By MRS, OSWALD STEIN 
 Under the Direction ef Ludwig Simon, M, D^ 
 
(toss ff rT<b( 
 
 Book -§ £4- 
 GtpigM? 
 
 COFHUGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
A BABY'S DAY 
 
 By 
 MRS. OSWALD STEIN 
 
 Author of Leading Women in Social Senrice. 
 
 Member of the National Municipal League. Mother's Aid 
 
 of the Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary; of the Player's Club. 
 
 Deborah Dramatic Club, Woman's Auxiliary to C. H. I.. 
 
 former treasurer of the Co-Operative League and 
 
 secretary of the Deborah Woman's Club. 
 
 inrestigator for the Home for the 
 
 Friendless and the Chicago* 
 
 Winfield Tuberculosis 
 
 Sanitarium, etc. 
 
 Undtr tht Dirtttion »f 
 
 LUDWIG SIMON, M. D. 
 
 Visiting Obstetrician 
 Michael Reese Hospital of Chicago 
 
 THE LAKE VIEW PRESS 
 
 1306 LAKE VIEW BUILDING 
 
 CHICAGO. ILL. 
 

 Copyrieht 1917 
 bf BEATRICE STEIN 
 
 DEC !7 1917 
 
 g)G!. A 47 81)0 4 
 I- 
 
D 
 
 TO MY SONS 
 
 CHARLES and PHILIP 
 
 THESE PAGES ARE LOVINGLY 
 
 DEDICATED 
 
Foreword 
 
 "Love is as the breath of life to the young child, but as it 
 needs more than love for its perfect development, the care of 
 the little body must be not merely affectionate, it must be 
 intelligent." 
 
 In the following pages no attempt has been made to pre- 
 sent the subject of baby care and feeding in a technical man- 
 ner, nor are the suggestions herein contained intended to be a 
 substitute for the services of a physician, but directions 
 concerning the daily requirements necessary to the average 
 healthy child have been outlined in convenient form. 
 
 By following the instructions presented under the head of 
 "The Daily Routine," the busy mother will receive many use- 
 ful suggestions, and should endeavor to so regulate her baby's 
 habits as to leave ample time for her own rest and recreation, 
 without in any degree neglecting the best interests of her 
 dear one. 
 
 Happily, at the present time most mothers realize the great 
 influence which intelligent care exercises upon the develop- 
 ment of their babies, and are eager to secure information and 
 knowledge along these lines. To assist in this important 
 object is the simple aim of this booklet. 
 
CONTENTS 
 Baby's Daily Routine 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER I— FIVE TO SIX O'CLOCK 11 
 
 Early morning feeding — Length of time for nursing — Regularity 
 in nursing — Diet of the nursing mother — Beverages — Exercise and 
 amusements — How to give the baby the bottle — How to best heat 
 the bottle — Testing the temperature of the bottle — Selection of 
 bottles and nipples — Rinsing the bottle and nipple — Changing 
 baby's diaper — Giving baby orange or prune juice — How to pre- 
 pare the orange and prune juice — Giving baby water to drink — 
 Teaching baby proper control over his bowel movements — Tend- 
 ency to constipation — Treatment of constipation — Use of supposi- 
 tories — Diarrhoea — Treatment of Diarrhoea — Vomiting. 
 
 CHAPTER II— EIGHT O'CLOCK 20 
 
 Baby's bath — Temperature of the room — Water for bathing — 
 Temperature of water — Bathroom equipment — Toilet articles — 
 Clothing — Everything should be in readiness for bath before- 
 hand — The baby's outfit — The clothes rack — Undressing the baby 
 — Weighing the baby — Kind of scales to use — Recording baby's 
 weight — Cleansing baby's eyes — Cleansing ears — Outstanding ears 
 — Cleansing nose — The mouth — Care during teething — Washing 
 face and body — Drying baby properly — Chafing — Care of the 
 genital organs — Care of the scalp — Dandruff — Care of the hair — 
 Shortening baby's nails — Dressing baby after his bath — Putting 
 on the band and diaper — Pinning the diaper properly — Putting 
 on the shirt, petticoat and dress — The stockings — The cashmere 
 sacque for cool days — Knitted shawls and other coverings. 
 
 CHAPTER III— NINE O'CLOCK 31 
 
 Feeding — Sleeping outdoors — Taking baby out in stormy or 
 severely cold weather — Taking baby out in hot weather — Prickly 
 heat — eczema. 
 
CONTENTS— Continued 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER IV— TEN O'CLOCK 34 
 
 Airing the nursery — The nursery furnishings and equipment — 
 The baby's bed — Basket for sleeping — Sterilizing the bottles — 
 Sterilizing the nipples — Sterilizing the rubber corks or stoppers. 
 
 CHAPTER V— ELEVEN O'CLOCK 37 
 
 Care of the diapers — Washing baby's flannels — Preparation of the 
 day's food — Importance of this task — Method of * preparation — 
 Heating milk — Pasteurizing milk — Sterilizing milk — Tables and 
 rules for making up the food formulae — Table showing composi- 
 tion of mother's milk in contrast to that of cow's milk — Fat — 
 Sugar — Lime water — Baby's food formulae for first year — Food, in 
 addition to milk, allowed the first year — Patent or proprietary 
 foods for babies — Modifying cow's milk — The food ingredients — 
 - Utensils — Weaning. 
 
 CHAPTER VI— TWELVE O'CLOCK 46 
 
 Noon feeding — Mother's luncheon and rest. 
 
 CHAPTER VII— TWO O'CLOCK 47 
 
 Exercise — Amusement — Crying — The cry of hunger — Of pain — 
 Of colic — Thumb sucking. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII— THREE O'CLOCK 50 
 
 Period of waking— Selection of carriage — Baby's outing in warm 
 weather — Visitors. 
 
 CHAPTER IX— FOUR O'CLOCK 52 
 
 Opportunity of looking over baby's wardrobe — Shortening clothes 
 — List of short clothes. 
 
CONTENTS— Continued 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER X— FIVE O'CLOCK 54 
 
 Giving baby a sponge bath — Getting ready for bed — How to give 
 baby a sponge bath. 
 
 CHAPTER XI— SIX O'CLOCK 55 
 
 Putting baby to sleep — Baby should sleep in a bed of his own — 
 Should not be rocked to sleep — Nor allowed to suck a rubber 
 nipple or pacifier — Disturbed sleep — Various causes and factors — 
 Fatigue — Excitement — Overfeeding — Nervousness — Individual 
 peculiarity — Remedies — Etc. 
 
 CHAPTER XII— TEN O'CLOCK 57 
 
 Night feeding until baby is six months old — Treatment of croup — 
 Convulsions — Earache — Wounds or Cuts — Barley — Oatmeal — Al- 
 bumin water — Gruels — Broths — Chicken — Beef — Mutton — Meats — 
 Scraped beef — Beef juice — Preparing beef juice by the cold process. 
 
Baby's Daily Routine 
 
 Chapter I 
 FIVE TO SIX O'CLOCK 
 
 EARLY MORNING FEEDING 
 
 The baby will probably awaken between five and six 
 o'clock and lustily announce the arrival of a new day. His 
 morning cry is generally interpreted as that of hunger, there- 
 fore it will save the mother needless inconvenience if she is 
 ready to nurse him without much delay. The boracic acid 
 solution for washing her nipples should be within reach, or, 
 if baby is given the bottle, the necessary apparatus for heat- 
 ing same should also be conveniently placed. If the electric 
 heater is adjusted ready for use, it is only a moment's work 
 to turn on the current, and place the bottle in the saucepan 
 of water. These apparently trivial details seem of minor im- 
 portance, but in the wee small hours of the morning, when 
 the other members of the family are still asleep, the annoy- 
 ance produced by lack of simple preparations for baby's early 
 morning feeding is a large and disturbing factor of discomfort 
 to the entire household. Therefore, "be prepared." 
 
 LENGTH OF TIME FOR NURSING 
 
 Ordinarily a baby should nurse about twenty minutes, but 
 this varies, depending upon the freedom with which the milk 
 flows, the amount of milk taken, the baby's vigor, etc., these 
 conditions making it sufficient for some babies to nurse for 
 only ten or fifteen minutes. 
 
 11 
 
REGULARITY IN NURSING 
 
 Regularity in nursing is quite important at the very start, 
 and it is especially easy to begin this regime when baby is 
 very young, as he sleeps almost constantly then, and the 
 mother can see how well this system works, as compared with 
 the method of former times, when a baby was fed at all hours, 
 causing it to be colicky and restless. 
 
 DIET OF THE NURSING MOTHER 
 
 The diet of the nursing mother should not differ greatly 
 from that which she has ordinarily taken. Her food should 
 be nutritious and well balanced, but she should not eat fre- 
 quently between meals. To nurse her baby successfully she 
 must be in good health, get plenty of unbroken rest, and 
 keep her digestion in good order. As it is of the utmost 
 advantage to the baby to be breast-fed, every mother who is 
 possibly able to do so should give her little one this benefit. 
 Determination to nurse the baby, and confidence in being able 
 to do so, are essential factors in her ultimate success. 
 
 The chief point in selecting the mother's diet is that she 
 avoid food which is prone to overtax her powers of digestion, 
 and choose that which is most nutritious. Milk prepared in 
 any acceptable way, an abundance of bread and good butter, 
 fresh vegetables in season, thoroughly cooked, ripe fruits in 
 season, raw, stewed or baked; eggs simply prepared; a mod- 
 erate quantity of digestible meat, fish in season, and light 
 desserts, should compose the diet. 
 
 BEVERAGES 
 
 Water, milk and cocoa are the most desirable beverages 
 for the nursing mother. She should avoid the use of alcoholic 
 drinks, and beer is not to be recommended. Malt liquors, 
 when necessary, can be substituted by good extracts of malt 
 
 12 
 
which contain but little sugar, and are prepared especially to 
 avoid overtaxing the mother's digestion. Formerly tea had 
 a great reputation among the old-fashioned mothers for stimu- 
 lating the flow of milk, but this belief is simply a relic of 
 days gone by, and rests upon no accurate testimony. Those 
 nursing mothers of former years who drank large quantities 
 of tea were usually in poor condition, and their babies were 
 not well nourished. 
 
 EXERCISE AND AMUSEMENTS HAVING THEIR 
 
 EFFECT ON THE MILK 
 
 A nursing mother should exercise in the open air, but she 
 must guard against fatigue. Any form of recreation which 
 agrees with her may be taken, walking is good. As regards 
 amusement, there is no objection to a mother going to a 
 theatre, or dancing in moderation. It is highly essential, 
 however, that a mother should avoid all extremes of emo- 
 tional excitement, worry, grief and fatigue during the period 
 of nursing, as all of these things have a decided influence 
 upon the quality and supply of the milk and so have their 
 effect on the baby. 
 
 HOW TO GIVE THE BABY THE BOTTLE 
 
 When a baby is given the bottle, he should be taken from 
 his crib, and held in his mother's lap during the entire feed- 
 ing. It is an injurious practice to give the baby the bottle 
 and then leave him alone. If the nipple slips out of his mouth, 
 or the bottle rolls out of his reach, he is apt to suck his thumb. 
 While feeding him, the bottle should be held so that the milk 
 fills the upper part or neck, otherwise the baby will take in 
 a great deal of air with the milk, which may give him the 
 colic. It is a good plan to hold the baby upright for a little 
 
 13 
 
while after he has finished the bottle, but avoid rocking or 
 jolting him up and down. 
 
 TESTING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE BOTTLE 
 
 To determine that the food is of the right temperature 
 for baby to take, shake a few drops from the bottle upon the 
 inner side of the wrist, where it should feel slightly warm,' 
 never hot nor cold. It is inexcusable to give the baby a bottle 
 that is too hot, but the mother or nurse should never test the 
 temperature of the milk by inserting the nipple into her 
 mouth. Blood heat is the right temperature. 
 
 HOW BEST TO HEAT THE BOTTLE 
 
 When about to feed the baby, the bottle is taken from the 
 ice, and warmed by placing it in a tall saucepan or large 
 enamel cup, filled with warm water deep enough to cover the 
 milk in the bottle. The most convenient way is to place the 
 saucepan or cup under running hot water, but if this is not 
 available, the bottle may be warmed quickly over an electric 
 or alcohol heater. Electric heaters are especially useful for 
 the night or early morning feeding. 
 
 SELECTION OF BOTTLES AND NIPPLES 
 
 When purchasing the bottles, select the cylindrical shaped 
 ones, with graduated measuring marks blown in the glass. 
 These are the most practical and safe, and as they have no 
 angles in which dirt can accumulate, they are easily kept 
 clean. All complicated arrangements are fruitful sources of 
 disease, besides being difficult to handle. The best kind of 
 nipples to use are those made of the black rubber, which seem 
 to be the most durable. Many prefer the "anti-colic" brand, 
 as they do not collapse easily. When the nipples are pur- 
 chased they have very small openings, but the proper sized 
 
 14 
 
holes are made by piercing them near the top with a No. 10 
 red hot needle. 
 
 RINSING THE BOTTLE AND NIPPLE 
 
 Immediately after the bottle has been taken, it should be 
 emptied of whatever quantity of food it contains and thor- 
 oughly rinsed in cold water to which a little baking soda has 
 been added (two tablespoonfuls to the quart), and then filled 
 with clean water. By doing this the regular process of bottle 
 washing will be much simplified. The nipple must also be 
 rinsed at the end of each feeding, turned inside out and 
 scrubbed with a soft brush. It should then be placed in a 
 covered glass or jar until such time as it is to be sterilized. 
 Rubber nipples do not seem to last as long when left soaking 
 in water as when kept dry, but if the mother wishes to be 
 particularly careful, the nipples may be placed in a solution 
 of boracic acid crystals (2 teaspoonfuls to a pint of water). 
 
 CHANGING BABY'S DIAPER 
 
 After the bottle and nipple have been rinsed, baby's wet 
 nightgown should be taken off, his diaper changed, and he 
 himself comfortably attired in a fresh kimono or robe. He 
 will then play or gurgle a short time, and when mother is 
 ready for breakfast, baby can be given orange or prune juice, 
 or some water to drink. 
 
 PREPARING THE ORANGE JUICE 
 
 The juice should be freshly squeezed from the orange 
 and strained. At first one teaspoonful may be given. 
 
 PREPARING THE PRUNE JUICE 
 
 The prune juice should be prepared by steaming half a 
 pound of prunes in a double boiler until quite soft, and then 
 strained to remove the pulp. If the prunes are soaked over 
 night they will become tender in a short time. When the 
 
 15 
 
prunes are cooked over a direct fire they must be continually 
 watched so that the water does not boil away. Therefore it 
 is more convenient to use the double boiler. 
 
 GIVING BABY WATER TO DRINK 
 
 A baby should have cool, pure water to drink from the 
 time of its birth. A fresh supply should be boiled daily and 
 kept in a covered glass jar or bottle, so that it remains sweet 
 and clean. During the first year it should be given several 
 times during the day 'from the nursing bottle, later it may 
 be given from a spoon or cup. 
 
 TEACHING BABY CONTROL OVER HIS BOWEL 
 
 MOVEMENTS 
 
 At a very early age, even at three months, a great deal 
 can be done in teaching baby proper control over his bowel 
 movements. Besides the early cultivation of a habit of regu- 
 larity and cleanliness, which saves much work in the washing 
 of diapers, the habit of regularity also helps to prevent con- 
 stipation. At a certain fixed hour, best after one of the prin- 
 cipal meals, generally breakfast, or before his bath, baby 
 should be supported on his nursery chair or chamber, and 
 kept there for a few minutes. In a surprisingly short time 
 the position is all that is required, and with most babies, 
 after several weeks of this attention, the bowels will move 
 as soon as baby is placed on the vessel. Steaming hot water 
 in the chamber will often help to produce results. Of course 
 patience and persistence are necessary in effecting this train- 
 ing early, but the end certainly justifies the means — that of 
 doing away, as soon as possible, with the ever offensive diaper. 
 
 TENDENCY TO CONSTIPATION 
 
 If the baby seems prone to constipation, and the orange 
 or prune juice does not have the desired result, daily mas- 
 
 16 
 
sage of the abdomen is an excellent remedy. This should be 
 done just before the hour at which the movement is desired 
 and kept up for five or ten minutes. The palm of the hand 
 should be applied with gentle pressure, using a little warm 
 olive oil or sweet oil. Use a light circular movement, begin- 
 ning just above the right groin, carrying the hand to the 
 ribs, then across the body and down on the left side. Glycerin 
 suppositories, of a size for children, are also effectively used 
 for emptying the bowel. A more economical plan is to employ 
 little home-made suppositories of castile soap. This consists 
 of a smooth stick of soap about an inch and a quarter long, 
 conical in shape, about as thick as a lead pencil, tapering 
 from the base. Before inserting the soap stick into the 
 bowel it should be greased with a little vaseline or cold cream. 
 If these methods are not effective or convenient, an injec- 
 tion of normal salt solution, composed of one-half teaspoonful 
 of common table salt, dissolved in a cupful of warm water, 
 given with a soft rubber ear syringe, filled twice, will gen- 
 erally result in a good movement. (The syringe is merely 
 a rubber bulb with a nozzle on one end.) However, it is 
 best to be careful in giving baby too frequent enemas or 
 injections. When constipation is prolonged, it is advisable 
 to consult the physician, as baby may be constipated because 
 of some error in diet, or because he does not get enough food 
 to form a residue in his intestines, and in such cases it is 
 necessary that the physician prescribe a different formula 
 for the baby than he is getting. 
 
 DIARRHCEA 
 
 If baby has an attack of diarrhoea, however slight, the 
 mother should consult the physician. The treatment of even 
 simple diarrhoea is of importance, as more serious forms 
 often begin with simple diarrhoea, and after the baby's 
 
 17 
 
digestive organs become weakened, it takes some time for 
 them to become normal again. For treatment in an attack 
 of diarrhoea pending the doctor's advice, give baby nothing 
 but boiled water or barley water. No food of any kind should 
 be allowed for twenty-four hours. To prepare the barley 
 water, dissolve one level tablespoonful of Robinson's patent 
 barley or prepared barley flour, in one pint of water contain- 
 ing a pinch of salt. Cook for half an hour in a double boiler 
 and at the end of this time add sufficient boiled water to make 
 a pint. Strain through cheesecloth. 
 
 If the baby requires immediate relief, his condition can 
 be bettered at once by giving him a colonic flushing of normal 
 salt solution. For this purpose a fountain syringe outfit con- 
 sisting of a one quart rubber bag, a long rubber connecting 
 pipe, and a small rubber rectal tube, No. 10, will be found 
 the most convenient. Baby is laid on a table on his left side 
 and a soft rubber male catheter is inserted slowly in the 
 anus for about six inches. Connection is made between the 
 catheter and the rubber tube of the fountain syringe by 
 means of the glass part of a dropper. The fountain syringe 
 is hung about one foot above the table and a pint of luke- 
 warm normal salt solution (common table salt) is allowed to 
 flow into the lower bowel, washing its irritating contents 
 into the cloths that have been previously placed about the 
 baby's buttocks. This treatment is especially efficacious if 
 the diarrhoea is accompanied by temperature. In the latter 
 case a bottle filled with cold water should be placed under the 
 baby's head. The ordinary hot water bottle is convenient. 
 
 VOMITING 
 
 If baby vomits frequently, examine his bands to see if they 
 are not too tight, for if they press too hard on a full stomach, 
 vomiting is apt to be the result. Or ascertain if he has been 
 
 18 
 
rocked or tossed about soon after a feeding. In many cases, 
 however, vomiting is the result of overfeeding the baby. If 
 breast fed, and the vomiting occurs immediately after nursing, 
 the baby should be kept a shorter time at the breast. Lessen 
 the time of nursing one or two minutes until the baby retains 
 the whole feeding. If bottle fed, the amount or strength of 
 the food, or both, should be decreased. 
 
 19 
 
Chapter II 
 EIGHT O'CLOCK 
 
 BABY'S BATH 
 
 Baby is now ready for his bath, which will probably 
 require from one-half to three-quarters of an hour. All the 
 articles necessary for this purpose should be ready before- 
 hand, and the room in which the baby is to be bathed at the 
 proper temperature, which is about 80 degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 TEMPERATURE OF THE WATER 
 
 The temperature of the water is of consequence, as cold 
 baths are not to be recommended for very young babies, and 
 the use of too hot water weakens them. As the heat of the 
 water cannot be estimated by hand with any degree of ac- 
 curacy, it is essential that a bath thermometer be used. Until 
 a baby is three or four months old the temperature of the 
 water should be 100 degrees, and then slowly reduced, so 
 that when baby is six months old, the water should be 95 
 degrees, and after twelve months old, 90 degrees. 
 
 EQUIPMENT FOR BATHING 
 
 Before bathing the baby, the mother should provide her- 
 self with a low chair, a long apron made of outing flannel, 
 and a piece of oilcloth to put on the floor underneath the tub. 
 The tub is then placed on the bath table arranged for this 
 purpose, and the weighing scales adjusted. The scales should 
 be placed in a warm spot, on a firm surface, preferably a box 
 or low table. If the platform scales are used the process of 
 weighing the baby is much simpler. 
 
 20 
 
MOTHER'S BATH APRON 
 
 As the mother's bath apron serves a two-fold purpose, it 
 is best made of two pieces of soft white outing flannel, one 
 piece being long enough to extend from the waist almost to 
 her feet, and broad enough to completely cover the front of 
 her gown, the other piece quite as broad but about four 
 inches shorter. Both pieces are sewed to a waist belt, form- 
 ing in reality two aprons, the upper part of which is thrown 
 over the shoulder when the baby is being lifted from the tub, 
 and then used as a dry and warm covering when he reaches 
 his mother's lap. 
 
 TOILET ARTICLES 
 
 Baby's toilet articles and tray should then be conveniently 
 placed, so that it will not be necessary for the mother to 
 leave the room until baby's bath is entirely completed and 
 he is fully dressed. By doing this there will be no chance 
 of his becoming chilled. For immediate use the toilet basket 
 should contain one soap box and one cake of pure white 
 castile soap, one small roll of antiseptic gauze, one small roll 
 of antiseptic absorbent cotton, one tube of pure white vase- 
 line, one can of pure borated talcum powder, one small box 
 of boracic acid crystals for making the solution to be used 
 in cleansing eyes, .mouth, etc., one small bottle of olive or 
 sweet oil, one small soft hair brush, one pair of small, blunt 
 pointed scissors, two soft cotton or knitted wash cloths, 
 one for the face and one for the body, several soft towels, 
 two sizes of safety pins, and an extra yard of sterile gauze 
 or small piece of old linen should always be near at hand in 
 case of emergency. 
 
 THE BABY'S OUTFIT 
 
 Most mothers will have made great preparations with 
 regard to the baby's wardrobe during the months preceding 
 
 21 
 
his coming, and there will be a large selection of baby clothes 
 collected in a separate drawer or basket ready for use. 
 Although every mother loves to arrange a dainty wardrobe 
 for the little stranger, elaborately trimmed clothes with 
 laces and ruffles are undesirable, as they are simply a source 
 of extra work in the laundry. The necessary articles for the 
 baby's outfit should consist of the following : 3 flannel bands, 
 light or heavy, according to the season ; 3 knitted bands with 
 diaper tab to replace binder after the first six or eight weeks ; 
 3 dozen or more diapers of cotton bird's-eye, 18 inches long; 
 later one yard long; 4 shirts, cotton and wool, long sleeves, 
 buttoned all the way down the front. If the baby is small 
 the first size will do, but generally it is advisable to secure 
 the second size; 4 petticoats, the knitted kind, fastening on 
 the shoulders; 8 slips or dresses, simply made of nainsook; 
 6 nightgowns of flannelette, or the Arnold make, if preferred ; 
 3 kimonos or sacques of cashmere, flannel or silk. One each, 
 cloak and hood ; a veil and a pair of mittens ; 6 pair socks, and 
 several bibs. 
 
 THE CLOTHES RACK 
 
 For immediate use after baby's bath, the clothes rack 
 should contain the necessary wearing apparel, such as the 
 knitted abdominal band, the shirt, Gertrude slip, and white 
 dress to be worn during the day. The diapers are also laid 
 out and folded in readiness for adjustment. After these 
 things are properly arranged, the baby is ready to be un- 
 dressed. 
 
 UNDRESSING THE BABY 
 
 The most convenient way is for the mother to place the 
 baby on her lap, on his back, unfasten his clothes and slip 
 the garments off over his feet. He should then be placed on 
 the scales to be weighed. 
 
 22 
 
WEIGHING THE BABY 
 
 To weigh him properly, wrap him in a shawl or light 
 blanket, and after his weight is noted, the blanket or shawl 
 should be weighed separately and this result subtracted from 
 the total. This will give the correct number of pounds which 
 baby actually weighs. Never weigh the baby with his clothes 
 on or just before his feeding or soon after a bowel movement. 
 The proper time is before his bath. 
 
 KIND OF SCALES TO USE 
 
 The most satisfactory kind of scales to use for weighing 
 small babies are the ordinary grocer's scales with the scoop 
 attachment. Those with the platform are more expensive 
 and are more generally used for weighing older children. 
 Every baby under one year of age should be weighed once 
 a week, and those who are gaining at the rate of from four 
 to six ounces per week are presumably getting the proper 
 nourishment. 
 
 RECORDING BABY'S WEIGHT 
 
 The average healthy baby weighs about seven pounds at 
 birth, but during the first week he loses a little. This is 
 regained, however, and he should be able to increase his 
 weight about three-fourths of an ounce a day during the first 
 months of life, one-half an ounce a day at six months, and 
 one-fourth of an ounce a day at one year. 
 
 Having weighed the baby and the total recorded, the 
 mother should wrap him in a warm blanket and place him 
 on her lap, so that his eyes, ears and nose should first be 
 cleansed before putting him in the tub. 
 
 CLEANSING BABY'S EYES 
 
 The eyes should be cleansed with a small piece of absorb- 
 ent cotton, thoroughly wet with boric acid solution (one 
 
 23 
 
teaspoonful of boric acid crystals to a cupful of warm water). 
 The cotton should be held close to the corner of the eye 
 and the solution allowed to trickle into it, and then gently 
 wiped outward. 
 
 CLEANSING EARS 
 Baby's ears are sometimes washed while he is in the tub, 
 but the outer portion may be cleansed very gently with a 
 soft wash cloth and dried with a small towel. It is injurious 
 to use a toothpick or hairpin in attempting to clean out the 
 canal of the ear unless well covered with cotton. Any mois- 
 ture which flows in during the bath can be removed by insert- 
 ing the corner of a soft cloth, which can be twisted into a blunt 
 cone. This will absorb the moisture. 
 
 OUTSTANDING EARS 
 
 Many otherwise pretty babies are made uncomely by out- 
 standing ears. While the baby is very young is the time to 
 correct this trouble, and gauze caps especially made for the 
 purpose can be purchased at any of the children's shops or 
 drug stores. 
 
 CLEANSING NOSE 
 
 If the baby's nostrils are clogged with mucus or pus, they 
 should first be freed from this discharge by carefully cleansing 
 with a swab of cotton dipped in the boric acid solution 
 already made. The pledget is formed by wrapping absorbent 
 cotton around a wooden toothpick, being sure that the pick 
 is well covered, as one must use care in this process. A 
 drop of oil or melted vaseline in each nostril will soften the 
 secretion which sometimes gathers. A healthy baby is able 
 at all times to breathe without discomfort when the mouth 
 is closed, but if he has the sniffles, or a slight cold, and his 
 nose seems stopped up, the foregoing treatment is generally 
 effective. 
 
 24 
 
THE MOUTH 
 
 Before baby's teeth come, the saliva keeps the mouth 
 healthy, therefore it is best left alone in early infancy. Some- 
 times thrush or sprue gathers in the mouths of young babies, 
 but this is caused by uncleanliness, or carelessness in the 
 handling of the bottles or nipples. A baby who is allowed to 
 suck a pacifier is apt to have thrush. In appearance thrush 
 is like little white curds scattered over the mouth, tongue 
 and lining membrane of the cheeks, and does not come off 
 easily in rubbing. Thrush can be cured by giving the baby 
 a mixture of one part cane sugar, two parts borax, and three 
 parts bicarbonate of soda, wrapped in a bit of clean muslin 
 and tied in nipple form. The baby sucks one of these freshly 
 made three or four times daily. 
 
 CARE DURING TEETHING 
 
 There is some variation among healthy babies as to the 
 eruption of the teeth. The breast fed baby is more likely to 
 cut his teeth early, and with less disturbance than the bottle 
 fed baby. There may also be a great variability in the time 
 when the teeth appear owing to a family characteristic, as 
 when all the children have a very early or a very late teething 
 period. In general, baby's first tooth should appear when 
 he is between six and eight months old. 
 
 Greatly delayed dentition, however, calls for the advice 
 of a physician, as it may mean some error in diet or nutri- 
 tional disturbance, which needs medical attention. When the 
 teeth are about to protrude, the baby will "drool," put his 
 fingers in his mouth, may be feverish, restless, and lose his 
 appetite, but as soon as the tooth is cut, these symptoms 
 generally disappear. In this connection it should be borne 
 in mind that teething is a normal process, the same as any 
 other bone development, and if baby has been kept well 
 
 25 
 
through proper care, little discomfort may be expected from 
 teething. While there may be great distress and perhaps 
 suffering to a baby who is susceptible to even very slight 
 disturbances, many ailments which owe their origin to other 
 causes are attributed to the process of teething. However, 
 if a baby is very fretful or restless, or the gums appear red 
 and swollen, relief may be given by allowing him to bite on 
 a soft rubber ring. Lancing should never be resorted to with- 
 out the advice of the physician. 
 
 The teeth come in groups as follows : The two lower 
 central teeth come first at six or eight months; two months 
 later the four upper central teeth appear, and within the next 
 two months the two other lower teeth come through. So 
 baby should have eight teeth at twelve or fourteen months. 
 At about sixteen months the four double teeth are cut; at 
 eighteen months the eye and stomach teeth, and finally, by 
 the age of two and one-half years, the other four double 
 teeth protrude, which completes the first full set of tem- 
 porary teeth. Thus, at one year a healthy baby should have 
 six teeth, at one and a half years, twelve teeth, at two years, 
 sixteen teeth, and at two and a half years, twenty teeth. 
 
 WASHING FACE AND BODY 
 
 Baby's face is now to be washed, taking care that soap 
 is kept away from his eyes. First pat the face dry with a 
 soft cloth and then proceed to soap the whole body, turning 
 baby on the side while soaping his back. Then gently lower 
 him into the tub, and support his head on your left forearm, 
 keeping your right hand under his legs and feet until he is in 
 the water. The duration of the bath should be from three to 
 five minutes and the water should be the temperature of the 
 body — about 99 degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 26 
 
DRYING BABY PROPERLY 
 
 In drying the body it is better to pat it gently with a soft 
 towel instead of rubbing the delicate skin. It is important 
 that baby be thoroughly dry before using the talcum pow- 
 der, however, especially in a fat baby, who is apt to become 
 chafed if the powder is not carefully dusted into all the folds 
 and creases of his skin. 
 
 CHAFING 
 
 Chafing often occurs in the arm pits and in the folds of 
 the neck in fat babies, and especially about the buttocks, 
 thighs, and groins. In babies disposed to chafing, extreme 
 cleanliness must be exercised in the matter of diapers, which 
 may not have been changed often enough, or which have 
 been washed in strong soap and not thoroughly rinsed. In 
 such cases starch or bran water should be used for the baby's 
 bath, and no soap. An oil rub is very desirable, and may be 
 continued up to six months. Rub under the chin and arms 
 and in all creases around the groin and genital organs, and 
 then turn the baby on its stomach, and rub the back. 
 
 CARE OF THE GENITAL ORGANS 
 
 Perfect cleanliness is the principal essential in the care 
 of these organs in both sexes. In a baby boy the foreskin 
 should be pushed back every day and the parts carefully 
 washed with cotton and warm water, removing all white 
 particles that may have collected there. 
 
 CARE OF THE SCALP— DANDRUFF 
 
 The scalp need not be washed every day unless it is 
 covered with dandruff or "milk crust" — large yellowish 
 patches — which need careful attention. Great cleanliness 
 will often check the excess of oily secretion, and a patch 
 which has already formed may be removed by anointing the 
 
 27 
 
spot with warm olive oil or a little melted cocoa buttei at 
 night and washing the same with warm water in the morning. 
 No fine comb or any other hard instrument should be used 
 on the scalp for removing these scales. Especial care should 
 be taken when washing baby's scalp, as the "fontanelle" or 
 "soft spot" on the top of baby's head is open until he is about 
 eighteen months old. This spot ought not to be rubbed 
 roughly or anything allowed to strike it. 
 
 CARE OF THE HAIR 
 
 Besides washing the hair it is necessary to brush it, not 
 only for appearance sake, but also because frequent brushing 
 stimulates the little glands at the roots of the hair which 
 secrete the oil and thus keep it smooth and glossy. The 
 brush for baby's first use is best selected of soft camel's hair 
 in order not to cause the scalp to become irritated. Some 
 new born babies may not have much hair, others have a 
 thicker growth at this time, but during the later months most 
 babies have considerable hair, and the mother should know 
 how to care for it properly in order to insure a good growth 
 in later life. 
 
 SHORTENING BABY'S NAILS 
 
 When it is necessary to shorten baby's nails, they should 
 be cut off with a small sterilized scissors before baby is 
 bathed. The finger nails should be kept trimmed, but not 
 down to the quick, or too much at the corners. The toe nails 
 must be cut straight across, and the corners should not be 
 rounded off. If this method is followed there will be slight 
 possibility of baby's developing ingrowing toe nails later. 
 
 DRESSING BABY AFTER HIS BATH— PUTTING ON 
 THE BAND AND THE DIAPER 
 
 After baby is taken from his bath and properly dried, the 
 band is sewed in place. This is used to keep the navel dress- 
 
 28 
 
ing from slipping, and must never be drawn too tight about 
 the abdomen. Later, in about two months, the knitted bands 
 with the diaper tabs can be used. This band is drawn over 
 the baby's feet and the diaper fastened thereto. The diaper 
 should never be pinned too tight and must not be too thick. 
 Neither should baby be burdened with a small folded diaper 
 inside the regular one. Besides causing discomfort, the great 
 thickness between the baby's legs may create a tendency to 
 bow legs. To protect the dresses or slips from the excess of 
 urine, a small quilted pad, about twelve inches square, can 
 be laid directly under the baby after he is diapered, and his 
 clothing arranged over this pad. As it is much simpler to 
 wash these pads than the ordinary diaper, one of the most 
 objectionable features of baby's outfit will be lessened. For 
 sanitary reasons a rubber diaper cover must not be resorted 
 to unless it is absolutely necessary, as for instance, when 
 going on a short journey. 
 
 PINNING THE DIAPER 
 
 When pinning the diaper to baby's band, care should be 
 taken regarding the use of the safety pin. The diaper pin 
 should always be placed in a horizontal position, that is, from 
 side to side, and not up or down. In the latter way the pin 
 may become unfastened when baby is held in a sitting posture, 
 and so become a source of discomfort, if not suffering. 
 
 PUTTING ON THE SHIRT, PETTICOAT, AND DRESS 
 
 Over the flannel or knit band the shirt should be worn, 
 and then the petticoat or Gertrude slip, which many prefer, 
 as it is easier to adjust. This should be fitted within the 
 dress which baby is to wear and the two put on together, so 
 that unnecessary handling of baby will be avoided. 
 
 29 
 
THE STOCKINGS 
 
 The feet should then be covered with closely knitted silk 
 or wool stockings in cold weather, and during the summer 
 months socks may be worn. It is important to keep the 
 baby's feet and legs warm, therefore the baby's stockings and 
 diaper should meet, and no part of the legs be exposed. 
 
 THE CASHMERE SACQUE FOR COOL DAYS 
 
 On cold days the baby should wear a cashmere or flannel 
 sacque over his white dress, but elaborately embroidered and 
 trimmed ones are often more ornamental than useful. If the 
 mother desires, pretty wrappers may be used instead of slips 
 when baby is still very young, as the wrappers are open 
 down the front, and therefore easier to adjust than the other 
 slips. At a very early age, when baby is unable to hold up 
 his head, the clothing should be drawn over his feet. When 
 he grows older, and can sit up alone, it is easier and more 
 convenient to dress him by slipping his clothing over his 
 head. 
 
 KNITTED SHAWLS AND OTHER COVERING 
 
 It is well to have several light woolen shawls on hand, 
 which can be quickly slipped on the baby when necessary. 
 Knitted wool blankets are serviceable also, and are preferable 
 to the woven ones bought at the shops, as the knitted ones 
 are lighter in weight, more easily washed, and quickly dried. 
 They also remain softer than the woven blankets bought at 
 the shops. 
 
 30 
 
Chapter III 
 
 NINE O'CLOCK 
 
 FEEDING— SLEEPING OUTDOORS 
 
 The mother should now have baby's bottle warmed for his 
 nine o'clock feeding, or be ready to nurse him, and then 
 arrange all the necessary paraphernalia for his outdoor nap. 
 After baby is three or four weeks old he will derive much 
 benefit from sleeping out of doors, on a sunny porch, or 
 lacking this, he can be placed before an open window, and 
 the door of the room closed so as to avoid a draft. If he 
 is well wrapped up and the day is clear and dry there is no 
 excuse for keeping baby indoors. It is a great convenience 
 to possess an extra wicker crib or basket for porch use, as in 
 general the ordinary baby carriage is too cramped and small 
 to be a proper bed for a little growing body. If a crib is not 
 available, the mother can always secure the family laundry 
 basket. When baby is put to sleep out of doors he must be 
 warmly dressed. He should wear his bonnet, coat, mittens, 
 etc., and when the weather is very cold he should wear a 
 sweater or interlining under his cloak, also leggings and a 
 heavier bonnet than usual. A little knitted hood of woolen 
 yarn is very acceptable and a sleeping bag is indispensable. 
 Over this baby should be covered with soft woolen blankets 
 which are secured to the mattress by means of large safety 
 pins attached to tapes which are tied to the crib. These 
 bedclothes fasteners can be purchased at any of the baby 
 shops and are also excellent for use during baby's regular 
 sleeping period at night. 
 
 A screen should be placed about the crib or basket to 
 
 31 
 
protect it from draughts, or pads may be made from heavy 
 blankets and attached to the sides of the basket or crib to 
 shelter baby from possible winds. Always place baby in a 
 bright spot, but do not let the sun shine directly in his face. 
 
 TAKING BABY OUT IN STORMY OR SEVERELY 
 COLD WEATHER 
 
 It is safer not to send baby out when it is intensely cold 
 and there is a high wind, as a young baby has not the same 
 powers of resistance as an older child and therefore cannot 
 withstand the same exposure. On such days it is best to 
 give a young baby his airing in the nursery, as heretofore 
 specified, by opening all the windows in the room and closing 
 the door to avoid a direct draft. The baby should be dressed 
 the same way as if he were going out in his carriage. 
 
 TAKING BABY OUT IN HOT WEATHER 
 
 In excessively hot weather baby should also be kept 
 indoors the early part of the afternoon, and dressed as cool 
 as possible. When it is time for his afternoon airing, dress 
 him in a thin shirt or sleeveless band, a diaper and a white 
 slip, and place him in the coolest spot that can be found. 
 Cover the basket or outdoor crib with netting to protect him 
 from mosquitoes and flies, and he will feel comfortable and 
 happy. 
 
 PRICKLY HEAT 
 
 If he is dressed too warm and fussy he may become 
 troubled with prickly heat, which is very annoying and will 
 cause him to become fretful and restless. Treatment of this 
 consists, consequently, in avoiding the cause, and babies sub- 
 ject to prickly heat should always wear thin gauze or linen 
 underwear. Woolen underclothing should not be worn. The 
 following treatment will allay the itching often caused by 
 
 32 
 
prickly heat : Give frequent sponge baths of bicarbonate of 
 soda, one tablespoonful to a cup of water. Do not rub 
 the skin in drying, and several times a day dust thoroughly 
 with a powder composed of one ounce each of powdered 
 starch and powdered oxide of zinc, with sixty grains of boric 
 acid. This can be obtained at any drug store already pre- 
 pared and should be used freely. 
 
 ECZEMA 
 
 Eczema is also an annoying and irritating skin disease 
 with which some babies are afflicted, and in chronic cases of 
 long standing it is advisable to consult the physician for 
 treatment. In most instances, however, eczema is a sign that 
 baby is being overnourished and is getting too much fat and 
 starch. The diet must be regulated at once, and the baby 
 nursed less frequently. The night feeding should be omitted 
 by the Sixth month and the baby given an abundance of water 
 to drink. Fresh air and exercise are imperative and mean- 
 while external treatment should not be neglected. In general 
 washing the baby with water at this time is harmful and 
 increases the trouble, but it is necessary to use it once in 
 cleansing the parts affected, in the form of soap and water. 
 After this preliminary cleansing, substitute oiling with olive 
 oil instead of the usual daily washing for the baby, and wipe 
 off thoroughly with a soft oily cloth. The folds and creases 
 of the skin must be kept dry and powdered with borated 
 talcum. When the surface begins to dry up, zinc ointment 
 may be used. This can be purchased at the drug store 
 already prepared. 
 
 33 
 
Chapter IV 
 
 TEN O'CLOCK 
 
 AIRING THE NURSERY 
 
 The nursery should now be cleaned and aired while the 
 baby is absent. The bed covers are taken off and exposed to 
 the air; the floor should be wiped with a damp cloth, all 
 empty bottles and other utensils used in feeding should be 
 removed, and particularly soiled diapers, which should never 
 be allowed to remain in the nursery. 
 
 THE NURSERY FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT 
 
 The first point to be determined in the successful equip- 
 ment of the nursery is that the furnishings be reduced, to the 
 necessary minimum, as a sense of comfort for the baby can 
 be gained only by the intelligent elimination of all dispensable 
 articles. A few really comfortable things are "lovelier" than 
 any number of "show pieces," however exquisite or dainty 
 they may be, and although baby may receive many beautiful 
 gifts and luxuriant trifles, these have no place in a nursery. 
 All that is really necessary are the following: A crib, a rug 
 or two, a basket for the toilet articles, a chiffonier for the 
 clothing, a table for weighing the baby and one for his bath, 
 a set of scales, a screen to protect baby from drafts, and a 
 low chair and rocker for the mother. The room itself should 
 be large, light and airy, having a southern exposure, if 
 possible. 
 
 THE FURNISHINGS 
 
 The furnishings should be simple and of materials that 
 can be easily kept free from dust. Small, washable rugs are 
 
 34 
 
the most practical, as they can be taken up frequently and 
 the floor and woodwork wiped with a damp cloth. 
 
 THE BABY'S BED 
 
 The ideal bed for baby is an iron or brass crib without 
 ornamental design. This is far more serviceable than a costly 
 bassinette covered with draperies and dust catching frills. The 
 crib should be furnished with a good spring and mattress and a 
 pillow about an inch high, filled with hair, which is cooler than 
 one filled with feathers or down. No pillow is required for 
 a tiny baby, as an infant can sleep better when its head is 
 not elevated. 
 
 BASKET FOR SLEEPING 
 
 If one does not wish to provide a regular crib for the baby 
 until he grows older, a large oblong wicker clothes basket 
 may be safely used for four or five months. This little im- 
 provised cot can be moved easily from room to room and 
 placed beside the mother's bed at night if so desired. To 
 beautify it a little and make it appear more dainty for a wee 
 baby, the basket can be trimmed with pretty washable muslin 
 or near silk, but on account of ventilation, it must not be too 
 heavily lined with any closely woven material. Properly fur- 
 nished the little cot should contain one little hair pad or 
 mattress made to fit the bottom of the basket, one piece of 
 stork sheeting to protect the mattress, two cotton pads to lay 
 over the sheeting, two silkoline comforts filled with cotton and 
 knotted closely so that they may wash well, and two small 
 blankets of either cotton and wool or all wool — no pillow is 
 needed. These coverings can be used practically in the same 
 order for baby's regular crib when purchased later. 
 
 STERILIZING THE BOTTLES 
 
 The bottles having been previously rinsed and filled with 
 clean water containing a little baking soda, they should now 
 
 35 
 
be scrubbed with hot soap suds and placed in a vessel of 
 water. First secure a large pan of white enamel, high enough 
 to almost cover the bottles, size about 8^x10^4 inches, with 
 handles attached on both ends; stand the bottles in this pan 
 and fill it with water. Put this on the stove and boil steadily 
 for fifteen minutes. This will sterilize the bottles. Allow 
 them to stand in this water for about ten minutes after 
 having turned off the gas, in order to give them time to cool, 
 until you are ready to prepare the food. 
 
 STERILIZING THE NIPPLES 
 
 Rinse the nipples and turn them inside out by means of a 
 blunt wooden stick, then scrub them thoroughly with a small 
 soft brush. Put them in a pan, cover with water to which 
 has been added a teaspoonful of borax and boil for five minutes 
 only. Pour off the water, rinse again thoroughly, turn them 
 right side out and put them in a clean, dry, sterilized glass jar, 
 with a cover that fits close enough to keep out the dust. 
 Rubber nipples treated this way will not become spongy and 
 soft, and Avill last much longer than if left to soak in water. 
 However, if the mother prefers, she may place the nipples in a 
 glass of fresh water (after sterilizing) to which a little borax 
 has been added. 
 
 STERILIZING THE RUBBER CORKS OR STOPPERS 
 
 The rubber corks for stoppering the baby's bottles should 
 also be sterilized, when these are used instead of the sterilized 
 absorbent cotton. The corks are more convenient to use, as 
 they do not stick to the bottle, nor fall out easily. In the 
 latter method there is danger of getting small particles of the 
 cotton on the nipple or food, therefore many mothers prefer to 
 use the rubber corks. 
 
 36 
 
Chapter V 
 ELEVEN O'CLOCK 
 
 CARE OF THE DIAPERS 
 
 Soiled diapers must always be rinsed immediately, put 
 into a pail with a tight cover and afterwards boiled for fifteen 
 minutes. They must always be rinsed entirely free from 
 soap and dried in the open air and sunshine when possible. 
 No starch or blueing should be used and it is important that 
 the diapers be thoroughly dried to prevent the baby from 
 becoming chafed or its skin irritated. Pure white soap must 
 be used, free from any injurious or irritating substances. 
 
 WASHING BABY'S FLANNELS 
 
 Baby's shirt and flannels are best washed in lukewarm 
 water containing a solution of soft soap or borax and squeezed 
 dry by hand. The water in which they are rinsed must be 
 of the same temperature as that in which they are washed. 
 This will keep them soft and fluffy and prevent them from 
 shrinking. The shirt and stockings should then be dried on 
 baby's shirt and stocking frames. 
 
 PREPARATION OF THE FOOD 
 
 After these things have been attended to, the mother's 
 most imperative duty of the day remains to be fulfilled, 
 namely, the preparation of the baby's food, if he is artificially 
 or bottle fed. As this task must necessarily be a daily one 
 for many months, it may be accomplished more easily and 
 quickly if each day the same time and method for doing the 
 work is chosen. In most cases the mother's physician leaves 
 written instructions, which generally cover the number of 
 
 37 
 
ounces and meals, the quantity of each meal, the intervals 
 of feeding, and the method of preparation. 
 
 In some instances, however, a physician is not always 
 available, and the mother must take upon herself the task 
 of making up the day's formula. By this it must not be 
 taken for granted that one set of rules or formulae will be 
 invariably successful with all babies, but it is desirable that 
 there should be available a simple, practical series of tables 
 by which a mother may easily and readily make up the day's 
 food for the average healthy baby at different ages. 
 
 Although there are some babies that seem to do well with 
 very little care in the matter of feeding, and apparently to 
 thrive despite this neglect, it should be remembered that 
 unless the food is prepared with especial care and considera- 
 tion for the requirements of the individual baby, he may lose 
 weight considerably. It seems evident from this, therefore, 
 that every mother should at least personally direct the prep- 
 aration of her baby's food, and if she gives the formulae 
 hereafter outlined a little study, the process will not be diffi- 
 cult for her. 
 
 Experience has shown that fresh cow's milk is the best 
 substitute for breast milk, but it is quite essential that the 
 cow's milk be of the highest grade, and if it is possible 
 to secure that which is known as "certified milk," the higher 
 price asked for this quality is amply repaid by the advantages 
 accruing from the use of fresh, pure, clean milk, handled under 
 medical supervision. 
 
 When the milk is delivered it should be placed in the 
 refrigerator at once. It is desirable, if possible, to keep the 
 baby's milk in a separate ice box, where nothing else is kept. 
 Nursery refrigerators can be had at any of the large depart- 
 ment or hardware stores, and should be more universally 
 used. 
 
 38 
 
METHOD OF PREPARATION 
 HEATING THE MILK 
 
 The most simple, safe plan is to heat the milk in a 
 double boiler until the steam rises, and continue heating at 
 this same temperature for five minutes. Milk can also be 
 subjected to the steaming process by means of pasteurizing, 
 which is done as follows: 
 
 PASTEURIZING THE MILK 
 
 Pasteurized milk is heated to 145 degrees, and kept at this 
 temperature for thirty minutes. In heating the milk in this 
 manner two objects are held in view: to kill the harmful 
 micro-organisms which it may contain, and to keep the milk 
 sweet for a longer time than would otherwise be possible. 
 The degree of heat to which milk is subjected, however, 
 should depend upon the season of the year, the source of 
 supply (whether reliable), the age of the milk, and the diges- 
 tive capacity of the child. The more the milk is heated the 
 more difficult of digestion it becomes, and the more liable it 
 is to produce constipation, so that, other things being equal, 
 the less the milk is heated the better nourishment is furnished 
 the baby. 
 
 In country districts, or where the cows are known to be 
 healthy, and the milk clean and fresh, heating is unnecessary. 
 In cities and large towns, where the source of milk may be 
 unknown, and where it is from twenty-five to thirty-six hours 
 old when it reaches the consumer, heating to a moderate 
 degree is always a safe procedure at any time of the year. 
 
 STERILIZING THE MILK 
 
 Sterilized milk is that which has been heated to 212 
 degrees and kept at this point for thirty minutes. At the 
 present time, however, sterilized milk is rarely prescribed for 
 
 39 
 
routine feeding, as its prolonged use is believed to cause 
 rickets, and is a source of constipation. In poverty stricken 
 honies, where ice is a luxurv, it is necessary to sterilize the 
 milk for the purpose of retaining its sweetness. Children 
 thus fed must have fruit juices in addition to their regular 
 milk diet. 
 
 TABLES AND RULES FOR MAKING UP FOOD 
 
 FORMULAE 
 
 As heretofore stated, it is advisable that the mother study 
 the tables and rules for making up the food formulae, as this 
 will aid her greatly in grasping the fundamental principles 
 which underlie the modification of milk, and such attention 
 requires no more effort than any conscientious mother should 
 be willing to give in behalf of her dear one. 
 
 The following table shows the composition of mother's 
 milk in contrast to that of cow's milk : 
 
 Mother's Milk Composition of Cow's Milk 
 
 Fat .4 % Fat, represented by cream. 4% 
 
 Sugar 7 % Sugar 4% 
 
 Proteids iy 2 % Proteids, curd 4% 
 
 In comparing these tables it will be noticed that cow's milk 
 differs in these respects : the proteids of cow's milk are so in 
 excess that the milk must be diluted with water to the proper 
 strength in order to render it fit food for a new born baby. 
 This is especially so since the proteids of cow's milk are not 
 nearly so digestible as those in mother's milk. But when 
 plain milk is so diluted there is not enough fat or cream, 
 therefore instead of diluting plain milk for infant food, we 
 dilute also the top milk or cream. 
 
 40 
 
SUGAR 
 
 Again, the sugar natural to milk (milk sugar) is deficient 
 in cow's milk as compared with mother's milk, particularly 
 after it is diluted, so that we must add sugar. Milk sugar, 
 which can be purchased at any druggist's, is generally used, 
 and agrees more often than ordinary cane sugar. 
 
 LIME WATER 
 
 Cow's milk is acid, while human milk is alkaline, which 
 requires that we add an alkali to cow's milk to make it re- 
 semble mother's milk in this particular. For this purpose we 
 use lime water, which can be bought at the druggist's and 
 may be safely used as long as it lasts if kept in a corked 
 bottle in a cool place. 
 
 BABY'S FOOD FORMULAE, FOR FIRST YEAR 
 
 Cream skimmed Milk Sugar 
 
 from top of (even tablespoons- Lime 
 
 Milk milk Water ful) Water 
 
 oz. oz. oz. oz. 
 
 3rd to 7th day, 2 oz. feedings \y 2 2y 2 19 3 1 
 
 2nd to 3rd week, 3 oz. feedings 2 2y 2 \%y> 3 1 
 
 4th to 5th week, $y 2 oz. feedings.. 3 4 23y 2 4 \y 2 
 6th week to 3rd month, 3 to A T / 2 oz. 
 
 feedings 3 5 22y 2 4 U/ 2 
 
 3rd to 5th month, 4 to Sy 2 oz. feed- 
 ings 5 5 2oy 2 4 \y 2 
 
 5th to 6th month, Sy 2 to 6 oz. feed- 
 ings 9 7 22 Sy 2 2 
 
 6th to 9th month, 6 to 7 oz. feedings 13 7 18 5^2 
 
 9th to 12th month, 8 to 10 oz. feed- 
 ings 24 7 \6y 2 sy 2 2y 2 
 
 At three months a weak barley water may be used in place 
 of the plain water; it is made of one teaspoonful of barley 
 flour to 16 ounces of water and cooked for twenty minutes. 
 
 At six months the barley flour may be increased to one 
 even tablespoonful, cooked in 12 ounces of water. 
 
 41 
 
At nine months the barley flour may be increased to three 
 level tablespoonfuls cooked in 8 ounces of water. 
 
 FOOD, IN ADDITION TO MILK, ALLOWED THE 
 
 FIRST YEAR 
 
 In addition to milk a healthy baby may be given fruit 
 juices during the early part of his infancy, and later beef juice. 
 The fruit juice may be given once a day at five or six months, 
 an hour before a feeding, preferably the second. Begin with 
 one teaspoonful and gradually increase the quantity to two 
 tablespoonfuls. 
 
 After baby is six months old he may have beef juice or 
 broth once a day. This should be given directly before a 
 feeding, preferably before the third, beginning with one tea- 
 spoonful and gradually increasing the quantity to two table- 
 spoonfuls. 
 
 When baby is ten months old he may have part of a soft 
 egg, a small piece of crisp toast or zweiback, or a crust of 
 bread, to chew on immediately after his feeding. 
 
 At twelve months he may take his milk undiluted and 
 strained cereal may be given twice a day. 
 
 He should now have four meals a day: At 6 A. M., 10 
 A. M., 2 P. M. and 6 P. M. Nothing but water should be 
 allowed between his meals. 
 
 PATENT OR PROPRIETARY FOODS FOR BABIES 
 
 These may be generally divided into two classes, those 
 which are to be mixed with water alone, and those to be mixed 
 with milk and water. The patent foods which are prepared 
 with water alone, such as Condensed Milk, etc., lacking im- 
 portant food elements; should not be used except under the 
 advice of a physician, and for a limited period. Babies may 
 gain in weight for a time from the use of this kind of food, 
 
 42 
 
but are subject to scurvy, rickets, and digestive troubles, 
 although these symptoms may not appear at once. The use 
 of foods of this class is justified only in certain cases, as in 
 times of emergency, or on journeys when other food cannot 
 be procured or prepared, but they should not be regarded 
 as a complete and permanent nourishment for a baby. 
 
 In the case of patent foods which are to be mixed with 
 milk it is somewhat different. These vary individually, but 
 usually have too much sugar and often too much starch, a 
 substance nearly always unfit for a very young baby. Of 
 this group the most widely used is the malted milk, which is 
 a mixture of malted milk and grain. Malted food, also greatly 
 used, when diluted and mixed with milk, contains the ele- 
 ments needed in a baby food, although not in quite the proper 
 proportions. Certain babies fed on it should have some fruit 
 juices. Thus, this second class of patent food may often be 
 used to advantage under the physician's advice for a short 
 time during weakness or illness, but as a general food for 
 baby is inferior to modified cow's milk, which is at present 
 believed to be the best substitute that can be found for 
 mother's milk. 
 
 PREPARATION OF BABY'S FOOD FOR THE DAY 
 MODIFYING COW'S MILK 
 
 Before preparing the food for the bottles, be sure that your 
 hands and nails are scrupulously clean. Have all the ingredi- 
 ents of which the food is composed in readiness for use; the 
 utensils sterilized and the necessary articles laid out so that 
 there will be no confusion. Have before you the following 
 articles : 
 
 The written formula for the baby's food. 
 
 43 
 
The bottle rack on which are placed as many nursing 
 bottles as there are feedings in one day, with an extra bottle 
 in Case of breakage. 
 
 The covered glass jar holding the nipples and stoppers 
 for each feeding. 
 
 THE FOOD INGREDIENTS 
 
 The milk. 
 
 Plain water, or barley water if required, which has been 
 previously boiled. 
 Sugar of milk. 
 Lime water, and a kettle of boiling water for use as needed. 
 
 THE UTENSILS 
 
 A large saucepan with a cover for holding the milk. 
 
 A two-quart pitcher for mixing the food. 
 
 An eight-ounce graduated measuring glass. 
 
 A tablespoon for mixing or stirring the food. 
 
 A long handled teaspoon. 
 
 A piece of sterilized cheese cloth or soft cotton for washing 
 off the top of the milk bottle before opening the same. 
 
 A pick or a fork for removing the cap from the bottle 
 (after the bottle is washed). 
 
 A porcelain or enamel funnel. 
 
 A dipper for removing the cream or top milk (the Chapin 
 improved dipper is preferred by many). 
 
 A wire strainer for the barley water (although this latter 
 should have been previously strained and ready for use, when 
 modifying the milk). 
 
 The articles above enumerated should never be used for 
 any purpose other than the preparation of the baby's food. 
 
 Measure the milk into the pitcher with the measuring 
 glass, then measure the quantity of plain water or barley 
 
 44 
 
water into the saucepan, add the sugar and milk, lime water 
 as directed, and pour this mixture into the feeding bottles. 
 After the bottles have been filled, they should be stoppered 
 with the rubber corks, and placed on their racks in the 
 refrigerator until feeding time. The quantity of food made 
 up should be sufficient for the total number of feedings to be 
 given during the twenty-four hours, so that the milk need 
 not be disturbed from the time of its preparation to the time 
 of feeding. 
 
 WEANING 
 
 Weaning : . The time of weaning babies from the breast 
 depends largely upon the condition of the baby and mother. 
 If the baby is not gaining or is not developing properly, he 
 may be weaned at six months, but if he and also the mother 
 are flourishing, the weaning should not be begun until nine 
 months and completed by twelve months. Weaning should, 
 however, be avoided in very hot weather unless the indications 
 for it are very urgent. In beginning the bottle feeding after 
 weaning, it is advisable to consult the physician regarding the 
 food formulae, as great caution must be used. 
 
 45 
 
Chapter VI 
 
 TWELVE O'CLOCK 
 
 At this time baby is given his noon feeding and should 
 then go to sleep for an hour or two, at least for an hour. 
 This will give the mother time for her luncheon and the needed 
 opportunity for a little rest, which doubtless she will appre- 
 ciate greatly, especially if she is nursing her baby and per- 
 sonally devotes most of her time to its care and well being. 
 
 46 
 
Chapter VII 
 
 TWO O'CLOCK 
 
 EXERCISE 
 
 Babies obtain exercise by moving their arms, kicking and 
 crying. It is important that they be permitted free action 
 of their limbs, and from the age of four months onward it is 
 an excellent plan to place the baby at times upon a blanket 
 or mattress in the room which is free from draughts, and so 
 arrange his clothing that he is allowed to make freely all the 
 motions of which he is capable. This gives him a good 
 chance to exercise and is a means of amusement. 
 
 AMUSEMENT 
 
 Early in life the baby needs very little diversion. Indeed, 
 up to the age of six months he does not require playthings. 
 It is far more essential that training should commence before 
 amusement. To eat, sleep, and cry a little is about all that 
 a new baby requires. Soon he will begin to see things and 
 find amusement in looking around the room, in following 
 moving objects with his eyes; after a while he will laugh and 
 crow, discover that he has toes and fingers, and delight to 
 play with them. 
 
 Generally, after four months, he is able to hold his head 
 erect without support, and begins to use his hands much 
 more actively than he has done heretofore. He will often 
 grasp an attractive object, look at it, and probably put it in 
 his mouth, then throw it on the floor and expect some one 
 to pick it up for him. 
 
 Baby may be played with for a little while each day; but 
 only for a short period, so that his playtime will come to 
 
 47 
 
him as a treat, and will be something for him to look forward 
 to, even at this early age. 
 
 CRYING 
 
 A certain amount of crying is necessary for a baby, as 
 in this way he exercises his lungs, and also draws attention 
 to his needs, which he is unable to designate in any other 
 manner during the early months of his life. He may be 
 hungry, thirsty or in pain; he may be sleepy or tired, or he 
 may simply want to be played with. By a little experience 
 the young mother will soon learn to distinguish the various 
 shades of crying, for instance, the cry of temper, which should 
 never be given in to, or the mother will have cause to regret 
 her indulgence later. The baby should not be carried or 
 trotted about because he is crying, or rocked to sleep, or 
 given a pacifier, or soothing syrup. When he appears to be 
 crying from habit or temper to be indulged, it is better to 
 leave him alone in his crib. He may even cry for an hour, 
 but the next time he will cry less, and after that, still less or 
 not at all. If the abdominal band is properly adjusted, rup- 
 ture is seldom caused by crying. 
 
 THE CRY OF HUNGER 
 
 The cry of hunger is a continuous fretful sound after feed- 
 ing or some time before the next meal, accompanied by suck- 
 ing of the fingers. If the child is a nursing baby the supply 
 of milk should be examined by the physician to see if it is 
 strong and plentiful enough to suit the baby's needs. A bottle 
 baby who cries from hunger should have the amount of food 
 made greater or the strength increased, or both. 
 
 THE CRY OF PAIN OR COLIC 
 
 If the baby cries from an attack of colic, this cry can be 
 easily distinguished. It is strong and sharp, but not con- 
 
 48 
 
tinuous. Baby will scream sharply, draw up his legs, and his 
 abdomen becomes hard and tense. The remedy for this is 
 first to warm his hands and feet, then turn him on his stom- 
 ach, letting him lie on a hot water bottle. Gently pat his 
 back to help him expel the gas, and give him a little warm 
 water to drink, or better still, give him an enema of normal 
 salt solution (common table salt) which will cause a bowel 
 movement and thereby release some of the gas in the intes- 
 tines. Colic is caused by indigestion due to improper feeding, 
 and is common in young babies, generally disappearing by 
 the third or fourth month. When a baby is really sick, his 
 cry is feeble and whining, more like moaning. 
 
 THUMB SUCKING 
 
 This habit is sometimes very difficult to break. If the 
 baby sucks his fingers constantly, the mother should ascer- 
 tain whether this is due to hunger. Sucking of the thumb 
 may sometimes be controlled by persistently taking it out of 
 baby's mouth whenever it is found there. Obstinate cases 
 need stronger measures, and fastening the hands to the sides 
 during sleep may prove effective. Aluminum mittens are of 
 great assistance, and are to be recommended; they are per- 
 forated, and allow free use of the baby's arm. They can be 
 had in various sizes at any of the baby shops. 
 
 49 
 
Chapter VIII 
 
 THREE O'CLOCK 
 
 PERIOD OF WAKING 
 
 This is baby's period of waking, and after he is dressed 
 and has his three o'clock nursing, he is ready for an afternoon 
 outing, which will be of great benefit to him in various ways. 
 His night's sleep, will be more refreshing, his appetite and 
 digestion improved, and if he is warmly clad in the proper 
 clothing and plenty of covers, there need be no fear of his 
 taking cold. 
 
 SELECTION OF CARRIAGE 
 
 The carriage selected for baby's outing should be one that 
 is well built rather than ornamental, one that has good springs, 
 wheels with rubber tires, and a movable hood. In winter the 
 carriage should contain a flat hair mattress laid over the 
 regular pad, and a small flat hair pillow for baby's head. Over 
 this a soft knitted wool blanket should be placed, and in this 
 baby should be carefully wrapped. Another wool blanket 
 should be placed over the baby and tucked in well at the 
 sides and bottom of the vehicle. In very cold weather a fur 
 robe may be put over this, or some other covering of warm 
 material, combining beauty with utility. 
 
 BABY'S OUTING IN WARM WEATHER 
 
 In warm weather, simple cotton madras or embroidered 
 linen covers take the place of heavy blankets, but it is advis- 
 able to tuck a padded silk quilt or soft eiderdown cover some- 
 where in the carriage in case of sudden change in the tem- 
 perature. 
 
 50 
 
VISITORS 
 
 When baby returns from his outing he may have visitors, 
 as later in the afternoon it is well to keep him as quiet as 
 possible, instead of being handled and bounced by many 
 admiring friends before he retires. As he grows older and 
 can hold things in his hands, a rubber toy or a soft ball of 
 bright color may be given him for amusement for a little 
 while, if he becomes fretful. Some mothers make the mistake 
 of giving baby numberless toys at this time, of great variety, 
 for which he cares not a jot. As he is surfeited with amuse- 
 ment and company, he soon becomes tired. He is happier 
 with one or two simple objects or toys, and furthermore, a 
 baby who from infancy is constantly amused, whose every 
 wish is gratified, will later lack properly developed resources 
 of his own. 
 
 51 
 
Chapter IX 
 
 FOUR O'CLOCK 
 
 SHORTENING BABY'S CLOTHES 
 
 At this time the mother may take the opportunity of 
 looking over baby's wardrobe, as when he reaches the age 
 of four months his clothes may be shortened. This change 
 should not be made in the winter, however, if it can be 
 avoided. The number and material of the garments remain 
 practically the same as before. The shortening may be accom- 
 plished by cutting down the skirts of the long clothes already 
 in use, lengthening the sleeves and letting out the waists if 
 they have been made sufficiently large at first to allow this 
 to be done. Short clothes also necessitate a decided change 
 in the covering of the feet and legs, as when baby wears 
 short dresses, he may then put on shoes, although these are 
 not actually necessary until he begins to creep or stand; gen- 
 erally about the ninth or the tenth month. Moccasins of 
 chamois or kid leather may be used at first, and when real 
 shoes are worn they should be made of soft kid, with thin 
 soles and without heels. The'ir shape is of great importance, 
 as the soft tissues of baby's feet are easily deformed by 
 improperly fitting shoes. They should follow the natural 
 shape of the foot, with broad toes and straight soles. 
 
 LIST OF SHORT CLOTHES 
 
 The following list may be convenient as a guide in select- 
 ing baby's short clothes : 4 knitted binders, 4 dozen diapers, 
 6 shirts, 4 flannel petticoats or Gertrude slips, 4 cambric petti- 
 
 52 
 
coats for extra use, if desired; 8 to 12 slips or dresses, 8 pairs 
 of stockings, 2 pairs of shoes, 3 cashmere sacks or wrappers, 
 6 nightgowns, 2 creeping aprons, to cover the white slips or 
 dresses; 6 bibs, 1 cloak and hood, leggings, veil, and mittens 
 for outdoor wear. 
 
 53 
 
Chapter X 
 FIVE O'CLOCK 
 
 GIVING BABY A SPONGE BATH— GETTING READY 
 
 FOR BED 
 
 At about five o'clock baby should be given a sponge bath, 
 all his day clothes should be removed, and a fresh warm night- 
 gown put on. The night clothes should be a complete change 
 from those worn in the day time. During the winter months 
 the gown should be made of flannel and closed at the bottom 
 with a draw string. In hot weather the ordinary muslin night- 
 gowns may be used; they are not closed at the bottom. 
 
 HOW TO GIVE BABY A SPONGE BATH 
 
 This simply means washing the baby, using warm water, 
 pure soap and a piece of soft old linen as a wash cloth. The 
 room should be warm and free from draughts and the baby 
 kept covered with a blanket during the procedure. 
 
 54 
 
Chapter XI 
 SIX O'CLOCK 
 
 PUTTING BABY TO SLEEP 
 
 After the six o'clock feeding, baby should be made com- 
 fortable, the room darkened, and all the equipment necessary 
 for his convenience adjusted, so that he may secure the full 
 benefit of an undisturbed night's rest. He should then be left 
 to sleep in a bed of his own, in his own room, and not in a 
 bed which his mother or any one else will share. He should 
 not be rocked to sleep, nor allowed to suck a rubber nipple, 
 or pacifier. If these habits are commenced they are difficult 
 to break, and unless there is some real cause for a baby's 
 wakefulness at this time, he should be trained from the start 
 to quietly and naturally begin his night's period of unbroken 
 rest. If this is done, he will be less apt to turn night into day, 
 and a short term of such training will result in comfort for 
 the entire family. 
 
 There are times, however, when baby's sleep is disturbed 
 from causes arising from many different sources, and the 
 treatment, of course, varies accordingly. Fatigue and excite- 
 ment, indigestion and overfeeding, are prolific grounds for 
 disturbed sleep. A baby nursed too frequently during the 
 day may show the force of habit by desiring to be fed often 
 during the night, although not actually hungry. Or when 
 a baby begins to fret as though sleepy, and yet will not sleep, 
 it is fair to presume that he has been overfatigued. He is 
 really "too tired" to sleep, and prevention of this condition 
 is the cure in such a case. With some babies, especially if 
 they are inclined to nervousness, and there seems to be no 
 
 55 
 
apparent cause for sleeplessness except an individual pecu- 
 liarity, it is often a good plan to give the daily bath at night 
 instead of in the morning, making it slightly warmer than 
 usual, in order to obtain its soothing action, and simply 
 sponge him in the morning. Sometimes putting baby later 
 to bed than is usual is of service. 
 
 Other causes of disturbed sleep are self-evident, and it 
 therefore behooves the mother to make an effort to eliminate 
 the direct sources of the trouble. Baby may be restless be- 
 cause he has had too exciting play before bedtime, his room 
 may be too hot or too cold, a bright light or penetrating 
 noises may disturb him, his bed may not be properly made 
 up, and therefore uncomfortable, or he may have been put to 
 bed too early. 
 
 A baby six months old should sleep about sixteen hours 
 out of the twenty-four ; when a year old, about fourteen hours. 
 
 56 
 
Chapter XII 
 
 TEN O'CLOCK 
 
 Baby's day is practically over at six o'clock, but the ten 
 o'clock feeding is given most babies until they are six months 
 old. 
 
 Sometimes emergencies arise with which a young mother 
 must deal immediately; for instance, in cases of croup, con- 
 vulsions, earache, etc., and it is necessary that she should 
 know how to apply simple remedies until the arrival of the 
 physician. 
 
 CROUP 
 
 Sometimes a child will awaken suddenly during the night 
 with an attack of croup which seems very alarming, but 
 spasmodic or catarrhal croup is rarely fatal. The symptoms 
 are known to almost everyone, a dry, barking cough, with 
 more or less difficulty in breathing. Although it is certainly 
 distressing, it can be easily relieved. Wring out pieces of 
 flannel in hot water and put them around baby's throat as hot 
 as can be borne, changing them from time to time as they 
 grow cold. If the attack is severe, make a tent over the 
 baby's bed by means of an open umbrella, over which a large 
 sheet is spread, then place the tea kettle close to the crib, 
 directing the steam most effectively in this manner. The 
 hot, moist atmosphere will soon cause relief, and an electric 
 stove is very convenient to keep the kettle boiling. 
 
 CONVULSIONS 
 
 Give the baby an injection of warm, soapy water, then 
 place him in a hot bath, about 110 degrees, and rub his legs, 
 
 57 
 
arms and body. Keep ice on his head. Then wrap him in 
 warm blankets and send for the physician. 
 
 EARACHE 
 
 If the baby places his hand to his ear constantly and cries 
 sharply it is safe to infer that he is suffering from earache. 
 Ordinarily this condition can be relieved by dropping a little 
 warm olive oil or glycerine (about four drops) into his ear 
 and placing a warm cloth or hot water bag next to the 
 affected part. 
 
 WOUNDS AND CUTS 
 
 Cleanliness is the first and most important part of the 
 treatment of all wounds of the skin. Therefore, wash with 
 pure water, but if there is much bleeding, apply a firm band- 
 age by means of strips of pure sterilized gauze and bring 
 the parts and edges of the affected skin together as well as 
 can be done until the physician arrives. 
 
 RECIPES OF FOOD FOR YOUNG BABIES 
 
 Barley Water: Stir one level tablespoonful of Robinson's 
 patent barley or prepared barley flour into a little cold water 
 and add to one pint of boiling water. Boil twenty minutes 
 in a double boiler, strain, and add enough boiling water to 
 bring the quantity up to a pint. 
 
 Oatmeal Water: Use one tablespoonful of ordinary oat- 
 meal and add to one pint of boiling water, cook in a double 
 boiler for one hour, adding water as it evaporates. Strain 
 and add enough boiling water to make a pint. Rice water 
 may be prepared in the same way. 
 
 Gruels: A gruel of barley, oatmeal or rice is made by 
 following the previous directions for barley water, as gruel 
 differs from the water or jelly only in thickness or consist- 
 
 58 
 
ency. For instance, use twice as much of the barley or flour 
 to the same amount of water, boil for several hours or until 
 the portion has cooked down to the desired thickness, and 
 strain. 
 
 ALBUMIN WATER 
 
 Beat the white of one egg in half a pint of cold boiled 
 water, add a pinch of salt and strain through gauze or cheese- 
 cloth. This is effective in case of vomiting. 
 
 BROTHS 
 Chicken, Beef, or Mutton Broth: Use a pint of water to 
 each pound of meat. Put the meat on in cold water and 
 allow it to come to a boil, then lower the fire so that it will 
 just simmer for three or four hours. Strain through cheese- 
 cloth or muslin and set away to cool. When cold, the fat 
 may be removed in a solid piece, leaving a clear liquid or 
 jelly. When ready to use, the portion desired should be 
 seasoned with a little salt. This may be made very palatable 
 and nutritious by thickening with a little arrowroot or corn- 
 starch, cooking for ten minutes and adding three ounces of 
 milk to half a pint of broth. 
 
 MEATS 
 
 Scraped Beef: Broil round steak slightly over a brisk fire. 
 Split the steak and scrape out the pulp with a silver knife. 
 Season ever so slightly with a little salt and butter. 
 
 Beef Juice: To make beef juice, take one pound of thick 
 round steak, broil slightly, press the juice out of it by means of 
 a meat press or lemon squeezer; add a pinch of salt and give 
 the proportion desired to baby when it is still warm. This 
 juice should not be cooked, as it will curdle if heated too 
 much. 
 
 59 
 
Preparing Beef Juice by the Cold Process : Beef juice may 
 also be prepared by using the cold process, that is, without 
 cooking the meat at all. This is accomplished by soaking 
 the meat in cold water. Use a pound of chopped round of 
 beef and place in a glass jar with one-fourth as much cold 
 water (six ounces). Season with a little salt and allow the 
 meat to soak over night or for several hours, keeping it on 
 ice. Turn the jar upside down and shake occasionally. In 
 the morning empty the entire contents into a muslin bag and 
 squeeze out the juice. This can be done by twisting it very 
 hard. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 60 
 
 

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