Qass, E lj-2k 
 
 Book-. NS'i^<b 
 
11 S Li, a- I 
 
 A SMALLER 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE YEAR 1872. 
 
 By DAVID B. SCOTT, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "A SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.' 
 
 WITH MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 ..^nl'; 
 
 
 NEW YORK 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 
 
 FRANKLIN SQUARE. 
 
 1872. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by 
 
 Harper & Brothers, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 ^^n^ 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This work has been prepared to meet the wants of 
 students wlio have not time to complete the study of 
 " Harper's School History of the United States." While 
 it is little more than half the size of that book, care has 
 been taken not to omit any points of importance, nor to 
 sacrifice clearness to brevity. 
 
 In general arrangement it is much the same as the 
 larger work. Each paragraph is introduced by promi- 
 nent type, which will aid in impressing important events 
 on the memorj^ 
 
 With these few words, the " Smaller History of the 
 United States" is now presented to the notice of teach- 
 ers, and other friends of education. 
 
 New York, June, 1872. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 Feom the Disooveet of America, 1492, to the Settlement op Jamestown, 
 160T— A Period of 115 Years. 
 
 Spanish Explorations and Discoveries Page 1 
 
 French Explorations and Discoveries 10 
 
 English Explorations and Discoveries 13 
 
 General Summary of Claims on this Continent 17 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 colonial history. 
 
 From the Settlement of Jamestown, 1607, to the Commencement of the 
 French and Indian War, 1T54. 
 
 PART I.— VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. 
 
 Virginia 20 
 
 Maryland 27 
 
 PART II.-NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 
 
 Massachusetts 29 
 
 Connecticut 38 
 
 Rhode Island 41 
 
 New Hampshire 42 
 
 PART III.— MIDDLE COLONIES. 
 
 New York 43 
 
 New Jersey 46 
 
 Delaware — Pennsylvania 48 
 
 PART IV.— EXTREME SOUTHERN COLONIES. 
 
 North Carolina 50 
 
 South Cai'olina 52 
 
 Georgia 53 
 
 General Reflections on Colonial History 54 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 French Explorations and Settlements from 1G09 60 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 French and Indian War Page 65 
 
 Events of 1754 66 
 
 Events of 1755 68 
 
 Events of 1756 70 
 
 Events of 1757 71 
 
 Events of 1758 72 
 
 Events of 1759 73 
 
 Results of the French and Indian War 76 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Causes of the American Revolution 78 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 War of the American Revolution 85 
 
 Events of 1775 85 
 
 Events of 1776 90 
 
 Events of 1777 95 
 
 Events of 1778 102 
 
 Events of 1779 105 
 
 Events of 1780 108 
 
 Events of 1781 112 
 
 Events of 1782-83 116 
 
 Government from 1781 to 1789 117 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 the united states under the constitution. 
 
 PART I.— FROM 1789 TO 1817. 
 
 Administration of George Washington 121 
 
 " John Adams 124 
 
 " Thomas Jefferson 125 
 
 " James Madison 128 
 
 War with England— 1812 129 
 
 1813 133 
 
 " " 1814-15 136 
 
 PART II.— FROM 1817 TO 1841. 
 
 Administration of James Monroe 142 
 
 " John Qiiincy Adams 144 
 
 ' ' Andrew Jackson 145 
 
 " Martin Van Buren 147 
 
CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 PART III.— FROM 1S41 TO 1S49. 
 
 Administration of William Henry Harrison Page 149 
 
 " John Tyler 149 
 
 " James K. Polk 151 
 
 PART IV.-FROM 1849 TO ISGI. 
 
 Administration of Zachary Taylor 158 
 
 " Millard Fillmore 158 
 
 " Franklin Pierce 159 
 
 '- James Buchanan 160 
 
 General Reflections 163 
 
 PART V FROM 1861 TO 1SG9. 
 
 Administration of Abraham Lincoln 166 
 
 Civil War: Events of 1861 166 
 
 " Events of 1862 175 
 
 " Events of 1863 184 
 
 " Events of 1864 188 
 
 " Events of 1865 194 
 
 Administration of Andrew Johnson 196 
 
 PART VI. -FROM 1869 TO 1ST2. 
 
 Administration of Ulysses S. Grant 198 
 
 General View 201 
 
 States admitted and Territories organized since 1787 205 
 
 Settlement and Admission of the States 206 
 
 Presidents and Vice-presidents of the United States 207 
 
 Declaration of Independence 209 
 
 Constitution of the United States 212 
 
 Chronological Table 225 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 OE iOTO 154 
 
 RALEIGH KNIGHTED. ^. 
 
 LANDING OF COLUMBUS 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 FROM THE DISCOVEKY OF AMERICA, 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF 
 JAMESTOWN, 1607 — A PERIOD OF 115 TEARS. 
 
 1. Christopher Columbus. — In the year 1480 there was 
 living in the city of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, a 
 navigator named Christopher Columbus, who supported 
 his family by making maps and charts. This was an im- 
 portant business in those days, particularly in Lisbon, be- 
 cause the King of Portugal was very active in sending 
 out ships on voyages of discovery. These voyages were 
 southward, along the west coast of Africa, which was then 
 
 A 
 
2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 only partially explored; and their object was to find a 
 direct route to India by sea. 
 
 2. India and its Riches. — For many centuries India had 
 been celebrated for its wealth. Its silks, its shawls, its 
 spices, and fragrant woods, its ivory and pearls, its dia- 
 monds and precious stones, together with its strange an- 
 imals, made it to Europeans the wonder-land of those ear- 
 ly days. 
 
 3. The India Trade. — From the shores of India the goods 
 were transported over the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea ; 
 thence on camels to the River Nile ; then down the Nile 
 to Alexandria. From this point they were conveyed 
 across the Mediterranean to Italy. Such a route was 
 very tedious. It was, moreover, exposed to danger from 
 storms and from pirates. We can thus understand why 
 Portugal was so actively seeking a safer and more direct 
 road, and to control this rich trade. 
 
 4. The Reasoning of Columbus. — While Columbus was 
 busy making charts, his daring mind was thinking of a 
 new route to India by sea. He reflected on the round- 
 ness of the earth. He saw that the geographers knew 
 little of the extent of Asia, and he was convinced that 
 its eastern shores must reach nearer Europe than they 
 supposed. Finally he came to the conclusion that, by 
 sailing directly westward, he would easily reach the great 
 islands on the shores of Farther India. 
 
 5. The Geography of the Earth was little known before 
 the time of Columbus. To show this, the two following 
 maps have been inserted. In Map No. 1 we see that 
 much of Africa is wanting; America and Australia are 
 not seen ; and on the shores of Asia are figures of strange 
 animals, of monsters, and men without heads. What was 
 
 1. What is said of Columbus? Why was chart-making important? What is 
 said of the Portuguese A'^oyages ? 
 
 2. State what is said of the wealth of India. 
 
 3. What is said of the route to India ? Of its dangers ? Of Portugal ? 
 
 4. What idea filled the mind of Columbus? State the steps in his reasoning, 
 and his conclusion. 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 unknown the ge- 
 ographers tilled 
 with shapes of 
 terror. 
 
 6. Columbus 
 seeking Aid. — Be- 
 ing a native of 
 Genoa (je7i'o-ah)^ 
 in Italy, Columbus 
 first applied to 
 that city for as- 
 
 MAP I. — THE WORLB AS KNOWN BEFOKE 00LTTMBU8. 
 
 THE WORLD AS KNOWN IN OUK DAY. 
 
 sistance to make a westward voyage. But she turned 
 a deaf ear to his requests. Next he tried the King of 
 Portugal, and failed. He then went to the Court of 
 Spain, where he waited wearily for several years. Here 
 he was opposed by the learned men to whom the king 
 referred his schemes. He was ridiculed as a wild dream- 
 er. The very children in the streets smiled at him as he 
 passed, and put their fingers to their heads. At last, in 
 
 5- What does Map No. T show ? Map No. II ? 
 
4 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1490, he was leaving Spain sad and disappointed, leading 
 his little son by the hand, and so poor that he begged 
 bread and water at a convent-door. Fortunately some 
 of his friends persuaded him to return. 
 
 1. Columbus obtains Assistance. — Isabella, the queen, 
 now listened to him with interest, as he painted, in imag- 
 ination, the wealth of the new lands in the West. She 
 was stirred to enthusiasm when he spoke of the natives 
 to be converted to the Christian religion. Her husband, 
 Ferdinand, was not so easily moved. The long wars with 
 the Moors of Spain had just ended, and his treasury was 
 nearly empty. Isabella offered to pledge her crown-jew- 
 els for the expenses of the expedition, and he at length 
 yielded. The jewels were not needed, however, and the 
 money was advanced from the royal treasury. 
 
 8. The Vessels. — The king's orders secured, at the port 
 of Palos (jxth'los), in the south of Spain, two little ves- 
 sels, called caravals ; Columbus and his friends added a 
 third. They were so small that we are struck with 
 wonder at the courage of Columbus, who was about to 
 sail in them over a stormy and unknown ocean. The 
 largest was not over one hundred tons burden, and this 
 was the only one that had a deck throughout its entire 
 length. 
 
 9. The Voyage. — In these three vessels Columbus, made 
 Admiral by the king, and his companions sailed from Pa- 
 los, August 3, 1492. When, at last, after leaving the Ca- 
 nary Islands, they pushed out into the great sea, across 
 which no ship had ever sailed, the hearts of the sailors 
 fiiiled them for fear. After many days they became de- 
 spairing and mutinous. They even spoke of throwing tlie 
 Admiral overboard and returning to Spain. Through all 
 this the lofty spirit of Columbus was unmoved. He sail- 
 
 6. To whom did Columbus first apply, and why ? To whom next ? With what 
 success ? Where is Genoa ? Where did he go after trying Portugal ? What was 
 his success ? What is said of his leaving ? 
 
 7. Who proved his great friend ? What is said of her ? Of Ferdinand ? 
 
 8. What were the king's orders ? What is said of the vessels ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 5 
 
 ed Steadily westward, and at dawn of October 12, 1492, 
 
 LAND WAS SEEN. 
 
 10. Landing of Columbus. — He approached the shore 
 richly attired in scarlet, holding the royal standard. On 
 landing, he threw himself on his knees, kissed the earth, 
 and returned thanks to God with tears of joy. Rising, 
 he took possession of the country, with great ceremony, 
 in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen 
 of Spain. 
 
 11. Further Discoveries. — The land was found to be an 
 island, which Columbus named San Salvador, one of the 
 Bahamas. Remaining a few days here, he then sailed 
 away, and discovered the islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Ilayti, 
 (hcl-te), and Porto Rico {ree'ko). Here, then, thought Co- 
 lumbus, were the long-wished-for islands off the coast of 
 India, and he named the inhabitants Indians. 
 
 12. Discovery of the Main-land. — Columbus made, in all, 
 four voyages to the New World. In the third of these, 
 in the year 1498, he touched the main-land at the mouth 
 of the River Orinoco, on the coast of Paria, South Amer- 
 ica. But he never dreamed that this was the shore of a 
 new continent. When he died, in the year 1506, he re- 
 mained firm in the belief that he had discovered the east- 
 ern shores of India. 
 
 13. The Naming of America. — Columbus discovered the 
 road to the Western Continent. It would, therefore, ap- 
 pear a matter of the simplest justice that it should have 
 been named after him. An accident, however, gave that 
 honor to another. Amerigo Vespucci {d-tner'e-go ves- 
 pootch-ee)^ a Florentine, visited the continent in the year 
 1499. After his return, his account of the new regions 
 was published in Europe. A geographer suggested that 
 
 9. What was Columbus's title? When, and from what place, did they sail? 
 Where is Palos ? What of their voyage ? When was America discovered ? 
 
 10. What is said of the landing of Columbus ? 
 
 11. What land had Columbus first touched ? What else did he discover ? 
 Where did he suppose he had arrived? What did he call the natives, and why? 
 
 12. How many voyages did Columbus make? When and where did he first 
 discover the main-land ? What did he himself think this to be ? 
 
t) HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the land be called America, and by degrees the new con- 
 tinent became known by that name. 
 
 14. John and Sebastian Cabot. — Columbus was not, 
 however, the first that discovered the main-land. In the 
 year 1497, one year before the coast of Paria was visited, 
 a ship from Bristol, England, under the command of John 
 Cabot (cab'ot), sailed along the coast of North America 
 for three hundred leagues or more. He • discovered the 
 " new-found island," now known as Newfoundland. Next 
 year, 1498, his son Sebastian, who was with his father 
 the previous year, coasted from Labrador to Florida, in 
 hopes of finding a passage to India. On the voyages of 
 the Cabots the English founded their claim to a large 
 part of the North American continent. 
 
 15. Spanish Exploration continued. — Multitudes of ad- 
 venturers from Spain flocked to the New World. Many 
 of these were brave soldiers who had been fighting the 
 Moors for years. Now that these wars were ended, they 
 thirsted for fresh excitement. Darien was settled by Oje- 
 DA (o-ka'da/i), a companion of Columbus, in 1510. The 
 Andes were climbed ; the Isthmus was crossed ; and in 
 the year 1513 Balboa [bal-bo' ah), from the southwestern 
 slope of the mountains, first saw the Pacific Ocean, which 
 he named the South Sea. 
 
 IC. Florida— Ponce de Leon. — In the beginning of 1512, 
 the brave old soldier Ponce de Leon {po7i-thd' da Idon) 
 was cruising among the Bahama Islands. He had heard 
 from the Indians the story of a fountain that would im- 
 part immortal youth to those who should bathe in its wa- 
 ters. In searching for this, he found no fountain, but he 
 gained that which has made his name immortal. His 
 ship accidentally touched the main-land, rich with flow- 
 ers, on March 12, 1512. This being Easter-Sunday, called 
 
 13. Why was the contineut not named after Cohimbus? 
 
 14. Did Columbus first discover the maiu-land? Who did, and when? Who 
 followed in 149S ? What was the object of this voyage ? 
 
 15. What is said of those that followed Columbus ? What was settled ? What 
 discovery was made in 1513 ? 
 
DISCOVEKIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 7 
 
 by the Spaniards Pasqua de Flores — the feast of flowers — 
 he named the new country Florida. 
 
 1 7. Yucatan— Mexico. — The coast of Yucatan was ex- 
 plored by Cordova in 1517. Mexico was visited by 
 Grijalva {gre-hal'vah) in 1518, and the conquest of that 
 rich country was achieved by Cortez in 1521. The 
 Spaniards under Pizarro {jpe-zar'ro) pushed down the 
 west coast of America as far as Peru, and to all of these 
 possessions, richer than the grandest dreams of Colum- 
 bus, there was given the name of New Spain. 
 
 18. Carolina— Ayllon. — In the year 1520 some vessels 
 from Hayti, under Ayllon {ile-yone')^ were cruising among 
 the Bahamas, searching for Indians to carry them as slaves 
 back to the mines. A storm drove the ships on the coast, 
 north of Florida. In this way the shore of what is now 
 South Carolina was first discovered. 
 
 19. Florida— Narvaez. — In all their expeditions the 
 Spaniards were guided chiefly by their thirst for gold. 
 This led to the exploration of Florida, which had been 
 named by the adventurers the land of gold. Narvaez 
 {nar-vah'eth) first made the attempt, in 1528, with 300 
 men. After enduring terrible disasters, only four of his 
 companions returned to Spain to tell the story of their 
 sufierings. 
 
 20. De Soto. — This did not prevent fresh adventurers. 
 There came from Spain a renowned soldier, named De 
 Soto, who had fought with Pizarro, and grown rich in 
 Peru. His great ambition was to rival the conquest of 
 Mexico by Cortez, and he thought he could find such an 
 empire in Florida. He had been made governor of Cuba, 
 and had obtained a royal grant of land in Florida. The 
 thousand gallant men that landed with him in Tampa 
 
 16. Who was Ponce de Leon? What was the object of his voyage? What 
 was his success ? Why did he name it Florida ? 
 
 IT. What occurred in 151T and 1518? What in 1521 ? What else is said of the 
 movements of the Spaniards ? 
 
 18. What was the object of Ayllon's expedition ? What discovery did it make ? 
 
 19. What chiefly prompted the Spanish expeditions ? What was Florida call- 
 ed ? Describe the expedition of Narvaez. 
 
8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Bay in 1539 fared little better tbanNarvaez and Lis com- 
 panions. Their march, first north, then westward, w^as al- 
 most a continuous battle with the Indians. 
 
 21. The Mississippi discovered. — In the year 1541, after 
 two years' wanderings through Georgia, Alabama, and 
 Mississippi, they reached the Mississippi River. On its 
 banks De Soto, worn out with care and disappointment, 
 died in the spring of 1542, and was buried in its waters. 
 The few survivors made their way down the river to a 
 Spanish settlement on the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 22. Melendez {^na-len'detJi)^ a Spanish noble, was more 
 successful. Being made governor of Florida, he organ- 
 ized an expedition, and settled St. Augustine {aio-gus- 
 teen'). This was in the year 1565. It is therefore the 
 oldest town in the United States. 
 
 23. Pacific Coast.— In the year 1542 Cabrillo (cd-hreeV- 
 yo) was sent from Mexico to explore the Pacific coast to 
 the northward. There were hopes that he would find a 
 strait or passage to the Atlantic. Cabrillo reached the 
 44th degree of north latitude, and thus explored the coast 
 of California and part of Oregon. 
 
 24. New-Mexico— Coronado. — Previous to the expedi- 
 tion of Cabrillo, Coronado {nah-do) was dispatched, in 
 1540, by the Viceroy of Mexico to strike north into the 
 interior by the way of the River Gila (he'lah). While De 
 Soto was in the wdlds of Alabama, Coronado, far west, 
 was, in 1541, toiling among the mountains near the head- 
 waters of the Rio Grande {re-o gran-dy). He is said to 
 have gone as far north as Colorado. 
 
 20. Who was De Soto? What was his ambitiou ? What had been given him 
 by the King of Spain ? How many men went with him ? Where is Tampa Bay ? 
 See Map, page 9. What is said of their march ? 
 
 21. What great discovery did he make, and when ? What became of De Soto ? 
 Through what states did he go ? What became of his companions ? 
 
 22. Who was Melendez ? What did he accomplish ? 
 
 23. Who was sent from Mexico in 1542 ? What was the object ? What did he 
 explore ? 
 
 24. What expedition was dispatched in 1640? What was its object? What is 
 said of him and De Soto ? How far is Coronado said to have gone ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 9 
 
 25. Espego. — Forty years after, Espego {es-pci^ho) pass- 
 ed up the valley of the Rio Grande, and explored the 
 same region. He named it Nev^t Mexico, and founded 
 the town of Santa Fe (/«) in the year 1582. 
 
 EAKLY VOYAGES OF THE SPANIARDS FROM OOBA AND OTHER ISLANDS. 
 
 26. Summary of Spanish Explorations. — The Spaniards, 
 having planted themselves on the great islands they first 
 discovered, pushed out in different directions to the main- 
 land. They soon overran Central America, Mexico, and 
 Peru. Within the present limits of the United States 
 they were also active : 1. Florida, a vast and undefined 
 region, was partially explored ; 2. The Mississippi was 
 discovered ; 3. New Mexico was explored ; 4. St. Au- 
 gustine and Santa Fb were founded ; 5. The coast of 
 California was examined for many leagues. 
 
 25. What exploration was made in 1581 ? What town did he found ? 
 
 26. What is said of the great islands they first discovered ? Give a list of their 
 various explorations and settlements north of the gulf. 
 
 A2 
 
10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 27. We have seen that the discovery of America arose 
 out of a desire to find a new route to India. This was in 
 the interests of trade. Cohimbus started to reach India, 
 and found what he thought were the islands on its coast. 
 
 28. But no India trade came ; no pearls, no rubies, no 
 rich goods. This, for some years, was a great disappoint- 
 ment to Spain; all the more because Portuguese navi- 
 gators sailed round the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, and 
 secured the trade of India to Portugal. 
 
 29. The Spaniards did not gain wdiat they first sought, 
 but they soon obtained wealth nearly as great. In less 
 than twenty years immense quantities of gold and silver 
 began to flow into Spain from Mexico and Peru. Before 
 long she became the richest and mightiest nation of Eu- 
 rope. So much the discovery of Columbus did for Spain. 
 
 FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 1. French Fishing-grounds. — As early as the year 1504 
 there were a number of French fishing-vessels around the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. It was not then knowm by that 
 name. In the year 1506 Denys {den-ee)^ a Frenchman, 
 drew, for the use of these fishermen, a rude map of the 
 Gulf. This became a favorite fishing-ground, and ships 
 of other nations congregated there. 
 
 2. Verrazani {vd-rat-tsah'oie)^ a Florentine, was sent out 
 by the French king, in the year 1524, in command of 
 an exploring expedition. He first touched the coast at 
 North Carolina, and explored as fiir north as Newfound- 
 land. It is believed that he entered the harbors of New 
 York and Newport. Verrazani's voyage was the founda- 
 tion of the French claim in America. 
 
 2T. What led to the discovery of America? 
 
 28. Why was Spain so much disappointed after the discovery ? 
 
 29. How were they compensated for not gaining the India trade ? What did 
 this do for Spain ? 
 
 1. Where were the French in the beginning of the 16th century? What is 
 paid of Denys ? Who visited the Gulf besides the French ? 
 
 2. Who was Verrazani ? What of his expedition ? What was founded on it ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 
 
 3. The St. Lawrence — Cartier {car-te'a), sent out from 
 France in 1534, entered the gulf which he named St. 
 Lawrence, and then sailed a short distance up the river. 
 In a second expedition, in the following year, he went up 
 the river as far as an Indian town, which he named Mon- 
 treal. He tried to plant a settlement on the Island of 
 Orleans {or-le-anz') ^ but failed. The terrible severity of 
 the Northern winter and its extreme length so discour- 
 aged his companions, that they were glad to return to 
 France in the spring. Cartier tried it again at the same 
 place in 1541, with no better success. 
 
 4. The Huguenots in Florida. — Twenty-one years later, 
 1562, some French Protestants, called Huguenots {hu-ge- 
 7iots), were sent out by Coligny (ko-leen-ye), admiral of 
 France, under Ribaut {re-bo), to try the milder climate 
 of Florida. They built a fort at Port Royal Inlet, and 
 twenty- six men were left to take care of it. Ribaut 
 sailed back to France. The little garrison soon became 
 homesick, quarreled among themselves, and killed their 
 commander. Almost in despair, they then built a rude 
 vessel, in which they set sail to France, and were picked 
 up in a starving condition by an English ship. 
 
 5. Laudonniere. — Two years afterward, in 1564, three 
 ship-loads of Huguenots, under Laudonniere (la/i-do?i- 
 yctre), came to St. John's River and built a fort called 
 Carolina. This was in honor of King Charles of France 
 — Carolus being Latin for Charles. Melendez, of whom 
 we have already read on page 8, determined to expel the 
 Huguenots from his territory of Florida. Marching rap- 
 idly from St. Augustine, in 1565, he fell suddenly on the 
 French at the fort, and put nearly all the men, women, 
 and children to death. 
 
 3. What voyage was made in 1534? What is said of the oue iu 1535? Did he 
 ever make another attempt to settle ? 
 
 4. What attempt at settlement vpas made in 1562? Where did they settle? 
 What became of the band ? Where is Port Royal Inlet ? 
 
 5. What attempt was made soon after? How soon ? Why was the fort called 
 Carolina ? What happened to the colony ? 
 
12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 6. De Gourdes. — The French king did nothing when the 
 news of this massacre reached Europe ; but De Gourges 
 {dU goorj')^ a French soldier of fortune, equipped an expe- 
 dition at his own expense, and sailed secretly to Fort 
 Carolina. Swift destruction came to the gari-ison. Two 
 hundred Spaniards were surprised, captured, and hung on 
 trees. Having taken this terrible revenge, De Gourges 
 returned immediately to France. 
 
 Y. Acadia— De Monts. — In the year 1603 a rich Hugue- 
 not courtier, named De Monts {d'ti-inong')^ obtained a grant 
 of all the country from what is now New York to the Isl- 
 and of Cape Breton. This tract was named Acadia, and 
 in 1605 the first permanent French settlement in Amer- 
 ica was made on it at Port Royal, now called Annapolis. 
 
 8. Champlain. — The distinguished explorer Champlain 
 {sham-plane)^ a former companion of De Monts, founded 
 Quebec on the St. Lawrence in 1608. In the spring of 
 1609 he discovered the lake that bears his name. 
 
 9. Divisions of French Territory. — Now, at last, the 
 French foothold on the St. Lawrence and its neighborhood 
 was secure. To the whole of that vast and little known 
 region, stretching indefinitely westward, and embracing 
 within its borders Canada and Acadia, was given the 
 name of New France. Canada was applied to the tract 
 watered by the St. Lawrence and its tributaries. Acadia 
 was limited to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Isl- 
 and of Cape Breton {hrit'-un). 
 
 10. Summary of French Explorations. — The principal 
 points to be borne in mind are, 1. The French fishing- 
 grounds in and around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as 
 early as 1500; 2. the gulf explored, and a rude chart 
 
 6. How did the French king revenge this ? Who did revenge it ? Give an ac- 
 count of this. 
 
 7. What was Acadia at first ? Who obtained this tract? Give its fii-st settle- 
 ment. Where is Annapolis? 
 
 8. Who founded Quebec? Who was Champlain? What did he discover lu 
 1G09 ? In what states is this ? 
 
 9. Name the divisions of French territory. What was meant by New France ? 
 What did Canada embrace ? What did Acadia ? Did Acadia ever embrace more ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 
 
 made of it*, in 1506; 3. then came, naturally, the explo- 
 ration of the St. Lawrence, in 1534 and 1535 ; and, 4. 
 ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS on that rivev, 1535, 1541. 
 
 11. Permanent settlements, after more than sixty 
 years, were made at Port Royal in 1605, and Quebec 
 in 1608. The settlements in French Carolina, 1562 
 and 1564, as it was for some time called, were only tem- 
 porary. The French made no claim, in after years, to 
 this part of America. The French occupation was on 
 the St. Lawrence and in Acadia. 
 
 12. The EARLY SETTLERS wd'c chicfly Huguenots. Re- 
 ligious persecution, or a desire for greater religious free- 
 dom, sent them to America. 
 
 ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 1. Frobisher. — Eighty years passed after the voyages 
 of the Cabots before any English navigators again ex- 
 plored North America. In the year 1576 Martin Fro- 
 bisher, in search of a north-west passage to India, entered 
 the straits that bear his name. We see that one of the 
 great ideas of these times was still the India trade. 
 
 2. New Alhion— Drake. — In 1579 Sir Francis Drake 
 was cruising in the Pacific in pursuit of plunder from 
 Spanish merchant-ships. Sailing north, along the coast 
 of California, he named it New Albion. He then enter- 
 ed and explored the Bay of San Francisco, hoping to find 
 a passage to the Atlantic. He then returned to England 
 by way of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 3. Gilbert. — About the same time an English gentle- 
 man. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, became desirous of plant- 
 
 10. Give the summary to the year 1541. 
 
 11. Mention the permanent settlements. What is said of those in French Car- 
 olina? Where was the French foothold? 
 
 12. Who were the early settlers ? What prompted the emigration ? 
 
 1. What exploration was made in 1576 ? What was its object ? What does this 
 show ? How long was this after the Cabots ? 
 
 2. Where was Drake in 1579 ? What explorations did he make ? What did he 
 hope to find? 
 
14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ing a colony in America. For this purpose he received 
 from Queen Elizabeth the grant of a large tract of laud 
 on the continent. In 1583 he sailed with three vessels. 
 After taking possession of the Island of Newfoundland in 
 the name of the queen, he sailed toward the main-land, 
 near which one of his vessels was lost. The other two 
 then put back to Europe. The one in which Sir Hum- 
 phrey sailed foundered, and all on board perished. 
 
 4. Walter Raleigh (raic'lt), a half-brother of Gilbert, 
 took up the plan of colonization where Gilbert's death 
 had left it. Being a courtier, and a great favorite of 
 Queen Elizabeth, he readily obtained an ample patent. 
 
 5. Amidas and Barlow. — In 1584 Raleigh sent out two 
 vessels, under Amidas and Barlow, to trade with the na- 
 tives and explore the country. They coasted along Al- 
 bemarle and Pamlico Sounds, and returned to England 
 with a very favorable account of the region. It was 
 named Virginia, in honor of the virgin queen ; and Ra- 
 leigh received the honor of knighthood from Elizabeth. 
 
 6. First Colony— Lane. — He immediately went to work 
 with energy to plant a colony. Seven ships were sent 
 out under Grenville in 1585, He landed at Roanoke Isl- 
 and, where he left one hundred and ten men under Ralph 
 Lane. They nearly died from starvation in the year that 
 followed, and, at their urgent entreaty, were carried back 
 to England by Sir Francis Drake, who was cruising near 
 the coast, looking for his friend Raleigh's colony. 
 
 1. Second Colony— White. — A second and more vigor- 
 ous attempt was made by Raleigh in 1587. In that year 
 John White left one hundred and seventeen men, wom- 
 en, and children on Roanoke Island, and sailed back to 
 
 3. Who was Gilbert, and what object did he have in view ? What grant did he 
 receive ? What did he accomplish ? 
 
 4. Who adopted Gilbert's scheme ? Who was Raleigh ? What did he obtain ? 
 
 5. Whom did Raleigh send out? What did they explore? What was the re- 
 sult ? What title was given him ? 
 
 6. What preparations did Raleigh make ? Who was left in charge of the col- 
 ony ? IIow many were there ? How did the colony succeed ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 
 
 England for supplies. Three years passed before he re- 
 turned, and then no vestige of the colony was to be found. 
 
 8. Raleigh gives up Ms Patent. — Raleigh had spent 
 nearly $200,000 in his attempts to settle a colony in Vir- 
 ginia. He was now deeply in debt, and assigned his pat- 
 ent to some citizens of London. These Londoners did 
 not attempt to settle any colonies, but contented them- 
 selves with sending trading-vessels to the coast. 
 
 9. Gosnold— Pring. — In one of these ships Gosnold, in 
 1602, discovered and named Cape Cod, Nantucket, Mar- 
 tha's Vineyard, and the Elizabeth Islands. He was fol- 
 lowed by a trading- vessel under Pring in 1603, who ex- 
 plored a large part of the coast of Maine. 
 
 10. Virginia divided. — King James L, who succeeded 
 Elizabeth, confiscated Raleigh's patent, and paid no at- 
 tention to the interests of those to whom Raleigh had as- 
 signed it. He then, in 1606, divided Virginia, which was, 
 in fact, the entire English claim on the continent, into 
 two parts — North and Soutii Virginia. To the Lon- 
 don Company he gave South Virginia, extending from 
 the 34th to the 38th degree north latitude. To the 
 Plymouth Company he gave North Virginia, extending 
 from the 41st to the 45th degree. 
 
 11. London Company. — The object that both companies 
 had in view was the colonization of the country. The 
 London Company was the first to move. An expedition 
 was sent out late in 1606, which resulted in the planting 
 of the colony of Jamestown, May, 1607. An account of 
 this will be found in the history of Virginia. 
 
 12. Summary of English Explorations. — Of the three 
 
 7. When and where was the second attempt made ? What is its history ? 
 S. How much had Raleigh spent on Virginia ? What was he forced to do ? 
 What nse did the new owners make of the patent ? 
 
 9. What was accomplished by Gosnold ? What by Pring ? Where are these 
 places discovered by Gosnold? 
 
 10. What finally became of Raleigh's patent? What was done with Virginia 
 by the king ? What was the extent of these grants ? 
 
 11. What did these companies mean to do with the country? Which of them 
 moved first ? When, and with what result ? 
 
16 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Pum noyil/fnnch imd£r Bihault 
 Islet / i^a2 
 
 K.VllLY PISCOVEIilES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 
 
 maritime nations, Spain, France, and England, the last 
 was the least active in America for nearly a century af- 
 ter the voyages of the Cabots. 
 
 13. The chief points to be borne in mind are, 1. explo- 
 ration of California — New Albion — and the Bay of 
 San Francisco, 1579; 2. attempted settlements on Ro- 
 anoke Island, 1584, 1587; 3. exploration of the coast 
 of Massachusetts, 1602 ; 4. division of Virginia by King 
 James I. into North and South Virginia, and the grants 
 to the London and Plymouth Companies; 5. the first 
 permanent settlement, one hundred and ten years af- 
 ter Cabot's voyage, at Jamestown, 1607. 
 
 14. General Summary of Claims on this Continent. — 
 The period just gone over properly ends with the settle- 
 ment of Jamestown in 1607. But a Dutch vessel, com- 
 manded by Hudson, discovered and explored the Hudson 
 River in the year 1609. (See page 43.) In order, there- 
 fore, to obtain a clearer idea of European claims on this 
 continent, the summary includes that year. 
 
 15. Four European nations claimed portions of the 
 continent by discovery or exploration — the Spaniards, 
 French, English, and Dutch. The Spanish claim of 
 Florida stretched northward without any definite limits. 
 It was chiefly based on the expedition of De Leon. The 
 French claim, under the name of New France, extend- 
 ed from New York to Labrador, and was founded on the 
 voyage of Verrazani. During the following century it 
 was extended to the great lakes and the entire Missis- 
 sippi valley. The English claim of Virginia stretched 
 from Florida as far as Labrador, and w^as based on the 
 voyages of the Cabots. 
 
 16. All these three nations claimed westward to the 
 Pacific Ocean. Spain claimed the Pacific Coast by ex- 
 ploration. The Dutch claim, named New Netherland, 
 
 12. What is said of the activity of the English? 
 
 13. Mention the principal points to be borne in mind. 
 
 14. How many and what European nations claimed parts of North America? 
 
 15. What was the Spanish claim ? The French ? The English ? 
 
18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 in the year 1614 was based on Hudson's discovery, and 
 extended from the 40th to the 45th degree north latitude. 
 17. Let us notice how all this affected the English. 
 The French claim overlapped Virginia on the north and 
 west. The Dutch claim entered it like a wedge, up the 
 Hudson, spreading out as has been already stated. The 
 Spanish claim stretched up over the southern border. 
 The French and Dutch claims gave the English most 
 trouble, and their disputes about territory were finally 
 settled at the cannon's mouth. 
 
 TABLE OF PRINCIPAL DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS NORTH OF THE 
 GULF OF MEXICO. 
 
 Voyages from Labrador to Florida Cabots 149T-149S. 
 
 Exploration of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Denys , 150G. 
 
 Discovery of Florida De Leon 1512. 
 
 Exploration of the coast north of Florida Verrazani 1524. 
 
 Exploration of Florida. The Mississippi discovered. De Soto 1539-1542. 
 
 Exploration of New Mexico Corouado 1540. 
 
 Exploration of Pacific Coast Cabrillo 1542. 
 
 Exploration of New Mexico, Rio Grande Espego 1582. 
 
 Acadia granted and explored De Monts — 1603-1604. 
 
 Massachusetts coast explored Gosnold 1602. 
 
 Northern New York entered Champlaiu 1609. 
 
 The Hudson River discovered Hudson 1609. 
 
 FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 Florida St. Augustine Melendez Spanish 1565. 
 
 New Mexico Santa Fe Espego Spanish 1 582. 
 
 Acadia Port Royal De Monts French 1605. 
 
 Virginia Jamestown Newport English 160T. 
 
 Canada Quebec Charaplain French 1608. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What ideas had Europeans of the extent of the world previous to the dis- 
 covery of Columbus? 
 
 2. Give an account of tlie India trade of those early times. 
 
 3. To what did it lead, and why? 
 
 4. Why is Portugal connected with the mention of this trade ? 
 
 16. What is said of their western boundaries ? Of the Dutch claim ? 
 
 IT. How was the English claim affected by that of the French ? By that of the 
 Dutch? How much trouble arose from the Spanish claim? Be prepared to re- 
 cite, and write out from memory, the above tables. 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 19 
 
 5. Give the early history of Columbus— the growth of his great idea— and his 
 struggles for assistance. 
 
 6. State the connection of Ferdinand and Isabella with Columbus. 
 
 7. How many voyages did he make, and when ? 
 
 8. What was his own belief about his discoveries ? Why ? 
 
 9. Give the story of the naming of America. 
 
 10. Give an account of the voyages of the Cabots. 
 
 11. What claim was founded on them ? 
 
 12. Give the leading Spanish expeditions from 1498-1585. 
 
 13. Which of these belong to the history of the United States ? 
 
 14. Narrate De Soto's expedition. How far did Florida extend? 
 
 15. What attempts were made by another nation to settle there ? With what 
 result ? 
 
 16. Where else did the French attempt to settle on the coast of America? 
 
 17. Name the explorers connected with the St. Lawrence. 
 
 18. What did these early French and English explorers hope to find ? 
 
 19. What Englishman first explored San Francisco Bay? His object? 
 
 20. Where and when did the English attempt settlements previous to 1600? 
 
 21. Give a brief history of the attempts at Roanoke. 
 
 22. Give the dates of— 1. the settlement of St. Augustine; 2. Santa F6; 3. the 
 St. Lawrence ; 4. Jamestown ; 5. Port Royal ; 6. Quebec. 
 
 23. With what explorations was Gosnold connected ? 
 
 24. Who was Henry Hudson ? 
 
 25. What was the original extent of "Virginia? 
 
 26. What division was made of Virginia in 1606 ? To whom granted ? 
 
 27. What use was made of the grants? 
 
 28. How many and what European nations were connected with the North 
 American Continent previous to 1610 ? Give the extent of their claims. 
 
 29. Give a summary of Spanish discovery and explorations. 
 
 30. Give a summary of French discovery and explorations. 
 
 31. Give a summary of English discovery and explorations. 
 
 32. Give, from the table, the principal explorations north of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN, 1607, TO THE COMMENCEMENT 
 OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 1754. 
 
 PART I.— VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 1. Under the first Charter, 1606-1609.— In the division 
 of the territory of Virginia, South Virginia was given to 
 the London Company. In December, 1606, shortly after 
 receiving this grant, they sent out three vessels, under 
 Christopher Newport, to form a settlement at Roanoke 
 Island. This was the place where the English had al- 
 ready met with so many disasters. 
 
 2. The Voyage. — A storm drove the vessels north of 
 this point, and they entered Chesapeake Bay. They 
 finally sailed up the River Powhatan, and on a spot fifty 
 
 1. What grant was given to the London Company ' 
 of it? 
 
 Wha^ use did they make 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY — VIRGINIA. 21 
 
 miles from its mouth they formed a settlement, May, 
 1607. This, in honor of the king, they called Jamestown, 
 and the river they named the James. 
 
 3. Character of the Settlers. — There were 105 men in 
 all, but, for the most part, they were poorly fitted to found 
 a colony in an unbroken wilderness, being quite unused 
 to labor. They had no wives nor families with them, 
 and came only to dig gold, and then return to England 
 to enjoy it. They landed in May, and by September fol- 
 lowing fifty of them had died of disease and exposure. 
 
 4. Government of the Colony. — The little colony was 
 governed by a council of seven, selected by King James 
 before the colonists left England. Of the members of 
 this council by far the ablest was John Smith ; but the 
 others were jealous of him, and put him under arrest while 
 on board ship. On their arrival at Jamestown, they at 
 first prevented him from taking his seat in the council, 
 but Smith soon compelled them to receive him. 
 
 5. Smith saves the Colony. — When the colony seemed 
 to be going to ruin, in the fall of 1607, and the other 
 councilors were unable to regulate its afi*airs, the settlers 
 were glad enough to put every thing into the hands 
 of Smith. He was a brave, energetic, and cheerful man. 
 He gained the confidence of the Indians, and obtained 
 supplies of corn. He raised the spirits of the settlers by 
 persuading them to build log-houses, and in this way kept 
 them from brooding over their troubles. At length af- 
 fairs began to brighten under his management. 
 
 6. His Capture by the Indians. — While he was explor- 
 ing the River Chickahominy, in the winter, he was taken 
 prisoner by the Indians. There is a romantic story that 
 
 2. Where and when did they settle ? Why did they change their intention ? 
 What names were given ? 
 
 3. What is said of the settlers ? What befell them in a few months ? 
 
 4. What is said of the government of the colony? What occurred on their 
 voyage, and after their arrival ? 
 
 5. In what way did Smith rise into importance in the colony ? What is said 
 of his conduct and influence ? 
 
22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 his life was saved by a young girl, Pocahontas, the daugh- 
 ter of the chief Powhatan, who threw herself between 
 Smith and the clubs of his executioners. Whether this 
 be true or not. Smith was not killed by the Indians, but 
 was allowed to return to Jamestown after an absence 
 of seven weeks. 
 
 7. Smith again saves the Colony. — On his arrival, he 
 found every thing in disorder. Some of the colonists 
 were jDreparing to escape to England in the little vessel 
 belonging to the company. Smith was able to prevent 
 their doing this; and in a short time, though not with- 
 out threats of severity, he succeeded once more in redu- 
 cing the colony to order, 
 
 8. New Settlers— Smith's Explorations. — There arrived 
 from England in the spring of 1608 about one hundred 
 and twenty colonists, who were no better than the first. 
 They spent their time digging and washing some " glit- 
 tering earth," which they mistook for gold. With this 
 they loaded the vessels to be sent back to England. 
 Smith warned them of their folly, but it was of no use, 
 and he started to explore the Chesapeake Bay and the 
 rivers that flow into it. After sailing more than three 
 thousand miles, he returned to Jamestown. The map 
 that he made of the bay is still preserved. 
 
 9. The Company complain. — The company in London 
 were beginning to grow impatient. They had received 
 no return for the money they had spent on the colony, and 
 they sent out a very angry letter to Jamestown. Smith, 
 who was now President of the Council, wrote back that 
 "it were better to send out thirty working-men than a 
 thousand like the present colonists." 
 
 10. The Second Charter— 1609 to 1612.— In 1609 the com- 
 
 6. What occurred on the Chickahominy ? 
 
 7. What did Smith find on his return to Jamestown ? How did he act? 
 
 8. What addition was made to the colony? In what way did they busy them- 
 selves ? How did Smith employ himself meanwhile ? What was the extent of 
 his voyage ? 
 
 9. What is said of the Loudon Company ? How did Smith reply ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY — VIRGINIA. 23 
 
 pany obtained from the crown a new and more favorable 
 charter. They at once determined to act with greater 
 vigor, and in the summer of 1609 sent out nine ships, with 
 five hundred colonists. Lord Delaware was appointed 
 governor, but he did not sail with the ships. 
 
 11. The new Emigrants at Jamestown. — One of these 
 ships, carrying the commissioners who were to govern 
 the colony until the arrival of Lord Delaware, was strand- 
 ed on the Bermudas, and compelled to remain all winter. 
 Seven of the vessels arrived at Jamestown in the month 
 of August. Among the passengers there was no person 
 of authority, and they refused to obey Smith, asserting 
 that Lord Delaware had been appointed governor. But 
 Smith told them that he would act as governor until 
 Delaware's arrival. This he did, notwithstanding their 
 threats, and brought them quickly to obedience. 
 
 12. Smith leaves the Colony— the Starving-time. — This 
 was not long, however. In October he was severely 
 wounded by an explosion of a small bag of gunpowder, 
 and was compelled to sail to England for surgical aid. 
 Soon after Smith left, every thing ran rapidly to ruin. 
 The provisions were wasted; sickness spread rapidly; 
 and of five hundred persons there remained only sixty 
 when the winter was past. These terrible winter months 
 of 1609-1610 were long remembered in the colony as the 
 " starving-time." 
 
 13. The Colony saved— 1610. — In May the shipwrecked 
 men arrived from the Bermudas, and saved the misera- 
 ble remnant from death. But they brought only a small 
 stock of provisions, and in June they all concluded to 
 leave Jamestown and disperse among the fishing-vessels 
 ofi* Newfoundland. Before they left the river, Lord Del- 
 aware arrived with provisions and settlers. He persua- 
 
 10. What change took place iu 1G09 ? What effect had this on the company ? 
 
 11. What happened to the expedition? How did the new settlers behave? 
 What did Smith do ? 
 
 12. What unfortunate occurrence soon took place, and when? What effect 
 was produced by Smith's leaving ? By what name was this long known ? 
 
24 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ded them to return, and 
 Jamestown was once 
 more saved. 
 
 14. Third Charter-1612 
 to 1624. — An important 
 change was made in the 
 charter of the company 
 in the year 1612. The 
 members were allowed 
 more voice in the man- 
 agement of its affairs. It 
 thus became more dem- 
 ocratic, and was less un- 
 der the influence of the 
 king. But this did not 
 greatly help the growth 
 of the colony. 
 
 15. Tobacco-planting. — 
 The first thing that gave life and vigor to Jamestown 
 came from its own settlers. In 1615 the cultivation of 
 tobacco began, and spread with great rapidity. The 
 settlers found a ready market for the plant in Europe, 
 where Raleigh had introduced the custom of smoking 
 thirty years before. We can see how valuable the staple 
 became, for it was used as the currency of the colony. 
 
 16. First Colonial Assembly. — In 1619 the first colonial 
 assembly of Virginia met at Jamestown. It was com- 
 posed of planters or " burgesses," elected from districts 
 called " boroughs." 
 
 17. Importation of Women. — That which put the colony 
 on a still firmer footing was the arrival of a number of 
 young women, who became Avives to the planters. They 
 
 EAKLV eETTLEMEWTB IN VIRGINIA AND 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 13. What did the remainder do in the spring ? How were they saved ? 
 
 14. What change took place in 1612 ? What rights did it grant? 
 
 15. What plant became the staple of the colony ? When was it first cultivated ? 
 From what circumstance can we see its value ? 
 
 IC. In what year did the first colonial assembly of Virginia meet? Where? 
 Of what was it composed ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY VIRGINIA. 25 
 
 were sent out in 1619, as a business speculation, and the 
 purchasers paid 100 lbs. of tobacco, worth then about 
 $75, for a wife. The consignment paid so well that more 
 were sent out in 1621, who were readily disposed of for 
 150 lbs. of tobacco apiece. 
 
 18. Negro Slavery— Cotton first planted.— Two events 
 of vast importance in the after-history of America oc- 
 curred about the same time. In the year 1620 a Dutch 
 trading-vessel arrived at Jamestown, with twenty ne- 
 groes. These were sold as slaves to the settlers. This 
 was the beginning of negro slavery in the English col- 
 onies. In the year 1621 some seeds of cotton were first 
 planted at Jamestown as an experiment. Its cultivation 
 did not spread, however, for many years. 
 
 19. Indian Massacre. — The settlers were at last begin- 
 ning to be prosperous and contented. The plantations, 
 or collections of farms, numbered eighty, and stretched 
 to a considerable distance from Jamestown. The In- 
 dians, who had thus been pushed back, looked Avith ha- 
 tred on the white men, who had their lands, and in 1622 
 fell suddenly on the settlers with frightful vengeance. In 
 one morning three hundred and forty-seven persons were 
 killed, and the number of plantations was reduced from 
 eighty to eight. The Indians, after a long and bloody 
 war, were finally driven back from the settlements. 
 
 20. London Company dissolved— Second Indian War. — 
 The disasters of the colony produced quarrels among the 
 London stockholders. King James I. shortly dissolved 
 the company, and declared the charter forfeited to the 
 crown. Virginia then became a royal province, after be- 
 ing seventeen years under the London Company. In 1644 
 the Indians a second time suddenly attacked and mas- 
 
 17. What important cargoes arrrived in 1620 and 1621 ? What Is said of these ? 
 How did they benefit the colony ? 
 
 18. What other arrival was there iu 1620? What seeds were first planted 
 about this time ? 
 
 19. What broke out in 1622? How far did the colonists expect this? What 
 was the extent of the disaster, and the final result ? 
 
 B 
 
26 HISTOEY OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 sacred the settlers. Another Indian war followed, at the 
 end of which the savages were comjielled to submit. 
 
 21. Virginia under the Parliament. — The great civil war 
 in England broke out during the reign of King James's 
 son, Charles I. The king quarreled with his Parliament, 
 and war followed. The latter triumphed, and beheaded 
 Charles. Cromwell then came into power as Protector 
 of England. During the struggle Virginia remained loy- 
 al to the crown. 
 
 22. The Navigation Act. — For this loyalty his son 
 Charles II. showed little gratitude when he was placed 
 on the throne. In 1660 was passed the Navigation Act, 
 a most oppressive measure, which was made still more 
 so in 1663. By this act the American colonists were 
 compelled to ship their staples to England alone. They 
 were forced also to buy all their European goods there. 
 Still more, the carrying -trade was confined to English 
 vessels. The act pressed heavily on the productions of 
 Virginia, which were increasing rapidly. 
 
 23. Bacon's Rebellion. — The colonists were far from be- 
 ing at peace among themselves. The rich planters and 
 officeholders levied taxes for their own benefit, and the 
 mass of the people had to pay them. An Indian war 
 broke out in the year 1676, and this gave the people an 
 opportunity of showing their feelings. Governor Berke- 
 ley refused to give them arms for their defense. There- 
 upon 500 men rallied around a young man by the name 
 of Bacon, and marched against the Indians. Berkeley 
 immediately proclaimed Bacon a rebel. Bacon, in turn, 
 attacked and defeated Berkeley. In the struggle, the 
 village of Jamestown was burnt — never to be rebuilt. 
 
 20. To what event did these misfortunes lead ? How was the colony under the 
 company ? How many charters were there ? 
 
 21. How was Virginia affected by the civil war in England? From what did 
 this war arise ? What was its result ? 
 
 22. How did Charles II. treat the American Colonies? Describe some of the 
 provisions of the Navigation Act. 
 
 23. From what other cause did the colonists have trouble ? When and in what 
 way did these reach a crisis ? Describe what followed. 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY MARYLAND. 27 
 
 24. Bacon's Death— Berkeley's Revenge. — While in the 
 midst of his success, Bacon suddenly died. He was the 
 life of his party, and his followers, being left without a 
 leader, scattered to their homes. Berkeley came again 
 info power, and hanged twenty-three of the rebels, as he 
 called them. So cruel did his conduct seem to the easy- 
 going king, Charles II., that the latter said of him, "The 
 old fool has hanged more men in that naked country 
 than I did in England for the murder of my father." 
 
 25. Virginia granted to two Favorites. — In 1673 Vir- 
 ginia was granted to two royal favorites. Lords Arling- 
 ton and Culpepper, for thirty-one years. Culpepper final- 
 ly obtained the entire grant, and was appointed govern- 
 or for life in 1677. In 1684 he surrendered his patent to 
 the crown. Virginia thus again became a royal prov- 
 ince, and so remained until the American Revolution. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 1. The Grant. — The territory of Maryland was origin- 
 ally a part of Virginia. In the year 1632 King Charles I. 
 granted to George Calvert — Lord Baltimore — a tract of 
 land north of the Potomac. To this was given the name 
 of Marj^land, in honor of the queen, Henrietta Maria. 
 
 2. The Charter— its Liberality. — Lord Baltimore's pur- 
 pose was to found in America a colony for persecuted 
 Catholics. He died, however, before the patent for the 
 grant received the king's seal, and it was made out in the 
 name of Cecil, his son. The charter was the first that 
 secured to the people of any colony in America the right 
 to make their own laws. It also declared that all Chris- 
 tian sects should enjoy equal rights throughout the ter- 
 ritory of Maryland. 
 
 24. How did the rebellion end ? What is said of Berkeley's conduct ? 
 
 25. What occurred in 16T3? How long had it been a royal province? How 
 long did it remain under the new proprietors ? 
 
 1. What is said of the territory of Maryland ? What of the grant ? To whom 
 made, and when ? Why named Maryland ? Where is the Potomac ? 
 
 2. What was the object of Lord Baltimore ? What is remarkable about the 
 charter ? 
 
28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 3. Opposing Claim. — Meanwliile one William Clayborne, 
 from Virginia, bad already established, under license from 
 the king, two trading-posts within the limits of Maryland. 
 One of these was at the mouth of the Susquehanna, the 
 other on an island in the Chesapeake. Clayborne felt 
 that Baltimore's grant interfered with his right. 
 
 4. First Settlers— Trouble with Clayborne.— In Febru- 
 ary, 1C34, Leonard Calvert, brother of Lord Baltimore, 
 arrived in Chesapeake Bay with a company of Catholics. 
 On March 27 he settled on the site of an Indian village, 
 which he named St. Mary's. Clayborne soon began to 
 quarrel with the colonists ; but was compelled to flee to 
 Virginia. In 1644 he returned, and, after a short strug- 
 gle, Governor Calvert was compelled to flee. Then, in 
 1646, Calvert returned, and drove off" Clayborne. 
 
 5. The Toleration Act. — The year 1649 is celebrated in 
 the history of Maryland for the passage of the " Tolera- 
 tion Act." This famous law secured to all Christians 
 the right to worship God according to their own con- 
 sciences, which right had already been embodied in the 
 charter. 
 
 6. Fresh Trouble from Clayborne. — In the year 1652 
 Clayborne, the old enemy of the colony, reappeared in 
 Maryland. He came as one of the commissioners from 
 the Parliament of England sent out to look after " the 
 plantations within Chesapeake Bay." These men forced 
 the governor. Stone, to resign ; and when his friends took 
 up arms, the latter were defeated, and several of the chief 
 men were hung. 
 
 7. Maryland a Royal Province. — For three years the col- 
 ony was in constant turmoil with the quarrels between 
 Protestants and Catholics. There were two governments, 
 
 3. Who claimed a part of the territory ? By what ri^ht ? 
 
 4. Where and when did the first colonists settle? Who led them? State the 
 troubles that soon followed. 
 
 5. What important act was passed, and when? Why was its mention in the 
 charter not enough ? 
 
 6. When and how did Clayborne return ? What took plivce ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 29 
 
 and almost hopeless confusion. Finally, in 1660, the 
 friends of Lord Baltimore gained the mastery. This con- 
 tinued until 1691, when King William III. made Mary- 
 land a royal province, and it remained so for twenty-one 
 years. 
 
 8. Proprietary Government. — In 1715 the fourth Lord 
 Baltimore was restored to his rights. At his death the 
 territory passed into the hands of the fifth Lord Balti- 
 more, who continued proprietor until the Revolution. 
 
 PLYMOUTH 1620 
 
 PART II.— NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 1. Exploration of North Virginia.— By the charter of 
 King James I., North Virginia was given to the Plymouth 
 Company. In the fall of 1607 they sent some settlers to 
 the mouth of the Kennebec, but these only remained one 
 
 7. How long did disturbances continue ? What change tools place in the gov- 
 ernment? 
 
 8. When was it restored to Lord Baltimore? How long did it remain under 
 proprietors ? 
 
30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 winter. For some years after this the coast was visited 
 only by fishing or trading vessels. The famous John 
 Smith was engaged in this business off the coast of Mas- 
 sachusetts in the year 1614. In a ship's boat, with eight 
 men, he explored the shores from the Penobscot to Cape 
 Cod, and made a chart of the country, which he named 
 New England. 
 
 2. The "Great Patent."— On Smith's return to England, 
 he persuaded the Plymouth Company to apply to the 
 king for a new grant. This they obtained in the year 
 1620, and it was known as the " Great Patent." It gave 
 to forty noble and influential persons, as " the Council for 
 New England," the whole country between the 40th and 
 48th degrees of north latitude, westward to the Pacific, 
 and covering more than 1,000,000 square miles. 
 
 3. The Puritan "Pilgrims." — The first permanent set- 
 tlement on this tract was not made under the Council for 
 New England, but by a small band of persecuted English 
 Protestants, called Puritans. They first went from En- 
 gland to Amsterdam, in Holland, in 1608; thence they 
 removed to Leyden [ll'-den), and from their wanderings 
 they assumed the name of " Pilgrims." Soon wearying 
 of Holland, with its foreign language and manners, and 
 being very poor, they determined to emigrate to Amer- 
 ica. With much difficulty they obtained from the Lon- 
 don Company a small grant of land in South Virginia. 
 
 4. The Speedwell and Mayflower. — They bought a little 
 vessel, which they named the Speedwell. In this a por- 
 tion of them sailed from Delft Haven in 1620, and landed 
 first at Southampton, in England. Plere they were joined 
 by the Mayflower, with another band of "Pilgrims" from 
 London, and then sailed for America. 
 
 1. To what company was North Virginia given ? What use did they make of 
 their grant ? What explorations were made ? 
 
 2. What new grant was given, and when ? By whose persuasion was this 
 sought for ? 
 
 3. Who first settled on the tract? What is said of them? What grant did 
 they get from the Plymouth Company ? 
 
 4. State the preparations they made for emigrating. 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY MASSACHUSETTS. 31 
 
 5. The Speedwell condemned, — The Speedwell was quick- 
 ly found to be leaky, and, after two attempts, both ves- 
 sels finally put back to Plymouth, where the Speedwell 
 was condemned as unseaworthy. The little Mayflower, 
 crowded with men, women, and children to the number 
 of 101, set sail alone, September 16, 1620. 
 
 6. The Voyage— the Landing. — We can readily under- 
 stand what a wearisome voyage it must have been, in 
 this crowded condition, and lasting as it did sixty-three 
 days. The first land they saw was Cape Cod. Though 
 this was far north of the limits of South Virginia, they 
 were so worn out by confinement that they determined 
 to anchor in Cape Cod Harbor. On the 21st of Decem- 
 ber, 1620, they landed on the place chosen for a settle- 
 ment, and named it New Plymouth. 
 
 7. Their Form of Government. — They were now within 
 the limits of the Plymouth Company's tract, where they 
 had no grant of land or powers of government. They ac- 
 cordingly signed a " compact," or agreement, before they 
 left the Mayflower, " to govern themselves for the com- 
 mon good," and chose John Carver governor for one year. 
 
 8. Early Sufferings. — The colonists suffered severely 
 from the eflects of their voyage, and from exposure in 
 their new settlement in the cold wintry weather. Half 
 their number died during the first five months; among 
 these was Governor Carver. Fortunately, the Indians 
 proved friendly, and a treaty was made with Massasoit 
 {mas-sas'o-it), their chief, early in 1621. 
 
 9. A Charter obtained. — The colony grew very slowly, 
 and their London friends, who had assisted them with 
 money, began to grow impatient for returns. In the year 
 1627 the Londoners sold out their interest to leading col- 
 
 5. Did both vessels sail? Why did both not finally go? How many persons 
 sailed ? When ? 
 
 6. IIow long was the voyage ? Where did they first see land ? Where did 
 they anchor, and finally land ? Why did they determine to settle here ? 
 
 7. In what condition did the Pilgrims find themselves ? What did they do ? 
 
 8. How did they bear the climate and the new country ? How did the Indians 
 behave ? 
 
32 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 onists for 9000 dollars. In 1630 a charter, containing a 
 grant of land embracing New Plymouth, was obtained 
 from the Council for New England. The after history of 
 Plymouth Colony is closely connected with that of Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay Colony, on which we now enter. 
 
 
 ^(/HANIPSHIRC 
 
 laaCLtFIE.LO 
 
 c cere ^»J 
 
 , <vCape Ann 
 
 SALEM C^Vf^ J 
 
 f I «> „ VaGRCCVF/Ei.O c cere "< 
 
 >^^^s,?.^c,w\i'=>^"\TS 
 
 if "^ Uprovide _ ' ( 
 
 
 ^v 
 
 NEW ENGLA>ri> COLONIES AND PART OF NEW NETHEELANDS. 
 
 10. Endicott's Grant— In the year 1628, John Endicott 
 and others obtained from the Council for New England 
 a grant of territory bounded by a line three miles south 
 of the Charles River and Massachusetts Bay, and three 
 miles north of every part of the River Merrimac. Under 
 this grant, a settlement was begun at Salem the same 
 year. Presently fresh settlers arrived from England, and 
 Chaelestown was founded in 1629. 
 
 9. How did the colony succeed ? What followed ? When did they first obtain 
 a grant of land ? How long were they in America without a grant ? 
 
 10. What grant was obtained in 1628 ? What places were settled, and wh§n ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY MASSACHUSETTS. 33 
 
 11. Change in the Charter. — In the charter it was pro- 
 vided that the governor should reside in England. This 
 was changed in 1629, and his residence, together with 
 the charter, was transferred to the colony. Many of the 
 best Puritan families in England at once determined 
 to emigrate; and in 1630, 1500 settlers arrived, some at 
 Salem, and others at Charlestown. A portion of these, 
 under the new governor, Johx Wixthrop, settled Boston. 
 
 12. Early Sufferings. — Although they were better pro- 
 vided than the New Plymouth colonists, the winter of 
 1630 made sad havoc among the settlers in Massachu- 
 setts Bay. Before December passed, two hundred of them 
 died. But fresh arrivals came, and the colonv grew rap- 
 idly. 
 
 13. Religious Intolerance. — The Puritans had sought 
 America to obtain religious freedom; but when they ar- 
 rived here, they allowed little difference in opinion among 
 themselves. Roger Williams, minister of the Salem 
 Church, claimed that no power on earth could bind the 
 conscience of men in religion. For this and other opin- 
 ions he was banished from the colony in the year 1635. 
 Another instance will show how far they carried this in- 
 tolerance. An able woman, Mrs. Hutchinson, held meet- 
 ings of her own sex, where she advanced new views on 
 religious matters. This was not to be permitted, and in 
 1637 she also was sentenced to banishment. Such a sen- 
 tence meant the sufferings of the wilderness, and the 
 company of Indians. 
 
 14. Harvard College founded. — In 1637 the freemen of 
 the colony, meeting in " General Court," set apart about 
 1000 dollars to found a seminary at Xewtown. Two 
 years after John Harvard left to this school his library 
 
 11. What important change was made in 1629 ? How did this affect the col- 
 ony? What place was now settled, and when ? 
 
 12. What is said of their early sufferings? 
 
 13. For what chiefly had the Pilgrims and Puritans come to America? How 
 did they treat those who differed from them ? State about Williams. Give the 
 particulars of Mrs. Hutchinson's case. What did banishment mean ? 
 
 B2 
 
34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and nearly 4000 dollars besides. It was then named Har- 
 vard College, and the name of Newtown was changed to 
 Cambridge, the seat of a famous English university. 
 
 15. New England Union. — Three colonies, settled prin- 
 cipally from Massachusetts, had in the mean time sprung 
 into existence. These were New Haven, Connecticut, 
 and Rhode Island. In the year 1643 the colonies of 
 Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, New Haven, and Connecti- 
 cut formed a union for mutual protection against the 
 Dutch of New Netherlands, French, and Indians. This 
 lasted for more than forty years. Rhode Island was re- 
 fused admission because she would not acknowledge the 
 authority of Plymouth Colony, which claimed the terri- 
 tory. 
 
 16. Religious Persecution. — Some members of a perse- 
 cuted sect called Quakers arrived from England in 1656. 
 They held peculiar views, the spread of which the Mas- 
 sachusetts authorities thought to stop by banishing the 
 Quakers from the colony. This only brought greater 
 numbers, of whom four were hanged, and many were im- 
 prisoned and cruelly punished. They gloried in their 
 sufferings, and their steadfastness and patience at last 
 wrought such a change on popular feeling that the per- 
 secution was stopped. 
 
 17. Navigation Act. — New England felt severely the 
 oppression of the Navigation Act mentioned in the his- 
 tory of Virginia. The colonists had already a thriving 
 business in ship-building and commerce. This was ruined 
 by the Act, and the loss naturally produced great indig- 
 nation against the mother country. 
 
 18. The Indians— King Philip. — The treaty of peace 
 with the Indians continued unbroken until the year 1675. 
 
 14 Give the origin and founding of Harvard College. What was the old name 
 of Cambridge, and why changed? 
 
 15. What important union was formed? What was its object? How long did 
 it last? 
 
 10. Who were the Quakers ? What is said of their treatment in Massachusetts ? 
 
 17. How did the Navigation Act affect Massachusetts ? State the provisions 
 of this act. See Virginia. 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY — MASSACHUSETTS. 35 
 
 Massasoit, the old chief, died, and his son Philip became 
 his successor. Philip had long brooded over the grow- 
 ing power of the whites, and the loss of the hunting- 
 grounds of his tribe. The colonists, on the other hand, 
 were too ready to believe that Philip was their enemy. 
 
 19. King Philip's War. — A converted Indian, who lived 
 with Pliilip, told the Plymouth people that the Indian 
 chief was plotting their destruction. Soon after the in- 
 former was found murdered. Then the colonists huns^ 
 three Indians charged with the crime. Philip, in revenge, 
 attacked Swanzey, 35 miles southwest from Plymouth, in 
 June, 1675, and killed some settlers. The colonists flew 
 to arms. Philip united the New England tribes, and 
 soon along the frontier settlements on and near the Con- 
 necticut fire and blood marked tlie track of the Indians. 
 
 20. End of the War— Death of Philip.— The war contin- 
 ued until August, 1676. Philip made the most extraor- 
 dinary exertions, but the energy, resources, and numbers 
 of the colonists prevailed. Philip, broken-spirited, and 
 almost alone, went back to his old home at Mount Hope, 
 where he was shot, in August, by a treacherous Indian. 
 His little son was sold as a slave. This ended what is 
 known as King Philip's War. 
 
 21. The Charter annulled. — The people of Boston, in 
 resisting the "Navigation Act," compelled one of the offi- 
 cers of customs to return to England. King Charles 11. 
 at once resented this as an afi"ront, and, to punish the 
 colony, proceeded to annul the charter of Massachusetts. 
 He died before this was done, and his successor, James 
 II., completed the work. 
 
 22. Royal Grovernment. — The charters of the other 
 New England colonies were also taken away, and Ed- 
 
 IS. Who was Kiug Philip ? What is said of his feelings toward the whites ? 
 
 19. What directly brought on the war? How did Philip revenge this? How 
 far did hostilities extend ? 
 
 20. How long did they continue? Describe the last days of Philip. How 
 long did the war last ? Where was Mount Hope ? 
 
 21. What important change occurred ? Why was this ? 
 
36 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 mnnd Andres, " the tyrant," as he was called, was ap- 
 pomted royal governor of New England in 1686. When 
 his master. King James, was expelled from the throne in 
 1689, the Massachusetts people heard the news with great 
 rejoicing, and quickly sent off the tyrannical Andros to 
 England under arrest. 
 
 23. First Intercolonial War— King William's. — The ex- 
 pulsion of James from the English throne was followed 
 by the reign of William of Orange, known as William III. 
 This change involved the English colonies in a war with 
 the French on their borders. The French king took up 
 the cause of the exiled James, and proclaimed war against 
 England in 1689. The French coloi\ists united with the 
 Indians, and attacked the settlements of New York and 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 24. Principal Events. — The English colonists were not 
 idle. In 1690 Massachusetts sent out an expedition 
 against Acadia, which captured Port Royal, and returned 
 with a great amount of plunder. A second expedition, 
 by land and water, proved a costly failure The war was 
 ended by the treaty of Ryswick {riz'icik) in 1697, and 
 Acadia was restored to France. 
 
 25. Salem Witchcraft. — While the war was going on, a 
 remarkable delusion broke out at Salem on the subject of 
 witchcraft, in 1692. It spread rapidly through the col- 
 ony, and before long nearly one hundred persons were 
 in prison, charged with what was called the crime. At 
 first they were principally old women that were arrest- 
 ed. Soon charges were made against some of the first 
 families in the colony, and a special court tried and 
 hanged twenty of the prisoners. One of the hanged was 
 a clergyman. When the excitement reached its height, 
 eight persons were under sentence of death, and the jails 
 
 22. What events followed? Who was appointed governor? How was his ad- 
 ministration brought to an end? 
 
 23. What involved the French and English colonies in war? Why then is this 
 called King William's War? 
 
 24. Mention the principal events. By what was it closed ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTOJIY MASSACHUSETTS. 37 
 
 were full of prisoners awaiting trial. This excessive se- 
 verity worked a cure ; the people began to see their fol- 
 ly, and in 1693 all the prisoners were discharged. 
 
 26. Massachusetts under Royal Government. — Another 
 important event took place during the war. In the year 
 1692 Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia were united 
 in one province, under the name of Massachusetts. From 
 this time onward to the Revolution the colony remained 
 under royal government. 
 
 27. Second Intercolonial War — Queen Anne's. — King 
 William's War ended in 1697. Five years after, war 
 broke out in Europe between England and France, and 
 the colonies in America were forced into the quarrel. 
 The war sprang out of the conduct of the French king, 
 Louis XIV. When James, the exiled English monarch, 
 died in France, Louis proclaimed his son king of England. 
 This was deemed by the English an insult to Queen Anne, 
 and war was declared in 1702. 
 
 28. Principal Events. — In America the suffering fell 
 chiefly on the frontier inhabitants of New England and 
 South Carolina. The active operations of the Northern 
 colonies were directed against the French in Acadia and 
 Canada. Port Royal, in Acadia, was captured in 1710. 
 The expedition against Canada proved a failure. Hos- 
 tilities were terminated by the treaty of Utrecht {u4rekt)^ 
 in 1713. By it Great Britain gained Acadia, which was 
 made a province, under the old name of Nova Scotia. 
 
 29. Third Intercolonial War — King George's. — Thirty 
 years of peace followed. George II. now reigned in En- 
 gland. Disputes arose in Europe about the succession to 
 the Austrian throne, and France and England took op- 
 
 25. When and how did the witchcraft excitement arise? To what length did 
 this extend? How was it stopped ? 
 
 2(3. How long did Massachusetts govern itself after Andros left ? What hap- 
 pened in 1G92? 
 
 27, When did Queen Anne's War begin ? What was the cause of it ? How 
 many years were there between this and King William's War? 
 
 28. Give the principal events. How long did it last? What territory did 
 Great Britain gain on this continent by the treaty ? 
 
38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 posite sides. War followed, and the colonies in North 
 America were once more compelled to fight in a Euro- 
 pean quarrel. 
 
 30. Principal Event. — The war began in 1*744. The 
 principal event in America was the capture of the strong 
 French fortress of Louisburg, on Cape Breton {brit'-un) 
 Island. This success was very gratifying to the North- 
 ern colonies, because the capture was mainly the result 
 of their own efforts. It surrendered June 28, 1745. 
 
 31. End of the War— its Results. — The war was ended 
 in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle {akes-ld-shd-pel')^ 
 in Prussia. Louisburg, the capture of which had cost the 
 colonies so much effort, was restored to France. 
 
 These three wars have been placed in the history of 
 Massachusetts, because she was the most powerful New 
 England colony. But all the New England colonies join- 
 ed actively in them, and bore their own share of suffering. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 1. The Connecticut Grant. — The Council of Plymouth 
 in the year 1630 granted to the Earl of Warwick a tract 
 of land extending one hundred and twenty miles along 
 the coast west of the Narragansett River, and from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific. Next year he transferred the 
 grant to Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke, with other 
 English gentlemen. 
 
 2. Dutch Claim— English settle Windsor. — The Dutch 
 of New Netherlands claimed the land along the Connecti- 
 cut River. In the year 1633 they built a block- house, 
 on the present site of Hartford, to command the valley. 
 Some traders from New Plymouth, not heeding this, sail- 
 
 29. What was the cause of King George's War? How many years had passed 
 since ? 
 
 30. What were the principal events? 
 
 31. What ended the war? How many years did it last? What is said of one 
 of the places captured during the war ? Why are these three wars given under 
 Massachusetts Colony? 
 
 1. When and to whom was the grant of the present State of Connecticut 
 made ? What was its extent ? What change in proprietors took place ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY CONNECTICUT. 39 
 
 ed past the fort, and set up a trading-house at Windsor 
 the same year. Two years after sixty emigrants came 
 across the wilderness from Massachusetts, and settled 
 near these traders. 
 
 3. Saybrook Colony. — In the same year, 1635, a fort was 
 built at the mouth of the river to close it against the 
 Dutch. It was named after the two proprietors. Say and 
 Brooke. This was the beginning of Saybrook Colony. 
 
 4. Connecticut Colony. — Next year, 1636, one hundred 
 persons from the neighborhood of Boston, under the 
 Kev. Thomas Hooker, settled at Windsor, Hartford, and 
 Wethersfield. The settlements took the name of the 
 Connecticut Colony, and were under the protection of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 5. Pequod War. — These settlements were scarcely be- 
 gun, before the Pequod Indians commenced depredations 
 around the Saybrook Colony. This was toward the close 
 of the year 1636. Next year they extended their rav- 
 ages up the river as far as Wethersfield. The Connecti- 
 cut towns promptly raised a force of some eighty men 
 for their defense, and placed them under Captain Mason. 
 He pushed the war with so much vigor that by the end 
 of the year 1637 nine hundred Pequods had perished, and 
 the tribe was exterminated. 
 
 6. Government of the Colony. — In 1639 the settlers 
 agreed on a plan of government. It was based on the 
 great idea that all power springs from the people. Under 
 this agreement, all residents of good character were de- 
 clared freemen. Every officer was chosen by these free- 
 men. The Connecticut Colony is therefore the first exam- 
 ple of a pure democratic form of government in America. 
 
 2. Who claimed a large part of the territory ? How did they attempt to keep it ? 
 What is said of the English settlement ? Where did the settlers come from ? 
 
 3. What was the origin of Saybrook Colony ? Why so named ? 
 
 4. Describe the origin of Connecticut Colony. Was it independent at first? 
 
 5. When and where did an Indian war break out ? Give the progress and re- 
 sult of the war. How long did it last ? 
 
 6. What is said of the government of Connecticut Colony ? Why is it remark- 
 able ? 
 
40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 7. New Haven Colony was founded in the year 1638 by 
 a body of emigrants under the Rev. John Davenport and 
 Theophilus Eaton. The first place of settlement was at 
 New Haven, on land purchased from the Indians. It was 
 a purely religious colony ; that is, the Bible was made 
 the only rule of government, and only members of the 
 clnirch were allowed to be freemen. In this we see it 
 was quite diiferent from the Connecticut Colony. 
 
 8. Union into one Colony. — Until the year 1644 there 
 were three colonies within the limits of the present State 
 of Connecticut. In that year the remaining proprietor 
 of Saybrook Colony sold his interest therein to the Con- 
 necticut Colony. In the year 1665 New Haven was united 
 to Connecticut, under the most liberal charter ever given 
 to any of the colonies. Its provisions were nearly the 
 same as those adopted by the people in 1639, and it was 
 so perfect that no change was made in it for many years 
 after Connecticut became a State. 
 
 9. Attempt to seize the Charter. — Andros, the royal 
 governor of New England, already spoken of, tried to get 
 possession of this famous charter. In 1687 he went to 
 Hartford, where the Connecticut Assembly were in ses- 
 sion, and demanded that it should be given to him. It 
 was brought out and placed on the table. The discus- 
 sion that followed was long and earnest, and ran into the 
 night. Suddenly the lights were extinguished. In the 
 darkness a trusty hand carried off the precious parch- 
 ment and hid it in the hollow of a tree, which was fa- 
 mous for more than 150 years after as the Charter Oak. 
 When Andros was expelled from New England, the char- 
 ter was taken from its hiding-place, and the old govern- 
 ment was quietly resumed. 
 
 7. When and by whom was New Haven founded? How did it differ from 
 Connecticut Colony ? 
 
 8. How many and what colonies were there in Connecticut ? When were these 
 reduced to two ? When was there but one ? What is said of the charter ? 
 
 9. What story is told about it ? Who was Andros ? Has he been spoken of 
 before ? Where ? See page 36. 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY EHODE ISLAND. 41 
 
 10. Yale College founded. — In the year 1701 a school 
 for the ecliieatioii of ministers was established at Say- 
 brook. It was afterward removed to New Haven, and 
 named Yale College, after its first patron, Elihu Yale. 
 
 EHODE ISLAND. 
 
 1. Roger Williams, minister of the church at Salem, 
 was banished from Massachusetts in the year 1635. He 
 made his way, in the depth of winter, to the Narragansett 
 Indians, who gave him shelter and welcome, and also a 
 grant of land on the east side of Pawtucket River. 
 
 2. Providence settled. — Learning that this was within 
 the limits of the Plymouth grant, he and five companions 
 removed to the west side of the river in the spring of 
 1636. In remembrance of" God's merciful providence to 
 him in his distress," he named the new settlement Prov- 
 idence. 
 
 3. The Island of Rhodes settled. — By the advice of 
 Williams, settlers came from Massachusetts in 1637. 
 They bought the island of Aquidneck from the Indians, 
 and named it the Island of Rhodes. Portsmouth was set- 
 tled, and in 1639 Newport was founded. 
 
 4. A Charter granted. — When, in 1643, the New En- 
 gland union was formed. Providence Plantation and 
 Rhode Island were refused admission. Williams there- 
 upon determined to get a charter from the crown. He 
 himself went to England, and in 1644 obtained a charter 
 uniting Providence and Rhode Island in one colony. 
 
 5. Religious Freedom. — It was some years before the 
 united colonists met and chose a governor. They then, 
 in 1647, agreed on a set of laws, the greatest of which 
 Avas that celebrated act which granted freedom of re- 
 
 10. When was Yale College founded ? State what is said about it. 
 
 1. What led to the founding of Rhode Island Colony ? When and where did 
 Williams first reside ? 
 
 2. Why did he move from this ? To what place did he go, and what did he 
 name it ? 
 
 3. When was the island of Rhodes first settled ? At what point ? By whom ? 
 
 4. Why did Williams determine to get a charter ? How did he succeed ? 
 
42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 LiGious FAITH AND WORSHIP TO ALL SECTS. Roger Wil- 
 liams was determined that no one should be expelled 
 from Khode Island as he had been from Massachusetts. 
 
 6. The new Charter.— In 1663 Charles II. confirmed by 
 a new charter all the rights and privileges guaranteed by 
 the first. So liberal was this new instrument, that it con^ 
 tinned to be the charter of Rhode Island until 1842. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 1. Early Settlement. — The Council of Plymouth in 1622 
 made a grant of land, lying between the Merrimac and 
 Kennebec rivers, to Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Ma- 
 son. As early as 1623 some feeble fishing -settlements 
 were made at Little Harbor, near tbe present Ports- 
 mouth, and at Dover. 
 
 2. Proprietary Government. — In 1629 Mason became 
 sole proprietor, and named the tract New Hampshire, af- 
 ter the shire in England where he lived. He subdivided 
 his grant among a number of proprietors, and there then 
 sprang up endless quarrels about titles. 
 
 3. Colonial Troubles. — The people at length, in 1641, 
 put themselves under the protection of Massachusetts ; 
 but in 1680, at the request of Mason, New Hampshire was 
 made a royal province. Three times it was joined to 
 Massachusetts, and as often restored to a separate provin- 
 cial government. From 1741 until the Revolution it re- 
 mained under its own governor. 
 
 4. Sufferings of the Settlers.— New Hampshire suffered 
 severely from the Indians during the intercolonial wars 
 already mentioned in the history of Massachusetts. The 
 settlers were greatly exposed to the inroads of the sav- 
 
 5. When did the colonies unite ? What celebrated act did they pass ? When 
 was this ? 
 
 6. What chancre was made in 1CG3 ? What is said of this charter ? 
 
 1. What pram was made in 1023 ? What use was made of this ? 
 
 2. Who became sole proprietor? Why was the country named New Hamp- 
 phirc ? What troubles sprang;: up ? 
 
 ?,. Give a sketch of the changes of government. What was the last govern- 
 ment of the colony ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY — NEW YORK. 43 
 
 ages and the French. The villages were laid waste, and 
 families murdered, but the hardy settlers rallied with re- 
 newed energy after every trial. 
 
 PART III— MIDDLE COLONIES. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 1. Henry Hudson entered the Hudson River in the year 
 1609. This discovery was the foundation of the Dutch 
 claim to New Netherland, a name which, in 1614, was 
 given by the States of Holland to the territory lying be- 
 tween the 40th and 45th degrees, north latitude. After- 
 ward the name was limited to the country between Cape 
 Henlopen and Cape Cod. 
 
 2. Opposing Claim to the Territory. — The English re- 
 garded this as an interference with their claim, and re- 
 monstrated. The States of Holland paid no attention to 
 
 4. What is said of the sufferings of the New Hampshire settlers? 
 
 1. What was the fonnclatiou of the Dutch claim in America? What was its 
 extent and name ? Why was this called New Netherlands ? 
 
 2. Who disputed the Dutch claim, and why? How did the Dutch show their 
 regard for this remonstrance ? 
 
44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 this. In 1623 the Dutch built Fort Nassau, on the Del- 
 aware, and Fort Orange, near the present site of Albany. 
 
 3. Early Settlements. — There were a few block huts 
 for the protection of Dutch fishermen on Manhattan Isl- 
 and as early as 1614. The real settlement of the island, 
 however, did not begin until the year 1625. In the fol- 
 lowing year the Walloons, French Protestants from Hol- 
 land, settled Long Island, at Wallabout Bay, within the 
 present limits of Brooklyn. 
 
 4. New Amsterdam founded. — Minuits was the first 
 "director," or governor. Under him Fort Amsterdam 
 was built, and the village that sprang up around it was 
 named New Amsterdam. This was the beginning of 
 the city of New York. 
 
 5. Bad Government of Kieft. — Kieft, the third govern- 
 or, behaved with great cruelty to the Indians. This 
 brought on an Indian war, in 1643, which for years 
 threatened the destruction of the colony. The conduct 
 of Kieft became so bad that he was recalled by the Dutch 
 authorities, and was succeeded by the brave and energet- 
 ic Stuyvesant {sti've-sant),m 1647. 
 
 6. Serious Troubles. — Stuy vesant had much trying work 
 to do. A colony of Swedes, in 1638, had settled on the 
 Delaware, near the present Wilmington, and built a fort ; 
 this was within the limits of New Netherland, and a 
 trespass on the Dutch claim. The Connecticut people 
 were quarreling with the Dutch about boundaries. Worst 
 of all, the colonists, many of whom were settlers from New 
 England, were growing very restless under the severity 
 of Dutch rule. 
 
 v. Energy of Stuyvesant— Tlie brave old soldier went 
 to work with spirit. He first settled the boundary line 
 
 3. Where were the first settlements, and when ? 
 
 4. Who was the first governor? What was now begun? Of what was this 
 the I»Piriiining? 
 
 5. What is said of the results of Kiefl's rule ? When and by whom was he suc- 
 ceeded ? Why was this ? 
 
 C. How many and what troublesome afi"airs did Stuyvesant encounter? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY — NEW YORK. 45 
 
 on the Connecticut side-. He then turned his attention 
 to the Swedes. In the year 1655 he took possession of 
 every one of their posts, and reduced them to entire sub- 
 mission. The Swedish Colony existed seventeen years. 
 
 8. New Netherland seized by the English. — He could 
 not so easily settle affairs with his own colonists. An 
 English fleet, under Colonel Nichols, appeared before New 
 Amsterdam, in 1G64, and demanded, in the name of the 
 Duke of York, that the keys of the fort should be given 
 up to him. Stuyvesant refused, but found himself unsup- 
 ported by the citizens, and the fort was surrendered in 
 opposition to his most earnest entreaties. 
 
 9. The Territory under English Rule. — The whole region 
 from the Connecticut to the Delaware had been given by 
 King Charles II. to his brother James, duke of York 
 and Albany. On the surrender of New Amsterdam, the 
 name was changed to New York, and Fort Orange to 
 Albany. New Netherland became the province of New 
 Yoi'k, of which the duke was proprietor. 
 
 10. New York seized by the Dutch.^The Dutch regained 
 possession of New York in the year 1673, during a war 
 between England and Holland. When the war ended, it 
 passed, by treaty, under English rule, after having been 
 held by the Dutch fifteen months. 
 
 11. Execution of Leisler. — The colonists gained nothing 
 by the change to English rule. The duke's governors, 
 among whom was Edmund Andros, were much worse than 
 the stern but just Peter Stuyvesant. The execution of 
 Leisler {Us'ler) and Milborne, in 1691, produced great ex- 
 citement in the colony. When William HI. ascended the 
 throne, Leisler, with some of the citizens, seized the fort 
 in the name of the new king. William, however, did not 
 
 7. How did Stuyvesant settle two of them ? How long was this little'Swedish 
 colony in existence ? 
 
 8. What ended Stuyvesant's rule ? Why did he not make forcible resistance ? 
 
 9. Why M'as New Amsterdam claimed by the Duke of York? What changes 
 took place? 
 
 10. What interruption was there to English rule? How long did this last? 
 
46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 sanction what he did, and sent out Col. Sloughter as gov- 
 ernor. Leisler was brought to trial for treason, and he and 
 liis son-in-law, Milborne, were condemned and executed. 
 
 12. King William's War. — The northern frontiers suf- 
 fered severely during King William's war. The French 
 and Indians committed great barbarities. Schenectady 
 was burned, and men, women, and children were tortured 
 and put to death. 
 
 13. The Negro Plot~1741. — Another event of impor- 
 tance in the early history of the colony was the supposed 
 negro plot to burn the city of New York and massacre 
 the inhabitants. During the excitement thirty persons 
 were executed for their supposed connection with the 
 plot, some of whom were whites. The people, after some 
 time, became ashamed of their cruelty, and common sense 
 resumed its control. 
 
 14. Love of Liberty. — The colonists of New York en- 
 dured mucli from the oppression of the royal governors, 
 some of whom were most unprincipled men. The strug- 
 gles of the colonists for liberty under these bad rulers 
 prepared them for the trying times of the Revolution. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 1. Early Settlement— The present State of New Jersey 
 formed part of the territory of New Netherland. Under 
 the Dutch no active efforts were made to settle the coun- 
 try west of the Hudson. In the same year that the En- 
 glish rule began, 1664, Elizabethtown was settled under 
 a grant of land from Governor Nichols. 
 
 2. Sale of New Jersey by the Duke. — Meanwhile the 
 Duke of York had sold the whole tract between the 
 Hudson and the Delaware to Lord Berkeley and Sir 
 
 11. Did the colonists gain by the change? What governor is mentioned? 
 What event produced great trouble ? Describe this. 
 
 12. IIow did King William's War affect the colony? Where is Schenectady ? 
 
 13. What excitement sprang up in 1741 ? Describe this, 
 
 14. From what cause in particular did the colonists suffer? What good result 
 followed ? 
 
 1. What is said of the territory of New Jersey ? Of its early settlement ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY — NEW JERSEY. 
 
 47 
 
 George Carteret. The lat- 
 ter named the territory 
 New Jersey, after the isl- 
 and of Jersey, in the En- 
 glish Channel, of Avhich 
 he had been governor. 
 
 3. Carteret and the ear- 
 ly Settlers. — Philip Car- 
 teret came over as gov- 
 ernor in 1665, and re- 
 sided at Elizabetlitown. 
 Settlers flocked in large 
 numbers to the mild 
 climate of the new prov- 
 ince, where no rents 
 were charged for the 
 lands for the first five 
 
 years. These easy terms For part of New Netherland, see Map, p. 20. 
 
 led to serious disturbances, for when rent did become 
 due, the settlers refused to pay any, and the governor 
 was forced to leave the colony for a time. 
 
 4. East and West Jersey. — Lord Berkeley sold out his 
 rights to two English Quakers in the year 1674. A few 
 years after the entire tract was divided into two parts — 
 East and West Jersey. Carteret took the east, and the 
 other proprietors the west part. 
 
 5. Andros in New Jersey. — When Andros was govern- 
 or of New York, under the duke, in 1678, he claimed the 
 governorship of New Jersey. In 1680 he went to Eliza- 
 bethtown, and carried off* Governor Carteret a prisoner 
 to New York. Next year the duke gave up all claim to 
 Jersey, and the proprietors were restored to their rights. 
 
 MIBDLE COLONIES. 
 
 2. Who owned the territory first under English rule ? To whom was it sold ? 
 Why named New Jersey? 
 
 3. What is said of the early settlers ? What troubles ensued ? 
 
 4. What is said of Berkeley's right ? How was the territory divided ? 
 
 5. What is said of Major Andros, and the claim? How did he enforce this 
 claim ? What was the end of the business ? 
 
48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 G. Carteret no longer Proprietor. — In 1682 Carteret sold 
 his i-ights in East Jersey to William Penii and eleven 
 otlier Quakers. They had very troublesome times with 
 tlieir tenants, many of whom were Scotch settlers, and 
 were glad to give up their right of government to the 
 crown- in the year 1702. 
 
 7. New Jersey a royal Province. — The same year all 
 New Jersey was united with New York under one gov- 
 ernor, and the union continued for 36 years. At the end of 
 that period New Jersey obtained a royal governor for it- 
 self No further change took place until the Revolution. 
 
 DELAWARE — PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1. The Swedes on the Delaware. — Delaware was first set- 
 tled by the Swedes, near the present city of Wilmington, 
 in 1638. To the territory around their fort they gave 
 the name of New Sweden. In 1643 they built a fort on 
 Tinicum Island, a few miles below the present city of 
 Philadelphia. Stuyvesant, as we have seen, conquered 
 the colony of New Sweden. The Swedish settlers, how- 
 ever, still remained on the Delaware. 
 
 2. Penn's Grant.— William Penn, in the year 1681, ob- 
 tained from King Charles II. a grant of land west of the 
 Delaware, in payment of a debt due his father. The grant 
 covered what is now the State of Pennsylvania. In 1682 
 the Duke of York, with whom Penn was a great favorite, 
 gave him in addition all that territory now known as the 
 State of Delaware. This was presently named " the ter- 
 ritories or three lower counties on the Delaware." 
 
 3. First Settlers— Penn's Arrival.— On these two tracts 
 Penn was desirous of providing a home for oppressed 
 Quakers, o r " Fri ends," as they called themselves. The 
 
 6. What became of Carteret's right ? How did the new proprietors succeed ? 
 
 7. What happened in 1702 ? State what is said of its further history. 
 
 1. Whore and by whom was Delaware first settled ? What was its first name ? 
 \\ hat ot her settlement was made by them ? What can you state of the conquest 
 of New Sweden ? See page 44. How long did it exist as a colony ? 
 
 2. Whence was the origin of Pennsylvania? What other tract did Penn re- 
 ceive ? By what name was it known ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTOKY — DELAWARE — PENNSYLVANIA. 49 
 
 first settlers came out and settled at New Castle, on the 
 Delaware, in 1681. Penn himself came over late in 1682. 
 Early in 1683 he laid out the city of Philadelphia, or 
 " brotherly love." 
 
 4. His Treatment of the Indians. — There is something 
 very pleasing in the way Penn treated the Indians. He 
 bought their lands, and, under the great elm-tree of Ken- 
 sington, made a treaty of peace with them, which lasted 
 seventy years. In all his dealings with them he was so 
 kind and truthful that the natives always trusted one 
 who wore the dress of a Quaker. 
 
 5. Penn and the Colonists.— This great and good man 
 was not equally fortunate in retaining the good-will of 
 all the colonists. He made the terms of settlement very 
 easy, and gave them great liberty in the management 
 of their affairs ; but the " territories " on the Delaware 
 caused him much anxiety. They wanted a government 
 of their own, distinct from that of Pennsylvania. 
 
 6. Delaware a separate Province.— At last, in 1691, while 
 he was on a visit to England, Penn sent word that the 
 territories might have their own way; and he appoint- 
 ed a deputy-governor over them. In 1703 a final agree- 
 ment of separation was made. Each colony had its own 
 Assembly, but both remained under one governor. 
 
 7. Happiness of the Colonists. — The history of these 
 two colonies is marked by no event of striking impor- 
 tance. This is the best evidence of their growth and hap- 
 piness. Beyond the disputes with Penn on the lower Del- 
 aware, there Avas nothing to mar their comfort. Swedes 
 and Quakers were treated alike, with the same noble gen- 
 erosity that marked the conduct of Penn. 
 
 8. The Government of both Colonies. — After his death, 
 
 3. What use did Penn intend to make of ttiese grants ? What is said of the 
 first settlements ? 
 
 4. What is said of Penn's treatment of the Indians'? How did they treat his 
 settlers in return ? 
 
 5. What is said of Penn and the Delaware settlers ? What did they want ? 
 
 6. What arrangement was made in 1691 ? What one in 1T03 ? 
 
 7. What is said of the happiness of the colonists? 
 
 c 
 
50 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 in 1V18, tlie colonics were governed by his descendants 
 or thcir'depnties. In the year 1779 the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania, grateful to the memory of Penn, paid to his heirs 
 nearly 1^000,000 for their proprietary rights. 
 
 PART IV.— EXTREME SOUTHERN COLONIES. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1 . Early Settlements. — The first attempts at settlement 
 williiii tlie present limits of North Carolina were made 
 by Raleigh, at Roanoke Island. About seventy years 
 later, in 1G51, a few emigrants from Virginia settled near 
 the mouth of the Chowan River. Ten years after, some 
 New Englanders settled on Cape Fear River, near the 
 present city of Wilmington. Neither of these tw^o col- 
 onies ])ros])cred. 
 
 2. The Clarendon Grant— In the year 1663 Charles II. 
 granted a large tract of land, south of Virginia, to Lord 
 Clarendon and seven noblemen. They named this prov- 
 ince Carolina, in honor of the king. 
 
 8. How were the colonies governed ? How did Pennsylvania show its regard 
 for the memory of Penn ? 
 
 1. When and where were the first settlements attempted in North Carolina ? 
 \\ hat two settlements were made later ? 
 
 'J. What wa.s the Clarendon grant? What was it named, and why ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY — NORTH CAROLINA. 51 
 
 3. Albemarle and Clarendon Colonies. — In 1664, some 
 eniigrants from Virginia landed near the old spot on 
 the Chowan River, and formed a settlement which they 
 named Albemarle Colony, in honor of one of the pro- 
 prietors. This was found to be north of the Clarendon 
 grants, and new boundaries were therefore granted. The 
 present "southern boundary of Virginia became the I'lie 
 on the north ; the line on the south took in more than 
 one half of Florida. In 1665 settlers from Barbadoes 
 settled near Wilmington. This was named the Claren- 
 don Colony, but it did not succeed. 
 
 4. Locke's Plan of Government.^The celebrated philos- 
 opher, John Locke, had been asked by the proprietors to 
 draw up a frame of government for Carolina. In doing 
 this he provided for an order of nobility, Avho were to 
 govern and make laws for the people. Perhaps this 
 might have suited a thickly settled country, but in the 
 wilderness of Carolina it proved worse than useless, after 
 a trial of twenty years. 
 
 5. Progress of Carolina. — The Albemarle Colony was 
 the only one that flourished in numbers. Locke's scheme 
 of government, and quarrels with the proprietors about 
 lands and rents, produced constant contentions. About 
 the beginning of the 18th century numbers of French and 
 German Protestants settled in North Carolina. There 
 came also considerable bodies of Scotch and North Irish 
 emigrants. The colony was at last fixed on a firm foot- 
 ing, and, but for the oj^pression of the governors, the peo- 
 ple would have been happy. 
 
 6. Carolina divided. — The government of the propri- 
 etors came to an end in 1729. That year the King of 
 England, George II., bought the rights of the proprietors, 
 and divided the province into North and South Carolina. 
 
 3. Where was the first settlement under this grant ? What mistake was made ? 
 How was this remedied ? What occurred in 16G5? What was its success ? 
 
 4. What duty was assigned to a distinguished Englishman ? What is said of it ? 
 
 5. How did the Carolina Colony succeed at first ? What is said of the later 
 settlers ? 
 
52 IIISTOHY OF TUE UNITED STATES. 
 
 From this time onward to the Revolution each of these 
 was a separate royal province. 
 
 SOUTH CAKOLTNA. 
 
 I.Charleston settled. — Under the Clarendon grant 
 some colonists settled on the west bank of the Ashley 
 River, in 1670. Here they founded Old Charleston. 
 Tiie settlement was named Carteret Colony. It was very 
 soon seen that the land at the junction of the Ashley and 
 Cooper rivers was more desirable. Thither the settlers on 
 the west bank of the Ashley moved, in the year 1680, and 
 laid the foundation of the present city of Charleston. 
 
 2. Early Settlers— the Huguenots. — Many of the early 
 settlers of South Carolina were Huguenots, driven from 
 France by religious persecution. Their patient, industri- 
 ous, and strictly moral lives had a marked influence on 
 the success of the colony. 
 
 3. Trouble with the Spaniards and Indians. — The col- 
 ony had serious trouble, at diiferent times, with the Span- 
 iards of Florida. A combined Spanish and French fleet, 
 in 1706, attempted to capture Charleston, but was re- 
 pulsed, with heavy loss. The settlers sufiered also severe- 
 ly from the Indians on their borders as late as the year 
 1 7 1 5. 
 
 4. Eflfect of the Indian Wars.— It was the expense in- 
 curred by the Indian wars that led to the change of gov- 
 ernment in 1729, already mentioned in the history of 
 North Carolina. The colonists were heavily taxed, and 
 the proi)rietors paid nothing. The people rebelled; the 
 king interfered ; Carolina was divided ; and South Caro- 
 lina became a royal province. 
 
 What important event occurred in 1729? What was the government of 
 North Carolina after this? 
 
 , \'^''l'^'^ '''"'I '''*'"'' "■*"■'' ^^^ ^""'^ eettlements made in South Carolina ? What 
 led to the settlement of New Charleston ? 
 '-'. What 18 said of the early setUers? 
 
 a.fy nthcT?^^"' ^""'*^^ ^'*^ ^^^ "^"^""^ ^""^^ ^'''"'^^^ ^ ^'"^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^'^"^^^ ^'''™ 
 4. What led to the change in 1729 ? State what is said. 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY — GEORGIA. 53 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 1. Founding of Georgia. — The Colony of Georgia was 
 formed out of the original Clarendon grant. In 1732 
 James Oglethorpe obtained a grant from King George 
 II. of all the land between the Savannah and Altamaha 
 rivers. In honor of the king, he named this Georgia. 
 
 2. Oglethorpe the Founder. — Oglethorpe was a soldier 
 of some distinction, and a member of Parliament. He 
 was a man of a very benevolent nature, and his object in 
 founding Georgia was to provide a home for the suffering- 
 poor of England. The colony was placed in the hands of 
 21 trustees, for 21 years, who were to carry out this plan. 
 
 3. Character of the early Settlers. — Oglethorpe himself 
 led the first emigrants to the Savannah River, in the year 
 1733, and founded Savannah. The colony increased in 
 numbers. But these poor people did not make it a suc- 
 cessful colony. A large number of sturdy Scotch High- 
 landers and industrious Germans arrived ; and they gave 
 whatever vigor and life Georgia had for a long time. 
 
 4. Oglethorpe's Energy. — The bravery and activity of 
 Oglethorpe saved the colony from destruction by the 
 Spaniards, in 1742. Florida bordered on Georgia, and 
 the danger from this cause was by no means small ; but 
 the Spaniards were frightened by Oglethorpe's prepara- 
 tions, and retired. 
 
 5. Treatment of Oglethorpe. — The colonists showed 
 great ingratitude for all Oglethorpe's kindness. They 
 went so far as to send an agent to England with com- 
 plaints against him. These, after careful trial, were pro- 
 nounced to be utterly without foundation. 
 
 6. Success of the Colony. — The colony, meanwhile, did 
 
 1. Out of what was Georgia formed ? Who obtained the grant, and when ? 
 What was its extent, and why named Georgia? 
 
 2. Who was Oglethorpe ? What was his object ? How was the trust arranged ? 
 
 3. Where was the first settlement made? How did the colony succeed at first ? 
 What is said of later settlers ? 
 
 4. What is said of Oglethorpe's care of the colony? 
 
 5. How did the colonists repay his kindness ? 
 
54 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 not flourislL The trustees were wearied with the com- 
 plaints of tlie colonists, and at length, in the year 1752, 
 they resigned their poAvers into the hands of the king. 
 Georgia then became a royal province. 
 
 r.KXEKAL KEFLECTIONS ON COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 1. Period of Settlement. — The number of English col- 
 onies was thirteen. Maine, which w^as a separate colo- 
 ny and province until 1C92, was in that year annexed to 
 .Alassachusctts. The settlement of the colonies extended 
 tlirough a period of 126 years. Virginia, the first, was 
 settled in 1607. Georgia, the last, was settled in 1733. 
 The most active period of settlement was from 1607 to 
 1637. During this time Virginia, Maryland, New York, 
 and the New England colonies, were fonnded. Georgia 
 was the only colony begun after the commencement of 
 the 18th century. The period of settlement may there- 
 fore be said to be the 1 7th century. 
 
 2. Different Nationalities.— In the year 1750 the great 
 body of the inhabitants in the colonies were either En- 
 glish or their descendants. But many of the settlers 
 came from other nations of Europe. The Dutch were 
 numerous in New York ; the French were found in New 
 Vork and South Carolina ; the Scotch and Irish, in East 
 .krsey, the Carolinas, and Georgia; the Sw^edes, on the 
 Delaware; the Germans, in Pennsylvania and North 
 Carolina. 
 
 3. Their Industries.— In New England the inhabitants 
 were occupied in farming, lumbering, manufacturing, ship- 
 building, and the fisheries. In the Middle States they 
 were cliiefiy fiirmers. In Virginia and Maryland the 
 l.riiu-ipal staple was tobacco, and farming was the main 
 busin ess. In Car olina and Georgia were the rice planta- 
 
 fi. What is said of the final success of the colony ? 
 
 1. n.)w lont,' wa8 the period of settlement ? What was the most active period ? 
 
 u;;^ r "' } TfZV''''' ^^"^ "'^""^ "''"'" °^ "^« ^^^"1«^-^ ? What other nations 
 ^^crc ropresci.tcd? ^Vhere were they found in the colonies? 
 
GENERAL REFLECTIONS ON COLONIAL HISTORY. 55 
 
 tions, near the coast : on the high lands the settlers were 
 farmers. Cotton was not yet cultivated to any extent. 
 
 4. Trade and Commerce. — The most commercial colony 
 was Massachusetts. Boston, from the first, was the most 
 active of all the towns in shipping. Philadelphia and 
 New York were both considerable ports. Virginia had 
 no shipping-ports worthy of note. If we examine a map 
 of Virginia, we may notice how many large rivers run 
 into Chesapeake Bay. Up these the ships went to the 
 plantations, and took away the produce of the planters, 
 leaving other things in exchange. This is the reason why 
 the colonists of Virginia did not collect in large towns. 
 Jamestown was never more than a village. 
 
 5. Currency. — The trade of the colonies was, in early 
 times, mainly carried on by exchange or barter. In Vir- 
 ginia, for a long time, tobacco was used as money ; in New 
 England, wampum, made of shells ; in New York, beaver- 
 skins. The currency was English — pounds, shillings, and 
 pence. Dollars and cents came in with the Revolution. 
 
 6. Colonial Habits. — The mode of life was exceedingly 
 simple. They had abundance of plain food, but there 
 were few luxuries. They wore homespun clothes, and 
 made their yarn from the wool of their own sheep. The 
 roads were poor, and wheel vehicles were very few. The 
 farmer's wife rode to church or market behind her hus- 
 band, on one horse. The young people managed to en- 
 joy themselves very merrily. They had corn-huskings, 
 apple-parings, election parades, thanksgiving feasts, and 
 out-of-door sports. It was a simple life, with plenty of 
 hard labor, but it was a very free one. There was no 
 waste, and there was little or no want. 
 
 3. In whiit were the settlers of New Euglaucl engaged ? Of the Middle States ? 
 Of Virginia and Maryland ? Of Carolina and Georgia ? 
 
 4. What was the most commercial colony ? The most commercial town ? 
 What two others are mentioned ? Why had Virginia no large towns ? 
 
 5. How was trade carried on ? What was used instead of currency ? In what 
 money were accounts kept ? When was the Federal currency adopted ? 
 
 f>. What is said of the mode of life? Clothing? Roads and modes of convey- 
 ance ? Amusements of the young ? What remark is made ? 
 
50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 r. Class Distinctions.— In Virginia, and to a certain ex- 
 tent in the Middle States, the large land-holders formed 
 an aristocracy. By this it is meant that a few leading 
 liunilies kept the chief offices in their own hands.^ For 
 example, there were the planters, on great estates, in Vir- 
 iriiiia ; the tatroons, or large land-owners, in New York; 
 and the proprietors in New Jersey. In New England 
 the land was divided into small farms, and there was 
 thus less contrast in wealth between the settlers. This 
 made the people of these Eastern colonies more demo- 
 cratic from the first. 
 
 8. Religious Denominations. — There was very great 
 variety of religious belief in the colonies. The Church 
 of England was supreme in Virginia and the Carolinas. 
 The Catholics settled in Maryland ; the Puritans, in New 
 England ; the Quakers, in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and 
 West Jersey ; the Presbyterians, in East Jersey ; the 
 Dutch Reformed Church, in New York; and the French 
 Huguenots, in New York and South Carolina. 
 
 0. Religious Freedom. — Puritans, Catholics, Quakers, 
 Huguenots, fled from persecution in order to enjoy their 
 own faith unmolested in America. But some of these 
 sects were very intolerant to those who differed from 
 I hem. Thus, we saw Williams and the Quakers driven 
 Irom Massachusetts ; and in Maryland the Catholics were, 
 before many years, disfranchised by the Presbyterians. 
 Tn looking at this we must not be too ready to blame 
 tliose sects; for we must remember that the principles of 
 religious freedom were not then well understood in any 
 l>art of the world. 
 
 10. Education. — The New England colonies were the 
 most active and careful to provide for the education of the 
 
 7. What distinction was there in Virprinia? What is an aristocracy? Give 
 cxami.les. What is said of New Enp;lancl in this particular ? 
 
 ^ Wiint is said of reli-ion in the colonies? Name the denominations spoken 
 or. \\ here was each of these to be found ? 
 
 '.>. Vrnm what c^insc were many colonies settled? What is said of religious 
 freodom amon- them ? Why do they not deserve great blame for this ? 
 
GENERAL REFLECTIONS ON COLONIAL HISTORY. 57 
 
 young. Under the Dutch rule, New Amsterdam had its 
 school-master almost as soon as its minister. The Quak- 
 ers of Pennsylvania and New Jersey established schools 
 at an early day. Virginia and Maryland at first moved 
 very slowly in this work ; but toward the close of the 
 1 7th century schools began to multiply. 
 
 11. Printing— Newspapers. — The first printing-press in 
 the colonies was set up in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 
 the year 1639. The first newspaper was established at 
 Boston, in 1690, but stopped after the first number. In 
 1700 there was not one in the thirteen colonies: in 1774 
 there were not less than 37. In Virginia it was the boast 
 of the governor that there was neither printing-press nor 
 school in the year 1675. 
 
 12. Different Kinds of Government. — Three forms of 
 government prevailed in the colonies: the Proprietary, 
 the Charter, and the Royal, or Provincial. 
 
 13. Proprietary Governments. — Nearly all the colonies 
 were, at one time or other, under proprietors, who had 
 certain rights of government granted by the crown. 
 Pennsylvania is an example of jDroprietary government, 
 undisturbed from its settlement until tlie Revolution. 
 Maryland and Delaware are also examples. 
 
 14. Charter Governments were carried on under certain 
 rights granted to the people in writing by the crown. 
 Hence the name charter, from the word charta^ a sheet. 
 The principal charter governments were Connecticut, 
 Rhode Island, Massachusetts. We may remember what 
 was said about the Connecticut and Rhode Island char- 
 ters. Under this form of government the jDCople had the 
 right of choosing their own governors. 
 
 10. When was public education first cared for ? What is said of other colonies ? 
 
 11. What is said of the first printing-press ? Of newspapers ? What is said of 
 Virginia in 1675? 
 
 12. How many and what kinds of government prevailed in the colonies? 
 
 13. What was proprietary government ? What examples are given of this ? 
 
 14. What was charter government? Give examples of this form. What right 
 did the people have under this ? 
 
 C2 
 
58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 15. Royal Governments.— Nearly all the colonies, by the 
 year 1V50, had passed under the crown. They had thus 
 become koyal p^vOVI^x■ES, in which the governor and his 
 deputies were chosen by the King of England. The only 
 exceptions were Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, 
 wliicli remained under proprietors; and Connecticut and 
 Kliodc Tshiiid, which kept their free charter governments. 
 
 Ui. Love of Liberty.— The nature of these governments 
 did not seem to make any difference in the love of liberty 
 among the people of the colonies. Virginia was made a 
 royal province in 1624, six years before Boston was set- 
 tled, and yet she had in 1775 as active and liberty-loving 
 a population as Connecticut, which had the freest charter 
 in America. So it was with New York, which, either as 
 a Dutch or English province, had no charter. 
 
 17. How the Love of Freedom was nourished. — The 
 truth is, that the great new country was thinly settled, 
 and the lands were cheap. The frugal and independent 
 habits of the people nourished the spirit of liberty. 
 AVlien the royal governors troubled and oppressed them, 
 they resisted, and would vote no money. The rulers 
 miglit go a certain length, but they did not dare to go 
 too far. The early settlers, for the most part, came to 
 America to enjoy freedom, and their descendants inher- 
 ited the LOVE OF LIBERTY and HATRED OF OPPRESSION. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How many English colonies were there ? Name them. 
 
 2. Which was the first settled ? The last ? Give dates. 
 :!. What was the chief period of settlement? 
 
 4. How many were first settled by the English? 
 
 r.. How many were begun by people of other nations ? 
 
 -• ,\\'J\-'\ "'^i'"»«' cohmies bounded the English on the north and south? 
 
 .. J\»Hch of the thirteen colonies were settled by persecuted religious sects? 
 
 s. C.ivc the particulars of the settlement of the first colony. 
 
 •.». ^^ hat difllculties did it encounter at first? 
 
 10. Who formed the London Company ? Give account. 
 
 15. What is said of royal government ? To what extent did it prevail 
 "■ How did these different forms affect the settle 
 
 ove this? 
 17. What causes produced this love of freedom ? 
 
 .„ XT ■,-■, , ,:_• " ^" ""ill exienr am ir, prevail? 
 
 i<. I'roveTh]'. ? '" "'°' ^''™' "^^'* *''" '"^""'^ ^ ^^'^^^t examples are given 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 59 
 
 11. Who was John Smith? 
 
 12. Show how his hibors benefited the colony. 
 
 13. Show his ability by what occnrred when he left. 
 
 14. What important events occurred during the period of the third charter ? 
 
 15. Why were these important? 
 
 16. What misfortune befell the colony in 1622 ? 
 
 17. To what great change did this lead ? 
 
 18. Give some account of the rule of the London Company. 
 
 19. What were the provisions of the Navigation Act ? 
 
 20. What was the object of the English in passing this ? 
 
 21. From what cause did Bacon's rebellion arise ? 
 
 22. Why did Virginia have no large towns ? 
 
 23. Under what grant was Maryland settled ? 
 
 24. What was there remarkable about its charter? 
 
 25. What difficulties did the colony encounter at first ? 
 
 26. Who was Clayborne ? Sketch his connection with Maryland. 
 
 27. What kind of government had Maryland ? 
 
 28. When did the connection of the Baltimore family end? 
 
 29. When and by whom was New England named ? 
 
 30. How many New England colonies were there ? Name them. 
 
 31. Was Maine one ? Why not ? Was Vermont one ? 
 
 32. What was the origin and extent of the Great Patent ? 
 
 33. Give an account of the settlement of New Plymouth. 
 
 34. What was the history of the Pilgrims in Europe ? 
 
 35. What was the origin of the great colony of New England? 
 8G. Who were the Puritans ? 
 
 37. Where were the first settlements made in Massachusetts Bay ? 
 
 38. How did the Puritans treat those who differed from them ? 
 
 39. Give examples of this. 
 
 40. To the establishment of what colony did this lead ? 
 
 41. What other colony sprang from Massachusetts ? 
 
 42. What were some of the principal events in the history of Massachusetts? 
 
 43. Give an account of King Philip's War. 
 
 44. Give the name, cause, and duration, of each of the first three intercolonial 
 wars. 
 
 45. Name the principal event in each. 
 
 46. To whom did Acadia originally belong? What did the English name it ? 
 
 47. What was the extent of the Connecticut grant? 
 
 48. What nation claimed the territory, and what steps did they take to main- 
 tain their claim ? 
 
 49. How and when was this claim settled ? See New York. 
 
 50. How many and what colonies were there originally in Connecticut ? 
 
 51. When and how did they become one colony ? 
 
 52. What was peculiar about the Connecticut charter? 
 
 53. Give the account of the settlement of Rhode Island. 
 
 54. Give the history of its charter. Why was it obtained ? 
 5.5. What colony did it resemble in one of the provisions? 
 
 56. What events marked the first settlement of New Hampshire ? 
 •57. Who was the proprietor, and what difficulties did he meet with? 
 
 58. With what colony was New Hampshire intimately connected ? 
 
 59. Name the Middle colonies. Give their extent, 
 
 60. How much of this was claimed by another European nation? 
 
 61. Under what name and claim did they hold it? 
 
 62. Give a short account of the first settlement of this territory. 
 
 63. Name some of the most important events of New Netherland history. 
 
00 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 (-.4. Sketch the character of Peter Stnyvesant. 
 
 (■,5. What chaugc took phice nuder his administration ? 
 
 CG How did this change affect the future history of New Jersey and Delaware? 
 
 (57. How lou!,- did the Duke of York hold New York? , ,, ^. , „ 
 
 08 Who was Kiu<- William ? What is said of him elsewhere m the history ? 
 
 (•,;)" What sad affair occurred in New York after the accession of King William ? 
 
 7(V What sort of rulers were the royal governors? 
 
 Tl. Who were the Patroons ? 
 
 7-' How long was New York under proprietors ? A royal Province ? 
 
 7!!. When and where was New Jersey first settled by the English? 
 
 74! What changes took place in the proprietorship of New Jersey? 
 
 7r)! Who were the principal settlers of New Jersey? 
 
 7(i. From what cause did troubles arise ? 
 
 77. How long was it a royal province? and under proprietors? 
 
 7S. What led to the settlement of Pennsylvania? 
 
 79. How was Penn's grant increased? 
 
 SO. Who were the first settlers on the Delaware? 
 
 81. Give the history of this colony. 
 
 82. Wliy is the history of those two middle colonies so closely connected ? 
 
 83. What difliculties ensued between the English settlers on the Delaware and 
 Penn? 
 
 84. IIow were these finally settled ? 
 
 85. Sketch the character of William Penn. 
 
 86. Who were the Quakers ? In what colonies are they mentioned ? 
 
 87. What was the government of Delaware and Pennsylvania? 
 
 88. How long did it last ? 
 
 89. With what colonies was Penn closely connected? 
 
 no. What southern colony was first settled from Virginia ? 
 
 91. What was its early success? 
 
 92. IIow far did the first Carolina grant extend ? 
 
 93. Name the different colonies within the present limits of North Carolina. 
 
 94. Name those within the limits of South Carolina. 
 
 95. Give the history of Locke's Constitution. 
 
 90. What was the character of the settlers in these two colonies ? 
 97. What useful foreigners settled near Charleston? 
 
 9S. IIow long were the Carolinas under proprietors? 
 
 99. For what object was Georgia founded? 
 
 Ktn. Who was Oglethorpe ? Sketch his character. 
 
 101. How did the colony succeed? 
 
 102. IIow was Georgia governed at first? 
 in:'.. What was its final success as a colony? 
 
 1(14. What were the industries of the several colonies ? ' 
 
 Ht5. Which were the commercial colonies and towns? 
 
 1(10. State what is said of the early habits of the people. 
 
 l'i7. IIow many kinds of government were to be found in the colonies? 
 
 \()^. Give examples of each. 
 
 109. How was trade carried on with the scarcity of money ? 
 
 no. Which was the greatest trading colony? 
 
 111. Name the principal sea-ports of the colonies. 
 
 11-2. What strengthened among the people the love of freedom? 
 
 W.': Give an example of this. 
 
FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 61 
 
 , ,^/!'^^ I, 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 FROM THE YEAR 1G09. 
 
 1. A Knowledge of French Explorations necessary. — We 
 have now reached that period when the great and final 
 struggle between the French and English colonies was 
 about to begin. We can not clearly understand the 
 causes that led to this contest without knowing some- 
 thing of the French explorations that had been going on 
 from the year 1609. 
 
 2. The French forced westward. — It will be remember- 
 ed that the Frenchman, Champlain, entered the northern 
 part of New York in the year 1609. He did this to as- 
 sist the Huron Indians against the Iroquois {e-ro-qudh). 
 The consequence was that the latter became bitter ene- 
 mies of the French, and completely prevented them from 
 exploring southward. The French were thus compelled 
 to push westward along the shores of the great lakes. 
 
 3. The Jesuits and their Labors. — The explorers were 
 chiefly Jesuit missionaries — brave, self-devoted men, who 
 
 1. Why is a knowledge of French explorations necessary at this point? 
 
 2. Who entered northern New York in 1G09 ? For what purpose ? What was 
 the consequence of this ? 
 
(32 IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 wvvo ready to endure every privation, torture, and even 
 death itselt; to raise the banner of the Cross among the 
 led men of the forest. These remarkable men moved 
 steadily westward, and planted stations, or missions, giv- 
 iug them French names. Many of these remain to the 
 present day. In 1668 they founded St. Mary's, the old- 
 est settlement in the State of Michigan. 
 
 4. Upper Mississippi discovered. — One of the mission- 
 aries, the celebrated Father Marquette (mar-ket)^ with a 
 trader named Joliet {zhol-yd')^ floated down the Wiscon- 
 sin Kiver in a birch-bark canoe, and discovered the Mis- 
 sissippi, in June, 1673. On their way back to Green Bay, 
 they stopped at the present site of Chicago. 
 
 5. La Salle. — The most remarkable of all these French- 
 men was La Salle {sal). He was the explorer of the 
 lower Mississippi and the founder of Louisiana. His life 
 was one constant scene of adventure. While he was yet 
 a young man, he attracted the notice of the French king 
 by his explorations of lakes Erie and Ontario. The king 
 rewarded him by granting him Fort Frontenac and a large 
 tract of land adjoining. 
 
 6. Explores the Mississippi— Louisiana.— His active spir- 
 it urged him to explore the great river that Marquette 
 had seen, and in 1682 he descended the Mississippi to the 
 (iulf of Mexico. The country on its banks he named 
 Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV., king of France. Four 
 years after this, La Salle sailed from France with an ex- 
 ix'dition, to plant a colony in Louisiana. He missed the 
 mouth of the Mississippi, and landed his colonists some- 
 wliere on the Texas coast. 
 
 _2^^ Salle's^ad Fate.— The supplies that were expect- 
 
 3. Who were the French explorers ? What is said of their self-denial ? What 
 T\il f'^ ^•'^""■' • ^^''^^ evidence do we still have of their movements ? 
 
 4. What discovery was made by two Frenchmen? When? Where did they 
 stop on their return ? 
 
 5. Who was the most remarkable of the French explorers? What is said of 
 his early history? 
 
 um' ??'''' ^l^ rH!'- '''^^}'''^' """^ '''^'^" ^ ^^'^^^t territory did he name, and why ? 
 \\ hat is said of hif colony? ' 
 
FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 63 
 
 
 ENGLISH, FRENCH, ANT) SPANISH OOOFPATION, 
 
04 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ed from France did not come. The settlers sickened, and 
 many of them died ; and La Salle started north, with six- 
 teen men, to go to Canada, through the wilderness, for 
 lielj). On the way, he was treacherously slain by two 
 of his companions. Such Avas the fate of La Salle, the 
 explorer and founder of the vast territory of Louisiana. 
 Notliing was ever learned of the fate of the colony. 
 
 8. Ill Success of French Colonies.— Although the French 
 were very active in their explorations, the settlements 
 around the missions did not increase greatly. Louisiana 
 also grew very slowly. What the French ^principally 
 gained was a claim to the country by exploration and 
 occupation. 
 
 9. Remarkable Activity of the French. — Before the year 
 1750 they had, in addition to their missions, sixty small 
 military stations, stretching from Lake Ontario, down the 
 Mississippi, to Xew Orleans. By 1 748 they had traversed 
 the country south of Lake Erie east to the mountains. 
 At different places they buried leaden plates engraved 
 with the arms of France, and in this way took formal 
 possossioii of the territory. 
 
 10. English Colonization — Conflict of Claims. — Nearly 
 all this time the English colonies confined themselves to 
 the strip of land on the coast east of the Alleghanies. 
 Tlie moment the English frontiersmen crossed to the west 
 side of the mountains, the two nations came in contact 
 on DISPUTED TERRITORY. Tlicu followcd the Frcuch and 
 Indian War. 
 
 7. Whither did La Salle start, and why? What happened ? What became of 
 the colony ? 
 
 s. How did the French succeed in settling the country ? What did the French 
 chiefly pain? 
 
 9. What idea is ?iven of the way the French occupied the territory? How 
 did they mark their claim ? 
 
 10. Where were the English meanwhile ? What brought on the war ? 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 65 
 
 CHAPTER lY. 
 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 1. Immediate Cause of the War. — In the year 1749 a 
 grant of 600,000 acres of land west of the AUeghanies, on 
 and near the Ohio River, was made to a body of specula- 
 tors called the Ohio Company. This sent traders into 
 this tract, to traffic with the Indians. The grant em- 
 braced a part of that region claimed by the French. 
 
 2. Promptness of the French. — The latter drove the 
 company's traders away, and in some cases made prison- 
 ers of them. This was in the year 1752. To maintain 
 their hold of the territory, the French next year built a 
 fort at Presque Isle {pres-keeX)^ now the present town of 
 Erie, Pennsylvania. Farther south they built two forts 
 — one. Fort Le Boeuf {la-huff'), at the present town of 
 Waterford, Pennsylvania; the other. Fort Venango, on 
 French Creek, which flow^s into the Alleghany River. 
 
 3. George Washington sent to the Forts. — These forts 
 were within the territory claimed by Virginia. In 1753 
 Governor Dinwiddle resolved to send a letter to the 
 
 1. What grant was made in 1749 ? What use was made of this ? Why was 
 this the immediate cause of war ? 
 
 2. What did the French at first do ? What did they do to keep the British out ? 
 
GO HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 French commander demanding their removal. To carry 
 tliis message he chose George Washington, a native of 
 Virginia, and then only twenty-one years of age. It was 
 a very arduous undertaking in the winter. Four hundred 
 miles of wilderness lay between Williamsburg, the capi- 
 tal of Virginia, and the forts. 
 
 4. Washington's Journey. — Washington found the 
 French connnander, St. Pierre (2ye-dre), at Fort Le Boeuf, 
 wiiere the young Virginian delivered Dinwiddle's mes- 
 sage. After remaining a few days, Washington started 
 home with St. Pierre's answer to Dinwiddie, and, through 
 all the perils of winter and of savages, arrived safe at 
 Williamsburg, January, 1 754. St. Pierre's letter contain- 
 ed a positive refusal to give up the forts. 
 
 1754. 
 
 5. Building of Fort Du Quesne.— On his journey, Wash- 
 ington had noticed the ponit of land formed by the junc- 
 tion of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers as an ad- 
 mirable place for a fort. To this point, early in 1754, the 
 Ohio Company sent men to build one. The French fell 
 suddenly on the workmen, drove them away, and, com- 
 pleting the works, named them Fort Du Quesne (kane). 
 
 C. First Skirmish of the War.— Meanwhile 600 Viiginia 
 militia, under Colonel Frye, Washington being second in 
 command, were on their way to the company's new fort. 
 On leaving the news, Washington, with a small party, 
 went on to reconnoitre, and met some French troops at a 
 l.lace called Great Meadows. A skirmish ensued, and the 
 French officer, with some of his men, Avas killed. May 28. 
 
 7. Washington builds Fort Necessity. — Colonel Frye 
 died about this time, and Was])ington took the command. 
 
 3. What did Virginia do ? What is said of his messencrer ' 
 4 \\ here did Washington find the French commander? What is said of his 
 journey home, and of St. Pierre's letter? 
 
 nnhis'v'' Wh";V'^'"^ Washini^ton notice on his journey? What nse was made 
 "1 tins ? A\ hat happened there ? 
 
 C. In what way was Virginia active ? How did the first skirmish occur ? 
 
THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 67 
 
 OUIEF SCENE OF OPERATIONS. FEENOII AND INDIAN WAB. 
 
 As he did not know the number of the French in the 
 neighborhood, he built a stockade at Great Meadows, 
 which he named Fort Necessity. This was about fifty 
 miles fi'om Fort Du Quesne. 
 
 8. Attacked by the French. — Here Washington was 
 attacked by 1500 French and Indians under De Villiers 
 {vil-yCi'), in July. After ten hours' liard fighting, the 
 French captain offered. Washington honorable terms on 
 account of his brave defense. These were accepted, and 
 the Virginia troops marched out with the honors of war. 
 
 7. What fort did Washiugton build soon after? Why did he build it? Why- 
 do you suppose he thus named it ? 
 
 8. What happened here ? Describe the battle and the result. 
 
68 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 0. Colonial Congress at Albany.— War liad not yet been 
 aeclaivd beluctu England and France; nor was it until 
 two years later. But the fighting had begun, and the 
 colonies prepared for the contest. Delegates from seven 
 of tlieni, accordingly, met at Albany, in 1754, to agree on 
 some phin of defense. 
 
 10. Plan of Union agreed on. — Benjamin Franklin, a 
 delegate from Pennsylvania, drew u\) a plan of union, 
 whicli was adopted by the delegates, subject to the ap- 
 proval of the colonies and tlie English government. It 
 was probably a very wise plan, for it pleased neither the 
 king nor the colonies: each was afraid that it gave the 
 other too much power. 
 
 1755. 
 
 11. Arrival of General Braddock. — The English govern- 
 ment tliercfore determined to go forward itself, trusting 
 to get help from the colonies. In February, 1*755, Gen- 
 eral Braddock arrived in Virojinia, with two reojiments of 
 British troops. At a meeting of colonial governors with 
 Braddock, at Williamsburg, it was determined to send 
 out three expeditions — one against Fort Du Quesne, an- 
 other against Fort Niagara, a third against Crown Point. 
 
 12. The Position of these Forts.— The first, as we have 
 seen, was in the disputed territory. The second was a 
 strong post on the Niagara River, on the line of the 
 French connuunications with the great lakes and the val- 
 ley of the INIississippi. The third commanded the en- 
 trance to Canada. These were the great points of attack 
 during the war. 
 
 13. Braddock's Character and Movements.— Braddock 
 
 9 Was war declared ? When was it ? What mcetincr was held ? 
 
 10. \\ h.) was Benjamin Franklin? What did he do at the meeting? What is 
 eaid of tills plan? ^ 
 
 11. What did Encrland determine to do? Who arrived in 1755? What plan 
 or a campaif;n was resolved on ? 
 
 JL^f 'r ^*'^^"''!'"" ''*" ^" ^"''"''■- Of Niagara. Of Crown Point. What is 
 eaiu of these three ? 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 69 
 
 in person, with a well-appointed army, went against Fort 
 Du Quesne. He was a brave but headstrong officer, who 
 would take no advice from Washington, his aid-de-camp, 
 nor, in fact, from any one else. He despised Indian bush- 
 fighting, and marched his men through the woods as 
 though they were on parade. 
 
 14. The Ambuscade. — The advanced corps under Brad- 
 dock arrived, July 9, within seven or eight miles of Fort 
 Du Quesne. They were marching gayly along the banks 
 of the Monongahela, their drums beating, and their mus- 
 kets glistening in the sun, when suddenly the Indian war- 
 whoop resounded through the forest. Braddock had fall- 
 en into an ambuscade. A few French, with a large force 
 of Indians, had come out from the fort, and, hidden be- 
 hind trees, now poured a steady fire on the British. 
 
 15. Braddock's terrible Defeat. — The men w^ere terror- 
 stricken ; order was lost; tliey became huddled together 
 like sheep, and their red coats formed a terrible mark for 
 the unseen foe. Braddock and many of his officers, while 
 trying to restore order, were either killed or mortally 
 wounded. What remained of the British were only 
 saved by the coolness of Washington and the despised 
 Virginians, who knew how to fight the wily savages. 
 The wreck of the army retreated to Fort Cumberland, 
 and finally to Philadelphia. 
 
 IG. Expedition against Fort Niagara. — Governor Shir- 
 ley, who was sent against Fort Niagara, reached Oswego, 
 on Lake Ontario, in the month of August. While there 
 he received the news of Braddock's defeat. He then con- 
 cluded to go no farther, and, leaving a garrison at Oswe- 
 go, he returned to Albany. 
 
 17. Expedition against Crown Point. — General John- 
 is. Where did Braddock go ? What is said of him ? 
 
 14. What occurred on his march ? What was the force of the enemy that met 
 him ? What is an ambnscade ? 
 
 15. How did the English troops behave ? What became of Braddock himself? 
 How did the battle end ? Where is Fort Cnmberland ? See Map, page 67. 
 
 It). Who moved against Fort Niagara ? How far was he successful ? 
 
YO IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 son, of New York, went against Crown Point. In Au- 
 o-ust he was on the shore of Lake George, with a large 
 body of provincial troops. The French, under Dieskau 
 (de-es-ko'), pressed forward to attack him. On their way 
 tliey met 1000 Massachusetts men, under Colonel Wil- 
 liams, defeated them, and pursued them to the camp. 
 Fortunately the provincials had throwi up breastworks; 
 and from behind these they poui-ed a deadly fire on the 
 French. Dieskau was severely wounded, and made pris- 
 oner. His troops fell back to Crown Point. 
 
 18. Result of the Expedition. — No forward movement 
 was made by Jolmson after the battle. He contented 
 himself with building a fort near the camp, and named it 
 Fort William Henry. Into this he put a garrison. The 
 rest of his army returned to Albany, and was there dis- 
 banded. Johnson had accomplished very little, but was 
 greatly praised and rewarded — mainly, perhaps, because 
 he had not suifered a terrible defeat like Braddock. 
 
 19. Acadia seized. — In addition to these three expedi- 
 tions, Massachusetts sent out a large force, in the month 
 of 3Iay, to attack two French forts, Gaspereau {gas-2Xi-ro') 
 and Beausejoiir {bo-sd-zhoor'), at the head of the Bay of 
 Fundy. They were easily taken, and Acadia fell into the 
 hands of the colonial troops. The simple French inhab- 
 itants, who had taken no part in the war, were driven 
 from the country with great cruelty. 
 
 1756. 
 
 20. The Plan of the Campaign for 1756 was precisely 
 the same as that of the previous year. The three points 
 of attack were forts Du Quesne, Niagara, and Crown 
 Point. Every one of the expeditions failed. 
 
 17. What is said of Johnson's movements ? Who was opposed to him ? What 
 Bhnrp skirmish occurred ? What battle followed ? 
 
 is;. What was done by Johnson after the battle ? What notice was taken of 
 him ? Why was he so rewarded ? 
 
 H». Give an account of a colonial expedition. What befell the Acadians ? 
 
 20. What was the plan of operations for 175<> ? 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN" WAR. 71 
 
 21. The French capture Oswego. — While the troops in- 
 tended to act against Crown Point were idling at Albany, 
 the Marquis de Montcalm, the successor of Dieskau, cross- 
 ed Lake Ontario, with some Canadians and Indians, and 
 captured the forts at Oswego. Fifteen hundred prison- 
 ers and 135 cannon, together with a great quantity of 
 military stores, and a fleet of vessels collected there for 
 the attack on Fort Niagara, fell into the hands of 
 Montcalm. After destroying the forts, he returned to 
 Canada. 
 
 22. Aifairs on the Frontiers. — Meanwhile, all through 
 the western part of Virginia and Pennsylvania, the In- 
 dians were scalping and burning. So long as the French 
 flag flew over Fort Du Quesne, that post was the centre 
 and support of these depredations. 
 
 1757. 
 
 23. English Movements. — This year the plan of attack 
 was entirely changed. The only expedition prepared was 
 sent against the important fortress of Louisburg. A fleet 
 carrying a heavy land force, under Lord Loudoun, started 
 from New York. Meanwhile a French fleet, with re-en- 
 forcements for the garrison, entered the harbor of Louis- 
 burg ; and Loudoun, on learning the news, sailed back to 
 New York without making any attempt on the place. 
 
 24. Montcalm at Fort William Henry. — Montcalm, with 
 his usual activity, moved up Lake George and laid siege 
 to Fort William Henry, in the month of July. There was 
 a garrison here of 2000 troops, under Colonel Monroe. 
 After holding out bravely for six days, Monroe capitu- 
 lated, with the honors of war. Fort William Henry was 
 destroyed, and Montcalm returned to Crown Point. 
 
 21. Who was Montcalm ? What movement did he make ? With what success ? 
 
 22. What was the state of things on the frontiers ? Why was Fort Dn Quesne 
 so useful to the French ? 
 
 23. How did the plan of the campaign for 1757 differ from that of 175G ? What 
 is said of the expedition ? 
 
 24. What is said of JMontcalm's movements ? Describe the attack, and give 
 the result. 
 
72 niSTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1758. 
 
 25. The Result of the War — Plan for the Year. — The 
 war had now gone on for three years. The English had 
 thus far gained notliing of importance. They had men 
 and money in abundance, but their affairs were badly 
 managed. The Government of England this year made 
 very great exertions, and sent out 22,000 regulars; the 
 colonies raised 28,000 men. Over all Lord Abercrombie 
 was appointed commander-in-chief. The plan of military 
 operations was against the three places — Louisburg, Ti- 
 conderoga, and Du Quesne. 
 
 20. Movement against Louisburg. — Louisburg was cap- 
 tured, after a vigorous bombardment, by a powerful En- 
 glish fleet and land force — the latter under the command 
 of General Amherst. The French made a brilliant de- 
 fense with the means at their disposal, but were com- 
 pelled to surrender, July 27. Cape Breton and St. John's 
 islands also fell into the hands of the English. 
 
 27. Ticonderoga not taken. — General Abercrombie led 
 a well-appointed army against Ticonderoga. Young Lord 
 Ilowe, the fiivorite of the army, was killed while leading 
 the advance. Abercrombie pushed on his main body to 
 the assault without waiting for his artillery, and it ended 
 in a bloody repulse, July 8. 
 
 28. Bradstreet takes Fort Frontenac— One success shed 
 a little glory on the expedition. Colonel Bradstreet, at 
 his own earnest request, was dispatched with 3000 men 
 against Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario. The place was 
 easily taken. Nine vessels, with a large quantity of pro- 
 visions, fell into his hands. This proved of great impor- 
 tance, because it led t o the fall of Fort Du Quesne. 
 
 25. What is said of the progress of the war ? What great efforts were made ? 
 « hat was the plan of the campaign ? 
 
 20. What is said of the movement against Louisburg ? Where was Louisburg 
 situated ? What also foil into the hands of the English ? 
 
 27. Oive an account of the movement against Fort Ticonderoga. 
 
 28. What important movement was made by part of Howe's army ? With what 
 success ? Why is this so important ? 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. ' 73 
 
 29. Expedition against Fort Du Quesne. — The expedi- 
 tion against Fort Du Quesne was commanded by General 
 Forbes, and Washington led the Virginia troops. It was 
 a badly-managed expedition. Forbes, a man very much 
 like Braddock, found himself fifty miles from the fort as 
 winter was approaching. He and his troops were much dis- 
 couraged, and were about to return home m November. 
 
 30. The French abandon the Fort. — Fortunately they 
 learned from some deseiters that the French at the fort 
 were greatly dispirited by the loss of their Indian allies. 
 These had left them on the news of the loss of Fort Fron- 
 tenac, with the provisions. Washington pushed on in ad- 
 vance, and Fort Du Quesne was abandoned by the French. 
 The Virginia troops entered, and the name was clianged 
 by the English to Fort Pitt — a name which is still re- 
 tained in that of the thriving city which has risen there. 
 
 1759. 
 
 31. Plan of the Campaign. — There were this year three 
 points of attack — Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec. 
 The expedition against Crown Point was under General 
 Amherst ; that against Niagara was led by General Pri- 
 deaux {pre-do'). Both of these commanders, after finish- 
 ing what they were ordered to do, joined General Wolfe 
 in front of Quebec. 
 
 32. Fort Niagara taken. — General Prideaux was killed 
 shortly after the siege of Niagara began, and the place 
 was taken by his successor. Sir William Johnson, in July. 
 For want of provisions and boats, he could not proceed 
 to the St. Lawrence, as had been planned. 
 
 33. Movements against Ticonderoga.— Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point were abandoned on the approach of Am- 
 
 29. Who commanded against Fort Du Quesne? Whnt is said of Forbes and 
 his movements ? 
 
 30. What fortunately saved the expedition ? What was the final result ? 
 
 31. What was the plan for 1759? Who were to command these expeditious? 
 How were they all to combine ? 
 
 32. Describe the movement against Niagara. What followed ? 
 
 D 
 
74 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 herst. There were, however, no boats ready to carry his 
 men to the assistance of General Wolfe. There was no 
 help for that general, either from the Niagara expedition 
 or Amiierst. 
 
 34. Quebec— its Position.— On the 26th of June, General 
 Wolfe arrived opposite Quebec with 8000 men and a 
 large fleet. lie first tried to batter the works from Point 
 Levi, across the river, but his guns could do no harm to 
 tlic upper town. Above Quebec the river bank was de- 
 fended by precipitous cliiFs. Below were the Charles and 
 Montniorenci rivers, and an intrenched camp, defended by 
 the ever-watchful Montcalm. 
 
 OPEEATIONS AKOUNU QUEBEC, 1759. 
 
 MONUMENT TO WOLFE AND MONTCALM, 
 
 35. Wolfe climbs the Heights of Abraham.— Wolfe tried 
 to storm this camp, but was repulsed with severe loss. 
 No help came from Niagara or Amherst ; and at last it 
 was proposed, in a council of war, to scale the precipice 
 above the city. At night his troops climbed, by a nar- 
 row pathway, up the cliff, and at six in the morning of 
 September 13 were drawn up on the Plains of Abraham. 
 
 30. Battle of Quebec— its Results.— Montcalm was sur- 
 prised, but at once saw he must fight to save the city, 
 
 33. What snccess did Amherst meet with ' 
 to the St. Lawrence f 
 
 What prevented him from going 
 
 34. Whore was Wolfe in June ? What did he trv to do ? How was Qnebec 
 defended ? ' 
 
 r..'5. Describe Wolfc'n different movements. 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 75 
 
 and promptly attacked him. The battle was short, 
 bloody, and decisive. Wolfe died in the moment of vic- 
 tory, when the French had begun to flee. Montcalm, 
 mortally wounded, was carried into Quebec. The city 
 was the reward of the victorious English ; it surrender- 
 ed four days after, and the British flag supplanted the 
 French banner on the heights of Quebec, September IV. 
 
 37. French Attempt to retake Quebec. — Early in the 
 following year, 1760, the French came down in force from 
 Montreal. A severe battle was fought, and the British 
 were driven within the walls of Quebec. Before the 
 French could take advantage of their success a British 
 fleet arrived, and they retreated to Montreal. Soon after 
 they surrend-ered Montreal and all the posts in Canada. 
 
 38. Treaty of Peace. — In 1763 a treaty of peace was 
 made. By this France relinquished all her possessions 
 east of the Mississippi, with the exceiDtion of the Island 
 of Orleans, to the British forever. From Spain, which 
 had joined the French in the war. Great Britain obtained 
 Florida. England was now mistress of the North Amer- 
 ican Continent east of the Mississippi. 
 
 39. Pontiac's War. — The Indian tribes friendly to the 
 French were not willing to submit to the English rule. 
 In 1763 they formed a league under Pontiac, a famous 
 Ottawa chief. All the British posts west of Niagara, ex- 
 cepting Detroit and Fort Pitt, were either captured or 
 destroyed, and their garrisons made prisoners or mas- 
 sacred. Many settlers were killed, and the rest fled east- 
 ward for protection. In 1764 the Indians, overawed by 
 the preparations made to put them down, sued for peace. 
 
 36. What did his last movement force Montcalm to do ? Give an account of 
 the battle. What important event followed in a few days ? 
 
 37. Was there any more fighting ? When and where, and with what result ? 
 What interfered with French movements ? What important surrender followed 
 this? 
 
 38. When was the treaty of peace made ? What were its provisions ? What 
 was the first great result of the French and Indian War? 
 
 80. What other war soon broke out? What was the cause of this? What is 
 said of its ravages ? How did it end ? 
 
fjQ HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 RESULTS OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 40. The Colonists learn their Ability. — England had 
 driven France from the Continent of America. The colo- 
 nists were very proud of the triumph ; for they had fought 
 in tlic same expeditions with the British troops, and had 
 found that they were quite as active and hardy as the 
 reo-ulars. The English officers sneered at the awkward 
 manners of the young farmers. But the work the latter 
 were set to do was generally well done. 
 
 41. The Lesson of Union— Trained Officers. — The colo- 
 nists, in this way, learned to know their own strength and 
 what they could accomplish by union. Besides, the war 
 gave them trained officers for the great struggle that was 
 last approaching. Washington, Putnam, Gates, Mont- 
 •^omery, Stark, Arnold, Morgan, and a great many others, 
 less known, were trained in this war. 
 
 42. What the War cost the Colonists. — All this was not 
 gained without heavy cost. They had lost 30,000 young 
 men by the war. Their frontiers had been ravaged far 
 and wide by the Indians. The colonies had expended 
 810,000,000. They were repaid only $5,000,000 of this 
 by the English Government. 
 
 43. The EflPect of the War on England.— The war spread 
 all over the world. Wherever the French and English 
 met, on land or sea, there was fighting. All this w^as 
 done at heavy cost, and the consequence was a large in- 
 crease of the English national debt. We shall presently 
 see that the great triumph of England in America has- 
 tened the loss of her American colonies, and in less than 
 twenty years proved England's great misfortune. 
 
 40. How did the colonists look upon the result of the war ? What did it teach 
 them as to their own value as soldiers ? 
 
 41. What other lesson did it teach them? What did the war give them, of 
 great value for the future ? Name some of these. 
 
 42. What did the war cost the colonies in men ? Tn money ? 
 
 4:t What was its effect on England ? Why was this so heavy ? W^hat did the 
 war lead to directly? 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 11 
 
 RE\^EW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How many and what intercolonial wars were there before the French and 
 ludiau war ? 
 
 2. How did these differ in origin from the last mentioned ? 
 
 3. In what direction did the French carry their explorations after the year 
 1009? 
 
 4. When was the Mississippi a second time discovered ? 
 
 5. Who discovered it the first time, and when ? 
 
 C. Name the distinguished French explorers after 1609. 
 
 7. Give the exploration and early history of Louisiana, 
 
 8. Sketch the career and character of La Salle. 
 
 9. Describe the extent of the French claim on the Continent. 
 
 10. How did they maintain possession of the territory? 
 
 11. Where were the English colonies during all this time ? 
 
 12. Where, when, and how did the French come into collision with the En- 
 glish ? 
 
 13. Give the principal movements of the French in the year 1753. 
 
 14. Describe Washington's journey, giving its cause and results, 
 
 15. When, and where, was the first blood shed? 
 
 16. State the principal events of 1754. 
 
 17. What occurred at Fort Necessity ? What led to this ? 
 18," When was war declared between France and England ? 
 
 19. What does this show? 
 
 20. What great American was active at Albany in 1754 ? 
 
 21. What was the object of this Convention, and its success ? 
 
 22. Who was Braddock ? 
 
 23. What was the plan of operations for 1755? 
 
 24. Why were these places important? 
 
 25. Describe Braddock's expedition and defeat. 
 
 26. What was the result of the year's operations? 
 
 27. What was the plan for 1756 ? 
 
 28. IIow much was accomplished ? 
 
 29. Give the plan of operations for 1757. 
 
 30. What were the principal events of the year? 
 
 31. Who were the French and English generals mentioned these two previous 
 years ? 
 
 32. On which side were the adv-antages previous to 1758? 
 
 33. State the reason of this. 
 
 34. Give the plan of operations for 1758. 
 
 35. How much of this succeeded ? 
 
 36. What event contributed to the fall of Fort Du Quesue next year? 
 
 37. State the plan of the war for 1759. 
 
 38. How far was this carried out ? 
 
 39. Describe the movements against Quebec, and the battle on the heights, 
 
 40. To what did this lead ? 
 
 41. What attempt did the French make to recapture Quebec ? 
 
 42. Where, and when, was a treaty of peace proclaimed ? 
 
 43. Give its terms. 
 
 44. What advantages did the colonies reap from the war? 
 
 45. What illustrious man was brought prominently into notice by the war ? 
 40, How was England affected by the contest ? 
 
78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 ^^i^ 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 
 
 1. Remote Causes— Navigation Act. — England, from the 
 first, liad treated the colonies with considerable severity. 
 Wluit she wanted was to make money out of them. She 
 took tlieir productions, sending them her own in return ; 
 and would only allow them to ship their staves, lumber, 
 Hour, fish, tobacco, or rice, to other parts of the world in 
 British vessels. 
 
 2. Their Manufactures stopped. — England would not al- 
 low them to make any thing that would interfere with 
 her own manufactures. The colonists, having plenty of 
 beaver- skins, made a great many hats. The English 
 stopped that : they said that America would soon sup- 
 ply all the world with hats. The colonists manufact- 
 ured iron. The English stopped that : they said that the 
 Americans "had xo right to manufacture even a nail for 
 a liorse-slioe." 
 
 a. Oppression by Royal Governors.— The English kings 
 took away tlie riglits of the co lonies, and sent them royal 
 
 1. In what way had England treated the colonies? Give examples. Under 
 what net was this done ? 
 
 2. What was the treatment of the colonies in manufactures? In hats? lu 
 iron ? 
 
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 
 
 governors. These men had very high salaries, and spent 
 their time chiefly in quarreling with the assemblies, or in 
 trying to extort money from the people. 
 
 4. Writs of Assistance. — The Navigation Act, which 
 was so detested by the colonies, and so ruinous to their 
 trade, created a large number of custom-house officers. 
 They were like their royal masters, very tyrannical. To 
 assist them in finding smuggled goods, they obtained 
 Writs of Assistance, which were neither more nor less 
 than legal permits to enter and search any man's house. 
 No free people could submit to this. 
 
 5. Immediate Cause of the Revolution. — These were a 
 few of the remote causes that led to the Revolution : the 
 IMMEDIATE CAUSE Sprang out of tlic attempt made by 
 England to tax the colonies for the expense of the French 
 and Indian war. The English Government said the war 
 had been begun in their defense, and they ought to bear 
 their share of the cost. 
 
 6. Argument of the Colonies. — The colonies answered 
 to this eflx^ct: "No, we will not pay England's debts. 
 We defended ourselves. We suffered heavily in men 
 and money. England spent her money as much for her 
 own pride and glory as for our good. Besides, we have 
 learned that we can defend ourselves." 
 
 7. England answers by a Tax Bill. — The English Gov- 
 ernment treated this view with scorn. In 1764, the year 
 after the close of the war. Parliament passed an act tax- 
 ing a long list of articles imported into the colonies. The 
 Americans remonstrated against this. ' They asserted that 
 the English had no right to tax them without their con- 
 sent; that they had no representation in the English Par- 
 liament; and that taxation avithout representation 
 
 WAS TYRANNY. 
 
 3. What is said of the royal governors? 
 
 4. What is said of the Navigation Act ? What were Writs of Assistance ? 
 
 5. What was the immediate cause of the Revolution ? What did England say ? 
 G. What was the argument of the colonies ? 
 
 7. How did England treat this view? What did the Americans do and say? 
 
80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 8. The Stamp Act— Quartering Act.— The government 
 replied to this by i)assiug the Stamp Act, March, 1765. 
 Tliis levied a tax on all paper, vellum, and parchment, 
 used in the colonies. No document could be legal with- 
 out a stamp. There was passed also, at the same time, 
 tlie Quartering Act — a very hateful and irritating meas- 
 ure. A standing army was ordered for the colonies, and 
 the people were required to provide the troops with 
 (QUARTERS, bedding, fire- wood, drink, soap, and candles. 
 It was a new thino: to see British soldiers amonoj the 
 colonists in time of peace. 
 
 9. Resistance in Virginia. — The Assembly of Yirghiia 
 was in session, in May, when the news of the passage of 
 these acts arrived. The aristocratic members did not 
 want to take any action ; but a young lawyer, named 
 l*atrick Henry, sprang to his feet and presented a series 
 of resolutions denouncing the conduct of England. His 
 iiery eloquence carried the day, and they Avere passed. 
 
 10. Massachusetts and other Colonies. — In the same 
 month Massachusetts spoke. She recommended that del- 
 egates from the different colonies should meet in New 
 York in October, and consult on what ought to be done. 
 The spirit of the people was thoroughly ai-oused. In 
 June, copies of the Act were hawked about the streets 
 of New York, headed " England's Folly and America's 
 liuin." 
 
 11. Sons of Liberty.— The people of Boston met under 
 a tree, which they named "Liberty Tree." Upon this 
 tliey hung in effigy those who favored the English Gov- 
 ernment. Soon associations called the "Sons of Liberty" 
 spread among the Northern and Middle colonies. They 
 were very active, and thoroughly frightened the officers 
 appointed to distribute the stamps, 
 
 /,\^^'!;ji; '^'*'' ^^« ""^^^cf «f t^e English Government? What was the Stamp 
 Aft? W hen pa8.«ed ? The Qnartering Act? 
 
 9. How was the news leceivert in Vir-^inia? 
 
 10. What was the conduct of Massachusetts ? What was done iu New York ? 
 
 11. ^\ ho were the Sons of Liberty ? What was their object ? 
 
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 
 
 12. First Colonial Congress. — The Colonial Congress 
 met in October, 1765, at New York, and agreed on a 
 " Declaration of Rights and Grievances of the Colonies." 
 A petition to the king, and memorials to both houses of 
 Parliament, were also prepared and adopted. 
 
 13. The Operation of the Stamp Act.— The 1st of No- 
 vember, the day when the Stamp Act was to go into 
 operation, at length arrived. Not a stamp was to be 
 seen. The frightened stamp-distributors had everywhere 
 resigned. The royal governors dared not say a word; 
 and business, in a few days, went on as usual without 
 stamps. 
 
 14. Non-importation Agreement. — The colonists did not 
 stop here. The merchants generally, throughout the col- 
 onies, agreed to import no more goods from England till 
 the Stamp Act was repealed. The people also entered 
 into a combination to wear garments made only of Amer- 
 ican cloths. 
 
 15. Repeal of the Stamp Act. — The English manufact- 
 urers and merchants felt this severely. The government 
 also was alarmed ; for the firmness of the colonies sur- 
 prised them. Accordingly, in March, 1766, the Stamp 
 Act was repealed. In repealing it, they still asserted 
 "the right and power of England to bind the colonies in 
 all cases whatsoever." 
 
 16. A new Tax Bill passed. — In a few months, January, 
 1767, a bill was passed in Parliament taxing tea, paints, 
 paper, glass, and lead, used in the colonies. This roused 
 the anger of the people to a higher point than ever. They 
 renewed their former non- importation agreements, and 
 the newspapers were filled with patriotic pieces. 
 
 17. Military sent to Boston. — Boston was considered by 
 
 12. What is said of the Colonial Conjrress ? 
 
 13. State what is said of the First of November. 
 
 14. What did the merchants agree to ? And the people ? 
 
 15. What followed, and why? How was this apparent concessionon the part 
 of the government modified ? 
 
 16. How did the government show their true feeling ? How did the people 
 meet this ? 
 
 D2 
 
82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 EnglaiKl as the very focus of rebellion, and four regi- 
 ments, under General Gage, were ordered there, in Sep- 
 tember, 17G8, to overawe the people. The authorities 
 would not supply the troops with quarters, and some of 
 them were put by Gage into Faneuil {fan' it) Hall. This 
 was the great public room where the patriots often met, 
 and has been called the Cradle of American Liberty. 
 
 18. Riot in Boston. — The citizens, naturally, hated the 
 red-coats, and the troops repaid the hatred. Quarrels 
 took place, and on March 5, 1770, a picket-guard fired 
 upon the crowd, killing three citizens and wounding 
 eight. The towns-people rose in a body, and Gage was 
 forced to remove the soldiers from the town to the fort 
 in the harbor. 
 
 10. Government relents. — Meanwhile the English mer- 
 chants suftered severely from the non importation agree- 
 ments among the Americans. At length the English 
 Government relented, and a bill w^as passed in May, 1773, 
 repealing the tax on all articles except tea. The gov- 
 ennnent no longer hoped to raise revenue; it was con- 
 tending only for the right to tax the colonies. 
 
 20. The Tax on Tea resisted.— To establish this right, 
 the duty on tea Avas made only threepence a pound : the 
 colonists were really to get their tea cheaper than the 
 English people. But the Americans saw through the 
 plan, and scorned the concession: they would pay no 
 taxes to the English Government. 
 
 21. Arrival of the first Tea-ship. — The colonial mer- 
 chants generally agreed to import no tea: the English 
 merchants, therefore, resolved to send it at their own risk. 
 The first of the tea-ships arrived at Boston November 25, 
 1773, and a committee of the people notified the captain 
 
 17. now did England attempt to punish Boston ? How did the people act ? 
 I'i. \\ hat occurred in Boston ? 
 
 ll'. What was the effect of tlie non-importation and other agreements ? What 
 was the •r'lvernmcnt contending for? 
 
 this smairtax^ "'"^ "™''""^ °^^^'' ^""^ °" *""'' ^ ^'^^ '^''^ ""* ^^'"^ Americans pay 
 
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 83 
 
 that they would not permit it to be landed. The captain 
 would gladly have returned to England, but the governor 
 would not allow him to leave. 
 
 22. Boston Tea-party. — The patience of the people was 
 worn out, and they proceeded to settle the business in 
 their own way. On the night of December 16, forty citi- 
 zens, disguised as Indians, went to the vessel, took out 
 the tea-chests, 342 in number, and emptied the contents 
 into Boston harbor. This was done in the presence of 
 thousands of spectators ; yet their secret was so well kept, 
 that not one of them was ever discovered. 
 
 23. The Tea at other Places.— At New York and Phil- 
 adelphia, the people would not permit the tea to be land- 
 ed ; in Charleston, it was stored in damp cellars, and soon 
 became worthless. 
 
 24. Boston punished. — The indignation of the govern- 
 ment was very great when the news of the Boston busi- 
 ness reached England. " Boston," said they, " must be 
 punished ;" and Parliament at once passed the Boston 
 Port Bill, prohibiting all ships from landing there. At 
 the same time the port and seat of government were re- 
 moved to Salem. In addition, General Gage was ap- 
 pointed Governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 25. Excitement in the Colonies. — This severity on the 
 part of the English Government only roused the spirit 
 of the colonies, and they adopted the cause of Boston as 
 their own. The Virginia Assembly, for example, appoint- 
 ed the day when the Boston Port Bill was to go into 
 operation, June 1, 1774, as a fast-day. For this the gov- 
 ernor dissolved the Assembly. 
 
 26. First Continental Congress.— Presently it was agreed 
 among the colonies that a colonial Congress should meet 
 
 21. What is said of the colonial and English merchants? What took place on 
 the arrival of the first tea-ship ? 
 
 22. How was the question of the tea-ship settled ? What was done to those 
 who were active in this ? 
 
 23. How was the tea disposed of at other places ? 
 
 24. How did the government treat Boston ? Who was made governor ? 
 
 25. Did the colonies look quietly on ? What did they do ? 
 
v^4 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ill September. On the 5th of that month, delegates from 
 all the colonies, except Georgia, met in Philadelphia, and 
 formed the First Continental Congress. Peyton Ran- 
 dolj)!), of Virginia, was chosen president, and Charles 
 Tlionisoii, of Pennsylvania, secretary. 
 
 27. Declaration of Rights.— The delegates passed a Dec- 
 laration of Kights, together with addresses to the king 
 and people of England. At the same time, they rec- 
 ommended the suspension of all commercial intercourse 
 witli Great Britain. They then adjourned to. meet at 
 Pliihideli)]iia, jNlay 10,1775. 
 
 2S. Active Measures taken.— Governor Gage, in Septem- 
 ber, 1774, began to fortify Boston Neck; he also seized 
 some powder stored by the patriots, at Cambridge. On 
 the other hand, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress 
 called out the militia, ordered them to train and be ready 
 at a minute's notice, and voted £20,000 for expenses. 
 
 29. The leading Patriots in Massachusetts were John 
 Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, and Josejdi War- 
 ren. The last sealed his patriotism with his life in the 
 second battle of the Revolutionary War. 
 
 30. Colonies only desire their Rights. — Both sides were 
 ])reparing to fight. Tlie colonists did not desire this — 
 tlie struggle was forced npon them in defense of their 
 dearest rights. They did not as yet seek for independ- 
 ence. In spite of all she had done, the mass of the colo- 
 nists had continued to be proud of Old England. But this 
 regard was fast wearing away. The lines were already 
 drawn between the king's friends, or Tories, and the pa- 
 triots, or Whigs— names adopted from English politics. 
 
 20. What acreement was made? When and where did it meet, and who were 
 its ()fflr(»rs ? By what name is it known ? 
 
 •-'7. Wiiat measure- were passed ? To what time did it adjourn ? 
 
 -'^. What were the movements of Gage? What was done by Massachusetts? 
 W ho wore the niinnte-men ? 
 
 '-';•. Who were the leadinc: patriots in Massachusetts ? What is said of Warren ? 
 
 :;i>. What is said of the feeling of the colonists? By what names were they 
 be,i,'inuinf: to be known ? 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR — 1775. 
 
 85 
 
 ^:^^^^M^%^^5!- 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 WAR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1775. 
 
 1. First Movements. — Sixteen miles north-west from 
 Boston lay the village of Concord. Here the provincials 
 had collected a quantity of stores, and General Gage de- 
 termined to destroy them. He kept his plans very se- 
 cret, and on the night of the IGtli of April sent out 800 
 regulars from Boston. Sharp patriot eyes were watch- 
 ing the movements of the British, and swift horsemen at 
 once started from Boston to warn the minute-men. 
 
 2. The Killing at Lexington Green. — Before sunrise 
 next morning seventy or eighty of these were assembled 
 on the green at Lexington, within six miles of Concord. 
 The head of the British column soon appeared, and their 
 commanding officer, as he rode forward, shouted, "Throw 
 down your arms, you rebels, and disperse !" The patriots 
 did not immediately obey, and the regulars fired, killing 
 seven of the mimite-men, and wounding others. 
 
 3. Fight at Concord Bridge— The Retreat.~-The British 
 
 1. Where is Concord, and what was there ? What is said of Gage ? How did 
 the patriots prepare for him ? 
 
 2. What happened at Lexington Green ? Where was this ? 
 
8G 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 then marcliccl to Concord, and destroyed the stores. Be- 
 fore this was completed, Large bodies of minute-men ar- 
 rived, and a skirmish took place at Concord Bridge. 
 I1ien began the retreat : it was full time, for the country 
 far and near was roused. Even boys of fifteen and men 
 of seventy hastened to take part in the fight. From 
 behind fc'nces, and stone-walls, and trees, and buildings, 
 the patriots fired on the long line of British. 
 
 
 JiOSTON AND ITS VICINITY, 1775-0. 
 
 4. Re-enforcements from Gage. — Through these six 
 miles the British fought their weary way to Lexington. 
 It looked as though not one of them would ever reach 
 lioston. Fortunately for them, re-enforcements sent by 
 (ieneral Gage met them at Lexington. By this time 
 they were so utterly worn out, that when their new com- 
 rades opened ranks to receive them, they threw them- 
 selves exhausted on the ground. 
 
 5. Close of the Fight-its Cost.— When they had rested 
 awhile, the whole force made its way to Charlestown, 
 
 3. \Vhat occurred at Concord ? Who were the minute-men ? What forced the 
 Ilntirth to retreat? What i8 8!iid of it? 
 
 4. In what condition did the British reach Lexington ? What saved them ? 
 
IIEYOLUTIONARY WAR 1775. 87 
 
 harassed by the Americans. In the entire retreat the 
 British lost nearly 300 men ; the American loss was 90. 
 Such was the running hght, or Battle of Lexington, as it 
 was called — the first of the Revolutionary War. 
 
 6. Effect of the Battle of Lexington. — The news of the 
 fight spread like fire over the prairie. Men left their 
 farms and their workshops, and rushed to Boston. There 
 were soon 20,000 militia, under General Ward, behind 
 intrench ments in front of that town, and General Gage 
 found himself completely shut off from the country. 
 
 7. The Patriots fortify Breed's Hill. — In May, fresh 
 troops from England increased Gage's force to 10,000 
 men. The patriots, fearing that the British would now 
 attempt to force their way into the country, resolved to 
 fortify Bunker Hill, which commanded the northern road. 
 Colonel Prescott, with 1000 patriots, was ordered to for- 
 tify the hill, but, by mistake, w^ent in the night to Breed's 
 Hill, much nearer the town, and threw up intrenchmcnts. 
 When the morning broke, the British were surprised to 
 see the works, and Gage at once determined to drive the 
 Americans from them at any cost. 
 
 8. Battle of Bunker Hill. — At three o'clock in the af- 
 ternoon of June 17th 3000 picked British troops crossed 
 the harbor, and, after landing, began to ascend the hill. 
 Thousands of spectators, from the roofs and steeples in 
 Boston, watched the movements with breathless anxiety. 
 The Americans waited until the enemy were within 150 
 yards, and then poured on them a destructive fire. The 
 British staggered, then broke, and retreated in dismay. 
 A second attempt ended the same way. 
 
 9. The final Attack. — The third time the British were 
 re-enforced. The patriots' ammunition was exhausted, 
 and the British, taking advantage of this, pushed forward, 
 
 5. At what place did they arrive at last ? What was the loss on both sides ? 
 C. What was the first effect of the battle? 
 
 7. Why did the Americans determine to fortify Bunker Hill? What hill did 
 they fortify, and why? On what did Gage resolve when he saw this ? 
 S, Describe the first assault of the British ? How many assaults were there ? 
 
88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 sprang over the earth-works, and the hill was gained. It 
 was a dearly-won British victory, for it cost them over 
 1000 in killed and wounded. The American loss was 
 about 450 ; but among these was the active patriot. Dr. 
 Warren. The battle, although fought on Breed's Hill, 
 has always been known as the Battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 1 0. The Second Continental Congress met in the month 
 of i\Iay, at Philadelphia, as agreed upon. They passed 
 resolutions affirming their strong desire for peace, and 
 declaring that they had no desire to throw off their alle- 
 giance from Great Britain. At the same time, they voted 
 that the colonies should be prepared for war, and that 
 they would never willingly submit to British taxation. 
 
 11. Washington made Commander-in-Chief. — Congress, 
 on June 15, elected George Washington to the command 
 of the army. He immediately started for Boston ; but be- 
 fore he arrived the battle of Bunker Hill had been fought. 
 He immediately took command of the troops, and pro- 
 ceeded to bring the militia under strict military discipline. 
 
 12. Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. — On the 
 day that Congress met, Ticonderoga, celebrated in the 
 French and Indian War, was captured from the British, 
 by a young officer named Benedict Arnold. A few days 
 after. Crown Point was captured. 
 
 i;5. Expedition against Canada. — These important suc- 
 cesses o])ened the road to Canada, and it was at once de- 
 termined to attack the British power in that quarter. 
 The expedition consisted of two divisions. One went 
 by way of Lake Champlain, under Generals Schuyler 
 and Montgomery ; the other, under Arnold, went north, 
 through the wilderness of Maine. Both were to unite in 
 an attack on Quebec. 
 
 'X What is said of the final attack ? What is said of the loss ? What leading 
 man was killed ? 
 
 10. Whi.re and when did the Continental Con-ress meet ? What did it do ? 
 
 11. ^^ hat important appointment did it make? What was his a'^e^ 
 
 ;:; 1 ^"^J"'" celebrated placx-s were captnred ? Where are thev'sitnated ? 
 1... To what oxpodition did this lead ? Describe the plan of the expedition. 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1776. 89 
 
 14. Movements of Montgomery and Arnold. — Mont- 
 gomery captured St. John's, on the Sorel Kiver, and en- 
 tered Montreal, November 13, with his force reduced to 
 300 men ; he then pushed for Quebec, near which Arnold, 
 with 900 men, was waiting for him on the Plains of Abra- 
 ham. When both divisions were united, there were less 
 than 1000 fit for duty. A useless siege of three weeks 
 followed. At last an assault was ordered, on a cold, 
 snowy morning, December 31, when the Americans met 
 with a severe repulse. Montgomery was killed, and Ar- 
 nold was severely wounded. 
 
 15. Failure of the Expedition. — The troops fell back to 
 a point three miles from the city, where, behind intrench- 
 ments of snow, they passed a wretched winter. In the 
 following spring re-enforcements came, but nothing was 
 gained. The British in turn were re-enforced, and the 
 Americans, utterly broken-spirited, were compelled to flee 
 from Canada. 
 
 16. The Revolution in Virginia. — In the colonies south 
 of New England there were stirring times. Early in 
 17V5, the people of Virginia drove the royal governor 
 from the province. In April he returned, in a British 
 man-of-war, and revenged himself by burning the town 
 of Norfolk, the richest in Virginia. 
 
 17. In the Carolinas and Georgia. — The people of North 
 Carolina, in May, met at Charlotte, and declared them- 
 selves FREE and INDEPENDENT of the mother country. 
 This was the first declaration of independence through- 
 out the colonies. In South Carolina and Georgia the peo- 
 ple rose against the royal governors, and expelled them. 
 
 14. Describe Montgomery's movements. Who arrived at Quebec first? What 
 was their combined force ? Describe what followed. 
 
 15. Where did the Americans go? What happened in the spring of 177G ? 
 
 16. What meanwhile had occurred in Virginia ? 
 
 17. What remarkable step was taken in North Carolina ? What was done in 
 South Carolina and Georgia ? 
 
90 UIStORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1776. 
 
 1. British Plan to capture New York. — In January the 
 Britisli in Boston were preparing an expedition, under Sir 
 Henry Clinton, to capture the city of New York. Wash- 
 iiio-ton suspected this, and sent General Charles Lee with 
 re-entbrccments to that place. On the very day that 
 Clinton arrived oiF Sandy Hook, Lee marched into New 
 York ; and Clinton, on learning of his arrival, sailed off 
 south, to the capes of Virginia. 
 
 2. Americans on Dorchester Heights. — Washington's 
 steady purpose was to drive the British from Boston. 
 Early in March, he, in the night, threw up intrench- 
 nients on Dorchester Heights, which commanded the 
 city. General Howe, who had succeeded General Gage 
 in command of the British, at once saw that the Ameri- 
 cans must be driven from this, or he must leave Boston. 
 
 3. Evacuation of Boston. — A storm prevented his at- 
 tacking the intrenchments for a day or two. By the 
 time the storm had subsided the works had been made 
 so strong that Howe saw it was useless to attempt an 
 assault, and agreed to leave the town. On the 17th of 
 IMarch, lie embarked his troops on board his vessels, tak- 
 ing with him some 1500 loyalists, and sailed for Halifax. 
 Washington then took possession of Boston. 
 
 4. British move against Charleston. — Washington being 
 anxious about New York, sent off the main body of his 
 army to that place. The British had, meanwhile, changed 
 their ])urpose, and, being heavily re-enforced from En- 
 gland, had sailed against Charleston, South Carolina. The 
 land force was under the command of Clinton, and Sir 
 Peter Parker was admiral of the fleet. 
 
 1. What was goiiig on at Boston ? How did Washington meet this ? What 
 was the resnlt? 
 
 2. What happened in the neighborhood of Boston in March ? Why were Dor- 
 chester Heights so important ? How did Howe regard this movement ? 
 
 3. What prevented Howe from attacking ? What followed ? 
 
 4. To what point, and wliy, did Washington turn his attention ? Was it nec- 
 cs.«ary at that time ? Wliy not ? What is said of the British expedition ? 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1776. 91 
 
 5. Attack on Fort Moultrie. — The Carolina patriots had 
 thrown up some rude works on the lower end of Sulli- 
 van's Island, and named them Fort Moultrie. The ships 
 attacked these on the 28th of June, but were met by so 
 heavy a fire that they w^ere forced to retire wath severe 
 loss. The British did not renew the attack, and soon af- 
 ter sailed north to join the troops that were assembling 
 on Staten Island for an attack on New York. 
 
 6. British Forces on Staten Island.— General Howe was 
 already there from Halifax with all the old Boston army. 
 Other re - enforcements came from England under his 
 brother, Admiral Lord Howe, making in all some 30,000 
 men. A large part of these were Hessians, hired troops 
 from Hesse Cassel, in Germany. 
 
 7. Battle of Long Island. — Washington, who w^as now 
 at New York, had under him 17,000 men. The greater 
 part were at an intrenched camj), south of Brooklyn, 
 under General Putnam. Howe crossed his troops from 
 Staten Island, and on the 27th of August moved forward 
 in three divisions. While two of these engaged the at- 
 tention of the Americans, the third, under Clinton, took 
 a wide circuit, and, getting into their rear, drove them 
 into confusion. They lost 2000 men, and retreated rap- 
 idly to their camp, where Washington had arrived. 
 
 8. The Americans escape to New York. — The British 
 delayed making an assault on the works, and ^vaited for 
 their ships to come into the East River. They intended 
 to leave the Americans no chance to escape. AYashing- 
 ton saw through their plan, and on the 29th, under cover 
 of a heavy fog, crossed with his troops to New York, be- 
 fore the British had the slightest idea of his movements. 
 
 9. Movements of the two Armies. — Washington soon 
 fell back to a strong position on the heights of Harlem, 
 
 5. Describe the attack on Ft. Moultrie. Whither did the British sail, and why ? 
 G. What forces were assembled on Staten Island ? 
 
 7. What number of men had Washington ? Where were they? Describe the 
 movements of the British, and the battle of Long Island. 
 S. "What followed ? How was the American army saved ? 
 
02 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 aiitl Howe occupied the city of New York. From Har- 
 lem tlie Americans retired to White Plains, followed by 
 Howe. Here an action took place, on the 28tli of Octo- 
 l)er, in which Washington was defeated, and compelled 
 to retire to North Castle. Howe saw that it was useless 
 to follow Washington north, and encamped in the neigh- 
 borhood of Dohb's Ferry. Washington left a part of 
 his army at Peekskill, and, crossing the Hudson, pushed 
 <lown to Fort Lee. 
 
 10. Forts Washington and Lee captured.— Opposite Fort 
 Lee was Fort AVashington, on Manhattan Island, garri- 
 soned by 2000 Americans under Colonel Magaw. This 
 
 9. Describe the movements of the two armies until October 2Sth. What theu 
 took place ? What were the movements after this ? Where is Fort Lee ? 
 
KEVOLUTIONAEY WAR 1776. 93 
 
 was within Howe's lines, and the British attacked and 
 captured it, together with the entire garrison, after a 
 bloody struggle. Lord Cornwallis was immediately sent 
 across the river with a strong force to take Fort Lee, 
 which was hastily abandoned on his approacli Nov. 20. 
 
 11. Washington's Retreat through New Jersey. — Then 
 came the retreat of the Americans across New Jersey. 
 Washington, chased by Cornwallis, abandoned success- 
 ively Newark, Elizabethtown, New Brunswick. At last 
 the Delaware River w^as reached. The weary Ameri- 
 cans crossed over into Pennsylvania on December 8, and 
 Cornwallis put his troops into winter-quarters at differ- 
 ent points on the Jersey side of the river. 
 
 12. Battle of Trenton.— It appeared as though the Amer- 
 ican cause was lost. New York had been taken ; New 
 Jersey was overrun, and the English were only waiting 
 for the spring to take Philadelphia. Just then the en- 
 ergy of Washington shone forth. Suddenly, on Christ- 
 mas night, he crossed the Delaware through the floating 
 ice, and early next morning, in a storm of sleet, captured 
 over 1000 Hessians wdio were quartered at Trenton. 
 
 13. The Effect on the British and Americans. — Corn- 
 wallis, who thought every thing w^as safe for the winter, 
 was more than surprised. He drew in his scattered 
 troops from the river bank and set a watch on his ene- 
 my. The battle of Trenton, on the other hand, sent joy 
 among the Americans. It was a gleam of light amidst 
 the darkness and disaster that had been increasing ever 
 since the battle of Long Island. 
 
 14. Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence. — 
 Congress, during the year, was in constant session in 
 Philadelphia. It was very busy providing the means to 
 
 10. Where was Fort Washington? Who held it? What took place here? 
 What happened at Fort Lee ? 
 
 11. Describe the retreat across New Jersey. How did it end ? See Map, p. 95. 
 
 12. What was the state of the American cause ? How was it retrieved ? De- 
 scribe the battle. 
 
 13. What was the effect of the battle on the British ? On the Americans ? Whv ? 
 
94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. , 
 
 carry on the Avar. It had little money, and the colonies 
 had no credit abroad. In one jDarticular, the year 1776 
 was the most important of its work. On the 4th of July 
 it }3assed the famous Declaration of Independence from 
 Great Britain forever. This made the colonies a nation 
 under the name of the United States. The great man 
 who wrote this Declaration was Thomas Jefferson, of 
 Virginia, assisted by Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania, 
 Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, Philij) Livingston, of New 
 York, and John Adams, of Massachusetts. 
 
 15. The Colonists are offered Pardon. — A few days 
 after this was passed, Admiral Howe and his brother 
 offered the colonies terms of reconciliation with Great 
 Britain. They sent a circular letter through the country 
 offering pardon to those who would submit, and threat- 
 ening those who refused. But Congress and the colonies 
 cared little about it. 
 
 IG. Further Attempts to make Peace. — After the battle 
 of Long Island the two Howes sent to Congress, asking 
 for a committee to confer with them. They thought that 
 after the defeat the Americans would be more yielding. 
 The committee met them on Staten Island, but nothing 
 came of the conference. The English commissioners had 
 no authority to treat of independence : the Americans, 
 on the other hand, would accept nothing less. 
 
 17. Congress seeks Help from France. — In December, 
 Congress sent Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Ar- 
 thur Lee, to France, to seek assistance. France was not 
 yet willing to help the Americans openly, for she was at 
 peace with England, but she found means to assist them 
 privately. 
 
 14. What is Raid of Congress? Why was the year 1770 so important? Who 
 wrote this ? Who formed the committee with Jefferson ? 
 
 15. What was done by the two Howes ? How was it noticed ? 
 
 If.. ^\ hat other effort was made by Howe ? How did this succeed ? 
 
 1 .. ^^ ho were .«ent to France, and why? With what success did they meet ? 
 
REVOLUTIONAEY WAR — 1777. 
 
 95 
 
 1777. 
 
 1. Washington and Cornwallis at Trenton.— Washington 
 was encamped at Trenton in the beginning of January, 
 1777. Cornwallis moved in force from Princeton to attack 
 him, and on the night of the 2d of January was in front 
 of his camp. Washington was in a dangerous position, 
 with the Delaware in his rear and the British in front. 
 
 2. Cornwallis outgeneraled — Battle of Princeton. — He 
 quickly formed his j^lans, and sent off his heavy bag- 
 gage down the river through the night. With his 
 troops he moved round Cornwallis's army early in the 
 morning, and marched rapidly to Princeton. Near this 
 place he met some British on their way to join Corn- 
 wallis, and defeated them, January 3. 
 
 3. The American Army at Morristown. — Cornwallis 
 heard the firing, and 
 moved quickly to 
 Princeton, but, before 
 his arrival, Washing- 
 ton was well on the 
 road toward Morris- 
 town. Here, among 
 the hills, his feeble 
 army spent the win- 
 ter. He made so very 
 good use of his men, 
 however, that when 
 spring came, the Brit- 
 ish had been compel- 
 led to abandon every 
 post in New Jersey, 
 except New Brunswick and Perth Amboy. 
 
 1. What movement was made by Cornwallis in January ? What was Wash- 
 ington's situation ? 
 
 2. How was Cornwallis outgeneraled ? What battle followed ? 
 
 3. Describe Cornwallis's movements. Where did Washington spend the win- 
 ter ? How did he employ a part of his army ? 
 
 SEAT OF WAR LN NEW JERSEY. 
 
96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 4. Burning of Danbury. — Tlie active operations of the 
 spring began with an expedition sent by General Tryon, 
 of New York, against Danbury, Connecticut. It went in 
 vessels, by the Sound, and landing between Fairfield and 
 Norwalk, April 26, marched to Danbury, and destroyed 
 tlie American stores collected there. On their way back 
 to tile Sound, the Britisli were attacked by the militia, and 
 lost 300 men. Among the Americans killed was General 
 Wooster, a veteran of the French and Indian war. 
 
 5. Attack on Sag Harbor. — As an offset to this. Colonel 
 Meigs, with 120 Connecticut men, crossed the Sound in 
 wliale-boats, and destroyed a great quantity of stores 
 and twelve vessels at Sag Harbor, Long Island. They 
 also took ninety prisoners, and returned without losing a 
 man. 
 
 6. Arrival of foreign Officers.— The army was greatly 
 benefited by the arrival of foreign officers from France 
 and Germany. A young nobleman, the Marquis de La- 
 fayette, fitted out a vessel at his own expense, and ar- 
 rived this year. Baron Steuben, a Prussian officer, and 
 Baron de Kalb, also joined the army, togetlier with Kos- 
 ciusko and Pulaski, two young Polish patriots. 
 
 7. British abandon New Jersey.— Through the winter, 
 the British were chiefly confined to New Brunswick and 
 Perth Amboy. In the spring. General Howe tried to 
 draw Washington into a general battle, but the latter 
 was too wary, and Howe finally withdrew the British 
 to Statcn Island. At Sandy Hook his troops embarked 
 on board his brother's fleet, and then sailed to Chesa- 
 peake Bay. 
 
 ^ 8. Seat of War changed to Pennsylvania.— Howe's ob- 
 ject was to capture Philadelphia. He could not go up 
 the Delaware River, because that was guarded by two 
 
 4. What expedition was there in the spring? Describe the operations. 
 r». TIow was this revenged ? 
 
 C. What distinguished nobleman came from France ? Name the other foreigners 
 mentioned. 
 T. What attempts were made by the British ? What did Howe finally do ? 
 
REVOLUTIONARY AVAR 1777. 
 
 97 
 
 forts and several war vessels below Philadelphia. He 
 landed at the head of Chesapeake Bay, August 25. 
 
 9. The British cross the Brandywine. — As soon as 
 Washington understood Howe's object, he moved rapid- 
 ly to Pennsylvania, and met the British at a place called 
 Chad's Ford, on the Brandywine River, September 11. 
 A battle took place here, in which Washington was de- 
 feated with the loss of 1200 men. 
 
 10. They enter Philadelphia. — The Americans fell back 
 as the British advanced. At Paoli, General Wayne, 
 while watching the enemy, was himself surprised, Sep- 
 tember 20, and lost 300 men. Washington, with his 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 VICINITY. 
 
 1777. 
 4 6 S 10 
 
 weakened army, did not dare to hazard another battle 
 for the defense of Philadelphia, and retired to Pottsgrove, 
 on the Schuylkill. The British entered Philadelphia Sep- 
 tember 26. 
 
 8. What was Howe's object? Why did he take this rouudabout way ? When 
 and where did he land ? 
 
 9. What steps did Washington take to prevent this ? What battle took place, 
 and when ? For what did Washington risk this battle ? 
 
 10. What followed the battle ? What happened at Paoli ? Why did not Wash- 
 ington hazard another battle ? What was the result ? 
 
 E 
 
98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 11. Battle of German town. — The bulk of the enemy 
 was eneainped at Germantown, near Philadelphia. On 
 the nio-ht of October 3, Washington marched from his 
 camp, fourteen miles off, and at sunrise next morning, 
 October 4, attacked the British. Every thing at first 
 promised an easy victory, for the enemy were surprised ; 
 but in tlie fog of tlie morning the Americans were sep- 
 arated, the enemy rallied, and Washington was compelled 
 to retreat with the loss of 1000 men. 
 
 12. The Forts on the Delaware.— Although Howe was 
 in Philadelphia, he felt that his situation was unsafe so 
 long as the American forts held command of the river. 
 These were known as forts Mercer, or Red Bank, and 
 Mifflin. On the 22d of October 1200 Hessians attacked 
 Fort Mercer, and were repulsed. Their commander, 
 Count Donop, and 400 men were killed. 
 
 13. Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer lost.— From November 
 10th to the 15th Fort Mifflin was bombarded, and so 
 much injured that the Americans were forced to aban- 
 don it. This led to the abandonment of Fort Mercer, 
 two days after ; and now the river was open to the Brit- 
 ish. Washington took his army into winter-quarters at 
 Valley Forge. This ended the year's campaign in that 
 quarter. 
 
 14. Events in the North— Burgoyne's Invasion. — While 
 the British were moving against Philadelphia, another 
 expedition was started from Canada, to come down to 
 the Hudson, through Lake Champlain. The object was 
 to cut off the communication between the Eastern and 
 Middle States. This seemed the more easy to be done, 
 as Washington was occupied with Howe in Pennsylvania. 
 
 11. How did Washington try to retrieve his misfortunes ? Tell why he did not 
 succeed. 
 
 12. Why did Howe consider his position insecure ? Describe the attack on 
 Fort Mercer. 
 
 13. What attack was made in November ? What was the result ? How did 
 the ycai'.s campaicin here close ? 
 
 14. What expedition approached from the north ? What was its object? Did 
 this seem easy? 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1 777. 
 
 99 
 
 15. Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga. — Burgoyne, with 8000 
 men, aj^peared before Ticonderoga, held by General St. 
 Clair, on the 2d of July. This place was taken with 
 trifling resistance. The garrison retreated rapidly, but 
 were overtaken and badly 
 beaten at Hubbardton, July 
 7. The wreck of St. Clair's 
 troops made their way to 
 Fort Edward, where General 
 Schuyler was in command of 
 5000 raw militia, called the 
 Army of the North. 
 
 16. He reaches Fort Edward. 
 — Burgoyne's army was at 
 Skenesborough, twenty -four 
 miles from Fort Edward. 
 Schuyler's principal object 
 now was to gain time, so 
 that the militia could be as- 
 sembled from the neighboring 
 country. He therefore broke 
 up the roads, by destroying 
 the bridges and felling trees 
 in the way. He did this so 
 well that Burgoyne was two 
 weeks in reaching the Hudson. 
 On his approach Fort Edward 
 was abandoned, July 29, and 
 the American army retired to Stillwater, near the mouth 
 of the Mohawk. 
 
 17. The Death of Miss M'Crea. — As Burgoyne was ap- 
 proaching the fort, occurred the death of Miss M'Crea, a 
 young lady betrothed to a loyalist oflicer in Burgoyne's 
 army. She was captured by Indians near Fort Edward ; 
 
 15. What place was first takeu, and when ? What followed ? Who commanded 
 the Americans ? 
 
 16. Where was Burgoyne ? What was Schuyler's plan ? How did he accom- 
 plish this ? What point did the British reach ? 
 
 BUKGOYNE e CAMPAIGN. 
 
100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and ^vllile tbey were conveying her to the British camp, 
 tlie Americans in the fort lired on her captors, and Miss 
 I^I'Crea was killed. The story spread that she had been 
 killed and scalped by the savages. It greatly increased 
 the liatred toward the British, and brought many volun- 
 teers to the American camp. 
 
 1 8. St. Leger's Expedition up the Mohawk. — While Bur- 
 fvoyne was on Lake Champlain, he sent Colonel St. Leger, 
 with some Canadians, Tories, and Indians, into the valley 
 of the Mohawk, to raise the Tories in that quarter. He 
 laid siege to Fort Schuyler, where Rome now stands, 
 August 3. General Herkimer, with 800 militia, marched 
 to the relief of the garrison, but fell into an ambuscade, 
 and was killed. While this was going on, the garrison 
 repulsed a part of St. Leger's force. That officer, learn- 
 ing that Arnold, sent by Schuyler, was approaching, and 
 being abandoned by his Indian allies, abandoned the siege 
 and retreated to Canada. 
 
 19. Battle of Bennington. — Here were disasters enough 
 already fallen on Burgoyne : the delayed march to 
 Fort Edward, and loss of precious time — the murder of 
 Miss M'Crea, and rousing of the country — the loss of St. 
 Leger. Now came another. Burgoyne sent 800 men to 
 Bennington, to seize the stores collected there. Colonel 
 Stark, at the head of the Green Mountain militia, met 
 and defeated them. This was scarce done, when there 
 came another fresh body of British, and, fortunately, they 
 were also met and defeated by a fresh body of Ameri- 
 cans, under Colonel Warner. Thus there were really two 
 battles on the same day, August 16. 
 
 20. Burgoyne at a Stand. — Burgoyne began to despair 
 about going down the Hudson. He would gladly have 
 
 17. Who was Miss M'Crea? Describe the story of her mnrder. What effect 
 did it prodnce? 
 
 18. Where was St. Leger sent ? With what object ? What place did he reach ? 
 What hapi)cued here ? \Vhat was the result of the expedition ? 
 
 10. What statement is made of Burgoyne's disasters ? What was the object of 
 the Bennington expedition? Describe it. 
 
 ^ 5 
 
REVOLUTIONARY AVAR 1777. 101 
 
 gone back to Ticonderoga, but the militia were gathered 
 in large numbers in his rear. Presently he received fresh 
 supplies of provisions, and crossed the Hudsoi] to the 
 plains of Saratoga, where he threw up intrenchments. 
 
 21. First Battle of Stillwater. — Congress, meanwhile, 
 had taken away the command from Schuyler and given 
 it to General Gates. He left the position at the mouth 
 of the Mohawk and encamped on Bemis's Heights, near 
 Burgoyne. On the 19th of September Burgoyne risked 
 a battle, which, after severe fighting, ended in his favor. 
 But it was not decisive, and the two armies lay within 
 cannon-shot, watching each other, for two weeks. 
 
 22. Second Battle of Stillwater. — Burgoyne's case was 
 becoming more desperate every day. He was short of 
 provisions, and completely hemmed in. On October 7 he 
 risked another battle, and was beaten, with the loss of 400 
 men and a part of his intrenched camp. Soon after he 
 fell back to Saratoga, hoping to receive help from Clin- 
 ton, who was advancing from New York. 
 
 23. Surrender of Burgoyne. — But the Americans would 
 give him no rest, and increased in numbers every day. 
 Besides, he had only three days' provisions in camp. In 
 despair he surrendered his army of 6000 men, with all 
 his cannon, muskets, and ammunition, to General Gates, 
 on the 17th of October, 1777. 
 
 24. Clinton's Movements. — Clinton, who was making 
 his way up the Hudson to Burgoyne's help, had captured 
 forts Clinton and Montgomery, at the entrance to the 
 Highlands. When he heard the news of the surrender 
 he dismantled the forts, and, after burning the village of 
 Kingston, returned to New York. 
 
 20. What was Burgoyne's situation ? What movement did he make? 
 
 21. Who now commanded the Americans ? What did he do? What happen- 
 ed on the 19th of September ? 
 
 22. What was now Burgoyne's situation ? How did he attempt to benefit him- 
 self? His success. What were his hopes? 
 
 23. To what point was he reduced ? What Avas the end? 
 
 24. Where, meanwhile, was Clinton ? How did the news of the surrender af- 
 fect his movements ? 
 
102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 25. Effect of Burgoyne's Surrender.— This extraordina- 
 Yy (.vent— the surrender of a British army, with all of its 
 splendid train of artillery, tents, and baggage— caused 
 o-reat rejoicing throughout the country. It served to 
 raise the drooping spirits of the patriots, who were great- 
 ly cast down by the success of Howe and the capture of 
 IMiiladelphia. It produced still more important results 
 abroad which we shall see in the history of the next year. 
 
 1778. 
 
 1. The Condition of the two Armies. — The American 
 army spent a wretched winter, in their huts, at Valley 
 Foroe. They were without shoes, and many of them 
 were in rags ; often they were short of provisions. On 
 the other hand, the British troops in Philadelphia were 
 enjoying themselves in comfortable quarters. 
 
 2. England's Offers of Peace. — When spring opened, the 
 state of aftairs began to brighten. The capture of Buij: 
 goyiie thoroughly alarmed the English Government, and 
 in January two bills were passed in Parliament to con- 
 ciliate the Americans. One of these renounced all in- 
 tention to tax America, the other appointed five com- 
 missioners to treat with the colonies for the restoration 
 of English authority. These measures wholly failed, for 
 Congress would listen to no terms but independence. 
 
 n. French Alliance and Help. — The surrender of Bur- 
 goync had also a powerful influence in France. That 
 court, in February, concluded two treaties with the United 
 States— one, of commerce ; the other, of offensive and de- 
 fensive alliance against Great Britain. A French fleet, 
 under Count D'P^staing {da-sta nr/') , Avas dispatched, about 
 the middle of A])ril, to the assistance of the Americans. 
 
 25. What effect did the surrender of Burgoyne produce on the American people ? 
 
 1. Where, and in what condition, was Washington's army daring the winter? 
 The British army ? 
 
 '-'. How did the capture of Burgoyne affect the English? What did Govern- 
 ment do ? How were these offers received ? 
 
 3. What great event occurred in Febiunrv, 177S? What immediate help was 
 sent ? 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR — 1778. 103 
 
 4. The British leave Philadelphia. — The English Gov- 
 ernment was on the alert. General Howe was recalled, 
 and Sir Henry Clinton succeeded to* the command. As 
 the French fleet, which was daily expected off the coast, 
 might block up the mouth of the Delaware, the British 
 fleet in that river was ordered to Sandy Hook. Clinton 
 was also ordered to evacuate Philadelphia. He accord- 
 ingly left that city, June 18, and pushed across New Jer- 
 sey to New York. 
 
 5. The Pursuit— Battle of Monmouth. — Washington fol- 
 lowed him, and came up with him at Monmouth, where 
 a severe battle was fought, June 28. Lee led the ad- 
 vance, but at first was compelled to fall back in some 
 disorder. Washington, hurrying up with the main body, 
 restored the battle, which ended without any gain on ei- 
 ther side. Before sunrise next morning Clinton was well 
 on his way to Raritan Bay, where he embarked on the 
 fleet for New York. Washington gave up the pursuit. 
 
 6. Lee is Court-martialed. — When Washington saw the 
 disorder of Lee's division during the battle, he reprimand- 
 ed him with some severity. Lee's pride was hurt, and he 
 addressed two improper letters to his general, in one of 
 which he demanded satisfaction. Washington promptly 
 ordered him under arrest. He was then tried by court- 
 martial, and sentenced to be suspended from the service 
 for one year; but he never rejoined the army. 
 
 7. The French at Rhode Island. — In July the French 
 fleet, with 4000 troops on board, arrived in the Delaware, 
 but too late to blockade the British fleet, which was then 
 safe in Raritan Bay. An expedition was therefore ar- 
 ranged against the British on Rhode Island, and General 
 Sullivan, with an American force, was ordered to co-oper- 
 ate with D'Estaing in the attack. Before this was made, 
 
 4. What change took place at Philadelphia ? What orders were given, and by 
 whom? When did Clinton leave ? Where did he go ? 
 
 5. What is said of the pursuit? Of the battle that followed? What was the 
 result of the battle? 
 
 6. What is said of Lee's conduct? What was done to Lee ? 
 
104 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Lord Howe appeared off Narragansett Bay. The two 
 fleets tried to engage, August 10; but a storm shattered 
 them both, and D'Estaing sailed to Boston to relit, while 
 Howe returned to Xew York. 
 
 s. Failure of the Expedition. — Meanwhile Sullivan had 
 moved against General Pigot's lines at Newport. Find- 
 ing himself unsupported by the French fleet, he fell back 
 to the north end of the island, pursued by the British. 
 Til ere, August 29, was fought the obstinate battle of 
 (Quaker Hill, in which the British were repulsed. On the 
 night of the 30th Sullivan Avithdrew his army to the main 
 land. It was well that he did so ; for Clinton arrived 
 from New York next day at Newport, with a squadron 
 and 4000 men. 
 
 9. The British ravage the Coast-towns. — Some of these 
 troops were sent, under General Grey, to ravage the coast 
 to the eastward. Grey destroyed the shipping, laid waste 
 New Bedford, Fair Haven, and Martha's Vineyard, and 
 returned with much plunder to New York. 
 
 10. Massacre of Wyoming.— Cruel as Grey was, he was 
 far surpassed by the Tories and Indians, under Colonel 
 Uutler and the Indian chief, Brandt, in Pennsylvania. In 
 July, 1 100 of them entered the beautiful Valley of Wyo- 
 ming, laid waste the fields, burned the houses, and mur- 
 dered the inhabitants. The same kind of cruelties were 
 Ijerpetrated at Cherry Valley, New York, in November 
 following. The employment of Indians by the British in 
 the war, and the dreadful atrocities committed by them, 
 mcreased the feeling of bitter hatred against England. 
 
 11. The War changes to the South.— The chief'^scene of 
 the war was now to be changed to the South. In Decem- 
 ber Clinton sent Colonel Campbell with an expedition to 
 
 wLi?^^ 
 
 did ^Z.^"^ '*"'' ^^''^ ^"'l'^''")!' "lavements ? What battle was fought ? How 
 <1.(1 S illivan save his army ? Why was he fortuuate in this ? 
 9. W h.it expedition followed ? What is said of it ? 
 
 mice Mitrli' .?r'"'"" ^ What happened in the valley in Jnly ? What other 
 place PufTered m the same way ? What is said of the Indians ? 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1779. 105 
 
 attack Savannah, in Georgia. This was successful, and 
 General Robert Howe, the American commander, surren- 
 dered, with the garrison, December 29. 
 
 12. The Results of the War. — The war had now lasted 
 five years, and the British held only New York, Savannah, 
 and Rhode Island. The Americans, though poor and suf- 
 fering, had now the French openly active on their side, 
 and fought on, determined to gain their independence. 
 
 1779. 
 
 1. The War in the South — Georgia. — General Prevost 
 took command of the British forces in Georgia early in 
 January. On the 9th of the same month Sunbury was 
 surrendered to him. He then sent Colonel Campbell to 
 Augusta to organize the Tories, who were numerous in 
 that neighborhood. Seven hundred of these put them- 
 selves under Colonel Boyd, and set out toward Augusta. 
 On their way they were attacked, February 14, at Kettle 
 Creek, by the Carolina militia, under Colonel Pickens, 
 and defeated with heavy loss. 
 
 2. Americans defeated at Brier Creek. — Lincoln, the 
 American general, took advantage of this, and sent Gen- 
 eral Ashe to threaten Augusta. Campbell at once fell 
 back to Brier Creek, about half way to Savannah. Ashe 
 followed him, but was surprised, March 3, by Campbell, 
 and his whole force destroyed or dispersed. 
 
 3. Prevost moves on Charleston. — Prevost, on hearing of 
 this defeat, pushed to Charleston, and demanded its sur- 
 render. Lincoln, being re-enforced, moved rapidly to its 
 support, and pressed Prevost so closely that the latter 
 was forced to retire to the island of St. John. Lincoln 
 followed him, and the battle of Stono Ferry was fought, 
 June 20, in which Lincoln was repulsed with severe loss. 
 Shortly after, Prevost fell back into Georgia, and the hot 
 
 11. Where did the English send an expedition ? Its success. 
 
 12. What had the British gained so far? What is said of the Americans ? 
 
 1. Who took command in Georgia ? What led to the battle of Kettle Creek ? 
 
 2. What advantage was taken of this defeat ? What was the result ? 
 
 E 2 
 
I (10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and sickly season put a stop to military operations for 
 several niontlis. 
 
 4. American Repulse at Savannah.— In the month of 
 September a combined attack on Savannah was made by 
 the French fleet, under D'Estaing, and the Americans, un- 
 der Lincoln. D'Estaing would not wait for the opera- 
 tions of a regular siege, and an assault was ordered, in 
 which the French and Americans were repulsed with 
 great loss. Among the killed was Count Pulaski. D'Es- 
 taing presently sailed away to the West Indies, and Lin- 
 coln fell back into South Carolina. 
 
 5. Virginia ravaged. — In May 2500 British from New 
 York, under General Mathews, entered the Chesapeake. 
 They sailed up the Elizabeth and the James rivers, burnt 
 the shipping, destroyed $2,000,000 worth of property, 
 and brought away 3000 hogsheads of tobacco. This was 
 merely a marauding expedition. Its sole object Avas 
 l)lunder, or the destruction of American property. 
 
 G. Events in the North— Stony Point.— The bulk of the 
 American army, under Washington, lay on and near the 
 Hudson. Two forts had been erected at the entrance to 
 the Highlands — one, on Stony Point ; the other, on Ver- 
 l)lanck'8 Point, opposite. In June both of these were 
 turned by Clinton. In July Washington ordered General 
 Wayne to recapture Stony Point at all hazards. At 
 midnight, on the 15th, his troops moved to the attack, in 
 two columns, and carried the works at the point of the 
 bayonet with trifling loss. It was a most brilliant afiair, 
 but it proved of no great value, for the British came np 
 the river in force, and the Americans abandoned the fort. 
 
 7. Paulus Hook-Long Island Sound.— A few days after, 
 Major Lee surprised the British garrison at Paulus Hook, 
 
 3. IIow (lid Prevost improve this victory? Was he interrupted, and how? 
 What battle occurred ? See Map, p. 100. IIow did all these movements end ? 
 
 4. What important attaclv was made in September ? With what result ? Why 
 did the attack chiefly fail ? Who was among the killed ? 
 
 r>. Ciive an account of the British expedition to Virginia. 
 C. What and where were the defenses of the Highlands? Describe its capture 
 by the Americans. IIow long did it remain in their possession ? 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1779. 
 
 107 
 
 now Jersey City, and took 160 
 prisoners. While these events 
 were taking place, Gen. Tryon, 
 from New York, sailed through 
 Long Island Sound, plundered 
 New Haven, and burned Fair- 
 field and Norwalk. 
 
 8. Disaster on the Penobscot. — 
 A severe disaster haj^pened as 
 far east as the Penobscot River, 
 in Maine. Some 1500 Massa- 
 chusetts militia, sent in a flotilla 
 to attack a British j^ost on that 
 river, were followed by five En- 
 glish war Vessels. The Avhole 
 flotilla was either destroyed or 
 captured on the river, and the 
 men were driven into the wil- 
 derness, August 13th. 
 
 9. Indians punished. — General 
 Sullivan was sent in the summer 
 to Western New York, to avenge 
 the massacre of Wyoming and 
 punish the Indians. He defeated 
 them, August 29, at a place now known as Elmira, in the 
 battle of the Chemung. After destroying the Indian vil- 
 lages and laying waste the country, he returned. 
 
 10. Naval Victory. — Paul Jones, an American oflicer, in 
 command of three ships of war fitted out in France, was 
 cruising near the British coast in September. He fell in 
 with two heavily armed English frigates, and, at the close 
 of a bloody engagement of three hours, both frigates sur- 
 rendered to Jones. 
 
 STAT EN 
 
 T 
 
 THE HUDSON — NEWBUBG. 
 
 7. What occurred opposite New York about this time ? Describe the British 
 expedition to the eastward. 
 
 8. What disaster befell the Americans farther east ? Narrate this. 
 
 9. Who was sent to Western New York ? What happened there ? 
 
 10. Who was Paul Jones ? What occurred durino- his cruise ? 
 
108 
 
 lilSTOllY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1780. 
 
 1. Events in the South— Capture of Charleston. — Clin- 
 ton sailed from New Yoi'k in January, at the head of a 
 large force, and appeared before Charleston, South Caro- 
 lina, in February. The place was defended by General 
 Lincoln. The siege began on the 1st of April. Tarle- 
 ton, an active cavalry officer, was sent to cut off an Amer- 
 ican force stationed at Monk's Corner, thirty miles north 
 of Charleston. He surprised and defeated them with se- 
 vere loss. This and the loss of some other posts shut off 
 Lincoln's communications with the country. The siege 
 was meanwhile pressed with such vigor that Lincoln was 
 forced to surrender Charleston, with 6000 men. May 12. 
 
 2. Carolina subjugated.— Clinton proceeded to overrun 
 Carolina by sending off different expeditions. Tarleton, 
 at the head of one of these, fell suddenly on a body of 
 Americans under Colonel Buford, at Waxhaw {wdh-haic) 
 Creek, :\Iay 29, and put nearly all of them to the sword. 
 The other expeditions were also successful. 
 
 3. Cornwallis in Command.— Clinton thought his work 
 was done in South Carolina, and, leaving Cornwallis in 
 
 1. NVHint important movement was made in January? How was it defeated ? 
 N\ hat event hastened tlie Purrender ? When did it sixrrender ? 
 -'. How did Clinton follow this np? Narrate what is said of these. 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1 780. 
 
 109 
 
 command, sailed to New York. The Tories were very 
 active, and large numbers joined the British. On the 
 other hand, the patriot leaders, Marion, Sumter, and Pick- 
 ens, rallied around them small bodies of men, who gave 
 the British great trouble. At Hanging Rock, east of the 
 Wateree River, on the 16th of August, Sumter defeated a 
 large body of regulars and Tories. 
 
 4. Gates defeated at Camden. — There was no regular 
 army at the South, and Congress sent Gates, the con- 
 queror of Burgoyne, to form one. He gathered an army 
 together, and met Cornwallis at Sanders's Creek, near 
 Camden, South Ca.rolina, August 6. The battle, which 
 was short and violent, ended in the complete defeat of 
 Gates. De Kalb, who was present, was mortally wounded. 
 
 5. Sumter defeated— Greene succeeds Gates. — This was 
 not the only disaster. On the 18th of August Tarleton 
 surprised Sumter on the Catawba, and destroyed nearly 
 
 3. Who was appointed to the command ? Why was this ? How did the Amer- 
 ican patriots act ? Give an example of Sumter's activity. 
 
 4. Who was sent into Carolina, and why ? What important event followed ? 
 
110 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 all his corps. Gates made some efforts to get together 
 an army, but failed, and Congress appointed General 
 Greene to his command. 
 
 G, Battle of King's Mountain. — Cornwallis moved into 
 North Carolina, and sent Colonel Ferguson before him to 
 rally the Tories in the mountainous region. Ferguson 
 was attacked at King's Mountain, October 7, by Colonel 
 Campbell and a number of backwoods riflemen, and w^as 
 slain, with 150 of his men. Campbell's men were so in- 
 censed by the barbarities of the Tories in P^erguson's 
 band, that they hung a number of the prisoners after the 
 battle. Cornwallis, when he heard of the defeat, fell back 
 into South Carolina. 
 
 1. Events in the North— Suffering at Morristown. — The 
 American army, under Washington, was encamped among 
 the hills of Morristown during the winter of l779-'80. 
 They suffered greatly for want of provisions, and could 
 get no pay, for Congress could not send them money. 
 When May came, there was absolute famine among them. 
 To such a point did this reach, that two Connecticut 
 regiments were about to march into the country and gain 
 subsistence at the point of the bayonet, but were finally 
 persuaded by Washington to remain in camp. 
 
 8. British in New Jersey.— In the absence of Clinton 
 at Charleston, General Knyphausen {nip'how-zen)^ who 
 was left in command at New York, heard of this state 
 of things at Morristown, and thought it a good time to 
 move into New Jersey. He was firmly met at Spring- 
 field by General Greene, where a sharp fight occurred, 
 June 2.3. Knyphausen soon after returned to New 
 York. 
 
 9. The French at Newport.— A French fleet, with 7000 
 
 5. What other disaster occurred ? Who succeeded Gates ? What movements 
 were made by the British ? 
 
 C. Describo the battle of King's Mountain. How did this affect Cornwallis? 
 wl* .u ^^^^ ^^'«shington'8 army during the winter ? What was its condition ? 
 What happened ni camp ? 
 
 8. What advantage did the British take of this ? How were they resisted ? 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1780. Ill 
 
 men on board, arrived at Newport in July. Rhode Isl- 
 and had been evacuated by the British some time pre- 
 vious. Great things were hoped for from this assistance ; 
 but a heavy fleet arrived from England, and blockaded 
 the French in Narragansett Bay. 
 
 10. Treason of Arnold— his History. — The great event 
 of the year was the treason of Benedict Arnold. He had 
 greatly distinguished himself by his reckless bravery, 
 and Washington trusted him so much as to appoint 
 him commander at Philadelphia after Clinton left that 
 city. He married here into a wealthy family, and lived 
 so far beyond his means that he became deeply involved 
 in debt. His enemies charged him with embezzling the 
 public funds ; and on this charge he was tried, and sen- 
 tenced to be reprimanded by Washington. His proud 
 mind could not endure this disgrace, and he resolved on 
 revenge. 
 
 11. Takes Command of West Point. — He had still so 
 much influence with Washington as to get the command 
 of West Point, the Avorks that had been built to guard 
 the Highlands on the Hudson. He at once opened a cor- 
 respondence with Clinton, at New York, to surrender this 
 post to the British ; and Major Andre, a young English 
 ofticer, under the name of John Anderson, was sent up 
 the river to complete the arrangements with Arnold. 
 
 12. Andre captured— Arnold escapes. — They met near 
 Haverstravv, September 22, and settled every thing. On 
 his way back, by land, to New York, Andre was arrested 
 by three American militia-men, and the plans of West 
 Point were found concealed in his boots. He was taken 
 to the nearest American post, and the commander thought- 
 lessly permitted him to write to Arnold that Anderson 
 was taken. Arnold at once escaped on his barge to the 
 
 9. What help arrived in July ? Of how much service did it prove ? 
 
 10. What was ihe great event of 1780 ? Give some account of his life at Phila- 
 delphia. Why was he removed from his command ? State the result. 
 
 11. What new appointment did he receive ? What use did he make of this? 
 What is said of Andre ? 
 
112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Vulture, the Britisli sliip that liacl brought Andre up the 
 river, and so reached New York in safety. 
 
 13. Execution of Andre. — Andre was taken to Tappan 
 — opposite to Tarrytown — where he was tried by court- 
 martial as a spy. On the trial he made a frank statement 
 of the whole aft'air, and was condemned to death. He 
 was executed October 2, 1780. His fate excited great 
 pity, but he died justly, according to the laws of war. 
 Arnold received from the British the rank of brigadier 
 general and £10,000. 
 
 1781. 
 
 1. Mutiny at Morristown.— A large part of the north- 
 ern troops were again at Morristown during the winter 
 of 1780-'81. They had more food, but they w^ere in great 
 want of pay and clothing. Some 1300 troops of the 
 Pennsylvania line thought their time of service was up, 
 left the camp on January 1, and began their march to 
 Philadelphia to demand redress from Congress. On their 
 way, spies from Clinton met them, with persuasions to join 
 the British service. But though angry with Congress, 
 they were still American patriots, and the agents were 
 promptly seized and handed over to General Wayne. 
 
 2. The Mutiny quieted.— A committee from Congress 
 met these troops at Princeton, and yielded to their de- 
 mands. This trouble was no sooner settled than the 
 troops at Pompton, New Jersey, mutinied. But Wash- 
 ington at once took the business in hand, and put the mu- 
 tineers down by force. Congress now made extraordi- 
 nary exertions to relieve the sufferings of the army, and 
 in ]iart succeeded. Being without money or credit, it 
 was forced to plead with the States for help, but they 
 
 12. Where did he and Arnofd meet? What happened to Andre? What be- 
 came of Arnold? 
 
 TTni ^'''''' !^'^ T"^ °^ ^"^'■'*'' ^"^^ ^""^ '^^^th- How was his death regarded ? 
 How was Arnold rewarded ? 
 
 1pIh7 u'W ^^"^ ^'j^'liti"!-' "f the troops at Morristown? To what did this 
 ipnd ? ^^ hnt occurred on their mnrrh ? 
 
KEVOLUTIONAKY WAK 1781. 113 
 
 were also very poor. It was at this time that Robert 
 Morris, a Philadelphia merchant, stepped in, and by his ef- 
 forts greatly helped to save the American cause from ruin. 
 
 3. Events in the South— Arnold ravages Virginia. — The 
 traitor Arnold began the military movements of the year 
 in January by leading an expedition to the James River, 
 and plundering and burning Richmond. The militia as- 
 sembled, and he fell back to Portsmouth. There was a 
 plan laid to catch the traitor, by means of the French 
 fleet on one side, and Lafayette with the troops on the 
 other ; but it failed. A British fleet defeated the French 
 admiral off" the Chesapeake, and the British, under Gen- 
 eral Philips, intrenched themselves at Portsmouth. 
 
 4. Cornwallis in North Carolina. — About the same time 
 Cornwallis moved into North Carolina. He sent Tarle- 
 ton to get between Greene and Morgan, whose divisions 
 were separated. This fiery officer struck Morgan at the 
 Cowpens, January IV, and was sweeping every thing be- 
 fore him, when Morgan turned on him, and defeated him 
 with great loss. 
 
 5. Cornwallis pursues Morgan. — Cornwallis, on hearing 
 of Tarleton's defeat, pushed on to cut off^ Morgan's re- 
 treat into Virginia, but reached the Catawba a few hours 
 after Morgan had crossed. The rain swelled the river, 
 and Cornwallis could not follow for several days. Mor- 
 gan, with Cornwallis behind him, pressed for the Yadkin, 
 where he was joined by Greene, who took command. 
 
 6. Greene's Retreat. — At that river the rain again 
 saved Morgan, as at the Catawba. Every nerve was 
 now strained by both armies for the Dan. Greene, with 
 many of his men tracking the ground with their shoeless 
 feet, reached the river and crossed it just as Cornwallis 
 
 2. How was the mutiny quieted ? What occurred elsewhere ? What good re- 
 sulted to the army generally ? What was the condition of Congress ? 
 
 3. How was the year hegun ? What plan was laid, and with what success ? 
 Why did it fail ? t 
 
 4. Where and when did Cornwallis move? What about Tarleton ? How did 
 he lose the battle of the Cowpens ? 
 
 5. How did this affect Cornwallis? Why did he not catch Morgan ? 
 
114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 came in sight. The British general now gave up the pur- 
 suit, and retired slowly south. Greene received great 
 praise lor his skillful retreat. 
 
 7. Battle of Guilford Court-house. — No sooner had 
 Cornwallis retired than Greene, being re-enforced, fol- 
 lowed him to watch his motions. On the 15th of March 
 Cornwallis attacked him at Guilford Court-house, and 
 drove him for several miles. Greene fought so well that 
 Cornwallis, notwithstanding his victory, thought it wise 
 to fall back to Wilmington, near the sea-coast. 
 
 8. Hobkirk's Hill. — Greene now went into South Caro- 
 lina, to watch the British forces there, under Lord Raw- 
 don. At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, Greene was de- 
 feated by Rawdon, April 24, after a severe battle. Like 
 that of Guilford Court-house, the victory was of no use 
 to the British. They suffered so much, and Greene was 
 so active after the battle, that Rawdon was forced to re- 
 treat to the neighborhood of Charleston. 
 
 9. South Carolina recovered. — The partisan officers, Ma- 
 rion, Lee, and Pickens, were in the mean time so active 
 tliat, by the month of June, only three posts were held 
 by the British in South Carolina— Charleston, Nelson's 
 Ferry, and Ninety-six, near the Saluda River. Greene 
 tried to take the latter by assault, on June 18, but was 
 repulsed with severe loss. On June 5, Augusta, Geor- 
 t^na, was surrendered to Lee and Pickens. 
 
 10. British driven toward Charleston. — Stewart, who 
 siicceedcd Rawdon in South Carolina, was attacked by 
 Greene, September 8, at Eutaw Springs. The battle at 
 first was in favor of the Americans, but the British ral- 
 lied, and Greene fell back in good order. In the night 
 
 C. Who now took command of the Americans ? Describe the retreat of Greene. 
 
 7. What movements followed ? Give the battle of March 15. Its resnlt. 
 
 8 ^^ here did Greene now go, and for what? State the battle that followed, 
 nna Its result. See, for these movements, Map, pa^e 109 
 
 0. By wluim were the British harassed ? What i's a partisan officer ? A parti- 
 r.nno '■','■ ''I'Z commands a body of light troops which are not closely 
 
 f o. 11^8 T 1 T ''™^' '''^''^ ''^'^'' "'^ independently. What was gained 
 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR — 1781. 115 
 
 Stewart was follow^ed by Greene as far as Monk's Cor- 
 ner, some thirty miles north of Charleston. 
 
 11. Cornwallis in Virginia. — Cornwallis, Avhom we left 
 at Wilmington, moved north from that place, and entered 
 Petersburg, Virginia, on the 20th of May. It will be re- 
 membered that General Philips occupied Portsmouth af- 
 ter Arnold was on the Chesapeake. Philips joined Corn- 
 wallis, and the latter, under orders from Clinton, encamp- 
 ed at Yorktown, at the mouth of York River, and threw 
 up fortifications. 
 
 12. He is entrapped at Yorktown. — V^ashington now 
 saw^ that the time had arrived for a decisive movement. 
 The French army numbered 7000 men ; the American 
 troops had been re-enforced ; there was a powerful 
 French fleet, and a plan was agreed on to blockade the 
 Chesapeake with the fleet, while the French and Ameri- 
 can allied army attacked Cornwallis from the land side. 
 W^ashington, who had been threatening ^ew York, quiet- 
 ly moved his troops into New Jersey, and so deceived 
 Clinton that he was far on his way to Virginia before 
 the British general suspected his designs. 
 
 13. Arnold burns New London.— It was too late to stop 
 him, and Clinton, thinking to draw him back, sent a pow- 
 erful force, under Arnold, to attack New London. Fort 
 Griswold was taken by assault, and a number of the gar- 
 rison shamefully massacred after surrender. The town 
 also was burned, together with the shipping. It did not 
 for one moment delay Washington's march, however; 
 and the New England militia soon compelled Arnold to 
 return to New York. 
 
 14. Surrender of Yorktown. — On September 28 the al- 
 io. What is said of the battle of September 8? Where were the British com- 
 pelled to go ? 
 
 11. What were Coruwallis's movements? Who was at Portsmouth? Why- 
 did Cornwallis go to Yorktown ? 
 
 12. How did Washington regard this movement ? WTiat plan was laid ? How 
 did Washington deceive Clinton ? 
 
 13. What steps did Clinton take to draw Washington back? How far were 
 they successful ? What was done by Arnold ? 
 
116 
 
 IIISTOHV OF THE IMIKD STATES. 
 
 lied army of 16,000 men was in 
 front of Yorktown, the French 
 under the command of Count 
 Itochambeau {ro-sham-bo'). The 
 French fleet, under Admiral De 
 Grasse, blocked up the Chesa- 
 peake. The siege went on with 
 very great rapidity ; intrench- 
 ment after intrenchment was 
 taken by the allies; and on the 
 19th of October Cornwallis sur- 
 rendered his army, of nearly TOGO 
 The shipping and naval stores, 
 with 1500 seamen, were given to the French admiral. 
 
 15. Effect of the Surrender. — The news of this surren- 
 der filled the hearts of the American patriots everywhere 
 with joy. It was felt that the contest was at an end. A 
 second English army, with all its appointments, had fallen 
 into tlieir hands. But the EnHish kinof, George III., and 
 his Parliament did not think so, and m November they 
 talked about continuino^ the war. 
 
 blEUE OK YOKKTOWM. 
 
 men, prisoners of war. 
 
 1782-'83. 
 
 1. The War ended — Treaty of Peace.— Before spring 
 opened, public opinion in England changed. In March 
 Parliament voted to end the war; and on the 30th of 
 November, 1782, a preliminary treaty of peace was signed 
 by the American commissioners at Paris. The final trea- 
 ty of peace was signed at the same place on September 
 :}, 1783. 
 
 2. Distressing State of the Army. — The bulk of the 
 Ameriran army was in camp at Newburo- on the Hud- 
 
 14. What was the state of thin-s at Yorktown in September? State what is 
 eaid of the Pie^e, and the snrrender. 
 
 15 What was the eflect produced on the Americans bv the surrender? What 
 on the Eiit^'lisli Government ? 
 
 .nl;T'"l ^ha"f^«t"*>l< place in the spring ofl782? State the dilTerent impor- 
 tant events that followed. 
 
GOVERNMENT FROM IVSI-'SO. 117 
 
 son, in the years 1782 and 1783. The officers and soldiers 
 had great wrongs, which they thought ought to be right- 
 ed. They had suffered terribly during the war. They 
 had received no pay except in worthless bills, and they 
 were going back to their homes poor, and without the 
 means of obtaining a livelihood. Serious difficulty was 
 apprehended from the excited state of the army. 
 
 3. They obtain some Redress. — Washington used his 
 great influence to quiet the feelings of the troops, on the 
 one hand. At the same time he was able to persuade 
 Congress to grant five years' pay to the officers in one 
 sum, instead of half-pay for life, and four months' pay to 
 the privates. This settlement was accepted by the army. 
 
 4. Terms of the Treaty of Peace. — By the terms of the 
 treaty of Paris the independence of the United States 
 was acknowledged; and the boundaries of her territory 
 were, westward by the Mississippi, south by Florida, now 
 given to Spain, and north by the great lakes and the 
 provinces. All west of the Mississippi was understood 
 to belong to Spain. 
 
 5. Concluding Events. — On the 3d of November the 
 army was disbanded. Not until the 25th did the English 
 evacuate New York, and, on the 2d of December, Wash- 
 ington, in that city, bade farewell to his officers. He 
 then went to Annapolis, where Congress was in session, 
 and resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the 
 armies of the United States. In a few days he retired to 
 his estate at Mount Vernon, on the Potomac, which he 
 had never once visited from the beginning of the war. 
 
 GOVERNMENT FROM 1781 TO 1789. 
 
 1. Articles of Confederation. — When Congress adopted 
 the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, it ordered a 
 
 2. What was the state of things at Newburg in 17S2-'S3 ? 
 
 3. Who used his influence to quiet matters ? What settlement was agreed on ? 
 
 4. When was the treaty of peace conchided ? What were its terms ? 
 
 5. When was the army disbanded? When did the last English troops leave 
 New York ? What is said of Washington ? 
 
118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 coraraittce to prepare Articles of Confederation. These 
 were designed to give the United States a national form 
 of government, and were adopted by Congress in 1777. 
 They were then sent to the States for their approval. 
 Four years passed before this Avas obtained, and in 1781 
 they were at last ratified by the States. 
 
 2. Powers of Congress during the War. — Till the year 
 1781, during almost the entire war, there was no Consti- 
 tution or guaranteed form of government. Each State 
 was entirely independent. Congress did what it could, 
 and worked with great activity, but it had no powers 
 granted by the States to enforce its orders. The States 
 obeyed or not, just as they saw fit, and this was the cause 
 of much of the distress that the army snfiered. 
 
 3. Weakness of the new Government. — The Articles of 
 Confederation, Avhen adopted, did not greatly improve 
 matte- . The public creditors remained unj^aid, and the 
 States treai,ed the orders of Congress with indifference. 
 When the Government attempted to raise money by tax- 
 ation, the people resisted. In Massachusetts, in the year 
 178G, a rebellion, led by Daniel Shay, broke out, and was 
 only put down by an armed force. 
 
 4. The Constitution adopted. — It w^as plain that a 
 stronger government was necessary. Accordingly, in 
 May, 1787, a convention of delegates met at Philadelphia 
 to revise the Articles. They soon saw that it would 
 be better to frame a ne^v Constitution ; and, after four 
 months' deliberation, they recommended the present Con- 
 stitution of the United States for adoption by the States. 
 
 5. Its Ratification by the States.— It had been agreed 
 in^ conve ntion th at the Constitution should go into opera- 
 
 1. What important measure was adopted by Congress in 17TT ? What was the 
 objcc of these Articles ? When were they ratified by the States ? 
 ,^ qV . ," ^r,"^ "I.?^ government till 17S1 ? What is said of Congress and 
 the States ? W^iat did this state of things produce ? 
 Mas^chu^etL^?^ Government succeed under the Articles? What happened in 
 
 ^fVII!^' 1"?" '?''" 'f ° ^ ^'^* occurred in May, 17ST ? W^hat was the result 
 ni incfsc ochbcrations ? 
 
GOVERNMENT FEOM 1781-89. 119 
 
 tion when nine States had ratified it. Eleven States gave 
 their assent to it before the end of 1788; North Caro- 
 lina did not until 1789, and Rhode Island not until 1790. 
 6. First Election of President.— The old Continental 
 Congress, in 1788, appointed the first Wednesday of Jan- 
 uary, 1789, as the day for the choice of presidential elect- 
 ors, and March 4, 1789, for the first meeting of the new 
 Government, in the city of New York. In the election, 
 George Washington was unanimously chosen President, 
 and John Adams, of Massachusetts, Vice-President. 
 
 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Give an account of some of the remote causes of the Eevolution. 
 
 2. What was the immediate cause ? 
 
 3. Why did the colonies oppose this, and what arguments did they use? 
 
 4. What measures greatly increased the quarrel ? Describe these. 
 
 5. What two colonies were most active in their opposition ? 
 
 6. Give a few instances of this activity. • •) 
 
 7. What effect did the opposition of the colonists have on Eng". nd ? 
 
 8. What right did the English Government still claim? 
 
 9. What occurred in Boston in 1770 ? What led to this ? 
 
 10. How did England attempt to reconcile the colonies to taxation ? 
 
 11. How far was this successful ? 
 
 12. Give an account of the famous proceedings at Boston in 1773. 
 
 13. In what way was Boston punished for this ? 
 
 14. Show the feeling of the other colonies in regard to this severity. 
 
 15. What great movement was made in October, 1774 ? 
 
 16. What preparations were made by both sides this year ? 
 
 17. Who were the minute-men ? 
 
 18. Where and how was the first blood shed ? 
 
 19. Describe the Lexington fight till its close. 
 
 20. What was the result of the battle of Lexington ? 
 
 21. What led to the battle of Buuker Hill ? Describe the battle. 
 
 22. When and where did the second Continental Congress meet? 
 
 23. Who was appointed commander-in-chief? 
 
 24. For what were the colonies fighting during 1775? 
 
 25. What other military events were there in 1775 ? 
 
 26. State briefly the result of the Canada expedition. 
 
 27. Why was this undertaken ? 
 
 28. Where were military operations carried on during 1776 ? 
 
 29. With what important events did the year begin and end ? 
 
 30. Sketch the movements of both armies from August until December. 
 
 31. What great measure was passed by Congress in July ? 
 
 5. What important agreement was made in convention ? When was it rati- 
 fied, and by what number of States ? When did the others give their assent ? 
 
 6. What body determined when and where the new Government should begin ? 
 Who were elected President and Vice-president ? 
 
120 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. 
 
 32. Give the names of the members of the committee that prepared this. 
 
 33. What attempts were made by England to conciliate the colonies? 
 
 34. To whom did the Americans turn for help ? 
 
 35. Where were military operations carried on during 1777 V 
 
 36. What were the objects of these two lines of operations ? 
 
 37. Give the principal events that occurred on Howe's march to Philadelphia. 
 
 38. Why was Pliiladelphia so important? 
 
 39. Name the principal events in Burgoyne's operations. 
 
 40. Which of the.se directly led to his destruction ? 
 
 41. Describe Burgoyne's movements during the last month. 
 4-2. What was the effect of the surrender? 
 
 43. Where was the American army during the winter, and what was its con- 
 dition ? How did this compare with that of the British ? 
 
 44. What was the first great event of the year 1778 ? 
 
 45. To what important military event in America did this lead? 
 
 46. What can you tell about the battle of Monmouth ? 
 
 47. Where was the scene of military operations till December, 1778 ? 
 4S. To what point was the principal seat of war then changed? 
 
 49. What generals conducted operations during 1778 ? 
 
 50. What was the state of military affairs at the end of the year? 
 
 51. Where was the scene of military operations during 1779? 
 
 52. Mention the chief events in the South this year. 
 
 53. Give the leading incidents at the North. 
 
 54. Name some of the generals engaged during 1779. 
 
 55. What was the scene of military operations during 1780 ? 
 50. Give the principal events at the South. 
 
 57. Who were the tories ? 
 
 5S. What famous event took place at the North in 1780 ? 
 
 59. Give an account of this. 
 
 CO. Where did we hear of Arnold previously in this history ? 
 
 01. Where was the American army in the North during the winter? 
 
 02. With what event did the year open ? 
 
 63. How did this end, and what good resulted to the army? 
 
 04. Where was the scene of military operations during 17S1 ? 
 
 05. Name the principal events of the year in the South. 
 GO. Where did the British take post early in the year? 
 
 67. Sketch the movements of the British south of Virginia. 
 
 68. Give an account of Greene's celebrated retreat. 
 
 69. What was the general result of the war in the South in June ? 
 
 70. Name some celebrated partisan officers there. Define this term. 
 
 71. Describe the movements of Cornwallis. 
 
 72. Where did he at last take up a position, and why? 
 
 73. Describe the plans of Washington at this time. 
 
 74. What is said of Clinton at New York ? 
 
 75. What effect was produced by the surrender of Cornwallis. 
 70. Give the terms of the treaty of peace. 
 
 77. What dangerous movement occurred in the army before the treaty ? 
 
 78. How was the difficulty met and remedied? 
 
 79. What was the condition of the finances during the war? 
 
 80. Who was King of England during the Revolution ? 
 
 81. Under what form of government were the United States till 1781 ? 
 
 82. What were then adopted? Give their history. 
 
 83. How did this form of government succeed? 
 
 84. Give tlic history of the adoption of the Constitution. 
 
 85. What arrangements were made to start the new Government? 
 
Washington's administration — 1789-'97. 121 
 
 FEDERAL HALL. 
 
 CAPITD WASHINGTON 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 PART I.— FROM 1789 TO 1817. 
 
 administration of GEORGE WASHINGTON THE FIRST 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 1789-1797. 
 
 1. Commencement of the new Government.— On the 3cl 
 of March, 1789, the great Continental Congress of the 
 Revolution went quietly out of existence. From May, 
 17V5, until that time, a period of fourteen years, it had 
 been in constant session, principally at Philadelphia. 
 The new Government had been ordered to begin on 
 March 4, but the members of Congress arrived so slow- 
 ly that Washington was not inaugurated until April 30. 
 The ceremony took place in the balcony of Federal Hall, 
 in the city of New York, the first capital. 
 
 1. What is said of the old Continental Congress? When and by what was it 
 succeeded ? What is said of the inauguration ? 
 
]22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 2. Appointment of the Cabinet.— Congress at once cre- 
 ated tlu-ee executive departments in the Government. 
 Washington chose Thomas Jefferson as the head of the 
 Department of State; Alexander Hamilton, of the Treas- 
 ury ; and General Knox, of the War Department. These 
 tliree heads, called secretaries, were Washington's advis- 
 ci-s, or Cabinet officers. 
 
 8. Hamilton's Financial Measures. — The heaviest labor 
 fell on Hamilton. The finances of the country were in 
 the greatest disorder. Public credit was well-nigh gone, 
 and the States were either unable or unwilling to pay the 
 public creditors. Hamilton succeeded in getting Con- 
 gress, in 1*790, to adopt his plan. The national debt was 
 to be paid in full, and the nation agreed to assume the 
 debts of the States. 
 
 4. New Capital— United States Bank. — The same year 
 the seat of government was changed from New York to 
 l^liiladc'lphia, to remain there until the year 1800. It 
 was then to be changed to its present place, on the banks 
 of the Potomac. In 1791 the Bank of the United States 
 was chartered by Congress for twenty years. 
 
 5. Vermont admitted. — Vermont, for a long time claimed 
 by New York as part of her territory, was admitted first 
 into the Union— thus making the fi^urteenth State. She 
 applied for admission during the war, but New York then 
 opposed it, on the ground that Vermont was part of New 
 York territory. Two other States were admitted during 
 Washington's administration — Kentucky, in 1792, and 
 Tennessee, in 17SG. 
 
 C. Indian War.— The Indians north of the Ohio had be- 
 come very troublesome. In the year 1790 General Har- 
 mar was sent against them, but was defeated w ith con- 
 
 t„rV?"w^!'*vTfu *' T'^ ''^^^^^ ^y Congress ? Who were chosen as secre- 
 tanes ? >V hat did they form ? 
 
 3. What is said of Hamilton's labors? How did he succeed ' 
 
 wa;)IrmLnTnoi'r"^' '''""'' "''''^^ ""^""^ ^^^ '^^"^e of the capital? Whnt 
 
 vinMHyj'f wT'*; Tu *Ilf f'' «'i'"itted? Why was she refused admission pre- 
 viously y \\ hat other States were admitted, and when ? 
 
avasiiington's administration — 1789-'97. 123 
 
 siderable loss. Next year General St. Clair was surprised 
 in his camp, near the Miami Kiver, and compelled to re- 
 treat. General Wayne was next sent to the Indian 
 country, and in the battle of the Maumee, August, 1794, 
 defeated the savages with great slaughter. The Indians 
 were compelled to cede, by treaty, more than 25,000 
 square miles in the present State of Ohio. 
 
 7. Washington re-elected— M. Genet. — The presidential 
 election took place in the fall of 1792. Washington was 
 again chosen President, and Adams Vice-president. In 
 the year 1793 the French republican Government sent 
 out M. Genet (zhd-tia') as ambassador to the United 
 States. France was then at war with England, and 
 Genet began to lit out privateers from American -ports 
 to capture British ships. 
 
 8. Genet recalled by France. — Washington was greatly 
 displeased with Genet, because he was anxious that the 
 country should not be involved in a war with England. 
 Genet behaved very defiantly, relying on the support of 
 a large party in the United States who took sides with 
 France. In the end Washington demanded the French- 
 man's recall by his Government, which was promptly 
 complied with, in 1794. This affair produced much ex- 
 citement throughout the United States. 
 
 9. The Whisky Rebellion. — It was partly owing to the 
 unsettled state of feeling produced by Genet's quarrel 
 that the "Whisky Rebellion" broke out, in the year 
 1794. One of Hamilton's plans of raising revenue was 
 by a tax on distilled spirits. The men of Western Penn- 
 sylvania refused to pay the tax, and took up arms. 
 Washington sent an armed force among them, and they 
 at once submitted. 
 
 G. Where aud when did an Indian war break out ? What two generals failed ? 
 What one was successful ? Give an account of this. 
 T. What is said of the election of 1T92 ? What difficulty began in 1793 ? 
 
 8. How did Washington meet this ? Was his conduct unanimously approved ? 
 How did the affair end ? 
 
 9. What took place in Pennsylvania ? How was it ended ? 
 
124 IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 10. Treaty with England. — Serious misunderstanding 
 liad arisen with England, chiefly about giving up some 
 of tlie Western posts. Accordingly John Jay was sent 
 to Eno-land, and concluded a treaty in 1794, which settled 
 this and other points in dispute. The friends of France 
 wlio had taken part with Genet, and who hated England, 
 became still more bitter when the news of the treaty was 
 inade public. They burned Jay in eiRgy, and in the 
 newspapers severely criticised the conduct of Washing- 
 ton. The treaty, however, was ratified by the United 
 States Government. 
 
 11. John Adams chosen President. — When the time for 
 election of President drew near, Washington, in a fare- 
 well address to the people of the United States, said that 
 lie would not be a candidate. A very bitter and excit- 
 ing canvass followed — John Adams being nominated by 
 one party, and Thomas Jeflerson, of Virginia, by the 
 other. The former received a majority of electoral votes, 
 and Jefferson, receiving the next lower number of votes, 
 became Vice-president. This was the method of choos- 
 ing that oflicer in the early history of the Government. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS THE SECOND PRES- 
 IDENT. 
 
 1797-1801. 
 
 12. Washington goes to Mount Vernon. — Washington 
 was i)rL'SL'nt at the inauguration of President Adams, in 
 Philudeli)liia, March 4, 1797. He was received on that oc- 
 casion by the people with great honor. Soon after, he re- 
 tired to Mount Vernon — " first in war, first in peace, 
 
 AND FIIIST IN the HEARTS OF HIS COUNTRYMEN." 
 
 13. Troubles with France. — The treaty between En- 
 gland and the United States displeased France so much 
 
 in. What freph trouble had been brewing ? How was it settled ? How did a 
 lar-c part of the people look on this, and how did they show their feelings ? 
 11. What is said of Washington's decision ? What is said of the election ? 
 1-2. What IS stated about Washington's leaving the Presidency? 
 
Jefferson's administration — 1801-'09. 125 
 
 tliat she ordered Mr. Pinckney, the American Mmister 
 at Paris, to leave tlie country. Tlie President called a 
 meeting of Congress, warlike preparations were ordered, 
 and Washington was made commander-in-chief. There 
 was some fighting at sea, but before hostilities \^ent far- 
 ther, Napoleon Bonaparte, first consul of France, signed 
 a treaty of peace, in the year 1800. 
 
 14. Death ofWashington.— Meanwhile Washington died 
 at his home in Mount Vernon, after a short illness, De- 
 cember 14,1799. All parties united in paying the high- 
 est honors to his memory, and he was mourned through- 
 out the nation as the father of his country. In Eu- 
 Yope the most sincere tributes were awarded to the no- 
 bleness, the purity, and the grandeur of his character. 
 
 15. Jefferson chosen President. — The quarrel between 
 the two great political parties — the Federalists and Re- 
 publicans — grew more and more bitter as the presidential 
 election approached. Adams was renominated by the 
 former ; Jefferson was the candidate of the latter. The 
 Republicans triumphed. Thomas Jefierson, of Virginia, 
 was chosen President, and Aaron Burr, of New York, 
 Vice-president. 
 
 administration of THOMAS JEFFERSON — THE THIRD 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 1801-1809. 
 
 16. Jefferson and the Mississippi. — The capital had been 
 changed in the year 1800 to the city ofWashington, ac- 
 cording to act of Congress. Jefferson was inaugurated 
 here on the 4th of March, 1801. In 1802 Ohio was ad- 
 mitted into the Union, as the seventeenth State. The 
 greatest event of his administration, certainlj^ the one 
 
 13. How did France look on the treaty with England ? To what did this feel- 
 ing lead ? How was the difficulty settled ? 
 
 14. What sudden event occurred about this time ? What remarks are made ? 
 
 15. What two political parties divided the country? To which of these did 
 Adams belong ? Jeflersou ? What is said of the election ? 
 
1 •_>(', HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tliat lie liiinself was most proud of, was the purcliase of 
 tlic territory of Louisiana from France. His far-seeing 
 mind led him to perceive that whatever power held the 
 mouth of the river must control the trade of the entire 
 .Mississippi Valley. He therefore tried to persuade Bo- 
 nai)arte to sell Xew Orleans to the United States. This 
 place, along with Louisiana, had been receded to France 
 by Spain. 
 
 1 7. Louisiana purchased. — To Jefferson's great delight, 
 Bonaparte, who needed money, offered to sell not only 
 Xew Orleans, but the whole of Louisiana. The offer was 
 accepted, and more than 1,000,000 square miles of terri- 
 tory became the property of the United States, in 1803, 
 for 815,000,000. Congress divided it into two territories : 
 one, covering what is now the State of Louisiana, was 
 named the Territory of New Orleans ; the other, embra- 
 cing the remainder, was called the District of Louisiana. 
 
 18. War with the Barbary Powers. — In 1803 Commo- 
 dore Preble was sent to the Mediterranean to punish the 
 Barbary pirates for their long-continued ill-treatment of 
 American vessels in that sea. One of his ships, the frig- 
 ate Philadelphia, stranded in the harbor of Tripoli, and 
 her crew wei'c made slaves by the Tripolitans. 
 
 10. Decatur's brilliant Exploit— The pirates did not 
 long keep their prize. Li February, 1804, Lieutenant 
 Decatur, in a small schooner, with a picked crew, ran 
 alongside of the Philadelphia, in the harbor of Tripoli, 
 kilK'd or drove into the sea the Tripolitan crew, and set 
 lire to the vcssi'l. He escaped without the loss of a man. 
 
 -Ml. Eaton's romantic Expedition. — Hamet, the elder 
 brother of the Bey of Tripoli, had been driven from the 
 throne. Eaton, the American consul at Tunis, arrano-ed 
 
 10. To what place, and when, was the capital changed ? What was the great- 
 est event of his administration ? What is said of this ? 
 
 17. Wiiat fortunate offer was made? How was it received? What did Con- 
 gre.Ms do with the territory ? 
 
 IS. What war Hi)ran- up in 18(»3 ? What happened to one of the ships ? 
 
 rx W hat brilliant exploit revenged this ? Describe it. 
 
Jefferson's administration — 1801 -'09. 127 
 
 Avith him an expedition to capture Tripoli. On their 
 way they captured Derne, a Tripolitan city, and were 
 advancing on Tripoli itself, when they were stopped by 
 the news that the Bey had already made peace with the 
 American Minister, Mr. Lear, in 1805. 
 
 21. Death of Hamilton in a Duel. — In July, 1804, Alex- 
 ander Hamilton, Washington's Secretary of State, was 
 shot in a duel by Aaron Burr, the Vice-president. The 
 duel grew out of a political quarrel, and created intense 
 excitement throughout the country. It ruined Burr in 
 the good opinion of the people, who thought that he 
 forced the quarrel to kill Hamilton. Finding his political 
 character gone, he became mixed up in a treasonable at- 
 tempt to found an empire south-west of the Alleghanies. 
 For this he was arrested and tried, but was acquitted for 
 want of evidence. He never afterward appeared in pub- 
 lic life. 
 
 22. Injury to American Commerce.— Fi-ance and England 
 were still at war. The latter, who claimed to be " mis- 
 tress of the seas," in the year 1806, declared the French 
 coast in a state of blockade. Napoleon, in retaliation, 
 declared the British Island blockaded. This was a seri- 
 ous blow to American commerce, for her shipping was 
 busy carrying goods to both countries. 
 
 23. English Oppression— The Right of Search.— A most 
 serious grievance was "the right of search" which En- 
 gland exercised. It was an insult to American national 
 honor. Her ships of war stopped our merchant vessels, 
 and picked out from their crews whatever seamen they 
 wanted, under the claim that the men were deserters 
 from the English service. Even American vessels of war 
 were stopped on the high seas, and searched under this 
 
 20. Who was Hamet ? Who took up his cause ? What romantic expedition 
 was arranged ? How did it succeed ? How was the war ended, and when ? 
 
 21. What happened in July, 1S04 ? What occasioned the duel ? What did the 
 people generally believe ? What became of Burr ? 
 
 22. What was the state of affairs between England and France ? What meas- 
 ures did they adopt ? How did this affect the United States ? 
 
128 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 I .Ica. ( >n the 22d of June, 1 807, the British ship Leopard 
 iired into the frigate Cliesapeake because she had refused 
 to give up four seamen claimed as British deserters ; yet 
 three of these men were American citizens. 
 
 24. Ruin of American Commerce.— An additional griev- 
 ance came in the shape of " Orders in Council," which 
 forbade any nation to trade with France and her allies. 
 Tills was followed by a decree from Bonaparte forbid- 
 ding all trade with England and her colonies. These 
 measures gave another severe blow to the foreign com- 
 merce of the United States. If her vessels escaped the 
 cruisers of one nation, they were almost certain to be cap- 
 tured by those of the other. 
 
 25. Congress retaliates. — Congress determined to re- 
 taliate, and in December, 1807, passed an embargo pro- 
 hibiting all American vessels from leaving the United 
 States, thus stopping all trade with France and England. 
 This measure proved so ruinous to American merchants, 
 that they petitioned for its removal, and it was repealed 
 in the fall of 1808. Jefferson declined a re-election, 
 and James Madison, of Virginia, was elected President. 
 George Clinton, of New York, was chosen Vice-president. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON — THE FIFTH PRES- 
 IDENT. 
 
 1809-1817. 
 
 2G. English Arrogance rebuked. — In 1810 the French 
 abolished the decrees which had proved so hurtful to 
 the United States, but the English continued to enforce 
 theirs with even mcreased energy. One of their war 
 vessels, the Little Belt, while cruising off the American 
 
 '23. What Kerious insult to American honor is mentioned? What was the 
 rif,'ht of search ? To what extent did they go ? Mention an instance. 
 
 24. What further injuries came to American commerce ? Why did these meas- 
 ures work so much injury ? 
 
 •jr.. What did Congress do about all this? How did this measure operate? 
 « ho was chosen President ? 
 
WAR WITH ENGLAND 1812. 
 
 129 
 
 coast, was hailed by the frigate President. She haughtily 
 answered by a shot that struck the mainmast of the frig- 
 ate. The President returned the fire so spiritedly that 
 in twenty minutes the Little Belt had thirty-two of her 
 crew killed or wounded. 
 
 27. Indian War — Battle of Tippecanoe. — The Indians, 
 in the mean time, were troublesome on the north-west 
 frontier, and it was thought that the British were encour- 
 aging them. Tecumtha, a very brave and wily Shawnee 
 chief, led the various tribes. General Harrison, governor 
 of Indiana Territory, at the head of a large force, marched 
 against them, and defeated them at the Indian town of 
 Tippecanoe. This battle broke up the confederacy that 
 liad been planned by Tecumtha, and put a sudden end to 
 the danger of an Indian war. 
 
 utLviSIUN HE.CHTS ^ 
 
 1812. 
 28. War proclaimed with England. —For a series of 
 years England had oppressed American commerce. She 
 had, besides, haughtily seized American seamen from 
 the decks of American vessels, claiming them as desert- 
 ers from her flag. It was no longer to be borne, and on 
 
 20. How did the French and English governments behave ? Hov7 was British 
 arrogance rebuked on the ocean ? 
 
 27. Where did Indian hostilities break out ? Who was Tecumtha ? How was 
 the war ended ? 
 
 F 2 
 
130 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 MAP OF THE UMTICI) STATES IN 1S12. 
 
WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1812. 
 
 131 
 
 the 19th of June, 1812, President Madison published a 
 proclamation of war against England. 
 
 29. Invasion of Canada. — Hostilities began with the 
 invasion of Canada by Governor Hull, of Michigan Ter- 
 ritory. On the 12th of July he crossed the river from 
 the fort at Detroit, to attack the British post at Maiden. 
 While he was idling away precious time in camp at 
 Sandwich, a small British force appeared at Fort Mack- 
 inaw, July 17, and captured it without resistance. 
 
 30. Surrender of Detroit. — Hull's delay allowed the 
 British and Indians under Brock and the chief Tecum- 
 tha to collect in force, and he returned rapidly to De- 
 ti-oit, followed by the British. On the first demand to 
 surrender, Hull hung out a white flag, and Detroit, with 
 its garrison, and the whole of Michigan Territory, fell 
 into General Brock's hands, August 16. Hull was cash- 
 iered for his disgraceful and cowardly conduct, and but 
 for his services in the Revolutionary War he would have 
 been shot. 
 
 31. The Battle of Queenston Heights. — A body of New 
 York militia encamped at Lewiston, on the Niagara, 
 crossed the river on the 13th of October, and attacked 
 
 28. When was war proclaimed ? State what led to this. 
 
 29. How did hostilities begin ? Describe Hull's first movements. What place 
 was captxared? This is on the straits between Lake Huron and Superior. 
 
 30. What was the effect of Hull's conduct? What disgrace followed? How 
 did the Government punish Hull? 
 
132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the British batteries on Queenston Heights. At first they 
 were siiccessfuh General Brock was killed, and the en- 
 emy were driven back ; but the British were afterward 
 re-enforced, and nearly all the Americans were either kill- 
 ed, w^ounded, or taken prisoners. The day was lost, be- 
 cause their comrades at Lewiston would not cross over 
 in sufficient numbers to their help. Colonel, afterward 
 General, Scott first distinguished himself in this battle. 
 
 32. Naval Operations. — The misfortunes of the army 
 during the year 1812 produced great mortification among 
 those who favored the war. At sea the American navy 
 redeemed the honor of our arms. In July, the Essex, 
 Captain Porter, captured the Alert. In August, the 
 GuERRiERE, British frigate, was captured by the frigate 
 Constitution, Cnptain Isaac Hull, after a fierce fight. In 
 October, the Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the Frolic. 
 In the same month, the United States, Commodore De- 
 catur, captured the Macedonian^. In December, the Con- 
 stitution, Commodore Bainbridge, captured the Java. 
 
 3:3. American Rejoicings. — These victories over the " mis- 
 tress of the seas," as England was styled, created great 
 rejoicing among the American people, particularly the 
 eapture of the Guerriere by the Constitution. This was 
 the first victory gained over an English frigate by anoth- 
 er frigate in fifty years. The American privateers, also, 
 were very active, and captured during the year 300 Brit- 
 isli merchant-vessels, many of wiiich had valuable cargoes. 
 
 3 4. Popular Feeling about the War.— A large part of 
 the ])eople were opposed to the war. It was very unpop- 
 ular in the Eastern States, but throughout the country a 
 sufficient majority were in favor of it to re-elect Madison 
 president for a second term, in the fall of 1812. 
 
 31. What movement was made on the New York frontier in October? De- 
 pcribe the battle. Why did it result so unfortunately ? 
 
 32. Wliut is said of Uie events on land and at sea? Name the victories at sea. 
 
 33. How did the Americans regard these successes, and why? In what way 
 was British commerce harassed? 
 
 34. Uow was the war regarded? Which party had the majority ? How shown ? 
 
WAR WITH ENGLAND 1813. 133 
 
 1813. 
 
 35. Extensive Operations. — The operations on land were 
 commenced this year on a much larger scale. Three ar- 
 mies were formed. General Harrison commanded the 
 Army op the West, near the head of Lake Erie ; Gen- 
 eral Dearborn the Army of the Centre, on the Niag- 
 ara frontier; General Hampton the Army of the North, 
 near Lake Champlain. 
 
 8G. The Army of the West. — The work assigned to 
 Harrison was the recovery of Michigan Territory. Gen- 
 eral Winchester, with a part of the Army of the West, 
 moved to Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, and attacked 
 and dispersed a small British force. While lying care- 
 lessly encamped, he was attacked by 1500 British and 
 Lidians, nnder General Proctor, and, after a bloody fight, 
 was forced to surrender, January 22. 
 
 37. Harrison at Fort Meigs. — Harrison, hearing of this 
 disaster, fortified himself at the rapids of the Maumee, 
 and called the works Fort Meigs {megs). Proctor laid 
 siege to the fort May l,but General Clay, Avith 1200 Ken- 
 tuckians, came to the relief of Harrison, and Proctor, af- 
 ter a sharp engagement, abandoned the siege. Proctor 
 next attacked Fort Stevenson, at Lower Sandusky, com- 
 manded by Colonel Croghan {erog-an)^ a young man of 
 twenty-one years of age, but was beaten back, August 2, 
 with severe loss. The same night he returned to Maiden. 
 
 38. Perry's Victory.— The theatre of war now changed 
 to Lake Erie. There were two small fleets on its waters : 
 one, the British, commanded by Commodore Barclay, the 
 other, American, by Commodore Perry. On the 10th of 
 September a severe battle of three hours was fought at 
 
 35. What preparations were made in 1S13 ? Give the armies, their positions, 
 and the generals commanding. 
 
 36. What was Harrison to attempt? With what unfortunate event did the 
 campaign begin ? 
 
 3T. What did this compel Harrison to do ? Wliat occurred there ? What took 
 place at Lower Sandusky ? Give the dates. 
 
134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tlie western end of the lake, and Perry came off victori- 
 ous. He immediately wrote to General Harrison, in these 
 words: "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." 
 
 30. Battle of the Thames. — Perry's vessels conveyed 
 Harrison's army across the lake to Canada. Proctor at 
 once abandoned Maiden, and retreated, with Tecumtha, 
 northward. Harrison pursued, and came up with them, 
 October 5, at the River Thames. After a short but se- 
 vere battle, Tecumtha was killed, and Proctor defeated, 
 and was only saved from capture by the fleetness of his 
 horse. The battle of the Thames recovered Michigan 
 Territory, which was lost by the base surrender of Hull, 
 and tiie north-western frontier was relieved from the fear 
 of invasion. 
 
 40. Capture of Toronto. — In April, General Dearborn, 
 with 1700 men, crossed Lake Ontario to attack York, now 
 Toronto, the capital of Upper Canada. In the assault, 
 General Pike, who led the advance, was killed, with near- 
 ly two hundred of his men, by the explosion of a maga- 
 zine. The place, however, w^ith a large amount of stores, 
 was captured by the Americans. 
 
 41. Americans take Fort George. — Leaving York, the 
 troops sailed to attack Fort George, on the Niagara. 
 The British, on their approach, blew up their magazines, 
 abandoned the fort, and retreated to the head of the lake. 
 The Americans followed, but Avere attacked at midnight, 
 June G, and fell back to Fort George. 
 
 42. Sackett's Harbor-Fort George.— In the absence of 
 Deai-born at Fort George, the British, under Prevost, 
 attacked Sackett's Harbor, but were so vigorously re- 
 ceived by the militia that they left precij)itately. They 
 were more fortunate at Fort George, where they surprised 
 a detachment of 600 men belonging to the garrison. Gen- 
 
 38. T<> what place dul the contest change ? ^y ? What occurred here ? 
 
 Tl' Z\?^ ''"^ ^^'^' ''''"''' ^^""'^^ ^^""^ ^'^ Harrison follow? What oc- 
 ciirrod ? A\ hat was the great result of the battle ' 
 
 4(1. What place was attacked in April, and by whom? With what result? 
 41. To what point did they next go ? What occurred there ? 
 
WAR WITH ENGLAND 1813. 
 
 135 
 
 eral Dearborn was recalled, for his want of success, and 
 General Wilkinson was appointed to succeed him. 
 
 43. Expedition against Montreal. — Wilkinson moved 
 against Montreal, and Hampton, with a part of the Army 
 of the North, was ordered to join him on the St. Law- 
 rence. On the 1 1th of November the Army of the Centre 
 fought the undecisive battle of Chrysler's Farm. Wilkin- 
 son then moved to St. Regis, where he waited for Hamp- 
 ton. That q;eneral 
 
 failed to unite with 
 him, and the expedi- 
 tion was abandoned. 
 44. Creek Indian 
 War. — Tecumtha, in 
 tlie spring of 1813, 
 visited the Indians in 
 the south-west, and 
 stirred them to war. 
 In August the Creeks 
 attacked and took 
 Fort Minis, on the Al- 
 abama River, slaugh- 
 tering nearly 400 set- 
 tlers who had gone 
 thither for protection. 
 Generals Jackson and 
 Coffee were sent against the Indians, and, after some mi- 
 nor engagements, defeated 1000 of them at Tohopeka, on 
 the Horseshoe Bend of the Tallapoosa River. Over 600 
 warriors were slain, and 250 women and children were 
 captured. This ended the Creek War, March 27, 1814. 
 
 45. Naval Events. — The naval engagements at sea be- 
 gan with the capture of the British brig Peacock by the 
 
 42. Give the British movements elsewhere. Who succeeded General Dearborn, 
 and why ? 
 
 43. What was Wilkinson's first movement, and what was the plan ? What oc- 
 curred on the river? What ended the expedition ? 
 
 44. Who was Tecumtha ? See 1812. What were his movements and success ? 
 Wlio were sent against the Indians ? How did they succeed ? 
 
 
 SEAT 0¥ TUE OIlEEii VV All. 
 
130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Hornet, Captain Lawrence, at the mouth of the Demera- 
 ra Kivor, Soiitli America, February 25. The action lasted 
 lifteen minutes, and the Peacock sank shortly afterward. 
 
 40. The Shannon and the Chesapeake. — Captain Law- 
 rence was promoted to the command of the Chesapeake, 
 i-etitting in Boston Harbor. The British ship Shannon, 
 in admirable condition, was cruising outside with a 
 iinely-trained crew ; and the captain sent a challenge to 
 Lawrence to fight the Chesapeake. Lawrence was ill 
 prepared to fight, for his crew w^as new ; but he sailed out 
 promptly, and met the Shannon on the 1st of June. The 
 battle was terrible, and was over in fifteen minutes. 
 Lawrence was carried below mortally wounded, crying, 
 " Don't give up the ship," and 146 of his crew^ were either 
 killed or wounded when the Chesapeake surrendered. 
 
 47. Other Naval Battles. — In August, the American ves- 
 sel Argus was captured by the Pelican while cruising 
 in the British Channel. In September, the Enterprise, 
 Captain Burrows, captured the British brig Boxer off the 
 coast of Maine. Both captains were killed in this action. 
 
 1814-'15. 
 
 48. Successes at Fort Erie and Chippewa. — In the be- 
 ginning of May, General I>rown, with 2000 Americans, 
 moved from Sackett's Harbor to the Niagara River. 
 Shortly after he arrived, his force was increased to 5000 
 men. He then crossed the river, and Fort Erie surren- 
 dered to him without bloodshed, July 3. The Americans 
 then pushed forward and attacked the British at Chip- 
 ]>ewa, fifteen miles north, near the river- bank, July 5, 
 where the enemy were defeated, with the loss of 500 men. 
 
 49. Battle of Lundy's Lane. — On the 25th, the British 
 being re-enforced and led by General Drummond, ad- 
 
 45. What was the first naval event ? 
 
 40. What led to the battle between the Shannon and the Chesapeake? What 
 was the condition of the two vessels and their crews ? Describe the en<?ageraent. 
 
 47. Mention the other naval battles. Where is the Demerara River? 
 
 4=*. How did the Americans obtain possession of Fort Erie ? Where was this ? 
 To what battle did this lead? 
 
WAR WITH ENGLAND 1814-'l5. 
 
 137 
 
 vanced against the Americans, and the severe battle of 
 Lnndy's Lane was fought. This was probably the most 
 stubbornly-contested battle of the war, and ended with- 
 out any decisive result. The American generals, Brown 
 and Scott, were both severely wounded, and General Rip- 
 ley next day fell back with the army to Fort Erie, where 
 General Gaines took the command. 
 
 50. British besiege Fort Erie. — General Drummond laid 
 siege to Fort Erie on the 4th of August. On the 15th, he 
 made a midnight assault, and was repulsed, with the loss 
 of 1000 men. On the 17th, Gen. Brown, who had recov- 
 ered from his wounds, made a sortie from the fort, and cap- 
 tured 400 British ; after which Drummond raised the siege, 
 and fell back across Chippewa Creek. In November Brown 
 blew up Fort Erie, and crossed the Niagara into New York. 
 
 51. Events at Plattshurg. — General Macomb was in 
 
 command of 2000 men at 
 Plattsbu rg, on Lake Cham- 
 plain. In September, Gen- 
 eral Prevost, at the head 
 of 14,000 British veter- 
 ans, advanced against Ma- 
 comb, who fell behind the 
 River Saranac. On the 
 11th, a combined attack 
 was made by the British. 
 Commodore Downie bore 
 down on the American 
 
 fleet, under Commodore MacDonough, in Plattsburg Bay. 
 
 Prevost at the same time attempted to cross the Saranac. 
 
 52. The two Battles at Plattsburg. — After a two hours' 
 ficfht, the British commodore surrendered to MacDon- 
 ough. On land. General Prevost was repulsed at every 
 
 49. What battle followed that of Chippewa ? Describe it. 
 
 50. How did Drnmmoud press the Americans? The assault. Describe the 
 sortie of the garrison. What further is said of Drummond and Brown ? 
 
 51. Who was at Plattsburg? What movement was made against him? De- 
 scribe the plan of attack. 
 
138 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 |>01 
 
 lit, and during: tlie night retreated, leaving his sick 
 
 VICINITY OF WASUINGTON, 1S14. 
 
 and wounded beliind him, and 
 a large part of his military 
 stores. His whole loss was 
 about 2500 men. 
 
 53. Burning ofWashington. 
 — In the month of August, 
 4500 British troops, under 
 General Ross, landed at Ben- 
 edict, on Chesaj^eake Bay, 
 and marched to attack Wash- 
 ington, some fifty miles dis- 
 tant. The British were en- 
 tirely unexpected, and only 
 a few marines and militia, under Commodore Barney, at- 
 tempted to stop them at Bla- 
 densburg, six miles from the 
 capital, August 24. The ma- 
 rines were quickly dispersed, 
 and Barney was wounded 
 and made prisoner. The 
 l^ritish immediately entered 
 AVashington, and burned the 
 Capitol, President's House, 
 and other buildings. 
 
 54. Attack on Baltimore. — 
 Ross then retreated to his 
 ships, and tlie British troops ^^c^n"^ <^f baltimokk, isi4. 
 were taken to Xorth Point, fourteen miles from Baltimore. 
 From this point the troops were to move by land to at- 
 tack tliat city, while the fleet bombarded Fort M'Henry. 
 Hoss was killed in a skirmish shortly after he began the 
 march, March 12, and his troops advanced next day to 
 the city. On tlie 13t]i the fleet bombarded the fortwith- 
 
 52. Describe the battle on land. On the lake. What was the result ? 
 R3. To what place did the war change ? What preparations were made there ? 
 \\ here was a stand made ? What occurred at Wa?hin<'ton ? 
 
WAR WITH ENGLAND 18 14-' 15. 139 
 
 out effect, and during the night the troops got on board 
 the fleet and sailed away from the Chesapeake. Thus 
 ended the attack on Baltimore. 
 
 55. British in Mobile Bay and Florida. — Florida was 
 at this time still in possession of Spain, and w^as con- 
 sidered neutral territory. The Spaniards permitted the 
 British to fit out an expedition at Pensacola against Fort 
 Bowyer, in Mobile Bay. On September 15, the attack 
 on the fort was repulsed, with severe loss on the part of 
 the British, who returned in haste to Pensacola. Gener- 
 al Jackson, the hero of the Creek War, w^as in command 
 at the South. Marching rapidly from Mobile, he drove 
 the British from Pensacola, November 7. 
 
 56. British move against New Orleans. — Shortly after 
 this he hastened to the defense of New Orleans, which 
 was threatened by the British. In December, a British 
 fleet entered Lake Borgne (born), and its barges captured 
 a small American flotilla that disputed its way. The 
 army, composing 12,000 soldiers under General Paken- 
 ham and 4000 marines, was landed nine miles below the 
 city. The advance-guard was attacked by Jackson on 
 December 23, and a sharp fight took place. 
 
 57. Battle of New Orleans. — Four miles below the city, 
 Jackson w^as encamped behind a broad trench stretching 
 from the Mississippi, on his right, to a swamp on his left. 
 On the 8th of January, 1815, the British moved to the 
 assault, but were met by so steady and well-directed a 
 fire from behind the intrenchments, that they were com- 
 pelled to fall back in confusion, after showing w^onderful 
 bravery. Pakenham was killed, and 2000 of his men 
 were killed or w^ounded. Strange to say, the loss of the 
 Americans was only 1 killed and 6 wounded. 
 
 54. What was the next point of attack ? What was the plan ? What occurred 
 ou the march ? How did the fleet succeed ? What was the end of it all ? 
 
 55. Where were the British active in the South? Why were they here? 
 Where were they repulsed ? Who drove them from Florida ? 
 
 56. Against what place did the British move ? Describe their movements, and 
 what happened on their route. What is said of Jackson's attack ? 
 
 57. Describe Jackson's position. Give a sketch of the battle of New Orleans. 
 
140 UISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 58. Naval Events. — The Americans were less fortunate 
 at sea cluring- the years 1814-'15 than before. The Es- 
 sex, Captain Porter, was caj^tured by two British vessels 
 in the harbor of Valparaiso, March, 1814. In January, 
 the President, Commodore Decatur, was captured by a 
 British squadron near the southern shore of Long Island. 
 In February, 1815, the Constitution, Captain Stewart, 
 captured two British sloops of war off Lisbon, Portugal ; 
 and ni March the British brig Penguin surrendered to 
 the Hornet, Captain Biddle, of equal force, near the Cape 
 of Good Hope. 
 
 59. The Hartford Convention. — It has been already said 
 that a large party in New England was opposed to the 
 war. In the month of December, 1814, a convention, 
 composed of 26 delegates from Massachusetts, Rhode Isl- 
 and, and New Hampshire, assembled at Hartford to dis- 
 cuss the grievances they had suffered from the war. 
 The friends of the war declared the " Hartford Conven- 
 tion " treasonable ; but there is no evidence that this 
 charge was true. The Convention confined itself to a 
 simple statement of grievances, and recommended some 
 changes in tlie Constitution ; it then, after a three weeks' 
 session, adjourned. But it ruined the Federalist party in 
 the estimation of the people. 
 
 GO. Treaty of Peace. — The whole nation, without dis- 
 tinction of party, was rejoiced when the news arrived, 
 in February, 1815, that a treaty of peace had been con- 
 cluded at Ghent, December 24, 1814. Not a word was 
 said in the treaty about oppressions on American com- 
 merce, nor about the right of search — the two causes of 
 the war. When the war between France and England 
 ended, tbere was no longer any necessity for continuing 
 these oppressive measures. 
 
 5^. What was the Piiccess at sea? Mention each naval event. 
 
 SO. How did New En-rland show her opposition to the war? How did the 
 friends of the war re-ard this? What did the Convention do? How did it af- 
 icrt the Federalists as a party ? 
 
 CO. When and where was the treaty of peace made ? What is said of it? 
 
WAR WITH ALGIERS 1815. 141 
 
 61. War with Algiers. — At the beginning of the war 
 with England, the Dey of Algiers declared war against 
 the United States, under pretense that his presents were 
 not what he had demanded. In May, 1815, Commodore 
 Decatur was sent with a fleet to the Mediterranean, and 
 on board his ship compelled the Dey to sign a humiliating 
 treaty of peace. Tunis and Tripoli were also effectually 
 humbled by him. The States admitted during this admin- 
 istration were — Louisiana, in 1812, and Indiana, in 1816. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What was the first capital, and how long ? The second ? The third ? 
 
 2. Name the first four Presidents, give length of administrations, and dates. 
 
 3. Name and sketch some leading events of Washington's administration. 
 
 4. Who formed Washington's first cabinet ? 
 
 5. What is said of Hamilton's measures ? 
 
 6. Give the particulars regarding his death. 
 
 7. Name two important events in Adams's administration. 
 
 8. Mention the most important event of Jefferson's administration. 
 
 9. State why this was so important, and give particulars. 
 
 10. What foreign war occurred, and who were the chief actors in it? 
 
 11. What events took place, and how was it brought to a close ? 
 
 12. What can you say of the difficulties with England? 
 
 13. How did Congress retaliate, and with what result? 
 
 14. What Indian war broke out in 1811 ? Give the cause and result. 
 
 15. What great event marks Madison's administration ? 
 
 16. State clearly the causes of this. 
 
 17. With what movements did the war begin? 
 
 18. Where was the seat of war in 1S12 ? 
 
 19. Describe the leading events of that year. 
 
 20. What was the general result of the year to the Americans ? 
 
 21. Where was the seat of war in 1813? 
 
 22. What is said of the Indian war ? 
 
 23. From whom did the Euglish obtain active military assistance in 1812, 1813? 
 
 24. Give some of the leading events of 1813. 
 
 25. Where was the war carried on during lS14r-'15 ? 
 
 26. Name the principal events at these points, 
 
 27. Describe the last battle of the war. 
 
 28. Mention two or three of the most brilliant naval events during the war. 
 
 29. Name the leading American generals. Who was the most celebrated? Why? 
 
 30. What foreign power gave assistance to the British in the South ? 
 
 31. State what active measures were taken in reference to this. 
 
 32. What is said of the treaty of peace, and what it did not settle? 
 
 33. What war followed? What was the cause and result? 
 
 34. Where was the war unpopular, and how was opposition shown to it? 
 
 35. State what is said of the Hartford Convention, and its results. 
 
 36. Name the States admitted up to the year 1S17. 
 
 61. What expedition was dispatched in 1815? Why? What was its success? 
 What States were admitted during Madison's administration, and when ? 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PART II.— FROM 1817 TO 1841. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE- 
 IDENT. 
 
 -THE FIFTH PRES- 
 
 1817-1825. 
 
 1. The New President. — James Monroe, of Virginia, 
 elected in tlie fall of 1816, was now President, and Dan- 
 iel D. Tompkins,.of New York, Vice-president. Mr. Mon- 
 roe was personally very popular, and began his admin- 
 istration under the most favorable circumstances. The 
 country was fast recovering from the ruin that had fallen 
 on its commerce and manufactures during the war. There 
 was now only one party, the Democratic. 
 
 2. Jackson's Disregard of Spain. — Toward the end of 
 the year 1817, the Seminole Indians, instigated by the 
 Spanish in Florida, attacked the settlers in Georgia. 
 General Jackson, after subduing the Indians, marched to 
 Florida, and took Fort St. Marks. While in this- neigh- 
 
 1. Mention tho circumstances under which President Monroe began his ad- 
 nunislratioM. 
 
Monroe's administration — 18l7-'25. 143 
 
 borhood, he hung two British subjects, on the charge of 
 inciting the Indians to war. He then marched to Pensa- 
 cola, which he occupied May, 1818. 
 
 3. Florida ceded to the United States. — Jackson was 
 greatly blamed for his violation of Spanish territory, but 
 was sustained by the Government. Spain was indignant 
 at the conduct of the United States, and a long, unfriend- 
 ly correspondence followed. Finally, in the year 1819, 
 Spain agreed to cede Florida to the United States for the 
 sum of $5,000,000. The territory, however, was not form- 
 ally given up until the year 1821. 
 
 4. The Missouri Compromise. — In 1820 Missouri applied 
 for admission to the Union. This led to a bitter contest 
 in Congress. The North favored her admission as a Free 
 State; the South, as a Slave State. At length, in 1820, 
 the famous "Missouri Compromise" was agreed on. By 
 this she was admitted as a Slave State, but thenceforth 
 slavery was prohibited in all other territory north of 
 36° 30' west of the Mississippi. This compromise was 
 faithfully kept for more than thirty years. 
 
 5. The Monroe Doctrine.— In the fall of 1820 Madison 
 was re-elected President for four years. In the year 1822 
 the South American republics were struggling with Spain 
 for independence. Monroe, in a message, advised that 
 the independence of these republics should be recognized 
 by the United States; and, in addition, declared that 
 "the American continents are not to be considered as 
 subjects for future colonization by any European pow- 
 ers," or, in other words, that America must be republic- 
 an. This is known as the "Monroe doctrine." 
 
 6. Lafayette's Visit. — The famous Frenchman, the friend 
 of America, General Lafayette, now an old man, came to 
 
 2. What broke out in 181T ? Who was sent there, and what of his conduct ? 
 
 3. How was his conduct regarded ? What did this lead to ? 
 
 4. What is said of Missouri ? Of the contest ? How was it settled ? State its 
 provisions. 
 
 5. What is said of the election of 1820 ? What is the Monroe doctrine ? What 
 led to the announcement of this ? 
 
144 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 America on a visit in 1824. From the moment he land- 
 ed lie became the guest of the nation, and wherever ho 
 went lie was reg-ardcd with the most profound respect. 
 
 T. Election for President. — Monroe declined a re-elec- 
 tion, and a very exciting canvass followed, chiefly because 
 party lines were very much confused. There were four 
 candidates put in nomination— John Adams, the son of 
 the second President, General Jackson, W. H. Crawford, 
 and Henry Clay. There was no choice by the people, 
 and the election went to the House of Representatives in 
 Congress. Here Adams was chosen President, in 1824. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS— THE SIXTH 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 1825-1829. 
 
 8. John Quincy Adams, son of the second President, 
 was inaugurated March 4, 1825. His administration had 
 few events of great importance. The year 1826 was re- 
 markable for the death of the Presidents, John Adams 
 and Thomas Jefferson. They died on the 4th of July, 
 within a few hours of each other. 
 
 9. The Tariff Act of 1828.— The country had increased 
 steadily in prosperity since the war. Manufactures had 
 spread extensively throughout the Eastern and some of 
 the Middle States. But the goods from Europe, particu- 
 larly from England, interfered with these American man- 
 ufactures. To enable the latter to compete favorably 
 with Europe, a tariff with high protective duties was 
 passed by Congress in 1828. 
 
 10. The American System— Protection.— The great advo- 
 cate and author of protection to American manufactures 
 was Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and it received the name 
 of "The American System." It was adopted only after 
 
 C. State what is said of Lafayette. 
 
 7. fJivc the particulars of the election for President in 1824. 
 H. Whose son was the new President ? What occurred in 1826? 
 ;». What act was passed in 1^28 ? What led to its passage ? 
 
Jackson's administration — 1829-'37. 145 
 
 many fierce debates, and became a fruitful source of dis- 
 2)ute during- succeeding administrations. 
 
 11. Jackson elected President. — The election for Presi- 
 dent during the fall of 1828 ended in the choice of Gen- 
 eral Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, the hero of 'New Or- 
 leans. His election was considered a triumph of the Dem- 
 ocrats over the Whigs and the protective system. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON THE SEVENTH 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 1829-1837. 
 
 12. Jackson and the United States Bank. — President 
 Jackson began his administration by an attack on the 
 United States Bank, which had applied to Congress for 
 a renewal of its charter. In spite of the President's op- 
 position, Congress passed a bill renewing the charter. 
 Jackson vetoed this, and the friends of the bank not hav- 
 ing votes to pass the bill over his veto, the charter ex- 
 pired in 183G. Thus Jackson finally gained the day. 
 
 13. South Carolina resists. — His next and still more se- 
 rious contest was with the " Nullifiers" of South Carolina. 
 Congress, in the year 1832, added new duties to the tar- 
 iff. Immediately the people of South Carolina met in 
 Convention, and declared the tariff acts unconstitutional, 
 and therefore " null and void." They, moreover, threat- 
 ened to resist the collection of duties at Charleston by 
 force of arms, and to secede from the Union. 
 
 14. The Quarrel settled. — Jackson proceeded promptly 
 to put down the Carolina Nullifiers by force. Before any 
 collision took place, a compromise was efi*ected in Con- 
 gress through the influence of Henry Clay. It was agreed 
 that the tariff duties should be gradually reduced ; and 
 
 10. Who was the author of this system ? What was the effect of its passage? 
 
 11. Who was chosen President, and when? How was his election regarded? 
 
 12. With what did he begin his term ? How far did the banli succeed ? 
 
 13. What was his next contest? What led to this? What did the Carolinians 
 do ? Why were they called " Nullifiers ?" 
 
 G 
 
146 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tluis tlie feelings of the Carolinians were for the time 
 quieted. 
 
 15. Black Hawk War.— While this was going on, the 
 Indians in the north-west, in what is now Wisconsin, 
 led by the chief Black Hawk, attacked the whites. Then 
 followed a struggle of six months, called the "Black 
 Hawk War," in which the chief was taken prisoner. At 
 its close, tlie Indians removed beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 IG. Jackson and the French.— In the fall of 1832 Jack- 
 son was re-elected President, and Martin Van Buren was 
 chosen Vice-president. In 1834 he made a demand on 
 France for $5,000,000, which that Government had agreed 
 to pay the United States for injuries done to American 
 commerce. For some years the installments of this mon- 
 ey were not paid as agreed. Jackson ordered the Ameri- 
 can minister to leave Paris, and 
 urojed Consjress to seize French 
 vessels. The French Govern- 
 ment was alarmed at these move- 
 ments, and paid the money. 
 
 17. War with the Seminoles 
 broke out in Florida in 1835. 
 They had agreed by treaty to re- 
 move west of the Mississippi, but 
 refused to go when the time ar 
 rived. On the 28th of December, 
 Major Dade, Avhile on his march with 117 men, was mas- 
 sacred by the Seminoles, and only four of the party es- 
 caped. On the same day, many miles away from the 
 scene. General Thomson and some friends, while dining 
 quietly outside of Fort King, were surprised and killed. 
 
 rr.MicAivopvtt' 
 
 F^.DRANE 
 
 18. A protracted War. 
 
 There was severe fighting on 
 
 14. How did Jackson act ? What quieted matters ? 
 
 15. What war broke out ? Give the particulars, and the result. 
 
 16. Wlio was chosen President, and when? What is said of the French pay- 
 ment ? now did Jackson act, and what was the effect ? 
 
 17. What war now broke out, and when? Its origin. Show the sudden 
 mrm-nicnts of the Seminoles. Where did these take place ? 
 
-1837-41. 147 
 
 December 31, and during the year 1836, but nothing was 
 gained by the whites. The Seminoles, as fast as they 
 were driven by the troops to the more open ground, re- 
 tired farther into the swamps and everglades. Some- 
 times the sokliers woukl find them here, but the fighting 
 that immediately followed produced very trifling results. 
 It proved to be a long and terribly expensive contest. 
 
 19. Presidential Election. — Jackson's second term was 
 drawing to a close, and the election for President took 
 place November, 1836. Martin Van Buren, the Demo- 
 cratic candidate, was chosen President, and Richard M. 
 Johnson, of Kentucky, Vice-president. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN" — THE EIGHTH 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 1837-1841. 
 
 20. The Panic of 1837. — The beginning of Van Curen's 
 administration was marked by a period of great commer- 
 cial distress throughout the countrj^ Merchants every- 
 where failed, and thousands in all walks of life were 
 thrown out of employment. The cause of this was spec- 
 ulation and overtrading. Congress met in extra session 
 in September to devise some remedy for the distress, but 
 it could do little. Time proved the only remedy. 
 
 21. Rebellion in Canada. — In 1837, a rebellion broke out 
 in Canada, on the Niagara frontier, against England, and 
 the rebels had many active sympathizers on the Ameri- 
 can side of the river. The President issued a proclama- 
 tion forbidding all expeditions from the United States, 
 and sent troops to enforce it. In a short time the British 
 Government put down the rebellion. 
 
 22. The Sub-treasury Bill was the great measure of this 
 
 18. What is said of the progress of the war ? Why was it so slow ? 
 
 19. Who succeeded Jackson ? What pai'ty triumphed ? 
 
 20. With what event did Van Baren's term begin ? Give an account of this. 
 What was done to help the country, and with what success ? 
 
 21. When and where did rebellion occur ? How did the President act ? 
 
148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 adiniiiistration. It was Van Buren's remedy for specula- 
 tion and overtrading, by removing the public funds from 
 the bank vaults to offices throughout the country, called 
 sub-treasuries. The bill passed Congress in 1840. 
 
 23. Presidential Election. — The President was blamed 
 for tlie distress that the country had suffered during his 
 administration. Mainly in consequence of this, he lost 
 his re-election in the fall of 1840, and General William 
 Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the hero of Tippecanoe, and the 
 candidate of the Whigs, was chosen President. John 
 Tyler, of Virginia, was chosen Vice-president. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How long was Monroe President, and when ? 
 
 2. Give the leading events of his administration, and dates. 
 ii. What was the only warlike trouble during his Presidency? 
 
 4. What illustrious man was connected with this? 
 
 5. State what is said of his movements. 
 
 6. To what acquisition of territory did all this lead ? 
 
 7. Describe the Missouri Compromise, and what led to it. 
 
 8. What is understood by the Monroe doctrine ? 
 
 V. From what cause did the announcement of this arise ? 
 
 10. Who were elected President and Vice-president in 1824? 
 
 11. What peculiarity was there about this election? 
 
 12. Name the chief events of Adams's administration. 
 
 13. What was the result of the Presidential election in 1828? 
 
 14. State the principal events in Jackson's military career. 
 
 15. What were the leading events of his administration? 
 10. When, how long, and what was the Black Hawk War? 
 17. Give an account of Jackson's difficulties with France. 
 IS. What is the history of the South Carolina troubles? 
 
 1!). Mention some of the events at the beginning of the Seminole War. 
 
 20. Who succeeded Jackson as President, and when ? 
 
 21. In what condition was the country in 1837? 
 
 22. What efforts were made to remedy this distress ? 
 
 23. What was Van Buren's remedy ? 
 
 24. State what occurred on the Canada frontiers. 
 
 25. Who was elected President in 1840? 
 
 2G. Why did Van Buren lose his re-election ? 
 
 27. How many Presidents were there up to the year 1841? 
 
 28. Name them, and give the respective terms of each, and the dates. 
 
 22. What was Van Buren's greatest measure ? Describe it. 
 
 23. Wli.) succeeded Van Burcu ? Why did he lose the election ? 
 
HAKEISON AND TYLER — 1841-'45. 
 
 149 
 
 CITY OF MEX CO 
 
 PART III.— FROM 1841 TO 1849. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON AND JOHN 
 TYLER NINTH AND TENTH PRESIDENTS. 
 
 1841-1845. 
 
 1. Death of the President. — General Harrison was in- 
 augurated ]\rarch 4, 1841. He immediately called an ex- 
 tra session of Congress to devise some plan to restore pub- 
 lic prosperity. Before Congress met he died, April 4, and 
 Vice-president Tyler succeeded to the Presidency. 
 
 2. Tyler leaves the Whigs. — Congress met, and repeal- 
 ed the Sub-treasury Bill. It also passed a general bank- 
 rupt bill, and two bills to establish a national bank. Ty- 
 ler vetoed the two last, much to the indignation of the 
 Whig party ; and thereupon all the President's cabinet 
 except Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, resigned. 
 
 1. What did riarrison first do? What happened before Congress met? Who 
 succeeded to the Presidency? 
 
 2. What measures did Congress pass ? What followed ? 
 
150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 3. Boundary of Maine settled. — Mr. Webster, and Lord 
 Asliburtoii, llu" JJrilisli coimnissioncr, settled the northern 
 boundary-line of Maine in the year 1842. This bound- 
 ary had been a long standing source of trouble between 
 England and the United States, and at one time threat- 
 ened to lead to war. 
 
 4. Rebellion in Rhode Island.— The same year, 1 842, an 
 insurrection, known as the Dorr Rebellion, broke out in 
 llliode Island. The old charter, granted to the colony 
 througli the efforts of Roger Williams, was still the con- 
 stitution of the State. One of its provisions required 
 that all voters should possess a certain amount of prop- 
 erty. Many of the people wished to change this, and 
 form a new constitution. Two parties were formed, and 
 two governors were elected. One of these, named Dorr, 
 at the head of the " suffrage party," took up arms ; but 
 before blood was shed the President interfered with Uni- 
 ted States' troops. A free suffrage constitution was adopt- 
 ed in November of tlie same year. 
 
 5. Texas seeks Admission.— The great question of Ty- 
 k'r's administration was tlie annexation of Texas. This 
 territory had been a province of Mexico, but its people 
 threw off the Spanish yoke, and decLared their independ- 
 ence in 1835. In April, 1844, they applied for admission 
 to the American Union, but their application was rejected 
 by the Senate, July 8. 
 
 G. Annexation of Texas approved. — The admission of 
 Texas was strongly opposed by a large body of the 
 American people, because it was seen that it would lead 
 to a war with jMexico. During the fall of 1844, the elec- 
 tion for President took place. The canvass, which was 
 very bitter, was mainly fought on the annexation of Tex- 
 as, and the friends of that measure triumphed in the 
 electi on of James K. Polk, of Tennessee, a Democrat. 
 
 if. What bouiulary was settled? When, and by whom ? 
 
 4. What rebelliou occurred I' Where ? When ? Give the cause. How was it 
 settled ? 
 r.. What question came up? Give its history, and how it was received. 
 C. llow far was it popular ? What showed the true feelins ? 
 
WAR WITH MEXICO — 1846. 151 
 
 7. Annexation settled. — The Texas question was again 
 brought before the Senate in December. On March 1, 
 1845, a resolution, annexing Texas to the United States, 
 was passed, and was immediately signed by President 
 Tyler, two days before the close of liis administration. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK THE ELEVENTH 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 1845-1849. 
 
 8. Oregon Boundary settled. — The north-western bound- 
 ary between British America and Oregon was settled 
 soon after the beginning of Polk's administration. There 
 was a very warlike feeling on this point during the latter 
 part of the previous administration. l>ut now the all- 
 engrossing subject in the minds of the people was war 
 WITH Mext(H), which was rapidly approaching. 
 
 9. General Taylor sent to Texas. — On the 4th of July, 
 1845, Texas approved the bill of annexation passed by the 
 United States Congress in March. In the same month, 
 July, General Taylor was ordered to Texas, and took post 
 at Corpus Christi, near the mouth of the River Nueces 
 {niod-ces). Mexico considered Taylor's movement as an 
 invasion of Mexican territor}^, and therefore an act of war. 
 
 10. War with Mexico — Fighting at the Rio Grande. — 
 In the spring of 184G, Taylor moved westward to the Rio 
 Grande {re-o gran-da)^ opposite Matamoras, where the 
 Mexicans were stationed, and built a fort, afterward called 
 Fort Brown. Soon after, a reconnoitring party under 
 Captain Thornton was surprised b}^ the Mexicans, and 
 nearly all killed. This was the first blood shed. 
 
 11. Taylor saves Point Isabel. — There were United 
 States stores at Point Isabel, in Taylor's rear. The Mex- 
 
 7. When was it again brought up ? How and when was it settled ? 
 
 8. What question was settled early in 1S45? Why was this fortunate? What 
 subject now engrossed public attention ? 
 
 9. How did Texas act ? What occurred in July ? How did Mexico regard this ? 
 
 10. When aud where did Taylor move ? Where was the first blood shed? 
 
152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 icans began to push in between the fort and the Point. 
 Taylor, being anxious about his stores, left Major Brown 
 in coniniancl, and marched to Point Isabel, May 1. Here 
 lie was re-enforced, and on May 7 began his return to the 
 Pvio Grande witli 2300 men. 
 
 12. Battles of May 8th and 9th. —Next day, 6000 Mexi- 
 cans, nnder General Arista, met him at Palo Alto (pah'-lo 
 a/tl'-to), where a severe battle was fought, in wdiich the 
 3Iexicans were defeated. Late on the following day, 
 May 0, the Mexicans made a stand at Resaca de la Palma 
 (res-d'-kd da Id pa/d-md), and were beaten, with the loss 
 of over a thousand men. 
 
 13. Taylor reaches Fort Brown. — Taylor next day reach- 
 ed the fort, wliich liad been constantly bombarded during 
 his absence, and found IMajor Brown mortally wounded. 
 In his honor, the fort was named Fort Brown, now known 
 as Brownsville. On the 18th of May, Taylor crossed the 
 river and took possession of Matamoras. 
 
 14. War declared— Plan of Operations. — The news from 
 the Bio Grande produced great excitement in the Uni- 
 ted States. Congress, on May 11, declared war, voted 
 810,000,000, and ordered 80,000 volunteers to be raised. 
 The war was very popular among the young, and the 
 (Tovernment readily obtained men enough. The plan of 
 operations was very simple. An army was to overrun 
 New ]\rexico and California, another was to march into 
 Chiluialiua (chee-iud'-icd) and the northern part of Mex- 
 ico, a tliird was to operate on the Rio Grande. 
 
 15. Capture of Monterey.— At Matamoras General Tay- 
 lor's army was re-enforced, making it 0000 men. With 
 these he attacked tlie strongly fortified town of Monterey 
 (m<m-ta-ra), in New Leon {la-on'), and, after severe fight- 
 ing for four days, the garrison surrendered, September 24. 
 
 11. Why did Taylor leave the fort ? What is said of his movements ? 
 
 12. What buttles occurred on his way back ? Give dates. 
 
 13. What happened at the fort ? What was it named ? What of Taylor ? 
 
 14. State the effect of the news in the United States. The measures of Con- 
 •^Toss. Tho fcolinp of the people about the war. The plan of the campaign. 
 
WAR WITH MEXICO — 184G. 
 
 153 
 
 .All'AIGNS IN MEXIUO. 
 
 Tjiylor then agreed to an armistice with the Mexican 
 Government for eight weeks. 
 
 16. Taylor and Wool at Saltillo. — The armistice termi- 
 nated November 13, and General Wool, wlio had been 
 or-dered to abandon operations against Chihuahua, joined 
 that part of Taylor's army which had advanced to Saltil- 
 lo [sahl-teel'-yo). On November 14, Tampico {tam-pe-kd)^ 
 on the Gulf of Mexico, surrendered to a United States 
 squadron under Captain Connor. 
 
 17. Taylor loses his best Troops. — The United States 
 Government had meanwhile planned an expedition to 
 penetrate to the city of Mexico by way of Vera Cruz 
 {va-ra kroos)^ and placed General Scott in command. As 
 a part of the plan. General Taylor was ordered to send 
 to Scott, his superior officer, a very considerable part of 
 his troops and some of his very best officers. By doing 
 this, he w^as left with little more than 5000 men. 
 
 15. What is said of Taylor's operations ? To what did he a£?ree ? 
 
 1G. Who joined Taylor, and where? What occurred elsewhere in November? 
 
 17. What loss did Taylor suffer ? What was the cause of this ? 
 
 G > 
 
154 HISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ] 8. Victory at Buena Vista.— General Santa Anna, tak- 
 incr advantJige of Taylor's diminished numbers, moved 
 a<Jiiinst him with 20,000 Mexicans. Taylor took a posi- 
 tion at liuena Vista {bwaJyia ve'std), where a severe battle 
 was Ibug-ht, February 23, 1847, in which Santa Anna was 
 defeated. In the summer Taylor returned to the United 
 States, leaving General Wool in command. 
 
 19. Kearny's Operations. — General Kearny (kar'ni/) had 
 command of the operations against New Mexico and Cali- 
 fornia. In June, 1846, he left Fort Leavenworth, on the 
 Missouri, and after marching 1000 miles, occupied Sante 
 Fe, August 18. He then pressed westward to California. 
 
 20. Doniphan's great March. — When Kearny left Santa 
 Fe, he ordered Colonel Doniphan to push south into Chi- 
 Imahua. After a march of more than 1000 miles, he final- 
 ly reached Saltillo in safety. On the way he defeated 
 tlie Mexicans at Bracito (^m-i(/ie'-^o), December 25, and at 
 Sacramento, February 28, 1847. 
 
 21. Fremont in California. — Important events had al- 
 ready taken place in California. Fremont, an active Uni- 
 ted States officer, was exploring the Far West at the be- 
 ginning of the war. While thus engaged, he was ordered 
 to protect the American settlers in California, who were 
 tlireatened by the Mexican governor. He hastened thith- 
 er with 60 men, and, being joined by his countrymen, com- 
 pelled the Mexicans, after a series of skirmishes, to move 
 to tlic south. California was declared independent July 5. 
 
 22. California conquered.— On the 7th of July, Commo- 
 dore Sloat, with some war vessels, bombarded and cap- 
 tured Monterey, on the Pacific coast. Commodore Stock- 
 ton arrived, and superseded Sloat. In a short time all of 
 California fell into the hands of the United States ; and on 
 February 8, 1847, Kearny assumed the governorship. 
 
 IS. What important battle followed ? What is said of Taylor ? 
 
 10. What were Kearny's orders ? Describe his march, and his final movement. 
 
 2(1. What romantic expedition from Saute Fc is mentioned ? Its success ? 
 
 21. Who was Fremont? Where did he go ? What did he achieve ? 
 
 22. State further operations in California. What is said of Kearny ? 
 
WAR WITH MEXICO 1847. 
 
 155 
 
 23. Scott's Expedition— Vera Cruz. — The United States 
 Government, in sending an expedition to the capital of 
 Mexico, determined to "conquer a peace." General Scott, 
 commander-in-chief, landed near Vera Cruz, with 13,000 
 men, on March 9. That city was defended by the strong 
 castle of San Juan de UUoa (dd-ool-o'd). After a severe 
 bombardment, the castle and city surrendered, March 27. 
 
 600TTS CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 
 
 24. March to the Capital. — The march to the city of 
 Mexico now began. Santa Anna, with 15,000 Mexicans, 
 held the heights of Cerro Gordo, which commanded a 
 mountain pass. On the 18th of April the heights were 
 stormed, and by noon were in possession of the Ameri- 
 cans. Next day Scott entered Jalapa (hd-ld'-pd), and on 
 the 15th of May, without resistance, the troops occupied 
 the large city of Puebla {i^imh'ld). Here the army rested, 
 and waited three months for re-enforcements. 
 
 25. Within Sight of the City.~On August 7, General 
 Scott resumed his march with 10,000 men, and on the 
 11th was within fifteen miles of the capital This was 
 defended by strong works, garrisoned by more than 
 
 23. What expedition is now mentioned ? What was its object ? Describe the 
 first movements. 
 
 24. What is said of the march ? The first engagement ? The occupation of the 
 city ? 
 
15G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 :]0,000 Mexicans. The direct road seemed the most dan- 
 <>-crous, and therefore General Scott turned to the left, 
 and approaclied by way of San Augustin {aio-goos'teen). 
 
 26. The Defenses of Mexico.— There were strong Mexi- 
 can works on this route. There were the fortified camp 
 of Contreras {con-traras), the Castle of San Antonio, the 
 lieio-lits of Cherubusco, and the Castle of Chapultepec 
 {('/ta-pool-td-pek'). On the same day, August 20, Con- 
 treras, San Antonio, and Cherubusco, one after another, 
 were carried by assault. Less than 10,000 Americans 
 liad beaten 30,000 Mexicans behind strong defenses. 
 
 27. The last Struggle begun. — General Scott advanced 
 within three miles of the city. Santa Anna pleaded for 
 delay, and Scott granted him an armistice, hoping for a 
 surrender. The Mexicans used the time to strengthen 
 the strong works at Molino del Rey {mo-le-no del m) and 
 Cliapultepec. Scott, on learning this, ordered an assault, 
 September 8, on Molino del Rey, w^hich was captured by 
 General Worth, after a bloody battle. 
 
 28. The closing Battle before the City. — On the 12th, 
 General Scott opened a heavy fire on Chapultepec, whicli 
 sliattered the walls, and on the 13th it was taken by as- 
 sault. The city now lay at his mercy, and on the 14th 
 General Scott and his army entered the capital of Mex- 
 ico. Santa Anna and his ofiicers had fled. 
 
 29. Driven off at Puebla.— At Puebla there were some 
 1800 sick American soldiers, in the care of Major Childs, 
 besieged by a body of Mexicans, whom Santa Anna joined 
 after his flight from the capital. A detachment sent by 
 General Lane came to the help of the sorely-pressed 
 Americans, and the Mexicans were driven off*. 
 
 30. Treaty of Peace.— The war was now ended. On 
 February 2, 1848, the Mexicans concluded a treaty of 
 
 25. When does he see the capital ? What of the approach, and change of route ? 
 2C. Give the defenses of Mexico. The battles. 
 
 27. What delay occurred ? When ? The next battle, and results. 
 
 28. The closing battle. Result. What of Santa Anna ? 
 
 29. What occurred at Puebla ? Who was in the attack ? The result. 
 
TREATY AVITH MEXICO 1848. 157 
 
 jieace with American commissioners at Guadalupe Hidal- 
 go {gwd-dd-loo-pa he-dahl'go). It made the Rio Grande 
 the western boundary of Texas, and gave the United 
 States the provinces of New Mexico and California. Mex- 
 ico, in return, received $15,GyQ0,000 from the United States. 
 Peace was proclaimed by President Polk, July 4, 1848. 
 
 31. Discovery of Gold. — While the treaty was yet pend- 
 ing — January, 1848 — gold was discovered on the Sacra- 
 mento River, in California. The news spread with ra- 
 pidity through the United States, and an immense num- 
 ber of emigrants, some by way of Cape Horn, some across 
 the Plains, soon found their way to the gold-diggings. 
 
 32. Presidential Election.— In the fall of 1848, General 
 Zachary Taylor — one of the heroes of the Mexican War, 
 and a Whig, was elected President over General Cass, of 
 Michigan, a Democrat. 
 
 "REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. W^hy was John Tyler inangnrated President ? 
 
 2. Stale the particnhirs of the Dorr rebellion. 
 
 3. What were the causes of the Mexican W^ar? 
 
 4. Who were the leading generals engaged on both sides? 
 
 5. Name all the battles in which General Taylor was engaged. Give dates. 
 
 6. What led to the battles of May Sth and 9th ? 
 
 7. What part of Mexico was the scene of Taylor's operations ? 
 
 8. Where, and in what battles was General Scott engaged ? Give dates. 
 
 9. Describe the different battles in the neighborhood of the capital. 
 
 10. How long a time intervened between the attack on Vera Cruz and the sur- 
 render of the city of Mexico ? 
 
 n. Describe any other important expedition. 
 2. Give the particulars of the conquest of California. 
 
 13. How long did the war last, and m whose administration was it ? 
 
 14. When and where was a treaty of peace made? 
 
 15. Give the terms of the treatj% 
 
 16. What remarkable event occurred in the new territory? 
 IT. How did this affect the population of the Pacific coast? 
 
 18. What States were admitted into the Union during the period embraced in 
 Part III. ? See pp. 151, 159. 
 
 30. Treaty of peace, when made, and where ? Its provisions. 
 
 31. What important discovery ? When ? What effect was produced ? 
 
 32. Who was chosen President? What is said of his opponents? 
 
158 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PART IV.— 1849 TO 1861. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF ZACHARY TAYLOR AND MILLARD FILL- 
 MORE — TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH PRESIDENTS. 
 
 1849-1853. 
 
 1. California seeks Admission. — The most important 
 event in tlie administration of President Taylor grew out 
 of the question of slavery. Indeed, onward now to the 
 Civil War, Ave will find this to be the main question in 
 all the admmistrations. California grew so rapidly in 
 population, that in February, 1850, it applied for admis- 
 sion into the Union as a Free State. 
 
 2. Death of the President.— This was the signal for a 
 bitter contest in Congress, which spread throughout the 
 country. While the discussion was going on, General 
 Taylor died, July 9, 1850, and was succeeded by Millard 
 
 1. What was now Uie f,'reat question of the day ? What is said of California ? 
 
150 
 
 Fillmore, of New York, Vice-president. Taylor was Pres- 
 ident a little more than one year and four months. 
 
 3. Clay's Compromise Bill.— In September, 1850, the ex- 
 citement on the slaver}^ question was in a measure qui- 
 eted by the passage of Henry Clay's Compromise Bill. 
 It provided for other things besides the admission of 
 -California, and was nicknamed the " Omnibus Bill." Its 
 principal points were that California should be admitted 
 as a free state ; that two territories, Utah and New Mex- 
 ico, should be organized, without mention of slavery ; that 
 the traffic in slaves should be prohibited in the District 
 of Columbia; and that a law should be passed securing 
 the arrest and return of fugitive slaves. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE — THE FOURTEENTH 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 1853-1857. 
 
 4. New Territory purchased. — Franklin Pierce, of New 
 Hampshire, succeeded Fillmore as President. He had 
 been elected over General Scott, the Whig candidate, and 
 John P. Hale, the Free-soil candidate. At an early peri- 
 od in Pierce's administration, a large addition to the ter- 
 ritory of the United States was made by purchase from 
 Mexico. This was known as the Gadsden Purchase, and 
 was erected into the Territory of Arizona. 
 
 5. Excitement on Slavery. — Although Clay's Compro- 
 mise Bill for a time quieted public excitement, it was not 
 long before a very bitter feeling was produced by that 
 part of it known as the Fugitive Slave Act. The people 
 of the North in several instances resisted the officers at- 
 tempting to arrest fugitive slaves. Some of the Free 
 States passed Personal Liberty Bills declaring all slaves 
 
 2. What did this produce ? What occurred ? Who succeeded him ? 
 
 3. What compromise was made ? How nicknamed ? State its provisions. 
 
 4. Who succeeded Fillmore? What is said of the election? What addition 
 of territory was made ? State the additions of territory from 1789 till 1853. 
 
160 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 IVce Avhen tliey came witliin their limits. This, again, 
 deeply irritated the people of the Southern States. 
 
 G. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — The excitement showed it- 
 self strongly when, in December, 1853, Senator Douglas 
 introduced into Congress his famous Kansas-Nebraska 
 Bill. In this, Kansas and Nebraska were organized into 
 territories, and the settlers were left free to choose wheth- 
 er they would have slavery or not. This was contrary 
 to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which prohibited 
 slavery in this whole region. The bill passed, May, 1854. 
 
 7. The Struggle in Kansas. — In Nebraska there was 
 no struggle; it was too far north. But there at once 
 began a long and bitter contest in Kansas, among its 
 own settlers, whether it should be pro-slavery or free-soil. 
 This struggle was watched with the most intense anxi- 
 ety throughout the country. In the midst of it, in the 
 fall of 1856, the Presidential election took place, and 
 James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was chosen President 
 over John C. Fremont, the Free-soil candidate. 
 
 administration of JAMES BUCHANAN — THE FIFTEENTH 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 1857-1861. 
 
 8. Public Opinion on Slavery.— The anti-slavery feel- 
 ing of the country showed great strength in the support 
 it gave Fremont, and it continued to gain strength as the 
 months rolled on. The Free and Slave State settlers in 
 Kansas still struggled, and blood was frequently shed. 
 Each party had its own government, and their disputes 
 were discussed in Congress. 
 
 9. John Brown's Raid.— One of the most active of 
 these Kansas Free State settlers was old John Brown, 
 
 5. What produced renewed excitement ? In what way ? 
 
 0. What bill increased this? Mention its provisions. What great measure 
 did it destroy ? 
 7. What contest hepan ? W^hy not in Nebraska ? W^hat of the election ? 
 S. Show the public rcelin<r on slavery. What is said of Kansas ? 
 
Buchanan's administration — 1857-'61. 161 
 
 the hero of some sharp fighting there. Leaving Kansas, 
 he went to Virginia to liberate the slaves, and on the 
 night of October 16, 1859, with twenty-one companions, 
 seized the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Af- 
 ter holding it for two days, he was overpowered by the 
 State and Federal troops, made prisoner, and thirteen of 
 his band were killed. 
 
 10. His Trial and Execution. — He and six of his com- 
 panions were tried, convicted, and hung, December 2, 
 1859. He died with remarkable firmness. On his trial, 
 Brown steadily aftirmed that his only object was to lib- 
 erate tlie slaves, and that he acted without advice or en- 
 couragement ; but, notwithstanding this, the North was 
 blamed. "John Brown's raid" served to inflame still 
 more the people of the South against the North. 
 
 1 1 . Four Presidential Candidates. — In this excited state 
 of the public mind the election for President took place. 
 There were four candidates : Douglas, the representative 
 of popular sovereignty in the Territories, and Northern 
 Democracy ; Breckinridge, of pro-slavery, and Southern 
 Democracy ; Lincoln, of the exclusion of slavery, and the 
 Republican party ; and Bell, of the Constitutional, or 
 Union, party, which said nothing for or against slavery. 
 
 12. South Carolina secedes from the Union. — The Re- 
 publicans triumphed in the election of Abraham Lincoln, 
 of Blinois. This was taken as a grievous offense by the 
 South, which had threatened to secede from the Union 
 should Lincoln be elected. In December they began to 
 put these threats into execution. South Carolina was the 
 first to move. A convention assembled at Charleston, and 
 on the 20th resolved South Carolina out of the Union. 
 
 13. Fort Sumter. — Major Anderson, a United States ofli- 
 cer, had at this time command of the Government troops 
 in Charleston Harbor. The conduct of the Carolinians 
 
 9. Who was Johu Brown? What is said of his raid, and its success? 
 
 10. What of his trial ? What was the effect of the raid ou the country ? 
 
 11. Name the candidates for the Presidency. Give the platforms of each. 
 
 12. Who was elected ? How was it regarded by the South ? W^hat followed ? 
 
1G2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 made him anxious about tlie safety of the forts, and 
 for o-reater security he removed his troops from Fort 
 Mouttrie, on Sullivan's Island, to Fort Sumter, in the cen- 
 tre of the harbor. The Carolinians were indignant at 
 this, and erected heavy batteries commanding the fort. 
 
 14. Re-enforcements for Sumter driven back. — Ander- 
 son had only 80 men, and was short of provisions. Ac- 
 cordino-ly, in January, the United States Government 
 sent off a merchant steamer, with supplies and re-enforce- 
 ments for Sumter. The Carolina batteries fired on her 
 at the mouth of the harbor, and forced her to return. 
 This was on January 10. Anderson could get neither 
 men nor provisions, and there he lay, nearly surrounded 
 by batteries growing stronger and stronger every day. 
 
 15. Secession of six more States. — In less than six weeks 
 the States of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Lou- 
 isiana, and Texas followed South Carolina, and seceded 
 from the Union. In February, 1861, delegates from six 
 of these States met at Montgomery, Alabama, and form- 
 ed a government called the Confederate States of Amer- 
 ica. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen Presi- 
 dent, and A. IT. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-president. 
 
 1 G. Secessionists seize United States Property.— The se- 
 ceding States promptly seized most of the forts, arsenals, 
 navy-yards, and public property within their borders. It 
 is supposed that guns and military stores alone worth 
 over $20,000,000 fell into their hands. Fort Pickens, 
 near I^Misacola, saved by the energy of Lieutenant Slem- 
 mcr, Fort Sumter, and some forts at the south point of 
 Fl<)ri<la, were all that were left to the United States with- 
 in the limits of the seceding States. 
 
 17. State of Things at Washington. — Meanwhile the 
 Government at Washington did little to arrest the prog- 
 
 13. Who was Major Andersou ? Where was he ? Where did he move, and why? 
 (Jive the result of this. 
 
 1 4. What was his force ? What help was sent V What took place on January 10. 
 
 15. What other States seceded ? What did they do in February ? 
 IG. What did they secure ? What forts were saved to the Union ? 
 
GENERAL REFLECTIONS. 163 
 
 ress of these events. Compromises were prepared by in- 
 fluential men, but the South scorned them. The President 
 seemed paralyzed. The friends of the South were every- 
 where active and hopeful. The North was as yet divided 
 in sentiment, and uncertain in its action. In this state 
 of gloom and anxiety at the North, but of zeal, resolu- 
 tion, and activity at the South, Buchanan's term ended. 
 
 GENERAL REFLECTIONS. 
 
 1. Negro Slavery was the great cause of the approach- 
 ing war. It began at Jamestown in 1620, and growing 
 slowly at first, soon spread rapidly among the Southern 
 colonies. The slaves performed the work in the tobacco 
 fields, and in the rice and cotton plantations. When, in 
 1793, the cotton-gin, a machine to separate the cotton seed 
 from the fibre, was invented, slave labor came into great 
 demand; so that from 650,000 slaves in the South in 
 1790, the number had increased in 1860 to 4,000,000. 
 
 2. Slavery North and South. — The great body of the 
 people in the North had from the first been opposed to 
 negro slavery. There were slaves, it is true, in nearly 
 all the Northern colonies, but they did not increase there 
 rapidly. The colder climate, and particularly free labor, 
 prevented this. Many of the leading men at the South 
 also opposed slavery at first, but the wants of the South 
 for labor, especially in the cotton plantations, carried the 
 day; and the labor of the shave became one of the chief 
 sources of Southern wealth and power. 
 
 3. The State Rights Doctrine. — There were other, but 
 minor, causes that led to secession. A large part of the 
 South, South Carolina in particular, advocated the doc- 
 trine of State rights. They believed that the United 
 
 17. Describe the state of things at Washington ? How was the South acting? 
 
 1. What was the great cause of secession ? What is said of its growth ? What 
 invention greatly increased it? Give the numbers showing this. 
 
 2. Give the early opinions North and South on slavery. How was early opiu- 
 iou at the South overborne ? 
 
164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STA.TES. 
 
 States were only a league or union that could be broken 
 whenever any of the States thought best. This view was 
 opposed to tlie idea of a strong, permanent, national union. 
 
 4. The South and the Tariff. — Again, there was the 
 TARIFF question, on which the extreme South was op- 
 jtosed to the Xorth. The South was slaveholding, and 
 ])roduccd tobacco, rice, cotton, and latterly sugar. The 
 North was a manufacturing people, and had goods to 
 sell. The South said they could buy what they needed 
 cheaper in Europe than from the North, and that a pro- 
 tective tariif benefited the North at the expense of the 
 South. 
 
 5. The Struggle between North and South for Power. — 
 But the great question of slavery underlay and overtop- 
 ped every other question, and led to the long struggle 
 for power between the North and South, which ended 
 in secession. It was a struggle whether slavery or free 
 labor should have most territory, and consequently the 
 greatest number of States and representatives in Con- 
 gress. The chief events that show this struggle were : 
 
 I. The contest ending in the Missouri Compromise, 
 
 page 159. 
 II. The annexation of Texas, to give more slave terri- 
 tory, page 151. 
 
 III. The Compromise Bill of 1 850, and particularly that 
 
 part — 
 
 IV. The Fugitive Slave Act, page 159. 
 V. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, page 160. 
 
 C. Secession long determined on. — The John Brown 
 raid and tlie election of Lincoln only gave the South a 
 • onvenient excuse for seceding. The leaders said they 
 liad been preparing for secession for several years. When, 
 at the end of the great Kan sas-Nebraska struggle, it was 
 
 .S. Whal other cause led to secession ? Define it. To what was it opposed ? 
 4. now did the South rej,'ard the tariff question ? State fully what was said. 
 ... I- or what did the South and North contend? Mention the chief events that 
 Hi<nv this struKflle. Describe racli of these from the past history as stated. 
 
GENERAL EEFLECTIONS. 165 
 
 seen that nothing could prevent the Free States from 
 outnumbering the Slave States in Congress, the political 
 struggle was virtually ended. The only hope of the South 
 was in secession, which they supposed would be peacea- 
 ble, but in this they were grievously mistaken. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How was Harrison distinguished before he became President ? 
 
 2. When and in what way did California become a source of contention ? 
 
 3. State the object and chief points of the Omnibus Bill. 
 
 4. What important event occurred during its discussion ? 
 
 5. Who succeeded Harrison ? 
 
 6. When was the Compromise Bill adopted? Who was its author 
 
 7. Who succeeded Fillmore as President? 
 
 8. What addition of territory was made early in his term? 
 
 9. How was the Compromise Bill regarded at the North? 
 
 10. Describe Senator Douglas's famous bill of lS5i]. 
 
 11. How was it received in Congress and by the country ? 
 
 12. What great compromise did it break? 
 
 13. What is said of the struggle in Kansas ? 
 
 14. What occurred during the contest there? 
 
 15. How did public feeling show itself in this election ? 
 
 10. What remarkable train of events sprang from Kansas troubles? 
 
 17. Give the particulars of John Brown's movements. 
 
 18. What effect did these produce? 
 
 19. State the different candidates for the Presidency in 1860. 
 
 20. What followed the election of Lincoln, and how soon ? 
 
 21. What took place in Charleston Harbor? 
 
 22. What insult was given to the United States flag, January, 1861? 
 
 23. Enumerate the political events that marked the progress of secession. 
 
 24. Describe the active hostile movements of the Secessionists. 
 
 25. What were the state of things at Washington during all this ? 
 
 26. What is said of negro slavery as the cause of secession ? 
 
 27. Describe the two other great subjects of Southern grievance. 
 
 28. Enumerate the events that marked the progress of the slavery struggle. 
 
 29. How long had secession beeu determined on? 
 
 6. What other events are alluded to ? What was averred at the South ? When 
 did the contest for political power virtually end ? In what was the South great- 
 ly mistaken ? 
 
1G6 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PART v.— 1861 TO 1869. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN — 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 THE SIXTEENTH 
 
 CIVIL WAR: 1861-1865. 
 
 1. Lincoln's Life threatened. — There were loud threats 
 from the Secessionists that Mr. Lincoln would not be al- 
 lowed to enter the White House. It was even said that he 
 would be attacked on his journey to the capital. Great 
 precautions were taken, therefore, to secure his safe arriv- 
 al at Wasliington, and on the 4th of March, 1861, he was 
 iuaufrurated with an imposing display of military force. 
 
 2. His Inaugural Message was full of expressions of 
 good -will to the South, urging obedience to the laws, 
 and affirming that he " had no lawful right," and " no in- 
 clination," to interfere with slavery ; that secession meant 
 anarchy ; and that, if w\ar should arise, the South would 
 be the aggressors. These temperate words were received 
 by the Secessionists with disdain. 
 
 1. What threats were made ? What is said of his journey and inauguration ? 
 
 2. What is said of Lincoln's inaugural address? 
 
Lincoln's administration — 1861-'65. 167 
 
 3. Attempt to provision Fort Sumter. — On the 21st of 
 March, the Cabinet at Washington determined to provis- 
 ion Fort Sumter at all hazards. But some delay occur- 
 red in getting the fleet ready for this purpose. The Con- 
 federates, hearing of these preparations, sent orders from 
 Montgomery to demand the surrender of the fort, and, in 
 case of refusal, to reduce it by bombardment. 
 
 4. Attack on Fort Sumter. — The demand was accord- 
 ingly made by General Beauregard {bd-ra-gard), and re- 
 fused. On the morning of April 12th, fire was , opened 
 on the fort from 14 batteries, with 47 guns and mortars. 
 After a defense of thirty-four hours, the inside of the fort 
 being on fire in several places, and his little band utterly 
 worn out, Anderson surrendered, and, on April 14, march- 
 ed out with the honors of war. No one on either side 
 was killed. 
 
 5. The Effect on the North.—The attack on Fort Sum- 
 ter was the signal of war. The North heard the account 
 with the most intense indignation. On the 15th of April, 
 the day after the surrender, Lincoln, in a proclamation, 
 called for 75,000 militia to defend Washington, and con- 
 vened a meeting of Congress for the 15th of July. 
 
 6. The Effect on the South.— The South was wild with 
 joy. The blow had at last been struck. In the whirl of 
 excitement, Virginia joined the Confederacy, April 17. 
 Arkansas and North Carolina followed in May, Tennessee 
 in June — making eleven States, a number which was nev- 
 er increased. Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland, as yet 
 doubtful, were in the end saved to the Union. 
 
 7. Attack on Harper's Ferry. — On the day following the 
 secession of Virginia, 250 of her militia marched to seize 
 the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry. The ofiicer 
 in charge, aware of this, destroyed the muskets, set fire 
 
 3. ^Vhat decision was reached ? How was this met by the Confederates ? 
 
 4. Describe the attack on the fort. Give the result. What was the losg ? 
 
 5. What was the effect on the North? What was done by Lincohi ? 
 
 6. What was the effect on the South ? What influence did it have on 
 sion ? What of other Southern States ? 
 
1G8 
 
 [ITSTOr.Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 lill Spring >''^.J^^.' __ :/ -W,r.,,,i:^,-C-, 'r.„>^i>'* A\ 
 
 MAP OF OrEUATIONS IN THE KA8T AND BOUTU. 
 
CIVIL WAK — 1861. 169 
 
 to the buildinp^s, and retreated into Pennsylvania. The 
 Confederates obtained much valuable machinery. 
 
 8. Norfolk Navy-yard seized. — Nearly at the same time 
 the Virginians seized the navy-yard near Norfolk, with 
 all its foundries, docks, machine-shojjs, 2000 cannon, and 
 immense quantities of powder, shot, and shell. The ves- 
 sels of war were either sunk or burned by the United 
 States officer in command of the navy-yard, but some of 
 these were afterward raised and refitted by the Confeder- 
 ates. The United States lost property worth more than 
 110,000,000, and at a time when it was most needed. 
 
 9. First Blood shed in Baltimore.— While these events 
 were taking place, the national militia were crowding to 
 the defense of Washington, which was threatened by the 
 Confederates. On the 19th of April, a Massachusetts 
 regiment on its march was attacked by a secession mob 
 in the streets of Baltimore, three soldiers killed, and eight 
 wounded. More troops came, and Washington was saved. 
 On May 3, Lincoln called for 83,000 additional men. 
 
 10. Plan of Operations.— The war now began to assume 
 a distinct plam The main body of troops was to be kept 
 near Washington for its defense; Fortress Monroe was 
 heavily garrisoned ; General M'Clellan was sent into West 
 Virginia to commence operations ; the Unionists were to 
 be assisted in JMissouri ; General Patterson was ordered 
 to the vicinity of Harper's Ferry. 
 
 11. Operations in Western Virginia. — General M'Clel- 
 lan defeated the Confederates at Philippi, June 3, and at 
 Rich jNlountain, July 11. He defeated them again at Car- 
 ricksford, on Cheat River; and at Carnifex Ferry, on 
 the Gauly, General Rosecrans compelled the Confederate, 
 Floyd, to retreat. At Cheat Mountain, the enemy, under 
 
 7. How did the Virginians show their activity? What was their success? 
 
 8. What did they gain about the same time? What became of the war-ships? 
 Why was this so disastrous to the United States? 
 
 9. Where and when was the first blood shed? How did this occur? Why 
 were they going to Washington ? 
 
 10. Give the plan of operations of ISfil. 
 
 11 
 
170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Robert E. Leo, were repulsed, September 14, and the Con- 
 federates soon after retired from West Virginia. 
 
 12. Operations in East Virginia.— With the exception 
 of a sharp figlit at Big Bethel, June 10, in which a small 
 Union force from General Butler's command was defeat- 
 ed, nothing occurred in 1861 around Fortress Monroe. 
 The scene of active operations in East Virginia lay near 
 the Potomac. On the 23d of May, troops crossed that 
 river from Washington, and took possession of Arling- 
 ton Heights and Alexandria. The Confederate capital 
 was changed from Montgomery to Richmond, and the 
 Xorth demanded that the Union army be pushed on to 
 that city. 
 
 13. The Advance to Richmond. — General Scott, being 
 very old, remained in Washington, and General McDowell 
 was ordered to advance with the army. The Confeder- 
 ates, under General Beauregard, lay near Manassas Junc- 
 tion, 27 miles from Alexandria. After some skirmish- 
 ing at Centreville, M'Dowell attacked the Confederates, 
 July 21, at Bull Run, a small stream in front of their po- 
 sition. 
 
 14. The Defeat at Bull Run.— The battle at first was 
 favorable to the Union troops. Late in the afternoon, 
 General Joseph E. Johnston arrived with fresh Confed- 
 erate troops from the valley of the Shenandoah. The 
 Unionists, seized with a panic, fled in great disorder 
 toward Washington, leaving behind them 3000 killed, 
 wounded, and ])risoners. 
 
 15. Its Effect on the Country.— As this was the first 
 important battle between the two leading armies, the de- 
 feat at first greatly depressed the people of the North. 
 
 11. What general first distinguished himself in West Virginia? Give the dif- 
 ferent battles. What other generals are mentioned? What was the result of 
 all this fighting? 
 
 12. What took place near Fortress Monroe ? At what other point in East Vir- 
 ginia ? To what city was the Confederate capital changed ? 
 
 n. Who took command of the Unionists ? Why ? Where were the Confeder- 
 ates ? What movement was made ? When ? 
 14. Describe the battle, and state the result. 
 
CIVIL AVAR — 1861. 171 
 
 Lincoln promptly called for 500,000 troops. The men 
 were quickly raised, and the country soon recovered from 
 its depression. General M'Clellan was summoned from 
 West Virginia to take command of the troops, which were 
 to be known as the Army of the Potomac. In October 
 there were 150,000 men being drilled under his orders. 
 
 16. Union Defeat at Ball's Bluff.— Only one movement 
 was made by any of these troops during the rest of the 
 year. Colonel Baker, Senator from California, under or- 
 ders, crossed the Potomac with 2000 men at Edwards's 
 Ferry, and was overpowered by the enemy, himself killed, 
 and 800 of his men shot or drowned in the river. This is 
 known as the battle of Ball's Bluft', October 21. 
 
 17. Missouri -Secessionists beaten.— The State of ]\Iis- 
 souri was saved to the Union through the proinpt efforts 
 of Captain Lyon, a United States officer. He broke up a 
 Secession camp near St. Louis, and thus saved the Arse- 
 nal. On June 17, Lyon, now general, defeated Governor 
 Jackson at Booneville ; and on July 5 the governor had 
 a severe fight with Colonel Sigel {see-gel) at Carthage, 
 and was again defeated. 
 
 18. Confederate Successes. — The Confederate army in- 
 creased so rapidly that Lyon was compelled to attack it 
 with inferior numbers at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield. 
 He was defeated, and himself killed. The Confederate 
 general. Price, then pushed westward and laid siege to 
 Lexington, held by Colonel Mulligan with 2500 men, who 
 surrendered, after a brave defense, September 20. 
 
 19. Confederates driven southward. — General Fremont 
 was sent to Missouri, and drove Price southward. When 
 Fremont advanced as far as Springfield, November 2, he 
 was superseded by General Hunter, who led the army 
 
 15. What was the effect of Bull Run at the North ? Liucolu's acts ? Who was 
 called to the commaud ? 
 
 16. What event happened on the Potomac in October? Give an account. 
 
 17. How was Missoiari saved ? What battles were fought? 
 
 18. What battle was now fought, and why? With what success? What fol- 
 lowed? 
 
172 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 MAT OK Ol'KRATlONS IN THE SOUTH ANI> W 
 
CIVIL WAR — 1861. 173 
 
 back to St. Louis. Here General Halleck took command. 
 
 and pushed Price southward into Arkansas. 
 
 20. G-rant at Belmont. — Kentucky was another neutral 
 State. The Confederates, however, paid no attention to 
 this, and fortified Columbus, thus commanding the Mis- 
 sissi2:)pi. Behiiont, across the river, in Missouri, was also 
 occupied by the Confederates. General Ulysses S. Grant 
 from Cairo attacked it, November 7, but was repulsed. 
 
 21. Southern Coast blockaded. — As early as April 27, 
 the Federal Government had ordered a blockade of the 
 Southern coast. All the ports were in possession of the 
 Confederates. It w^as a long line of coast to watch; and 
 for some time, on account of the smallness of the United 
 States Navy, the Confederates found no great difficulty 
 in running the blockade with ftist-sailing steamers. 
 
 22. Capture of Southern Ports. — The Government de- 
 termined to capture some of these ports. On August 29, 
 an expedition under Commodore Stringham and General 
 Butler captured the two forts at Hatteras Inlet, which 
 commanded the entrance to Albemarle and Pamlico 
 Sounds.^ Another expedition, under Commodore Dupont 
 and General T. W. Sherman, captured the two forts at the 
 entrance of Port Royal Harbor, South Carolina, Novem- 
 ber 7. Thenceforward Port Royal became a useful depot 
 of supplies for the Union fleets and armies. 
 
 23. The Trent Affair. — The Confederates expected to 
 obtain help from foreign powers, and, to secure this, de- 
 termined to send Messrs. Mason and Slidell as commis- 
 sioners to Europe. In October, these two escaped from 
 Charleston to Havana, wdiere they took passage on the 
 British steamer Trent to England. Captain Wilkes, in the 
 United States war-steamer San Jacinto, boarded the Trent 
 
 19. Who uow took command? How long? State the other changes, and 
 success. 
 
 20. How did the Confederates treat Kentucky? Where is Belmont? What 
 occurred here ? 
 
 21. What was done by Government in April ? State what is said of this. 
 22- Give the first expedition to the Southern coast. Describe the other. 
 
174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 at sea, seized the two commissioners, and carried them 
 prisoners to Fort Warren, in Boston Harbor. 
 
 24. Satisfaction demanded and given. — The British Gov- 
 ernment immediately demanded the release of Mason and 
 Slideil, and satisfaction for the insnlt to her flag, as the 
 Trent was a neutral vessel. Mr. Seward, Secretary of 
 State, promptly sent word to England that Cap t. Wilkes, 
 had acted without authority, and the commissioners were 
 released and sent on their journey. The Confederates 
 were greatly disappointed at this; they hoped that war 
 would at once be declared by England against the United 
 States, and that with this help their own struggle with 
 the North would soon be brought to a close. 
 
 25. The Confederate Cruisers. — The South had as yet no 
 navy, but it fitted out privateers to capture American 
 merchant-vessels. The most active of these during the 
 year 1861 was the Sumter, Captain Semmes, which es- 
 caped from New Orleans in July. She continued her de- 
 structive cruise until the next February, when she was 
 sold in Spain. The Nashville, another cruiser, ran the 
 blockade at Charleston in October. She came back to 
 Savannali in 1862, Avhere she was eventually destroyed. 
 
 26. Preparations for 1862.— It had already become quite 
 plain that the war would be a long one, requiring many 
 men and much money. The South was making great ex- 
 ertions. The North was straining every nerve to create 
 a vast navy, to drill and equip immense armies. Found- 
 ries, ship-yards, and manufactoi-ies, were kept busy night 
 and day. A new currency was created. The banks had 
 suspended specie payments, and the Government issued 
 national bank-notes, called "greenbacks." Gold and sil- 
 ver disappeared from circulation. 
 
 23. To whom did the Sonth turn for help? Give the particulars of the Trent 
 affair. 
 
 24. How did England re.sard this? IIow was the difficulty settled ? 
 
 25. IIow active was the South on the ocean ? Give the history of their cruis- 
 ers in 18f.l. 
 
 20. Wliat was now pl.iin ? Mention the efforts of the North. 
 
<;iviL WAR — 1862. 
 
 175 
 
 ^f- ^-^=^ 
 
 'TTSBURC LANDIMC CSHILOH) 
 
 1862. 
 
 27. The Plan of Operations for the Year 1862 covered a 
 large part of the Southern territory. Its leading points 
 embraced the opening of the Mississippi River, then closed 
 by Confederate forts and batteries ; the capture of Rich- 
 mond ; the thorough blockade of the Union coast, and the 
 rescue of Kentucky from Secession control. 
 
 28. Confederate Line of Defense. — The year's fighting 
 opened with the defeat of the Confederates by Colonel 
 Garfield, on the Big Sandy River, in Eastern Kentucky, 
 January 9. On the 19th, General Thomas drove them 
 from Mill Spring, in the same part of the State. In 
 Western Kentucky, the Confederates had command of a 
 line stretching from Columbus, on the Mississippi, to 
 Rowling Green, in the interior of the State. It was a 
 curved line, bending down into West Tennessee, where 
 there w^ere two forts, Henry and Donelson. 
 
 29. Capture of Fort Henry.— General Halleck, wdio com- 
 
 2T. State the general plau of operations for 1S62. 
 
 28. What battles began the year's fighting? Describe tlie first Confederate 
 line of defense. 
 
176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 manded the Union army in this quarter, determined to 
 break the enemy's line by capturing these forts. Then 
 Cohimbus would be abandoned, on the one side, and 
 Nashville and Bowling Green, on the other. Commo- 
 dore Foote, with his gun-boats, sailed up the Tennessee 
 River and captured Fort Henry, after a heavy bombard- 
 ment, February 6. General Grant, who went by land, 
 took no part in the attack. 
 
 30. Capture of Fort Donelson. — Grant marched against 
 Fort IJojielson, and Foote came up the Cumberland River 
 to ])elp him. The attack of the gun-boats failed, and, on 
 the 14th, Foote himself was wounded. Grant meanwhile 
 so surrounded the fort that, though the Confederates 
 made desperate efforts to cut their way through on the 
 15th, they were repulsed, and compelled to surrender on 
 the IGlh. The garrison was not less than 12,000 men. 
 
 31. The Result of these Captures. — Columbus and Bowl- 
 ing Green were both evacuated, and Nashville was occu- 
 pied by the Union troops. The Confederates fell back 
 to a second line of defense, on the Memphis and Charles- 
 ton Railroad, the centre of which line was Corinth. To 
 break it, the Union army moved south, up the Tennes- 
 see, as far as Pittsburg Landing, where Grant Avas to be 
 joined by General Buell, from Nashville, with re-enforce- 
 ments. 
 
 32. Battle of Shiloh.— Before his arrival, the Confeder- 
 ates, under (Generals A. S. Johnston and Beauregard, on 
 the morning of April 6, fell suddenly on Grant, encamped 
 at Shiloh, with the river in his rear. The Union troops 
 fell back, fighting stubbornly, and nightfall found them 
 hemmed into a narrow space near the river, protected by 
 the gun-boats. During the night Buell arrived, and next 
 
 20. What was Halleck's plan ? Why was this thought best ? Describe the at- 
 tack on Fort Henry. 
 
 .'to. Describe the movements of Grant. Of Foote. The siege of Fort Donel- 
 son. 
 
 ;u. What immediately followed, and why ? Give the second Confederate line. 
 How w.i? this to be broken ? 
 
CIVIL WAR— 1862. 177 
 
 morning the battle was renewed. The Confederates were 
 compelled to fall back slowly to Corinth, fifteen miles dis- 
 tant, the centre of an important system of railroads, and 
 strongly fortified. 
 
 33. Corinth— Third Confederate Line.— General Halleck 
 moved carefully against Corinth with more than 100,000 
 men. Beauregard, finding himself outnumbered, aban- 
 doned the place on his approach. The second Confed- 
 erate line was now broken, by the fall of Corinth, and 
 the enemy fell back to a line stretching from Vicksburg 
 through Jackson, Meridian, and Selma. 
 
 34. Operations on the Mississippi.— When Columbus 
 was evacuated, the Coniedei-ates went down the river 
 to Island No. 10, and New Madrid, below. Commodore 
 Foote for w^eeks kept up a furious bombardment on the 
 island, without much effect. Meanwhile General Pope 
 pushed down the Missouri bank, captured New Madrid, 
 in March, then crossed the Mississippi into Tennessee, 
 after terrible fighting, and thus got into the rear of the 
 island. The garrison, numbering 7000 men, seeing this, 
 surrendered to Foote, April 7. 
 
 35. The River open to Memphis. — The river was now 
 open as far as Fort Pillow. Here a Confederate fleet 
 was destroyed by Commodore Davis, May 10, and the 
 fort was abandoned on June 4. Another fight with a 
 second fleet took place near Memphis, June 5, and all 
 but one of the enemy's vessels were desti'oyed. Mem- 
 phis was then occupied by the Union troops, June 6. 
 
 36. Invasion of Kentucky. — After Beauregard left Cor- 
 inth, the Confederate army, under General Bragg, was 
 moved eastward to Chattanooga, Tennessee. General 
 Kirby Smith was at Knoxville with another Confederate 
 
 32. What took place on the landing? Describe the battle. The result. 
 
 33. Describe Halleck's movements, and their result? What was the third 
 Confederate line? 
 
 34. Whither did the enemy go after the fall of Columbus ? Describe the events 
 on the Mississippi. 
 
 35. What is said of the loss ? What advance was made bv the Unionists ? 
 
 112 
 
178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 army. Nearly at tlie same time, both coliimDS moved 
 iiortliward into Kentucky. Smith, after entering Frank- 
 ibrt, went as far north as the Ohio liiver, creating great 
 alarm even in Cincinnati early in September. 
 
 87. Bragg's Movements— Retreat. — Bragg moved rap- 
 idly to Louisville, but was headed off by General Buell. 
 The Confederates committed great ravages in the centre 
 of the State, and commenced their return, with an im- 
 mense quantity of plunder. Buell overtook Bragg at Per- 
 ryville, where a battle was fought, October 8. It ended 
 doubtfully, and Bragg continued his retreat without fur- 
 ther interruption to Chattanooga. 
 
 38. Grant Commander — Corinth saved. — Halleck was 
 ordered to Washington, and Grant was appointed to the 
 command of the army west of the Tennessee. Corinth 
 was threatened by two Confederate columns, under Van 
 Dorn and Price. General Rosecrans, under Grant's com- 
 mand, defeated Price at luka, near Corinth, September 
 19. Grant went north to Jackson, Tennessee, leaving 
 Rosecrans at Corinth. Here the latter was attacked, Oc- 
 tober 4, by Van Dorn and Price, with 30,000 men, who 
 were repulsed, with the loss of 6000 killed and wounded. 
 There was a very bloody and desperate fight. 
 
 30. Rosecrans promoted— Murfreesboro.' — Buell was now 
 removed, and Rosecrans was put in command of the 
 Army of the Cumberland, with his head-quarters at Nash- 
 ville. In December he moved against Bragg, who lay 
 at Murfreesboro', Tennessee. Here Bragg attacked him, 
 and a severe battle, known as Stone River, was fought, 
 continuing from December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863. 
 Bragg Avas repulsed, but retired slowly, and in good order. 
 
 40. Failure at Vicksburg. — An expedition planned by 
 Grant while at Jackson, to capture Vicksburg, on the 
 
 30, Where was Uie Coufederate army in Tennessee ? Describe the movements 
 there. 
 
 37. Describe Bragg's advance. His success. The battle of October 8. 
 
 38. What change now in commanders? WHiat battles? Describe them. 
 
 39. What was Kosecrans's promotion ? Describe the battle that followed. 
 
CIVIL WAR — 1862. 179 
 
 Mississippi, failed in its object. General W. T. Sher- 
 man landed on the Yazoo, north of this place, but was 
 repulsed from the strong works with considerable loss, 
 December 29. 
 
 41. Arkansas— Events in the North-west. — It is to be 
 remembered that, in Missouri, Halleck drove Price south- 
 ward to Arkansas in 1861. On March 7, 1862, General 
 Curtis, with 11,000 men, was attacked at Pea Ridge, on 
 the north-west edge of Arkansas, by General Van Dorn, 
 at the head of 20,000 Confederates. The battle lasted 
 two days, and Van Dorn was repulsed. 
 
 42. Farragiit opens the Lower Mississippi. — The com- 
 bined expedition for the capture of New Orleans was 
 commanded by Commodore D. F. Farragut and General 
 Butler. The river was guarded by the strong forts, St. 
 Philip and Jackson, seventy miles below New Orleans, 
 and a fleet of sixteen armed steamers that lay above the 
 forts. A terrible bombardment was tried by Farragut, 
 and this having failed, he determined to fight his way 
 up the river past the batteries. 
 
 43. The Battles -New Orleans captured. — Before day- 
 light on the morning of April 24, he sailed up, with sev- 
 enteen ships — his own in the van — and through a terri- 
 ble fire, which he returned, passed above the forts. He 
 then attacked, and in a short time destroyed, the great- 
 er part of the Confederate fleet. Farragut thus fought 
 two battles on the same morning. Next day, the 25th, 
 he appeared in front of New Orleans, and on the 1st of 
 May General Butler and the troops took formal posses- 
 sion of the city. 
 
 44. Operations in Virginia.— In the early pai-t of 1862, 
 Banks was in command in the Shenandoah Valley, Fre- 
 
 40. What expedition was planned ? What is said of it ? 
 
 41. What occurred in Missouri, 1861? In Arkansas, 1SG2? Where is Pea 
 Ridge? 
 
 42. What expedition was planned ? How was the river defended ? What mode 
 of attack was finally resolved on ? 
 
 43. Describe the movemeuts of April 24. What followed ? 
 
180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 mont in West Virginia, M'Doweli on the Rappahannock, 
 while M'Clelhm was with the army on the Potomac. The 
 pLan was that these armies sliould move forward at the 
 same time, and unite, under M'Clellan, to attack the Con- 
 federate capital. 
 
 45. Banks forced back by Jackson. — The Confederates 
 determined to break up this plan, and Jackson was sent 
 against Banks, who was compelled to retreat, by forced 
 marches, across the Potomac. Jackson, on his return, 
 was pursued by two separate columns, under Fremont 
 and Sliields. He defeated the first of these at Cross 
 Keys, June 8, the other at Port Republic, June 9, and 
 then leisurely marched to take part in the defense of 
 Richmond. 
 
 46. M^Clellan moves against Richmond.— Gen. M'Clel- 
 lan, with the Potomac army, moved on the road to Rich- 
 mond as far as Manassas, March 10. Presently the route 
 was changed, and the troops, to the number of 121,000, 
 were moved to Fortress Monroe by water, April 2. From 
 this they advanced against Richmond by way of the pe- 
 ninsula formed by the York and James rivers. 
 
 47. Yorktown to the Chickahominy. — On April 4, they 
 were stopped by the Confederate works at Yorktown. 
 M'Clellan remained here a month, preparing for a regular 
 siege; but when he was ready to open fire, the enemy 
 were found to have left Yorktown. He overtook the rear 
 of the Confederates at Williamsburg, where the latter 
 were beaten after a sharp action. May 5. The Union 
 army shortly occupied a line stretching along the Chick- 
 ahominy River from Bottom's Bridge on the south to 
 Mechanicsville on the north. 
 
 48. The Iron-plated Ram Virginia. — Important events 
 
 44. What were the arrangements in Eastern Virginia ? What was the plan ? 
 
 45. How was this disarranged ? Describe Jackson's movements. 
 
 4(5. What was the movement of the Army of the Potomac. What is the Penin- 
 sula? 
 
 47. What hindered the Union advance? How long? What occurred May 9? 
 What position did the Union army occupy soon after? 
 
CIVIL WAR— 1862. 181 
 
 liad meanwhile occurred near Fortress Monroe. The 
 steam-frigate Merrimac was one of the ships scuttled 
 and sunk at Norfolk, April, 1861. The Confederates 
 raised her, cut down her deck, iron-roofed it, gave her an 
 iron prow, and named her the Virginia. On March 8, 
 she steamed in among the Union fleet that lay ofl* the 
 fortress, and sunk the Cumberland with one blow of her 
 prow. The Congress ran ashore to escape, and was then 
 blown up. 
 
 49. The Monitor and the Merrimac— That night a small 
 iron-plated vessel, the Monitor, under Lieutenant Worden, 
 arrived from New York. Next morning he attacked the 
 Merrimac, and drove her back to Norfolk disabled. She 
 was then anchored in the James for the defense of Rich- 
 mond. On M'Clellan's advance up the Peninsula, the 
 Confederates abandoned Norfolk, and General Wool, from 
 Fortress Moni'oe, occupied it. May 10. The Merrimac 
 was blown up by tlie Confederates, May 11. 
 
 50. Battle of Fair Oaks.— On the 31st of May, the Con- 
 federates attacked the left wing of M'Clellan's array at 
 Fair Oaks, where an indecisive battle was fought. Gen- 
 eral Johnston was severely wounded, and General Robert 
 E. Lee assumed the command. Jackson, in the Shenan- 
 doah Valley, had so disarranged the Union plans, that 
 M'Clellan was compelled to wait for re-enforcements. 
 
 51. M'Clellan's Line attacked. — On June 25, Jackson 
 suddenly fell on M'Clellan's right wing at Mechanicsville. 
 Lee, uniting with Jackson, attacked the Union troops 
 north of the Chickahominy, and forced them to retreat 
 to the south side, June 27. M'Clellan's base of supplies 
 was on the York River ; the last battle cut him off from 
 this, and he ordered a change of base to the James. 
 
 48. Describe the Confederate iron-clad Merrimac, or Virginia. W^hat did she 
 do? 
 
 49. What was the Monitor? Describe its operations. What is the after his- 
 tory of the Merrimac ? 
 
 50. What occurred May 31 ? What was M'Clellan's situation ? Why ? 
 
 51. Who now became the attacking party ? When and where? What resolve 
 did M'Clellan now mnke ? 
 
182 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 52. The Union Disaster. — The retreat to that river then 
 beffan. Tlie Confederates followed close, and on the 29th 
 attacked the army at Savage's Station. On the 30th, 
 the engagement was renewed at Frazer's Farm. On the 
 morning of July 1, the Union troops reached Malvern Hill, 
 which they hastily fortified with heavy guns. The Con- 
 federates attacked this position with reckless bravery, 
 but were mown down and repulsed with severe loss. 
 
 53. The Result of the Retreat. — Next morning, the 
 Union army reached Harrison's Landing, on the James. 
 Thus ended the retreat, or, as it is called, the Seven Days' 
 Battles. Both armies lost heavily. That of the Confed- 
 erates was most severe, but they saved their capital. 
 
 54. Invasion of the North. — Lee, after waiting a month 
 to recruit his army, moved north to Washington. The 
 only force to oppose him were the troops of Banks, Fre- 
 mont, and M'Dowell, now united under General Pope, 
 who had been brought from the Mississippi and placed 
 in command. Banks was attacked by Jackson at Cedar 
 Mountain, August 9, and compelled to retreat. 
 
 55. Pope's Retreat to Washington. — As Lee pressed for- 
 ward. Pope fell back, fighting stubbornly. A portion of 
 M'Clellan's army came up from the Peninsula and joined 
 him. Nothing, however, was now of any avail. Pope 
 was defeated on the old field of Bull Run, in the battle 
 of August 29 and 30. The last battle was at Chantilly, 
 September 1, when Pope was again defeated, and then 
 fell back within the defenses of Washington. 
 
 56. Jackson captures Harper's Ferry. — M'Clellan now 
 took command of the troops collecting to oppose Lee, 
 who had crossed the Potomac into Maryland. Lee mean- 
 while sent off Jackson to capture Harper's Ferry, the gar- 
 rison of which, numbering 12,000, surrendered Septem- 
 ber 15, witli scarcely any show of resistance. Li Jack- 
 
 52. Describe the retreat. What occurred July 1 ? 
 
 53. To what point did the Union army pjo ? What was the result of the retreat ? 
 
 54. What was Lee's next movement? How was he met? What battle occurred? 
 
 55. What is said of Pope's conduct? Mention the various battles. The result. 
 
CIVIL WAR— 1862. 183 
 
 son's absence, M'Clellan fell on a part of Lee's army, and 
 gained the battle of South Mountain, September 14. 
 
 57. Lee defeated at Antietam. — Lee retired toward the 
 Potomac, and took up a position, with the Antietam {an- 
 tee-tam) River in front. Here he was joined by Jackson. 
 On the 17th, M'Clellan attacked Lee, and fought the 
 bloody battle of Antietam. The loss was nearly equal ; 
 more than 12,000 fell on each side. The result w^as in 
 favor of the Union troops ; for Lee, on the night of the 
 18th, recrossed the Potomac into Virginia. The Union 
 army did not follow him until November. 
 
 58. Burnside in Command. — M'Clellan was removed 
 from the command, and General Burnside, taking his place, 
 led the army to the Rappahannock, intending to move 
 against Richmond. Lee closely watched Burnside's move- 
 ments, and took up a strong position at Fredericksburg, 
 on the south side of the river. At this point Burnside 
 crossed and attacked the Confederates. A short but 
 bloody battle followed, December 13, and Burnside, re- 
 pulsed with the loss of 11,000 men, recrossed the river. 
 
 59. Expeditions on the Coast— North Carolina. — Li the 
 beginning of the year. Commodore Goldsborough and 
 General Burnside commanded an expedition to Albemarle 
 and Pamlico Sounds. The most important point of de- 
 fense here was the works on Roanoke Island, which sur- 
 rendered, after a combined attack, February 8. The Con- 
 federate fleet was destroyed. Newbern was captured 
 March 14, and Fort Macon, near Beaufort, April 23. 
 
 60. Florida Expedition— Georgia. — Another expedition 
 from Port Royal, in the month of March, captured Fer- 
 nandina, Jacksonville, and St. Augustine, in Florida. In 
 Georgia, Brunswick and Darien were also taken. 
 
 56. Who succeeded Pope ? What occurred September 14th and 15th ? 
 5T. What is said of Lee and of Antietam ? What was the result of the battle ? 
 5S. Who supplauted M'Clellan ? What movement did he make ? What is said 
 of his march ? Describe the battle of Fredericksburg. 
 
 59. What naval and military expedition took place in January ? Describe the 
 various successes. 
 
 60, What expedition started from Port Royal ? What did it accomplish ? 
 
184 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1863. 
 
 61. Emancipation of the Slaves— Plan of the Campaign. 
 — On the first day of January, 1863, Lincoln issued his 
 celebrated Emancipation Proclamation. In this docu- 
 ment he declared all slaves forever free in those States, or 
 parts of States, then under the control of the Confedera- 
 cy. There was no change in the general plan of the 
 campaign from that of the previous year. The opening 
 of the Mississippi — the capture of Richmond and the de- 
 struction of Lee's army — the command of the sea-ports 
 on the Atlantic coast — were the great objects to be ac- 
 complished. 
 
 62. Hooker and the Army of the Potomac. — Soon after 
 the disaster at Fredericksburg, Burnside, at his own re- 
 quest, was relieved from the command of the Army of 
 the Potomac, and General Joseph Hooker took his place. 
 Toward the end of April he crossed the Rappahannock, 
 and advanced toward Richmond. At Chancellorsville he 
 was attacked by Lee, and defeated, with the loss of 12,000 
 men. Jackson was mortally wounded in this battle. 
 
 63. Second Invasion of the North. — Lee then, for the 
 second time, invaded the North. Rushing rapidly down 
 
 61. What remarkable proclamation was made Jamiary 1, 1SG3? Describe this. 
 What was the plan of operations for the year 18G3 ? 
 C?. Who took Hooker's place, and why ? What important events followed ? 
 
CIVIL WAK — 1863. 185 
 
 the Shenandoah Valley, he entered Pennsylvania, and cre- 
 ated great alarm. The Union army, re-enforced, and now 
 commanded by General Meade, followed, and took a 
 strong position on the hills near Gettysburg, Pennsyl- 
 vania. Here Meade was attacked by Lee, July 1. 
 
 64. Gettysburg, and the Results. — The battle lasted 
 three days, to the close of July 3. Lee was everywhere 
 repulsed, and on the 4th he recrossed the Potomac, and 
 fell back to the south bank of the Rapidan. The LTnion 
 army followed to the north bank of the same river, but 
 there was no further fighting between them during 1863. 
 
 65. Operations on the Mississippi. — General Sherman, 
 uniting his command with Porter's lleet, moved up Ar- 
 kansas River, and captured Arkansas Post, January 11. 
 The great work before General Grant was the capture of 
 Vicksburg. After failing in several attempts, he moved 
 his army down the west bank of the river, and crossed 
 below Vicksbui-g at Bruinsburg, near Port Gibson. His 
 plan was to tight his way to the rear of the city. 
 
 66. Grant in the Rear of Vicksburg. — Pemberton's army 
 came out of Vicksburg and fought him, while General 
 Johnston attacked him from the east. Grant gained the 
 battle of Port Gibson, May 1. On May 14, he defeated 
 Johnston at Jackson, and, pushing in between him and 
 Pemberton, defeated the latter in two battles, on the 16th 
 and 17th. Grant then shut him up in Vicksburg. 
 
 67. Surrender of Vicksburg. — The siege was long and 
 wearisome. It ended on the 4th of July, when Pember- 
 ton surrendered, with the garrison, numbering 30,000 men. 
 Port Hudson, lower down the river, besieged by General 
 Banks, immediately surrendered, July 8. The Mississippi 
 was now open through its entire length. 
 
 63. What advantage did Lee take of Hooker's defeat ? How was he met ? 
 6L What is said of the battle, and of Lee ? What Avas the result ? 
 
 65. How did Sherman begin the year ? What was Grant engaged in ? Describe 
 his attempts, and his final plan. 
 
 66. Why was Grant's task hard ? What is said of his successes ? 
 
 07. How long did the siege last, and hnw did it end ? What other place fell? 
 
180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 08. Rosecrans at Chickamauga. — Rosecrans did not 
 move forward until the last of June, when he pressed 
 Bragg out of Tennessee into Georgia. Bragg, being 
 heavily re-enforced, turned on Rosecrans at Chickamau- 
 ga, September 19, compelling him to retreat to Chatta- 
 nooga. General Thomas, by his firmness, covered the re- 
 treat, and saved the Union army from total ruin. Bragg 
 closely besieged Rosecrans at Chattanooga. 
 
 69. Bragg driven into Georgia. — Rosecrans was re- 
 moved from his command, and all the armies of the West 
 were placed under Grant. Hooker and Sherman ari-ived 
 at Chattanooga with re-enforcements, and Grant ordered 
 an advance. Lookout Mountain, across the river from 
 Chattanooga, strongly fortified, was carried by storm, No- 
 vember 24. Next day Missionary Ridge was occupied, 
 and Brao'o' then retreated into Georoia. 
 
 70. East Tennessee saved. — At Knoxville, in East Ten- 
 nessee, Burnside was besieged and hard pressed by Long- 
 street. On the 29th of November, Longstreet made a 
 fierce assault on the Knoxville fortifications, and was re- 
 pulsed with great slaughter. Sherman was sent by Grant 
 to Burnside's assistance. On his approach, Longstreet 
 retreated into Virginia, and the strong Union population 
 of East Tennessee was never afterward disturbed. 
 
 71. Confederate Raids. — A bold raid was made by John 
 Morgan, with 3000 Confederate cavalry, through Ken- 
 tucky into Lidiana and Ohio. He was finally run dow^n 
 and captured at New Lisbon, Ohio, July 27, one month 
 from the time he started from Tennessee. Quantrell, an- 
 other freebooter, entered Lawrence, Kansas, plundered 
 and burned the houses, and murdered 140 inhabitants in 
 cold blood, August 21, 22. 
 
 72. Movements against Charleston. — Charleston was 
 
 GS. What occurred in Tennessee? Describe the battle of September 15. 
 cn. What change was made in the command there, and why ? What successes 
 followed? 
 
 70. What was occurring iu East Tennessee ? How was Burnside saved ? 
 
 71. Describe John Morgan's raid. Describe the raid into Kansas. 
 
CIVIL WAK — 1863. 187 
 
 still an open port. In March the Government sent an ex- 
 pedition, under Admiral Dupont,to that point ; but in try- 
 ing to run past the forts, April 7, the iron-clads were bad- 
 ly injured, and driven back. A fresh expedition of land 
 troops, under General Gilmore, in Jul}- , landed on Morris 
 Island and threw up batteries. The tiring was so severe 
 that Fort Wagner, on the island, was evacuated by the 
 Confederates, September 6. Fort Sumter was completely 
 destroyed on the land side, and shells were thrown into 
 Charleston. The harbor could now be so easily watched 
 that no blockade-runner could get in or out. 
 
 73. Union Successes in 1863. — The year had brought 
 important results. The Mississippi was opened by the 
 capture of Yicksburg and Port Hudson; Texas and the 
 Red River country were sej^arated from the rest of the 
 Confederacy ; Chattanooga was taken, and made a centre 
 of operation ; Northern invasion was repelled at the bat- 
 tle of Gettysburg ; West Tennessee was thorougldy held, 
 and East Tennessee swept clean of Confederates ; Charles- 
 ton Harbor was thoroughly closed, and the blockade was 
 kept up with greater vigor. 
 
 74. The North and the South. — The South, growing poor- 
 er and poorer, suffered terribly, but her people endured 
 every thing with wonderful determination. In the North 
 also, the people bore the expense and suffering nobly, and 
 men were freely furnished. Tliere was, however, one ex- 
 ception. Dunng the absence of the militia at the time of 
 Lee's invasion, the mob in New York resisted the draft. 
 A riot took place, and a number of lives were lost before 
 it was put down ; but the draft went on quietly after- 
 ward. In the month of June, the western part of Vir- 
 ginia, which had remained constant to the LTnion, was 
 erected into a separate State, and called West Virginia. 
 
 72, What was the success of the naval expeditiou to Charleston ? Describe 
 Gillmore's movements. What was the result? 
 . 73. State what was gained by the Union arms in 1863. 
 
 74. What is said of the South? Of the North ? Of the draft at New York? 
 What new State was formed ? Out of what ? 
 
188 
 
 HISTORY OP THE UNITPID STATES. 
 
 1864. 
 
 15. Grant Commander-in-chief. — General Sherman, leav- 
 ing Vicksburg, February 3, marched to Meridian, Missis- 
 sippi, Avliere he destroyed 150 miles of railroad, 67 bridges, 
 many locomotives, and a great amount of cotton and corn. 
 In the beginning of March, Grant was appointed lieuten- 
 ant-general, in command of all military operations, and 
 went to Washington. Sherman was promoted to the com- 
 mand of three great armies— the Ohio, the Cumberland, 
 and the Tennessee. 
 
 76. The Plan of Operations for the year 1864 was very 
 simple. There remained only two large Confederate ar- 
 mies, under Lee and Johnston. Sherman was to strike 
 Jolinston, wlio lay between Chattanooga and Atlanta; 
 while Grant at tlie same time conducted operations 
 against Lee, who was covering Richmond. 
 
 77. Sherman's Campaign— Atlanta.~Sherman left Chat- 
 tanooga, May 7, with 100,000 men, on his march to Atlan- 
 ta. This was a place of great importance to the Confed- 
 
 75. What was Sherman's first movement in 1SG4? What chanties were made 
 in the command of the armies? 
 70. What was tlie plan for 1SG4? Describe this fully. 
 
CIVIL WAR — 1864. 189 
 
 crates, and strongly fortified. Several railroads crossed 
 there, and it had foundries for the making of cannon and 
 shell. Johnston, who opposed Sherman, was constantly 
 outflanked by that general ; and though bloody battles 
 were fought at Resaca, Dalton, Lost Mountain, and Ken- 
 esaw Mountain, by the 10th of July Johnston was com- 
 pelled to retire within the defenses of Atlanta. 
 
 78. Sherman enters Atlanta. — The Confederate Gov- 
 ernment was dissatisfied with Johnston, and put another 
 general, named Hood, in his place. He, however, had no 
 better success ; for lie attacked Sherman thrice in July, 
 and was each time defeated. Then he allowed the lat- 
 ter to divide the Confederate army, and so lost Atlanta. 
 Sherman entered the city September 2, and there recruit- 
 ed his army. He had lost, in the short campaign, 30,000 
 men. 
 
 79. Hood's Army destroyed at Nashville. — Hood next 
 tried to draw Sherman out of Georgia by moving into 
 Tennessee. After following him some distance, Sherman 
 sent word to General Thomas to watch Hood and protect 
 Nashville. Thomas did this so well that Hood was first 
 repulsed at Franklin, November 30, and on December 15 
 was attacked in front of Nashville. After a battle of 
 two days, he Avas utterly defeated, and with the wreck of 
 his army fled into Alabama. 
 
 80. Sherman's March to Savannah. — While Hood was 
 moving against Nashville, Sherman, on November 14, 
 commenced his march through Georgia to the sea. He 
 cut his communications Avith the North, and determined 
 to live on the country. He met with little resistance, 
 and reached the neighborhood of Savannah in four weeks. 
 On December 13 he stormed Fort M'Alister, Avhich com- 
 manded the river, and on the 21st entered the city. "I 
 
 77. What is said of Sherman's movemeuts? Why was Atlanta so important? 
 What was in Sherman's way ? What battles occurred ? What was the result ? 
 
 78. Who took Johnston's place ? What was his success ? What was the result ? 
 
 79. State Hood's next plan. How far did he succeed with Sherman? What 
 happened to Hood in Tennessee? 
 
190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 send yon," he wrote to President Lincoln, " the capture 
 of Savannah as a Clu'istmas present." 
 
 81. Grant's Campaign against Lee. — Agreeably to the 
 plan laid down, General Grant moved against Lee, and 
 crossed the Rapidan on May 4, with 140,000 men. Gen- 
 eral Meade had immediate command of the army, but 
 Grant directed its movements. Sheridan commanded 
 the cavalry. Lee attacked the Union army at Chancel- 
 lorsville, in the Wilderness, May 5. Three days' terrible 
 fighting followed, and Lee fell back behind heavy earth- 
 Avorks at Spottsylvania Court-house. 
 
 82. Lee holds his Ground. — Here the fighting Avas re- 
 newed on the 9th, and continued for several days. Grant 
 could make no impression, and, moving round by Lee's 
 right flank, attacked him at Cold Harbor, June 1, but was 
 repulsed. A second attack was made June 3, which last- 
 ed half an hour, in which Grant lost 1000 men. From 
 May 5 to June 13, he had lost 54,000 men. 
 
 83. Grant moves to Petersburg. — Grant now changed 
 his base to the James River, and, crossing it, June 15, 
 tried to capture Petei'sburg, then a place of little impor- 
 tance. In this he failed, after several assaults, in w^hich 
 he lost 9000 men. The enemy kept on strengthening the 
 place, until it became the key of Richmond, and the siege 
 of Petersburg, with its long miles of intrenchments, began. 
 
 84. Sheridan's Cavalry Movement— Butler. — When Grant 
 entered tlie Wilderness, he sent Sheridan, with 10,000 cav- 
 alry, to destroy the raih-oads running north from Rich- 
 mond. Li this he was successful, and rejoined Grant at 
 Petersburg, June 25. As a part of the general move- 
 ment against Riclmiond, Butler, with the Army of the 
 James, moved up to City Point. He was forced back by 
 
 80. What is said of Sherman's next campaign ? How long was it ? Its success. 
 
 81. When and where did Grant move? IIow was the army commanded? 
 What battles followed? What is said of Lee's movements? 
 
 S-2. What bloody battles followed ? What was the result ? 
 8.^>. To what point did Grant move? What was his success here? What did 
 this place become? 
 
CIVIL WAR— 1864. 191 
 
 the Confederates, and so hemmed in that his force was 
 for a time useless. 
 
 85. The Shenandoah Valley. — On May 1, three days be- 
 fore Grant crossed the Rapidan, General Sigel was sent 
 up the Shenandoah Valley with 10,000 men, and was de- 
 feated at Newmarket. Sigel was displaced by Hunter, 
 who defeated the enemy at Piedmont, June 5. Hunter 
 approached Lynchburg, whereupon Lee, becoming alarm- 
 ed, sent a large force, and drove him northward. 
 
 80. The Siege of Petersburg. — Grant's army settled 
 down to the siege, building earth -works and batteries. 
 A mine w^as run under the enemy's works, and exploded 
 on the 30tb of July. An assault was then made by the 
 Union troops, who were driven back, with the loss of 
 5000 men. In August, Grant seized a part of the Wel- 
 don Railroad; but through the remainder of the year 
 there were no battles of importance. 
 
 87. Third Invasion of the North. — When Hunter was 
 driven north down the Shenandoah, Lee saw that Wash 
 ington was left exposed in Grant's absence. He ordered 
 General Early northward with 20,000 men. Early enter- 
 ed Maryland, July 5, and, having defeated General Wal- 
 lace at Monocacy River, went w^ithin gunshot of Balti- 
 more and Washington. He afterward moved into Penn- 
 sylvania, burned Chambersburg, and returned into the 
 Shenandoah Valley with much plunder. 
 
 88. Sheridan defeats Early. — Sheridan was sent into 
 the valley, and defeated Early at Winchester, September 
 19. Three days after, he again defeated him severely at 
 Fisher's Hill. Sheridan, under orders, then laid waste the 
 valley, and moved back. Early followed, and at Cedar 
 Creek, October 19, attacked the Union army, which w^as 
 forced back for some miles. Sheridan, who was absent 
 
 84 Describe Sheridan's movements. What is said of General Butler ? 
 
 85. What other operations were made to combine with Grant ? Describe them. 
 
 86. How was Grant occupied at Petersburg? What occurred in July and Au- 
 gust? 
 
 87. Where did Lee direct his attention, and why ? What was Early's success ? 
 
192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 during the first attack, returned, re-formed the troops, 
 attaclved Eai-ly, and routed him with great loss. 
 
 89. Minor Operations— Florida— Forrest's Raid. — General 
 Seymour led an expedition from Port Royal to Florida. 
 He was badly beaten at Olustee, February 20. The Con- 
 federate Forrest made a raid into Tennessee in March, 
 and captured Union City, but was repulsed at Paducah, 
 Kentucky. The main feature of his raid was the cap- 
 ture of Fort Pillow, April 12, where he murdered the 
 negro garrison in cold blood after they had surrendered. 
 
 90. Banks's Red River Expedition. — Early in March a 
 combined expedition, led by General Banks and Admiral 
 Porter, Avent up the Red River, Louisiana, to Shreveport ; 
 but the troops were defeated at Sabine Cross Roads, and 
 compelled to retreat. After a series of misfortunes, the 
 army fell back to Alexandria. By the fall of the water 
 in the river, the fleet was nearly lost, but was saved final- 
 ly by Colonel Bailey, who built a dam and floated the 
 vessels over the shallow part of the river. The expedi- 
 tion then returned to the Mississippi. 
 
 91. Naval Events. — Admiral Farragut was sent in July 
 to force an entrance into Mobile Bay. Lashed to the 
 shrouds of his own vessel, Farragut led the fleet past the 
 forts, under a terrible fire. The iron-plated Confederate 
 ram Tennessee was forced to surrender, and the forts were 
 soon after given up to General Granger, in command of 
 the land force : one more Confederate port was thus closed. 
 
 92. Attack on Fort Fisher. — Wilmington, another South- 
 ern ])ort, was defended by the strong works of Fort Fish- 
 er. Admiral Porter and General Butler were sent against 
 this in December. After bombarding it some time with- 
 out efiect, the troops were landed near the fort, but But- 
 
 88. How did Grant meet this movement? How many times, and where, did 
 Sheridan defeat Early ? 
 
 89. What is said of Seymour's expedition ? Describe the Confederate raid. 
 What occurred at Fort Pillow ? 
 
 90. What was Banks's expedition ? Describe the movements. From what 
 catastrophe was the fleet saved ? 
 
 91. What occurred in Mobile Bay ? What was the result of this ? 
 
CIVIL WAR — ^^1864. 193 
 
 ler decided that it was too strong to be taken by assault, 
 and the combined force thereupon withdrew. 
 
 93. Confederate Cruisers. — Mention has already been 
 made of the Confederate cruisers. Of these only seven 
 were formidable, and five of them were built and manned 
 in England ; but they were so successful that they drove 
 American merchant ships from the ocean and ruined our 
 commerce. The most active of all the cruisers was the 
 Alabama, built at Liverpool, from which port she was al- 
 lowed to escape in July, 1862. 
 
 94. Destruction of the Alabama. — After a long cruise, 
 during which she never entered a Confederate port, she 
 was attacked by the United States steamer Kearsarge, 
 Captain Winslow, off the harbor of Cherbourg, in France, 
 and sunk, June 19, 1864. She had captured and burned, 
 or bonded, sixty-one merchant vessels, and destroyed over 
 $10,000,000 worth of property. By "bonded" is meant 
 that the captain of the captured vessel was forced to sign 
 a "bond" for a certain sum of money, payable when the 
 Confederacy Avas declared independent. The vessel was 
 then allowed to proceed on its voyage. 
 
 95. What was gained in 1864. — Sherman pierced the 
 Confederacy, first by his march to Atlanta, afterward by 
 his famous march to the sea, ending in the capture of 
 Savannah ; Thomas destroyed Hood's army at the battle 
 of Nashville ; Sheridan swept the Confederates from the 
 valley of the Shenandoah, and Grant shut up Lee behind 
 the intrenchments of Petersburg ; the Confederate battle- 
 ground was narrowed to the limits of North and South 
 Carolina and a part of Virginia ; on the coast, Farragut 
 forced an entrance into Mobile Bay ; and at sea, the Ala- 
 bama, the scourge of American merchant vessels, was de- 
 stroyed by the Kearsarge. 
 
 92. What is said of Wilmington ? How did the expedition against it succeed ? 
 
 93. What is said of the Confederate cruisers ? Of the Alabama ? 
 
 94. What became of her at last? What injmy had she wrought? What is 
 meant by "bonded ?" 
 
 95. State what was pjained in 1S64. 
 
 I 
 
194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 r,/u iDPiCD Tip I C\_ 
 
 1865. 
 
 95. The Capture of Fort Fisher began the operations 
 of the year 1865. General Terry, with a land force, was 
 sent to that point with Admiral Porter and the fleet. 
 After a heavy bombardment by the fleet, the troops as- 
 saulted the works, and after some of the most terrible 
 fighting in the war, the fort was taken, January 15. As 
 a result of this, Wilmington, the last Confederate port, 
 fell into the hands of the Union troops, February 22. 
 
 96. Sherman's March North — Charleston evacuated. — 
 Sherman rested his army a month at Savannah, and then 
 commenced his march northward through South Caro- 
 lina. He captured Columbia, and cut the railroad north 
 of Charleston. That city was thereupon evacuated by 
 the Confederate troops, who escaped into North Caro- 
 lina, to join General Joseph E. Johnston. Sherman press- 
 ed on through Fayetteville, North Carolina, and toward 
 the end of March, after some severe fighting, reached 
 Goldsboro', not far from Johnston's army. 
 
 95. What was the first event of the year ? Describe it. To what did it lead ? 
 
 96. What was Sherman's first movement ? What city fell at last as the resnlt of 
 this? Describe the rest of his route. 
 
CIVIL WAR — 1865. 195 
 
 97. Grant and Lee. — Grant bad been busy all winter 
 tightening his hold on Lee in Richmond. In Febrnary 
 he sent Sheridan witli the cavalry, to cut the canal and 
 railroad east of that city. In this Sheridan was quite 
 successful, and joined Grant again at Petersburg. Lee 
 tried to break through the Union lines on March 25, but 
 was driven back with severe loss. 
 
 98. Grant's Attack— Lee's Surrender. — On April 1, Sher- 
 idan drove Lee from his position at Five Forks. Then 
 came Grant's order to attack along the whole line, and it 
 was pierced in several places. On April 3, Petersburg 
 was entered by the Union troops, and Richmond shortly 
 afterward. Lee, closely pursued, fled westward, and, af- 
 ter a series of disasters, surrendered his army to Grant at 
 Appomattox Court-house, April 9. 
 
 99. Close of the War. — As soon as General Johnston 
 learned the news of Lee's surrender, he made proposals 
 to Sherman. On the 26th, the terms of surrender were 
 signed by both generals. By the end of May all the 
 Confederate armies in the South-west had surrendered, 
 and the War for the Union was at an end. 
 
 100. Murder of President Lincoln. — Five days after the 
 joyful news of Lee's surrender had been telegraphed over 
 the North, President Lincoln, while sitting in the theatre 
 at Washington, was shot by a Confederate assassin, and 
 died next morning. Another assassin, at the same time, 
 broke into the sick-chamber of Mr. Seward, Secretary of 
 State, and wounded him severely. Lincoln's death pro- 
 duced the most profound sorrow throughout the United 
 States. He had been re-elected President in 1864, and 
 had served little more than a month on his second term. 
 
 97. How had Grant been busy? What important movement did Sheridan 
 execute? 
 
 98. What occurred on April 1 ? What immediately followed ? To what great 
 event did these lead ? 
 
 99. What military events followed Lee's surrender ? 
 
 100. What occurred on the 14th of April ? What circumstance added to the 
 sorrow that this occasioned? 
 
« 
 196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON — THE SEVEN- 
 TEENTH PRESIDENT. 
 
 1865-1869. 
 
 101. Important Political Measures. — On the death of 
 President Lincoln, Vice-president Johnson, of Tennessee, 
 was immediately inaugurated President. One of the iirst 
 subjects that engaged the attention of Government was the 
 reconstruction of the Secession States. President Johnson, 
 by proclamation in April, removed restrictions on com- 
 merce in the South. In May he proclaimed amnesty to all 
 engaged in secession, excepting certain specified ckisses. 
 In December, the thirteenth amendment to the Constitu- 
 tion, abolishing slavery, was declared to be adopted, hav- 
 ing been ratified by two-tliirds of the States. 
 
 102. Breach between the President and Congress. — When 
 Congress assembled in December, 1865, it expressed great 
 dissatisfaction with the President's course in respect to 
 reconstruction of the Secession States. In March, 1867, 
 Congress passed a reconstruction act over the President's 
 veto, defining the terms on wdiich the Secession States 
 might be re-admitted. Those States that refused to ac- 
 cept of the terms were placed under military governors. 
 
 103. The Quarrel increases. — Among other measures. 
 Congress passed the Tenure of Office Bill. This was 
 done to prevent the President removing from office, with- 
 out their concurrence, any one appointed, without consent 
 of the Senate. In August, 1867, the President suspended 
 from office Mr. Stanton, Secretary of War, and appointed 
 General Grant to perform the duties of the office. Con- 
 gress, when it met in December, declared that the Presi- 
 dent had no power to remove Mr. Stanton, and the latter 
 entered again on his duties. 
 
 101. Who now became President? What political questions came up for con- 
 sideration ? 
 
 102. What difficulty now sprang up ? Why ? What did Conj^ress do ? 
 
 103. What bill did Congress pass? Why? How did the President test this, 
 and how did it end? 
 
Johnson's administration — 1865-'69. 197 
 
 104. The President impeached. — The contest came to a 
 crisis in February, '68. The President removed Mr. Stan- 
 ton, and nominated Gen. Thomas in his stead. The Senate 
 notified Johnson that he had violated the Constitution in 
 so doing, and the House of Representatives impeached the 
 President. After a long and tedious trial befoi-e the Sen- 
 ate, he was acquitted. A two-thirds vote was necessary 
 to his conviction, and it wanted one vote of the number. 
 
 105. The French in Mexico. — While the war was rag- 
 ing, France joined the Aristocratic party in Mexico, and, 
 with its army, succeeded in defeating the Liberals. Max- 
 imilian, Arch-duke of Austria, was declared emperor, and 
 the empire was supported by a French army. As soon as 
 the War for the Union ended, the American Government 
 demanded the recall of the French troops. When these 
 were withdrawn, the Mexicans rose against Maximilian, 
 defeated him, captured, and tlien shot him, June, 1867. 
 
 106. The Atlantic Cable laid. — An event of great im- 
 portance to both hemispheres was the final laying of the 
 great Atlantic cable. This, after repeated failure, was 
 achieved, July, 1866. It is 1800 miles in length, and runs 
 from Valentia Bay, Ireland, to Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. 
 
 107. Purchase of Russian America. — The territory of 
 the United States was increased, October, 1867, by the 
 purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,000,000. It con- 
 tains 5C 0,000 square miles, and is chiefly valuable for its 
 fisheries and furs. 
 
 108. Grant chosen President. — In the fall of 1868, Gen- 
 eral U. S. Grant, of Illinois, the candidate of the Repub- 
 lican party, was elected President over Horatio Seymour, 
 of New York, the Democratic candidate. Schuyler Col- 
 tax, of Indiana, was elected Vice-president. 
 
 104. What occnrred iu February? Describe this fully. 
 
 105. state what had taken place in Mexico. Why did the American Govern- 
 ment not interfere earlier ? 
 
 106. For what was the year 1S6G remarkable? 
 
 107. What addition was made to United States territory in 186T? 
 lOS. What IS said of the Presidential election? 
 
198- 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PART VI.— FROM 1869 ONWARD. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GEANT- 
 PKESIDENT. 
 
 -THE EIGHTEENTH 
 
 1869-1872. 
 
 1. Pacific Railroad built— The year 1869 was noted for 
 the completion of tlie Pacific Railroad, connecting Cali- 
 fornia with the Mississippi Valley. This remarkable en- 
 terprise, 1776 miles in length, was finished in the short 
 space of three years. It has already begun to exercise a 
 powerful influence on the trade of the East. Goods from 
 Japan and China are brought across the Pacific to San 
 Francisco, and then over the Pacific Railroad. 
 
 2. Fifteenth Amendment.— In March, 1870, the Fifteenth 
 Amendment to the Constitution, ratified by the States, 
 was declared to be adopted. It provided that " the right 
 of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be 
 denied or abridged by the United States, or any State, on 
 account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 
 
 3. The Alabama Question. — The Alabama question, aris- 
 
 1. For what was the year 1869 remarkable ? What is said of this great enterprise ? 
 
 2. Describe the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 
 
grant's administration — 1869-72. 199 
 
 ing out of the destruction caused by Confederate cruis- 
 ers, created much ill feeling between the United States 
 and England. The American Government repeatedly de- 
 manded satisfaction from England for the injuries that 
 had been done by Confederate ships. At length, after 
 much tedious negotiation, representatives from the two 
 powers met at Washington, and arranged for the ap- 
 pointment of arbitrators to decide the question of griev- 
 ances. The persons chosen for this important business 
 began their deliberations at Geneva, Switzerland, in De- 
 cember, 1871. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What led to the attack on Fort Sumter? Describe it. 
 
 2. What effect was produced on the North and South by the attack ? 
 
 3. Name the Confederate States after June 20, 1861. 
 
 4. How did Virginia show her act-ivity ? 
 
 5. How was Washington, the capital, saved? 
 
 (5. What officers first acquired celebrity in West Virginia, and at what points ? 
 7. What led to the battle of Bull Run ? Describe this, and state results. 
 S. What events occurred in Missouri, and what was the result ? 
 
 9. State the plan of military operations in 18(51. 
 
 10. Sketch the plan of military operations for the year 1SG2. 
 
 11. How was the Mississippi opened to New Orleans? 
 
 12. What progress was made in opening it from the North ? 
 
 13. State the chief events on and near the Mississippi during 1862. 
 
 14. What was the first Confederate line, and how was it broken ? 
 
 15. What led to the battle of Shiloh, and what was the result? 
 
 16. How was the second Confederate line broken ? 
 
 17. Why was Rosecrans made commander of the Army of the Cumberland ? 
 
 18. To what position was Grant elevated this year, and why? 
 
 19. Give an account of the events near Fortress Monroe in March. 
 
 20. What took place in the Shenandoah Valley early in the year? 
 
 21. When and with what object did the Army of the Potomac advance? 
 
 22. Describe its movements until the month of June. 
 
 23. Who commanded the Confederates this year in Virginia? 
 
 24. What finally prevented M'Clellan from moving on Richmond? 
 
 25. Describe what followed. 
 
 26. What use did Lee make of M'Clellan's defeat? 
 
 27. What battle checked Lee's invasion ? Describe it. 
 
 28. What change in the command of the Union Army followed? 
 
 29. What was the result of Burnside's campaign ? 
 
 30. What were the principal events on the Atlantic Coast? 
 
 31. State in a general way what successes were gained during the year. 
 
 32. With what great event did the year 1863 open ? 
 
 3. What is said of the Alabama Question ? How was it finally brought into a 
 train of settlement ? 
 
200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 3D. What was the plau of operations for this year ? 
 
 34. Who comraaiidecl the Array of the Potomac ? His success ? 
 
 35. How did Lee attempt to profit by this, and who opposed him ? 
 
 36. Why was the battle of Gettysburg so important? 
 
 3T What great event occurred elsewhere the day after this battle? 
 3S. Sketch Grant's movemeuts on the Mississippi and neighborhood. 
 
 39. To what important results did the fall of Vicksburg lead? 
 
 40. How was Rosecrans busy in the year 18G3, and with what success? 
 
 41. How was the Union Array saved at Chattanooga? 
 
 42. Describe the battles in that neighborhood, and their object. 
 
 43. Give account of the state of affairs at Knoxville in November. 
 
 44. What Confederate raids marked this year? 
 
 45. Mention the operations near Charleston, and what was gained there. 
 40, Give a general review of the results of the fighting in 1863. 
 
 4T. What new State was admitted in 1863, and under what circumstances 
 
 48. What Avas the plan of the campaign for 1864? 
 
 49. With what success did Sherman begin the year ? 
 
 50. What change was made in the command of the Union armies ? 
 
 51. Against what point did Sherman move? 
 
 52. When and with what resistance did he reach Atlanta ? 
 
 53. What did its capture cost? 
 
 54. How was Hood the Confederate disposed of? 
 
 55. Describe Sherman's next great movement. 
 
 56. When and where did Grant first move? 
 
 57. How was Grant opposed, as shown by the battles and losses? 
 
 58. To what line of defense did he force Lee ? 
 
 59. State briefly the result of Grant's efforts before Petersburg in 1864. 
 
 60. What befell Grant's co-operating force in Shenandoah Valley ? 
 
 61. Who was finally selected by Grant to command there ? 
 
 62. Describe the closing battle there in 1864. 
 
 63. Sketch the principal events of the Red River expedition. 
 
 64. What was the great naval event of the year ? 
 
 65. What attempt was made on the North Carolina coast? 
 
 66. State how much was gained by the Unionists during the year. 
 
 67. W^here were Grant and Sherman at the close of 1864? 
 
 68. What important result was achieved in January, 1865? 
 
 69. Sketch the plan of operations during the year. 
 
 70. Describe Sherman's movements and some of their results. 
 
 71. How did Grant close the campaign in Virginia? 
 
 72. When were Petersburg and Richmond occupied by the Unionists ? 
 
 73. What became of Lee and his army ? 
 
 74. Describe the lamentable event that immediately followed. 
 
 75. When and to whom did Johnston surrender ? 
 
 76. Who succeeded Lincoln ? 
 
 77. What measures engaged the attention of Government ? 
 
 78. What difliculties occurred between the President and Congress ? 
 
 79. To what did these lead ? 
 
 80. What was meanwhile occurring in Mexico ? 
 
 81. What accession of territory was made during this administration ? 
 
 82. Who succeeded Johnson ? 
 
 83. What are the principal events of this administration ? 
 
GENERAL VIEW. 201 
 
 GENERAL VIEW. 
 
 1. Progress of the United States. — The events narrated 
 after the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 were chief- 
 ly political. They relate, for the most part, to change of 
 rulers, questions of government, wars, treaties, and acqui- 
 sitions of territory. There were other things not hereto- 
 fore noticed which also exercised great influence on the 
 progress of the country. 
 
 2. The Introduction of Steamboats on the great rivers 
 of the United States revolutionized the mode of travel. 
 Robert Fulton, an American, was the first in this country 
 to make the experiment of traveling by steamboat. In 
 the year 1807 he went from New York to Albany, a dis- 
 tance of 150 miles, in thirty-six liours; and the invention 
 soon spread westward over the great inland rivers. This 
 immensely assisted immigration into the Western terri- 
 tories. 
 
 8. Canals also exercised a powerful influence. Fore- 
 most among these are : the Erie Canal, stretching from 
 Albany to Buffalo, a distance of 363 miles, and connect- 
 ing the lakes with the waters of the Hudson and the At- 
 lantic j the Miami and Erie Canal, 317 miles long, and 
 the Ohio and Erie Canal, 332 miles long, connecting Lake 
 Erie with the waters of the Ohio and the Mississippi ; 
 the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 191 miles long, uniting 
 the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic. The total length 
 of canals in the United States is about 5000 miles. 
 
 4. Railroads checked the development of canals, and the 
 United States, more than any other nation, has been ben- 
 efited by the locomotive and the iron road. A vast, un- 
 peopled country, with a fertile soil and poor roads, need- 
 ed rapid communication. In the year 1828 there were 
 but three miles of railroad in operation in the United 
 
 1. What is said of the history from 1789 onward ? 
 
 2. State what is said of the introduction of the steamboat, and its benefits to 
 the country. 
 
 3. Mention some important canals, and the waters they coimect. 
 
 I •_> 
 
202 HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 States; in the year 1870 there were 53,399 miles. So 
 rapidly did our country move in this, that in the year 
 1856 it had three times more miles of railroad in opera- 
 tion than all the rest of the world together. The Union 
 Pacific Railroad in length surpasses all other achieve- 
 ments of the kind. 
 
 5. In Arts and Sciences we have still much to learn from 
 the nations of Europe. There have been, and are, United 
 States painters and sculptors, whose genius has been fully 
 recognized in Europe ; but, as a people, we have been 
 so busy filling and organizing new territory, in building- 
 roads and developing the resources of the country, that 
 the arts have been comparatively neglected. The same 
 reasons have operated, to a great degree, against the cul- 
 tivation of science. 
 
 6. Poetry and Literature have, however, had some cel- 
 ebrated names. With the poetry of Longfellow, Bryant, 
 Whittier, Dana, nearly every pupil in our schools is fa- 
 miliar; and in prose we have Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, 
 Emerson, Motlej^ Bancroft, Hildreth, and many others. 
 
 7. General Education. — The Common School and the 
 United States are almost synonymous terms. Free ed- 
 ucation is one of the peculiar glories which Americans 
 hold very precious. Still, there are some of the States 
 that are greatly in advance of others ; but the day can 
 not be far distant when every child throughout the far- 
 thest territory will be taught to read and write. 
 
 8. The Newspaper Press has gone hand in hand with 
 free education. It has not been fettered in the United 
 States with any stamp-tax, such as was long imposed on 
 newspapers in England. Wherever a printing-press, and 
 types and paper, can be obtained in our broad land, there 
 is no hindrance to starting a newspaper. The Press has 
 greatly contributed to the material prosperity, as well 
 
 4. What is said of the railroad system of the United States ? 
 
 5. Why have arts and sciences been comparatively neglected ? 
 0. HovF is it with ret;ard to poetry and literature ? 
 
 7. What is said of the common school ? 
 
GENERAL VIEW. 203 
 
 as to the liberties of the people. Our immense natural 
 advantages would be of comparatively little importance 
 Avithout a free press and free education. 
 
 9. Mineral Resources. — Our mines of metallic ores and 
 of coal are wonderful in extent, and are being developed 
 with extraordinary rapidity. They have added enor- 
 mously to the wealth of the country. Rich as the Pa- 
 ciiic States are in gold and silver, the beds of coal and 
 iron of the Middle and Southern States are still more 
 valuable. 
 
 10. The Products of the Soil are also an increasing source 
 of wealth. We hear much of cotton and its value, of the 
 sugar and the rice of the South ; but the vast surplus 
 wheat crop of the West finds its way to Europe. The 
 hay crop alone of the North is more valuable in money 
 than the cotton crop of the South. There are yet mill- 
 ions of acres in the Far West unbroken by the plough, 
 waiting for the strong arms of freemen who are to occu- 
 py them and make them fruitful. 
 
 11. The Increase of States and Territories deserves par- 
 ticularly to be noticed, together Avith the increase of 
 population. From three millions at the beginning of the 
 Revolution, the United States have increased to forty mill- 
 ions in a period of not yet a hundred years. Our terri- 
 tory has expanded still more rapidly than our population. 
 In 1776 the thirteen United States occupied little more 
 than a strip of territory on the Atlantic coast, with claims 
 to the country as far west as the Mississippi. Out of 
 this extensive tract were formed : the North-west Terri- 
 tory, lying north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, 
 1787; the territory of the South-west, between the Ohio 
 and Florida, also east of the Mississippi. The additions 
 made to the territory of the United States were : 
 
 S. What is said of the newspaper press ? 
 
 9. State what is said of the mineral resources. 
 
 10. What of the products of the soil. 
 
 11. What idea is given of the growth of population and increase of territory ? 
 What acquisitions of territory are mentioned ? 
 
204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. The vast Territory of Louisiana, embracing New 
 Orleans, and lying west of the Mississippi, north of 
 New Mexico, stretching north-west to the Pacific, was 
 purchased from France in 1803 ; 
 
 2. Florida, purchased from Spain in 1819 ; 
 
 3. Annexation of the Republic of Texas, 1845 ; 
 
 4. The Territory obtained partly by treaty and pur- 
 chase from Mexico after the Mexican War, in 1848, ex- 
 tending from the Rio Grande westerly to the Pacific 
 south of Louisiana; 
 
 5. The Territory purchased from Mexico in 1853, 
 known as the Gadsden Purchase, embracing what is 
 now Arizona ; 
 
 6. The Territory of Alaska, purchased from Russia, 
 in 1867. 
 
 The table on page 205 will show at one view the dif- 
 ferent States and Territories formed from the above. 
 
 12. Concluding Remarks. — When we see the vast extent 
 of country covered by the United States and her terri- 
 tories, the different climates through which these extend, 
 the variety of their products, the richness of their mines, 
 the size and length of the navigable rivers and lakes ; and 
 when we consider that all these are under the freest Gov- 
 ernment in the world, no future can be painted too grand 
 for the destinies of our country. With union, liberty, and 
 public virtue, she will continue to challenge the respect 
 of the world. 
 
ORGANIZATION OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 205 
 
 STATES ADMITTED AND TERRITORIES ORGANIZED SINCE 1787. 
 
 States or Terkitokies. 
 
 When ad- 
 mitted or 
 organized. 
 
 Extent in 
 sq. miles. 
 
 1791 
 
 10,000 
 
 1820 
 
 35,000 
 
 1863 
 
 23,000 
 
 1802 
 
 40,000 
 
 1816 
 
 34,000 
 
 1818 
 
 55,000 
 
 1837 
 
 56,000 
 
 1848 
 
 54,000 
 
 1792 
 
 38,000 
 
 1796 
 
 46,000 
 
 1817 
 
 47,000 
 
 1819 
 
 51,000 
 
 1812 
 
 41,000 
 
 1821 
 
 67,000 
 
 1836 
 
 52,000 
 
 1846 
 
 55,000 
 
 1858 
 
 83,500 
 
 1859 
 
 95,000 
 
 1861 
 
 81,000 
 
 1867 
 
 76,000 
 
 1853 
 
 70,000 
 
 1861 
 
 140,000 
 
 1861 
 
 141,000 
 
 1863 
 
 91,000 
 
 1863 
 
 144,000 
 
 1868 
 
 71,000 
 
 Unorganized 
 
 122,000 
 
 1845 
 
 59,000 
 
 1846 
 
 237,000 
 
 1848 
 
 124,000 
 
 1849 
 
 88,000 
 
 1850 
 
 159,000 
 
 1864 
 
 112,000 
 
 1863 
 
 130,800 
 
 Unorganized 
 
 550,000 
 
 From what taken, and 
 . when organized. 
 
 I. From other States : 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Maine 
 
 "West Virginia 
 
 II. From N.W. Territory, ceded to 
 
 the United States in 1787: 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 III. From, S. W. Territory, ceded to 
 the United States : 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Alabama 
 
 IV. From Louisiana, purchased in 
 
 1803: 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Iowa . 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Washington Territory 
 
 Colorado Territory 
 
 Dakotah Territory 
 
 Idaho Territory 
 
 Montana Territory 
 
 Wyoming Territory 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 V. From Florida, purchased 1819 : 
 Florida 
 
 VI. By annexation, 1845 : 
 
 Texas 
 
 VII. From territory acquired from 
 Mexico in 1848 : 
 
 New Mexico Territory 
 
 Utah Territory 
 
 California 
 
 Nevada 
 
 VIII. From the Gadsden Purchase, 
 1853: 
 
 Arizona Territory 
 
 IX. From the Russian Purchase, 
 1867 : 
 
 Alaska 
 
 New York. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North-west Ter. 
 Indiana T. 1800. 
 Illinois T. 1809. 
 Michigan T. 1805. 
 Wisconsin T. 1836. 
 
 Kentucky Co., Va. 
 
 Mississippi T. 1800, 
 Alabama T. 1817. 
 
 N. Orleans T. 1803. 
 Missouri T. 1803. 
 Arkansas T. 1819. 
 Iowa T. 1838. 
 Minnesota T. 1849. 
 Oregon T. 1848. 
 Kansas T. 1854. 
 Nebraska T. 1854. 
 
 Partly from VII. 
 Minnesota T. 
 
 Dakotah T. 
 
 Florida T. 1819, 
 Independ. Republic. 
 
 Utah T. 
 
 California T. 1848. 
 Nevada T. 1861. 
 
206 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New York 
 
 Massachusetts ... 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Delaware 
 
 North Carolina.., 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 South Carolina.., 
 Pennsylvania...., 
 
 Georgia..., 
 
 Vermont , 
 
 Kentucky , 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Louisiana , 
 
 Indiana , 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Maine 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Florida 
 
 Texas 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 CalifoiTiia 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Kansas 
 
 West Virginia..., 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 When. 
 
 1607 
 1614 
 1620 
 1623 
 1363 
 1634 
 1636 
 1638 
 1650 
 1664 
 1670 
 1682 
 1733 
 1724 
 1775 
 1757 
 1788 
 1699 
 1730 
 1716 
 1720 
 1711 
 1625 
 1764 
 1685 
 1670 
 1565 
 1692 
 1833 
 1669 
 1769 
 1846 
 1811 
 
 Where. 
 
 Jamestown 
 
 New York 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 Little Harbor.... 
 
 Windsor 
 
 St. Mary's 
 
 Providence 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 Chowan River . . 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 Ashley River..,. 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Fort Dummer... 
 
 Boonesboro' 
 
 Fort Loudon .... 
 
 Marietta 
 
 Iberville 
 
 Vincennes 
 
 Natchez 
 
 Kaskaskia 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Bristol 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Arkansas Post.. 
 
 Detroit 
 
 St. Augustine.... 
 S. A. De Bexar. 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Green Bay 
 
 San Diego 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Astoria 
 
 Carson City. 
 
 By whom. 
 
 English .... 
 
 Dutch 
 
 English 
 
 Enghsh.... 
 English.... 
 English.... 
 English.... 
 Swedes .... 
 
 English 
 
 Dutch 
 
 English 
 
 English 
 
 English.... 
 English..,. 
 English .... 
 English.... 
 English .... 
 
 French 
 
 French 
 
 French 
 
 French 
 
 French 
 
 French 
 
 French 
 
 French 
 
 French 
 
 Spaniards ., 
 Spaniards . , 
 English.... 
 
 French 
 
 Spaniards . , 
 Americans . 
 Americans , 
 Americans . 
 
 Americans, 
 
 ADMITTED. 
 
 1776 
 
 1791 
 1792 
 1796 
 1802 
 1812 
 1816 
 1817 
 1818 
 1819 
 1820 
 1821 
 1836 
 1837 
 1845 
 
 1846 
 1848 
 1850 
 1858 
 1859 
 1861 
 1863 
 1864 
 1867 
 
PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS, 
 
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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
 AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JULY 4, 1776. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
 ])eople to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
 another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and 
 equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle 
 them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they 
 should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident — that all men are created 
 equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
 rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; 
 that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, de- 
 riving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, when- 
 ever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the 
 i%ht of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new govern- 
 ment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers 
 in such form, as to tliem shall seem most likely to affect their safety and 
 happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long estab- 
 lished should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- 
 ingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suf- 
 fei'j^hile evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
 forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses 
 and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design 
 to reduce them under abstilute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty 
 to throw off such government, and to ])rovide new guards for their future 
 security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and 
 such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former sys- 
 tems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is 
 a history of repeated injuries and .usurpations, all having, in direct object, 
 the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove 
 this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
 for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
 importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob- 
 tained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- 
 tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
 sentation in the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable 
 to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
 able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole 
 purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with 
 manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 
 
210 HISTORY OF THK UNITED STATES, 
 
 to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
 have returned to the people at large tor their exercise ; the state }eniain- 
 ing, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from with- 
 out and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that 
 purpose obstructing the laws for natui-alization of foreigners, refusing to 
 pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
 of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent 
 to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
 offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has ei-ected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
 officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the 
 consent of our Legislature, 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to 
 the civil power. 
 
 He has comljined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
 our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to 
 their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any mur- 
 ders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov- 
 ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
 boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for 
 introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
 altering fundamentally the powers of our go\ernments : 
 
 For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invest- 
 ed with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protec- 
 tion, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
 destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
 complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with 
 circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- 
 barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
 to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
 friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored 
 to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
 whose known ride of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
 sexes, and conditions. 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 211 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in 
 the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only 
 by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every 
 act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We 
 have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legis- 
 lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have re- 
 minded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. 
 We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have 
 conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usur- 
 pations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspond- 
 ence. They, too, have been tleaf-to the voice of justice and consanguini- 
 ty, . We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our 
 separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in 
 war, in peace friends. . 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in 
 General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
 for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority 
 of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that 
 these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, 
 and that all political coimection between them and the state of Great 
 Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and inde- 
 pendent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract 
 alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which 
 independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declara- 
 tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mu- 
 tually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and 
 signed by the following members : John Hancock. 
 
 New Hampshire. — Josiah Bart- 
 lett, William Whipple, Matthew 
 Thornton. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay . — Samuel Ad- 
 ams, John Adams, Robert Treat 
 Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 Rhode Island. — Stephen Hopkins, 
 William Ellery. 
 
 Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, 
 Samuel Huntington, William Wil- 
 liams, Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 New York.— WiWisim Floyd, Phil- 
 ip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis 
 Morris. 
 
 New Jersey. — Richard Stock- 
 ton, John Witherspoon, Francis 
 Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham 
 Clark. 
 
 Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, 
 Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 John Morton, George Clymer, James 
 Smith, George Taylor, James Wil- 
 son, George Ross. 
 
 Delaware. — Ca3sar Rodney, 
 George Read, Thomas M'Kean, 
 
 Maryland. — Samuel Chase, Wil- 
 liam Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles 
 Carroll, of Carrollton. 
 
 Virginia. — George Wythe, Rich- 
 ard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, 
 Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter 
 Braxton. 
 
 North Carolina. — William Hoop- 
 er, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 
 
 South Carolina. — Edward Rut- 
 ledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thom- 
 as Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia. — Button Gwinnett, Ly- 
 man Hall, George Walton. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Preamble. 
 We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
 union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- 
 mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of lib- 
 erty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitu- 
 tion for the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. Legislativk Depaetment. 
 Section I. Congress in General. 
 All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of 
 the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Eepre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 Section II. House of Representatives. 
 
 Clause 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- 
 bers chosen every second year by tlie people of the several states ; and 
 the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for elect- 
 ors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 
 
 Clause 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have at- 
 tained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of 
 the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
 that state in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Clause 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among 
 the several states which may be included within this Union, according 
 to their respective numbers, which shall be determmed by adding to the 
 whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 
 of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other per- 
 sons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after 
 the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and wiUiin every 
 subsequent term of ten years, in such mani.er as they shall by law direct. 
 The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thou- 
 sand, but each state shall have at least one representative ; and until 
 such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be 
 entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Provi- 
 dence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, 
 Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North 
 Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 Clause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any 
 state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill 
 such vacancies. 
 
 Clause 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and 
 other officers, and shall liave the sole power of impeachment. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 213 
 
 Section III. Senate. 
 
 Clause 1. The Senate of the United Sta^tes shall be composed of two 
 senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years, 
 and each senator shall have one vote. 
 
 Clause 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence 
 of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three 
 classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at 
 the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration 
 of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth 
 year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacan- 
 cies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legis- 
 lature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- 
 ments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such 
 vacancies. 
 
 Clause 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to 
 the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, 
 and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which 
 he shall be chosen. 
 
 Clause 4. The Vice-president of the United States shall be President 
 of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 
 
 Clause 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a pres- 
 ident pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-president, or when he shall 
 exei'cise the oifice of President of the United States. 
 
 Clause 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- 
 ments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirma- 
 tion. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief jus- 
 tice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
 rence of two thirds of the members present. 
 
 Clause 7. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend farther 
 than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
 office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party 
 convicted sliall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, 
 judgment, and punishment according to law. 
 
 Section IV. Both Houses. 
 
 Clause 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for sen- 
 ators and representatives shall be prescribed in each state by tlie Legisla- 
 ture thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter 
 such regulations, except as to the place of choosing senators. 
 
 Clause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and 
 such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall 
 by law appoint a different day. 
 
 Section V. The Houses separately. 
 
 Clause 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
 qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute 
 a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day 
 to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent mem- 
 bers, in such manne!' and under such penalties as each house may provide. 
 
 Clause 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, pim- 
 
214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.' 
 
 ish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two 
 thirds, expel a member. 
 
 Clause 8. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
 time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judg- 
 ment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either 
 house, on any question, sliall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, 
 be entered on the journal. 
 
 Clause 4. Neither house during the session of Congress shall, without 
 the consent of tbe other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
 other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 
 
 Section VI. Disabilities of Members. 
 
 Clause 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- 
 tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treas- 
 ury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, 
 and breach of the peace, be privileged from ai-rest during their attendance 
 at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or returning from 
 the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not 
 be questioned in any other place. 
 
 Clause 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which 
 he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the 
 United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof 
 shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any 
 office under the United States shall be a member of either house during 
 his continuance in office. 
 
 Section VII. Mode of passing Laws. 
 
 Clause 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
 Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
 ments, as on other bills. 
 
 Clause 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Represent- 
 atives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the 
 President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if 
 not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall 
 have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, 
 and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds 
 of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it sliall be sent, together with 
 the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsid- 
 ered, and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. 
 But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas 
 and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill 
 shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill 
 shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays except- 
 ed) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in 
 like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjourn- 
 ment prevent its return, in Avhich case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Clause 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of 
 the Senate and House of Kejjresentatives may be necessary (except on a 
 question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the 
 United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved 
 by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 215 
 
 the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- 
 itations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 Section VIII. Poivers granted to Congress. 
 
 The Congress shall have power — 
 
 Clause 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay 
 the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the 
 United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform 
 throughout the United States ; 
 
 Clause 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
 
 Clause 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
 several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 
 
 Clause 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform 
 laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States ; 
 
 Clause 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign 
 coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 
 
 Clause G. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securi- 
 ties and current coin of the United States ; 
 
 Clause 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 
 
 Clause 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by se- 
 curing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to 
 their respective writings and discoveries; 
 
 Clause 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 
 
 Clause 10. To define and ptmish felonies committed on the high seas, 
 and offenses against the law of nations ; 
 
 Clause 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and 
 make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 
 
 Clause 12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of mon- 
 ey to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 
 
 Clause 13. To provide and maintain a navy; 
 
 Clause 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the 
 land and naval forces ; 
 
 Clause 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws 
 of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; 
 
 Clause 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the 
 militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the 
 service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the ap- 
 pointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia accord- 
 ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 
 
 Clause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, 
 over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of 
 particular states and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of gov- 
 ernment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places 
 purchased, by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the 
 same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, 
 and other needful buildings ; and. 
 
 Clause 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for 
 carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested 
 by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any 
 department or officer thereof 
 
216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Section IX. Powers denied to the United States. 
 
 Clause 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
 states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by 
 the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; 
 but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding 
 ten dollars for each person. 
 
 Clause 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
 pended unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety 
 may require it. 
 
 Clause 3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be passed. 
 
 Clause 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro- 
 portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 
 
 Clause 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
 state. 
 
 Clause 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce 
 or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall ves- 
 sels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties 
 in another. 
 
 Clause 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in conse- 
 quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and ac- 
 count of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- 
 lished from time to time. 
 
 Clause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; 
 and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, with- 
 out the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, 
 or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 
 
 Section X. Powers denied to the States. 
 
 Clause 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- 
 tion ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of 
 credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of 
 debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the 
 obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 Clause 2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 
 im])osts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely 
 necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all 
 duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports shall be for the 
 use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be sub- 
 ject to the revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 Clause 3. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty 
 of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
 agreement or compact M'ith another state or with a foreign power, or en- 
 gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
 not admit of delays. 
 
 ARTICLE II. Executive Department. 
 Section I. President and Vice-president. 
 Clause 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
 I'^nited States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 217 
 
 four years, and, together with the yice-president, chosen for the same 
 term, be elected as follows : 
 
 Clause 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature 
 thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of 
 senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the 
 Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office 
 of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 
 
 [^Clause 3. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote 
 by ballot for two persons, of wliom one at least shall not be an inhabit- 
 ant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all 
 the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list 
 they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the govern- 
 ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The 
 President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of 
 Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be count- 
 ed. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the Presi- 
 dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- 
 pointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and 
 have an equal number of votes, then tlie House of Representatives shall 
 immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person 
 have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House 
 shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the Presi- 
 dent, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state 
 having one vote , a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
 members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all tlie states 
 shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the 
 President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors 
 shall be the Vice-president, But if there should remain two or more 
 who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
 Vice-president.*] 
 
 Clause 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the elect- 
 ors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be 
 the same throughout the United States, 
 
 Clause 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the 
 United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be 
 eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to 
 that office who sliall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and 
 been fourteen years a resident within the United States, 
 
 Clause 6, In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his 
 death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the 
 said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-president ; and the Con- 
 gress may b}^ law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or 
 inability, both of the President and Vice-president, declaring what officer 
 shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly, until 
 the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. 
 
 Clause 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a 
 compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
 period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within 
 that period any other emolument frotai the United States, or any of them, 
 
 * Altered by the 12th Amendment. See page 223. 
 
 K 
 
218 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Clmise 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take 
 the following oath or affirmation : 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the of- 
 fice of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, 
 preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. " 
 
 Section II. Powers of the President. 
 
 Clause 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and 
 navy of the United States and of the militia of the several states, when 
 called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the 
 opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- 
 ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; 
 and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses 
 against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 Clause 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of 
 the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present 
 concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and con- 
 suls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United 
 States, Avhose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and 
 which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the 
 appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the Presi- 
 dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 
 
 Clause 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that 
 may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, 
 which shall expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 Section III. Duties of the President. 
 
 He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the 
 state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as 
 he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occa- 
 sions, convene both houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement 
 between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn 
 them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors 
 and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully 
 executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 
 
 Section IV. Impeachment of the President. 
 
 The President, Vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, 
 shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of trea- 
 son, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. Jtjdioial Department. 
 Section I. United States Courts. 
 The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme 
 Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time or- 
 dain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, 
 shall hold their offices during good behavior ; and shall, at stated times, 
 receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished 
 during their continuance in office. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 219 
 
 Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts. 
 
 Clause 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equi- 
 ty arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases 
 affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases 
 of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the 
 United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more 
 states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens 
 of different states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands un- 
 der grants of different states ; and between a state, or the citizens there- 
 of, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.* 
 
 Clause 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
 and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court 
 shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, 
 the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and 
 fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress 
 shall make. 
 
 Clause 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall 
 be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes 
 shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, 
 the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law 
 have directed. 
 
 Section III. Treason. 
 
 Clause 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- 
 ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
 and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- 
 timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 
 court. 
 
 Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 
 treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or 
 forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Section I. State Records. 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, rec- 
 ords, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress 
 may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, 
 and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 Section II. Privileges of Citizens, etc. 
 
 Clause 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges 
 and immunities of citizens in the several states. 
 
 Clause 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other 
 crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on 
 demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be de- 
 livered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 Altered by the 11th Ameuclment. See page 223. 
 
220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Clause 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the 
 laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
 regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
 delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be 
 due. 
 
 Section III. New States and Territories. 
 
 Clause 1. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; 
 but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
 other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
 or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states con- 
 cerned, as well as of the Congress. 
 
 Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all 
 needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property 
 belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be 
 so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any 
 particular state. 
 
 Section IV. Guarantee to the States. 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a repub- 
 lican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; 
 and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Leg- 
 islature can not be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V, Power of Amendment. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it neces- 
 sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the applica- 
 tion of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a con- 
 vention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to 
 all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the 
 Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in 
 three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be 
 pi'oposed by Congress ; provided, that no amendment which may be made 
 prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eiglit shall in any man- 
 ner aifect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first Ar- 
 ticle; and that no state, Avithout its consent, shall be deprived of its 
 equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremaoy of the Constitution, Oath of Of- 
 fice, Religious Test. 
 
 Clause 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before 
 the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United 
 States mider this Constitution as under the Confederation. 
 
 Clause 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which 
 shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall 
 be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
 law of tlie land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, 
 any thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary not- 
 withstanding. 
 
 Clause 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 221 
 
 members of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial 
 officers, botli of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound 
 by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test 
 shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
 the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution. 
 
 The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for 
 the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the 
 
 Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the 
 seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United 
 States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto 
 subscribed our names. 
 
 George Washington, President and Deputy from Virginia. 
 
 New Hampshire. — John Lang- 
 don, Nichohis Oilman, 
 
 Massachusetts. — Nathaniel Gor- 
 ham, Rufus King. 
 
 Connecticut. — Wm. Samuel John- 
 son, Roger Sherman. 
 
 New York. — Alexander Hamil- 
 ton. 
 
 New Jersey. — William Living- 
 ston, William Patterson, David 
 Brearley, Jonathan Dayton. 
 
 Pennsylvania. — Benjamin Frank- 
 lin, Robert Morris, Thomas Fitzsim- 
 ons, James Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, 
 George Clymer, Jared IngersoU, 
 Gouverneur Morris. 
 
 Attest, 
 
 Delaivare. — George Read, John 
 Dickinson, Jacob Broom, Gunning 
 Bedford, Jr., Richard Bassett. 
 
 Maryland. — James M 'Henry, 
 Daniel Carroll, Daniel of St. Tho. 
 Jenifer. 
 
 Virginia. — John Blair, Jas. Mad- 
 ison, Jr. 
 
 North Carolina William Blount, 
 
 Hugh Williamson, Richard Dobbs 
 Spaight. 
 
 South Carolina. — John Rutledge, 
 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce 
 Butler. 
 
 Georgia. — William Few, Abra- 
 ham Baldwin. 
 
 William Jackson, Secretary. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Article I. Freedom of Religion, etc. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
 
 prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, 
 
 or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to 
 
 petition the government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 Article II. Right to hear Arms. 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, 
 the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Article III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens. 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
 the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but m a manner to be pre- 
 scribed by law. 
 
 Article IV. Search Warrants. 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
 and eifects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
 lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by 
 oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, 
 and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 Article V. Trial for Crime, etc. 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
 crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
 cases ai'ising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in active 
 service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
 for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
 be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor 
 be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor 
 shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 
 
 Article VI. Rights of accused Persons. 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
 speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district 
 wherein the crime shall have been committed, whicli district shall have 
 been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
 cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; 
 to have comi)ulsor3^ process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to 
 have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 Article VII. Suits at Common Law. 
 In suits at common law, Avhere the value in controversy shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact 
 tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
 States than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 Article VIII. Excessive Bail. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
 cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. 
 
 Article IX. 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con- 
 strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 Article X. 
 The powers not granted to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
 l)roliibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to 
 the people. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 223 
 
 Article XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend 
 to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the 
 United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any 
 foreign state. 
 
 Article XII. Mode of choosing the President and Vice-president. 
 
 Clause 1. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote 
 by ballot for President and Vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall 
 not bean inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name 
 in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots 
 the person voted for as Vice-president ; and they shall make distinct lists 
 of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- 
 president, and of the luimber of votes for each, which list they shall sign 
 and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United 
 States, directed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Sen- 
 ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person 
 having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, 
 if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; 
 and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the 
 highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as 
 President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by bal- 
 lot the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
 taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two 
 thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to 
 a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- 
 dent, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
 fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-president shall act 
 as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability 
 of the President. 
 
 Ckmse 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- 
 president shall be the Vice-president, if such number be a majority of 
 the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majori- 
 ty, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose 
 the Vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds 
 of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number 
 shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 Clause 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
 President shall be eligible to that of Vice-president of the United States. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
 punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
 shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdic- 
 tion. 
 
 Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by ap- 
 propriate legislation. 
 
224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and 
 subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and 
 of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any 
 law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the 
 United States ; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or 
 ])roperty, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its 
 jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 Section 2. Kepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several 
 states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number 
 of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right 
 to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice- 
 president of the United States, repi-esentatives in Congress, the executive 
 and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, 
 is denied to any of the male members of such state, being twenty-one years 
 of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except 
 for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation 
 therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male 
 citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years 
 of age in such state. 
 
 Section 3. No person shall be a senator or repres-cntative in Congress, 
 or elector of President and Vice-president, or hold any office, civil or 
 military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- 
 ously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the 
 United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an execu- 
 tive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the 
 United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
 same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, 
 by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such disabihty. 
 
 Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- 
 thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
 bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be 
 questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or 
 pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
 against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of 
 any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal 
 and void. 
 
 Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate 
 legislation the provisions of this article. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Section 1 . The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall 
 not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account 
 of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate 
 legislation the provisions of this article. 
 
1492. 
 1497. 
 1498. 
 
 1499. 
 1510. 
 1512. 
 1513. 
 1517. 
 1518. 
 1521. 
 1524. 
 1528. 
 1534. 
 1541. 
 1564. 
 1565. 
 1579. 
 1582. 
 1584. 
 1585. 
 1587. 
 1602. 
 1605. 
 1606. 
 1607. 
 1608. 
 1609. 
 
 1610. 
 1612. 
 1614. 
 1615. 
 1620. 
 
 1621. 
 1622. 
 1623. 
 1629. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Columbus discovered America. 
 
 The Cabots discovered Newfoundland. 
 
 Columbus discovered South America. 
 
 The Cabots discovered the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Vasco de Gama discovered the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci visited America. 
 
 Ojeda settled Darien, on the Isthmus. 
 
 Juan Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. 
 
 Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific. 
 
 Cordova discovered Yucatan. 
 
 Grijalva explored tlie coast of Mexico. 
 
 Conquest of Mexico by Cortez. 
 
 Verazzani explores the coast of North America. 
 
 Pamphilo de Narvaez's expedition to Florida. 
 
 Cartier explores the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. 
 
 De Soto's expedition — discovers the Mississip})i River. 
 
 Huguenots settle in Florida. 
 
 Melendez founds St. Augustine. 
 
 Sir Francis Drake enters the Bay of San Francisco. 
 
 Don Antonio de Espego founds Santa Fe. 
 
 Amidas and Barlow sent out by Raleigh. 
 
 > Unsuccessful attempts to settle Roanoke Island. 
 
 Gosnold discovers Cape Cod. 
 Port Royal, Nova Scotia, settled by De Monts. 
 Grants to the London and Plymouth Companies. 
 Jamestown settled by the London Company. 
 Quebec settled by Champlain. 
 Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson River. 
 Champlain discovers Lake Champlain. 
 Second Charter granted to Virginia. 
 Starving-time in Virginia. 
 Third Charter granted to Virginia. 
 John Smith explores the coast of New England. 
 Cultivation of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 
 Slavery introduced by the Dutch at Jamestown. 
 The " Great Patent" granted to the Virginia Company. 
 The Puritans settled at Plymouth. 
 Cotton began to be cultivated. 
 First Indian massacre at Jamestown. 
 New Hampshire settled at Dover and Little Harbor. 
 Charter granted to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 
 K 2 
 
226 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1030. [Boston settled. 
 
 IC.Iil'. Marvland granted to Lord Baltimore. 
 
 JNlaryland settled at St. Mary's. 
 
 Connecticut settled at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. 
 
 Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. 
 
 Providence settled. 
 
 Pequod War in Connecticut. 
 
 Harvard College founded. 
 
 New Haven Colony founded. 
 
 Union of the New England Colonies. 
 
 Second Indian massacre in Virginia. 
 
 Charter granted to Rhode Island. 
 
 Navigation Act passed. 
 
 Charter granted to Connecticut. 
 
 New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 
 
 New York captured by the English. 
 
 North Carolina settled on the Chowan River. 
 
 The French settle St. Mary, north of Lake Huron. 
 
 South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 
 
 Charles 11. grants Virginia to Culpepper and Arlington. 
 
 Marquette and Joliet discover the Mississippi at the mouth of the 
 Arkansas River. 
 
 King Philip's War. 
 
 Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. 
 
 Charleston founded. 
 
 Pennsylvania settled by William Penn. 
 
 Delaware granted to Penn by the Duke of York. 
 
 La Salle sails down the Mississippi to the Gulf, naming the coun- 
 try Louisiana. 
 
 King William's War. 
 
 Schenectady burned. 
 
 Witchcraft delusion in Salem, Massachusetts. 
 
 King William's War ended by the Treaty of Ryswick. 
 
 Detroit founded by the French. 
 
 Mm. 
 
 1635. 
 
 1G36. 
 1637. 
 1638. 
 
 1643. 
 1644. 
 
 (( 
 
 1660. 
 16(;2. 
 1664. 
 
 1668. 
 1670. 
 1673. 
 
 1675 
 1676 
 1680 
 1682 
 
 1680. 
 1690. 
 1692. 
 1697. 
 1701. 
 
 1702. Queen Anne's War begun. 
 
 1710. Port Royal captured from the French, and named Annapolis, 
 
 1713. The Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne's War. 
 
 1732. Washington born in Westmoreland County, Virginia. 
 
 1 733, Georgia settled at Savannah. 
 1741. "Negro Plot "in New York. 
 
 1744. King George's War begim. 
 
 1745. Louisburg captured from the French. 
 1748. Treaty of Aix-la-Chai)elle — end of King George's War. 
 175;>. Fort at Presque Isle built by the French. 
 1753.jWaslHngton's mission to St. Pierre October 31. 
 
 1754. Convention at Albany to form a plan of union June. 
 
 Skirmish at Great Meadows May 28. 
 
 Fort Necessity captured by the French July 4. 
 
 Fort du Quesne built by the French 
 
 1755. Braddock arrives from England as commander-in 
 chief February, 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 22*7 
 
 1755. 
 
 1756. 
 
 u 
 
 1757. 
 1758. 
 
 1759. 
 
 1760. 
 
 (( 
 
 1763. 
 1765. 
 
 a 
 
 1766. 
 1767. 
 
 1768. 
 
 1770. 
 
 (( 
 
 1773. 
 1774. 
 
 1775. 
 
 1776, 
 
 Conquest of Acadia by the English June. 
 
 The French defeated near Lake George Sept. 8. 
 
 Braddock's defeat July 9. 
 
 Great Britain declares war against France May 17. 
 
 Oswego captured by the French August 14. 
 
 Fort William Henry captured by the French August 9. 
 
 Abercrombie's defeat at Ticonderoga July 8. 
 
 Louisburg captured by Amherst July 27. 
 
 Fort Frontenac captured by the English August 27. 
 
 Fort du Quesne captured by the English Nov. 25. 
 
 Ticonderoga and Crown Point captured by the En- 
 glish July & Aug. 
 
 Battle of Montmorenci July 31. 
 
 Battle of Quebec Sept. 13. 
 
 Surrender of Quebec Sept. 18. 
 
 Attempt to retake Quebec by the French April 28. 
 
 Montreal surrendered to the English Sept. 8. 
 
 Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War .... February 10. 
 
 Stamp Act passed March 8. 
 
 First Colonial Congress at New York October 7. 
 
 Stamp Act repealed 'March 18. 
 
 New tax bill passed June 29. 
 
 British troops arrive at Boston j October 1. 
 
 Boston massacre March 5. 
 
 Repeal of duties excepting tea j May. - 
 
 Tea destroyed in Boston Harbor Dec. 16. 
 
 Boston Port Bill" passed March 31. 
 
 The second Colonial Congress met at Philadelphia... Sept. 5. 
 
 Battle of Lexington JApril 19. 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill June 17. 
 
 May 10. 
 
 May 12. 
 
 June 15. 
 
 Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen 
 
 Crown Point captured by Colonel Warner 
 
 George Washington appointed commander-in-chief.. 
 
 Montreal ca]3tured by Montgomery Nov. 13. 
 
 Attack on Quebec— Montgomery killed jDec. 31. 
 
 Norfolk, Virginia, burned by Lord Dunmore 'January 1. 
 
 British evacuate Boston. 
 
 Attack on Fort Moultrie 
 
 Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Battle of Long Island 
 
 New York evacuated. 
 
 1777. 
 
 March 17. 
 
 June 28. 
 
 July 4. 
 
 August 27." 
 
 Sept. 14. 
 
 Battle of White Plains 'October 28. 
 
 Fort Washington captured Nov. 16. 
 
 Fort Lee occupied by the British Nov. 20. 
 
 Washington's retreat through New Jersey 
 
 Battle of Trenton 
 
 Commissioners sent to France 
 
 Battle of Princeton 
 
 Tryon's expedition to Connecticut 
 
 Sag Harbor, Long Island, captured by Colonel MeigsjMay 23. 
 Ticonderoga captured by the British jjuly 5. 
 
 Nov., Dec. 
 Dec. 25. 
 Dec. 30. 
 January 3. 
 April. 
 
228 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1781. 
 
 17.SL, 
 
 178r. 
 
 Battle of Hubbardton, Vermont July 7. 
 
 Fort Edward abandoned July 29. 
 
 Battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler August 6, 
 
 Battle of Bennington August 16. 
 
 A British fleet arrives in Chesapeake Bay August 25. 
 
 Battle of Brandywine , Sept. 11. 
 
 Battle of Saratoga, "Bemis's Heights" Sept. 19. 
 
 Philadelphia captured by the British Sept. 26. 
 
 Battle of Germantown October 4. 
 
 Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured October 6. 
 
 Battle of Saratoga, "Stillwater" October 7. 
 
 Surrender of Burgoyne October 17. 
 
 The British evacuate Philadelphia June 18. 
 
 Battle of Monmouth June 28. 
 
 Massacre of Wyoming July 3. 
 
 Battle of Quaker Hill, Rhode Island August 29. 
 
 The British capture Savannah, Georgia Dec. 29. 
 
 Sunbury, Georgia, captured by the British January 9. 
 
 Battle of Kettle Creek Feb. 14. 
 
 Battle of Brier Creek March 3. 
 
 Capture of Stony Point by General Wayne July 15. 
 
 Battle of Chemung, '' Newtown " — Sullivan's expedi- 
 tion October 9. 
 
 Paul Jones's victory August 29. 
 
 Attack on Savannah — the Americans repulsed Sept. 23. 
 
 Siege of Charleston begun April, May. 
 
 Battle of Monk's Corner April 14, 
 
 Charleston surrendered to the English ^May 12. 
 
 Battle of Waxhaw Creek iMay 29. 
 
 Battle of Springfield, New Jersey 'june 23. 
 
 Second French fleet arrives at Newport 'j"ly 10. 
 
 " ' ' " " August 6. 
 
 August 16. 
 
 August 18. 
 
 September. 
 
 October 7. 
 
 January 1. 
 
 Jan. & Feb. 
 
 January 5. 
 January 17. 
 January 20. 
 March 15. 
 April 25. 
 Sept. 6. 
 Sept. 8. 
 October 19. 
 April. 
 Nov. 30. 
 Sept. 3. 
 Nov. 25. 
 
 Battle of Hanging Rock 
 
 Battle of Sanders's Creek — first battle of Camden. ... 
 
 Battle of Fishing Creek 
 
 Arnold's treason 
 
 Battle of King's Mountain 
 
 Mutiny of the Pennsylvania line 
 
 Greene's famous retreat 
 
 Articles of Confederation ratified 
 
 Public buildings burned in Richmond by Arnold 
 
 Battle of the Cowpens 
 
 Mutiny of the New Jersey troops 
 
 Battle' of Guilford Court-house 
 
 Battle of Hobkirk's Hill— second battle of Camden... 
 
 New London burned by Arnold 
 
 jBattle of Eutaw Springs 
 
 Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown 
 
 Cessation of hostilities 
 
 Preliminary treaty of peace at Paris 
 
 Definitive treaty of peace at Paris 
 
 iEvacuation of New York by the British 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 229 
 
 1783. 
 1786. 
 1787. 
 1788. 
 1789. 
 
 a 
 
 1790. 
 
 1791, 
 
 u 
 
 1792, 
 
 ii 
 
 1793, 
 
 1794, 
 
 1795, 
 1796, 
 1797. 
 1798. 
 
 a 
 
 1799. 
 1800. 
 
 1801. 
 
 (( 
 
 1802. 
 
 1803. 
 
 (( 
 
 1804. 
 1805. 
 1806. 
 1807. 
 
 1809. 
 
 1811, 
 
 1812. 
 
 Washington resigns his commission Dec. 23. 
 
 Breaking out of [Shay's rebellion 
 
 The Constitution adopted by the Convention 
 
 The Constitution adopted by eleven States 
 
 First Congress meets at New York 
 
 Washington inaugurated President 
 
 Secretary Hamilton proposes his plan for the payment 
 
 of the national debt 
 
 General Harmar defeated by the Indians 
 
 Vermont admitted into the Union Feb. 18. 
 
 St. Clair defeated by the Indians November 4. 
 
 Kentucky admitted into the Union June 1. 
 
 Sept. 17. 
 
 March 4. 
 April 30. 
 
 Januaiy. 
 Oct. 17, 22. 
 
 May 11. 
 
 Discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Gray. . 
 
 Invention of the cotton-gin , 
 
 Difficulties with the French ambassador Genet., 
 
 Battle of the Maumee August 20. 
 
 Whisky insurrection in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Jay's treaty ratified June. 
 
 Tennessee admitted into the Union June. 
 
 John Adams inaugurated March 4. 
 
 Trouble with France 
 
 Washington commander-in-chief. July. 
 
 Washington died at Mount Vernon Dec. 14. 
 
 The capital removed to Wasiiington 
 
 Treaty of peace with France Sept. 30. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President March 4. 
 
 War declared against Tri])oli June. 
 
 Ohio admitted into the Union November. 
 
 Purchase of Louisiana from the French 
 
 Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli 
 
 Lieutenant Decatur destroys the frigate Philadelphia 
 
 Hamilton killed by Burr in a duel 
 
 Derne captured by General Eaton 
 
 Treaty of peace with Tripoli 
 
 Blockade of the French coast declared by the British 
 
 Blockade of the British Islands declared by Napoleon 
 
 The Chesapeake fired into by the Leopard 
 
 British "Orders in Council" prohibiting trade with 
 France and her allies 
 
 Napoleon's "Milan Decree" prohibiting trade with 
 England and her colonies 
 
 Embargo on American ships 
 
 Fulton's first steamboat, the Clermont, on the Hud- 
 son 
 
 Embargo Act repealed 
 
 Commerce with Great Britain and France prohibited 
 
 James Madison inaugurated 
 
 Engagement between the United States frigate Presi- 
 dent and the Little Belt 
 
 Battle of Tippecanoe 
 
 President Madison declares war against England 
 
 April 30. 
 
 February 3. 
 Julv 11. 
 April 27. 
 June. 
 May. 
 
 November. 
 June 22. 
 
 Nov. 11. 
 
 Dec. 17. 
 Dec. 22. 
 
 Sept. 14. 
 March 1. 
 March 1. 
 March 4. 
 
 May 16. 
 
 Nov. 7. 
 June 19, 
 
230 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1819. 
 1820. 
 
 1821. 
 182-t. 
 
 Louisiana admitted into the Union 
 
 General Hull invades Canada 
 
 Surrender of Mackinaw 
 
 Surrender of Detroit 
 
 Battle of Queenstown 
 
 Naval: The Constitution captures the Guerriere.. 
 
 The sloop-of-war Wasp captures the brig Frolic. 
 
 The frigate United States captures the Macedonian 
 
 The Constitution captures the Java 
 
 Battle of Frenchtown 
 
 Capture of Yorlc (now Toronto), Canada 
 
 Siege of Fort Meigs 
 
 Attack on Sackett's Harbor 
 
 Battle of Sandusky 
 
 Perry's victory on Lake Erie 
 
 Battle of the Thames 
 
 Battle of Chrysler's Farm 
 
 The Hornet captures the Peacock 
 
 The Chesapeake captured by the Shannon 
 
 The Argus captured by the Pelican 
 
 The Enterprise captures the Boxer 
 
 The Creek War ended — battle of Horse-shoe Bend. 
 
 Fort Erie caJDtured by the Americans 
 
 Battle of Lundy's Lane 
 
 Battle of Fort Erie 
 
 Battle of Bladensburg 
 
 City of Washington captured by the British 
 
 Battle of Plattsburg 
 
 Battle of Lake Champlain 
 
 Battle of North Point 
 
 Bombardment of Fort M 'Henry 
 
 Battle of Lake Borgne 
 
 Hartford Convention 
 
 Battle near New Orleans 
 
 Treaty of peace 
 
 Battle of New Orleans 
 
 Naval : The frigate President ca])tured 
 
 The Essex captured by two British vessels 
 
 War with Algiers 
 
 Treaty of peace with Algiers 
 
 Indiana admitted into the Union 
 
 James Monroe inaugurated 
 
 Mississippi admitted into the Union 
 
 Pensacola, Florida, captured by General Jackson... 
 
 Illinois admitted into the Union 
 
 Alabama admitted into the Union 
 
 Missouri Compromise Act passed 
 
 Maine admitted into the Union 
 
 Florida purchased of Spain 
 
 Missouri admitted into the Union 
 
 Visit of Lafayette to the United States 
 
 April 14. 
 July 12. 
 July 17. 
 August 16. 
 October 13. 
 August 19. 
 October 18. 
 October 25. 
 Dec. 29. 
 January 22. 
 April 27. 
 May 1. 
 May 29. 
 August 2. 
 Sept. 10. 
 October 5. 
 Nov. 11. 
 Feb. 24. 
 June 1. 
 August 14. 
 Sept. 5. 
 March 27. 
 July 3. 
 July 25. 
 August 15. 
 August 24. 
 August 24. 
 Sept. 11. 
 Sept. 11. 
 Sept. 12. 
 Sept. 13. 
 Dec. 14. 
 Dec. 14. 
 Dec. 23. 
 Dec. 24. 
 January 8. 
 Januaiy 15. 
 March 28. 
 March. 
 June. 
 Dec. 11. 
 March 4. 
 Dec. 10. 
 May 24. 
 Dec. 3. 
 Dec. 14. 
 March 3. 
 March 15. 
 October. 
 August 10. 
 August 15. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 2ai 
 
 1825. 
 1826. 
 1829. 
 1832. 
 1835. 
 1836. 
 1837. 
 
 1841. 
 
 1843. 
 1845. 
 
 1846. 
 
 John Quincy Adams inaugurated March 4. 
 
 Ex-Presidents Adams and Jefferson died July 4. 
 
 Andrew Jackson inaugurated March 4. 
 
 Black Hawk War 
 
 Seminole War begun — Dade's massacre by Seminoles Dec. 28. 
 Arkansas admitted into the Union June 15. 
 
 1847, 
 
 1848, 
 
 1849, 
 1850, 
 
 1853. 
 1854. 
 
 1857. 
 1858. 
 1859. 
 1860. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Michigan admitted into the Union 
 
 Martin Van Buren inaugurated 
 
 Battle of Okechobee 
 
 William H. Harrison inaugurated 
 
 President Harrison died 
 
 John Tyler inaugurated 
 
 The "Dorr RebeUion" in Rhode Island 
 
 Resolution of Congress annexing Texas 
 
 Acts of Congress admitting Florida and Iowa... 
 
 James K. Polk inaugurated 
 
 The northwestern boundary fixed at 49° 
 
 General Taylor ordered to the Rio Grande 
 
 Captain Thornton's party captured by Mexicans 
 
 Battle of Palo Alto 
 
 Battle of Resaca de la Palma 
 
 Congress declared war against Mexico 
 
 Matamoras captured 
 
 Monterey captured 
 
 Battle of Bracito 
 
 Battle of Buena Vista 
 
 Capture of Vera Cruz 
 
 Battle of Cerro Gordo 
 
 Battle of Contreras 
 
 Capture of Molino del Rey 
 
 Capture of Chapultepec , 
 
 Mexico surrendered , 
 
 Treaty of peace with Mexico , 
 
 Gold discovered in Califomia 
 
 Wisconsin admitted into the Union 
 
 General Taylor inaugurated 
 
 General Taylor died 
 
 Millard Fillmore inaugurated 
 
 California admitted into the Union 
 
 Franklin Pierce inaugurated , 
 
 Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan 
 
 James Buchanan inaugurated 
 
 Minnesota admitted into the Union 
 
 Oregon admitted into the Union 
 
 South Carolina seceded from the Union 
 
 Steamer Star of the West fired into by the Secession- 
 ists at Charleston 
 
 Kansas admitted as a State 
 
 A Southern Confederacy formed by South Carolina, 
 Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
 Florida, at Montgomery, Alabama 
 
 Jan. 26. 
 March 4. 
 Dec. 25. 
 March 4. 
 April 4. 
 April 6. 
 
 March 1. 
 March 3. 
 March 4. 
 
 Jan. 13. 
 April 26. 
 May 8. 
 May 9. 
 May 11. 
 May 18. 
 Sept. 24. 
 Dec. 25. 
 Feb. 23. 
 March 27. 
 April 18. 
 August 20. 
 Sept. 8. 
 Sept. 13. 
 Sept. 14. 
 Feb. 2. 
 February. 
 May 29. 
 March 4. 
 July 9. 
 July 10. 
 Sept. 9. 
 March 4. 
 March. 
 March 4. 
 May 11. 
 February. 
 Dec. 20.' 
 
 January 9. 
 January 29. 
 
 February 4. 
 
232 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1861. 
 
 1862, 
 
 Jefferson Davis elected provisional president of the 
 Confederacy 
 
 Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the 
 United States 
 
 Attack on Fort Sumter 
 
 Virginia joins the Confederacy 
 
 Harper's Ferry Arsenal captured by Virginia militia. 
 
 Massachusetts troops attacked in Baltimore 
 
 Norfolk Navy-yard abandoned 
 
 Battle at Ph'ilippi, Virginia 
 
 Union troops repulsed at Big Bethel, Virginia 
 
 Battle of Booneville, Missouri 
 
 Battle of Carthage, Missouri 
 
 Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia 
 
 Battle at Carricksford, Virginia 
 
 Confederate capital changed to Richmond 
 
 First battle of Bull Run, Virginia 
 
 Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri 
 
 Capture of forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina ... 
 
 Battle at Carnifex Landing, Gauley River, Virginia.. 
 
 Confederate repulse at Cheat Mountain, Virginia 
 
 Capture of Lexington, Missouri 
 
 Union disaster at Ball's Blufi\, Virginia 
 
 Battle at Belmont, Missouri 
 
 Capture of Port Royal, South Carolina 
 
 Seizure of Mason and Slidell on buard the Trent 
 
 Engagement at the Big Sandy River, Kentucky 
 
 Confederates beaten at Mill Spring, Kentucky 
 
 Capture of Fort Henry, Tennessee 
 
 Capture of Roanoke Island, North Carolina 
 
 Fort Donelson, Tennessee, captured 
 
 Union expedition against Florida and Georgia dis- 
 patched 
 
 Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas 
 
 The Ram Virginia sinks the Cumberland and Congress 
 
 Engagement between the Monitor and Virginia 
 
 Capture of Newbern, North Carolina 
 
 Battle at Winchester, Virginia 
 
 Battle of Shiloh, Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee 
 
 Captui-e of Island No. 10, Mississippi River 
 
 Capture of Fort Pulaski, Georgia 
 
 Farragnt passes Forts Jackson and St. PhiHp, Missis 
 sippi River 
 
 Capture of New Orleans 
 
 Capture of Fort Macon and Beaufort, South Caro- 
 lina 
 
 Surrender of Forts Jackson and St, Philip 
 
 Yorktown, Virginia, taken 
 
 Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia 
 
 Norfolk, Virginia, occupied by Union troops 
 
 Banks's retreat down the Shenandoah Valley... 
 
 February 8. 
 
 13. 
 
 March 4. 
 April 12, 
 April 17. 
 April 18. 
 April 19. 
 April 21. 
 June 3. 
 June 10. 
 June 17. 
 July 5. 
 July 11. 
 July 14. 
 July 20. 
 July 21. 
 August 10. 
 August 29. 
 Sept. 10. 
 Sept. 14. 
 Sept. 20. 
 October 21. 
 November 7. 
 November 7. 
 November 8. 
 January 9. 
 Januaiy 19. 
 February 6. 
 February 8. 
 February 16. 
 
 February 28. 
 March 7, 8. 
 March 8. 
 March 9. 
 March 14. 
 March 23. 
 April 6, 7. 
 April 7. 
 April 11. 
 
 April 24. 
 April 25. 
 
 April 25. 
 April 28. 
 May 4. 
 
 [ Mav 5. 
 
 I May 10. 
 
 ;May, 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 233 
 
 1862. 
 
 1863. 
 
 1861 
 
 Battle at Front Royal, Virginia 
 
 Corinth, Mississippi, taken 
 
 Battle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines < 
 
 Lee assumes command of the Confederates in Vir- 
 ginia 
 
 Capture of Fort Pillow, Tennessee 
 
 Naval battle, and surrender of Memphis, Tennessee, . 
 
 Seven days' battles from the Chickahominy to the ( 
 James ( 
 
 President Lincoln calls for 300,000 troops 
 
 Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia 
 
 Pope's battles in defense of Washington < 
 
 Battle of Richmond, Kentucky 
 
 Invasion of Maryland by Lee 
 
 Battle of South Mountain, Maryland 
 
 Capture of Harper's Ferry by Jackson 
 
 Battle of Antietam, Maryland 
 
 Battle of luka, Mississippi 
 
 Battle of Corinth, Mississippi 
 
 Battle of Perry ville, Kentucky 
 
 Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia 
 
 Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, Vicksburg, Mississippi... 
 
 Battle of Murfreesboro', Tennessee — first day 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln — 
 
 Battle of Murfreesboro' — second day 
 
 Arkansas Post captured by Union troops 
 
 Attack on Fort Sumter repulsed 
 
 Battle of Port Gibson, Mississippi 
 
 Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia 
 
 Confederates defeated at Jackson, Mississippi 
 
 Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi 
 
 Battle of Big Black River, Mississippi 
 
 General Grant besieges Vicksburg 
 
 Lee's second invasion of Maryland 
 
 West Virginia admitted as a State 
 
 The Confederate Morgan starts on his raid 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 
 
 Surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi 
 
 Port Hudson surrendered 
 
 Draft riots in New York City 
 
 Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio 
 
 Lawrence, Kansas, burned by Quantrell 
 
 Fort Wagner evacuated by the Confederates 
 
 Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia 
 
 Battle of Lookout Momitain, Georgia 
 
 Battle of Missionary Ridge, Georgia 
 
 Longstreet i-epulsed at Knoxville, Kentucky 
 
 Battle of Olustee, Florida 
 
 Sherman's expedition to Meridian, Mississippi 
 
 May 23. 
 May 30. 
 May 31, 
 June 1. 
 
 June 3. 
 June 4. 
 June 6. 
 June 25 to 
 Julv 1. 
 July 1. 
 August 9. 
 August 26 to 
 Sept. 1. 
 August 30. 
 
 Sept. 
 Sept. 
 Sept. 
 Sept. 
 Sept. 
 
 5. 
 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 
 17. 
 
 19. 
 October 4. 
 October 8. 
 Dec. 13. 
 I Dec. 29. 
 :Dec. 31. 
 'January 1. 
 'January 2. 
 January 11. 
 'April 7. 
 May 1. 
 May 2, 3. 
 May 14. 
 May 16. 
 May 17. 
 Ijune. 
 'june. 
 {June 20. 
 June 27. 
 [July 1-3. 
 July 4. 
 ! July 8. 
 July 13-16. 
 July 27. 
 Aug. 21, 22. 
 Sept. 6. 
 Sept. 19, 20. 
 Nov. 25. 
 Nov. 26. 
 Nov. 29. 
 Feb. 20. 
 February, 
 
234 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 I8G4, 
 
 Grant appointed Lieutenant-general 
 
 Forrest's raid — captures Union City 
 
 Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana 
 
 Forrest's raid, Tennessee — Fort Pillow massacre 
 
 The Army of the Potomac crosses the Rapidan 
 
 Battles in the Wilderness, Virginia 
 
 Sherman begins his march toward Atlanta, Georgia.. 
 
 Butler defeated at Bermuda Hundred, Virginia 
 
 Battles near Spottsylvania Court-house, Virginia 
 
 Sheridan's expedition north of Richmond 
 
 Battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia 
 
 Battle of Piedmont, Virginia 
 
 The Potomac Army crosses the James River 
 
 Petersburg assaulted 
 
 Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge 
 
 Early invades Maryland 
 
 Battle of Monocacy, Maryland 
 
 Battles before Atlanta i 
 
 Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, burned 
 
 Union repulse at Petersburg, Virginia 
 
 Farragut's fleet enters Mobile Bay 
 
 Fort Gaines and Fort Morgan taken 
 
 Weldon Railroad seized by the Unionists 
 
 Battles on Sherman's route to Atlanta 
 
 Atlanta captured by Sherman 
 
 Battle of Winchester, Virginia 
 
 Battle of Fisher's Hill, Virginia 
 
 Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia 
 
 Nevada admitted into the Union 
 
 Sherman's march from Atlanta to the sea begun 
 
 Battle of Franklin, Tennessee 
 
 Fort M'Allister, near Savannah, captured 
 
 Battle of Nashville, Tennessee , 
 
 Savannah captured by Sherman 
 
 First bombardment of Fort Fisher, North Carolina.. 
 
 Capture of Fort Fisher 
 
 Capture of Columbia, South Carolina 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the Confed 
 
 erates 
 
 Wilmington, North Carolina, captured 
 
 Sheridan's expedition up the Shenandoah Valley, Vir 
 
 ginia ,~ ,,. 
 
 Fayetteville, North Carolina, occupied 
 
 Battle of Goldsboro', North Carolina 
 
 Battle of Five Forks, Virginia 
 
 Capture of Petersburg and Richmond , 
 
 Lee's surrender to Grant , 
 
 Raleigh, North Carolina, entered by Sherman , 
 
 Assassination of President Lincoln 
 
 Andrew Johnson mau'rurated 
 
 I March 3. 
 March 24. 
 April 9. 
 April 12. 
 May 4. 
 May 5-7. 
 May 7. 
 May 7. 
 May 7-12. 
 May, June. 
 June 1-3. 
 June 5. 
 June 15. 
 June 18-21. 
 June 19. 
 July 5. 
 July 9. 
 July 20, 22, 
 
 28 
 July'sO. 
 July 30. 
 Aug. 5. 
 Aug. 8, 23. 
 Aug. 18. 
 May to Sept. 
 Sept. 2. 
 Sept. 19. 
 Sept. 22. 
 October 19. 
 October 31. 
 Nov. 14. 
 Nov. 30. 
 Dec. 13. 
 Dec. 15, 16. 
 Dec. 21. 
 Dec. 24. 
 January 15. 
 February 17. 
 
 February 17. 
 February 22. 
 
 February 27. 
 March 12. 
 March 21. 
 April 1. 
 April 3. 
 April 9. 
 April 13. 
 April 14. 
 April 15. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 235 
 
 180^ 
 
 1866. 
 
 1867. 
 
 li 
 
 1868. 
 1869. 
 
 Johnston's surrender to Sherman 
 
 Jefferson Davis captured 
 
 Surrender of the last Confederate force in the South 
 
 west 
 
 Atlantic telegraph cable laid 
 
 Amnesty declared 
 
 Treaty for the purchase of Alaska ratified 
 
 Impeachment of President Johnson 
 
 General Grant inaugurated 
 
 Pacific Railroad completed ., 
 
 April 26. 
 May 10. 
 
 May 26. 
 July. 
 
 September 8 
 April 9. 
 January 24. 
 March 4. 
 May 10. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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