moveo -ere moTi m5tum move. 5. Voveo -ere TOYl Semi-dejjon votum ent. vow. (8) 1. Audeo -ere ausiis sum — dare. ' 2, G-audeo -ere gayisus sum — rejoice. 3. Soleo -ere solitiis sum __ be wont. III. Third Conjugation (Character a Consonant or V). Form various. Keg-ere ; Indu-ere. A, Consonant-Verbs. Guttural Stems, -si, -turn {five -sum). (1) 1. Dico -ere dixi dictum say. 2. Duco -ere duxi ductum lead. 3. Cingo -ere cinxi cinctum surround. 4. Coquo -ere COX1 coctum cook. 5. Figo -ere fix! fixum fix. 6. Fingd -ere finxi fictum fashion. 7. Jungo -ere junxi junctum i join. 68 PRESENT, PERFECT, AND SUPINE : Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. 8. Pingo -ere pinxi pictum faint. 9. Rego -ere rexi rectum rule. 10. Tego -ere texi tectum cover. 11. -stinguo -ere -stinxi -stinctum quench* 12. Tinguo -ere tinxi tinctum dye. 13. Unguo -ere unxi unctum anoint. (2) 1. Traho -ere traxi tractum draw. 2. Veho -ere vexi vectum carry. 3. Vivo [-ere vixi victum live. 4. Fliio -ere fluxi fluxum flow. 5. Striio -ere struxi structum file. 6. -lacio -ere -lexi -lectum entice. 7. -specio -ere -spexi -spectum espy. (3) 1. Mergo -ere mersi mersum drown. 2. Spargo -ere sparsi sparsum sprinkle. 3. Tergo -ere tersi tersum wipe. Dental Stems, -Si, -Sum. (4) 1. Claudo -ere clausi clausum shut. 2. Divido -ere divisl d!v!sum divide. 3. Laedo -ere laesi laesum hurt. 4. Ludo -ere KlSl lusum play. 5. Plaudo -ere plausi plausum clap the hands. 6. Rado -ere rasi rasum scrape. 7. Rodo -ere rosi rosum gnaw. 8. Triido -ere trusi trusum thrust. 9. Vado -ere -vasi -vasum go. 10. Cedo -ere cessi cessum yield. 11. Mitto -ere misi missum send. 12. Quat-io -ere (quassi) quassum shake. 13. Flecto -ere flex! flexum bend. 14. Necto -ere nex! nexum bind. Labial Stems, -Si, -turn. (5) 1. Carpo -ere carps! carptum pluck. 2. Repo -ere reps! reptum. creep. 3. Scalpo -ere scalps! scalp turn scratch. 4. Serpo -ere (serps!) (serptum) crawl. 5. Nubo -ere nupsi nuptum be married. 6. Scrib5 -ere scrips! scriptum write. Liquid Ste ms, -Si, - turn {one -sum). (6) 1. Como -ere compsl comptum adorn. 2. Demo -ere dempsi demptum take away. 3. Promo -ere promps! promptum take forth. 4. Sumo -ere sumps! sumptum take. 5. Temno -ere temps! temptum despise. 6. Pre mo -ere press! pre s sum press. 7. G-ero -ere gessi gestum carry on- 8. U r 5 -ere uss! ustum burn. THIRD CONJUGATION. 69 Stem various, -til, -turn {one -sum). Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. (7) 1. Elicio -ere elicm elicitum entice forth. 2. Ciimbo -ere cubm ciibituin lie down. 3. Kapio -ere rapiii raptum seize. 4. Strepo -ere strepiii strepitum roar. 5. Meto -ere messui messum mow. 6. Alo -ere alui altum nourish. 7. Colo -ere colui cultum till. 8. Consulo -ere consuliu consultum consult. 9. Occulo -ere occuliii occultum hide. 10. Volo -ere Yoliil — . wish. 11. Fremo -ere fremiii fremitum murmur. 12. Gemo -ere gemui gemitum groan. 13. Tremo -ere tremiii — tremble. 14. Vomo -ere Tomul yomitum vomit. 15. Pon5 -ere posiii positum place. 16. G-igno -ere geniii genitum produce. 17. Sero -ere seriii sertum join. 18. Texo -ere texiii textum weave. Present Stem Anomalous, -Vi, -turn. (8) 1. Lino -ere lev! litum smear. 2. Sino -ere sivi situm allow. 3. Cerno -ere crevi cretum sift, discern. 4. Sperno -ere sprevi spretura despise. 5. Sterno -ere stravi stratum strew. 6. Sero -ere sevi satum sow. 7. Cresco -ere cre\a cretum grow. [with. 8. Nosed -ere noYi n5tum become acquain ted 9. Pasco -ere pavi pastum feed. 10. Quiesco -ere quievi — rest. 11. Sues co -ere suevi suetum be wont. 12. Cupio -ere cupivi cupitum desire. 13. Peto -ere petivi petitum seek. 14. Quaero -ere quaesm quae sit urn seek. 15. Tero -ere trivi tritum rub. 16. Arcesso -ere arcessivi arcessitum send for. 17. Lacesso -ere lacessivi lacessitum provoke. Eedupl., -turn or -sum. (9) 1 Pendo -ere pependi pen sum weigh. 2. Tendo -ere tetendi tensum(-tum) stretch. 3. Disco -ere didici learn. 4. Posco -ere poposci — demand. 5. Curro -ere ciicurrl cursum run. 6. Pungo -ere pupiigi punctum prick. 7. Tundo -ere tutiidi tun sum thump. 8. Fallo -ere fefeUi falsum deceive. 9. Parco -ere pepercl parsum spare. 10. Pario -ere peperi partum bring forth. 70 PKESENT, PERFECT, AND SUPINE : Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. 11. Cado -ere cecidi easum fall. 12. Cano -ere cecini cantum sing. 13. Pango -ere pepigl pactum fasten. 14. Tango -ere tetigi tactum touch. 15. Caedo -ere cecidi caesum cut, beat, kill. 16. Pello -ere pepull pulsum drive. 17. Tollo -ere sustuli sublatum take up. 18. Compounds of do : Abdo -ere abdidi abditum hide. Addo -ere addidi additum add. Condo -ere condidi conditum found, hide. Credo -ere credidT creditum believe. Dedo -ere dedidi deditum give up. Edo -ere edidi editum give forth, titter. Perdo -ere perdidi perditum lose. Prodo -ere prodidi proditum betray. Eeddo -ere reddidi redditum restore. Subdo -ere subdidi subditum substitute. Trado -ere tradidi traditum deliver. Vendo -ere vendidi venditum sell. 19. Eeduplicated from sto : Sisto -ere -stiti -statum (Stand or make 1 to stand. -I with lengthen ed Stem-vowel, -turn [three -sum). (10) 1. Facio -ere feci factum make. 2. Jacio -ere jeci j actum throw. 3. Linquo -ere liqm -lictum leave. 4. Yinc5 -ere T1C1 victum conquer. 5. Ago -ere egi actum do. 6. Frango -ere fregi fractum break. 7. Lego -ere leg! lectum choose, read. 8. Edo -ere edi esum eat. 9. Fodi5 -ere fodi fossum dig. 10. Fundo -ere fudi fusum * pour. 11. Capio -ere cepi captum take. 12. Kumpo -ere riipi ruptum break. 13. Emo -ere emi emptum buy, take. -l, -Slim. (11) 1. Findo -ere fidi fissum cleave. 2. Scindo -ere scidi scissum tear. -i , -Sum (one -turn). . (12) 1. -cando -ere -cendi -censum set on fire. 2. -fendo -ere -fendi -fensum strike. 3. Pando -ere pandi pansum spread. 4. Prehendo -ere prehendi prehensum grasp. 5. Scando -ere scandi scansum climb. 6. Verto -ere verti versum turn. 7. Bibo -ere bibl bibitum drink. 8. Velio -ere velli, vulsi vulsum rend. THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS. 71 (13) B. TT-verbs : -I, -turn. Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. 1. Aciio -ere acui acutum sharpen. 2. Argiio -ere argiii argutum prove. 3. Exii5 -ere exui exutum put off. 4. Imbuo -ere imbui imbutum tinge. 0. Induo -ere indiii indiitum put on. 6. Liio -ere liu lmtum vjash, aton 7. Metuo -ere metiii — fear. 8. Miniio -ere miniii minutum lessen. 9. Niio -ere niii — nod. 10. Ruo -ere riii ruitum 'rush, fall. 11. Statuo -ere statin statutum set up. 12. Tribiio -ere tribin tributum assign. 13. Solvo -ere solvl solutum loosen. 14. Volvo -ere voIyi volutum roll. IV. Fourth Conjugation (Character X : Audi- re). Usual Form : -15 -Ire -ivi -itum Audio -ire audivi audi turn. Exceptions. -Ui or ivi, -turn. (1) 1. Aperio -ire aperiii apertum open 2. Salio -ire salui (-sultum) leap. 3. Sepelio -Ire sepeliYi sepultum bury 4. Eo ire ivi or ii itum go. -3i, -tum {one -sum). (2) 1. Fulcio -ire falsi fultum 2. Sancio -ire sanxl sanctum 3. Vincio -ire Yinxi Yinctum 4. Hauri5 -Ire hausi haustum 5. Sentio -Ire sens! sensum prop, consecrate, bind, drain. (3) 1. Comperio -ire 2. Eeperi5 -ire 3. Venio -Ire -I, -turn. comperi repperl Yen! compertum find. repertum discover. Yentum come. 72 DEPONENT VERBS. V. DEPONENT VEEBS. (1) First Conjugation (Part. Perf. -atiis). (2) Second Conjugation (Part. Perf. -ltus). Exceptions. Infin. Part. Perf. confess. Present. 1. Fateor 2. Misereor 3. Eeor -eri fassiis eri misertus or miseritus have pity on. -eri ratus think. (3) Third Conjugation (Part. Perf. -tus or -sus). Present. Infin. (a) 1. Fungor 2. Amplector 3. Nitor 4. Patior 5. Utor 6. Gradior 7. Labor 8. Morior 9. Queror 10. Friior 11. Loquor 12. Sequor (5) 1. Apiscor 2. Comminiscor 3. Expergiscor 4. Fatiscor 5. Iras cor 6. Nanciscor 7. Nascor 8. Obliviscor 9. Paciscor 10. Proficiscor 11. Ulciscor Part. Perf. functus 'perform. amplexus embrace. nisus or nixiis strive. passus suffer. usiis use. gressiis step. lapsus glide. mortuus die. que s tus complain. fruitus enjoy. locutus speak. secutus follow. aptiis obtain. commentiis devise. experrectiis wake up. fessus grow weary iratus be angry-* nactiis obtain. natiis be born. oblitiis forget. pactus bargain. profectus set out. ultiis avenge. (4) Fourth Conjugation (Part. Perf. -Itus). Exceptions. 1. Assentior -irl assensiis agree to. 2. Experior -in expertus try. 3. Metior -irl mensiis measure. 4. Opperior -irl oppertus wait for. 5. Ordior -irl orsus begin. 6. Orior -Irl ortus rise. Note. Inceptive Verbs form the Perfect and Supine as their Primitives : as, ingg- misco (from gemo), ingemui, ingemUum. Many Verbs are without Perfect ; more still without Supine. ADVERBS- PREPOSITIONS. 73 PARTICLES. A. ADVERBS. § 82. I. Adverbs of Place answer the questions : — 1) Ubi, where ? (4) Unde, whence ? 2) Quo, whither 1 (o) Qua, which way ? [3) Quorsuni, whitherward 1 (6) Quatenus, quousque, how far? II. Adverbs of Te\ie answer the questions : (1) Quando, ubi, when? (2) Quamdiu, how long? III. Adverbs of Number answer the question Quoties, how often ? IV. Adverbs of Description express Manner, Quality, Quantit}^ etc. Many are derived from Adjectives, and end in e, ter; as, pulchre, timely ; niisere, wretchedly ; fortiter, bravely ; sapienter, wisely. Note. Adverbs of Negation are non, hand, not. B. PREPOSITIONS. § 83. The following Prepositions take the Accusative Case. Ad, to, at, &c. A , v i toward, against. Adversum J ' J Ante, before. Apiid, at, in, among. Circum, around. Circa,^circiter, about. Cis, citra, on the near side of Contra, against, over against. Erga, towards. Extra, outside of out of. Infra, below. Inter, between, among, amidst. Intra, within. Juxta, adjoining to, beside. Ob, over against, by reason of . Penes, in the power of. Per, through. jj Pone, behind. Post, after, behind. Praeter, beside, Prope, near, propiiis, proxime. Propter, nigh, on account of. Secundum^^, along, according to. Supra, Tibove. ^ <*• Trans, across. V Ultra, beyond. Versus, Yersum, towards. The following take thai Ablative Case. A, ab, abs, by, from. Absoue (rare), without. Clam, without the knowledge of. Coram, in the presence of. Cum, with. De, down from, from, concerning. fix, e, out of, from. Palam, in sight of. Prae, before, ovjingio, compared aith. Pro, before, for, instead of Sine, without. Teniis, reaching to, as far as. Note. Cum is attached to the Personal, Reflexive, and Relative Pronouns ; as, mecuni,nobiscum, tecum, vobiscum,secum, quocum , or quTcum, quibuscum. 74 CONJUNCTIONS. INTERJECTIONS. The following take the A ccusative or the Ablative. In, into, against (Ace), in, upon, among (Abl.). Super, over, upon. Sub, up to, under (Ace), under (Abl.). Subter, lender. In and sub with Accusative imply motion ; with Ablative, rest. II. The Prepositions and Particles compounded with Verbs are :— A. Prepositions: — a, ab, abs, ad, ante, circum, con (for cum), de, ex, e, in, inter, 6b, per, post, prae, praeter, pro, siib, subter, super, trans. B. Inseparable Particles: — ambi- (amb-), around, about) dis-, di-, in different parts or ways ; re-, back, again ; se-, apart. Note 1. Prepositions in composition suffer various changes ; such as, combibo for conbibo, offendo for obfendo, traduco for transduco. Note 2. Many Verbs in Composition suffer vowel-change : (1) a into e, as spwrgo, dispergo ; (2) a into u, as qu«tio, concutio ; (3) a into i, as, ago, exigo ; (4) e into i, as rego, dirigo ; (5)_ae into I, as, quaero, acquiro. Add to these, clau&o, excludo, &c. ; pkwdo, supplodo, &c. ; and audio, obedio. C. CONJUNCTIONS. § 84\ Conjunctions are — 1. Coordinative, or those which join words and sentences but do not affect Mood : as, et, que, ac, atque (and), aut, vel, ve , (either, or), sed, autem (but), nam, enim (for), &c. 2. Subordinative, or those which join sentences, influencing Mood: as, ut (that), ne (lest), quod, quia (because), quum (when, since), si (if), nisi (unless), &c, &c. § 85. The Interrogative Particles cannot be rendered in English without the Verbs, to which they impart an Interrogative, force: — They are, the enclitic -ne, an, num, utrum (whether) : the com- ' pounds of the last three with -ne ; namely, anne, numne, utrumne : and the compounds of an, -ne, with the nega- tive ; namely, annon, nonne. D. INTERJECTIONS. § 86. An Interjection is an exclamatory word, used either to draw attention, or to express feeling of some kind. The most usual Inter- 1 jections are — 0, ! oh ! Pr5 or proh, forbid it ! A or ah, alas I Vae, woe ! ^ heu \ . \alas! *K I lo! behold! Heu, hei, i Ecce, J Note. Of these, 0, a, eheu, heu, pro, may be used with a Vocative Case : the same, as well as en, ecce, with a Nominative or Accusative : hei, vae, with a Dative, 75 SYNTAX. PREFATORY EXCURSION. §87. A Simple Sentence is the expression of a single thought : Psittaciis loquitur, Psittaciis non loquitur, The parrot speaks. The parrot does not speak. B. That of which something is said, is called the Subject: as, Psittaciis, the parrot. a. The Subject must be a Substantive, or a Noun-term which can take its place, as an Adjective, Pronoun, Infinitive, or Clause. C. The Finite Verb, which declares what is said of the Subject, and makes a complete sense, is called the Predicate: as, Loquitur, speaks. a. Since Pronoun Subjects are implied in the Endings (§ 44 Obs.), a single Verb may be a sentence : Veni, Vidi, Vici, I came , I saw, I conquered. D. Any Finite part of the Verb sum (esse), to be, is usually a Copula, or Link; and a word linked by it to the Subject, and com- 1 pleting the sense, is called the Complement; both together forming the Predicate : Predicate. Subject. r Copula. Complement Homo est mortalis, Man is mortal. Homines sunt animalia, Men are animals. Note. The Copula is often omitted : as, Ran boni, {good men are few). a. Other Verbs besides sum link a Subject and Complement, and are called Copulative Verbs: as, fio, become; nascor, am born; videor, seem; dicor, am said; vocor, am called; putor, am thought, &c. E. An Adjective agreeing with any Noun-term is said to be in Attribution, and may be (1) Epithet; (2) Attributive Complement. (1) Docti virl, (2) Hi viri sunt docti, Learned men. These men are learned. 2. A Substantive agreeing with any Noun-term is said to be in Apposition, and maybe (1) Epithetic; (2) Appositive Complement. (1) Rex Croesus, (2) Croesus fuit rex, King Croesus. Croesus was king. e2 ; 76 STNTAXIS MEMOEIALIS PEIMA. DE CONGRUENTIA. Regulae Quattuor Generales. § 88. I. Verbum Finitum cum Nommatlvo Subjectp^ongruit numero et persona: Ma g i s t e r docet. T u. doces : n 6 s disci m us. Libri leguntur. Discere est utile. § 89. II. Adject! vum genere, numero, et casu congruit cum eo cui attrlbuitiir : Vir bonus ille bonam hanc uxor em liabet. Hirundo pullis s ills orbata queritur. Carl sunt parentes; card est patria. Piieri discendo fiunt docti. § 90. III. Substantlvum casu congruit cum eo cui appo- nitur : N o s pueri patrem L o 1 1 i u m lmitabimur. Effodiuntiir opes, irritamenta malorum. Spes est exspectdtw boni. Syllaba longa brevi subjecta Yocatur Iambus. § 91. IV. Relativum cum Antecedente congruit genere, numero, et persona ; sed casu spectat siiam clausidam : Deuni veneramur qui nos creavit. Amidfiis est, quern amamus, a quo amamur. Amoxe, mater, quae me am as. De Subjecto Composito. § 92. Cum Subjecto Composito. pluralia congriiunt : Veneno absumptl sunt Hannibal et Philopoemen. 1. In divers! tate personarum Verba congruunt cum Priori! Persona : Situ et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. DE CASICUS. 77 2. In diversitate generum Adjectiva congriiunt cum Masciilo p'jtms quam cum Femmlno : Pater rnihi et mater mortui sunt. a. Rebus inanimis attribiiitur saepe geniis Neutrum : Divitiae, deciis, gloria in oculis sita sunt. DE CASIBUS. De Casibus Subjecti et Complements. § 87. § 93. (1) Finiti Verb! Subjectum Nommatlvus est: Anrii fugiunt. (2) Finiti Yerbl Complementum plerumque Nommativus est: Vita est sommum. Kemo nascitur sapiens. § 94. (1) Infmitivi Subjectum m Accusativo pomtiir : Constat annos fugere. | Scimus annos fugere. (2) InfinitiYi Complementum plerumque in ~ Accusativo pomtiir : J^ Aiunt Yitam esse somnium. Constat neminem nasci sapientem. a. Accusatlvi cum Infinltivo constructio vocatur Enun- ciatio Obliqua. DE ACCUSATIVO. § 95. Accusativus est Casus Propioris Objectl. Necnon lmiltandi vim habet. I. Accusativus Objecti. § 96. Verba Transitiva regunt Accusativum Objectl: Mater al it pullds. | In primis venerare Dtum. § 97. Intr.msitiva capiunt Accusativum vi cognata : Duram servit servitutem. Claudius a! cam lusit. 78 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PRIMA. § 98. Verba quaedam, rogandi praesertim et docendi, binos admittunt Accusativos, hunc Eel, ilium Personae : Nunquam dtvzttds deos rogavi. Quid nunc te litter as d 6 c e a m ? § 99. Verba Factitiva, scilicet faciendi, vocandl, putandi, similia, binos habent Accusativos, nunc Objectl, ilium Com- plement! : Te facimus, Fortuna, deam. Romulus urbem suam Bomam vocavit. II. Accusativus Limitations. § 100. Accusativus Eespectus adjungitur Verbis et Adjec- tlvls, praesertim apiid poetas : T remit artus. Nudae sunt lacertos. § 101. Locus, Quo Itiir, in Accusatlvo ponitur, idque sme Praepositione, si vel oppidi nomen est, vel domus, rus : Kegulus Carthaginem r e d i 1 1. Vos ite domum\ ego rus Ibo. § 102. (1) Diiratio Temporis in Accusatlvo ponitur : Pericles quadraginta annos praefuit Athenis. (2) Mensura Spatii in Accusatlvo ponitur : Erant muri Babylonis ducenos pedes alti. § 103. Accusativum regunt multae Praepositiones : § 83. Ante, apiid, ad, adversus, rrope, propter, per, secundum, Circum, circa, extra, cis, Supra, versus, ultra, trans; Contra, inter, ergd, extra, His super, subter, addito, Infra, intra, juxtd, 6b, Et in, sub, si fit motio. Penes, pone, post, et praeter, DE DATIVO. § 104. Datlvus est Casus Eecipientis seu EemotiorTs Object!. § 105. Trajectiva, quae sensum trajlciunt ad Eemotms Objectum, sunt multa Adjectlva, Adverbia, et Verba, rarius Substantlva, quibiis indicator JPropinqmtds et Demonstratw, Gratificatio, Dominatw, Et his contraria quaeque notio. DE DATIYO. 79 § 106. I. Trajectiva capiunt Datlvum, quum signiiicantiir : (1) Propinquity et contraria : Est finitimiis ordtori poeta. Nil fu.it unquam sic impar sibi. Congriienter naturae vivenduni est. Praesentia confer praeteritis. Nee tamen ignorat quid distent aera lupinis. (2) Demonstratio et contraria : I Die mihi, Danioeta, crijnni pedis ? Anguis Sidlae apparu.it inimolanti. Hand cuiquam in diibio erat bellnni imminere. (3) Gratificatio et contraria : Patriae sit ldoneiis, iitilis agris. Tnrba gravis pact placidaeqne lnimica qiiieti. Quod alii donat sibi detrahit. Lucem redde tiiae, dnx bone, patriae. Nobis spondet fortuna salfitem. Ne libeat tibi qnod neraini licet, Parce pio generi. Suceensere nefas patriae. Resistendum est appctitibus. (4) Dominatio et contraria : Sapiens, sibi qui imperiosus. Omnibus supplexest. Imp erat ant servit collecta pecunia cinque. Mundus Deo p a r e t , et hu ic 6 b e d i u n t maria t erraeque. § a. Inter Trajectiva sunt multa Verba composita cum Particulis, quale s sunt Bene, male, satis, re, Ad, ante, con, in, inter, de, Oh, sub, super, post, et prae : Ceteris satisfacio semper, mihi nunquam. Sicilia quondam ItciUae adhaesit. G-Tgantes bellnm dis intulerunt. Anatuni ova gallinis supponimus. § 107. II. Dativus Eecipientis ubivls adjungl potest cum notione quadam Commodi vel Incommodi : Esto, nt nnnc multi, dives tibi, pauper amicis. Niima virgmes Vestae legit. Venus nupsit Vulcdno. Philosophiae semper vaco. a. Hue refer Dativum Pronominis, qui vocatur ethi- eils : Quid mihi Celsns agit? 80 SYNTAXIS MEMOBIALIS PRIMA. b. Sum cum conipositis, praeter possum, capit Dativum : Sum tibi Mercurius. Vir rnihi semper abest. c. Est, sunt, cum Dativo, habere saepe significant : Est homini cum Deo similitudo. Sunt nobis mitia poma. cl. Adjungitur idem Dativus Participiis et Participialibus Passlvae Vocis, praesertim Gerundivis : Magnus cms obit et formidatus Othom. Midtis ille bonis flebilis occidit. Legendae sunt jpueris Aesopi fabulae. § 108. III. Dativus Eel pro Complemento ponitiir, ad- juncto saepe Dativo Kecipientis : Nimia f Iducia calamitdti solet esse. Emtio est ayidum mare nautis. § 109. IV. Dativus Complement! per Attractionem po- nitur, praesertim in nominandi formulis : Licuit Themistocli esse otwso. Huic ego die! nomen Trinumo faciam. DE ABLATIVO. § 110. Ablativiis est Casus rerum quae circu instant et adverbial! more limitant actionem. Deflnit etiam Tempus et Locum. § 111. I. Ablativiis Causae : Oderunt peccare boni virtutis amove. Cocpfis immanibus eff era Dido. § 112. II. Ablativiis Instrument! : Hijaculis, ill! certant defendere saxis. § 113. Ill, Ablat!vus Mod! : Injuria fit ditobus modis, aut vi ant fraitdv. § 114. IV. Ablativus Condi tionis : Pace tua cum Thaide colloquar. Homo mm sententia prudentissimus est. DE ABIATITO. 81 § 115. V. Ablativus Qualitatis, cum Epitlieto : Qua facie fu.it, cui dedisti symbolum ? Senex promissa barba, horrenti capillo. § 116. VI. Ablativus Kespectus : Angor ammo. Enniiis ingenw maximus, arte rudis. § 117. VII. Ablativus Pretii : Ego spem pretw non emo. Quod non opus est, asse carum est. § 118. VIII. Ablativus Mensurae : Longum sesquipede, latum pede est. Sol multis par tibus major est quam luna. Tan to pessimus omnium poeta, Qua/ito tuoptimiis omnium patroniis. § 119. IX. Ablativus Materiae : Cibus eorum lacte, cased, came constat. a. Ablativum regunt: (1) Verba fung6r,fruor, utdr, vescor, potior, dignor; (2) Adjectiva digniis, indignus, contentiis, fretus, praeditus ; (3) Substantiva opus, ilsus : (1) Fungar vice cotis. Hannibal, cum victoria posset uti, friii malurt. Rex impiiis auro ti potitur. § 133. (2) Dignum laud.e virum Musa vetat mori. (3) Ubi res adsunt, quid opiis est verbis* Usus est filio v'igintl minis. b. Ex Adjectivis et Verbis abundandi vel egendi, dltandi vel privandi, pier a que Ablativum capiunt, multa etiam GenT- tivum : Amor et melle etfelle est fecundissimiis. Nunquam animus motu vacuus est. Vis consili expers mole riiit sua. Mancipiis locu.pl es eget aeris Cappadocum rex. Vac are culpa maximum est solatium. § 120. X. Ablativus Temporis respondet, si rogatiir Quart do ? Intra quantum tempus ? Quanta tempore ante vel post ? Hie me omnia bell a conquiescunt. Quidquid est hiduo sciemiis. Homeriis annis multis fuit ante Eomulum. § 121. XI. A. Ablativus Loci ponitur sine Praepositione, cum rogatiir, Qua via ? lb am forte Via Sacra. e 3 82 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PRIMA. B. Ablativus saepe caret Praepositione, cum rogatiir Ubil maxime, si oppidi nomen est, vel si stat cum Epitheto : Philippiis Nedpoli est, Lentuliis Puteolis. Tabernae tota urbe clauduntur. a, Oppidorum nomina singularia ex Declinatione prima et secunda locum stationis def iniunt per casus in ae, l : Quid Bomae faciam ? Is habitat Mileti. b. Similia sunt humi, domi, belli, militiae, run : Caesaris virtus domi miUtiaeque cognita est. C, Ablativus oppidi Praepositione caret, cum rogatiir Undel Demaratus fugit Corintho. a. Ita domo, rure. (De Accusativo Loci Quo Itur, v. § 101.) § 122. XII. Ablativum regunt variae Praepositiones : A, ab, absque, coram, de, Pdlam, clam, cum, ex, et e, Sine, tenus, pro, et prae : His super, subter, sub adde- miis, fit in, de statu si dicemiis. a. Praepositiones etiam compositae regunt Ablativum, prae- sertim db, de, ex : Quinctius dictdturd se abdicavit. Detrudunt naves scopulo, b. Ablativus Agentis expetit Praepositionem a, db : Laudatur ab Ms, eulpatur ab tills, § 123. XIII. Ablativiis Separationis et Originis etiam sine Praepositione Verbis et Participiis adjungitiir : Cedes coemptis saltibus et domo. Pelope n a t ii s , Tantcilo p r o g n a t u s est. § 124. XIV. Ablativiis Rei Comparatae : (1) Pro quam cum Nominativo : Nihil estamabiliiis virtute. Vilius argentum est auro, virtiriibus aurum. (2) Pro quam cum Accusativo : Piito mortem dedecore leviorem. Neminem Lycurgo utiliorem Sparta genuit. § 125. XV. Substantivum cum Participio coalescit in Ablativo, qui vocatiir Absolutiis : Begibus exaetis consiiles creati sunt. DB GENITIVO. 83 a. Pro Participio saepe suppletur alteram Substantivum vel Adjectivum : Nil desperandum Teucro ditce et auspice Teucro. Natiis est Augustus consulibus Cicerone et Antonio. Jam que cinis, vlvis fratribiis, Hector erat. Quid dicam , hcic j il v e n t 11 t e ? DE GENITIVO. § 126. Genitrvus, Casus Possidentis, nomina plerumque defmit vel subjective vel objective. A. Genitivus Subjectivus. § 127. I. Genitivus Auctoris et Possessors. Polycleti sign a plane perfecta sunt. Singulorum opes sunt diyitiae civitdtis. Omnia, quae mulieris filer unt, viri fiunt. Ea statua dicebatiir esse Myroms. a. Interdum Genitivus pendet a suppressa voce : Hectoris Andromache (supple uxor). Ventura erat ad Vestae (supple tern/plum). b. Genitivus ita stat, iit suppler! possit Indoles, indicium, Munus aut offtdum : Cujusvis hominis est errare. Est adolescents majores natu vereri. Tempori ceder e h a b e t ii r sapien tts. § 128. II. Genitivus Qiialitatis, cum Epitheto : Ingenul vultus puer ingenuique pudoris. Claudius erat somnl brevissimi. a. Notentur elliptic! Genitivi, jj&ryi, minoris, minimi, magm, plilris, pliirimi, tantl, quanti, maximi, quibiis supple pretii : Voluptatem virtus minimi facit. Emit hortos tanti qaanti Pytliius Yoluit. § 129. III. Interest, refert, Genitivum admittunt: Interest omnium recte facere. Refert convposiiionis quae quibus anteponas. a, fiadem pro Genitivis Pronominum usurpant casus Pos- sessivos med, tua, sua, nostra, vestrd, cujd, cum re congriientes : Et tua et med interest te valere. Quid nostra id refert? / / 84 SYNTAXIS MEMOBIALIS PRIMA. § 130. IV. A. Genitivus Eel Distributae Partitivls adjun- gitiir, quae, quantum licet, Genitivi sumunt genus : Elephanto beluarum est nulla prudentior. Homini uni dnimantium luctiis est datiis. Sulla centum viginti suorum amisit. Major Neronum mox grave praelium commisit. Gallorum fortissimi suntBelgae. Nemo mortdlium omnibus horis sapit. Pise) um f e m i n a e majores sunt quam mares. Sequimur t e, s a n c t e deorum. Hoc ad te minime omnium pertinet. a. Nostrum, vestrum, Parti tiva sequuntur : Te venire uterque nostrum ciipit. § 131. B. Genitiviis Eel Demensae Vocabula Quantitatis et Neutra Adject! va sequitur: Satis eloqicentiae, scipientiae parum est. A liquid pristini rdbdris conservat. Quantum numorum, t an turn fidei est. B. Genitivus Objectivus. § 132. I. Genitivus objective jungitiir Substantivls, Adjec- tlvls, ant Partlcipils, qnibus transitiva quaedam vis est, praesertim si significant Perltiam, curam, desiderium, Vel quidquid erit his contrarium : Insitus est menti cogmtionis amor. Difficilis est cur a rerum dUendrum. Tempiis edax rerum est. Corpus patiens mediae fiiit. Conscia mens recti est. lumper it us morum fiiit. Avid a est jperwull virtus. Animus fiiit cdieni appetens, sui profiisus. a. Mel, till, sul, nostrl, vestri, objective ponuntur; subjec- tive, meils, tuils, situs, noster, vesicr : Nicias tua sill memoria delectatnr. (a) Genitivus Subiectivus in Possesslvo latens Genitlvum sibi congruentem recipit : Respublica meet unius opera salva erat. Aves fetus adultos suae ipsorum fiduciae permittunt. DE GENITIVO. 85 § 133. II. Genitivus adjungitur Verbis et Adjectivls, a quibus significatur Potentia et impotentict, Damndtw, absolutw, Crimindtw, innocentid, Memorid et oblivw : (1) Roman! signovum potiti sunt. § 119 a. Ira est imp o tens sici. (2) Fraterni est sanguinis i n s o n s . Reus est injuvidvum. ( 3 ) PetilHus furti absolutiis est. Condemnamus haruspices stultitiae. (4) Res adversae admonent nos veligwnam. Omnes immemorem beneficii oderunt. a. Memmi, reminiscdr, recorddr, obliviscor, Genitlvum vel Accusativum admittunt : Jubet mortis te meminisse Deus. Dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos. § 134. III. Piget, pudet, paenitet, taedet atque miseret, Ira- personalia, Genitlvum capiunt cum Accusativo : Mi ser et te alior um : till nee miseret nee piidet. Eos partim scelerum, partim in&ptidrum paenitet. § 135. IV. Miser eor, miser esco Genitlvum capiunt; miser or, commiseror, Accusativum : Arcadii, quaeso, raise rescite regis. Sovtem miseratur iniquam. § 136. V. Genitivus a poetis libere usurpatur. Sed aegSr animi, dnimi pendeo, similia, etiam in soluta oratione corn- parent. DE CASIBUS EXTRA SENTENTIAM. § 137. Vocativus extra sententiam stat vel sine Interjec- tione vel cum Interjectione : § 86. Oro te,fili (vel fill). § 138. Nominativiis et Accusativus in exciamando usur- pantiir vel sine Interjectione vel cum Interjectione : (1) Infandum I Ecce nova tuvha ! (2) Me miserum ! En quattuov drdsf § 139. Ita Dativus ponitur cum hei ! vae ! : Hei misevo mikif V a evict 'is! 86 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PRIMA. DE VERBO INFINITO. § 140. I. Infinitivum stat — 1. Substantive, pr5 Nommativo vel Accusatlvo : (1) Invidere non cadit in sapientem. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. (2) Mori nemo sapiens nriserum dixerit. 2. Praedicative, in narrando, pro Verbo Finite : Mnlti seqm, fugere, occidi, capi. 8. Oblique, cum Accusativo Subject!. § 94. 4. Prolata constructione Yerbi vel Adjectivi : Solent diu c 5 git are qui magna Yolunt gerere. Patriae dicer is esse pater. Ludum insolentem luclere p e r 1 1 n a x . § 141. II. Infimtivi Casus sunt G-erundia et Siipina. 1. Accusativiis Gerund.il Praepositionibiis adjungitur : Ad bene vivendum breve tempiis satis est. 2. Genitiviis Gerundii Substantivis et Adject! vis addltur : Ars scrlbendl discitur. Ciipidus audiendi est. 3. Dat!viis Gerundii Nominibus et Verbis additiir : P a r est disserendo. D a t operam legendo. 4. Ablativus Gerundii causae vel modi est aut Praepositioni junctus : Fugiendo vincimus. Be pugnando deliberant. 5. Supinum in um Acciisativus est post Verba m5tus : Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego. a: Iri cum Siipino efficit Infinitivum Futuri Passivi : Audierat non datum iri filio uxor em siio. 6. Supinum in u pro Ablativo Respectiis est : Foedum dictu est. Nefas visit est. § 142. III. Infinitivum, cum Gerundio, Participils, et Siipino in um, eosdem casus regit ac Verbum Finitum : Cupio satis fa cere reipublicae. Ciipidus sum satis fa ciendi reipublicae. Ausi omnes immane nefds ausoque potiti. Ast ego non Grails servitum mdtribus ibo. DE VERBO INFINITO. 87 § 143. In Gerundils Transitivis usitatior est At tr actio Ge run diva; cujiis constructioms regiila est haecce : Trahitiir Objectum in Gerund!! casum, Gerundium in nii- tnerum et genus Object! : Brutus in liber anda f atria est interfectus. Hi septemviri fuerunt agris dividendis. § 144. IV. 1. Necessitatem signiflcat Gerund! va constructio impersonalis, in Verb!s potissimum intransitlvis : Bibendum est. ttundum erit. a, Huic add! potest Dativiis, rarius Ablatlviis cum a, ah : Bibendum est nobis. Vobis eunduni erit. b. Et si quis alius casus a Verbo regitiir : Civibus est a vobis consiilendum. Su5 culque judicio est utendum. Eudoxus oplnatiir Chaldaeis minime esse credendum, 2. Necessitatem sigmficat attribut!va constructio Gerun- dlvl, in Verbis transitivis : Deiis et diUgendus est nobis et timendus. Non tang end a rates transiliunt vada. DE PBONOMINIBUS. § 145. Se, situs, Renexlva Pronomina, referuntur ad sen- ten tiae principalis Subjectum, modo tertiae personae sit: Sentit animus se vi sua mover!. a. Reflexlva ad Objectum referr! possunt, si ea relatio nihil habet ambigiil : Seipionem impellit ostentatio sui. Apibus fructum restitiio suum. Mors sua quern que manet. DE PAHTICULIS NONNULLIS. § 146. Multae Conjunctiones similla similibus annectunt : Miratur portas strepitum^ et strata viarum. Virtus nee eripi nee surrip! potest. Neminem sapientiorem piito qitam Soeratem. Omne solum fort! patria est, ut piseibiis aequor. 88 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PBIMA. § 147. Ne prohibitive, cum Imperativo Modo vel cum Con- junctivo usurpatur : nedwn, utinam, si, ilt pro utinam, cum Conjunctivo : Ne qua meis esto dictis mora. Ne culpam in me contuleris. Neu desint epiilis rosae. Mortalia facta peribunt, Nedwn sermonum stet honos et gratia vivax. t[tinam rniniis vitae cupidi fiiissemus. 6 si urnam argent! fors quae mihi monstret. tft ilium di deaeque perdant. COMPENDIUM REGULARUM DE SUBJU3STCTIVO. § 148. Modus Conjunctiviis varus sensibiis pure usur- patur : quum subjungitur alter! Verbo, Subjunctiviis appel- lator. § 149. Pronomina et Particulae, quae oblique interrogant, Subjunctivum postulant: Ipse quis sit, Strum sit, an non sit, id quoque nescit. Talia sunt : Quantus, uter, qiudis, quis, quot, quotus, uncle, ubi, quando, Cur, quoties, quare, quam, quomodo, num, ne, ut, an, utrum. § 150. Eelativum qui, cum Particulis siils, unde, iiM, ceteris, simplici sensu capit Indicatlvum : si contlnetiir in eo quum, quamvis, ut, vel talis ut, Subjunctivum : Miseret tin me, qui hunc facias inimicum tibi. Litteras mis! quibiis et flacarem eum et ononerem. Quis est qui non oderit protervam pueritiam? Digna res est ubi nervos intendas. § 151. Eelativum vel Conjuncti5, si subordmatur oration! obllquae vel re vel potestate, Subjunctivum postulat : Ennius non censet lug en dam esse mortem, quam im- mortalitas consequatur. Socrates accusatiis est quod corrumperet juventutem. a. Conjunctivo saepe siibordinatur Subjunctiviis: Clamant omne s : praestaret quod recepisset. DE MODO SUBJUNCTIYO. 89 § 152. Conjunctioimm Modos regentium Classes sunt tres. I. Prima Classis est earuni, quarum proprms est Sub- junctivus : (1) Coxsectjtiva : Ut (so that) (2) Finales: Ut (in order that) Ne (lest, that . . . not) Quo (in order that) Quommus (but that) Q.uin {but that) (3) Causalis: Quum (since) (4) Coxdittoxales : Dum \ Modo \ (provided that) Dummodo > (5) Coxcessiyae : Licet \ Quamvis [ (although) Ut ) (6) COZJTPARATIVAE : Tanquam Velut, ceu [■ (as if) Quasi, &c. II. Altera Classis est earuni quarum proprms est Indica- tives, nisi subordmentiir orationi obliquae vel re vel po testate : (1) Catjsales: Quod, quia (because) Quoniam (since) Quandoquidem (since) Siquidem (inasmuch as) (2) Te^ipoeaees: Quando, quum, ubi (when) Ut (when, since) Quoties (as often as) Simul (as soon as) Post-quam (after that) Dum \ Donee I (whilst, as long as) Quoad J (3) Coxcessitae: Quamquam (although, how- ever) Utiit (however) III. Tertia Classis est earum, quas aut Indicatives sequitur aut Subjunctives, prout res aut vera aut cogitata proponitiir. (1) Temporales : Dum, donee, quoad (until) AntS-tfUffiil {he fore that) (2) Coxditioxales et Coxces- sitae : Si (if) Nisi (unless) Etsi, etiamsi, {although, even if) § 153. Idiotismi sunt Latin! sermonis : (1) Quum (when) sequente Subjunctivo Imperfect! vel Pluperfectl : Zenonem, quum Athenis cssem, audiebam frequenter. Decessit Agesilaus quum in portum venisset. 90 SYNTAXIS MEMOMALIS PRIMA. (2) Dum {whilst) sequente Indicativo Praesentis, etiam in obliqua subordination^ et de re praeterita : Quern ardorem stiidii censetis fuisse in ArchimedS, qui, dum in pulvere quaedam describtt attentms, ne patriam quidem eaptam esse senserit? § 154. Conjunctio excidit aliquand5 : Philosophiae servias oportet (supple ut). Quaeram justum sit necne poema (supple utrum). Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes (supple si). § 155. De Consecutione Temporum ea est regula, iit Prl- maria Primariis subordinentur, Historica Historicis. Exempla ex Syntax! repetantiir. Eegulae Subsidtariae de Congruentia. § 156. (1) Adjectiva pro Snbstantivls pommtur : Multa pauperl desunt, avaro omnia. (2) InfTnitiva pro SubstantivTs ponuntiir : Vivere est valere. (3) Clansiilae pr5 SubstantivTs ponuntur : Credibile est omraa consiMo fieri. § 157. Impersonalis Yerbi Nominativiis non exstat, nisi si Infmitivum vel Clausula est : Piidet eum facti (i.e. fudor piidet). Quid agitiir? Statur (i.e. stdtio fit). Taedet eadein aud/lre millies. Magni interest ut te videam. § 158. Vox intelligitiir omissa per Ellipsin : Nihil bonum nisi quod honestum (bis intellige est). Perfundor gelid a (intellige aqua). § 159. Congruentia variatiir per Attraction em : Non omnis error stultitia est dicenda. Thebae, quod Boeotiae caput est. § 160. Congruentia cum sensu fit per Synesin, praesertim apud poetas : Subeunt Tegeaea jiiventus . . . auxilio tardt. Ubi est is sceliis, qui me perdidit? 91 PEOSODIAE COMPENDIUM. § 161. De Syllabarum Quantitate disserit, Et de Metrorum legibus, Prosodia. DE SYLLABAEUM QUANTITATE. Eegulae Quantitatis Generales. § 162. 1. Omnis Diphthongus contractaque Syllaba longa est. 2. Dant Derivatis proprium Primaria tempus. 3. Praevia vocali vocalis corripietur. 4. Vocalis fit longa situ, cui consona substat Altera post imam ; ut tristis : seu voce in eadem J subit, x, aut z ; sic Ajdx, axis, Amazon. a. Vocalis dubia est, quamvis brevis ipsa sua vi, Quam sequitur, liquid a subjuncta, consona muta : Sic recte lugubre melos vel lugubre dices. b. N post g longam dat semper : ut agnus et Ignis. Nee minus m post g; tegmen quod monstrat et cigraen. De Quantitate Syllabarum Finalium. §163. 1. Pleraque produces Monosyllabic, qualm me, ver. 2. Producuntiir in A ; frustrd, contrdque, pdrdque. a. Accusativos et casus excipe Rectos : Carmina Musa canit ; resonant AmcirylUdd silvae. 3. E brevis in fine est : sic lege, timete, car ere. 4. Producuntiir in I : diet, plebique, dolique. 5. Pr5ducuntiir in : virgo, mw toque, juvoque. 6. Producuntiir in U: sic tu, dtctilque, dzuqae. 7. Y brevis in fine est : sic dant chely, Tipliy, poetae. 8. In C producuntiir, ut illlc (excipe donee). 9. Corripe in L, D, T : sic Hannibal, illud, amdvit. 10. N brevis in fine est : sunt testes Ilion, agmen. 92 PROSODIAE COMPENDIUM. 11. R brevis in fine est: ceu calcar, dmdbttur, Hector. 12. Producuntiir in As: ut terras atque Menalcas. 13. Producuntiir in Es, tit secies atque videres. 14. Is brevis in fine est : ceu diceris, iitilis, ensis. a. Obliqui casus plurales excipiuntur, Ut terns, vobis ; etiam persona secunda In prirno lmmero Quartae Praesentis, ut audis: Composita a vis, sis : malls, noltsque, velzsqiie. 15. Producuntiir in Os : ut ventos atque sacerdos. 16. Us brevis in fine est : testes oliis, intus, amamus. a. Hinc Quartae casus contractus excipe, iit artus : Et quels erescentis longa est penultima casus, Ut tellies incilsque, juvenilis atque sencctus. 17. Ys brevis in fine est: testes chelps, Otlirys, Erinijs, Obs. Mos regit Auctorum tempus, si regiila dent. DE METEORUM LEGIBUS. Definitiones. § 164. Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur Iambus . . . v - Quod si longa brevi praecesserit, ille Trocheus . . - v Spondeus binis fertur consistere longis — Dactyltis efficitnr longa brevibusque dtiabus . . - ^ ^ De Scansions et Figuris Scansionis. § 165. 1. Scansio, | quam vari|a con|cinnant | arte Fi|gurae, Distribu|it Ver|sum | pro ratijone Pe|dum. 2. A. Vocalem elidet Synaloepha in limite vocis, Si Vocalis erit subnexae in limine vocis ; l PhyllkV aivi! \ ant'' ali\as. (pro Phyllkld, amo, ante.) 3. B. Ecthlipsis Vocalem atque m de limite trudet, Si Vocalis erit subnexae in limine vocis ; 1 cu\rds lwmirf \ quant 1 \ est in \ rebus in\dne. (pro hominum, quantum.) a. Extrema in diibiis censettir syllaba versus. DE VOCUM DIFFERENTIA. 93 § 1G6. Versus Memoriales de Vocum Differentia. I. In siluis deer est : equiis deer Olympia vincit. Voce canes; due eja canes, nisi tempera canes. Cldvd ferit : cldvus firmat ; cldvisque recludit. Ut placeas comiti, mores comes indtie comes. Comoedi scenam, comedones quaerite cenam. Consule doctor^ ; sic tu tibi consults ipsi. Bellandi cupido nociiit sua saepe cupido. Carmina dicuntur, Domino dum templa dicantur. Solvere diffidit, nodum qui cliff idit ense. Uxorm dilcit vir ; nubit sponsa marito. Educdt hie catulos, ut mox educdt in apros. Si tibi non est aes, es mops, et pinguia non es. Fallit saepe f return placido nimis aequore/n?^???. Sol nubes fiigdt, etfugit irreparabile tempus. Per quod quis peccat, per idem mox plectitiir idem. Difficilis labor est, cujus sub pondere labor. Frons piieri est levis, levis autem lingua piiellae. In cam pis lepores, in libris quaere lepores. Non licet asse mihl, qui me n5n asse licetur. Mdlo ego mala mea bona quam mala frangere maid, Merx venit, mercesque venit quaes! ta labore. Mulcet amans placidam, dum mulget, Silvia vaccam. Feceris officium, miserls si mlseris aera. Nitere, parve puer, ciipies quicumque niter e. Oblita quae fuco riibet, est oblltd decoii. Occidit ille dolo turpi, quern occidit amicus. Os (oris) mandatj sed os (ossis) manditur ore. Uxoris pdrere et pdrere, pdrare mariti est. Pdrentes piieri faciunt gaudere pdrentes. ~Lu.de pild : pllum torque tur : pild columna est. Pro reti et regione pldga est ; pro verbere plaga. Sunt elves urbis populus ; sed populiis arbor. Prord prior, puppns pars postera, at ima carina. Spondet vas {yadis), at vds (vdsis) continet escam. Vas caput, at nummos tantum praes praestat amice. Si citiis ire veils, veils opus omnibus uti est. 94 PROSODIAE COMPENDIUM. II. Fide, sed ante vide : qui fidit, nee bene vidit, Fallitur : ipse vide ne capiare fide. Consortes fortuna eadem, soews labor idem, Unum collegds efficit officium : At car5s faciunt schola, ludus, mensa, soddles ; Sulcus agri lira est : dat lijrd tacta modos. Ne sit securus, qui non est tutus ab hoste ; Ad flumen ripds, ad mare litus habes. Sunt aetate senes ; veteres vixere piiores : Quod n5n est simulo dissimuloque quod est. Anne novl quid habes ? Alium pete : nil ego nam. Quod minime refert garrulus ille refert. Si qua forte sedes, atque est tibi commoda sedes, Ilia sede sede ; nee mill! cede loco. (ENGLISH OF NOUNS, § 25—30.) [§ 25.] (1) Silver, gold, iron, plebeian-order, justice, spring, time, death, blood, childhood. (2) Ghosts, purse, household-gods, riches, cradle, trifles, thanks, arms, functions, huts, feast of Flora. [§ 26.] (5) Artificer, worker, guest, seer, new-comer, witness, citizen, inhabitant, parent, priest {or priestess), guardian, avenger, young man (or woman), infant, informer, judge, heir, companion, guide, chief, burgess^ husband (or wife), hostage, bird, interpreter, author, exile, ox (or cow), deer, mole, tiger, crane, dog, snake, serpent, swine. [§ 28.] Paunch, bear-constellation, canvas, distaff, ground, vine-leaf, winnowing -fan, pear-tree, sapphire, sea, poison, common-folk. [§ 29.] I. (1) Spade, order, pirate, hinge, margin. (2) Weevil, bat, poniard, staff, butterfly, ternion, sice. (3) Echo, flesh. (4) Tree, surface (or sea), marble (or sea), heart. (5) Whetstone, dowry. {6) Osier, maple, stripe, spring, truffle, teat (or fertility), carcase, pepper, journey, poppy. (7) Fetter, mat, reward, sheaf, rest, crop, copper. II. (1) Biver, axle, stalk, hill, hind-leg, hair, bundle, bellows, bludgeon, fire, circle (or world), sword, bread, fish, doorpost, month, brand, talon, canal, lever, worm, birthday, stone, blood, cucumber, dust, nets, ghosts, dormouse. (2) Path, thorn, rope, end, collar, cinder. (3) Adamant, elephant, male, giant, as, bail, vessel. (4) Shears, law, death, furniture, pumice, tile, bolt, basalt, sorrel. (5) Arch, phoenix, cup. (6) Fountain, mountain, iron, dropsy, griffin, bridge, cable, torrent, tooth, client, one-third-part, trident, west, east. (7) Boar-pig, scimetar. III. (1) Bran, turtle-dove, vulture, thief. (2) Slavery, youth, virtue, safety, old-age, land, anvil, marsh. (3) Beast. (4) Hare, mouse. (5) Mullet, consul, salt, sun, boxer. (6) Kid- ney, spleen, comb, dolphin, woodcock. (7) Gorgon, linen, kingfisher. [§ 30.] Tribe, needle, porch, house, daughter-in-law, mother-in-law, old-woman, Ides, hand. 95 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. ON AGREEMENT. The Four General Eules. [§ 88.] I. A Verb Finite agrees with the Nominative of its Subject in Number and Person: Magister docet. The master teaches. Libri leguntur. Books are read. Tu. daces: nos discimus. Thou teachest: we learn. Discere est utile. To learn is useful. [§89.] II. An Adjective agrees in Gender, Number, and Case with that to which it is in attribution : Vir bonus ille bonam hanc uxorem habet. That good man has this good wife. Hirundo pullis silts orbdta queritur. The swallow bereft of its young complains. Cart sunt parentes; car a est patria. Dear are parents, dear is country. Piieri discendo fiunt docti. Boys by learning become learned. [§ 90.] III. A Substantive agrees in Case with that to which it is in apposition : Nos pueri pair em Lo Ilium imitabimur. We boys will imitate our father Lollius. Effodiuntiir opes, irritamenta malorum. Biches are dug out, incentives of evil. Spes est expectatio boui. Hope is the expectation of good. Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur Iambus. A long syllable following a short is called Iambus. 96 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. [§ 91.] IV. A Eelative agrees with its Antecedent in Gender, Number, and Person ; but in Case belongs to its own clause : Deum veneramur qui nos creavit. We worship God, who created us. Amicus est, quern amamus, a quo amamiir. A friend is one whom we love, by whom we are loved. Am5 te, mater, quae me am as. Hove you. mother, who love one. On the Composite Subject. [§ 92.] With a Composite Subject Plural words agree : Venen5 absumpti sunt Hannibal et Philopoemen. Hannibal and Philopoemen were cut off by poison. 1. If the Persons differ, Verbs agree with the Prior Person : * Si tii et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. If you and Tullia are well, land Cicero are well. 2. When the Genders differ, Adjectives agree with the Mas- culine rather than with the Feminine : Pater mihi et mater mortui sunt. My father and mother are dead. a. If the things are lifeless, the Attributes are often Neuter : Divitiae, decus, gloria in oculis sitcc sunt. Miches, honour, glory, are placed before our eyes. ON CASES. On the Cases of Subject and Complement. [§ 93 C 1 ) The Subject of a Finite Verb is a Nomi- native : Anni fiigiunt. Years flee. (2) The Complement of a Finite Verb is generally a Nominative : Vita est somnium. Nemo nascitiir sapiens. Life is a dream. Nobody is born wise. [§ 94.] (1.) The Subject of an Infinitive is put in the Ac- cusative : Constat annos fug ere. Scimus annas fug ere. It is agreed that years flee. | We know that years flee. * The First Person is considered Prior to the Second, the Second to the Third. THE ACCUSATIVE. 97 (2) The Complement of an Infinitive is generally put in lie Accusative : Aiunt vitaiiL esse somnium. They say that life is a dream. Constat neminem nasci sapientem. It is agreed that nobody is born wise. a. The Construction of Accusative with Infinitive is called Oblique (Indirect) Statement. ON THE ACCUSATIVE. [§ 95.] The Accusative is the Case of the Nearer Object, [t has also the power of limiting. I. The Accusative of the Object. [§ 96.] Transitive Verbs govern an Accusative of the Object : Mater alit guilds. The mother nourishes the young ones. In primis venerare JDeum. In the first place worship God. [§ 97.] Intransitive Verbs take an Accusative of kindred neaning : Duram servit sermtutem. | Claudius aleam lusit. He serves a hard slavery. Claudius played hazard. [§ 98.] Some Verbs, especially those of ashing and teach- ing, admit two Accusatives, one of the Thing, the other of he Person : Nunquam diwtms deos rogavi. Never asked I of the gods riches. Quid nnnc te litter as doc earn? . Why now should I teach you letters ? [§ 99.] Factitive Verbs, that is, of making, calling, ihinh- ng, and the like, have two Accusatives, one of the Object, he other of the Complement : Te facimus, Fortuna, deam. We make thee, Fortune, a goddess. Komulus urbem suain Romam vocavit, Romulus called his city Rome. J , F 98 FIKST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. II. The Accusative of Limitation. [§ 100.] The Accusative of Respect is joined to Verbs and Adjectives, especially in poetry : T remit artus. Niidae sunt lacertos. He trembles in his limbs. They are bare as to the arms, [§ 101.] The Place, Whither one goes, is put in the Accu- sative ; and without a Preposition, if it is either the name of a town, or domus (home), rus (country) : Regulus Carthaginem rediit. Begulus returned to Carthage. Vos ite domum: ego rus Ibo. Go ye home: I will go into the country. [j§ 102.] (1) The Duration of Time is put in the Ac- cusative : Pericles quddragintd annos praefiiit Athenis. Pericles led Athens forty years. (2) The Measure of Space is put in the Accusative : Erant mini Babylonis ducenos pedes alti. The walls of Babylon were two hundred feet high. [§ 103.] Many Prepositions govern an Accusative Case (see the list, § 83). ON THE DATIVE. [§ 104.] The Dative is the Case of the Recipient or Re- moter Object. § 105. Words which throw their action over to the Re- moter Obj ect are called T r a j e e t i v e, and include many Adj ec- tives, Adverbs, and Verbs, more rarely Substantives, by which is implied (1) Nearness or (2) Demonstration, (3) Gratifi- cation or (4) Dominion ; and any notion contrary to these. § 106. I. Trajective Words take a Dative when the mean- ings implied are (1) Nearness and its contraries : Est finitimiis ordtori poet a. A poet is near akin to an orator. Nil fiiit imqiiam sic impar sibi. r Nothing was ever so unequal to itself. Congruenter naturae vivendum est, We should live agreeably to nature. THE DATIVE. 99 Praesentia confer praeteritis. Compare present things with past. Nee tamen ignorat quid distent aera lupinis. And yet he is not ignorant how coins differ from lupins. (2) Demonstration and its contraries : Die mihi, Damoeta, cujum peciis? Tell me, Damoetas, whose flock (is this) ? Anguis Sullae apparu.it immolanti. A snalce appeared to Sulla while sacrificing. Haud cidqueim in diibio erat bellum imnimere. It was not doubtful to any one that war was imminent. (3) Gratification and its contraries : Patriae sit ldoneiis, utilis agris. Let him be serviceable to his country, usefid to the lands. Turba gravis pact placidaeque in i mica quietl. A crowd oppressive to peace and unfriendly to calm rest. Quod alii don at sibi detrahit. What he gives to another, he withdraws from himself. Lucem redde tuae, dux bone, patriae. Bestore light to thy country, good chief Nobis spondet fortuna salutem. Fortune guarantees safety to us. Ne lib eat iibi quod nemini licet. Let not (that) please thee which is lawful to no man. P a r c e pio generi. Spare a pious race. Succensere nefas patriae. It is impious to be wroth with one's country. Eesistendum est appetitibiis. We should resist our passions. (4) Dominion and its contraries : Sapiens, sibi qui imperiosus. The wise man (is he) who (is) lord over himself. Omnibus supplex est. He is suppliant to all. Imperat aut servit collecta pecunia, cuiqiie. Amassed money sways or serves every man. Mundus Leo paret, et hide obediunt niaria terraeque. The universe obeys God, and seas and lands hearken to Him. a. Among Trajective words are many Verbs compounded with Particles, sucn as bene (icell) ) male (ill), satis {enough). f2 100 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. re, ad, ante, con, in, inter, de, 6b, sub, super, post, and j prae: Ceteris satis fa cio semper, miki nunquam. I satisfy others always, myself never. Sicilia quondam Italiae adhaesit. Sicily once was attached to Italy. Gigantes belliim dis i n t ii 1 e r u n t. The giants waged war on the gods. Anatum ova gallinis supponimiis. We place eggs of ducks tender hens. § 107. II. A Dative of the Recipient can be added any- where with a certain notion of Advantage or Disadvantage. Esto, ut nunc multi, dives tibi, pauper amicis. Be, as many are now, rich for thyself, 'poor for friends. Niima virgines Testae legit. Numa chose virgins for Vesta. Venus n up sit Vulcano. Venus wedded Vulcan (lit. veiled herself for Vulcan). Philosophiae semper vaco. / always am at leisure for philosophy. a. Eefer here the Dative of the Pronoun, which is called the Ethic Dative : Quid mihi Celsus agit ? What .(is) my Celsus doing? b. Sum with its compounds, except possum, takes a Dative : Sum tibi Mercurius. I am to thee Mercury. Vir mihi semper abest. My husband is always absent from me. c* Est, sunt, with a Dative, often imply having : Est homini cum Deo similitudo. Man has a resemblance to God. Sunt nobis mitia poma. We have mellow apples. d. The same Dative is joined to Participles and Participials of the Passive Voice, especially to Gerundives : Magnus civis obit et formidatiis dthom. A great citizen is dead,, and one dreaded by Otho. Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit. He died a cause of weeping to many good men. Legendae sunt pueris Aesopi fabulae. The fables of Msop are to be read by boys. THE ABLATIVE. 101 § 108. III. A Dative of the Thing is used as a Comple- ment, a Dative of the Recipient being often added : Nimia fiducia calamitdti solet esse. Too much confidence is wont to be a calamity. Exitio est avidiim mare nautis. The greedy sea is a destruction to sailors. § 109. IV. A Dative of the Complement is used by At- traction, especially in expressions of naming : Licuit Themistocli esse otwso. It was lawful for Themistocles to be at leisure. Huic ego cliei nomen Trinumo faciani. To this day I will give the name Trinumus. \ ON THE ABLATIVE. [§ 110.] The Ablative is the Case of circumstances which attend action, and limit it adverbially. It defines also Time and Place. [§ 111.] I. Ablative of Cause : Odernnt peccare boni virtutis amore. The good hate to sin from love of virtue, Coeptis irnmanibus effera Dido. Dido wild with horrid purposes. [§ 112.] II. Ablative of the Instrument: Hi jacillis, ill! certant defender e saxis. These strive to defend with javelins, those with stones. [§ 113.] III. Ablative of Manner: Injuria fit diiobus modis, ant vi ant frauds. Wrong is done in two manners, either by force or by fraud. [§114.] IV. Ablative of Condition : Pace tied enm Thaide colloquar. With your leave I will converse with T/iais. Homo mea sententid prndentissimiis est. He is a man in my opinion very prudent. [§ 115.] Y. Ablative of Quality, with Epithet : Qua facie fu.it, cni dedisti symbolnm ? Of what aspect was he to whom you gave the ticket? Senex promissa barbd, horrenfi capUlo. An old man with long beard and rough hair. 102 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. [§ 116.] VI. Ablative of Eespect : Angor animo. I am distressed in mind. Enniiis ingenio maximus, arte rudis. Ennius, mighty in genius, in art (is) rude. [§ 117.] VII. Ablative of Price: Ego spem pretw non emo. / buy not hope at a cost. Quod non opus est, asse earum est. What is not needful is dear at a penny. [§ 118.] VIII. Ablative of Measure: Longum sesqinpede, latum pede est. It is a foot and a half long, a foot wide. Sol multis partibus major est quam luna. The sun is many times larger than the moon. Tanto pessimus omnium poeta, Quanto tu optimiis omnium patroniis. By so much the worst poet of all, As you (are) the best patron of all. [§ 119.] IX. Ablative of Matter: Cibiis eorum lacte, cased, came constat. Their food consists of milk, cheese, and flesh. {a) These words govern an Ablative: (1) The Verbs fungor (perform\ friior {enjoy), utor (use), vescor (eat), potior (get possession of), dignor (deem worthy). (2) The Adjectives digniis (ivorthy), indigniis (unworthy), contentiis (content), fretiis (relying), praeditiis (endued). (3) The Substantives opiis (need), tisus (use) : (1) Fungar vice cotis. / will perform the function of a whetstone. Hannibal, cum victoria posset uti, friii malu.it. Hannibal, when he might have used his victory, preferred to enjoy it. Eex impiiis auro vi potitur. § 133. The impious king gets possession of the gold by force. (2) Dignum laude virum Musa vetat mori. A man worthy of praise the Muse forbids to die. (3) "Obi res adsunt, quid opiis est verbis ? When things are present, what need is there of words ? Usiis est filio viginti minis. My son needs twenty minas. THE ABLATIVE. 103 1. Most Adjectives and Verbs of abounding or wanting, en- riching or depriving, take an Ablative ; many also a Genitive : Amor et melle et felle est fecundissimus. Love is very fruitful both in honey and gall. Nunquam animus motii vacuus est. The mind is never void of motion. Vis consili expers mole ruit sua. Force devoid of counsel falls by its own weight. Mancipiis lociiples eget aeris Cappadocum rex. The king of the Cappadocians, rich in slaves, lacks coin. Vac are culpa maximum est solatium. To be free from blame is a very great comfort. § [120.] X. The Ablative of Time answers the questions : When ? Within what time ? How long before or after ? Hieme omnia bella conquiescunt. In winter all wars rest. Quidquid est bidilo sciemus. Whatever there is we shall know in two days. HSmerus annis midtis fiiit ante KomuLum. Homer was many years before Romidus. § [121.] XI. A. The Ablative of Place is put without a Preposition, when the question is, By ivhat road ? lb am forte Via Sacra. I was going by chance on the Sacred Road. B. The Ablative is often without a Preposition when the question is, Wliere ? especially if it is the name of a town, or if it stands with an Epithet. Philippiis NeclpoU est, Lentuliis Tuteolts. Philippus is at Naples, Lentulus at Puteoli. Tabernae tot a urbe clauduntiir. The shops are closed in the whole city. a. Singular names of towns of the first and second Declen- sion define the place of station by cases in ae, i : Quid Romae faciam ? Is habitat Mileti. What can I do at Rome ? j He dwells at Miletus. b. Like these are humi (on the ground), doml (at home), belli, militiae (at the wars), run (in the country) : Caesaris virtus domi oniUtiaeque cognita est. Caesar's virtue was known at home and at the wars. 104 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. C. The Ablative of a town is without a Preposition, when the question is, Whence ? Demaratiis fugit Corintho. Demaratus fled from Corinth. a. So domo (from home), rure (from the country). On the Accusative of Place Whither, see § 101. § [122.] XII. Various Prepositions govern an Ablative. (See the list, § 83). a. Prepositions, even when compounded, govern an Abla- tive, especially ab, de, ex : Qninctms dictdturd se abdicavit. . Quinctius resigned the dictatorship. Detrudunt naves scopulo. They thrust off the ships from the rock. b. The Ablative of the Agent takes the Preposition a, ab : Laudatur ab his, culpatur ab Hits. He is praised by these, he is blamed by those. [§ 123.] XIII. The Ablative of Separation and Origin is joined also without a Preposition to Verbs and Participles : Cedes coemptis saltzbus et domo. You will retire from purchased glades and mansion. Pelope n at iis, Tantdlo prognatiis est. He was born of Pelops, descended from Tantalus. [§ 124.] XIV. Ablative of the Thing Compared : (1) For quam (than) with Nominative : Nihil est amabiliiis virtute. Nothing is more amiable than virtue. Viliiis argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum. Silver is less valuable than gold, gold than virtues. (2) For quam with Accusative : Puto mortem dedecore leviorem. / think death easier than disgrace. Nemin em Lycurgo fitiliorem Sparta geniiit. Sparta produced no man more serviceable than Lycurgus. [§ 125.] XV. A Substantive combines with a Participle in the Ablative which is called Absolute : Begibus exactis consules creati sunt. Kings having been driven out, consuls were elected. THE GENITIVE. 105 a. For the Participle is often supplied another Substan- tive, or an Adjective : Nil desperandum T e u c r o duce et auspice T e u c r 6. There must be no despair with Teiccer for leader, and Teucer for omen-giver. Natiis est Augustus consulibus Cicerone et Antonio. Augustus was bom when Cicero and Antonius were consuls. Jamque cims, vims fratribiis, Hector erat. And now Hector was ashes, his brothers being alive. Quid dicam, hac juventute? What can I say, when our young men arc of this stamp? ON THE GENITIVE. [§ 126.] The Genitive, the Case of the Proprietor, gene- rally defines Nouns, either subjectively or objectively. A. The Subjective Genitive. § 127.] I. Genitive of the Author and Possessor : Polycleti sign a plane perfecta sunt. Polycletus' s statues are quite perfect. Singulorum opes sunt divitiae civitatis. The resources of individuals are the riches of the state. Omnia, quae mulieris filer unt, viri f lunt. All things, which were the woman's, become the husband's. Ea statua dicebatiir esse Myronis. That statue was said to be Myro's. a. Sometimes the Genitive depends on a word omitted. Hectoris Andromache (supple u xor). Hector's Andromache (supply wife). Ventum erat ad Vestae (supple templum). We had come to Vesta's (supply temple). h. A Genitive so stands that nature, tol en, function, or duty, can be supplied. Cujusvis hominis est errare. It is in any man's nature to err. Est adolescentis majores natu vereri. The young man's duty is to reverence elders. Tempori cedere habetiir sapientis. To yield to occasion is held a wise man's function. f3 106 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. [§ 128.] II. Genitive of Quality, with Epithet. Ingenui vultus p u e r ingeniiique pudoris. A boy of high-bred countenance and high-bred modesty. Claudius erat somni brevissimi. Claudius vjcls (a man) of' very brief slumber. a. The Elliptic Genitives may be remarked : parvi {of small worth), minoris (of less value), minimi (of very little icorth), magni (of great price), pluris (of more value), plurimi, (of high value), tanti (of so great price), quanti (of what price), maximi (of very great price), to which supply pretii: Voluptatem virtus minimi facit. Virtue makes pleasure of very small account. Emit hort5s tanti quanti Pythius voliiit. He bought the pleasure-ground at such price as Pythius wanted. [§ 12 9. J III. Interest (it imports), refert (it concerns), admit a Genitive : Interest omnium recte faeere. It imports all men to act rightly. Refert composifionis quae quibiis anteponas. It concerns arrangement what things you place before what. a. The same Verbs instead of the Genitives of Pronouns use the Possessive Cases, mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, cuja, agreeing with re : Et tua et mea interest te valere. It imports both your weed and mine, that you be well. Quid nostra id refert? What (does) that concern lis ? [§ 130.] IV. A Genitive of the Thing Distributed is joined to Partitive words, which, as far as may be, take the Gender of the Genitive : Elephanto beluarum est nulla prudentior. Of beasts, none is more sagacious than the elephant. Homini uni animaniium luctus est datiis. To man alone of animals sorrow has been given. Sulla centum yiginti suorum amisit. Sidla lost a hundred and twenty of his men. Major Neronum mox grave praelium commisit. The elder of the Neros ere long fought a severe battle. Gallorum fortissimi sunt Eelgae. The Belgce are bravest of the Gaids. THE GENITIVE. 107 Nemo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. Of mortals nobody is wise at all hours. Piscium feminae maj ores sunt quam mares. Of fishes the females {are) larger than the males. Sequimur te, sancte deorum. We follow thee, holy one of gods. Hoc ad te minime omnium pertinet. This belongs to thee least of all men. a. Nostrum (of us), vestriun (of you), follow Partitives : Te venire iiterque nostrum cupit. Each of us desires that you come. [§ 131.] V. A Genitive of the Thing Measured follows Words of Quantity and Neuter Adjectives : Satis eldquentiae, scipientiae parum est. He has enough eloquence, too little wisdom. All quid pristini roboris conservat. He keeps something of his old strength. Quantum numorum, tan turn fidei est. There is the same amount of credit as of money. B. The Objective Genitive. [§ 132.] I. A Genitive is joined objectively to Substan- tives, Adjectives, or Participles, which have a certain tran- sitive force, especially if they signify skill, care, desire, or whatever is contrary to these. Insitiis est menti cognitioms amor. Love of knowledge is implanted in the mind. Difficilis est cur a rerum aliendrum. Hard is the care of other people's affairs. Tempus edax rerum est. Time is consumer of things. Corpus patiens mediae fuit. His body was capable of enduring inanition. Conscia mens recti est. The mind is conscious of rectitude. Imperitus morum fuit . He teas unskilled in manners. Avida est periculi virtus. Valour is greedy of danger. Animus fuit alienl appetens, sui profusus. His mind was desirous of another's (wealth), lavish of his own. 108 FTEST MEMOEIAL SYNTAX. a. Mel, tiii, siii, nostri, vestri, are put objectively ; meus, tiius, suiis, noster, vester, subjectively: Nicias tua sui memoria delectatiir. Nicias is charmed with your recollection of him. (a) A Subjective Genitive understood in a Possessive Pro- noun admits a Genitive agreeing with it : Respublica mea unius opera salva erat. The state was saved by my single exertion. Aves fetus adultos suae ipsorum f Iduciae permittunt. Birds entrust grown nestlings to their own self-reliance. [§ 133.] II. A Genitive is joined to Verbs and Adjectives which signify power and impotence, inculpation, innocence, condemnation, acquittal, memory and forgetfulness : (1) Roman! signorum potiti sunt. § 119 a. The Bomans gained the standards. Ira est imp o tens sm. Anger is incapable of self-restraint. (2) Fraterni est sanguinis in sons. He is innocent of a brother's blood. Reus est injuriarum. He is arraigned of injurious acts. (3) Petillius furti absolutiis est. Petillius was acquitted of theft. Condemnamiis haruspices stultitiae. We condemn soothsayers (as guilty) of folly. (4) Res adversae admonent nos reUgwnum. Adversity reminds us of religious duties. Omnes immemorem beneficii oderunt. Ml men hate one unmindful of a kindness, a. Memini, reminiscor, recordor, (/ remember), obliviscor (I forget), admit Genitive or Accusative : Jubet mortis te meminisse Deus. God bids thee remember death. Dulces moriens reminiscitiir Argos. Dying he remembers sweet Argos. [§ 134.] III. Piget (it irks), piidet (it shames), paenitet (it repents), taedet (it disgusts), and miseret (it moves pity), Impersonal Verbs, take a Genitive with an Accusative : Miseret te aliorum: tui nee miseret nee piidet. Thou pitiest others, for thyself without pity or shame. Eos partim scelerum, partim ineptidrum paenitet. They repent, some of their crimes, others of their follies. THE VERB INFINITE. 109 [§ 135.] IV. Misereor, miseresco (I pity), take a Genitive; miseror, commiseror (/ compassionate), an Accusative : Arcadu, quaeso, miser escite regis. Pity, I pray, the Arcadian king. Sortem miseratur iniquam. He compassionates the unjust fate, [§ 136.] VI. The Genitive (is) freely used by poets. But aeger animl {sick at heart), animi pendeo (/ waver in mind), and the like, appear even in prose. On Cases out of the Sentence. [§ 137.] The Vocative stands out of the Sentence either without an Interjection or with an Interjection : Orote, fili(Yel fffi). I pray thee, son (or, son). [§ 138.] The Nominative and the Accusative are used in Exclamations either without an Interjection or with an In- terjection : (1) Infandum! Unutterable ! (2) Me rniserum ! Wretched me ! Ecce nova turba! Lo, a new disturbance I E n quattuor arcis ! Lo, four altars ! [§ 139.] So the Dative is put with hei (alas!), vae (ivoe!) , Hei miserd mihi f Vae victisf Alas wretched me ! Woe to the vanquished .' ON THE VERB INFINITE. [§ 140.] I. The Infinitive stands— 1. Substantively, for Nominative or Accusative: (1) Invidere non cadit in sapientem. Envying happens not to a wise man. Dulce et decorum est pro patrfa morl. Dying for country is sweet and comely. (2) Mori nemo sapiens rniserum dixerit. No wise man will call it miserable to die. 110 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. 2. Predicativelyyin narration, for a Finite Verb : Multi sequi, fiigere, occidi, capi. Many were following, flying, being slain, being captured. 3. Obliquely, with Accusative of the Subject. See § 94. 4. Carrying on the construction of a Verb or Adjective : Solent dm cogitdre qui magna Yolunt gerere. They are wont to reflect long who wish to perform great things. Patriae dicer is esse pater. Thou art said to be father of thy country. Ludum insolentem liidere pertinax. Persisting to play an insolent game. [§ 141.] II. Gerunds and Supines are the Cases of the In- finitive. 1. The Accusative of the G-erund is joined to Prepositions : Ad bene vivendum breve tempiis satis est. For living well a short time is sufficient, 2. The Genitive of the Gerund is joined to Substantives and Adjectives : Ars scribendi discitur. Ciipidiis audiendi est. The art of writing is learnt. | He is desirous of hearing. 3. The Dative of the Gerund is joined to Nouns and Verbs : Par est disserendo. Dat operam legendo. He is competent for arguing. | He pays attention to reading. 4. The Ablative of the Gerund is of cause or manner, or joined to a Preposition : Fiigiendo vincimns. De pugnando deliberant. We conquer by flying. They deliberate about fighting. 5. The Supine in um is an Accusative after Verbs of mo- tion : Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego. Mmcenas goes to play, I to sleep. a. Iii with the Supine forms the Infinitive of the Future Passive : - Audierat non datum iri filio uxor em sno. He had heard {that there zvas) no intention (non Iri) to give a wife to his son. 6. The Supine in u is for an Ablative of Eespect: Poednm dictu est. Nefas vzsu est. It is horrible to state. It is impious to view. THE VERB INFINITE. Ill [§ 142.] III. The Infinitive, with Gerund, Participles, and Supine in nm, governs the same Cases as the Verb Finite : Cupio satisfacere reipublicae. I desire to satisfy the commonwealth. Cupidus sum satis fa ciendi reipublicae. 1 am desirous of satisfying the commonwealth. A u si omnes immane nefds ausoqiie potiti. All dared monstrous impiety, and achieved their daring. Ast ego non Grails servitum matribus Ibo. But I will not go to be a slave to Greek matrons. [§ 143.] In Transitive Gerunds the Gerundive Attrac- tion is more usual; the rule for which construction is the following : The Object is attracted to the Case of the Gerund, the Gerund to the Number and Gender of the Object : Brutus in liberandd pdtrid est interfectus. Brutus was slain in freeing his country. Hi septemTiri fuerunt dgris dlvidendis. These were the seven commissioners for dividing lands. [§ 144.] IV. 1. The Impersonal Gerundive construction implies necessity, principally in Intransitive Verbs : Bibendum est. Eundum erit. One must drink. One will (have) to go. a. To this may be joined a Dative, more rarely an Ab- lative with a, ab : Bibendum est nobis. Vobis eundum erit. We must drink. Yoic will (have) to go. b. And whatever other Case is governed by the Verb : Cimbus est a, yobis consiilendum. You must consult for the citizens. Siio cuique jiidicio est utendum. Each must use his own judgment. Eudoxus opinatur Chaldaeis minime esse credendum. Eudoxus thinks that astrologers should by no means be believed. 2. The Attributive construction of the Gerundive implies necessity, in Transitive Verbs : Deiis et diligendus est nobis et timendus. God is both to be loved and feared by us. Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. Barks o'erleap the shallows (which should) not be meddled with. 112 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. ON THE PRONOUN. [§ 145.] Se, suiis, Reflexive Pronouns, are referred to the Subject of the principal Sentence, provided it be of the third Person : Sentit animus se vi sua mover!. The mind feels (that) it is moved by its own force. a. Reflexives can be referred to the Object, if that reference involves no ambiguity : Scipionem impellit osfcentatio sin. Ostentation of self sivays Scipio. A p lb iis fructum restifriio suum. I restore to the bees their produce. Mors sua quemque manet. His death awaits every man. ON SOME PARTICLES. [§ 146.] Many Conjunctions annex like words to like : Miratur portas strepitumgw^ et strata viarum. He marvels at the gates and the noise and the pavements of the streets. Virtus nee eripi nee surripi potest. Virtue can neither be torn away nor stolen. Neminem sapientiorem piito quam So era tern. / deem no man wiser than Socrates. Omne solum forti patria est, ut piscibiis aequor. Every soil is a country to the brave man, as the sea to fishes. [§ 147.] Ne prohibitive is used with an Imperative or Conjunctive Mood : nedum {not to say, much less), utinam (0 that), O si, ut for utinam, with a Conjunctive : Ne qua meis esto dictis mora. Let there be no delay to my orders. Ne culpam in me contiileris. Lay not the fault on me. Neu desint epulis rosae. And (let) roses not be wanting to the feast. RULES ON THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 113 Mortalia facta peribunt, Nedum sermonum stet honos et gratia vivax. Mortal deeds will perish, much less (can) the honour and popu- larity of literary works stand permanent. tltinam minus vitae cupidi fiiissemus. Would that we had been less fond of life. si urnam argent! fors quae mihi monstret! if some chance would show me a pot of silver! tit ilium di deaeque perdant. 1 wish that the gods and goddesses may destroy him. OUTLINE OF RULES ON THE SUBJUNCTIVE. [§ 148.] The Conjunctive Mood is used, purely, in various senses : but, if it is subjoined to another Verb, it is called Subjunctive. [§ 149.] Pronouns and Particles, which interrogate ob- liquely, require a Subjunctive : Ipse quis sit, utrum sit, an non sit, id quoque nescit. He knows not even this, who himself is, whether he is, or is not. Such Interrogatives are : Quantus (how great) Uter (which of two) Qualis (of what sort) Quis (vjho or what) Quot (how many) Quotas (which, in order of number) Unde (whence) Ubi (where or when) Quando (.when) Cur (why) Quoties (how often) Quare (vjherefore) Quam (how) Qu5rn6do (how) Num, ne (whether) Ut (how) An, utrum (whether). [§ 150.] The Relative qui, with its Particles, ubi {where, when, &c), unde (whence), and the rest, in i£s simple sense, takes an Indicative ; if there is implied in it since, although, in order that, or such that, a Subjunctive : Miseret tiii me, qui hunc facias mimicum tibi. / pity you, since you make this man your foe. Litteras misi quibiis et placdrem eum et monerem. I sent a letter wherewith I might pacify and admonish him. Quis est qui non oderit protervam pueritiam? Who is there that hates not saucy boyhood? Digna res est ubi nervos intend as. The matter is worthy (that) you devote your energies to it. 114 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. [§ 151.] A Eelative or Conjunction, if it is subordinate to Oration actually or virtually oblique, requires a Subjunctive. Ennius non censet lug en dam esse mortem, quam im- mortalitas consequdtur. Ennius considers that death {ought) not to be mourned, which immortality succeeds. Socrates accusatus est quod corrumperet juventutem. Socrates was accused (on the charge) that he corrupted youth. a. To a Conjunctive Mood a Subjunctive is often sub- ordinated. Clamant omnes : praestaret quod recepisset. All cry out, he should perform what he had undertaken. [§ 152.] Of Conjunctions governing* Moods there are three Classes : I. The First Class consists of those Conjunctions, to which the Subjunctive is appropriate : (4) Conditional: Dum | Modo I (provided that) Dummodo J (5) Concessive: Licet \ QuamvTs I (although) L tJt j (6) Comparative: Tanquam ] Yeliit, ceu I (as if) Quasi, &e. j II. The Second Class consists of those Conjunctions, to which the Indicative is appropriate, unless they are sub- ordinate to oration actually or virtually oblique. (1) Causal: Quod, quia (because) (1) Consecutive: Ut (so that) (2) Final: Ut (in order that) Ne (lest, that . . . not) Quo (in order that) Quominiis (but that) Quin (but that) (3) Causal: Quum (since) Quoniam (since) Quandoquidem (since) Siquidem (inasmuch as) (2) Temporal: Quando, quum, ubi (when) Ut (when, since) Quoties (as often as) Simul (as soon as) Post-quam (after that) Dum \ Donee Y (whilst, as long as) Quoad J (3) Concessive: Quamquam (although, how- ever) Utiit (however) * When we speak of Moods being governed by Conjunctions, we mean only that certain Conjunctions are used, always or in certain senses, with certain Moods. The LATIN IDIOMS. 115 III. The Third Class consists of those Conjunctions which sither the Indicative or the Subjunctive follows, according as :he matter put forth is real or imagined. (1) Temporal: Dum, donee, quoad (until) AntS-qaam \ {before that) Prius-quam J v J J (2) Conditional and Conces- sive: si (if) Nisi (unless) Etsi, etiamsi (although, even if) a. [§ 153.] Idioms of the Latin language are: (1) Quum (when) followed by a Subjunctive of the Im- perfect or Pluperfect. Zenonem, quum Athenis essem, audiebam frequenter. I of ten used to hear Zeno, when I was at Athens. Decessit Agesilaus quum in portum venisset. Agesilaus died, when he had come into harbour. (2) Dum (whilst), followed by an Indicative Present, even in oblique subordination, and concerning a past circumstance : Quern ardor em studii censetis fuisse in Archimede, qui, dum in pulvere quaedam descrlbit attentius, ne pafriam quidem cap tarn esse senserit? What ardour of study think ye there was in Archimedes, who, whilst drawing some figures in the dust with peculiar at- tention, did not perceive even that his country was captured ? b. [§ 154.] A Conjunction is sometimes understood. PhHosophiae servias oportet. It behoves (that you) be a servant to philosophy (supply ut). Quaeram justum sit necne poema. / will inquire (whether) it be a true poem or not (supply utrum). Partem opere in tanto, sin ere t dolor, Icare, haberes. Thou, Icarus, wouldst have a share in this great work, did grief allow (supply si). c. [§ 155.] The Rule for the Consecution of Tenses is, that Primary Tenses are subordinated to Primary, Historic to Historic. (§ 48). Examples may be looked out from the Syntax. reason of Mood is independent of Conjunctions ; but Conjunctions distinguish the relations of Clauses more fully, as Prepositions distinguish the relations of Nouns. 116 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. Supplementary Eules of Agreement. [§ 156.] (1) Adjectives are put for Substantives : Multa pauperi desunt, clvdro omnia. Many things are wanting to the poor man, to the miser all things. (2) Infinitives are put for Substantives : Vivere est valere. To live is to be well. (3) Clauses are put for Substantives : Credibile est omnia consiUo fieri. It is probable that all things happen by design. [§ 157.] The Nominative of an Impersonal Verb is not apparent unless it be an Infinitive or a Clause : Pudet eum fact! (i. e. pudor pudet). He is ashamed of the act. Quid agitiir ? Statur (i. e. statio fit). What is being done ? There is a standstill. T a e d e t eadem audire millies . To hear the same things a thousand times is tedious. Magni interest utte videam. It is of great importance that I should see you. [§ 158.] A Word is understood when omitted by the figure Ellipsis : Nihil bonum nisi quod honestum (understand est twice). Nothing is good but ivhat is morally right. Perfundor gelid a (understand aqua). I bathe myself with cold water. [§ 159.] Agreement is varied by the figure called Attrac- tion : Non omnis error stultitia est dicenda. Not every error mast be called folly. Thebae, quod Boeotiae caput est. Thebes, which is the capital of Bocotia. [§ 160.] Agreement with the meaning takes place by the figure called Synesis, especially in poetry : Siibeunt Tegeaea jiiventus auxilio tardi. The youth of Tegea come slow to the succour. Ubi est is scelus, qui me perdidit? Where is that villain, who has ruined me? 117 OUTLINE OF PROSODY. [§ 161.] Prosody treats of the quantity of syllables and of the laws f metre. ON THE QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. GENUAL RULES OF QUANTITY. [§ 162.] 1. Every diphthong and contracted syllable is long. 2. Primitives give their own quantity to their derivatives. 3. A vowel coming before a vowel will be short. 4. Any vowel becomes long by Position, which two consonants follow, is tristis : or which in the same word j follows or x or z : so Ajax, axis, imdzon. 5. A vowel, though short by its own power, is doubtful if a mute •onsonant with a liquid after it follows ; thus you will say rightly lugubre melos) a mournful melody, or lugubre. a. Grn always makes a long syllable, as dgnus and ignis : and like vise gm; which tegmen and agmen shew. ON THE QUANTITY OF FINAL SYLLABLES. [§ 163.] 1. Most words of one syllable are long, as me y ver. I 2. "Words ending in A are long : fntstrd, and contra, and para. I a. Except Accusative and Nominative Cases : (Musa) the Muse sings ' carmind) songs : the woods resound {Amaryllida) Amaryllis. 3. E final is short : as lege, timete, carere. [§162.] i. Examples: lieu ; c5igo = cogo. Except prae before a vowel, as praSeuntem. z. Examples : p5mum, pomarium ; salix, salicetum. Exceptions are numerous, is homo, humanus ; nubo, pronuba. 3. Examples: principium, prohibe. (H is regarded as a breathing only, and aot taken into account in Prosody.) Many G-reek exceptions ; as Chaonis, Aeneas, Jlio, Myrtous, Enyo. Some Latin, as, diei, Pompei ; aulai, eheu ; f io (except before 3 r, as fieri) ; Common : fidei, Diana ; Gen. in ius, as illius. [§ 163.] 1. Exceptions : words in 1, b, d, t, as vel, sub, id, et, stet. Also es and its compounds, as, ades ; que, ve, ne interrogative ; nee, an, in, per, ter, vir, c5r, Cac, fer, bis, is, cis, quis. 2. a. Most Vocatives in a are short ; as Oresta ; also eja, ita, quia. 3. Except Cases of the 1st and 5th Declension, as Thisbe, specie ; their Deri- vatives, as quare, hodie; Imperatives Sing, of the 2nd Conj., as aude (but cave is doubtful). Adverbs derived from Adjectives ; as, misere : also ferme, fere, ohe, fame. 118 COMPENDIUM OF PROSODY. 4. Words in I are long ; diet and plebl and doll. 5. Words in are long ; virgo and multo and juvd. 6. Words in U are long, so tu and dictii and diu. 7. Y final is short ; thus poets have chely, Tiphy. 8. Words in C are long, as illlc, except donee. 9. Shorten words in L, D, T ; thus Hannibal, illud, amavit. 10. N final is short, Eton, agmen, are instances. 11. B final is short; as calcdr, amabitur, Hector. 12. Words in As are long; as terras and Menalcds. 13. Words in Es are long; as sedes and videres. 14. Is final is short ; as diceris, utiUs, ensis. a. The Oblique Cases Plural are excepted, as terris, vobls ; also the Second Person Singular, Present Tense, of the Fourth Conjugation, as audis ; the compounds of vis, sis ; malls, noils, and veils. 15. Words in Os are long, as ventos and sacerdos. 16. Us final is short: olus, intus, amamus, are instances. a. Except from this rule the contracted cases of the Eourth Declen- sion, as artus ; and words which, increasing, have long penult ; as tellus and incus, juvenilis and senectus. 17. Ys final is short : chely s, Othrys, Erinys, are instances. a. The custom of Authors governs Quantity, if a rule is wanting. ON THE LAWS OF METEE. [§ 164.] 2. A long syllable following a short is called Iambus (v -) : but if a long syllable goes before a short one, that is a Trochee (- ^) : a Spondee will consist of two long syllables ( — ) ; a Dactyl is formed by a long and two short syllables (- o ^). ON SCANSION AND FIGURES OF SCANSION. [§ 165.] 1. Scansion, which Figures adjust by various art, distri- butes a Verse according to Feet. 4. Exceptions are : Greek Datives and Vocatives, as Thyrsidi, Chlori ; also sicubi, necubi, nisi, quasi. But mini, tibi, sibi, ubi, ibi, are doubtful. 5. The quantity of words in 0, especially Verbs and Proper Names, fluctuates in different authors, and at various eras. Oblique Gases, and nearly all Adverbs in 0, are long always. 10. Exceptions : many G-reek words, as Hymen, Amnion. 11. Exceptions : many G-reek words, as crater, aer. 12. Exceptions : Greek cases of Third Declension, as Areas, lampadas. Also anas, a duck. 1 3 . Exceptions : G-reek Plurals increasing ; as, Troades : also penes ; and some Singular Nouns which increase short, as seges. 14. a. Gratis, foris, are long : and Substantives which increase long, as Samnis, Simois. Ris of the Future and Perfect in Verbs is doubtful, as feceris. 15. Some Greek words in os (0?) are short, as Argos, epos. 16 .6 .Some words from the Greek in us are long, as Sapphus, Melampus, Iesus. T LAWS OF METRE. 119 2. Synaloepha (Elision) will cut off a Vowel at the end of a word, i there be a vowel at the beginning of the next word : Thyllitf am 1 %nf alias, for Phyllida amo ante alias. 3. Ecthlipsis will cut off a Vowel and m from the end, if there be a Vowel at the beginning of the next word : curas homing quant' est in rebus inane, for hominum, quantum. a. The last syllable of a verse is counted doubtful. [§ 166.] I. The maple is in the woods; the spirited horse wins the Olympia. You will sing with your voice : up, lead dogs, unless you are white on the temples. A club strikes ; a nail holds firm, and a key opens. To please a companion, put on, as a companion, affable manners. Comedians, seek the stage ; messmates, seek supper. Con- sult teachers, so you consult for yourself. Often has his own desire injured one desirous of war. Songs are recited, while temples are dedicated to the Lord. He trusted not to untie, who severed the knot with a sword. The man leads a wife ; the bride veils for a husband. This man trains dogs to take them out soon against boars. If you have not money, you are destitute, and eat not delicacies. The sea often de- ceives one who relies too much on the clear surface. The sun chases the clouds, and irrecoverable time flies. By what a man sins, by the same the same man is soon punished. It is a difficult labour under the weight of which I sink. The boy's forehead is smooth, but the girl's tongue light. Seek hares in plains, elegancies in books. I bid not a penny for him who bids not a penny for me. I had rather break with my jaw good apples than bad. Merchandise is sold, and reward comes gained by toil. Silvia strokes lovingly, while she milks, her gentle cow. You will have done a duty, if you have sent coins to the wretched. Strive, little boy, whoever shalt desire to shine. She who is red, smeared with paint, is forgetful of decency. He fell by base treachery, whom a friend killed. A mouth commands, but a bone is eaten with the mouth. It is a wife's part to bring forth and obey, a husband's to procure. Obedient children make parents rejoice. Play at ball : a javelin is hurled ; jplla is a pillar. Plaga is for a net and a country ; yplaga for a blow. People are the citizens of a city : but poplar is a tree. The prow is the front (of a ship), the stern the hind part, and the keel the lowest. A bail promises, but a vessel contains food. A bail kindly assures the person, but a surety money only. If you wish to go quick, you have need to use all the sails. II. Trust, but first .see; he who trusts, and has not well seen, is deceived : see lest you be inveigled by trust. The same fortune makes partners ; the same toil comrades ; one duty colleagues : but school, play, the table, make dear companions. Lira is the furrow of a field : lyra (the lyre) touched utters notes. Let him not be secure, who is not safe from the enemy : you have banks by a river, shore by the sea. Men are old by time ; ancients lived formerly : I feign what is not, and dis- semble what is. Have you any news ? Seek another : I know nothing. That chatterer relates what matters little. If perchance you sit any- where, and the seat is convenient to you, sit in that seat : nor give up the place to me. 120 APPENDIX. I. NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. I. NOUNS. A. Substantives : — First Declension. a. The old Genitive ending as remains in familias : as, pater- (mater-) familias, father (mother) of a family, b. The Gen. in ai is found in epic and comic poetry : as, aquai. c. Nouns which form Gen. PI. in urn, instead of arum, are (1) Pa- tronymics : as, Aeneades ; (2) Some names of people, as Lapitha ; (3) Compounds with -cola, -gena, as caelicola, terrigena ; (4) Drachma, amphora. d. Nouns like Dea, with Dat. Abl. PI. abus, are some of those which correspond to Masculine Nouns in us : as, filia, nata, liberta, mula, &c. Second Declension. a. Nouns declined like filius are genius, familiar spirit, and Latin Proper Names in ius, as Mercurius, Laelius. b. The Gren. nwas contracted into I by writers as late as Cicero, Virgil, and Horace. Ovid writes ii. c. The Gen. PI. in urn for orum appears in (1) names of coins, weights, measures, and trades : as, numus, sestertius, medimnus, modius, talentum, faber. So, denum talentum ; praefectus fabrum. (2) Some names of people : as, Argivus, Danaus. Poets often use it in words of short penult, as virum for virorum. d. Greek Nouns in os, m. and /., have Ace. on or um : as, Delos ; Ace. Delon or Delum. Nouns in on, n., are like bellum in all but N. V. A. Sing. ; as, Pelion. e. Pelagus, sea, virus, poison, being Neuter, have Ace. and Voc. the same as Nom. Vulgus, common people, is Masculine or Neuter, and has -um or -us in Ace. These three Nouns have no Plural. Third Declension. a. Variant Consonant Nouns : Old man, Swine, Ox or cow, Jupiter, a) N. V. Senex Sus Bos Juppiter Ace. Sen- Su- Bov- Jov- em Gen. Sen- Su- Bov- Jov- is Dat. Sen- Su- Bov- Jov- I Abl. Sen- Su- Bov- Jov- e N. V. A. Sen- Su- Bov- es Gen. Sen- Su- — — um D. Abl. Sen- — — — xbus NOUNS. 121 Sus lias Dat. ALL PL subus or suibus : bos has Gen. PI. bourn, Dat. Abl. bobus or biibus. Iter, journey, n. ; Gen. itiner-is, etc. Jecur, liver, n. ; Gen. jecoris or jecinor-is, etc. Supellex, furniture, f. ; Ace. supellectilem, etc. (b) Parisyllable Nouns, declined like Consonant Nouns, are : (1) the syncopated words, pater, mater, frater, accipiter; (2) canis, juyenis, vates, volucris. b. Variant I-Nouns : (a) Impari syllable I-Nouns, like dens, are : (1) Nouns with Stem en ling in two Consonants, except lynx ; (2) the words, glis, lis, mas, mus, nix (nivis), strix, with faux and vis. (b) Nouns like tussis are: sitis, thirst, f. ; amussis, carpenter's rule, f. ; with a few more. Also names of rivers, as Tiberis, Tiber, m. ; of towns, as Hispalis, Seville, f. (c) Like clavis : classis, fleet, f. ; febris, fever ; messis, har- vest; navis, ship, f . ; puppis, stern, t, and a few others. Eestis, rope,/., Abl. e; securis, axe,/., Abl. i only. (d) Like canal is are Adjectival Nouns: as, aedilis, m. (e) Like imber are : liter, bladder; venter, belly, m. c. Greek Consonant-Nouns form Ace. Sing. in -a or em; Ace. Plur isually in as : Gigas, giant, m. gigant- a, em as, es Lampas, torch, f. lampad- a, em as Crater, bowl, m. crater- a, em as Aer, air, m. aer- a, em as So, Nais, Naiad, f. Naid- a, em as, es Heros, hero, m. hero- a, em as, es Erinys, fury, f. Eriny- a as (a) Greek Nouns in is, ys, have Voe. i, y : as, Pari, Nai, Eriny. (b) Greek LNouns have Nom. is, f. ; Voc. i ; Ace. in or im ; Gen. eos ; Dat. Abl. I : as, poesis, poetry. {c) The following are Heteroclite Masculine forms of Proper Names : Nom. Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. 1. eus eu eum, ea el, eos ei, ei, eo eo 2. es, eiis e, eu em, en, ea is, ei, T, eos I e 3. es e, es em, en is, I l e, e 4. es es em, ea is, I I e 5. es e, es em, en, eta is, etis I, eti e, ete Examples.- — 1. Orpheus, Peleus. 2. Achilles, Ulixes (eus). 3. So- •rates, Thucydides. 4. Eteocles, Pericles. 5. Chremes, Thales. Fourth Declension. a. The Nouns which prefer ubiis to lbus in Dat. Abl. PI. are Di- sables in eus : as, arcus, bow : also, tribus, tribe; partus, birth; artus Tlur.), limbs ; and veru, spit, N. b. Poets often contract ui into u : as, Parce metu. — Virg. G 122 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. Fifth Declension. a. Dies, day, and res, thing, are the only Nouns which, form the in- creasing Cases in the Plural. Most have no Plural at all. b. Poets contract ei into e : as, Constantis juvenem fide. — Hor. c. Fidei generally has e short : so rei, spei. d. Respublica, commonwealth, declines both elements : Ace. rempubli- cam, Gen. reipublicae, etc. So jusjurandum, oath; Gen. jurisjurandi, etc Anomalous Substantives. a. The chief Nouns, Plural only (besides those named § 25), are : Decl. 1. /. Deliciae, delight Nonae, Nones 'E^vHae, feast Nundinae, market-day 'Exseqaisie,funeral rites Nuptiae, bridal Feriae, holidays Eeliquiae, remnant Insidiae, ambush Tenebrae, darkness Kalendae, Calends Athenae, Athens Minae, threats Thebae, Thebes Decl. 2. Fasti, annals Delphi Liberi, children Gabii Decl. 3. Fores, door, f. Moenia, town walls, n. Decl. 4. Artus, limbs, m. Idus, Ides, f. b. The most important Nouns which change meaning in Plural are :- Decl. 1. Copia, plenty, f. Copiae, forces Decl. 2. Ludus, play, m. Ludi, public games Castrum, fort, n. Castra, camp c. Add to Defective Nouns : b. Mane, morning, Nom. Ace. Abl. Sing. c. Fas, right-, nefas, wrong-, instar, likeness-, nihil, nothing ; necesse, necessity ; opus, need : Nom. Ace. Sing. d. Fors, chance ; Abl. S. forte, by chance. e. Sponte, by one's own choice. B. Adjectives: — a. Like melior are declined Comparatives; and vetus (veteR-), ancient. b. Like felix, Adjectives in ax, ix, ox, ux. c. Like ingens, Adjectives in -ns, -rs, -ex; also locuples (locuplet-), wealthy; par (par-) with its compounds. Present Participles have Abl. S. i, when used as Epithets ; otherwise e : with occasional exception. d. Like acer, Adjectives of the Second Class in -cer, -ster; also celeber, renowned ; saluber, healthful. e. Abl.S. i, Gen. Thum; no Neut. PL Nom. Ace. : inop-s, desti- tute; vigiL, wakeful; mernon, mindful; degeneR, degenerate; ubeR, fruitful; anceps (ancipit-), dubious; praeceps (praecipit-), headlong. f. Abl. S. e, Gen. PL urn ; no Neut, PL : ales (alit-), winged ; dives (divit-), rich ; sospes (sospit-), safe; superstes (superstit-), surviving; compos (compot-), possessing; impos (impot-), not possessing; deses, reses (desid-, resid-), inactive ; paupeR, poor ; pubeR, of age. NOUNS. 123 C. Pronouns : — a. The suffixes -met, -te, -pte, -ce, strengthen various Pronouns. (a) Met may be joined 1. to ego and its cases, except G-en. Plur. : as, egomet, L myself ; 2. to the cases of tu, except Nom. Sing.: as, yosmet, ye yourselves] 3. to se and its cases, except sui: as, sibimet; 4. to the cases of suus : as, suamet facta. (b) Te is joined to tu : as tute; also, tutemet, thou thyself. (c) Pte is joined to the Abl. Sing, of the Possessive Pronouns : as, meopte consilio, by my advice. (d) Ce is joined to the Demonstratives : as, huncce, hujusce. For illece, istece, are written illic, istic, which may be declined, Sing. Plural. M. F. n. si. F. K. N. istic istaec istuc istice istaece istace Ace. istunc istanc istuc istosce istasce istace G-en. istiusce, etc. istorumce, etc. b. From the Possessives noster, vester, cujus, are derived : Nostr-as (at-), of our country. I Cuj-as (at-), of what country. Vestr-as (at-), of your country. J D. Derived Nouns. 1. Substantiva Mobilia have a Feminine as well as a Masculine form: a. Many O-Nouns have a Feminine A-Noun formed by changing us into a : agnus, lamb ; asinus, ass ; cervus, stag ; deus, god ; dominus, lord; equus, horse; famulus, house-servant; films, son; libertus, f reed- man; lupus, wolf; maritus, husband; mulus, mide; natus, son; servus, slave ; sponsus, bridegroom ; ursus, bear, &c. Fern, agna, asina, &c. Avus, grandfather, has avia; gallus, code, gallina; caper, he-goat, capra and capella ; puer, boy, puella ; magister, minister, change ter into tra ; poeta, poet, poetria ; citharista, harper, citharistria. Taurus, bull, has vacca, cow ; verna, born-slave, has ancilla, maid-servant. b. Consonant-Nouns, verbal, in tor, sor, often have a Feminine trix: , as ultor, avenger, ultrix; victor, conaueror, victrix; tonsor, barber, ton- 1 strix. The forms in trix are often used as Adjectives : as, arma vic- ! tricia, victorious arms. c. Caupo, vintner (3), has Fern, copa (1); cliens, client (3), clienta , (1); fidicen, lute-player (3), fidicina (1); tibicen, flute-player (3), tibi- i cina (1) ; leo, lion (3), leaena or lea (1). d. Gentile names : as, Cres, Cretan (3), Cressa (1); Laco, Lacedae- monian^), Lacaena (1); Libys, Libyan (3), Libyssa (1); Phoenix, Phoenician (3), Phoenissa (1); Thrax, Thracian (3), Threissa(l); Tros, Trojan (3) Troas (3), &c. e. Nepos, grandson (3), has Fern, neptis (3); aries, ram (3), ovis, ewe (3) ; vir, man (2), mulier, woman (3) ; gener, son in-law (2), nurus (4); socer, father-in-law (2), socrus (4); senex, old man{Z), anus (4). Note. Nouns having only one Gender for both sexes are called Epicoena (k-niKoiva) : as, passer, sparrow, m. ; vulpes,/o#, f. Sex must be expressed, if need- | .ful, by the words mas, femina : as, vulpes mas, a dog-fox, g2 124 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. 2. Deminutives are Derived Nouns which express smallness. Deminutives are formed, chiefly, in M. F N. 1. -tilus -ula -ulum 2. -olus -ola -olum 3. -ellus -ella -ellum 4. -cuius -cula -ciilum 1. riv-ulus, streamlet cist-ula, small chest scut-nlum, small shield 2. fili-olus, little son capre-ola, young roe savi-olum, kiss 3. ag-ellus, small field pat-ella, saucer lab-ellum, lip 4. iios-cwlus, floweret parti-cula, particle mimus-cuhim, little pre- sent. Adjectives are also diminished : as, parvulus, pallidulus, misellus. 3. Patron;) ^mica are Personal Names, derived from a parent or ancestor. Masc. ades, Aeneades, son of Aeneas. ides, Tyndarides „ Tyndarus. ides, Nelides „ Neleus. lades Thestiades „ Fern. Thestius. is, Tyndaris, daughter of Tyndarus. eis, Neleis, ,, Neleus. as, Thestias, „ And some others. Thestius. II. COMPOSITION OP VEKBS. A. Changes of Pbepositions in Composition. (1) A, ab = A before,?;?, v : as, amitto, avoco. Abs before c, t: as, abscedo, absterreo. A s before p : as, asporto. Au before/: as, aufero, aufugio. But abfui, abfore. Ab before other letters : as, abeo, abdo. (2) Ad remains before b, d, h,j, m, v, and vowels: as, adbibo, addo, adhibeo, adjicio, admitto, advoco, adeo. becomes a- before gn, sc, sp : as, agnosco, ascendo, aspicio. is assimilated before other letters: as, affero, appono, assisto. (3) Con- (for cum), in-, are written com-, im-, before p, b, m: as, comparo, combibo, immitto. are assimilated before /, r : as, colludo, irruo. Con- becomes co- before vowels, h, and gn\ as, coeo, coheres, cognosce So ignosco. Note comedo, comburo. Con-, in-, remain before other consonants: as, cenfero, induco. (1) Ob, sub, are assimilated before c,g,p,f\ as, occurro, oppono, suppono. So summoveo. Except suscipio, suscito, suspendo, suspicio. They remain before other letters. Except ostendo, sustineo, sustollo, sustuli, surripio. Note obsolesco, omitto. COMPOSITION OF VEKBS. 125 (5) E, ex, are assimilated before/: as, effero. Ex before vowels, h, c, q, p, s, t: as, exeo, exhibeo, excedo, exquiro, expello, exstruo,* extraho. E before others: as, educo, evoco. (6) Trans becomes tra before d,j, n: as, trado, trajicio, trano. Tran- before s : as, transcribo. (7) Dis- is assimilated before/: as, differo. Kemains before gutturals, labials, t, j, and s with vowel : as, discerpo, dispello, distraho, disjicio, dissero. But dijudico. Di- before s with consonant, and before other consonants: as, distringo, diruo. Not used before vowels. But dir-ibeo for dis-hibeo, dir- rmo for dis-imo. (8) Re- se- add d in reddo, redeo, redhibeo, redimo, redoleo, seditio. B. Vowel-Change in Composition. a. Verbs weakening a into e in all forms of their compounds : (1) damnare, jactare, lactare, patrare, sacrare, tractare ; (2) arcere; (3) -candere, carpere, scandere, spargere, gradi, pati ; (4) farcire, partiri. b. Verbs weakening a into u in all forms: (1) calcare, saltare; (3) quatere, (-cut ere, -cussi, -cussum). c. Verbs weakening ae into i in all forms : (3) caedere (-cidi, -cisum), laedere (-lidere, -lisi, -lisum), quaerere (-quirere, -qui- sivi, -quisitum). d. Verb weakening au into il in all forms : (3) claudere (-cludere, -clusi, -clusum). e. Verb weakening au into 5 in all forms : (3) plaudere (-plodere, -plosi, -piosum). Exc. applaudere. . Verbs weakening a into i in all forms : (2) habere, latere, placere, tacere; (3) sapere, statuere. Exc. complacere, perplacere. g. Verbs which vary the Vowel in the forms of compounds : — (a) axi, e, a: (3) agere (-igere, -egi, -actum), frangere (-frin- gere, -fregi, -fractum), pangere (-pingere, -pegi, -pactum). Exc. circum-, peragere (-egi, -actum), cogere (co-egi, -actum), degere (degi), satagere (sategi), repangere. (b) a x ?', i, a: (3) cadere (-cidere, -cidi), tangere (-tingere, -tigi, -tactum). (c) axi, i, e: (3) canere (-cinere, -cinui, -centum), rapere (-ripere, -ripiii, -reptum). (d) a xi, e, e: (3) capere (-cipere, -cepi, -ceptum), facere (-ficere, -feci, -fectum), jacere (-jicere, -jeci, -jectum), lacere (-licere, -lexi, -lectum). Exc. benefacere and many other compounds of facere (-facere, -feci, -factum), elicere, elicuT, elicitum. (e) a x i, i, u : (4) salire (-silire, -silui, -sultum). (/) axi, e: (2) fateri (-fiteri, -fessus) ; (3) apisci (-ipisci, -eptus). * The Greek form ec (ck) must be assumed when expecto, exul, &c., are written for ec-specto, ec-sul, &c. 126 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. (g) e x i, i, e : (2) tenere (-tinere, -tinui, -tentum). (h) e x i, e, e : (2) sedere (-sidere, -sedi, -sessum) ; (3) regere (-rigere, -rexi, -rectum), specere (-spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn), premere (-primere, -pressi, -pressum), emere (-imere, -emi, -emptum), legere (-ligere, -legi, -lectum). Exc. circumsedere, pergere (perrexi, perrectum), surgere (sur- rexi, surrectum) ; co, per-, inter- (-emere, -emi, -emp- tum). Also sublegere (-legi, -lectum), di-ligere, neg-, in- tellegere (-lexi, -lectum). These four last are from legere, to choose. The compounds of legere, to read, are per-, prae-, re- (-legere, -legi, -lectum). Examples of Compound Vekbs. a. (1) Condemno, condemn Conticeo, be silent Objecto, cast forward (3) Desipio, be silly Delecto, delight Kestituo, restore Impetro, obtain (by ask- g. {a) (3) Abigo, drive away ing) Refringo, beat back Consecro, consecrate Impingo, knock against Obtrecto, disparage (b) (3) Occido, die (2) Coerceo, confine Attingo, reach (3) Incendo, set on fire (c) (3) Succino, sing low Excerpo, cull Diripio, tear asunder Ascendo, climb (d)(3) Decipio, deceive Dispergo, disperse Efficio, effect Progredior, go forward Ejicio, cast out Perpetior, endure Allicio, allure (4) Infercio, stuff in (e) (4) Circumsilio, leap round Dispertior, distribute (f) (2) Diffiteor, disown b.(l) Proculco, trample down (3) Adipiscor, acquire Insulto, insult, leap on (g) (2) Abstineo, abstain (3) Decutio, shake down (h) (2) Praesideo, preside c.{2>) Occido, kill (3) Porrigo, stretch Collido, dash together Transpicio, look through AcquTro, acquire Opprimo, weigh down d. (3) Includo, shut in Eximo, take out e. (3) Explodo, stamp off Colligo, collect f (2) Prohibeo, prohibit Diligo, love Displiceo, displease Perl ego, read through III. CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS AND PARTICLES. The Correlation of Pronouns and Particles should be carefully noted. The full series comprises — 1 Interrogativum ; 2 Demonstratiya ; 3 Re- lativum ; 4 Indefinita ; 5 Universalia. These latter again contain a. Universalia Relativa et Indefinita ; b. Univ. Alternativa ; c. Univ. Distributiva et Inclusiva ; d. Univ. Exclusiva. Alius and alter are De- monstrativa Partitiva. The dual series (uter, &c.) is marked *. Pronouns. 1 Quis ? qui ? who ? what ? Idem, the same *Uter ? which of two ? Alius, another 2 Is, ille, iste, that *Alter, the one, the other Hie, this 3 Qui, who CORRELATIVE PARTICLES. 127 \any < 4 Quis, qui, any one Aliquis, aliqui Quispiam Quisquam, ullus, any at all Quidam, a certain one *Alteruter, one or other 5 a. Quisquis, quicumque, whoso- ever, whatsoever *Uteruter, utercumque, which- soever b. Quivis, quilibet, any you will *Utervis, uterlibet, which you will c. Quisque, each (of several) Omnes, universi, all *Uterque, each (of two) *Ambo, both d. Nemo, nullus, no one^none ^Neuter, neither Adverbs of Place Where. 1 Ubi? where? *Utrobi ? in which place ? 2 Ibi, illic, istic, there Hie, here Ibidem, in the same place Alibi, elsevjhere 3 Ubi, where 4 Ubi, alicubi, uspiam, anywhere Usquam, anywhere at all 5 a. Ubiubi, ubicumque, where- soever b. Ubivis, ubilibet, where you will c. Ubique, everywhere *Utrobique, in both places d. Nusquam, nowhere *Neutrobi, in neither place Adverbs of Place "Whither. 1 Quo? whither? *Utro ? to which place ? 2 Eo, illuc, istuc, thither Hue, hither Eodem, to the same place Alio, to another place 3 Quo, whither 4 Quo, aliquo, quopiam, any- vjhither Quoquam, anywhither at all 5 a. Quoquo, quocumque, whither- soever b. Quovis, quolibet, whither you will c. *Utroque, to each place d. *Neutro, to neither place. Adverbs of Place Whence. 1 Unde, whence? 2 Inde, illinc, istinc, thence Hinc, hence Indidem, from the same side Aliunde, from another side 3 Unde, whence 4 Unde, alicunde, from some side 5 a. Undeunde, Undecumque from whatever side b. Undevis, undelibet, from what side you will c. Undique, from every side * Utrinque, from each side f Adverbs of Time When. 1 Quando? ubi? when? 2 Turn, tune, then Nunc, jam, now Simul, at the same time Alias, at another time 3 Quum, ubi, when 4 Quando, aliquando, ever Unquam, ever at all a. Quandocumque, whensoever c. Quandoque, at any time Semper, always d. Nunquam, never f So qua, in what direction ? ea, hac, alia, qua, aliqua, quaqua, &c. quorsum, whitherward ? iUorsum, aliquorsum, &c. See the series of qualis, quantus, quot, § 38 (g). ! 128 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. Adverbs of Number. 1 Quoties ? how often ? 4 Aliquoties, several times 2 Toties, so often 5 a. Quotiescumque, how often 3 Quoties, (as often) as soever Adverbs of Manner. 1 Quomodo ? quemadmodum ? 3 Quomodo, quemadmodum, ut ? quani ? how 1 ut, as 2 Ita, sic, tam, so Ac, atque, quam, as, than Item, itidem, in like manner 5 a. Utnt, utcumque, quam- Aliter, secus, otherwise quam, however Adverbs of Cause. 1 Cur ? quare ? why ? wherefore ? 2 Ideo, propterea, idcirco, on that account 3 Cur, quare, why ; quod, quia, because Correlation between a Demonstrative Adverb and a Conjunction appears also in (1) Consecutive Construction : 2 Usque, eo, &c, so long, §c. 2. Adeo, ita, sic, tam, tan- 3 Dum, donee, quoad, until turn, &c. , so, so much, §c. (4) Conditional Construction: 3. Ut, ut non, ut nihil, ut 2 Modo, tantum, tantummo- nemo, &c, that, §c. do, only, $c. (2) Final Construction : 3 Si, if (or omitting si) 2. Idcirco, ideo, &c.,for the (5) Concessive Construction: purpose, Sf'c. 2 Tamen, yet } nevertheless 3. Ut, ne, ut ne, nequis, &c, 3 Etsi, etiamsi, quamquam, that, §c. quamvis, &c, although, §c. (3) Temporal Construction : (6) Comparative Construction : 2. Turn, tunc, then 2 Ita, perinde, proinde, simi- 3. Quum, when liter, iti&em, just so, §-c. 2. Interea, meantime 3 Quasi, ac si, ut si, &c, as 3. Dum, whilst if, dfr. IV. NUMERALS, MONEY, TIME. A, Numerals. a. The Cardinal Numbers are those on which the other Numerals hinge (cardo, hinge). Unus is used in the Plural with Substantives 'Plural only' : as, una castra, one camp. But for higher numbers the Distributives are used : as, bina castra, two camps. b. Ordinal N u m e r a 1 s denote numerical rank (ordo) : primus, first, &c. c. Distributive Numerals denote so many each or at each tJme: . as, Sexageni caedunt singulos, sixty men beat each (centurion). — Tac. Poets often use them for the Cardinal Numbers. d. Numeral Adverbs denote the number of times that any tiling happens or is done: semel, once ; bis, twice ; &c. NUMERALS. 129 e. The General Rules for writing Compound Numbers, Cardinal, Or- dinal, and Distributive, are as follows : — ■ (1) In Compound Numbers less than 20, either the smaller number without et precedes the larger, or the larger with et precedes the smaller: as, Nos Tyndaritani in septemdeaim populis Siciliae numeramur, we of Tyndaris are reckoned among the i7 nations of Sicily. — Cic, Roscius fundos decern et tres reliquit, Roscius left 13 farms. — Cic. Licet dicere decimus et Septimus pro Septimus decimus. — Prisc. (2) In Compound Numbers above 20, either the smaller number with et comes first, or the larger without et : as, Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Romulus reigned 37 years. — Cic. Dentes triceni bini viris attribuuntur, to men are assigned 32 teeth. — Plin. (3) In Compound Numbers above 100, the larger with or without et generally precedes the smaller: as, Leontinus Gorgias centum et septem complevit annos, Gorgias of Leontini completed 107 years. — Cic. Olym- piade centesima quarta-decima, Lysippus fuit, Lysippus lived in the llkth Olympiad. — Pun. (4) The thousands are expressed either by prefixing the numerical Adverbs bis, ter, &c, to mille (chiefly in poetry), or by prefixing the Cardinal Numbers to millia . as, duo millia, tria millia, &c. Millia is generally followed by a Genitive : but if smaller numbers intervene between millia and the Substantive, the latter will often stand in the same case as the Numeral : as, Tria millia et septingenti pedites ierunt, 3700 infantry marched. — Liv. (5) The Numbers above 100, 000 are expressed by the Numeral Adverbs joined to centum millia or centena millia, as stated in the following passage : Non erat apud antiquos numerus ultra centum millia ; itaque et hodie multiplicantur haec, ut decies centena millia aiit saepius dicantur. — Pun. /. Unus is often used in Compound Numbers for primus. g. The Numbers compounded with 8 and 9 are commonly expressed by a subtraction of duo and unus from the next multiple of 10 : as, duodeviginti (duodevicesimus), 18; undeviginti (undevicesimus), 19; duodetriginta (duodetricesimus), 28 ; undetriginta (undetricesimus), 29 ; &c, &c: duodecentum (duodecentesimus), 98; undecentum (unde- centesimus), 99. Roman Symbols. Cardinalia. Ordinalia. Distributiva. Adverbia, I. unus primus singuli semel II. duo secundus or alter bini bis III. tres tertius terni or trini ter IV. quattuor quartus quaterni quater V. quinque quintus quini quinquies VI. sex sextus seni sexies VII. septem Septimus septeni septies VIII. octo octavus octoni octies IX. novem nonus noveni novies X. decern decimus deni decies XI. undecim un decimus undeni undecies XII. duodecim duodecimus duodeni duodecies XIII, tredecim tertius decimus g3 terni deni tredecies, 130 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. Boman Symbols. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXX. c. cc. DorlQ. MorClQ. MM. Cardinalia. duodeviginti undeviginti viginti unus et vi-] f ginti or vi- f j ginti unus triginta centum ducenti quingenti mille duo millia Or din alia. duodevicesimus undevicesimus vicesimus [primus et vice- Distributiva. duodeviceni undeviceni viceni L viceni singuli t simus or vice- simus primus j trigesimus triceni centesimus centeni ducentesimus duceni quingentesimus quingeni millesimus singula millia bis millesimus bina millia B. Money. The As, or pound of 12 ounces (unciae), was thus divided: Adverbia. duodevicies undevicies vicies semel et vi- cies tricies centies ducenties quingenties millies bis millies Uncia Sextans Quadrans Triens Quincunx Semissis = 1 oz. or = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 i of the As. Septunx Bes Dodrans Dextans Deunx 7 oz. or ^ of the As. - 8 a • ° )> 4 )» •io I ■ 11 ii 6. Unciae usurae =-L- per cent, per month = 1 per cent, per annum. Sextantes Quadrantes etc. Asses usurae _ l —0 — TF " >> — * " »» _. 1 _ Q — 4 J) JJ — ° >> ») etc. etc. = 1 per cent, per month = 12 per cent, per annum. Asses usurae were also called centesimae ; and binae centesimae = 2 per cent, per month = 24 per cent., &c. Unciarium fenus was 1 uncia yearly per as = 8| per cent, per annum. c. Heres ex asse . „ . means heir to the whole estate. Heres ex deunce . . „ heir to ^| of the estate. Heres ex semisse, or .1 heir to § of the estate. Heres ex dimidi a parte .J 2 etc. etc. d. The Sestertius (Numus), or Sesterce, was a silver coin equal to 2J asses, being \ of the Denarius (coin of 10 asses). Its symbol is HS. The Sestertium ( = 1000 sestertii) was not a coin, but a sum, and is only used in the Plural Number. Sestertia, in the Plural (also represented by HS.) joined with the Cardinal or Distributive Numbers, denotes so many 1000 numi sestertii. The Numeral Adverbs, joined with (or understanding) sestertii (G-en. Sing.), sestertium numum, or HS., denote so many 100,000 numi sestertii : Thus HS.X= Sestertii decern, 10 sesterces. HS.X == Sestertia decern, 10,000 sesterces. HSXT=-.Sesterthun decies, 1,000,000 sesterces. C. Time. — The Koman Calendar. Every Eoman month had three chief days : Kalendae (Calends), Nonae (Nones), Idus (Ides). The Calends were always the 1st day of TIME. 131 the month ; the Nones were usually on the 5th; the Ides on the 13th; but in four months the Nones were on the 7th, the Ides on the 15th. March, May, July, October ; these are they Make Nones the 7th, Ides the loth day. These three days, the Calends, Nones, and Ides, were taken as points, from which the other days were counted backwards. That is, the Eomans did not say, such and such a day after, &c, but such and such a day before the Calends, or Nones, or Ides. The rules are: (1) For days before the Calends subtract the day of the month from the number of days in the month increased by two ; (2) For days before the Nones or Ides subtract from the day on which they fall, increased by one. Examples. — May 31, Pridie Kalendas Junias. ,, 30, Ante diem tertium (a.d. III.) Kal. Jun. ,, 29, ,, „ quartum (a.d. I V.) Kal. Jun. „ 11, ,, „ quintum (a.d. V.) Id. Mai. „ 2, ,, „ sextum (a.d. VI.) Non. Mai. H g Martius, Maius, Jaxttabius , Augus- Aprtlis, Justus, Februarius, 28 'g g ! JULIUS, OCTO- tus, December, Septejiber, No- Days — in every a> h : ber, 31 Days. ft- 31 Days. ye^iber, 30 Days. fourth Year 29. 1 Kalendis Kalendis , iKalendis ! Kalendis 2 a.d. VI. ^ a.d. IV. 1 g Ja.d. IV. ) § ^ j a.d. IV. 1 § 3 a.d. V. g § a.d. III. J- § g ; a.d. III. [• g * | a.d. III. } § 4 a.d. IV. ^§ 3- Pridie j £ • Pridie J £j tJ Pridie J £ 5 a.d. III. £ 1 Noni s Nonis 2 Xonis ! 6 Pridie ) g a.d. VIII. i a.d. VIII. N ' a.d. VIII. : \ M t 7 X o n i s H a.d. VII. ) i £ a.d. VII. /ro 1 a.d. VII. ) /§■ ! 8 a.d. VIII. , )* i a.d. VI. Ja.d.V. \* e a.d. IV. w

- Pridie } p Pridie ' j ^ . Pridie y 13 a.d. III. g. Idibns Idibus (Idibus 14 Pridie J • a.d. XIX. ^ a.d. XVIII. \ \ ! a.d. XVI. \ 15 Idibus a.d. XVIII. a.d. XVII. ►J a.d. XV. §' a.d. XIV. 16 a.d. XVII. ! a.d. XVII. a.d. XVI. 17 a.d. XVI. a.d. XVI. a.d. XV. q a.d. XIII. 18 a.d. XV. t a.d. XV. g a.d. XIV. a.d. XII. 19 a.d. XIV. P a.d. XIV. p 1 a.d. XIII. A a.d. XI. m 20 a.d. Xin. a.d. XIII. a.d. XII. H a.d. X. -§ /M* 21 a.d. XII. y a.d. XII. a.d. XI. _d n a.d. IX. )g et- 22 a.d. XI. -t & a.d. XI. a.d. X. ) 2 ; | a.d. VIII. oa 23 a.d. X. >*§ " a.d. X. >3 a.d. IX. ■S a.d. VII. ^ 24 a.d. IX. JE3 > a.d. IX. ■a a.d. VIII. M gj a.d. VI. 25 a.d. VIII. i Pridie 29 a.d. IV. < a.d. IV. a.d. III. ! * j 30 a.d. III. a.d. III. Pridie S 31 Pridie / > Pridie [In Leap-year, Feb. 24th (a.d. VI. Kal. Mart.) was twice reckoned, — hence this day was called dies bissextus, and leap-year itself ANNUS BISSEXTUS.] 132 NOTES ON SYNTAX. Gaius A. Aulus C. G-. Cn. Gn D. Decimus } Gnaeus V. ABBREVIATIONS. (1) Praenomina. K. Kaeso L. Lucius M. Marcus M'. Manius Mam. Mamercus . P. Publius Q. Quintus S. (Sex.) Sextus Ser. Servius Sp. Spurius T. Titus Ti. (Tib.) Tiberius. Note. — A Roman of distinction had at least three names: the Praenomen, individual name ; the Nomen, name showing the G-ens or clan ; and the Cogno- men, surname showing the Familia or family. Thus, Lucius Junius Brutus expres- sed Lucius of the G-ens Junia and Familia Brutorum. To these were sometimes added one or more Agnomina, titles either of honour (as Africanus, Macedonicus, Magnus, &c), or expressing that a person had been adopted from another Gens. as Aemilianus, applied to the younger Scipio Africanus, who was the son of L. Paulus Aemilius, but adopted by a Scipio. The full name of the emperor Au- gustus (originally an Octavius) after he had been adopted by his uncle's will and adorned by the Senate with a title of honour, was G-aius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus. A. D. Ante diem A. U. C. Anno urbis conditae Aed. Aedilis Cal. (Kal.) Calendae Cos. Consul Coss. Consules D. Divus Des. Designatus Eq. Rom. Eques Ro- manus F. Eilius (2) Varia. HS. Sestertius, Ses- tertium Id. Idus Imp. Imperator L. Libra LL. Dupondius Non. Nonae 0. M. Optimus Ma- ximus P. C. Patres (et) Con- scripti P. M. Pontifex Ma- P. R. Populus Roma- nus PI. Plebis Proc. Proconsul S. Senatus S. P. Q. R. Senatus Populusque Roma- nus S. C. Senatusconsultum S. D. P. Salutem dicit plurimam Tr. Tribunus. II. NOTES ON SYNTAX. I. Agreement. § 88-92. § 156-160. A. The Subject (§ 88) may be any Noun-term, § 87. B. (1) The term Adjective (§ 89) includes Participles and Adjectival Pronouns. (2) An Adjective agrees as Epithet with a Substantive : as Comple- ment with any Noun-term. . (3) Adjectives are used as Substantives (§ 156) : 1. In the Masc. Sing, and PL, man or men being implied: as, amicus, a friend; sapiens, a wise man ; stultus, a fool ; boni, good men ; multi, many ; pie- rique, most. 2. In the Neut. Sing, abstractly: as, Hones turn et utile, morality and expediency.— Q\q.. Triste lupus stabulis, the wolf is a bane to the stalls.— Yirq. 3. In the Neut. PL, things being im- plied : as, multa, many things ; omnia, all things. AGREEMENT. 133 C. The term Substantive (§90) includes all Noun-terms. A Sub- stantive may be in Apposition to any Noun-term, as Appositive Epithet or Complement. An Apposite usually agrees in Number also with its Noun, sometimes in Gender: as, Usus magister egregius. — Plin. Vita rustica parsimoniae magistra est. — Cic. D. 1. The Eelative (§91) may refer to any Noun-term of any Person, as ego, nos, tu, vos, &c. 2. It may be explained as standing between two Noun-terms, with the former of which it agrees in (render, Number, and Person, with the latter in Case : as, (1) Vir quern virum vides rex est (Pull Form). (2) Vir quern vides rex est (Usual Form). (3) ... quern virum vides rex est. (4) ... quern vides rex est. E. Figures varying Agreement (§ 158-160) are: — 1. Ellipsis, which omits words : (1) Pronouns, as Aiunt, they say: (2) Substantives, as Falernum, Falernian (vinum, wine), gelida (aqua) cold water ; Ad Junonis, to Juno's (templum, temple). (3) Verbs, espe- cially the Copula est, sunt. See § 158. The opposite of Ellipsis is Emphasis, which throws stress on words : as, Ego reges ejeci, vos tyrannos introducitis, 1 expelled kings, ye are bringing in tyrants. — Liv. 2. Attraction, which removes Agreement from the usual word to some other : as, Amantium irae amoris integratio est, the quarrels of lovers are the renewal of love. — Ter. ; where est agrees with the Com- plement integratio, not with the Subject irae. 3. Synesis, which occurs when words have one (render or Number in form, another in meaning, and when the construction is made to agree with the meaning : as, Capita conjurationis securi percussi sunt, the heads of the conspiracy were decapitated. — Liv. Pars epulis oner ant mensas, part load the tables with viands. — Virg. Singular Nouns with Plural sense, as pars, juventus, turba, multitudo, nobilitas, plebs, populus, civitas, vulgus, etc., are called Collectiva, Collective Nouns, or Nouns of Multitude. F. 1. A Composite Subject (§ 92) is one which contains two or more Noun-terms. The rule holds good, whether the Nouns are linked by Conjunctions, or without Conjunctions (by Asyndeton), or united by the Preposition cum. So, Eemo cum fratre Quirinus jura dabunt, Quirinus with his brother Bemus will give laws. — Virg. 2. A Singular Verb may be used with a Composite Subject when the Nouns form one notion : as, Senatus populusque intelligit. — Cic. 3. The Verb may agree with one of the Nouns, and be understood with the others : as, Convicta est Messalina et Silius, Messalina was con- victed, and Silius. — Tac. 4. As the first Person is prior to the second, and the second to the third, so the Masculine Gender is hold in Grammar superior to the Feminine. (1. 2.) G. Uponjhupersonal Verbs, see § 157, also § 75, &c. 134 NOTES ON SYNTAX. II. Cases of Subject and Complement. § 93-94. A. It is commonly stated that ' Copulative Verbs, Finite or Infinite, have the same Case after as before them ; ' but this is true only of an Attributive or Appositive Complement. The Complement may be a Phrase in an Oblique Case with or without a Preposition, or it may be an Adverb, and then the rule here cited will fail. Eule § 93 (2) may be given for every Nominative Complement ; and the use of the term Complement always implies that the Verb of the sentence in question is either esse or some other Copulative Verb, Finite or Infinite. See § 87 D. Eules § 94 refer to the important construction of Accusative- and-Infinitive in Enunciatio Obliqua, on- which see X. (1). B. The Verb sum may be complet^BHBjjfetive, ug& Copulative, if it denotes absolute existence: as, JamsH| JJKt, ubi Troja fuit, now corn is, where Troy was. — Ov. III. The Accusative Case. § 95-103. A. When the Verb is Transitive (§ 96), the construction is often without sense until a word is added to express that on which the Verb acts. This is called the Object (or Nearer Object), and stands in the Accusative Case. Thus Romulus condidit, Bomidus founded, is incomplete in sense until we add Romam, Borne. Transitive Verbs may be called Quid-Verbs. How to change a Transitive Active Sen- tence into Passive form, see XIV. E. 1. B. (1) Transitive Verbs are sometimes used intransitively; as, Jam verterat fortuna, fortune had now turned. — Liv. (2) More often In- transitive Verbs become transitive : as, Flet necem fili, he weeps for his son's death. (3) The Compound of an Intransitive Verb is often transitive: as, Hostes urbem circumsedent, the enemies surround the city. (4) Passive Verbs used reflexively sometimes become transitive, like Deponents : as, Exuitur cornua, she puts off her horns. — Ov. Hence such constructions as Nodo sinus collecta fluentes, having gathered up in a knot her flowing folds. — Vieg. C. The Verbs which take double Accusative (thing and person) (§98) are doceo (and its compounds), rogo, interrogo, ore, exoro, posco, flagito, percontor, and, in Horace, lacesso. Sometimes celo, conceal. They may be called Quem-Quid Verbs. In Passive construction the Accusa- tive of the thing remains : Quid tu docearis a me litteras ? why should you be taught letters by me? .^^fct D. Factitive or Quid-Quale Verbs i^M BFsiich as may be said to make (facere) a thing to be of a cej^B(Bmter, by deed, word, or thought: as, (l)facio, effixgo, red^gjpraesto, . creo, lego, eligo, &c; (2) dico, voco, mjsmpro, praedjBtt|||^5o, nuncupo, declaro, usurpo, appello, saluto, &c.';3Bfip es timcj^B^^ro, credo, existimo, pnto, duco, judico, habeo, eense6jP5 10SC0 >^BP^°> reperio, deprehendo, &c, &c. They are the Active forms oftM^rwnich in the Passive are Copulative Verbs. In their construction esse may be mentally supplied between the Object and jComplemejat Factitive Construction in the Passive becomes Copulative : ^Fis de^gp$i§bis, Fortuna : A Romulo urbs sua Roma vocata est. THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 135 E. The Accusative of Kespect or Nearer Definition (100) is seldom ised in prose, except when it contains Pronominal or semi-adverbial xpressions : as, Illud doleo; Hoc laetor; Cetera assentior Crasso, n other things I agree with Crassus. — Cic. F. (1) Many Grammarians deem the original force of the Accusative >ase to be, that it marks the limit or object of motion. § 101. (2) The Prepositions in, ad, are generally used by prose writers, if motion to >ther places than towns or small islands is mentioned. IV. The Dative Case. § 104-109. A. "Words whose sense is incomplete without reference to a Eecipient 105) are called Trajective. Thus carus, dear, necessarily implies, dear 'o some one ; dare, to give, necessarily implies not only a thing given, but i person to whom it is given. Trajective words take a Dative of this )bject of reference. Verbs of this sort, if they take a Dative only (as oarco, faveo, irascor, &c), are purely Trajective or Cui-Verbs: if they :ake an Accusative also, they are T raj ective-Tr ansitive, or Cui- (|uid Verbs, as do, narro, spondeo, &c. B. The fundamental notion of the Dative (§ 106) seems to be Nearness, with its opposite Remoteness. ThePirst Class, then, of Trajective words is composed of those which contain the ideas of nearness and remoteness, presence and absence, affinity and non-affinity, custom and strangeness, fitness and unfitness, likeness and unlikeness, agreement and disagree- ment, union and disunion, comparison and contrast. Next, showing and being shown is the bringing near or being brought near to the eye, ear, or (generally) to the mind. Herein we include the Second Class, words of utterance and silence, narration and concealment, affirmation and denial, evidence and obscurity, persuasion and dissuasion. We are hence led on to the Third Class, a large body of words which express application or exhibition with the attendant notion of favour or dis- favour. These comprise words which express profit and harm, kind- ness and unkindness, bounty and stint, indulgence and grudging, help- and obstruction, pleasing and displeasing, pardon and resentment, flat- tery and reviling, blessing and malediction, compliance and resistance, promise and menace, gift, loan, present, payment, dedication, and re- fusal ; delivery and withdrawal ; faith and infidelity, trust and distrust, I lawfulness and unlawfulness, ease and difficulty. There are yet a few words, which share something of the character of both the two last- mentioned classes, and may conveniently form a Fourth Class. These | are words which express ride and subservience, command and obedience. C. The reason why many Verbs compounded with Particles (106 a.) become Trajective, is, that f he Particle confers upon them one or other of the notions enumerated above : most frequently that of Nearness. D. The reason why a Dativus Conftnodi vel Incommodi (107) may be attached to almost any predication, is "evidently because almost any action or state may be attended with something of advantage or disad- vantage to some one; it may be for or against some one's interest ; it \ may be in some way interesting to some one. Thus nubere means ' to take the bridal veil,' and a bride is said, ' nubere viro,' ' to take the veil for her husband,' that is, ' to marry him.' Vacare means ' to be void,' or ' empty:' hence, ' to be disengaged for,' that is, ' to have leisure for :' I 136 NOTES ON SYNTAX. as, vacare philosophiae. Such constructions are far-fetched examples of' the Trajectiva Gratiae. Here, too, may be ranked the Dativus Ethicus, the Dative with sum and its compounds, with Participles, Gerunds, &c. and perhaps the Dativus Eei pro Complemento. E. Some Adjectives in the classes named prefer the construction of ad with Accusative to that of the Dative : such are natus, aptus, utilis, idoneus, paratus, rudis, &c. as, Ad laudem et ad decus nati sumus, we are born to praise and glory. — Cic. Others use in, erga, adversus : as, Acer in hostem, spirited against the foe. — Virg. Benignus erga te fui, I was kind towards you. — Piaut. Communis, proprius, affinis, similis, par, and some other Adjectives, take a Dative or a Genitive Case. F. Some Verbs belonging in sense to the classes named above (B) are Quid-Verbs, not Cui-Verbs, and take Accusative and not Dative: as, juvo, jubeo, laedo, rego, guberno. Multos castra juvant, the camp delights many. Animum rege, rule the temper. — Hon. Others use Dative or Accusative : as, tempero, moderor. The construction of Verbs varies considerably, owing to the use of Prepositions and other causes. Thus we find donare alicui munus and donare aliquem mu- nere, invidere alicui, invidere rem alicui, invidere re aliquem. These varieties must be observed in reading. G. The English Prepositions chiefly used in rendering the Latin Da- tive are to and for. Put after some Adjectives and Verbs (iratus, suc- censeo, &c.) with must be used ; after some Verbs (disto, aufero, &c), from; after many Compound Verbs, upon, into, or against. Others, as parco, placeo, displiceo, medeor, &c, are rendered without introducing an English Preposition. H. The Dative after a Finite Passive Verb is rare : as, Non intelligor ulli, I am not understood by anybody. — Ov. So is the Dative after a Verb of motion : as, It clamor caelo, a cry ascends to heaven. — Virg. V. The Ablative Case. § 110-125. A. "When the Ablative stands without a Latin Preposition, it is ren- dered with the help of various English Prepositions ; namely, I. Cause, by, for, from, through, with, at. II. Instrument, with, by. III. Manner : in, with, by. IV. Condition : with, in, upon. V. Quality : of, with. VI. Respect, in, by, with. VII. Value or Price : at, for, of, with. VIII. Measure : by, or no Preposition. IX. Matter: of, in, with, from, upon, for, or no Preposition. X. Time : at, in, within, or no Preposition. XL A. Place by which: by, along, upon, through. B. Place where : at, in, upon (humi). Gr. Place from which: from. XII. (See Prepositions). XIII. Separation and Origin : from, of. XIV. Thing compared : than. B. The use of the Simple Ablative in most of these meanings is varied considerably by the introduction of Latin Prepositions. Thus Cause may be expressed by a£, de, ex, prae ; also by ob, per, propter, with Accusative. Agent requires a, ab; while Instrument is with- out Preposition. Manner without an Epithet requires ' cum,' (except in a few phrases, such as, vi, fraude, jure, injuria, ritu, silentio, arte, ordine, &c). Thus, 1 speak with grief, or he writes with diligence, cannot be rendered clolore loquor, diligentia, scribit, but cum dolore loquor (or dolens loquor), cum diligentia scribit (or diligent er scribit). THE ABLATIVE CASE. 137 If an Epithet is joined to this Ablative, the Preposition is often used, often omitted; and observation must determine the choice of con- struction : as, Cato summa contentione dixit, Cato spoke with the utmost energy. — Cic. Magna cum cura atque diligentia scripsit, he wrote with great care and diligence. — Cic. C. The Case of Quality, whether Ablative or Genitive, requires an Epithet. D. The Ablative of Price is used with Verbs and Adjectives implying sale, purchase, clearness, cheapness, cost, &c. Muto, I change, may have Accusative of what is left, and A.blative of what is taken, or (in poetry) the converse. Thus mutare urbem exilio, and mutare urbe exilium may equally mean 'to quit the city and go into banishment' Pretio is often dropt : as, magno, dear ; parvo, vili, cheap. E. The Ablative of Measure defines Verbs and Adjectives of Extent and Degree, especially Comparative and Superlative Words : and for this purpose in particular are used the Pronominal Ablatives hoc, eo, quo, altero, tanto, quanto, aliquanto : also paulo, multo, duplo, dimidio, nihilo, nimio, &c. : as, Quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt, the more they have, the more they desire, F. The use of Prepositions in defining Time (§ 120) is frequent: as, Sol binas in singulis annis reversiones facit, the sun makes two turns in each year. —Cic. De die, before the close of day. De nocte, before the close of night. De multa nocte, long before the close of night. Sub ves- perum, on the approach of evening. Diem ex die expecto, / wait day after day. In is usually prefixed to an Ablative of time when a nume- ral Adverb is annexed: as, Quidam oves in anno bis tondent, some shear sheep twice a year. — Vaer. G. 1. Generally Place where (§ 121 B.) is expressed with in: as, In portu navigo, I am sailing in harbour. — Sen. In is omitted in certain phrases : as, loco (in the stead), multis locis, pluribus locis, &c. ; hoc libro, alio libro, &c. ; terra marique ; or where totus is used : as, tota Asia, in all Asia, dextra, (parte), on the right hand, laeva, sinistra, on the left hand. The poets are more free in the omission : as, Silvisque agrisque yiisque corpora foeda jacent, in forests and fields and roads, lie revolting corpses. — Ov. But this licence needs discrimination. When a work is quoted in is used : as, in Iliade Homeri ; in Andria Terentii ; in Gorgia Platonis; but when the author only is cited, apud ; apud Homerum ; apud Terentium ; apud Plat on em (in Homer, &c). 2. That the seeming Genitive, Komae, Corinthi, &c, (§ 121 B. a.) is not strictly such, was perceived by ancient Grammarians, who call it an Adverb. But if we notice that it ends in i, Romai (Eomae), militiai (militiae) Mileti, domi, humi, belli ; and compare the old forms of place in the Third Declension ending in i, ruri, Lacedaemoni — Nep. ; Cartha- gini — Liv. ; Tiburi — Cic, &c. ; we cannot doubt the original existence in the Latin language, as in the Sanskrit, of a Locative Case ending in i Singular, in s Plural. 3. Prepositions are much used with names of towns : as, In Epheso est. In Ephesum abii. Ex Epheso hue litteras misi, / sent a letter to this place from Ephesus. — Plaut. Has litteras a Brundisio dedit, this letter he dated from Brundisium. — Cic. 138 NOTES ON SYNTAX. H. The usage of Verbs and Participles of Separation and Origin (§ 123) must be carefully observed, some of them taking or omitting the Preposition in prose : as, arceo, cedo, moveo, pello, prohibeo, summoveo, removeo : others requiring a Preposition in prose, but not in poetry ; as, alieno, discedo, disjungo, dispello, disto, diyello, repello, reporto, rejicio, segrego, secerno, separo, &c. The chief Participles are natus, prognatus, satus, cretus, creatus, editus, oriundus, &c. K. 1. The Case of the word with which the Ablative is compared ; (§ 124) is much often er a Nominative than an Accusative. In com- parispn with other cases quam must be used : as, Nulli flebilior quam tibi, Vergili, to none more a cause of weeping than to thee, Vergilius. — Hob. Plagiti magis nos pudet quam erroris, we are more ashamed of the crime than of the blunder. — Cic. And, in general, for the sake of per- spicuity : as, Segnius homines bona quam mala sentiunt, men feel bless- ings less keenly than evils. — Liv. 2. After pins, amplius, minus, an ellipse of qnam often occurs before Numerals : as, Eomani paulo plus sexcenti ceciderunt, of the Romans rather more than 600 fell.—Liv. Unus is omitted : as, Quinctius tecum plus annum vixit, Quinctius lived with you more than a year. — Cic. L. 1. The Ablative Absolute (§ 125) being an abridged Clause, the Participle may often be transformed into a Finite Verb with Con- junction. Thus, in the example, Kegibus exactis = postquam reges exacti sunt. 2. A common instance of Substantive put Absolutely with Substan- tive is that of consule or consulibus: as, Caninio consule scito neminem prandisse, in the consulship of Caninius you must know that nobody dined. — Cic. VI. The Genitive Case. § 126-136. A. 1. The Genitive is Subjective when it limits a Noun like an Attribute ; Objective when it limits it like an Object. It is the same thing to say, Sullanus exercitus, or Sullae exercitus, the army of Sidla ; flamen Martialis, or flamen Martis, the priest of Mars ; on the other hand, cupido pecuniae is nearly the same as cupere pecuniam. But Adjectives are even used for the Objective Genitive : as, bellum regium for bellum contra regem ; timor externus for timor exterorum. So the Possessive Pronouns; as, Desiderium ve strum -ferre non possum,/ cannot bear the want of you. — Cic. 'Native of a place'' is expressed by an Adjective derived from the place : as, Dionysius Halicarnas- seus, for Dionysius Halicarnassi natus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus. 2. The Possessive Genitive is rendered in English either by of or the Genitive in 's : as, Philippi films, ' son of Philip] or ' Philip's son.' 3. Instar (an undeelined Substantive meaning likeness) stands (with a Genitive) in apposition to a Substantive : as, Instar montis equum, a horse resembling a mountain, — Vlrg. B. (1) Some suppose interest to be for inter rem est, refert for rem fert, and mea, &c, to be corruptions of meam, &c. (§ 129). (2) These Verbs may be qualified by the Genitives of Value, magni, parvi, pluris, tanti, quanti: as, Utriusque nostrum magni interest ut te videam, it is of great importance to both of us that I see you. — Cic. THE GENITIVE CASE. 139 C. 1. The Grenitivus Kei Distributae (§ 130) and Genitivus Eei De- aensae (§ 131) are so far the same, as that each is a divided whole; >ut the former is numerically or quotatively divided, the latter quanti- atively : the former is Plural unless it be a Collective Noun ; the atter usually, but not always, Singular. The Partitive words which listribute the former Genitive are (a) Pronominals : as, alius, alter, iter, uterque, utervis, uterlibet, ullus, nullus, nemo, plerique, multi, )auci, ceteri, reliqui, solus, qui, quis, quicumque, quisquis, quisque, unus- juisque, tot, quot, quctcumque, quotusquisque, quisnam, quisquam, ali- _}uis, quidam, quispiam, &c. ()8) Numerals, Cardinal and Ordinal : inus, primus : duo, secundus, &c. ; also princeps, medius. (7) Com- oarative and Superlative Adjectives ; the former distributing two things : .is, Major Neronum; or one class into two parts: as, Avium loquaciores, .the noisier sort of birds. — Pun. Also Superlative Adverbs, in which Gender cannot appear. (5) Any Adjective, Participle, or Substantive which can imply a distributive meaning : as, Sancte deorum ; lecti juvenum ; piscium feminae. 2. Partitives are sometimes attracted in Gender from the Genitive to the Subject: as, Indus est omnium fluminum maximus, the Indus is the largest of all rivers. — Cic. Or varied by Synesis : as Dulcissime rerum, dearest of beings. — Hon. 3. A Collective Noun is distributed: as, Plato totius Graeciae doctissimus fuit, Plato was the most learned man of all Greece. — Cic. 4. This Genitive forms a Complement: as, Fies nobilium tu quoque f ontium, thou too shalt become one of the renowned fountains. — Hoe. 5. Adverbs of Place, ubi, quo, eo, nusquam, &c. are Partitively used with the Genitives gentium, locorum, terrarum, &c. : as, Nusquam gentium, nowhere in the world. — Lrv. 6. Primus, ultimus, summus, imus, extremus, and other like Ad- jectives are used as Epithets with Partitive force: as, Prima luce summus mons a Labieno tenebatur, at break of day the top of the mountain was occupied by Labienus. — Caes. J). Among Quantitative words governing a Genitive (§131) are, nihil, satis, affatim, abunde, nimis, partim, minus, minimum, parum, aliud, id, illud, hoc, idem, quod, quid, aliquid, quidquid, quidquam, multum, plus, plurimum, tantum, quantum, aliquantum, nimium, dimidium. They are usually rendered in English as agreeing with the thing measured : as, nimium pecuniae {too much money) \ nihil mali {no evil). They may also be followed by the Genitive of an Adjective of the Second Declen- sion ; but an Adjective of the Third is commonly put in the same Case with the word of Quantity : as, Ne quid falsi dicere audeas, ne quid veri non audeas, you should dare to say nothing false, nothing true not dare to say. — Cic. Nee viget quicquam simile aut secundum, and no- thing exists like or in second rank. — Hon. E. Among poetic Genitives (§ 135) are these: (1) Cause: as, Lauda- bat leti juvenem, he praised the young man for his death. (2) Ee- spect : as, seri studiorum, late in your studies. (3) Dominion: as, Daunus agrestium regnavit populorum, Daunus ruled over rustic tribes, &c. 140 NOTES ON SYNTAX. VII. The Verb Infinite. § 140-144. A. The Infinitive used in direct predication (§ 140, 2.) is called the Historic Infinitive. It appears in poetry as well as in prose narrative, (a) in passages descriptive of strong emotion ; (b) where various actions take place simultaneously or in immediate sequence ; (c) in actions in- terrupted, and from time to time repeated. It is analogous to the ellipse! of the Copula ; in fact, both constructions occur together : as, Ceterum J facies totius negoti varia, incerta, foeda atque miserabilis ; dispersi J suis pars cedere, alii insequi: neque signa neque ordines obser-i vare: ubi quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resist ere ac propul sare; arma, tela, equi, viri, hostes, cives permixti; nihil consilio neque imperio agi; fors omnia regere, now the aspect of the whole affair was confused, indecisive, shocking, and pitiable. Parties scattered from their comrades were some retiring, others advancing ; observing neither standards nor ranks ; where peril encountered each man, there was he resisting and repelling ; arms, darts, steeds, men, foes, country- men were intermingled ; nothing was proceeding by counsel or command; chance directed all. — Sael. This Infinitive is not Present, but Im- perfect. B. 1. The Infinitive is called Prolative when it carries on the con-d struction of Verbs which express ability, desire, custom, beginning, ceasing, seeming, being thought, being said, &c. ; as, possum, queo, nequeo, debeo, volo, nolo, malo, aveo, cupio, gestio, amo, soleo, coepi, incipio, statuo, pergo, conor, meditor, paro, cesso, desino, videor, putor, credor, feror, dicor, trador, memoror, &c. Among these Verbs, those which are Copu- lative (videor, credor, existimor, putor, dicor, narror, feror, trador, re- perior, arguor, &c.) are used personally with a Prolative Infinitive rather than impersonally with Accusative and Infinitive. Thus it is better Latin to say, Videtur errasse Cicero, than Videtur errasse Cicer- onem ; Dicitur Homerus caecus fuisse, than Dicitur Homerum caecum fuisse. The Participle Passive is often found in poetry after such Verbs with an ellipse of esse : as Fertur Prometheus co actus, &c, Prometheus is said to have been compelled, &c. — Hon. The law of this construction should be carefully observed. 2. The construction of a Prolative Infinitive with Adjectives abounds in poetry, especially lyric ; as, Audax omnia perpeti, bold to endure all things. — Hon. Pruges consumere nati, born to consume the fruits. — Hor. In the best prose it is used but with few words; as, Paratus, assuetus, &c. ; but Tacitus adopts it freely. C. Under the Dative Gerund (§ 141, 3.) note the phrase, non esse sol- vendo, to be insolvent-, and the use of the Dative Gerund and Gerundive in describing functions of office ; as, Triumviri agro dando, triumvirs for assigning land, &c. D. The Transitive Gerund is not always attracted (§ 143): as, Efferor studio pat res vestros videndi, I am rapt with the desire of seeing your sires. — Cic. Especially when a Neuter Pronoun or Adjective is the Object: as, Pars honest! versatur in tribuendo suum cinque, one branch of morality lies in giving each his own. — Cic. Parva non con- temnendo majores nostri maximam hanc rem fecerunt, by not despising small things our ancestors made this commonwealth very great. — Liv. But, as a general rule, the Gerundive attraction is used. REFLEXIYE PXOXOUNS. 141 VIII. The Kefeexive Pbonouns. § 145. A. Personal and Possessive Pronouns of the Pirst and Second Per- ms may be used renexively ; that is, they may be referred to a Subject f their own Person. But se and suus diner from the rest, inasmuch as liey cannot be used unless there be a Noun of their own (the Third) 'erson, expressed or understood, to which they are referred. Although re can say amat me, he loves one ; amat te, he loves thee ; we cannot say, mo se, amas se, but amo eum, 2 love him; amas eum, thou lovest him) tot culpo suum factum, but culpo ejus factum, I blame his deed. B. The reference of se or situs to the Object is not ambiguous (a) if he Pronoun is an adjunct to the Subject, as in the first and third ex- amples under § 145, a. ; (b) if the Subject is not of the Third Person, is in the second example; (c) if the context shows that the Pronoun cannot be referred to the Grammatical Subject: as, Scipio suas res Syracusanis restituit, Scipio restored to the Syracusans their pro- perty. — Lit. To suppose that Scipio restored his own property to the Syracusans would be absurd. The Object to which se, suus, are re- ferred, usually precedes: except the Distributive Pronoun quisque, vvhich, if so used, generally follows them. So, Sui cuique mores fin- *unt fortunam, his own character moulds each man's fortune. — Nep. When se, suus, would be improper, in some places is used the Pronoun :ls, in others the Pronoun ipse: as, Chilius te rogat, et ego ejus rogatu, Chilius requests you and I at his request. — Cic. Caesar milites in- 3usavit cur de sua virtute et de ipsius diligentia desperarent, Ccesar .reproachfully asked his troops why they despaired of their ovm vedour mid of his carefulness. — Caes. IX. The Conjunctive Mood. § 148. The Indicative Mood states absolutely, the Conjunctive contingently. The Conjunctive is called pure when it is in the predication of a prin- cipal Sentence. Its pure uses are various : (1) Potential: as, Ita amicos pares, thus you may get friends. Dixerit aliquis, some one may say. (2) Conditional : „ Velim tecum esse, I should wish to be with you. Crederes victos, you would have supposed them vanquished. (3) Concessive : „ Age dicat, well, he may speak. Puerit sapiens, suppose he were wise. !(4) Optative: ,, Valeant cives mei, may my countrymen flourish! Ne vivam si, &c, may I not live if, &c. (5) Dubitative : „ Paveas tu hosti ? must you favor a foe ? Quid faciam ? what am I to do? (6) Hortative : ,, Imitemur bonos, Let us imitate the good. Kem tuam curares, you should have been minding your own business. X. Substantival Clauses, and Dependence on Oeatio Obliqua. § 149-151. I. Every Simple Sentence is either (1) a Statement (E nunc a (2) a Command or Eequest (Petitio), or (3) a Question rogatio). As (1) P.sittacus loquitur, the pan ot speaks. (2) Loquere, 142 NOTES ON SYNTAX. psittace, speak, parrot. (3) Loquiturne psittacus ? does the parrot speak ? When any of these is a Principal Sentence, it is said to be Direct (Kecta Oratio); when it is a dependent Substantival Clause, it is said to be Oblique (Obliqua Oratio). A Substantival Clause is one which may take the place of a Sub- stantive (as Subject, Object, or Apposite), being (1) Oblique Enun- ciation, (2) Oblique Petition, (3) Oblique Interrogation. ( 1 ) The principal form which Oblique Enunciation takes is the Accu- sative and Infinitive (§ 94.), which is either Subject of the Copula est j - or an Impersonal Verb, or Object of one of the Verba Sentiendi et De- clarandi. Grammatical writers sometimes have this construction alone in view when they use the term Oblique Oration : but incorrectly ; for it is but one, though the most important, form of Oblique Oration. As, Facinus est vinciri civ em Komanum, it is a crime for a Roman citizen to be put in chains.* — Cic. Thales dixit aquam esse initium rerum, Thales said that water is the origin of the universe. — Cic. Constructions used for the Accusative and Infinitive are : a. Ut, with Subjunctive, in Oblique Enunciation, implies conse- quence, expediency, duty, necessity, custom, law, &c. Quod, with Indicative (usually), implies fact : as, Mea refert ut venias, It is important to me that you come. Necesse est (ut) venias, You must needs come. Oportet (ut) venias, You ought to come. Tj5 e g ± } ut civitates sua jura habeant. It is expedient (useful) that the states have their rights. Gaudemus ) »' . ,, , . ■, , Gratumestf quod civitates sua jura habent. We are glad that the states have their rights. b. Verbs of hoping and promising prefer the Accusative with Future Infinitive: as, Spero te venturum (esse), I hope that you will come. Pollicetur se venturum (esse), he promises that he will come. c. After expressions of fearing, danger, &c, ne means lest, ut lest not: as, Metuo ne redeat, I fear lest he return (=1 fear he will return). Metuo ut redeat, I fear lest he return not ( = I fear he will not return), d. Interrogatio Infinitiva (or Accusative and Infinitive interro- gatively used with ellipse of Finite Verb) asks an indignant question: as, Mene incepto desistere ? What, I abandon my design ? (2) Oblique Petition is formed when ut, ne, depend on Verbs of en- treating, commanding, forbidding, allowing, persuading, caring, en- deavouring, effecting, preventing, &c. : as, Oro ut venias ; Cura ut valeas : Vide ne facias ; Enitendum est ut vincamus, ne vincamus, &c. Fieri non potest ut veniam, I cannot possibly come. Ut and ne are often omitted : as, Precor reddas ; fac venias ; cave dicas ; licet abeas, &c. SUBSTANTIVAL CLAUSES. 143 (3) Oblique Interrogation is formed by Interrogative s dependent on Verbs of stating, enquiring, &c. § 149. Here too an Interrogative sometimes falls out: as, Interrogatur, tria pauca sint anne multa, It is questioned whether three things are few or many. — Cic. II. A Clause dependent on Oblique Oration may be called Sub- oblique (Subobliqua). A Clause is virtually Suboblique (Subobliquae potestatis), if it depends on Oratio Kecta so con- stituted as to be virtually Oblique, that is, containing the state- ment of somebody's thought, judgment, or declaration. Thus, in the Compound Sentence, ' Laudat Africanum Panaetius, quod fuerit absti- nens,' the Principal Sentence, Laudat, &c, is virtually Oblique, and the Clause, quod, &c, virtually Suboblique : the sense being Panaetius praises Africanus (=says Africanus is to be praised) because he was self-denying. Hence fuerit is Subjunctive, although the Conjunction quod is one of the Second Class, to which the Indicative is appropriate. XL Advekbial Clauses. A. An Adverbial Clause modifies the Principal Sentence like an Ad- verb, and is introduced by Conjunctions (1) Consecutive, (2) Final, (3) Causal, (4) Temporal, (5) Conditional, (6) Concessive, (7) Com- parative. Lists of these Conjunctions appear §152. Examples of Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses : (1) Non tarn amens est ut eat, He is not so mad as to go. Non ita amens fuit ut iret, He was not so mad as to go. Adeo prudens est ut non ierit, He is so prudent that he went not. Tarn catus erat ut nihil diceret, He was so shrewd as to say nothing. Tarn catus fuit ut nihil dixerit, He was so shrewd that he said nothing. Tantum abest ut Eomae sit, ut in Britanniam ierit, He is so far from being at Borne, that he has gone to Britain. Tantum abfuit ut Eomae esset, ut in Britanniam ivis- set, He was so far from being at Borne, that he had gone to Britain. (2) Edo ut vivam, I eat that I may live. Vivebant ut ederent, They lived that they might eat. Obedi rationi ne servias appetitui, obey reason, that you may not be a slave to appetite. (3) Quae cum ita sint, ibo, Since this is the case, I will go. Quae cum ita essent, ivi, Since this was the case, I went. (4) Expecta dum veniam, Wait till I come. Expectabam dum venirent, I was waiting till they came. (5) Oderint dum metuant, Let them hate provided they fear, (6) Ut peccet, carus est, Though he sin, he is dear. Quamvis peccasset, carus erat, Though he had sinned, he was dear. (7) Obtundis tanquam surdus sim, You stun me as if I was deaf. Obtundebas quasi surdus essem, You stunned me as though I were deaf 144 NOTES ON SYNTAX. B. Conditional Sentences require special notice. A Conditional Sentence (si, if: nisi, unless) contains a Protasis or Conditional Clause, and an Apodosis (Statement or Principal Sentence): as, If you Wee (Protasis), you shall go (Apodosis). Its main forms in Latin are these : I. Si peccas doles, \ Here both Verbs are Indicative, and If y oil sin you grieve. \ no suggestion is made of proba- Si peccabis dolebis, bility or improbability (Sumptio If you sin you will grieve. ) Dati). II. Si pecces doleas, w -, ,, T7 , n • , . T /. r . . Here both Verbs are Conjunctive It iimi. worn in Ri)i vnm ttmi. _ ... J If you were to sin now, you [ would grieve ; or, If you I Present, and there is a suggestion of probability (Sumptio Dandi). Here both Verbs are Conjunctive, either Imperfect or Pluperfect; and an imaginary case is sug- gested, which has not actually occurred (Sumptio Ficti). shall sin, you will grieve. III. Si peccares, doleres, Were you to sin, you would} grieve. Si peccasses, doluisses, If you had sinned, you would have grieved. Si peccas r ses, doleres, If you had sinned, you would t (now) be grieving. In Oblique Oration these Sentences become : I II Aio te si Decces i clolere ( for doles )' 1. 11. Aio te, si P^ces, | doliturum egge< III. Aiebam te, si peccares, doliturum esse. — ■ ■ — si peccasses, doliturum fuisse. XII. Adjectival Clauses. A. These are related to the Principal Sentence like Adjectives, and introduced by the Kelative or one of its Particles. See Eule, § 150. B. Quominus, quin, require special notice. (1) Quominus (=ut eo minus) follows Verbs and Phrases expressing impediment. (2) Quin ( = qui non) follows Negative expressions and Interrogations. (3) Quin ( = quod non) follows Negative and Interroga- tive expressions of doubt, prevention, prohibition, &c. Examples: — (1) Nihil obstat quominus earn, Nothing stops me from going. . Per me stetit quominus ires, / was the cause of your not going. (2) Quis est quin fleat ? Who is there but weeps ? Nemo fuit quin fleret, There was none but wept. (3) Nihil dubito quin gaudeant, I have no doubt they rejoice. Nihil dubitabam quin gauderent, I had no doubt they rejoiced. Quid causae est quin gaudeant ? What reason is there why they shall not rejoice ? XIII. Consecution of Tenses. A. Examples of Consecution (see those in XI., XII.). Uuaero > ^^ agas, quid egeris, quid acturus sis. Quaerebam \ Quaesivi f quid ageres, quid egisses, quid aetunis esses. Quaesivemmj ADDITAMEXTA MEMORABILIA. 145 B. If the Perfect is Present-Past (/ have inquired), it is strictly a Primary Tense, and should hare Primary Consecution; but Cicero \ generally constructs it, even in that sense, with Historic Consecution. XIV. Additamenta aEemorabilia. A. Negatives : — a. Non, haud, deny : ne prohibits. Haud is chiefly used with Ad- jectives and Adverbs : as, res haud dubia ; haud temere, &c. And | with a few Verbs : as, haud scio, haud dubito. b. Ne . . . quidem has the emphatic word or words between the Par- ticles : as, Ne tu quidem, not even you. Either the Verb precedes with another Negative : as, Non praetereundum est ne id quidem, even that should not be passed over. — Cic. ; or it follows without one: as, Ne ad Catonem quidem provocabo, / will not appeal even to Cato. — Cic. Ne- dum, with Subjunctive, shows that something is denied a fortiori, when compared with what was denied before. See § 147. e. The Pronominal words quisquam, ullus, unquam, usquam, &c, are used with a Negative or Dubitative Particle : as, non, haud, si, num, &c, quisquam, ullus, &c. The Negative is contained in nemo (ne-homo), nullus (ne ullus), nunquam, nusquam, nequicquam, nequaquam, &c. d. In Negative Consecutive Clauses are used ut non, ut nemo, ut nullus, ut nunquam, ut nusquam, &c; but in Pinal Clauses ne, ut ne, ne quis, ut ne quis, ne quando, ut ne quando, ne quo, ut ne quo, &c. e. Non quod (generally), non quo, non quin (always), take a Sub- junctive. /. Por et nemo, write nee quisquam ; for et nihil, neque quiequam ; for et nullus, neque ullus ; for et nunquam, neque unquam, &c. ; for aio non, nego. g. Neque (nee) is used for et non, except when the negative emphasis falls on a single word : as, Quaestio difficilis est et non profutura. h. Non nihil, something) nihil non, everything-, non nunquam, some- times ; nunquam non, always, &c. ; non potui non ire, / could not but go. B. Single and Double Questions. a. Single : Nonne expects the answer Yes ; num, the answer No ; -ne is indifferent ; an often implies surprise, expecting a nega- tive answer. b. Double. The forms are : utrum an (or) num an (or) -ne an (or) — an, anne (or). A negation in the second member is annon or necne. a. Qualis est tua mens? potesne dicere? What sort of thing is your mind ? can you tell ? — Cic. An tu me tristem esse putas ? Do you think I am downcast ? — Plaut. Num negare audes ? Do you, venture to deny ? — Cic. Canis nonne similis lupo est ? Is not a clog like a wolf? — C:c. b. Haec utrum abundantis an egentis signa sunt? Are these the tokens of one who abounds or lacks ? — Cic. H 146 NOTES ON SYNTAX. Num duas habetis patrias an est ilia patria communis ? Have you two countries, or is this your common country r ? — Cic. Romamne venio an hie maneo an Arpinum fugio 1 Do I come to Borne, or stay here, or flee to Arpinum? — Cic. Quaeram jnstum sit necne poema, / will enqxdre whether it be a true poem or not. — Hob. C. Prepositions : a. Tenus follows its Case, which is often a Genitive : as, Taurotenus, as far as Mount Taurus; nutricum tenus, as far as the breasts. b. Ante, circa, circnm, circiter, citra, extra, infra, intra, juxta, pone, post, prope, supra, ultra, clam, coram, palam, super, subter, may be used as Adverbs. c. Among idiomatic Phrases formed by Prepositions, observe : (1) Ad: ad tempus, for a time ; ad multam noctem, till late at night; ad uniim, to a man ; ad tibiam canere, to sing to the flute; ad hoc, further- more ; ad extremum, at the last; ad summum, in fine ; ad verbum, word for word; &&vingViem,toanicety; ad amussim, accurately; ad decern annos, ten years hence ; servi ad rernurn, slaves for rowing ; ad judices, before the judges ; insignis ad laudem, eminent in renown ; nihil ad te, nothing compared with you. (2) Per: per noctem, during the night; per litteras, by letter; per jocum, in jest; per deos te oro, I pray you Ly the gods ; per me licet, I give leave ; res per se expetenda, a thing in itself desirable. (3) A, ab : a fronte, in the van; a tergo, in the rear; a millibus passuum duobus, two miles off; prope abest a mari, he is near the sea; philosophus a Platone, a Platonic philosopher ; hoc a me facit, this is on my side ; proximus a rege, next to the king ; ab animo aeger sum, I am sick at heart ; a doctrina instructus, well informed ; servusa pedibus, a footman; a manu, an amanuensis. (4) De: de nocte, in the night ; de die, in the daytime ; de meo, from my own purse ; de marmore, of marble; de more, according to custom; de industria, on purpose ; de novo, afresh; justis de causis,/or good reasons; de Parthis triumphavit, he triumphed over the Parthians. (5) E, ex: diem ex die, day after day; ex pedibus laborat, he has the gout in his feet; e repub- lican for the good of the state ; heres ex asse, universal heir ; ex impro- vise, by surprise ; ex tempore, ojfliand ; e vestigio, suddenly ; e regione Massiliae, opposite Marseilles. (6) Prae: prae me beatus es, you are happy compared with me; prae dolore tacet, he is silent from grief. (7) Pro: pro foribus, before the door; pro certo, for a fact ; pro viribus, according to one's powers; pro tua humanitate, such is your courtesy ; pro re nata, in existing circumstances; pro eo ac potui, according to my ability. (8) In : a. frumentum binis assibus in modium, com at two asses a peck ; dormire in lucem, to sleep till daylight ; vocat me ad cenam in hortos in proximum diem, he invites me to dine the next day in his pleasure-grounds ; in hunc modum locutus est, he spoke in this wise ; in praesens, for the time being ; in horas, from hour to hour ; in aeternum, for ever ; in universum, generally ; in vicem, in turns. £. in incerto, in doubt; in praesenti, at this moment; is in aere meo est, lie is in my debt ; hie non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis numis multis est, this man is not only out of debt, but has much ready money of his own ; films in manu patris, a son in his father's power ; "in tua manu hoc est, this is in your power. ADDITAMENTA MEMORABILIA. 147 D. Participles : a. The Participles are important elements in Latin, as in Greek, con- traction. But the Latin language is less rich in Participles than the freek. b. A Participle is the Attribute of one that acts, or has acted, or will ct ; of one that is being acted on, or has been acted on, or will be cted on : to which we must add, of one that is meet for being acted n. A Greek Verb regularly and fully conjugated has Participles (in- luding the Verbal in r4os) representing all these categories ; but Latin fcrbs with Active and Passive Conjugation have the first, third, fifth, | ,nd seventh (the Present Act., Future Act., Perfect Pass., and Gerun- dive) Participles, but want the second, fourth, and sixth, that is, the r'erfect Active, Present Pass., and Future Pass. Participles. For the !;xerundive must not be regarded as Future, though it may in some , ' daces contain the notion of future time. c. Deponent Verbs Intransitive have three Participles : Present and Tuture, both of which are Active in form and sense, and Perfect, which s Passive in form, but Active in sense: as, labor, labens, lapsurus, apsus. To these, Transitive Deponents add the Gerundive in dus : as, )atior, patiens, passurus, passus, patiendus. d. The want of a Perfect Participle Act., in Active Verbs, is sup- )lied in Latin either by the Finite Verb Active, with Relative or Par- icle, or by an Ablative Absolute Passive : as, Tarquinium regem qui ion tulerim, Sicinium feram ? Having refused to endure Tarquin as 'ring, shall I endure Sicinius ? — Liv. Alexander, quum interemisset ^litum, vix a se manus abstinuit, Alexander, having slain Clitus, hardly *ef rained from suicide. — Cic. Pompeius, cap t is Hierosolymis, rictor ex illo fano nihil attigit, Pompeius, having taken Jerusalem, in the very flush of victory, meddled with nothing belonging to that temple. —Cic. e. The want of a Present Participle Passive is supplied by the Finite Passive Verb with Relative or Particle: as, Pueri, qui — quum — dum locentur, discunt = Greek ol 7ra?5es didaffKOfMsvoi fxapOdvovcri, Children by being taught learn. Rarely the Perf. Participle takes a Present Passive sense: as, Sperata victoria (Lrv.) = victoria quae speratur. /. A Future Participle Passive is not often used even in Greek. In Latin the Finite Verb with Relative stands for it : as, Grata super- I veniet quae non sperabitur hora, Welcome will arrive the hour thai shall be never hoped for. — Hon. g. The Perfect Participles of some Deponent and Semi-Deponent Verbs are occasionally found in a Present Active sense : as, ausus, fisus, diffisus, gavisus, ratus, solitus, usus, veritus : as, Caesar, veritus .ae noctu hostes profugerent, duas legiones in armis excubare jubet, Ccssar, fearing the enemy would escape in the night, ordered two legions to keep watch under arms. — C^es. See § 62 Note. h. Many Participles are used as mere Adjectives: as, negligens, patiens, sapiens, doctns, venerandus tremendus, &c. Many appear as h2 1 148 NOTES ON SYNTAX. Substantives. Such are, amans, adolescens, sponsus; nupta, sponsa, coeptum, dictum, factum, praeceptum, &c. The nouns, man, men, thing, &c, are frequently to be understood with Participles : as, Jacet corpus dormientis ut mortui, The body of a sleeping person often lies as of one dead. — Cic. Grande locuturi nebulas Helicone legunto, They that would utter a sublime strain must cull mists from Helicon. — Pers. Male part a male dilabuntur, El gotten, ill go. — Cic. Beatos duco, qui aut faciunt scribenda, aut scribunt loquenda, I deem them happy, who either do things fit to be written, or write things fit to be spoken. — Pld*. See § 142. Also § 107 d. E. Active and Passive Construction : a. When an Active Transitive Sentence is changed into Passive Con- struction, the Object becomes Subject, and the Subject becomes Ablative of the Agent : as, Act. Egregie consul rem gessit. Pass. Egregie ab consule res gesta est. The consul conducted the affair excellently. — Liv. b. When an Active Intransitive Sentence is changed into Passive Construction, that Construction is Impersonal; the Subject becoming Ablative of the Agent ; as, Act. Hostes constanter pugnabant. Pass. Ab hostibus constanter pugnabatur. The enemy fought steadily. — Caes. c. If the Active Verb had a Genitive, Dative, or Ablative Case with it, the Passive Construction retains that Case : as, Act. Medicinae nos indigemus. Pass. Medicinae a nobis indigetur. We need medicine. — Cic. Act. Mihi isti nocere non possunt. Pass. Mihi ab istis noceri non potest. They cannot hurt me. — Cic. Act. Litibus et jurgiis supersedere vos aequum est. Pass. Litibus et jurgiis supersedes aequum est. It is fair for you to abandon strife and vjrangling, — Liv. (a) The Ablative of the Agent, like a Pronoun Subject, is often under- stood in the Impersonal Construction; as, Itur in antiquam silvam, They go into an ancient forest. — Virg, Nunc est bibendum, Now we must drink. — Hon. (b) Hence it appears that Passive Verbs govern the same Cases as Active Verbs, except only the Accusative of the Object. (c) Quasi-Passive Verbs (§ 72) have the construction ? of Verbs Pas- sive ; as, Testis ab reo fustibus vapulavit, The witness was beaten with cudgels by the defendant. — Quint. Malo a cive spoliari quam ab hoste venire, I would rather be stript by a citizen, than be sold by a foe. — Quint. F. Summary of Impersonal Construction : a. Case-construction. (1) Accusative of Person with Genitive of Thing: Piget, pudet, paenitet, taedet, miseret. § 134. ADDITAMENTA MEMORABILIA. 149 (2) Accusative of the Object : Oportet, taedet, piget, pudet, paenitet, decet, dedecet, de- lectat, juvat, fallit, fugit, are Transitive. (3) Dative: Libet, licet, liquet, patet, accidit, contingit, convenit, evenit, expedit, placet, restat, vacat, opus est, necesse est, are Tra- jective. (4) Ad with Accusative : attinet, pertinet, conducit. b. Subject-construction. (1) Verb-noun Infinitive : Oportet, opus est, taedet, piget, pudet, paenitet, decet, de- decet, libet, licet, attinet, pertinet, contingit, convenit, expedit, placet, praestat, restat, vacat, delectat, juvat, in- terest, refert, necesse est. (2) Infinitive Clause (Enunciatio Obliqua) : Oportet, opus est, decet, dedecet, licet, liquet, patet, attinet, pertinet, accidit, contingit, convenit, placet, praestat, restat, juvat, fallit, fugit, interest, refert, constat, necesse est. (3) Subjunctive Clause with ut (for Infinitive Clause) : Oportet, opus est, licet, accidit, contingit, evenit, est, fit, ex- pedit, placet, praestat, restat, interest, refert, necesse est. (4) Subjunctive Clause omitting ut : Oportet, licet, necesse est. (5) Indicative Clause with quod (for Infinitive Clause) : Piget, pudet, paenitet, taedet, miseret, accidit, delectat, juvat, fallit, fugit, interest, refert. (6) Subject included in the meaning of the Verb: Piget, pudet, paenitet, taedet, miseret : also Impersonals im- plying changes of season and weather: as, pluit, tonat, fulgurat, &c, and Passive Impersonals. See E. b. c. (a) The following Deponent Perfects are occasionally used : Pertaesum est ; pigitum est : pudkum est ; miseritum est ; libitum est ; licitum est ; placitum est. (b) The following Verbs joined with Impersonal Infinitives become Impersonal: coepit, debet, desinit, potest, solet, incipit: as, Pig ere eum facti coepit, he began to be sorry for the act. — Just. Perveniri ad summa, nisi ex principiis, non potest, the highest things cannot be reached, except from "principles.— ^Quint. Ct. Summary of Eules for Time, Place, and Space : a. (1) Time during which: Accusative ; Accus. with per ; rarely Ablative. (2) Time at which, within which, &c. : Ablative ; Prepositions with their Cases. b. (1) Place where : Ablative with in ; Accusative with ad or apud. 150 NOTES ON SYNTAX. But if town, small island, or domus, humus, militia, bellum, rus : Singular Case in ae, i or e ; Plural Case in is or ibus, without a Preposition : as, Eomae, militiae, Corintlii, domi, humi, belli, ruri, Tibure, Athenis, Gadibus, &c. (2) Place whither : Accusative with ad or in. But if town, small island, domus, rus, &c. : Accusative without Preposition usually. (3) Place whence : Ablative with ab or ex. But if town, small island, domus, rus, &c. : Ablative without Preposition usually. c. (1) Space intervening : Accusative ; as, Aberam ab Amano iter unius diei, / was one day' s journey from Amanus. — Cic. Or Ablative of Measure; as, Aesculapii templum quinque millibus passuum ab Epidauro distat, the temple of Aes- culapius is five miles from Epidaurus. — Liv. (2) Space traversed : Accusative; as, Millia turn pransi tria repimus, then after dining we creep on three miles. — Hoe. (3) Space of measurement : Accusative, §102; or Ablative, §118; or Genitive of Quality ; as, Areas latas pedum denum facito, you must make barn-floors ten feet wide. — Coxtjm. III. NOTES ON PEOSODY. Metre : — A. (a) Dactylic Hexameter or Senarius. This Metre has six feet. The first four may be Dactyls or Spondees. The fifth must be a Dactyl (rarely a Spondee). The sixth a Spondee. Scheme. 1 2 3 4 5 6 \j I — Examples. 1. Siceli|des Mu|sae n pau|lo ma|jora ca|nemus. 2. Non 6m|nes ar|busta i| ju|vant humi|lesque my|ricae. A break in a word, called Caesura, is usually made after the first syllable of the third foot, as after -sae, in (1). This is called a strong Caesura. If the break occurs after the second syllable of a Dactyl, as after -ta in (2), it is called a weak Caesura. Occasionally, NOTES ON PHOSODY. 151 the chief Caesura occurs after the first syllable of the fourth foot, as in the following verse : Clamojres simul | horren | dos n ad | sidera \ tollit. The Heroic Measure of Epic poets, Virgil, Lucan, &c, consists of Dactylic Hexameters only. (b) Dactylic Pentameter : This Verse consists of two parts, called Penthemimers, which are kept distinct. The first Penthemimer contains two feet (Dactyls or Spondees) and a long syllable. The second contains also two feet (both Dactyls) and a long syllable. Scheme. 12 12 _ \^ w Example. Tu pater | et ma|ter || tu mihi | frater e|ras. This Verse is not used alone, but follows an Hexameter in the Ele- giac Distich : as, Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amicos, Tempora si fuerint nubila, solus eris. The chief Elegiac poets are Ovid, Tibullus, and Propertius. B. (a) Iambic Trimeter or Senarius : This Metre has six feet. Each may be an Iambus : as, Suis | et ip|sa Pi 6 j ma vi|ribus | ru.it. But a Spondee may stand in the first, third, and fifth foot; and (rarely) a Dactyl or Anapaest (^ ^ -) in the first. A Tribrach (^ v^ ^) sometimes takes the place of an Iambus, except in the two last feet. Scheme. 1 2 3 4 5 ^/ \^ V^ N^ _ Examples. Labrm|tur al|tis n in|teiim | rlpis | aquae. Canidija brevi|biis n Imj plica |ta vi| peris. P6sitos|que ver]nas N di|tis ex | amen | domus. The usual Caesura is after the first syllable of the third foot. Another., less usual, is after the first syllable of the fourth foot ; as, Ibe|ricis | perus|te n fu|nibu.s | latus. The Trimeter may form a distinct measure. 152 NOTES ON PROSODY. (b) Iambic Dimeter. This Verse leaves out the third and fourth feet of the Trimeter, with which it is used to form an Iambic Distich ; as, Pater | na rii|ra bo | bus ex|ercet | siiis, Solu[tus 6m|ni fe|nore. Horace uses this and also the single Trimeter in his Epodes. C. The Sapphic Stanza : This Stanza contains four lines. The three first are the same Verse repeated (Sapphicus Minor). The fourth is called Versus Adonius. 2. _ 3. _ 4. Example. 1. Oti|um di | vos rogat | in pa|tenti 2. Prensus | Aegae|6 simul | atra | nubes 3. Condi |dit lu|nam neque | certa | fulgent 4. Siclera | nautis. JD. The Alcaic Stanza : This Stanza contains four lines : of which the two first are similar. Scheme. I - - — * W; g^ 1 '* Appositum (apponere, to place beside) an Appo site, or Sustentive **««* beside another in Attributive relation. §§87,90. bee p. ^ ^t'PaSf^ to), a Figure of Syntax. § 159 N. S. , -E£ MtMveRelatioil, the relation of an Attribute »g^ the words thev qualify. This relation may be (1) Jipitnetic. as, Crocus divers ; Croesus rex. (2) Attributively Enthetie (see En- thesS) a I Croesus, regum ditissimus vmcitur; Croesus, rexLydo^um, vincitur (3) AdverbiaUy Enthetie : as, Croesus non dives interiit ; Croesus non rex intenit (4) Complementah as Croesus fuit dives; Croesus fit rex. 8 °<\ . . ^J fo r ( attribuere, to assign), Attribute; an Adjective assigned to qualify a Substantive. §§ 87, 89. 1 h 3 154 GLOSSARIUM GRAMMATICUM. Casus (cadere, to fall), Case. Gr. tctShtls. A. By Case is meant the form given to a Noun or Pronoun in order to show the relation in which it stands to some other word in the sentence. Case (casus, from cado) is, literally, a falling. G-rammarians repre- sented that form which a Noun takes when it is the Subject of a sentence, by an up- right line, as AB, and likened the other forms to lines falling away from the perpendicular at various angles; as, AC, AD, AE, AF, &c. These they called Cases ; and their series, the declension, declining, or sloping down, of the word. Afterwards, the Nominative or Subject case was called (with evident impropriety) Casus Rectus, the Upright Case, and the others (except the Vocative) Casus Obliqui, Oblique Cases ; whereas the Stem (or Crude-form) of the word is more pro- perly the upright line, and the several Cases, including the Nomi- native and Vocative, are branches deflecting from it. So, from the Stem nun- {walnut-tree) the Cases are: N.V. nue-s ( = nux), Ace. nuc-em, Gr. nuc-£s, D. nuc-£, Ab. nuc-e. B. The Relations which Cases fail to express are supplied by Prepositions ; and in the languages of modern Europe the use of Prepositions prevails, and Declension is comparatively rare. Thus the languages derived from Latin (Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese) have only one Case-form in each Number for Nouns ; English, two ; German, four ; but the Possessive Case in English is of limited use, and Grerman Declension is freely developed only in the Articles. Of the ancient Aryan tongues, Sanskrit had the six Latin Cases and two more, the Instrumental and the Locative. Greek had only five cases in use, discarding the Ablative, the functions of which it divides between the Genitive and the Dative ; but it retains traces of the Instrumental and the Locative. Latin re- tains many fragments of the Locative Case, as shown here and there in this Grammar; while the Pronominal forms, mihi, tibi, sibi, nobis, vobis, ubi, ibi, together with the Cases in -bus, appear to spring out of the primitive Instrumental Case, though in mean- ing they have lost all connection with it. C. The primary force of the Cases is a much debated and still undecided question. Modern G-rammarians have been inclined generally to explain it by relations of place and extent ; and there is much speciousness in the theory which, taking the Nominative as the moving agent, regards the Ablative as the point which mo- tion leaves, the Accusative as that to which it extends, and the Dative as the point of rest. But this theory fails to account for the Sanskrit and Latin G-enitive ; and against it may be urged that it assigns to the Ablative a place which in Greek is taken by the Genitive, and also that the Latin Ablative includes uses hardly consistent with that which is here stated to be its distinctive use. In this book classical usage has been followed, but without pre- judice (it is hoped) to the future study of philosophical grammar. Causalis Clausula, a Causal Clause ; an Adverbial Clause introduced by quod, quia, quum, &c. § 152. N. S. xi. GLOSSAKIUM GBAMMATICDM. 155 Character (xapaKrrjp, an impressed mark), usually means the last letter of the Stem of an inflected word. §11. Circumstantive Relation, the relation in which a Word or Phrase stands to the Verb when it modifies it adverbially. Such is that of Ad- verbs, Prepositions with their Cases, the Ablative Case always, the Accusative Case often. Clausula (claudere, to inclose), a Clause. This term is used to express any Subordinate Sentence. Co-ordinate Sentences are also called Clauses, but are not discussed in elementary Grammar. See Enthesis. Collectiva (eolligere, to gather together), Collective Nouns or Nouns of Multitude. N. S. i. E. 3. Comparativa Clausula, a Comparative Clause : an Adverbial Clause in- troduced by quasi, tanquam, ut si, &c. § 152. N. S. xi. * Complementum (complere, to complete), the Complement, that which completes the construction of a Simple Sentence, when its Verb is the Copula or Copulative. §§ 87, 93. K S. n. *Compositum Subjectum, a Composite Subject. § 92. N. S. i. F. Concessiva Clausula (concedere, to grant), a Concessive Clause, an Ad- verbial Clause introduced by etsi, quamvis, &c. § 152. N. S. xi. A. Conditionalis Clausula (conditio, a condition), the Protasis of a Condi- tional Sentence. §152. N.S. xi.i?. Congruentia (congruere, to agree), Agreement. §§ 88-92. Conjugatio (conjugare, to yoke together), the Flexion of Verbs. §§11, 48. Conjunctio (conjungere, to unite), Conjunction. Gr. (TvvSecrfxos. §§ 85, 152. Conjunctivas Modus, Conjunctive Mood ; the Mood of contingent state- ment, used purely or subjunctively. §§ 42, 65, 148. N. S. ix. Consecutio Temporum (consequi, to ensue), Consecution of Tenses. § 155. N. S. xm. Consecutiva Clausula, a Consecutive Clause ; an Adverbial Clause de- noting consequence, introduced by ut, so that. § 152. N. S. xi. A. Consonantcs Litterae (consonare, to sound with), Consonants. § 3. SCHEME OF THE CONSONANTS. Mutes Liquids Spirants i | a 1 pq o ft X z cS 43 o CQ ; ! & 1 S | Pi o o 2 Xfl 'cS m c3 1 1 m 1 £ I s O 1 Guttural, or | Throat sounds J c (k,q) g h •• Dental, or ) t Teeth sounds J j d r 1 n i s j Labial, or \ \ _ Lip sounds . / j y b m f V Contr actio (contrahere, to draw together), tlie fusion of two vowels into one long one ; as, fidei, fide. Copula (link), any Finite form of the Verb sum, when incompletely Predicative, linking Subject and Complement. § 87. N. S. n. 156 GLOSSARIUM GRAMMATICUM. Copulativa Verba (copulare, to couple), Copulative Verbs. § 87. N. S. r. Besides Sum, they comprise the Verbs — forem, might be ; fio, become ; appareo, appear ; existo, stand forth ; evado, turn out ; audio, am called ; maneo, remain ; nascor, am born ; videor, seem ; with some others: also, many Passives of a class of Verbs called Factitive (facere), because they contain the idea of making, by deed, thought, or word ; such Passives are — efncior, am made ; creor, am created; designor, am marked out; legor, deligor, am chosen; eligor, am elected ; declaror, am declared ; renuntior, am pro- claimed ; nominor, nuncupor, am named ; salutor, am saluted ; ap- pellor, vocor, am called ; scribor, am written down ; inscribor, am entitled ; describor, am described ; aestimor, am esteemed ; numeror, am reckoned ; credor, am believed ; existimor, putor, am thought ; ducor, am deemed ; judicor, am judged ; habeor, am held ; censeor, am counted ; noscor, am known ; agnoscor, am acknowledged ; dicor, am said ; narror, am related ; feror, perhibeor, trador, am reported ; invenior, reperior, am found ; deprehendor, am discovered ; arguor, evincor, probor, am proved. Correlativa, Pronouns and Particles which mutually correspond in their several classes. § 38. N.E. in. D. Dativus Casus (dare, to give ; Gr. Botiktj irroocis), the Dative (Receptive) Case. §§ 104-109. N. S. iv. Declinatio (declinare, to slope down), the Plexion of Nouns. § 12. See Case. Defectiva (deficere, to fail), Words wanting some forms. §§ 25, 74. Deminutiva (deminuere, to lessen). N. E. i. D. 2. Deponens Verbum, a Deponent Verb, so called because it lays aside (deponit) Active form, having Active sense. § 40. E. Ellipsis (iWeiirsiv, to leave out), a Figure of Syntax. § 158. N. S. i. E.l. Enclitica, (eyKkiveu/, to lean on), words which throw back their accent on the word before them : as, -que, -ve, -ne. *Enthesis (svriQivai, to place in), a group of words, sometimes one word, forming an abbreviated Adjectival or Adverbial Clause. See Attributive Relation, observing that the Entheses, regum ditissi- mus, rex Lydorum, are equivalent to the Clauses, qui regum ditis- simus fuit, qui rex Lydorum fuit; and the Entheses dives, rex, to the Clauses dum dives erat, dum rex erat. An Ablative Abso- lute is usually an Adverbial Enthesis of Time, Cause, Condition, or Concession. Enunciatio (enunciare, to state), a proposition or statement ; the first and principal of the three forms of a Simple Sentence. N. S. x. A. Enunciatio Obliqua, Oblique Enunciation (indirect statement), the first and principal of the three kinds of Substantival Clauses. Its chief form is the Infinitive Clause (Accusative-and-Infinitive). §94. N.S,xJ.(l). GLOSSAKIUM GRAMMATICUM. 157 Epithet (G-r. iiridtTov), an Adjective simply qualifying a Noun: vir bonus, a good man. §87. See Attributive Relation. Etymologia (G-r. irvfxds, true ; Xoyos, word), Etymology ; that division of Grammar which treats of Word -formation. Factitiva Verba (facere, to make), Factitive or Quid-quale Verbs. § 99. N. S. in. D. Figura, Figure (fingere, to fashion), a term used in Grammar for a 'Fashion ' which departs from ordinary use. Figures are either of Etymology (as Contraction), of Syntax (as Ellipsis), of Prosody (as Synaloepha), or of Rhetoric (as Metaphora). Finalis Clausula (finis, end), Final Clause; an Adverbial Clause, ex- pressing purpose: introduced by ut, in order that; ne, lest, &c. § 152. N. S. xi. A., xiv. A. d. Fiaiitum Verbum, Finite Verb ; a term comprising the three moods of a Verb, which have limits (fines), especially of Person, from which the other forms (hence called Verbum Infinitum) are free. ' § 42. Flexio (flectere, to bend), Flexion; also called Inflection. § 11. G. Genitivus (yeviKT] titShtis), the Genitive (Proprietive) Case. § 126-136. N. S. vi. Genus {kind), Gender ; the distinction of Nouns, as Masculine (m.), Feminine (f.), or Neuter (n.), that is, neither of the two former. Gerundium : Gerundivum (gerere, to perform). The Gerundive is the Latin Participle in dus, and the Gerund is probably its Neuter Singular, declined as a Substantive, and attached to the Infinitive Verb-noun. The Gerundive seems to have been originally a Pre- sent Participle (oriundus, volvenda dies, etc.), but whether Active or Passive is disputed. § 140. N. S. vii. Graecismus, Graecism ; the imitation of a Greek idiom in Latin. Historic Infinitive, the Infinitive used in direct predication for a Finite Verb. § 140, 2, N. S. vn. A. Imperatiuus Modus (imperare, to command), the Imperative Mood in Verbs, which commands or entreats. § 42. Impersonalia Verba (in, not, persona, person), Impersonal Verbs, which cannot take a Personal Pronoun as Subject. §§ 75, 175. N.S. xiv. F. Indicativus Modus (indicare, to show), the declarative or absolute Mood of Verbs. § 42. Infinitiva Clausula, the Infinitive Clause: the Substantival Clause called Accusative and Infinitive. See Enunciatio Obliqua. Infinitivum (Nomen), the Verb-noun Infinitive. §§ 45, 140. N. S. vn. Infinitum Verbum. §§ 45, 140. N. S. vn. See Finitum Verbum, Interjectio (interjicere, to throw between). §§ 86, 137. GLOSSARIUM GRAMMATICUM. Interrogatio Infinitiva, the Infinitive Clause used as an indignant ques- tion. N. S. x. D. Interrogatio Obliqua, Oblique Interrogation. As Direct Interrogation is one of the three forms which a Simple Sentence may assume, so Oblique or Indirect Interrogation is one of the three kinds of Substantival Clauses. § 149. N. S. x. A. (3). Intransitiva Verba, Intransitive Verbs ; Verbs which do not regularly take an Accusative of the Object. N. S. in. D. See Transitiva. K Kalendarium, the Calendar or plan of the days of the Roman month ; so called from Kalendae, the Calends, or first day in it. N. E. iv. C. L. Locativus (locus, 'place), Locative Case ; a case existing in Sanskrit, of which fragments remain in Greek and Latin. § 121. N. S. v. G. 2. M. Mobilia Substantiva (mobilis, moveable). Substantives which have a Feminine corresponding to a Masculine form. N. E. i. D. 1. Modus (manner), Mood ; that Accident of a Verb which shows the manner in which its action or state is conceived of. § 42. N. Negativae Particular (negare, to deny), Negatives. § 82. N. S. xiv. A. Nomina (Gr. ouo/xa, a name), Nouns comprise Substantives, Adjectives, and Pronouns ; but the term is often used when Substantives alone are meant. § 9. Nominativus Casus (nominare, to name. Gr. dpofiaariKT] tttcoo'is). §§87, 88, 93. See Case. ^Noun-term, a Substantive, or what may stand for a Substantive ; as Adjective, Pronoun, Verb -noun or Substantival Clause. § 87. n. s. i. a Numeralia, words representing Number. N. E. iv. A. Numaria Bes, Roman money. N. E. iv. D. O. Objective Relation, that of the Accusative of the Nearer Object to a Transitive Verb. N. S. in. Objectum (objicere, to cast in the way), Object; that which is affected by action : if directly affected it is called Nearer Object (Accusative) ; if indirectly, Remoter Object (Dative). N. S. in. iv. Obliqua Oratio (Oblique Oration), any statement, command, or question expressed in indirect construction. This term includes the three Substantival Clauses : Oblique Enunciation, Petition, and Interro- gation, though sometimes used with special reference to the con- struction of Accusative-and-Infinitive (Infinitive Clause), which is the chief form of Oblique Enunciation or Narration. N.S. x. A. B. GLOSSARIUM GRAMMATICAL 159 Oblique Subject, the Accusative Subject of an Infinitive. § 94. Oblique Complement, the Accusative Complement of an Oblique Copu- lative Clause. § 94. N. S. n. A., in. D. P. Participium (partem capere, to take a share), an Adjectival Verb-form which shares the functions of Adiective and Verb. §§ 45, 142. N. S. xrv. D. Partes Oratianis, Parts of Speech, or "Words. § 9. Particulce, Particles, or small Parts of Speech; a name given to the four undeclined Parts, and also including some which are only used in compound words ; as, ambi-, re-, se-, in-, dis-. § 82, &c. Partitiva Vocabula (partiri, to divide). N. S. vi. B. Passiva Vox (pati, to suffer), the Passive Voice, or form used in Verbs to show that something is acted upon, and so ' suffers.' This Voice is proper to Transitive Verbs only ; but many Intransitive Verbs use it in Impersonal construction. § 76. A Passive Verb is often Eeflexive ; as, vertor, I turn myself. Por Passive Construction see N. S. xrv. E. Patronymicum (irar-hp, father ; wopa, name), Patronymic, a title ex- pressing descent from a father or ancestor. Perfection (perficere, to complete) Tempus, the Perfect Tense, which in Latin has a double use. § 48. N. S. xin. Perfect-stem, §§ 46, 48. Periphrastic Conjugation (irepKppd^eiu, to speak circuitously). § 64. Petitio Obliqua. 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