11 I Class _ri2j:L- ■Book _-2 Copyright )^° COPYRIGHT DEPOSm Historical Pqgeant September 25 to October 9 1909 l^^x Redfield Brothers Inc. ^^^\ T\^&^^ Authorized FViblishers %^W^ i»i vim 311-319 West 43s St.. NewYork ^ni^on^fnlton Celebration Commission Apixjinted by the Governor of the State of New York and the Mayor of the City of New York and Incorporated by Chapter 325 of the Laws of 1906 (C)SILP^^ lyo n. « 2 47 4 i() SEP 7 1909 HEADQrARTKRS: Tribiine BrTi.nixc., Xkw York (&Sittt& of t\)t Commi0fi(ton President Gen. Stewart L. Woodford, iS Wall Street, New York Vice-Presidents Mr. Herman Riddkr, Presiding \'ice-Preiident, 1S2 Mr. Andrew Carnegie Hon. Joseph H. Choate Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U.S.A. Hon. Seth Low Mr. J. PiERPONT Morgan Hon. Le\i P. Morton Hon. Alton B. Parker Mr. John E. Parsons Gen. Horace Porter Mr. Treasurer Isaac N. Skmcman, \o. i William Street, New York William Street, New York Hon. Frederick W. Seward Mr. Francis Lynue Stetson Hon. Oscar S. Straus Mr. Wm. B. \'an Rensselaf.r Gen. Jas. Grant \\ilson Secretary Coi,. Henry W. Sackett Tribune Building, New York Assistant Secretary Dr. Edward Hagaman Hali. Tribune Building, New York Commtssioncrflf The narilos of Trustees are set in ilulics. The names of the Mayors of the forty-seven cities of the Stale, who are members of ihe Commission and Trustees by virtue of their office, are designated thus (*). The names of the Presidents of thirty-eight incorporated villages along the Hudson River wlio ar( mem- bers of the Commission by virtue of their office are designated thus (t). Mr. .\braham .Abraham *Hon. James N . Adam Mr. Edward D. Adams Mr. Herbert .Adams Mr. William P. Adams Mr. \\illiam A. .Adriance Hon. John G. Agar Mr. Richard B. Aldcrottt, Jr. Mr. .Alphonse H. .Alker Hon. Jotham P. A lids Hon. P'rederick H. Allen Mr. B. .Altman Mr. Louis Annin Ames Hon. .Arthur L. .Andrews Hon. John E. .Andrus Hon. James K. A pRnr Mr. John D. Arthbold Mr. Charles H. Armatage *Hon. James C. .irmslrong Col. John Jacob .\slor Mrs. .Anson P. Atterbury Hon. D. S. Avery Dr. Gorham Bacon Mr. (leorge 1". Baer Mr. I'rank N. Bain Col. Andrew D. Baird Mr. George F. Baker \Ir. Geo. Wm. Ballou Hon. Theodore M. Banta Mr. James Barnes Mr. Richard S. Barrett *non. John C. Parrv Dr. George C. Ba/rhcller. Mr. George W. Batten Con.'ilr. Urn. J. Pa.x'er, U.S.X. I)r. James C. Baylcs Hon. James .1/. Seek *Hon. F. fieebe Mr. .\i'g!isl B-tmon/ tHon. M. S. Bellzhoover .\fr. Russell Benediel Dr. Marcus Benjamin Mr. lames Gordon Bennett Mr. 'Tunis G. Bergen Hon. William Berri Mr. William G Besler Hon. John Bigclow Hon. Frank S. Black Hon. E. W. Bloomingdale (Revised to .August 2,5. loog) Mr. Emil L. Boas Mr. Henry L. Bogert . Mr. Daniel G. Boissevain Mr. G. Louis Boissevain Mr. George C. Boldt Mr. Reginald Pelham Bolton Hon. David A. Boodv Mr. M. C. D. Borden Hon. A. J. Boullon Mr. Alexander F. Bouvel Mr. George Sullivan Bowdoin Hon. Thomas W. Bradley Hon. John J . Brady Hon. William T. Briggs Com. Herbert L. Bridgman Mr. George V. Brower Dr. E. Parmly Brown Hon. George L. Brown Hon. George 11'. Brown Mr. \ernon H. Brown Mr.William (". Brown Hon. ,U. Linn Bruce Mr. Edward P. Bryan tHon. Wm. P. Bugbee Mr. Charles N. Bulger Mr. William L. Bull Mr. Henry P. Burgard Hon. John H. Burke .Mr. ( ornelius F. Burns tHon. ClilTord Hush Mr. Henrv K. Bush-Brown Hon. E. H. Butler President Nicholas Murrav Butler Hon. J. Rider -Culv ■ Mr. John F. Caldjr', Hon. James H.« Cvillanan Mr. William M. Cameron .Mr. Henry W. Cannon Hon. Jacob A. Cantor Mr. Herbert Carl Hon. George H. Carley *Hon. Samuel .1 Carlson Mr. .-{ndrew Carnegie Gen. Howard Carroll Prof. J. McKeen Cattell Mr. John J. Cavanagh Mr. Robert W. Chanler Hon. Joseph H. Choate Hon. Phihp J. Christ Mr. John Clallin Mr. Robert S. Clark .Sir Caspar Purdon (. larkc Mr. John L. Clarke tHon. J. H. Clarkson Hon. George C. Clau.sen Hon. -A. T. Clearwater Mr. Henry Clews Hon. Edward E. Coalsworlh Rev. Edward B. Coe, D.D. Mr. Charles A. Coffin Hon. Morris Cohn Mr C. Glen Cole Mr. I-rederick J. Collier Mr. William J. Conners Mr. Cesare Conli Mr. E. C. Converse Mr. Walter Cook Mr. Robert Grier Cooke *Hon. Charles IF. Cool Mr. Frank Cooper Mr. Charles F. Cossum Mr. \\'illiam Coverly Mr. Frederick Coykendall Hon. John H. Coyne *Hon. IF. P. Crane Rev. Robt. Fulton Crary, D.D. Mr. Robt. Fulton Crarv, Jr. Mr. Paul D. Cravalh Mr. John B. Creighton Hon. John D. Crimmins Hon. George Cromwell Mr. Frederick R. Cruikshank Mr. Morris Cukor Mr. George A. Cullen Mr 1^. I). Cummings Hon. James P. Cunningham Mr. \Villiam J . Curlis Mr. Robert Fulton Cutting Mr. Frederick B. Dalzell Gen. I'ranclyn E. Davis Mr Howland Shijipcn Davis *Hon Jacob H. Dealy Hon. Robert W . de Forest Hon. Charles de Kay Mr. John Ross Delalicld Mr. Joseph L. Delal'ield Copyrij-lit, IWIO. l.y Ihe Hii Mr. James dc la Montanye Mr. Elias .S. A. de Lima Mr. William C. Demorest Hon. Cliauncey M. Dcpew Mr. Edward DeWitt Mr. George G. DeWilt Hon. John Diempr tHon. John H. Dingman Hon. John .\. Dix Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge Mr. Philip T, Dodge Mr. A. W. Dodsworth Mr. L. F. Dommerich Mr. Henry H. Doremus *Hon. Edward \V . Douglas Dr. James Douglas *Hon. .Anthony C. Douglass Hon. Reginald S. DouU Hon, Charles M. Dow Hon. Frank L. Dowling Hon. Robert F. Downing Hon. .Andrew S. Draper Hon. William Draper Hon. John F. Dryden Capt. Charles .A. DuBois tHon. John P. Dugan Hon. John Duignan Mr. \Vm. Butler Duncan, Sr. Com. \Vm. Butler Duncan, Jr. Mr. John C. Eames Hon. Fred R. Easton *Hon. Hiram H . Edgerlon Mr. George Ehret Mr. Henry L. Einstein *Hon. Meyer Einstein Hon. Charles A. Elliott Hon. Philip Elting Mr. Matthew C. Ely Mr. Robert Erskine Ely Hon. Smith Ely Mr. John M. Emery Dr. Thomas .Addis Emmet Mr. William Temple Emmelt Hon. .Arthur English Mr. Charles Ericsson Hon. C. M. Estell Mr. Paul Faguet Mr. Samuel W. Fairchild Most Rev. John M. Farley Mr. William W. Farley Hon. J . Sloat Fassetl Mr. Barr Ferree Mr. George A. Ferris Mr. Morris P. Ferris President John H. Finlcy Mr. Thomas W. Finucane Mr. Sluyvesant Fish *Hon. Louis T. Fisk Hon. Edwin W. Fiske Mr. Theodore Fitch Mr. Winchester Fitch Hon. James J. Fitzgerald Mr. Frederick S. Flower Hon. George B. Fluhrer Hon. Patrick F. Flynn *Hon. Alan C. Fobcs *Hon. Wm. Follette Mr. Charles H. Ford Hon. Joseph M. Fowler Mr. Thomas Powell Fowler Mr. Austen G. Fo.x Hon. William H. Fox Hon. Charles S. Francis Com. W. B. Franklin Hon. James J. Frawley Mr. Henry C. Frick tHon. John Fridge Hon. Daniel D. Frisbie *Hon. C. .4 . Frost Mr. Frank L. Frugone Lieut. Com. .4. B. Fry Mr. George Gardiner Fry Mr. Henry Fuehrer Mr. Louis P. Fuhrmann Mr. Frank S. Gardner Hon. Garret J. Garretson Hon. Elbert H. Gary Hon. Charles H. Gaus Mr. Jacob Gerling Mr. William Gibson Hon. Peter M. Giles Hon. Theodore P. Gilman Mr. Adrian Gips €ommisi6iontts— Continued Mr. Robert Walton Goclct Mr. Henry J. Goggin Dr. Elgin R. L. Gould Mr. George J. Gould Mr. Henry Gourde Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U.S..i. Hon. William J. Gratlan Hon. John T. Graves Capt. Richard H. Greene Mr. Benedict J. Greenhut Rt. Rev. David H. Greer, D.D. Mr. George F. Gregory Mr. Henry E. Gregory Mr. T. Greidanus Hon. John W. Griggs Mr. Wallace P. Groom tHon. John Gross Hon. Edward M. Grout Hon. J. H. Gunner Hon. John D. Gunther Mr. Abner S. Haight Dr. Edward Hagaman Hall Mr. H. A. HaUett Mr. Benjamin F. Hamilton *Hon. M. D. Hanson Mr. Robert J. Harding Hon. Edward O. Harkness Mr. William B. Harper Mr. Edward H. Harriman Hon. L J. Harrington Mr. W. R. Harrison Mr. William Hartfield Hon. H. S. Harvey Hon. Gilbert D. B. Hasbrouck tHon. John M. Hasbrouck Hon. Karl M. HaskLns *Hon. Eugene J. Hauratlo Mr. Arthur H. Hearn Mr. George .4 . Hearn Mr. Thomas P. Heffernan Mr. Chas. E. Heitman Mr. Theodore Henninger Col. William Hester Mr. Peter Cooper Hewitt tHon. C. W. Higley Hon. Warren Higley Hon. David B. Hill Mr. James J. Hill Mr. Thos. J. Hillery Hon. Michael H, Hirschberg Mr. James Hoare Mr. Samuel Verplanck Hoffman Mr. James P. Holland Mr. Michael Holloran Mr. Willis Holly Mr. William Homan Mr. William C. Hope *Hon. Randolph Horton *Hon. Benjamin Howe Hon. Henry E. Howland Mr. Colgate Hoyt Dr. LeRoy W. Hubbard Gen. Thomas H . Hubbard Hon. Henry Hudson Mr. WalterG. Hudson tHon. John L. Hughes *Hon. Francis M . Hugo Mr. William T. Hunt Mr. Archer M. Huntington Mr. T. D. Hun'.ling Mr. Winfield A. Huppuch Mr. Walter L. Hutchins Mr. .4 ugust F. Jaccaci Hon. Jesse Jacobs Mr. .Arthur Curtiss James Mr. Harry B. James Col. William Jay Mr. Alexander E. Johnson Mr. Elias M. Johnson Mr. Henry L. Joyce tHon. Roswell S. Judson Mr. Carl W. Jungen tHon. Irving J. Justus Mr. Jacob Katz Mr. Gustave Kaufmann Hon. James E. Kelley Hon. John P. Kelly Hon. William P. Kenneally Hon. Francis P. Kenney Mr. Joseph Keppler Mr. James Kernev *Hon. .Albert R. Kessinger Hon. George F. Ketchum Gen. Horatio C. King Mr. F. D. Kingsbury Mr. David M. Kinnear Mr. .Albert E. Kleinert *Hon. C. .August Koenig Hon. Henry Kohl Hon. Lewis W. Korn Dr. George' F. Kunz Dr. John LaFarge Mr. Charlcf R. Lamb Mr. Frederick S. Lamb Gen. Austin Lathrop *Hon. Robert Lawrence Mr. Homer Lee Hon. Thomas H. Lee Mr. Charles W. Lefler Dr. Henry .\I. Leipziger Mr. Clarence E. Leonard Hon. Wm. Pryor Letchworth Mr. Abraham Levy Hon. Clarence Lexow Hon. Gustav Lindenthal Mr. Herman Livingston Mr. John Henry Livingston Hon. William Loeb, Jr. Mr. E. E. Loomis Hon. Chester S. Lord Hon. Phineas C. Lounsbury Hon. William H. Lovell Hon. Seth Low Mr. R. Fulton Ludlow Mr. Hart Lyman tHon. Thomas Lynch Col. .Arthur Mac. Arthur Chancellor Henry M. MacCracken Mr. D. MacDougall Mr. Robert J. MacFarland Mr. CresweU MacLaughlin Mr. P. F. Magrath Hon. William A. Mallery *Hon. W. H. Mandeville *Hon. Elias P. Mann Mr. William A. Marble Dr. T. Commerford Martin tHon. Wm. S. Massoneau Mr. George E. Matthews Hon. Wm. G. McAdoo Hon. P. F. McAllister Mr. Patrick E. McCabe Hon. Henry J. McCann Hon. William McCarroll *Hon. George B. .McClellan *Hon. Benjamin McClung Hon. R. E. McConneU Gen. Anson G. McCook ' Col. John J. McCook Hon. Charles J. McCormick Mr. Donald McDonald Hon. J. C. McDonald tHon. Charles McElroy Hon. Patrick F. McGowan Mr. William J. .McKay Mr. John J. McKelvey Hon. St. Clair McKelway Mr. .Andrew McLean Mr. Arthur A. McLean tHon. John McLindon *Hon. Thomas .A. McNamara Hon. John H. Meehan Rear Admiral G. W. Melville. V.S.N. Rev. H. Pereira Mendes, D.D. Hon. August Merrill Hon. E. A. Merritt, Jr. Hon. John G. Milhurn Hon. Frank V". Millard Capt. Jacob W. Miller Hon. W'arner Miller Mr. Frank D. Millet Brig.-Gen. A. L. MiUs, U.S.A. Mr. Ogden Mills Mr. Ogden Livingston Mills *Hon. George H . Minard Mr. Francis J. MoUoy *Hon. W. B. Mooers Mr. Eugene F. Moran Mr. Thomas E. Moran Hon. -A. D. Morgan Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan Hon Fordham Morris Hon. Levi P. Morton Hon. Howard T. Mosher Mr. Dennis Moynehan Hon. John J. F. Mulcahy Mr. K. M. Murchcson Capt. Joseph H. Murdoch, U.S.N. Hon. Arthur H. Murphy Hon. Franklin .Murphy Hon. James E. Murphy Hon. M. J. Murray Mr. Oscar G. Murray Mr. William C. Musihinhtim tHon. W. H. Myers Hon. Pcrcival E. XaKle Mr. Xathan Xewman tHon. Frank Nichols Mr. Henry O. Nickcrson Mr. Charles H Niehaus .Mr. Luihcig Nissen Hon. Lewis Xi.xon Mr. Charles R. Norman Mr. George L. Norton Mr. Charles J . Nunan Hon. John D. Oakley, Jr. Hon. John O'Brien Hon. .Morgan J. O'Brien Mr. .Vdolph S. Ochs Hon. Benj. B. Odell, Jr. Mr. William R. O'lJonovan Col. Willis L. Ogilen Mr. Ehai /•;. Oh-ott Mr. Marvin Olcolt Hon. A. C. Olp Prof. Henry l'"airfiel(l Osborn Air. William Church Osborn Mr. Percy B. O'Sullivan Hon. .lllon B. Parker Mr. Orrel A. Parker Hon. Herbert Parsons Mr. John E. Parsons Hon. Samuel Parsons Mr. Samuel H. Parsons Dr. Edward L. Partridge tHon. A. M. Patrick Mr. Harry S. Patten Hon. Louis S. Paul Commander R. E. Pearv, U.S.N. Mr. Bayard L. Peck Hon. George W. Peck Mr. Gordon H. Peck Hon. George 11'. Perkins Hon. R. E. Perkins Mr. Ralph Peters tHon. \Vm. H. Phibbs Hon. N. Taylor Phillips Hon. Samuel K. Phillips Mr. \Vm. H.. Pleasants Mr. George .\. Plimpton Mr. Walter B Pollock Mr. Fred Porsth J^r. Eugene H . Porter Gen. Horace Porter tHon. E. L. Post tHon. Clarence V,. Powell *Hon. Richard M . Prangen Mr. Frank Presbrey Hon. John IJ. Prince Hon. Thomas R. Proctor Hon. Cornelius ,1. Pugsley *Hon. Edward Quirk Mr. Louis C. Raegener Mr. William F. Rafferty Hon. John Raines Mr. John H. Ramsay *Hon. George G. Raymond Mr. Norman B. Ream Hon. James W. Redmond Mr. Frank B. Reese Mr. James B. Regan Hon. David S. Rendt Mr. Eugene L. Richards, Jr Mr. (Jscar L. Richards Mr. Herman Ridder tHon. John Riordan Mr. Edward Robinson Mr. John D. Rockefeller Mr. William Rockejelkr *Hon. W. J. Rockejeller Maj. Gen. Charles /•". Roe Mr. Carl J. Roehr Mr. Louis T. Romaine Mr. Franklin D. Roosevelt Hon. F;iihu Root. *Hon. .Arthur P. Rose tHon. Louis Rosenkranz Mr. Albert B. Rossdale tHon. A. Rowc Commigsfioncr0— c (>«//>;m/ Hon. George H. Rovve Mr. Stephen Ryan Mr. Thomas E. Kvan Col. Henry W. Sacketl Mrs. Russel Sage *Hon. John A'. Sague Col. William Cary Sanger *Hon. .1. B. Santry Mr. George Henrv Sargent Col. Herbert L. Salterlee Hon. W.J. Saunders Mr. John Scanlon Hon. J. D. Scanlon Lieut. Col. Arthur F. Schermerhorn Mr. Charles A. Schermerhorn tHon. Matthew H. \'. Schermerhorn Hon. Charles A. Schieren Mr. Jacob H. Schif} Mr. Augustus W. Schlemmer Mr. Grant B. Schley Hon. Joseph Schloss Hon. George J. Schneider \)r. Gustav Scholer Hon. John M. Schoonmaker Mr. John Schroers Pres. Jacob Gould Schurman Mr. James E. Schwarzenbach Col. Hugh L. Scott, r. S. A. Hon. Townsend Scudder Mr. Wallace M. Scudder Mr. Oscar R. Seitz Mr. Grant B. Sekley Mr. /.s-(i<2r A^. Seligman Mr. Louis Scligslierg Hon. Eredrrick W. Seward Mr. William .\. Shannon *Hon. Daniel Sheehan Hon. William F. Sheehan Hon. FMward M. Shepard Hon. Theodore H. Silkmaa Mr. J . Edward Simmons Mr. John W. Simpson Mr. John J Sinclair *Hon. C. M . Slauson Rev. Thomas R. Slicer Prof. William M. Sloane Mr. .-Vrchelaus W. Smith Gen. George M. Smith Hon. Henry .Smith tHon. Isaac H. Smith *Hon. John K. Smith Hon. Mvron Smith Mr. S. Willard Smith Mr. Clarence T. Snyder *Hon. Henry E. Snyder Mr. William Sohmer Mr. Luigi Solari Mr. Xelson S. Spencer Mr. James .-\. Sperry Mr. James Speyer Hon. Alien X. Spooncr Hon. George \'. L. Spratt Mr. Wesley J. Springstead Mr. James H. Stack Mr. Charles R. Starbuck Mr. Isaac Stern Hon. Louis Stern Mr. Erancis Lynde Stetson Mr. Louis Stewart Mr. James StiUman Mr. Henry L. Stoddard Hon. Edward C. Stokes Mr. Melville E. Stone tHon. Chas. E. Storms Hon. Oscar S. Straus Mr. Samuel Straus Mr. Max Strauss Mr. Charles H. Strong Mr. Lewis Sugerman ffon. Timothy P. Sullivan Mr. Stephen Suszynski tHon. F. Herbert Sutherland Mr. George R. Sutherland Hon. Leslie Sutherland Hon. Theodore Sutro Hon. James W. Sutton Mr. Charles Swanson *}Ion. H. B. Swartwout Mr. George W. Sweeney Mr. Warren M. Sweet Mr. Henry W. Tajt Dr. Jokiclii Takamine Mr. Stevenson Tavlor Mr. J. Terkuille Mr. John T. Terry Mr. Ernst Thalnian Mr. Eben B. Thomas Col. Robert M . Thompson Mr. Frank Tocci Mr. Henry R. Towne Hon. Asbury C. Townsend Mr. Irving Townsend, M.D. Hon. .Spencer Trask Mr. Peter H. Troy Mr. Wm. H. Truesdale tHon. .Arthur C. Tucker .Mr. Eliot Tuckerman Mr. Arthur H. Tullv Hon. William J. Tu'lly Mr. C. Y. Turner tHon. .Albert W. Twiggar Mr. .Albert Ulmann Mr. F. D. Underwood IJeut. Com. .iaron Vanderbilt Mr. .Alfred G. Vanderbilt Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt Mr. William K. \'anderbilt Rev. Henry Van Dyke, D.D. Mr. G. E. Van Kennan Hon. George R. \'an Xamee Mr. Warner \'an Xorden Mr. William B Van Rens.ulaer Mr. George B. Van Valkenburg *Hon. Horace S. ]'an Voast Mr. John R. Nan Wormer Mr. J. Leonard \'arick Hon. Jacob J. \'elten Mr. William G. Ver Planck Hon. Foster M. \ oorhees Hon. E. B. \'reeland Col. John W. Vrooman Hon. James It'. Wadsr^corth, Jr. Col. Alfred Wagstaff Hon. Charles G. F. Wahle Mr. J. Howard WainwTight Mr. Herbert B. Walker Mr. Michael J. Walsh Capt. .Aaron Ward, U.S.N. Dr. Samuel B. Ward Hon. W. L. Ward Mr. William T. Wardwell Hon. D. M. Warner *Hon. Nathan A. Warren Bishop Alexander Walters Hon. John Wavle tHon. .Anthony J. Weaver tHon. J. Fred W ehmeyer, Jr. Hon. .A. Z. Wemple Hon. George T. \\'erts tHon. J. Henry Wessel Mr. Charles W. Wetmore Mr. Edmund Wetmore Mr. Henry W. Wetmore *Hon. Thomas Wheeler Hon. T- DuPratt White Mr. Fred. C. Whitney Hon. Howard C. Wiggins Gen. W. C. S. Wilcv Hon. William R. Willco.v Hon. Charles Williamson Mr. Charles R. Wilson Mr. Edward C. Wilson Mr. Frederick W. Wilson Mr. George T. Wilson Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson Mr. Louis Windmuller tHon. L. H. Wing Hon. Edgerton L. Winthrop, Jr. tHon. John Wirth Hon. lohn S. Wise Hon. "H. Otto Wittpenn Hon. F. E. Wixson Mr. Charles B. Wolffram Hon. Joseph S. Wood Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood. U.S.A. Gen. Stewart L. Woodford Hon. Timothy L. Woodruff Col. Robert M. Woodward Mr. W. E. Woolley Mr. William Wortman Mr. Vincent W. Woylisek Mr. James .A. Wright *Hon. Frederick M . Young Hon. Richard Young tHon. F. G. Zinsser W> CJ)e m^toncal pageant « ^ HE Hudson-Fulton Celebration, which takes place in New York City, along the Hudson River and throughout the State of New York from Saturday, September 25, to Saturday, October 9, 1909, is de- signed to commemorate primarily the discovery of the Hudson River by Henry Hudson, an English navigator sailing under Dutch auspices, in 1609, and the first successful application of steam to navigation upon that river by Robert Fulton in 1807; but the real importance of those events lies in the remarkable history of which they were the precursors. The object of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, therefore, is to give the commemoration the widest possible educational scope by directing the attention of the people to the state of civilization as it existed before Hudson's voyage and to the extraordinary sequence of events following Hudson's discovery and Fulton's invention. This end will be accomplished in many ways — by remarkable Art, Scientific and His- torical exhibitions, by special studies and investigations by learned societies and educational institutions, by lectures, orations, essays, publications, pictures, and superb pageantry on land and water. Among these forms of instructive commemoration the Historical Parade, which will take place in Manhattan Borough of the City of New York on Tuesday, September 28, and in Brooklyn Borough on Friday, October i, 1909, and which will be repeated in part not only in the other boroughs but also in various places along the Hudson north of New York, will be one of the most notable. It will depict, upon moving vehicles called "floats," important events in the history of New York State. Beautiful, graphic and instructive in themselves, they will also stimulate study of the connecting events in the great historical chain of which the events depicted form a part. The floats will be in four divisions representing respectively the Indian, Dutch, Colonial or English, and American Periods. When Hudson explored the river which bears his name he came in contact with two great branches of the original inhabitants. At the mouth and in the lower reaches of the river he found various tribes of the great Algonquin family. At the head of the river he found the eastern members of the powerful League of the Iroquois, or Five Nations. The Indians, clothed in the skins of fur-bearing animals, adorned with feathers, shells, and copper ornaments, bearing bows and stone-tipped arrows, living in bark wigwams, and navigating canoes made from the bark of trees or hollowed out of their trunks, were strange and picturesque objects to European eyes. Living, as they did, close to nature, their beliefs, legends and religious practices were full of poetic imagination, and their history, whether woven into the Leather-Stocking Tales of Cooper or embodied in the critical studies of the scientist and the historian, have given to the literature of American romance and science a unique interest. The Indians received Hudson hospitably, and, but for the indiscretions of his crew, their friendly relations would, probably, not have been interrupted by the two or three unfortunate conflicts which occurred in New York Harbor and the lower river. But these encounters were of small con- sequence compared with the battle which had been fought on the shores of Lake Champlain between a party of Canadian Indians led by the French explorer Champlain on the one hand and a party of Iroquois Indians on the other, less than a week before Hudson entered New York Harbor. The contrast between the hostile treatment by the French and the friendly treatment by the Dutch and English pioneers led to the formation of the famous Covenant Chain of friendship between the Indians and the latter and prevented the French from ever obtaining a permanent foothold in the State of New York. The Dutch people, who succeeded the aborigines in the possession of what we now call New York State, were, at the time of Hudson's voyage, the leading commercial nation of the world. The Netherlands were as populous as England and more wealthy. The Dutch Republic was the manufacturing center of Europe, and Amsterdam, from which Hudson sailed in 1609, was the leading port of the world. Following Hudson's voyage, Dutch traders built temporary trading posts on Manhattan Island and at the site of Albany, from which they carried on a lucrative fur trade with the natives. Although a few traders' huts had been erected as early as 1613 along the river, it was not until 1624 that a permanent settlement was effected at Fort Orange (Albany) and 1626 at New Amsterdam (New York), With the arrival of Peter Minuit at Manhattan Island in 1626 as the first Governor General, with a fully equipped government, the colonial history of New Netherland began. By the term New Netherland was included the region extending from the Connecticut River on the east to the Delaware, or South, River on the west. In 1664 the Dutch surren- dered to the English. In 1673 they recaptured their old possessions and held them till 1674, when the English secured permanent control. The English, upon securing possession of New Netherland, named it New York, in honor of the Duke of York. In like manner they gave to New Amsterdam the name of New York City, and called New Orange Albany. But many Dutch names along the Hudson River and throughout the state — such as Brooklyn, Harlem and Staten Island — still remind us of the Founders of New York. The merger of the Dutch and English regimes was accomplished more completely and naturally than a change of jurisdiction could have been made between almost any other two nations in the world, for the Dutch are more closely allied to the old Anglo-Saxon stock from which the English are descended than any other living European people. Intense rivals in commerce, England and Holland had worked hand in hand for years for the liberties of Europe, and there were radical bonds of sympathy between them which contributed materially to the progress of the colony of New York under its new government. Liberal institutions were advanced, commerce was de- veloped and population was increased, so that the number of inhab- itants of the colony, which at the beginning of English rule was about 6,000, had increased to about 185,000 at the outbreak of the Amer- ican Revolution. The American Period, so-called to distinguish it from the Indian, Dutch and English Periods, but more properly called the United States Period, of course began with the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Prior to that date the colonies were fighting for their rights as colonies, not for national independence; after that date they were, by the terms of the Declaration, free and independent States. So much has been written to popularize the history of the States east and south of New York that comparatively few people realize how many important events took place in New York during the Revolu- tion. As we are celebrating the history of the Hudson River it is interesting to recall that the possession of the Hudson was the great central object of contention between the British and the Americans, the British believing that if they could secure it they could cut the colonies in two, defeat them in detail, and establish a safe route of communication between their base of supplies in Canada and the base of war in New York. Fulton's great achievement, twenty-four years after the close of the Revolution, was the cardinal event of the Nineteenth century, with reference to this celebration. In depicting, in the great Historical Parade, important scenes in these four periods, the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission has aimed not only to present a spectacle which will be memorable but also to give an impetus to historical research and to present historic scenes so that they will impress themselves more clearly on the minds of the spectators than could be done by books and pictures. The work of building the floats for these moving tableaux has been going on in New York City for many months, and the work of construction has required the services of all kinds of artists and artisans. The artist most familiar with this kind of work was sum- moned to design the pageant, and for about a year nearly two hundred workmen at a time have been engaged on the actual construction. The general plan and every detail of the floats and costumes have undergone the critical scrutiny of the Commission's Historical Com- mittee, which has commanded the services of the best historical and archeological authorities in the City of New York, and the Committee has taken great care that everything in connection with the floats shall be in accurate historical harmony in every respect. The Committee has confined the subjects to events connected with New York, and of necessity has been obliged to omit many interesting scenes because it was impracticable to represent them on floats. THE Title Car for the History of the Empire State represents the State of New York from the day of the canoe to the modern steamboat and from the day of the wigwam to the modern skyscraper. This float will be followed by four divisions of the Historical Parade— namely, the First Division, representing the Indian Period ; the Second Division, represent- ing the Dutch Period; the Third Division, representing the English Colonial Period, and the Fourth Division, representing the United States Period. Each division will have its Title Car representing that particular period. With the picture of each float in this book will be found a brief account which, if carefully followed, will enable everybody thoroughly to understand the different subjects portrayed in this moving display, beginning with scenes representing Indian life and leading up in chronological order to historical events of New York City and State easily remembered by the older generation. The difficulties in presenting actual scenes in a pageant are very great. When the interior of a house, for example, is shown, it is evident that the roof cannot cover the float or the spectators looking down from a height would be unable to see the characters. The object of the parade is to bring before the minds of the onlookers a picture of the main events which can be properly shown in tableau, and to depict the spirit of the time. To derive lasting benefit from a historical standpoint the scenes, wdiile still fresh in the mind, should be studied in some history. INDIAN PERIOD THE first race in this great country was, naturally, the Indian. The territory of New York was occupied by two great aboriginal families — the Algon- quins on the coast and the Iroquois, or Five Nations, in the interior. The object in presenting this short history of the Five Nations is to place in order the material, gathered here and there, to enable the spectators better to understand the lives and motives of the people who composed that powerful League which controlled for so many years the policy of all the tribes hving in the Hmits of what is now the North Central States of our country. They stood as a strong bulwark between the French and Dutch, and later between the French and English, and thus were largely influential in preserving their hunting grounds for the Anglo-Saxon race. But slight mention is made of them in our school histories, and little opportunity is given our boys and girls to learn what an important part they played in the early history of our colonial and national life. The name Indian was given to the natives of the New World by Columbus, who thought he had found the East Indies. The Five Nations, who dwelt in northern New York, are represented on this float by the totems, or symbols, of their tribes — the beaver, the tortoise, the bear, the wolf and the deer. 10 THE Iroquois have a very pretty legend relating to their final union into a confederacy. Many years ago they were confined under a mountain near the falls of the Oswego, from whence they were led by the "Holder of the Heavens" into the beautiful Mohawk Valley, along which and farther westward they settled, each tribe in a different locality. These tribes kept up a continual warfare with one another. In their great distress they called upon the "Holder of the Heavens," affectionately called by the people Hiawatha — "The Very Wise Man." Hiawatha told them to call representatives from all the tribes to a great council to be held on the banks of Onondaga Lake. The great council fire blazed for three days and yet no Hiawatha appeared to help or to advise. At length, guided by the Great Spirit, he was seen coming across the lake in a white canoe, bearing with him his beautiful little daughter. Scarcely had they landed upon the shore when there suddenly arose a mighty wind, and an immense bird, so large as to darken the land- scape, swooped down upon the beautiful girl and crushed her into the earth. Speechless with grief Hiawatha mourned for his daughter three days, then he said : "I will meet you to-morrow and unfold my plans." On the following day he arose in the council and formed the Iroquois Confederacy. He then departed while the air was filled with beautiful music, which slowly died away ; the beautiful white canoe rose slowly into the air and bore their good friend and councilor far into the eternal blue. The league thus formed was the most powerful aboriginal poHtical organization north of Mexico. 11 ^ THE Indian tribes to whom the French gave the name Iro(iuois inhabited the State of New York north and west of the Catskill Alountains and south of the Adirondack group. The Iroquois Confederacy was originally of five related families or nations, called, respectively, Mohawk, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. They settled themselves at various points in the country between the Hudson River and Lake Erie, in the order in which they are above named. These five families, though of the same blood, continually waged cruel wars against each other, until Hiawatha, known as the "Holder of the Heavens," called them together in one great council and advised them to enter into one common band of brothers. Thus united, they were to drive all invaders back, all of which they agreed to do, forming themselves into a confederacy called Ko-no-shi-oni, the "cabin builders," or "Long House," which extended from the Hudson River to Lake Eric. The Mohawks guarded the eastern door and the Senecas the western. The great council fire was with the Onondagas, near the present Syracuse. This League was formed probably not earlier than 1540. The totems of the Five Nations — the bear, the wolf, the deer, the tortoise and the beaver — were the distinguishing mark of the delegate from each nation at the grand council and ap- peared on his person. In 1 7 14 the cognate Tuscaroras, driven out of North Carolina, were received into the Iroquois Confederacy, which thereafter became known as the Six Nations. 12 THE first Sachem of the League was the venerable Ato-tar-ho, a famous Onon- daga chief. The Indian traditions invest him with extraordinary attributes. He is represented as hving at the time he was chosen in grim seclusion in a swamp, where his dishes and drinking cups, like those of the old Scandinavian warriors, were made of the skulls of his enemies slain in battle. When a delegation of Mohawks went to offer him the symbol of supreme power they found him sitting in calm repose smoking his pipe, but he was unapproachable because he was clothed with hissing snakes. They finally invested him with a broad belt of wampum as the highest token of authority. The idea of the Five Nations was originally suggested by the Onondagas as a means to enable them more effectually to war against the neighboring tribes, so it was natural that their most famous warrior and Sachem should be chosen as the first Sachem of the League. After the formation of the League the Iroquois rose rapidly in power. Upon the founding of the Dutch trading post at Fort Orange, now x^lbany, in 1615, their influence greatly increased. They remained friendly to the Dutch and bartered their furs for firearms, in the use of which they were afterward to become expert. Renewing their friendship with the English they soon had absolute supremacy over the other Indian nations, and extended their domination to the whole country between Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario and to the north bank of the St. Lawrence River. The descendants of these Indians now reside in reservations set apart for them in New York and Canada. THE early records of the Indians before the advent of the white men were pic- ture writings woven in wampum and they merely recorded feats of arms. The rest were legends passed down by word of mouth. The veins of the Redmen surged with poetry and imagination. Their speech was poetic and picturesque. Their legends had a religious significance and no serious undertaking' was begun without first invoking the Great Spirit. They were intensely religious and every dance had a supernatural significance behind it. The braves were frequently required to fast for days before they were allowed to partici- pate in the dance. The tableau of the Season of Blossoms, or spring, shows the Indians at work manufacturing implements of war and the chase, the arrow heads and stone hatchets or axes. The squaws are engaged in their family duties, making moccasins, etc., with ornamental bead work, tilling the fields preparatory to sowing the corn, beans and squash, the fundamental vegetable food of that age, while the old warriors look on in stolid contemplation. At the back of the float is to be seen the younger warriors preparing for the summer chase, making their birchbark canoes, the joints sewed together and then sealed with pitch. When birch canoes could not be made a large tree would be cut down, shaped on the outside to the required form and then by fires built on the inside the wood was charred until it could readily be scraped away by their rude instruments. This was repeated until the canoe was ready for use. 14 THE summer season to the Indians was known as the Season of Fruits. The two important crops were celebrated by the festivals " Ha-men-da-yo, " or the Berry Festival, and " Ah-dake-wa-o, " or Green Corn Festival. The Berry Festival was in the nature of a thanksgiving to the Great Spirit for \i supplying the tribe with fruit for its needs. This dance was similar to the one known as the Maple-Sugar Festival, and was concluded with a feast of straw- berries, prepared with maple sugar in the form of a jelly and served on strips of birch bark. The second ceremony of the summer season was the Green Corn Festival. Corn, beans and squash were the staple vegetables of the aborigines. Corn was called "Our Life" or "Our Supporter," and was relied upon even more than the products of the chase. The festival lasted for four days. On the first two days there were held dances, speeches and games. The next was occupied in a Thanksgiving dance, with chants and songs of a like nature given in the intervals. The trees, bushes and shrubs which provided sustenance to the tribe were also individually addressed in the flowery language of those people. The fourth and last day was concluded with a game of chance played with peach stones and small bowls and called " Gus-ga-a," for the Indians loved above all else to gamble, x^t the close of each day the braves feasted on great bowls of succotash, made of com and beans, which were passed around the circle by the squaws. Not the least important plant to the Indians was tobacco, a plant native to America, and which was smoked, mixed with willow bark, in their stone or copper pipes at all ceremonies. 15 "jms^ THE Season of Hunting, when the wild turkey and game of all kinds were fat and fit to be killed for food, was what we call fall. At this season hunting was indulged in to the exclusion of all else. The meat was cured by cutting into strips and hanging on long poles over a fire purposely made to give off large quan- tities of smoke. When a sufficient supply of meat was cured it was buried in pits lined with deer skins. Corn was parched by charring it over a fire and together with dried beans and ripe corn was also buried for preservation in pits lined with bark. Deer, elk, moose and bear, together with several species of wild birds, furnished the principal game. The small fur-bearing animals supplied the peltries which were the Indians' staple of trade with the white men. The animals were frequently trapped singly or else by surrounding a section of country and driving the game toward a rough V-shaped barricade, at which were stationed warriors, who killed the frightened animals as they endeavored to escape. Fish were also used for food and were caught in nets or by hooks made of bone. In the rapids salmon and trout were speared. The Indian chief thought labor demeaning and his main occupation was the hunt. Parties of hunters frequently penetrated into Pennsylvania and even as far as Ohio and Canada, returning ofttimes when the snow was on the ground. The chief festival of the fall occurred at the beginning of the season and was the Harvest Festival, whose Indian name signified "Thanksgiving to our Supporters." It lasted four days and was very similar to the Berry and Green- Corn ceremonies, which were described under the "Season of Fruits." 16 THE American Indians, being children of nature, were particularly susceptible to the influences of the natural elements, and in their legends, myths and religious ceremonies the natural forces are variously symbolized. The Iroquois legend of the first winter informs us that at first the Redmen were happy and contented and the Great Spirit smiled upon them continually. At last a great chief declared himself mightier than the Great Spirit and persuaded his brothers to mock Him. They claimed the Great Spirit was a cruel father, was un- kind to them, and kept the Happy Hunting Grounds for their dead brothers where they could hunt without weariness. The old men feared to scoff at the Great Spirit but were laughed to scorn. Gradually the path of the sun changed, so slowly at first that it was not noticed except by the old men. The latter, fearing the gibes of the young men, kept silence, but later the change of the sun became so marked that all noticed it. Each day brought less and less of the Great Spirit's smile (that is, the sun) and terrible storms arose. The spirit of the warriors was broken. Frosts and snows came upon them. Then the Great Spirit had pity and day after day the few who survived the wintry blasts saw with joy the return of the sun. The Great Spirit told his children that as a punishment for their insults and lack of faith they should in the future feel for a season the might of the power they had mocked. From the bodies of those who had perished sprang poisonous plants to endanger the lives of the Indians of all generations. The float represents the dance to propitiate the Great Spirit. 17 THERE was in the life of the Indian much leisure, and a large part of it was occupied in feasting, dancing and playing games. The corn festival, hunt- ing and scalp dances were occasions of general rejoicing, sometimes lasting for weeks. These dances were usually of religious or ceremonial significance. Each section of the country had its peculiar dances — as the snake dance of the Hopis, the green-corn dance among the Eastern tribes; on the Columbia River was the salmon dance, while on the plains the tribal ceremony was the sun dance to the protecting spirit of the buffalo. The war and scalp dances occupied a secondary place in importance and were common to all tribes, but no war party ever opened hostilities until the formal war dance ceremony was performed. The war dance, here depicted, was used to arouse the enthusiasm and to enlist warriors for dangerous expeditions before the departure of war parties. The dance was held in the evening, fifteen men being sufficient, but as many as twenty-five or thirty could perform. Preliminary to the dance the braves assembled near by and l)ainted and decorated themselves. While the tribe awaited them one of the re- ligious men would make a stirring speech. The braves would then approach in Indian file to the council fire or house, raising the warwhoop and accompanied by a tomtom and rattles. After seating themselves in a circle for a moment one would start a war chant and the warriors then, jumping to their feet, would dance with a ])eculiar step, consisting of stamping the feet and swaying the body and arms with distortions of the face. They finally worked themselves into a frenzy. m j ^^^^^^^g!^^^^m m m >m m^^ ^^0^^^,m t ; - y.?«wr^^°^;-■!!^^g,^r^T'' -^3SBSiw»-s-^-» —-*«<» M DUTCH PERIOD ANHATTAN ISLAND has always been looked upon as related to the Dutch, and justly so, as they comprised the first colony established, and their laws and usages formed the policy which governed the region for years. The Dutch were a brave and cultured people, loving liberty and education. Their fight for freedom is one of the most heroic chapters in history. Their universities and schools are famous. Their art galleries ri\al those of any other country. On account of their inventiveness, they have been called the ''Yankees of Europe." They were great navigators in the days when the seas were comparatively unknown, and they were enterprising traders and merchants. The descendants of the early Dutch colonists are proud of their ancestors, and many customs remain to this day which were brought to this country by them. Perhaps the most common and popular is the dyeing of eggs at Easter, or " Paas" — still commemorated by the St. Nicholas Society at its annual banquet. More widely known is the legend of St. Nicholas — the Santa Claus of the children. It would be difficult to find American children who are not familiar with that charming poem, "The Night Before Christmas," written early in the Nineteenth century by that sturdy divine. Dr. Clement C. Moore, who then lived in the little village of Chelsea, just south of Twenty-third Street and west of Ninth Avenue. This Title Car shows the Seal of the Dutch and indicates the importance in that early day of the trading with the Indians. 19 OF HENRY HUDSON we know little. As an English navigator he had failed twice to discover a northeast passage for his employers, the ]Musco\ y Company, and he offered his services to the Dutch East India Company. They were accepted, and on April 4, 1609, he set sail from Amsterdam with a mixed crew of some eighteen Dutch and English sailors. This vessel, so fjuaint and to])heavy to our eyes, was only 74 feet 6 inches over all; 58 feet 8 inches on the water line; a little over 10 feet in depth of hold, and was about 17 feet in breadth. The float gives a better idea of her appearance than words can convey. Proceeding westward he anchored on the coast of ]Maine. Then going south- ward he came upon the promontory of Cape Cod, and later the entrance to the Bay of Virginia (Chesapeake). Turning north he discovered Delaware Bay and on September 2 arrived at the Lower New York Bay but did not enter the Hudson River proper until the 12th. Distrusting the Indians, who were friendly but treacherous, he remained at anchor but one day, and proceeding up the river which now bears his name he reached the neighl:)orhood of Albany on September k;. Disaj)pointed at being stopped by shoaling waters he descended, and when oj)])osite Spuytcn Du}vil Creek the vessel was attacked by Indians. After a strenuous fight the ship left the Indians behind and proceeded to the bay oft" Castle Point, near Hoboken, where she anchored for the last time in our waters. Hudson set sail for Euro})e on October 4 to carry lo liis ])atr()ns tlie news of the discovery of this new country. 2U HISTORY informs us that in 1610 Henry Hudson set sail on the Discoverer from England under a new company — the English East India Company, His object was still to search for a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean. Four months later, having passed Iceland, where the volcano Hecla w^as in eruption, and the southern end of Greenland, he entered Hudson's Bay and spent the re- mainder of the season in exploration. The crew endured a dreary winter there and found fault with Hudson, with their limited allowance of provisions and with the stern discipline he enforced. They also objected to his plans to continue his search for the westward passage when the spring came. At length, in June, 161 1, the crew broke out into open mutiny. Seizing Hudson, his son John and seven others they forced them into a shallop, together with a scanty supply of provisions and utensils. Philip Staffe, the ship's carpenter, ob- tained leave to share the fate of his commander. Cutting the boat loose the muti- neers sailed away and left their old comrades to their fate. Whether the great navi- gator and his companions died of starvation or were drowned or frozen to death, or, reaching land, were killed by the Indians, no one knows. The float shows him abandoned and adrift, with the polar ice surrounding his frail craft. The mutineers, after severe trials, reached Ireland in September, 161 1. Returning to England they were imprisoned but later were released. While Hudson was exploring the Hudson, Champlain was skirting the shores of Lake Champlain. Both lie in unknown graves in this Western World — Hudson in Hudson's Bay, Champlain in Quebec. 21 mri^rr:""^ '■' IN DECEMBER, 1613, Adrian Block, a bold Dutch navigator, was about to sail from Manhattan with a cargo of bear skins and other furs when fire reduced his vessel, The Tiger, to ashes. The small storehouse of the traders couldn't afford shelter to Block's crew and the wigwams of the Indians, freely offered, couldn't shield them from the biting cold, so they built log cabins and from the stately oaks which towered around them they constructed another vessel, which they called The Onrust — The Restless. This vessel was only 44 feet long, 11 feet wide and of 16 tons burden. With another cargo of furs The Onrust sailed for Holland in the spring of 1614. That little collection of huts, commemorated by a tablet of the Holland Society at Nos. 39-41 Broadway, and that little vessel which was built and launched at the foot of Broadway, were almost prophetic of the dauntless energy ever shown by the resi- dents of Manhattan Island in overcoming difficulties, and were the tiny beginnings of the great commercial metropolis of the Western Hemisphere. The model of this vessel on the float is about one-third the size of the original vessel and strikingly calls attention to the bravery of the men who risked their lives and fortunes on the comparatively unknown waters of the ocean. With only the very roughest idea of longitude, as the chronometer had not yet been invented, they directed their course at sea to the latitude of their destination and then sailed east or west until they made a landfall. It must be remembered that the charts in those days were practically useless, and the mariner had no lighthouse to guide him. That they ever succeeded in reaching their haven is remarkable. IN 1626 Peter Minuit, the newly appointed Dutch governor, arrived on Manhat- tan Island in the ship Sea Mew, commanded by Captain Joris. Governor Minuit and his council were invested with legislative, judicial and executive power, subject to the supervision and appellate jurisdiction of the Chamber of Amsterdam. Hitherto the Dutch had possession of Manhattan Island only by the dubious right of first discovery and occupation. Minuit proceeded to place the right upon the foundation of justice. He called together the representatives of the Indian owners of the island and made a treaty as honorable, as important and as noteworthy as was the famous treaty between William Penn and the Indians beyond the Delaware under the broad Shackamaxon Elm, which has been immortalized by history, paint- ing and poetry. The price paid by the Hollanders for the territory, estimated at 22,000 acres in extent, was not extravagant — about $24. The scene depicted upon the float is hard to realize at the present day, when the buildings cover the land and are growing upward story on story as fast as engineer- ing can devise new methods of safe construction and facilities of elevator service. Many people, without due consideration, wish they had been the fortunate pur- chaser of the land, but if they calculated from actual figures, with payments added for taxes and assessments and compound interest on the whole, they would find that the purchase price was moderate. Few realize, until they sit down and actually calculate the amount, how quickly the figures increase. 23 THIS scene depicted is the Treaty of Peace signed at the house of Jonas Bronck on the 28th of March, 1642. Bronck gave his name to the Bronx River and so to the Borough of The Bronx. The land which Jonas Bronck occupied was acquired by him from the Indians in 1639. The Indian deed describes it as " Lying between the Great Kill (Harlem River) and the Ahquahung" (Bronx River). The governor of the Dutch colony at that time was William Kicft. His trouble with the Wickquaskeck Indians resulted primarily from his effort to impose a tax on them. An expedition was sent against the Indians and, although no encounter occurred, the Indians were brought to a realization of their mistake, and this Treaty of Peace was arranged. The house in which the treaty was signed stood at about the present site of the depot of the Harlem River branch of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Here were gathered the parties to the treaty, namely: Cornelius Van Tienhoven, who understood the Indian language and negotiated the treaty. He is seated at the table, and in his dictatorial manner is showing the Indian chiefs, Ranachqua and Tackamuch, where to make their totem marks. Jonas Bronck is the scholarly Dane who is standing watching the signature. Sitting by his side is the clerk. Immediately in the rear stands Dominie Everardus Bogardus, who was the second husband of the famous Anneke Jans, whose descend- ants have frequently laid claim to the lands owned by Trinity Church. The soldier in the rear is Ensign Henrlrick \'an Dyck, whose bloodless expedition against the Indians liad driven them into applying for the treaty. IN 1647 Peter Stuyvesant, a Frieslander, a scholar and a brave soldier in the service of the Dutch West India Company, and who had been wounded in the leg in an attack upon the island of St. Martin, was at Amsterdam receiving surgical treatment. He had been governor of the company's colony of Curacao, in which capacity he had shown great vigor and wisdom. He was then forty-four years of age, strong in physical constitution, fond of ofificial show, aristocratic and haughty toward subordinates, a thorough disciplinarian, but a just and honest man. Appointed governor of New Netherland he administered its affairs for nearly seventeen years, and became the most renowned of the officials of the Dutch West India Company. The new director general was received at ^Manhattan with great joy. The arrival was on a clear and warm May morning. The whole garrison turned out under arms and escorted him to the Fort. In addressing the people he told them he should govern them ''as a father his children, for the advantage of the chartered Dutch West India Company and these burghers and their land," and declared that every one should have justice done him. Stuyvesant was too frank and honest to conceal his opinions and intentions. At the very outset he asserted the prerogatives of the directorship, and frowned upon every expression of republican sentiment. He regarded the people as his subjects, to be obedient to his will. In this he was not a whit behind his predecessors. New Netherland at that time had scarcely fifty boweries, or farms. Peter Stuyvesant is buried in the familv vault in "St. Mark's, in the Bowerie." 25 THERE is no piece of land on Manhattan Island which has retained for a longer period its distinctive name and at the same time fulfilled more thor- oughly the purposes of its creation than the small park at the extreme south- em end of Broadway, known as Bowling Green. It is the one historic spot which has never lost its identity or been diverted from public use since its foundation. The history of the city from the time when the good ship Sea Mew sailed into the bay, May 6, 1626, bearing the doughty Dutch governor, Peter Minuit — with no city and few people to govern — to the present might almost be written from what has been seen and heard from this small plot of land. In March, 1732, the city fathers "Resolved, That this Corporation will lease a piece of land lying at the lower end of Broadway, fronting the Fort, to some of the inhabitants of the said Broadway, in order to be inclosed to make a Bowling Green thereof, with walks therein, for the beauty and ornament of said street, as well as for the recreation and delight of the inhabitants of the city. . . ." Three public-spirited and sport-loving citizens — John Chambers, Peter Bayard and Peter Jay — leased, in accordance with this resolution, this ground, first called "The Plaine" and later "The Parade," for a term of eleven years, at the enormous rental of one peppercorn j)er annum, and prej)ared its lawn for the s])ort of bowls. The lease was renewed and the spot became famous as the central point for athletics and outdoor meeting place of the period. In the float Dutchmen ape shown playing their game of bowls, now called tenpins. 26 THE news of the revolution which placed William and Mary on the throne of James II reached New York in February, 1689, but was concealed by Governor Nicholson. When announced, two parties were formed; the followers of James included the aristocrats, and those of William and Mary the large majority of the citizens. Leisler became the leader of the citizens. On ac- count of the popular hostility toward him Governor Nicholson withdrew from the city and sailed for England. Leisler, invested with the powers of commander-in- chief, took possession of the fort, and upon arrival of formal notice of the accession of William and Mary he proclaimed them King and Queen. Those responsible for the peace of the colony received a letter from the privy council, and Leisler, regarding himself as invested with power by the spirit of this document, assumed the title of lieutenant-governor, appointed councilors and made a new seal. Upon the arrival of Governor Sloughter in 1691 Leisler tendered him the fort and province, but through the influence of enemies he was arrested and tried for high treason. Conviction followed, but Sloughter hesitated to sign the death war- rant. At last, while intoxicated, he signed the document, and Leisler was executed before Sloughter became sober. Stung with remorse Sloughter died a few weeks later. Parliament later vindicated Leisler and restored his property. Leisler owned six thousand acres of land at New Rochelle, and in 1690 sold them to the Huguenot emigrants who settled there. The float depicts the transfer of the deeds of the property to the Huguenots at Fort James, now the Battery. 27 DURING the Dutch regime persons from cities of other colonies visiting New Amsterdam were oftentimes astonished to see in the evening some of the best families seated upon their front doorsteps and even receiving visitors there. It was a survival of the old Dutch custom when at the close of the day the family would gather around their front door and in quiet ease discuss matters of moment. The master would be seen with his long clay pipe (called a church warden), his wife with her knitting or mending and the children grouped around enjoying the freshness of the evening. It was a city of case and contentment and contained many happy homes where people of cheerful dispositions and affectionate hearts lived. Life was enjoyed in a dreamy, quiet blissfulness which is now quite unknown in these days of bustle and noise. Wry little active attention was given to political matters by the mass of the people. It took too long, frequent!}- six months, to receive a reply from Holland, and in that length of time the matter had been thrashed out at the front door until the novelty was worn otT. The Dutch left their impress for many years in the architecture of their simple buildings, at first of necessity built of logs, the roof thatched with reeds and straw, and light admitted through oiled paper or thin, transparent skins. Later the better houses were built of brick imported from Holland, frequently as ballast, until an enterprising citizen established a brickyard during the administra- tion of Stuvvesant. ^ S THE British Navigation Act was being continually evaded in the American colonies, and it was with the Dutch of New Amsterdam that the illicit trade was principally carried on. The conquest of New Netherland was resolved upon. When the news of the gathering of the English fleet became known at The Hague explanations were demanded. War was declared. On July 23, 1664, the British fleet under Nicolls reached Boston, Mass. The ships then sailed and anchored in Gravesend Bay, just outside of Coney Island, made doubly historical as the landing place of Lord Howe's troops in 1776. Stuy- vesant was at Fort Orange (Albany) when he heard the news and at once returned to New Amsterdam. Totally unprepared for such an event the city was not fortified, and the folly of resisting the demands for capitulation was apparent to all. On the 29th of August, 1664, the articles of capitulation were ratified and the city, which then had not more than fifteen hundred inhabitants, passed under English rule. The first act of the new deputy governor, Richard Nicolls, was to order the city of New Amsterdam to be known thereafter as New York, being named after the heir to the crown, James, Duke of York, and the name- of the old fort was changed to Fort James. When Peter Stuyvesant was summoned to surrender the keys of the fort the brave old soldier said: "I would much rather be carried out dead," but the die was cast and New Amsterdam was surrendered. The Dutch troops filed out and marched down Beaver Lane to the place of embarkment for Holland, the English troops entered, and New Amsterdam became New York. 29 SAXTA CLAUS DAY was the best day of all in the estimation of the little folks. It is notable, too, for having been the day sacred to St. Nicholas, the patron saint of New York, who presided as the figurehead of the first emigrant ship that touched her shores, who gave his name to the first church erected within her walls, and who has ever since had especial charge of the destinies of his favorite city. To the children he was a jolly, rosy-cheeked, little old man, with a low-crowned hat and a pipe of immense length, who drove his reindeer sleigh loaded with gifts over the roofs of New Amsterdam for the benefit of good children. On Christmas Eve they hung their stockings, carefully labeled that the saint might make no mistake, in the chimney corner, and went early to bed, chanting the Santa Claus hymn, which we give as a curiosity. This was sung as late as 185 1 : Sint Nicholaas, goed heilig man, Trekt uw' besten Tabbard an, En reist daarin naar Amsterdam, Van Amsterdam naar Spanje, Waar appelen van Oranje En appelen van Granaten, Rollen door de Stratcn Sint Nicholaas, mvn goede Vriend Ik heb u altyd wel gediend Als gy my nu wat wilt geven, Zal ik u dienen al mvn leven. TRANSLATION Saint Nicholas, good holy man, Put your best Tabbard on you can, And in it go to Amsterdam, From Amsterdam to Hispanje Where apples bright of Orange And, likewise, those pomegranates named, Roll through the streets all unclaimed. Saint Nicholas, my dear good friend, To serve you ever was my end ; If you me now will something give, Serve you I will as long as I live. D. T. Valentine The children of to-day are more familiar with the version of Clement C. Moore, in his "Night Before Christmas." COLONIAL PERIOD THE Colonial Period introduced by this Title Car shows the period of ex- pansion of the colony northward, and the internal disorders that led up to the Revolution, finally culminating in the inauguration of the first President on the balcony of Federal Hall, in Wall Street. Two of Irving s legends of the Hudson River Valley, that of Rip Van Winkle and the tale of Sleepy Hollow Church, are given to show the trend of the tales of those times. After the first scenes of the uprising of the people in New York previous to the Revolution but Httle occurred that can be pictured on the floats until its close. The reason for this is apparent. Endeavoring to divide the colonies physically by military lines England concentrated her energies on the line of the Hudson River. With a roomy and safe harbor for large transports and war vessels she had a base of supplies at hand and was able to hold the region with an iron hand. The opening of war around Boston does not concern us beyond the effect it had on inflaming the people, as the endeavor has been to show New York history only. The float depicts the might of Great Britain, shown by the lion resting on her army and navy, represented by cannon. At the rear of the car is the cause of her downfall — the chests of tea marked with the names of the two ships whose cargoes were destroyed, the Dartmouth at Boston and the Peggy Stewart in Maryland. Also the bales of the hated Stamp Act paper. 31 •<<«•■«:■>»''. IN 1 69 1 New York was engaged in an abortive attempt to conquer Canada. Commissioners were appointed, paper money, or bills of credit, issued, and through Col. Peter Schuyler, the first mayor of xA-lbany, the friendship of the Five Nations was secured. New York and New Jersey raised some two thousand men, who were placed under command of Francis Nicholson. Late in June this army moved from Albany to attack Montreal, and in August, arriving at Lake Champlain, they halted to await tidings of the departure of the fleet destined to attack Quebec. The failure of the fleet to attack compelled the disappointed soldiers to retreat and weakened the confidence of the Five Nations in the power of England. Colonel Schuyler, alarmed at the apathy and neglect of the home government in the conquest of Canada, went to England the next year at his own expense to arouse the people and court to vigorous action. He took a chief of each of the Five Nations with him that the League might learn of the immense strength of Great Britain. These were not the first Indians to be taken to England, but they were rare enough to arouse intense interest, and the presence of the bar- barian kings produced a sensation unequaled in kind since the visit of Pocahontas. They were feasted at banquets, witnessed military and naval reviews and were deeply impressed with the power of the nation. At the palace of St. James they were presented to the King and gave belts of wampum as pledges of friendship and fidelity. 32 AGITATIONS for free speech and popular government occurred in New York at the same time as in Boston. There were some very significant oc- currences in New York before Boston defined her position. It is time that our city should take pride in her fight for freedom and no longer believe there was no Cradle of Liberty other than Faneuil Hall. The first hard battle for free speech occurred here in the old City Hall, which stood at the foot of Nassau Street. John Peter Zenger, editor of the Weekly Journal, criticized the governor, William Cosby, freely and made him wince. Zenger was imprisoned, refused paper and pen, and his journal ordered burned by the hangman. The populace would not allow it, but finally the paper was burned by a servant. At the trial, on the 4th of x^iugust, 1735, before Chief Justice Delancey and asso- ciates, Zenger's attorneys, James Alexander and William Smith, filed exceptions to the commissions of the judges and were forthwith debarred. The trial stirred the city to its depths. Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, eighty years old, then ap- peared as counsel for Zenger. Bradley, as the attorney-general, was prosecutor. The chief justice announced that the defendant had confessed to the publication complained of; the jury had only to decide if it were libelous, and that being a question of law they might leave it to the court. The jury revolted and brought in a verdict of "not guilty." Thus, on the very spot where Washington became president, was a verdict ren- dered based on the principles later put forth by his government. 33 FROM 1764 to 1769 Sir Henry Moore was governor of New York. He was succeeded by Governor Golden. About this time the famous bill authorizing stamp duties on all legal instru- ments used in the colonies was introduced in parliament; the amount varied from three cents to thirty dollars. The flames of resentment burned furiously in New York. Golden, then acting governor, endeavored to suppress the excitement. The associations called Sons of Liberty were organized and a committee to write to the several colonies on the subject of the oppressive measure was appointed. In the spring of 1765 the Stamp Act became a law and words of defiance were uttered everywhere in the colonies. On the ist of November, when the law became ojjerative, open opposition was offered. The agent in New York in fear refused to receive the paj)er when it arrived from England and it was stored in the fort. The populace demanded the delivery of the stamped paper to them. The demand was refused. An orderly procession was formed. It soon became a mob and the effigy of the governor was hanged on the spot where Leislcr had been executed seventy-five years before. Dragging Golden's fine coach from the fort and tearing down the wooden railing at Bowling Green they ])iled all together and made a bonfire of the whole. The populace then parsLded the streets with copies of the Stamj) Act raised upon poles, with the words, "England's folly and America's ruin." Later the act was rej)ealed and the news was received with the ringing of bells and general rejoicing. 34 THE English colonists were essentially a home people and eminently able to support themselves without assistance from others. The middle classes owned their own farms and worked on them themselves. The men tilled the fields, tended the stock and supplied the food and raw material for clothing. The wife was, above all else, a home body. Her education lay not so much in "book learning" as in the practical affairs of life. She and her daughters would milk the cows and tend the chickens and pigs, but above all else they were proficient in carding, spinning and weaving the wool from which the clothes of the family were made. The float is designed to give an idea of the average home about the period of the Revolution. In the house two women of the family are shown spinning preparatory to the weaving of the material for clothing for the household. At the same time they keep the babies quiet by rocking the old-fashioned cradle with their feet. The master of the house is just returning from the hunt with his manservant leading the dogs, which have been used to find the game. Near him is the old negro mammy, who acted as nurse to himself and now to his children. The large open fireplace is typical of those days when ranges were unknown, and all cooking was done over an open fire. The fireplace was very large. At one side was generally found a bench, on which two or more could seat themselves and keep warm during the cold winters. With no furnaces or stoves to heat the house, the importance of the family hearth can readily be recognized and it was the gathering place of the family at evening. 35 THOMAS DONGAN, Earl of Limerick, whose name will always be associated with the famous Dongan Charter of New York City, was appointed gov- ernor in 1682. His predecessor, Sir Edmund Andros, who ruled New York for about seven years, had kept peace with the Indians, crushed religious enthusiasts and established many wholesome regulations ; but he was imperious and despotic, and asserted with firmness the power of his master, the Duke, within the chartered limits of his territory. Meanwhile, the Duke heeded the advice of his friend, William Penn, and the appeals of New Yorkers to give the people more liberty, and found a more enlightened and able man for his purpose in Dongan. The latter was a Roman Catholic, enterprising and active, a "man of integrity, moderation and genteel manners." Under instructions Dongan ordered an election of a General Assembly of repre- sentatives of the people, not to exceed eighteen in number. They were to assist the governor and council in passing laws for the good of the colony, subject to the right of the Duke to review and veto. The Assembly was allowed free debate, and thus New York first shared in the colonial political authority. It was a notable event when, on October 17, 1683, the first General Assembl\" met at the City Hall and were addressed by the governor, whose sympathies were with the popular desires. They sat three weeks and passed fourteen acts, all of which were accepted. The first act was The Charter of Liberties and Privileges, granted by James II to the inhabitants of New York. None of the intolerance and bigotry of the New England charters appeared in this "Charter of Liberties." i 3t) -^-*»rrr*'?«^?I«^^FSfr? THE history of Yonkcrs begins with the purchase of this region from the Indians by the Dutch West India Company in 1639. Here, at the mouth of the Nepperan River, was the Indian village of Nappeckamak. In 1645 Jonkheer x'\drian van der Donck acquired the site by grant and purchase and it became known as De Jonkheer's Landt, since corrupted to Yonkers. In 1672 Frederick Philipse acquired an interest in this property, which he increased and ex- tended until in 1693 his possessions extended unbroken from Spuyten Duyvil Creek to the Croton River. In the latter year this property was erected into a Manor. Many writers claim that the oldest part of the Manor Hall at Yonkers was built in 1686, but the date of its erection is uncertain. It is very old and was probably erected before the Eighteenth century. Its owners li\-cd in pretentious style for their day, and cultivated tastes were everywhere in evidence in the arrangement of the grounds and immense gardens, which stretched to the river front. It was in this Manor House that the wedding of the beautiful Mary Philipse to Roger Morris took place in January, 1758. The marriage was a magnificent affair, long remembered throughout the country. Tradition has coupled Washington's name with Mary Philipse as a suitor, but there is no evidence that he ever proposed marriage. The Philipse property was confiscated after the Revolution. After passing through many ownerships the Manor House became the Village Hall in 1868 and later the City Hall. In 1908 the late Mrs. William F. Cochran gave the money by which it was purchased and given to the State as an historic monument, in the cus- tody of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. 37 THE news of the battle of Lexington reached New York on April 24, 1775, and was the signal for open hostilities. The Sons of Liberty assembled, seized arms and distributed them. Business was at a standstill and the royal officials and troops stationed in the city were helpless. A provisional govern- ment was vested in a Committee of One Hundred. The incident portrayed here was only one of many episodes of this period. British troops were ordered to reinforce the royal force, rapidly becoming beleag- uered in Boston, and such was the state of affairs that permission had to be asked of the above Committee to allow the troops to embark. The permission granted did not allow them to carry any spare arms. Early on June 6, 1775, the troops began to march from their barracks (present City Hall Park), with several cartloads of spare arms. Willet, with a little knot of patriots, determined to prevent the removal of the arms, and on Broad Street they halted the British. To the commanding officer, Major Isaac Hamilton, Willet explained his action. The gathering crowd deprecated the act, but John M. Scott, a member of the Committee of One Hundred, exclaimed: "You arc right, Willet, the Committee has not given them permission to carry off any spare arms." The carts were, therefore, detained and the muskets were afterward used in arming the New York Colonial troops. To Marinus Willet should be given great credit for his bravery and patriotism at a critical period of the war. This event is commemorated by a tablet erected by the Sons of the Revolution at the corner of Broad and Beaver streets. iH^ ATA meeting held in New York, after the repeal of the Stamp Act, a petition /*% was signed praying the Provincial Assembly to erect a statue in honor of the "Great Commoner" Pitt. Pitt had been instrumental in Parliament in securing the repeal and was idolized by the people. The Assembly complied and also voted an equestrian statue of the King, George III. Both were erected in 1770, having been brought over from England in the same sailing vessel. The statue of Pitt was of marble, that of the King of gilded lead. Pitt's statue stood near Wall and William streets, while the King's was placed in Bowling Green. The float shows the Americans pulling down the statue of George III in 1776. It had no stirrups — a singular omission of the artist. The statue was hacked to pieces and melted into bullets for the American Army. The marble slab was later used as a tombstone for a British officer. The Revolutionists, in their hatred for the crown, destroyed almost every other visible symbol of royalty in the city, but overlooked the three feathers of the Prince of Wales, which were over the pulpit of St. Paul's Chapel and which remain to this day, having looked down on President Washington when he went to that church to supplicate the Almighty immediately after his inauguration. When the Loyalists controlled the city they mutilated the statue of Pitt by de- stroying its head. By a strange fatality the existing remnants of the statue of George III, with the slab on which it stood, now occupy a place in the same room with the mutilated statue of Pitt in the New York Historical Societv Building. 39 IN APRIL, 1776, the Continental Congress recommended that the colonies adopt such a government as would lead to the happiness and safety of the people. Toryism was yet strong in New York, but the people favored the movement b\- a large majority and elected a new convention. It assembled at White Plains in July to frame a State Constitution and to exercise all the powers of government until that duty was done. In August, 1776, the convention appointed a committee, of which John Jay was chairmian, to draft a constitution. From September, 1776, to February, 1777, the convention met in Fishkill and made progress in formulating the instrument. In the latter month the convention moved to Kingston. There the draft of the Constitution, in Jay's handwriting, was submitted on March 12, 1777. The Representatives were then sitting in a stone house on the corner of Main and Fair streets. This house escaped the flames when Kingston was burned by British incendiaries in the autumn of the same year. Under consideration for more than a month, action was suddenly taken upon it on April 20 in Air. Jay's absence at his mother's deathbed. On April 22 the Constitution was i)ublished, after the manner of the times, ])\- reading it to the members of the convention and to the people. For this latter jmr- jjose Robert Benson, the secretary, standing on a barrel in front of the court house in Kingston, read the document in his clear voice to the assembled multitude. Public affairs required a speedy organization of a State government, so that the l)rovisions of the Constitution were not submitted to the people at large but were ado[)ied by their Representatives only. 4(J AFTER the battle of Monmouth, 1778, Clinton slipped away and sought refuge in New York. Washington posted his army accordingly and watched '^ the enemy, striving always to guard the Hudson to prevent the British sep- arating the colonies. In June, 1779, Clinton took possession of Stony Point and Verplanck Point and fortified them. These two points were connected by what was known as the King's Ferry, and Washington and his army crossed the Hudson more than once at this point. Its military importance can be only roughly realized at this day, as Clinton by such flank movements might soon control the Hudson. Having decided to check this movement Washington sent for Wayne and laid his plan before him. Tradition says that Wayne answered : " I will storm hell if you will plan it." This shows the confidence the army had in Washington. So on July 15, 1779, Wayne led about twelve hundred men secretly through a mountain pass to the neighborhood of Stony Point. Just before midnight he ap- proached the almost impregnable position of the British in three columns. The middle and left columns crossed a marshy strait by a narrow causeway. The right column, led by Wayne himself, waded the river up to their waists. At midnight the right and left columns, with fixed bayonets and unloaded muskets, carried the fort by storm, the only firing by the Americans being done by the middle column as a feint. It was one of the most gallant and brilliant feats of arms of the war. There Wayne won his name of "Mad Anthony." 41 BENEDICT ARNOLD commanded the post of West Point in 1780. In 1778 he was in command at Philadelphia, but lived beyond his means. Tried by court martial he was sentenced to be reprimanded by Washington, which order was carried out in the gentlest manner. A deep sense of injury ever after possessed him, and finally led him to become a traitor to his country. Opening correspondence with the enemy he arranged to surrender the post at West Point, valuable to the Americans not only from its mili- tary position, but also on account of the quantities of food and stores assembled there. A personal interview was desired to effect Arnold's foul purpose and Major Andre was selected in behalf of the British to settle the details. Andre ascended the river in the sloop of war Vulture and met Arnold on shore at night not far below Haverstraw, on September 20, 1780. Day dawned, and the arrangements were completed at Joshua Hett Smith's house near Stony Point, within the American lines. All was now settled. Clinton was to attack West Point, and Arnold, after a show of resistance, would surrender. Meanwhile the Vulture had been dri\'en away by cannon shots from Croton Point. Andre, disguised in citizen's clothes, crossed the King's Ferry with a pass made out for John Anderson, signed by Arnold. Andre had concealed the plans of West Point in his stockings. Riding alone on the highway near Tarrytown he was halted by three militiamen — Paulding, Van Wart and Williams. Arousing suspicion he was searched and the telltale papers found. He was detained, tried and finally exe- cuted at Tappan on October 2, 1780. 42 THE American Army under Washington arrived at New Windsor, near New- burgh, in October, 1782, and went into winter quarters there. The troops erected a building sufficient to contain a brigade of troops and which was subsequently known as "The Temple.' It was completed and opened on the anniversary of the French Alliance, February 6, 1783. The portal of "The Temple" and sections on each side are shown on the float. In front are the officers discussing the founding of the Cincinnati. In this building, on ]\Iay 10, 1783, the Society of the Cincinnati was instituted by the officers of the American Army, among whom were Gen. William Heath, second in command of the Army, John Knox, Baron Steuben, Nathanael Greene, Horatio Gates and Anthony Wayne. Washington was not present, but later, like man\- other officers, subscribed to the document. This institution, founded in the tield after eight years of bloody warfare, was to perpetuate the mutual friendships which had ensued. To continue its organization the eldest son of members or of officers eligible to membership were entitled to join. The French officers who fought as allies were also constituted members. This society remains to the present time as it was promulgated by the officers of the American Army, and during its period of existence has appropriated hundreds of thousands of dollars for the relief of unfortunate members, their widows and children. The restriction of membership to the eldest son of the eldest son of an officer of our Revolutionary Army has made it one of our most select patriotic societies. 43 IN 1795 John Jay, the newly elected Governor of New York, arrived from England with a new treaty, rendered necessary by the repeated violations of the former treaty alleged by each nation against the other. This treaty, which bound the United States to a strict neutrality in all wars be- tween England and other nations, was denounced by the RepubHcan party as a shameful repudiation of the obligation due by the country to France, and President Washington was besought to refuse ratification. In New York the Federalists were the stronger in wealth, the Republicans in number. On July 18, 1795, a public meeting was called to consider the Jay treaty, and the Federalists resolved to present both sides of the question to the populace. A large crowd gathered in front of the City Hall to hear the arguments. Aaron Burr and Brockholst Livingston appeared as leaders of the opposition. Alexander Hamilton and Richard Varick stood for the Federalists and the treaty. The Federalists at first took the lead in the meeting, electing a chairman. Then they proposed to adjourn the meeting. The Republicans opposed this. A motion was made to leave the matter to the decision of the President and the Senate, and the question being taken, both sides claimed a majority. A scene of violence followed, whereupon Hamilton mounted the stoop of an okl Dutch house, which stood on the corner of Wall and Broad streets, and attempted to speak in defense of the treaty, when he was knocked down from where he was speaking and dragged through the street by the excited multitude. 44 MANY of the forms of punishment which were employed in New York in the early days arc now obsolete. The most terrible was burning at the stake, as was excmpliiled during the terror of 1741. For what was regarded a lesser degree of crime plain hanging was practised upon a gibbet, which when not in use was kept publicly exposed as a warning to evildoers. Imprisonments for various periods came next in severity. There were five other forms of punishment, however, adapted to lesser crimes, which depended for their efficacy less upon their duration and severity than upon the public ridicule to which the victims were sub- jected. The most painful of these was the whipping post, to which the culprit was tied while he was publicly flogged. In the old Fort Amsterdam which stood at the foot of Bowling Green military malefactors were punished by being compelled to "ride the wooden horse" — a mild form of torture about equivalent to "riding the rail." Corporal Hans Stein was thus punished in 1639 for neglecting duty to ffirt with an Indian woman. In 1648 private Jonas Jonasen, for robbing hen roosts, was condemned to work chained to a wheelbarrow. More uncomfortable and ridiculous than actually painful was punishment in the pillory or in the stocks, which were erected in suggestive proximity to the gibbet. Least painful and most ridiculous of all was the ducking stool, reserved for common scolds in New York as well as elsewhere. The ducking stool was variously constructed, but consisted essentially of a long crossbeam, like a well sweep, to one end of which was attached a seat. In the latter was placed the culprit, who was repeatedly ducked into some body of water, by the side of which the apparatus was conveniently erected. 45 THE election of our first President was done very quietly, as there was no op- position. The eyes and hearts of all instinctively turned toward Washing- ton as the fittest man to guide the Ship of State on its first perilous voyage. He received every vote of the electoral college. John Adams was chosen \'ice- President. The Continental Congress having designated New York as the capital, the City Hall on Wall Street, at the foot of Nassau Street, was fitted up for the use of the national legislature. The new Government was to have been organized on ]March 4, 17S9. That auspicious day was greeted with the ringing of bells and booming of cannon, but owing to the horrible condition of the roads but few members of Congress were present. It was April 6 before a quorum was assembled, and the two houses j)ro- ceeded to count the electoral vote for President and \'ice-President. The Vice-President-elect reached New York on April 21 and General Washing- ton two days later. His journey from Mount Vernon was a continuous ovation. At Elizabcthport he was met by a committee from Congress and conveyed in a barge to the foot of Wall Street, where he was welcomed by the authorities, and in pro- cession he was conducted to the oflicial residence in Cherry Street, near Franklin Square, then the fashionable part of the city. At noon, April 30, the City Troop escorted Washington from this house to the City Hall, and there, on the balcony, the oath of oftke was administered to him by Chancellor Livingston. ^ 4tj IN THESE modern days of automatically propelled vehicles, when the gradual disappearance of the horse from the streets of the metropolis seems to fore- shadow the time when the form of that useful animal will be seen only in the product of the museum taxidermist's art, the old coach of Colonial days is a veritable curiosity. The Beekman coach used by Washington was a beautiful specimen of coach architecture, with its curving lines and decorative embellishments. Washington generally traveled on horseback. He was so much at home in the saddle that man and beast seemed to be one creature — a veritable centaur. On state occasions, however, he condescended to the luxury of coach riding. On April 30, 1789, when he was escorted from the first Presidential Mansion on Cherry Street to the Federal Hall, to be inaugurated as first President of the United States, the center of the procession was occupied by the "President-elect in a chariot drawn by four horses." Five and a half months later, when he made the first formal Presidential progress to Boston and New Hampshire, he set out in his own chariot, drawn by four handsome horses and attended by his two personal secretaries, Tobias Lear and ]\Iajor Jackson, on horseback. This mode of travel was less comfortable and less expedi- tious than the modern steam and electric train, with its sleeping, dining and parlor accommodations, but it was certainly more picturesque. The float representing Washington's coach, therefore, reminds the beholder not only of our national hero, but also recalls the more leisurely-going Colonial period, when men did not try to crowd into one lifetime the energy and achievements of two or three. 47 NATHAN HALE is known to every American as the author of the famous phrase, " I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country." He uttered this sentiment when, just before he was to be shot as a spy, he was asked if he had any statement to make. It was a fitting close to an intensely patri- otic life. Nathan Hale was born at Coventry, Conn., in 1750, and studied at Yale College, graduating with high honors in 1773. He taught school until the outbreak of the Revolution, first at East Haddam, till March of 1774, and then at New London till July I, 1775, when he became a first heutenant in a Connecticut regiment. His first service was in charge of a recruiting station at New London, then he took part in the siege of Boston and was promoted shortly afterward, first to captain-lieutenant and later formally commissioned a captain in the regular Continental sers'ice. Shortly after he went to New York with Heath's brigade. Early in September he volunteered to visit Long Island and New York to secure some much-needed information regarding the enemy, and which could only be secured by a spy within its lines. Disguising himself as a Dutch schoolteacher he entered the British lines, obtained the desired information, and was all ready to return when, on the night of September 21, he was recognized as an enemy and captured. He was given no consideration and no time, but was shot the following morning. His requests for a Bible and minister were denied him, and farewell letters which he wrote, to be sent to his relatives, were burned before his eyes. 48 \ > t ON NOVEMBER 25, 1783, the British troops were withdrawn from New York City and the American army took possession. During the next few days the Commander-in-Chief was tendered many receptions. On December 4 Washington bade farewell to his officers in the Long Room of Fraunces' Tavern at Pearl and Broad streets. Col. Tallmadge, describing the scene, says : "We had been assembled but a few moments when His Excellency entered the room. His emotion, too strong to be concealed, seemed to be reciprocated by every officer present. After partaking of a slight refreshment in almost breathless silence the General filled his glass with wine and turning to the officers said : ' With a heart full of love and gratitude I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable.' After the officers had taken a glass of wine the General added : ' I cannot come to each of you, but shall feel obliged if each of you will come and take me by the hand.' General Knox, being the nearest to him, turned to the Commander-in-Chief, who, suffused in tears, was incapable of utterance but grasped his hand, when they embraced each other in silence. "In the same affectionate manner every officer parted from his Commander-in- Chief. Washington now left the room and proceeded between lines of soldiers to his barge at the foot of Whitehall Slip, embarked and, taking off his hat, waved a final farewell to the assembled multitude." Fraunces' Tavern is preserved by the Sons of the Revolution. 49 AC CORDING to Washington Irving's tale Rip Van Winkle, an intemperate r\ but good-natured Dutchman, and his dog Wolf wandered off into the Catskills for a day's shooting. Night came on and before turning home- ward Rip threw himself down to rest upon a grassy knoll above a rocky precipice. Looking down into the shadowy glen he saw a strange figure dressed in ancient Dutch fashion toiling up the mountain side, bending under the weight of a huge cask. Rip followed him to an opening in the mountains, where a company of quaint personages were playing at bowls. The latter invited Rip to drink with them, and he had no sooner tasted the liquor than he fell into a deep slumber, from which he woke to fmd that he had slept for twenty years. In time Rip's adventures became the talk of the village, whose oldest inhabitant affirmed that it was a fact, handed down from his ancestor, the historian, that the Catskill Mountains had always been haunted by strange beings; that it was affirmed that Henry Hudson, the discoverer of the river and country, kept a kind of vigil there every twenty years, with his crew of the Half Moon, being permitted in this way to revisit the scenes of his enterprise and keep a guardian eye upon the great river called by his name ; that his father had once seen them in their old Dutch dresses playing at ninepins in a hollow of the mountains, and that he himself had heard one summer afternoon the sound of their balls, like distant peals of thunder. This is probably the most famous legend of the Hudson Valley and has been particularly endeared to the American people by the impersonation of the title character by the late Joseph Jefferson in the play of "Rip Van Winkle." 50 SLEEPY HOLLOW is a charming vale just north of Tarrytown through which runs the Pocantico River. It was a favorite haunt of Irving. The church at Sleepy Hollow, erected by the Lord of the Manor of Philipse, is the oldest church in this part of the country. Irving, in one of his deftly drawn sketches, has given us the legend of the locality. Ichabod Crane, a New England schoolteacher, aspired to the hand of Katrine, daughter of Baltus Van Tassel, and in so doing incurred the rivalry of Brom Bones. After feasting at Van Tassel's fireside homestead tales of eerie things were told, not the least spookish being Brom Bones's adventure with a headless horseman. As Ichabod, heavy hearted, pursued his way homeward among the lofty hills above Tarrytown all the tales of ghosts and goblins which he had heard now crowded upon his imagination. He passed through a wooded glen known as Wiley's Swamp and approached with thumping heart the rough log bridge which spanned the stream. Just then, in the shadow of the grove, he beheld something huge and mis- shapen, which, with a scramble and a bound, jumped into the middle of the road. An instant later Ichabod with horror saw in relief against the sky a gigantic traveler muffled in a cloak. The horseman was headless but carried his head in his hand ! The bridge was in sight, with the church beyond, and dispelled Ichabod's fears. Spurring over the bridge Ichabod looked behind, hoping to lose his ghostly visitor. But no ; the goblin, rising in his stirrups, hurled his head at him. The next day Ichabod's horse returned home without his saddle. Ichabod was never found. 51 T MODERN PERIOD (HIS car introduces the historical floats depicting scenes in the United States and Modern Period. The growth of the Commonweahh during this period cannot adequately be portrayed in a short pageant like this, and only a few salient events have been selected. Of the subjects presented by the city's history in this period there can be no doubt of the cardinal importance of the two relating to the Hudson Ri\er — the inauguration of steam navigation and the opening of the Erie Canal. Both of these achievements had a powerful et'fect upon the commerce of the city of New York and contributed immeasurably to its upbuilding. Their effect, however, was more than local. While in one sense they increased the im])ortance of the Hudson River, yet in another they diminished it, for by lengthening its water communications to the Great Lakes on one side and by facilitating its ocean communications on the other, they have made the river a comparatively short link of 150 miles in the longer route by which the products of the West are carried from lakes Superior and Michigan to Europe. Many men contributed to the success which was fmally achieved in the successful establishment of steam navigation, and many men contributed to the success of the then stuj)endous j)roject of building the Erie Canal, but those who contributed most to those two achievements are the two men whose names are sj)ontaneously recalled by the sight of the representations of the Clermont and the canal boat — Robert Fulton and De Witt Clinton. ROBERT FULTON was born on November 14, 1765, in Little Britain, Pa., but his family moved to Lancaster, Pa., when he was three years old. There he went to school and developed two traits seldom found in one person — the love of art and of mechanics. Known publicly for his mechanical genius his ability as an artist is overlooked. No one who visits the exhibit of his works held at The New York Historical Society can fail to be impressed with his many-sided character. Studying in England and France, his inventions in steam navagation and torpedo warfare attracted wide attention. Napoleon is said to have regretted, when a captive on his way to St. Helena, that he had accepted the views of others as to the practicability of Fulton's inventions. The science of torpedo warfare dates from his inventions. In 1807, aided financially by Chancellor Livingston, he had constructed in New York a vessel to be propelled by side paddle wheels driven by steam. No detailed plans of the boat remain and even its size is uncertain, but sufficient data exists to reconstruct the ship in all essentials. He named the boat after Chancellor Livingston's country seat, Clermont. On August 17, 1807, there appeared in the newspaper an advertisement which stated that the Clermont would sail on that day for Albany, On that date the steamer started without a hitch, her uncovered paddle wheels splashing water all over the decks. On her return, on the 21st, the populace doubted that the trip had been made to Albanv and back. 53 OF THE achievements of Fulton, that which is known least about is probably the fact that he 0])erated the second steam ferry across the Hudson River. His boat ran from Cortlandt Street to Jersey City, and was started five years after the Cknnonl had first steamed up the Hudson. John Stevens, of Hol^oken, who navigated the Hudson with a steamboat a few days after Fulton, anticipated him in the ferry business by starting a ferry in October of i8i r. Fulton's account of his ferry is interesting. He says : " It crosses the river, which is a mile and a half broad, when it is calm, in fifteen minutes; the average time is twenty minutes. She has had in her at one time eight four-wheeler carriages, twenty-nine horses and one hundred passengers, and could have taken three hun- dred persons more." The boat consisted of two hulls, each 80 feet long and of 10 feet beam, separated by a space of 10 feet. The paddle wheel was in the space between the hulls, j)ro- tected from ice and collision. She was arranged so that she could run both ways, ha\ing a balanced rudder at either end. Fulton also devised the ferry bridge landing almost precisel\- as it exists to-day. Fulton's estimate of the cost of running a ferryboat for one year was very moderate compared with the ex])ense of running a modern ferry. His estimate for running one boat one year in i8ro was $4,160, while it costs $192,908 a year on the average to run one of the municij)al ferryboats between Manhattan Island and Staten Island. The develojjment of the ferry system is indicated by the fact that in 1907 all the ferries of New York City carried 2 if), 932, 549 passengers. .34 ^i t\FAYETTE had revisited the scenes of war and his beloved Washington in 1 784. Returning to his home he bore a noble part in the French Revolution, yet was forced to flee to Austria, where he was imprisoned and only set free by Napoleon after his victories. After forty years, or in 1824, he conceived the wish to revisit the United States. A vessel was placed at his disposal by the x'\merican Government, but he declined, as he wished to come as a private citizen. He took passage with his son, George Washington Lafayette, on a packet, and the ship anchored off Staten Island on August 15, 1824. Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President of the United States, who resided on Staten Island, called and persuaded Lafayette to spend the night with him. The next day a brilliant naval procession proceeded to Staten Island and dressed ship in his honor. Lafayette was taken by surprise, but found the nation insisted on his being their guest. A steamship took him aboard and with salvos of artillery he landed at the Battery, now the Aquarium, then connected with the mainland by a bridge. First reviewing the military he was escorted to the City Hall, where the mayor made an address, assuring him he was the city's guest. He was then driven to the City Hotel, at the corner of Broadway and Cedar Street, and feted in many ways. In September, 1825, he returned home in the United States frigate Brandy- wine, named after the first battle in which he fought for our nation's liberty and in which he received his first wound. Lafayette scorned titles and always wished to be known as "Washington's friend." THE great canal which traverses the State of New York from the Hudson River to Lake Erie is 363 miles long. Who first conceived the grand idea of wedding the Great Lakes and the beautiful river is an unsolved problem. Perhaps it was Washington, who gave early attention to canal development. Perhaps it was Joel Barlow, the poet, who as early as the year 1787 gave to the world his "Vision of Columbia," in which he saw : Canals, long winding, ope a watery flight, And distant streams, and seas and lakes unite. In the spring of 181 7 the Legislature authorized the beginning of the construction of the canal. The middle section, extending from the Seneca River to Utica, including a branch from Syracuse to Onondaga Lake, was navigable in 1819. The great work was completed in 1825, and the first boat — The Seneca Chief — with Governor De Witt Clinton on board, passed from Lake Erie to the Hudson late in the autumn of that year. The original cost of the canal was over $9,000,000. It was a little over eight years in building. The State is now spending over Sioo,ooo,ooo in enlarging it. The effect of the opening of the canal upon the prosperity of New York City was very marked. Before the canal was built New York ranked second in size to Phila- delphia. \\"\\\\ the increased commerce, which came largely as the result of the building of the canal. New York became the metropolis. For the building of the canal the State is indebted to De Witt Clinton more than to anv other individual. 56 BEFORE the introduction into large cities of the supply of water by pipes, and when steam had not yet been applied to portable engines, the old hand fire engine occupied an important position. Volunteer organizations of necessity, the fire companies "ran with the ma- chine" when the alarm was sounded by the clanging of bells. The "engine" consisted of a pump manned by men who exerted their power on long hand levers projecting on each side of the machine and raised and lowered alternately. As many as ten or fifteen could work on each lever arm at a time. At first the water was pumped from a cistern on the machine, kept filled by buckets — later from cisterns or from the city hydrants. By the modern high-pressure system in lower New York fire engines may be dispensed with in that section. The machine shown here is an exact reproduction of one actually used in New York previous to the year 1850 and still carefully preserved by the veteran firemen in their headquarters in Fifty-ninth Street. Marching with this float, as an escort, in their old dress uniform, and manning it as they did of old, are the veteran firemen, whose post of duty was that of danger and not of show. Often we hear of the chiefs of the department, who undoubtedly deserv'e praise, but seldom is the individual private singled out for his share of praise. This is as true to-day as of old. Should this display arouse enthusiasm for our "fire laddies" of former days, to have a proper history written of their exploits, it will have served its part. WITH subways under the streets of New York, and tubes connecting the business center with New Jersey and Brooklyn, it requires some imagi- nation to carry one back to 1830, when the first rapid transit in the shape of a coach or omnibus Hne started in New York, New York had then not extended northward beyond Houston Street. In 1836 Kipp and Brown started their well known line of busses, and from that date on until 1886, when Broadway was torn up for a cable line, new lines and routes increased. Street car lines threatened their existence, but, being drawn by horses and con- fined to tracks, were often subject to delays which a stage could avoid. In winter the cars were practically useless when heavy snow blocked the way. Our fathers relate that winters were more severe in their youth — perhaps the days when the omnibus was abandoned and the old four-horse sleigh substituted as the common carrier may have unduly impressed them. On those days the snow was not removed by the street-cleaning department. Wheeled vehicles were rare after the first heavy snowfall, and the sleighing lasted longer. Then it was that the familiar stage with its jolly driver, who gave change through an opening behind him and whose attention was attracted by a strap which at one end w'as attached to the door and at the other passed under his foot, would give up his coach for the jolly sleigh shown on the float. Sleighriding in New York City is now an almost unknown indulgence, partly because less snow falls than in former years, partly because when it does fall it is necessary to remove it from the streets at once to facilitate traffic. 58 ^ GIUSEPPE Gx\RIBALDI, the Italian patriot and liberator, was born in Nice, July 4, 1807. His father was a sailor, and the son adopted the father's calling. At the age of twenty-three he commanded a brig. About this time he became interested in the Italian national movement, which became the absorbing passion of his life. In 1833 ^^ ^^^ Mazzini and other leaders of Young Italy. Involved in the outbreak in Genoa in 1834 he was condemned to death, fled to France, then went to sea. In 1848 he joined the uprising in northern Italy against Austria and next year joined the revolutionary movement in Rome. After the retreat of 1849 ^^ ^^^1 ^^'^'^^'' ^''is wife to America and resided in voluntary exile at Clifton, Staten Island. At Clifton he was the guest of Antonio Meucci (the inventor of the telephone, as the United States Supreme Court declared against Mr. Bell) and helped him in manufacturing candles. Garibaldi never spoke about Italy and her lamentable conditions, and when questioned he always answered: "To free Italy it is necessary to act and not to speak." From the United States he sailed twice for China and Peru. Some capi- talists of Genoa having bought the ship Commonweallh in Baltimore, Garibaldi took the command and returned to Europe. When at Clifton he was still suffer- ing from a wound in the neck inflicted at the battle of San Antonio, Uruguay, when fighting for the liberty of that South American colony. On his return to Europe he went to London, where he met again the great agi- tator, Mazzini, and took part in all the battles for the freedom and independence of Italv. 59 THE water supply in New York, up to and after the Revolution, came princi- pally from seven city pumps, which was not at all satisfactory or healthful. In 1799 the Manhattan Company secured a charter for supplying the city with water and "other business." Banking was their object in reality, but as a pre- tense they erected a tank at the corner of Reade and Elm streets, which was supplied with water from dug wells and from the Collect Pond. The water was distributed in wooden pipes. In December, 1835, occurred the big fire in New York, causing the enormous loss, for those days, of over eighteen millions of dollars. A plan to draw water from the Croton River had been proposed that year, but the cost seemed excessive. It was put to vote and carried by a large majority. A dam was built across the Croton River, making a basin holding five hundred million gallons of water. To carry the water to the city an aqueduct was con- structed, which was carried over the Harlem River on that beautiful "High Bridge" in large iron pipes to the reservoir in (now) Central Park and a distributing reservoir on Murray Hill, where the Public Library has been erected. In 1842 the work was so far completed as to admit water to the city. On Octo- ber 14 a monster demonstration and parade were made. In City Hall Park, where the United States Postoffice now stands, was a huge fountain, playing over sixty feet high. The procession passed here, marching down Broadway and turning up Park Row, and was one of the largest ever known. At the banquet in the evening no wines were offered, only Croton water. 60 SOON after the establishment of the French Repubhc in 1870, M, Laboulaye suggested a memorial to the United States to show the relations of friendship between the two nations ever since the beginning of the American Revolution of 1776. The expression of feeling was to take the form of a colossal figure of Liberty Enlightening the World, to be placed in New York Harbor. The sculptor selected was Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, who designed the statue of Lafayette now in Union Square. On his visit in 1876, for the formal unveiling of the Lafayette statue, he selected Bedloe's Island as the most appropriate site for his statue of Liberty. The design for the pedestal was that of Richard M. Hunt. Popular subscriptions to erect the pedestal were called for, the gift having been made by voluntary offerings of the French, and after a few setbacks the required sum was obtained. On June 17, 1885, the bronze plates composing the figure arrived in New York on the French transport Isere. National honors were rendered, and on October 28, 1886, when the figure was formally accepted, the French and American nations vied with one another to give due honors. The unveiling was seen by few, owing to the inclement weather, but the naval parade, together with the military and civic functions, gave evidence of the deep feeling that the Americans had for their friends of a sister republic. The statue is now a government lighthouse, welcoming all foreigners to our shores. 61 SYMBOLIC of New York, as the Puritan is of Boston and the Quaker of Philadelphia, we now see Father Knickerbocker receiving the salutations of those nations whose sons have come to these shores. With benignant smile and ready welcome the Empire State is here represented as welcoming all those foreign nationalities who in large numbers flock to our shores and under our laws, recognizing that Liberty does not spell "License," are prepared to become members and patriots of "the land of the free and the home of the brave." The name Knickerbocker is derived from Diedrich Knickerbocker, the alleged author of "Knickerbocker's History of New York," written by Washington Irving. He was represented as a quaint, pedantic old Dutch character, who mysteriously disappeared, leaving behind him a manuscript which purported to give "A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty." The book was published in 1809 after a very clever piece of advertising calculated to excite the public curiosity, the advertisements calling attention to the disappear- ance of Knickerbocker. The history was designed to satirize Dr. Samuel ^Mitchell's pretentious guide book, but as a matter of fact was a satire on the Dutch and was bitterly resented by them. As there was no standard, authentic history of New York at the time, many people accepted Irving's whimsical production as a true picture of the founders of New York. In the same innocently whimsical vein in which Irving conceived his character, Father Knickerbocker has been popularly adopted as the patron saint of New York. 62 Carniijal ani ^tetorical paraUeg Committcf Mr. Herman Ridder, Chairman Mr. Herbert Adams Mr. B. Altman Col. Andrew D. Baird Mr. August Belmont Hon. William Berri Mr. George C. Boldt Hon. David A. Boody Mr. Alexander F. Bouvet Hon. George C. Clausen Hon. John Diemer Hon. Reginald S. Doull Hon. Frank L. Dowling Hon. Robert F. Downing Mr. George Ehret Mr. William Temple Emmet Mr. Frank L. Frugone Mr. Henry Fuehrer Hon. Patrick F. Flynn Mr. Frank S. Gardner Mr. T. Greidanus Hon. John D. Gunther Mr. .^.rthur H. Hearn Mr. Theodore Henninger Mr. Colgate Hoyt Hon. Wm. P. Kenneally Hon. Francis P. Kenney Gen. Horatio C. King Hon. Gustav Lindenthal Mr. Frank D. Millet Hon. John J. F. Mulcahy Hon. Arthur H. Murphy Mr. William C. Muschenheim Hon. Percival E. Nagle Hon. Lewis Ni.xon Mr. Eben E. Olcott Mr. William Church Osborn Mr. Bayard L. Peck Hon. Cornelius A. Pugsley Mr. Louis C. Raegener Hon. James W. Redmond Hon. David S. Rend Mr. Carl J. Roehr Mr. Jacob H. Schiff Hon. Joseph Schloss Hon. George J. Schneider Dr. Gustav Scholer Mr. John Schroers Mr. Oscar R. Seitz Mr. Louis Seligsberg Mr. William Sohmer Mr. James Speyer Hon. Louis Stern Hon. Timothy P. Sullivan Mr. Charles Swanson Mr. C. Y. Turner Mr. J. Leonard Varick Hon. Jacob J. Velten Mr. Edmund Wetmore Mr. Charles B. Wolffram Mr. Vincent W. Wovtisek l|)t£ttancal Committee Mr. S.amuel y. Hoffman, Chairman Hon. Theodore M. Banta Hon. John D. Crimmins Mr. Winchester Fitch Mr. William Homan Mr. Clarence E. Leonard Hon. Townsend Scudder Hon. Theodore H. Silkman Rev. Dr. Henry Van Dyke Hon. John S. Wise Captain of paffeantrj) Mr. a. H. Stoddard Mr. B. A. Wikstrom T>t6isntvti of JFIoatB Mr. M. K. Nash Mr. A. Sestac Mr. Joseph Damon Utetorical pageant The Historical Parade will be composed as follows, with bands of music interspersed: Mounted and unmounted Police; Hon. George B. McClellan, Mayor of Xew York, and Mr. Herman Ridder, Chairman of the Carnival and Historical Parade Committee; (jrand Marshal, Major-General Charles F. Roe, and StatT; marching Irish, Italian, Bohemian, Hungarian and Polish Societies; Her- alds, and the following floats and escorts: I — Title Car of Empire St.\te Escort, Norwegians. 2 — Title Car of Indian' Period Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Redmen. 3 — Legend of Hiawatha Characters Iroquois Indians; escort, Redmen. 4 — The Five Nations Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Redmen. 5 — The First S.a.chem of the Iroquois Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Redmen. 6 — Season of Blossoms Characters, Iroquois Indians; (-ifoW. Tammany Society. 7 — Season of Fruits Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Tammany .Society. S — Season of Hunting Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort, Tammany Society. Q — Season of Snows Characters, Iroquois Indians; escort. Tammany Society. lo — Indian War Dance Characters, Iroquois Indians; cjcor/, Tammany Society. Marching Italian and Irish Societies. II — Title Car of Dutch Period 12 — The Half Moon Characters, United Holland Societies. 13 — Fate of Henry Hudson Characters, United Holland Societies. -First Vessel of Manhattan Characters, United Holland Societies. 15 — Purchase of Manhattan Characters, United Holland Societies 16 — Bronck's Treaty with the Indians Characters, United Holland Societies; escort, United Danish Societies. -Reception of Peter Stuyvesant Characters, United Holland Societies. 18 — Bowling on Bowling Green Characters, United Holland Societies. ig — Governor Leisler and the Huguenots Characters and escort. Huguenot Society, 20 — The Dutch Doorway Characters, United Holland Societies. 21 — New Amsterdam Becomes New York Characters, United Holland Societies. 2 2 — St. Nicholas Character. United Holland Societies; escort. Children of the City History Club. 14 17 Marching Iri.sh Societies. 23 — Title Car of Colonial Period Escort, English Societies. 24 — Schuyler's Indians .\t the Palace of St. James Characters and escort. Society of Colonial War?. Marching Scotch Societies. 25 — Trial of John Peter Zenger (1734) Characters and escort. United Scotch Societies. 26 — The Stamp Act Characters and escort. Junior Order of American Me- chanics. 27 — Colonial Home Characters and escort. Patriotic Order of Sons of America. Marching Irish Societies. 28 — Governor Dongan and the Dongan Charter Characters and escort. United Irish Societies. 29 — Philipse Manor House 30 — Exploit of Marinus Willet Characters and escort, Sons of the Revolution. 31 — Destruction of Statue of George III Characters and escort. Sons of the .\merican Revolution. 32 — Publishing the State Constitution Characters and escort, Sons of the American Revolution. ^;^ — Storming of Stony Point Characters, Founders and Patriots of America; escort, .■\merican Continentals. 34 — Capture of Andre Characters, descendants of Paulding and \'an Wart, two of the captors. 35 — Order of the Cincinnati Characters and escort. Order of the Cincinnati. 36 — Hamilton's Har.-^ngue Characters and escort, Columbia University Students. 37 — Old-Time Punishments Characters and escort. Patriotic Order of Sons of .Amer- ica. 38 — Washington Taking Oath of Office Characters and escort, Washington Continental Guard. 39 — Washington's Coach Characters and escort. Sons of the American Revolution. 40 — Nathan Hale Characters and escort. College of the City of New York Students. 41 — Washington's Farewell to His Officers Characters and escort. Sons of the Revolution. -Legend of Rip Van Winkle Characters, City History Club. 43 — Legend of Sleepy Hollow 42 44 — Title Car: United St.^tes and Modern Period Marching Irish Societies. 45 — The Clermont Characters and e.'tcort. United Irish Societies. —Fulton's Ferry Characters and escort. United Scotch Societies.. -Reception of Lafayette Characters and escort. United French Societies. -Erie Canal Boat Characters and escort. United Irish Societies. Marching Veteran Firemen. 49 — Old Fire Engine Characters and e!;corl, Exempt and \'olunteer Fire- men's Associations. -Old Broadway Sleigh Characters United Danish Societies. Marching Italian Societies. -Garibaldi's House, Staten Island Characters and escort. United Italian Societies. Marching Colored Men. 52 — Introduction of Croton Water Escort, United Syrian Societies. 53 — St.a.tue of Liberty Characters and e.'tcort. United French Societies. 54 — Father Knickerbocker Receiving 50 51 64 OFFICIAL PROGRAM Consisting of 32 pages, size 9^ x 12, giving authentic informa- tion regarding the purposes of the Celebration and a full program of the events taking place each day. Containing, also, illustrations of all the floats used in the Historical and Carnival Parades. Cover in seven colors, illustrating the " Half Moon " and " Clermont." Price, postpaid, 25 Cents per Copy CARNIVAL PAGEANT SOUVENIR Consisting of 64 pages, size 4^ x 6i/^, illustrating the fifty floats of the Carnival Parade with a descriptive sketch of the subject portrayed. Cover in seven colors. Price, postpaid, 10 Cents per Copy REDFIELD BROTHERS, Inc. 311 West 43d Street, New York Sole Authorized Publishers of the above books for The Hudson -Fulton Celebration Commission i LIBRARY OF CONGRESS I III III I Hi III nil Hill I 014 109 717 9 C, Tm