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 Copyright "N?. 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 

PROF. GEORGE EX RICH. 
 
The last Census Report by the United States Government puts 
 the "Horse Population" of the United States at 
 
 Twenty -seven Million (27,000,000) 
 
 Or about one-third as many as there are people, and averaging 
 
 only three members to a family enough to supply every 
 
 family in the United States with one horse. 
 
 Statistics further show that out 
 of these twenty - seven million 
 horses 90 Per Cent, of all the 
 horses in use Are Lame, that 
 80 Per Cent, of the lameness 
 is in Their Feet, and that 85 
 Per Cent, of the lameness in 
 the Feet Is Due, and directly 
 Traceable to 
 
 DRY, HARD, BRITTLE, 
 
 and 
 
 CONTRACTED FE.ET 
 
k Practical and Scientific Treatise. 
 
 GIVING IMPROVED METHODS OF SHOEING, WITH 
 
 SPECIAL DIRECTIONS FOR SHAPING SHOES 
 
 TO CURE DIFFERENT DISEASES OF THE 
 
 FOOT, AND FOR THE CORRECTION OF 
 
 FAULTY ACTION IN TROTTERS. 
 
 BY 
 
 PROF. GEO. E. RICH 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 AKRON, OHIO 
 THE COMMERCIAL PRINTING CO. 
 
 1907 
 
LIBRARY of CONGRESS) 
 
 Two Copies Reeeivea 
 
 NOV 21 (90? 
 
 Copyrifnt tntry 
 
 CLASS GL, XXC. No, 
 
 /93 Of? 
 
 \ COPY S. 
 
 
 Copyright, 1907 
 By GEORGE E. RICH. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ^n presenting this work to the horse-shoeing" fraternity, 
 the author desires to state that the illustrations and de- 
 scriptions of shoes furnished do not represent impracticable 
 theories, but are the result of long years of experience. 
 Every one of the shoes described has been tested and found 
 to do the work claimed for it. His object in bringing out 
 this book is to elevate the practice of horse-shoeing and 
 instruct those who desire instruction, as to the best methods 
 of shoeing. He does not claim that the book is free from 
 imperfections, but asks his readers not to condemn his 
 methods without first giving them a thorough trial. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF PROF. GEO. E. RICH. 
 
 The publisher of this work has felt that the many friends 
 of Prof. Geo. E. Rich, as well as those who are likely to be- 
 come his friends from the perusal of this book, would be 
 glad to know something- of his early history and to see a 
 portrait of the man who has achieved such success as a 
 practical horse-shoer and lecturer on the anatomy of the 
 horse's foot. Prof. Rich was born in the village of Leona, 
 Bradford Co., Pa., in the year 1847. His father was a 
 blacksmith, and young" George commenced helping- him in 
 his shop when he had to stand on a wooden box in the front 
 of the anvil in order to wield his sledg-e successfully. 
 
 He beg-an to shoe horses, when he was eleven years of 
 age, in the village of Roseville, Pa., and worked in that 
 place until he was fourteen years old. From there he went 
 to Washington, D. C, and followed his trade of horse- 
 shoer at the corner of I and 24th streets, shoeing large 
 numbers of horses for the Government. Thence, after 
 about a year, he went to Dunkirk, N". Y., and from there to 
 Elmira, working in each place for several years. He after- 
 wards worked for a couple of years in Tioga Co., Pa., as 
 well as in Harrisburg. 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 From there he went to Baltimore, where he succeeded in 
 getting a position in one of the best shops in that city. 
 Being anxious to learn all he could in regard to horse-shoe- 
 ing he worked for three dollars a week, and paid three dol- 
 lars and a half a week for his board, but while working in 
 this shop he made rapid advances in the art of horse-shoe- 
 ing. 
 
 By a happy circumstance he made the acquaintance of 
 Profs. Rockwell and Hurlburt, the former the inventor of 
 the celebrated Rockwell Bit. Both these gentlemen were 
 expert horse trainers. Mr. Rich worked for them for fifty 
 cents a day. He had shod horses then for about ten years, 
 but notwithstanding all this experience he could only make 
 one kind of shoe, and fully realized that he had a great deal 
 yet to learn about horse-shoeing. 
 
 When Mr. Rich first began work for Rockwell and Hurl- 
 burt they insisted upon his studying the anatomy and 
 structure of the horse's foot, claiming that he could not 
 shoe horses properly without understanding all about the 
 foot he was manipulating. Of course it was very hard 
 work, and he thought it more of a nuisance than anything 
 else, but Prof. Rockwell insisted that he would not be fit to 
 shoe a horse until he had mastered all these points. Be- 
 fore he left Mr. Rockwell he was getting three dollars a 
 day, which was quite an improvement over the fifty cents a 
 day with which he had started. 
 
 Mr. Rockwell taught him how to make quite a number of 
 different kinds of shoes for different diseases of the foot. 
 He has kept adding to these, for different purposes, until 
 now he makes fifty-three different kinds of shoes, each one 
 
INTRODUCTION i 
 
 adapted to some different condition of the foot, and design- 
 ed either for curing some disease or for correcting some 
 fault in gait. 
 
 During the past five years Mr. Rich has shod, probably, 
 twenty-five hundred horses of all kinds, sound, lame and 
 crippled . 
 
 He is now traveling, accompanied by several assistants, 
 giving lectures in important towns in New York State 
 and Pennsylvania. After explaining in one of his lectures 
 all about the structure of the foot and how horses ought to 
 be shod, he is called upon to shoe a great many horses who 
 have been more or less injured by bad shoeing, and in near- 
 ly every instance he succeeds in accomplishing what is 
 regarded by ordinary blacksmiths as wonders. 
 
 Of course he has now reached a point where he is, 
 pecuniarily speaking, doing well, but he derives full as 
 much satisfaction from the knowledge that his efforts to 
 ameliorate the condition of that noble animal, the horse, are 
 appreciated, as from any gain which comes to him from his 
 work. He is acting in the capacity of a missionary 
 among horse-shoers, and is teaching hundreds of them, 
 who have previous^ had but crude notions about the art, 
 how to shoe horses artistically and scientifically. 
 
Artistic Horse-shoeing, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ANCIENT HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Horse-shoeing- lias been practiced in one form or another 
 ever since the horse in remote ages was ta med and sub- 
 dued for the uses of man. At first the shoes were doubt- 
 less constructed of raw hides, and extended sufficiently 
 high on the hoof to admit of being- fastened around it in 
 some way. When man learned to convert iron ore into 
 iron that, by the aid of fire, could be forged into any shape 
 desired, it soon occurred to some inventive mind that shoes 
 might be fashioned of iron and nailed to the horse's foot in 
 some way. The man to conceive the idea of nailing shoes 
 to the feet was doubtless the first one who had ever under- 
 taken to study the anatomy of the foot. The idea, perhaps, 
 may have been suggested by examining some old foot that 
 in the process of decay of the animal to which it belonged, 
 had naturally, on account of its hard substance, survived 
 longer than the flesh or even the bones. This primitive 
 anatomist saw that if care were taken a nail could be 
 driven into the hoof without touching- any sensitive point, 
 
10 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 and then if this nail was clinched it would hold the irou 
 shoe on the foot. No improvement over this system o) 
 fastening- has been made, but vast improvements have been 
 made in the nails by which the shoes are driven on, and 
 also in the shoes themselves. 
 
 The horse, in a state of nature, requires no shoes. 
 The natural growth of the hoof is sufficient to take the 
 place of any ordinary wear, such as a horse would be 
 subjected to in the process of hunting for its food in a wild 
 
 Fig. 1.— Ancient Arabian Shoe. Fig. 2.— Modern Arabian Shoe. 
 
 state. When brought into the service of man, and com- 
 pelled to use his feet on hard roads or pavements, the hoof 
 of course naturally wears away rapidly. To prevent this 
 wear the horse is shod, and the original idea of a shoe was 
 simply to prevent the hoof wearing" away. 
 
 To give the reader of this volume an opportunity to com- 
 pare modern horse-shoes with man's first idea of a horse- 
 shoe we present herewith several illustrations of shoes such 
 as the Arabs and other European nations used centuries 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 11 
 
 ag-o. Fig. 1 shows an ancient Arabian shoe, while Fig-. 2 
 shows a modern Arabian shoe. It will be seen that very 
 little progress has apparently been made in the East in 
 shoeing- horses since iron was first introduced for horse- 
 
 Fig. 3.— Showing the Method of 
 Fastening Arabian Shoes to the 
 Foot. 
 
 Fig. 4. — Modern Portuguese 
 Horse-shoe. 
 
 Fig. 5.— Modern Persian 
 Horse-shoe. 
 
 Fig. 6.— Modern Moorish 
 Horse-shoe. 
 
 shoes. These Arabian shoes are simply pieces of sheet- 
 iron stamped out to conform to a special pattern. The 
 method of fastening- these shoes to the feet will be found 
 illustrated in Fig-. 3. Even at this time the Moors, Per- 
 sians and Portug-uese use forms of horse-shoes in no essen- 
 tial particular an improvement over the ancient Arabian 
 
12 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 shoes. Fig. 4 represents a modern Portug-uese shoe. Fig. 
 5 a Persian shoe, while Fig. 6 shows a Moorish shoe. An 
 inspection of these crude specimens of horse-shoes will be 
 likely to suggest to the thoughtful reader that the people 
 of the East are by no means either inventive or progres- 
 sive. Placed alongside of modern horse-shoes these ancient 
 samples present a rather sorry appearance. In Fig". 7 will 
 
 Fig. 7.— Old English Shoe in Use in the 18th Century. 
 
 be seen the form of the old English horse-shoe used, 
 according to Mayhew, an English authority, at the com- 
 mencement of the 18th century. In comparison- with the 
 Arabian and Moorish or Persian shoes this old English 
 shoe presents several important improvements. Instead of 
 being fastened by the method employed by the Arabs the 
 old English shoe was evidently nailed on the foot the same 
 as shoes are fastened on now. But to the horse-shoer of 
 Hiat time it appeared necessary to employ many more nails 
 than are now considered essential. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 13 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 ANATOMY OF THE FOOT. 
 
 If shoeing is not properly done it produces many diseases 
 of the foot. 
 
 It is easily possible to ruin a good horse in a very short 
 time by bad shoeing. It is also possible when a horse is 
 lame from any cause to, in a measure, remove this lameness, 
 and sometimes to entirely cure it by proper shoeing. No 
 man can shoe a horse properly who does not understand 
 all about the anatomical construction of his feet and legs. 
 He must know how many bones there are in the foot, exact- 
 ly where they are located, and what their uses are. 
 
 How many blacksmiths or horse-shoers are sufficiently 
 familiar with the foot of a horse to describe the location of 
 the different bones and give their technical names ? It is 
 safe to predict that only a small percentage could accom- 
 plish this feat, simple as it is. 
 
 We frequently hear horse-shoers claiming to understand 
 tlie art in all its bearings, who could not even describe the 
 shape of the coffin-bone, or tell where it was located. The 
 author does not propose in this treatise to go into an ex- 
 tensive explanation of the anatomy of the foot, his object 
 simply being to describe the different bones and tendons in 
 such a way that the whole matter may be easily compre- 
 hended by anybody. 
 
1* ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 As the work of the shoer is confined solely to the hoof it 
 is essential that he should understand its construction. It 
 consists first of the Wall or Crust, the Sole, Frog- and 
 coronary Frog- Band. 
 
 The Wall is that portion of the front and sides of the 
 foot from the coronet to the ground. It is through the wall 
 that the shoer drives his nails, and it is upon the wall that 
 the shoe rests. 
 
 Fleming, a noted authority on horse-shoeing, says in his 
 description of the wall : "The inner face of its upper edge 
 is hollowed out in a somewhat wide concavity which 
 receives, or rather in which rests, the coronary cushion. 
 This concavity is chiefly remarkable for being pierced 
 everywhere by countless minute openings which penetrate 
 the substance of the wall to a considerable depth. Each of 
 these perforations receives one of the ' villi ' or minute tufts of 
 blood vessels already mentioned as prolonged from the face 
 of the membrane covering the interior of the foot. Below 
 this concavity, which receives a large share of the horse's 
 weight, the wall is of about equal thickness from top to 
 bottom. On the whole of its inner surface are ranged 
 thin, narrow, vertical, horny plates, in number correspond- 
 ing jo the vascular laminae, between which they are so inti- 
 mately received or dove-tailed (a horny leaf between two 
 vascular ones) that in the living or flesh sides it is almost 
 impossible to disunite without tearing them. The inner 
 face of the lower margin is united in a solid manner to the 
 horny sole through the medium of a narrow band of soft, 
 light colored horn, situated between the two, which we may 
 call the * white line' or 'zone.' " 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 
 
 1; 
 
 The dimensions of the wall vary in different situations. 
 In front it is deepest, but toward the quarters and heels it 
 diminishes and becomes thinner ; at its angles of inflection 
 (the points of the heels) it is strong. This structure is 
 fibrous, the fibres pass directly parallel to each other from 
 the coronet to the ground, each fibre being moulded on, as 
 it is secreted, by one of the minute tufts of blood vessels 
 lodged in the cavity at the coronet. 
 
 Fig. 8 shows the different kinds of horn of which the 
 horse's hoof is made up. a, a, is the wall: the outer or dark 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 portion constitutes the crust of the wall; b, is the light col- 
 ored or yielding horn of the sole; c, is the elastic horn of 
 the frog. 
 
 Next we have to consider the Horny Sole, and the same 
 authority describes it as being "contained within the lower 
 margin of the wall and is a concave plate covering the low- 
 er face of the pedal bone." In structure it is fibrous like the 
 wall, the fibres passing in the same direction, and are form- 
 ed in the same manner by the tufts of blood vessels project- 
 ed from the membrane which immediately covers the bone. 
 
16 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 These tufts penetrate the horny fibres the same depth as 
 in the wall, maintaining- them in a moist, supple condition, 
 such as best fits them for their office. The sole is thickest 
 around its outer border where it joins the wall, thinnest in 
 the centre, where it is most concave. A peculiarity of this 
 part of the hoof is its tendency to break off in flakes on 
 the ground face when the fibres have attained a certain 
 length. The wall, on the contrary, continues to grow in 
 length to an indefinite extent, and unless kept within rea- 
 sonable dimensions by continual wear or the instruments 
 of the farrier, would in time acquire an extraordinary dis- 
 tortion. 
 
 The Horny Sole for this reason is less dense and resist- 
 ing than that of the "Wall," and is designed more to sup- 
 port weight than to stand wear. 
 
 The same authority, in describing- the Horny Frog, states 
 that it " is an exact reduplication of that within the hoof 
 described as the sensitive or fatty frog. It is pyramidal 
 in shape, and is situated at the back part of the hoof within 
 the bars, with its point of apex extending- forward to the 
 centre of the sole, and its base or thickest portion fill- 
 ing up the wide space left between the inflexions of the 
 wall. In the middle of the posterior part is a cleft, which 
 in the healthy state should not be deep, but rather shallow 
 and sound on its surface. 
 
 "In structure, this body is also fibrous, the fibres pass- 
 ing in the same direction as those of the other portions of 
 the hoof ; but, instead of being quite rectilinear like them, 
 they are wavy or flexuous in their course, and present some 
 microscopical peculiarities which, though interesting to the 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 17 
 
 comparative anatomist, need not be alluded to here. The 
 fibres are finer than those of the sole and wall, and are 
 composed of cells arranged in the same manner as else- 
 where in the hoof ; they are formed by the villi which thickly 
 stud the face of the membrane covering- the sensitive frog-. 
 
 /'The substance of the horny frog- is eminently elastic, 
 and corresponds in the closest manner to the dense, elastic, 
 epidermic pads on the soles of the feet of such animals as 
 the camel, elephant, .lion, bear, dog, cat, etc., and which 
 are evidently designed for contact with the ground, the 
 support and protection of the tendons that flex the foot, to 
 facilitate the springy movements of these creatures, and 
 for the prevention of jar and injury to the limbs. 
 
 "In the horse ; s foot, the presence of this thick, com- 
 pressible, and supple mass of horn at the back of the hoof, 
 its being in a healthy unmutilated condition, and permitted 
 to reach the ground while the animal is standing- or 
 moving, are absolutely essential to the well-being- of that 
 organ, more especially should speed, in addition to weig-ht- 
 carrying, be exacted. 
 
 " The frog, like the sole, exfoliates or becomes reduced in 
 thickness at a certain stage of its growth ; the flakes are 
 more cohesive than those of the sole. 
 
 " It must be remarked, however, that this exfoliation of 
 the sole and frog only takes place when the more recently- 
 formed horn beneath has acquired sufficient hardness and 
 density to sustain contract with the ground, and exposure 
 to the effects of heat, dryness and moisture. 
 
 "The 'Coronary Frog- Band,' or 'Periople,' is a con- 
 tinuation of the more superficial layer of the skin around 
 
18 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 the coronet and heels, in the form of a thin, light-colored 
 band that descends to a variable depth on the outer surface 
 of the wall, and at the back part of the hoof becomes con- 
 solidated with the frog", with which it is identical in struct- 
 ure and texture. It can be readily perceived in the hoof 
 that has not been mutilated by the farrier's rasp, extend- 
 ing from the coronet, where the hair ceases, to some dis- 
 tance down the hoof ; it is thickest at the commencement of 
 the wall, and gradually thins away into the finest imagin- 
 able film as it approaches the lower circumference of this 
 part. When wet it swells and softens, and on being dried 
 shrinks, sometimes cracks in its more dependent parts, or 
 becomes scaly. 
 
 " The fibres composing it are very fine and wavy, as in 
 the frog ; they likewise spring from villi which project 
 from the true skin immediately above the * coronary cush- 
 ion.' 
 
 " The use of this band would to be twofold : it connects 
 the skin with the hoof, and thus makes the union of these 
 two dissimilar textures more complete, its intermediate 
 degree of density and its great elasticity admirably fitting 
 it for this office ; and it acts as a covering or protection to 
 the wall at its upper part, where this is only in process of 
 formation, and has not sufficient resistance to withstand 
 the effects of exposure to the weather. The greatest thick- 
 ness and density of the band correspond to the portion of 
 the wall in which the villi or vascular tufts are lodged , and 
 here the horn is soft, delicate, and readily acted upon in an 
 injurious manner, by external influences. 
 
 " Thus far, then, we have rapidly glanced at the anat- 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 19 
 
 omy and uses of the various parts entering- into the com- 
 position of the horse's foot, and its horny box — the hoof. 
 It may be necessary, before we pass to the consideration of 
 the latter, as a whole, to allude to the structure and uses 
 of that narrow strip of horn, whose presence every farrier 
 or veterinary surgeon is cognizant of, but whose character 
 and functions have been strangely left out of consider- 
 ation by all anatomists hitherto. I refer to the l white 
 line' or 'zone,' the slender intermediate band that runs 
 around the margin of the sole, and connects that plate of 
 horn so closely to the wall as to make their union particu- 
 larly solid and complete. When preparing the border of 
 the hoof for the reception of the shoe, this part is easily 
 distinguished by its lighter color (in a dark hoof), and by 
 its being softer and more elastic than either the sole or 
 wall, between which it is situated. It would appear to 
 be secreted by the villi which terminate the lower end of 
 the vascular laminae, and the horny leaves of the wall are 
 also received into its substance — a circumstance that ren- 
 ders the junction of the two more thorough. I think there 
 can be no doubt that the principal use of this elastic rim of 
 horn placed in such a situation, is to obviate the danger of 
 fracture to which the inferior part of the hoof — particular- 
 ly the sole — would be liable, if the junction between the 
 hard and comparatively inelastic sole and wail was direct- 
 ly effected without the interposition of such a body. 
 
 "It may be noted, that it is through this soft border of 
 horn that gravel and foreign matters usually find their 
 way to the sensitive parts of the foot, and there excite such 
 an amount of irritation as to lead to the formation of 
 
20 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 matter, and cause much pain and lameness; an accident 
 which the older farriers termed 'gravelling.' 
 
 "In viewing the horse's hoof as a whole, and in the un- 
 shod state, we find that it presents several salient charac- 
 teristics, the consideration of which ought to dominate or 
 serve as a guide in framing rules for the observance of far- 
 riers in the practice of their art. The first of these is the 
 direction in which the wall grows in a healthy condition. ' 
 
 " Viewed as it stands on a level surface, the hoof may 
 said to he somewhat conical in shape, its upper part being 
 a little less than its base ; and although, geometrically, its 
 shape may be described as the frustum of a cone, the base 
 and summit of which have been cut by two oblique planes 
 — the inferior converging abruptly behind toward the su- 
 perior — yet the circumference of the hoof does not offer that 
 regularity which this description might imply ; on the con- 
 tary, in a well-formed foot, we find that the outline of its 
 inferior or ground border is notably more salient on the 
 outer than the inner side, giving it that appearance which 
 has been designated the < spread.' 
 
 " A cone being intersected by two planes oblique to its 
 axis, and not parallel to each other, gives a good idea, 
 nevertheless, of the obliquity which forms so marked a feat- 
 ure in the hoof. The degree of obliquity of the front part 
 or toe, and of the upper surface, varies with the amount of 
 growth ; but where this has been counterbalanced by a 
 proper degree of wear, it will be remarked that this obliqui- 
 ty corresponds to the inclination of the pastern-bones im- 
 mediately above the hoof, when the horse is standing-. 
 " It will be obvious that this inclination also varies with 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 21 
 
 the breeding* of the animal, and the conformation of the 
 limbs ; so that no definite degree can be assigned. But it 
 must be pointed out, that giving the angle of 45°, as is 
 done in almost every treatise on shoeing and the anatomy 
 of the foot, is a grave error. Looked at in profile, a hoof 
 with this degree of obliquity would at once be pronounced 
 a deformity, and if the farrier were to attempt to bring 
 every foot he shod to this standard, he would inflict serious 
 injury, not only on the foot itself, but also on the back ten- 
 dons and the joints of the limbs. Careful measurement 
 will prove that the obliquity of the front of the hoof is 
 rarely, if ever, in a well-shaped leg or foot, above 50°, and 
 that it is, in the great majority of cases, nearer 56°. The 
 sides or ' quarters' of the wall are less inclined— though the 
 outer is generally more so than the inner; while the heels 
 are still more vertical, and the inner may even incline 
 slightly inward. Viewed in profile, the posterior face of 
 the hoof will be observed to have the same degree of slope 
 as the front face. In height, the heels are usually a little 
 more than one-half that of the toe ; both heels are equal in 
 height. 
 
 " These features, as will be seen hereafter, are sufficient- 
 ly important to be constantly remembered. The other 
 characteristics are to be found on the lower or ground face 
 of the hoof — the most important, so far as the farrier's art 
 is concerned. 
 
 "In a natural condition, the whole, or nearly the whole 
 of this face comes into contact with the ground, each part 
 participating more or less in sustaining the weight thrown 
 upon the limb. On soft or uneven soil, the entire lower 
 
22 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 border of the wall, the sole, bars, and frog, are subjected 
 to contact ; Nature intended them to meet the ground, and 
 there sustain the animal's weight, as well as the force of 
 its impelling powers. But on hard or rocky land with a 
 level surface, only the dense, tough crust and bars, the 
 thick portion of the sole surrounded by them, and the elas- 
 tic, retentive frog, meet the force of the weight and move- 
 ment ; and, in both cases, not only with impunity, but with 
 advantage to the interior of the foot, as well as the limb. 
 The horn on this face is, as has been said, dense, tough, 
 and springy to a degree varying with the parts of which it 
 is composed; while its fibres are not only admirably dis- 
 posed to support weight, secure a firm grasp of the ground 
 and aid the movements of the limbs, but are also an excel- 
 lent medium for modifying concussion or jar to the sensi- 
 tive and vascular structure in their vicinity. 
 
 " The whole circumference of the wall meets the ground, 
 and from the disposition of its fibres, the arrangement of 
 the cells which enter into their composition, and its rigid- 
 ity, it is admirably fitted to resist wear and sustain press- 
 ure. It projects more or less beyond the level of the sole, 
 and the space measured between the white zone within it 
 and its outer surface gives its exact thickness. This is a 
 fact not without interest to the farrier in the operation of 
 attaching the shoe by nails, as these have to be driven 
 only through this dense horn — which in good hoofs cannot 
 be said to much exceed half an inch in thickness — and in 
 proportion to its thinness is the necessity for carefulness 
 and address on his part, in order to guard against wound- 
 ing or bruising the sensitive textures. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 23 
 
 " The sole is more or less concave from its junction with 
 the wall ; nevertheless, even on moderately firm ground, a 
 portion of its circumference, which is generally the thick- 
 ness of the wall, takes a share in relieving* the latter of 
 pressure. This is also a fact to be borne in mind. In soft 
 ground, the whole of its lower surface is made to aid in 
 sustaining the weight and prevent the foot sinking. But 
 it must be noted that the pressure of the lower face of the 
 pedal bone on the upper surface of the sole can never be 
 very great, else the sensitive membrane between them 
 would be seriously injured. This injury is prevented hy 
 the coronary, and, to a lesser extent, by the plantar cush- 
 ion, which largely retard the descent of the bone on the 
 floor of the horny box. 
 
 "The frog, on both hard and soft ground, is an essential 
 portion of the weight-bearing face. In the unshod, healthy 
 foot it always projects beyond the level of the sole, and sel- 
 dom below that of the wall at the heels; indeed, it is found, 
 in the majority of hoofs, either on a level with the circum- 
 ference of this part, or beyond it, so that its contact with 
 the ground is assured. Hence its utility in obviating con- 
 cussion, supporting the tendons, and, on slippery ground, 
 in preventing falls. In pulling up a horse sharply in the 
 gallop, or in descending a steep hill, the frog, together with 
 the angular recess formed by the bar and wall at the heel 
 of the hoof, are eminently serviceable in checking the tend- 
 ency to slip; the animal instinctively plants the posterior 
 portions of the foot exclusively on the ground. 
 
 " Dark hoofs are generally the best ; they owe their color 
 to the presence of minute particles of black pigment, which 
 
24 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 25 
 
 contains a notable proportion of iron, and are somewhat 
 resisting' and indestructible. 
 
 " A good hoof should have the wall unbroken, its outer 
 face smooth and even ; the angle at the front not less than 
 50°— the lower or ground face of the front hoof should be 
 nearly circular in outline — the sole slightly concave at the 
 circumference, deeper at the centre; the border of the wall 
 ought to be thick at the toe, gradually thinning toward 
 the heels, but at the inflexion or commencement of the bar 
 a strong- mass of horn should be found ; the bars should be 
 free from fracture, and the frog- moderately developed, firm 
 and solid. 
 
 " The hind foot should possess the same soundness of 
 horn, though it differs from the fore hoof in being more 
 oval in outline from the toe to the heels ; the sole is also 
 more concave, the frog smaller, and the heels not so high. 
 The horn is usually less hard and resisting- — a circum- 
 stance perhaps due to the hind feet being more frequently 
 exposed to humidity in the stable than the fore ones." 
 
 VIEW OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT. 
 
 Fig. 9 shows a foot from which the skin and flesh have 
 been taken and gives a view of the exact location of the 
 bones. A, represents the upper pastern ; B, the lower past- 
 ern ; and C,the coffin-bone. 
 
 Now in order that all the bones and joints should work 
 properly it is necessary to keep the foot at an angle of about 
 50 to 56 degrees. If we get the heel too high it is just as 
 bad as it is to get it too low. Therefore particular pains 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE- SHOEIxXG. 
 
 FIG. 10. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 27 
 
 should be taken in leveling the foot in all cases so as not to 
 allow the horse to rock one way or the other. 
 
 SECTIONAL VIEW OF FOOT AND LEG. 
 
 Fig-. 10 represents a sectional view of the foot and a por- 
 tion of the leg- of a horse. A, shows the cannon-bone at the 
 fetlock joint; B, is the upper pastern ; while C, is the coro- 
 nary or lower pastern bone ; D, is the coffin-bone ; E, the 
 navicular or nut bone ; F, represents one of the sesamoid 
 bones ; G, the sensitive frog- ; H, the sensitive sole ; i, the 
 horny sole ; J, the outside crust or wall ; K, the sensitive 
 laminae ; L, the main cord or tendon that runs up and down 
 the back of the leg ; M, shows the tendon of the extensor 
 muscle of the foot and coronary bones. It can be readily 
 seen by a careful examination of this illustration that it 
 is absolutely necessary to keep the foot at a certain angle 
 or slant, somewhere between 50 and 56 degrees, in order 
 that the joints may perform their offices properly. 
 
 DISSECTED LEG OF A HORSE. 
 
 Fig. 11 shows a foot and portion of the leg dissected, all 
 the hair and flesh being removed so as to show the tendons, 
 arteries and blood vessels. M, is the main cord or tendon 
 that runs up and down the back of the leg; N, is the ex- 
 tensor muscle of the foot ; O, shows the lateral cartilages, 
 while P represents the plantar nerve. The lower M shows 
 the sensitive laminae, while L represents the outside crust 
 or wall. 
 
28 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 29 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 HOW THE HOOF GROWS. 
 
 In any treatise on shoeing", the groivth of the hoof can- 
 not be left out of consideration, as on it the foot, in an un- 
 shod condition, depends for an efficient protection, while 
 without this process the farrier's art would quickly be of 
 
 no avail. 
 
 In its unarmed state, the hoof being exposed to contin- 
 ual wear on its lower surface, from contact with the 
 ground on which the animal stands or moves, is unceasing- 
 ly regenerated by the living tissues within. We have al- 
 ready referred to the special apparatus which is more im- 
 mediately concerned in this work of regeneration, and 
 pointed out that the wall with the laminae on its inner 
 face * is formed from the coronary cushion at the upper 
 part of the foot ; the sole from the living membrane cover- 
 ing the lower face of the pedal bone ; and the frog from the 
 plantar cushion. It has been also mentioned that this 
 dead horny envelop, instead of being merely in juxtaposi- 
 tion with this exquisitely sensitive secretory membrane, is 
 everywhere penetrated to a certain depth on its inner face 
 
 * It is generally stated that the horny leaves are formed by the sensi- 
 tive ones, with which they are in such close union. That this is an 
 error, the microscope, physiology, and pathological experience, 
 abundantly testify. 
 
30 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 (with the exception of the portion of the wall covered with 
 the horny leaves) by multitudes of minute processes named 
 villi, which are not only concerned in the growth of the 
 horn-fibres, acting- as moulds for them, and endowing the 
 hoof with that degree of lightness, elasticity, and tough- 
 ness, which arc so necessary to its efficiency, but also make 
 this insensitivo case a most useful organ of touch. 
 
 The growth of the horn takes place by the deposition 
 of new material from the secreting surface ; this deposi- 
 tion is effected at the commencement or root of the fibres ; 
 where the horn is yex> soft, and its incessant operation 
 causes these fibres to be mechanically extended or pushed 
 downward toward the ground in a mass. Once formed 
 they are submitted to no other change than that of becom- 
 ing denser, harder, less elastic, and drier, as they recede 
 farther from the surface from which they originated. 
 
 So regulated is this growth, generally, in every part of 
 the hoof, that it would appear that the secreting mem- 
 brane is endowed with an equal activity throughout. 
 
 But, though this equality in the amount of horn secreted 
 over so wide a surface is an undoubted fact, yet it must 
 not be forgotten that, under the influence of certain condi- 
 tions, the growth or descent of the corneous material may 
 be effected in an irregular manner, either through a partic- 
 ular portion of the secretory apparatus assuming a more 
 energetic activity, or being 1 hindered more or less in its 
 function. 
 
 For instance, the way in which the foot is planted on the 
 ground has a most marked influence, not only on the amount 
 of horn secreted, but also on that subjected to wear. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSESHOEING. 31 
 
 When the superincumbent weight is equally distributed 
 over the lower face of the hoof, the foot may be said to be 
 properly placed as a basis of support to the limb. But 
 when, through mismanagement or defective form, this base 
 is uneven — one side higher than the other, for example — 
 the weight must fall on the lowest part to a greater degree 
 than the highest ; thus causing not only disturbance in the 
 direction of the limb and its movements, but considerably 
 modifying the growth of the horn. This growth is dimin- 
 ished at the part subjected to most pressure — in all pro- 
 bability from the smaller quantity of blood allowed to be 
 circulated through the secretory surface ; while to the side 
 which is subjected to the least compression, the blood is 
 abundantty supplied, and the formation of the horn is con- 
 sequently augmented. This is a fact of much importance 
 and practical interest in farriery, as it demonstrates that 
 any irregularity in the distribution of the weight of the 
 body has a prejudicial effect on the secreting apparatus of 
 the organ, and, as a result, on the form of the hoof. 
 
 When the weight is evenly imposed on the foot, this 
 apparatus, being uniformly compressed throughout its ex- 
 tent, receives everywhere an equal quantity of the horn- 
 producing material. 
 
 It is the same with the wear of the hoof. A just dis- 
 position of the weight is a necessary condition of the regu- 
 larity of wear. While the animal is standing on unshod 
 hoofs, the wear of horn is slight ; it is in movement that it 
 becomes increased, and this increase is generally in pro- 
 portion to the speed, the weight carried, nature of the 
 ground, and whether its surface be wet or dry. Each por- 
 
32 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 tion of the lower face of the hoof — wall, sole, bar, and frog 
 — should take its share of wear and strain ; but it will be 
 readily understood that this cannot be properly effected if 
 the weight is thrown more upon one side than the other ; 
 that part which receives the largest share will be subjected 
 to the greatest amount of loss from wear, and this, with 
 the diminished secretion of horn, will tend to distort the 
 foot and limb still more. 
 
 In a well-formed leg and foot the degrees ol resistance 
 jf the different parts of the hoof are so well apportioned to 
 the amount of wear to be sustained, that all are equally re- 
 duced by contact with the ground, and the whole is main- 
 tained in a perfect condition as regards growth and wear. 
 
 The amount of growth, even in a well-proportioned 
 foot, varies considerably in different animals, according* to 
 the activity prevailing in, or the development of, the secret- 
 ing apparatus ; and in this respect the operations of the 
 farrier, as we will notice hereafter, are not without much 
 influence. 
 
 It may be laid down as a rule, that the horn grows 
 more rapidly in warm dry climates, than in cold wet ones ; 
 in healthy energetic animals, than in those which are soft 
 and weakly ; during exercise, than in repose ; in young, 
 than in old animals. Food, labor and shoeing, also add 
 their influence ; while the seasons are to some extent con- 
 cerned in the growth and shape of the hoof. In winter 
 it widens, becomes softer, and grows but little ; in sum- 
 mer it is condensed, becomes more rigid, concave, and 
 resisting, is exposed to severer wear, and grows more 
 rapidly ; this variation is a provision of Nature to enable 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 33 
 
 the hoof to adapt itself to the altered conditions it has 
 to meet: hard horn to hard ground, soft horn to soft 
 ground. 
 
 In this way we can account for the influence of locality 
 upon the shape of the foot. On hard, dry ground, the hoof 
 is dense, tenacious, and small, with concave sole, and a 
 little but firm frog; in marshy regions, it is large and 
 spreading, the horn soft and easily destroyed by wear, the 
 sole thin and flat, and the frog an immense spongy mass 
 which is badly fitted to receive pressure from slightly 
 hardened soil. In a dry climate, we have an animal small, 
 compact, wiry, and vigorous, traveling on a surface which 
 demands a tenacious hoof, and not one adapted to prevent 
 sinking ; in the marshy region we have a large, heavy, 
 lymphatic creature, one of whose primary requirements 
 is a foot designed to travel on a soft yielding surface. 
 Change the respective situations of these two horses, and 
 Nature immediately begins to transform them and their 
 feet. The light, excitable, vigorous horse, with its small 
 vertical hoofs and concave soles, so admirably disposed to 
 traverse rocky and slippery surfaces, is physically incom- 
 petent to exist on low-lying swamps ; while the unwieldy 
 animal, slow-paced and torpid, with afoot perfectly adapt- 
 ed to such a region — its ground face being so extensive and 
 flat that it sinks but little, and the frog developed to such 
 a degree as to resemble a ploughshare in form, which gives 
 it a grip of the soft, slippery ground— is but indifferently 
 suited for traveling on a hard, rugged surface. In pro- 
 cess of time, however, the small concave hoof expands and 
 flattens, and the large flat one gradually becomes concen- 
 
34 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 trated, hardened, and hollow, to suit the altered physical 
 conditions in which they are placed. 
 
 The degree of health possessed by the horn-secreting 
 apparatus at any time has also much to do with its activity 
 in generating" new material. When its blood-vessels be- 
 come congested or contracted from some cause or other, 
 its function is in a proportionate degree suspended, and the 
 hoof grows in an irregular manner, and may be altered in 
 thickness, texture, and quality. 
 
 In the ordinary conditions of town work and stable 
 management, I have observed that the wall of a healthy 
 foot — its chief portion, so far as farriery is concerned — 
 grows down from the coronet at the rate of about one- 
 quarter of an inch per month, and that the entire wall of a 
 medium-sized hoof has been regenerated in from nine to 
 twelve meonths. 
 
 The process of growth can be greatly accelerated and 
 exaggerated by irritating the surface which throws out the 
 horn material. Thus a blister, hot iron, or any other 
 irritant or stimulant applied to this part, will induce not 
 only a more rapid formation, but one in which increased 
 thickness is a marked feature. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 35 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 HORSE-SHOEING TO PREVENT OR CURE LAMENESS OR CORRECT 
 FAULTY ACTION. 
 
 LEVELING PLATE. 
 
 Every horse-shoer ought to have a leveling- plate. I use 
 a piece of marble say twelve inches square and two inches 
 thick. After the shoe has been fitted to the foot I then heat 
 it. By gently hammering- it on the marble slab I make it 
 perfectly level. A great many heat the shoe hot and then 
 by applying- it to the foot it is easy to see exactly which 
 portion of the hoof needs to come off. I never put a hot 
 shoe near the foot. After the shoe is made level on the 
 marble slab I then make the foot level to correspond. 
 
 FORGING. 
 
 This is a very bad habit. A horse thatforg-es continually 
 is not reg-arded as very valuable. It is not particularly 
 troublesome to overcome this habit. There are many dif- 
 ferent ideas on the subject, however. I have had horsemen 
 come into my shop and say to me, * ' If you put the front 
 shoes on too long- the horse will pull them off." I know of 
 a g-ood many horses that I have ruined, before I learned any 
 better, by putting- the shoes on too short. When too short 
 in the first place they become still shorter of course after the 
 shoes are reset. Now does it look reasonable that we oug-ht 
 
36 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 
 
 to cripple our horses in their front feet by short shoes in 
 order to keep the hind feet from striking ? Let us try to 
 find out what forging- is anyhow. It is simply that the 
 horse has more action behind than in front. The hind feet 
 are thrown forward and strike the front feet before they 
 can get out of the way. Obviously the only way to over- 
 come this trouble is to increase the action of the horse in 
 front and retard it behind. To do this I use a heavy toe- 
 weight shoe on the front foot to make the horse reach 
 farther. After the front shoe has been nailed on, take a 
 rule and measure the distance from the coronet to the 
 bottom part of the toe. Also observe the slant of the front 
 foot. Then measure the hind foot the same way and it will 
 be found in most cases that the hind foot is from £ to 1 
 inch the shortest. The shorter the foot the quicker it can 
 be raised of course. Now I place my shoe on the hind foot 
 so that the toe will project enough to make the distance 
 from the coronet to the bottom of the shoe the same as the 
 distance from the coronet to the bottom of the shoe on the 
 front foot. The longer the hind foot is the longer time it 
 takes for the horse to raise it in traveling. To set the 
 shoe back on the hind foot only makes the horse forge 
 all the more, for he is able to get his hind foot up much 
 quicker than his front foot. Then if you let the shoe 
 extend out pretty well behind and make the projecting 
 portion pretty heavy it will tend to delay the action of the 
 feet behind and prevent the horse raising his feet so high, 
 and if he does not raise his feet so high he will not of 
 course throw them so far forward and your object is 
 accomplished. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 37 
 
 TO SHOE A KNEE-SPRUNG HORSE OR A KNUCKLER. 
 
 The difficulties above mentioned are brought on by using 
 too short shoes. They may also be produced in other 
 ways. I think many horse owners contribute to bring 
 about these troubles by permitting the shoes to remain on 
 too long. Some people will never get a horse shod until 
 the shoes drop off, on account of the expense. It thus 
 happens that in many cases the shoes remain on the feet, 
 six, eight or twelve weeks. Of course the foot grows out 
 long and in climbing over this long toe with a large toe- 
 calk on the shoe the horse strains the cords and tendons of 
 the leg and when you stop him he will " go over a little " 
 as it is termed. A horse does this to ease the strain on the 
 cords of his leg and he will keep doing it more and more as 
 long as the trouble exists. After a while the cords con- 
 tract, and, failing to resume their natural position the 
 horse is knee-sprung or knuckled . It is very hard to cure 
 a knee-sprung horse, but they can be helped very much. I 
 dress the foot perfectly level as in all other cases and make 
 a good long shoe, one that will run out behind the foot say 
 one or two inches. Put on a small heel-calk with no 
 toe-calks. Nearly all horse owners when they think a 
 horse's legs are strained use some strong liniment or a 
 blister. In all cases of this sort there is a great deal 
 of fever in the legs and we want to take out the fever, 
 not put on something that will create more. Further 
 along in this work a recipe will be found for a prepara- 
 tion for sprains, soreness of the tendons or any enlarge- 
 ment of the leg. 
 
38 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 FITTING THE SHOE TO THE FOOT. 
 
 This is one of the most important points in horse-shoeing". 
 In traveling" about giving instruction to all classes of 
 people, I have found a great many so-called horse-shoers 
 who had not worked at the trade more than six months 
 perhaps. Often as quick as a man gets so that he can 
 dress a foot or fit up a shoe he calls himself a good horse- 
 shoer and will start a shop. In order to secure work it is 
 necessary for such a man to put prices down very low. In 
 my experience I have found that two-thirds of the crippled 
 horses have been made so by just such horse-shoers as I 
 have described above. I call them horse-shoers for con- 
 venience only. Some of them will never be horse-shoers. 
 Nevertheless they think when they put a shoe on, it is as 
 good work as anybody can do, and usually such men are 
 very much averse to learning how to shoe. I commenced 
 helping my father at the forge when only eleven 3^ears old 
 and have worked at the trade ever since, and I think it safe 
 to say that I shod horses fully twenty years before I really 
 knew anything about it. Now somebody will ask, how it is 
 possible that you could work so long without knowing 
 anything about horse-shoing. It is simply because I knew 
 it all in the first place. I knew so much that I did not 
 want to be told anything, and so went on year after year 
 in the same old rut doing more harm than good all the 
 time. 
 
 After I had been compelled to pay for three valuable 
 horses I spoilt by bad shoeing, it occurred to me 1 did not 
 know as much as I thought I did. Then I invested every 
 
AKTISTIC HORSE SHOEING. 39 
 
 dollar I was worth and made an effort to learn how to shoe 
 horses. I sought the best instructors I could hear of and 
 found out that I had been all wrong in what I had been 
 doing. 
 
 No man should be permitted to shoe a horse who has not 
 passed an examination by a competent board appointed for 
 the purpose. He should be compelled to study the horse's 
 foot and understand it before being permitted to set a shoe. 
 
 A great many horse owners ruin their horses by taking 
 them to men who know nothing whatever about the 
 anatomy of the foot. The main idea of the average horse 
 owner seems to be to seek out and patronize the man who 
 will shoe the cheapest and make the shoes stay the longest, 
 and they don't hesitate to call such a man a good horse- 
 shoer. Very few probably know that a valuable horse 
 may be completely ruined by an incompetent man in two 
 or three shoeings. Some horses will stand poor shoeing 
 for quite a while, but in the end they are sure to be injured. 
 
 " No frog, no foot; no foot, no horse," is a true saying. 
 I claim that no horse should go over four weeks without 
 having the shoes removed and the dry feverish growth of 
 the hoof rasped away; that portion that would wear out 
 naturally if the horse was not shod at all. 
 
 GETTING THE ANGLE OF THE FOOT. 
 
 When I have a horse to shoe I try and ascertain the cor- 
 rect angle of the foot to start with. Then dress the foot 
 perfectly level in all cases, aiming not to have one side any 
 higher than the other. I do not cut away the bars or 
 braces as I did in the days gone by, neither do I cut the 
 
40 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 frog-, which is the natural cushion of the foot, taking off the 
 the concussion caused by the striking' of the foot on the 
 ground. In the natural state the frog- is shed every three 
 months and should not be cut at all. If cut the pores will 
 open and the natural moisture is permitted to dry out and 
 the frog" becomes hard. Cutting* the frog- will injure the 
 growth of the foot materially. I never touch the frog 
 except to cut off the ragged edges as they are being shed. 
 The nearer the frog can come to the ground the better. 
 
 When large calks are used and the foot raised from the 
 ground all the bearing on the frog is removed, causing he 
 foot to draw up, the heels to draw in, and in a short time 
 you have a bad case of contraction on hand. 
 
 In taveling about I have a wagon that with its contents 
 weighs not less than 4,800 lbs., and this is pulled over hills 
 and the roughest country roads without any calks on the 
 front feet of my horses. The front feet of a horse act very 
 much as the forward trucks of a locomotive. They carry 
 about two-thirds of a horse's weight. The hind feet and 
 legs are the propelling power which throws the animal 
 forward when in motion. 
 
 If calks are desired they should be put on the hind feet. 
 I never put on a hind shoe without a little heel calk. It 
 helps take the strain off the tendons. If a flat shoe is used 
 in front it can be made shorter when calked. If flat let the 
 shoe extend back as far as the crust of the hoof. When 
 the shoe is flat it permits the frog to come to the ground 
 and all the cords and tendons of the leg are receiving their 
 proper support. If we put on calks and take the frog 
 away from the ground it will be necessary to make the shoe 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 41 
 
 at least from one-half to one inch longer. If this is not 
 done the horse will have a tendency to rock back and then 
 this causes knee springing" or knuckling. 
 
 Short shoes are a great mistake in shoeing horses with 
 calks. 
 
 BAR SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 12 shows a bar shoe which is the nearest approach to 
 
 Fig. 12.— Bar Shoe. 
 
 nature in my opinion that we can get. When no shoes are 
 used the weight of the animal comes largely on the frog 
 which< as is well known, acts as a sort of cushion to relieve 
 the pressure on the foot. When a bar shoe is used in shoe- 
 ing, the bar presses on the frog and we get practically the 
 
42 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 same effect as though the horse were traveling- without 
 shoes. 
 
 I suppose that I had shod horses for twenty years, more 
 or less, before I knew why bar shoes were necessary. Of 
 course when a man makes and applies a shoe which he does 
 not know the use of, he naturally is liable to many faults in 
 construction. Some people condemn bar shoes but it is be- 
 cause they do not know their uses, or how to make them, or 
 how to put them on. 
 
 A man must know in the first place that the horse 
 brought to him to be shod needs a bar shoe. He must un- 
 derstand the exact condition that the foot is in and what 
 sort of a bar shoe is best for that particular condition. 
 Sometimes we find horses with soft frogs and in other cases * 
 they have hard frogs. Now formerly I did not know but I 
 could put on a bar shoe as well with a hard frog as with a 
 soft frog. Right here let me explain the secret of success 
 with bar shoes. If the frog is soft so that you can move it 
 easily with your hands it will bear all the pressure which 
 you can get from the bar shoe, but if if- is dried up and hard 
 it will not do to apply a bar shoe until some measures have 
 been taken to soften the frog, otherwise the pressure on the 
 hard frog will be so strong as to push the frog up into the 
 sensitive portion of the foot and lame the horse. Of course 
 the object of a bar shoe in all cases is. to remove the bearing 
 from the heels where there is tenderness arising either from 
 corns or from hard pounding on pavements or hard roads. 
 
 In cases where the frog is hard it can be softened by soak- 
 ing the feet for a time in warm water and applying* warm 
 flaxseed meal poultices at night until the foot is brought 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 43 
 
 into its proper condition. I use this particular shoe for 
 all bad cases of contraction or where, as some shoers term 
 it, the foot is hoof bound. I rasp the points of the heels down 
 so that when the shoe is on there is a little space between the 
 heels and the shoe, the pressure of the bar coming- on the 
 frog-. When the horse steps the weight comes on the bar, 
 the bar presses on the frog- and the frog will settle enough 
 to let the heels down easily upon the shoe. Under these 
 circumstances of course the heel will naturally expand more 
 or less and the contraction after a time be relieved. 
 
 I am not in favor of artificial spreaders of any kind. I 
 believe the frog to be the best spreader in the world. 
 
 No clip is used whatever and in fact I have not put a clip 
 on any shoe in the last six years. Many shoers seem to 
 think they cannot get along without using side clips and toe 
 clips. Wherever a clip is used it is necessary, of course, to 
 cut through the outside wall. The clip rests on the sensi- 
 tive laminae and every time a horse strikes anything hard 
 there is irritation of the blood vessels, arteries and nerves. 
 If we dress the foot perfectly level, fitting the shoes cold 
 and using a good nail there is no trouble in making them 
 stay on longer in fact than they ought to stay. 
 
 No horse should keep shoes on over four or five weeks at 
 the outside without having them removed and the dry fe- 
 verish overgrowth cut awa}\ 
 
 TOE TIPS. 
 
 Fig. 13 represents a toe tip. This form of shoe comes 
 the nearest to nature of any one made. By its use it will 
 be seen that the quarters and frog come in contact with the 
 
44 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 ground. I claim that the frog* is the best spreader of the 
 foot m"the world. I never use any artificial spreader de- 
 pending" entirely on the frog to do the business. In all bad 
 cases of contraction either use the toe tip, the bar, or the 
 double half -bar, and let the frog come in contact with the 
 ground. This shoe should be made of f-inch steel and as 
 thick towards the quarters as towards the toe. Be sure 
 
 Fig. 13.— Toe Tip. 
 
 and fit it to the foot. After it is fitted, mark just as far 
 back as it goes and notch in the hoof and set the tip in. By 
 this means the toe is kept down to the same level as the 
 heels and quarters. By slanting the tip towards the heels 
 the toe is raised too high and lets the horse rock too far 
 back, straining the main cords and tendons and in a short 
 time the horse will be knee-sprung. 
 
 I have used this toe tip right on the pavements in the 
 cities of Scranton, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Binghamton, New 
 York City, and in other places two numerous to mention, 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE- SHOEING. 45 
 
 with the most satisfactory results. Some horses will not 
 stand it, but others will. 
 
 HALF-BAR SHOE FOR THE FRONT FOOT. 
 
 Fig. 14 represents a half-bar shoe. This shoe can be made 
 from machine-made shoes sometimes, but generally I turn 
 
 Fig. 14.— Half-Bar Shoe. 
 
 my own shoes. A, shows the point where the bend should 
 be made to form the half-bar. Shape the shoe so that the 
 half -bar will press on one-half of the frog-. In cases where 
 one quarter is broken down or wired in, this shoe can be 
 set to very great advantage. The other side of the shoe of 
 course should be shaped in the usual way. 
 
 In cases of bad quarter crack where tbe trouble is all on 
 one side I use this shoe. I also use it for bad cases of corns. 
 
46 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 
 
 In shoeing either for quarter cracks or corns I do not let 
 the quarters touch the shoe. When the quarter grows out 
 or the shoe has pressed down so that the quarter touches, 
 the shoe should be removed and a sufficient amount of hoof 
 removed to keep the shoe from touching- the quarter. Any 
 
 Fig. 15.— Toe- Weight Shoe. 
 
 quarter, crack or corn, can be removed if the pressure is 
 kept on the frog and away from the seat of disturbance. 
 
 TOE- WEIGHT SHOES. 
 
 Fig. 15 represents a shoe with a toe- weight. It is made 
 out of heavy iron, say one inch or one-and-a-quarter inches 
 by one-and-a-half inches. Fuller at A to the thickness 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 47 
 
 you want, then draw out the heels as light as you wish 
 them to be. 
 
 I prefer this shoe to any toe-weight placed on the foot, 
 and I believe that the action of any horse can be increased 
 with this shoe, and the horse can be balanced quicker and 
 easier than by the toe-weights on the top of the foot. 
 
 Fig. 16.— Toe-Weight Shoe (Concaved). 
 
 Some horse men object to having a horse carry the 
 weight in the shoe. Now reason will tell you if a horse 
 carries the weight continually he will get used to it and it 
 will not tire him or strain the cords of his legs ; but if we 
 give the horse all his work to do with light shoes and when 
 we come to speed him, put on extra weights on the top of 
 
48 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 the foot he may be able to go, say, a half mile all right, but 
 in trotting a full mile is liable to strain the cords of his legs, 
 because his muscle has not been cultivated up to the point 
 of carrying this extra weight successfully. 
 
 I consider this the best shoe ever made to balance the 
 action of pacers. By this I mean, if you want a pacer to 
 trot use this form of a toe-weight with a side- weight behind. 
 By shoeing in this way I can convert any pacer into a 
 trotter when it is thought desirable to do so. In many 
 cases heavy horses that pace can be made to trot faster 
 than they can pace. With light horses it often happens 
 that they can pace faster than they can trot, so that it is 
 not alwa3^s desirable to change their action. 
 
 Fig. 16 is a toe-weight shoe concaved on the ground sur- 
 face, the object being to prevent the horse from throwing 
 gravel in the eyes of the driver. 
 
 SHOE TO PREVENT INTERFERING. 
 
 jPig. 17 represents a front foot shoe for interfering horses. 
 There is no question in regard to stopping any interfering 
 horse with this shoe. The main secret in overcoming inter- 
 ference is to get a direct side weight. All the weight that 
 passes the point of the frog on the other side deadens the 
 weight we have on the outside and tends to overcome the 
 attempt to produce a side- weight shoe. This point should 
 be carefully remembered. 
 
 In making this shoe I take say, ten inches of iron for the 
 shoe and bring it out of the fire with one-half of it hot. I 
 use my fuller just half way, fullering down as thin as I 
 want it. Then with the hammer draw the inside web out, 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 49 
 
 next bend the toe one-half and then go back to the heavy- 
 side, finish, fuller, crease it and punch the holes. After 
 this return to the light side of the shoe and finish that. 
 This gives a direct side weight to the front foot. 
 With front foot shoes it is necessary to increase the web 
 
 Fig. 17.— Front Shoe for Interfering. 
 
 on the inside because we must have a wider web on the 
 inside than we do with hind foot shoes. 
 
 There is no guess work in regard to this shoe if you only 
 get weight enough. If you use one of these shoes and it 
 fails to prevent interfering all you have to do is to increase 
 the weight of the web until you get enough to overbalance 
 the foot and accomplish your purpose. 
 
 Incase a horse swings and travels too wide in front I use 
 
50 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 
 
 the same style of shoe, but put the weight on the inside. In 
 all cases of ordinary interfering- the weight should be put on 
 the outside of the foot, with the exception of the shoe de- 
 scribed in Fig. 19. 
 
 HIND SHOE FOR INTERFERING. 
 Fig. 18 shows a hind shoe for interfering or widening the 
 action of a horse when it is inclined to rock or shuffle. 
 
 Fig. 18.— Hind Shoe for Interfering*. 
 
 I use this shoe in all cases of interfering. 
 
 Be particular not to permit the side weight to run around 
 the point of the frog. If you try the shoes made in this way 
 and they do not seem to accomplish the purpose desired, 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 51 
 
 increase the weight and keep on increasing- until the action 
 desired is secured. 
 
 If the horse hitches or runs behind (sometimes called 
 single footing) use this shoe. If you get weight enough 
 you will stop him. It requires weight to balance any horse, 
 and when you get weight enough you will balance him. 
 
 Fig. 19. —Side- Weight Shoe. 
 SIDE-WEIGHT SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 19 represents a side- weight shoe to be used in all 
 cases where horses have had a knee or ankle broken and 
 the legs bend in. Then the weight should be put on the in- 
 side on the crooked leg. This tends to throw the fo^ + 
 inward and consequently to straighten the knee. 
 
52 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 On the sound leg- I put the weight on the outside in all 
 cases. This shoe I have used with g , ood results a great 
 many different times. 
 
 SHOE FOR KNEE-KNOCKING. 
 
 Fig. 20 shows a shoe with an outside weight extended 
 
 Fig. 20.— Shoe for Knee-Knocking. 
 
 around one-half of the foot. This shoe I use in bad cases of 
 knee-knocking. The illustration shows the ground surface 
 of the shoe made for the right front foot. As the horse 
 swings out and strikes this outside weight the foot natur- 
 al! v has a tendency to strike on the inside of the toe, which 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 53 
 
 it will be seen is not creased and has no nail hoies. The 
 effect of this shoe is to make the horse carry his feet out- 
 ward and away from the other foot, preventing- the knock- 
 ing- of the knees together. 
 
 Make a little crease on the inside of the heel and use three 
 nails, as shown in Fig. 20. 
 
 Fig. 21.— Side- Weight and Bar Combined. 
 
 The dotted lines show the position of the foot. All that 
 portion of the shoe outside the dotted lines of course will be 
 entirely outside of the foot. 
 
 I made the first one of these shoes that was ever made, 
 and have corrected more than one hundred cases of knee- 
 knocking horses. I have shod horses in twenty-one differ- 
 
54 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 ent States and three Territories and never saw such a shoe 
 until I made it. 
 This shoe can be used with perfect safety. 
 
 COMBINED SIDE -WEIGHT AND BAR. 
 
 Fig". 21 represents a side- weight and a bar combined. In 
 
 Fig. 22.— Four-Calk Shoe. 
 
 case your horse needs a bar shoe and you want to use a 
 side-weight to widen his action or to stop him from inter- 
 fering, this shoe will accomplish the purpose, but be care- 
 ful and not let the side weight pass the front of the frog. 
 Keep the most of the weight on one side of the shoe and get 
 t on exactly opposite where the horse hits. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 55 
 
 You will never fail to correct a case of interfering- with 
 this shoe if you only have weight enough. 
 
 FOUR-CALK SHOE FOR RING-BONES, SPAVINS, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 22 shows a four-calk shoe to be used on horses 
 having ring-bones, curbs, spavins or sore tendons. In fact 
 this shoe may be used with almost any horse that is lame 
 and for whom it is painful to travel with a high toe-calk. 
 With the four-calk shoe the horse has a level foundation 
 and equal bearing, and when he picks up his foot he has no 
 toe-calk to climb over, he simply rolls over the front calk 
 as it were. 
 
 A horse with ring-bones, curbs or spavins will hardly 
 limp with this style of shoe, where he can scarcely hobble 
 along on an ordinary three-calk shoe. 
 
 In all cases where anything- is the matter with a horse's 
 foot I raise the heel more than I do the toe and oftentimes 
 no toe-calk at all is a great deal better. 
 
 The closer we keep the foot to the ground the better it is 
 in all cases. 
 
 IMPROVED SHOE FOR TENDER FEET. 
 
 Fig. 23. Mr. Wm. H. Russell, the author of "Scientific 
 Horse-Shoeing," first constructed and used this shoe. His 
 description of it is as follows: "This shoe is made of steel 
 and is well concaved on the ground surface. The bars are 
 made so as to fit upon the bars of the foot and bear weight 
 as the unshod hoof does in a state of nature, preventing 
 bruises in the heels and quarter cracks. I have tested this 
 
56 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE SHOEING. 
 
 shoe on horses that were quite sore and lame, successfully. 
 In making this shoe the bars are sprung down from the 
 heel to their points on the ground surface about one-half 
 inch. The effect of this is to soften and mellow the jar. If 
 the shoe is well tempered it will allow the bars to spring with 
 the horse's weight, and will be found one of the best devices 
 
 Fig. 23.— Shoe for Tender Feet. 
 
 possible to relieve the effects of concussion in .tender-footed 
 horses as well as to quicken the action in trotters, leaving 
 the frog firm and unimpaired to perform its important 
 functions of cushioning the foot and shielding the sensitive 
 parts from injury." 
 
 EXTENSION CALK SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 24 shows a three-calk shoe with an extension toe at 
 A. If the horse is inclined to pull his load from one out- 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE- SHOEING. 
 
 57 
 
 side point of his toe, let the toe calk extend over as at A. 
 Then when the calk strikes at A it is necessary for the ani- 
 mal to settle square down on his feet and go directly over 
 at the toe. 
 In the case of a great many horses the outside quarters 
 
 Fig. 24— Extension Calk Shoe. 
 
 and calk will wear off while the inside will wear very lit- 
 tle. 
 
 By the use of this kind of a shoe all this is prevented and 
 the horse must travel perfectly square, whether he is a 
 heavy draught horse or a light road horse. 
 
58 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 FRONT FOOT FLAT SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 25 represents a flat front shoe made out of inch by 
 half -inch iron. Crease all around the toe. 
 
 This shoe is made perfectly flat on the ground surface 
 
 Fig. 25.— Front Foot Flat Shoe. 
 
 and is as good a shoe as can be used on front feet. The 
 nearer we keep the feet to the ground the better. 
 
 Fig. 26 represents the foot surface of the shoe shown in 
 Fig. 25 , and also gives a clear idea of the concavity of this 
 side of the shoe. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 59 
 
60 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 CONCAVE SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 27 represents a common front shoe concaved so as to 
 prevent picking- up gravel. The shoe is made from one 
 inch by one-half inch iron, or you can use any weight of 
 
 Fig. 28.— Shoe to Make a Horse Travel Square. 
 
 iron that may be needed. If the horse is quick of action 
 the use of this shoe will prevent his throwing gravel into 
 the face of the driver. It is also a good shoe to prevent 
 the balling of snow in winter, as snow cannot stick to it 
 very well. 
 
 SHOE TO MAKE A HORSE TRAVEL SQUARE. 
 Fig. 28 represents a shoe designed to make any horse 
 travel square. Some horses travel all on one side and one 
 
ARTISTIC HORSESHOEING. 61 
 
 side of the foot does not seem to grow because the animal 
 strikes so hard on that side that it kills the growth of the 
 horn. In applying this shoe first level the foot, of course 
 as near as possible. Then measure the slant of the foot 
 that goes the fastest, afterwards measure the slant of the 
 
 Fig. 29.— Shoe with Plate Attached. 
 
 other foot and you will find that it will be necessary to let 
 the shoe on the slow foot extend out on the side so as to 
 have the same bearing from the centre of the coffin-bone on 
 both sides of the foot. Then make the shoe as shown 
 in Fig. 28 and you will have an equal bearing on both 
 sides. 
 
62 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 SHOE, WITH PLATE ATTACHED, FOR DROPPED SOLES. 
 
 Fig-. 29 represents a shoe with a plate fitted into it which 
 I use in all cases of dropped soles. The object of the plate 
 is to take all the bearing- off of the outer crust or wall. The 
 dropped sole occurs g-enerally in large heavy horses. In 
 using ordinary shoes the concavity of the bearing surface 
 throws all the weight upon the wall and very little of the 
 shoe touches the sole. The result of this is that the sole 
 
 Fig. 30.— Stifle Shoe. 
 
 keeps dropping down. In using the shoe illustrated in Fig. 
 29, apply hoof ointment and a packing of oakum so that 
 the shoe will not bear hard on the wall. This will hold the 
 sole up and take the strain off t)f the wall and in time the 
 sole will g-o back to its proper place. It is sometimes a 
 good plan to apply a blister around the coronet to force the 
 growth of the foot and soften it up. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 63 
 
 STIFLE SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 30 represents a stifle shoe. There is an old saying 
 that "my horse has got a stifle out." I was born, you 
 might say, a blacksmith, and I have heard my father say 
 many a time that he had got to go out and put the old 
 horse's stifle in. Now I don't think the old gentleman ever 
 saw a horse with a stifle out. 
 
 We have what we call stifle difficulties, but if the horse 
 gets his stifle out he will never do any more work. To get 
 the stifle out he has got to break a band of bone like the 
 knee-pan in man, and after this bone is broken it can 
 never be replaced. 
 
 There are cords and muscles that draw over the stifle 
 the same way as they do over the knuckles of the hand and 
 it is these that slip and get out of place, and to cure such 
 troubles a shoe is used made in the style shown in the illus- 
 tration. This is to be put on the well foot, the object being 
 to make the horse stand on the crippled foot and hold his 
 cords and muscles in their places until they are relaxed. 
 
 Before using this shoe it is necessar} 7 to be very careful V 
 ascertain that the trouble with the horse relates to the 
 stifle. I have frequently seen cases where owners of horses 
 thought that the stifle was out of place and the only trou- 
 ble was that the horse had been pricked with a nail. 
 
 FLAT TROTTING PLATE. 
 
 Fig. 31 shows a flat trotting plate or a shoe for pacers ; 
 can be made in the same style with light steel. With pa- 
 
b* ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 cers it is necessary to pursue exactly the opposite course to 
 what is necessary with trotters. 
 
 As a general thing- the lighter the shoe the faster a 
 pacer will travel. I make pacers shoes down as low as 4 
 oz. and from that up to whatever size it may appear neces- 
 sary for the horse to carry. Alwaj^s punch your nail holes 
 as near the toes as possible with all light shell horses. 
 
 Fig. 31.— Flat Trotting Plate. 
 
 colt's shoe. 
 
 Fig. 32 shows a colt's shoe. The first two or three years 
 a colt is shod more pains should be taken with the shoes 
 than is required afterwards. A colt's foot is like the foot 
 of a growing boy. It is not very strong and it does not 
 take but a little to get it twisted and warped out of shape. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 65 
 
 One great trouble with horsemen is this. They will go 
 into a blacksmith's shop and say to the blacksmith: " I want 
 some old shoes put on the colt, because I want something 
 light.' ' By such a plan as this it is frequently the case that 
 you get a 16-oz. shoe on one foot and a 10 or 12-oz. shoe on 
 the other, and the result is that the colt is unbalanced and 
 
 Fig. 32.— Colt's Shoe. 
 
 in a little while he is interfering, and soon g*ets to forging 
 perhaps. 
 
 Now we should equalize the weight of the shoes, getting 
 them as near the same weight as possible on both front feet, 
 and as near as possible the same weight on both hind feet. 
 
 To make the shoe represented in the illustration, take 
 common half round iron, say f or | inch wide and 
 don't crease it at all. They can be shaped around the horn 
 
Oti ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 of the anvil and made almost as fast as a hen can pick up 
 corn. 
 
 Dovetail the nails in and make everything" perfectly 
 smooth. With this style of shoe a colt will have shoes of 
 equal weight and is not likely to g-et into the habit of inter- 
 fering or forging-. I consider them the best shoes which can 
 be put upon a colt. 
 
 Fig. 33.— Hind Shoe with Three Caj^ks. 
 HIND SHOE WITH THREE CALKS. 
 
 Fig. 33 shows a shoe with three calks. It is made the 
 same as any common shoe, having three calks. It is used 
 in cases where horses have heavy pulling to do. 
 
 I always make low calks. In most cases horse-shoers 
 g"et the calks too high, which causes a rocking" and wrench- 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 67 
 
 mg motion that produces more or less strain and injury 
 to the tendons. Be careful in applying- this shoe, as in 
 other cases, to have the foot perfectly level. 
 
 TOE-WEIGHT AND SIDE-WEIGHT COMBINED. 
 
 Fig. 34 represents a toe-weight and side- weight combined. 
 
 Fig. 34.— Toe- Weight and Side-Weight Combined. 
 
 When it is desired to increase the action of a horse in front, 
 the toe- weight should be used, and if it is desired to have 
 the same horse travel a little wider, use the side-weight 
 also ; forging one side so the weight will extend about a... 
 inch further towards the heel than the other. 
 
68 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 
 
 In case the horse swings his feet outward use the heaviest 
 weight on the inside of the foot, which has a tendency to 
 .draw the foot hack and make the animal travel square. If 
 he throws his feet too close together the additional weight 
 
 Fig. 35.— Shoe to Prevent Paddling and Knocking. 
 
 should be used on the outside of the foot, the object being 
 to make the horse spread his feet in traveling. 
 
 The same shoe may also be used to correct what is called 
 weaving, or where a horse throws his feet in traveling out- 
 ward and inward in a sort of weaving motion. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 69 
 
 This shoe makes a very good toe- weight and side- weight 
 combined. It can be calked or not as may be required. 
 
 SHOE TO PREVENT PADDLING AND KNEE-KNOCKING. 
 
 Fig. 35. This shoe is made out of inch by half-inch iron, 
 
 Fig. 36. — Foot-Bearing Surface of Fig. 35. 
 
 creased all the way around, and should be used in all cases 
 of paddling. 
 
 The great trouble with many horses and knee-knockers is, 
 that they strike on the outside point of the toe. Take any 
 common shoe at the point indicated by A, say, weld on a 
 
70 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 projection of half an inch to three-quarters of an inch in 
 length. It ma}^ be an inch longer if necessary. As the 
 horse strikes this projection in traveling* he swings over 
 and settles on the inside point of his toe. When this is 
 
 Fig. 37.— Rolling Motion Toe- Weight Shoe. 
 
 accomplished it is necessary for him to swing his foot out. 
 
 I have stopped very bad cases of knee-knockers with this 
 shoe and have had no trouble with it made exactly as re- 
 presented in Fig. 35. 
 
 Always be careful to make the foot level in all cases, 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 71 
 
 when shoeing" for different diseases and the correction ot 
 bad habits. 
 
 Fig". 36 shows the foot-bearing surface of Fig. 35, as 
 well as the concavity which it is necessary to give to the 
 
 Fig. 38.— Rolling Motion Shoe. 
 
 toe inside, and the position of the nail holes. It also shows 
 where the spur is welded on. 
 
 ROLLING MOTION TOE-WEIGHT SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 37 represents a shoe having a toe-weight and a rol- 
 ling motion combined. This shoe tends to increase the 
 
72 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 action in the fore-legs of the horse, the rolling* motion 
 making it easy for him to travel. A, shows the bottom 
 of the shoe which is not creased, the nails being dove-tailed 
 in so that the heads will set perfectly smooth with the 
 surface of a shoe when it is on. B, is a sectional view of A, 
 and shows the method of constructing the toe, revealing 
 the convexity of the ground side.' 
 
 ROLLING MOTION SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 38 represents the rolling motion carried to an ex- 
 treme. This shoe should be used in bad cases of stumbling. 
 It should be made out of inch by half inch iron. Do not 
 draw the inside web at all, but leave it the full thickness, 
 forge the outside edge and crease to the shape shown in the 
 illustration. This will give the horse action and makes 
 him raise his feet higher so that when he sets them down 
 there is nothing to impede his movements, as would be the 
 case with an ordinary toe. This shoe, represented by A in 
 the engraving, should be made flat in all cases. B, is a 
 sectional view showing the slant and proper curve for the 
 toe. 
 
 DOUBLE HALF-BAR SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 39 shows what is termed a double half-bar. This is 
 designed to take the place of a full bar, and the method of 
 construction will be seen by an inspection of A, which shows 
 a completed shoe. Half bars are attached and curl around 
 each side of the frog, relieving the heels of all undue ores- 
 sure. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 73 
 
 B and (7, show sectional views of the bars, giving an idea 
 of their construction and thickness. 
 
 In all cases of corns on both sides I have used this shoe 
 with great success. 
 
 It has also proved very successful in all cases of contrac- 
 tion. The shoe should not be allowed to touch at the heels. 
 
 Fig. 39.— Double Half-Bar Shop. 
 
 The foot should be dressed perfectly level with the ex- 
 ception of what is taken off from the heels to prevent the 
 shoe bearing and touching on the quarters. 
 
 When the quarters get crowded down so that they touch 
 the shoe, it should be removed and the quarters cut down 
 
74 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 again so as to relieve the pressure. This shoe can be calked 
 the same as any bar shoe if necessary, but the closer we 
 keep the diseased foot to the ground, the better it will be, 
 and the sooner it will get into good condition. 
 
 Fig. 40.— Side-Weight and Toe- Weight Combined. 
 
 SIDE-WEIGHTS AND TOE-WEIGHTS COMBINED. 
 Fig. 40 shows a side-weight and toe- weight combined. I 
 use this shoe in balancing the action of all horses. If the 
 horse is inclined to hobble or hitch I use r-his shoe on the 
 hind foot and increase the weight. There is no question as 
 to the good results of applying this shoe to any horse if 
 you get weight enough. If the first shoe fails to produce 
 the proper result, increase the web, always placing the 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 75 
 
 weight on the outside of the foot. I use a very light heel 
 and no toe-calks. On the hind shoes of all speeding horses, 
 and generally on light driving horses, I always use small 
 heels, then when a horse reaches out the heel gives him a 
 firm grip on the ground so that he will not be likely to slip or 
 
 Fig. 41.— Rolling Motion Shoe. 
 
 strain himself. A, shows the completed shoe ; while B, gives 
 an idea of style of the calk used. 
 
 ROLLING MOTION SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 41 is a rolling motion shoe. The advantage of this 
 shoe is that it increases the action of a trotter and quickens 
 
76 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 his pace. In a common flat shoe a horse has to keep climb- 
 ing- from the time he raises his heels to the time he gets 
 over the point of his toe. With this shoe the rolling motion 
 
 Fig. 42.— Front Shoe with Three Calks. 
 
 comes in the moment he begins to raise his heels. A, repre- 
 sents the bottom of a completed shoe; while B, shows a 
 sectional view giving a clear idea of the necessary roll, to- 
 gether with the position of the creases. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 n 
 
 FRONT SHOE WITH THREE CALKS. 
 
 Fig*. 42 represents a common front shoe with three calks. 
 This shoe is made the same as any ordinary shoe with the 
 exception that the calks are made lower, as with low calks 
 the foot can be kept in better condition than with high calks. 
 
 Fig. 43.— Half-Bar and Side-Weight Combined. 
 
 As a general thing I do not approve of making the calks of 
 any shoes over half an inch high. Many people are apt to 
 want high calks. The higher the calk the more rack and 
 strain there is. More ring-bones, curbs and spavins are 
 brought about by the feet rocking on high calks than by 
 anything else. A> represents the complete shoe ; while B, 
 
78 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 shows a sectional view of the height and shape of the calk. 
 I always make the toe-calk a little bit the lowest. 
 
 HALF-BAR AND SIDE-WEIGHT COMBINED. 
 
 Fig-. 43 represents a side-weight and half-bar shoe com- 
 bined. When it is necessary to widen the action of a 
 trotting- horse, this side-weight is used, and in case the 
 quarter of the same foot has grown in and wired under, the 
 half-bar is used, covering just half of the frog. This will 
 spread out the quarter to where it is wanted. B, shows 
 the thickness of the half-bar as it rests on the frog. 
 
 It should be borne carefully in mind that the bar only 
 touches and presses on half of the frog. It will not do to 
 extend it clear across the frog. This shoe should be used 
 in all cases of broken down quarters, or corns, or quarter 
 cracks. 
 
 A PLAIN HIND SHOE. 
 
 Fig. 44 shows a plain hind shoe. On light driving horses 
 I use no toe-calk. This shoe should be made of steel. 
 Turn up a very light heel, in all cases making the weight 
 as nearly as possible equal on both sides. When this style 
 of shoe is used for road horses the}^ should be made very 
 long. The shoe should project at least one inch back of the 
 foot, the object being to support the main cords and tendons 
 and the ankle joints. This takes off all concussions and 
 will prevent knuckling. In case a horse is inclined to 
 knuckle, a good long shoe should be used and the heel 
 should be raised. Use the same style of shoe for the front 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 79 
 
 foot as for the hind foot. That is as long" a shoe as would 
 be used in difficulties of knee-sprung- animals. Knuckling 
 and knee-springing is brought on by straining the tendons 
 and cords. To give the animal relief, of course the strain 
 must be taken off. A, shows the complete shoe ; while B, 
 represents a sectional view with the heel properly turned up. 
 
 Fig. 44.— Plain Hind Shoe. 
 
 PLATE FOR RUNNING HORSES. 
 
 Fig. 45 is a plate for running- horses. It is made of 
 steel, very light, and varies in weight according to the size 
 of the horse to which it is to be applied. I make them as 
 light as If oz. and from that up to 4 ozs., according to 
 the weight the horse is desig-ned to carry. They are made 
 
80 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 with four nails on a side and placed as shown in the engrav- 
 ing". No calks whatever are used on the plate, the object 
 
 Fig. 45.— Plate for Running Horses. 
 
 being to use as light a shoe as is compatible with a proper 
 protection of the foot. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 81 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 CLINCHING TOOL. 
 
 In this connection (Fig. 46) is described one of the most 
 useful little tools which I have ever handled. It is used 
 instead of a rasp for cutting- out the small portion of hoof 
 driven outward by the nail, and interfering unless it is re- 
 moved with proper clinching. This bit of hoof is usually 
 rasped out, but in rasping it a portion of the hoof on each 
 
 Fig. 46.— Clinching Tool. 
 
 ide of the nail is cut away to clinch the nail. The tool in 
 question will gouge out just enough hoof to admit of the 
 nail clinching in good shape. Rasping or filing under the 
 nail weakens the walls of the foot and it is far better to re- 
 move the small portion of hoof necessary by this clinching 
 tool. 
 
 HANDLING BRIDLE. 
 
 I shoe all kickers, and handle all ugly horses with this 
 bridle. Any open bridle can be converted into this kind of 
 bridle by means of the Rockwell Bit. No. 1 in Fig. 47 
 represents the nose piece, which is 18 inches long and is 
 
82 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 attached to the side pieces ; and after it is on the horse you 
 can take it up so that it will fit. This piece should always 
 be made 18 inches long so as to double it in attaching' to the 
 
 Fig. 47. —Handling Bridle. 
 
 bridle. No. 2 in the illustration is 24 inches long-, running* 
 from No. 1, to the top of the bridle. No. 1 shows where 
 the rope should always be tied. Then let it run over the 
 neck as indicated at No. 4, then down through the ring in 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 83 
 
 the bit at No. 5. This rope should be half an inch in diam- 
 eter and 12 feet long-. It may not be necessary to use it as 
 long- as this ordinarily, but in bad cases it may often come 
 in handy. I handled an ugly horse in this way. I put on 
 the bridle and take him out doors where I can have plenty 
 of room. Step to one side and give him a sharp pull. Every 
 time you pull say "whoa." Then try the same tactics on the 
 other side. When you get on the other side he will be 
 likely to follow you. If he does you may know he is think- 
 ing of the bit. Draw up the rope tight and have some one 
 hold it, then pick up his foot and if he does not stand drop 
 the foot and give him a few more strong pulls of the rope. 
 You will find that he will not think very much about kick- 
 ing, but his mind will be on the bridle and there will not be 
 time for him to telegraph back to his heels to kick. 
 
 DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY OF THE HORSE. 
 
 The two parts of the head of the horse which correspond 
 to the temples in man are above the eyes. The orbit, which 
 is forn#d of seven bones, four cranial and three facial 
 bones, contains the globe of the eye. On the inner angle is 
 situated the haw, shown at A in the engraving. 
 
 At B, the eye-pits are indicated. These are the indenta 
 tions which are located between the ear and the eye and 
 above the eye-brows. 
 
 C, represents the front of the head or the face from the 
 eyes to the nostrils. This portion corresponds to the upper 
 part of a man's nose. 
 
 The neck of the horse is designated by the word crest, 
 
ARTISTIC HORSESHOEING. 85 
 
 and is shown at D in the engraving-. The crest comprises 
 all that portien of the neck covered by the mane. 
 
 E, is the forelock or that portion of the mane which 
 naturally falls over the forehead between the eyes. 
 
 The withers indicated at F is the spot where the shoul- 
 ders meet. 
 
 The chest is shown at G, and is that part which is in front 
 between the shoulders and below the throat. 
 
 The back is shown at H. It commences at the withers, F, 
 and extends along" the spine as far as the crupper. 
 
 The space between the back, H, and the stomach, J, is 
 called the barrel. 
 
 The flanks lie at the extremity of the stomach and extend 
 as far as the hip bones. 
 
 M, represents the shoulder, while N indicates the arm. 
 
 0, is the knee-joint. This corresponds to the wrist in 
 man. 
 
 P, is the shank. It commences at the knee-joint and cor- 
 responds to the Metacarpus in man. 
 
 Behind the shank is a tendon which extends from one end 
 to the other and is called the back sinew. 
 
 Q, is the fetlock-joint. The fetlock itself is a tuft of hair 
 covering- a sort of soft, horny excrescence, which is called 
 the ergot. 
 
 R, shows where the two pastern bones are located and is 
 that portion of the leg- between the fetlock-joint and the 
 foot. 
 
 S, is the coronet ; a slig-ht elevation lying- below the pas- 
 terns, which is furnished with long- hair falling- over the hoof 
 all around the foot. 
 
86 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 T, shows the hoofs, or it may be said the nails of the foot, 
 as the hoof correspond to the nails in the human hand. 
 
 K, in the hind leg 1 , represents the stifle, which is the joint 
 of the knee and contains the knee-pan. This corresponds 
 to the knee in man. It is situated below the haunch on a 
 level with the flank and shifts its place when the horse 
 walks. 
 
 M' , shows the thigh, which corresponds to the leg in man. 
 It extends from the stifle down to the hock. The hock is 
 the joint which is below the thigh and bends forward. This 
 thigh- joint corresponds to the instep in man. The hinder 
 part of the hock, which is called the point of the hock, is the 
 heel. Below the hock are the shank, the fetlock- joints, the 
 pastern and the foot, as in the fore-legs. 
 
 N', shows the upper portion of the hind leg. 
 
 THE CORRECT ANGLE OF THE FOOT. 
 
 Very few horse-shoers, comparatively, understand that 
 there is a correct and incorrect angle for the foot to assume 
 when it is placed flat upon the ground. Some shoers cut 
 too much from the toe, throwing the foot too far over in 
 front, while others cut down the heel too low, necessarily 
 throwing the foot too far back. 
 
 iPig. 50 shows an illustration of a foot with the angle 
 properly indicated. Of course this angle will vary a little 
 in different horses and here is where judgment is required 
 in the horse-shoer. About 53 degrees may be considered 
 the right thing for the front foot, while 58 or 60 will be the 
 average angle for the hind foot. Almost any horse-shoer 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 
 
 87 
 
 can construct an instrument with the degrees marked on so 
 that it will be easy to ascertain exactly the angle of any 
 foot. 
 
 RESULTS OF USING POOR NAILS. 
 
 Fig*. 50 shows a foot with the shoe attached, a portion of 
 which has been cut away for the purpose of illustrating 
 
 Fig. 49.— Correct Angle of the Foot. 
 
 how a poor nail may work serious and sometimes fatal 
 injury. A, shows the coffin-bone; B, the sensitive sole; and 
 (7, indicates where the nail split, and a portion of it pene- 
 trated through the sensitive sole and nearly through the 
 point of the coffin-bone. The moral of course to be drawn 
 from this is that no horse-shoer should ever be tempted to 
 
88 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 use a poor nail. There are so many poor nails made that I 
 resolved to visit the works of some of the best known 
 makers, and decide for myself which to use and recommend. 
 After inspecting the factory of the Capewell Nail Co., 
 witnessing the whole process of forging, I no longer had any 
 doubt as to which company makes the best nail, and shall 
 hereafter use and recommend only Capewell nails. The Cape- 
 
 Fig. 50.— Result of Using Poor Nails. 
 
 well process makes the toughest nail on the market, — a nail 
 that will not split, in driving. I once lost a horse by using 
 poor nails. The illustration shows exactly how a nail in this 
 particular case did its fatal work and the horse died of lock- 
 jaw. The illustration was made from the foot taken from 
 this horse. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 CHAPTER VI, 
 
 FEET, ETC. 
 
 FRONT VIEW OF A DISEASED COFFIN-BONE. 
 
 Fig. 51 represents the front view of a diseased coffin- 
 bone. When ossification takes place throughout the 
 
 Fia. 51.— Front View of a Diseased Coffin-Bone. 
 
 entire structure of the bone, the outside bone around the 
 edge of the coronet becomes enlarged. A great many 
 people term this a bad case of ring-bone, but it is not ring- 
 
90 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 bone, it is a genuine case of diseased coffin-bone, and there 
 is no cure for it. As soon as the foot assumes the condi- 
 tions shown herewith, the quicker you kill the old horse 
 the quicker you will give him relief. 
 
 Fig. 52.— Back View of a Diseased Coffin-Bone. 
 
 BACK VIEW OF A DISEASED COFFIN-BONE. 
 
 Fig*. 52 shows a back view of a diseased coffin-bone. All 
 the relief which can be given to a horse thus afflicted is to 
 shoe him as near level as possible, raising the heel-calks 
 and letting the shoe extend out say an inch-and-a-half or 
 two inches back of the foot. 
 
 Fig. 53 shows a back view of the near front foot of the 
 same horse. Fig. 52 being the off front foot. Fig. 53 also 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 91 
 
 Fig. 53. — Perfect Representation of a Coffin-Bone. 
 
 gives a perfect representation of a coffin-bone. It will be 
 seen that there is quite a difference in the feet. 
 
 Fig. 54.— Front View of a Perfect Foot. 
 
 Fig-. 54 gives a front view of a perfect foot, as shown in 
 the back view of Fig. 53. 
 
92 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 A VERY THIN SHELL. 
 
 Fig*. 55 represents a very thin light shell, the finer the 
 breed of the horse the thinner and lighter the shell in 
 every case. On this account great judgment is needed on 
 
 Fig. 55.— Very Thin Shell. 
 
 the part of the horse-shoer to determine what sized nail to 
 use. I use nails as small as No. 2 and up to as hig-has No. 
 7, but do not use many No. 8's, and have not driven a No. 9 
 horse-nail in seven years. The horse the foot came off, 
 shown herewith, was shod on Monday and the next Friday 
 was dead. There is no question in my mind as to what the 
 trouble was with this horse. He certainly died with lock- 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 93 
 
 jaw. There were only two nails in the outside wall, the 
 rest being" in the laminae, some of them coming clear 
 through the lining of the foot, penetrating- a mass of blood 
 vessels, arteries and sensitive nerves. 
 
 This foot came off a Hambletonian trotter. These 
 trotters have the lightest shells of any trotting horses in 
 the world. 
 
 Too great care, it will be seen, cannot be taken in dressing- 
 the feet of fine bred horses, and great care is needed not to 
 use too large nails. 
 
 Fio. 58.— Sectional View showing How Nails should be Driven. 
 
 Fig. 56 shows a sectional view of a horse's foot, the 
 exact location of the Avail of the foot through which the 
 nail must be driven can be readily seen. The most casual 
 observer will notice that a trifling deviation of the nail from 
 the proper course will send it into the sensitive laminae where 
 it will produce lameness and serious injury. 
 
 FOOT OF A HORSE THAT DIED OF LOCK-JAW. 
 
 Fig-. 57 represents the foot of a horse that died of lock- 
 jaw. Now I am free to confess that I have killed two valu- 
 able horses in my life by driving the nails wrong- and pul- 
 
94 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 ling- them out again before the owner could see what had 
 been done. In performing- this operation sometimes the 
 point of the nail will twist off and remain in the foot. Now 
 whenever this happens the outside crust or wall should be 
 opened at once and the piece of nail removed or the horse 
 will die of lock-jaw. 
 
 Yiq. 57.— Foot of a Horse that Died of Lock-jaw. 
 
 COLD VS. HOT HEATING. 
 
 Right here let me say a word with respect to hot fitting'. 
 I talked in favor of hot fitting for twenty-one years. 
 Why did I do it ? 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 95 
 
 Simply because I could dress and level a horse's foot a 
 great deal easier that way than I could with a file or rasp. 
 Now the sensitive laminae of the horse's foot between the 
 shell and the lining- of the foot is similar to the sensitive 
 portion under the human finger-nail, and just as far as the 
 heat goes it kills the sensitive laminae and burns them out. 
 After we g-et the laminae burnt out on both sides of the foot 
 to the depth of the thickness of the sole, if the horse hap- 
 pens to be very heavy, the sole is forced down and then we 
 say he is in the first stages of founder. I have foundered 
 at least five hundred horses in my life with hot shoes and 
 nothing else. I don't allow myself or any man under my 
 instruction to touch a hot shoe to any horse's foot. 
 
 The foot should be perfectly level in all cases, and the 
 shoe should be made perfectly level before applying it to 
 the foot. All we take off from the foot we take off from the 
 bottom of the foot, and never set the shoe back and chop all 
 the way around the outside. When this is done all the 
 strength of the shell around the outside is cut away and 
 this will cripple the best horse in the world. This is a 
 great mistake. 
 
 For twenty-one years I used to fit the foot to the shoe 
 and not the shoe to the foot. The first thing I used to do 
 after pulling- off a shoe was to cut the heels down. After I 
 got the heels cut down low enough to suit me I would put 
 my buttress or knife in one side of the frog- and cut that 
 side down. Then I would cut the other side down and if 
 the man was paying- me a little extra price why I would 
 cut it all out. Now the frog does not want to be touched 
 vith a knife at all. 
 
96 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Under natural conditions the frog is shed every three 
 months in a healthy foot and ought never to be touched by 
 the farrier ; when the sensitive frog* is subjected to the ordi- 
 nary banging and concussion which it will receive if let alone 
 the outside horny frog will shed itself. Cutting the frog 
 away stops the growth of the foot at least a year. 
 
 FOOT SHOWING A TOE CRACK. 
 
 Fig. 56 represents a foot with a toe crack. This is a very 
 common occurrence, but toe cracks are not seen nearly as 
 
 A 
 Fig. 58.— Foot showing a Toe Crack. 
 
 often as quarter cracks. The point A in the engraving re- 
 presents the split in the toe. In shoeing a split toe always 
 cut out the hoof with a knife or rasp to the shape shown in 
 the illustration. By this means the bearing is taken off 
 from the crack. In such cases a calk shoe (such as will be 
 *>und described elsewhere) is used. This lets the horse 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 97 
 
 over easy and relieves the strain on the toe. It is very im- 
 portant to avoid all strain at the point where the crack is. 
 In this particular case it will he a good plan to use a bar 
 
 Fig. 59.— A Horse's Deformed Foot. 
 
 with the four-calk shoe. As the heels are expanded the 
 crack in the toe is closed up. A fruitful cause of toe cracks, 
 in my opinion, is the use of too large clips. 
 
98 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 A HORSE'S DEFORMED FOOT. 
 
 Fig*. 59 shows the foot of a colt which was ruined by not 
 cutting- the heel for five years. 
 
 I have frequently had horsemen come into my shop and 
 say, " Don't cut the heel any, cut the toe but not the heel." 
 
 The horse whose foot is shown in the engraving" was 
 spoiled by his owner, who insisted that nothing* should be 
 cut from the heels. 
 
 The poor blacksmith, how T ever, was the man who had to 
 stand the blame. 
 
 When the heel is left too high the horse's foot is thrown 
 over in front, bending- it up and throwing the pastern 
 bones and coffin-bone out of position. Instead of keeping 
 their natural position, these bones, in the example under 
 consideration, had been thrown into a vertical position. In 
 shoeing a horse the heel must be cut down just as much as 
 any other part of the foot. Of course there are naturally 
 high heels and naturally low heels. A horse-shoer, if he 
 understands his business, will know just as soon as he 
 picks up the foot about how much to cut off and where to 
 cut. I have seen horses ruined by cutting the heel too 
 much. If the foot, however, is kept at an angle of about 53 
 degrees, it will not be very far out of the way. 
 
 FOOT WITH SECTION OF WALL REMOVED. 
 
 Fig. 60 represents a dark colored foot. It is a curious 
 fact that a light colored foot has a thinner shell than a 
 dark colored foot. The piece from A to B in the illustra- 
 tion represents the outside crust or wall and laminse taken 
 
.RTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 99 
 
 out of the side of the foot to show the internal construction. 
 It can be easily seen by an examination of this illustration 
 that there is not very much thickness in any foot into 
 which a nail can be driven. The importance, therefore, of 
 
 Fig. 60.— Foot with Section of Wall Removed. 
 
 understanding the construction of the foot so as to locate 
 nails properly cannot be overestimated. If the nail is 
 driven inside of the wall it strikes the laminae, and if it goes 
 inside the laminae it hits between six and seven hundred 
 blood vessels. In most cases dark colored feet have a 
 
100 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 shell as thick again as light colored feet. A white foot 
 with a dark streak or a dark foot with a light streak can 
 stand more banging, go barefooted longer, and is far 
 tougher than any other kind of a foot. 
 
 SHOE WITH PORTION OF HOOF CLINGING TO IT. 
 
 Fig. 61 represents a shoe and a piece of foot that has 
 been pulled off from the horse. When this happens it is 
 
 Fig. 61. —Shoe with Portion of Hoop Clinging to it. 
 
 caused by rasping too much with the corner of the rasp 
 under the clinches. The outside crust or wall should be 
 subjected to just as little rasping and filing as possible. It 
 should be understood that the shell of the foot is not very 
 thick. A man cannot file with the corner of a rasp 
 under the clinches and make a groove big enough for a 
 canal boat to run in without getting the whole shell off. 
 
 With the ordinary method of clinching by rasping a 
 groove under the clinch, if the horse gets his shoe off he is 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 101 
 
 liable to pull a part of his foot off. Now I do not file with 
 the ordinary rasp at all. I have a little gouge so con- 
 structed that I can take off just what the nail turns up as 
 it comes out and by using- the tool the shell is not weakened 
 at all. A great many after they get the shoe on and 
 clinched, rasp and polish the foot up to the hair. I never 
 do that now. It should never be done in any case. When 
 it is done the shell of the foot is greatly weakened and all 
 the pores opened. 
 
 Fig. 62.— A Bad Case of Contraction. 
 
 No more rasping or filing should be done on the outside 
 wall than is absolute^ necessary. 
 
 A BAD CASE OF CONTRACTION. 
 
 Fig. 62 represents a bad case of contraction. Few people 
 comprehend how much a horse suffers as his foot is being 
 drawn in at the heel by improper shoeing. This difficulty 
 Is called by some people contraction, and others say that 
 
102 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 
 
 the horse is hoof bound, but whatever you call it, the horse 
 should be given immediate relief. An animal thus afflicted 
 suffers as much as a man would suffer with a pair of 
 extremely tig-lit boots, and perhaps more. It is no wonder 
 in cases of contraction that a horse tries to relieve the pain 
 he suffers by walking- on his toes. The contraction of the 
 foot presses on the blood vessels and nerves and in a 
 measure shuts off the circulation, causing intense pain. 
 Any man can easily tell when a horse is suffering- from 
 contraction by examining the lateral ridg-es of the hoof. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSESHOEING. 103 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 SPECIFIC DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 
 
 GLANDERS. 
 
 This highly contagious disease is believed to be almost 
 invariably incurable by any known means, and hence it is 
 not here introduced with any hope of its cure, but solely 
 that horse-masters should be able to recognize it, and, 
 when discovered, to prevent its being spread. The symp- 
 toms are — a yellow discharge from one or both nostrils and 
 a swelling of the glands under the throat. If one nostril 
 only is affected^ the corresponding gland is enlarged, while 
 the other remains in a healthy state. Sometimes the dis- 
 ease continues in this stage for many months, but, sooner 
 or later, the discharge increases in quantity, and becomes 
 green and very offensive, and the mucous membrane of the 
 nostril becomes ulcerated, and the swollen glands harden, 
 and attach themselves closely to the jaw-bone. It may be 
 distinguished from the swelling and mucous discharge 
 which accompany ordinary cold by the absence of fever, and 
 by the continuance of the disease for a long period of time ; 
 also by the swelled gland adhering to the jaw, which is a 
 very characteristic sympton. The inflammation in gland- 
 ers is of a chronic character, and there is little heat of sur- 
 face. The ulceration of the mucous membrane is also pe- 
 
104 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 culiar to the disease, and never accompanies ordinary cold, 
 in which, also, the discharge is almost always equally co- 
 pious from both nostrils. From strangles it may readily be 
 distinguished by the absence of suppuration in the glands, 
 and by the hardness and adhesion of them to the jaw. 
 Glander, likewise, is the disease of old or adult animals, 
 while strangles very rarely attacks any but young ones. 
 In strangles, also, the mucous membrane lining the nose is 
 intensely red, while in glanders it is only moderately so ; 
 the discharge likewise in strangles is profuse from the first. 
 The cause of glanders is almost always contagion ; but 
 in some few cases it appears to be generated, or rather to 
 degenerate, from common catarrh or strangles. Still it is 
 very difficult to arrive at certain conclusions upon this sub- 
 ject, because, instead of degenerating, it may only have 
 assumed the form of these milder diseases at first, and yet 
 all the time have been true glanders. But whether it is 
 so or not, it appears quite clear that many cases appar- 
 ently of these mild diseases gradually became converted 
 into glanders from some cause or other, and are then to- 
 tally incurable. The point at which the change takes place 
 cannot be defined ; but the most experienced surgeons be- 
 gin by pronouncing them cases of common cold or stran- 
 gles, and end by asserting- that they are true glanders ; 
 and the state of the constitution marks the alteration, the 
 horse having become thin and haggard, with his coat star- 
 ing and rough. Mr. Coleman relate a case in which several 
 sound horses on board ship were obliged to be closely con- 
 fined under closed hatches, in consequence of which some of 
 them were suffocated, and the remaindei showed unmis- 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 105 
 
 takeable signs of glanders, although there was not the 
 slightest reason to believe that they were inoculated with 
 it by contagion. It is, therefore, reasonable to conclude 
 with the majority of writers on the subject, that glanders 
 is generated by foul stables ; want of ventilation and over- 
 crowding being generally the chief cause and origin of the 
 disease. The essence of the disease appears to be an ulcer- 
 ation of the mucous membrane of the nostrils, which 
 speedily contaminates the nearest lymphatic gland, and 
 finally attacks the whole system, constituting the form 
 called ' ' farcy, ' '—to be presently described . The ulcers dis- 
 charge a poisonous matter, which is capable of communi- 
 cating the disease to other horses or to man, or if absorbed 
 into the system, as it always is in course of time, it destroys 
 the health with more or less rapidity, but with great cer- 
 tainty. But this matter must actually touch the mucous 
 membrane of the sound horse, and no mere breathing will 
 suffice to give the disease Tt is by drinking out of the same 
 bucket, or by smelling one another, and rubbing noses to- 
 gether, or licking one another, that one horse affects 
 another ; and if the stalls were higher, it would be carried 
 from one to the other much less frequently than at present. 
 But no one with any prudence would run the risk of keep- 
 ing an infected horse ; and the sooner such an animal is shot 
 the better for all parties, since neither horse nor man is safe 
 from inoculation, with all the care in the world ; and in the 
 latter case it is a frightful disease indeed, and one which no 
 one is justified in risking under any pretence whatsoever. 
 Treatment seems to wholly thrown away, though some few 
 cases are recorded in which sulphate of copper given inter- 
 
106 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 
 
 nally and applied externally to the nose, has apparently 
 cured the disease. The Spanish fly is also said to have had 
 the same good effect, but I know nothing* from experience 
 of these effects ; and I should be very unwilling- to try any 
 experiments on such an intractable and loathsome com- 
 plaint. When the disease is established in a lot of horses, 
 they had better all be destroyed, and the stable treated as 
 for mange. The clothing should either be destroyed or 
 well washed, and then baked ; the wood of all the stable 
 utensils should be painted, and the ironwork exposed 
 to a red heat. These means will prevent its being re- 
 produced, and if proper cleanliness and ventilation are 
 maintained afterwards, whereby the disease may be pre- 
 vented from being generated, there is little fear of its 
 occurring again ; but if Professor Coleman's opinion is cor- 
 rect, that it is almost always generated, and consequently 
 if the first attack was the result of filth and neglect, unless 
 the management has been altered, it is scarcety reasonable 
 to expect anything else but a repetition of the same disease 
 occurring from similar causes. 
 
 FABCY. 
 
 By the term Farcy is understood the train of secondary 
 symptoms which follow glanders ; and, just as we see in the 
 syphilis of man a primary sore occurring on a different 
 part, followed by inflammation of the absorbents, enlarged 
 lymphatic glands, and an eruption on the skin, so in the 
 horse glanders begins as a series of primary sores in the 
 mucous membrane of the nose, together with an inflamma- 
 tion of the lymphatic gland, or glands, of the throat ; and 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 107 
 
 when this state is followed by secondary symptoms, they 
 receive the name of farcy, though the two diseases are the 
 same, as is proved by inoculation. Mr. Youatt was of the 
 opinion that the farcy-buds, as they are called, arise from 
 the inflammation of the absorbents, at the situation of. their 
 valves, and in their course to the great blood-vessels of 
 the chest ; but this can scarcely be the case, because the 
 farcy-buds almost always make their appearance first upon 
 the lips and skin of the nose, parts which are more distant 
 from the chest than the original ulcers, and certainly not 
 on the line of any valvular absorbents. The fact is, that, 
 as in syphilis, the matter is absorbed into the whole sys- 
 tem, and is then deposited upon the surface, choosing-, 
 apparently, the most highly organized skin, in preference 
 to that furnished with fewer blood-vessels. The appear- 
 ance is as follows : First of all small tumors arise, fre- 
 quently in the course of the veins, but often in other 
 situations; and as they grow they become hard, and 
 suppurate ; after which they burst, and" discharge a thin 
 watery matter ; the sore presenting the same appearance 
 with almost all poisonous sores, viz., a deep central cavity, 
 with a rugged, hard, and elevated edge, and an unhealthy 
 watery discharge. Sometimes the in sides of the hinder 
 extremities are affected equally with the fore-quarter ; but 
 more often the latter is the chief seat of the eruption, the 
 inside of the arm, the tender skin of the brisket, the 
 muzzle, and neck being thickly studded with farcy-buds 
 and sores in all stages of progress. By-and-by, the deep- 
 seated absorbents become affected, the ulceration extends 
 deeply between the sheaths of the muscles and tendons, and 
 
108 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 even into the chest ; and, at last, the whole cellular mem- 
 brane and lymphatic glands become one mass of disease, 
 finally wearing down the , horse by irritative fever. This 
 is the regular course which will occur in most cases ; but 
 there are numerous exceptions, in which farcy breaks out 
 suddenly without any warning of these small and insidious 
 steps, and the ulcerations run their course more rapidly 
 than I have here described them. With regard to the 
 identity of the two diseases, there can, I think, be little 
 doubt on the matter, when it has so often been demon- 
 strated by inoculation that the matter of either will produce 
 a primary sore in the shape of glanders, followed by 
 secondary ulcers in the shape of farcy. The latter disease, 
 when inoculated into the system of another horse, does 
 not at once reproduce its own likeness, but only by means 
 of a glandered ulcer of the nose, or of any other part in which 
 it is inserted. If it is inserted in the skin, it is some time 
 in breaking out into ulcers, and it does not always succeed ; 
 but finally the secondary symptoms appear just as if it 
 were introduced into the Schneiderian membrane ; hence, 
 it is reasonable to conclude that the two are identical, and 
 that the analogy with syphilis is complete. Farcy is dis- 
 tinguished from several other diseases which resemble it 
 by the following signs : 
 
 From Grease it may be known when it attacks the legs, 
 by the inflammation being less acute, though the swelling 
 is often more sudden, but the redness and glossiness are 
 not so great ; also by the following symptoms given in the 
 table herewith : 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 109 
 
 In Grease, 
 There is generally some crack or 
 evident appearance of grease, 
 with ichorous discharge from the 
 skin, and great redness and glos- 
 siness of it. The swelling is very 
 great, but it is greatest towards 
 the lower part, which is evidently 
 the fons et origo maL. Is at- 
 tack is often called the " swelled 
 leg," which is perfectly distinct 
 from the ordinary filled leg. 
 
 In Farcy, 
 There are always some ulcers 
 irregularly circular, and with 
 hard edges; skin not very red 
 or shining, but swollen, and free 
 from discharge. Great general 
 tenderness, but no cracks in the 
 heels; absorbents inflamed, and 
 showing hard lines and knots in 
 their course. The inflammation 
 extends upwards, and the swell- 
 ing is greatest above the hock. 
 
 From Surfeit farcy is easily distinguished by the absence 
 of all ulceration in the former, and by the hair in it merely 
 coming- off, leaving a bare place beneath ; the little lumps 
 in surfeit are not so large as in farcy, except in the very 
 early stage ; and they come out over the body suddenly, 
 while farcy appears a bud at a time. 
 
 From Anasarca there can be no difficulty in distinguish- 
 ing this disease, because in the dropsy of the cellular 
 membrame there are no lumps, but an uniform swelling of 
 the limb. There is a local oedema of the brisket, which is 
 called water-farcy, most improperly, being merely a sign 
 of general weakness, from the vessels giving way in the 
 most depending part of the body. 
 
 The treatment of farcy may be conducted upon more 
 probable grounds of a cure than in the case of glanders— 
 that is to say, if the horse is not so thoroughly infected as 
 is sometimes the case. When glanders is detected early, 
 it is usually a very virulent case, because trifling attacks 
 of it are generally overlooked, and are suffered to degen- 
 erate into farcy before anything is done ; and thus it is 
 
110 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 said that the farcy is often curable, while glanders is 
 scarcely ever so. Now, when this is said to be the case by 
 the very men who maintain their identity, there must be 
 some extraordinary process of reasoning" going" on in their 
 minds ; but the truth is, as I have remarked, that whereas 
 those cases of glanders which come under treatment are 
 very severe ones, so they are difficult of cure ; and in the 
 same way farcy is seldom suffered to be developed from 
 glanders when that was originally in a malignant form; 
 and hence, by being mild, it is curable. Such I believe to 
 be the explanation of the fact, which is universally admitted, 
 that farcy is much more amenable to treatment than 
 glanders as usually presented to the veterinary practi- 
 tioner ; the former being seldom malignant, and the latter 
 generally so. The cure is effected by local as well as con- 
 stitutional means. 
 
 The local remedy is the destruction of the ulcer or bud, 
 either by the actual cautery (the budding iron), which 
 should be applied to every ulcer or bud so as completely to 
 destroy it. The knife should first divide those buds which 
 have not ulcerated, after which the iron will act more 
 energetically upon them, and yet with less destruction of 
 the surrounding skin ; or the sulphate of copper should be 
 freely rubbed into the ulcers, and made to destroy their 
 surface. Arsenic and strong nitric acid, likewise, have 
 been used with success, but their power is too great to be 
 trifled with by an inexperienced man Whatever local 
 remedy is used should be followed up wherever the bud 
 makes its appearance, as there seems to be no tendency to 
 heal without some destruction of parts giving a new and 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. Ill 
 
 healthy stimulus to the fresh surface. The constitutional 
 treatment is still more important than the local, and should 
 consist of such substances as will cause an excessive 
 secretion from some organ, carrying" with it the poison of 
 the disease ; and this substance should be as little lowering 
 to the horse as possible. Three such medicines are known, 
 viz., mercury, arsenic and iodine, all of which are paraded 
 by their several advocates as certain cures. The bichloride 
 of mercury (corrosive sublimate) is the form generally 
 given, in doses of from 5 to 15 grs., dissolved carefully, 
 and then added to a pint of gruel, the next morning. If 
 arsenic is given, it may be administered according to the 
 formula already given ; and I believe it to be by far the 
 best remedy in farcy, and the least injurious to the horse. 
 But it is only as an experiment upon a horse which would 
 otherwise be shot that I should ever advise the owner to 
 use these powerful drugs without regular advice, as it will 
 seldom happen that he will be able to calculate the proper 
 dose, or to know when to push it, and when to hold his 
 hand. Sometimes, however, such a case occurs as the one 
 I have alluded to, and then he may feel justified in trying 
 his luck; and if so, I would suggest his giving the 
 biniodide of mercury as follows : Biniodide of mercury, 
 3 to 5 grs. ; linseed meal and water, enough to make a ball. 
 To be given three times a day. This I believe to be more 
 likely than any other remedy to effect a radical cure of the 
 disease. The dose may be increased up to 8 or 10 grains, 
 with care ; but the above will generally be found sufficient, 
 and more safe than corrosive sublimate or arsenic. 
 
112 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 GLANDERS IN MAN. 
 
 Glanders in man is a horrible disease, capable of being 
 inoculated from the horse when there is an abrasion of the- 
 surface. Numerous cases of this kind have occurred, all of 
 which have been fatal when allowed to reach the stage of 
 absorption. If, however, the inoculated sore is destroyed by 
 the hot iron, or by lunar caustic or fused potass, there is 
 very little risk of the disease spreading ; and therefore the 
 groom who has the care of a glandered horse, and who finds 
 a sore on his arm or hand, should always consult a skillful 
 surgeon at once, and follow his advice, if he prescribes any 
 form of caustic, on the supposition that it is the disease we 
 are now considering. When it has been absorbed, there 
 seems to be little chance of a cure, though there are one or 
 two doubtful cases on record in which it is said to have been 
 effected. At all events it is worth the trial, and the bin- 
 iodide of mercury holds out the best chance of a cure, in 
 doses of one-third of a grain three times a day. 
 
 STRAINS AND BREAKS-DOWN. 
 
 Strains may affect either the muscles, joints, or tendons, 
 and each of these three sets of organs are constantly suf- 
 fering from them. Muscular strains consist of an absolute 
 tearing of the fibrous tissue composing the muscles, or else 
 of such an approach to a disruption as to have an equally 
 prejudicial effect in producing lameness. In some cases 
 the whole of a small bundle of fibres is torn across ; but 
 this is not the usual degree in which strains occur, and the 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 113 
 
 most common amount of mischief is only a slight separation 
 of a few of the very small fibres of which the bundle is 
 composed; and this state is then generally spread over a 
 considerable surface, producing- considerable soreness from 
 inflammation. Tendonous and Ligamentous Strains are 
 very similar in their nature, and consist either in an absol- 
 ute tearing apart of these fibres, or such an approach to 
 this as to cause great inflammation, and consequent inca- 
 pacity for using them. Sometimes what is supposed to be a 
 strain of the tendon is really an inflammation in its sheath, 
 which causes great swelling and pain, and the limb is 
 thereby rendered quite useless for the time being. 
 
 Strain of the Shoulder is generally a cloak for the igno- 
 rance of the groom or other attendant upon the horse, it 
 being really a very rare accident, though often assigned as 
 a cause for lameness which is really in the feet, legs, or 
 knees. It is an inflammation of some of the muscles of the 
 shoulder following violent strain, and generally confined to 
 the serratus muscle, which slings the body to the shoulder- 
 blade, and which is sometimes strained in coming down 
 from a high leap, etc. The symptoms are a. dragging of 
 the toe in the walk, with deficiency of action on the trot, 
 and a drop of the head while the affected leg is being ex- 
 tended, and not while it is on the ground; hence, when 
 shouldei lameness, is mistaken for foot lameness, the 
 groom is apt to shift the blame on to the wrong foot. It 
 may also be distinguished by laying hold of the affected leg, 
 and drawing the whole together ivith the shoulder forwards, 
 when, if the latter is affected, the horse will give evidence 
 of pain, which he will not do if the foot or leg is the seat of 
 
J 14 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 the mischief. The treatment for shoulder-lameness lies in 
 rest, bleeding, purging", cooling balls, with nitre, etc., and if 
 it continues, the insertion of a rowel in the bosom. A cooling 
 diet of green meat will also be needful, and all the corn 
 should be taken away. After all the heat has disappeared, 
 the horse may be turned loose into a box, and in another 
 fortnight he may be walked out with a leading-rein ; but it 
 should be two or three months before he is again mounted. 
 
 Strain of the Stifle is confined to the joint, which be- 
 comes hot and tender, and often swells considerably. The 
 remedies are the same as for the shoulder, but a blister will 
 often prove very efficacious, and it may be used in prefer- 
 ence to a rowel, and repeated again and again. 
 
 Strain of the Round-bone, or Whirl-bone, as it is 
 termed by horsemen, is really confined to the hip- joint, 
 which is often strained, but more frequently said to be so 
 than really affected. It is very difficult to pronounce with 
 certainty that this joint is strained, but sometimes the 
 wasting of the muscles affords unmistakable evidence of 
 the nature of the disease. Blisters and embrocations afford 
 the greatest chance of relief ; but when the wasting is very 
 marked, and there is no evidence of present mischief, 
 nothing but compulsory work will cure the disease. Light 
 farm- work, such as harrowing and the like, will often do 
 more good than all the applications in the world, simply 
 because the muscles have lost tone, and require the stimu- 
 lus of necessity to make them recover their power. 
 
 Strain of the Back-sinew occurs in all the varied degrees 
 from a slight strain to a breaking-down. When the 
 sinews are merely slightly strained, it is generally their 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 115 
 
 sheath which is affected ; but if there is very great swell- 
 ing, especially after racing, the chances are that there is 
 actual breaking down of the fibres of the tendon or suspen- 
 sory ligament, and often to a considerable extent. It is very 
 unusual, however, for there to be an actual and entire sep- 
 aration, and the most ordinary condition is for the horse to 
 come in from his race very lame indeed, yet without his 
 fetlock touching the ground, and with only a partial sepa- 
 ration of the fibres, so that if it were not for the pain, he 
 would bear his weight on the leg. In the worst cases, 
 however, the fetlock-joint actually touches the ground 
 behind, and the leg is for the time rendered quite incapable 
 of bearing any weight at all. There is generally some 
 warning of this state of the tendon, which enlarges about 
 midway between the knee or hock and the fetlock, and 
 forms there an oval swelling. When this is the 
 case, the chances are ten to one that an actual break- 
 down occurs, although there may be no abolute lameness ; 
 but the inflammation is a sign that the tendon is in an unfit 
 state for work, and that it will most likely give way in the 
 next severe gallop. The proper treatment consists in cool- 
 ing general remedies; such as purging, bleeding if neces- 
 sary, and the nitre and tartar emetic ball. To this is to be 
 added light food, consisting of bran mashes, or green meat, 
 without corn, and entire rest. Locally cooling lotions are 
 to be applied, and ice, if it can be procured in sufficient 
 quantity. A bran poultice should be applied, with several 
 lumps of ice in it ; and as fast as they melt fresh lumps 
 should be added. The poultice is best put in an old 
 worsted stocking, which will hold a large mass of bran 
 
116 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 round the leg*. In this way the active inflammation may 
 generally be speedily subdued, reducing- it to the state in 
 which strains of the back-sinew usually appear; but, of 
 course, the more complete the rupture of the tendon, the 
 greater the difficulty of effecting a radical cure. But it 
 should be known that these parts reunite and that a broken- 
 down horse will often recover the use of his leg for ordinary 
 purposes ; though he will seldom stand the severe trial 
 which racing or training demands. After the ice poultice 
 has been discontinued, and at the end of three weeks or a 
 month, when the leg is quite cool, it may be necessary to 
 blister or fire the limb, or to apply a charge. If the strain 
 is very severe, nothing is so effectual as firing, followed by 
 a blister. Next to this comes an ordinary blister with mer- 
 cury or the biniodide of mercury. The charge is a good 
 remedy after this last, as it prevents the horse from using 
 the tendon too soon, and affords a firm mechanical support. 
 The good effect of the arnica is also very considerable. In 
 old swellings of the back sinews, consisting of an enlarge- 
 ment of the sheath, rather than of a real break-down, a 
 sweating embrocation, will often effect an absorption of 
 the swelling, and prevent further mischief ; but it should 
 not be used when there is any heat of the part, the cooling 
 lotion being then the proper remedy. It should always be 
 remembered that in strains, when there is increased heat 
 of the leg, cooling medicines, low diet, and cooling lotions 
 are the proper remedies*; and that firing, blistering, and 
 stimulating embrocations must be deferred until this treat- 
 ment has had time to produce the desired effect. If 
 the -contrary plan is pursued, matters are only rendered 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 117 
 
 worse than before, and a slight strain is often thereby con- 
 verted into serious mischief. This golden rule should be 
 rigorously acted on by stablemen in all cases. 
 
 BROKEN KNEES. 
 
 Broken knees, like strains, are of every degree, from the 
 slightest touch to the horrible wounds of the joint which 
 sometimes occur when a horse is dragged over a flinty road, 
 or falls over a heap of stones. These accidents, however, 
 rarely occur, if we are to believe the assertions of horse 
 salesmen, who pledge their honor (!) to the fact that 
 each case has been occasioned by the manger, or by a 
 stone wall in hunting, if the horse has at all the appear- 
 ance of that class of animals who are likely to be used as 
 hunters. But, leaving the cause out of the question, it 
 remains to consider what is the best treatment when it 
 unfortunately happens that a particular horse has really 
 touched his knee by a contacts with the ground. This 
 will depend upon the extent of mischief, which may be 
 one or other of the three following degrees : First, if the 
 hair and cuticle only are rubbed off, and the cutis, or 
 real skin, is entire, the best plan is to give the horse a 
 dose of physic, and bathe the knee night and morning 
 with hot water, if there is any swelling, or to apply the 
 tincture of arnica diluted with water, in the proportion 
 of two drachms of the tincture to a pint of water; 
 then, when all the inflammation is gone off, which will 
 usually be in a couple of days, apply a blister to 
 the whole of the knee except the back, which is to be 
 
118 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 well guarded with lard, and this will bring* off all the 
 hair, which will be renewed, tog-ether with that cover- 
 ing the part rubbed off, in about three weeks, and will 
 almost invariably prevent any blemish, which is very apt to 
 show itself if the blister is not applied ; for although the 
 hair comes on again if left to itself, it is often of a different 
 color to that of the surrounding parts, and the critical eye 
 distinguishes the blemish at once. Secondly, if the true 
 skin is cut through so as to show the cellular membrane 
 beneath it, but the joint itself is not exposed, a physic ball 
 may be given as before, and hot fomentations applied if the 
 bruise is very severe, or the arnica wash at once if there is 
 only moderate swelling. As soon as the inflammation is 
 abated, I should here also apply a blister, because I 
 have always found that the swelling caused by it contracts 
 the wound, and that the consequent blemish is much less 
 than would otherwise be the case. Indeed, I have suc- 
 ceeded in this way in effecting almost complete cures of 
 very large wounds of the skin, where a piece of it as large 
 as a 25-cent-piece has absolutely been cut away, besides 
 more extensive abrasions of the cutical around its edges. 
 Such a broken knee would, in the ordinary way, have exhib- 
 ited a permanently bare spot of the size of a 10-cent-piece, 
 but by the above treatment the bare space was not bigger 
 than a pea, and sometimes scarcely so large. After the 
 blister has risen, it must be carefully dressed with sweet 
 oil, or lard without salt, sometimes called "fresh liquor"; 
 and when the wound on the knee throws out healing granu- 
 lations above the level of the skin, they must be kept down 
 to the exact level by touching them freely with a piece of 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 119 
 
 blue-stone every day. The whole art consists in causing 
 the wound to contract by the swelling and stimulus of 
 the blister, and in keeping down the granulations, or 
 "proud flesh," as they are called, by means of caustic. 
 The groom, however, should carefully avoid touching these, 
 unless they are above the surrounding skin, for below its 
 surface they are useful and necessary to the healing 
 process. Thirdly, when the joint itself is opened, the aid 
 of a veterinary surgeon should be called in, who will decide 
 upon the propriety or otherwise of destroying the animal. 
 Sometimes there is only a small opening, which may at 
 once be closed with the touch of a hot iron ; and at others 
 there is a discharge of serum, which the uninitiated will mis- 
 take for synovia (joint oil); but in any cases it is better to 
 have the advice of a competent judge of the injury. 
 
 KNOCKING DOWN OF THE HIP. 
 
 The point of the hip is often knocked off by the horse 
 being cast in the stall or in the field ; sometimes by falling 
 into a ditch in the dry summer weather, when the struggles 
 of the animal will often break off the extreme point of the 
 hip, especially if at all ragged, and then the muscles, acting 
 upon the broken portion to which they are attached, draw 
 it down out of its place, and the hip is said to be " knocked 
 down." After a time it does not much interfere with the 
 ordinary action of the horse ; but I am not aware of any 
 horse having been able to race after such an accident, 
 though many other wise likely colts have been thrown by, 
 and used for the stud or other purposes, in consequence of 
 
120 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 its occurrence. Nothing- can be done to relieve the horse, 
 and time only will remove the lameness, which at first is 
 often very considerable, from the bruises which the muscles 
 have received, as well as the disruption of their fibres 
 which must necessarily have occurred. 
 
 QUITTOR, PRICKING, THORNS, ETC. 
 
 Quittor consists of a sinus running- downwards beneath 
 the horn of the hoof, and occasioned by a blow or other 
 injury of the coronet; or by some cause which has pro- 
 duced an abcess under the horn. It is, in fact, a sinus 
 under the hoof ; but those only are generally called quittor 
 which depend upon bruises or wounds of the coronet ; while 
 those sinuses arising from pricks or inflamed corns are 
 called " sinuses of the foot.'' In the former case a stimu- 
 lating application, thrust in with a probe covered with 
 lint, will generally cause adhesion of the sides of the sinus, 
 and effect a cure. A strong solution of nitrate of silver, 
 or chloride of zinc, is the best remedy. If the sinuses 
 arise from below, and break out on the coronet, an 
 opening must be made in the sole of the foot wherever 
 the prick or corn produced the mischief, so that the matter 
 will always gravitate towards the bottom, and thus the 
 sinus will heal at the top. The nitrate of silver will here 
 also be a good dressing ; or the friar's balsam may some- 
 times be used with advantage. 
 
 Pricks in shoeing are constantly occurring, especially in 
 country districts, where the smith often drives three or four 
 nails in succession before he g-ets one to come out at the 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 121 
 
 right place ; and the horse's flinching" clearly shows the 
 sensible part into which the nails have made their way 
 under his wild blows. It often happens that the injury is 
 not at once detected, but a day or two after shoeing the 
 horse is evidently uneasy in his foot, and more or less lame. 
 On removing the shoe, it is found that there is great 
 tenderness at some particular part of the foot, and some- 
 times a great bulging ; but this is seldom evident so soon. 
 It is the better plan to place the foot in a cold bran poultice, 
 without a shoe on, and wait for a day or two, when, if the 
 foot continues very hot, the smith must pare down the horn 
 over the suspected place, and let out the matter if there is 
 any; or, if necessary, bleed at the toe, which is likely to 
 relieve the inflammation, and prevent suppuration, if it has 
 not already occurred. If matter has formed and is let out 
 a little, friar's balsam is pushed into the abscess on a piece 
 of lint, and the shoe tacked on ; but the lint must be so 
 placed as to be capable of being pulled out on the next day, 
 so as to leave a clear opening for the matter to escape. In 
 a few days the shoe must be taken off again, and any 
 ragged pieces of horn removed, as well as the opening 
 enlarged if necessary. The sinus may now be treated as 
 described under quittor. Sometimes a prick occurs from a 
 nail picked up on the road, and then the accident must be 
 treated as if it occurred in shoeing. 
 
 Thorns received into the skin in hunting are often very 
 troublesome, and should be searched for most carefully 
 when they are suspected to be present. The best way is to 
 wet the leg thoroughly with hot water, and then to smooth 
 the hair down slowly with the fingers, when the slightest 
 
122 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 inequality will be discovered, which in the dry state would 
 be readily passed over. When the thorn is found, it may be 
 extracted with a pair of tweezers; or sometimes it may be 
 necessary to slit the skin up for a short distance, in order 
 to reach the butt-end of the thorn, which should be re- 
 moved entire if possible. 
 
 CASTRATION, 
 
 Is the operation of removing- the testicles of the horse, and 
 is now performed with great dexterity by our best veterin- 
 ary surgeons, and with very little risk to the colt. It 
 should, however, never be attempted by any one but the 
 above gentlemen ; and I shall not occupy space here by a 
 description of the operation. It is generally performed 
 upon the colt at or soon after weaning-time ; but in many 
 cases, when the head and neck are sufficiently developed, it 
 should be deferred to the spring of the second year. 
 
 RUPTURES. 
 
 Ruptures at the Navel are cured by passing- a strong pin 
 through the skin, and then winding some cord round it, so 
 as to produce inflammation and obliteration of the passage. 
 But this should always be left to the regular practitioner. 
 
 NERVING. 
 
 Nerving is an operation done upon the nerves of the feet, 
 by which they are divided, and thus those org-ans are ren- 
 dered for the time insensible to pain. It is easily done by 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 123 
 
 any one who knows the relative situation of the veins, ar- 
 teries and nerves ; but no one who is not accustomed to the 
 knife should attempt the operation. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF CHLOROFORM. 
 
 Chloroform may be given to the horse. By means of a 
 nose-bag- it may easily be introduced into his system, by 
 which he is rendered wholly insensible to pain ; but the 
 veterinary surgeon should always have the control of so 
 active an agent. 
 
 CORNS. 
 
 There are several forms in which these troublesome 
 growths manifest themselves, though their cause and lo- 
 cation are generally the same. 
 
 The seat of corns is always in the sole of the foot, or its 
 lower connection with the wall in the posterior portion of 
 the hoof, at or in the angle made by the wall in its return 
 to form the bars. 
 
 The primary cause of all corns in the horse's foot is an 
 uneven ground surface, resulting either from the improper 
 leveling of the foot by the farrier or its previous neglect. 
 Let the foot always be pared level, and the shoe properly 
 adjusted to the wall, and corns will find no abiding place in 
 feet possessed of these conditions. 
 
 Hard corns are a fungoid growth upon the inner sole, at 
 its junction with the horny laminae, and lie beneath, as well 
 as at the side and rear of the foot bone. This substance 
 bears some resemblance and is analogous to the corn of the 
 
124 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 human subject, being a thickened deposit of a kind of hard 
 skin, and, from its crowding- into the sensitive surfaces, the 
 source of so much trouble and pain. The corn may be gen- 
 erated by severe contusions upon the inner sole, but it gen- 
 erally arises from a lateral compression of the horny hoof 
 inward upon the sensitive parts. 
 
 The vertical pressure of the horse's weight upon the foot 
 bone is oftentimes so severe, and its winged extremities are 
 imposed down upon the underlying membrane and sensitive 
 sole so suddenly and forcibly as to bruise them against the 
 horny sole or shoe without. The bruise thus established 
 develops the wet or sappy corn, which consists of an effu- 
 sion of blood or serum into the pores of the horn, marking 
 its location by leaving a stain upon the outer sole. When 
 the stain appears dark, and is easily removed by paring 
 away, the corn is old and working out, but when the stain 
 appears bright and ruddy, by penetrating further into the 
 horn, the corn is new, and needs attention. These corns 
 may be aggravated by additional injury, and terminate in 
 a more serious form, known as the superative, in which 
 case the sensitiveness will be greatly increased, causing in- 
 tense pain, and, as a necessary consequence, acute lame 
 ness, or finally resulting in laying the foundation for a 
 quittor. 
 
 In preparing the foot for the shoe, if the horn should ex- 
 hibit signs of moisture or discoloration, caused by the 
 exudation of a sappy or wet corn, open the centre of the 
 part indicated, and gradually remove the sole, until the 
 foreign matter is released. The foot must next be dressed 
 down until it requires a perfect level basis. For draught 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 125 
 
 horses, let the toe be shortened and the heels lowered; 
 apply a bar shoe the toe calkin to be set well back from the 
 front of the shoe. After the shoe is on put a few drops of 
 spirits of salts, then some hoof ointment to stop eating*. 
 This way I have cured some very bad corns. 
 
 SORENESS OF THE FLEXOR TENDON. 
 
 As its name implies, this complaint is an injury to the 
 back sinew, from the effects of over- taxation . Work 
 horses are liable to become so affected, though it occurs 
 more frequently in the running* and trotting horses, by 
 reason of their immense strides, the force of which has a 
 tendency — when prolonged to a certain extent — to cause 
 the tendons to become swollen and inflamed. _ 
 
 The shoe should extend well back at the heels, the calkins 
 being at least one-half inch higher at the heels than at the 
 sides of the toe, where it should be well rolled on the ground 
 surface, in order that the horse may be enabled to "get 
 over " the toe of his foot with but little strain on the flexor 
 tendon. 
 
 I have also found the scoop-toed rolling-motion shoe very 
 successful in the cases of trotting and running horses. 
 The feet should always be well leveled and straightened, 
 and the toes shortened as much as safety will permit. A 
 preliminary application of bandages with cold water may 
 be found beneficial. Make a shoe wide in web, with four 
 calks all put on length ways. 
 
126 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 
 
 THE MULE. 
 
 As this " drudge of all servants" is of a different variety 
 of the same species as the horse, his foot also [partakes of 
 the difference. Upon examining- it, we find that in front 
 the mule's foot is round and full. From the quarters to 
 the heels, however, the difference in its shape appears, 
 instead of inclining- at an angle equal with the face — as is 
 the case in the horse's hoof at the heels — it is nearly per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 Care must be taken that the foot does not grow too long 
 or too high at the heels or toe, as the outer frog would 
 thus be prevented from touching the ground. The tendency 
 then would be for the hoof to contract on its ground sur- 
 face. I have seen the walls at the feet come together, 
 from coronet to ground surface, until the foot was hardly 
 more than half its natural diameter. The heels overlap- 
 ping each other, had crowded the bars and frog out of 
 sight, raising the inner spur and bars as high as the 
 coronary band. As the crowding of the bars thus necessi- 
 tates a displacement of the internal structure of the coffin- 
 bone being raised behind, the weight presses it forward 
 against the laminae. The laminas in this part being over- 
 tasked, soreness and finally lameness ensues. 
 
 In many instances the mule is treated for lameness or 
 strains, when the proper remedy was to have had his feet 
 properly dressed and suitably shod. Do not permit the 
 heels to grow to an extreme height ; pare them down as 
 much as can be safely done, and reset the shoes every three 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 127 
 
 or* four weeks ; leave the frog 1 and bars untouched and the 
 heels unopened. 
 
 In shoeing* the mule for draughting purposes, toe and 
 heel calking will be required. In such cases, have them 
 low, and of the same height, that the foot may be kept as 
 near to the ground as possible, and the animal will travel 
 with more ease and safety. Let the shoes be adjusted in a 
 manner so as to fit the wall; and to avoid the possibility of 
 cramping the foot, use small nails, with the nail holes 
 straight punched. 
 
128 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 RECIPES. 
 
 Scratches. 
 
 A disease which attacks the heels, consisting" in an 
 inflammation, swelling, and consequent chapping discharge 
 of foetid matter, most commonly occasioned either by 
 inflammation of the foot, want of exercise, or by neglect 
 in cleaning or drying the heels carefully. In cases of this 
 kind, exercise is essentially necessary, to be assisted by a 
 few applications of my hoof ointment and careful grooming. 
 In inveterate cases, where the disease appears to have 
 become habitual, the eruption is known as grease, and 
 there will be more difficulty in its removal, though the same 
 treatment, generous dieting, good grooming, and regular 
 exercise will tend to recover it. 
 
 For sores like the preceding kind, make applications of 
 my hoof ointment. When the frog is diseased, saturate 
 with a piece of white cotton; press it into the opening in 
 the cleft until it is well filled. The outer surface of the 
 affected parts may be then given a slight coating, to 
 protect the diseased portion from foreign particles of dirt. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 129 
 
 Precautions to be Observed in Buying and Trafficking 
 
 in Horses. 
 
 In buying" a horse the greatest precaution is necessary 
 lest the purchaser is cheated. Every part of the horse's 
 body is liable to defects and derangements — it behooves us 
 therefore in examining a horse not to be in too great of a 
 hurry, especiallv if we have to deal with cunning and bold 
 jockeys, who know how to disguise the faults, peculiarities 
 and age of a horse, and how to manage to deceive the 
 purchaser by all kinds of tricks, the effects of which are 
 very useful in the hands of a designing jockey. In pur- 
 chasing, this point should be well considered, lest we should 
 pay for an apparent value which will sooner or later dis- 
 appear and cause us to regret our purchase, hence I would 
 advise those who do not understand this business to take 
 counsel with a trusty friend instead of depending upon 
 their own judgment in such dubious matter. 
 
 Finally, we have to mention a few tricks which are fre- 
 quently resorted to by horse dealers to faciliate the sale of 
 Worses, these tricks are angleizing, dressing, peppering and 
 whipping the horse. By angleizing a common horse, he is 
 made to look nobler. Dressing the feet, mane and inner 
 ear is a great means of embellishing the horse, for he seems 
 to acquire a more imposing posture, the neck looks more 
 slender and graceful, the hearing becomes more acute, he 
 is more attentive to everything that is taking place 
 around, and the pendulous ear looks more erect. 
 
130 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Balling. 
 
 To prevent the feet of horses from balling with snow, let 
 the frog- of the hoof and the fetlock be cleaned and well 
 rubbed with soft soap previous to going* out in snowy 
 weather, it will effectually prevent their falling from what 
 is termed balling. Accidents will be prevented by this 
 simple precaution. 
 
 String Halt. 
 
 This is a kind of lameness peculiar to the hind quarters 
 of the horse, which occasions a sudden jerking of the legs 
 upwards, when it seizes the outside muscles the horse 
 straddles and throws his legs outwards, when the inside 
 muscles are affected his legs are twitched up to his belly, 
 sometimes only one leg is affected ; the cure is difficult and 
 rarely accomplished, rubbing and fomentations are rec- 
 ommended with daily moderate exercise, by which the 
 blood and spirits may be equally divided into the disordered 
 muscle and its corresponding one. 
 
 Hide Bound Horses. 
 
 A horse that is hide bound grows lean, has a feverish 
 heat, his skin sticks to his ribs, the spine becomes harder 
 than usual, small boils break out on his back and yet his 
 appetite sometimes continues good. As this disorder is 
 seldom an original complaint, generally arising from some 
 former cause, regard must be had to that cause in the 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 131 
 
 method of cure. Bleed about i gallon from the neck vein, 
 then take \ pint of linseed oil, \ pint spirits of wine, mix 
 together and rub them strongly against the hair, in the 
 warm sun in order that the skin may be relaxed and a 
 sweat break out, after which the horse should be well 
 curried and put in a warm stable with plenty of litter, then 
 feed the condition powder once a day for ten days in a bran 
 mash. 
 
 Strain of the Shoulder. 
 
 Horses that are weak before and lower footed with an 
 unsteady tread are most liable to contract this disorder, 
 which consists in a twist or sprain of the strong muscles 
 that attach the shoulder to the body; taking up the foot 
 and bending the limb will further prove the existence of a 
 strain, if the horse evince pain, whereas if it lie in the foot 
 the lame leg can be moved as supple as the other, the 
 difficulty of ascertaining the real seat of lameness is some- 
 times so great, being entirely invisible, as to cause many 
 expedients to find the exact place, for this purpose hold up 
 his head high and after comparing and finding no differ- 
 ence in the shoulders, let go the head, when he would be 
 observed to flinch upon bringing it towards the affected 
 side; let a person rattle some corn in a seive at a distance 
 behind him, alternating the sides, he will be observed to 
 evince pain in turning his neck and straining the affected 
 side, not so the pain in the foot ; the horse will step short 
 and throw out his leg in a semi-circle when he has received 
 a prick in shoeing, this last sign is not to be taken as final 
 indication of a strain in shoulder, the foot is to be exam- 
 
132 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 ined and the smith questioned as to his skill and care- 
 fulness in shoeing-. 
 
 Cure, if the injury be considerable, as when a horse has 
 been thrown, he should be bled at once in the plate vein, 
 a laxative ball or purgative must follow, proportioned to 
 the actual state of his body at the time ; I would advise a 
 liniment for the same to be used once a day for ten days, of 
 1 pint of alcohol, i pint linseed oil, 4 ozs. arnica, 2 ozs. 
 squills, and 2 ozs. spirits of hartshorn. 
 
 To Cure Wind Galls. 
 
 On the first appearance of wind galls the cure should 
 be attempted by restringents and bandage, for which 
 purpose let the swelling be bathed twice a day with 
 vinegar or a decoction of oak bark and alum, if this method 
 after a proper trial should not be found to succeed, some 
 authors have advised that the swelling be pierced with an 
 awl, or opened with a knife, but mild blistering is in gener- 
 al preferred to these methods, a little of the blistering oint- 
 ment should be laid on every other day for a week, which 
 brings on a plentiful discharge, but generally in a few 
 days dries up, when the horse may be put to his work. 
 This is the only method to save scars, which paring 1 leaves 
 behind and unless skillfully executed too often leaves a full- 
 ness of the joint with stiffness. 
 
 Wind-Broken Horses. 
 
 This disorder is commonly caused by surfeiting, violent 
 exercise when the stomach is full, or by being ridden or 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 133 
 
 driven into water when hot and sweaty, or from an obsti- 
 nate cold not well cured. For the cure of this disorder I 
 would advise that the horse should have good nourishment, 
 plenty of corn and little hay, and that every day the water 
 given him be impregnated with half an ounce of saltpetre, 
 and two drachms of sal-ammoniac. The hay made of white 
 clover is good for this disorder. 
 
 To Save Horses from Fire. 
 
 Horses are frequently burnt to death when barns and 
 stables are on fire, owing to the impossibility of leading or 
 driving them out of the building, while their eyes are 
 dazzled by the blaze, I assure all that by simply covering 
 their eyes with a bag, coat, or pocket-handkerchief, they 
 may be led out of danger without trouble or difficulty. 
 
 Weak Eyes or Hooks. 
 
 First, rowel below the eyes and in the jaws, then if the 
 eyes are much inflamed bleed two gallons from the neck 
 vein, and use the eye wash or eye lotion every morning ; 
 move the rowels every day, and let them remain in 15 or 20 
 days. If the eye shows a white speck in the centre there 
 is no cure for it— the nerve of the eye is affected, but as 
 long as the eye runs water there is hopes of it, or the 
 eyelids swell. All young horses are liable to have weak 
 eyes. 
 
134: ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Eye Lotion — How to Make It. 
 
 Take a good quality of linseed oil, 1 pint, add to it 2 
 ounces of spirits of ether, gum camphor -J oz. Let it stand 
 in some warm place until the oil cuts the gum, and it is fit 
 for use. Apply it to the eye every morning with a feather ; 
 get it into the eye as well as possible. This is better in the 
 winter than the wash, but the wash is best for summer. 
 
 Eye Wash. 
 
 Take sugar of lead 2 drachms, white vitrol 1 drachm, 
 laudanum 1 dr., add to this 1 quart of soft water ; let it 
 stand for 6 or 8 hours and it is fit for use. Wash the eye 
 out well with cold water ; follow this up for 3 or 4 weeks, 
 and then if the eyes are not much better, bleed and give 
 mild physic. The horse should be kept on low diet and not 
 overheated or worked too hard. Scalded bran and oats are 
 good. 
 
 Hoof Bound, or Tender Feet. 
 
 Cause of this is fever in the feet. Founder or gravel, the 
 symptoms are hot feet and a drawing in one inch from the 
 top of the feet at the heels. Never have the feet spread at 
 the heels nor rasped about the nail holes, for it will do the 
 feet an injury. Follow the directions given here. Use 
 either the hoof ointment or the hoof liquid ; apply it ac- 
 cording to the directions. For hoof bound or tender feet, 
 apply it all around the top of the hoof down one inch every 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 135 
 
 third day ; if for split hoof, apply it every day. First have 
 a Lbiff shoe on the foot and cleanse the cut or crack. Never 
 cut or burn for it. 
 
 Hoof Ointment. 
 
 Take rosin 4 ozs., bees-wax 6 ozs., lard 2 lbs., melt togeth- 
 er; pour it into a pot and add 3 ozs. of turpentine, finely 
 pulverized verdigris, enough to color the mixture green, 1 
 lb. of tallow, stir all until it gets cool. This is one of the 
 best medicines for the hoof ever used. It is good for calks 
 or bruises of the feet. Follow directions. 
 
 Hoof Liquid. 
 
 For tender feet, hoof bound, etc. Linseed oil or neats- 
 foot oil, i pint of either, turpentine 4 ozs., oil of tar 6 ozs., 
 origanum 13 ozs., shake well and apply it as the directions 
 for the ointment tell. This is the best if the horse has been 
 lame long — it penetrates the hoof sooner than the ointment 
 — both of them should be applied at night, so that the 
 horse can go to work in the morning. He need not lose 
 one day's work. 
 
 Lung Fever. 
 
 Symptoms — The horse is taken with a chill and then 
 breaks out in a cold, clammy sweat, holds down his head, 
 never offers to lay down, but groans when made to move, 
 ears and legs deathly cold. The cause of this is change 
 from warm to cold stable, and too much cold water when 
 warm. 
 
136 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Cure — Bleed 4 gallons from the neck vein, and take 1 oz. 
 of aconite, add to it \ gallon of cold water ; drench him 
 with one gill of it every three hours, blister him over the 
 lungs, then give him water to drink that hay has been 
 boiled in, add to each gallon of it 1 oz. of gum arabic, and 
 i oz. of spirits of nitre, give this every four hours, rub well, 
 foment and rub the legs with alcohol and camphor until 
 they get warm — do not move him. Keep him in the open 
 stall if hot weather. 
 
 Cleansing Powders. 
 
 This is used when the blood is out of order, good to re- 
 store lost appetite, yellow water, and to be used where it is 
 spoken of. Take 1 lb. of good ginger, 4 ozs. of powdered 
 gentian, 1 oz. of nitre, % oz. of crude antimony, mix it well, 
 give one large spoonful every day in wet food. This is per- 
 fectly safe. 
 
 Hoof Evil, Thrush or Grease Heels. 
 
 Cause of this disease is over feed, and a want of exercise, 
 or standing in a filthy stable. Symptoms — A discharge of 
 offensive matter from the frog of the foot and round the 
 top of the foot ; often the frog of the foot will come out, 
 then a stiff shoe must be put on to keep the foot from con- 
 tracting. 
 
 Cure — Bleed and physic, poultice the foot with boiled 
 turnips, and some fine ground charcoal, this must be done 
 every night for two or three nights, then wash the foot 
 clean with castile soap and soft water, and apply the blue 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. i37 
 
 ointment every day. Keep the horse on a clean floor and 
 he will he well in twelve days. 
 
 To Make the Blue Ointment, 
 
 Take the ointment of rosin 4 ozs., i oz. finely ground ver- 
 digris, 2 ozs. turpentine, 2 lbs. mutton tallow, i oz. oil orig- 
 anum, \ oz. tr. of iodine, mix well. This is one of the 
 best medicines that can be made, for scratches, hoof-evil or 
 cuts, and is good to apply on fistula after the rowels are 
 taken out. 
 
 To Make the White Ointment. 
 
 For rheumatism, sprains, burns, swellings, bruises, or any 
 inflammation on Man or Beast, chapped hands, lips, black 
 eyes or any bruise. Take fresh butter 2 lbs.,tr. of iodine 
 | oz., oil origanum 2 ozs., mix well for fifteen minutes and it 
 is fit to use. Apply at night, rub it well with your hand— if 
 for human flesh lay on warm flannel. 
 
 Nasal Gleet or Discharge from the Eye and Nose. 
 
 The cause of this is neglect in distemper, or overheat or 
 cold. This is a white discharge and is not contagious, and 
 can be cured. 
 
 Cure— Stop working him; take of alum i lb., J lb. 
 of rosin, J lb. blue vitriol, grind and mix well with 
 i lb. of ginger; give one large spoonful every night and 
 morning; bleed one gallon. Keep him out of the wet and 
 not work him. 
 
138 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Disease of the Kidneys. 
 
 Caused by feeding* dirt or musty grain, hard drawing, 
 overloading, or too much turpentine. 
 
 Cure — Blister over the kidneys, and give the following 
 pills every day : Take 1 oz. rosin, 1 oz. juniper berries 
 ground fine, 2 ozs. flour, make into a stiff paste, divide into 
 7 pills, give one every night, use the cleansing powder 
 every day ; if the horse has trouble to get up when down, 
 swing him up for two weeks and give no food but that 
 which is clean — this is half the cure. Do not work or ride 
 him. 
 
 Black Ldniment. 
 
 This is good to apply on poll evil — fistula. Take of lin- 
 seed oil i pint, tr. of iodine 3 ozs., turpentine 4 ozs., oil of 
 origanum 1 oz., shake well and apply it every day, rub in 
 with the hand, wash the part clean before applying it. 
 This is good on any swelling. 
 
 Sore Mouth or Tongue — Called Canker or Thrush. 
 
 Symptoms — The mouth runs water; the horse throws his 
 hay out of his mouth. The cause of this is often from 
 frosty bits being put into his mouth or by eating poisonous 
 herbs. 
 
 Cure — Take of borax 3 drachms, 2 dr. of sugar of lead, | 
 oz. alum, 1 pint vinegar, 1 pint of sage tea, shake together 
 and wash the mouth out every morning. Give no hay for 
 twelve days. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 139 
 
 How to Remove Warts. 
 
 Cut them out by the roots— Take the Tenaculum or hook, 
 run it through the wart and draw and cut round it, and 
 draw it out ; if it should bleed too much, take 5 grains of 
 nitre of silver and 1 oz. of water, wet a sponge and merely 
 touch the part with this wash, and it will stop the blood, 
 treat as a fresh wound, every time you wash it scratch the 
 scab off so the scar will be small. This is the only sure 
 way to treat them. 
 
 Bots. 
 
 Symptoms— Very much like those of* colic— the ears and 
 legs are hot, and sometimes the sweat will start in the flank 
 and breast. 
 
 Cure— Make | gallon of sage tea, add to it 1 oz. 
 of alum, drench with one-half of it, and if he is not 
 better in thirty or forty minutes, give the balance, and 
 bleed 1 gallon. In six hours give a mild physic; this 
 will never fail if given in time. Never give turpentine, as 
 many do, it will affect the kidneys. 
 
 Colic. 
 
 Symptoms— The horse lays down and gets up often, and 
 looks around at his flank ; his ears and legs are cold. Cause 
 of this is cold water and change of food, over quantity of 
 acid collecting in the stomach. 
 
 Cure— Take laudanum \ oz., sulphuric ether 1 oz., \ 
 pint of water, milk warm, drench, and if not better in 
 
140 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 forty or fifty minutes, bleed and repeat the drench. Do 
 not allow the horse to be moved while sick. 
 
 Founder in the First Stages. 
 
 Symptoms— .The horse is stiff, his feet hot, and often 
 trembles, very thirsty. 
 
 Cure — Bleed from the neck vein 3 or 4 gallons, or until 
 he falls, then give the following : ^ oz. of aloes, 4 drachms 
 gamboge, -J oz. of oil of sassafras ; make this into a pill, 
 give it, and give him all the sassafras tea he will drink ; 
 turn up his feet and fill them full of boiling hot lard, bathe 
 his legs in hot water and rub them well. This will never 
 fail to cure in forty-eight hours. 
 
 Sick Stomach — Debility. 
 
 Symptoms — The horse refuses to eat, thirsty, hangs his 
 head, reels when he walks, eyes are dull. 
 
 Cure — Bleed \ gallon, then if he will eat a mash, give 
 him one ; give no hay ; then give him \ oz. rhubarb every 
 night until his bowels move, then take of gentian root 4 ozs., 
 fenugreek 2 ozs., nitre \ oz.; mix and give a large tea- 
 spoonful every day ; do not give too much to eat wh^n his 
 appetite returns 
 
 Distemper. 
 
 Symptoms — Swelling under the jaws; can't swallow. 
 
 Cure — Bleed 3 gallons and physic; then if a tumor is 
 found under the jaws, open it — if not apply the general lini- 
 ment to the swelling, or the white ointment — make it break 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 141 
 
 on the outside if possible, then give the cleansing- powder 
 for ten or twelve days in mashes. Turn him out if you can 
 get pasture. 
 
 General Liniment. 
 
 Turpentine % pint, linseed oil \ pint, aqua ammonia 4 
 ozs., tincture of iodine 1 oz.; shake it all well. This is used 
 for different things spoken of in the different recipes, sores, 
 swellings or sprains. 
 
 Broken Knees. « 
 
 This is caused by the horse falling on the knees, ^irst 
 cleanse the part of all gravel and dirt, then wash them. 
 Take 2 gills alcohol, \ oz. of arnica, tie the knees up in 
 coarse linen, and if they swell in twenty-four hours, bleed 
 and keep the bowels open with mashes, and then apply 
 the blue or iodine ointment every other day. Do not use 
 the horse until he is perfectly well, or it may cause the 
 knees to break out again. 
 
 Worms. 
 
 Symptoms— The horse eats, but will not thrive; his belly 
 gets big, his hair stays. 
 
 Cure — Give 1 quart of strong tea made of wormwood, 
 at night ; the next day give 7 drachms of aloes, 2 drachms 
 of calomel, make it into a ball and give it; give no cold 
 water for forty-eight hours, make it milk warm ; give him 
 two or three bran mashes, and some of the cleansing pow- 
 
142 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 dei* ; if he shows any more symptoms, repeat the dose in 
 three weeks. This will never fail. 
 
 Physic Ball. 
 
 One-half ounce of aloes, 3 drachms of gamboge, 20 drops 
 of the oil of Juniper, make it into a pill with a few drops of 
 molasses; wrap it up carefully in a thin piece of greased 
 tissue paper ; draw out the tongue with the left hand, place 
 the gag in the mouth, and run the pill back with the right 
 hand until it drops off ; let the head down and give a sup of 
 water. First prepare the horse by giving one or two 
 mashes. 
 
 Iodine Ointment. 
 
 Get 1 oz. of the grease iodine, 1 pint of alcohol, let 
 this stand in the sun two days, and this is the tincture of 
 iodine. Take 2 ozs. of tincture and \ lb. of lard; mix 
 them well, and you have the iodine ointment. This is used 
 wherever the recipes refer to the ointment. 
 
 Big or Milk Leg. 
 
 This is brought on by a hurt, a want of action in the ab- 
 sorbent system — it is dropsy of the muscles of the leg. 
 
 Cure — Apply the liquid blister every three hours until it 
 blisters ; then in six hours grease with soft oil of any kind ; 
 then in eight days wash the part clean and apply it again — 
 repeat it three or four times, then use the iodine ointment. 
 If this does not remove it all apply the spavin medicine. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 143 
 
 Liquid Blister. 
 
 Take of alcohol 1 pint, turpentine \ pint, aqua ammonia 
 4 ozs., oil of origanum 1 oz., apply this as spoken of 
 every three hours until it blisters. Do not repeat oftener 
 than once in eight days, or seven at least, or it will kill the 
 haii\ 
 
 How to Tame a Wild Horse. 
 
 Halter him, and then take the warts from the leg", dry 
 and powder, then blow it up his nose ; then take oil of aro- 
 dium, drop a few drops on your hand and rub it over his 
 nose — this will make him follow you and you can do any- 
 thing you wish. 
 
 How to Make a Horse Stand to be Castrated. 
 
 Put chloroform on a sponge and hold it to his nose a few 
 seconds until he closes his eyes ; remove it and halter him. 
 This can be given to perform any operation. You can buy 
 it at the drug store for seventy-five cents per pound. 
 
 Spavin and Ring-bone Medicine. 
 
 Take of cantharides 2 ozs., mercurial ointment 4 ozs., 
 tincture of iodine 3 ozs., turpentine 4 ozs., corrosive 
 sublimate 3 drachms ; mix all well with 2 pounds of lard, 
 color it if you like. Follow the directions here given. 
 
 If for ring-bone or bone-spavin, cut off the hair from the 
 part affected, and merely grease the lump with the oint- 
 ment. Rub it in well with the naked hand. In two days 
 
144 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 grease the part with lard, and in four days wash it off with 
 soap and water, and apply the ointment again. So repeat 
 it every four days. If for wind-galls or bog-spavin or curb, 
 apply the ointment every six days. 
 
 Johnston's Liniment* 
 
 Take oil of origanum 1 oz., alcohol \ pint, oil of cedar 
 \ oz., oil of cloves \ oz., turpentine \ oz., olive oil 8 ozs., 
 shake well. This is used for most all complaints of the 
 muscles. 
 
 Opedeldoc. 
 
 Take alcohol | g-allon, 2 pounds of castile soap, 4 ozs. 
 of gum camphor, 2 ozs. oil of amber, place the alcohol into 
 a pot in hot water, shave up the soap and keep it hot 
 until all dissolves, and you have the original opedeldoc. 
 
 Fresh Wounds. 
 
 First, stop the blood by tying the arteries, or by apply- 
 ing the following wash : Four grains of nitre of silver, 
 1 oz. of soft water; wet the wound with this and then 
 draw the edges together by stitches one inch apart, then 
 wash clean, and if any swelling in twenty-four hours, bleed 
 and apply the blue ointment, or any ~f the ointments 
 spoken of. Keep the bowels open. 
 
 Green Ointment. 
 
 Take 6 pounds lard, put into a 10-gallon kettle, add 2 
 gallons of water, cut jimpson weeds and fill them in and 
 
AUTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 145 
 
 cook four to six hours, slow, until the water boils off, then 
 put it into jars, add to each pound of ointment 1 oz. of 
 turpentine. This is a good and cheap stable ointment, for 
 scratches, galls, etc. 
 
 Lampers. 
 
 All young- horses are liable to this trouble — it is nothing 
 but inflammation of the gums. 
 
 Cure— Bleed or scarify the gums ; never burn off for it 
 spoils the teeth and adds to the cause of the disease. Give 
 a bran mash ; rub the gums with salt. Give the cleansing 
 powders. 
 
 To Make Old Horses Young, or Get Up and Howl. 
 
 Take the tincture of asafcetida 1 oz., tincture of cantha- 
 rides 1 oz., oil of anise 1 oz., oil of cloves 1 oz., oil of cinna- 
 mon 1 oz., antimony 2 ozs., fenugreek 1 oz., 4th proof brandy 
 \ gallon; let it stand ten or twelve days, and give ten 
 drops in a pail of water, or to a gallon. 
 
 To Make Ointment Like Sloan's. 
 Take mutton tallow 4 lbs., bees-wax \ lb., turpentine 3 
 ozs., melt over a slow fire and when partly cold add the 
 turpentine and you have the same ointment Sloan sells for 
 everything. Try it and prove its value. 
 
 Butten Farcen. 
 
 Cause— Overheat, high feeding, and no exercise. Symp- 
 toms, the limbs swell up and break out in running sores. 
 
146 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Cure — In the first stages bleed and physic, then take of 
 gentian 2 oz., ginger 3 oz., make a stiff paste and divide 
 into twelve parts, add to each separately 10 grains of arse- 
 nic, make into pills, give one morning and evening, until it 
 makes his mouth sore, then wash the sores clean, and apply 
 the blue ointment to them. If not better in three weeks 
 bleed and repeat the pills. Apply the different liniments to 
 the legs if they swell. Be careful not to get the matter on 
 a wound, for it will kill you ! 
 
 Water Farcy. 
 This is a swelling along under the chest and forward to 
 the breast. Bleed and rowel in the breast and all along 
 the swelling, six inches apart ; apply the general liniment 
 to the swelling, move the rowels every day, let them stay 
 in until the swelling goes down. Give soft food, mashes, 
 with the cleansing powders in it. This is dropsy, and there 
 are many causes for it. 
 
 Diabetes. 
 
 Too free discharge of urine, or cannot hold his water. 
 
 Cure — Give | oz. tincture of cantharides every ten or 
 twelve days, and if not entirely well repeat it, and bleed 1 
 gallon from the neck ; feed clean food. The cause is rotten 
 or musty grain, or too free use of turpentine. Keep him 
 open with mashes and green food. 
 
 Contraction of the Tendons in Neck. 
 Symptoms — Often the head is drawn to one side ; again, 
 the horse cannot get his head to the ground. Cause of this 
 \s spraining the horse, and rheumatism contracts. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 147 
 
 xjxxre — If it is taken in the first stages, bleed from the 
 neck 2 gallons, then foment or bathe the part well with hot 
 water ; rub it dry, and take the general liniment and apply 
 two or three times a day, which will cure it. If it is of long 
 standing blister along the parli affected, with liquid blister ; 
 do this every three weeks until he is well, and rub with 
 white ointment. 
 
 For Rheumatism, 
 
 Take alcohol ^ pint, oil of origanum \ oz., cayenne J oz., 
 or gum myrrh \ oz., 1 teaspoonful of lobelia, and let all 
 stand over-night, then bathe the part affected. This is the 
 best medicine I ever used. 
 
 Heaves, 
 
 Take 4 ozs. balsam fir, 4 ozs. balsam copaiva, | oz. 
 asafcetida, 4 ozs. vinegar, 3 ozs. alcohol. One teaspoonful 
 every day. Tartar emetic, as much as will lay on a ten 
 cent piece, every three days. 
 
 Dope to Trade on. 
 
 Four ozs. black antimony, 2 ozs. cantharides, A small 
 spoonful twice a day will fat a horse in ten days. 
 
 Condition Powders, 
 
 One pound fenugreek seed, 1 lb. anise seed, \ lb. cream 
 tartar, \ squills, 2 ozs. antimony. One tablespoonful twice 
 a day in a bran mash. 
 
148 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Gargling Oil. 
 
 One quart linseed oil, 1 pint barbadoes tar, 1 pint turpen- 
 tine, 4 ozs. oil of vitriol. 
 
 To Spot a White Horse Black. 
 
 Three ozs. litherage, 6 ozs. quick lime ; beat it fine and 
 mix tog-ether, put into a pan and pour a sharp lye over it, 
 then boil it and you will have a fat substance swim on the 
 top with which rub on the horse in such places as you desire 
 to have black. 
 
 To Make a White Star. 
 
 Take a knife and shave the hair off. Put oil of vitriol on 
 the spot you design white, with a feather. 
 
 Stoppage of the Urine. 
 
 Symptoms — Frequent attempt to urinate, looking around 
 at his sides, lying down, rolling and stretching'. 
 
 Cure — Take \ lb. alum, 3 drachms oil of camphor, grind 
 and mix. Make this in three pills. Give one every day 
 with a drench made of a small spoonful of saltpetre, and 2 
 ozs. water. 
 
 Lock-Jaw. 
 
 Bleed largely and apply chloroform to the nose until the 
 jaws fly open. Put a gag in the mouth, and 2 ozs. tincture 
 asafoetida every six hours, and a dose of physic. This will 
 cure if there is any cure. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 149 
 
 To Stop Blood. 
 
 If you can get hold of the artery tie it up, if not use the 
 following- : 10 grains nitrate of silver, and 4 ozs. of water. 
 Apply it to the wound and it will stop bleeding immediate- 
 ly. Apply this to warts after cutting them off. 
 
 For Killing Lice. 
 
 Take £ pound of sulphur, 1 oz. spirits turpentine, mix 
 well with 3 lbs. of lard. Do not let the animal get wet. 
 Give a few doses of condition powders. 
 
 Loss of Appetite. 
 
 Bleed half a gallon. Give a few doses of condition 
 powders. If he lacks life, tie a small piece of asafcetida on 
 his bit. 
 
 Big Head. 
 
 Four ozs. Venice turpentine, 2 ozs. Spanish flies, 2 ozs. 
 oil origanum, 2 ozs. spirits hartshorn, 2 drs. corrosive 
 sublimate. 
 
 Thumps. 
 
 Symptoms— The horse is almost exhausted, breathing 
 is very hard. The difference between thumps and lung 
 fever is distress of the heart, which you may hear at a 
 distance of twenty feet. 
 
 Cure— Bleed largely and it will stop suddenly. Dissolve 
 
150 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 1 dr. of nitre and a large spoonful of salt in i pint water, 
 drench every six hours for three times. Do not work the 
 horse for a week. 
 
 To Cure Knee-Sprung Horses, or for Cord Soreness or 
 Enlargement of the Joints, or Knuckling. 
 
 Take2ozs. extract of Goullard's lead, 1 quart good cider 
 vinegar. Let stand three or four hours and bathe cords or 
 parts affected every night and morning. Use a bandage 
 if convenient ; will remove all fever or inflammation. 
 
New Illustrated Appendix 
 
 Showing 283 Styles of Shoes together 
 
 with other Valuable 
 
 Information. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 Modern farriery has become one of the most progressive 
 of the sciences. For many years the standard works of the 
 English, French and German authors were reprinted 
 and followed as if the subject had been exhausted by them. 
 But this view has given place in America to the most rigid 
 examination into the wants of the American trotting horse, 
 the latest development of the high bred and swift trotting 
 horse; so that instead of American farriery being confined 
 to the proper dressing of the foot and shoeing of the 
 sound and unsound horse, investigation has been extended 
 to the action or gait, and many invaluable shoeing devices 
 have been invented by the ingenious American mind to 
 regulate as well as to control the action of the horse both 
 at the walk and at full speed. This is so great a step in ad- 
 vance that European works are no longer regarded as the 
 highest standard of authority, but the American treatises 
 have largely taken their place both in Europe and America. 
 
 The author has been impressed with this conviction for 
 more than a decade. For forty years he has been a prac- 
 tical blacksmith, and has shod all grades of horses from the 
 ponderous Norman to the fleet-footed thoroughbred race 
 horse. His place of business has been headquarters for 
 the treatment of every species of lameness and abnormal 
 condition of the foot, as well as the smithy for perfecting 
 the gait and developing the speed, by the introduction of 
 such shoes as each individual horse under treatment de- 
 manded. 
 
 Moreover, he has patiently studied the anatomy, pathol- 
 ogy and mechanical action of the foot, limb and body, so 
 that by this dual mastery of the theoretical and practical 
 
154 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 science of modern farriery he might leave, as a monument, 
 a life work that would prove both instructive and useful to 
 the horse community. When the first edition of the pres- 
 ent treatise was published he believed he would not issue 
 still another revised edition; but his constant study of the 
 subject and his interviews with the leading trainers and 
 shoers and horse owners of this country have evolved so 
 many valuable inventions and so much improvement in the 
 treatment of chronic disorders that another edition has be- 
 come absolutely imperative. 
 
 The author trusts that the second edition will meet all 
 requirements of being the latest standard authority on mod- 
 ern farriery. 
 
 GEO. E. RICH. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 Since he publication of the first edition of my treatise on 
 Artistic Horseshoeing, so many additional cases have come 
 to my attention of the results of neglect of the horse's foot, 
 that I have concluded to embody them, with copious illus- 
 trations in a complete final work to embrace all the import- 
 ant matter contained in the first edition, as well as the ad- 
 ditional contents comprised in the second edition. 
 
 After a practical experience of nearly half a century at 
 the forge and anvil, I trust that I have herein demonstrated 
 my theory, by the most indubitable proofs, that the cause 
 of most of the foot and leg diseases of the horse is to be 
 attributed to the failure to properly balance the feet in 
 shoeing. And I am upheld in my opinion by the best and 
 most experienced trainers and horseshoers in the country. 
 Readers of this, the second edition of Artistic Horseshoeing, 
 therefore, will understand my theory; upon this I believe 
 that the horseshoeing craft can rely faithfully, and I thus 
 confidently proclaim it, so that the inquiring reader, who 
 necessarily must be either a practical horseshoer, trainer, 
 owner, or interested in the horse, may understand as he 
 reads the reasons for the remedies and treatments for the 
 disorders to the foot and leg herein described. 
 
 Some diseases are recognizable at once and can be as- 
 signed to known causes ; others appear only after a shorter 
 or longer course of treatment and experiment, while many 
 do not respond to the most exhaustive diagnosis. In the 
 present instance I believe a very comprehensive field has 
 been covered, and that a study of this book and the cases 
 cited will enable the farrier to prescribe the proper treat- 
 ment from his own diagnosis of cases. 
 
i 5 6 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 But it is not to diseases mainly that this edition is de- 
 voted. The few remarks here relative to proper care of the 
 feet are equally applicable to the sound horse, and make 
 more emphatic the necessity for the care and preservation 
 of the sound foot. 
 
 It is my good fortune to number on my list of friends 
 many of the most prominent horsemen and farriers in al- 
 most all parts of the country, and for the many courtesies 
 received from them at various times and places, my thanks 
 are due. Particularly, it should be stated here, that I am in- 
 debted to Prof. Russell, of Cincinnati, the well known au- 
 thority on all subjects relating to the welfare of the horse, 
 for his valuable assistance and suggestions opportunely 
 given while I was pursuing the investigation of the princi- 
 ples of this work, and continuing through an association 
 of more than twenty-five years. 
 
 G. E. RICH. 
 * 239 S. Main St., Akron, O. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING 
 
 METHOD OF SCIENCE, ART, AND COMMON SENSE. 
 
 Necessity of Shoeing. — Since the employment of the 
 horse in many pursuits renders it necessary that an artificial 
 protection be employed to preserve his feet from injurious 
 wear, it becomes a consideration of the first importance to 
 know the proper method of doing this without seriously 
 interfering with or destroying the functions of the foot, and 
 so as in the least, to constrain its natural gestures while em- 
 ploying its fullest powers. 
 
 The effects of applying an iron defense to the horse's 
 foot and securing it to the hoof with nails, are no doubt a 
 source of injury to that organ, and even with the best of 
 care a few of them are unavoidable ; but they are increased 
 in number and heightened in intensity, when the shoe is 
 badly constructed and attached, whereas a right under- 
 standing of the subject will teach that those evils which are 
 unavoidable may at least be greatly mitigated. 
 
 ) There are some points on the question of shoeing notori- 
 ously at issue between writers and shoers, theorists, and 
 practitioners, so that hardly any agreement can be found to 
 exist even on essential principles, and this diversity of opin- 
 ion will probably continue until the known human artifices 
 shall have been superseded by unknown or natural agencies. 
 
 All agree, however, that some artificial shield to the 
 horse's foot is necessary, for employed as he is, his hoofs 
 are unable to withstand the severe demands imposed upon 
 them ; the wear more than exceeds the growth. 
 
 Again, all unite in the belief that nothing more simple, 
 inexpensive and efficient than a well-devised iron or steel 
 shoe can at present be produced to meet the exigencies of 
 the case, nor can the safe and ready method of attaching it 
 by nails be displaced by any other means that we are ac- 
 quainted with. 
 
 Having to deal with the facts as we find them, there- 
 fore, let us turn to a consideration of the best means which 
 lie in our power of reducing, as much as possible, the 
 evils so frequently attendant upon the practice of shoeing 
 as commonly pursued. 
 
158 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Past and Present. — Bad and indifferent shoeing are pro- 
 ductive of but one result — serious injury to the animals 
 shod — and rendering them more or less unfit for active ser- 
 vice. It is the exercise of a higher knowledge and its scien- 
 tific application that constitutes the true "art, trade and 
 mystery" of farriery, as exemplified in the best practice of 
 today; in which science as well as art and common sense, 
 are operating to supplant the irrational, time-honored cus- 
 toms (which were once a portion of the blacksmith's creed), 
 and are now gradually raising the science of horseshoeing 
 above the baneful influences of ignorance and traditional 
 routine, to that position which its practical importance as 
 a great national economic question justly entitles it. 
 
 When it is thus conceded that some of the operations 
 and practices of the art have been materially altered and 
 improved upon, it is none the less true that the ordinary 
 system of horse-shoeing, as it obtains in average hands, has 
 not kept pace with the advancement noted. In too many in- 
 stances it is observable that the art of the farrier is at vari- 
 ance with the workings of nature, and what satisfies the one 
 outrages the demands of the other. The result is strikingly 
 conspicuous in the number of lame, maimed, diseased or dis- 
 abled horses, involving a direct loss of valuable property, 
 as well as much needless suffering in the noblest of our 
 dumb animals. And to misapplied shoeing, a very large 
 proportion of these evils is beyond all doubt, directly or in- 
 directly traceable. 
 
 Important to Horsemen. — The shoeing of horses is a 
 work practically belonging to the smith, but as gentlemen 
 and others who are owners of horses ought to know and be 
 able to distinguish, at least in some degree, when it is ill or 
 well done, it would seem an unnecessary precaution to 
 recommend a matter of such personal interest to their at- 
 tention. It is really surprising to learn, however, how in- 
 different or neglectful of the well-being of their horses' feet 
 and legs so many owners and drivers are. The foot is un- 
 doubtedly the most important part of the animal, so far as 
 his ultimate usefulness is concerned. And the affair of 
 shoeing is so important in its consequences, both for the 
 preservation of the foot, the safety of the legs, and the ease 
 and comfort of their motion that horsemen and proprietors 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 159 
 
 can not be too attentive to practical recommendations on 
 the subject. For it must be borne in mind that among 
 horseshoers there is as great diversity of opinion in regard 
 to the performance of their work as there possibly can be in 
 any other trade or calling, and theoretical speculations upon 
 this subject have done but little for the farrier or the horse. 
 I am convinced that many of these differences would disap- 
 pear, together with most of the ailments and afflictions to 
 which horses are liable under existing conditions, if a bet- 
 ter knowledge of the natural formation of the foot and the 
 relative value and office of its various parts, pervaded the 
 great body of owners and trainers as a whole, than now 
 exists. These troubles are caused, speaking generally, by 
 the horse being out of balance on his feet, and, in justice to 
 the much abused horseshoer, be it noted, they are quite as 
 often due to erroneous ideas and "pet theories" of would-be 
 horsemen being foisted into the workshop, as from any lack 
 of ablity or ingenuity on the part of the farrier. 
 
 In veterinary surgery, too, as an effective remedial or 
 curative agent, for so many of the injuries and diseases af- 
 fecting the health and soundness of the horse, scientific 
 shoeing should occupy a foremost place ; yet it is a matter 
 of deep regret that among this class of practitioners are 
 many men who have neglected to properly study this most 
 important branch of their profession, or, having acquired 
 only an imperfect conception of it through books, are un- 
 able to direct it with necessary discretion to any salutary ef- 
 feet ; or, as has so frequently come within the trend of my 
 experience, altogether pervert it, to the continued detriment 
 of the patient and of the business interests involved as well. 
 The moral of this is obvious. No humbug use of iron, nor 
 theoretical experiments with it on the one side, nor blind 
 groping in the dark on the other, will ever solve the "prob- 
 lems of farriery," simple and easy as they really are, but 
 made difficult contentions in the hands of quacks and igno- 
 rant practitioners. 
 
 Essential Knowledge. — To rescue the practice from such 
 hands is the work of that higher knowledge to which I have 
 already referred, and it is the application of such general 
 facts of veterinary anatomy as explain the construction and 
 functions of the foot, to the practical business of shoeing 
 
160 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 that will most largely contribute to this end. How other- 
 wise, can the smith be expected to understand the normal 
 size, shape and structure of the foot upon which he oper- 
 ates, or how know the correct principles of shoeing and bal- 
 ancing a horse on his feet? 
 
 When a horse is at the shoeing forge "it is a condition, 
 not a theory," that confronts the smith, and there is no 
 longer room for doubt, and unless he knows, with positive 
 certainty, just how to preserve or obtain the proper bal- 
 ances and bearings of the foot he is utterly incapacitated to 
 take charge of it. Science and art are combined in skillful 
 shoeing. A knowledge of the structure and normal func- 
 tions of every part of the foot, as well as of the legs from 
 the knee and hock down, though not necessarily in their ul- 
 timate scientific minutiae, are as necessary to make a per- 
 fect shoer as is the mechanical skill to make a' perfect shoe. 
 
 Condensed Anatomy. — Fully appreciating the import- 
 ance of these suggestions and knowing that an accumula- 
 tion of detail often deters the average reader and thus de- 
 feats the design of the writer, a concise review of the gener- 
 al anatomy of the horse's foot will be introduced here, con- 
 taining only the briefest hint of the essential organs of lo- 
 comotion, which may serve as a convenient reference chart 
 to the general features of the subject under discussion. 
 
 Speaking first of the external structure of the foot alone, 
 the parts with which the farrier has to deal, are the wall, 
 sole, bars and frog, all well enough known by name, but 
 less familiar in their relations with other parts and the mode 
 of their co-operation. 
 
 The hoof is composed of horny, hair-like fibers, closely 
 matted together and forms the natural protection of the sen- 
 sitive foot. 
 
 The wall is that part of the hoof visible when the foot 
 rests naturally on the ground, end is the main factor in 
 bearing the horse's weight. 
 
 The bars are a continuation of the wall forming the 
 ingles at the heel, and assist in the lateral expansion and 
 oppose contraction of the heels and quarters. 
 
 The sole is contained within the lower margin of the 
 wall, and is a concaved plate of flexible horn covering the 
 ground surface of the foot. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 161 
 
 The frog forms the back part of the sole between the 
 bars, and is the natural buffer of the foot for the prevention 
 of injury and jar to the. limb. 
 
 The wall grows indefinitely, but the sole and frog natur- 
 ally throw off flakes or scales when they have grown to a 
 certain thickness and are essential in their entirety for the 
 maintenance of the foot in health and its protection from in- 
 jury. The hoof incloses the coffin-bone, which is the ter- 
 minal bone of the leg. 
 
 To this bone are attached the principal tendons that 
 bend and thrust the foot forward, and to it also grow the 
 tough but tender, leafy tissues which dovetail into horny 
 ridges on the wall; these attachments being technically 
 called the sensitive and insensitive laminae. These leafy tis- 
 sues working together, carry the stress of weight with an 
 elastic movement, their variation, under pressure and with- 
 out, being found to be about one quarter of an inch. The 
 result is a wonderful elastic spring between the end of the 
 leg and the external hoof, and this with the springy action 
 of the coronary and frog cushions and lateral cartilages, 
 acting together with the expansion of the arched bars — all 
 being compressible under pressure — is the wise provision 
 of nature to ward off and minimize the concussion on a 
 horse's foot in motion. 
 
 The Center of Gravity. — Having reached this point, let 
 us observe the going as well as the external and internal 
 structure of a horse's foot. The horse then who draws 
 presses first on the toe, then successively on the sides to 
 ease the toe, then upon the heel, from which it immediately 
 rises again. Trotting and running horses press the toe rela- 
 tively lighter, landing first upon the heel, but in either case 
 the effort of the weight of the horses fixes the real point 
 of support neither upon the heel or toe, but on the middle 
 or ball of the foot — between both, where is located the cen- 
 ter of gravity, which is easy to demonstrate anatomically: 
 thus, the cannon-bone presses on the head of the upper past- 
 ern, this on the lower pastern, this again on the navicular 
 and coffin-bones, the center from where it is projected upon 
 the ground bearings of the hoof without. In a sound and 
 healthy organization, the succession of rapid movements 
 of the living animal, adducts or shifts the center of gravity 
 
162 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 toward and through the median line or center of the heads 
 of the coffin, eastern, and fetlock joints, in a smooth, even, 
 and equally-balanced movement, and the function of loco- 
 motion i3 performed v/It'i perfect and efficient activity. But 
 let any change or irregularity, however slight or obscure, 
 occur among the elements of the case, whether in the rela- 
 tions of co-operating parts, or of form, dimension and loca- 
 tion of foot bearings, whereby certain parts of a limb are 
 forced to accept the portion of the weight which belongs to 
 others ; in short, whatever tends to defeat the purpose of 
 nature in organizing the locomotory apparatus by interfer- 
 ing with or misdirecting its normal movement will ultimate- 
 ly result in that loss of harmony and lack of balance be- 
 trayed by disabled functions and testified by lameness. 
 
 Emphasizing the Facts. — In thus digressing it is only to 
 establish certain primary facts relating to the main sub- 
 ject, in the hope of drawing attention to the necessity of 
 every horseman and farrier clearly comprehending this 
 branch of it before entering upon its sequel — the prepara- 
 tion of the foot for the shoe — in order to prove that without 
 it as a foundation upon which to rest the whole modus oper- 
 andi, and as a final resource to fall back upon in all cases 
 where accurate judgment is required, there can be no per- 
 manently favorable results secured from any treatment in- 
 stituted, howsoever skillful or experienced the operator may 
 otherwise be. The value of appreciating this and of knowing 
 the natural formation of the foot, is, practically to know 
 when the foot is losing that natural form, so that it may be 
 shaped and shod to assist nature in restoring it. How, then, 
 shall we shoe a horse to preserve intact the normal condi- 
 tions of the feet and legs, so as to afford them the necessary 
 protection in the performance of their varied functions under 
 the most exacting conditions which civilization can impose, 
 enabling all to act together in perfect harmony and with 
 absolute efficiency? 
 
 Variation of Feet. — From the natural form of the hoof 
 we perceive that it descends obliquely outward, whereby it 
 becomes considerably broader at its basis than at the cor- 
 onet ; it also declines in height toward the heel, and this 
 change of contour, together with the changes of growth, 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 163 
 
 affects its size and the degree of obliquity in its various 
 parts. Too much importance can not possibly be attached 
 by the workman to this variation, for it is of the first im- 
 portance to discriminate accurately and determine positive- 
 ly the normal and abnormal positions of the limb. It fre- 
 quently becomes exceedingly difficult to do this, owing to 
 the close similarity between the natural and unnatural posi- 
 tions existing in horses of different breeds, and to do it sat- 
 isfactorily will often require the exercise of the closest scru- 
 tiny and draw upon all the resources of experience, sound 
 judgmnt, and anatomical knowledge. Horses' feet are alike 
 in their anatomical combination, but differ in conformation, 
 condition, and size, and what will suffice to level and bal- 
 ance one horse will have no satisfactory effect on others. 
 
 The Angle of Incidence.— But in a majority of cases the 
 solution of this first problem relating to the correct fall of 
 the angle, of incidence may be easily obtained by carefully 
 observing the outlines of the pasterns, and closely noting 
 the motion of the whole extremity and especially of the 
 joints. Sometimes the overgrowth in length of toe or heel 
 is too distinctly evident to admit of error, but in every in- 
 stance the shoer must not fail to make the foot the sub- 
 ject of a thorough and intelligent examination, for upon his 
 decision as to its natural position and the succeeding step, 
 namely, leveling the ground surface of the hoof so that its 
 angle will conform exactly to the inclination of the pasterns, 
 is where the art of farriery comes in. 
 
 What Rule to go by.— It would be misleading to lay 
 down any arbitrary degree of obliquity, as it naturally 
 varies more or less in almost every individual horse, short 
 pastern horses standing at a greater angle than those with 
 long pasterns, and hind feet more than the fore ; hence, the 
 natural bias of the superimposed structures is the only safe 
 guide to follow. 
 
 How to get on in the Work.— As the slightest departure 
 from exactitude here renders whatever amount of care that 
 may be devoted to the completion of the work worse than 
 useless, and as every one knows that accurate leveling can 
 not be 'done by the unaiued eye, a mechanical means must 
 be resorted to for the purpose, and a scientific leveler and 
 compass should therefor form part of every farrier's outfit. 
 
1 64 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 165 
 
 CASE NO. 1. 
 
 No. I— This shoe is a side-weight extension with square toe 
 and bar, with a long drag heel outside. I use this shoe for cross- 
 fire pacers. It is one of my latest designs and I have stopped a 
 great many cross-fires. This shoe, as shown here, weighs g l / 2 oz. 
 
 No. 2 — This is a front shoe, side weight with side calks, toe 
 and heel. You will notice that the outside toe is about 2 inches 
 longer, coming around on the toe so that it makes the shoe a 
 square toe. 
 
 No. 3. — This is a front foot shoe to lessen the knee-action, 
 shorten the stride and prevent forging. 
 
 No. 4— This is a hind foot shoe with a grab toe, for trotters 
 or pacers. 
 
 No. 5 — This is a 5 oz. hind shoe, for trotters or pacers, with 
 bar to keep the shoe from spreading. 
 
 No. 6 — This is a side-weight extension front shoe, for inter- 
 fering. The foot should be measured from corner band to sur- 
 face of bottom part of foot, wherever you apply the shoe For 
 full information, see page 60. 
 
 No. 7 — This is a hind or front foot shoe, with spoon shape 
 paddle to fit over frog of foot to allow us to pack and treat a very 
 bad case of thrush. 
 
 No. 8 — This is a new style packing shoe with bars across as 
 shown in shoe, so that we can take out the packing and replace it 
 without removing the shoe. 
 
 No. 9 — This is a hind foot shoe with long outside heel calk, for 
 trotter or pacer. 
 
 No. 10 — This is a running plate or front foot shoe, weighing 
 Y4 oz. 
 
 No. 11 — This is a front foot shoe bar for a running horse and 
 weighs 1 oz. 
 
 No. 12 — This is a hind foot shoe running plate and weighs 
 Y\ oz. 
 
 No. 13 — This is a hind foot shoe for trotters or pacers, with 
 heel and toe calks and nail holes raised so that the heads will 
 set inside. This shoe weighs S Z A oz. 
 
 No. 14 — This is a plain, ordinary hind shoe and weighs 7 oz. 
 
 No. 15 — This is a plain, ordinary hind shoe, with heel and toe. 
 
 No. 16 — This is a convexed bar for trotter or pacer. 
 
 No. 17 — This is a square toe, side-weight shoe, very light in- 
 side for ankle-hitters. 
 
 No. 18 — This is an ordinary, side-weight hind shoe for ankle- 
 hitting. 
 
i66 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 167 
 
 CASE NO. 2. 
 
 No. 19 — This is a grab toe shoe with long side heels, for hind 
 foot. 
 
 No. 20 — This is a toe weight with grab toe and bar combined. 
 
 No. 21 — This is a front shoe with extended rim all around. 
 
 No. 22 — This is a hind foot, bar shoe for trotter or pacer. 
 
 No. 23 — This is a convexed front shoe, creased. 
 
 No. 24 — This is a side-weight, square toe shoe, for ankle- 
 hitting. 
 
 No. 25 — This is a plain, ordinary, flat shoe for front foot. 
 
 No. 26 — This is a hind foot shoe with convexed toe grab and 
 heel calks. 
 
 No. 27 — This is a side-weight bar shoe. 
 
 No. 28 — This is a square toe hind shoe with outside heel Y\ 
 inch longer than inside with a calk on inside of toe. 
 
 No. 29 — This is a rolling-motion bar for front foot, for in- 
 creasing the action. 
 
 No. 30 — This is a side-weight shoe, rounded on the inside from 
 point of toe to third nail hole. 
 
 No. 31 — This is a front foot shoe with grab toe. 
 
 No. 32 — This is a front foot double half-bar for case of con- 
 traction. 
 
 No. 33 — This is a very light weight hind foot bar shoe with 
 outside *y 2 inch longer than inside. 
 
 No. 34 — This is a very light toe weight, front shoe. 
 No. 35 — This shows a diamond shape front shoe bar. 
 No. 36 — This is a plain 24 mcn front shoe. 
 No. 2>7 — This is an old style cross-firing shoe. 
 No. 38— This is a front bar shoe with four (4) calks running 
 lengthways. 
 
 No. 39 — This is a 5 oz. running plate for hind foot. 
 
 No. 40 — This is a hind foot, half-bar shoe. 
 
 No. 41 — This is a front bar shoe, made of half round iron. I 
 use this shoe in case of corns and ingrown quarters by putting the 
 half bar on one-half of frog and taking the pressure off of the 
 heel under the half-bar. 
 
i68 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 169 
 
 CASE NO. 3. 
 
 No. 42 — This is a side weight shoe, extended outside long 
 heel for interfering. 
 
 No. 43 — This is a side-weight shoe with raised rim all around 
 the outside. 
 
 No. 44 — This is still another style of hind shoe, for trotter or 
 pacer, with hind toe and heel calks. 
 
 No. 45 — This is a square toe shoe with calk toe and heel, 
 as represented, for trotter or pacer, that wears heavy on the out- 
 side. 
 
 No. 46 — This is a hind foot shoe, with toe and heel calks, for 
 trotter or pacer. 
 
 No. 47 — This is a side-weight hind shoe with heel to extend 2 
 inches back of foot bearing, to support back tendons and ankle. 
 
 No. 48 — This is a swedged bar shoe as shown in cut. 
 
 No. 49 — This is a co/ivexed bar for front foot. 
 
 No. 50 — This shows another style of light hind shoe with bar, 
 for trotter or pacer. 
 
 No. 51 — This is a grab toe hind shoe with heel and toe. 
 
 No. 52 — This is a hind foot shoe to deaden the action and 
 stride of the hind foot. The cut shows no heel calks but in a great 
 many cases, I use a heel calk on it. 
 
170 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 171 
 
 CASE NO. 4, 
 
 No. 53 — I refer you to page No. 70. 
 
 No. 54 — This is still another grab weight bar shoe for front 
 foot. 
 
 No. 55 — This is a heavy toe weight shoe with light heels. 
 No. 56 — This is a still heavier front shoe with toe weight, 
 having opening in toe weight to trim point of frog. 
 No. 57 — This is a plain, ordinary front foot shoe. 
 No. 58 — This is a hind foot shoe with square toe and light 
 heels. I use this in a great many cases to make the horse go over 
 with toe square. 
 
 No. 59 — This shoes a front foot bar shoe with heavy heels and 
 light convexed toe and is used to deaden the stride of the front 
 feet. 
 
 No. 60 — This is still another front foot toe weight. 
 No. 61 — This is an old style toe weight, convexed shoe, for 
 front foot. 
 
 No. 62 — This is a front foot bar for bad hitting, as recommend- 
 ed and made by Wm. H. Russell. 
 
 No. 63 — This is a plain front shoe, weighing 8 oz., with long 
 heel calks and a grab toe. 
 
 No. 64 — This is a front shoe, beveled from last nail back of 
 foot surface, to be used in contraction in case we don't use any bar. 
 No. 65 — This is a toe and heel calk front or hind shoe with 
 groove cut in, to be used on hard track or ice. 
 
 No. 66— This is the old-fashioned New York bar shoe, nearly 
 round. 
 
 No. 67— This shows you still another style of rolling motion 
 shoe. 
 
 No. 68 — This shows a hind foot, interfering shoe with toe 
 calk on inside, near the two front nail holes and was designed by 
 Russell. 
 
 No. 69 — This shows you still another hind foot shoe for inter- 
 fering, with one (i)calk on the inside of shoe, near the two heel 
 nail holes. 
 
 No. 70 — This is another interfering shoe, beveled all around 
 outside from inside toe. Inside very straight. 
 
 No. 71— This is another style of interfering shoe for hind foot 
 with calk running from toe to heel inside of nail holes with 
 a heavy outside heel. 
 
 No. 72 — This shows a front foot shoe with bars from heels to 
 toe, to be used in packing foot. 
 
172 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 173 
 
 CASE NO. 5. 
 
 No 7^—This is a front foot shoe, as shown in cut, made of 
 steel with bar running from heel, to be fitted down between heel 
 and frog, to be used as a spreader. 
 
 No. 74 __l r efer you to pages No. 68 and No. 69. 
 No 7 r_This is a front foot shoe for interfering. From cen- 
 ter of point of frog perfectly level on inside with inside roll, as 
 shown in cut 
 
 No 76— This is a five (5) calk shoe. I designed this _ shoe 
 thirty-five years ago to be used on a tread power running a 
 threshing machine The object of my putting the extra two (2) 
 calks on the sides is to keep the horse from catching his toe be- 
 tween the lags of the tread power and running him ort. 
 
 No. 77— This is a convexed, rolling motion shoe for front foot. 
 No 7 8— This is a rooling motion shoe for front foot with 
 heels to increase the action of the horse in front. 
 
 No 70— This is a rolling motion, convexed bar shoe with high 
 heel. I have used this shoe in case of founder or lamimtis. 
 
 No 80— This is a joint shoe, open in toe, with heel and toe 
 calks, to be used in bad cases of contraction. 
 No. 81— This is a convexed front shoe. 
 No. 82— This is a plain, ordinary, old style front shoe. 
 No. 83-This is a bar shoe for front or hind foot with strap 
 as you will see in cut, to be used in case the back tendon has been 
 cut or raptured. I place a bandage above the ankle then pull up 
 this oart and bandage it also and it acts as a joint. If the tendons 
 are cut the horse's foe will turn up but by using this shoe, we can 
 knit or sew the tendons together. 
 
 No 84— This is a convexed front shoe with spur to turn up 
 over toe to receive the artificial toe weight. 
 
 No. 85— This is an ordinary hind shoe, side-weight with 
 feather inside heel. 
 
 No 86— This is a bar shoe, open at the toe and heel so that by 
 putting'the pressure on the frog, the foot is expanded very easily. 
 
 No. 87— This is a convexed front shoe bar with heels. 
 
174 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. . 175 
 
 CASE NO. 6. 
 
 No. 88 — This is a hind foot shoe to deaden the action of the 
 horse, with plain, flat toe. 
 
 No. 89 — This is a heavy heel weight shoe with light convexed 
 toe. I use this shoe for arm-hitting with good results. 
 
 No. 90. — This is still another style of shoe for interfering. 
 
 No. 91 — This is an ordinary hind foot shoe for interfering, 
 with a long outside heel and light inside heel calks. 
 
 No. 92 — This is another convexed bar. 
 
 No. 93 — This is another style of a hinge shoe to be used in 
 cases of contraction. It is very thin through the frog to come 
 in contact with the ground. 
 
 No. 94 — This is a convexed front shoe, with three (3) nails 
 on a side and well in front. 
 
 No. 95 — This is another style of hind foot shoe for interfer- 
 nig, with long outside heel. 
 
 No. 96 — This is a heavy toe weight shoe for increasing the 
 action in front. 
 
 No. 97 — This is another style of toe weight, rolling motion 
 shoe with light heels, to be used to make a horse knee-act. 
 
 No. 98— This is a double half-bar front shoe to be used in case 
 of contraction or corns. 
 
 No. 99 — This is an ordinary front or hind foot shoe with part 
 drawn out, as shown in cut, to cover a bruise or puncture of a nail. 
 
 No. 100 — This is a side-weight hind shoe with square toe, for 
 trotter or pacer. 
 
 No. 101 — This is a hind foot shoe with extension outside and 
 heel calks, for interfering. 
 
 No. 102 — This is a front foot shoe with holes well in front to 
 give the horse plenty of frog pressure. 
 
 No. 103 — This is a convexed toe weight, front shoe creased. 
 
 No. 104 — This is an ordinary, plain front shoe. 
 
 No. 105— This is an old style mule shoe with heel and toe calks. 
 
176 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 177 
 
 CASE NO. 7. 
 
 No. 106 — This is a plain, ordinary front shoe. 
 
 No. 107 — This is a toe weight bar shoe. 
 
 No. 108 — This is a convexed grab toe bar shoe. 
 
 No. 109 — This is a side weight front shoe for interfering. 
 
 No. no — This is a plain, ordinary front bar shoe. 
 
 No. in — This is an extended side-weight shoe with extended 
 toe, as shown in cut, for bad knee-knockers. The object of having 
 this extend so far is to make the horse break over in the toe. 
 No horse can become a knee-knocker or ankle-hitter if he goes 
 over the toe straight. 
 
 No. 112 — This is a convexed front shoe for interfering with 
 inside of shoe rolled from front of frog to heel. 
 
 No. 113 — This is still another style hind foot shoe for inter- 
 fering, and the weight to be applied opposite the point of hitting 
 
 No. 114 — This is a shoe with extension on the outside point as 
 shown in cut, for padding. 
 
 No. 115 — This is a side weight, double half bar combined. 
 
 No. 116 — This is a toe weight, convexed shoe for front foot. 
 
 No. 117 — This is a toe weight, perfectly flat on ground surface, 
 with bar attached. 
 
 No. 118 — This is another style side weight front shoe for in- 
 terfering. 
 
 No. 119 — This is a convexed and rolling motion from toe to 
 heel shoe for front foot. 
 
 No. 120 — This is a plain, ordinary front foot shoe for pacer, 
 very light. 
 
 No. 121 — This is another style of toe weight shoe for front foot. 
 
i 7 8 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 179 
 
 CASE NO. 8. 
 
 No. 122 — This is what is termed and called a full-scissors shoe. 
 The outside quarters being bare with heel and toe if required, and 
 the bar running back covers the whole front and leaves the quar- 
 ter of the foot without any bearing. The first one of these shoes 
 I ever saw was in Chicago, ten (10) years ago. 
 
 No. 123 — This is a very heavy, thick toe weight front shoe. 
 
 No. 124 — This is another style of spoon or paddle attached to 
 heel of shoe to cover frog to hold packing in case of thrush. 
 
 No. 125 — This is a bar shoe with bar running and welding at 
 toe. I have used this shoe in bad cases of navicular trouble. 
 
 No. 126 — This is the old style cross bar shoe for stifle trouble. 
 
 No. 127 — This is a plain, ordinary front shoe with steel plate 
 inside and open as shown in cut for frog to come through. The 
 object of this is to give sole pressure. 
 
 No. 128 — This is a convexed front shoe. 
 
 No. 129 — This is a side-weight hind shoe with half bar at- 
 tached. 
 
 No. 130 — This is another style of "stifle" shoe. 
 
 No. 131 — This is a plain bar front shoe used in very bad cases 
 of contraction. 
 
 No. 132 — This is a rolling motion front shoe with convexed 
 sides. 
 
 No. 133 — This is another style of front bar shoe. 
 
 No. 134 — This is still another style of side-weight shoe<and 
 the heavy weight to be applied on the inside of foot. I use this 
 shoe in case the horse is not straight on his legs or stands out from 
 the knees down. 
 
 Nc. 135 — This is a front foot shoe with good long heel calks 
 to take the strain off the tendons. 
 
 No. 136 — This shows you a plain, ordinary front shoe with 
 heel raised Y\ inch higher to let the horse over the toe easily. 
 
 No. 137 — This is a front foot shoe for interfering, with inside 
 heel feathered. 
 
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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 181 
 
 CASE NO. 9, 
 
 No. 138 — This is a square toe, extended outside with long heel, 
 for bad cross-firing. I have stopped, in the last six (6) years, a 
 great many fast horses with this style shoe. 
 
 No. 139— This is a hind foot shoe with heel calks to prevent 
 a horse from standing on his toe and not standing down on his 
 whole foot. A horse that travels on his toe kills the growth of his 
 foot and the heel will grow larger. In cases of this kind, I extend 
 the shoe over the toe from y 2 inch to 1 inch, and it will be impos- 
 sible for the horse to get up on his toe when pulling. 
 
 NO. 140— This is a shoe designed for a toe-dragger or forger. 
 
 No. 141 — This is a square toe, side weight, hind shoe with in- 
 side heel raised Y^ inch to y% inch higher than the outside. 
 
 No. 142 — This is a side weight hifld shoe. 
 
 No. 143 — This is an inside hind foot shoe for trotter or pacer, 
 with square toe and drag heel. 
 
 No. 144 — This is a long outside and inside heel shoe with grab 
 toe for hind foot. 
 
 No. 145 — This is still another side-weight shoe, being straight 
 on the inside point of toe near the two (2) first nail holes. 
 
 No. 146 — This is a convexed bar shoe as recommended by Wm. 
 Russell. The first One I ever saw was in an exhibit in Philadelphia, 
 Pa., in 1876. 
 
 No 147 — This is a feather-edged inside shoe with a side weight 
 for hind foot for interfering. This is one of the best interfering 
 shoes that can be used on the pavement. 
 
 No. 148 — This is a hind foot, plain, ordinary shoe with 
 heel calks. 
 
 No. 149 — This is a side-weight hind shoe with extension out- 
 side. Get the measurements as before stated. 
 
 No. 150 — This is a bar shoe with side-weight and toe-weight 
 combined. 
 
 No. 151 — This is a drop-crease hind foot shoe, convexed. 
 
 No. 152 — This is a hind foot shoe, with inside toe calks and 
 inside and outside heel calks, for interfering. 
 
 No. 153 — This is a plain "Odd Fellow" shoe with three (3) 
 links. I made this shoe as I have been a member for thirty (30) 
 odd years and I think a great deal of it 
 
l82 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 CASE NO. 10. 
 
 No. 154 — This is a plain, ordinary shoe with toe well rolled and 
 weighs 28 oz. I use this shoe in knee-acting. I can take a horse that 
 never knee-acts and in a short time he will be a knee-actor. 
 
 No. 155 — This is a front foot bar shoe with bar running to 
 point of frog. In some cases, I have found this to be a bad idea 
 as the horse might strike a rock and bend the point of this bar 
 down so as to press on the frog too hard and thus injure it. I 
 make a bar something like you will see on page No. 41. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 183 
 
 No. I5 6 — This is another style of front shoe with a grab toe 
 for deadening the action of the horse in front. 
 
 No. 157 — This is a rolling motion half-bar shoe for the front 
 foot and explaining the half-bar shoe, I will refer you to page 
 No. 45. 
 
 No. 158 — This is a shoe I designed for a nigger-heeled horse 
 that hits his knees or a pigeon-toed horse. By using this shoe 
 on a pigeon-toed horse, we put the weight on the outside of the toe 
 and inside of the heel. By using this shoe for a nigger-heeled 
 horse, we put the weight on the inside of the toe and the outside 
 of heel and you will find, when the horse goes to pick up weight 
 on inside toe, it will counteract the outside heel, and toe will be 
 pulled in, so you can readily see that by using this shoe, we get ac- 
 tion with toe and heel at the same time. 
 
 No. 159— This is the first rolling-motion shoe I ever made. I 
 made this shoe over thirty (30) years ago, under Robt. Bonner's 
 instructions. 
 
 No. 160— This is another style bar shoe for hind foot with 
 toe set well back and is a great deal like the "Memphis" shoe. I 
 have used this shoe in cases of horses that have been strained in 
 their ankles by raising them up y 2 inch with the bar behind higher 
 than at the toe, thus taking the strain off and letting them over the 
 toe easy. 
 
 No. 161 — This is a shoe very thin on toe and tapers back, heel 
 being from 3/ 4 inch to 1 inch high. I use this shoe in case of 
 spavins or ring-bone. 
 
 No. 162— This is a toe weight front shoe. 
 No. 163 — This is a very heavy rolling motion front shoe. 
 No. 164— This is a square toe, side weight shoe, inside very 
 short. 
 
 No. 165 — This is another style cross-firing shoe with drag heel 
 and toe calks jumped on outside point of toe. 
 
 No. 166— This is a very light hind foot bar shoe for trotter or 
 pacer. 
 
 No. 167 — This is a shoe with square toe and drag heel bar, 
 intended for a cross-fire, like No. 165. 
 
 No. 168— This is still another rolling motion, toe-weight shoe. 
 No. 169 — This is a shoe made out of half round iron, designed 
 for colts. Explained on page No. 65. 
 
 No. 170 — This is a convexed front shoe with half-bar con- 
 nected. See page No. 45. 
 
 No. 171— This is an extended, side weight, square toe shoe to 
 be used in front, for interfering. 
 
 No. 172— This is another style of side-weight shoe for inter- 
 fering behind. 
 
184 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 185 
 
 CASE NO. 11. 
 
 No. 173 — This is a convexed front shoe with scood toe. 
 
 No. 174 — This is a front shoe with bar set well ahead. This is 
 the first shoe with a bar to protect navicular trouble that I ever 
 got out. 
 
 No. 175— This is a side-weight, half-bar shoe combined. 
 
 No. 176— This is a front shoe with bar across seat of navicular 
 trouble. The object of this shoe is to keep bearing and pressure 
 off the part affected. 
 
 No. 177— I refer you to page No. 52. 
 
 No. 178— This is a common front shoe with heel and toe calks. 
 No. 179 — This is a convexed heavy toe bar shoe for front foot. 
 
 No. 180— This is a toe weight and heel weight shoe, very light 
 inside, with a heavy half-bar attached, to be used on front foot. 
 
 No. 181— This is a side weight shoe and bar combined, for 
 front foot. 
 
 No. 182— This is a grab toe and very light side front shoe. 
 
 No. 183— This is a bar shoe, nailed outside; two (2) nails inside 
 and rolled on inside point of toe. 
 
 No. 184— This is a rolling motion bar. 
 No. 185— This is a rolling motion front shoe, light. 
 No. 186— This is a grab toe, hind foot shoe. 
 No. 187 — This is a plain ordinary front shoe. 
 No. 188— This is another style of shoe for deadening the ac- 
 tion in front. 
 
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 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 187 
 
 CASE NO. 12. 
 
 No. 189 — This represents a very light front shoe for pacers, 
 with toe extended out as shown in cut, with long heel calks. 
 
 No. 190 — This is a hind foot shoe for pacer that twists foot as 
 it is set down and picked up. It is made with an outside flange 
 running from heel to toe and a heavy inside heel calk and toe 
 calk, set opposite the first two (2) nails on the inside. 
 
 No. 191 — This is an extended square toe, drag heel shoe for 
 trotter or pacer, with 1 inch straight on the inside point where 
 first nail should be. 
 
 No. 192 — This is a hind shoe with straight or nearly straight 
 heels, for saddle horse. 
 
 No. 193 — This is a plain groove shoe with raised crease. 
 
 No. 194 — This is a shoe that I made thirty-three (33) years 
 ago, under Robt. Bonner's instructions and is now called the 
 "Great Memphis" shoe. I also have a bar shoe, No. 195, with the 
 calks across the same. This is the shoe there has been so much 
 talk about. I have ruined horses' gaits with this shoe, and in other 
 cases have increased their record and speed. I have used this 
 shoe for the last thirty-three (33) years. 
 
 No. 196 — This is a plain, ordinary shoe, cut across as cut 
 shows and I have used this shoe for racing on the ice and it is a 
 first-class shoe for hard ice. It will not deaden the action of the 
 horse by climbing over a high toe. 
 
 No. 197 — This is a shoe made out of an old rasp, to be used 
 on trotter or pacer on hard track. 
 
 No. 198 — This is a hind foot shoe with grab toe, made from an 
 old rasp. 
 
 No. 199 — This is another great shoe they call the "Memphis" 
 shoe, with calks running parallel as you will see in cut. I use this 
 in cases of horses wearing too hard on one side. 
 
 No. 200 — This shows you my great saddle shoe. I take a piece 
 of iron and bend it nearly the shape of shoe, then I take a set ham- 
 mer and let the helper strike it and cut a groove, some four (4) or 
 five (5) of these grooves on each side. After this I punch my nail 
 holes in the groove and by doing this, we get from three (3) to (4) 
 weeks' wear before we get down to the nail heads. 
 
 No. 201 — This is a plain, long heel hind shoe to support the 
 ankle. 
 
 No. 202 — This is an extended long heel shoe for hitters. 
 
 No. 203 — This is a plain, ordinary shoe for front foot. 
 
 No. 204 — This is a light bar shoe with point running from toe 
 to point of frog. 
 
 No. 205 — This is another style of hind foot shoe with bar. 
 
 No. 206 — This is a side-weight, extension square toe hind foot 
 shoe for interfering. 
 
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 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 189 
 
 CASE NO. 13. 
 
 No. 207 — This represents half-scissors shoe, to be used in case 
 of bad quarter-cracks or corns on one side. 
 
 No. 208— This is another style of bar shoe I use in navicular 
 trouble. 
 
 No. 209— This is a four (4) calk shoe as explained on page 
 No. 54. 
 
 No. 210— This is a front shoe— double half bar with long ex- 
 tended heels. See page 73- 
 
 No 2II __This is another style of square toe, extended side 
 weight shoe with drag heel, for pacer or trotter. 
 
 No 212— This is a rolling motion, toe bar shoe, high across the 
 centers, designed and made by me, under Robt. Bonner s instruc- 
 tions. I use this in a great many cases of founder or ring bone. 
 
 No. 213 This is a rolling motion double-half bar. 
 
 No. 214 — See cut — page 57. 
 
 No 015—This is a long heel, toe extension front shoe for 
 horse rocking over in front and I used this shoe in a great many 
 cases, on the hind foot. 
 
 No 216— This is a convexed front shoe, weighing 6^ oz. 
 No. 217— I refer you to page 60. 
 
 No. 218— I refer you to page 51, but use the inside heel calk 
 and outside heel calk. 
 
 No 2IQ _This is a front foot shoe for hitting, with half bar, 
 combined. 
 
 No. 220— This is a double half-bar shoe. See page 73- 
 No. 221 — See page 49. 
 
 No. 222— This is a hind foot shoe with heels running length- 
 ways and extended toe calks. Very light. 
 
190 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 191 
 
 CASE NO. 14. 
 
 No. 223 — This is a hind foot shoe for interfering, where horse 
 strikes at third nail hole, as shown in cut. 
 
 No. 224— This is a front shoe for ankle-hitting which is straight 
 from inside point of toe to third nail hole, only using three (3) 
 nails on the inside. 
 
 No. 225 — This is a shoe for front foot, made in swedge with 
 ridge ail around inside of nail holes. 
 
 Mo. 226 — This is a hind foot shoe with rolling motion toe, with 
 long heels and side calks, to take the strain off of horse's ankle, 
 which is troubled with curbs, spavins or sore tendons. 
 
 No. 227 — This is a front foot convexed shoe— nails all around 
 toe. 
 
 No. 228 — This is a heavy side weight shoe for front or hind foot, 
 as the case requires. 
 
 No. 229 — This is a side weight, front shoe. See page 49- 
 No. 230 — This is a heavy rolling motion toe weight— page 75. 
 No. 231— This is a very thin, light plate shoe for trotter or 
 pacer, front foot. 
 
 No. 232 — This is a side weight bar with side weight extension, 
 for front foot. 
 
 No 233— This is a side weight shoe for hind foot. Weight, as 
 you will see, near heel. Always put the main weight of shoe appo- 
 site point that horse strikes with. 
 
 No. 234 — This is a very heavy, drop-crease front shoe. 
 No. 235— This is one of my old style rolling motion shoes, 
 made thirty-five (35) years ago. 
 
 No. 236 — This is another style of hind shoe with little roll at 
 toe, to relieve curbs or spavins. 
 
 No. 237 — This is a front foot shoe, creased and punched well 
 inside to be used on a front foot that is smaller than the other 
 front foot The object of this shoe is to let the shoe extend over 
 the foot so as to make the ground surface bearing the same size as 
 the other foot. This shoe will make the horse go over with the 
 same action of both feet. 
 
 No. 238— This is a hind foot shoe with rolling motion; long 
 heels, well swedged in in order to let the nails go down low. 
 No. 239 — This is a front shoe, convexed bar. 
 No. 240— This is a rolling motion and convexed front shoe. 
 No 241— This shows another style of interfering hind foot 
 shoe with weight near outside point of toe. As I have said regard- 
 ing previous shoes, this weight should be opposite point horse hits 
 with. 
 
 No. 242— This is another style of plain, front shoe. 
 
192 
 
 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 193 
 
 CASE NO. 15. 
 
 No. 243 — This is another style of hind foot shoe, for interfer- 
 ing. 
 
 No. 244 — This is another style of hind foot shoe for pacer or 
 trotter, with grab toe extending around to third nail hole on the 
 outside. 
 
 No. 245 — This is a shoe designed with calks for a horse that 
 stands on the other foot and cuts the corner band. You will see by 
 this cut, that this shoe is turned over and it is impossible for the 
 horse to stand on the other foot and injure it. 
 
 No. 246 — This is another style of hind foot shoe for cross-firing 
 or interfering, designed by Wm. Russell. 
 
 247 — This is another style of interfering hind shoe with heavy 
 grab toe. 
 
 No. 248 — This is a front shoe to be used in case of arm-cut- 
 ting. 
 
 No. 249 — This is a front foot shoe with pads drawn out as 
 shown in cut, tu be used in case of bad corns or bruised heels. 
 
 No. 250 — This is an ordinary, heavy draft shoe. 
 
 No. 251 — This is a toe tip, toe-weight. 
 
 No. 252 — This is an ox shoe and horse shoe combined together, 
 made out of spring steel and I made this shoe thirty (30) odd years 
 ago. 
 
 No. 253 — This is still another style of grab toe, hind foot shoe : 
 for trotter or pacer. 
 
 No. 254 — This is a toe weight, front shoe. 
 
 No. 255 — This is another style of hind foot shoe with grabr 
 
 No. 256 — This is a toe weight, convexed bar for front foot. 
 
 No. 257 — This is a toe-weight and side-weight combined, for 
 balancing horse while hitching. 
 
 No. 258 — I refer you to page No. 60, which will give full in- 
 formation. 
 
 No. 259 — This is a hind foot shoe, made out of half-round iron 
 and is designed for a first-class snow shoe. 
 
 No. 260 — This is an old style side weight front shoe for hitting. 
 
 No. 261 — This is a toe tip shoe — see page 44. 
 
 No. 262 — This is a track running plate for front foot. 
 
 No. 263 — This is another style of shoe, used in paddling. 
 
 Nc. 264 — This is an ordinary drop-crease front shoe. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 195 
 
 CASE NO. 16. 
 
 No. 265 — This is another style of shoe where horse stands on 
 corner band-. 
 
 No. 266 — This is a square toe, side weight extension heel for 
 hitting. I do not shoe any interfering horse, in late years, without 
 using a square toe side weight or extended side weight. 
 
 No. 267 — This is another style of hind shoe for interfering with 
 weight in center. As before, will state this extra weight should be 
 placed opposite part that horse hits with. 
 
 No. 268 — This is another convexed toe weight front shoe. 
 
 No. 269 — This is a side-weight front shoe, widened out well on 
 heel for inside of shoe. 
 
 No. 270 — This is an extension that I use in case of forging, for 
 hind foot. Page 35. 
 
 No. 271 — This is a side-weight and half-bar combined, for front 
 foot. 
 
 No. 272 — This is a spreading shoe, designed by Magner. 
 
 No. 273 — This is a front foot bar shoe, made in swedge with 
 rim all around outside of nail holes. 
 
 No. 274 — This is another square toe front shoe — very light. 
 
 No. 275 — This is the first style cross-firing shoe I ever made. 
 
 No. 276 — This is a front or hind foot shoe, made out of half- 
 round iron, with half-bar attached. 
 
 No. 277 — This is a very light front foot bar shoe, for trotter 
 or pacer. 
 
 No. 278 — This is a hind foot shoe with drop crease. 
 
 No. 279 — This is a hind foot shoe or can be used on front 
 foot, with bar raised ¥4 inch at heels and clear across to take the 
 strain off of ankle or tendons when inflamed or very sore. - 
 
 No. 280 — This is a hind foot shoe with toe and side weight 
 combined. I use this in bad cases of hitchers and use from 2 to z l / 2 
 oz. more in this shoe than I do on foot that horse does not hitch 
 with. 
 
 No. 281 — This is a hind foot shoe for trotter or pacer. 
 
 No. 282 — This is a shoe designed by Wm. Russell as a toe- 
 dragging or forging shoe. 
 
 No. 283 — This is another style of side-weight hind shoe for 
 interfering. 
 
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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 BRIEF OUTLINE OF ANATOMY OF THE FOOT. 
 
 ADAPTED FROM THE SUBJECT-MATTER OP THIS CHAPTER. 
 
 It should be studied by all who wish to get a brief, con- 
 nected view of the principal parts and practical workings 
 of the locomotory apparatus of the horse. 
 
 Q. 1. What constitutes the apparatus of locomotion? 
 
 A. The bones and muscles co-operating with the vital 
 organism. 
 
 Q. 2. What does the"foot" or "digital region" imply? 
 
 A. It includes the ankle from the fetlock down, com- 
 prised in a single hoof. 
 
 Q. 3. What bones enter into its formation? 
 
 A. The lower end of the cannon, the two sesamoids, up- 
 per and lower pasterns ; navicular and coffin-bones form the 
 skeleton on which the other structures are built. 
 
 Q. 4. How do these co-operate? 
 
 A. They concur to form joints,, which provide for the 
 necessary motion. 
 
 Q. 5. Name the joints of the foot or digit. 
 
 A. There are three of them — the fetlock, pastern, and 
 coffin joints, made by the union of two or more bones mov- 
 ing one upon the other. 
 
 Q. 6. What completes the jointed processes? 
 
 A. They are held together by ligaments, and are lubri- 
 cated by the synovial fluid secreted by the inclosing mem- 
 brane. 
 
 Q. 7. What further of their work? 
 
 A. That they are of special importance to the value of 
 the animal, and are the parts most subject to impairment 
 from injury or disease. 
 
 Q. 8. What muscles co-operate in the foot action? 
 
 A. The two principal muscles that flex or bend the foot 
 are the perforatus and perforans, and one principal muscle, 
 the front extensor, straightens or thrusts the foot forward, 
 (See Figs. 4 and 5.) 
 
 Q. 9. What is the significance of their positions and in- 
 sertions? 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 199 
 
 A. Knowing the action of the bones to be straightfor- 
 ward and back, we know that the muscles must act on the 
 same line. 
 
 Q. 10. What duty do the navicular and small sesamoids 
 perform ? 
 
 A. They act as pulleys (and supports annexed to the 
 joints) in facilitating the gliding movements of the muscles 
 which pass over them. 
 
 Q. 11. What do we understand by the "soft tissues" of 
 the foot? 
 
 A. They comprise various organs of cartilage, fibrous or 
 elastic tissues for the development of other tissues, and for 
 easing concussion on the hard organs. 
 
 Q. 12. What are the principal apparatuses thus referred 
 to? 
 
 A. The lateral cartilages, the coronary and plantar cush- 
 ions. 
 
 Q. 13. What further do we know concerning them? 
 
 A. The cartilages are pads at the sides of the foot, the 
 coronary cushion secretes the horny wall, and the plantar 
 cushion acts as a support to the back tendons. 
 
 Q. 14. What are the "sensitive tissues?" 
 
 A. The laminal or leafy tissue and the velvety tissue, 
 which are continuous with the membrane covering the en- 
 tire foot. 
 
 Q. 15. What is the function of the laminae? 
 
 A. They form the connection between the internal foot 
 and the encasing hoof, by dovetailing into the horny leaves 
 on the wall, and thus support the action of the two parts. 
 
 Q. 16. What of the velvety tissue? 
 
 A. This is the covering of the sole of the coffin-bone, 
 the sensitive sole of the foot, and secretes the outer horny 
 sole and frog. 
 
 Q. 17. What relation does the hoof sustain to the foot? 
 
 A. It serves as the outer covering or case, and protects 
 the internal parts from external violence. 
 
 Q. 18. What is scientific horseshoing? 
 
 A. It is a noble artificial skill of man working in con- 
 junction with nature, to keep the foot in its natural forma- 
 tion. The shoe is to protect the foot from external injuries. 
 
200 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 Q. 19. How many acts are there to be performed before 
 the foot is properly shod? 
 
 A. There are three acts required : First, to remove all 
 the surplus growth, and properly shape the foot to its natur- 
 al form and size. Second, to select a bar of iron or steel, 
 make and fit a shoe of suitable weight for which the foot 
 and leg requires, and the work the horse has to perform and 
 fit properly to the foot. Third, to nail the shoe to the foot. 
 
 Each of these operations must work in entire harmony 
 with the rest, otherwise one would undo the others. Thus, 
 the shoe must be properly adjusted and accurately driven 
 on the foot, or the utility of the preceding acts would be 
 destroyed or crippled. 
 
 
 uc*^ 
 
Splint 
 
 Extensor tendon 
 
 Great metacarpal cannon or shank 
 bone 
 
 Flexor perforans tendon 
 Flexor perforatus 
 Metacarpal ligament 
 
 Superior sesamoid al 
 ligament 
 
 Superior sesamoidal ligament 
 Perforans 
 
 Extensor tendon 
 
 Flexor perforatus 
 
 Bifurcation ol the sesa- 
 moidal ligament 
 
 Continuation forward of branch of 
 the sesamoidal ligament 
 
 Continuation of the above 
 
 Continuation of the flexor perforans 
 
 TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE FORE LEG. 
 
NERVOUS APPARATUS OF THE DIGITAL REGION. 
 
 NERVES. 
 This figure represents the superficial position of the plantar 
 nerves on the lateral parts of the phalanges. 
 
 P, Plantar nerve. 
 
 A, Point of emergence of the plantar nerve above the sesa- 
 moids. 
 
 B B B, Cartilaginous branch. 
 C C C, Cutaneous branch. 
 
 D, Digital artery at the posterior surface of which the nerve 
 is set. 
 E E, Anastomotic divisions between the cartilaginous branch 
 
 and the cutaneous one. 
 F F, Division toward the cartilaginous bulb— bulbous branch. 
 
 G, Tranverse branches behind the metacarpophalangeal ar- 
 ticulation, or fetlock joint. 
 
 V, Digital vein. 
 
VASCULAR APPARATUS OF THE DIGITAL 
 REGION. 
 
 VENOUS VESSELS 
 
 The figure shows the disposition of the podophyllous plexus 
 and superficial coronary plexus. 
 
 AAA, Podophyllous venous plexus. 
 
 B D, Coronary venous plexus. 
 
 B, Central part of the coronary venous plexus. 
 
 C C, Ascending veins o*f the coronary venous plexus. 
 
 c, Superior Communicating vein between the two super- 
 ficial coronary plexus. 
 
 F, Digital vein. 
 
 G G', Roots of the digital vein. 
 
 N, Inferior communicating vein between the two superficial 
 coronary plexus. 
 
 N. B. — The other letters in this figure give the indication of the 
 position of the ligaments and tendons. 
 

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212 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 VALUABLE RECEIPTS. 
 
 Bad Strain — Interesting Case. .Hot Salt and Vinegar. 
 
 My most valuable trained horse General, while driven on a 
 walk down hill, stepped on a stone, and sprained the tendon so 
 seriously that after getting him to the stable, which was only 
 thirty or forty rods away, he could scarcely put the foot to the 
 ground. As this horse's work was indespensible to me daily in 
 addition to being a favorite, it was important to secure the quickest 
 possible relief to him. At once a large poultice of hot vinegar and 
 salt was put around the foot and ankle. 
 
 The next morning the part was bandaged tightly to support 
 the tendons when he was able to walk a little, and went through 
 wih his performance fairly well. Soon as over, the bandage was 
 taken off, and the hot vinegar and salt put on again. For three 
 days had him carried in wagon, in all about thirty miles. Repeat- 
 ing the tight bandage when compelled to walk or perform. After 
 third day he was able to walk to next town. In a week was well. 
 In the week we went over one hundred miles, yet recovery was 
 complete, — no treatment better and easily used. 
 
 SEEDY TOE. 
 
 Seedy Toe. — There is a dry, mealy secretion which takes place 
 between the horn and the sensitive part of the foot. There is a 
 separation of wall from sole. In a simple case open it up, cut down 
 to the bottom, and poultice for a few days, remove the pressure 
 by cutting down the crust, and fill up with tow and hot tar. Ap- 
 ply a mild blister to the coronet. The cure must come from re- 
 newed growth of hoof. 
 
 THRUSH 
 
 Is inflammation of the lower structure of the sensible frog, during 
 which pus is secreted in place of horn. It arises from acrid mois- 
 ture of urine, dung, etc., softening and corroding the frog, and ex- 
 tending to the sensitive structures above. Not often much lame- 
 ness, but makes the horse show gingerly action. No time should 
 be lost, and no case however slight should be neglected. The foot 
 must be thoroughly cleaned and all loose, detached parts freely 
 removed. The secreting surface should be exposed a calomel 
 dusted on and pressed into every crevice with a thin piece of 
 wood. Keep the foot dry, and usually not more than two or three 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 213 
 
 dressings will be required to make a cure. If a simple case in its 
 early stage, clean the part out, and simply dress with hot 
 tar placed in the cleft, with tow, or retained cross slips, 
 or, after washing, and the removal of diseased p&Tts apply pow- 
 dered sulphate of copper, and fill part with oakum to keep out the 
 dirt. This is one of the conditions where action of the frog upon 
 the ground will stimulate healthy circulation and cures. 
 Best Hoof Ointment. — 
 
 Two parts mutton tallow, 
 
 Two parts white resin, 
 
 Two parts Barbadoes tar, 
 
 One part yellow beeswax, 
 
 One part castor oil. 
 Melt the resin and bees-wax together, then add the tallow. 
 When melted, add the tar, and stir until cool. Should be used 
 after the feet are washed, and have become dry. Rub on with 
 hand. This is the favorite remedy in the British army. Prof. 
 Gamgee, professor in Edinburgh, Scotland, claims it the best 
 known — stands over anything of the kind ever used — says that 
 for weak and brittle hoofs, apply about once a week to four days. 
 Also good for skin diseases, blotches, cracked huts in winter. 
 A Fine Healing Ointment. — 
 
 2y 2 pounds palm oil, 
 
 2 pounds lard, 
 
 y<2 pound gum turpentine, 
 Y^ pound beeswax, 
 
 1 pound calamine. 
 
 Simmer altogether over a slow fire, and it will be fit for use. 
 Put a little in the wound once a day. Wash the wound with warm 
 water and castile soap before applying the ointment. 
 
 Friar's Balsam. — 
 
 Friar's Balsam, or compound tincture benzoin, is made in the 
 following manner: — 
 
 3 ouces benzoin, 
 
 2 ounces Storax Balsam, strained, 
 
 1 ounce balsam of tolu, 
 
 y 2 ounce extract of spikes aloes, 
 
 2 pints rectified spirit, 
 
 Macerate for fourteen days, and filter, or strain, throup* dot- 
 ting paper. 
 
2i 4 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 This is one of the old healing combinations that is held by- 
 many as having almost magical healing proper-ties, and valued 
 very highly. 
 
 Magic Healing Powder. — 
 
 ]/ 2 ounce burnt alum, 
 i ounce prepared chalk, 
 
 1 drachm pulverized gum camphor, 
 
 2 drachms calamine, pulverized. 
 Mix, sprinkle on the sore. 
 
 This cicaterizes a raw surface directly. 
 
 A Fine Healing Combination for old Sores of the Feet is: — 
 
 i ounce tincture of myrrh, 
 2 ounces tincture of aloes, 
 i pint of water. 
 To be applied once a day. 
 
 Th'e simplest and best antiseptic, if available, for wounds or 
 punctures of the foot is from I to 3 per cent. Creolin — Pierson's, a 
 German preparation considered best, — or I to 2 per cent, carbolic 
 acid in water. This is cheap and very good. 
 
 In my opinion the best healing antiseptic is a combination of 
 oil, eucalyptus, thymol benzoic, and boric acid diluted with alco- 
 hol and water, but the difficulty of making it suitable for use is 
 so great as not to be .practical in ordinary hands, but properly com- 
 bined and reduced stands over any antiseptic yet used by me. Here 
 are the proportions: — 
 
 The Finest and Best Healing Antiseptic I have found is: — 
 
 Boric acid, 30 grains, 
 
 Benzoic acid, 30 grains, 
 
 Oil Eucalyptus, Y / 2 drachm, 
 
 Thymol, 10 grains, 
 
 Gaultheria, 15 grains, 
 
 Alcohol, 2 pints, 
 
 Water, about 2 quarts. 
 The difficulty is to make so much water mix with the oils — 
 turning white. By adding more alcohol, can overcome this. De- 
 stroys all bad odor instantly. If used promptly after an injury, 
 no inflammation follows, and heals kindly, and for puncture works 
 finely. 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 2I 5 
 
 SORE OR PARTLY FOUNDERED HORSE. 
 
 To make a sore partly foundered horse after standing in ^hop 
 
 until cold and tender go out of the shop free and I we 1. H^when 
 
 warm been driven in with free good action. Unless he goes out 
 
 r q ua™y well or better after being shod your reputat.on w.11 
 
 "^ Ator completing the job hav e ready the following combina- 
 tion, in a closely corked bottle. 
 
 One ounce oil origanum, 
 One ounce oil spike, 
 About 3 ounces alcohol. 
 With this swab frog and bottom of foot freely; with hot 
 With tins, sw s penetrates the sole, warms up 
 
 may be WO strong. If desirable, reduce by addmg more alcohol, 
 ^nd apply less of it. DON'T TALK about tins. 
 
 QUITTOR. 
 
 mmmm 
 
 wmmMEm 
 
 poor animal affected. 
 
216 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 
 
 DR. MEYER'S SECRET REMEDY. 
 
 The following treatment was given me by Dr. Meyer, of New 
 York City, one of the most highly educated and successful veteri- 
 nary practitioners in the country, and is undoubtedly foremost 
 among the very best known. 
 
 In the first stage of quittor inject into every part carefully two 
 or three times a day the following lotion: 
 y 2 ounce corrosive sublimate, 
 2 drachms Goulard's extract, 
 4 ounces alcohol, 
 After the fourth day, inject twice a day, equal parts of the 
 following mixture: 
 
 2 ounces chlorate potass., 
 i ounce permanganate potass., 
 y 2 ounce hydrochloric acid, 
 8 ounces water. 
 A bar shoe should be used for some time, and the diseased 
 quarter cut down to keep it from pressure until the foot has be- 
 come free from soreness. 
 
 PROF. GAMGEE'S FAMOUS REMEDY. 
 
 I include a remedy by Professor Gamgee of Edinburgh Veter- 
 inary College which he says is by far the best for thim ailment; has 
 been used by him for many years with unfailing success, 
 i drachm corrosive sublimate, 
 i ounce alcohol. 
 
 After rubbing and dissolving the sublimate he adds y 2 drachm 
 acetate of lead. 
 
 This he injects into every part of the sinus. In about four 
 hours he states, the tumor will be found sensibly smaller. After 
 a lapse of 12 to 24 hours, and again after a similar interval, a third 
 time. He explains, at first all the structures are so engorged, that 
 the mixture cannot be forced through the morbid deposit; but in 
 proportion as the diseased structures are reached they are de- 
 stroyed and shrink, and in each successive application the fluid 
 caustic is pressed around the withered, wasted substance until the 
 whole comes away in space of a week or little more, when the 
 cure is far advanced and thereafter rapidly effected. This in ex- 
 planation he states to be the progress of a good cure. Also that 
 
ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 217 
 
 sometimes the application has to be repeated several times at in- 
 tervals of 2 or 3 days; but where delay is essential, he diminishes 
 the activity of the preparation by adding twice the portion of al- 
 cohol. I may add again here, this is a good example of the serious 
 consequences liable to follow neglect of a cause of injury, that at 
 first would have been a very simple matter to check and entirely 
 relieve. You cannot be too careful or attentive to looking at 
 earliest opportunity to least indication of injury. 
 
 The receipts given here are taken from part of my SPECIAL 
 WORK ON THE HORSE, HIS EDUCATION, CARE ,ETC. 
 
 M 
 
CELEBRATED 
 
 HAY-BUDDEN 
 
 Solid brought Anvils 
 
 FIRST MADE IN AMERICA 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 '*|I|^P P ^>^e#^ 
 
 
 Over 125,000 in Use 
 
 Experience has ProVen their worth and 
 demonstrated that the "HAY-BUDDEN" anvils are 
 SUPERIOR IN QUALITY, FORM and FINISH to 
 any on the market. For Sale by all Dealers. 
 
RECEIVED GOLD MEDAL, HIGHEST AWARD FOR ANVILS AT 
 
 Omaha, 1898. Pan American, 1901 
 
 Farriers' Regular Anvil, 
 
 BHIfc 
 
 7^~ 
 
 
 
 Farriers' Clip Horn Anvil. 
 
 H We call special attention to our FARRIERS' CLIP 
 HORN ANVILS. These anvils are the result of years 
 of careful study on our part of the Farriers' wants, and 
 we are now able to present an anvil that is perfection. 
 
 Hay-Budden Mfg. Co. 
 
 254-278 North Henry St., BROOKLYN, N Y. 
 
 221 
 
11 A Good Workman is known by his Tools " 
 
 A bad workman quarrels with his Tools, but even a good 
 
 workman quarrels with bad Tools. No workman 
 
 ever quarreled with 
 
 HELLER'S CELEBRATED AMERICAN 
 HORSE RASPS and FARRIERS' TOOLS 
 
 THEY MAKE HARD WORK EASY 
 
 Established 1836 
 
 Heller Brothers Co. 
 
 NEWARK, N. J. 
 
Imitations are cheap-priced but genuine HELLER'S HORSE 
 
 RASPS and FARRIERS' TOOLS cost less 
 
 because they last longer. 
 
 HELLER BROS. CO., Newark, N.J 
 
 Established 1836 
 
Here Are EIGHT Styles Of 
 GOOD Pads 
 
 and there are NINE Others to select from 
 
 Pads like these are a BIG HELP in building up 
 a Pad business* Horse-Owners like them. 
 
SHOERS WHO USE 
 
 Morgan & Wright Pads 
 
 are mighty glad of it 
 these prosperous pad days 
 
 The Pad business is getting bigger every day. Team owners 
 are fast finding out that it pays, and pays big, to protect horses' 
 hoofs with pads, and shoers who are using good pads are, as a 
 result, building up a permanent and profitable business. 
 
 Morgan & Wright Pads have become very popular, among 
 shoers because they actually care for horses' hoofs as they should 
 be cared for, and are satisfactory to the horse owners so far as 
 durableness is concerned. 
 
 They are easier to fit and run larger than any other brands 
 and hence are better money-makers. 
 
 Get your share of this good pad business by using good pads. 
 
 A pad for every purpose— 17 in all. 
 
 Any jobber can supply you 
 
 MORGAN & WRIGHT 
 
 DETROIT 
 
 New York, - - - 214 W. 47th St. 
 Philadelphia, - Cor. 13th and Cherry. 
 
 Chicago, 81 Michigan Ave. 
 
 Boston, Motor Mart. 
 
 Atlanta, -."--- 92 No. Pryor 
 
 Dayton, - - - 405-411 E. Third St. . 
 
 St. Louis, - - 538 Vandeventer Ave. 
 
 San Francisco, 423-433 Golden Gate Ave. 
 
 Los Angles. - . 118-122 E. 10th St. 
 
American Horse Shoe Co. 
 
 PHILLIPSBURG, NEW JERSEY. 
 
American Horse Shoe Co, 
 
 PHILLIPSBURG, NEW JERSEY. 
 
 227 
 
American Horse Shoe Co. 
 
 PHILLIPSBURG, NEW JERSEY. 
 
Scientifc Horse Foot Leveler 
 
 PRICE, $3.00. 
 
 For Sale, Wholesale and Retail, by 
 
 JOHN HOOD CO. 
 
 178 Tremont St. 
 
 IOSTON, MASS. 
 
 MASS 
 
 DIRECTIONS:— No 1 is placed on 
 the shoeless foot. No. 2 is in the cen- 
 ter of No. 1, showing center of frog. 
 No. 3 shows center in front corres- 
 ponding to point No. 2. No. 3 shows 
 length of toe in inches. Nos. 4 and 5 
 give the angle of the foot. You may 
 make mistakes with your eye. This 
 Leveler makes no mistakes. Cut A 
 shows a level foot. Cut B shows a 
 space between foot and Leveler, show- 
 
 '0. 1 
 
 ing that the opposite side of the foot is higher and wants paring. 
 
 Do you know that we can help you and increase your business? 
 
 We have received many testimonials endorsing our Scientific Horse 
 Foot Leveler. These are all from Horse Shoers. We have a great many 
 from Trainers. However, this circular is for the Horse Shoers who wish to 
 improve their work. Send for testimonials. 
 
 What would you think of a machinist or carpenter who would tell you 
 that they did not need any square or compass; that they could level their 
 work and get angles by their eye? Yet that is what the horse shoers claim. 
 
 The Scientific Horse Foot Leveler will do all this, and there are no 
 mistakes made. Once get the foot at the right angle and there is no guess- 
 work about it. You can get both feet alike every time and it saves time by 
 using it, as you do not have to exercise any care or do any guessing. 
 
 To those who send cash with their order, we will furnish an electrotype 
 of the cut of the Leveler. A great manj r Western Shoers have used this to 
 advertise their business. They use the cut in their local papers, also on 
 their billheads. It shows the public that the shoer is up with the times and 
 uses all modern improvements. 
 
 Three dollars is a very small price for the Leveler. It is nicely finished 
 and nickel-plated. 
 
 229 
 
The Franklin Steel Works has been 
 making the Standard Toe Calks ever since 
 1895. As we make nothing but Toe Calks our 
 success is dependant on making good Toe Calks. 
 
 Standard Toe Calks Give Satisfaction 
 
 and for this reason more of our Calks are sold 
 than the combined sales of other makes. 
 
 The Horse Shoer wants the best he can 
 
 get and he gets what he wants when he buys 
 Standard Toe Calks. 
 
 Our factories at Joliet, 111. and Cambridge, 
 Mass., are fitted up with every convenience for 
 turning out first-class work. 
 
 Standard Toe Calks Give Satisfaction 
 
 Order through your Dealer 
 
 FRANKLIN STEEL WORKS 
 
 JOLIET, ILL- CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 
 
 230 
 
STANDARD TOE CALKS 
 
 made by 
 
 FRANKLIN STEEL, WORKS 
 
 Factories: 
 JOLIET, ILL. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 
 
 BLUNT 
 
 COUNTRY PATTERN 
 
 281 
 
"W. & B." RUBBER HORSE SHOE 
 
 The "W. & B." Pad Shoe is the only pad shoe in 
 the market that can be used that will give the horse the 
 same results that your colt always had before he was 
 shod. It gives the horse frog pressure, expands the heels, 
 relieves tender feet and lessens concussion. 
 
 Prevents corns, and a horse won't slip and strain his 
 muscles. These pads keep his feet the same as when a 
 colt. You never see a lame horse before we shoe him, 
 because he has frog pressure and that is what he wants. 
 
 This shoe prevents all trouble of this kind. We have 
 over 14 feet of movement in the horse's feet every time he 
 steps and we must keep the feet expanded in order to 
 give room and working capacity inside. Try these pads 
 and you will always use them. 
 
 THE WHITMAN & BARNES MFG. CO. 
 
 AKRON, CHICAGO AND NEW YORK. 
 
 For Sale by all Jobbing Houses in Blacksmith Supplies 
 
 232 
 
Hoof shod with common shoe, show- 
 ing frog shrunk from disuse and 
 heels contracted from lack of frog 
 pressure. 
 
 Photograph from life, of a horse's 
 hoof shod with "W. & B." Rubber 
 Pad Shoe, showing shoe which has 
 been in use three weeks. Note per- 
 fect condition of frog. 
 
 Li 
 
 NOT A PAD, BUT A PAD SHOE 
 
 The "W & B." Rubber Pad Shoe consists of a forged steel 
 frame with uneven surface both top and bottom, over which is 
 firmlv vu canized a cushion of rubber which fills a channel on the 
 under side swelling out at the inside of the heels forming solid 
 ^bberoads which give frog pressure, prevent slipping, and, as 
 he Wand h"o arenot covfrSd, allowing them to come m con- 
 tact w°fh the ground, they retain the moisture received from tte 
 earth and remain in their natural state. ™ ,.™- * h £ under 
 Shoe is fitted cold and will wear as long as an ordinary shoe under 
 the same conditions. . _„„:i 
 
 HOW TO ORDER,— Send size of shoes wanted, or a pencil 
 diagram showing size of hoof. 
 
 CONVENIENCE OF SUPPLY.— Any horseshoer can obtain 
 the -W & B " Rubber Pad Horse Shoes and put them on a 
 reasonable prices. For the accommodation of shoers a stock is 
 carded b^he leading wholesale supply dealers^ We invite cor- 
 respondence from horse owners who have any difficulty in obtain- 
 ing these shoes. 
 
 THE WHITMAN &. BARNES MFG. CO. 
 
 AKRON, CHICAGO AND NEW YORK. 
 
No. 400 Champion Steel Blacksmith Blower 
 
 Tho Nn Aflfl with Fan win s attached 
 
 I IIC I1U. tUU hasasix(6)in . diame ter 
 ChampiOll Spiral Gear, riding the 
 
 Cniral ^haft Spiral shaft len g thwise > 
 OUIICll Olldll W hich meansthat eight (8) 
 
 full teeth of the Spiral Gear continuously mesh 
 
 Into eight (8) full teeth of the Spiral Shaft. This 
 
 gives the gearing GIANT strength just where it 
 
 must be for a durable high-speed gearing, and 
 
 where all other high -spsed gearings are weak. 
 
 Spiral 
 
 U. S. Patent 
 Nos. 
 
 676.322 34,882 
 
 676.323 34,883 
 
 676.324 34,884 
 
 34.880 34,885 
 
 34.881 697,629 
 Great Britain 
 Pat. No. 9,662 
 
 The Adjustable r^ 
 
 Ball BearingS Steel Blowers 
 
 and Steel Forges are also specially 
 built for high speed bearings. The 
 Cups and Cones are lathe-turned 
 from the solid steel bar hardened as 
 hard as glass, and then ground and 
 polished to the highest possible 
 finish, which makes durable and 
 perfect high-speed Adjustable Bear- 
 ings. 
 
 The No 400 Gearing and 
 Bearings are built with two 
 objects in view, namely: 
 HIGHEST SPEED and DURA- 
 BILITY. 
 
 The "Whirlwind" Blast 
 
 Anti-Clinker Heavy Nest Tuyere 
 Iron is now furnished with 
 the No. 400 Champion Steel 
 Blower WITHOUT EXTRA COST. 
 
 No. 400. 
 
 Write for Catalogue. 
 
 THE CHAMPION BLOWER & FORGE CO., LANCASTER, PA, 
 
CHAMPION 
 
 SELF-FEED AND LEVER-FEED DRILLS 
 
 Made in Six Styles and Sizes. 
 
 <£.::: 
 
 Combination 
 Automatic Self- 
 Feed and ^ever- 
 Feed Drill, Pat- 
 ent No. 767,282, 
 August 9, 1904. 
 
 Combination Auto- 
 matic Self-Feed and 
 Lever -Feed Drill, 
 Patent No. 767 
 August 9, 1904. 
 
 NO. 200 
 
 NO. 203 
 
 SELF-FEED AND LEVER-FEED SAVE 
 
 In Time and Labor by Instantaneous, 
 Quick Return of the Drill Bit with 
 both Self-Feed and Lever-Feed, and 
 Of Time is Gained by use of the 
 ADJUSTABLE LEVER in drilling small 
 holes, reaming or counter-sinking. 
 
 REMEMBER there is no TURNING BACK of the FEED 
 Screw NUT WITH EITHER FEED. 
 
 WRITE FOR CATALOGUE. 
 
 95 
 50, 
 
 THE CHAMPION BLOWER & FORGE CO., LANCASTER, PA. 
 
INDEX 
 
 A PAGE 
 
 Anatomy of the Foot 13 
 
 Angle of the Foot. . .27, 39, 86, 87 
 Appetite, Loss of 149 
 
 B 
 
 Balling- 130 
 
 Bar Shoe 41 
 
 Blister 143 
 
 Blood," To Stop 149 
 
 Bone, Cannon 27 
 
 Bone, Coffin 25, 27 
 
 Bones, Coronary 27 
 
 Bones, Sesamoid 27 
 
 Bones of the Foot .... 25 
 
 Bots 139 
 
 Bridle (Handling) 81, 82 
 
 C 
 
 Cannon Bone 27 
 
 Castration 122 
 
 Clinching Tool 81 
 
 Coffin Bone . .. . . % 25 
 
 Coffin Bone, Diseased 89, 90 
 
 Cold vs. Hot Fitting 94 
 
 Colic 139 
 
 Colt's Shoe 64, 65 
 
 Contraction, Bad Case of. .... 101 
 Contraction of Neck Tendons . 146 
 
 Corns. 123 
 
 Coronary Bones 27 
 
 D 
 
 Diabetes 146 
 
 Distemper 140 
 
 E 
 
 Eye, Discharge from 137 
 
 Eye Lotion 134 
 
 Eye Wash 134 
 
 Eyes, (Weak) 133 
 
 F PAG L 
 
 Farcy 10$, 146 
 
 Feet, Tender 134 
 
 Fever (Lung) 135 
 
 Fitting the Shoe 38 
 
 Fire, To save Horses from 133 
 
 Foot, Anatomy of 13 
 
 Foot, Bones of 25 
 
 Foot, Deformed 97, 98 
 
 Foot (Perfect), front view of . . 91 
 Foot with section of wall re- 
 moved 98, 99 
 
 Forging 35 
 
 Founder 140 
 
 Frog Band 17 
 
 Frog, Horny 16 
 
 Frog must not be cut 40 
 
 Frog, Sensitive 16 
 
 G 
 
 Gargling Oil 148 
 
 Glanders 103 
 
 Glanders in man 112 
 
 Grease 108, 109 
 
 H 
 
 Half Bar Shoe 45 
 
 Handling Bridle 81, 82 
 
 Head (Big).... 149 
 
 Heaves 147 
 
 Hide-bound Horses 13C 
 
 Hip, Knocking down of 119 
 
 Hoof-bound Feet 134 
 
 Hoofs, Dark 23 
 
 Hoof Evil 136 
 
 Hoof, How it grows 29 
 
 Hoof Liquid 135 
 
 Hoof, Obliquity of , 21 
 
 Hoof Ointment 135 
 
 Hoof, Wear of 31 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Horn, Different kinds of 15 
 
 Horny Sole 15 
 
 Horny Frog 15 
 
 Horses, How to Buy 129 
 
 Horses, Hide-bound. 130 
 
 Horses in a state of nature 10 
 
 Horse, Names of different parts 
 
 of body of 83 
 
 Horses (old), To make young. . 145 
 
 Horses, To fat quick 147 
 
 Horses, To Spot Black 148 
 
 Horses, To Castrate 143 
 
 Horse (Wild), To tame 143 
 
 Horseshoeing, Ancient 9 
 
 I 
 
 Interfering, Shoe to Pre- 
 vent 49, 50 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 K 
 
 Kidney, Disease of 138 
 
 Knees Broken 117, 141 
 
 Knee-knocking Shoe 52 
 
 Knee Sprung Horses, To Cure 150 
 Knee Sprung Horses, To Shoe 37 
 Knuckling, To Cure 150 
 
 L 
 
 Lameness Cured by Proper 
 
 Shoeing 13 
 
 Laminas 27 
 
 Lampers 145 
 
 Leg, Dissected 27 
 
 Leveling Plate 35 
 
 Lice, To Kill.." 149 
 
 Liniment, Black 138 
 
 Liniment, General 141 
 
 Liniment. Johnston's 144 
 
 Lockjaw 148 
 
 Lockjaw, How caused 93, 94 
 
 Lung Fever 135 
 
 M 
 
 MilkLeg 142 
 
 Mouth, Sore 138 
 
 Mules 126 
 
 N 
 
 Nerving. 122 
 
 Nails, How to drive 93 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Nails, Results of using poor 
 ones 87, 88 
 
 O 
 
 Ointment, Blue 137 
 
 Ointment, Green 144 
 
 Ointment, Iodine 142 
 
 Ointment, Sloan's 145 
 
 Ointment, White 13^ 
 
 P 
 Paddling and Knocking, To 
 
 Prevent 68, 69 
 
 Pasterns 25, 27 
 
 Periople 17 
 
 Physic Ball 142 
 
 Plate for Leveling 35 
 
 Plate for Running Horses. .79, 80 
 
 Powders, Condition 147 
 
 Powders for Cleansing 136 
 
 Q 
 
 Quarter Crack, To Shoe f or . . . 45 
 Quittor 120 
 
 R 
 
 Ring-bone, To Shoe for 55 
 
 Rheumatism 147 
 
 Ruptures 122 
 
 S 
 
 Scratches, To Cure 128 
 
 Sensitive Frog 16 
 
 Sesamoid Bones 27 
 
 Shell, Very Thin 92 
 
 Shoes, Ancient Arabian 10 
 
 Shoe (Bar) 45 
 
 Shoe, Concave 59, 60 
 
 Shoe for Colts 64, 65 
 
 Shoe for Flat Feet 58 
 
 Shoe for Kne^-k nocking 52 
 
 Shoe for Stifle 62 
 
 Shoe for Tender Feet 55, 56 
 
 Shoe for Trotters 63, 64 
 
 Shoe, Half Bar 45 
 
 Shoeing a Knee Sprung Horse 37 
 
 Shoeing to correct faulty action '35 
 
 Shoeing to cure Lameness 35 
 
 Shoes, Modern Arabian 10 
 
 Shoes, Modern Moorish 11 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Shoes, Modern Persian 11 
 
 Shoes, Modern Portuguese. ... 11 
 
 Shoes, Old English 12 
 
 Shoes of Raw Hide 9 
 
 Shoe, Plain Hind 78 
 
 Shoe, (Side Weight) 51 
 
 Shoe, Side Weight and Bar 
 
 combined 53, 54 
 
 Shoe (Toe Weight) 46 
 
 Shoe to make a horse travel 
 
 square 60 
 
 Shoe to prevent interfering... 49 
 Shoe to prevent paddling and 
 
 knocking 68, 69 
 
 Shoe with double half bar. .72, 73 
 
 Shoe with Extension Calk. .56, 57 
 
 Shoe with four Calks 54 
 
 Shoe with Half Bar and Side 
 
 i Weight combined. 77, 78 
 
 Shoe with plate attached. ..61, 62 
 
 Shoe with Rolling Motion.. 71, 75 
 
 »ihoe with three Calks 66 
 
 Shoe with three Calks 76, 77 
 
 Side Weight and Bar Shoe 
 
 combined 53, 54 
 
 Side Weight Shoe 51 
 
 Side Weights and Toe Weights 
 
 combined . . . . : 74 
 
 Sole, Horny 15 
 
 Spavins. Proper Shoe for 55 
 
 Spavin Remedy 143 
 
 Stifle Shoe 62, 63 
 
 PAGH 
 
 Stomach, Sick 140 
 
 Strains 112 
 
 Strain of Shoulder 113, 131 
 
 Strain of the Stifle 114 
 
 Strain of the Whirl-bone 114 
 
 String Halt 130 
 
 T 
 
 Tender Feet, Shoe for 55, 56 
 
 Thrush 138 
 
 Thumps 149 
 
 Toe Crack 96 
 
 Toe Tips 43 
 
 Toe-Weight Shoe 46 
 
 Toe Weight and Side Weight 
 
 combined 67 
 
 Toe-Weight Shoe with Roll- 
 ing Motion 70, 71 
 
 Tool for Clinching 81 
 
 Trotting Plate 63, 64 
 
 U 
 Urine, Stoppage of 148 
 
 W 
 
 Wall of the Foot 14 
 
 Warts, To Remove 139 
 
 Wind -broken Horses 132 
 
 Wind Galls, To Cure 132 
 
 Worms 141 
 
 Wounds, Fresh 144 
 
 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 American Horse Shoe Co 226, 227, 228 
 
 Capewell Horse Nail Co 218, 219 
 
 Champion Blower & Forge Co Opp. 234 
 
 Franklin Steel Works 230, 231 
 
 Hay-Budden Mfg. Co 220, 221 
 
 Heller Bros. Co 222, 223 
 
 John Hood Co 229 
 
 Morgan & Wright 224, 225 
 
 Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co 232,233