^LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.? ||lrap. .r-^^.l..,topm%M fo } ^ __— . ■^ UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. | ^XOCC- STKI'HKX SOX'S POCKET FARRIER OK, 1^ ^^ ^^^ ^<§^ COPYRIGHT -'xA- EVERY ONE HIS OWN HORSE DOCTOR. WRITTEN IN PLAIN LANGUAGE. TO ENABLE EVK1>'T MAN TO TREAT CORRECTLY AND WITHSCi"- CESS ALL DISEASES TO WHICH HORSES ANP CATTLE ARE LIABLE. BY JOHN STEPHENSON, V. S. TECrMSEH. MICH.: RECOKD BOOK AND JOB PRINTING HOUSE, 1R7-2. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by JOHN STEPHENSON, V. S., in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. > ^\ ^^^V: INDEX D iseases of Horses. PA«E. Blood Spavin ... 86 Boo: Spavin -M) Bone Spavi n 41 Bots 47 ('•M\c 18 Coughs .... 28 (Jonsiinipl ion 25 Curl), the 87 Coffin-Joint, the 87 ( V)iitracte(l Feet 40 Diarrhea 17 Disorders of I he Eyes 81 Excessive, oi- Profuse Slaling- 20 Epilepsy ."io Fistula in the Withers 41 Farcy 40 Fevers 5.") Grease, the 88 Glanders 52 Hints to Purchasers of Horses 5 Intestines, the . . . . IXDKX. Iiiti;iniiiiiifion of tlic Kidiicvs ... . IS BIa(Ul Thnrouffii Pi)i, ilic :{."» V'ivcs, llic 21 N'ciiomous IJilcs '■]') Wounds *2i) Wiiidpilis :30 Wens 42 \\'(MI11S 4.") Diseases of Cattle. Cow Slip the ("Mlf T4 Felon. Of Hide lioiind (i.") F(d(^ll. the tin ?\-illiii.ii- Down of tlic Calf Bed 0() rnflaniiDaiion of ilic Neck of tlic liladdrr (58 " r.ivcr »)S " " Stoniarli 70 " " Wonjb TO Lice on ( attic , T4 Lameness 75 Milk Fever in Cows after ('alvinir QH Poison, or Swelling hi the Howels 72 Quinsy, tlie 71 Scr(^fiila. or Scab 73 Treatment of Sick Cattle 57 To Help a Cow in Calving 58 Yellows, or Jaundice 69 r PREFACE To present a publication to the world, however small the size of that publication b(% is a matter of vast importance, and wliat no one should dare to do without the most deliberate consideration. This should especially be the case, witli respect to this work. The author has been solicited b}^ Ids friends, for years, to write a Pocket Farrier, describing the diseases of both cattle and horses — the symptoms of every disease, and wiiat to give, the quantity to give at a dose ; and also to give it in as few words as possible. With such a book at hand, the fiirmer or his neighbors, wlio may be more apt at doctoring horses, may determine the disease, and apply the proper treatment with success far superior to what would result without such a book. I may add that the horse is often treated for the wrong diseases amid this confusion of ojiinion, and not unfrequently loses his life by such treatment. Now in the absence of men educated as horse doc- tors, on whose judgment we may reh^ is it not our onlj'' safe way of guarding against fatal mistakes, to have at liand a book, written in plain language, which explains carefully ever}' sj-mptom of every 1 2 disease, and points out especially those symptoms winch distinguish each disease from every other for which it is liable to be mistaken ; and not only this, but one which tells what to give, the quantity to give at a dose, how to give it, what effect it will have, when to give more, and when to quit giving it ? But has such a book yet been offered to the pub- lic? I think not. I am aware of a few works that are occasionally met with, which have given the subject a full consideration ; but thej' are written in ]irofessional language, and, consequeiitl}', can not be understood by the general reader. Such are the works of Skeavington, White, Coleman, Youatt, Dodd, Mason, and others. It is well known they are not at all explanatoiy. Besides these, there am many small works on Farriery, generally in pam- phlet form, and principally filled up with cures. These are usually written by farriers or shoeing smiths, who are a set of gentry that always have an extensive quantity of ignorance to displa}^ as well as a great number of infallible receipts, which have been handed down to them from their forefathers, and are, in fact, considered a kind of extremely val- uable property by these "kill or cure" practitioners. Whatever may be the merits of the cures they con- tain, they are so deficient in the explanation of the symptoms of the different diseases as not to be re- lied on. Certainly, if any are disposed to use their own cure, or that of the farrier, for any disease, the 3 first thing is to detenuine that the horse has that disease. It has been tlie object of the writer of this book to express his ideas in as few words as possible — conceiving it to be a folly to drag his readers a jour- ney of ten miles, when five would answer the same purpose. It freciuently happens, both with writers and public sjieakers, that a subject, plain in itself, is obscured and made to wear a mysterious aspect, by a confusion of needless and useless words. This mav be considered as a sure sign that the writer or speaker is in a mist himself; and no wonder that he should throw a mist before the eyes of others. The Author has not the vanity to think, however, that in every instance he has said no more than was necessary, but his I'eaders must give hmi credit for liaving endeavored to sa}^ what he has said to the point. The volume, such as it is, he commits to the world. If any person is disposed to prepare himself tor the doctoring of his own horses when diseased, he can have no better means of doing so, than by the careful study of this work. Division First treats of the diseases of the horse, giving a descrip- tion of each particular disease, its nature, symptoms, mode of distinguishing, and treatment. The treat- ment given is the best known, and such as may be readily obtained. Also, the cow's sickness in calv- ing, and all diseases to which she is liable, the symptoms of each disease, and its cure. 4 Tlie Author of Ibis book was well known in Emgland, at the time of bis three j^ears Dupilage, by a number of well-to-do farmers, who now live in Lenawee and Jackson Counties, Michigan. These farmers resided within three miles ot the Author at the time of his pupilage, and were well acquainted with the gentleman he studied with, whose name was Robert Nicklcson, M. D. He would farther remark that he has had over twentv 3'ears' extensive practice in both Lenawee and Jackson Counties, and would ask the reader 1o inquire of any parties whose horses or cattle he lias treated, as to his professional character as a horse doctor or veterinary surgeon. Their testimonj', one and all, will show that his success, in doctoring both horses and cattle, has been beyond all expectation ; so much so that his friends have urged him, again and again, to write a book, in plain language, on tlie external and internal diseases of horses and cattle. It is believed that the work is iiow ready to be placed before the public, as perfect in all its parts as it is possible to get it in the present state of oui- knowledge of the nature and treatment of the (\h- eases of the horse. This little work contains receipts for diseases of horses and cattle, to the number of sixty or seventh, carefully selected from 500 recipes in the Author's possession. These receipts are written so as to be pcr- fectlv understood bv anv man of common education. HINTS TO PURCHASERS OF HORSES. To purchase a horse free from blemish and hii- l~tei-fection is, hy experience, found to be a task more difficult and arduous than the whole art of horse- manship; and there is no kind of traffic wherein there are so man}' deceptions practiced as in the sale of horses. It may not be unsei'viceable, therefore, to put down a few directions on this subject. In the first place, the horse being before }'ou, take your station about three or four paces off, m a line with his breast; observe his countenance, that it is cheerful, spriahtly, and free from heaviness and gloom ; that the ears are thin, small, evenly set, and terminate in a point ; for if they are thick, long, too closely set to each other and drooping, it is not onlv a great deformily, but such a horse will be dull, heavy and sleep}'. The face should be lean and free from flesh, the forehead broad and rather swelling outward; a star or a blaze thereon is considered marks of beaut\' and courage ; but if the forehead is flat, the face in general flat and cloudy, and bald- ness appear on the nose, they are deformities. If tl.-e eyes are round, black, shining, not too big, but rather protuberant, so that the}' move about their orbits w^ith a quick, lively motion, and in doing so, little or none of the whites appear, they are good ; but if, on the contrary, tliev look yellow cast, dull, moist and sunken, they are bad. The nostrils should not be so large as upon every little effort to occasion the muzzle to become wide, distended, and the in- side redness to appear — that being a sure sign of a short wind and weakness. The muzzle of the nos- trils slimikl be small, and tlie inside free from mois- ture ; the upper lip should not liaiilicated construction of cells is evidently designed tor the same purpose. When the food has at length readied the last intestines, called the rectum, very little undigested food will be found to remain. The Liver. Two fluids enter the duodenum by small orifices, in order to contribute to the process of digestion. 10 The Ijile comes directly from the liver, for the horse has no gall bladder. His stomach being small, must therefore, be ofteuer replenished, and the food miisJ be oftener passing on!; of it, and there can be no necessity for the gall being kept in a reservoir for nse at a distant day. Lung Fever. This disease is known by the names of Lung Fever, Inflammation of the Lungs, and Pneumonia. It is an inflannnation of the substance of the lungs, or lights, as butchers call them. It may affect either the right or lelt lung, or both of tliem. Tliis com- plaint is generally preceded by a shivering ; tlie Jin- imal appears dull, and droops his liead, and the legs and ears are extremely cold. As the disease ad- vances, the breathing becomes quick and difficult, accompanied by heaving and working of the flanks. Tlie mouth feels hot, and the animal is obliged to suppress the cough on account of the soreness of his lungs. He refuses all food and rarely attempts to lie down. The liorse appears moping and disinclined to move ; may hang his head under or rest it on the manger. As yet, the true nature of the case may not be suspected, the liorse being supposed to be only a little ailing; but the second stage of the disease fol- lows, and more marked symptoms make their ap- pearance — the pulse increasing in frequency. This is the first stage of the disease, as far as I have gone. In the second stage of the disease, the pulse appears irregular and almost imperceptible. This marks the beginning of the third stage, in which the blood is overloaded with poisonous matter, which the lungs have lost power to remove. Immediately on ascertaining that a horse is at- tacked by an inflammation of the lungs, four quarts of blood, at least, should be taken at once, and if the animal be in high condition, or the difficulty in breathing require, this quantity may be increased to 11 six quarts. A clyster should next be given, com- posed of four ounces of Epsom salts, in thin gruel, and repeated everj' three hours, until the bowels are freel}' opened. If you have not o-ot the salts, use five table spoonfulls of common salt, dissolved in the gruel above mentioned. After this the fol- lowing pill must be given : Emetic Tartar, one drachm; Asafa?tida, one drachm; Ginger, I2 "unce. Dissolve in soft soap, sav a tablespoonful, dissolve and make into a pill, and give it by pulling out the tongue with the left hand, and with the right take the pill and give. It must not be supposed that be- cause human doctors often give their lung fever pa- tients physic, that the same may be done with the horse suffering from this disease. If the horse's bowels are costive, and it is thought necessary to move them, an injection is all that would be safe to use. A gallon of warm soap suds mav be used as an injection. An active physic would be equal to a ■sentence of dcatli. Pleurisy. The Pleurisy may be produced by the same causes as the Inflammation of the Lungs. Indeed, inflam- mator\^ disorders are always brought on by a sud- den suppression of the perspiration. In inflamma- tion of the pleura, or membrane which lies in the chest, and is hence called Pleurisy, the symptoms vary so little from inflammation of the lungs, that it is (lifflcult to distinguish between them. Question : What is the diflerence in the actions of a horse be- tween inflammation of the lungs and the Pleurisy? In tlie Pleurisy the horse shows great uneasiness, and is continually shifting about. He often strives to lie dow^n, but immediately starts up again, and turns his head to the affected side ; whereas in in- flammation of the lungs the horse is more tranquil, and never attempts to lie down. In Pleuris3' a horse's mouth is generally parched and dry. but in 13 ^ peripneiimoii}', or inflamed lungs, Aviien opened, n roap3^ slune generally runs out in great abundance, besides a discharge from the nose, much in tlie same way as in a malignant fever, and n red or yellow serum, or coagulable lymph, will adhere to the in- side of the nostrils. In the Pleurisy, a horse works violently at the flanks, is very restless, and his belly generally tucked up ; but in peripneumony he al- ways shows fullness, and the Avorking of tiie flanks is regular, except after drinking, or when he is agitated and disturbed by giving him medicine, in wliich case the heaving becomes stronger and more vehement than at other times ; liis ears and feet are for the most part always cold, and he often falls into damp sweats, with other symptoms commcm in ma- lignant diseases, except that they come more sud- denly and with greater violence. An inflammatory attack has often been mistaken for the gripes ; but the diirerence is easily percep- tible, since when a horse is griped he lies down and rolls about, and sometimes, when violently attacked, his eyes are turned up and his limbs stretched out as if dying; cold, clammy sweats appear, and he frequently stales and dungs, but with great pain and difficulty, until some relief be procured. The cure of a Pleurisy and an Inflammation of the Lungs is the same, except where accidentally symptoms occur to require a variation. Copious bleeding is particularly necessary. Give the same medicine you did for Lung Fever, or give this : Tartar Emetic, 60 grains ; Sweet Spirits of Nitre, one ounce ; Tincture of Digitalis, one ounce ; warm water, one pint. Mix and give as a drench all at once. Take White Liniment and rub on the chest and breast. The cold legs should be rubbed with pow- dered Cayenne pepper, one ounce in a pint of vinegar. The symptoms of this disease and lung fever are verj^ nearly tlie same. Indeed, the two diseases may both affect the horse at once, commencing at the same time, or one commencing and then the other 13 coining on afterwards. Such a case Is called pleuro- pneumonia. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, or thin, lilistening membrane which covers the substance of the lungs, beini^ so intimately con- nected with the substance of the lungs, such as cov- ering it all over, and the cavity of the chest, it has been thought to be of itself a disease in the horse. The pleura of the horse is seldom or never the sit- uati(m of the disease. If tiie pleura should be dis- (■ased, it is in connection with the substance of the lungs. Whenever the blood is prevented* from cir- culating freely through the lung, it is so important an oi'gan that it becomes the origin of several dis- eases. The pulse of a horse in Lung Fever differs from that in PU'urisy. As the blood is not obstructed in its passage througii the lungs as it is in Lung Fever, we have not the small, oppressed pulse of that disease, but a hard, full pulse, sureh" indicating inflammation. The feet and legs are cold, but not so cold as in Lung Fever. The membrane of the nose is somewhat red, but not so intensely red as when the lungs are the seat ot inflammation The Colic. The Colic is sometimes occasioned by perspiration being suddenly checked, from imprudent exposure to wet or cold, or drinking a large quantity of cold water when tlie body is heated by exercise ; or it may be produced by eating too much immediately after fatigue, or by bad hay, new corn, or whatever is new or prone to fomentation; and sometimes it may originate in weak and delicate animals, from the formation and confinement of air in the intestines. This disease is generall}^ manifested by the horse suddenly lying down and rising again, and some- times striking his belly with the hind feet; he stamps with his fore feet, and refuses every kind of food. When the gripes are violent, he throws up his body in convulsive motions, his eyes are turned up, and 14 liis limbs slrctched out as if d3'ln<>- ; he falls into pro- fuse sweats, succeeded by cold shiver in"; tits ; tries to stale; turns his head frequently towards his flanks; rolls over, and often turns on his back. When the indse becomes small and feeble, the horse frequently lying- on his back and Yoidinn: small portions of duuij^ like gingerbread nuts, his backbone elevated, and his legs and ears cold, it is a certain indicatitm that inflammaticm has taken place. When mortification advances, the animal appears easier and free from pain, which is a sure prelude to death. In all cases of the colic, clysters should be admin- istered with as little delay as possible, and repeated every half hour until tlie disorder be removed or considerably relieved. Previous to introducing the clyster pii)e, the hardened dung in the rectum should be cleared away. Give a clj'ster composed of thin gruel, 4 quarts, epsom salts, 4 ounces. Re- peat this every half liour, and if the symptoms do not abate rive the following ball or pill : Opium i^ drachm, asaftctida 1 drachm ; to be made into a pill with ginger and soft soap. If you have not got the opium give one ounce of laudanum, a tablespoonful of ground pepper, spirits of turpentine one ounce ; mix it in ^2 P'^^^ of water, (six ounces of whisky is better.) I have found great btnefit in tlie last reme- dy. If the clysters should not have desired eflect, take a large onion, peel and quarter it and pass it up the rectum, which will speedily stimulate it into ac- tion. When a horse is taken sick the pulse is the first thing I notice, which in spasmodic Colic, seldom becomes altered from its natural state, unless the Colic hasex- i sted some considerable time, wdien marks of gen- eral irritation sometimes present themselves; the pulse being somewhat hardened and quickened sometimes when the paroxj'sms are on. A slight alteration may be then felt, as in the earlier stages should the pain be great, but slight alteration occur and cease on the pain going off. 15 I liave been very particular in describing the symptoms, in order that mistakes *may be avoided, for, if the horse be under the immediate influence of existing spasm, it will in some instances present a full bounding pulse, but oftener a wiry though quick- ened beat ; both may be taken for inflammation. The legs in Colic are but seldom aftected, and never re- main cold long at any one time. But the coat stares and the horse breaks out frequently into cold sweats. He frcciuently attempts to stale without ef- fect; at other times he stales frequently. Generally the horse is costive, a few of the balls, very dry, being forced from him during the spasmodic flts. For the cure of Spasmodic Colic, or Gripes, as call- ed by some, I would recommend bleeding, and more or less liberally according to its violence, or having (.'ontinued several hours without mitigation. Exten- sive bleeding, be it remembered, is one of the most jiowerful relaxers of spasms. In every such case bleed liberall}', say at least six quarts, which, if the horse be in anything like moderate condition cannot do liarm. I have known horses bled in the mouth for Gripes, but never saw any good from it. To bleed from the jugular vein the most proper place for making the opening is where the integument is thinnest, which is about a hand's breadth from the head, just below the branching oft' of the vein to the lower jaw, and which may be distinctly seen when any pressure is made on the main branches of the vein. In performing the operation with a fleam the operator should hold the fleam between the fore- finger and thumb of the left hand. With the second finger he is to make a slight pressure on the vein, and before it becomes to turgid or full, make the opening. The same degree of pressure is to be con- tinued on the vein till the quantity of blood to be taken away is received into a proper measure, when you can ascertain the quality as well as the quantity, of blood. Some persons tie a ligature around tlie neck previous to bleeding from the jugular vein. It is 16 to be observed tliat it stops the circulation in botli veins at the same time, hence they become turirid and full of blood, insomuch that tliey feel under the fin- i^er like a tit;ht cord , and as the parts adjoininq; are loose and soft, ^vlien the stroke is ijiven to the fleam, the vein, by its hardness and tig-htness, slips to one f^ide, and of course eludes the stroke ; hence, a deep wound is made bv the fleam to no purpose, and this is sometimes frecpiently repeated. Unskillful people likewise have a custom of wavinu" or shaking the blood-stick before they strike the fleam, in view of the horse, whose eye is fixed on that instrument, and when they intend to give the stroke the}^ make a great exertion, and the horse being alarmed by tlie motion, raises his head and neck, an/1 disapjioint- ment follows. The struggle that ensues from that circumstance prolongs the operation ; the ligature at the same time being continued around the neck, a total stagnation of blood in the vessels of the iiead takes place. Therefore, a ligature ought never to be used, as a moderate pressure of the finger below the orifice will always be sufflcient to make the blood lun easily; but if the horse is lying on the ground, then a ligature may be necessaiy. In pinning vi}) the orifice, some have a custom of raising or draw- ing out the skin too f\ir from the V(;in ; hence, the blood flows from the orifice in the vein into the cel- lular membrane between it and the skin, whicii causes a large sw^elling to take place immediately. ]31eeding is sometimes the quickest method of giving relief in the beginning of inflammatory fevers, to whicli horses are* very liable; as in all violent acute pains, such as the gripes or colic, stran- gury or suppression of urine ; in rheumatic com- jdaints, where the pain causes stiffness or lameness, and wiiich freciuentiy shifts from one limb to an- other, or w^here it affects the neck and occasions i:hat stiffness and contraction of the muscles which is commonly called the chords; in inflammation of the e3'es, or in the swellings of the glands about the 17 throat, ji.ws, etc.; in inlianinialion of the liver, the lungs, tiie pleura, stomach, intestines, kidneys, blad- der, or any of the internal viscera; in apoplexy, vertigo or giddiness, and in all disorders where the head seems to be affected ; in eruptions of the skin, called surfeit ; in full habits of the body, where ])roper exercise has been neglected, and when a horse breathes with difficult}' on the least exertion. In ail these cases bleed. On the other hand, bleeding is to be avoided in all cases of inflammatory swellings after matter is formed; and it is also to be avoided in all cases of weakness or lowness produced by fatigue or disease, or after strong evacuations by purging or scouring, or diabetes, or excessive staling. Bleeding is also improper during the time of horse moulting, or shedding his coat ; in fact, it should never be prac- ticed unlesss some more substantial '-eason can l)e given than the mere plea of custom at certain times of the year. Diarrhea. This disorder may ])roceed from a defective per- spiration, from an increased secretion of bile, from too violent exertion, from hard riding, over feeding, or eating unwholesome food, and sometimes from a morbid change in the secretions of the stomach and intestines. It may also proceed from drinking cold water when heated by exercise, and occasion- ally from worms. Sometimes it is tlie critical ter- mination of a disease, in which case it proves salu- tary, and should not be suddenly checked. Diarrhea, though not \yery common, will some- times occur. It is indicated by a constant and co- pious discharge of dung, accompanied with pain, restlessness, and loss of appetite. As the disorder increases, the discharge is chiefly mucous, or mixed with small, hard lumps of dung covered with a greasy matter. When this has been neglected, and 18 evjicuations become involuntary, allencled with eokl- "jiess of the extremities, a fatal termination will gen- erally ensue. This disease is most prevalent in the winter, or cold weather. Both astringents and violent purgatives are im- proper in this disease. Such medicines as invigorate the intestines slioukl be employed, A drink may be administered every morning for two or three morn- ings, composed of Epsom Salts, six ounces, dissolved in two quarts of thin gruel. The hoi-se should be kept warm ; his diet should consist of bran mashes, and his drink should be of thin gruel. After the complaint has been somewhat removed, the follow- ing pill may be given every day : Gentian, i^ ounce ; Columbo Root, % owt\qq\ Powdered Sub-Carbonate of Soda, one drachm ; Ginger, one drachm ; Castih.' Soap, 32 ounce. Mix. Inflammation of the Kidneys. This disease may arise from the kidneys being in- jured from an miproper use of diuretics, or (n'er exertion in drawing too great loads, or hard ridmg ; or it ma}^ be occasioned b}' a fever. It is indicated by weakness of the back and loins, the horse standing with his legs at a considerable dic^Uance from each other. The discharge of urine is either wholly pre- vented, or in small quantities, and as the inflamma- tion increases, becomes bloody, and the voiding it more difficult ; the extremities become cold, and cold sweats frequcntl.y break out ; the pulse is also quick. A relaxation of the kidneys will sometimes occur without any inflammation ; but this may easil}^ be distinguished from the above, by the urine being of its natural color whilst the horse remains at rest in the stable, but as soon as he is brought into exercise the discharge of the urine is accompanied with blood . For the treatment of Inflammation of the Kid- neys, your principal sheet anchor is bleeding the patient plentifully, to the amount of from four to 19 six quarts; ami if the inflammatory symptoms still continue for the space of four or five hours, do not liesitate to bleed again. After the first bleeding, immediately proceed to back-rake and clear the rec- tum well; then throw up clysters of warm water, until the bowels appear to have free passage. White Liniment should be well rubbed on the parts affected. Administer Caslile Soap, l^ ^unce ; Barbadocs Aloes, four diachms ; Emetic Tartar, two drachms. Inflammation of the Bladder. An inflamed bladder cannot retain its contents, so there is a frequent evacuation of a small quantity of urine; and on parsing the hand up tlie rectum, the bladder will be found hot and tender, but empty. Tlie horse is also commonly observed to have a dis- position to dung frequently, as well as to stale, from tlie sympathv of the rectum with the bladder. The lever is usually considerable, and the pulse is harder and luller than naturally, but as the disease proceeds it usually becomes oppressed. For the cure, bleed according to the height of the fever, and if no alteration take place for the better, bleed again as the pulse may indicate ; back-rake, and throw up clysters of warm water, holding the tail down firml}', to prevent their speedy ejection. However, if such should be the case, have plenty of hot water ready to continue the injections, as in this case they' act as fomentations to the bladder, and in consequence, greatl}^ tend to relieve it. For internal remedies, give the same as in the preceding article. Inflammation of the Neck of the Bladder. Sometimes the neck of the bladder takes on in- flammation alone, and this occurs more frequently lo horses than to mares. It is to be distinguished from Inflammation of the Kidneys, because in pass- ing the hand up the rectum, the bladder will be 20 H)iincl cllstonclecl. Tlii;^ will also prcvcmt mistukiiiii' it for inflammation of the body of the bladder. The frequency of makinf;; a little water will mU, how- ever, distinii;uish either of the forec^oin;^ complaints from this, as in Intiammation of the Neck of the liladder, there is sometimes a small quantity of urine evacuated at different times. Take notice here ; for after the bladder is distended only a tew drops will now and then be squeezed out; but in this disease the frequent stalnn>: will not take place until the bladder be distended fully, whereas in the former disease, it will come on at the very first, and like- wise in the latter case the distended bladder may be felt even by the belly. Having described the na- ture of this disease, tlie treatment is so verv mucli the same as the two preceding cases that a repetition of them is quite needless, and would be tedious to the reader. Inflammation of the Liver. Tlie liver of the horse is but seldom at first, of itself, aftected with inflammation, though when other great abdominal inflammation takes ))lace, then this often participates. With regMrd to the symi)toms of this disease or complaint, they gener- ally commence in appearance not very unlike a slight attack of Inflammation of the Bowels, but un- attended with that rising up and laying down, which attends the latter disease. Still, the horse is apt frequently to turn his head to his right side, evinc- ing pain ; also, if you turn him around in his stall, tothe right liand, he will do it with great difliculty, plainly showing the pain he is laboring under. The extremities are generally cold ; considerable heav- ing at the flanks ; the pulse is quick and hard ; the mouth hot, attended with a yellowness of the lining of the membrane covering the same ; the nostrils and conjunction of the e3'e also participate in this yellow tinge ; these appearances being one grand 21 rule to lead to the discovery of the disease the horse is laborins; under. This disease is tVeqnently at- tended with coslivcucss, and in consc(iuenee of tlie secreted bile not passins; ofl' in the usual way. 1k'- comes absorbed into I he system, and lience thai yellowness of tl that creates se- vere action, especially from the liver. Sometimes it is occasioned by high feeding or habitual costive- ness. This complaint is seldom dangerous in 3'oung liorses, but a perfect euro is rarely eftected in old horses, since in such cases it generally arises from a diseased state of the liver. Thi^ disease is generally termed the Yellows. It is indicated by the eycs ap- pearing of a dusky yellow color, the inside of the mouth and lips are also yellow ; the animal appears dull and sluggish, and refuses all kinds of food ; his nrine is of a dark brownish color, and when lodged on the ground seems like red blood ; he also stales with difficulty, and his dung is very hard, and of a pale yellow color. The pulse is irregular, and he is attended with fever in a greater or less degree. If the disease and fever increase, unless speedily re moved, death will undoubtedly ensue. A modern writer observes: "The signs of the Jaundice in horses are a dusky yellowness of the ej^es, the inside of the mouth and lips ; the tongue and bars of the roof of the mouth also look yellow. But it is necessary to distinguish between the yellow- ness of the Jaundice, and that j'cllowness of the mouth and eyes w hich sometimes happens on the crisis of an inflammatory fever, where the inflamed parts look yellow when the lever and inflammation are going oft'. When this happens after a fever, the liorse generally recovers his appetite, looks lively, and the fever leaves liim. In the decline of an in- flammatory fever, a horse dungs and stales freely. In the Jaundice the dung is generally hard and dry, and of a pale yellow^ color, nearly white. The urine is commonly of a dark, dirty brownish color, and Avhen it is settled sometime on the pavement, it looks red like blood. lie also stales wMth some pain and difficulty, and if the disease be not soon checked, all the symptoms will increase very rapidly." I should bleed in the first stage of the complaint, especially if it should be accompanied by fever. After this <;ive a laxative clyster, and for physic Aloes, two ounces ; Ginc^er, one ounce. Swelling of the Breast. This disorder usually proceeds from hard riding, allowing a horse to drink cold water when hot, a stopjjage of the perspiration, or foul feeding without proper exercise. It is indicated by an enlargement c»f the breast, and the neck becoming stifl' and in- capable of reaching tlie ground ; the horse also drops liis head, refuses to eat, trembles with his whole body, and falters in his fore legs whilst walking. Occasionally the swelling extends towards the throat and threatens suftbcation. If t!)e swelling yields to the finger and the impression remains, it is a sign that it is dropsical, and the disease is then called the Water Farcy. The cure is copious bleeding and the administra- tion of clysters. For jdiysic, give Castile Soap, two drachms; Aloes, eight drachms; Ginger, one drachm in a pill. If the swelling be dropsical, a fleam may be struck into the skin in four or five places where the swelling hangs most down, and from these places a serious discharge will take place. Rub on White Liniment, so that the absorbent vessels may be well stimulated. Coughs. Tiic principal causes of coughs may be attributed to sudden changes of temperature, especially when cold is applied to the body whilst in a state of per- spiration ; or it may be occasioned by entering a warm stable after the animal has been some time exposed to the cold air. It will sometimes proceed from greas}' or farc}^ humors being lodged in the body, or it may be caused by an internal irritation. Chronic cough must not be confounded with the cough which occurs in other diseases, as catarrh, 24 inliueuza, bronc.lnlis, strangles, etc. This aflVction is known by a continued co'igli, mostly of a harsh, dry character, but in some cases a thick mucus is thrown out from tlie nose. The cough is mostly dry at tirst, and will sometimes continue so; but more generally, when the complaint is of some standing, the horse will cough up a frothy, white mucus. The pulse is not always affected in the disease, but is usually fuller and harder than naturally. A chill- iness and trembling are frequently manifested at the commencement of this disorder. When a cough has existed for a considerable period, and the horse shows no otlier ])articular symptoms of disease, but retains his usual appetite, it is denominated a chronic cough, which frequently terminates in broken wind. In a cough of this de- scription the lungs are generally affected, and there is a quickness in l)reathing, but the nostrils are not much affected or distended. The cough is short and Imsky, causing the animal to sneeze frequently, and phlegm is discharged through the nostrils. AVlien the animal appears hide-bound, his appetite failing, and his legs swelling, it is evident that the complaint proceeds from a bad habit of body. When a cough results from worms, it will be soft, and aceompanied with a frothy mucus ; the horse's coat will be star- ing, and other symptoms of worms be present. A cough resulting from deranged digestion is harsh and hard, and very violent, and generally occurs after eating, when the stomach is distended and pressmg on the lungs. The causes of this disease have been sufficiently explamed in giving the description and symptoms. In a cough depending on Irritation of the air pas- sages and lungs, following other diseases, give this : Take Tartar Emetic, one ounce ; Resin, two ounces ; Bloodroot, one ounce ; Salts of Tartar, two ounces ; Ginger, two ounces. Mix and give a teaspoonfuU three times a day in the feed. When the cough re- sults from worms, treat the patient for worms, and 25 then give tlic above. When the cough is dependant on derangement or the digestive organs, give the following pill : Venice of Turpentine, two drachms; Asafetida, two drachms , TJquorice Powder, two drachms; Sulphur, one drachm. Mix in a pill, nnd give every olher night for four or five times. It will generally be found^ nsef'd. The horse is to have bran mashes, or carrots, if they can be procured. Consumption. Consumption ma}' proceed from various causes; from colds imperfectly cured, or from the influence of the Farcy or Glanders fixing on the lungs. Hot and irritable horses are most subject to this disease, as they generally exhaust themselves by too great exertion. The first observable symptoms are a de- gree of hide-bound, with the common unthriftiness «f the coat. After a while, a slight cough ma}' be observed, and the muscles may be observed to be- come liabby, the horse losing strength, and sweating on the least exertion. The breathing becomes more rapid and laborious, with slight heaving at the flanks. The cough becomes worse, but short and dry ; the pulse will be found small and increased in frequency. The horse is down in spirit, and is evidently sick. Pressing on the spaces between the ribs will show signs of tenderness in the chest. The appetite is sometimes good, but at other times very poor. As the disease advances, all the symptoms become ag- gravated ; the horse loses strength rapidly, the cougli becomes worse, the breath very ofl'ensive, and a thick corruption, like matter, is discharged from the nose. Diarrhea, dropsical swellings on the legs, and great waste of the flesh take place, and death removes the doomed victim. Such are the ordmary symptoms of Consumption, and it is to be hoped they will be sufficient to enable the ordinary observer to detect the existence of this formidable disease. For the treatment, the horse should be kept niod- 4 20 oratei}' wanu, snid luive hvnn inaslics ;ind vvatci* Avith the chill taken off. The followinir pill may lu' administered ever}^ other night for tliree or four times, and then omitted for a few nights, and re- peated again if necess;n\y : Emetic Tartar, one drachm ; Asafetida, one diaclim ; Liqnorice Powder, two drachms; Giiigei', one drachm. The whole to be mixed np with mola.urposc of clearing out the bowels ; after which the following may be used : Camphor, three drachms; Opium, i)()wdered, one scruple ; hard soap, sliced, six drachms ; Nitrate of Potash Powders, three drachms ; Liquori; e Root, powdered, ^2 ounce ; Copaiba, enough to make a pill, which must be given once a da v. During the course of these medicines, it is well to have some flannel cloths frequently squeezed out of some hot fomentations of Smart- weed, and applied to the parts, between the legs of the horse, as near the neck of the bladder as may be. Give bran mashes, and water with the chill taken off, may be given sparingly to drink. Excessive, or Profuse Staling. It is easily known by the abundant discharges of rather pale urine, attended with coldness of the skin, and a staring in the hair of the coat. AVhen the complaint is of long standing, great weakness of the body is produced, with loss ot appetite. On the first appearance of this disease give Opium, powdered, one drachm; Alum, three drachms. Mix it into a powder, and give once a day in one half pint of warm gruel, made out of corn meal. The bran mash twice a day must not be forgotten. Wounds. The proper treatment of Wounds, in general, is undoubtedly a branch of the first importance in the practice of Farriery; yet very few understand it m )>(;rfcctly, and many absurd and injurious opinions are entertained respecting- them. It must depend principally <'n tliti parts where the wounds are in- flicted, and the torni of the instrument by whi(;h they were jiroduced, in order to state a judicious meiliod for tlK^ir treatment A clean cut made in the muscular parls is speedily cured by applying small slips of sticking' plaster as soon as ])ossible, by which the edges of the wound may be kept close lou(!ther; or if a plaster can not readily be applied, a stitcli or two may be taken tl)rou^j;h the edges of tlie wound, and the strings gently tied together. When tlie edges adhere, the strings must be cut away and the lioles caused by them will soon close. Should any blood vessel be consideiably wounded, it would be necessary to secure- it by a ligature, if Dossible, rnther than the apulication of any styptic substance. It is necessMiy tliat all wounds should be carefully (•leaned beforii any attemj^t is made to li(;al them. The wound is sometimes so situated that there is no ])ossil)ility of sewing it up; but generally in these cases, silver or steel ])ins may be passed from the edges about an inch apart from each other, and a thread twisted cn^sswise from one end to the other, in order to form what is termed the twisted suture. In every case wheie sutures are used, it is requisite that a sticking plaster should be applied over the j'dges of the wound. Should the wound not Ileal by these methods a formation of matter will occur, and the sore must be afterwards treated as a common nicer— care being taken that its edges are always kept as near together as possible, by the application of a bandage or sticking plaster. When the tendon is wounded, it is proper to foment it with warm fo- mentations of Smartweed and bran. Spirituous ap- plications and violent caustics are usually improper. Apply Black Oil to the wound twice a day. Wounds in the joints, though apparently trilling, are some- times dangerous and difficult to cure; for their relief apply Black Oil four times a day. 81 Disorders of the Eyes. Disorder!-; of Ihie; kind are of such inii)orlnnoe rhnt it is hi2;ldy essential that correct causes should be as- certained. In some cases a plethoric state of the body has a predisposition to inflame the eyes, ;md consequently it is frequently met with in horses five or six jears old, at which age they usually cease growing, and are tiierefore more liable to a fullness of blood than at any other period. An inflammation of the eye will occasionally appear on a sudden : at other times the attack is gradual. The earliest synqi- toms which indicate this conq^laint are a swelling of the eyelids, but more es|)ecially of the upper, which can only with difiiculty be kept open; the eyes water, and drops of tears are i>erfectly visible at the extremity of the lachrymal duct, which are not ap- parent in a healthy state; the eyes are of a bhick, glassy appearance, and become obscure and discol- ored ; they sometimes appear of a dull white, and at other times they seem brown or blueish. Red ves- sels are visible over the white of tlie eye, particular!}'" at the corners, and occasionally extending to the center. The horse holds his head down to guard against the light, while he is in this state. The ball of the eye uiid tlie eyelids are considerably hotter than they generally are, and a small quantity of thickish matter is sometimes visible tlirough the corner towards the latter part of the anterior cham- ber of the eye. The cartilagineous membrane can now be perfectly discerned, by its projecting consid- erably outward from the corner of the eye. When the disease has proceeded thus far, it will sometimes happen that it totally disappears and re- turns again in a short time. The disap[)earanc(! of inflammation in the eye of this animal is so sudden, that the same eye which one day appears consider- ably inflamed, will sometimes be perfectly clear and healthy on the following day. It will occasionally appear and disappear periodical!}'; and thus some liave been led to suppose tliat it is afteeted by the 33 niooii-blintlness. However, should the disease con- tinue and attain the length before observed, the in- llanimation proceeds, and the cornea graduall3' be- comes more obscure, or it v, ill frequently happen that the cornea recovers its transparency, and the crystaline humor becomes opaque. One eye onlj'^ is irenerally attacked in the horse at once; and this disease is more prevalent amongst young horses than those more advanced in years. Sometimes we find men who state that the inflammation of the eye never occurs in horses until they are bn^ke in, or taken from the pastures in which they have remained from birth. The horse is generally attacked with this disorder in tiie night time, and it is usually thought to be of but little moment at first — the owner supposing the eye to liave l)een injured b}^ the halter or by rubbing against the manger or stall ; but I never knew tlie disease to be produced by a foreign body, and as to producing it by blows, it is exceedingly difiicult to wound the eye ; but if it should be occasioned by a blow, there will be an abrasion on the external sur- face, and upon examining this, you will easily deter- mine how^ to proceed. Take Extract of Saturn, four drachms, and spring water sufBcient to fill a common sized wine bottle. Apply it five or six times a day. Or take Sulphate of Zinc, one ounce, and dissolve in the same quantity of w ater ; either of which, if the inflammation arises from a bhnv, will effect a cure in a few days. Bleeding will prove serviceable in the early stages of this disease, but except the horse be in high condition, it should not be repeated. The veins at the corners of the eye should be opened for tlie purpose of drawing blood from that part. The best thing in the shape of lotion I could discover, is the following : Take common Salt, a tablespoonfull, and half as much spring water as will fill a common sized wine bottle. Bathe the e3'es several times a day with the above, or you may take either of the lo- tions prescribed for blows in the eyes. I have de- 33 lived the nust satisfactory results by using the fol- lowing;: Take Tartar Emetic, one drachm; Hog's Lard, one ounce ; form into an ointment and rub on the horse's cheek, and also underneath the eye, until small pimples arise. Great care must be taken to prevent it from getting in the eyes. Splents. The Splent generally attacks young horses, espe- ciall}^ on the fore legs, and may arise from their be- ing more exposed to concussion, the weight of the body being thrown upon them during progression. This disease is generally apparent on the side of the shank bone, sometimes just below the knee. An enlargement of the bone will frequently take place. It is sometimes situated under tlie ligament or ten- don, and is almost invariably attended with a degree of inflammation. Before the excrescences appear that displace a tendon, the horse will be lame; but much skill and experience are requisite to discover the exact part affected. When they are seated in the middle part of the shank bone, they are less painful and dangerous than when near the joints, but are more productive of lameness than in other cases. In 3'oung colts, Splents sometimes disappear of their own accord, being absorbed by a natural action of the vessels. The most efficacious remedy is to administer a blister, which is to be composed of Cantharides, pul- verized, 1^ ounce, mixed with Sweet Oil. Cut the hair off close all around the leg, and rub the blister in with the hand for about ten minutes ; then tie the horse's head short close to the rack, lest he blister his mouth and blemish his leg by biting it. On the following day dress the part with hog's lard. If the Splent has not been of a long standing, take Spirits of Turpentine, one ounce ; Olive Oil, two ounces ; rub on this liniment night and morning, and apply a woolen bandage moderately tight around the leg. PA Have the shoe removed, and apply a thick heeled one, as it will relieve the parts amazingly. If you have got English Black, apply that once a day until the part is blistered ; then apply hog's lard twice a i{i\y, to keep the blister running and soften the skin. The Ring Bone. This disease has much similarity in its nature and causes to the preceding, and is most to be feared in large-boned, heavy legged hoises. It is an enlarge- ment of the lesser pastern bone, near the coronet of the hoof, and in general extends around the fore part of the hoof in the form of a ring. When formed more externally', and the ligamentous parts that join the hoof and the fleshy substance are aifected, it is somewhat dangerous to such parts; but when thej' rise on the pastern and do not spread down to the coronet, there is no danger to be apprehended. Blistering or firing are the only cures. Apply the same medicine as in Splents, if you have got it. Stiff Joints. This disease is generally occasioned b}^ some ac- cidental injuiy done to the joints by wounds, punc- tures, or similar causes, occasioning the requisite lubricating fluid belonging to such parts to discharge itself outwardly, and thus by the action of the air, considerable irritation and inflammation is excited. When the joint is wounded it should be attended to Avilhout delay, to prevent the discharge of this joint oil, or joint water, as some call it. The best medicine to stop joint oil is to apply No. 1 Black Oil ; or, if you have not this, apply Nitrate of Silver or Muriate of Antimony. The best method to use the latter is to apply it wire part of the hoof in the form of a I'ing. When formed moi'e external]}', and the ligamentous parts that join the hoof and the fleshy substance are aftected, it is somewhat dangerous to such parts ; but wiien they rise on the pastern and do not spread down to the coronet, there is no danger to be apprehended. Blistering or firing are the only cures. Apply the same medicine as in Splenta, if you have got it. Stiff Joints. This disease is generally occasioned by some ac- cidental injury done to the joints by wounds, punc- tures, or similar causes, occasioning the requisite lubricating fluid belonging to such parts to discharge itself outwardly, and thus by the action of the air, considerable irritation and inflammation is excited. When the joint is wounded it should be attended to without delay, to prevent the discharge of this joint oil, or joint water, as some call it. The best medicine to stop joint oil is to apply No. 1 Black Oil; or, if you have not this, apply Nitrate of Silver or Muriate of Antimony. The best method to use the latter is to apply it wi^h a wooden skewer, making the point pf it wet without getting it into the wound. 35 Strains in the Back Sinews. Strains are usually produced by some violent ex- ertion — gallopiiiiT; on a hard road, or by a blow from the toe of the hind foot, which will occasionally happen on a hard road, when the fore le^ is kept too long in the ground by sticking in the clay. This generally occurs just above the fetlock joint, but the external appearance usually point out the seat ot the disease. The inflammation ought to be removed by warm fomentation and bran poultices, and after it has entirely subsided the following may be applied : Crude Sal-Ammoniac, one ounce ; Vinegar, one pint; mixed in a bottle. Or the following may be used : Camphor, two ounces; Alcohol, one pint; mix to- gether for use. The part to be rubbed twice daily, a bandage dipped in vinegar bound around the leg. The Thorough-Pin. This usually takes place on account of some par- ticular weakness or relaxation in the ligament sur- rounding the joint, and when pressed by the finger it disappears, i)ut returns on immediately withdraw- ing it This is a soft, flexible swelling, and appears on the two opposite sides of the hock joint at the same time — being supposed to pass entirely through the joint, thus deriving the name Thorough-Pin. There is rarely much lameness produced by this disease. The most certain cure is blistering. The liniment used to be composed of Cantharides and Spirits of Wine, as I have recommended for Splents. Black Oil I have found to be as good as anything, excepting White Liniment. Venomous Bites, Stings, and Bite of a Mad Dog. The bite of a rattlesnake or adder may be easily cured, if early attended to, by rubbing on the affected part, or the whole limb. Black Oils. Rub on one halt ounce three or four times a day. 36 Windgalls. These most commonly proceed from Immoderate labor ; workiui? horses too young ; or allowine; them to stand too much upon uneven floors, causing the fetlock joints to remain too long on a stretch, in- stead of being in a state of relaxation. These gen- erally arise in small, pufiy swellings, or enlarge- ments, immediately above the fetlock joints, and appear in both the fore and hinder legs, though gen- erally in the former. They are not, however, con- fined to these parts, but are sometimes met with in the hocks, near the knees, and in other places — in most cases existing without any degree of pain. In slight cases, washes of a cold, strong, astringent kind may be found sufficient to remove this complaint, but in inveterate cases, blistering and firing are the only eflectual cures. Blood Spavin. This generally'' arises in consequence of over- straining and exertion, or from bruises or other local injuries on the parts, causing considerable weakness. It appears like a small, soft swelling, or enlargement of the thigh vein, in that part where it runs over the inside of the hock joint, and is easil}'' distin- guished by its giving way and disappearing in some measure, on pressure below it, and returning again on its removal. This disease is of rare occurrence, and never produces lameness. Repeated blistering is also necessary in this case, and is the only sure remedy. Bog Spavin. This disease is more frequent than is the Blood Bpavin, and generally proceeds from similar causes. Nearly the same symptoms arc generally apparent in this case as in the preceding. It is attended with a degree of inflammation, which causes an encysted Hi swelling or cnlai\2;ement of tlie capsuk-s, or the membraneous bags that contain and afford the S3'n- ovia that lubricates the joints at the upper and inner side of the hock. When there is considerable in- flammation, fomentation and poultices must be ap- plied, after which blistering will remove the disease. But if matter be collected, the whole must be opened and the cysts with their contents sloughed away by the use of dressings moistened Avith Spirits of Tur- pentine and similar matters, and eschorotic substan- ces, such as dried Alum and Sulphate of Cop]ier, should occasional]}' be put into tlie parts. The Curb. This disease usually occurs from protracted and excessive working in the field or on the road, or from local injury done to the parts. The Curb is most common in young horses, esj^ecially such as are cow-hoofed, and appears in small swellings on the back part of the hock. It generally causes a degree of lameness in proportion to the inflamma- tion of the parts, and which rarely gives way of its own accord. In most cases where Curbs are not of too long standing, they may be removed by the ap- plication of blisters, or blistering liniments, but in inveterate cases firing will be absolutel}^ necessary. The Coffin-Joint. This may be considered as a ligamentary lameness. In this the horse stands with his toe pointing for- ward, thus keeping the pastern in a straight line with his leg, and taking oft' the tension of the liga ments which unite the cofl3n-bone with the lower pastern-bone, becomes ossified, when the use of the joint is entirely lost. Should the complaint exist any length of time, it is almost incurable ; blistering should be repeatedly applied as early as possible, around the coronet, until the disease be removed. .38 The String Halt. This complaint is indicated by the horse suddenly catching- np the hinder leg higher tlian is necessary while walking. Thmes absorbed, it will pro- d.uce Glanders. Still, this may not be the case, all constitutions not being equally susceptible of taking on the disease, though actually in contact with the poison — this, like all medicines, not having the same effect on all constitutions, more than this spe- cific i)oison. However, this matter is proved to be contagious, because it is possible to produce it on a healthy horse. Here is one curious fact, also : if j^ou insert the poison deep below the skin, it does not jiroduce Farcy ; but being absorbed into the system, it produces tlie Glanders. Reader, do you under- stand this y Question: AVhy does it produce Glan- ders •* The reason is, because the poison is inserted below the skin in the second class absorbents. The tirst class absorbents do not inflame in this case — clearly proving it a disease of the skin, so that the deep seated absorbents become afliected and the su- perficial ones not so. From this cause, if you were to skin a horse ui this stage of the disease, there would not be the least appearance of it under the skin, nor can it be produced in a sound horse with- out an abraded surface. This called Button Farcy, and is intimate!}^ related to Glanders — it sometimes being called a twin-sister. The Water Farcy you will iind described elsewhere in this book. No diffi- culty need be experienced in distinguishing between the two diseases. In the latter the swelling is in larger lumps, and is attended with puffy swellings along the belly. There are no knotted cords or small buds to be found. Farcy may be distinguished from surfeits-lumps, which are large and irregular in form and of short continuance ; sometimes subsiding in a few hours, but oftener remaining sometime. (See.) The cure of Farc}^ may be ol)taiiied if it be purely local, such as when the buds are on the les^s onl}' so that it appears to be confiiied to the lymphatics of the skin ; but if the poison once enters the system, I should at once despair of anything like a cure. However, I have always treated it as a constitutional affection, not Irustint^ in the local term or otherwise. If the horse should be in tolerable condition I should immediately bleed, according to strength, size, etc , giving the following: Spanish Flies, pulverized, one drachm ; Sulphate of Iron, two ounces ; Sulphate of Copper, two ounces ; Gentian, four ounces ; Mus- tard, three ounces ; Ginger, tliree ounces. Mix, and form into a mass Vv'itli soft soap, and divide into 24 pills. Give one every morning, and ajrply Black Oils to the ulcers. danders. Glanders is divided into two stages, the Acute and the Chronic, or the tirst and second stages. Acute Glanders is generally attended with Acu*;e Farcy, such as chancrous ulceration about the lips, face or neck, with considerable and painful swellings ap- pearing in what the old farriers called a corded, or knotted vein. Ulceration and swelling of the hind legs or sheath, and sometimes of the fore legs with corded veins and what is termed farcj" buds on the inside of the limb. The Acute Glanders often spreads rapidly, and either destroys the animal or renders him such a pitiable and hopeless object that the pro- prietor is generally induced to have the horse de- stroyed. Chronic Glanders is generally very mild in the first stage of the disorder, and does not affect the appetite or the general health and appearance of the animal. The second stage of Glanders is marked by ulceration within the nostrils, or an appearance in the matter which indicates ulceration, although sometimes too high up to be seen. The matter is in larger quantity and more glutinous, sticking Oo about the inar<>-in of the nostrils and upper lips, and sometimes obstructing^ the passaije of the air, so that tlie horse makes a snuffling noise in breathini^. In the second stage it is deemed incurable, and some writers only impose upon the credulous by prescrib- ing their flir-famed receipts for its cure. Instances have, indeed, occurred of the dischariie being en- tirely suspended for a while, particularly after the animal has been a« grass tor .some time; but the s^'mptoms invariably return, and no authenticated instance can be found of a cure of the Glanders hav- ing been effected. Whenever it is clearly ascer- tained that a hor.se is glandered, he should be imme- diately removed from all other horses, and kept by liimself. The rack and manger and all places should be well scraped with knives, and the entire surface of these parts whitewashed with a thick coat of lime and water. Treatment, see medicine for Farcy. The Staggers. The Staggers (Apoplexy) mav arise from various causes ; but it generally proceeds from some irreg- ularity in the action of tlie stomach It may be oc- casioned by blows on the head, causing compression of the brain, but it usually arises from horses having l)een allowed too great a quantity of food, or food of an improper nature. When a horse has been deprived of food some hours, and been working hard, he becomes so hungry that he voraciously de- vours every kind of food he can come at — swallow- ing it quicker than his stomach can digest it, and having no water to soften it and hasten its passage, the stomach becomes crammed, and through pre- vious exhaustion, is unable to contract upon its con- tents. Thus the food soon begins to swell and fer- ment, causing considerable distension, and the Stag- gers are ultimateh' produced. This disease is some- times, and very properly, called the Apoplex}'. In some cases the horse drops down suddenly in a state 54 of insensibility, but it generally comes on proores sively. It is tirst denoted by a degree of sleepiness and heaviness in the eyes, and an almost continual lianging of the head, accompanied by considerable feebleness. The horse stands dull, sleepy and stag- gering ; when roused he looks vacantly around him, occasionally will seize a wlsj) of hay, and again doze with it in his mouth ; at length he drops and dies, or the sleepiness passes oft' and delirium comes on, Avhen he falls, rises again, drops, beats himself about, and dies in convulsions. In this disease there is little ;ipparent alteration in the motion of the flanks, nor derangement of the inilse. There is also a slight and temporary state of the Staggers, called the ]Megrlms, which attacks some horses as soon as the circulation of the blood is in- creased by exercise. The animal in this case su^l- denly stops and shakes his head ; if allowed to stand he gen(;rally recovers in a few minutes, but if im- l)rudently urged forward, the fit increases so as to occasion his falling. The most experienced practitioners in the veter- inary line, recommend in cases of contirmed Stag gers, to take at least six quarts of blood at once ; and when this operation is completed, to rub a blister (Ml the upper part ot the neck on both sides of the mane, just behind the ears. The blister to be com- posed as follows: Spanish Flies, powdered, two drachms ; Alcohol, two ounces ; mixed In a phial. After which the following : Take Alcohol or any strong spirits, one pint; Tincture of Myrrh, two oint turned 60 ill in the form of a ring:, that it ma}' catdi iiotliijiu' to do mischief. Sometimes tlie neck of the calf is twisted, but it must be straightened before the calf can be drawn. When a cow is long in calving, the hair of the calf gets dr}^ In that case, grease it well with hog's lard or butter, and it will pass the isin bone much easier. When a calf is swelled or in a dropsy, which is the worst kind of calving, its head is so large that the passage is too small for it, and its body so much swelled that there is neither room to draw it nor stir it in the calf bed. In this case the calf must be stabbed with a lancet or a siiarp pointed knife, in many places, wherever you can get the lancet in. Then give the cow the following medicine : Tinc- ture of Opium, one ounce; Sweet Sjnrits of Nitre, two ounces. Bed lier well down, and leave her to rest. If she is pretty easy twelve hours after, feel if the swelling of the calf is abated ; if it is you must try to get it from her, but if not, you must repeat the above medicine, and leave her for eight hours more. By this method I have saved several cows. Some will say that they cannot get their hand into the mouth of the calf bed, because it is drawn u)*. If this is the case, by no means cut it, for cows that are cut mostly die, although I have cut man}" my- self. Two years ago I was called on in a case like this. The cow doctor had been trying all day to take away the calf, but the mouth of the calf bed was so small that he could only get his hand in, and one C(nild just see the nose of the calf. He had tried to stretch it with a stick, but could do no good with it ; and finally he sent for me. Of course I went — cut the calf bed open, and immediately the calf came. He said every one he had opened died ; I told him all had lived that I had opened. I open them in this way: I cut the mouth of the calf bed in the thin- nest part ; feel if there is any beating of the artery, if none, cut. It is not often that a milk fever takes place in a cow that has had a hard time in calving; Gl but should siicli ho tlie case, you cannot do better than foHow the advice o'iveu in that disorder. I ad- vise all not to have their cows in hisrli keep at the time of calvinir, tor there are five fat cows lost to one lean one, and few or none in low condition have tlie milk fever. But should your cow^ be in hi,irh condition, be sure to bleed well, and to draw the milk from her as much as you can before she calve, and by this means you may, perhaps, prevent fur- ther mischief A DKINK TO CLEAN A COW AFTER CAT.VING. Gum Myrrh, one ounce ; Juniper Berries, two ounces; Ginger, two ounces; Black Antimony, two (»nnces ; Saltpetre, two ounces; Aloes, one ounce. IVIix with four ounces of soft sor.p, and divide into three or four pills. If you want to make a drink of it, pulverize the pill fine, and put it into one pint of cold ale or four ounces of spirits of any kind, and add molasses. Give it fasting, and to fast two hours after. It seldom fails to bring the cleaning from her, and if the cleaning has come avvay, you can not give a m(ue proper drink after calving. It helps the discharge from the calf bed, which is commonly called fye, and both causes the cow to milk better, and to do belter. Many people take hold of the navel string, and draw gently until tlie cleaning comes away. They do not know whether they pull the calf bed back or not, nor whether the roses have parted with the cleaning or not, and it is seldom such pretenders are at hand just wlien the calf is drawn. Some people are so sparing of their mone3% that rather than part with one shilling, they will run the risk of losing twenty or thirty dollars, and rather than be at the small expense of a drink, will let the cleaning rot from their cows. This is a great folly of short- sighted man, for lie loses five times as much in the end, and does the cow a great deal of hurt ; nay, in my time I have known scores of beasts lost by nig- gardly, covetous people, who would be at no ex- pcnse with them when clisordereil. I wonder that the Lord permits such earthworms to have cattle, for they not only hu'-t themselves, but the public at lar2:e. ir a cow does not clean in twelve or fourteen liours, I should take away. I liave taken scores away in my time. I take hold of the navel string with my left hand, and then with my right I follow the navel up to the roses, or buttons, some call them, of which there are twelve in number. The first button on the right side I unbutton with my finger and thumb and draw it out of the calf bed, then I go back again, following the navel up into the calf bed, and take hold of the second l)Utton, as above, until I get out five or six buttons, and then commence on the other side, and proceed in the same manner until done. The last button that Ihe navel is attached to lies back in the bed. I break otf the navel string as far in the inside of the cow as I can. Now you have done, I would say, you can not reach the buUon that the navel is attached to. But T draw the navel string- gently with my left hand until I can reach it witli my thumb and finger of my right hand, and un- button as before mentioned. If I can not unbuttcn it, I break otf the navel string as close to the button as 1 can. Afterwards I simmer together before the fire a little Black Oil and lard, two parts ot the lat- ter to one of the former, and introduce into the calf bed. Apply clear Black Oil to the spine of the back and th(! roots of the horns ; or if you have not the Oil, take laudanum and lard, equal parts, and intro- duce it into the calf bed. I give at the same time the cleansing drink or pill before recommended. If a cow be in great pain, add to the drink one ounce of laudanum. I would remark here that I forgot to tell you to give the second pill twelve hours after giving the first, if the cleaning does not come away; and if it lias not come away with the second pill, give the third. If tlie third does not start it, it must be taken 63 away in the manner I have described. I liave had l)ersons come to me saying that they had a very sick cow, and anxious to have me go with them at once. I ask, Has she liad a calf latel}' ? "Yes, four days ago." Did she clean goody " She was twenty-four Jjours before she cleaned, and then I pulled it awaj'." Did you get it all away ? " Yes, I think 1 did." I have gone to a dozen in the town of Cambridge, in a year, and always find the navel string to be broken oft", and have also found great inflammation on the roses, or buttons. I moreover found the buttons twice as large as tliey ouirht to be, and not one but- ton unbuttoned, and the navel to be so short that I could not get hold of it; and it was with the great- est difficulty that I could get my hand into the calf bed. However, in such cases, I get away all I can and let the rest go, and ajiply freely Black Oils. Of course it would put the cow to a great deal of pain, but it cuts away all the cleaning that was left, and also puts a stop to inflammation. I would advise all ]>ersons to never i)ull on the navel string. If you find tiie cleaning to be fiist, it is because there is something the matter with the cow. The Milk Fever in Cows after Calving. This disorder chiefly happens the day after calv- ing. The pulse is low and irregular, the eyes dull and heavy ; the cow starts, flutters and staggers till she comes dow^n, and the mdk can only be got in small quantities at once. This disorder mostly hap- pens when the cow is full in flesh, and may occur at any time of the year, but is not so dangerous at hard meat as at grass ; one reason for which is that the weather is not so hot. It might often be prevented by bleeding and milking before calving. It never liappens with the first calf, and seldom with the sec- ond, but chiefly to great milkers, for few others have it. People having a cow that has had this disease, should not let her take the bull again, but fat her, 64 for if slie calve aiul have the disorder again, tlierc is little hope of her recovery. Tlie tirst thing to be done is to let blood pretty freely, and to lay her as easy as you can. She wiil soon have a stron*^ pulse and high fever, therefore be careful to prevent her bein^ too hot if in sum- mer, or too cold if in winter. Cooling medicines are best for her. Spirits of Sweet Nitre, 2 ounces ; Cream of Tartar, three ounces; Salts of Tartar, two ounces; Emetic Tartar, two drachms. Give this in slippery elm tea. Pour a hornful or two of cold water into her every two hours, and let her lie on the milking side mostly, upon plenty of straw, and where there is room to stir; and draw the teats often to get what milk you can fr(»m them. This disorder lasts two or three days. If the covv can bear under it for two days there is great hope of her getting better; for in this as well as in Redwater, people Avill persuade the owner to give tirst one thing and tlien another, when they neither know the disorder nor the medicine ; and I have known some to advise him to get the cow on her feet and to sling her, when she has not been aMe to hold her head up — a ready way to kill her. Never offer to get the cow up till she is al)le to stand. If she can not turn her- self, turn her three or four times a day. When the fever is abated slie will want nourishment. Give her good gruel made of meal and water. Six hours after giving the lirst medicine, give as follows: Epsom Salts, four ounces; Spirits of Sweet Nitre, two ounces: Emetic Tartnr, two drachms. If in great pain give one ounce of laudanum, mixed with the rest of the medicine. If the cow does not get up in four or live days, rub tlie following on her loins : Oil of Origanum, Oil of Spike, Oil of Am- ber, Spirits of Sal-Ammoniac, one ounce each. Put all in a phial together, and shake well ; then rub one-half on, and the remainder in twenty-four hours after. I have laid down the best method of treat- ment and the most proper medicine that I know of, G5 but if nnytliii^ii; fresh occurs, I must leave it to yom- own discretion. I have practiced some twent}' years, and have liad good success. \ When called in time I most generally save them. It is a lieavy disorder, and kills many. The Felon, or Hide Bound. Many disorders that go Iw this name are nothing- of llie kind. Too many pretend to know something about a cow who know nothing whatever about this complaint, but give othei' disoi-dei's iJie name of Felon ; and some make four kinds of Felon, to wit : Hide Bound Felon, Heart Felon, Water Felon, and Cripple Felon or Felon in th<> lind)s. The following are the symptoms of the Felon, or Hide Bound : The beast's hide is stiff and not good to get liold of; it loses tlesh, walks stitf in its limbs, its e3'es look dim and watery ; its hair stands sti'aight on its l)ack, and it neither eats nor drinks so freely as it should do. When you find a beast in this state you may be sure it has got the Felon, and I shall here lay down a few receipts for the cure of it. The following is for a strong or large l>east : Flour of Mustard, four ounces; Anis seeds, powdered, one ounce; Ginger, two ounces; Long Peppers, pow- dered, one ounce ; Canary Seeds, ])owdered, one rmnce; Molasses, four onnces ; mi.\ in half a pint of spirits of any kind. To be given fasting, and the beast to fast three hours after. The Felon. This mostly liappens at the end of Jul}' or in August, to cattle that are fatting. Milch cows, oxen, and heifers that have never had a calf, are liable to it, I have known heif)3rs to have it to such a degree that one quarter of the udder would drop out. I need not describe the complaint, which is so well known; bu^, T will remark that there is a strcmg GO fever at llie beu'ini^i'Vi?- The first tiriii^i«: to be done is to bleed well. Some graziers object to bleeding-, but they are mistaken, for both reason and experi- ence tell us that bleeding must be proper at the be- ginning cf the tever. If j'ou bleed and physic your cattle every ten days when the disorder prevails, it will prevent many from having it, and such as do take it will have it more mild. At this season of the year high winds and cold rains are ver}^ tre- {[uent; and it often happens that when the weather is very hot a thunder storm changes the air sud- denly. When you find a beast with this disorder, give the following : Jalap, powdered, one ounce ; Flour of Sulphur, eigli^ ounces ; Cream of Tartar, two ounces; Calomel, one drachm; Ginger, pow- dered, two ounces. Mix all toirether, and give in a little corn meal gruel. This recipe is well calculated to cool and abate the fever, and to thin the blood. Glauber Salts is also a fine cooler. In three or four days give twelve or fourteen ounces of it, and two ounces of Saltpetre dissolved in Iiot water, and give nearly cold. Repeat either of these as you find it needful. The first of them is one of the best yet found for this disease, and the last is of great ser- vice. If the joints of the hind legs are swelled, rub them with the following mixture : Turpentine, two ounces; Oil Origanum, one ounce; Spirits of Sal- Ammoniac, one ounce ; Sweet Oil, two ounces. Mix it in an eight ounce bottle, and shake well. If you have any White Liniment, that is better yc-t. Falling Down of the Calf Bed. This often hajjpens after calving. When it takes place, be careful ^o wash the calf bed well, and re- move every part of the cleaning from the roses, or buttons. Be cautious not to damage the roses, for when the cow is not at her full time they part some- times hardly, and you had better leave some of the cleaning on them than injure the calf bed by forcing 67 it ofl*. If f Turpentine, one ounce, Oil of Swallows, one ounce, Oil of Worms, one ounce. Oil of Spike, one ounce. Oil of Petre, one ounce, Spirits of Wine, four ounces, Opodildoc, one ounce. This mixture has been much esteemed in the west of Yorkshire, England. This recipe is Avorth all I get for this book. If you cannot get the Oil of Swallows use Od of Castor, which will do as well. Inflammation of the Womb. This is an inflammation of the uterus or womb, which attacks cow\s a few days after calving or after abortion. This disease commences wnth the same symptoms which attend most inflammatory diseases, a chill followed with rapid breathing, liigli pulse, I'edness of the nostrils, and cold legs. The symp- toms which will enable the observer to tell that it is a case of Inflammation of the Womb, are the time at which it occurs, the tenderness and hardness which can be felt at the l)ack part of the loins, and the free sweating there. When up, the cow stands with her hind legs wide apart, but she lies down most of the time. The bearing will be swelled, and on opening- it, the vagina, or passage to the womb, will be veiy red and hot. It may be caused bj' severe labor, tak- ing cold after calving, or membranes which en- velop the calf, not coming away. Cows in good condition are most liable to it. The treatment for this disease must be prompt and vii?orous, or It can be of little value. Bleed from "the neck vein lar*T:ely. Then take Tartar Emetic, sixty 2;i'alns; Sweet Spirits of Nitre, one ounce ; Tincture of Digitalis, one ounce ; Tincture of Opium, one ounce. ^ Mix in one pint of warm water as a drench. After two hours give the same, leaving out the digitalis, and so on until the inflam- mation is subdued. Then give sixty grains of Car- bonate of Ammonia every two hours, in warm water, until the strength and health be restored. Uwh the legs with one i3int of Alcohol and one ounce of Cay- enne Pepper, shaken up well before using. »» # «• MEDICINES. I herewith she recipes for medicines lor nearli* every dis- ease to whicli the horse is liable. Many of these medicine- are composed of articles always on hand in the farmer" i« house, or easily obtained, so that if a horse is taken sud- denly sick, a safe medicine may be selected and sriven, with- out subjectiu;^ the animal to the torture of the many iirnor- ant fellows who are always ready to throw dose after dose down him. 1 have known articles jriven a sick liorse, when the very first one iriven would have been sutticient to badly injure or kill the animal. Medicines for cows you will find connected with eacli dis- ease—what to ifive, when to sive, and the benefit received. Yon will also find the same with the sick horse and his die- ease. However, I will ffive a few more recipes tor external and internal diseases of horses. Anti-Spasmodic Mixture for Flatulent Colic— Oil of Turpentine, two ounces; cold water i,auel, one pint. Mix for one dose. Remark. — To an inexperienced person this might appear a very formidable remedy, but it is not only very safe, but seldom fails of giving relief. Many practitioners give it in larger doses ; indeed, I have often known four ounces to bo given at a dose, with the best effect. 2. Camphor, one and one-half drachms ; Ether, G drachms : Essence of Peppermint, from one to two drachms ; water, i;9. one pint. Mix for one dosio. Essence of Peppermint is made 1)y dissolving:; one part Oil of Peppermint in five of rectified spirits. The bottle mnst be well shaken, in order to mix the Ether with the other ini,'redients. and the Camphor should be first dissolved in the Essence of Peppermint. 8. Tincture of Opium, one ounce ; Oil of Juniper, two drachms: Sweet Spirits of Mitre, one ounce; water, one pint. Mix for one dose. 4. Opium, one drachm: Camphor, II/2 drachms; Ginger, powdered, two drachms ; Castile Soap, three drachms. To be made into a pill with molasses for one dose. l}e//iar/,\—Thc Flatulent or Spasmodic Colic must be care- fully distinguished from the Inflammatory, and from that which depends upon costiveness. It is always necessary to empty the bowels by means of clysters ; and should the horse have appeared dull and heavy previous to the attack, it would be advisable to bleed. If costiveness attends it, give a laxative drench after the paroxysm, which will pre- vent its return. Those who travel Avith crib biting horses, or one that is often attacked with this complaint, should always have a remedy at hand, for which purpose ]So. 4 is lecommended. It may be easily dissolved in strong beer or peppermint water, or any spirits, and given as a drench. Anti-Spasmodic Mixture for Old or Chronic Cough - Asafetida, Ya ounce ; Squills, powdered, one drachm ; Cas- tile Soap and Venice of Turpentine, each two drachms ; Bal- sam of Peru, enough to form the pill. Mix for one dose. 2. Powdered Squills and Camphor, of each one drachm ; Powdered Opium, 14 drachm ; Castile Soap, two drachms ; Strained Storax, one and one-half drachms. To be made into a pill with molasses for one dose. 3. Powdered Foxglove, 14 drachm ; Extract of Hemlock, two drachms. Mix for one dose. Remark.— \ have generally found the above recipes more efficacious when preceded by a laxative pill or a course of the laxative alteratives, which are to be given every morn- ing until the desired eftect is produced. Coughs which arise from irritation about the throat are distinguished by their almost constantly harassing the animal ; and these are often relieved by emollient drinks and the following: 4. Opium, one drachm ; Castile Soap, two drachms ; Cam- phor, one and one-half drachms : Oil of Anise seed, twenty drops. To be made into a pill with molasses for one dose. Most of the medicines I have here recommended for Chronic Coughs possess a diuretic quality, and it is proba- ble that their good eftect may arise from this. Astringent Pill for Diabetes.— Opium one drachm, Powdered Ginger two drachms. Powdered Oak Bark one ounce. To be given in a pint of Oak Bark Decoction. 70 Astringent for Diarrhoea. -Opium one drachm. Gin- ger one and one-half drachma, Prepaied Chalk i^ix drachms. Mix into a pill with Honey or Molasses, for one doso. A teaspoonful of Gin^jer is a drachm. 2. Powdered Rhubarb one ounce, Prepared Xatron two drachms. Cassia, powdered, one and one-half drachms, Oi! of Mint twentj' drops. To be mixed as above for one dose. ^fma/'A.— Ihave often seen mischief done by givinir as- tringents in diarrhrea too hastily, and think it advisable in general to give in the first place a laxative. Laxative Alteratives. — Barbadoes Aloes ten drachms. Castile Soap one ounce, Anis seed, poAvdered. one and one- half ounces, Oil of Cloves twenty drops. Molasses enough to form the mass into four pills ; one to be given every morning until the bowels are moderately open. Alteratives are Medicines that'gradually change the system from a diseased to a healthy state. The medicines commonly used as alteratives are given in very small doses, so tha) their eftect is scarcely perceptible : nor do they prevent a horse from continuing his usual work, or render it nec- essary to make any alteration in his diet. In the Materia Medica I endeavored to show the propriety ot dividing Alter- atives into three classes, viz: Laxative, Diuretic and Di- aphoretic, which plan we shall follow. 2. Flour of Sulphur six ounces, Tartarized Antimony six drachms. Mix for six doses. This may be given in the form of powder, daily. But few horses will refuse it in their feed, which should be previously moistened. 3. Liver of Antimony three ounces, Cream of Tartar four ounces. Mix for six doses. One to be given daily, or until the bowels are opened. Remark. — You may understand that this is a better Condi- tion Powder than you can get at the stores. Condition Powders.— Take Ginger, four ounces ; Black Antimony, two ounces ; Sulphur, two ounces : Saltpetre, two ounces ; Resin, two ounces. Mix. and give one tea- spoonful in the feed three times a day. 2. Take Bloodroot, Yellowroot. Black Antimony, Salt- petre, each two ounces. Mix. and give one teaspoonful in the feed twice a day. 3. Take Anis seeds. Ginger, Liquorice powdered. Cara- way seeds, one ounce each. Mix, and give one ounce of this mixture every morning in the horse's feed fasting. If a large horse increase the quantities of each, and give one and one half ounce.s for a dose. Fever Pills, or Inflammation on the Lungs. -Cam- phor, one and one-half drachms ; Saltpetre, four drachms ; Calomel and Opium, each twenty grains. Mix with molasses. 2. Camphor two drachms, Saltpeter one ounce. Mix for 80 ont' dose. The above pills to be ffiven every day or ofteuer if the symptoms require it. It fs proper to observe here that no medicine will avail much in fever, if bleeding is neg- lected. Under the head of Colic you will find in what dis- eases to bleed, and when it is proper. I have written more on Colic than on any other disease. This comi)laint I have found must have immediate help or the horse soon dies. Embrocation for Callous Swellings or Bog Spav- ins, Wind-Galls. Enlarged Joints, &o.— Strong Mer- curial Ointment two ounces, Camphor half an ounce. Oil of Uosemarv. half an ounce, Spirits of Turpentine one ounce. Mix. Blistering Embrocation.— Strong Mercurial Ointment two ounces, Oil of Bay, one ounce. Oil of Origanum haif an ounce, Powdered Spanish Flies half an ounce. Golden Ointment.— Mitrous Acid, two ounces; Quick- silver, one ounce Place thf^m in an open bottle or vessel, taking care to avoid the noxious fumes which arise. When the quicksilver is perfectly dissolved and the mixture cold, take one pound of hog's lard, melt it before the tire and turn it into a quart bottle, and stir it with the acid. It is good for spavins, ringbones, curbs, etc., and will cure theiu in the first stage. Adhesive Plaster.— Burgundy Pitch, four ounces; Bar- badoes Tar, six ounces ; Beeswax, two ounces ; Ked Lead, four ounces. The three first are to be melted together, ana the latter added. Stir constantly until sufliciently cold. Recipe for Opodeldoc— Castile Soap, five ounces ; Oil of Rosemary, six drachms ; Gum Camphor, ten drachms ; Alcohol, two quarts. Let it stand eight days, shaking it up every day. I would prefer making my own in preference to buying it. It is a popular remedy for strains and bruises, and lameness of any kind, especially if you take Turpentine, two ounces; Opodeldoc, two ounces; Sweet Oil, two ounces. Mix. Sweeny Liniment.— Take Oil of Spike, Oil of Origanum, Aqua Ammonia, Spirits of Turpentine, Sweet Oil, Alcohol, each two ounces. Mix. This is to be applied to the parts shrunken, and well rubbed in every other day. Four ap- plications will cure it. Tincture of Myrrh is made as follows: Gum Myrrh, two ounces ; Aloes, one ounce ; Alcohol, one quart. This mixture will cure green wounds the quickest of any med- icine that I have ever seen. 1 x.