F 566 .S62 u Primary Lessons IN THE Geography of Michigan SKINNER ROSBY & COMPANY CHICAGO. Book P <^^ CotfyrightN" COPVBIGHT DEPOSIT. L A Copper Falls Mi ^ ]mtchiga:n^ SCALE OF MILES t.1t 9 1|0 ^0 go 'tg 5p 6p 70 ,j-^ Geo. F. Cram, Publisher, Chicago i, Earas '^,?-'?, TAlor Mil *\ .the? '^ \Ne3t. Ctl.Mm, .^.« P E Grand '-> White Fish P_t. 1] iia^ GranK)irs1 . (IjifBI St.IgB^l APOSTLE ISLANDS ^ I? °-^,^..,% ■ \^^5^'i|^^fc^''jSS---*— -^---Eweu j;'si(1naw| --,Mene,y^\W NOKTHWESTEKN :SIICHIGAN \ i 1 uiu "9^1/ , ,, \' ~\Ca3eaile Jc \ K,-,,ul,lic/ '''-v/Wo>aJ Mine_ - '"' • ■ little La'kM sr„^'*V>i "^ WASHINGTON g.po North Manitou Is' ^ South Manitou Isl^ \ Gl. Sturgeon Bay Emjii S.Frankfor «^ ThompJI&riJI ISLANDS^ /^ tarf ^ Fo^t isi..^ Harbor * Bays^^ harlevcjl?^ Boyne l^j "^^^HovneJFal E.-Tor. AU.a c/Otsesu\liear Lakj^ Ra/d Oy.^''^'';^^^^?'^ Vp)ngree Frankfort^^TT^ WAT^'^'''^l'>e\Graylin5f. 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South Hav^ !-xii'"''*r. ,« „ ^„ ,, w ^ ^ jj J^^' M'ibiW?S*-^f^SS3>^^tt I ec r^e k Rl w a tt#^^iJ:!f^'^V*^a n:^zod Benton HarV iton HarV,rJb7?r' •nv?Vi-awt'on\ X'CSiiijus -^•^'l^f ' ' St Josei^^l^* I'»*-%7h.xfe;iftAthe^s TA:«rf;|>Wc jAdf ..>^il L.E^IE 3 Longitude o6 West 4 from Greenwich 5 PRIMARY LESSONS IN THE Geography of Michigan BY HUBERT M. SKINNER, PH.D. CROSBY (& COMPANY CHICAGO. UBSARY of CONGRESS Two Cootes Received MAR 14 1906 /^ CopyriffM Entry CLASS CO XXc. No. ' ^ COPY B. COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY J. W. CROSBY. TO THE TEACHER. Michigan is an ideal state for the study of geography, geology, history, industries, and economics. In the prep- aration of this little book, something of each of these has been foreshadowed in primary lessons. The aim has not been merely to impart new informa- tion, but also to bring out whatever of pertinent ideas the pupil may already possess, and to develop his powers of original thought, natural deduction, and easy expression. Each of the simple lessons presented herein may be extended indefinitely with oral exercises. Nothing should be passed until it is fully understood. A large map of Michigan should be in use in every recitation, and constant reference should be made to it in illustration of the lesson. CONTENTS. Chapter First — Natural and Political Divisions 7 Cha^'ter Second — Physical Geography of Michigan. 14 Chapter Third — More about the State of Michigan 20 Chapter Fourth — The Industries of Michigan 26 Chapter Fifth— Something of the History of Michigan 31 Chapter Sixth — More of the History of Michigan 37 Chapter Seventh — An Imaginary Journey 43 Chapter Eighth — Other Imaginary Journeys 54 Chapter Ninth — Arms and Historic Names of Michigan 61 Primary Lessons In The Geography of Michigan, CHAPTER FIRST. Natural and Political Divisions. I When we speak of Michigan, what do we mean? What is Michigan? Yes, it is a State. Do you know of any other States? Indiana is a State, and Ohio is a State, and they are both south of Michigan. There are many other States in this great country. Generally there are a good many counties in a State; and in these counties are cities and towns and villages and farms. It takes a large amount of ground and a great many people to form a State. Every State has a capital city, in which the State laws are made, and in which the State officers live. When the people of this country made it into States they had men divide the land among these and keep a careful account of the lines between them, so that every one might know in which State he lived. Men who do work of this kind are called surveyors. When the coun- ties were formed, the surveyors marked out the lines around them in the same way. And this was done also when cities were built. 8 States and counties and cities are called political di- visions. They are formed by men. There are other di- visions, which are called natural divisions, of land and water. Where we see some land entirely surrounded by water, what do we call it? We call it an island. Is an island a natural division or a political division of land? Who made the islands? Is a hill a natural division of land? Who made the hills? What do we call a very high hill? We call it a mountain. Is a mountain a natural division of land? Is a creek or stream a natural division of water? What do we call a large stream of water flowing through the land? We call it a river. Is a river a natural di- vision of water? Is a lake? Who made the lakes? Sometimes a body of land may be nearly surrounded by water. What do we call it then? We call it a penin- sula. Michigan is made up of two great peninsulas, and a number of islands. The great peninsulas are called the Southern Peninsula and the Northern Peninsula. In which of these do we live? The great peninsulas have many little peninsulas running out into the Great Lakes, which nearly surround them. Let us see what Michigan looks like upon the map. If you will put a mitten upon your left hand, and then place your hand, with the palm downward, upon a piece of paper, and trace with a pencil the outline of the mitten, you will find that it looks somewhat like the map of the Southern Peninsula — enough like the map to remind you of it. QUESTIONS. What is Michigan? What are some of the things which all States have? Give the names of three States that you know. Who make political divisions of the land? Are States poUtical divisions? Are counties? Are cities? Who made the natural divisions of land and water? Give the names of two natural divisions of land. Give the names of two natural divisions of water. What is a peninsula? How many great peninsulas are there in Michigan? What are they called? Do we live in the Northern Peninsula or in the South- ern Peninsula? Are there any little peninsulas in Michigan? II West of the Southern Peninsula is a very large lake, which we call Lake Michigan. East of the Southern Peninsula are two other vast lakes, which we call Lake Huron and Lake Erie ; and between them is a much small- er lake, which we call Lake St. Clair. What do we call a narrow passage of water connecting two larger bodies of water? We call it a strait. The word strait means narrow. We must notice the difference between this word and the word straight^ which means not crooked. There is a very famous strait at the north end of the Southern Peninsula. This is called the Strait of Mackinaw. It separates the Southern Peninsula from the Northern Peninsula. There are two important straits to the east of the Southern Peninsula. They are so long that they are called rivers. They are called the St. Clair River and the Detroit River. The St. Clair River flows from Lake Huron into Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River flows from Lake St. Clair into Lake Erie. 10 Which way does the water in Lake Michigan flow? It flows northward, and then eastward through the Strait of Mackinaw, into Lake Huron. The water of Lake Huron flows southward, through the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River, into Lake Erie. Then it flows into another great lake and into a long river, and finally it reaches the ocean, which is the largest natural division of water. So we see that the water flows around three sides of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. Look on the map, and see how it does this. Sometimes the water extends into the land. What do we call this natural division of water? We call it a gulf, or hay. There are many little bays and two large ones in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. The large bay on the east side is called Saginaw Bay. It represents the opening between the thumb and the rest of the mitten, in the drawing which we talked about. The large bay in the northwestern part of the Southern Peninsula is called Grand Traverse Bay. We might imagine it to represent a torn place in the mitten. The Northern Peninsula lies between Lake Michigan and the greatest of all the American lakes, which we call Lake Superior. This peninsula also borders upon Lake Huron. Between Lake Superior and Lake Huron is a natural division of water. W^hat did we call a narrow body of water connecting two larger ones? Sometimes we called it a strait, and sometimes we called it a river. This time we give it a still different name. We call it the 11 Sault, or ''Soo/^ when we speak of the one connecting Lake Superior and Lake Huron. This strait is called the Sault Ste. Marie. . S-a-u-1-t is a very strange way to spell '^Soo/^ is it not? Ste. is the abbreviation of the word Sainte. This is also spelt in a strange way. We spell the words as the French spelt them, when they came to Michigan long ago, as we shall learn later on. QUESTIONS. What is a strait? What famous strait Hes between the Northern Peninsula and the Southern Peninsula? On which side of the South- ern Peninsula are there two famous straits? What are they called? Why are they called rivers? Where is Lake Michigan? Where is Lake Huron? Where is Lake St. Clair? Which way does the water of Lake Michigan flow? Show on the map how the water flows about the Southern Peninsula. Where is the Sault Ste. Marie? What is the Sault? What is meant by the abbreviation Stef III Now let us see who are the neighbors of the people of Michigan. South of us are the two States that we mentioned before. What are they? They are Indiana and Ohio. South-west of the Northern Peninsula is the State of Wisconsin. East and north of Michigan, lying beyond the lakes and the straits, we do not find any States at all, but another country, which is called the Dominion of Canada. The great political divisions of the Dominion are not called States, but Provinces, and the Province lying east and north of Michigan is called the Province of Ontario. 12 Now let us see what we have learned about Michigan. Is the State a natural division, or a political division? What two great natural divisions are found in this polit- ical division? What smaller natural divisions? What States are south of the Southern Peninsula? What State is south-west of the Northern Peninsula? Let us write down the natural divisions of land that we have learned, — islands, peninsulas, hills, mountains. Now let us write the names of the natural divisions of water, — lakes, straits, rivers, creeks, and the great ocean. Now let us write the names of the four very important straits of Michigan, — The Strait of Mackinaw, the Sault Ste. Marie, the St. Clair River, and the Detroit River. What do we call a part of the land which is covered with trees? Yes, we call it the woods, or we call it a forest. What do we call a portion of land that contains no trees? We call it a prairie. Are there many small prairies in Michigan? Yes, a large number; and they are used very generally for farming. Sometimes a forest disappears, for the men cut down all the trees for lumber or for fire- wood. The place where the forest was is then called a clearing. Clearings often make good farms. Did you ever see a mountain? Are there any mount- ains in the Southern Peninsula? No, there are none. A range of mountains is a row of mountains. Did you ever see a range of mountains? Are there any mountains in the Northern Peninsula? Yes, there are the Porcu- pine Mountains and the Mineral Range, which form the backbone of the smaller peninsula which runs into Lake 13 Superior from the Northern Peninsula, and they extend down toward the south-west as far as Wisconsin. What very valuable metals are found in the region of these mountains? These are iron and copper. The iron and copper mines of the Northern Peninsula are exceedingly valuable. QUESTIONS. What are Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin? W^here is Indiana? Where is Ohio? Where is Wisconsin? In what direction from the Northern Peninsula is Wisconsin? In what direction is it from this place where we live? What is a forest? What is a prairie? What is a clearing? What is a mountain? Where are the Porcupine Mountains? Where is the Mineral Range of mountains? What is a range of mountains? What valuable metals are found in the mountains of the Northern Peninsula? 14 CHAPTER SECOND. Physical Geography of Michigan. I What is the largest division of water? It is an ocean. What can you say of the water of the ocean? Is it fresh or salt? Is it very salt? Did you ever taste any of it? Some large bodies of water not so large as an ocean have salt water. These bodies are called seas. Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie are called Great Lakes, because of their size. No lakes so large as these were known until these were discovered. They seem almost large enough to be called seas. Is the water of these lakes salt? How is the water supplied to these Great Lakes, so as to keep up the amount, when water is flowing out of them all the time? The pure water of our creeks and rivers, flowing into the Great Lakes, keeps them full. Where does the water come from that fills the creeks and rivers, and is carried by them into the Great Lakes? Of course, as we all know, it falls upon the ground, in the form of rain or snow. When the rain falls, and when the snow melts in the spring, the water soaks into the ground. At some low place, generally on the side of a hill, the water often runs forth from a little opening in the ground, and forms the beginning of a stream. What do we call such an opening? We call it a spring. In some countries 15 they call it a fountain. Did you ever see a fountain? What is the difference between a fountain and a spring? Do men make fountains? ,Who makes springs? Besides the water which soaks into the ground and comes forth again through the mouth of a spring, much of it runs down the hillsides, and goes directly into the streams which flow through the land. The State of Michigan is not so cold as it would be if there were no Great Lakes about it. The Great Lakes are of value to Michigan in other ways than this. They form a great highway for ships employed in trading with the people of the other States and with the people of the Dominion. They supply many hundreds of miles of beautiful scenery, which is very much enjoyed in the summer time, and which attracts many people from other States to visit our State in the season of vacation. The Great Lakes contain great numbers of fish of vari- ous kinds. We can see how the ground of Michigan slopes, by looking on the map and noting the way in which the river runs. The western half of the lower peninsula slopes to the westward, and the eastern half to the eastward. When a river is deep enough for steamboats to pass up and down it, we say it is a navigable river. Are there any large navigable rivers in Michigan? No, there is none. We have many rivers, it is true, but they are generally narrow, and they are apt to have swift currents, so that they cannot be used advantageously by large boats. Some of them are of great service, however, in floating 16 down the logs of trees which are cut upon their banks. The logs are floated down to the places where the mills are built, and this saves a great deal of labor in the moving of heavy timber. At the mills, the logs are sawn into lumber. Scene on the Clinton River. QUESTIONS. What is an ocean? What can you tell of the water of the ocean? Give the names of four of the Great Lakes. Why are they called Great Lakes? Tell some good which the Great Lakes do to Michigan. How can we tell in what direction the land slopes, by looking on the map? What is a river? What is a navigable river? Has Michigan many rivers? Has it any large navigable rivers? How are the rivers of Michigan useful to the men who own lumber mills? II. Besides the rivers and creeks, there are a great many little lakes in Michigan. Perhaps no one has counted all 17 of them, but there are about five thousand little lakes in the State. Often these are very beautiful. Sometimes there are springs in the bottoms of the lakes, and some- times little lakes are supplied wholly by the streams which flow into them. What do we mean when we speak of the soil? We mean the ground. Let us study something about the soil of Michigan. Deep down under the ground there are rocks, upon which the land is built up. Over these rocks lies the soil. It is the kind of land which is called drift. The science of geology, which you may study in years to come, tells us a great deal about this drift. It is made up chiefly of clay, sand, gravel, and big stones which we call boulders. This drift was not always here where we find it to- day. It was brought down from the regions far to the north, in what is now called the Dominion of Canada. Ages and ages ago, before the land was prepared for men to live upon it, there came a time when it was very, very cold in the regions to the north, and an immense mass of ice was formed, hundreds of miles wide, and perhaps hundreds of feet high, which covered the northern country. The ice was gradually pushed southward, in a manner which is explained in books of geology, until it covered the whole Peninsula. As the ice was pushed southward, it acted like a great plow, or scraper; and it dug up and pushed before it huge masses of rocks, which it ground into clay and sand. In this way the clay and sand were brought hither. Not all the big pieces of rock which 18 were pushed b}^ the ice were crushed and ground up by it. Often we find in Michigan the large stones which we call boulders, which were left by the mass of ice, when this began to melt. A great mass of moving ice is called a glacier; and the time when the glaciers were at work is known as the Glacial period. Nobody knows how long ago this was, but it was many thousands of years ago. The heavy ice scooped out hollows here and there, forming valleys and lake beds. When great masses of ice melted, they formed rivers and lakes. QUESTIONS. Are there a great many lakes in Michigan? Are they generally large or small? Are they apt to be pretty? How many small lakes do you know about? Where does the water of the little lakes come from? What is the soilf What kind of land is called drift? What do we call thebigstones that we find on the land? Were the boulders always here? Where do we find them? Was the drift? Where did this come from? What is glacier? Are there any glaciers in Michigan now? What did the glaciers do in this country, many thousands of years ago? Ill What is mndf It is chiefly made up of the sub- stance which the chemists call silica. Men make silica into glass. What do we mean when we say that glass is transparent f We mean that we can see through it clearly . Can you see anything that looks like glass in the grains of sand, when you examine them carefully? Clay also con- tains a great deal of silica. 19 In addition to the sand and clay, we find that the soil contains a good deal of matter which formerly made up the bodies of plants and animals. When leaves and logs die, they slowly decay, like the bodies of dead ani- mals; and the decayed substances are added to the soil and enrich it, and cause it to yield better crops. The substance which is made of decayed plants and bodies of animals is called mold. When there is a great deal of mold in the soil, we say that the soil is rich. We mean, by this, that it will produce a great deal of the things which the farmer plants. Sometimes the soil is found to have but little mold, and the farmer cannot raise much upon it. Sand does not make the soil rich, but it makes It warm, and it allows the water to soak away through It; and so it is not a bad thing for the soil to have some sand in it. The farms in Michigan contain different kinds of soil. Some are good for one thing, and some are good for another, so that farmers of Michigan raise many varieties of products. Varieties means different kinds, QUESTIONS. What is sand? What do men make of silica? What is meant by transparent? Does clay contain much silica? What is mold? Does mold make the soil rich? Does sand? What good does sand do to the soil? W^hatis meant by varieties of products? What is meant by varieties of soil? 20 CHAPTER THIRD. More About the State of Michigan. I In this great country which we call the United States, there are 45 States. Some of these are very large, and some are very small. Michigan is a large State. There are only eighteen States that contain more land than Michigan, and there are only eight that contain a greater number of people. What do we call the number of people living in a State? We call it the population. There are only eight States that have a greater population than Michigan has, and there are thirty-six that have a smaller population. A State is divided into counties, for convenience in matters of government. We have noted before that the capital of Michigan is the city of Lansing, which is the place where the laws of Michigan are made, and where the State officers live. Every county has a kind of capital, which we call a county seat. To this town or city the people must come to have important papers, such as deeds, recorded, and to transact business they may have in court, such as the settlement of difficulties and disputes between different citizens, the settlement of estates, etc. In some States, where the counties are ver}^ large, the farmers and others often have to travel 21 a long distance to reach the county seat. It is much more convenient to have the counties smaller. If you count them, you will find that there are eighty-three counties in Michigan. Of these, there are six- ty-nine in the Southern Peninsula, and fourteen in the Northern Peninsula. A glance at the map will show you that a very large number of the counties of the Southern Peninsula are nearly square. The country is so level that it was easy to have the boundary lines run straight north- and-south and east-and-west. Where the country is a good deal broken by mountains and rivers, it is often very inconvenient to lay out the counties in this way. If you will look at the map of the Northern Peninsula, you will find that the counties are not nearly so regular as they are in the Southern. QUESTIONS. What is the name of our country? How many States does it contain? Is Michigan a large State? How many states in this country contain more land than Michigan? How many contain less? What is meant by population? How many States are larger in population than Michigan? How many aie smaller in population? What is the capital city of a State? What is a county seat? lor what purposes do the people living in all parts of the county have to visit the county seat ? Why is it an advantage to some of the farmers to have the counties small? How many counties are there in Michigan? How many are in the Northern Peninsula? How many are in the Southern Peninsula? In what kind of country are the counties apt to be nearly square? In what kind of country is it difficult to make them square? 22 II There are several interesting islands belonging to the State of Michigan. One of these is Mackinac Island, in Lake Huron, near the Strait of Mackinaw. We shall learn some- thing more about this when we study the history of Michigan. Near to Mackinac Island is a larger island, called Bois Blanc (bob-lo) . The name means white wood. It is a French name. Like most French names, it is spelt in a way that seems very singular to us. The largest island in Lake Mich- igan is Beaver Island. Near it are Little Beaver Island, Garden Island, Hog Island, and some other small islands. Further up the lake are North Fox Island and South Fox Island. Still further up are North Manitou and South Manitou Islands. The word Manitou is an Indian word, meaning God. Now let us compare our State of Michigan with some of the other States. Perhaps you have all heard of Georgia, which is often called the Empire State of the South, and which supplies to us such an abundance of watermelons, peanuts, rice, and cotton. In the amount of land, Michigan is the next smaller than Georgia, and it is the next larger than Florida. It is considerably larger than Illinois or Wisconsin. Georgia and Florida are both Arch Rock on Mackinac Island. 23 a long way off. You will study about them when you are older. In population, Michigan is the next smaller than Indiana, and the next larger than Iowa. The amount of land which a State contains is called its area. The area of Michigan is 58,915 miles. It is not easy to remember these figures, and it is not necessary that we should do so. ^Vhen we state a thing not quite correctly, but nearly so, we say that we state it approximately. Often it is con- venient to state very large numbers approximately, be- cause we can thus remember them more easily. Let us remember, then, that Michigan has less than sixty thou- sand square miles, and nearly two and one half millions of people. Let us see if we can remember these approxi- mate statements. The largest city in Michigan, which is the City of Detroit, contains a population of 285,704. Let us say, approximately, that its population is two hundred and eighty-six thousand. This is almost exactly the same as the population of Milwaukee, Wis. It is also almost the same as the population of the famous city of New Orleans, away down south, near the Gulf of Mexico. QUESTIONS. What is an island? Are there any islands in the State of Mich- igan? Give the names of two of these. What is the area of a State? What State is next larger than Michigan in area? What do we mean when we speak of stating numbers aproximately? What is the approximate area of Michigan? What is the approximate popula- tion? Why do we often state very large numbers approximately, rather than exactly? What is the largest city in Michigan? With what other cities is it compared in size? 24 III AVhat important building in the county seat belongs to the county? The court house; but often there are other buildings belonging to the county in the county seat, such as the jail, the asylum for the poor, etc. Court is held in the court house, and nearly always the county officers, such as the County Treasurer, the County Clerk, etc., have their offices in the same building. Michigan has many thriving cities. What do we call the chief officer of a city? We call him the mayor. There are also in each city a city treasurer, a city clerk, etc. The largest city in Michigan is Detroit, which is often called ^The City of the Straits.'^ It is called this because the people who wish to reach Detroit by water from any considerable distance north or south must go through one of the two straits. You will remember that these straits are called rivers, as we learned in a previous lesson. On which of the straits is Detroit situated? It is on the Detroit River. What do we call the largest city in a State? We call it the metropolis. Long ago this word meant ^ ^mother city,'' — that is, the oldest city in the State; and the oldest city was supposed to be the largest city. Sometimes, however, new cities grow very suddenly and build up until they are much larger than the ^ ^mother city." Is Detroit an old city? Yes, it is the oldest large city in the State,'so that we may call it the metropo- lis, for two reasons. It is a real ^ ^mother city," and it is the largest city in Michigan. 25 What important city of Michigan is on the strait which we call the St. Clair River? The city, Port Huron. What is the capital city of Michigan? Lansing is the capital. Can you state where it is on the map? Grand Rapids is the second city in size in Michigan. It is on the Grand River. Saginaw, on the Saginaw River, and Bay City, on Saginaw Bay, are also important cities . Jackson, Kalamazoo, Battle Creek, and Ann Arbor are also important cities. The city of Houghton is away up on the little peninsula running out from the Northern Peninsula. Escanaba, Marquette, and Hancock are important cities of the Northern Peninsula. QUESTIONS. Mention some building which we find at the county seat. What are some of the offices we find in it? What do we call the chief officer of a city? What do we call the largest city of a State? What did the word mean, a long time ago? Is the oldest city of a state always the largest? AVhat is the metropolis of ^lichigan? Is it an old city? What is it often called? Why is it so called? Where is Port Huron? What is the capital city of Michigan? Where is it? What is the second city in size in Michigan? On what river is it? Where is Saginaw? Where is Bay City? W^here is Jackson? Where is Kalamazoo? Where is Ann Arbor? Name four important cities of the Northern Peninsula? 26 CHAPTER FOURTH. The Industries of Michigan. I Let us see what Michigan produces. Everybody has heard of the Michigan peaches, which are so large and so juicy and so free from bitterness that they are thought to have no equal in the world. The great peach farms of Michigan lie along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. For several miles in- land there are great orchards of peaches. A very long stretch of shore, known as the ^ ^ten-mile belt/^ is the most famous region for the raising of peaches. On the east side of the State, in what is called 'The Thumb/^ great quantities of plums are produced. In other parts of the country as far north as Michigan there are apt to be late and early frosts — late frosts in the spring, and early frosts in the late summer; and then the fruit is ruined, and frequently the trees themselves are killed by the cold. The Southern Peninsula is warmer in winter, and cooler in summer, because of the Great Lakes. The water is not so cold as the land in winter, nor so hot as the land in summer; and the winds which blow over the water keep the land in a more even temper- ature than we generally find in States so far to the north. Peaches and plums are by no means the only fruits raised in Michigan. Vast quantities of apples, pears, 27 grapes, and cherries are raised. Even where the ground is marshy and poor, and where it would seem to be almost worthless, peppermint and cranberries are produced in very large amounts. The peppermint is used for the manufacture of peppermint oil, which is used for flavoring candies, etc., and also for medicinal purposes. Michigan is famous also for its vegetables. The interior of the lower Peninsula, in the Southern part especially, is a famous farming country. Within recent years the preparation of light foods from grains has become a great industry; and the prepared '^break- fast foods" of Michigan consume, in their preparation, a great deal of the grains produced on the farms. Michigan is a famous State for lumber. In the Northern part of the Southern Peninsula were formerly enormous forests of pine trees. The soft wood of the ivhite pine is so easily worked, and is so durable that it is put to a great number of uses by carpenters and builders. The city of Chicago was built very largely, at first, of Michigan pine lumber. After the great Chicago fire of 1871, it was found necessary to require that other materials be used in the building of houses and stores. But Chicago is still a great lumber market, and consumes a large quantity of the Michigan product. Lumber, lath, and shingles are made of the Michigan pine, and these are shipped away from the State in large amounts. In the lower part of the Southern Peninsula, and all through the Northern Peninsula, hard-wood trees are 28 abundant, and the wood obtained from them is used in a great number of manufactures. QUESTIONS. Where is the famous ^Ten Mile Belt"? What fruit does it chiefly produce? What is chiefly produced in 'The Thumb"? Where is ''The Thumb"? What makes Michigan warmer in winter and cooler in summer than other States so far to the north? How does this help the fruit raisers? Does Michigan produce much of other fruits than peaches and plums? What are some of the other fruits? What are some other products of Michigan farms? Why do carpen- ters and builders like to use pine lumber? Where were there former vast forests of pine trees? What besides lumber is produced from pine forests? Why is less lumber used for building houses in great cities than was used long ago? What kinds of wood are found in the southern part of Michigan? For what are these valuable? II In former days there were hundreds of small vessels, owned by individuals, which carried lumber over the Great Lakes. Now the vessels are fewer and much larger, and are owned by great companies of business men who are united in what are called corporatio7is. In the North- ern Peninsula are great mines of iron and copper. They are so near to the lakes that it is easy to load the metals upon ships, to be carried to the great manufactories. When iron and copper or other metals are found in the ground, they are called ores. It is cheaper to move heavy articles by water than by land. And so the ores may be cheaply removed from the mines to the places 29 where they are made up into manufactured articles of various kinds. The Southern Peninsula produces a great quantity of salt. In fact, Michigan leads all other States in the amount of salt it produces. Is salt heavy? Yes, it is very heavy; and like the ores of coal and iron, it can be moved easily and cheaply by water. Michigan catches more fresh-water fish than any other State. The fish are generally salted, and shipped to various markets. The number of vessels passing through the Detroit river, on their long journeys between the East and the West, is simply enormous. The freight which is carried through this strait is greater in amount than that which is carried out from all the Atlantic seaports to foreign lands. The railways of the Southern Peninsula pass through Canada, crossing the straits on enormous bridges, or else they pass southward into Indiana and Ohio, to reach the great markets outside the State. The railways run- ning north and south are of less importance, but do a large amount of transportation. A further source of wealth to the people of Michigan is the entertainment of visitors. Thousands of people from other States visit the lake ports in the summer season. Great hotels have been built for their accommodation at the famous lake resorts, and many diversions are pro- vided for their entertainment. Wealthy people have costly and beautiful summer cottages on the shores of the Great Lakes, or on the large number of small inland 30 lakes. The health resorts of Michigan are sought by in- valids, whose lives are often prolonged by their visits to these places. A place where things are made in large quantities is called a factory, and the things that are made are called manufactures. There are many, many factories in Michi- gan. Machinery of all kinds, household furniture, build- ing materials, cars, wagons and carriages, stoves and heating apparatus, flour and prepared foods, paper and wood-pulp, etc., etc., are produced in the thriving towns and cities of the State; and this gives employment to a great number of people. Michigan is a very busy State, humming with industry from morning till night. QUESTIONS. How do the lake vessels of to-day differ from those of a former time? What are corporations in the business world? What metals are found in the mines of the Northern Peninsula? What are ores? Which is the cheaper way to move heavy articles — to carry them by water, or by land? How does Michigan compare with other States in the amount of salt it produces? How does it compare in the amount of fish caught? What can you say of the amount of freight which is carried through the Detroit River? How do the railways of the Southern Peninsula pass out of the State? Which railways do the greater amount of business — those running north and south, or those running east and west? What is a factory? Are there many factories in Michigan? Give the names of six different kinds of things that are made in factories in Michigan. 31 CHAPTER FIFTH. Something of the History of Michigan. I Let us learn something of the story of the State of Michigan. The Story of the Hfe of a man or a woman is called a biography. What do we call the story of the life of a Nation or a State? Yes, we call it a history. Many nations have very long histories, that run back for many hundreds of years — some even for thousands of years. America is 'called the New World, because it has been known to white men only a little more than four hundred years ; and all the Nations and States in America have short histories. Michigan has been a State not far from seventy years. Do you know any one seventy years of age? That is a good old age for a man or a woman, but it seems a very short time for the history of a State. Michigan became a State in 1837. Before that time it was a Territory or a part of a Province. Sometimes a Territory is a good deal like a State, but it cannot do all the things that States can do. It cannot elect its own governor. The President of the United States appoints the governors of the Territories. Before the white men came to America, there were only Indians, or red men, here. Did you ever see an Indian? How long the Indians had lived in what is now Michigan, 32 nobody knows. But it must have been a great while. The Indians had no books, arid did not write any histories, so that w^e know Httle about their story. The Indians did not have any cities nor any good farms, and the Indian population was never very large. It was nearly three hundred years ago that the first white man was ever seen here. Let us see who he was, and where he came from. When the New World was discovered, more than four hundred years ago, there were three great nations in Europe, across the ocean. These were the English, the French, and the Spanish. They sent out brave men in ships to claim the countries they might find, and to build towns, or settlements. The Spanish claimed the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, away down south. The English claimed the best part of the Atlantic shore, on the east. The French settled in the far north- east, near the mouth of the great river St. Lawrence, in what is now Canada. The English and the Spanish owned great stretches of sea coast. They did not go far into the country, but remained very close to the shore. The French did not have very much of the sea coast, and they began to go up their great river St. Lawrence, far into the country. They came to a place where another great riv- er from the west flowed into the St. Lawrence. This was the Ottawa. They went up this river in their canoes, and it led them further and further west. They were very brave men, to go in little companies hundreds of miles through the unknown wilderness, among the wild Indians. 33 There was a French missionary who came from France to Canada, and who was anxious to convert the poor In- dians of the West to the Christian faith. His name was Joseph Le Caron. With a company of friendly Indians and a few white men, he came in a canoe up the Ottawa river, almost to its very beginning. Then he was very near to a large body of water, which opened out into a still larger one. Father Le Caron now went on the shore and carried his light boat, keeping on his journey west- ward till he came to the larger body of water, and then paddled westward until he discovered the vast Lake Huron. No white man had ever seen so large a lake before, for the lakes in Europe are small. Lake Huron looked like an ocean. Father Le Caron could not see across it. How did he know it was not an ocean? How could you have told? There was then no map in the world that could show him anything about it. What is the water of the ocean like? Yes, it is like brine. It is very salt. Is the water of Lake Huron salt? No, it is fresh and clear. Father Le Caron discovered Lake Huron in the year 1610. How many years ago was that? Twenty-four years later, a brave French explorer named Jean Nicollet (zhon nic-olay) passed up the lake and through the Strait of Mackinaw into Lake Michigan. Probably he was the first white man that ever set foot upon the soil of Michigan. QUESTIONS. What is the difference between a history and a biogra-phy ? Why do we call America the New World? About how long has Michigan 34 been a State? Mention some difference between a Territory and a State? What people lived in America before the white men came here? How many hundreds of years have gone since America was discovered by white men? What were the three great nations of Europe at that time? AVhat part of North America did the Spanish take for their own? What part did the English take? What part was left for the French? Did the French make the best of their poor part? What did they do? Who was Father Le Caron? What great discovery did Father Le Caron make? In what year was this? How long ago was it? How did Father Le Caron know that Lake Huron Avas not the ocean? What can you say of Nicollet? II In 1641, seven years after Father Le Caron discov- ered Lake Huron, two missionaries, Father Charles Raym- bault (rame-bo) and Father Jogues (zhoag), passed up Lake Huron and into the northern strait, reaching the greatest of all the Great Lakes — Lake Superior. It was not easy for them to go up this strait, since there were terrible rapids to pass, and the boats could not go through them. The water seemed rather to leap than to flow. The missionaries called the stream ^^the leap.'' That is, they called it that in French, for they did not speak Eng- lish. The French word for leap is sault. The name is still given to the strait, as we have seen, and we still use the strange French spelling of the word, though we have changed the sound of it from "so^^ to "sooJ^ Even now the great ships which pass between Lake Huron and Lake Superior cannot go through the rapids. They cannot be 35 carried around them, as the Frenchman carried their light canoes, but must make use of a great canal, which has been built around the rapids. We have seen how Lake Huron, then Lake Michigan, and then Lake Superior were discovered by the French- men from Canada. There is one more of the Great Lakes which touch Michigan. What is that? Yes, it is Lake Erie. It seems strange that this lake was not discovered first of all four. There was a bold French explorer and trader named Joliet (zho-le-a) who thought he might become rich by the discovery of great copper mines in the Northern Penin- sula. In 1669, with a few followers, he explored the Pen- insula in the summer, but failed to find what he was seek- ing; and when the cold weather was near, he journeyed southward through the Sault, and explored the northern part of Lake Michigan, then passed down Lake Huron. At the Sault there was at this time a mission, which the priests had established to teach the Indians the Chris- tian faith, and to help them in many ways. The explorers passed through the strait called St. Clair River, then through Lake St. Clair, then through the strait called Detroit River, and then they discovered the other Great Lake, which is called Lake Erie. Over this lake they returned to their home in Canada. QUESTIONS. What can you say of Father Raymbault and Father Jogues? What language did these missionaries speak? What did they call the stream between Lake Huron and Lake Superior? What did this 36 French word mean? How do we pronounce it now? What can 3^011 tell of the French explorer Joliet? What Great Lake did he discover? Ill (Review.) Now let us see what we have learned of the history of Michigan. In ancient times it was inhabited by the Indians. The first white men who came hither were Frenchmen. They came from Canada, by way of the Ottawa river. Lake Huron was the first of the Great Lakes to be dis- covered. Father Le Caron entered it in 1610, nearly three hundred years ago. Next, Lake Michigan was discovered by the French explorer Jean Nicollet, twenty-four years later. Then Lake Superior was visited by Father Raym- bault and Father Jogues, seven years later. Last of all. Lake Erie was discovered by the French explorer and trader Louis Joliet, twenty-eight years later. All these man were very brave and bold, to risk their lives among the Indians, a thousand miles from the ocean. The early history of Michigan is more interesting than that of many other States, for it tells of men who were very heroic, and who endured great toils and dangers. Fathers Le Caron, Raymbault, and Jogues did this for the noble purpose of carrying the gospel to the heathen In- dians, and with no purpose of winning wealth or honors for themselves. Nicollet and Joliet were brave young ex- plorers, who aided the French in extending the territories of the King of France. 37 CHAPTER SIXTH. More of the History of Michigan. I What year is this? In what century are we Hving? Yes, this is the twentieth century. When a young man is nineteen years old, he enters upon his twentieth year. And so, when the world had finished nineteen centuries since Christ, it entered upon its twentieth century, al- though it had passed only nineteen hundred years. A century is one hundred years. We count time by centuries from a great event in history. What was that? Yes, it was the birth of our Lord. In what century were our Great Lakes discovered? Yes, it was in the seventeenth century. First, Lake Huron was discovered, in 1610; then Lake Michigan, in 1634; then Lake Superior, in 1641; then Lake Erie, in 1669. All these years were in the same century. It is not always easy to remember the exact years of historical events. 1610 was near the beginning of the seventeenth century, and 1669 was a little more than two-thirds through the century. So we may say that our four of the Great Lakes were discovered in about two-thirds of the centur}^, from its beginning; and we can remember that. The very early history of Michigan is interesting, be- cause it tells of men who were very brave and self-sacri- ficing, and because it tells how a great problem was solved. 38 Wherever the Frenchmen went, they claimed the country as the property of the King of France. They said it was his by right of first discovery. We have seen that the Enghsh held all the more val- uable parts of the Altantic coast. They remained close to the shore, because there were no roads leading into the country. But the French found that rivers and lakes were as good as roads, for traveling. If they could find rivers flowing south from the Great Lakes, they could get behind the English, and claim a great deal of the warm, southern country for the French King. Was there a great river flowing southward from the Great Lakes? Or was there a great river flowing into the Great Lakes from the south? Nobody knew. But long before any of the Great Lakes were discovered, a Span- iard named De Soto had discovered an enormous river flowing southward, away in the southwest. He did not know whence it came. Perhaps this enormous river, the Mississippi, might flow out of one of the Great Lakes, they thought. Does it? QUESTIONS. What is a century? In what century were the Great Lakes dis- covered? In what part of the century were the discoveries made? Is the very early history of Michigan interesting? Why? What use did the French make of the rivers? What did they suspect about the Mississippi River? Was their suspicion correct? How did the French plan to get behind the English and Spanish, and thus to se- cure a great part of America? 39 II At the Sault a great missionary, Father Marquette, had built a church and estabUshed a mission, about the year 1666. Soon afterward he returned to St. Ignace, at the strait of Mackinaw, where he labored among the Indians. Here he was visited by an ambitious young French ex- plorer, Louis Joliet, in 1672, and was persuaded to accom- pany him upon a search for the great river. They crossed Lake Michigan, and paddled up Green Bay and the Wis- consin river, and then traveled on land until, indeed, they did find the great river, the Mississippi, which they de- scended for some hundreds of miles. Then they returned. Later, a great French explorer named LaSalle went up Lake Michigan with a party of Frenchmen, and reached the St. Joseph river. Up this river he went, till he came to where the city of South Bend, in Indiana, is now. By carrying their boats a few miles, the party reached an- other river which carried them down into what is now Illinois. This was in 1679. They eventually floated in- to the Mississippi, and followed it down to the Gulf of Mexico, in 1682. Of course, they never found the great river flowing out of the Great Lakes to the south, for there is no such river. But the}^^ did find a water way which would lead all the way to the Gulf, and which they could reach by carrying their boats a few miles, now and then. And now the great secret was discovered. The French could get behind the English and the Spanish, and own the country all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. 40 It required a great deal of bravery to do this. But there were very brave men among the French. The good missionaries were ready to risk their hves to carry the gospel to the heathen. French traders were ready to dare a great deal in order to get rich by trading with the Indians. French explorers were willing to undergo great dangers to add to the countr}^ belonging to their king. A great chain of missions, forts, and trading posts was built along the shores of the Great Lakes and the riv- ers leading southward from them. The country was called New France. Men were all the time passing up and down the water ways from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. They called New France a province, or colony, of France, and we speak of their time as the Colonial period. QUESTIONS. What great missionary established a mission on the banks of the Sault in the seventeenth century? Where was Father Marquette visited by the French explorer Louis Joliet? When was this? What did these men try to find? Did they find the Mississippi? Did they find it flowing out of the Great Lakes? Did they go down the Mis- sissippi to the Gulf of Mexico? Who did, finally, succeed in going down the Mississippi all the way to its mouth, at the Gulf of Mexico? Tell the story of the great French explorer La Salle. How did the great river help the plans of the French? What use did the French make of their great water way from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico? What did they build along the fine of this water way? What did they call the country? Did the great plan of the French require the men to be brave? 41 III About the middle of the eighteenth century (in 1755), there began a great war between the French and the Eng- Ush. After long years of fighting, the English were vic- torious, and took Canada and all New France away from the French. And Canada belongs to the English (or the British, as we should now call that nation) to this day. It was in 1763 that the treaty of peace was signed, and the region we call Michigan became a part of the British pos- sessions. Only a dozen years later, the British settlers on the Atlantic coast broke away from the British, and set up a government of their own, which they called the United States. They took Michigan with them, and it became an American possession. It formed a part of various Territories, at different times, and finally it was made a State, and admitted into the Union, as we have seen. By this time a great many English-speaking people had come into Michigan, and very few of the old French inhabitants remained. Probabl}^ you can all remember what year it was when the United States became an independent nation. It was in the year 1776. Then it was that the Declaration of Independence was signed. On what day of the year was it signed? Yes, it was on the Fourth of July. From the Fourth of July, 1776, Michigan has really belonged to the American people, being a part of the United States. 42 QUESTIONS. In what part of the eighteenth century was there a great war between the French and the Enghsh? Who were victorious in the war? What was the result of the war? Later in the century, what war was fought between the British settlers on the Atlantic coast and the British nation? Which side was victorious in that war? What new nation did the British settlers form? Was Michigan made a part of it? When did the people of the United States become independent? On what day was their Declaration signed? How do we celebrate the day? 43 CHAPTER SEVENTH. An Imaginary Journey. Let us imagine ourselves about to make a journey through the two great Peninsulas of Michigan. Suppose we start from Mackinac Island, for our first trip, and go southward. But first, let us study the island a little. It is not a large island— not nearly so large as Bois Blanc (bob-lo), which lies to the south-east of it. If it is in summer time, we shall find a great many visitors at both islands. Those who read Edward Everett Hale's famous story ''A Man Without a Country'' will find that the story opens here, where the writer is waiting for a steamboat that does not come. The island is very interesting in its history. For al- most three centuries people have been passing it or visit- ing it in their journeys over the Great Lakes; and if it could speak it could tell many and many a story of brave men and beautiful women of years gone by. Directly west is Point Ignace, where the French had a mission es- tablished when Joliet passed through the strait in 1669. South of the island, and across the strait, is the city of Mackinaw. Here the English had a fort in 1763, after they had taken Canada away from France. The Indians loved the French, but were enemies of the EngUsh; and in that famous year there was a general uprising against 44 the English. The Indians had planned to take the Eng- lish forts by surprise, and kill all the soldiers in them. At Mackinaw they played a great game of la crosse, and the soldiers of the fort looked on without suspicion. By a seeming accident, the ball was sent through the gate of the fort, and the players rushed in after it. Once inside, they seized the fort and massacred the garrison. The old-time Indian wars were not at all like the great wars of to-day. Very strong forts at the Strait of Mackinaw would now be required to keep warships from entering Lake Michigan; but happily there is no likeli- hood of our having another war with our neighbors in Canada, as we had nearly a hundred years ago, and we are not much interested in the fortifications about the strait, except as they make the scenery more picturesque. Let us take the car and run down to Petoskey. There we find a small launch, which will carry us over the bay. What bay is it? It is called Grand Traverse Bay. All along the shore there extends a row of tall, handsome lake cottages, as they are called. They seem more like fine old mansions. In front of each is a delightful lawn, and at the water's edge is a boathouse. How white the trunks of the trees are! Have they been whitewashed? No, they are simply birch trees, with white bark. Of this bark the Indians made many things, canoes among others. A birch bark canoe was very light, and easy to carry from one stream to another. North-west from Petoskey are Beaver Island and other islands of smaller size. In summer it is easv to 45 reach these islands by means of boats. In the winter time, when it is not safe to attempt to drive horses across on the ice, how is the mail carried over to these islands? Can you guess? Yes, dogs are used for this purpose, much as dogs are used in the Arctic regions. Taking a long run through the old pine lands, which have supplied such vast quantities of lumber in the past, let us journey south-west to the city of Manistee. How many thousands of Christmas trees have been sent from this region, to the people of cities in various States! What a great number of houses and barns and fences have been built of the lumber cut from the trees which once grew so thickly in this part of Michigan ! Here is Manistee on the map. Here we find a fine harbor. There are many saw-mills, cutting up logs into lumber, and one can scent the fresh odor of pine on the air. Here also are manufactures of salt. QUESTIONS. What is a journey? What is an imaginary lowvnQjl Is there any pleasure in imaginary journeys? Can we learn something from an imaginary journey? At what place does our journey begin? W^here is Mackinac Island? Is it a large island? How long a history has it? Where is Bois Blanc? Where is Point Ignace? When did Johet visit Point Ignace? Where is the city of Mackinaw? Tell the story of the capture of the British Fort by the Indians in the old time. When did this capture occur? Where is Peto&key? What can be seen at Petoskey? On what bay is Petoskey? Where is Beaver Island? What can you tell of Beaver Island? Where is Manistee. What can be seen at Manistee? 46 II Let us now follow the railway from Manistee to the southward until we come to Grand Rapids. This is the second city in the State, in size. It contains nearly a hundred thovisand people. The waters of the Grand River come tumbling down to a level, seventeen feet lower. There is great power in falling water, if we can make use of it. The rapids here have been harnessed and set to work to turn the wheels in the great mills on the banks of the river, and here is manufactured a great deal of furniture of various kinds. We see that a vast quantity of fruit is handled here, being shipped to various points. What dehcious peaches ! A Scene on the Kalamazoo River. 47 What rosy apples! Before we leave this city we should visit the Soldiers' Home, and note the affectionate care which the State bestows upon her sons who risked their lives for the Nation in the war. Let us next visit Kalamazoo, which is situated on the Kalamazoo river. This thriving city is in a famous farming region. It sends away an enormous quantity of celery. Here we find a college. To the east of this city is Battle Creek, famous for its manufacture of foods from grains, and for its factories where carts, engines, agricultural machinery, etc., are made. The name of the city has reference to an Indian battle of the long ago. In this city we find a college and a noted sanitarium. Still further east, we come to the city of Jackson. How many farmers we see in town, with their wagons! How busy the stores all seem to be ! Jackson must be a city of wealth and taste, if we are to judge by the houses on the principal streets. They are very handsome. What is that great building surrounded by a wall? It is a State's Prison, or Penitentiary. Michigan has one for each of the two great Peninsulas. Let us go northward now, to the capital. Lansing is a pleasing city, and was planned as a capital when it was first laid out, in the wilderness. The Grand River is here but a narrow stream. Let us visit the State House, and note the many interesting matters relating to it. The State House is often called the Capitol. The city in which it stands is called the capital. Do you note the differences between these words? In the State House we 48 The Capitol at Lansing. may see the Governor's office, the Supreme Court room, the two legislative chambers in which the State Senate and House of Representatives meet, etc. At Lansing are the School for the Blind, the Industrial School for Boys, and the State Agricultural College. Now let us take a trip northeastward from Lansing to Saginaw. This is not on Saginaw Bay, as one might think, but on the Saginaw River, seventeen miles inland. Here are some of the oldest factories in Michigan. They have been running for about seventy years. These make use of both pine and hard wood. They make doors, 49 sash, and shutters, house furniture, boxes, barrels, crates, etc. Further down the river, about four miles from the bay, are West Bay City and Bay City, on the opposite sides of the stream. Here we find more manufactories of wood, together with ship building, salt works, and fisheries. QUESTIONS. How do we journey from Manistee to Grand Rapids? On what river is the city of Grand Rapids? Of what use is the waterfall at Grand Rapids? What can be seen at Grand Rapids? What State institutions are in this city? Where is Kalamazoo? What kind of country is around it? Mention something that is sent out from Kalamazoo. Where is Battle Creek? Mention some things that are manufactured at Battle Creek. Where is the city of Jackson? What State institution is here? How many penitentiaries has Michigan? How do we reach Lansing? What State buildings are at Lansing? How do we go from Lansing to Saginaw? Where is Saginaw? What are some of the tilings manufactured at Saginaw? Where are Bay City and West Bay City? Mention some of the things manufactured at Bay City. What are some of the industries? Ill Let us take a boat from Saginaw, and go down the bay, and down Lake Huron to Port Huron. Here our boat passes over the longest tunnel that has ever been built un- der water. It is one and one-third miles long, and nearly twenty feet in diameter. It is, in fact, an immense tube of steel, connecting Michigan with Canada. There is a vast amount of freight carried through it, east and west, and many passenger trains pass through it every day. 50 Passing through Lake St. Clair, our boat brings us to the great city of Detroit. The name of this city is a French word, meaning strait; and Detroit is often called the City of the Straits, since it is approached through a strait from either direction, north or south. The St. Clair River and the Detroit River are both long straits, you know. The Harbor of Detroit. It is astonishing to note how much freight is carried through these straits. It is more than is carried through the great Suez Canal, of which you will study later. It is more than will be carried through the great Panama Canal, which our country is now building, and which will not be completed till you are young men and women. Detroit is a very old city for an American city. It was first built by the French, in Colonial days (in 1701.) We have seen how the Indians felt when the English took Canada and the region of Michigan away from the French; how the Indians loved the French, and tried to kill the English soldiers, so as to restore the French to 51 control. You remember how the Indians^ in 1763, played the game of la crosse and took the fort at Mackinaw. Well, the}' attempted to seize Detroit at the same time, and they might have succeeded if the British had not been warned by a friendly Indian to be on the lookout. When all this region became American, in 1783, at the close of the Revolutionary War, Canada remained attached to Great Britain. The white people of Mich- igan did not now belong to the same nation with the Canadians. But for thirteen years longer, until 1796, the British remained in control. It took them as long as that to close up their business here and take their leave. They were very sorry, indeed, to give up this beautiful part of the country. QUESTIONS. How do we continue our journey from Saginaw? When we go down Lake Huron do we go northward or southward? When we go down Lake Michigan do we go northward or southward. What is the reason for this difference? What does our boat pass over at Port Huron? Describe the Port Huron tunnel. Under what strait does it pass? Through what lake do we pass between the St. Clair River and the Detroit River? By what name is Detroit often called? What can you say of the amount of freight that passes through these straits? Is Detroit an old city? By whom was it first built? What happened at Detroit in the war when the Fort at Mackinaw was taken by the Indians? How did the British at De- troit escape destruction? After the Revolutionary war did Detroit continue to belong to British? Did the British leave Detroit at once. When did they wholly give up control of Detroit. 52 IV For a time Michigan formed a part of what was called the Northwest Territory of the United States. Then it formed a part of the Indiana Territory, which also includ- ed what is now Illinois and Wisconsin. Then in 1805, one hundred years ago, it was made into a Territory by itself. In all this Territorial period, Detroit was the principal city of the Territories which included Michigan. It was the greatest city of the West. In the year 1812, nearly a hundred years ago, the United States went to war with the British. Since Canada belonged to the British, we were at war with the Canadians too. An American army passed over from Detroit to conquer Canada, but was driven back. Then the British and Canadians came over to Detroit, to con- quer Michigan. We are ashamed to say that the American command- er surrendered at once, very disgracefully, and Detroit fell into the hands of the British again, and the British flag waved over the city. But the Americans rallied, and won some fine victo- ries, and soon Michigan was all theirs again. One could spend many days in studying this great city, passing through its beautiful avenues and parks, visiting its handsome buildings, watching the great pro- cession of ships that pass by, and noting the business of its factories and stores. 53 QUESTIONS. To Avhat Territory did the Michigan Peninsulas belong when they became a part of the United States? To what Territory did they next belong? When was Michigan made a Territory by itself? Was this country ever afterwards at war with Great Britain and Canada? Tell what happened at Detroit in the war. 54 CHAPTER EIGHTH. Another Imaginary Journey. I Supposing ourselves to be again at Mackinac Island, let us take another journey. A steamer will take us up through the Sault. In order to go around the rapids, or Locks of The Sault. ^^leap/^ of the river, or strait, we pass through the great Sault Canal, which has been built around them. What immense boats go through this canal! They are loaded with grain, flour, lumber, ores, etc. We pass into Whitefish Bay, and then into Lake 55 Superior. This is the largest body of fresh water in the world. On the south shore, as we pass to the westward, are the famous Pictured Rocks. Here the rocks on the shore have been worn by waves and winds into many strange and beautiful shapes, and they are much admired by tourists. Let us land at Marquette. Here we see the great docks which have been built for the purpose of loading iron ore upon the steamships. The iron mines are close at hand, and the heavy ore is being constantly transferred to the immense boats ready to receive it. Large factories are at work, making up iron into machinery of various kinds. There is also much attention paid to fishing and limibering here. In this city we find the second Peni- tentiary, or State's Prison. We can leave the boat here, and take a train for Houghton. This is in the midst of the great mineral region of the Northern Peninsula. Here is located the Michigan School of Mines. Across a narrow strait is the city of Hancock, which is largely engaged in smelting copper ore — that is, in ex- tracting the pure copper from it. A long railway ride through a wild and broken region brings us to Escanaba, on Green Bay, which is engaged in shipping the heavy ores of iron and copper in vessels, which carry these to the great manufacturing centers in the States bordering upon the Great Lakes. If we pass up Lake Michigan from Escanaba to Chicago, we can find a number of steamers running from the latter city to Michigan ports every day. It requires 56 only about five hours to go from Chicago to St. Joseph; and as that is a favorite resort of pleasure seekers of the great city, we shall be apt to find the steamers crowded. St. Joseph is built upon a high bluff, overlooking the lake. As we sit upon the top of the bluff and look out upon the lake, or up the St. Joseph River, we are reminded of the company of brave Frenchmen under the leadership of La Salle, who came to this same shore and passed up this very river in their wonderful expedition, away back in 1679. If it is summer time, we find the town full of pleasure seekers, and it seems is if the chief business of life here is to have a good time. QUESTIONS. From what place do we start for our next imaginary journey? How shall we journey from Mackinac Island to Lake Superior? How shall we avoid the rapids of the Sault? What kind of boats go through the Sault Canal? With what are some of them loaded? What can you say of Lake Superior? What are the Pictured Rocks? Where are they? Where is Marquette? What State building do we find at Marquette? What kind of factories are here? What kind of mines are near by? Is there much fishing and lumbering in this part of Michigan? How do we go from Marquette to Hough- ton? What State institution do we find here? What city lies across the strait from Houghton? In what industry is it engaged? How do we pass from Houghton to Escanaba? On what bay is Escanaba? What kind of country do you pass through? Do we find many ships at Escanaba? Mention something that the ships carry away from Escanaba. How do we go from Escanaba to Chicago? Do we go up Lake Michigan, or down? How do we go from Chicago to St. Joseph? Of what does St. Joseph remind us? 57 II As we go from St. Joseph through southern Michigan, visiting the towns and cities along the railways, we shall find many things to interest us. At Olivet, at Albion, at Alma, at Holland, and at Hillsdale there are excellent colleges. We have already mentioned the colleges at Battle Creek and at Kalamazoo. We see that our State is well supplied with colleges. These are not State institutions, but are supported by the different churches, or denominations, and are called denominational colleges. In all the cities and towns we shall see public schools, where the pupils of different grades or departments are taught in separate schoolrooms. These are called graded schools. Scattered all through the country districts are smaller public schools. All the public schools are sup- ported by public money, which the people pay in taxes. Such schools do not give religious instruction, or teach the doctrines of churches, and for this reason the various denominational colleges and schools have been established. The denominational institutions mentioned above are maintained by people of the Protestant faith. In addition to these denominational schools and colleges there are throughout the State many Catholic schools and colleges of prominence, located in Detroit, Monroe, Adrian, Big Rapids, Grand Rapids, Marquette, and Sault Ste. Marie. The Catholics and the German Luther- ans also provide parochial schools (schools of the parishes) for the instruction of children in the grades. 58 • QUESTIONS. What are denominational colleges?- Where are some of these in Michigan? What are public schools? Why are denominational schools deemed necessary? Where are the leading Catholic schools of Michigan? What are the parochial schools of the Catholics and the lAitherans? Ill At Ann Arbor we shall find a great State institution, the university of Michigan, which is one of the most noted educational institutions in all America/ or even in all the world. Here are more than three thousand students. Very notable men have been connected with this university. They have not only taught the students, but have written a large number of books on various sub- jects, and these books have been studied by himdreds of thousands of boys and girls and men and women, scattered all over the Nation. At Ypsilanti is the great State Normal School, which prepares young men and women for the work of teaching. There are other State Normal Schools at Mount Pleasant, in the central part of the Southern Peninsula, and at Marquette, in the Northern Peninsula; but they do not prepare teachers for work in the higher grades. Ypsilanti is a peculiar name, is it not? It was the name of a brave soldier of the land of Greece, who fought for the freedom of his country, in the early part of the last century. You will read much about Greece when you grow older. The State Institutions, as we see, are scattered among the different cities of the State. We have mentioned the 59 two State Penitentiaries, at Jackson and at Marquette. It is sad to think that people will commit crimes, which render it necessary to keep them shut up for years, and sometimes for life, within the gloomy walls of prisons. There is a House of Correction at Ionia, where young offenders are sent, in the hope that they may be reformed. The State has established four Asylums, or Hospitals, for the Insane, at Kalamazoo, Pontiac, Newberry, and Traverse City. There is also an Asylum at Ionia, for the criminal insane. Sometimes at these institutions, by wise and careful attention, the insane people are re- stored to their right minds. The State has established two Industrial Schools, where the pupils learn useful employments. The one for the boys is at Lansing, and the one for girls is at Adrian. There is a State School for the Education of the Deaf and Dimib, at Flint, and there is a State School for the the Education of the Blind at Lansing, as we have seen. There is also located at Saginaw an institution for the Emplo}Tiient of the Blind. At Lapeer there is a State School for the Feeble-Minded children. We have already noticed the State College of Mines at Houghton, in the Northern Peninsula, the State Agricultural College at Lansing, and the Soldiers Home at Grand Rapids. All these State institutions are supported by the money which the State collects, in the form of taxes. People who live in Michigan do not have to go to the State capital to pay their State taxes. They pay them to the township treasurer, at the same time when they 60 pay their township and county taxes; and the State tax money is forwarded to the State Treasurer, at the capital. Michigan pays a great deal of money to support all these State Institutions, but it is money well spent. QUESTIONS. Where is the State University? What can you say of it? Where is the principal State Normal School? Where are the State Peniten- tiaries? Where is the House of Correction? Does the State of Mich- igan provide treatment for the insane people of the State? Where are some of the State Hospitals for the insane? Does the State pro- vide Industrial Schools? Where are they? Does the State provide for the education of the deaf and dumb? Where is the institution for that purpose? Does the State provide for the education of the blind? Where is the institution for that purpose? Does the State make an effort to strengthen the minds of the feeble-minded children? Where is the institution for that purpose? Where is the State school of mines? Where is the State Agricultural College? Where are the State taxes collected? 61 CHAPTER NINTH. Arms and Historic Names of Michigan. r Here is a picture which probably you have seen many times without paying much attention to it, and which doubtless you will see many more times. In fact if you continue to live in the State of Michigan you will be apt to run across it all through your life. A picture of this kind is called a coat of arms. It certainly does not look like a coat. It is not the picture of the limbs of a human body. Sometimes we use the word arms with a different meaning from this. Guns and pistols are called fire-arms, and other weapons are called arms. In the same way, these pictures came to be called arms. Hundreds of years ago, when there were very few people that could read, pictures were used in many cases to take the place of writing and printing. Every city had a picture to represent it; and the leading families had The Arins of the State of Michigan. 62 pictures to represent them — pictures which no other families had any right to use. Such '^arms" were espe- cially used in war time, to distinguish the great soldiers, and often they were embroidered on the coats or outer garments of the warriors. Hence they became known as coats of arms. Almost every Nation in the old time, likewise, had its coat of arms; and so the new Nations and new States have adopted designs for pictures of this kind, in order to be like the old Nations. There is an important use to which coats of arms can be put. It is necessary for official papers to have seals stamped upon them. When a President or a Governor issues a commission, a proclamation, or other official paper, this is stamped with the great seal kept in^his office. The coat of arms of the Nation or State is en- graved upon the seal. The stamp of this seal is a proof that the paper is genuine; for the seals are guarded with great care, so that they cannot be used for any fraudulent purpose. Sometimes there is lettering on coats of arms; and generally this is in Latin. In very ancient days it was almost always in Latin; and by having Latin words'on the newer coats of arms, these seem more like those of the olden time. In this picture of the coat of arms of Michigan, or, as we sometimes say, the arms of Michigan, there is an ancient shield, with a picture and some lettering upon it. Shields were used by soldiers many hundreds^ of years ago, when men fought with bows and arrows and 63 spears. The soldiers held their shields with their left arms, and fought with their right arms. They held the shields in front of them, to shield or protect themselves. It would do no good in our time for a soldier to hold out a shield in front of him on the battlefield, because the bullets would go right through it. Hence we do not have shields nowadays, except in pictures. What is the picture on the shield? It represents the sun rising on the water, with a little of the land in the foreground. Above this is the Latin word Tuebor, which means ^'I will defend. '' Above this is an eagle with out-stretched wings, which seems to be holding up the shield. Between its wings is what is called a scroll y which looks like a long strip of paper, and contains the words E Plurihus Unum. The meaning of this expression is '^Out of the many, the one.'' This means that out of the many American States the one great Nation arose, because the States joined themselves together and adopt- ed the Constitution of the United States, in order that they might be one people. The shield has what is called a supporter on each side. The supporters are animals. One is a deer, and the other is an elk. Both of these animals have been very common in Michigan in the past, and have been of great interest to hunters. Beneath the shield there is another long scroll, which contains this long Latin sentence : Si Quaeris Peninsulam Amcenam, Circumspice. It is not necessary for you to learn these Latin words now, but you may learn what 64 they mean. This is the sentence in Enghsh: ^^If you are seeking a dehghtful peninsula, look about you.'^ This had reference to the Southern Peninsula, which is, indeed, a delightful portion of our country ; but when the Northern Peninsula was added to the Southern, to form the State of Michigan, the motto applied to that also; for the Northern Peninsula, while very different from the South- ern, is delightful in its way, not only to those who love industry, but also to those who enjoy beautiful scenery. The coat of arms of Michigan is not only engraved on the great seal of the State, but is often used elsewhere. You will find it sometimes in stone or bronze in the parks and other pleasure grounds, and sometimes attached to the walls of public buildings. QUESTIONS. What name is given to the picture which represents the State of Michigan? Mention some of the different meanings of the word arms. Have coats of arms been long in use? How do we happen to use the word coats in speaking of these pictures? How did they, to some extent, answer the purpose of writing, before men had learned to write? Tell an important use that is made of coats of arms at the present time? Where words are written on coats of arms, in what language are they generally written? What was the shield which soldiers used to carry in the wars of the ancient time? Do soldiers use shields at the present time? Why do they not use them? Why 'did the soldiers in ancient days have arms painted upon their shields? Are coats of arms painted upon pictures of shields at the present time? How many Latin expressions are found on the Michigan coat of arms? What is the meaning of ^^TueborV^ What do the scrolls look like? What Latin words are printed upon the scroll held by the eagle? What do they mean? What are the supporters 65 of the shield? What is the meaning of the Latin sentence printed on the lower scroll? Where do we sometimes see the Michigan coat of arms? II Whence did the people of Michigan obtain the names for their counties and cities? A great number of these are Indian names. Generally they are musical. The Indians did not have so many sounds in their language as we have in ours, and they lacked some of our harsher sounds. This was all the better for them. Often the Indian names were very pretty. Here are some of them : Lenawee, Manistee, Washtenaw, Muskegon, Chippewa, Mackinaw, Ottawa, Newyago, Shiawassee, etc. The Indians are all gone from a very large part of the State, and have left behind them only these names to remember them by. It is fortunate that so many of these names have been preserved. Some of the names of our counties and cities were bestowed in honor of the missionaries, who performed a noble work in the days of the long ago. Marquette county is named for Father Marquette, and Charlevoix county for Father Charlevoix. Some were named for the brave explorers of the old time, — as Schoolcraft, Cadillac, and Saranac. Some were named for the great soldiers who fought in the Northwest, long ago, — such as St. Clair, Wayne, etc. Some were named for Presidents of the United States, — as Jackson, Van Buren, and Monroe. Some were named for noted statesmen of Michigan. 66 The most famous statesman of Michigan thus far has been General Lewis Cass, who was for a long time Gover- nor, and then United States Senator. He was candidate for the Presidency in 1848, but was defeated. He served more than once in the Cabinet of the President of the United States. He was sent as United States Minister to Russia and to France, and for many years resided abroad, looking after our foreign interests with great ability. His statue was placed by the State of Michigan in the great Capitol of the United States at Washington, and you may see it if you ever visit that famous building. The statue of the good and brave missionary Father Marquette stands beside it, in the Statuary Hall of the National Capitol. QUESTIONS. Are there many Indian names on the map of Michigan? Are they generally pretty names? Mention some of the Indian names that are used in the geography of Michigan? Mention some of the names that have been given in honor of the old missionaries who labored in Michigan. Mention some of the names that have been given in honor of brave explorers of the old time. Mention some names that have been given in honor of soldiers. Mention some names that have been given in honor of Presidents of the United States. Tell something about the great statesman General Lewis Cass. Where can we see his statue, and the statue of Father Mar- quette? 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