HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION NEW ENGLAND. NEW HAMPSHIRE. A. J/COOLIDGE AND J. B. MANSFIELD. ^^ — — -^4*>? BOSTON: AUSTIN J. COOLIDGE, 39 COURT STREET. 1860. v^.^. c^'\ Entered accorillng to Act of Conp:ress, in the year 1860, by AUSTIN J. CO OLID GE, III tlie Clerk's Offiee of the District Court for tlie District of Massaclmsetts. Trkss of 1!eo. C. Ranp & Avert. # 'O^'^ A NOTE. The portion of the History ami Description of New England relating to New Hamp- shire is placed in this form, to meet the wishes of those who prefer the work in separate States. As the Granite State is second on the roll of New England commonwealths, and second to none in the enterprise of her sons, and in their acchievements at home and abroad, in the arts of peace and war, her story will bear to be told alone, as well as in the company of States whose glory and strength had a common origin. COIs^TENTS. \S CHAPTER V. P.\GK OUTLINES OF HISTORY OF THE STATE 37G CHAPTER VI. ABORIGINAL TRIBES CHAPTER VII. COUNTIES, CITIES, AND TO^\'N'S .... 40.") APPENDIX. POPUL.\R AND ELECTOR.\L VOTE FOR I'RESIUEXT. WITH NAMES OF ELECTORS FROM 1788 TO PRESENT TIME 704 NEWSPAPERS IN THE STATE TOG SEN.^TORS AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS FROM 1789 TO PRESENT TIME 701; PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT FROM 1G80 TO 177G 707 GUBERNATORIAL VOTE, ETC., FROM 1784 TO PRESENT TIME . . . .708 ADDITIONAL POST-OFFICES .... 70!) ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 710 INDEX 711 ( iii ) CHAPTEE V. NEW IIASIPSUHIE — OUTLINES OF ITS HISTORY. New Hampshike is situated between the parallels of 42° 41' and 45° 11' north latitude, and between the meridians of 70° 40' and 72° 28' of longitude, west from Greenwich ; or between 4° 34' and 6° 22' east from Washington. It is bounded on the jiorth by Canada East ; on the east by the State of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by the State of Massachusetts ; and on the west by the State of Ver- mont, being separated from it by the Connecticut river, the western bank of which forms the dividing line. It contains an area of 9,280 square miles, or 5,939,200 acres, 100,000 of which are covered with water. For the sake of compactness, four distinct divisions will be made of this chapter: 1. The discovery of New Hampshire, and the efforts of Mason and Gorges at settlement ; the long controversy re- garding the Mason claim ; the first survey ; the settlement of the boun- dary line ; and the controversy with New York regarding Vermont. 2. The arrival of Wheelwright ; a glance at the period from the union with Massachusetts in 1641 to the final separation in 1741 ; the set- tlement of the Scottish emigrants. 3. The wars with the Indians and with the French from 1675 to the conquest of Canada in 1760. 4. The American Revolution ; subsequent history, and statistics. 1. The Discovery — F.FFonTS at Settlement — JIason Controversy — First Survey — Settlement of Boundahy — Conflict with New York. Though, for some years previous to 1603, European vessels had coasted along the shore of New Hampshire, nothing definite was known regarding its rivers, its harbors, or its coast, until the arri- val of Captain Martin Pring, sent out for exploration, under the pat- ronage of some merchants of Bristol, England, on the 10th of April in that year, with two ships, the Speechve/l and Discoverer, with which he entered the harbor of Portsmouth and explored the Piscataqua for three or four leagues. Prominent members of the Plymouth Council were NEW IIAMPSUIRE OUTLINES OF ITS HISTORY. 377 Sir Fordinando Gorges, who became its president, and Captain John Mason,' who was appointed its secretary. To these indefatigable and persevering men New Hampsliire is indebted, however little, for the first efforts made to reclaim it from its primeval condition, and to people its uninhabited regions. In 1621, Mason succeeded in obtaining from the council a grant of a tract extending from Naumkeag, now Salem, to the mouth of the Merrimack, which was named the district of Mariana. Another grant was made the next year to Gorges and Mason con- jointly, — so that it would appear that these adventurous men had re- solved to unite their fortunes, — -which comprised all the lands between the rivers Merrimack and Keimebec, extending back to the great lakes and the St. Lawrence river. This was called Laconia. In the spring of 1623, under the name of the " Company of Laconia," Gorges and Mason, with several merchants, whom they had induced to adventure with them, equipped and sent over an expedition, consisting of David Thompson, and William and Edward Hilton, fishmongers of London, "with a number of other people, in two divisions," one division of which, under Thompson, settled at Little Harbor (on the Eye side), at the mouth of the Piscataqua; while the other, under the Hiltons, settled on Dover neck, the extreme south point of the town, wiiich they called Northam. Prosperity, however, refused to smile on the efforts of the company of Laconia ; and, for many years, these towns, the ear- liest settled in New Hampshire, hardly advanced from their embryo state, and were little more than .stations for fishing. In 1629, the province of Laconia was divided by Mason and (iorges, the former obtaining a grant in his own name of the territory lying be- tween the Memmack and the Piscataqua, extending sixty miles into the interior, which he called New Hampshire, in remembrance of Hamp- shire in England, where he had his residence. This tract was divided, in 1631, into two grants, called the Upper and Lower Plantations, patents having been taken out from the Plymouth Company for the former, — which included Dover, — by the west of England merchants, who appointed Thomas Wiggin as their agent; and for the latter, — which included Portsmouth, — by the London merchants, with whom (iorges and Mason were partners, and over which, subsequently, Wal- ter Ncal was appointed governor. Agriculture, however, was neglected in the pursuit of objects immediately remunerative ; consequently, these ' Captain Mason was a London merchant, Init liccame a sea-captain. He was after- wards made governor of Newfoundland, where he acquired considerable knowled"e of America, which led him, on his return to England, into a close attachment to those who were engaged in its discovery. He was also governor of Portsmouth, in Hamt)- shire. — Belknap, p. 4. 32* 378 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTION OF NFiV ENGLAXD. adventurers made but slow progress in improvement, eventually became disheartened, and many of them abandoned the place entirely, leaving Gorges and Mason as the sole proprietors of Portsmouth, and Lords Say and Brooke, two Puritan noblemen, as large proprietors in the Dover plantation. In 1634, Mason and Gorges, whose brilliant visions of wealth and fame still sustained them, attempted to revive their jilantation, and sent over "a fresh supply of servants, and materials for building," appointing Francis Williams as their governor. A short time after this, (1635,) the Plymouth Company surrendered their charter to the crown, it having been complained of as a monopoly ; and though Gorges used every species of argument to defend it from the allegation, all was of no avail. Prior to this event, TNIason and Gorges secured to themselves a portion of the territory thus escheated to the crown, — ]Mason's grant compris- ing both his former patents, which were further increased by a purchase from Gorges of a tract on the northeast side of the Piscataqua, three miles in breadth from its mouth to its fartlicst head, including a saw- mill at the falls of Newichawannock.i Our brightest visions often fail of realization, and it was thus with Mason. Just at a period when the darling schemes which he had nurtured were assuming something of a tangible shape, he was removed by death, and his American estate, which was valued in the inventory at £10,000 sterling, was left by will to his relatives. After his death, his widow and executrix sent over Francis Norton as her " general attorney," to whom she committed the whole management of her late hu.sband's estate. The expenses so far exceeded the income that she was unable to meet the demands, and was obliged to relinquish the care of the settlement. Many of the set- tlers removed from the plantation, while those who remained kept pos- session of the buildings and improvements, claiming them as their own. Thus, that which had but a few years before promised so much, and had cost Mason his fortune, was lost to the heirs. These events hap- pened between 1638 and 1644. The heirs, however, had no idea of giving up so valuable an estate without an effort, and a series of suits were instituted, which reached through a number of years. In 1652, Joseph Mason arrived in this country from England, with full powers from the executrix to adjust and superintend the interests of her deceased husband. He found the lands occupied by those who were nowise disposed to surrender them ; and, the temper of the gov- ernment then in existence being adverse to his claim, he gave up the estate as lost, unless the home government should interpose. ' Belknap, vul. i. pp. 14, 15. NEW HAMPSIIIKE OUTLINES OF ITS IIISTORT. 379 In 1660, Robert Tufton, a grandson of Captain John Mason, had his surname changed to Mason, and laid before King Charles a petition for the recovery of the vast possessions of his ancestor, in which he preferred charges of usurpation against Massachusetts.^ The king took favorable notice of it, and referred it to his attorney-general. Sir Geoffrey Palmer, who rejDorted that " Robert Mason, grandson and heir to Captain John Mason, had a good and legal title to the province of New Hampshire." 2 Nothing further was done about the matter, and in 1675, when the colony was laboring under severe distresses from the war with Philip, Mason again petitioned the king to have his property restored, who referred the petition to Sir William Jones, the attorney- general ; and he, like his predecessor, gave a favorable opinion of the claim. In June, 1676, Edward Randolph, a kinsman of Mason, arrived at Boston, with a letter from the Privy Council, requiring Massachusetts to send over agents, within six months, to answer to the complaints of usurpation made against them by the heirs of Mason and Gorges ; and William Stoughton and Peter Bulkley were appointed, in September, to act in that capacity. Accordingly, a hearing was had, in 1677, before the Lords Chief Justices of the King's Bench and Common Pleas, who de- cided that Massachusetts had no right of jurisdiction over New Hamp- shire ; and though they did not give an opinion as to Mason's claim to the soil, they denied his right of government over the territory. It was de- cided also that Portsmouth, Dover, Exeter, and Hampton ^ were without the bounds of Massachusetts. The attorney-general also reversed his previous opinion, — stating that no court in England had cognizance of the case, and that it could only be tried in the section of country in which the lands were situated. In 1679, the union with Massachusetts was dissolved, and a new order of government instituted in New Hampshire. In 1680, Mason came over from England, with a mandamus authorizing him to take a seat in the council of the new government. He endeavored to persuade or coerce the inhabitants into an acknowledgment of his claims, assert- ing his right to the province, and assuming the title of " lord proprietor." His transactions, and those of his agents, gave such offence to the inhabitants that they appealed for protection to the council, who were not backward in granting it. Mason failing to attend to their orders, a warrant was issued for his arrest ; but he managed to escape to Eng- land. During the administration of Edward Cranfield,* who was largi'ly ' To make this part of the chapter intclliiiible, it may bo as well to state, that on the 14th of April, 1C41, a union was formed by Kew Hampsliire with Jlassachusetts. ° MS. in Jlassachusetts Superior Court files. ' See post, p. 381. * See post, p. 383. 3^0 lUSTUUY AXD DESCUIPTION OF NEW EXGLAXD. int('iv?;t(xl in the claim, tin- most stringent measures were iised to force the people into mailing purchases of Mason; but they were found obsti- nate and unyielding. To dismiss the subject in a very few words, the contest between the inhabitants and the Masonian claimants continued to increase in intensity, — the former being atone time in the ascendant, and at another time the latter. In 1688, Mason died, and the property descended to his two sons, who sold their claim, in 1691, to Samuel Allen of London. The case lingered on till 1707, when the British ministry, taking into consideration the loyalty of the people, which they were ralher desirous of encouraging, as well as the distresses imder which they labored in coiise(iuence of Queen Anne's war, suspended a final decision on Allen's claim : and before the appeal could be heard, he died, putting an end to the suit, which his heirs, being minors, did not renew.^ In 1746, however, the surviving heir of Mason, availing him- self of some legal defect in the sale to Allen, revived the claim, and disposed of his title to the soil of New Hampshire to a company of twelve gentlemen in Portsmouth, who, in order to silence the apprehen- sions of the people, filed a quitclaim in the recorder's ofiice to all the towns previously granted and settled, and also made new grants on reasonable terms. Thus the prejudice which was at first excited against them gradually died out. By this purchase were settled the long-vexed claims which had been pursued with such unwavering pertinacity by the Masonian heirs, and resisted with e([ual zeal by the people of New Hamjjshire. In 1719, the first ])lan of the province was drawn, in compliance with an order froni the crown, which, however, did not define its boundaries, only suggesting that it might extend as far westerly as Massachusetts,^ and on the east to the middle of Piscataqua river, as far up as the tide flow* in the Newic liawannock branch, and then northwesterly; but whether it shoitld i)c two or mure points westward of north was left for further consideration. In 1740, the long conti-oversy respecting the boundary line between this province and Massachusetts was terminated by the decision of the crown ; and in 1741, in conformity to thi^ royal determination of the boundaries, surveyors were appointed and com- missioned by Governor Belcher to " run out and mark the lines.'' The work was accomplished during the months of Febiaiary and March, the boundaries decided by the king giving to New Hampshire a territory of fifty miles in length by fourteen in breadth more than she had claimed ; and. if the eastern boundary of the province of New York was twenty miles east of Hudson river, it gave to her the whole terri- ' liclkiiap, vol. I., p. iGiJ. ■ Pi'iiliuUow's INISS. NEW HAMPSHIRE OUTLINES OP ITS HISTORY. 3S1 tory of the present state of Vermont, sufficieut to make her a large and powerful province.* From this decision sprung a controversy witii New York, which was a cause of ceaseless litigation, and frequently of hostile encounters, for a period of ten years, the details of which, more jiropcrly belonging to Vermont, will be found at length in the leading chapter to that state. II. The Arrival of WnEELWRiGnx — Glance at the Period from the Uxion WITH Massachusetts, in iri41, to the Final Separation in 1741 — Set- tlement OF the Scottish Emigrants. At the date of the elder Mason's death in 1635, two settlements had lieeu established on the Piscataqua, — that at Portsmouth and the ona at Dover. The former, in consequence of his decease, was left without any leader, at a time, too, when one was much needed. The Dover plantation also suffered under many disadvantages, and, in 1633, measures were taken for its resuscitation, several families from the west of England, some of them men of property, being brought hither to increase the colony. Here, it may almost be said, the first settlement of any extent was made. In 1638, Rev. John Wheelwright, an exile from iVIassachusetts, with several of his church, took up his residence in New Hampshire, where he had purchased a tract of territory thirty miles square, on the northern side of Merrimack river, which he called Exeter. Having formed themselves into a church, they also combined into a body politic, and chose rulers and assistants, both which were elected annually and sworn into ollice, the people being also sworn to obey them. The laws were made in a popular assembly, and formally assented to by the people. This was the first government in New Hampshire founded on purely democratic principles, and was the germ of that government which has continued, with but trifling alteration, for more than two hundred years. The plantation of Hampton, called by the IncUans Winnicumet, was formed about the same time, and was peopled by immigrants from Norfolk, England,^ to the number of fifty- six. Portsmouth and Dover, the two oldest settlements, following the example of Exeter, formed themselves, in 1649, into separate communi- ties. The population of these four infant " republics " did not exceed one thousand. On the 14tii of April, 1641, a union was formed by New Hampshire ' New Hampshire claimed that licr southern boundary should be a line commeneing three miles north of the mouth of the jSIerrimack, and runninjr due west. ' Hampton, at this time, was eonsidered as belonging to Massachusetts. 332 HISTORY AXD DESCllIPTIOX OF NEW ENULAXD. with INlassachusetts, and contiimcd for nearly forty years, during whicli, their history is one. To consummate this union required very impor- tant concessions, — a concession of principle on the one side, and a hunyliation of sectarian pride on the other. The original settlers of the New Hampshire colony were high -church Episcopalians, who at home had despised and persecuted the Puritans, and had hardly acquired an aftection for them here, especially as they saw the Massachusetts gov- ernment, with its expansive tendencies, breaking over its original con- fines, and threatening to cover them with the broad canopy of its civil and ecclesiastical authority. They persistently refused to submit to this jurisdiction, except on condition " that church membership should not be required as a qualification to be a freeman, or to sit as represent- ative in the general court." The Puritans had too much foresight to permit this law to prevent an extension of their colonial power, and they dispensed with it in its application to New Hampshire. This was regarded as a most extraordinary concession for the times, and looked upon with a holy horror by the rigid Calvinists, who foreboded only schism, and other grievous evils, from such toleration. Wheelwright, finding himself again under the jurisdiction of Massa- chusetts, removed, in 1G43, over the lines into the possessions of Sir Fer- dinando Gorges, and, with some of his adherents, founded the town of Wells, Me. Soon after, however, following the example of Underbill, he addressed a repentant letter to the Massachusetts government, which being favorably received, the sentence against him was revoked, and he returned and dwelt first in Hampton, and afterwards in Safisbury, Mass. until his death. From 1640 to IGCO, the upheaving in the old world, — that sent Charles I. from a throne to the scatfold, abolished the Star-Chamber, inaugu- rated " the Commonwealth," and restored monarchy, — in a great meas- ure withdrew attention from the colonies. Apprehensions being enter- tained of the covetous designs of the Dutch, the encroachments of the French, and, possibly, of an Indian attack, a union was formed, for mutual protection, by the four New England colonies, — Connecticut, New Haven, New Plymouth, and Massachusetts (including New Hamp- shire), — which lasted for nearly half a century. During this period, explorations were encouraged by the landed proprietors. Surveying parties were sent into the wilderness, not only to prepare the way for its settlement, but to secure in advance the most valuable ti-acts of land. Li I608 an era commenced, in Avhich delusion blinded the eyes, and persecution rankled in the hearts, of the good people of New England. New Hampshire did not escape receiving two spots upon the pages of her NEW HAMPSIURE — OUTLIXES OF ITS HISTORY. 383 history, — the witchcraft mania, and the persecution of the Quakers. In the former, superstition so worked upon the imagination as to over- power common sense ; and in the latter, religious fanaticism usur])ed the better part of man's nature, making him callous to the teachings of conscience or the best feelings of the heart. The trial of Goodwife Watford, in March, 1658, at Portsmouth, furnishes an instance of the curious evidence adduced in cases of witchcraft ; ^ but though several cases were tried in this state, none of the accused suffered death. The penalties whicli the laws enforced upon the Quakers were of the most sanguinary chai-acter, comprising whipping, imprisonment, cutting off the ears, boring the tongue with a hot iron, and banishment, with the penalty of deatli if they returned. In 1662, three Quaker women were ordered to be stripped, tied to a cart, and publicly whipped, through eleven towns in New Hampshire, each receiving ten stripes in every town, and this in the depth of winter. This cruel order, however, was not enforced except in three of the towns, the women having been released in Salisbury, through the instrumentality of Walter Barefoot. No pal- liation for these extreme measures can be advanced ; and they are the more reprehensible from the fact, that they were instituted by a people who had left England for the sake of their religious opinions. In 1679, the union with Massachusetts was dissolved by tlie king, conti-ary to the wishes of the inhabitants, and a royal government insti- tuted. This was brought about mainly through the instrumentality of Robert Mason, for the testing of whose claim to the territory of New Hampshire a new jurisdiction, and new modes of trial and appeal, were found necessary. With a view to conciliate the people, a president and councillors were chosen from among them, the president being John Cutts of Portsmouth. The king also permitted an assembly, " so long as he might find it convenient." This assembly met for the first time March 16, 1680, and enacted laws compiled from the Massachusetts code, which were rejected in England as " fanatical and absurd." As has been shown in another place, this government was strongly averse to the interests of Mason, who obtained, in 1682, the appointment of Edward Cranfield, a London official, as governor. To him Mason guaranteed, by a mortgage on the territory of the province, ,£1.50 per annum, and other valuable perquisites. As a consequence, he was deeply interested in tlie success of Mason's claim, and instituted a series of the most disgraceful proceedings. The assembly not acting in concert with his ideas, he dissolved it, and forthwith popular resentment rose high, and resulted in a rebellion, at the head of which was Edward Gove, ' See Adams's Annals of Portsmouth. 8S4 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIOX OF XEW EXGLAXD. who was found guilty of high treason, and sent to England, but there pardoned. Crantleld directed the people to take out leases from Mason, which they refused to do ; altered the value of money, changed the bounds of townships, established the fees of office, and prohibited ves- sels from Massachusetts entering the harbor of Portsmoutii. He made himself further obnoxious by requiring Mr. Moodey, the minister of Ports- mouth, to administer the "Lord's Supper" according to the Liturgy, which he refused to do, and henceforth incurred the governor's dis- pleasure, and imprisonment. Numerous other acts of tyranny he en- deavored to enforce ; but he found the people less tractable than he had anticipated, and discovered that the women could use other implements than their tongues in resisting the oppression of his minions. At length, having become extremely odious to the province, complaints regarding his unlawful acts were made to the home government, which eventually decided that he had exceeded his instructions in three points. In 1685, he went to Jamaica and from thence to England, and was afterwards appointed collector of customs at Barbadoes. Walter Barefoot, the deputy governor, succeeded him, — who, like his predecessor, found untold dilliculties in his government, — and retained the position till the organization of the new government over New England, ]May 25, 1686, of \sliich Joseph Dudley was appointed presideiit. In D(^cember, Dudley was superseded by Sir Edmund Andros, whose tyrannical administration was fitly ended by his imprisonment and subsecpient removal, as a prisoner, to England, in 1690. Thus New Hampshire was left without a governor, and, March 13, a union was again formed with Massachusetts, which continued till 1693, when Samuel Allen, the pur- chaser of the Mason title, was appointed governor, and John Usher, a Boston bookseller, deputy; the latter of whom assumed the reins of power, which he used in a manner not very satisfactory to the people, being pompous and overbearing. He was superseded in January, 1698, by WiUiam Partridge, in the absence of AUen. Allen's administration, which commenced early in the summer of 1698, was one continued scene of altercation, which was reUeved by the arrival, July 31, 1699, of tlie Earl of Bellomont, as governor of New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. For a period of forty-two years from this date. New Hampshire and Massachusetts had but one governor, though each state had its own council, its own assembly, and its own laws. The people had anticipated much good from the administration of this dis- tinguished nobleman, "who, though faithful to the king, never oppressed the people ; " but he was removed by deatli, about two years from his appointment, March 5, 1701. Joseph Dudley succeeded him as gover- nor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, July 13, 1703, and lusher NEW HAMPSIIIKK OUTLINES OF ITS HISTORY. obO was again appointed deputy the next year. No peculiar event of im- portance occurred during tlie administrations of George Vauglian as lieutenant-governor in 1716, Jolni Wentwortliin 1717, and David Dunbar in 1731, save what will be found in the previous and subsequent divis- ions of this chapter. With the decision of the boundary question in 1741, the union with Massachusetts may be said to have been finally dissolved. Benning Wentworth was appointed governor. New Hamp- shire now embarked on a career of her own, and has given evidence, by subsequent events, that her capacities for improvement, in every con- cern which goes to form the greatness and glory of a people, were too little appreciated even by herself. In 1767, Benning Wentworth was removed by the British ministry on charges of neglect of duty, and John Wentworth, his nephew, a man esteemed by the people on account of his zeal in procuring a repeal of the stamp act, was appointed in his stead. During his administration occurred those stirring scenes and incidents which resulted in the Revolution. Early in the year 1719, the jjopulation of New Hampshire was increased by the arrival of several families of Scottish emigrants, whose ancestors, by royal patronage, had removed from Argyleshire, in the west of Scotland, about the beginning of the seventeenth century, to the counties of Londonderry and Antrim, in the north of Ireland. Here, however, persecution reached them during the reigns of Charles I. and James II.; and henceforth they yearned for some new home, where, while they might escape the exactions of political and religious oppres- sion, they could earn a living by honest toil. They heard that the New World offered such advantages; and, encouraged by hopes whicli were not altogether unfounded, one hundred and twenty families set sail for the promised haven, and arrived, some at Boston, and others at Portland, in safety. Sixteen of these families settled at Londonderry,' who were shortly increased by many others from home ; and from them have sprung more than twenty tliousand persons, who are to be found in almost every town in New Hampshire, and, in fact, in New England. These emi- grants brought with them all those striking characteristics which dis- tinguished their fathers, and which have won for them imperishable fame as men of piety, as ardent lovers of liberty, as heroes, statesmen, scholars, men of science, and men of honor. From them have sprung such men as Stark, Reed, M'Clary, Miller, and McNeil, and many others among the most distinguished of America's sons. ' See article on Londonderry. VOL. I. 33 ;iS6 HISTORY AXD DESCIUPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. JII. TlIK AVaKS WtTH THE LnDIAXS AXn WITH THE FrENXII, rnOM 1G75 TO THE Conquest of Canada, in 1700. Tliis (livisioi) of oni oliaptcr cnihraces a large portion of tlie history ot Nuw Hampsliire, as it does of most of the New England States. From 1675 to 1760, — a ]ieriod of eighty-five years, — the intermissions of peace, like gleams of sunshine in an equinoctial storm, were of short duration ; — a harassing contest had to be maintained by the colonists, not only against the savage warfare of the Indian, but against the de- signing plans of the French. If the patient endurance of every suffer- ing, and an indomitable perseverance under every danger, entitle a man to a home, then the pioneers of New England nobly won theirs. For nearly fifty years the Indians had left the white man unmolested ; but the narrowed Limits of their hunting-grounds and the growing power of the English awakened in them a sense of their condition, and a feel- ing of discontent was manifest, which Philip, the renowned warrior of Mount Hope, was not long in fanning into a flame.i Hostilities com- menced in June, 1675 ; and the war was carried into New Hampshire in September, by an attack on Somersworth. The settlers were filled with dread, and betook themselves to garrisons for protection. Desola- tion and death swept through the land, and it was feared that civiliza- tion would have to succumb to barbarism, when fortune favored the colonists, and Philip and his savage compeers met with a disastrous de- feat at Rhode Island. His death soon after, at the hands of Captain Church, was the harbinger of peace, which was ratified at Casco in 1678. During this war, a number of Indians, who had come to con- firm a peace, were taken by stratagem by Major Richard Waldron of Dover, several of them hung, and others sold as slaves into Africa.^ The next Indian war, known as King William's war, commenced in 16s9 and lasted till 1699. Dover was first attacked, and Major Wal- dron, who was tlie means of decoying the Indians, was most brutally murdered. The depredations extended into New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, and even New York, and death and ruin followed in the trail of the Indian. Four years of peace ensued, when the war with the Frencli and In- dians, commonly called Queen Anne's war, burst upon the settlers, — their homes were desolated, and murder and rajiine were every-day events. In 1707, an attack, in which two companies from New Hamp- ' The PLMiacooks die] ni.t taki- |i:irt in this war. ' Some historians think Majui- Waldron shouhl not lie huld responsilile for this act ot" treachery. NEW HAMPSHIRE OUTLINES OF ITS HISTORY. 387 shire took an active part, was projected against Port Royal, but met with a disastrous termination. A second expedition to that locality in 1707 was successful ; but a very formidable one against Quebec, in 1711, failed, owing to a cjuarrel among the officers. Hostilities ceased October 29, 1712. In 1723, Lovewell's war commenced, and is memo- rable for the contest known as " Lovewell's fight," ^ one of the most des- perate ever had with the Indians. This war was ended by the treaty of Falmouth, December 15, 1726. For the expedition to Louisburg, in 1745, the merit of originating which is claimed for William Vaughan of Portsmouth, New Hamp- shire raised ;£ 13,000, and furnished five hundred men (one eighth of the land-force), who carried a banner, bearing the pious inscri|)tion of Whitefield, " Nil desperandum, Christo duce." 2 Westmoreland, Keene, and Cliarlestown suffered daring this campaign from the French and Indians. Peace followed in 174S, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.'' Jii 1755, New Hampshire furnished five hundred men, under command of Colonel Blanchard of Dunstable, for the service against Crown Point, which was increased shortly after by another regiment of three hundred men under Colonel Peter Gilman. The Indians attacked many of the frontier settlements during this campaign, and again in 1756, when another expedition was projected against Crown Point, for which a regiment under Colonel Mcserve was raised. This vear were formed the celebrated companies of rangers, ixnder those distinguished leaders, Robert Rogers, and John and William Stark. For the reduction of Crown Point, in 1757, another regiment of New Hampshin^ men, again commanded by Colonel Mesei-ve,* was furnished, eighty of whom were murdered by the Indians, after the capitulation of Fort William Henry. Eight hundred men also served in the attempted reduction of Ticonderoga by Abercrombie ; and one thousand, under Colonel Zaccheus Lovewell, brother of Captain John Lovewell, the hero of Pequawket, were raised in 1759, and participated in the aciiial reduc- tion of Ticonderoga and Crown Point under General Amherst. In the campaign of 1760, when the conquest of Canada was fully com- pleted, eight hundred men, under Colonel John CtoITc, shared the honors of the siege. This ended the contest with France, and the people turned their attention to their peaceful occupations. ' See artirle on Frveburg. Me., ante, p. 133. " Nothing is to be despaired of, under the command of Clirist. " By this treaty, Cape Breton, " won by Americans, was yivcn up to the French by the English." * Colonel Meservc died of the small-pox, when serving at the reduction of Loiiisbur, an old chief of the St. Francis tnbe, dated as far back as 1796. The general government, as early as that time, prohib- ited purchases of land from the Indians ; but it was claimed, that the grantors living without the jurisdiction of the United States made this NEAV HAMPSHIRE OUTLINES OF ITS HISTORY. 391 case an exception to the rule. The chief objects of the settlers appeared to be to get possession of these lands, and to be without the taxation and jurisdiction of any government. Their hope was that neither Great Britain nor the United States would lay claim to tiie tract, owing to the ditRculty of putting a construction upon the clause in the treaty of 1783 defining the boundary, namely: "Along the highlands wliii-h divide the rivers emptying themselves into the St. Lawrence from those falling into the Atlantic Ocean, to the northwesternmost head of Con- necticut river, thence down the middle of that river to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude." By the convention of 1827, the cjucstion of tiie whole northeastern boundary was referred to the king of the Neth- erlands, whose award in respect to this part of the line threw this whole tract upon the Canada side. But, as " the head of the Connecticut," which he adopted, did not approach the highlands, the people of New Hampshire were dissatisfied, and, as the award was rejected by tiie United States, the whole question was left open to further difficulty. In 1820, the state, owing to the settlers here resisting process issuing in CoiJs county, of which the tract was regarded as forming a part, had asserted a title and jurisdiction, by a resolution directing the attorney- general to proceed against intruders; and again, in 1824, by an express declaratory act, in which also it released title to every actual settler of two hundred acres, reserving, of course, all other portions to itself. After the award mentioned above, of ■\vhich, iiowever, Great Britain does not appear to have taken the advantage, the difficulties with the settlers increased, on account of their resistance of process for levy of taxes in Coos, through Canadian inffiience, as it was alleged, although there is no evidence that the provincial government was implicated in the matter. In consequence of tiie threatening position of affairs, the state sent troops to the territory in 1834 or 1835, and order was restored without any serious conflict. The state footed the bills; and, in 1849, Congress satisfied the state's claim by paying ^7,000. The next year, an attempt was made to recover interest on this sum from the year 1836, which, after being more than once refused, was allowed by Con- gress in January, 1852, with a proviso that the amount should not exceed the sum of $6,000. But, in disposing of the questions, grow- ing out of the claims on the part of settlers here, resort was had to the su]jeiior court of New Hampshire. In a decision given in this court in 1840, by Chief Justice Parker, the jurisdiction asserted by the state was affirmed, and was held to refer back, in the absence of any subse- quent grant, to the period of separation from Great Britain, and conse- quently carried with it all title to the lands. This decision practically settled the question; and the jurisdiction thus maintained was acquiesced 392 HISTORY AND liESCHII'TIOX OF NEW EXGLAXD. ill by Great Britain and tlie United States in the Aslilmrton treaty, made the next year, wliieh laid down the line as claimed by this state. In 1825, the legislature authorized the appointment of commissioners to ascertain, survey, mark, and renew the boundary line between this state and Massachusetts, Aviiieh was completed by 1829. In 1827, the same was ordered with regard to the jNIaine line, wliich was also com- pleted in 1829. Among the noticeable events in the history of the state was the sensa- tion produced by a doctrine- persistently maintained in her courts, and which seemed likely to produce collision between national and state jurisdictions. Several suits were commenced under the bankrupt law of 1841, raising the question, whether attachment of property under state process secured it from the operation of this law. By the laws of New Hampshire, an attachment constituted a lien or security equally valid with a mortgage. The bankrupt act gave to the district courts of the United States jurisdiction of " all cases and controversies in bankruptcy."' In the ex parte case of John S. Foster,^ a petitioner in bankruptcy, brought in the District Court of the United States for Massachusetts, in 1842, Judge Story held that an attachment on mesne process gives the creditor only a sort of lien, but not such as to prevent the operation of the bankrupt act ; that such creditor could not, by a mere race of dili- gence, after proceedings in bankruptcy had been instituted, overreach and defeat the rights of the other creditors ; and that the court would, if nec- essary, grant an injunction against his proceeding further in the suit than to protect his ulterior rights ; in other words, compel him to await the result of bankrupt proceedings before he could get a decision in his own case. The superior court of New Hampshire thereupon decided, in the case of Kittredge v. Warren,^ in the year 1844, that an attachment did constitute a lien or security which took the property out of the general provisions of the bankrupt act ; and that a certificate of discharge of the bankrupt could not operate as an absolute bar to the further maintenance of the action by the attaching creditor. Reviewing this decision in the case of Peck and Bellows,^ the same year, Judge Story treated it as a nullity, and further asserted the paramount aitthority of the United States courts. Immediately, the superior court of New Hampshire, in the case of Kittredge v. Emerson,* more fully reviewing its own and the counter decisions, held that the judgment of a court in one of the United States, having jurisdiction of a cause, is binding in every other court itntil reversed by a competent tribunal ; that the judgment or order of a court ' 2 Story, 131. ' 14 N. II. Rep. 500. ^ 7 Law Reporter, 119. ' 15 N. H. Rep. 227. NEW HAMPSHIRE OUTLIXES OF ITS HISTORY. o9o having no jurisdiction is void ; that tlie courts of the I'nitcd States could not treat the judgments of the state courts as nullities ; and that the only proper remedy, when aggi-ieved by the judgment of a state court, is by a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the United States. The court fur- ther intimated its readiness to protect its own proceedings by counter injunctions, and such other authority as might be required. Another decision ^ followed vtpon each side, not essentially varying the result. Though the danger of a collision of more than words had been immi- nent, a prudence on the part of the District Court prevented it from attempting to enforce its decrees. In 1849, the case of Peck v. Jenness was carried by writ of error to the Supreme Court of the United States, and the rulings of the New Hampshire courts were sustained.- New Hampshire has had reason to be proud of her judiciary, in spite of the constant changes in the organization of her courts. No less than seven fundamental alterations have been made since the year 1813. The courts, as established after the adoption of the constitution in 1791, were the superior court of judicature, consisting of a chief justice and three associates, appointed by the president and the council ; the court of common pleas, composed of four judges, appointed in the same way, to hold courts in each county, having cognizance of all suits relating to real estate, and all personal actions where the damages claimed ex- ceeded forty shillings ; and the com-ts of general sessions of the peace, one in each county, to be conservators of the peace, to punish offenders, to make orders for raising any moneys for erecting and repairing county buildings, for payment of jurors, and other matters connected with the administration of county business. In 1813, the supreme judicial court was established to take tlie place of the superior court, with achief jitstice, andtwo, instead of three, asso- ciate justices, — to be held annually in every county. The eastern and western circuits were organized, and the circuit court of common pleas, with a chief justice and two associates, in place of the common pleas court as previously constituted. In 1816, the supreme judicial court was abolished, and the superior court and the common pleas restored. In 1819, original and exclusive jurisdiction Avas given the superior court in all real actions, and original and concurrent jurisdiction with the common pleas in all personal actions above fifty dollars. The common pleas were to have final and conclusive jurisdiction in all }iersonal actions where the damages did not exceed twenty-five dollars. In 1820, the jurisdiction of the common pleas was transferred to the superior ' The City Bank of New Orloans 7 Law Rep. 5.33 (year 1844) ; Peck ct al. v. .Jeiiiiess et al. 8 Law Kep. 344 (year 1S4.5). - 7 Howard's Rep. CI 2. 394 IIISTOUY AXD DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. court, and a c(nirt of possionscreafi-tl in place of the common plca^^, with a chief justice and four associates, and two persons in each county as associate judges for that county. In 1824, the court of common pleas was restored, and all the powers of the court of sessions were transferred to it. In 1832, the ordinary business of the superior court was trans- ferred to the court of common pleas, of which the superior judges were to be ex officio the justices, with two others to be appointed in each county. The superior judges were to have chancery powers, were to hold one law term annually in each county, and preside at the county courts. In 1841, circuit justices of the common pleas were established. This system continued iintil 1855, wdicn the superior court, and the common pleas with its circuit justices and side judges, were superseded by the supreme judicial court, consisting of a chief justice and four asso- ciates, and the common pleas court, composed of a chief justice and two associates; the justices of the supreme court being ex officio justices of the common pleas, and having authority to hold terms thereof only in cases of accident and necessity. The jurisdiction of the common pleas is substantially as that of the old court ; but in civil actions, where the damages claimed do not exceed one hundred dollars, it has exclusive and final jurisdiction, exceptions in matters of law being allowed to the supreme court. Where the damages exceed one hundred dollars, an appeal on the facts lies to the supreme court. The court of common pleas is held by one or more of the judges twice a year in each county. The supreme court has extensive equity jurisdiction, and exclusive juris- diction in all criminal cases, except in cases cognizable by justices of the peace and police courts. A single judge of the supreme court holds a jury term twice a year in each county, except in capital cases, which re(iuire two or more justices. For the determination of questions of law, the state is divided into five judicial districts, (each made up of two counties,) in each of which districts two terms are held annually. Three justices constitute a quorum, and the concurrence of three is necessary to a decision in law. By the constitution, the adoption of which has before been noticed, the government is vested in a governor, a council of five, a senate composed of twelve members, and a house of representatives, — all to be elected annually. The state is now divided into five councillor, and twelve senatorial, districts. Every town having 150 ratable polls may choose one representative, with the allowance of an additional represent- ative for every three hundred additional polls. The election takes place on the second Tuesday in March, and the government year begins on the first Wednesday in .Tune. The constitution makes it the duty of the selectmen of towns, once in seven years, to submit to the inhabitants NEW HAMPSHIRE OUTLINES OF ITS HISTORY. 39') tliercof the question of a revision of that instriunent, fuiliag to do whieli, it was made incumbent upon the legislature to take the sense of tlie people. This body, not regarding the terms of the article as restrictive, have passed resolves much oftener for the purpose; but the people have always failed to see any necessity of calling a convention until 1850. Among the proposed alterations in 1792 was that of the articles which make a belief in the Protestant religion essential to being a member of either of the three coordinate branches of government; but the people refused to accept the amendment. At the last convention, these amend- ments were proposed again, but shared the same fate as in 1792. In 1852, sixty years from the adoption of the constitution, three amend- ments only of a large number that had just been submitted to tlie people were declared to be adopted. These eftected the abolition of projjerty qualifications for the executive and legislative departments. New Hamjjshire has maintained her reputation for the production of heroic and talented sons. She has freely given them to the service of the state, learned in jurisprudence and diplomacy. Biie has sent them to the national councils, to the executive chair at Washington, and to bless her sister states with wise counsel and high administrative ability. Although her greatest and most lamented son sleeps at Marshlield, away from her vales, and in the state of his adoption, she has yet other sons on the world's wide stage w'ho will not dishonor her good name, l)ut are daily bearing testimony to her noble character as a mother, and, by their superemincnt ability and integrity, increasing the estimation in which she is held. Having dwelt, perliaps, too long on the recent history of New Ilamp- sliire, in whii-h, happily, no tragical or remarkably stirring events have occurred, it only remains to add the statistics of her population, — of her natural and developed resources, — her agriculture and manufactures, — her railroads, banks, and other monuments and channels of industry and wealth, — and her institutions of learning, humanity, and religion. This state has ten counties and 231 towms. Of the towns, six were incorporated before the year 1700, 188 within the next century, and thirty-seven since the year 1800. As no general enumeration of the people had ever been made prior to 1790, the estimates for earlier periods are merely conjectural, being based upon the ratio of increase, and, for that reason, too unreliable to l)e given for the earliest dates. In 1701, one of the estimates sets down "tlie population of this state at 10,000; in 1749, at 30,000; in 1755, at 34,000 ; in 1775, 102,000, of which number 629 were slaves. The ratio of increase for this period of seventy-four years was more than twelve per cent, annually. In 1790, there were 141,111 whites, 396 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION* OF XEW EXGLAXD. 630 free colored persons, and 158 slaves; in 1800, 182,898 whites, 856 free colored, and eight slaves; in 1810, 213,390 whites, 970 free colored. No slaves were reported at this or any subsequent census, except one in 1830, and this return was probably nominal. In 1820, there were 243,236 whites, and 786 free colored ; in 1830, 268,721 whites, and 604 free colored ; in 1840, 284,036 whites, and 537 free colored ; and in 1850, 317,456 whites, and 520 free colored ; from which it appears, that, during this period of sixty years, the increase of the white population has been about 125 per cent., or a maximum of thirty j)er cent., during one decennial period, while there has been a constant decrease in the colored population since 1810. Of the population by the last census, 258,132, or about eighty-one per cent., were born within the state; 44,925, or fourteen per cent., in other states; and 14,257, or about fotir and a half per cent., in foreign countries. In the New Hampshire Register for 1858, an interesting table is given of the tAventy-t\vo towns which have led in population at the several enumerations that have been made, exhibiting striking changes in the order of their rank at successive periods. During a period of eighty-three years, fifty-four different towns have been included within the class of twenty-two ; six only of the original twenty-two towns of the census of 1767 are retained in the census of 1850, in which latter census, a town heads the list that did not apjjear at all in the Table for 1830. In the financial administration of affairs, the state stands in the first rank of commonwealths. She is one of the four New England states, and one of six in the Confederacy, that has no absolute or contingent debt. The floating debt, June 2, 1857, above available funds, amounted to §74,778.55. The receipts for 1854-5 were $179,488.18; for 1855-6, §218,272.44; for 1856-7, §209.469.41; the expenditures for the same years were respectively §157,807.69, §199,052.90, and §192,961.66. The balance of cash in the treasury for the last year was §16,507.75, with ample convertible resources for extinguishing all indebtedness. Of the above sources of income, the railroad tax was a large item, being for the three years mentioned §61,480.01, §54,356.32, and §49,162.02. In its industrial features, New Hampshire is by no means inferior to her sister states. The principal occupation of the people is in subduing a hard, silicious surface, and extorting from its reluctant lap the bread of toil. While this state, like the rest of New England, wears upon its face coldness and sterility, it compares favorably in the results of hus- handry. In 1850, it had 29,229 farms, 2,251,488 acres of improved land, and only 1,140,926 acres unimproved, or two thirds of it under NEW HAMPSHIRE OUTLINES OF ITS HISTORY. 397 cultivation ; while Maine has a little less than one half of her territory so treated. The average area of a farm was 116 acres, and its value |1,890 ; the aggi-egate cash value of all the farms in the state was $55,245,997, with $2,314,325 added for farming imjjlements and ma- chinery. New Hampshire is as far behind her sister Vermont in the aggregate value of nearly all her staples, as before her in the niimber of acres covered with granite. The value of live-stock was §S,871,901; of meat and poultry, $1,522,873. There were raised 185,658 bushels of wheat, 183,117 of rye, 973,381 of oats, 1,573,670 of corn, 3,207,236 of potatoes, 598,854 tons of hay, 257,174 pounds of hops, 6,977,056 of butter, 3,196,563 of cheese, 1,298,863 of maple sugar, and 1,108,476 pounds of wool. Agriculture is receiving more attention as a science, under the fostering care of several county societies, as also of the State Agricultural Society, which was incorporated in 1850, and has enlisted the interest of learned and practical men. But Providence intended that New Hampshire, with her vast water power, should not stand in the rear rank of industry ; and has conse- quently called forth the loom, the spindle, and forge to elaborate their curious and ponderous work, their products of utility and beauty. This state ranks the seventh in the amount of capital employed in maiui- factures, mining, and the mechanic arts, having $18,242,114 so invested. The operatives number 14,103 males and 12,989 females, receiving $6,123,876 as wages, and turning out an annual product of $23,164,503. There arc 810,950,500 capital employed in the cotton manufacture ; 83,026 bales of cotton annually consumed; $4,839,429 as the value of the raw material; 2,911 male, and 9,211 female operatives, with an annual product of $8,830,619 upon capital and labor invested. In the cotton manufacture. New Hampshire has the second place. There are $2,437,700 of capital employed in the woollen manufacture; 3,604,100 pounds of wool; 926 male, and 1,201 female operatives; and $2,127,745 is the value of the manufactured articles. In the iron manufacture §232,700 is employed, and the annual value of the manu- factured article is 8371,710. These returns of the last census probably fall short of the real amount ; but are sufficient to indicate the spirit of enterprise which has accompanied these branches of industry since 1840, at which time manufacturing operations had but just commenced. In her maritime interests, New Hampshire is, with one exception — Vermont — far behind all the other New England States, having but eighteen miles of sea-coast, and Portsmouth as her only port of entry. The number of vessels built for the year ending June 30, 1856, was ten ; the tonnage was 10,395 tons; the imports were valued at $24,339, and the exports at $5,275. \"0L. I. 34 o9S III.STiiUY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW" ENGLAND. Nt'w Iluiiipshirc has (Soil miles of railroad, whic-li c-ost §;19,766,-40-j, notwithstanding at the outset she "set her face like a flint" against taking private lands for railroads except by purchase. When, however, it was jiroposed to extend a road from Boston around the corner of the state into Vermont, then, presto, if any advantage was to be derived, she was ready to reap it with others. This reluctance, ostensibly based iij)on sound principles of justice and economy, but really perhaps u|)on a ])revailing feeling of opposition to any corporate monopolies, gave rise to the system of management, still pursued by the state, making all railroad corporations which are unable to purchase the lands over which the road is projected, public corporations. By a statute of 1844 and several subse<[ueut ones, a board of railroad commissioners was estab- lished. To which all applications for roads are referable ; and, in case they think the public good requires the road, and the governor and coun- cil concur in this opinion, a lease of a right to construct and use the road, running for a term not less than one hundred nor more than two hundred years, is executed by the governor and council under the seal of the state, at the end of which term the right reverts to the state. The state may terminate the lease, and resume all the right and privi- lege of the corporation in any road at the end of twenty years, upon one year's notice, and paying the corporation any amount in the cost of construction and expenses not met by its earnings, and ten per cent, interest thereon. The lease may be renewed at the end of any term, in the same manner as the original lease shall have been obtained. There are fifty-two banks, with a capital of 85,031,300 ; twenty-two savings institutions, and twenty mutual fire insurance companies. There are 371 post-ofiices. The length of mail routes is 1,959 miles, on which is an annual transportation of 1,009,632 miles, costing $47,946 for the year ending June 30, 1856. A good system of education is being rapidly developed in New Hamp- shire, and much attention has been given of late to teachers' institutes, twenty of which were held in the ten counties of the state in the year ending with July, 1858, attended by 1,900 teachers. The county com- missioners of schools constitute a board of education, the office of school commissioner having been abolished in 1850. The school report for the year 1857-8 gives returns from 232 towns. The number of districts was 2,343 ; of scholars, 96,199 ; male teachers, 1,031 ; female teachers, 3,032; volumes in school, district, or town libraries, 44,756. The amount raised from all sources for the support of public sciiools was §233,888.11, or 62.86 to each scholar; of which 817,145.92 was the amount raised by towns beyond what the law requires ; 815,833.31 were contributed in board, fuel, and money to prolong the schools beyond NEW HAMPSHIRE OUTLINES OF ITS HISTORY. 399 the time authorized by town tax ; •^7,527.94 were the income of local funds ; §2,207.67 income from surplus revenue ; $23,690.32 income of the literary fund used ; and $3,667.96 were from the railroad tax. There are one college, three theological schools, one medical sc1rh)1, and 107 academies and private schools. The total annual income of the college was, in 1850, $11,000; and of the academies and private schools, $43,202. For another class o( schools of regretted necessity, — the reformatory and sanitary institutions, — we give the following items. The State Prison, since its establishment in 1812, has received 1,057 convicts, of whom 515 were discharged, 343 were pardoned, sixty died, sixteen escaped, and two were removed to the Insane Asylum. The number received during the year ending May 31, 1858, was forty-nine, making 1 he whole number in prison at that date 110. The receipts and earn- ings of the institution for the year were $9,884.59 ; the expenses, ■'?7,327.47. The whole number admitted into the Insane Asylum, from its opening in 1843, has been 1,552, of whom 696 have been reported recovered, 295 partially recovered, 236 unimproved, 158 deceased, and 1G9 remaining under treatment, May 31, 1858, ninety-seven of the last number being received during the year. The legislature of 1855 passed an act establishing the House of Reformation for Juvenile and Female OtTendcrs, to be constructed at a cost not exceeding 815,000, in such form as to accommodate 125 boys and twenty-five females, and to admit of enlargement when neces- sary. The " Stark Farm," at Manchester, was selected as a site, and the main building, which is a neat brick edifice, was completed and dedicated to its legitimate use. May 12, 1858. The last census report gave to New Hampshire 626 churches or religious societies, but has so confused some of the denominations, that it is impossible to rely upon it for details.^ The latest documents of the principal denominations return 190 ortliodox Congregational churches or societies, eight Presbyterian, ninety-one Methodist, ninety- one Baptist, 127 Free-will Baptist, seventy-three Universalist, sixteen Unitarian, fourteen Episcopal, twenty-four Christian, fifteen Friends, two Shakers, eleven Roman Catholic, and thirty-eight Union and mis- cellaneous, making a total of seven hundred. The total value of churcii j)roperty probably exceeds one and a half million dollars. But last, though not least, may be noticed, the natural scenerv of (he ' The " Congregational," " Unitarian," and " Orthodox Congregational," arc set down as three denominations, with no chnrehcs to tlie last named, and only ten in the Uniti'd States: wliile the Baptists and Free-will Baptists — quite distinct in their faith and order — ■ arc thrown into a heterogeneous mass. 400 HISTORY AND DESCRIJ'TION OF NEW EXGLAXD. titate, wliicli has won for it the iiaino of the Switzerland of Amcriia. It has its quiet valleys, and romantic and pastoral glens ; its lakes, streams, and watercourses, — all of surpassing loveliness. No one who has lin- gered by the enchanted shores of Lake Winnepesaukee, and gazed upon its broad expanse, dotted with nitmerous islands and gleaming in the rays of the rising and setting sun, will deny the appropriateness of its name — "beautiful lake of the high land." The principal rivers are the Con- necticut and the Merrimack; the latter, with its countless tributaries, furnishing an immense water-power, and propelling more machinery than any other river or stream on the continent of America. New Hampshire has also its hills and mountains: the latter bold, sublime, enduring monuments of the creative power, from the lofty summits of which the eye surveys one of the wildest and most enchanting countries of the world. From Mount Washington and its majestic comjjeers, the prospect is noble and extensive, only bounded on the one hand by the dim distance of the ocean, and on the other by the horizon resting on the land. From these eminences, rocks piled on rocks clothed in gigantic forest growths and shrubbery, — placid lakes, embosoming countless ver- dant islets, and pleasant valleys and farm-lands in the highest state of cultivation, — successively meet the eye ; while the foaming cataract and the leaping cascade, now rushing down the slopes and dashing through the vales, now subsiding into the gently gliding streams, and anon swell- ing into rivers, coursing through the plains and winding their way to the sea, — all serve to dissipate the weariness of the traveller, make his feet nimble as his heart is gay, and develop in him pedestrian capacities which he never dreamed he possessed, — to lighten the toil of the sturdy yeoman, add length to his years and vividness to his imagination, and moitld the sons of hard-handed industry into the poets, orators, and statesmen who direct the energies of a vast republic. CHAPTER VI. ABORIGINi\X TRIBES OF JCEW HAMPSHIRE. The native tribes of New Hampshire all belonged to the Abiiaki nation ; but seem to have had a separate government, and independent ot those who lived east of the Piscataqua river. They were divided into several tribes. Those living along the Merrimaclc were the Agawams, the Wamesits or Pawtuckets, the Nashuas, the Souhegans, the Nama- oskeags, the Penaeooks, and the Winnepesaukees. At the souree of tlie Connecticut river were the Cooash Indians, tlie only tribe that oc- cupied the banks of the river when discovered by the whites. There is a tradition, that a great many tribes besides these had their residence along the banks of this river; but that they had been j)rincipally extermi- nated in the wars with the Mohawks, and by the plague of 1616-17. Tliose that lived in the eastern ))art of the state were the Pequaquaukes, sometimes called Pequawkets, wlu) inhabited a part of Maine; the Ossipees, the Squamscotts, the Winnecowetts, and the Piseata(|uas. The population of these tribes, either individually or collectively, is not known; in fact, there is no certainty that an estimate of their numbers was ever made by any authority from the period of the establishment of the first colonial governments. The most powerful tribe was the Penaeooks, who occupied the tract of land known by that name, part of which is now Concord ; but in process of time, in consequence of the reduction of the smaller tribes l)y war, emigration, and the influences of civilization, those who occupietl the Merrimack valley were merged into one tribe, and were called indis- criminately Penaeooks. Namaoskeag was the site of the principal village, as is evident from the large number of Indian relics there found ; and here was the royal residence of the ancient sagamores of the Pena- eooks. At the mouth of the Piscatacjuog river was another considerable village, and so again at or near the outlet of Lake Winnepesaukee. There were other and smaller settlements along the Merrimack as far as the Souhegan river; and in Bedford, on Carthagena island, and ojjposite 34* (401) 402 IIISTUIIY AND DE.SCKIl'TION OF NEW ENGLAND. till' mouth of tlie Cous river, traces of Indian villages were to be seen until recently. The sites of the villages were selected with regard to the fertility of the soil, the sufliciency of game, and the quanitity of fish which abounded in the rivers and streams ; nor was the beauty of the surrounding scenery lost sight of, as can be seen even at this day ; the changes of a century of civilization having left their natural beauties scarcely impaired. The sagamores of most note among the Penacooks were Passacon- away, Wonnalancet, his son, and Kancamagus, usually called John Hodgkins, his grandson. The first heard of Passaconaway was in 1(VJ7 or 1628, perhaps earlier, if the Conway whom Christopher Levett saw in the vicinity of the Piscataqua in 1623 be the same person, as is snj)- posed to be the case, from the fact that when Massachusetts desired to aiTest him in 1642, directions were given to proceed to Ipswich, Rowley, and Newbury, — sufficient evidence that he had a residence at each of those places.' Passaconaway had a great influence over the people who acknowledged his sway. Besides being a powerful warrior, he was an expert necromancer, which of itself, considering the superstitious and untutored minds of the savages, was enough to win for him the highest veneration and the greatest awe. He died prior to 1669 ; but the exact date is not known. He lived on terms of the greatest intimacy with the English, despite the encroachments they made upon his lands; and his last wish to his people was that they should never make war upon the whites. His powers of eloquence were of the highest order, as will be seen from the following extract,^ which is made from his farewell address, delivered before a vast assemblage of his followers in 1660 : — " Hearken to the words of your father. I am an old oak, that has withstood the storms of more than a hundred winters. Leaves and branches have been stripped from me by the winds and frosts, — my eyes are dim, — my limbs totter, — I must soon fall ! But when young and sturdy, when my bow no young man of the Penacooks could bend, — w lien my arrows woitld pierce a deer at a hundred yards, and I could bury my hatchet in a sapling to the eye, — no wigwam had so many furs, no pole so many scalp-locks, as Passaconaway's. Tlien 1 delighted in war. The whoop of the Penacooks was heard on the INIohawk, — and no voice so loud as Passaconaway's. The scalps upon the pole of my wigwam told the story of Mohawk suffering. "The oak will soon break before the whirlwind, — it shivers and shakes even now ; soon its trunk will be prostrate, — the ant and the 1 Sec Wintliroj/s Journal. 2 Potter's liist. Manchester, pp. 5y-fil. ABORIGINAL TRIIiES OF :SEW HAMI'-SHIUE. 403 worm will sport upon it ! Then Tliinlc, rny children, of what I say! I commune with the Great Spirit. lie whispers me now: 'Tell your people, Peace — peace, is the only hope of your race. I have given lire and thunder to the pale-faces for weapons, — 1 have made thciu plen- Tier than the leaves of the forest ; and still shall they increase. These meadows they shall turn with the plough, — these forests shall fall by the axe, — the pale-faces shall live upon your hunting-grounds, and make their villages upon your fishing-places.' The Great Spirit says this, and it must be so ! We are few and powerless before them ! We must bend before the storm! The wind blows hard! The old oak trembles, its branches are gone, its sap is frozen, it bends, it falls I Peace — peace, with the white man ! — is the command of the Great Spirit ; and the wish — the last wish, of Passaconaway." Wonnalancet was chief of the tribe in 16(39, and lived ou terms of the greatest intimacy with the white settlers. He preferred peace to war, and seems to have been impressed very strongly with the advice of his-father. He appears to have been of a most amiable disj)osition, to a much greater extent than many of his more civilized neighbors. He was imprisoned by the English in 1642, and, though subjected to many indignities, he never offered retaliation. As a specimen of the goodness of his heart, it may be said, that, in 1659, he sold his home to purchase the liberty of his brother Nanamocomuck, wdio was imprisoned in Bos- ton for debt. He embraced the Christian religion, through the ministra- tions of Mr. Eliot, in 1674, and is said to have lived up to it strictly. About September, 1677, Wonnalancet, finding the lands which the English had granted him taken possession of, retired to the Indian set- tlement of St. Francis. The last that is heard of him is in 1696, when he was placed under the charge of Jonathan Tyng of Tyngsborough. It is probable that subsequently he retired again to St. Francis, where he passed the remainder of his days. Wonnalancet was sitcceeded by his nephew, Kancamagus, about May 15, 1685, shortly after the removal of the former to St. Francis for the first time. This chief was more generally known as John Hodgkins, and was the son of Nanamocomuck, Passaconaway's eldest son. He was a politic, brave, and intelligent man ; but under his chieftaincy the Pennacooks became a formidable foe to the English settlers, which was owing, in a measure, to a want of respect on the part of the provincial authorities; for it is certain, from various letters sent to Governor Cran- field, that Kancamagits desired to retain the friendship of the English. He was the leader of the massacre at Dover, when Major Waldron was so brutally murdered, June 27, 1689, and took part in several other attacks upon the English settlements. His wife and cliildren were taken pris- 404 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAXD. oners by the English in Soptembor, 1690, and his sister was slain. 'J'he liist that is heard of him is in 1691, when he signed the truce of Saga- dahoc, shortly after which, it is supposed, he died. After the affair at Dover, the Indians, as a general thing, retired from Ihe precincts of New Hampshire; and thus the ancient royal residence of the Pennacooks became comparatively deserted. The place at Nama- oskeag was occupied as late as 1745 by one Indian, named Christian, who was employed by the English during the Indian wars as a scout, and subsequently retired, with others of his tribe, to St. Francis. He was afterwards, however, concerned in some depredations on the Eng- lish settlements, and was one of those who decoyed two negroes from Canterbury, in 1752. The last heard of him was in 1757, when he was at St. Francis, where he probably died. The spot occupied by Chris- tian's wigwam is still shown at Amoskeag Falls, where the relics of his liearthstone, — his pipes, arrow-heads, and ornaments, consisting of bears' teeth, together with his tomahawk, — have been brought to light. Thus the aboriginal inhabitants, who held the lands of New Hamp- shire as their own, have been swept away. Long and valiantly did they contend for the inheritance bequeathed to them by their fathers; but fate had decided against them, and it was all in vain. With bitter feelings of unavailing regret, the Indian looked for the last time upon the happy places where for ages his ancestors had lived and loved, re- joiced and wept, and passed away, to be known no more forever. The wild beasts, who shared with him the forests, and were molested only when required to minister to his wants, have also disappeared. The forests have melted away; and the broad intervals, slopes, and uplands, from the Piscataqua to the Connecticut, affording sustenance to a teem- ing ])opulation, attest the change that a century has wrought. The waterfalls, too, have been made to resound with the music of spindles and of wheels, and the streets have become marts of traffic. Civiliza- tion has followed the same course here as in all other countries reclaimed from barbarism, by blotting out the original inhabitants and planting another race. The native tribes of New Hampshire fulfflled their mis- sion, and passed away. We too shall pass away, and other busy feet will tread upon our graves, as thoughtless of us as wc are now of the sleeping dust of the red man. CHAPTER VII. COlTv'TIES, CITIES, AND TOWNS OF NEW IIAJIPSHIRE.' AcwoRTii, in the southwestern part of Suhivaa eounty, is forty-lour miles west from Concord. It received its charter in 1766, although it was not permanently settled until the summer of 1768, when three families, — Samuel Harper, William Keyes, and John Rogers, — with some other individuals, principally from Londonderry, N. H., arrived. They were followed the year after by some families from ■Wiiidiiain and Ashford, Conn. As the settlement of Acworth took place at the time of the commencement of the difficulties which brought on the American Revolution, its progress in wealth and population was very much retarded. At the close of the contest, however, other families were added to those already in town, and the settlement advanced. The soil of Acworth is well adapted to the pursuit of agriculture, which is generally followed by the inhabitants. Cold river, affording several mill privileges, is the only stream worthy of mention. Large crystals of beryl have been found, and the town has become somewhat celebrated on that account. There are two villages — Acworth and South Acworth; three church edifices — Congregational, Bajitist, iiiul Methodist; thirteen school districts; and two post-offices — Acworth and South Acworth: also, the Acworth boot and shoe company; five saw-mills, one grist-mill, one woollen factory, one bobbin factory, and oiie peg factory. Population, 1,251 ; valuation, •$439,393. Albany, in the western part of Carroll county, bounded on the east by Conway, is seventy-five miles from Concord. The abundance of otter and beaver on the streams in Albany rendered this place a fa- vorite resort of the Indians, who considered these animals rich game. It was granted in 1766, by the name of Burton, to Clement March, Joseph Senter, and others. There is, however, an account, which, if ' When no date is given, it will lie nnilrrsldcul. that, in New Ilampshire, the iin]iulatiijn is according to the last census; and the valuation is the last state valuation ol' is.'i.:). (-105) 406 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIOX OF XEW EXGLAXD. aiirheinic. would trace its first settlement io a mneh earlier period.' Tlr> population of Albany was, for quite a number of years, very insignifi- cant, owing, it is presiimed, to the superstitious fear of Chocorua's curse, whicli, it was supposed, had affected the cattle. These died off' in large numbers from some cause or other, which, it has since been dis- covered, existed in the water, according to the report of Professor Dana, of Dartmouth College, who was appointed, in 1821, to visit the town, and learn, if possible, the cause of the disease. The water was a weak solution of muriate of lime. A certain kind of meadow mud found there issuing from a spring, when administered in large pills to the cattle, was discovered to have remedial effects. The population and business are generally reviving from the stagnation which was thus thrown over them. Swift river is the principal stream, though there are several others in different parts of the town which furnish convenient mill priv- ileges. The soil is fertile, though the surface is somewhat mountainous. Chocorua is a singularly shaped mountain, its top rising to an eleva- tion of 3,600 feet, like a tower crowned by turrets at its corners. To the south the summit presents a perpendicular wall of smooth rock, some hundi-ed feet in altitude. The town has a Free-will Baptist church ; four school districts, and one post-office ; also, one grist-mill, three saw- ' Amonsj the adherents of OUver Cromwell, whose safety was perilled upon the restora- tion of Charles II., was one Cornelius Campbell, a man of superior intellect, who sought and found a new home in the valley at the base of Mount Chocorua, and within the limits of this town. Happy in his wife and children, he had a frequent visitor, to whom the whole family had become much attached, in the person of the young son of the old Indian prophet and chief, Chocorua. On one occasion, as it is alleged, the boy, with a disposition to see and taste every thing, drank some poison placed in a vessel for a mischievous fo.x, the effect of which was fatal. The old man, without breathing his suspicion to any. nursed his jealousy into wrath ; and, at the first opportunity, upon the absence of Camp- bell, visited his house, and left it tenantless, save by the corpses of the wife and little ones of the settler. This blow fell with stunning effect upon Campbell ; but he revived from the torpor of an overpowering anguish to execute upon the prophet the first promptings of the demon of revenge. Chocorua, standing upon the cliti', in the early morning, heard the voice of his enemy from below, commanding him to throw himself into the abyss. With an Indian's calmness, he replied : '■ The Great Spirit gave life to Chocorua, and Chocorua will not throw it away at the command of the white man." " Then hear the Great Spirit sjieak in the white man's thunder ! " e.xclaimed Campbell. He fired, and the ball ])ier( ed the heart of Chocorua, who, before expiring, is said to have raised himself on his hand.and in a loud voice, that grew more terrific as its huskiness increased, to have uttered the fol- lowing awful malediction : — " A curse upon ye, white men ! May the Great Spirit curse ye when he speaks in the clouds ! and his words are fire. Chocorua had a son, and ye killed him while the sky looked bright. Lightning blast your crops ! "Winds and fire destroy your dwellings ! The Evil Spirit breathe death upon your cattle ! Your graves lie in the war-path of the Indian ! Panthers howl and wolves fatten over your bones! Chocorua goes to the Great Spirit, — his curse stays with the white man ! " NEW IIAJIPSmilE TOWN OF ALEXANDRIA, ETn. 407 niill>, and two shingle, lath, tuid clapboard mills. Population, 4')')\ valuation, $75,583. Alexandria, in the soutiioastorn part of (Ti-aftou county, thirty miles iVoui Concord, was granted on the loth of March, 1767, to Joseph But- ttrfield, Jr. and others, having been incorporated November 23, 1762. Tliree brothers, named Corliss, — Jonathan, John, and William, — com- menced its settlement, in December, 1769. Part of Orange was an- nexed to Alexandria, December 7, 1820 ; and in February, 1821, a con- siderable tract of the territory of the latter was annexed to Hill. The first church was Congregational, formed in the year 1788. Alexandria is in some parts level, and in other parts mountainous ; but agriculture can be prosecuted as advantageously here as in other towns in the county. Cardigan mountain is the only eminence. There are about two thousand acres of interval land along the various streams. Smith's and Fowler's rivers furnish good supplies of water ; the former passes through the south part, and the latter through the north part. The only village is called Alexandria, at which there is a po.st-office. There are two church edifices — Methodist and Free-will Baptist, and fourteen school districts : also one carriage manufactory, nine saw- mills, and three grist-mills. Population, 1,273; valuation, $285,416. Allenstown is pleasantly situated on the Suncook river, in Memmack county, eleven miles from Concord. It was granted at an early period, and was settled by John Wolcott, Andrew Smith, Daniel Evans, Robert Buntin, and others. Mr. Buntin, his son, ten years of age, and James Carr, while at labor on the western bank of the Merrimack, opposite tiip mouth of the Suncook, were attacked by several Indians, who killed Carr while attempting to make his escape, took Buntin and his luiy prisoners, marched them to Canada, and disposed of them to a Frenchman at Montreal. They remained in captivity eleven months, when they fortunately made their escape, and returned to their friends. Andrew Buntin, the son, served in the Revolutionary army till his death, which occurred at White Plains, October 28, 1776. Allenstown was incorporated in 1831, its name being given in honor of Allen, the pur- chaser of Mason's claim. Several tracts were set off from this town to Ilooksett, January 5, 1853. The town has something less than 12,225 acres of land, of moderately good quality. The inhabitants are generally occupied in the cultivation of the soil, and the many fine farms exhibit their practical knowledge of husbandry. On Catamount hill, the highest elevation of land, large quantities of fine granite are found. Water is plentiful, and (ircat 408 HISTORY AXD DESCIUPTIOX OF XEW EXGLAXP. Bear brook furnishes several mill-seats. AUenstowii has one nieeting- iiouse, oceupied i)v the Baptists ; I'onr school districts ; and one post- office. Population, GOO ; valuation, §183,495. Alstead, Cheshire county, fifty miles from Concord, was granted l)y Governor Benning Wentworth, in August, 176o, to Samuel Chase and sixt\'-niiie others, and was originally called Newton.^ The most reliable accounts state, that the settlement was commenced about the time the charter was granted. Simon Baker, Isaac Cady, and William Druce were the earliest iu town, and Mrs. Cady is supposed to have been the first woman here. Major Jason Wait, Captain Timothy Delano, and John Burroughs arrived at subsequent periods. During the progi-ess of the Revolutionary struggle, the inhabitants exhibited an earnest endeavor to fulfil their part in the gi-eat contest. As an evidence of the unanimity of feeling on the question, it may be stated that there was but one who favored the cause of Great Britain. Prior to the establishment of the boundaries between New Hampshire and Vermont, there was an un- happy division of feeling on the question ; and in April, 1781, Alstead transacted business under Vermont, but returned to the authority of New Hampshire in January, 1782. With this exception, every thing with which the inhabitants have been identified has progressed without any dissension or misunderstanding, save in political struggles, in which a difference of opinion will often arise. Among the distinguished men who have resided in Alstead may be mentioned Cyrus Kingsbury, who settled here in 1785. Mr. Kingsbury held a military commission as colonel for many years, and represented tlie town in the state legislature. General Amos Shepherd, for many years a member of the general court of this state, and president of the senate, resided in this town, and was one of its most esteemed inhabi- tants. He died January 1, 1812. Alstead has generally a strong and productive soil, and much of the land has been converted into farms. It is watered by Cold river, and some of the branches of Ashuelot river. Warren's pond, tvvo hundred rods in length, and one hundred and fifty in breadth, is the largest body of water. Alstead contains three villages, — Paper- Mill, Alstead, and New Alstead, — at each of which there is a post-office ; five church edi- fices, — Universalist, Christian, and three Congregational; an academy, and fourteen school districts : also one paper-mill, three saw-mills, two grist-mills, and two hon founderies. Population, 1,425 ; valuation, 8587,559. ' It is said that a m'arit was maescrii'Tiox of new exglaxd. manufactory, one slcipjh and \van;on factory, one boot and shoe factory, ajid otlier meclianical interests. Population, 1,103 ; valuation, §330,076. Brookfielp, Carroll county, lies in the eastern part of the state, fortv-five miles from Concord. It was, prior to its incorporation in December, 1794, a part of the territory of the adjoining town of Middle- town. The first person who took up his abode here was Nicholas Austin. Richard Hanson erected the first framed house. The soil is good, and the surface generally level ; the only elevation being Moose mountain, which has a pond of about fifteen acres on its summit, having at all seasons the same amount of water in it. The West branch of Salmon Falls river has its source in Cook's pond, which is about one mile long and three quarters of a mile wide. Brookfield Corner is the name of the only village. The trade consists chiefly of the various kinds of dry goods and groceries, and the inhab- itants are generally employed in the cultivation of the soil. Brookfield has two churches — Free-will Baptist and Methodist; five school districts; several saw-mills and shingle mills; as well as the usual mechanic shops necessary for a small community. A post-office is located here. Popitlation, 552 ; valuation, 6141,087. Brooklixe, in the county of Hillsborotigh, thirty-five miles from Concord, contains 12,664 acres. It originally belonged to the state of Massachusetts, being included in the Dunstable grant. The legislative enactment by which it was incorporated was passed March 30, 1769, and the town was then named Raby, which was changed to Brookline in November, 1798. The first church was of the CongiTgational order, and was formed in 1795 ; previous to which the inhabitants were accustomed to attend meeting regularly at Hollis and Peppercll, from five to ten miles distant. The principal part of the original settlers were Scotch-Irisii. The only river is called Nisitissit, which takes its rise in the northeast part of Mason. There is a pond one mile long and a third of a mile wide. Tiie trade is in lumber, charcoal, and casks. Brookline has one church edifice, belonging to the Congregationalists and Methodists ; seven school districts, and one post-office : also, eight saw-miUs, one grist-mill, and a sash and blind shop. About sixty men are employed in making sugar-kegs for East Boston. Population, 718; valuation, 6295,169. Cajibridge, Coos county, lies on Umbagog lake, and borders on the boiuidary line between Maine and New Hampshire. It contains 23,160 acres, which were granted May 19, 1733, to Nathaniel Rogers. NEW HAMPSIIIUE — TOWN OF CA.MFTON. 431 and other:?. It was incorpcirated the same year, and is 167 miles from the capital of the state. For many years it was uninhabited, probably from the many obstacles which the land presented to im- provement, the surface being very uneven. The land, however, with ])roper care and attention, can be advantageously cultivated. Several streams have their source in Cambridge, and discharge themselves into the Androscoggin river, which runs through the northwest part. There is no church edifice in town ; but some of the citizens claim to own ix'ws in the Free-will Baptist church in Bartlett, although it is hardly probable that they are regular attendants upon divine service there, the air-line distance being not less than thirty miles. The town has one school district, and one saw-mill. Population, 'So ; valuation, §9,374. Campion, in the eastern part of Grafton county, fifty miles from Concord, was granted, with the town of Runniey, which it adjoins, to C'aptain Jabcz Spencer of East Haddam, Conn., in October, 1761. The captain, however, died before the settlement was commenced, and his heirs, and other parties, obtained a new charter January 5, 1767. The families of Isaac Fox and a Mr. Taylor were the first inhabitants, having arrived about 1765. The first meeting of the proprietors was held November 2, 1769, and that of the inhabitants, December 16, 177] . The name of the town originated from the fact of the first proprietors having erected a camp when they came to survey Campton and Rum- ney. Nine or ten of the inhabitants served in the Revolutionary war, five of whom lost their lives in the service. The first church organized was a Congregational, June 1, 1774. Campton has a mountainous and ledgy surface; but the land is generally good, jjarticularly the interval, and that in the valleys. The largest elevation is Mount Prospect, the ascent of which is rewarded by a fine view of Winnepesaukee lake, and a large part of the surrounding country. A range of mountains, generally known by the name of Morgan, lies in the easterly part. Pemigewasset river, which receives the waters of Mad, Beebe's, and West branch rivers, as well as Bog brook, has a central course through the town. In this river are the Livermore falls, in the vicinity of which are evidences of volcanic action, such as burnt stones and lava-like substances. Plumbago and iron ore exist in Campton, the former in considerable quantities, and the latter of inferior quality. Tlu're are four church edifices — two Congregational, one Baptist, and one Free-will Baptist; fourteen school districts; and three post-ofi^ices — Campton, Campton Village, and 432 HISTORY AND DEfcCUIPTIOX OF NEW ENULAXD. West Cam|>toii : aUo, one !leil, the distance being fourteen miles. George Harris, Thomas Miner, Joshua Harris, Samuel Jones, and Samuel Meacham, were also among the early inhabitants. The pro]3rietors held their first meeting, July 19, 1768. The Baptist denomination organized the first church in 1780, and Rev. Thomas Baldwin, D. D.,i was ordained its pastor in 1783, who removed, in 1790, to Boston. Jonathan Duston, a native of Haverhill, Mass., and grandson of the heroine, Mrs. Hannaii Duston, was for some time a resident of Canaan, having died July 4, 1812, aged ninety-three. The land is not very broken, and most of it is suited to agriculture. The Mascomy river originates in the northwest part of Dorchester, and, after a circuitous course of eight or ten miles, discharges its waters into Mascomy pond in Enfield. Indian Stream river unites with Mascomy river, near the centre of this town. Heart pond, so named from its peculiar form, lies in the centre of Canaan, and n])on such an elevation of land, that at a distance it appears to be situated on a hill. This pond is about five hundred rods long and two hundred wide, and is nearly surrounded by a bank or mound of earth, from four to five feet high, having every appearance of a work of art, but which has been found to be caused by the drifting of the ice in the spring of the year. There are four other ))onds, called Goose, Clark's, Mud, and Bear. On the western shore of Heart pond is a beautiful village, called Canaan Street, and around the depot of the Northern Railroad, whii li passes through the southeasterly portion of the town, another village has sprung up. There are three church edifices — Congregational, Meth- odist, and Union ; twenty-one school districts ; and three post-ofi[iees — Canaan. East Canaan, and West Canaan : also, one grist-mill, seven saw-mills, three lath and clapboard mills, one tannery, six stores, and a stock invested in trade of $11,960. Population, 1,682 ; valuation, |!566,593. ' Dr. Dalilwiii was the author of the stanzas beginning with this line : — '■ From wlieiice dotli this uuiou arise? " NE^V' JIAMrSlIIllE TOWN OF CANDIA, ETC. 4;3o Candia, in the western \y.\n of Rockingham county, adjoins Chester, having formed i)art of tliat townsliip till December 17, 1763, when it was incorporated as a separate town. It is distant from Concord lil- teen miles. The name which it hears was conferred upon it by Ciov- ernor Benning Wentwortli, who was once a jirisoner on the island of Candia, in the Mediterranean. William Turner, who moved into the present limits of the town in 174"^, was the first settler. In 17")'), John Sargent, and several others, took up their residence here. Candia was prominent in her ciTorts for the attainment of our Independence, fur- nishing sixty-nine of her sons as soldiers of the Revolution. The inhabitants of Candia are mainly composed of farmers, many of whom are wealthy. The soil naturally is of a stubborn character; liut attention and |jroper methods have made it productive. Candia is built on elevated ground, is bisected by the Portsmouth and Concord Railroad, and commands an extensive prospect of the magniticciit scenery of the adjacent country — the White hills, the Wachusett, and other mountains, as well as the lights on Plum island, and the ocean, being embraced in the view. It is a very healthy locality, and has been distinguished for the longevity of its inhabitants. There is a ridge in the western part, extending from north to south, which is the highest elevation between the Merrimack and the ocean. Two branches of Lamprey river take their rise on the east side of this ridge. Fruit rais- ing is ]H-osecuted to a considerable extent, and a ready market is found for it in Manchester. There are two villages — Candia and Candia Depot; three churches — one Congregational and two Free-will Bap- tist; fourteen school districts, with a school fund of .'iiasaut entertainment to visitors, and the pupils appear to advantage when examined in any of their stiulies. Tlie people of this community possess a commendable reputation among their neighbors for industry, frugality, honesty, and good morals. They have six mills, one for carding and spinning; one grist-mill, in which is a saw-mill for timber, as also planing machines and shingle machines; three turning mills for wood and iron; one mil! for weav- ing, coloring, fulling, and for the knitting of shirts and drawers. Among the articles manufactured by the Shakers, are wooden-ware, llannel, and knit shirts and drawers, Angola shirts and drawers, sieves, feather- brushes, cakes of wax and maple sugar, bottles of jierfumery, essences, and medicines. Besides the Shaker village, the town contains one small village, called Hill's Corner. There are four meeting-houses — Congregational, Free-will Baptist, Shaker, and Union ; twelve school districts, and two post-offices — Canterbury and Shaker Village. Apart from the manufacturing establishments above enumerated, there are one or two saw-mills, and something is done in the way of shoemak- ing. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad passes through the town. Population, 1,614; valuation, §62o,7o8. Carroll, a wild and romantic township in the county of Cocis, has an area of 24,640 acres. It was originally named Bretton Woods, and was granted February 8, 1772, to Sir Thomas Wentworth, Bart., Rev. Samuel Langdon, and eighty-one others. It received its present name in 1832, the year of its incorporation. Cherry or Pondicherry moun- tain, in the northern part, lies between this town and Jefferson. Its surface is uneven, and covered mostly with a dense forest of maple, pine, heinlock, and spntce. There ar(> many siuall streams, abounding with trout. The soil though broken l)y rocks and hills, is deep and stronc;. The town contains a starch factory, and two luills for the manufacture Jorth Chichester : also, one grist-miU, and three saw-mills. Population, 997 ; valuation, $o22,oo6. Clarejioxt, in the extreme western part of Sullivan county, bordering on the Connecticut river, and adjoining Newport, was granted October 26, 1764, to Josiah Willard, Samuel Ashley, and sixty-seven others. Its name was derived from the country residence of Lord Clive, an English nobleman. Moses Spafford and David Lynde, in 1762, were tiie earfiest settlers; and, between 1763 and 1766, many others arrived. A large number of persons from Farmington, Hebron, and Colchester, Conn., many of whom were proprietors, came in during the year 1767, and made settlements in different parts of the town. Elijah, son of Moses Spafford, born in 1763, was the first native of Claremont. The first churches organized were of the Congregational and Episcopal orders. Several of the earlier settlers may be noticed as somewhat distiu- VOL. I. 38 446 ]II.¥T0IIY AND ItE.SCKli'TIOX OF NEW KNULAXD. gnishetl. Saniucl Colo, a ifnidnate of Yale in 1731, was for many years an instructor of youth, and died at a good old age. Dr. "William Sumner, a native of Boston, came here in 1768 from Hebron, Conn.. and died in March, 1778 ; Colonel Benjamin Sumner, -wjio died in May, ISlo, aged seventy-eight, was, for a number of years, a civil magis- trate; Colonel Joseph Waite, distinguished as having been in the French and Indian wars, a captain of one of Rogers's comjianies cf Rangers, and as commander of a regiment in the war of the Revolution, died in October, 1776; Captain Joseph Taylor, who died in INIarch, 1813, at the ago of eighty-four, took part in the siege of Louisburg, the French and the Revolutionary wars, and was, with one Farwell, cap- tured by the Indians in the summer of 1755, taken to Canada, and sold to the French; Hon. Samuel Ashley, who came here in 1782, and had served in the wars of 1745 and 1755, filled several civil oilices, among Claremont ViUagi which was that of judge of the court of common pleas : he died in Feb- ruary, 1792. Hon. Caleb Ellis was member of Congress in 1804, of the executive council from 1809 to 1810, and judge of the superior court from 1813 till his death, ]\Iay 9, 1816 : the late Hon. Ralph Metcalf, governor of this state from 1855 to 1857, was also a resident. Claremont is possessed of an undulating .surface, which is covered with a rich, gravelly loam, presenting advantages of a superior order to the agriculturist. Meadows, pastures, and interval are met with in NEW IIAMP.-^IURE — TOWN OF CLAREMOXT. 447 nbundnncp : the latter, along tiie rivers, being ridi and luxuriant. (Ircen mountain, h ing near Newport, is the only elevation of note. The iiills and aeelivities are capable of c-nltivation to their summits. Sugar river and the Connecticut, together with numerous other rivers and rivu- lets, furnish ample supplies of water. Sugar river runs through Clare- mont village, affording an immense water-power, the fall in three (pi-ar- ters of a mile being one hundred and fifty feet. Each twenty feet fur- nishes sufficient power to carry twenty thousand spindles, — th(^ entire fill through the town being two hundred and fifty feet. C'laremont village, an accurate original view of which is given on the preceding page, is a thriving place, quite thickly settled, and having manufacturing interests of an extensive character. The private dwell- ings and the buildings generally, as well here as in other parts, indicate the wealth and prosperity with which the inhabitants are blessed. The following are the principal manufacturing works in the village. The Sunapee Mills, with a capital of !?30,000, manufacture ten thousand yards of sheetings and drillings weekly, consuming 104,000 pounds of cotton annually. The Monadnock Mills, for the manufacture of cotton goods, have a factory building of 418 feet in length, including wheel-house and repair-shop, the main wings of which are 124 feet long, sixty feet wide, and five stories high. The capital stock is $200,000 ; the number of operatives, 400 — one hundred males, three hundred females ; the amount of stock annually consumed, 725,000 pounds; tlie amount of goods manufactured, 2,0-50,000 square yards; and the amount of money amiuajly paid to operatives, 875,000. The Claremont Machine Works manufacture engine-lathes and planers, for which the highest premiums have been received at the Crystal Palace, and have a capital stock of $15,000, employing thirty hands. The Home ]\Iills, with a capital of $30,000, manufacture 363,000 yards of thirty-seven inch sheetings, consume 80,000 pounds of cotton, and pay out annually to operatives $78,000. The woollen factory of Sanford and Rossiter, with a capital of $40,000, manufactures 45,000 yards of cassimeres, and consumes 50,000 pounds of wool every year ; number of operatives, thirty. The Claremont Manufacturing Conqiany was incorporated in 1S52 with an authorized capital of 8500,000, $100,000 of which has l>ieu paid in; has three mills with nine engines; manufactures two hundred and fifty tons of paper per year, and blank books to the amount of $50,000; employsforty males and fifty females. There are in this village forty-six stores; two banks — the Claremont, and the Sullivan Savings Institution ; and two large shoe manufactories, em- |)loying a great many hands. West Claremont is the name of a second village, also possessing 448 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIOX OF NEW ENGLAND. many advantages. Tlicrc art' in Claremoiit seven churcli edifices — two Episcopal, a Methodist, a Congregationalist, a Universalist, a Baptist, and a Roman Catliolic ; nineteen scliool districts ; and two post-offices — Claremont and West Claremont: also, three hotels — the Fremont house, the Sullivan house, and the Island house; two weekly newspapers — the National Eagle, and the Northern Advocate ; besides, — in West Claremont village, — two paper-mills, two saw-mills, two grist-mills, one store, and a hotel. The Concord and Claremont Railroad is projected, and the Sullivan passes through the town. Pop. 3,606 ; valuation, &2,012fi0l. Clarksville, Coos county, lies in the most northerly part of the state, and is one hundred and fifty-six miles from Concord. A part of the town comes within the famous Indian Stream territory, the settlement of which has been principally made since 1810. It was endowed with corporate privileges in June, 1S54, and adjoins Pittsburgh, with which it is classed for the election of representative. The appearance of the country is broken and hilly, and the soil requires more than common efforts to make it yield even average crops. Clarksville pond, having an area of one hundred acres, and Carr pond, of about thirty acres, are the only two bodies of water in town. Indian Stream, and several tributaries of the Connecticut river, pass through the settlement. There are three school districts, with an attendance of sixty-six scholars; and a post-office : also, two saw-mills and one grist-mill. Population in 1857, 200 ; valuation, 848,550. CoLEBRooK, in Coos county, has an area of 25,000 acres, and is one hundred and forty miles from Concord. It was originally granted to Sir George Colebrook, and the act of incorporation was passed Decem- ber 1, 1790. It is watered by the Mohawk river, which affords some fine locations for mills ; and by other smaller streams. The soil has good agricultural capacities, which are moderately improved. There is some excellent interval land along the valleys of the Mohawk and the Connecticut. There are three villages — Colebrook Corner, Factory Village, and Kidderville ; t\vo churches — Congregationalist and Union ; an academy, with a fund of $12,000 : also, a starch manufactory, four saw-mills, and two grist-mills. The trade of the place consists in starch, grass-seed, beef, pork, mutton, wool, and other articles of country pro- duce. There are eleven school districts, and one post-office. Popula- tion, 908 ; valuation, $244,455. Columbia, Coos county, on the Connecticut river, has an area of 37,822 NEW HAMPSHIRE CITY OF CONCORD. 449 acres, and is one hnndred and thirty-five miles from Concord. It was o-ranted December 1, 1770, to Sir James Coclvbm-nc of London, and otliers, from which circumstance it received the plantation name of Cocliburnc. It was incorporated December 16, 1797, and its name was changed to Columbia, June 19, 1811. The township originally comprised only 32,000 acres ; but the annexation of "Wales Location, made it up to 37,822 acres. The surface is uneven and mountainous along the south- ern limits, and from the elevations descend a number of streams into the Connecticut, amply watering the soil, and afibrdiiig fine mill |)rivi- leges. The soil is of good quality. A very remarkable pond, called Lime, lies two miles southeast of Chamberlain's Town, in Colebrooic. on a small branch of Simm's stream. It is 160 rods long and fifty wide of an oval and rather irregular shape, bottomed to a depth of six feet with pure white, calcareous marl: in connection with this myriads of shells are ftiund, immense numbers of which are still seen in the waters of the pond, usually collected under loose stones. This mad makes good lime. Impure blue and gray liniestt)ne exists in abun- dance around the shores of the pond. There is a little village in the northwest part of the town, called the Valley, containing the only churcli edifice, which is owned by the Baptists and Methodists. The trade consists in very little except country produce. Considerable quantities of lumber, however, are manufactured, and transported to market on rafts down the Connecticut. Maple sugar is also mamtfactured largely. There are four saw-mills, three grist-mills, two clapboard machines, and one starch-mill : also, ten school districts, with a good school-house in each ; and one post-office. Population, 762; valuation, 8163,712. CoxcORP, Merrimack county, first called Penacook, lying on both sides of Merrimack river, is a city, and the capital of New Hampshire. It was granted by Massachusetts, January 17, 1725, to Benjamin Stevens, Ebenezer Eastman, and ninety-eight others, and was laid out the year following, seven miles square. Some difficulty arose with New Hampshire in reference to the grant thus made, this jurisdiction claim- ing that Massachusetts had no authority over the territory, which was not settled for a number of years. According to tradition, several per- sons, among whom were Henry Rolfe and Richard Urann, passed the winter of 1726 here, suffering severely from the cold and for want of suitable provisions, till refieved by friendly Indians, some of whom still dwelt in Penacook. In 1727, Captain Ebenezer Eastiuan moved his family in, and the same year a block-house, forty feet by twenty- five, was erected, intended to ser\e the double purpose of a fort and meeting-house. In 1728, arrangements were made for building a suw- 38* 450 HISTORY AND DESCUIPTIOX OF NEW ENGLAND. mill and grist-mill, and for the cstablishmpiit of a ferry. In 1730, Rev. Timothy Walker was settled as minister, with a salary of i^JOO. From 1731 till 1733, Penacook was in a transition state from a jjjantation to an incorporated town ; but, towards the latter part of 1733, corporate privileges were conferred upon it with the name of Rumford. In No- vember, 1739, it was voted to construct a garrison around the house of Rev. Mr. Walker, at the town's cost. In 1741, when the division line was run between Massachusetts and New Hampshire, Rumford fell within the bounds of the latter province, which was received with gen- eral regret by the citizens; and a petition presented to the king, praying to be continued under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts bay ; but all was in vain. Thus far the people had enjoyed a good degree of ]3eace and pros- perity, and had made rapid progress in agriculture and the arts and c-omforts of life. From 1744 to 1762, however, they were most of the time in a state of alarm and trouble, chiefly from the Indians, instigated by the French from Canada. Petitions were presented (one of which was signed by sixty-four persons), to New Hampshire and to Massa- chusetts, for men and means ; and, in answer to these petitions, early in 1745, two small companies Avere furnished by New Hampshire and two by Massachusetts. In 1746, seven garrisons or forts were erected, built of hewn logs, lying flat one upon the other, having within their inclosure several small buildings for the accommodation of families. In the one round the house of Rev. Mr. Walker were stationed eight men, with their families ; in that round the house of Ebenczer Eastman, thirteen ; in that of the house of Jonathan Eastman, eight; in that of Hem-y Love- joy, ten; in that of Jeremiah Stickney, twenty ; in that of Joseph Hall, fifteen ; and in that of Timothy Walk(>r, Jr., twenty-two, and their fami- lies. Yet, notwithstanding these precautionary measures, five men were kilK'd by the Indians, and two taken prisoners, August 11, 1746. The names of those killed were SaTuuel and Jonathan Bradley, Obadiali Peters, John Bean, and John Lufkin, to whose memory a monument was erected in 1837 by Richard Bradley, a great-grandson of Samuel Bradley. In 1748, by treaty between France and England, hostilities were suspended for a few years; yet the Indians still continued to make depredations, sometimes murdering or carrying off the whites. In 1752, John Stark of Derryfield and Amos Eastman of Rumford were car- ried to St. Francis, and retained in captivity six weeks, when they were ransomed. Hostilities were again commenced in 1754, and continued till 1762, during which the people had to sustain a constant watch, and go armed to perform almost ev(^ry duty. In this war, ns well as in tlio expedition to Louisbm-g (in which Captain Ebenezer Eastman com- NEW HAJIPSIiniE — CITY OF CdNCOlU). 451 manded a company), Ruuilnnl contrilmtpd her full sharp both of mon and means, t'aprain John ^'handler eommaiuh'd a emiipany in 17o4; Captain Jo.scpli Eastman in 17-3(3, and Captain John Goffe in 1756. ]\Iany of the men composing these companies served under those fear- less leaders, Robert Rogers, John Stark, and William Stark; and tlicir exploits generally were of the most daring character. From 1733 to 1762, a controversy existed between the proprietors of Rumford and Bow, the latter asserting their right, under a grant from New Hampshire, to a great portion of the territory of Rumford.' This grant was made to one hundred and seven proprietors and their asso- ciates — the latter being the governor and lieutenant-governor, and other members of the government of New Hampshire. Most of the original proprietors of Bow having forfeited their rights by failing to fultil the conditions of the grant, the new township fell into the hands of the as- sociates; and hence, in supjjorting their right to the territory, the proprie- tors of Rumford had to sustain a " tilting match," not so mitch with the individual inhabitants of Bow as with the government of New Haiup- shire. Such being the case, it seemed almost impossible that an impar- tial trial could be had; for the government itself was almost entirely the tribunal before which the case was heard. Happily the proprietors of Rumford were firm in their purpose, and were determined to stand by each other in every instance. So the case was allowed to proceed ; but as it is not our purpose to follow it through all its ramifications, we will merely state, that, failing, after successive efforts, to procure any redress from New Hampshire, Rev. Timothy Walker and Benjamin Rolfe were appointed by the town, February 12, 1753, to make representation of the dilficulties to the English government. They were indefatigable, persevering, and, eventually, successful in obtaining redress of griev- ances, the king having, liy nn order in council, dated the 29rh of December, 1762, decided the matter against the government of New Hampshire and in favor of Rumford. Mr. Walker crossed the ocean three times for the above-mentioned piu-pose, and early secured the ser- vices of Mr. Murray, afterwards Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, who had first the management of the case as attorney, and lastly, the decision of it as judge. The matter, however, lingered on after this till 1774, when it was settled. In 1765, an act of incorporation was passed by New Hampshire, the title of which reads : " An act for setting off a part of the Town of Bow, togetln'r with some lands adjoining thereto, with the inhabitants thereon, and making them a Parish : investing them with such privileges and inuuunitics as Towns in this Province ' Sec Bow. 452 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. have and do enjoy."' To this parish in the town of Bow, the name of Concord wa.s given, to express — so tradition says — the entire una- nimity in pur])ose and action wliich had uniformly characterized the inhabitants during this long controversy. It will be seen that the gov- ernment of New Hampshire clung to their original ptarpose of giving Bow the preeminence, which shows that the decision in council was a hitter pill for the government to swallow. In 1751, a new meeting-house, two stories high, was erected on the spot now occupied by the Methodist Biblical Institute. It was built of white oak timber, without porches or gallery, had only one entrance, a door on the south side, while the seats were coarse benches ranged on each side of the broad aisle. Having been improved and enlarged at various times, it was long known as the " Old North Church," the most spacious and best fiLled house of worship in the state. It may be a matter of interest to the reader to know, that, as late as 1774, negroes were bought and sold in Concord, and that there were quite a number owned in the parish. JNIany traditions have come down in reference to these son.s of Ethiopia, exhibiting the peculiar charac- teristics of the race thus far doomed to servitude. A few of the de- scendants of these slaves are still living in and about Concord. Bears and wolves were quite numerous, and very ti'oublesome to the early settlers; and, even as late as 1772, they roved around the wilderness in the vicinity of Concord, satisfying their appetites with the young pigs, sheep, and the poultry of the inhabitants. Crows, too, abounded, and for their destraction, and that of the wolves, a bounty w-as offered by the town. Many amusing encounters with " Bruin " are related, in which the inhabitants exhibited great daring ; " Bruin " sometimes got the best of the fight, but was generally worsted in the end. In 1774, there were two companies of militia in Concord, belonging to the fifteenth regiment — Joshua Abbot being captain of one, and Abiel Chandler of the other. At the period of the American Revolution, 1775, Concord con- tained 1,052 inhabitants, who early manifested their hatred of British tyranny. As soon as news of the Lexington fight was received, Cap- tain Abiel Chandler raised a volunteer company of thirty-six men and marched to Cambridge, where they remained a fortnight; and in the regiment commanded by Colonel John Stark were three companies from Concord and neighboring towns, commanded by Captain Gordon Hutchins, Captain Joshua Abbot, and Captain Aaron Kinsman, all of whom shared in the glory of the battle of Bunker Hill. To the provin- cial " congress," held at Exeter, Timothy Walker, Jr. was chosen as representative. May 11th, and again December 5th. The inhabitants were entirely unanimous in the good cause ; for, out of the one hun- NEW HAMPSHIRE CITY OF CONCORD. 453 drcd and fifty-six inhabitants cajiable of bearing arms in March, 177(i, not one of them was returned to congress as favoring the cause of tlie mother country. The following year, however, several were suspected of " disafl'ection," and they were immediately advertised as " Enemies to the United States of America," while sevei-al of them were confined in jail at Exeter, but were afterwards released, on condition of talcing the oath of allegiance, which was done by all except John Stevens. A company was raised for the relief of Ticonderoga; but news having arrived of the evacuation of that place, the company was disbanded. Probably no greater evidence need be cited of the entire unanimity of a ]X'ople in a good cause, than that exhibited by the citizens of Concord when called on to enter the regiment of General Stark for the purpose of cutting ort' Burgoyne, whicli resulted in the battle of Bennington. The highest enthusiasm prevailed.^ Colonel Hutchins, hearing that it was decided to raise volunteers for the general, mounted his horse, and rode posthaste for Concord, arriving on Sunday afternoon before the close of public service. He dismounted at the door of the meeting- house, and walked up the aisle of the chm-ch while Mr. Walker was preaching his sermon. The reverend gentleman paused, asking if Colonel Hutchins was the bearer of any message ? " Yes," replied the colonel; " General Burgoyne, with his army, is on liis march to Albany. General Stark has offered to take the command of New Hampshire men; and, if wc all turn ovit, we can cut off Burgoyne's march." — " My hearers," said Mr. Walker, " those of you who are willing to go, better leave at once." All the men inniiediately went out, and many of tiiem enlisted on the spot. All night was devoted to preparation, and a company was ready to march next morning. Two of the citizens^ pleaded the want of shoes as a reason why they could not go ; but these were made before morning by Samuel Thompson, a shoemaker. Twenty-eight men from Concord were engaged in the battle of Ben- nington, and Colonel Stickney particularly distinguished himself, and was mentioned by General Stark in his despatches. Another company from Concord, under Colonel Gordon Hutchins, marched to the scene of conflict, but arrived too late to engage in the battle. Another company, under Captain Joshua Abbot, marched from Concord to join the army at Saratoga, in September, 1777. In fact, the inhabitants of Concord ' John Langdon, in the ardor of his patriotism, said : " I have £3,000 in monc\', and fifty hogsheads of rum, and I will pawn my house and plate for all they are worth, if General Stark will take eommand of the New Hampshire troops to cut oft' Burgoyne" — adding, " If wo gain our imlependenee, I shall be repaid; if not, it matters not what will become of my property." — lUntdnj of Concord, by Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D. D., p. 274. ^ Phineas Virgin, and Jonathan Eastman, Sen. 454 HISTORY AND DK.SI-RIPTIOX OF NEW EXCLAXD. ])artifipair(l in all tho daiiijcrs, sufTcriiigs, and glle frt)m the fact that its bottom has never been reached. There are in Concord four villages. The Main village, — frequently called " The Slreet," from the fact that in early times the houses were all built on one street, nearly a mile antl a half long, — is the centriil |)lace for business, containing most of the public buililings, the principal stores for trade, and sho|5s fur almost every variety of mechanical pur- suit. There are here ten churches — Episcopal, Unitarian, Free-will Baptist, Christian, Methodist, Universalist, two Congregational, and two Baptist ; a post-office, and seven hotels, several of which are considered the largest and best kept in the state. A brief enumeration of the prin- cipal public buildings may here be given. The Methodist General and Biblical Institute was incorporated in 1847, and occupies the old " North Church," which was fitted itp in 1846, by the liberality of the citizens, and conveyed to the trustees of the institute for purposes of instruc- tion. In 1854, there were sixty-eiglit stitdents. The old town-hall and court-house was erected in 1792, and enlarged in 1823. This ancient edifice, together with the county building, built in 1844, of brick, lias 456 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTION OF XEW EXGLAXD. given place to tlip new city hall, fini.shcd in 1S56, at a cost of about !§60,000. This splcnilid edifice was built at the joint expense of the city and county. On the lower floor are a spacious city hall, and rooms for city ottices. In the second stoiy, a court room, rooms for county offices, and for a city library. Surmounting the building is a magnilicent dome, which furnishes an extensive view of the city and adjacent country. — The state prison is situated near the north end of Main street, and was first built in 1811-12, but has since been greatly enlarged and improved. The prison consists of four buildings, which, with the yard, cover an area of two acres, surrounded by a granite wall. In 1854, there were 105 convicts in prison, who were engaged in bed- stead-making, cabinet work, and the manufacture of shoes. — The county jail is located near the junction of Pleasant and Washington streets, and is a beautiful edifice, built of brick, in 1852, at a cost of $11,000. — The state house, commenced in 1816 and completed in 1819, (^xtends from Main street to State street, its grounds being beautifully ornamented with shade-trees. The centre of the building is fifty feet front by fifty-seven in depth ; the wings are each thirty-eight feet in front by forty-nine in depth ; the whole making a parallelogram of 126 feet in length by forty-nine in width, with the addition of a projection in the centre of each front of four feet. The exterior walls are of hammered gi-anite ; the lot on which it stands being inclosed on two sides with a solid wall of hammered stone five feet in height, while the front fences and gates are of cast-iron, with stone posts and sills. The expense of the structure, complete, was .'i?82,000. The chamber for the representa- tives is adorned with an arched ceiling rising thirty feet from the floor. The senate chamber is eighteen feet in height. The building also con- tains the council chamber, oflnces for the secretary and treasurer, the adju- tant and attorney-generals, with a spacious room occupied as the state- liljiary. — The New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane is beautifully sit- uat(>d on an eminence on Pleasant street, half a mile from the state house. It has been enlarged and improved since its erection in 1841, and is now capable of accommodating 225 patients. It is a noble edifice, an ornament to the city and an honor to the state. The whole number of patients admitted from its opening in 1842 to June 1, 1857, was 1,476. — Another building worthy of mention is the railroad passenger depot, near tlie centre of Main street, having in the second story a large and spacious hall, and excellent accommodations for oflices. It was erected in 1849. Contiguous to it is an extensive freight depot, and all the nec- essary buildings for engines and cars, and for machine and repair shops. The following railroads centre at this depot: the Concord Railroad, the Northern Railroad, the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad, the NEW IIAMr.SUIRE CITY OF CONCORD. 4-57 Concord and Claremoiit Railroad, and the Portsmouth and I'oufoid Railroad. About three miles from the state house lies the West, or West Par- ish, Village, a thriving place, having a station of the Concmil and Claremont Railroad, a Congregational meeting-house, two school-houses, and a post-office. Flannels and blankets are manufactured here to a considerable extent ; and, near the village, is the town-farm and poor- house. In the East Village, on the east side'of Merrimack river, about two miles from the state house, are a Congregational meeting-house, two school-houses, a post-office, two stores, and a station of the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad. Fisherville is situated ehiefiy in Concord, and is about six miles north from the main village. It is built on both sides of the Contoo- cook river, near its junction with the Merrimack, and derives its name from the Messrs. Fisher of Boston, who are proprietors of the larger jKirtion of the water-power. The Contoocook and Penacook mills, for the manufacture of cotton cloth, are situated in this village, the fofnier having been erected in 1836, and the latter in 184(3. The former is live stories high, ninety-six feet long, and forty-two wide; the latter" is three stories high, and, including the two wheel-houses, 370 feet in length. On the north side of the river is another mill, erected in 1847 by Deacon Almon Harris, which is three stories high, seventy-five feet long, and forty wide ; it manufactures principally woollen goods. The village is thrifty and growing, having, in 1840, but a population of one hundred, which has increased to about two thousand. There are here small factories and machine-shops of various kinds, a post-office, two large scliool- houses, as also a Baptist, Congregational, Methodist, and Universalist society, with suitable edifices and halls for worship. Concord has four banks — Merrimack County, capital, 880,000; Me- chanics, $100,000; State Capital, !§150,000 ; Union, $100,000: two savings institutions — New Hampshire and Concord; three tire in- surance companies — Ecpiitable Mutual, Union Mutual, and Men-i- mack County Mutual, several other companies having been engaged in operations until a recent period; five newspapers ^ — New Hamp- shire Patriot, New Hampshire Statesman, Congregational Journal, Inde- pendent Democrat, and Democratic Standard. Several other papers have been established, but are not now in existence. Printing is one of the ' The first ncwspapor appoarcil .Tanuarv C. 1790. and was calleil tlic Coni'nnl Hri-al.l ami Xuw Hampshire Intelligeneer. It was iiriuted on a sheet fimrd eii liy nine iiiclies, anil had for its motto, '■ The press is the cradle of science, the nurse of genius, and tho shield of libert}-." VOL. I. 39 4-58 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW EXGLAND. most extensive hraiiehes of liusiness in Concord. The manufacture of carriages, boots antl slH)es, and musical instruments, is carried on very extensively; and in the former, Concord is said to be unrivall(>d. Then' are twenty-two school tlistricts, and five post-offices — Concord, West Concord, Mast Yard, East Concord, and Fisherville. Population in 18-50, 8,084; present population, about 11,500; valuation, 64,176,369. Coxw.w, Carroll county, anciently called Pequawket, is bounded on the east i)y Fryeburg, Maine, and is seventy-two miles from Concord. It is very pleasantly situated on both sides of the Saco river. Daniel Foster received a grant of this town in the year 1765, the grantees agreeing to pay, for ten years, one ear of Indian corn annually. In the year 1764, the first settlers — James and Benjamin Osgood, John Do- lotf, and Ebenezer Burbank — caine in, building tiieir cabins on the inter- vals along the banks of the Saco, a rather hazardous position, on account of the sudden rises of that river, which fact was fully exemplified in the year 1800, when the " great freshet " took place, which swept houses and barns away in its course. The settlers came principally from Dur- ham and Lee, the glowing accounts of the richness of the soil, the plen- tifulness of game, and the abundance of fish and fowl, being the prin- cipal inducements for removing to this "land of promise." This was formerly the site of an Indian settlement ; and it was with envious eyes that the savages beheld the inroads of the white man upon their favorite haunts. The soil of Conway is jilaiii, u]iland, and interval, — the larger portion being of the lafter, — tracts of which extend through its entire length, from fifty to two inmdred rods wide, the surface having been formerly covered with ^\hite pine and rock maple. With perseverance, some portions yield good crops ; but the greater part is not easy of cultiva- ti(jn. Situated on the northeastern side of the Saco river are three con- siderable elevations, known as Pine, Rattlesnake, and Green Hills. Swift and Pecpiawket rivers discharge themselves into the Saco in this town. The largest collections of water are Walker's and Pequawket j)onds, the latter being 360 rods in circumference; there is also a spring strongly impregnated with sulphur. The scenery in Conway is probably the grandest and most pictur- esipte ol any in New England, and has received the highest encomi- ums from the pens of travellers. A writer says: "One who visits the Conway meadows sees the original of half the pictures that have been shown in our art-rooms the last two years. All our lan(l>capc jxiinters must try their hands at that perfect gem of New England scenery. One feels, in standing on that green plain, with the music of NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF CONWAY. 459 the Saco in his ofivs, heminfcl in by the broken lines of its guardian ridges, and looiung up to the distant summit of Mount Wasliington, That he is not in any county of New Hampshire, not in any namable latitude of this rugged earth, but in the world of pure beauty — the adytum of the temple, where God is to be worshipped as the inlinite Artist, in joy." Willey, in his " Incidents in White Mountain Scenery," savs : " The mountains in Conway, and those on her borders, are among the most important things pertaining to her location. To appre- ciate this fully, you have but to take a position somewhere on the main road about three miles south of Bartlett, standing with your face to the north. On your right will stretch up a line of mountains, from Rattle- snake mountain, situated about southeast, to Pequawket or Kearsarge, on the northeast. Sweeping round from this, you pass over Thorn and Double-head and Black mountains till you come at length to the long range of the Motes, that separate Conway from Up]3er Bartlett. From this point you follow them down on your left till you come to their ter- minus, at a point in the heavens about southwest from where you stand. It is a grand post of observation to occupy at any time of the year ; but, keep it through the season, and you get a view of scenes which, for majesty and beauty, can scarcely anywhere else be obtained. In winter you will see a parapet of mountains around you, shorn indeed of their summer attractions, but stiU commanding your attention from the naked and unadorned sublimity of their appearance. Peqnawket will rise up Ix'fore you, like an old sentinel who has stood his post for centuries, amidst the many lightnings and storms that have beat his defenceless liead." This mountain is ascended from North Conway. On the western l)ank of the Saco, opposite this place, are two very high ledges. The most northerly, sometimes called " Hart's Looking-glass," rises, nearly perpendicular, G50 feet. The other, called White Horse Ledge, from presenting the illusion of a white horse dashing up its steep, is 9o0 feet high. Of late years, Conway has become a very fashionable resort during the summer months, and the hotels and farmers' houses are crowded with visitors till the middle of September. The air is fine and salubri- ous, the mountain streams abound with trout, and some of the ponds with pickerel; so that altogether the advantages for health and recrea- tion are abundant, and of the best kind. The town contains four vil- lages — North Conway, Kearsarge, Chatauque, and Centre Conway ; four church edifices — two Congregational, one Baptist, and one Union: twenty school districts, an academy, and a seminary; and three post- olfices — Conway, North Conway, and Conway Centre: also, thirteen stores, two carriage factories, two flouring mills, three grist-mills, one 460 HISTORY AXD DESCIUPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. paper mill, a Inrg-e tannery, and several mills for the maniifai-ture of clapboards and shingles. Population, 1,767; valuation, §4:26,46??. Coos County, in the northern part of the state, bounded on the west by the Connecticut river, has an area of about 1,950 square miles. It was created by act of the legislature, December 24, 1803, in which it is thus described : " Coos county shall contain all the lands and waters situated northerly of the line hereinafter mentioned and described within this state, which line is considered as beginning on the westerly bank of Connecticut river, at the southwesterly corner of Dalton, and running on the westerly and southerly line of Dalton to Whitelield ; thence on the westerly and southerly line of Whitefield to Brctton woods (Carroll); thence on the westerly and southerly line ofBretton woods to the southeasterly corner thereof; thence southerly on a straight line across the unlocated lands to the hne of the county of Strafford, at the northwesterly corner of Tamworth ; thence on the line of the county of Strafford to the line of the district of Maine." It contains twenty- five towns, Lancaster being the shire town. Since 1840, t\vo towns and one plantation have been taken from it and given to Carroll. Coos is, in extent of territory, the largest county in the state, and has most of the ungranted lands within its boundaries. Owing to the ex- ceedingly mountainous character of the country, much of the land must ever remain unsettled. Along the banks of the Connecticut and other streams, there are large tracts of interval, which are very fertile. In the south part of the county are situated the principal elevations of the White Mountain range, other summits of the same range showing their isolated heads in various parts. The Connecticut, Aiidroscoggin, and Saco rivers have their origin in this county ; besides which there are a variety of other streams of lesser magnitude, among which may be mentioned the Mohawk, Ammonoosue, Israel's, and John's rivers. Part of the Umbagog lake lies in the county. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad passes through the south part of Coos. The name is of Indian origin, and signifies " pines," with which the county is much covered. Coos county belongs to the fifth judicial district. A law term of the supreme judicial court is held annually at Lancaster on the third Tuesday of July : and two terms each for this court and the common pleas are held animallv. both commencing on the first Tuesdays of May and November. Population, 11,853; valuation, $3,326,774. Cornish, Sullivan county, is sitiiated on Connecticut river, in the western part of the state, and is fifty miles from Concord. Rev. Samuel NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF CROYDOX. 461 McClintock of Greenfield, and sixty-nine otiievs, received tiie grant of tills territory, June 21, 1763, and settlements were commenced by emi- grants chiefly from Sutton, Mass., in 1765, the family of Moses Chase being the first in town. A camp, for many years known as the " Mast Camp," was found erected when the first settlers came in. It had been used by a company employed in procuring spars for the royal navy ; i)ut was occupied by a Mr. Dyke and his family when the settlers arrived. Daniel Putnam, afterwards a respectable inhabitant of the- town, resided here the year previous. Cornish was one of the sixteen towns which seceded from New Hampshire and joined Vermont in 1778; and it was here that a convention of delegates from several towns on both sides of the river assembled December 9, 1778, and made pro- posals to New Hampshire regarding the settlement of a dividing line. Salmon P. Chase, governor of Ohio, Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, bishop of the Episcopal Church in that State, and Hon. Dudley Chase, who was one of the eminent men in Vermont, were natives of Cornish. The surface of Cornish is hilly, with the exception of that part lying on the river ; but the soil is generally fertile and productive in the sev- eral varieties of grain and vegetables peculiar to this latitude. Farming is the principal occupation, and the inhabitants are in good circum- stances. Connecticut river waters the western part, and, by means of a bridge, connects Cornish with Windsor, Vt. Blow-me-do\vn and Bri- aiit's brooks are the only streams of magnitude, and afibrd a few good mill privileges. On the latter stream, silver ore has been discovered ; and spruce-yellow paint has been found in considerable quantities on the bottom and along the margin of the brook. Cornish has one village, called the Flats : four church edifices — Congregational, Baptist, Meth- odist, and Episcopal ; sixteen school districts, and two post-otfices — Cornish and Cornish Flats: also, two grist-mills, five saw-mills, one tannery, and two carriage manufactories. Population, 1,606 ; valuation, $587,748. Croydon, Sullivan county, is situated on the highlands between the Connecticut and Merrimack rivers, and is forty-four miles from Concord, in a northwesterly direction. It was incorporated May 81, 1763, and was granted to Samuel Chase, and sixty-four others, under the usual conditions. The settlement was commenced, in 1766, by Moses Whi))- |ile, Seth Chase, David Warren, Ezekiel Powers, and perhaps some otiiers, from Grafton, Mass. Seth Chase's family was the first here. Privations and hardships were endured by the first settlers, but Indian depredations were unknown ; in fact, it is believed that no permanent Indian settlement was ever made here, as no vestiges of their habita- 39 * 4G2 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. tions liave been discovered. Some stone utensils, sucli as chiteis, gouges, and tomahawks, have come to light, which give evidence that at least they visited the vicinity. The inhabitants of Croydon lent their aid to the struggle which resulted in the independence of the American colonies, and many of them took an active part in the battles incidental to the contest, remaining in active service till the surrender of Burgoyne. The shape of this town was originally square, but additions from it in 1808 and 1809, in the one case to the territory of Grantham, and in the other to that of Cornish, have somewhat altered its form anil lessened its dimensions. The surface is hilly and uneven, and is, in many cases, covered with huge masses of granite. The soil, with the exception of the alluvial lands near Sugar river, is generally hard and unproductive. Croydon mountain, the highest land in Sullivan county, extends across the western part. Pine hill, taking its name from its having been covered with pine timber, lies in the eastern part. Tin- town is watered by the north branch of Sugar river, and by a numljcr of ponds, the principal of which are Long, Rocky-bound, Governor's, and Spectacle. The inhabitants are generally engaged in agricultural pur- suits, and in the raising of cattle. There are three churches — Congrega- tionalist, Methodist, and Universalist ; ten school districts, and two post- ofBces — Croydon and Croydon Flat : also, one small woollen factory, two gi-ist-mills, one starch factory, two cabinet shops, one wheelwrigiir siiop, and two stores. Population, 861 ; valuation, §276.20o. D ALTON, in the western part of Coos county, on the easterly side of Connecticut river, contains 16,455 acres, and is 110 miles north of Concord. Moses Blake and Walter Bloss first settled Dalton, and, with their families, were for a length of time the only inhabitants. Cotlin Moore was also an early settler. The act of incorporation of Dalton was passed November 4, 1784, the name having been given in honor of Hon. Tristram Dalton, a grantee. The Fifteen Mile Falls in Connecticut river commence here, and flow tumultuously along the northwestern border. Water is supplied by John's river and several large brooks. Blake's pond is the only one in the town. Some of various arts to surprise the whites, tradi- tion has preserved the following: The haymakers, having made hay upon a meadow a mile or more uj) the river from the falls, had piled it into cocks ami left it. One warm day, \\'hen the men were absent from Waldenie"s garrison (a few rods from the lower falls), and the doors were open for air, the women noticed the haycocks floating down the stream. They exclaimed against this wanton mischief; but none, save one, paid any further attention to it; and siie, as she sat carelessly looking, was suddenly surprised to see the cocks edging towards the shore. A close inspection revealed the cause — under every haycock was an Indian swimming. She gave the alarm; the doors were hastily closed, and the house secured just in time against the baffled savages. In the midst of other troubles, the Masonian controversy revived.' Several cases were tried at Dover in 1683, Walderne's being the first. He made no defence, asserted no title, and gave no evidence. Judgment was entered against hiin, and other cases followed ; but in no case could an execution be enforced. Riots ensued, the attempt to enforce an execution at Dover being ended by a woman's knocking down the officer with a Bible. Against such a spirit nothing could be done, ami the suits were suspended. They again came up in 1703, passed through various courts, and were a source of constant perplexity to the people, and great complication in jjolitical affairs, until 1746.- From the conclusion of the Indian wars to the Revolution, nothing peculiar marks the history of Dover. Its business (including shipbuild- ing) continued to increase. Its population in 1767 was 1,614, having already lost JMadbury and Somersworth (including Rollinsford), Durham, and Lee. The popitlation of the original territory at that time was 5,446. In 177-') the population of the original Dover was 5,476 ; of the present Dover, l,(i66. including twenty-six slaves.^ During the Revolution it bore its part of the burdens, supplying largely both troops and money. An entire regiment was enlisted at Dover by Colonel John Waldron, 1 Sfo ante. p. "79. ' Soo ante. p. 380. ' 111 all tin-si- cases Nc\vin<;ton is excluded. NEW HAMP.SHIUl'; CITY OF DOVEU. 47:> Tincler whom it joiiied the army at Cambridgi". The town itself ])ai(l bounties to all who enlisted. All through the war, in Rhode I.-laiid, at Beimington, at Saratoga, at New York, and on every field where northern troo])s were found, Dover men were in active service ; while, at sea, not a few of its hardy sons were the followers of John Paul Jones. The last person known to have served with him, Dr. Ezra Green, sur- geon on board the Rmig-er, died in Dover, July 27, 1847, aged one hun- dred and one years and one month, being previous to his death the oldest living graduate of Harvard College. From the close of the war until the introduction of cotton manufac- ture, the town grew somewhat slowly. Its population in 1790 was 1,998 ; in 1800, 2,062 ; in 1810, 2,228 ; in 1820, 2,871. It was, so far, a fanning and ship-building town. But, with the erection of cotton mills, a change came over the place. The succession of saw-mills, grist-mills, fulling-mills, oil mills, and nail factory, which had covered 181 years, ended in 1821, ^\■llen the '-Dover Factory Company"' was incorpo- rated, by which, and its successor, the " Cochecho Manufacturing Company," have l)een erected four mills, running 48,688 spindles and 1,188 looms, and printing its own annual product of 10,000,000 yards of cottons, in print-works of an unsurpassed character. This company employs four hundred males and nearly eight hundred females. There are also flannel mills, a steam, grist, and saw-mill, machine-shops, a bobbin manufactory and extensive shoe maimfictories, besides large annual products from fertile farms. Dover now contains ten churches; namely, the "First" (Orthodox Congregational), organized December, 1638 ; Methodist Episcopal, 1824 ; Universalist, March 23, 1825; First Free-will Baptist, September 1.5, 1826; Unitarian, September 4, 1827; Baptist, 1827; Roman Catholic, church dedicated September 26, 1830; Episcopal, September 20, 1839; Washington street Free-will Baptist, February 4, 1840, and the Friends' Society, whose " meeting" was established about 1680. Each of these denominations has a church edifice, and the central part of the city con- tains school-houses, two of which are rarely surpassed. Dover became a city, September 1, 1855. Hon. Andrew Peirce was the first mayor. It is the shire town of Strafford county, and has a jail and court-house, and county offices: also, four banks, with an aggregate capital of $420,000, and two savings banks ; an academy, a library, a post-ofTice, twelve school districts, and other social and business advantages jiropor- tionate to its wealth. Hon. John P. Hale, United States senator from New Hampshire, and Ex-goveriK)r Noah Martin, are residents of this .•ity. The situation of Dover is exceedingly pleasant. Gentle elevations, 40' 474 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. easy swells of land, and winding streams, charactrrizf its surface. From the liish ridsre between the rivers Newichawannock and Jicllaiuv, 4?^5F ..r-^ and from another elevation overlooking the waters of Great Bay with the AVinnicumet, the Lamprey, the Swamscott, the Shankhassiek. and the Newichawannock (with its tributary the Cochecho), all uniting to form the Piscataqua, rolling away in the distance, views may !><• Iiad of uncommon beauty. The Newichawannock (which divides the town from the State of Maine), and the Bellamy and Cochecho, which (low through the town in a southeast direction, not only add to its beauty, but also to its wealth, by their direct and navigable connection with the ocean. In the last named, the tide flows to the centre of the city, fur- nishing a highway, which was of great value Ijcfore tlie construction ot the Boston and Maine Railroad, and which a line of packets still im- proves. The Cochecho Railroad, on the north, furnishes also a direct communication with Lake Winnepesaukee, and thus to the interior of New Hampshire. Population, 8,186 ; valuation, $.3,629,442. Dublin, in the eastern part of Cheshire county, adjoins Marlborough on the south, Peterborougli on the east, and is forty-four miles from Concord. Tlie grant of this tract of land was made by the Masonian proprietors, November 3, 1749, to Matthew Thornton and thirty-nine others, residing in different towns in the middle and eastern parts of NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF DUISLIN. 475 New Hampsliiro ; but none of tliom, it is thouglit, t'ver resided within tiie limits of the grant. The first person who came in was William Thornton, arriving here probably in 1752, where he remained but a few years, having left, it is presumed, through dread of the Indians. In 17G0, John Alexander, William MeNee, Alexander ycott, and William Seott, his son, and .lames Taggart and son, all from Peterborough, were in Ihi' town. These were what were termed Seoteh-Irish ; but they did not permanently reside here, having all left before 1771. Henry Strongman, from the same town, was the first penuanent settler. The remainder of ihe early inhabitants came principally from Sherborn, Mass., and among iliem were Thomas Morse, Levi Partridge, William (Treeuwood, Sam- uel and Joseph Twitchell, Jr., Eli Morse, Moses Adams, Benjamin Mason, and others. Dublin was incorporated in March, 1771, receiving its name probably from the fact that Henry Strongman, the first settler, was born in Dublin, Ireland. Prior to this, it was called " Monadnock, No. 3," ' and sometimes " North Monadnock." Upon these first efforts necessary to the progress of a settlement, the inhabitants entered with zeal, and their labors were ultimately crowned with those comforts with which patient toil is sure to be rewarded. In the war of the Revolution, out of the fifty-seven male voters in town, not one of them refused to sign the ''declaration" which was sent round to the several committees of safety by the Continental Congress. In all tiiat pertained to the progress of the struggle, the people cooperated heartily and unanimously, and many of them served in the campaigns. By the year 1773, the proprietors of the township had expended about six hundred dollars towards erecting a meeting-house ; but in April of that year they voted not to raise any more money at present for that purpose. This was the last meeting held by them for ten years, until September 11, 1783, when they voted to give the meeting-house to the town, instead of finishing it themselves. It was accepted by the town, probably in a rough-boarded condition. Measures were taken for its completion, and every purchaser of " pew-ground," as the space upon the floor was termed, was to build his pew, in a certain prescribed man- ner, whenever required so to do by the committee appointed to finish the house, under pain of forfeiting his lot. There was also this provis- ion : " Every person that owns a pew shall occupy no other seat in the meeting-house until his pew be as full-seated as is comfortable for those that seat it ; and if any person owns more than one pew, he shall not shut it up and keep people from sitting in it." But we find from the ' It seems that the name Monadnork, with numbers 1, 2, ?>, etc., was applied to eiuht townships, of whicli this was one. Tliis township was sometimes also called North Monadnock, in respect to Jaffrey and Rindi;e, Ivinj; south of it. 476 HISTORY A.N'D DESCKIPTIOX OF NEW EX(iLAXD. town records, that in 17SS tho meeting-house was still unfinished; and, indeed, it has been doubted wlKtiier it was ever finished at all. The reason for sjiving so much spac-e to this subject is, that it seems to have been the chief question raised at town meetings for forty years, contin- ually haunting the vision of the conscience-stricken citizens. The agi- tation was renewed early in the present century, and the town voted to build — appiiinlcd committees to locate — accepted tiie reports of sncli committees — got up a disagreement about the location — could not agree upon terms — and kept the question as a football until June, 1818, when the house was raised upon School-house hill, the fact being re- garded as little less of a nuracle than the arrival in Canaan was to the Israelites after their sojourn of forty years. The first minister in town. Rev. .loseph Farrar, was settled in J 771. Rev. Edward Sprague was ordained in 1777, and coininited until his death in 1817, although, for the last sixteen years, with a voliuitarv re- linquishment of his salary. He was a man widely known, l>y means of many jukes put in circulation respecting him, — the truth of verv few of them, however, having yet been shown, — probably on account of his ignorance of the customs of an agricultural community. He had l)(>en brought up in Boston, educated at Harvard college, and, although a good scholar and of ready wit in conversation, had an inaptitude for a rustic, and ])erhaps a practical, life. Dublin has the same diversity of hill and valli"v that is found in the other towns in this section of the state. Dividing Dublin from Jaffrey in the southwest is the grand Monadnock mountain, 3,450 feet above the level of the sea, which can be seen from the dome of the state- house in Boston, and is a conspicuous landmark for mariners. In the north of the centre is another mountain, — -called Beech mountain, — from the top of which some beautiful views can be had of the scenery along the Contoocook and Connecticut river valleys, of the (ireen mountains, as well as of other points of note. The land, though hard and rocky, will yield, with due attention, Indian corn, oats, barley, an.d potatoes, and, in some cases, wheat and rye. Fruits of various kinds are common. The streams in Dublin are small. Those on the west side run into the Ashuelot; those on the east side into Contoocook riv(>r. There are several ponds, the principal of which are Long and Centre ; the former lying in the north, and the latter in the centre. Dublin con- tains three villages — one in the centre, one in the northwest corner, known as Pottsville, and one on the north line, lying partly within its limits, called Harrisville; four church edifices — Unitarian, Congrega- tional, Baptist, and Methodist; ten school districts, and two post- offices — Pottersville and Dublin : also, three woollen factories, five shops NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF DUMMER, ETC. 477 for the manufacturo of elothes pins, and two stores. The town lias $5,000 for the support of preaching, and $11,000 for the sn))port of schools, left by Rev. Edward Sprague, as well as $1,000 for the latter object, left by the late Samuel A]5pleton, of Boston, and which is called the Appieton Fund. Population, 1,0S8; valuation, $4^4,4(55. DuMMER, lying in the easterly part of Coos county, having Cambridge intercciiting it from tiie boundary line between Maine and New Hamp- shire, has an area of 28,040 acres, and is 140 miles north of Concord and thirty northeast of Lancaster. It was granted March 8, 1773, to Mariv H. Wentworth, Nathaniel A. Haven, and others; but was unoccu- pied for many yi^ars. It was incorporated December 19, 1848, and William Lovejoy, John Hodgdon, and Jothara E. Lang were authorized to call the first meeting. Dummer has made but slow progress in im- provemiMit, an apology for which is found in the mountainous character of the land and the sterility of the soil, disadvantages not easily over- come. The ])rincij);il rivers are the Androscoggin and the Little Am- monoosuc ; in the latter of which are the Dununer or Pontook Falls. The trade of the place is principally in timber, for the nranufacture of which there are two saw-mills. The town is divided into seven school districts, and there is a Free-will Baptist society. Population, 171 ; valuation, 860,224. DuNB.ARTON, in the extreme southern part of M(nTima(k coitnty, is nine miles from Concord. The first attempt at settlement was made by Joseph and WiUiam Putney, but the actual date of their arrival is not known. They erected their dwellings on the eastern border of a large beaver meadow, called " The Great Meadow," where they remainetl for some time ; but fearing an attack from the Indians, then committing some depredations in Concord, they abandoned the place. The first permanent settlement was made, in 1749, by the two persons above named, and Obadiah Foster from Concord, and James Rogers ' from Londonderry. The principal inducement to settle was the large tract of meadow land alluded to above, of which, it appears, they had no actual grant, though their possession was confirmed in 1751. This town was granted by the Masoniau proprietors to Archibald Stark, Caleb Page, Hugh Ramsay, and others, in the year 1751, and was to be five miles square. Many of the original settlers came from Londonderry, ' Mr. Rogers, who was father of Major Robert Rofjers, was klllcil liy Ebfiiozer -Vyrr. a somewhat celebrated hunter, who, in the evening, mistook him tor a bear, for which he had been h'infr iu concealment. 478 IlISTOKV AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. N. H., and some directly from Scotland and Ireland, and their posterity stiU retain many traits of character peculiar to the Scottish people. For about fourteen years the place was called Starkstown, in compli- ment to the original proprietor; but when it was incorporated, on the 10th of August, 1766, it was called Dunbarton, from Dumbarton in Scot- land. The citizens took a noble part in the cause which resulted in the independence of the United States. They fought at Bunker Hill, and with Stark at Bennington, and many of them were foremost in the fight. At home all other afi'airs were considered insignificant compared to this struggle. Among those early settlers who were distinguished, we may tnciiiioii Captain Caleb Page, who was proprietors' clerk for many years, and held several of the first offices in town after its incorporation ; and Wil- liam Stark, brother of General John Stark, who joined the British service, and was colonel in the army. William Stinson, and Archibald Stark, brother of the former, were also early settlers worthy of notice. Dunbarton is a more than ordinary country town. Evidences are perceptible, on every hand, of the thrift and industry of the people. Its situation is somewhat elevated, though there are few hills and no moun- tains. The soil is good, and peculiarly adapted to the growth of grain, and for orcharding, which receives considerable attention. The wafer- power is not of great extent ; and the people generally devote them- selves to husbandry, for the prosecution of which they have a wide field and more than common advantages. Dunbarton Centre is the only village. There are two church edifices — Congregational and Baptist; eleven school districts; and two post-offices — Dunbarton and North Dunbarton: also, four saw-mills, several mechanic shops, and one store. Population, 91;") ; valuation, §435,244. Durham, in the extreme southern part of Strafford countv. is situated upon Great bay, which empties into the Piscataqua, and was formerly, including Lee, which it adjoins, a parish of Dover, by the name of Oys- ter River. It was settled a few years after the parent town, which was in 1623. Among its early settlers were Francis Matthews, William Williams, John Goddard, Robert Smart, and Thomas Canney. These persons settled at Durham Point (a beautiful spot lying at the conflu- ence of Great Bay and the Shankhassick or Oyster River, so called be- cause the early settlers found a bed of oysters in a spot about half-way between the lower falls and its mouth), and, by and by, on the north side of Great bay. A creek is still called " Goddard's Creek." This territory was early in dispute between Dover and Exeter; but the mat- ter was decided, as early as 1635, in favor of Dover, of which it re- NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF DURHAM. 479 mainecl a part until its incorporation, May 15, 1732. In 1G49, tiic falls at Oystt-r River, near the central part of Durham, were granted to Val- entine Hill (formerly a merchant in Boston), and Thomas Beard, "for the ericivting and setting up of a sawe-mill." The mill was built before 1651, and thus business began to centre about the " falls." Mr. HiU had also, in 1655, " free liberty to Cutt through our Comans for drawinge Part of the water of Lamperclle River into Oyster River." The people at Oyster River, at an early date, had difficulties in eccle- siastical matters with the town of Dover. They complained of the dis- tance to Dover Neck, where the law enforced attendance, — a law which was repeatedly put into operation. As Oyster River increased (it num- bered nearly fifty families in 1669), its inhabitants insisted on their pre- sumed rights. A compromise was eftected in 1651, by which the town agreed to support two ministers, paying them £50 each, and to build a meeting-house at Oyster River. This was done ; the church stood near the Point; and a parsonage was also built, "36 foot long, 10 foett Broed, 12 fooet in the wall, with two chemneyes and to be seutably feneshed." Rev. Mr. Fletcher was procured to preach in 1655, but he left the next year. In 1662 or 1663 Rev. Mr. Hull was there, but soon left. Dissensions still continued until the General Com*t, in 1675, au- thorized the people to manage their own ecclesiastical affairs. They then settled Mr. John Buss, who remained for forty-five years. He was succeeded by Rev. Hugh Adams, a good and pious man, but knowing far more of Scripture than of human nature. He, at one time, in a peti- tion to the General Court, illustrated his power in prayer by stating how tiiat once, being provoked by the non-payment of his salary, he prayed that it might not rain, and that it did not rain for three months, when he was coaxed out of his purpose, and " appointed and conscientiously sanc- tified a church-fast from evening to evening, and abstained three meals from eating, drinking, and smoaking any thing;" and the rain came in answer. At another time, in a prayer at Portsmouth, he became greatly embarrassed with the " white horse " of the Revelation, and suddenly stopped; whereupon one of his brethren remarked, that, at his time of life, if he would avoid a fall, he should be very cautious as to mounting strange horses. John Adams, a nephew of Hugh, was minister here at a later period. It is said by tradition, that when, after thirty years of turbulence, he was about to leave to go to Ncwfield, Me., then an unbro- ken wilderness, he closed his last service by telling the people to " sing, for their own edification, the first three stanzas of the 120th Psalm " Thou, God of lovo, tliou, ever blest, Pity my sufiLTing state ; 480 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. When wilt thou set my soul at rest From lips that love deceit '! Hard lot of mine ! my days arc east Among the sons of strife, Whose never-ceasing brawlings waste My golden hours of life. Oh ! might I ily to change my place. How would I choose to dwell In some wide lonesome wilderness, And leave these gates of hell ! The Indians made this neighborhood a favorite resort, and many were the depredations committed by them within its borders. The laborer could not go to his field, nor the neighbor to his friend, nor the worship- per to the house of God, without his gun as an arm of defence. The first account we have of their incursions was in September, 1675, when they killed several men, burned two houses, and carried two persons into captivity. This was followed by another assault two days after, when several hoiises were destroyed and two persons killed. In 1694, the savages, who were lurking in the woods on Oyster river, attacked the place, and killed seventeen men as they were going to their morning devotions. A large number of the inhabitants had gone to the west- ward, and hence the Indians met with little resistance in their depreda- tions, save froiTuthe boys, who were, with some women and children, in one of the houses which they attacked. These little fellows manfully defended the place, wounding several of the enemy, and would not sur- render, even after the house had been set on fire, till the Indians prom- ised to spare their lives. The savages, however, treacherouslv murdered several children, one of whom they fixed upon a sharp stake before the eyes of its mother. But the most dark and fearful day for the little set- tlement was the attack by the Indians in the spring of 1695. There were twelve garrisoned houses in the town at that time, sufficient to accommodate the whole of the inhabitants ; but, apprehending no dan- ger, they remained in the dwellings, and the forts were in little comli- tion for a siege. The assault commenced by the murder of John Dean, whose house stood near the falls ; and the enemy, having posted them- selves in the most favorable positions, commenced the attack on all sides. From ninety to one hundred persons were either killed or carried into captivity, and five of the garrisons and fifteen dwelling-houses were destroyed. Fourteen persons were killed at one fell swoop. All was confusion, consternation, and terror ; and there was no face which did not gather paleness, and no heart which did not bleed at every pore. NK\Y lI.UirSIIIRE — TOWX OP EAST KIXCiSTOX. 481 Those depredations continued till the year 170-3, np to which time the site of tlie town might well be termed a " scene of butchery and blood." Half a century of security and peace had visited the settlement, when the Revolution broke out, calling forth the energies of the people as well as their powers of enduranc-e, for the protection of interests no less dear to them than those they had previously contended for. The citi- zens took a decided stand in the cause of our country and our liberties, and acted a distinguished part in securing our independence. There were men belonging to this town who distinguished themselves in legis- l.nion, and in difiicult and doubtful emergencies — Hon. Ebenezer Thompson and Judge Frost ; and other men, who commanded in the iield, and gave ellicient aid to our armies — Major-General Sullivan, Colonel W. Adams, and the lamented Scammel. No less than fifty of tlie citizens went into the active services of the field, and twenty of them were lost in the army. Ship-building was once extensively carried on here, but has long since vanished. The soil of Durham is generally hard and strong. On both sides of Oyster river is a deep argillaceous loam, favorable to the growth of grasses, of which very heavy crops are cut every year. To the pro- duction of hay for the Boston market the farmers devote much of their time, — more than one thousand tons being annually exported. The principal river is Lamprey, passing through in a southerly direction, and emptying into Great bay : Oyster river, rising in Wheelwright's pond in Li-e, passes through Durham, and falls into the Piscataqua. Both of these rivers furnish several excellent mill-sites. The town has one village and two church edifices — Congregational and Christian Baptist ; two school districts, one academy, and one post-otfice : also, several saw-mills and grist-mills, and a paper-mill. The Boston and Maine Railroad intersects the town. Population, 1,497; valuation, $546,953. East Kingston, Rockingham county, forty-two miles southeast from Concord, was formerly a part of Kingston, the settlement of which was commenced very early, as it was incorporated in 1694. The names of William and Abraham Smith are found among the first settlers of that part of the parent town embraced within the subject of this notice. East Kingston was incorporated November 17, 1738. Jeremy Webster was authorized to call the first parish meeting, which was held January 10, 1739. A meeting-house was built at an early period, and immedi- ately after the incorporation of the town the inhabitants appeared to be interested in sustaining religious worship. At a parish meeting, held May 29, 1739, a committee was chosen to go out and consult the VOL. I. 41 482 III.STUKY AXD DKSCRIPTIOX OF XEW EXGI.AXD. neighboring ministers for ?45,706. ExFiELD is one of the southern frontier towns of Grafton conntv, fortv-two miles from Concord, and comprises 24,060 acres, about 2,o00 of which are water. The township was granted July 4, 1761, to Jedediah Dana and others, and was incorporated at the same time. Nathaniel Bicknell, Jonathan Paddleford, Elislia Bingham, and Jesse Johnson were among the first settlers. The first minister in Enfield was Rev. Edward Evans, settled in 1799 and dismissed in 1805. He was a Methodist, and, contrary to the practice of those times which required him who would be a religious teacher in town to be of tin- order that happened to predominate, which was rarely other than \\w Congregational, he obtained the land appropriated by the town for the first settled minister. Hills and valleys principally form the surface of th(- town, which is watered by a variety of ponds and streams, the principal of which are Pleasant or Mascomy and East ponds. The former is a beautiful sheet of water four miles in length, and of various breadth, having a variety of picturesque scenery in its vicinity, as well as Mont Calm, the principal elevation. East pond is one and a half miles long and three fourths of a mile wide. Iron ore has been found, and is supposed to exist in considerable quantities. NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OP EPPING. 485 Oil the .southwestern shore of Mascomy pond is the Shaker settle- ment, situated on a fertile plain, and presenting quite a neat anil tasty appearanee. The inhabitants a?e about 120 in number, who are (livitled intt) tliree distinct families, each of wliic-ii has a commodious Iniilding for the transaction of their various kinds of business. The buildings generally are noted as much for their unpretending appear- ance, as for their uniform cleanliness. The inhabitants are engaged in agricultui-al and mechanical pursuits, and take much pains in the im- provement of stock, having recently imported two small flocks of French merino sheep. Their articles of trallic consist, to a considerable extent, of garden seeds, wooden ware, corn brooms, and woollen goods, all of which are of their own raising and manufacture. They have two mills in operation, and are possessed of a handsome meeting-house. Besides this village there are three others, one on the eastern shore about half a mile from Maseomy pond, and known as East Village ; the others are called Norlli Enfield and Enfield Centre, all of which are situated south of the Siiaker village. The Northern Railroad passes through a corner of Enfield, by which a ready market is found for the merciian- dise and surplus produce of the town. Enfield contains tliree Union church edifices, and one Universalist ; eighteen school districts; and three post-offices — Enfield, North Enfield, and West Enfield: also, a sash, blind, and door factory; a woollen yarn and a woollen flannel factory ; one extensive tannery, a bedstead factory, three saw-mills, and one grist-mill. Population, 1,742 ; valuation, $5o5,383. Eppixg, in the northern part of Rockingham county, thirty miles southeast of Concord, contains 12,760 acres. It was formerly a part of Exeter, from which it was detached and incorporated Februarv 12, 1741 ; and the next year the inhabitants held their first meeting. An orthodox church was formed December 9, 1747, one of the ministers being Rev. Josiah Stearns, a descendant of Isaac Stearns, who came from England, with Governor Wentworth, in 1630. He was a native of Billeriea, Mass., was settled March 8, 1758, and was an unswerving friend of liberty in the trying times of the Revolution. This devout and excellent preacher ministered here thirty years, adding to the church during this time 1,060 souls. The Quakers had a church here as early as 1769, and it is stated that one of them, Jonathan Norris, was impris- oned for refusing to pay taxes to support the Congregationalists. Henry •Dearborn, an officer of the Revolutionary army, representative in con- gress, secretary of war, major-general of the war of 1812, minister of the United States at Portugal, as well as holder of several other impor- tant offices, resided in this ti>wn in early life. William Plumer, late 41* 486 III.STOIIY A^'D DESCRIPTION OF XEW ENGLAND. governor of New Hamissliire, and one of her most distinguished anti estimable citizens, resided liere till his death.i John Chandler, represent- ative and senator in the Massachusetts legislature, senator in congress, and brigadier-general in the army of 1812, was a native of Epping. The soil of Ejjping is, for the most part, of a productive descrijjtion. Several fine streams of water pass through it, diversifying the face of the country, and rendering it one of the pleasant towns of the state. Among them are Lamprey river, running the entire length, and North river, which waters the north part. The roads arc well made, and kept in good condition. The population are industrious, frugal agri- culturists. There are 1ln-ee villages — Corner village, Plumer village, and West Epping ; three church edifices — Congregational, Methodist, and Universalist ; eight school districts, and one post-otfice : also, six saw-mills, two grist-mills, one woollen manufactory, and one banU (ihe Pawtitckaway), incorporated 1854, with a capital of 850,000. The Portsmouth and Concord Railroad passes through Epping. Population, 1,663; valuation, $622^25. Epsom, in the eastern part of Merrimack county, is twelve mil(>s east from Concord. It derives its name from a town in the county of Surry, England, and was granted to Theodore Atkinson and others, belonging to Newcastle, Rye, and Greenland, May 18, 1727, prior to which date there were several families in the plantation. Among those who early settled here were Charles M'Coy, William Blazo, Andrew M' Clary, a Mr. Whittaker, and Samuel Blake. The inhabitants suffered mncii from tlic determined yet transitory warfare of the Indians, and \\-ere frc- (juentlv ol)liged to remove their families from the town, or llec with them to Nottingham. At length a garrison was erected, in which the settlers sought refuge whenever danger was apprehended. Excepting the capture of Mrs. McCoy, on the 21st August, 1747, — who was car- ried into Canada, from whence she returned soon after the war, — and the robbery of some cattle, the Indians committed no very serious ilcp- redations in Epsom, such clemency being attributable, probably, to the friendly and conciliatory manner of the inhabitants towards then}. Major Andrew M'Clary, a gallant and meritorious officer, who fell at; Breed's Hill, was a native of Epsom. Hon. John M'Clary, son of General Michael M'Clary, was killed December 13, 1821, by the fall of the frame of a building in this town. He was for several years a representative and senator in the state legislature. ' The Life of Governor Pliimer, by liis son, has been recently published by Phillips, Sampson & Co. XEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF EKROL, ETC. 4'^7 The surface of Epsom is gonorally nneveu, the laud fi-equenlly rising into considerable eminences, the principal of which are McCoy's Fort, Nat's and No1:tingham mountains. The soil, on the average, is good, and well adapted for grazing or grain. Several minerals have been found, as also terra sienna, which constitutes a very handsome paint. Great and Little Suncook rivers furnish water; and there are three ponds, known by the names of Chestnut, Round, and Odiorne's. E|)- som has one village, called Suncook; two churches — Congregatiojial and Free-will Baptist; ten school districts, and one post-office: also, two grist-mills, two saw-mills, and several stores. Population, l,o6(j ; valuation, $374,780. Errol is situated in CoiJs county, on the boundary line dividing New Hampshire from Maine, and was granted to Timothy Ruggles ;\in[ others, February 28, 1774. It has an area of thirty-five thousand acres, a considerable portion of which is water. Much of the land is still covered with its native forest trees, and the soil is generally poor. The principal occupation of the inhabitants is lumbering. There are numer- ous ponds and streams ; but the principal body o( water is Umbagog lake, which lies on the boundary line, partly in this state and partly in Maine, its length being about twelve miles, and its breadth varying from one to five. The outlet unites with the Margalloway river to form the Androscoggin. This locality has acquired some celebrity through the very interesting narrative of Hon. D. P. Thomjjson, of Montpelier, Vt.. entitled " Gaut Gurley, or the Trappers of the Umbagog." There are no villages, nor even a church organization, in the town. It is inter- sected by a single road, and all the settlers have built their habitations on or near it. Errol has two saw-mills, one grist-mill, and one clap- board machine: also, three school districts with good school-houses, and one post-otfice. Population, 1.30 ; valuation, 655,700. Exeter, Rockingham county, joins Hampton and Hampton Falls on the southeast, and is a shire town of the county. On the 4th of .Tulv, 1638, the first settlers arrived within the boundaries of the present town. To Rev. John Wheelwright (who had been disfranchised and banish: d for his religious views, by the government of Massachusetts), and a ]3arty of his followers, is attributable the settlement of Exeter. Wheel- wright purchased of the Indians upon his arrival the country between the Merrimack and the Piscataqua extending back about thirty miles. This little band, being under the jurisdiction of no particular govern- ment, formed themselves into a body politic, — somewhat similar to a democracy, — chose their magistrates, made their own laws, in order 4S8 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTION OF XEW EXULAXD. that " thoy might live togorher quietly and peaceably in all godliness and honesty." This " combination " existed for three years, when, in 1642, Exeter was annexed to the county of Essex, Mass. Wheel- wright, being still under sentence of banishment, then removed to Maine, with a few of his adherents. This distinguished man died at Salisbuiy in November, 1679, aged eighty-five years. He was the ancestor of all the Wheelwrights in Maine, Massachusetts, and Nev^r Hampshire. In 1643, the arrangement of the counties being changed, Exeter fell w ithin the limits of Norfolk. Various changes occurred subsequent to this; but the establishment of the lines in 1741 put a period to all discussion on the subject of territorial lines between INIassachusetts and New Hampshire. Exeter has liad her share of the trials and hardships common to the settlement of a wild(>rness country ; but the greatest sufterings were ex- perienced from the warfare of the Indians. At the time of the arrival of the first settlers there were a few Indians at or near Sqitamseott Falls, where the compact part of the town is now built ; but thev were peaceably disposed and less savage in character than most of the native tribes, and were fully protected by the people of Exeter in their persons and pro[)erty. These left here about 1672, and settled on the Hudson near Troy. Hostilities commenced in Exeter in 1690. From this time till 1710, the settlers had to confine themselves to the three garrisons in town, cultivating their lands in continual fear of the savage enemv. During the forty years of this dreadful warfare, the horrors of which one can scarcely reafize, the killed and captives in Exeter were between thirty and forty, among the former of whom were Ephraim Folsom, Hen., and Goodman Robinson; also. Colonel Winthrop Hilton, whose death was deeply lamented on account of his many noble qttalities. This subtraction from a population so limited in numbers was great; and imagination can but faintly trace the harrowing jiictures which tliesc inroads in the ranks of the settlers conjured up in the minds of the survivors, fearing lest they should, sooner or later, fall victims to tlie same savage cruelties. The depredations upon the limited propertv of the settlers were great, and were severely felt. With these draw- backs in view, it will not seem strange that Exeter, at the close of the first century, had bitt twenty qualified voters within its limits. About 1712, the Indians, it appears, ceased their attacks. Exeter, in the Revolutionary struggle, sustained a noble part, being hearty and unanimous in obedience to the measures recommended by those wise men who undertook the arduous enterprise of piloting the infant repitl)lic through the tortuous windings of an unknown destiny. Her inhabitants, without a murmttr, bore the dangers and hardships of NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF EXETER. 4S9 the war, and contracted heavy debts to raise men and supplies for the army. Exeter was one of the fir.st in declaring and steadily maintain- ing the independence of t)ur country, and her records are full of une- quivocal evidences of her zeal and patriotism. The early conventions, and the provincial assembly or congress, repeatedly met hei-e, until 1 he- adoption of the state constitution. Among the eminent and useful men who have been citizens of Exeter we may notice Hon. Sanmel Tenney, Hon. Oliver Peabody, Hon. Nicholas Oilman, Oeneral Nathaniel Folsom, Oovernors Jeremiah Smith and Hon. John Taylor (iilman,, all of whom held important civil, and some of them military, ollices ill the earlier years of the republic. Hon. Lewis Cass, who has occupied many important posts in the service of his country, and now stands next in rank to the presitleiit of the United St;ites, was a native of this town. He was born on the 9th day of October, 1782, in the Bii-th-i.hu'f Cif llou. Lewis Ca old house, an exact likeness of which is here givi-n from a daguerreo- type just taken, and was the son of Major Jonathan Oass, a soldier of the Revolution. His early life only was spent here. At the age of seventeen, he removed to the then northwest territory with his father's family. The first church in Exeter was, excepting that at Hampton, the first formed in the state, having been founded in lf338. Mr. Wheelwright, who was a brother-in-law of the celebrated Anne Hutchinson, a con- temporary at the university with Oliver Cromwell, and a friend of Sir Henry Vane, was the first minister. After his removal to Maine, the church was broken up. An attempt to form another in Exeter was for- bidden by the General Court. No church is known to have been formed 490 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. until 1698. In the mean time tliey had a sort of ecclesiastieo-civil government. Rev. Samuel DutUey, a son of Governor Dudley, was the minister from 1650 until his death in 1683. Cotton Mather indorsed him as a man \v\\o, by the "orthodox piety" whieh controlled liis ad- ministration of civil affairs, did much to save the country " from the contagion of familistic errors, which had like to have overturned all." It is a little surprising, however, that he should have preached so long lo an itnorganized body. The third minister, Rev. John Clark, was settled, in 1698, over a church of t\venty-eight persons then gathered. His suc- cessor was Rev. John Odlin, who was minister of the first church from 1706 to 1754. Upon the settlement, in 1743, of his son, Woodbridge OdHn, as his colleague, — who, with his father, opposed themselves to the measures and influence of Whitefield, during "the great awakening," — a secession took place, and resulted in the formation of the second church with forty-one members, over which Rev. Daniel Rogers, a lie- scendant of the Smithfield martyr, was settled from 1748 until his death in 1785. Rev. Joseph Brown was pastor of this church from 1792 to 1797 ; after which the church, for a time, declined. Rev. Isaac Hurd was pastor from 1817 to 1846. Of the first church, after Mr. Odlin, were Rev. Isaac Mansfield, from 1776 to 1787 ; Rev. William F. Rowland, from 1790 to 1828.1 Phillips Academy, a view of which is given on the next page, was founded, in 1781, by the liberal donations of John Phillips, LL. D., wiio bequeathed to the institution at his death, in 1795, a considerable portion of his estate. It is conh-olled by seven trustees, three of whom only can reside at Exeter. It generally has from eighty to ninety students. The poorer students are aided in the prosecution of their studies hv the funds of this institution. The academy was opened in 1783, under the preceptorship of William Woodbridge. The late venerable and highly esteemed Benjamin Abbot, LL. D., was the preceptor from 1788 to 1838, a period of fifty years, since which, Gideon L. Soule has served his twenty years. Among its trustees have been Hon. John Phillips, the foitnder, Samuel Phillips, John Pickering, John Taylor Oilman. Jeremiah Smith, and Daniel Webster. Among its instructors havart of Cheshire county, bordering upon the state of Massachusetts ; and is sixty miles from Concord. The township originally bore the name of Monadnock No. 4, and was granted January 15, 1752, to Roland Cotton and forty-one others ; but they failing to fulfil the terms of the grant, it was shortly after regranted VOL. I. 42 494 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. fo Samson Stocklanl and twenty-two others. The settlement was com- menced about 1760, by James Reed (a Revolutionary patriot, and after- wards brigadier-general), John Fassett, Benjamin Bigelow, and several others. In 1771, the Congregational ehurch was formed, consisting of six members, and Rev. Benjamin Brigham was settled, and remained the pastor until his death, in 1800. On the 19th of May, 1773, the town was incorporated, taking its name from the Earl of Fitzwilliam. In ISlo, a tract of land, comprising 4,200 acres, was taken from Fitzwilliam and annexed to Troy. The surface is hilly ; the soil of the upland is rocky and hard, but suitable for grazing and tillage. The meadow lands are somewhat extensive for such an elevated section of country as this, and are very productive. The town is traversed by the Cheshire Railroad, which has been of great advantage, particularly to the agricultural interest. Farming was formerly considered here an unpopitlar and low business, but it is now the leading occupation of the people ; and many of those who left the ploitgh for the city are now eager to return and enjoy the comforts of a farmers life in the country. The town is well supplied with ponds and small streams, but they aflord no water power worthy of mention. There are three villages — Fitzwilliam, Howeville, and Bowkerville ; two church editices — Baptist and Union. The Congregational church was burned January 15, 18-57, but preparations have been made for rebuilding it. There are eleven school districts and one post-office. Some business is done in the mamifacture of wooden ware. Pojju- lation, 1,482 ; valuation, $519,972. Francestown, lying near the centre of Hillsborough county, twenty- seven miles from Concord, contains 18,760 acres. Its name was given in remembrance of Frances, wife of Governor John Wentworth. It was formed from a place called the New Boston Addition, and a part of Society land, and was incorporated, contrary to the order of things at that time, on petition of the inhabitants of those places, as a distinct township, June 8, 1772. The INIasonian proprietors were the owners of the land, and the settlers obtained their titles from them. A part of Lyndeborough was subsequently added to the town. The first settle- ment was made in 1761 by persons from Londondeny, and from Dedham, Mass., of whom John Carson, a Scotchman, was the first on the ground. The former were Scotch-Irish, and the latter English. A Congregational church of eighteen members was formed in 1773, but the house of worship was not completed until 1787. Rev. Moses Bradford was the minister from 1790 until 1827. Prior to the Revo- NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF FRANCESTOWN. 495 lution, Oetober 21, 1774, several resolves, exhibiting the spirit which animated the people, were passed, and published in the New Hampshire Gazette of November 18th, signed by nearly every inhabitant of the place. Henry Batten, who was a resident of Franeestown for nearly forty years, and who died August 25, 1822, at the age of eighty-five, was captured by the Indians during the French war in 1757. Although under the guard of two warriors, by his superior strength and agility he made his escape, with the loss, however, of aU his clothes. In a state of nudity, he wandered betsveen lakes George and Champlain for six days, having nothing to satisfy his appetite excej)t berries and barlv, and being compelled to swim the Hudson three times to escape his pursuers. James Woodbury, an active soldier in the old French war and a participant in the siege of Quebec, where he was engaged at the side of General Wolfe when that heroic man was slain, died in this town, March 3, 1823, at the age of eighty-five. He saw much service also as a member of Stark's celebrated company of rangers. Hon. Levi Woodbury was born in this town, November 3, 1789. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1809, — studied law at Litchfield, Ct., and in Boston, — and commenced the practice of his profession in this town in 1812. He was judge of the supreme court of New Hampshire in 1816, governor of this state in 1822, speaker of the house of representatives in 1824, elected senator to congress in 1825, appointed secretary of the navy by General Jackson in 1831 ; and in 1833, imder the General's second term, secretary of the treasury, which latter office he held until the end of Mr. Van Buren's adminis- tration, when he was reelected to the United States senate. In 1849, upon the decease of Judge Story, he was appointed a justice of the supreme court of the United States. While holding the last-named office his death occurred, September 4, 1851, at Portsmouth. Judge Woodbury was distinguished as a man of untiring industry, as well as for great urbanity and dignity of character; and so popular had he become with his party at the close of his career, there is strong ground for thinking, that, had he been spared, he would have succeeded Mr. Fillmore in the presidency. Franeestown is watered by the two south branches of Piscataquog river, the largest of which has its source in Pleasant pond, and the other in Haunted pond. Pleasant pond is 350 rods square, and Haunted pond about 300 rods in length and 225 in width. The country is hilly and much of the land stony, though the soil is warm and moist. There are some small intervals which yield abundantly. The mill streams are not very large, and consequently the privileges are not numerous. Crotched mountain is the principal elevation, its sum- 496 HISTORY AND DESCEIPTIOX OF XEW EXOLAXD. mit being over six luuKlred feet above tlie level of the common in the middle of the town, aHording an extensive view of the country to the somhwest. A very valuable quarry of freestone of a dark grayish color, having a resemblance to the variegated marble of Vermont, has been discovered and profitably worked, being much prized for stoves and hearths. Plumbago, and specimens of rock crystal of much beauty, have been found, while the common garnet is met with in various places. The second New Hampshire turnpike passes through near the centre of the town. Francestown is eligibly situated, but h;is no railroad as yet running within its limits. The town has a handsome village, a Congregational meeting-house, an academy, established in 1819, twelve school districts, one post-office, and one bank, having a capital of .$60,000. Population, 1,114; valuation, 6536,281. Francoxia, Grafton county, joins Bethlehem on the north, and is seventy-fom- miles nortii from Concord. It was originally called Morristown, and was granted February 14, 1764, to Isaac Searle and others, and incorporated at the same time, the first settlement being commenced in 1774 by Captain Artemas Knight, Lemuel Barnett, Zebedee Applebee, and others. The surface is very mountainous; but, along the branches of the Lower Ammonoosuc, which water the town, is some very fertile meadow ' ' land. Among the natural curiosities are tlie Franconia Notch, a narrow pass between JNIonnt Lafayette and Profile or Jackson mountain, and what is called the "Old JMan of the Mountain," declared the greatest curiosity in the state. At the height of one thousand feet, on a nearly perpendic- ular part of the rock which terminates one of the cliffs of Jack- son mountain, is seen the profile of the human face, formed by a peculiar combination of the surface and angles of five huge granite blocks. There are other points of interest ; but these are the principal, and are well worthy of a visit from the curious. Near the Notch are two bodies of water, the one known as Ferrin's pond, which is tlie source of a branch of the Pemigewasset river, called the Middle Branch, and the other, known as Echo Lake, lying at the foot of Mount Lafay- ette. The rejjort of a gun fired upon the shores of this lake may be heard distinctly several times, in perfect imitation of successive dis- charges of musketry. Franconia is subject to great extremes of heat and cold. On the 24th of January, 1857, the thermometer at 6 o'clock. NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF FRANKLIX. 497 A. Ji., indicated 49° l>clo\v zom, and a iiierenry llinrniometor taken iVdm a warm romn iiitd llie open air sunk to 40° ljek)W zern in less llr.m twenty minutes. In tlie sununer tiie Ihernionieter freciueiillv iiKJi- cates i00°. The prosperity of Francoiiia is mainly owing to 1lie discovery ot' iron ore in the vicinity. The principal works arc situatt'd on ilie south branch of the Ammonoosuc river, and are owned by the New Tlam])- sliire Iron Factory Company. The establishment consists of a i)last furnace, erected in 180S, a ca]iola furnace, a forge, and a machine- shop. The ore is obtained from a mountain in tlie cast part of Lisbon, three miles from the furnace, and is considered the richest in the United States, yielding from fltty to sixty-three per cent. This cstah- lishmiMit constantly em|)Ioys from twenty to thirty men, and from two to three hundred tons of bar iron are manufactured annually. There are also in this town two bedstead factories, a box factory, four saw-mills, and two blacksmith's shojis : one chiux'h edifice, occu- pied by the Congregationalists and by the Free-will Baptists; seven school districts; two large and commodious hotels, one situated at Franeoniaville, and the other, the Profde Hous(>, at tlie notch of the Franeonia mountain, wliich is said to be capable of holding two hun- dred and fifty guests. There are two post-olficcs here- — Franeonia ami Franeonia Flume. Population, 584; valuation, -8193,834. Franklin is a pleasant and thriving agricultural town in the north- east part of Merrimack county, seventeen miles from Concord. It was taken from Salisbury, Andover, Sanbornton, and Northficld, and incor- porated December 24, 1828, comprising an area of about 9,000 acres on both sides of the Merrimack. The surface is mostly broken, the soil tolerably good in some parts ; but the greater portion of the land requires considerable labor and attention to make it productive. This town has slipped in and borne away the honor which ought ever to have remained to its parent Salisbury — of containing the birthplace of Daniel Web- .ster. His father. Captain Ebenezer Webster, who was born at Kings- ton, went into the army of GJeneral Amherst, in the expedition against Canada, and, after hostilities ceased, was one of several persons from Kingston who, about the year 1761, entered that part of Salisbury now in Franklin. His first location was about two miles south-west of the village of Franklin, near the west line of the town.^ Here his distinguished son ' '^ yiy tather lapped on a little beyond any other comer; and when he had l>uilt his loj; cabin, and lighted his fire, his smoke ascended nearer to the nortli star than tliat of any other of his majesty's New England subjects. His nearest civilized neighbor on the 42* 498 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. was born, on the IStli of January, 1782. The old domicile lias long since passed away ; but those who feel an interest in the places where great men only enter the world, will desire to preserve, as a souvenir, its ■^' Birthplace of Daniel Webster. primitive pattern, the roomy yard and ample shade. His second resi- dence, the home of Webster's childhood until he entered Exeter Acad- emy, in 1796, was about two miles southeasterly of the village. The father had been an officer at Bennington, White Plains, and West Point, and was a judge of the court of common pleas for Hillsborough, until his death in 1806. To the honor of the son's memory it may be said, that his reverence for the home of his parents afterwards led him to purchase this estate, which had fallen to, and been occupied by his brother Ezekiel. Hither the weary man used occasionally to repair ; and in this retirement, away from the political cormorants and party para- sites that haunted him at Marshfield and at Washington, soliciting his influence in their behalf, he is said to have composed some of his most north was at Mnntrpal." " TIip vf^ai- fnllnwinjx my liirtli, my fatlier moved from his first residence, which was a los-hoiise on the hill, to the river side. i« the same town, a distance of three miles. Here in the meadow land, by the river, with ronjih hills hang- ing; over, was the scene of mv earliest recollections : or, as was said in another case, 'Here I found myself.'" — Vi'thilcia Prii-alc Correqiondence, vol. i. pp. 5 and 6. NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OP FREEDOM, ETC. 499 valuable productions. But the swift-winged messenger that travels along the telegraphic wire has carried its last messag-e for Webster, and the disk-footed courser, that pants unwearied on his iron-girdled course through Franklin, and across the farm of the late venerable statesman, now arouses by its shrill whistle in the early morn other occupants to the toils of the day. The place has passed into the pos- session of Rufus L. Tay, Esq., but retains the name of the " Webster Farm," and is under a high state of cultivation. The principal village is built at the junction of the Pemigewasset and Winnepesaukee rivers, which by their union form the Merrimack. The water-power is abun- dant and valuable. On the Winnepesaukee are several mills and fac- tories. The Franklin mills commenced operations in 185S, for the manufacture of woollen goods, but were burned down in March, 1857, and have not been rebuilt. The Northern Railroad passes directly in the rear of the principal street, on a high embankment, the track being elevated considerably above a level with the tops of the houses, and the traveller in the cars sees, as it were beneath his feet, a thriving village and a busy population. There are two churches — Congregational and Christian ; one post-office, ten school districts, and an incorporated academy : also, ten stores, a woollen yarn mill, an iron foundery, a crow- bar and axle factory, a hat factory, two carriage shops, two paper-mills, and a machine-shop. Population, in 1858, about 1,600 ; valuation, $647,914. Freedom, lying on the boundary line between this state and Maine, belongs to Carroll county, and is seventy miles from Concord. It was incorporated June 16, 1831, by the name of North Effingham, which was changed December 6, 1832, tco the present one. The town has a broken surface, but the soil is well adapted for grazing purposes, and, in some parts, is good for tillage. Part of Ossipee lake lies in the town, and Ossipee river divides Freedom from Effingham, affording water power of average capacity. The inhabitants devote their attention principally to the cultivation of the soil. The town has one village, one church edifice — Baptist; a post-office, and ten school districts: also, four tanneries, one saw-mill, one machine-shop, and manufactories of bedsteads, cabinet ware, carriages, chairs, edge-tools, and harnesses. Population, 910 ; valuation, $233,759. Fremont, situated about the centre of Rockingham county, thirty- three miles from Concord, contains about 10,320 acres. It was char- tered, under the name of Poplin, June 2, 1764, and its present title was conferred upon it by act of the legislature, July 8, 1854. The soil is good, and attention is devoted to its cultivation. The surface is undu- 500 IIISTiiRY AND DESCKIPTIOX OF NEW EXULAXD. latiiig, l)t'ing comprised of plains and gently rising hills. The iuiiaoir- ants are in ordinary eirc-umstances, — neither very rich nor yet very poor. Fremont has never enjoyed the benefits of an established min- istry of any order; though the Methodists, who have a house of worsiiip, have given the people greater care than any other sect. There are four .school districts and one post-office: also, two grist-mills, two saw-mills, two shingle, lath, and clapboard mills, one box factory, and one gnn- sniith's shop. Population, 509 ; valuation, §202,829. Gilford, centrally situated in Belknap county, twenty-five miles from Concord, is the shire town, and adjoins GiJmanton on the soutli. It was incorporated June 16, 1812, and formerly belonged to Gilmantnn, with which its history is intimately connected. It was settled in 1778 by James Ames and S. S. Gilman. Elder Richard Martin was settled here, in 1798, over the first Free-will Baptist society. A tract of land was annexed to this town from Gilmanton, July 5, 1851. The land is productive and well cultivated. Gunstodv and Miles brooks are the principal streams, flowing into Winnepcsaukee lake. Little and Chattleborough ponds lie here. There are several bridges, two of which connect this town with the islands in Winnepcsaukee lake, and four, crossing that lake, connect Meredith village with the one in Gilford, both wiiich are known by the same name — Mereditii Bridge. Passing through in an easterly direction nearly to the lalce is the Suncook range of mountains. Gilford contains three villages — Gilford, INIcrcdith Bridge, and Lake Village. Meredith Bridge is pleasantly situated and in a flourishing con- dition, as also is the town generally. The religious societies are three Free-will Baptist, one Baptist, and two Universalist — all of which have church edifices. The county buildings are strongly built and tastefully and advantageously located. There are fourteen school districts and an academy. The water power is good, and there are in operation the following manufacturing and mechanical establishments : the Win- nepcsaukee Lake Manufacturing Company, the Gilford Manufacturing and Mt^chanic Company, one cotton factory, one peg factory, one tannery, four saw-mills, one foundery, one large machine-shop, and the repair shop of the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad. There are three post-offices ; namely, Gilford, Gilford Village, and Lake Vil- lage. Population, 2,425 ; valuation, 8724,885. GiLMAXTON, in the westerly part of Belknap county, adjoins Can- terbury and Northfield on the south, and is twenty-five miles northeast from Concord. It was granted to twenty-four persons by the name of NEW HAMPSHIRE TCiWN OF GILMANTON. OOl Gilmaii, — seven of wliom were ministers, — and one hundred and fifty- three others, for services rendered in defence of tiie country, and ^vas incorporated May 20, 1727. Though the settlement was put olT on account of the fear of Indian depredations, yet tlie proprietors made frequent improvements by the erection of block-houses, laying out of lands and roads. Benjamin and John Mudgett arrived here in 17(il. and were the first families in the settlement. They enditred great privations in their journey hither. The next year seven families arrived, and from that time the settlement continued to inc'-case. Rev. William Parsons came in 1765, and was the schoolmaster for the greater part of his life. He died in 1796. Rev. Isaac Smith was minister here from 1774 until his death, in 1817. Many of the proprietors took part in the French and Indian wars, and did good service. In the Revolu- tionary struggle, Gilmanton bore an honorable ))art, and many of tiie inhabitants, itnder the command of Lieutenant Eastman, were in tiie battle of Bunker or Breed's Hill, as well as iit other of the Revolu- tionary battles. In 1S12, that part of the town known as the Gunstoc-k parish was incorporated separately by the name of Gilford. General Joseph Badger was an early settler and the first magistrate ; he was also representative, as well as judge of probate for Strafford county, some time prior to his death. He was a man much esteemed by his fellow-citizens. The surface of Gilmanton is, to a great extent, rocky and hilly, while the soil is various. On the ridges and swells of land is good, strong, productive soil: the higher hills are rocky, and adapted for pasturing. A small portion of the land is level, sandy, and light. A chain of eminences, varying in height from tiiree hundred to one thousand feet, divides the head s|n-ings of the Suncook and the Soucook rivers. Tiie jirincipal of tliese elevations is called Peaked hill, which is 450 feet liigh, and from its summit a view of many ]ioints of interest can be obtained. Porcupine ledge is a place of considerable note, and is much resorted to by the lover of nature. It is a very abrupt precipice of granite, gneiss, and mica slate rock, below which is a deep and shady dell, the forest trees which prevail being clotlied in dark evergreen foliage, while the rocks are overgrown by mosses, the whole presenting a beautiful appearance. Much of the scenery in Gilmanton is very ]>icturesqtie. Loon, Shell camp, and RoclvV jionds form the source of Sottcook river, and Lougee's, Young's, Ingall's, and Woodman's ponds form that of the Suncook river. Great Brook tiows through Upper Gilmanton, and Winnepesaukee river, with its various bays, bounds the town on the west. There are three villages — Academy, Iron- Works, and Factory, or Ipper Gilmanton; ten church edifices — three Congregational, tln-ee 502 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OP NEW ENGLAND. Free-will Baptist, one Methodist, one Baptist, one Christian Baptist, and one Quakers ; one academy, called Gilmanton Academy, founded in 1794, with a fund of about §10,000, having a theological department, which was opened in 1835 ; thirty-one school districts ; and four post- offices — Gilmanton, Upper Gilmanton, Lower Gilmanton, and Iron- Works : also, one cotton factory, one batting mill, five grist-mills, eleven saw-mills, one steam tannery, several wagon-maker's shops, and shoe, straw hat, and other manufactures. Several periodicals have been pub- lished in (lilmanton, but they are now all discontinued. Population. 3,282 ; valuation, §1,005,978. " GiLSUM, in the central part of Cheshire county, adjoins Keene oii the south, and is forty-six miles from Concord. Gilsum was first granted December 8, 1752, to Joseph Osgood, Jacob Farmer, and others, and received the name of Boyle. In July 13, 1763, it was regranted to Messrs. C^ilbert, Sumner, and others, receiving the name of Gilsum, — which is supposed to have originated from a combination of the first syllables of the names of these men. The first attempt at settlement was made in 1764, by Josiah Kilbitrn, from Hebron, Conn., who was fol- lowed soon after by Peletiah Pease, Obadiah Wilcox, Ebenezer Dewey, Jonathan Adams, and others, most of whom came from Connecticut. The Congregational church was formed 1772, and a meeting-house was completed in 1794, although previously occupied to some extent. Rev. Elisha Fish was the first pastor, settled in 1796. The chitrch, which was greatly prospered during the lifetime of Mr. Fish, after his death in 1807 became weak and divided, and meetings A\'ere held by several dif- ferent denominations in private houses, the Methodists, however, having the preponderating influence. The surface of Gilsum is generally uneven and somewhat stony; but there is some land of a good qualitv. Ashuelot river runs through tlie town, and affords a number of water privileges. There is an immense granite boulder here, which has received the name of Vessel Rock, from its peculiar situation. There are two villages — Factory and Mill ; two church edifices — Congregational and Methodist ; seven school dis- tricts ; and one post-office : also, one woollen mill, which manufactures twenty-four thousand yards of cloth per annum ; a bobbin factory, a chair factory, and a large tannery. Population, 668 ; valuation, 8195,581. GOFFSTOWX, in the easterly part of Hillsborough county, is sixteen miles from CVmcord and twelve from Amherst. It was, in early times, a favorite resort of the Indians, who found ample support and amuse- ment in the abundance of fish with which its waters abounded. The NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF GOFFSTOWN. 503 iMasonian proprietors made a grant of it, in 1748, to Rev. Thomas Par- ker of Dracut and others. It is not positively Icnowii when it was lirst settled, but it is thouglit to have been about 1741 or 174:2. It received its act of incorporation June 16, 1761, under the name of GolTstown, which was conferred on it in lienor of Colonel John Goftl?, for several years a resident of Bedford, and the first judge of probate in the county of Hillsborough. A large part of the town was originally covered with vahiable timber ; and this being a good locahty for fish, lumbering and fishing were the main occupations of the early settlers. In these early (hiys, the use of intoxicating drinks was very common ; and society here has not yet wliolly recovered from the evil inllucnces which such a jjractice engenders. A Congregational church was organized about October 30, 1771, and small appropriations for preaching were made annually. There were two religious classes in the place, — that in the south part was the Scotch-Irish stock and favored Presbyterianism, while the remainder were Congregationalists. A meeting-house was erected in 1768 ; but it was not thoroughly completed for some years afterwards. The first minister was Rev. Joseph Currier, against whose settlement a remon- strance was put in by tliirty-seven men, who favored Presbyterianism, and were determined not to give any thing towards his sujjport. Mr. Currier was settled in 1771, and dismissed August 29, 1774, accord- ing to the town records, for intemperance. Seven years intervened without the settlement of a minister ; and in 1781, the Congregational- ists and the Presbyterians were organized separately, the former extend- ing a call to Rev. Cornelius Waters, who became their pastor, and con- tinued till 179-j. The next minister was Rev. David L. Morrill, who was settled March 3, 1802, and was jointly supported by the two socie- ties under the name of the Congregational Presbyterian church. Mr. Morrill served the town and state civilly as well as ecclesiastically, — was representative of the town, senator in congi-ess, and governor of the state. In 1816, the Religious Union society was organized. A new house was erected in the west village, and meetings were held two thirds of the time in the new house, and one third in the old house at the cen- tre. In 1818-19 there Avas a deep religious interest in connection with tlie preaching of Rev. Abel Manning, and sixty-five persons were added to this then feeble church within a year. Rev. Benjamin H. Pit- man was settled from 1820 to 182-5; Rev. Henry Wood from 1826 to 1831 ; and Rev. Isaac Willcy from 1837 to 18.53. A Baptist church was formed in 1820. Changes in the pulpit have been very common in GofTs- town, wliich is much owing to the meagre support extended to the minis- ters, not more than one half tlie people having, at any time, ever at- O04 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION" OF XEW EXGLAXD. tended worship. In the early part of 1841, a femah; commenced preach- ing here, and shortly more than half the voters in town came into licr i^npport. She professed no connection with any church. The excite- ment created by her preaching, however, soon died out, the result of it being the organization of the existing Methodist clmrch. Dr. Jonathan Gove, a resident of this town, served in the legislature for many years. All the islands on the Amoslieag falls, in Merrimack river, lying west- erly of tlie centre of "the Pulpit," or east stream, were annexed to this town, June 28, 1825. The surface is comparatively level, the only elevations of note being two in the southwest part, called by the natives Uncanoonuck. There are considerable tracts of valuable interval, as well as extensive plains, which are generally productive. Piscataquog river is the princijjal stream, which furnishes quite a number of valuable mill privileges. It passes through in a central direction. Large quantities of lumber were formerly floated down this stream to the Merrimack, and the forests at one time sup|)lied a large number of masts for the English navy. The New Hampshire Central Railroad ])asses through GofFstown. There are three villages — Goffstown, Goll'stowu Centre, and Parker's Mills; three church editices — Baptist, Congregational, and Methodist; six- teen school districts ; and two post-offices — Goflstown and Goftstown Centre : also, four stores, four saw-mills, two grist-mills, and one sash and blind factcny. Population, 2,270 ; valuation, $599,615. Goeiia:\i, in the eastern part of Colls county, niiiety-six miles from Concord, and ninety-one from PcnUand, by the Atlantic and St. Law- rence Railroad, adjoins Shellrarne on the east, of which it formed a part until its incorporation, June 18, 1836. It was formerly known as Shelburne Addition, and its history is intimately connected with that of the parent town. It is a rough, unproductive spot, lying on the northerly base of the White Mountains, from which numerous streams descend into the Androscoggin. Had it not been for the construc- tion of the Atlantic and St. Lawn-nce Railroad, this little place would never have been known. Now it is, in connection with the Alpine House, familiar as a household word to travellers visiting the White Mountains, it being one of the most favorable situations for viewing those great upheavings of nature, and the scenery in connec- tion with them. Around the Alpine House (a large and comfortable hotel, the property of the railroad company) has sprung up a beautiful little village, consisting mostly of buildings owned by the company. By the opening of this railroad a new impulse has been given to White Mountain travel. The visitor breakfasts in Portland, and alights here NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OP GOSHEN. 505 by eleven o'clock, — rides eight miles over a road sufficiently rough to quicken his appetite, and dines at the Glen House, at the base of Mount Washington ; or, breakfasting in Boston, he ai-rives at the same spot in time for his evening meal. The Androscoggin flows majestically through the town, and the silvery Peabody river, dashing down for miles over its bed of pure granite, here ceases from its wild pranks, and falls quietly into the la]) of the Androscoggin. The picturesque ruins of an old saw-mill near the Pealjody river, scarcely a gunshot from the Alpine House, stand high luid dry, the river, during a freshet but a few years ago, having taken a fancy to seek out a new channel. A telegraph station and post-oliice ure located here. Population, 224; valuation, $128,839. CiOSHEN, in the eastern part of Snllivan county, forty-two miles from Concord, was first settled about the ycnr 1769, by William Lang, Ben- jamin Rand, and Daniel Grindle, who endured uncommon suffering and many hardships from the failure of their crops, which were often seri- ously injured, and frequently totally destroyed. On account of these mishaps, the inhabitants were obliged to go to Walpole to purchase grain. When on one of these journeys, Mr. Rand was detained by a severe storm of snow, which prevented his progress for six days, during which time his wife and children were left destitute of provisions. One of the children, five years of age, was kept alive by Mrs. Rand by the milk from her breast, her infant child having died a short time previous. In the spring of 1813, the spotted fever swept off many of the inhab- itants. The first religious society was formed by the Congregationalists in 1802. Deacon Josiah Stevens, a licensed preacher, came to reside in Goshen in 1798, and is supposed to have been the first Congregational minister that ever preached in the place. Goshen contains 12,023 acres, and was taken from Newport, Sunapee, Newbury, Washington, Lempster, and Unity, and incorporated December 27, 1791. The surface is exceedingly rough and broken, but the soil is mostly good, and produces an abundance of grass. Sunapee mountain is the greatest elevation of land, and from it spring several small streams, which form Sugar river. Rand's pond, in the northeast part, is the only natural collection of water. Plumbago has been found, and is wrought. The raising of stock, particularly sheep, and the manufacture of buttei', cheese, and maple sugar, are the principal avocations of the people. There are two churches — Congi-egational and Baptist ; five school districts, and two post-offices — Goshen and Mill Village. Popu- lation, 659; valuation, 8165,565. VOL. I. 43 506 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIO>f 0-F NEW ENGLAND. GospORT, in Rockingham county, is an it^land town, one of the Isica of Shoals, at one time called Appledore and subriequently Star Island. It contains about one hundred and fifty acres, but it is not generallv cultivated, its inhabitants being principally engaged in fishing. In 1661 there were upwards of forty families on this group of islands. The fislieries were then prosecuted with vigor and success, and the business continued to flourish for more than a century afterwards. Three or four ships were loaded here amiually as early as 1730 for Bilboa, Spain; besides which, large quantities of fish were taken to Portsmouth to be shipped to the West Indies. Prior to the Revo- lution, the dun-fish of these islands had obtained universal celebrity, and was considered the best table fish in the world.^ Town privileges were conferred upon Gosport in 1715, and in 1728 it paid ^16 as its proportion of the province tax of ,£1,000 ; it had a meeting-house, and afterwards a fort on its west point. Its prosperity, since that period, has fallen oft" to a considerable extent; but at the present writing, old times seem to be reviving in the way of business. In Gosport there is a noticeable cavern, — having the appearance of being caused by an earthquake, — in which a woman by the name of Betty Moody secreted herself when the Indians visited the island and made prisoners of a number of females. It is known to this day as " Betty ftloody's hole." There are invested in the various branches of the fisheries about $5,000 ; and this is the only business of which the place can boast. There ai-e in town one village, one Ba])tist church, one school district ; and a hotel, erected for the accommodation of those who visit the island for pleasure. Population, 125 ; valuation, 821,640. Grafton, in the southern i)art of Grafton county, adjoins Danburv on the southeast, and is tliii'ty-six miles from Concord. It was granted to Ephraim Sherman and others, August 14, 1761, and in May, 1772, Captain Joseph Hoyt, from Fremont, came here, and commenced the first settlement. Captain Alexander Pixley and wife arrived soon after- wards, and were the second family within the precincts of the town. The surface of Grafton is very hilly, considerably mountainous in some parts, and so rocky in many places as to render it unfit for cultivation. Some tracts of land, however, are excellent for farming purposes. Glass-hill mountain is the principal elevation, and is about two hun- dred feet high. There is a remarkable ledge here, called tiie Pinnacle, on the south side of which the ground rises by a gradual ascent to the summit ; but on the north side it falls nearly 150 feet within the dis- ^ Report on the principal fisheries of the American seas, bv Lorenzo Sabine. NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF GRAFTON. 507 tance of six or eight feet. Smith's and Mascomy rivers, and Heard's river, a tributary of Smith's, furnish water. Five ponds lie here, the principal of which, called Grafton pond, contains from two hundred to three hundred acres. Mica is found in large quantities, and is an article of commerce. The town has one village, called Bungtown ; two church edifices — Baptist and Christian ; thirteen school districts and twelve schools ; and two post-offices — Grafton and Grafton Centre. Amount of capital invested in trade, ^7,000 ; in manufactures, $5,000. Charcoal is manu- factured in considerable quantities, amounting to about twelve thousand bushels per annum. The Northern Railroad intersects the town, ren- dering communication with various important points easy and expedi- tious. Population, 1,259; valuation, 6324,687. Grafton County, in the northwest central part of the state, was established by act of the colonial legislature, passed March 19, 1771, being called the " fifth county ; " and was made to contain " all the lands in the province not comprehended in the other counties" — (Hills- borough, Rockingham, Cheshire, and Strafford). The town of Burton (now Albany) was taken from it and given to Strafford, November 27, 1800 ; and, December 24, 1803, it was further reduced by the incor|K)- ration of Coos, which was entirely formed from its territory. The dimensions of this county were still further reduced June 18, 1805, by the annexation of the whole of Nash and Sawyer's Location to Coos. By act passed January 2, 1829, the boundaries of Grafton were thus established, from which they have not since been materially altered : " Beginning on the westerly bank of Connecticut river at the southwesterly corner of Dalton ; thence on the westerly and southerly line of Dalton to Whitcfield ; thence on the westerly and southerly line of Whitefield to Bretton Woods (Carroll) ; thence on the westerly and southerly lines of Bretton Woods and of Nash and Sawyer's Location to the southeasterly corner thereof; thence southerly on a straight line across the unlocated lands to the line of the county of Strafford at the northwesterly corner of Burton (Albany); thence southerly and west- erly by the line of the county of Strafford to the southwest corner of Holderness, at the Pemigewasset or Merrimack river; thence down said river to the north line of Franklin ; thence westerly on the northerly lines of Franklin, Andover, Wilmot, Springfield, Grantham, and Plain- field to the southwest corner of Lebanon, on the west bank of Con- necticut river ; thence northerly on said bank to the bound first men- tioned." There are now thirty-eight towns, Haverhill and Plymouth being the shire towns. 508 KISTORY AXD DESCRIPTION OF XEW ENGLAND. Grafton has an area of about 1,463 square miles, tlie surface of whieh is hilly and mountainous, though its capacities for productiveness are not materially lessened by this circumstance. There are tracts of land excellent for pasturage, and along the rivers, intervals both extensive and fertile. As an evidence of the resources of the county in an agri- cultural point of view, it may be stated, that, in 1850, it produced 244,177 bushels of oats, 1,006,237 of potatoes, 103,000 tons of hay, and 1,278,984 pounds of butter. The amounts of hay, oats, and butter, were the greatest raised by any county in the state, and the quan- tity of potatoes the greatest produced by any county in the United States. The Connecticut river forms the western boundary, besides which there are the Pemigewasset (the largest branch of the Memmack river), the lower Ammonoosuc, and the head waters of the Saco river. There arc numerous small lakes and ponds — Squam lake and Newfound lake being the most distinguished ; the former, a good part of which lies in Carroll county, being surrounded by much beautiful and en- chanting scenery. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad passes through the central part of the county, and the Northern Railroad, a branch of which extends to Bristol, along the southern part, the former coiniecting with the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad at Wells River, and the latter at White River Junction. The name of the county was derived from Augustus Henry Fitzroy, duke of Grafton. Grafton belongs to the filth judicial district, a law term of the supreme judicial court being held at Haverhill on the Tuesday next after the fourth Tuesday of December. Trial terms of this court are held at Haverhill on the second Tuesday of Aj^ril, and at Plymouth on the third Tuesday of November. Terms of the court of common pleas for the western judicial district of Grafton are held at Haverhill on the second Tuesday of April and the first Tuesday of October ; and, for the eastern judicial district, at Plymouth on the third Tuesday of May and the third Tuesday of November. Population, 40,337 ; valu- ation, $13,076,152. Grantham, in the northern part of Sullivan county, is forty-five miles northwest from Concord. It was granted July 11, 1761 ; but, the pro- prietors failing to fulfil the conditions of the charter, it was forfeited, and re-granted in 1767 to Colonel William Symmes and sLxty-three others, receiving the name of Grantham. The name of New Grantham was subsequently conferred upon it, which was changed back June 12, 1818, to the one it now bears. The surface is broken in some parts, but is, on the average, level, the only mountain of note being that of Croydon or Grantham, which extends through the westerly part, ranging from NEW HAMPSimiK TOWN OF GREENFIELD. .309 southwest to northeast. On tlie summit of this mountain is a natural pond of some fifty acres. The soil is generally productive when under proper cultivation, and the mountain aflbrds good pasturage. Numer- ous brooks and rivulets water the town, having their source principally in Croydon mountain. In 1856 that portion of Grantham lying west of Grantham mountain was annexed to Plainlield, so that the mountain rising north and south through Grantham is the dividing line of the two towns. There are two villages — South village and Nortli vil- lage ; three church edifices — two Union and one Methodist ; seven school districts and seven schools ; and two post-offices — Grantham and North Grantham. Capital invested in trade and manufactures, about $6,000. Population, 784 ; valuation, $264,587. Greenfield, in the very central part of Hillsborough county, adjoins Peterborough on the west, and is tliirty-eight miles from Concord. Captain Alexander Parker, Major A. Whittemore, Simeon Fletcher, and others commenced the first settlement about 1771, and the town was incorporated June 15, 1791, receiving the name of Greenfield, which was conferred upon it by Mr. Winttemore. In a meadow in this town, formerly owned by Mr. Whittemore, have been found several Indian relics, from which it is conjectured that it was a favorite haunt of the savages. A Congregational church was organized in 1792, of which Rev. Timothy Clark was pastor from January 1, 1800, until 1811. Rev. John Walker succeeded him, and remained until 1822. A secession grew out of opposition to Mr. WalJcer, and a lai'ge minority went off to the Presbyterian church in Peterborough, and were constituted a branch of that churcii. The Peterborough church and the Greenfield branch made a union, in 1834, under the title Evangelical church. The rem- nant of tiie old church, which was nearly broken up, reorganized in 1839 under their old creed, with the temperance pledge added. Soon after this, the unhappy dissensions of the two bodies came to an end. The surface is rough, and the soil of a varied character, but generally fertile. A part of Crotched mountain lies in the north part, anil a por- tion of Lyndeborough mountain in the south and east sections. Th(>r(' are five ponds, the largest of which is about a mile in length, and about one third of a mile in width. Besides these there are several small streams. There is one village, situated in the centre of the town, which has a post-office. Greenfield has three church edifices — one Congregational and two Evangelical Congregational ; and eleven school districts : also, two carriage manufactories, and two stores. Population, 716 ; valuation, 8299.479. 43* 510 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. Greenland, in the eastt-rii part of Rockingham county, adjoining Portsmouth, is forty-five miles from Concord. Settlements were com- menced at a very early date ; and in 1705 there were 320 inhab- itants in the township. Greenland composed a part of Portsmouth till 1703, when it was incorporated .separately. A piece of land was annexed to this town from Stratham, July 2, 1847. A Congrega- tional church of twenty members was organized in 1706, of which Rev. William Allen was ordained pastor in 1707, and continued such until 17C0, — a period of fifty-three years. Rev. Samuel McClintock was settled as colleague to Mr. Allen in 1756, and contiiuied pastor until his death in 1804, — forty-eight years. It is doubted whether many such cases of permanency in the pastoral office can be shown in Christendom, and this is worthy of admiration, especially in these days of transitory pastorates. Dr. McClintock was distinguished as a divine, and for his attachment to the cause of his country. He was a chaplain in the army of the Revolution. The soil of Greenland is of a more than ordinary character, and there are some excellent farms. It is somewhat noted for its ex- cellent fruit, and its orchards and gardens are among the best in the county. There is one village, known by the name of the town. The religious denominations are Congregationalists and Methodists, each of which have church edifices. There are three school districts, tlie Brack- ett Academy, and two post-olTices — Greenland and Greenland Depot. The Eastern Railroad passes through the town. Population, 730; val- uation, $5356,634. Groton, Grafton county, is forty-five miles from Concord, and was settled, in 1770, by James Gould, Captain Ebenezer Melvin, Jonas Hobart, Phineas Bennet, and Samuel Farley, who endured many hardships during the following winter from the failure of their crops. The act of incorporation was passed December 7, 1796. Groton was first granted July 8, 1761, to George Abbott and others, by the name of Cockennouth ; and was re-granted about five years afterward to Colonel John Hale and others. Lots numbered from one to five were aimexcd to this town from Hebron, June 26, 1845. A Congregational church was formed in 1779, over which Rev. Samuel Perley, a graduate of Harvard College in 1763 was settled, and continued until 1785. Rev. Thomas Page was the pastor from 1790 to 1813, and Rev. William Rolfe from 1803 to 1828. The surface is uneven, but the soil is strong, and suited to the production of corn and potatoes. A branch of Baker's river waters the north part, and the southerly part has several small streams, which have their outlet in Newfound lake. The only pond NEW IIAMPtSniRE TOWN OF HAMPSTEAD. Tjll worth particularizing is Spectacle pond, which is wholly in this town. There are two villages — Groton and Groton Corner; one church edi- tice, occupied by the Congregationalists and Baptists ; eleven school districts and eleven schools ; and two post-offices — Groton and North Groton : also, ten saw-mills, two grist-mills, and shingle and clapboard machines. Population, 776 ; valuation, S^211,401. Hampstead is situated in the southern part of Rockingham county, thirty miles south of Concord, and twenty from Hampton Beach. It is made up of two segments, one from Haverhill and the other from Amesbury, both in Massachusetts, it being cut oflf from those towns by running the state line in 1741. The Indians, it appears, had but little partiality for this place, owing to the stubbornness of the soil. It is reported, however, that one or two Indians had a temporary abode near Angly pond, in the northeast part, where some of their implements have been found. Three white famiUes, of the names of Ford, Heath, and Emerson, moved into the place about the year 1728. Mr. Em- erson came from Haverhill, and several others soon followed from that town, as also some from Newbury. It is stated, on the authority of some of the oldest inhabitants, that the first house was erected by Edmund or Peter Morse, of Newbury, Mass. The cellar where this ancient habitation stood is still visible, and four large pines now stand in it. In the vicinity of these relics is the first burial-place of the 'settlers of Hampstead. Near the shore of Wash pond are the remains of the first settlement, once the most important and prosperous part. The roughly stoned cellars, the half-filled wells, and the well-marked paths to springs of water, are still in existence. The town was incorporated January 17, 1749, receiving its name from a pleasant village in Middlesex county, England, — conferred upon it by Governor Benuing Wentworth, who reserved an island of three hundred acres, in the southwest part of the town, as his own farm.^ In the early settlement, a dispute arose between Kingston and Hamp- stead respecting certain grants made by Amesbury before the state line was run, which was finally settled by Hampstead paying ^1,000 old tenor, and the grant of Unity to Kingston, made by the governor, July 13, ;'"64. Prior to its incorporation, Hampstead was known as ' No such reservation appears in the charter. It would, perhaps, be more proper to say, that he owned the island in his own right. The buildings erected upon the island must, in their day, have been of a superior kind, one of which was evidently intended for the occasional residence of the governor ; the other, according to the English custom, being of a poorer kind, was doubtless reserved for the domestics. This island was formerly called " Governor's island." — Centennial Address, hij Isaac W. Smith. 512 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIOX OF NEW ENGLAND. Timber Lane, on aceount of the superabundance of timber then found within its limits. Hampstead was not behind other towns in her contributions of men and means to the prosecution of the Revohitionary struggle. General Jacob Bayley, an officer in the Revolution, Hon. Charles Johnson, Richard Hazzen, and Hon. John Calfe, an officer in the Revolutionary army and a distinguished man in politics, were residents. No other church than the Congregational has ever been organized here, and this was formed in the year 1752. It has had but three pastors during its existence for more than a century. Rev. Henry True was pastor from 1752 until his death, in 1782; Rev. John Kelly, from 1792 until 1836 ; and the present pastor. Rev. J. M. C. Bartley, since 1836. This town is situated on the height of land between Piscataqua and Merrimack rivers, and most of its waters descend southwest into the Merrimack through Spigget river, which flows from Wash pond, near the centre. Angly pond is in the northeast, and Island pond in the southwest part. The town, being composed of fragments, is not very square, having about thirty angles. And yet, although it is so irregular and small in dimensions, a person passing through on the most direct road from Haverhill to Chester would consider it a large and rich township ; for he would travel almost six miles on a good road, bor- dered with well cultivated fields and handsome dwellings. There are two meeting-houses — one occupied by the Congregationalists, and the other, which has been standing for nearly a hundred years, as a town- ' hall ; eight school districts ; and one post-office : also, one grist-mill, two saw-mills, two planing, clapboard, and shingle mills, three stores, two blacksmith's shops, three wheelwright shops, besides several shops for the manufacture of shoes. Population, 789 ; valuation, ^323,267. Hampton, in the eastern part of Rockingham county, is a seaboard town, adjoining Exeter and Hampton Falls. It was surveyed as early as 1633, and, in 1636, a house, called the Bound house, was erected, by order of the General Court of Massachusetts, by Nathaniel Easton. In 1638, several persons belonging to Norfolk, England, solicited of Massachusetts the privilege of settling, which was granted on the 7th of October.! Among the names of the early settlers are Stephen ' Abraham and Isaac Perkins appear to have been the grantees of Hampton. They were tlie first to have their children baptized by Mr. Bachiler at that place. Abraham's son Abraham, born September 2, 1G39, baptized December 15, 1G39, is said to have been the first white male cliild born in Ham])ton. Two female children, namely, Mary, daushter of Robert and Lvdiii Sanderson, and Susanna, daughter of Thomas and Abigail NEW UAMPSIIIRE — TOWN OF HAMPTON. 513 Bachiler, Christopher Hussey, Widow Mary Husscy, Thomas Clroiii- well, and Samuel Skvillard. In 1639, the year after the incorporation, a writer asserts that there were sixty families in the settlement. Hamp- ton formerly included within its limits North Hampton, Hampton Falls, Kensington, and Seabrook. Its Indian name was Winnicumet, which was changed, at the reijuest of Mr. Bachiler, to the one it now bears. Like most of the earlier settlements in New England, Hampton experienced some of the attacks of the Indians ; and, though the usual precautions were taken for protection, some of the inhabitants fell victims to the vengeance of the savages. Among these may be men- tioned Captain Samuel Sherburne and James DolloU", who were killed near Casco Bay, Me., August 4, 1691. Jonathan Green, Nicholas Bond, Thomas Lancaster, the Widow Hussey, and a boy named Huckiey, were Idlled here in August, 1703; and Benjamin Fifield was killed near his house in August, 1706. The expedition under Captain Swett, which met with such a disastrous repulse at an Indian settlement at Ticonic falls, on the Kennebec, was organized in, and started from, this town. Captain Swett was among the killed. General Jonathan Moulton and Hon. Christopher Toppan, now deceased, were distin- guished residents of Hampton. The Congregational church organized in this town is said to be the oldest in New Hampshire, — the oldest from the fact that it was organ- ized prior to the settlement of the place, having been contemporary with the first inhabitants, who were of the Puritan stock.^ Rev. Stephen BacJiiler, a man well advanced in years, was the first pastor. He arrived in this country in 1632, having landed at Boston, June 5th of that year, when he immediately proceeded to Lynn, the residence of his son-in-law, Christopher Hussey, where he became pastor of the church. Difficulties, however, arose with the congregation, and Mr. Bachiler, with several of the church who had come over with him, asked for a dismission, which was granted. Instead, however, of leaving Lynn, as it was supposed he would, he and the recusant members renewed their former obligation for the purpose of forming a new church at Lymi, which, however, was received with such disfavor by the original church, that Mr. Bachiler and his flock deemed it advisable to remove to some other place, where they might not be subjected to such wranglings. .Jones, were baptized October 29, 1039. One of them was probably the first white child born there. — New Emjland Ilisloiical and Genealogical Rer/ixler, January, 1S58. ' Historical Address at Hampton, N. H., in 1838, by Joseph Dow. 514 mSTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. Failing to settle at Cape Cod, they took up their abode in Hampton in the autumn of 1638. Mr. Bachiler seemed to be unfortunate in his ministerial efforts. Dissensions crept in here, and his connection with the church ended, it is supposed, about the year 1641, when he went to Exeter. In 1656 or 1657 he returned to England, where he died, at the age of one hundred and one years. His colleague in the ministry was Rev. Timothy Dalton, who was called "teacher," while Mr. Bach- iler was called " pastor ; " and became the principal minister after the dismissal of the latter. In 1647, Rev. John Wheehvright was made assistant of Mr. Dalton. Another distinguished minister was Mr. Seaborn Cotton, son of Rev. John Cotton of Boston, who was ordained as pastor in 1660. He was succeeded, after his death in 1686, by his son, John Cotton, who reluctantly accepted a settlement in 1696, and continued until his death in 1710. There were many other able and zealous men engaged in the ministry in this town, among whom was Rev. Jesse Appleton, afterwards president of Bovvdoin College. The surface of Hampton is principally level, and a large proportion of the land is salt-marsh and low interval lying along Hampton river, which divides this town from Hampton Falls. Most of the land is of good quality, well adapted to tillage and mowing ; but pasturage is rather scarce, to obtain which, many of the cattle are sent to the neighboring towns. The situation of Hampton is pleasant, affording from its eminences romantic views of many interesting points, such as the Isles of Shoals, and the sea-coast from Cape Ann to Portsmouth. Invalids, and parties of pleasure, resort to its beaches, which are only surpassed by the celebrated one at Nahant. Accommodation for visi- tors is afforded at the beach by excellent hotels. An abrupt eminence, called Boar's Head, extends into the sea and divides the beaches, about half-way between the river's mouth and the northeast corner of the town. The fisheries have been prosecuted with much success, and it is said that one boat will frequently land from twenty to thirty tons of cod. Ship-building was formerly carried on to a considerable extent ; but, since lumber has become scarce in the vicinity, the business has fallen off. Two convenient wharves are situated one and a quarter miles from the centre of the town. Large quantities of corn, potatoes, and hay, are animally exported, which is sufficient evidence that good attention is paid to agriculture. There are two villages — Centre and East Hampton ; three church edifices — Congregational, Methodist, and Baptist ; six school districts, and one post-office : also, three saw- mills and three grist-mills. The Hampton Academy, incorporated NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF HAMPTON FALLS. 515 in 1810, is a flourishing institution. Population, 1,197; valuation, $528,075. Hampton Falls, Rockingham county, was formerly a part of Hamp- ton, which it adjoins on the northeast. It was incorporated in 1712, and is distant forty miles from Concord. The soil is much the same as that of contiguous towns, moderately good. The first meeting-house was erected as early as 1711. It stood on the hill, and occupied the present site of the Weare monument. The parish was incorporated in 1718. In 1737 the meeting-house was tiioroughiy repaired, and in 1768 it was voted to build a new house, which was ready for use in 1770. In 1780 it was voted to sell the old one for the support of the poor. The new house stood till 1842. Thcophilus Cotton, grandson of Rev. John Cotton of Boston, was ordained pastor in 1712, and officiated until his death in 1726. He was succeeded by several worthy and eminent men, among whom was Rev. Samuel Langdon, D. D., for several years president of Harvard College. He was settled here as a minister in 1781, and died November 29, 1797. Dr. Langdon was a native of Boston, and was chaplain of the New Hampshire regiment in the expedition to Louisbvirg, for the services, " fatigues, and dangers " of which he received a grant of ten thousand acres of land in this (then) province. He spent the remainder of his days here in usefulness and peace, and his body rests in the churchyard, near the scene of his labors. He gave his library to the church for the use of the minister. Hon. Meshech Weare, one of the most worthy and distinguished cit- izens of New Hampshire, was a resident of Hampton Falls. He served his country for nearly forty-five years, — as speaker of the house in 1752, as commissioner to the congress at Albany in 1754, as a justice of the superior court, and, in 1777, as chief justice. During the Revolutionary |)('riod he held the highest offices, legislative, judicial, and executive ; and, under the new constitution, was elected the first president, which office he resigned before the close of 1784. He died .January 15, 1786, in the seventy-third year of his age. He was also fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. A monument, said to be the largest in the state, has been erected in this town, by order of the legisla- ture, to the memory of this distinguished man. Hampton Falls has one village, called Brimstone Hill; two meeting-houses, one occupied by the Congregationalists, and the other by the Baptists and Unitarians ; three school districts, the Rockingham Academy, the Weare Bank (capital, $50,000), and one post-office. The Eastern Railroad passes through the town. Population, 640 ; valuatioji, $373,176. 516 • HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. Hancock, in the western part of Hillsborough county, is divided from Greenfield by Contooeook river, and is thirty-five miles from Concord. It was incorporated November 5, 1779, receiving its name from John Hancock, who was one of the original proprietors. John Grimes and his family were the first settlers, having arrived in May, 1764. They did not remain during the winter, having passed that time in Peter- borough. They returned the spring following, 1765. John Aspey, George M'Cloud, Moses Morrison, and William Lakin, with their families, settled about four or five years subsequent to the first arrival ; and were followed by emigi-ants from Groton, Hollis, Londonderry, New Ipswich, and otiier places, — so that the settlements were materi- ally increased. Many of the hardships incident to new settlers fell to the lot of these inhabitants ; but, as most of the towns contiguous were settled to some extent, their sufferings were moderate when compared with those of others less favorably situated. A church of seventeen members was constituted in 1788, and thirty-one persons had united with it anterior to the settlement of Rev. Reed Paige as pastor, in 1791. He remained until his death in 1816. Rev. Arciiibald Burgess was pastor from 1822 mitil 1849, since which. Rev. Asahel Bigelow has been pastor. Hancock possesses excellent advantages for the successful prosecution of agriculture, — the soil, though varied, being generally productive. The surface in the west part is mountainous ; but the other parts are composed of plains, hills, and valleys, which are distributed in very agreeable ])roportions. The two principal ponds are called Norsvay .and Half-moon, — the former being near the centre, and the other in tlie southwest corner. About one third of the farm of John Flint was annexed to this town from Antrim, January 1, 1849. Hancock con- tains one village, having the same name as the town ; one church (Congi-egational) ; eight school districts; an aoadeiny; several fac- tories; and one post-office. Capital invested in trade, §6,000. Popu- lation, 1,012; valuation, 8405,78:J. Hanover, (irafton county, lies on the Connecticut river, opposite Norwich, "\^t. on the west, being distant from Concord fifty-two miles. It was granted by charter, July 4, 1761, to eleven persons of the name of Freeman, and fifty-two others, principally belonging to the state of Connecticut. Tiie town was first visited with a view of settlement in May, 1765, by Colonel Edmund Freeman, of Mansfield, Conn. ; and, in 1766, Benjamin Davis and Benjamin Rice, from the same place, to- gether with Gideon Smith and Asa Parker, became residents. The main portion of the first settlers were from Coiniecticut. NEW HAMPSUIRE TOWN OF HANOVER. '>\.7 The surface of Hanover is, to some extent, uneven ; but the greater portion is adapted to agriculture, and there is probably less waste land here than in any other part of the county. A considerable elevation, called Moose mountain, extends across the town from north to south, at the distance of about five miles horn Connecticut river. Within the limits of Hanover are several small islands, the largest of which is Par- ker's, which has about twenty acres. Mink and Goosepond brooks are the principal streams, neither of which is large enough for permanent mill privileges. The charter for a ferry across Connecticut river was gi'anted, in 177"-2, to Dartmouth College ; and in 1792 a lease was made by the trustees of the college to the White River Falls Bridge Company, which had been incorporated by the legislature for the purpose of erecting a bridge over the site of the ferry, the lease providing an annual stipend of fifty dol- lars to the college for the privilege, which has ever since been paid. In 1854, this bridge was burned down, since which the question of buikling a free bridge has been urged upon the people. After some sharp dis- putes, as well as legal controversy, in respect to the proportion which each of the several parties in interest should contribute, the matter was harmoniously arranged in November, 1858, and the erection of the free bridge was completed the next year. This is a work of great importance to the people of Hanover, as well as to the college, as it will restore a ready communication with Norwich, and, by means of the Con- necticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, with the river towns in Ver- mont. Dartmouth College, a view of which is subjoined, is located here. It was established as a college Tinder tiie royal charter in 1769, receiving its name from the Earl of Dartmouth, who was at the head of a board of trustees, in whose hands the contributions made in England towards its endowment were placed. Its conception may be traced to Moore's char- ity school for the education of Indian youth, which had been designed and commenced at Stockbridge, Mass., by John Sergeant, a missionary, as early as 1736, but whose labors death had interrupted. The school was revived by Rev. Eleazer Wheelock, at Lebanon, Ct. Aside from the original design, a number of English youth were educated with the Indians. As the number increased, it became necessary to erect biiihl- ings and extend its operations. A I'emoval was contemplated to a more secluded region. Many invitations were extended from difTerent sec- tions, but that of the governor and other gentlemen of New Hampshire was accepted. Dr. Wheelock was declared in the charter the first president, and a board of twelve trustees was constituted with perpetual succession. The college was endowed with a large landed estate, con- VOL. I. 44 518 IIISTOIIY AND KESCRII'TIOX OF NEW ENGLAND. sitting of a whole township (Laiidaff), and many otlier tracts in ditrcr- ent places, amounting to 44,000 acres. A valuable lot of five hundred acres in Hanover, the gift of Governor Banning Wentworth, was fixed upon as the site for the school and college. Dr. Wheelock, who had been an intimate colaborer with Edwards in the " Great Awakening " of 1740, and was strongly imbued with a missionary zeal, left a flourishing church after a pastorate of thirty-five years, and removed witii his col- ony of seventy or eighty to the new location. The training of Indians in the close confinement of college w^alls being found discordant wiiii the requirements of nature, and the resumption by many of them of former w ild and roving habits, soon made apparent the impracticability Dartmouth College. of making their cultivation a leading purpose, while the growing wants of the extending whites determined the future destiny of the institution. The Indian school has, however, always been maintained. Dr. "Wheel- ock continued as president until his death in 1779. He was suc- ceeded in the presidency by his son, Hon. John Wheelock, LL. D., who continued in the office for thirty-five years, untU the controversy arose between him and the ti-ustees, in which the state took part.^ Rev. Francis Brown, D. D., was president from 1815 to 1820; Rev. Daniel Dana, D. D., during 1820-21 ; Rev. Bennett Tyler, D. D., from 1822 to 1828 ; since which, Rev. Nathan Lord, D. D., has occupied the chair. The whole number of those who have been connected with the college is 4,187, of whom 1,540 survive. The number of graduates in regular ' See ante. p. 390. NEW HAMPSliniK TOWX OF nAVKUIIILL. 519 course has been 2,SS9, of wliom 1,121 survive. The graduating classes for several years )iast have raiigetl from forty-five to sixty-two. 'riiere are connected with it a medical ch^partment, and the Chandler iSeien- tifie School, recently founded by the will of the late Abiel Cliandler, which went into operation in 1852. The college buildings are spacious and convenient, and present a very handsome a[)pearanee. " Though a more central situation for the college would be, on some accoiuits, highly desirable, yet it has often been ri'iuarked, that the location of Dartmouth College is peculiarly favorable to study, and the preservation of morals. Circumstances conducive to these objects, in addition to establishments wisely arranged for the pursuits of literature, are to l)e found in the salubrity of the situation, the uniform temperature of the climate, and the ])leasantness of the village, which is neither too ))o|)u- lous nor too solitary." When it was first coimiieiieed, there were but twenty log huts in town, and, as a necessary consccpience, the accom- modations at first were very humlile and meagre. The buildings now consist of five, including an observatory and a chapel. A s|)aei(>us yard is attached thereto. They are situated in the Plain village. The Medical College, sixty or seventy feet in length and three stories high, built of brick, is situated in this village, a few rods north of the [)ark. Hanover contains three villages, the principal of which is called tlie Plain, taking its name probably from the fact of its situ,ation, which is on an extensive and level jilat of, ground half a mile from Connecticut river, and some one hundred and fifty feet above its waters. A more advantageous situation could not be desired. A park or comnron of some six acres has been laid out, tastefully adorned with trees, around wliich are erected the dwellings of the inhabitants, which are well built, and have beaiuiful gardens attached. The streets are of consid- erable width. On the south of the common is the Dartmouth hotel, several stores, and the Tontine, a brick building four stories high and 150 feet in length. There are four meeting-houses — two Congrega- tional, oiK^ Baptist, and one Episcopal ; eighteen school districts ; an academy, two female seminaries, and two post-otfices — Hanover and Hanover Centre. The Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad pisses by on the opposite side of the river. Capital invested in trade, iiil00,006. Population, 2,350; valuation, 8723,824. HAVERiiiLii is the half shire town of C4rafton county, situated on the western confines of the state, and distant from Concord seventy miles. The first particular account of this place was obtained by Captain Peter Powers, of Hollis, N. H., and others, who were sent out, in 1754, by the government of the state, to explore the Coos countrv, and who en- 530 3IIST0KY AXD DESCUIPTIOX OF NEW EXGLAXD. camped on tlio common in Iluvcrliill Corner.^ Jn 1761 Captain John Hazcu sent out from Havcrliill, Mass., two men with some cattle, — their names were Michael Johnson and John Pettie, — who took posses- sion of what was called the Little Ox Bow, on the east side of the river, which they found already cleared, probably by the Indians, who occupied the jik ;uk)\vs on this and the Vermont side.^ In the spring of 1762 Captain Hazen and Colonel Joshua Howard arrived, with liands and materials for building a saw-mill and a grist-mill, which were shortly afterward erected where the Swazey mills now stand. The first family, that of Uriah Morse, moved here in June of this year, and March IS, 1764, the town was incorporated under its present name, being known j)rior to this as Lower Cohos. Settlers soon after arrived in considera- ble numbers, and evidences of improvement were soon apparent. Hon. Moses Dow and Hon. Charles Johnson w'ere distinguished residents of this town. The former held several high civil and military offices in the county and the state ; and the latter was a valuable officer in the Revo- lution, and judge of probate for Grafton county for many years. A church was gathered under the efforts of Rev. Peter Powers, and he was settled over it from 1765 until 1782. After the intervening pas- torates of Rev. Ethan and Jt)hn Smith, Rev. Grant Powers, aitthor of " History of the Coils Country," was settled here as minister of the Con- gregational chnrch, January 4, 1815, and continued until 1829. Haverhill is pleasantly situated, and has a varied soil, well adapted to the difi'erent modes of cultivation pursued in the state. Granite stiita- ble for mill-stones, as well as iron ore, is found. Oliverian and Ilazen brooks, both which fall into Connecticut river, water the town in its several parts. Haverhill has the county buildings, consisting of a court- lioitse, jail, and a fire-proof building for the county offices. There are four villages, — Haverhill Corner, Oliverian, North Haverhill, and Wobdsville, — the former of which is the principal one, and has a beau- tiful common laid out in the form of an oblong square, around which stand the buildings, which are regitlarly built. The site has been well selected, being a handsome elevation, commanding a view of the adja- cent country from all points. From the street the ground slopes with unusual elegance to the west, and is succeeded by large intervals. There are here seven church edifices — tv^^o Congregational, three Meth- odist, one Baptist, and one Union house ; nineteen school districts ; an ' See Grant Powors's History of tlio Coos Country. ■ Near this spot, at the mouth of the Cow Meadow brook, were discovered evidences of an okl Indian settlement. There were several domestic implementg found here, as well as heads of arrows and other relics, and also a buryinii-irround. NEW HAMPSillRE TOWN OF HEBRON, ETC. ')2l academy, incorporated in 1794; and four post-offices — Haverliill, East, Haverliill, North Haverhill, and Haverhill Centre : also, three grist-mills, twelve saw-mills, one paper-mill, one manufacturing company, called the Aqueduct company, one large tannery, one carriage manufactory, one iron foundery, seven shoe factories, a printing-office, several me- chanic shops, and nine stores. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad passes through Haverhill. Population, 2,40-3; valuation. $802,811. Hebron, in the southeast part of Cirafron county, is distant from Con- cord forty miles. Nearly one half of this town formerly belonged to Groton, and the remaining portion was taken from Plymouth. Hebron was settled, aboitt 1765, by Joseph Hobart, and was incorporated June 15, 1792. The surface is somewhat rough, and the soil rather stubborn ; yet the inhabitants, who are for the most part engaged in agricultural pursuits, have so far overcome the obstacles of nature as to render it; very productive of some articles. The larger jmrtiun of Newfomul lake lies in the southeast part, and is the only body of water of any im- portance in the town. Hebron contains one village, which lies in the centre; one Congregational church, seven school districts, an incor- porated academy, and one post-office : also, one store and one tan- nery. Population, 565 ; valuation, 6122,256. Henniker, in the southwest corner of Merrimack county, is fifteen miles from Concord. July 16, 1752, James and Robert Wallace and others, belonging to Londonderry in this state, obtaiiied a grant of this town from the Masonian proprietors under the name of Number 6. James Peters arrived in 1761, and commenced preparing the place for settlement; soon others followed, most of whom came from Marlbo- rough, Mass. The act of incorporation was passed November 10, 1760, and the name of Henniker was conferred upon it by Governor B. Wentworth, probably in compliment to John Henniker, Esq., of Lon- don, who was a friend of the governor, and a member of the British parliament. Hon. Robert Wallace, one of the original proprietors, held many important civil offices, among which was associate judge of the court of common pleas. He lived to the age of sixty-six, the greater portion of which was devoted to the public service. A church with nine male members was constituted in 1769, and Rev. Jacob Rice was pastor from then till 1782, although, on account of his ill-health, the pulpit was often vacant. He continued to sujiply it occasionally for twenty years after, during which there was no minister. A division grew up between the church and the town, the former being anxious to settle Rev. Moses 44* 522 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIOX OF NEW ENGLAND. Sawyer, who, on account of the town's opposition, was oniaincd in a barn, Way 2(5, 1802, where he preached some tinic. His niinisiry con- tinued until 1826. The surface of Henniker is comparatively even, the only eminence of note being Craney hill, lying on the south side of the townshi|), which has been brought under a high state of cultivation. In fact, i In- whole of the territory is of a fertile character, and is second to none in the county. The town is divided into nearly equal portions by the Con- toocook river, the course of which is rather circuitous, and presents scenes of more than common attractions. The water power is of large ca- pacity, and excellently located for the successful prosecution of business in connection therewith. There are several ponds of considerable size, the principal being Long pond, which is from one to two miles in length ancl from forty to eighty rods wide. The New Hampshire Cen- tral Railroad coimects this place with the city of Manchester, and the Contoocook Valley Railroad renders communication with the capital of the state, and with Portsmouth, easy. Henniker contains two villages — Henniker and West Henniker, each of which has a post-office; two church edifices — Congregational and Methodist; thirteen school dis- tricts, and one academy: also, one woollen factory, several mills, and three stores. Population, 1,688; valuation, $64*^,190. Hill, in the extreme south(M-n part of Grafton county, is twcnty-fonr miles from Concord. It was granted September 14, 1753, to eighty- seven proprietors, the greater portion of whom belonged to Chester, aiul hence it received the name of New Chester, which it retained until January, 1837, when its present name was substituted. Captain Cut- ting Favor and Carr Huse were the first two settlers, arriving here in 1768. IMr. Huse was somewhat distinguished, having been town clerk for several years, as well as representative. Hill was incorporated No- vember 20, 1778. The surface is somewhat uneven, yet some fine farms have been laid out, which are very productive. The soil in some parts is rich and fertile, and, on the average, all of it may be called good. Ragged mountain, lying here, is a considerable elevation, little inferior to Kearsarge. Pemigewasset and Blackwater rivers, and stween the town and the churrh. The suri'ace of Hillsborough is uneven, being greatly diversified by hills and dales. It has a rugged, yet, in general, strong and jiroductive soil, favoral)le to the cultivation of all kinds of grass and English grain. Stow's mountain, in the northwest part, is the highest elevation. Hillsborough is watered by tributaries of the Contoocook river, and by /J^^ S^ ». Birthplace of Frankli those of the Hillsborough river, both considerable streams. There are three natural ponds, known as Loon, Contention, and Campbell's, to- gether making a surface of tive hundred acres of water. There are four villages — Hillsborough Centre, Hillsborough Bridge, the Upper village, e'JiiG HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTIOX OF XEW ENGLAND. and Lower village, the sei-oiiil of wliicli is lli(> jirineijial, kn-ated on hoili sides of the Contooeook river, wliich is erossi'il at this jxiint In" an ele- gant and substantial arched granite bridge, \\ iienee tlje name of the village is derived. The Contooeook, by two falls of considerable si/e, supplies this village with a valuable water power. It is tiie seat of con- siderable mercantile and manufacturing business, and many of the dwellings are handsome. The other villages are pleasantly located, and an; generally in a prosperous condition. In the Lower village is the elegant mansion of the late Governor Pierce, the birthplace of the Ex- president, a correct view of which is here given. It is now the place of residence of Hon. C. E. Potter, to whose wife it has descended from her mother, Mrs. General John McNeil, who was a daughter of the governor. There are four meeting-houses — two Congregational, one Methodist, and one Baptist; nineleen school districts; an academy (the Hills- borough), incorporated in June, 1821, and three post-offices — Hills- borough, Hillsborough Centre, and Hillsborough Bridge : also, eight saw-mills, five grist-mills, foitr tanneries, one iron foundery, two ma- chine-shops, manufactories of furniture, bedsteads, shoe-pegs, carriages, and tin and sheet-iron, and a large number of blacksmith's, shoe and boot, and carpenter's shops. The Contooeook Valley Railroad has its termiiuis at Hillsborough. Population, 1,6S5; valuation, .^G24,731. HiLLSEOROUGll CouxTY, in the southern ]3art of New Hampshire, eon- tains abotit 960 square miles. It is one of tli<' live cotuities into which New Hampshire was divided INIarch 19, 1771, \\-hen under the sway of monarchy. Since that time her limits have l)een materially diminished, j)artieularly in 1823, when she gave thirteen of her oti"sj)ring — Andover, Boscawen, Bradford, Dunbarton, Newbury, Henniker, Hooksett, Hop- kinton. New London, Salisbury, Sutton, "Warner, antl AVilmol — to form the present county of Merrimack. December 10, lS-.'4, Pelhain was taken fronr Rockingham, and added to her territory. Bv act of the legislature in 1829 the lines were established, and are still as follows : "Beginning at the bound between the towns of Salem and Pelham at the state line; thence westerly by the state line to the southeast corner of Rindge; thence by the easterly lines of Riiidge, Jaffrey, Dnl)lin, Nelson, Stoddard, and Washington, to the northwest corner of Hillsbor- ough ; thence by the northerly and easterly lines of Hillsborough, and southerly lines of Henniker and Hopkinton, to the northwest corner of Dunbarton; tlience by the westerly and southerly lines of Dunbarton and Hooksett to the line of the county of Rockingham ; thence by the NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF HINSDALE. /iij? last-mentioned line to the bound first mentioned." Plillsborougli lias now thirty towns within her limits, Amherst, Manchester, and Nashua being the shire towns. The records are kept at the former. Hillsborough county has a surface diversified here and tlierc with em- inences, tliough there are but few mountains of very considerable alti- tude, Lyndeborough, Uncanoonuck, and Crotched being the principal. The soil is mostly fertile. Water is abundant in the county, — the Mer- rimack, the Souhegan, the Contoocook, the Nasluia, and the Piscata- quog being rivers of much value for water-power and other purposes. Besides these there are other streams of lesser magnitude, and numer- ous ponds, as well as part of Massabesic lake. Manufacturing, the ad- vantages for pursuing which are considerable, commands a large share of the attention of the people. The county is traversed by the Concord, Contoocook Valley, New Hampshire Central, Wilton, and Peterborough and Shirley Railroads. The Merrimack river, by means of canals around the falls, is rendered navigable for boats. The county belongs to the second judicial district, a law term of which is held at Manchester on the first Tuesday of June animally. The trial terms of the supreme judicial court are held annually at Amherst on the second Tuesday of September, and at Manchester on the second Tuesday of January. Terms of the court of common pleas are held at Amherst on the third Tuesday of A|iril, and at Manchester on the first Tnesdav of November, in each year. Population, 57,478 ". valuation, !s27,498,821. Hinsdale, Cheshire county, seventy-five miles from Concord, lies on the Connecticut river, having Brattleboro' and Vernon, Vt., on the opposite side. Being formerly a part of Northfield, it was granted by the government of Massachusetts, and its settlemi'nt was commenced as early as 1683. Hinsdale received the privileges of a town, Septem- ber 3, 1753, an.d its name was conferred upon it in honor of Ebenezer Hinsdale, a prominent inhabitant, much esteemed by his fellow towns- men for his virtues and talents. It is the place of residence of the present governor, William Haile. At the time of incorporation it in- cluded Vernon, which was separated from it when Vermont became a state. Before 1753 it was known as Fort Dummer, or Bridgnian's Fort. At the time of settlement, vicissitudes and trials of the most grievous character were the common lot of the pioneer, wherever he might turn his steps; but a situation on the frontier — beyond the call of the civ- ilized brotherhood, and in the very pathway of the savage, who might burn, pillage, and murder at any moment — was fraught with dangers, ;52S HISTORY AXD DESCKIl'TIoX OF XEW ENGLAND. :uul surrouiKk'd with dilFicultios, wliich can better be imagined than de- scribed. Sueh a position had Hinsdale ; and the chapter of her history is tilled with ineidents of a harrowing nature, where murder was Ire- (juent, and captures of the settlers of almost every-day occurrence. Forts were erected, — Dumnier, Hinsdale's, Shattuck's, and Bridg- ,,,;iiiV, — Ijiit even with these the settlers were insecure. On the 24th of ,!une, 174G, a party of twenty Indians approached Bridgman's fort, ant! made an attack on several men, who were laboring in a meadow near i)V, when William Robbins and James Parker were killed, John Bee- man and Daniel How made prisoners, and M. Ciilson and Patrick Ray wounded. The savages did not escape unharmed, — one of their num- ber having been killed by Daniel How. In 1747 the Indians assaulted Bridgman's fort, which they burnt, and killed several persons, besides taking others prisoners. In July this year. Colonel Willard with twenty men proceeded to the grist-mill for the purpose of grinding corn, when the guards, whom he had stationed to watch the apjjroach of any hostile force, were fired upon by the savages. The Colonel, by giving repeated and vociferous orders to attack the enemy, led them to suppose that he had a very superior force ; and the Indians immediately took to llight, leaving their packs and provisions as trophies. These attacks did not end here. A party of the settlers, while cross- ing from Colonel Hinsdale's to Fort Dummer, June IC, 1748, were sur- prised, Nathan French, Joseph Richardson, and John Frost being killed, and seven others captured, one of whom (William Bickford) died of his wounds. Another assault was made, in 1755, upon a ]iarty who were at work in the woods, when John Hardiclay and John Alex- ander were murdered, and Jonathan Colby was taken prisoner. The last attack of which we have any record took place on the 27th of .Inly the same year, when the Indians ambushed Caleb Howe, Hilkiah (irout, and Benjamin Gaffield, as they were returning from their labor. The remnants of an Indian fortification, erected anterior to the settle- ment of the town, may be seen on a point of a hill a short distance from Connecticut river. A deep trench, extending to the river, divides the site of the fort from the plain at its back, and would prove a very strong obstacle to an enemy in ca*e of attack. When this ancient arm of defence was constructed, or any other points in its history, must be left to the decision of some persevering antiquary. The surface of Hinsdale has several eminences, — the principal of which, lying on the north line, is West River mountain, extending easterly from the banks of the river across the town. Its highest peak, called iNIine mountain, is about nine hundred feet above low-water mark. Iron ore. beils of silicate of manganese, and other minerals, have NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWX OF IIOLDERXESS. 529 been found in or near this I'miiicnec. Some years ago, signs of a vol- canic eruption, attended liy tiie emission of a substance resembling lava, were apparent in this mountain. There are extensive and fertile tracts of interval; and Stebbins hill, a tract of excellent land, is capable o( a high degree of cultivation. In tiie nortii part tiie land lietween the hills and the interval is level, and suitable for the jiroduetion of corn, rye, and clover. Water is jilenliful, there being a great number of s))rings and rivulets, — the |n-ineipal of which are the Ashuelot, Kilburu brook', and Ash-swamp brook. AVitliin the limits of the town are sev- eral islands, lying in the Connecticut river. There are two bridges, one crossing the Connecticut o])posite Brattleboro', and the other cross- ing the Aslmelot near the centre of the town. Hinsdale contains three church edifices, — Congregational, Universalist, and Baptist ; nine school districts, and one post-office : also, two establishments for the maniifactvire of cashmerettes, two paper-mills, two machine-shops, one chisel factory, one bobbin factory, two pail factories, one grist-mill, five or six saw-mills, one carriage factory, one tannery, and several smaller mechanical establishments. The Ashuelot Railroad, a branch of the Connecticut River Railroad, connects with Hinsdale. l\>pula- tion, 1,903; valuation, $-lol,4o7. HoLDEENESS, in the eastern part of Grafton county, forty miles from Concord, is in size about six miles square. It was first granted October 10, 1751, to John Shepard and others ; bvit the charter was forfeited, and it was again granted October 24, 1761, to John Wentworth and sixty- seven others, all members of the English Episcopal church. It was originally known as New Holderness, and was settled, about 1763, by William Piper, from Durham or its vicinity. Some of those who came in subsequently' were from Barrington. This town has one village, called Holderness Village, which is about five miles from Plymouth and forty from Concord. The soil is hard to till, but not un[)roductivc. A con- siderable cjuantity of maple sugar is annually made, and fruit — consist- ing of plums, cherries, and pears — grows here in comparative abun- dance. The Pemigewasset and other streams impart their fertilizing inrtuence to the soil, and afford good mill sites. There are three large ponds, — two called Sqnam, and one. White Oak, — the largest being ' One of those, Hon. Samuel Llvermoro, came here in 17C5. He became proprietor of about half the township. His native plaee was Waltham, Mass., where he was born in 1732. He grailuateJ at Princeton CoUejie in 17.34. He became chief justice of the superior court and a senator of tlie Uniteil States, being the most distingnisheil citizen whom Holderness has ever had. His son, Hon. .\rthnr Livermore, resided near the banks of Pemigewasset. He also hehl the place of cliief justice of the highest state court. VOL. I. 45 530 III.STOUV AND DIvSCUlPTIOX OF NKW EXiJLAXD. about six iiiilt's lung aiul half a mile wide, and the smallest alidut a mile lunijf. 'i'lK'se are very i)eautiful sheets of water hidden among the wilds of the baekwoods. The road which runs by the larger Squam was, a few years since, almost impassable, but a new one has since been laid out. The route from Plymouth to Winnepesaukee lake and along its borders to "Wolf borough is very picturesque, its scenery being scarcely rivalled in this part of the country. Salmon-trout abound in the ponds, and trout, pickerel, and perch in the brooks. There are three churches — one Free-will Baptist and two Episcopal, of which one of ihe latter is the eldest. Rev. Robert Fowle otticiated as its minister for more than thirty years from 1791, upon a salary usually of about two hundred dollars, lie also carried on farming, and some- times represented the town in the general court, being " vir doctiis el hiimili!!,'" a man learned and yet humble. There are seventeen school districts, and one post-office : also, four saw-mills, four gi-ist-mills, five paper-mills, a peg factory, and woolen factory, most of them located upon a stream flowing from the Squam ponds. The capital invested in trade is $20,000, and in manufactures |150,000. The Boston, Con- cord, and Montreal Railroad has a station here. Po]>ulation, 1,744 ; valuation, ii:<40o,(JS9. HoLLis, Hillsborough county, on the southern boundary of New Hampshire, adjoining Nashua, formed a part of old Dunstable, until December 28, 1739, when it was set oft' as the " West Parish of Dun- stable," and soon after incorporated as a separate town by the name of HoUis. Peter Powers and his wife moved to Dunstable in 1728, and, in the fall of 1730, Powers penetrated the forest as far as Nisitisset, now HoUis, which he fbced upon as his future residence. The next year he brought his wife and two children into this then dense wilder- ness. Mr. Powers had been a soldier under the lamented Captain John Lovewell, and was not unused to hardship or destitute of courage. in the summer of 1752 Eleazer Flagg arrived, and Thomas Dinsmore and nine others with families came in 1736, who soon made the neces- sary arrangements for permanently locating themselves. Of course the early settlers of these uninhabited wilds had to endure trials and hard- ships; but there is no account that they were ever attacked by the savages whom they had come to supplant, and teach the manner of living, though Ihey were under fearful apprehensions of attack, as ap- l)ears by the following, dated May 20, 1746: "Voted to petition the General Court of Massachusetts Bay for some soldiers for a Guard for us, being in great danger of the enemy." The first minister. Rev. Daniel Emerson, was settled April 20, 1743 (a meeting-house having been NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF HOOKSETT. 531 erected two years previously), and he was sole pastor for more tliaii fifty years, afterwards senior pastor until his death in 1801. Hollis furnished a large luunber of men for the expedition to Ticon- deroga and Crown Point, and Peter Powers w'as commissioned as captain. Scarcely had this drawback to the progress of the town been oft'set by the fall of Quebec and the consequent surrender of all the French possessions in Canada, before another cloud darkened the horizon of peace. This crisis, while demanding equal courage in a holier cause, was one fraught with more serious results to America. The storm of the Revolution burst forth, and Hollis gave bountifully of her limited strength. Seventy of her sons were at the battle of Bunker Hill, while she furnished, with facility and jiromptness, her quota of men for other expeditions in the good cause. No less than 250 men from Hollis were in the various battles of the Rev- olution, thirty of whom lost their lives in the contest. Peace was pro- claimed in 1783, and in its wake followed prosperity and enterprise. The lands, which had hitherto been allowed, for the want of hands, to lie uncultivated, now began to bloom with fruitful crops, and the advan- tages which the town possessed in other ways were improved. The soil of Hollis is of a varied description, and on the Nashua are some excellent tracts of interval, while the uplands are moderately fertile. The Nashua and Nisitisset rivers water the town, and furnish good mill sites. Near the centre of the town, on a somewhat elevated and pleasant site, is a thriving village. There are two meeting-houses (Congregationalist and Baptist); thirteen school districts, and one post-office: also, eight saw-mills, four grist-mills, and several mechanic shops. The Worcester and Nashua Railroad connects with Hollis. Population, 1,293 ; valuation, $667,392. HooKSETT, the southeastern corner town of Memmack county, adjoin- ing Manchester on the south, and nine miles from Concord, was formed from portions of Chester, Goflstown, and Dunbarton, being incorporated July 2, 1822. There are some well-cultivated farms here, but the soil, on the average, is not of the best description. Agriculture engages a large share of the attention of the inhabitants. Pinnacle mountain, on the west side of the town, is composed of an immense mass of rocks some two hundred feet in height, covered with a ragged gi-owth of trees and bushes. There is a pond at the foot of this mountain, the water of which is remarkably clear and deep, having no visible outlet. It is supposed to have been the bed of the mountain, from which the latter, by some violent convulsion of nature, was upturned. A remarkablv fine view is obtained of the surrounding landscape from the summit of this 532 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. eminence. Speeiincns of lead and silver ore have hvcn reeently dis- eovered, and a ti)ui|)anv has been l\)rmed lor the purptjse of working the mines, with a fair ])r years. In the year 1790, they were relieved from their loneliness by the arrival of four other familii's, — those of Captain Joseph Pinkham, Clement Mcserve, .]v\m Young, and Joseph D. Pink- ham. The si'ttlemcnt was first called New Madbury, which it retained till the de.te of its incorporation, Uecembcr 4, ISOO, when it was called Adams. To suit prevailing political opinions, this name was changed .luly 4, 1829, to Jackson, in honor of the jiresident of the United States. The surface of Jackson is uneven and rocky: but the greater propor- tion of the laiul is adapted to cultivation. The most noted eminences are Black, Baldfaee, and Tlun-n mountains, the second of whieh is sit- uated on the line between Jackson and Bartlett. Iron ore of t!ie best (piality. as also bog and magnetic iron and tin ore, have been found here, the former in immense quantities. The tin ore is considered the first ever discovered in the United States, and was found by Dr. Jackson, state geologist. Ellis river, the only stream of note, waters the town, in addition to which are several brooks and rivuh-ts. The view here given is of (loodrich i''alls with the old Imnber-nnll on the luain road from Jackson to Bartlett, about two miles from Jackson City, at the junction of the two branches of Ellis river. The height of the rock at the right, from the water, is eighty feet. There is a large circidar ])ool below the fdl. the ^^•at<■r of which is of great depth. When the river is full, the water pom's a broad, beautiful sheet over the dam, covering the rocks, NEW IIAMrSIIIllE TOWN OF JACKSOM. -■,'^r, and throwiiit,' ii|) clouds o( ^^|iray, sonietunes to ilio li<"ic;lit of diii' liiui- drvd fcrt, and r\liibitiiig a bcauTiful rainbow. A new mill is in cMnr>i' of erection just in rear of the hiijh rock upon the right. One of the |)rincipal thoroughfares to the far-famed White Hills leads through this rown ; and the traveller, as he passes along, cannot but be interested as lir beliolds the be uitiful scenery with which the locality abounds. Jack- son lias bur one village, usually called "The Corner," — sometimes familiarlv '•.lacksdn C'itv,"" — where a half-dozen houses cannot lie found in a half a mile; at inie of which, passengers coming up from Conway and down from the Glen House, destined to the Crawford House, meet and share the noon-day hospitalities of "mine host." There are two churches — Free-will Baptist, and a Protestant Union honse; eight school districts, and one post-office : also, two saw-mills, and one grist-mill. Population, "!89; valuation, $111,187. 536 HISTORY AND DESCrUPTIOX OF XEW ENGLAND. Jaffrev, ill the eastern division of Cheshire county, adjoins Peterbor- ough, and is forty-six miles from Concord. This town was granted bv the Masonian proprietors to forty persons in 1749, and the first jierma- nent settlemein was made, in 1758, by a Mr. Grout and Jolni Davison. In 17o3 Richard Peabody, iMoses Stickney, and others arrived, and re- mained some two or three years. l>ut not meeting with their anticipated success, they left for more promising fields of labor. Jaffrey was incor- porated in 1773, receiving its name from George Jafl'rey, of Portsmouth, one of the JMasonian proprietors. Previous to this it was known as New Monadnock, or INIonadnock Number '2. The first public meeting, sunnnoned by Jonathan Stanley, was holden September 14, 1773. On the 28th of the same month an adjourned meeting was held, at w-hich a committee, consisting of Captain Jona- than Stanley, Alexander McNeil, and James Callwell, were appointed to procure the services of a minister. The next year, April "26. 1774, it was decided to " build a meeting-house on the common near the centre of the town, this and the ensuing year," and at a sitbsequent meeting, held July 6, it was " Resolved, that the house shall be 60 feet by 45, posts 27 feet ; that there shall be a porch at each end of the house ; and that the house shall be raised by the middle of June, 1775, and be finished by the first of June, 1776." It is a rather singular fact, that the frame of this house is asserted to have been raised on the memorable 17th of June, 1775, and that those engaged in its erection heard tii(> report of the cannon discharged at Bunker Hill.i The edifice was not completed for many years, doubtless owing to the unsettled state of things pro- duced by war, for which reason also pulpit ministrations were of unfre- (juent occurrence until 1780, notwithstanding money was aimually raised for the su|)port of the gospel. There was no regularly settled minister till 1782, though many names of clergymen appear on the records. Rev. Laban Ainsworth was unanimously called " to the work of the gospel ministry in this tin\ n." July 8, 1782, and was ordained pastor of the Conn-regational church, December 10th following, and contimu'd alone in ihe work for nearly half a century. Since 1830 the active duties have been performed by a junior pastor. Mr. Ainsworth died i\Iarch 17, 1858, aged one hundred years, seven months, and twen- ty-eight days. A Baptist Church was established here January 3, 1814. Among the eminent men who have claimed nativity here is Hon. Joel Parker, for many years chief justice of the state, now Royall professor of law in Harvard College. Jaffrey is uneven in its surface ; but has numerous meadows and rich ' This mteting-housL' is now usuil for civil iustcad of ecclesiastical purposes. NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF JEFFERSON. 537 pasture, which rondor it well rxdaprcd to thi- raising of cattle. The Grand Monadnock niountaiii is principally situated in the luirthwest part of the town. The diredioii of the ridge runs northeast and south- west ; and it is ahout live miles long from north to south, and three miles from east to wi'st. Its height, according to tht> observations of Professor Dana, in 1^1(3, is 3,450 feet above the level of the sea. its component parts being tale, mica, and slate, distinctly stratified. Sev- eral minerals are found on and around it. Viewed at a distance of four or the miles, its summit appears of a globular shape, bereft of those steep rocks antl mural preci]iices conmion to granitic mountains. A very extensive view, rural and beautiful, is obtainable from its top. No less than thirty collections of fresh water, some of such ample dimen- sions as to contain islands of eight or ten acres, are to be seen, seem- ingly clustering around its very base. This mountain was, many years since, covered with a large growth of evergre(>ns ; but by repeated fires it now presents, at a distance, a perfectly barren appearance. On ascending, however, there may be found plats of earth sufficient for the growth of the blueberry and cranberry, as well as a variety of shrubs. Innumerable streams of water issue from the mountain, some of whii-h discharge themselves into the Connecticut, vvhili' others form the head waters of the C'ontoocook ri\'er. The larg<'st stream rises about one hundred rods from the siuumit, ilescending in a southeast direction. The Monadnock mineral spring, which is slightly impregnated with carbonate of iron and sulphate of soda, is about a mile and a half to the southeast of the mountain. Yellow ochre is found at the mouth of the spring. There are several ponds, out of three of which issue stnvuus sufficient to i-arry mills. In the largest of these ponds, which is four hundred rods long and one hmiilred and forty wide, is an island i>f about ten acres. Jaffi-ey has three villages, bearing the names of .Tafi'rey, East Jaffi-ey, and Prescott, at the two former of which are post-olilces ; four churches — two Congregational, one Baptist, and one Universalist ; thirteen school districts, and Melville Academy: alst), the Monadnock Bank,' with a capital of iJioO.OOO: four stores: tw(.) cotton mills, having a combined capital of ,^3I).()()0 : two tanma-ies, and a manufactory of pails and other wooden ware. Population, 1,497 ; valuiition, $643,516. Jefferson, in Coils county, adjoining Lancaster, is ninety-eight miles from Concord. Dartmouth was its first name, under which it was granted October 3, 17(i5. to .lohn (iofle: antl granted again June "-^b. 1772, to Mark IT. Wentw(.)rth and others. The settlement was bei;ini. 538 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTION OF XEW KXGLAXD. about the year 1773, by Colonel Joseph Wiiipple, Samuel Hart, and others. In December, 1796, it was incorporated bv the New Hampshire legislature, receiving its present name in honor of the illustrious Jef- ferson. Colonel Whipple was a man of considerable notoriety in his day, and a very extensive landholder. His name is mentioned, even at the present time, with pride and veneration ; for although very exact in hi.s dealings with his neighbors, paying and receiving pay to the smallest fraction, he was kind and attentive to the settlers, watching after their welfare and interests with a fatherly solicitude. During the Revolu- tionary war, a party of Indians, under the authority of the English, were admitted to the Colonel's house as usual, and made him a pris- oner before he was aware of their intention. He made no objection to accompany them ; but said they must wait till he procured some articles of apparel for his journey. Telling Mrs. Hight, his housekeeper, to entertain the Indians with some articles of curious mechanism in the house, he conti'ivcd, while their attention was so occupied, to make his escape from his bedroom window. Going directly to a field where some men were at work, he ordered each man to seize a stake from the fence, and shoulder it as he would a gun ; and thus reinforced, he again presented himself before the Indians who were in pursuit of him. The enemy, seeing him at a distance, as they imagined, at the head of a company of armed men, hurriedly seized what plunder they could lay their hands on, and fled. Mr. Ciotham, one of the family, was coming to the house when the Indians arrested Colonel Whi])])le, but saw them in time to make his escape. While crossing the river on a log he was fired upon, but was not injured. Jeff'erson is quite hilly, but the gently rising slopes are cultivated to their summits, producing wheat, rye, barley, and oats in abundance. There is excellent grazing land on the higher hills, pasturing large flocks of cattle and sheep. A more beautiful pastoral scene cannot be im- agined than that presented to the traveller as he ascends Cherry Moun- tain. Before him lies the town of Jefferson, in all its loveliness. Upon all the green slopes are flourishing fields of grain. Here and there, in the ([uiet valleys, or sheltered by overhanging cliffs, are snug farm-houses amid scores of outhouses ; and scattered among all, and giving anima- tion to the picture, are the "cattle upon a thousand hills." Mount Pliny and Cherry mountain are the highest elevations. John's and Israel's rivers i supply abundance of water. Pondicherry bay is two hundred rods long and one hundred wide. Jefferson has a Baptist ' The names of these rivere were derived from two brothers, — John and Israel Gillies. — will) Imiiteil beaver and Other animals in the vicinity, prior to the settlement of this part of the cotintrv. NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OP KEEXE. 5:39 ( liurch, seven scliool districts, uiid two post-olFiees — Jeflersoii and Jert'erson jVIills ; also, two mills uiid one store. Population, (3:29 ; valu- ation, $170,340. Keexe, in the central part of Cheshire county, fifty-five miles from Concord, is the shire town, and was first settled under the authority of Massachusetts. Jeremiah Hall, Daniel Hoar, 8eth Heaton, Elisha Root, Nathaniel Rockwood, Josiah Fisher, William Pufler, and others from Massachusetts, settled in September, 1734, but did not reside here permanently. The first who attempted to pass the winter in Keene were Nathan Blake, Setli Heaton, and William Smeed, who, encoun- tering a variety of hardships, left before the winter expired, returning next season. At this time the line between New Hampshire and Mas- sachusetts had not been run, nor its direction ascertained, and it was generally supposed the valley of the Ashuelot would fall within the boun- daries of the latter. The town was then called Upper Ashuelot, which means, in the Indian language, " a collection of many waters." Upper Ashuelot was a frontier settlement, in the bosom of the wilderness, and was much exposed to Indian assaults, its nearest neighbor being North- field, Mass., twenty miles distant, while Winchester (Lower Ashuelot), though first granted, did not contain any inhabitants, or, at most, two or three. The town was laid out into lots, fifty-four being on Main street, — twenty-seven on each side, — which were one hundred and sixty rods long, and eight rods front ; and in 1736 the proprietors voted to erect a meeting-house at the south end of Main street, forty feet long, thirty-five feet wide, and twenty feet stud, which was to be finished by the 26th of June, 1737. In 1738 Jacob Bacon was settled as minister. The same year a fort was erected for protection from the Indians, who, in 1745, killed Josiah Fisher. In 1746, the inhabitants becoming alarmed, increased vigilance and circumspection were observed in their movements. On the 23d of April the town was attacked, and all that could took refuge in the fort. There were several attending to their cattle, however, and they encountered the Indians, who had rushed into the street, filling the air with their horrid yells. Mrs. McKenny, an aged woman, and John Bnllard, were killed; Mrs. Clark had a narrow escape, having been pursued by an Indian, whom she succeeded in out- running ; and Nathan Blake was taken prisoner and carried to Canada, where he remained two years. The Indians attacked the fort on all sides, but relief soon after an-iving from Swanzey, the savages decamped, burning, however, all the houses, and capturing a number of the cattle. The inhabitants remained in the fort until March or April, 1747, and then abandoned the settlement. 540 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTIOX OF NEW EXGLAXD. Ill 17-jO or 17-3:2 tlic inhabitanrs again rctunird tn the town, and, in 17o3, it waj- incorporated under the name of Keene, wiiicli was given in lionor of an Engli:sh nobleman, perhaps Sir Benjamin Keene, Britir^h minister at Spain, and contemporary with Governor Wentworth, who granted the charter. Between the years 1754 and 175-5 several parties of Indians visited the town, but their depredations were of no great magnitude. Tiiey captured one man, Benjamin Twichell, whom they carried to Quebec, and who died on his return to Boston. Keene, in the Revolution, exhibited a spirit of wisdom, courage, and patriotism in her supplies of men and means, and in the adoption of the true remedies to aid in the sujiport of the war. As soon as news reached the town of the battle of Lexington, measures were taken to raise a company, which started the next morning, commanded by Captain Wyman, for Concord. Some parties were overzealous in the cause, and would have committed assaults on several tories, who were retained as prisoners, but for the timely efforts of some of the more iutmane and forbearing of the inhabitants. Several disturbances oc- curred in 1782, regarding the settlement of the divisional line between New Hampshire and Vermont, which at last were amicably settled. Two farms were annexed to Keene from Swanzey, December 10, 1812. The town of Keene is a proud little spot, and has been the residence of many distinguished characters, among whom may be mentioned Judge Daniel Newcomb ; Peleg Sprague, member of congress; the two (xovernors Dinsmoor, father and son ; General James Wilson, and his late father, members of congress; Joel Parker, ibr many vears tlie able, upright, and highly esteemed chief justice of New Ham])shirc, now Royall professor of law in Harvard College; Levi Chamberlain, the last whig candidate for governor, a man as much beloved for his friendly and social qualities as respected for his eloquence in the senate and at the bar ; John Prentiss, the veteran editor of the Keene Sentinel, whicli journal, started by him in 1799, is third in seniority of all the newspapers extant in New Hampshire; and the reverend and learned Dr. Barstow, of whom tlie five last named, and the younger Dinsmoor, still survive. On tiie east side of Main street there for- merly stood a neat little public-house, called " Shurtlitl''s Hotel," kept by Benoni SlinrtlJH', whose wife was a sister of the famous Thomas O. Seltridge of Boston, and whose three or four daughters were genteel, sprightly, intelligent young ladies, ambitious of display and of setting a rich and elegant table. Here a select few, the elite of the New Hampshire bar, were wont to resort during the sitting of the court. In 1815 the company consisted of the chief justice, Jeremiah Smith, Daniel Webster, George Baxter Uphain. Judge Ellis, Judo:e Hubbard NEW HAJirSHIRE TOWN OF KEENE. 541 of Vermont, Ro2;cr Vose of Walpole, and Levi Chamberlain and liis elder brother, John C. Chamberlain. The feast of fat things which came out of the month when this company wore seated at tlie table was more exhilarating than that which wcntm; together they funiislied a rich repast for body and soul. For comic wit, Vose had no superior in New England; for refined intellectual acumen, Judge Smith was nut surpassed. No matter where placed, — on the bench, in the halls of leg- islation, in a popular assembly, or in a company of young ladies, he was sure to be first, imparting pleasure and instruction to each, and commanding the admiration of all. Webster was graceful and did here by Miss Fiske about the year 1810, and was continued for twenty or thirty years with great success and credit to herself and to her numerous pupils far and near. Governor Washburn, in his history of Leicester Academy, speaking of the first female teacher of that institu- tion. Miss Holmes, a you)ig lady of distinguished learning, abilitv, and accomplishments, says : " She was educated at that excellent school whose reputation was so long sustained, and at which so many of tlie .^f - Central f^quare. best trained minds of New England were educated — Miss Fi; Keene." Miss Fiske, VOL. I. in lu'r quiet, unobtrusive employment, 46 Kc s ol accom- o42 llISTiiKY AND DESCRIPTIiiX OF XEW E.\GI..\Xr>. ])lislicd iiiiich fur llif pnlilic irood, and (Icscrvcdly w ill licr memory he ciishriiR'd in muuv grateful hearts, and, let it be hoped, her example emulated. Keene is eonneeted ^vith Boston by the Cheshire Railroad, over \vliieli there is a great amount of trav<'l, to Saratoga Springs, Canada, and the West. Tt is also eonneeted liy the Ashttelot Railroad with Springlield antl New ^'ork. 'L'he surfaee of the town is generally level or moder- ately swelling, and the soil is good. There is coni?iderable flat or valley land, whieli is divided nearly ('(pially by the Ashuelot river; presenting, variegated as ir is by agrieultiu-e, a jileasing prospect to the traveller. The Ashuelot river has its soiu'ce in a pond in Washington. Keene has l)een ealled one of the '-prettiest villages'" in New England. The principal village is situated on an extensive ])lain, supposed by many to have been the bed of a lake. The width and uniform level of its streets ; its smooth, dry side-walks ; the abundance of beautiful shade trees, behind which, half hidden, many beautiful residences are seen; the magnifu-ent gardens, ornamented with every variety of ilower; its lartje ^ - Via.lu<-t. of the Chesliiio Eiiilroad at South Kceiie. and \v(ll-eoiistrui-tcd hotels: its handsome stores and beautiful public biiildiuijs, and generally thrifty ai)i)earance, all render the village both pleasant and attractive. Keene is a ]ilace of large business. Its facili- ties for trade. o\\ inij in a sjreat measure to its favorable location in rela- NEW IIAiMPSIIIRE TOWN OF KEENE. 54'-i tion to the adjoining towns, are numerous, and secure to its mereantile interests valuable advantages. Our view of Keene is taken at a puiut looking a little west of north, embracing the Park in Central Square, and much of the business portion of the place. There are many interesting objects in and about this town. A work- of which the j)eople have reason to be proud is the viadui-t over a branch of Ashuelot river, near South Keene station, as seen in the en- graving. It is about seventy-tive feet wide and forty-five feet high, and is a beautiful specimen of granite masonry. It cost about §20,000. Through the arch, in the distance, is seen J. A. Fay and Com])any's machine-shop, 160 feet long by forty wide, and built of brick, where are made planing, mortising, sash, sticking, moulding, and various other machines, some of which are sent to nearly every quarter of the world. The patent mortising machine received a premium at the World's Fair in London. Another place of interest is Beaver Brook falls, a very beautiful and romantic spot about two miles north of Kecni'. The water falls about forty feet over what appears to l>e a natural Hight of steps into a basin, partly inclosed by rocks, in which are caught some very large trout. There are many other spots where fish are eajitureil in large numbers. Tiiere are in Keene five church edifices — Congregational, Unitarian, Baptist, Methodist, and Roman Catholic ; a town hall, one of the largest and best in the state ; a very popular high school, in which the four vil- lage schools have united, under an act which provides for a graduated system, by which the pupil ascends from the simplest rudiments to those higher branches usually taught in academies ; three large and commo- dious hotels, the CheshLi-e House being a noble structure, its rooms airy and convenient, and its general internal arrangements in full keeping with the inviting appearance of its external form; three banks, — the Cheshire, the Ashuelot, and the Cheshire County, — with a combined capital of ^300,000 ; the Provident Institution for Savings ; two fire insurance companies, thirteen school districts, and one post-office : also, one flannel manufactory ; a large sash and blind factory, driven by a twenty-five horse power engine; several large establishments for the manufacture of clothing, one for the manufacture of hats and caps, an iron foundery, one steam saw-mill ; one machine-shop, belonging to the Cheshire Railroad, and one organ factory. Population, 3,392; valua- tion, $2,136,615. Kensington, Rockingham county, lying west of Hampton Falls, and forty miles from Concord, was settled at an early period, and was originally included in the limits of Hampton, from which it was incor- t'544 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. |)orated April 1, 1737. It is .strange, tiiougli ncvfrthcloss true, tliat it contained a larger jjopulatioii at tiie coninicnceiiieiit of the Revolution than it has at the present day. A Congregational ehnreli of sixty-four members was formed on the 6lh of Oetobcr, 1737, over wliicii Rev. Jeremiah Fogg was ordained pastor. Mr. Fogg was a native of Hampton, and died December 1, 1789, after a pastorate of fifty-two years. He was arraigned before a council on the January previous to his death for preaching Unitarian sentiments, of which the council expressed disapproval.' Rev. Naph- thali Siiaw, wlio had been a soldier in the Revolution, was the next pastor, from 1793 until 1813. The surface is quite level. John Tilton lives on the same fLirm that his ancestors purchased from tiie Indians more than two hundred years ago. There are no streams of any note, and the only body of water is a small pond, deep and muddy. The town contains one village ; two churches, one occupied by the Christians, and the other by the Congre- gationalists and Universalists; two school districts, and one post-office: also, one tannery, and one boot and shoe factory. Population, 700 ; valuation, $256,404. Kilkenny, in the southern division of Cocis county, is 126 miles from Concord, and contains 15,906 acres. It was granted June 4, 1774, to Jonathan Warner and others. It is a very poor township, with few features to make it a desirable habitation for civilized man. Kilkenny is in the form of a triangle surmounted by a parallelogram, many miles in length, but hardly a mile in width, and is rough and barren. Those who have taken up their abode here, — and they are few, — must be of that class who have a predilection for solitude : — whether it is sweet or not, they are the best judges. The greater part of the territory is usurped by two giants of nature — Pilot and Willard mountains, so named from an incident that happened to a dog and his master. Willard lost his way and wandered for three days on these mountains, on tiie east side of wiiich his camp was situated. Pilot saw that his master was in a strait, and set his sagacity to work to relieve him. Each day he set out on an exploring expedition, — as his master thought, in pursuit of game, — returning invariably towards evening. On the second or third day, Willard being nearly exhausted, followed his dog, wiio piloted him through the tortuous windings of tiie mountains to his camp. Certainly, for such disinterested friendslii]i Pilot desen^es to have his name liaiided down to amine posterity. These mountains ' This church afterwards became Unitarian. NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OP KINGSTON. 545 have name fine raniis along thcii- base, anil, higlicr u]i, excellent grazing land. Population, 19 ; valuation, isi^jSOO. Kingston, Rockingham county, adjoins Hampstead on the ^vest, and is distant from Concord thirty-seven miles. It contains 12,188 acres, of which eight hundred are estimated to be water. Kingston was granted August 6, 1694, by Lieut.Governor Usher, to James Prescott, Ebenezer Webster, and others, belonging to Hampton. The chai'ter compre- hended the territory which now forms the towns of East Kingston, Dan- ville, and Sandown. A short time subsequent to the grant, garrison houses were ericted on the ])lain by direction of the proprietors, who commenced ])rcparing their lands for the purposes of agriculture. In consecjuencc of the dangers and perplexities of the succeeding hostilities they became discouraged, and many of them returned home within two years after the commencement of the settlement. The enterprise was renewed after the conclusion of the war, but the progress was very slow, and it was not till 1725 that matters began to look favorable. The Indians were exceedingly troublesome to the settlers, and several |)ersons fell victims to their barbarity. In 1707, Stephen and Jacol) (lilinan were ambushed between Kingston and Exeter, but fortunately succeeded in making their escape to the garrison, with the loss of their horses ; and in the same year, September 15th, a man named Henry Elkins was killed. In 1712, Stephen Oilman and El)enezer Stevens were wounded at Kingston, and the former taken and put to death. Jabez Colman and his son, while employed in their field, were killed September 7, 1724 ; and four children were taken at the same time, on(> of whom escaped, the othi'rs being afterwards redeemed. Many Indian relics, such as jasper and quartz arrow-heads, axes, gouges, and hammers, maile from various kinds of stones, as well as some old French coin, have been brought to light at ditTerent times, while preparing the land for seed. The first church, a Congregational, was gathered September 17, 1725, over which Rev. Ward Clark was or- dained pastor, at which time the church records commence, and give a list of the heads of families then here, eighty-one in all, among whom were Thomas, John, and Ebenezer Webster, Thomas Webster, Jr., and several 1iy the name of Sanborn. The year 1737 is memorable on account of an unusual mortality among the children of the town, from a disease similar to what is now tei-med croup, then called the " kanker (luinsey." About 1823 the academy was built, which afforded a valuable opportunity for quite a number of young men to prepare for college, who had not before had the means of doing so. The Hon. Josiah Bartlett and Major Ebenezer Stevens were distinguished resi- 46* 546 HISTORY AND DESCRirXIOX OF NEW ENGLAND. dents of (liis iown. Tlii^v bmli held high offifos of trust. The former was an eiiiiiii'iir plivsiciaii in Kingston, and acquired great reputation for skill in the treatment of the throat distemper, then quite prevalent and mortal. He was a strong and zealous supporter of American liberty, was for some time chief justice of the colony, was president of the state under the first constitution in 1790 and L791, and the first governor un- der the revised constitution in 1792—3. There are no high hills in Kingston; the (4reat and Rock Rimiiion are the ])rincipal. the former of which is a body of granite, extending over twenty or thirty acres, covered with soil, and having on its west side an abrupt descent of nearly one hundred feet to the plain. The soil of Kingston is generally of a fertile character. Bog-iron ore has been found, as well as red and yellow ochre. There are several ponds, the largest of which covers upward of three hundred acres, and has an island of ten or twelve acres, covered with wood. Country pond, lying partly in Newton, is two hundred acres in extent, and has also an island of some six or eight acres within its limits. Near the centre of the town is an extensive plain, the site of the principal village — Plainville ; besides which there is another, called by the same name as the town. 'J'here are three church edifices — Congregational, Meth- odist, and Universalist; six school districts, an academy, t\vo post- olfices — Kingston, and South Kingston: also, four stores, and three carriage factories. Population, 1.192 ; valuation, >j!41o.900. Laconia, Belknap county, twenty-seven miles from Concord, is beautifully inclosed by the waters of CJreat bay. Long bay, and Winne- pcsaukee river, which separate it from Meredith upon the north and west, and Gilford upon the east and soitth. It has an area of about 10,000 acres, and was taken from iMeredith and incorporated July 14, 185o. In form, this and the parent town resemble an open fan, of whii-h Laconia represents the handle. The surface is generally more even than that of Meredith, and all of it capable of cultivation. There are two villages, situated upon the Boston, Concord, and Mon- treal Railroad, the more southerly one being still called Meredith Bridge, and the other Lake Village, parts of both of them being in Gil- ford. The Laconia side of Meredith Bridge contains about eight hun- (hi'd iiihai)itants; a fine water power, improved by one cotton and two woollen factories ; eleven stores of various descriptions, an establishment for manufacturing railroad cars, a pail factory, a sash and blind factory, and a public-house ; also, two printing-offices, each of which issues a weekly newspaper; the Belknap County Bank, with a capital of -SSO.OOO; " Gilford post-oliiee ; " and a Congregational meeting-house. Mere- NEW IIAJIPSIIIRE TOWN OP LANCASTER. 547 (lith Brklge is a place of £j;rnat resort in snmnicr on aoconnt of its pleasant sitnaTion, and its rich and abuiulant sccncrv. Lake VilhiLTc. one ami a half inik's north on the river, contains, in the Laconia part of it, about six hnndred inhaltifants, one store, two woollen yarn factories, a saw-mill, grist-mill, and wheelwright's shop. The post-oiiice accommo- dations for this village are at Gilford. The situation of the town is \v<'ll calculated for extensive business, being approached both by railroad and steam navigation, and it contains much capital and enterprise. There are six school districts, enjoying the privileges of school during a part of the year. Upon the incorporation of the town, eleven twenty- fonrth parts of the valuation of flic former town were assigned to La- conia, making $522,036. Population about 1,400. Lancaster, the shire town of Cons county, about one hundred and forty miles from Concortl, and one hundred and thirty from Portland by the Grand Trunk Railway, contains 2o,4S0 acres. It was gratited by (lovernor Benning Wentwcn-th to Captain David Page ^ and sixty-nine others, being incorporated at the same time. In .June of that year, the son of Captain Page marked a path from Haverhill, through the woods, a distance of forty-eight miles, by which the Captain, togctlim- with Edward Bucknam and Emmons Stockwell and their families, all being of Petersham, Mass., traced their way to this place in September follow- ing. At that time there was not an inhabitant on the whole route from Haverhill, nor a settlement near them, nor a grist-mill within a hundred miles. The troubles of the Revolutionary war thinned out the small |)opulation, — all the inhabitants above Captain StockweU's place leav- ing for greater security. Stockwell, however, by his courage and firm- ness, induced some to remtiin, and, after the war, the progress of the settlement revived. The first church was organized in July, 1794, over which Rev. Joseph Willard was pastor from September of that year until 1822. The town, in 1794, contained thirty-six families. A tract called B.arker's Location was annexed to I/ancastcr, June 22, 1819; and a portion of Kilkenny was annexed December 15, 1842. Lancaster has an exceedingly picturesque situation, lying near some mountains, its own surface being pretty level. Three eminences are in the south part, called Martin Meadow hills. Along the Connecticut and at the mouth of Israel's river there are some tracts of alluvial land, being nearly three fourths of a mile wide on the former, and even larger at the latter. The land in the southeast part lies too high up the moun- ' The father of Mr. Page was an Eiiglijliman, and the first settler of Lunenbni'g, Mass. •'548 HISTORY AXD DESCEIPTIOX OF XEW EXGLAXD. tains ior cTiltivatioii. Water is supplied by tlie Connecticut antl Israel's river, and i)y several large brooks. A bridge has been thrown across the latter river, and the natural advantages of the water power are rendered more valuable by the erection of three dams. Martin-meadow pond, covering one hundred and lil'ty acres, and Little pond, of forty acres, arc the largest collections of w ater. The principal village is built upon a large plain, a mile east from ttie Connecticut river, and in it, at the northerly end of the main street, which extends both ways from the bridge over Israel's river, arc the coiat- house, jail, and elegant new hotel. The Congregationalists, Methodists, and Unitarians have each a house of worship; and there are fourteen .school districts, one academy, and one post-office; as well as one grist-mill, eight saw-mills, one carding and cloth-dressing mill, one sash and blind factory, one iron foundery, and one bank (capital $50,00(1). 'I'lie amount of capital invested in trade and manufactures is estimated at from $loO,000 to $200,000. Population, 1,559; valuation, $471,60:2. Laxdaff, in the norThwestern jiart of Grafton coiuity, ninety miles from Concord, contains '29,200 acres, and was granted to James Averv and others, January 3, 1704. These grantees failed to fulfil the condi- tions of the charter, and it was regranted to Dartmouth College. After the Revolution, however, the parties to whom the first grant was made, set up a claim to the land; and, after one or two hearings before the pro|)er courts, the case was decided in their favor. This decision put Dartmouth College, — under the patronage of which the settlement was commenced, and which erected mills, opened roads, and cleared lands, — to considerable k)ss, which was made up, however, in a measure, by subsequent grants. The first church organized was a Baptist, in 1788. Landafl' has a broken surface, birt the land is generally good for grazing. There arc three eminences of note, called Landafi' mountain, Cobble hill, and Bald hill, the former lying in the eastern part, and the latter in the west. The soil is very fertile in some parts of the town- ship, and in its cultivation the people are principally engaged. Wild Ammonoosuc and Great Ammonoosue rivers furnish an abundance of water. There are two church edifices — Free-will Baptist and Meth- odist; nine school districts, and two post-oflices — Landaff and East Landatl: also, nine saw-mills and three starch factories. Large quan- tities of maple sugar are ammally manufactured. ]\)pulation, 948; valuation, 6286,234. Laxodox, the southwestern corner town o( SnHi\an county, fifty miles from Concord, was incorporated Jaimary 11, 1737, and named NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF LEBANON. 549 from Governor John Langdon, of Revolutionary fame. Seth Walker commenced the settlement in 1773, and was followed, the year after, by Nathaniel Rice and Jonathan Willard. The lirst church was a Con- gregational, which was organized November 8, 1792. Among the names of the early preachers were those of Lazel, Hartwell, Spaulding, and Taft, the latter of whom did most of the preaching from 1795 to 1803, when he turned politician, and was chosen representative to the general court. For many years a siiarp conflict ensued in religious matters, by reason of the people being partly Universalists and in part Congregationalists. Ill 1804, Abner Kneeland, afterwards the notorious infidel preacher, was invited to settle as pastor, in opposition to a strong remonstrance by a minority of the church. In 1810 he was chosen representative ; in 1811 he left to settle over tiie first Universahst society in Charlestown, Mass. The church clerk moved to the west and carried off" the records, with which also the visible organization of the church, for many years, disappeared. The town was found, by all the ministers who visited it, to be truly missionary ground. Several were reluctant to settle, but persevered in their efforts to reform vice and intemperance; and it is said that a very marked imj)rovement in the morals of the place is visible. The soil is suitable for agricultural purposes, and for the raising of stock. Mucii attention is jjaid to the manufacture of Ijutter and clii'cse, and flax is not a small item in the ]iroductions of the town. Langdon is watered by a branch of Cold river, which passes southwest through its whole extent. The princi|)al village is three miles east of Connecti- cut river and six from Bellows Falls. There are two religious soi'ie- ties here — • Congregational and Universalist, botii of which have churc-h edifices; six school districts, one post-office, and vnc store. Population, 575; valuation, -§326,742. Lebanon lies on the Connecticut river, in the western part of CJrafton county, forty-nine miles from Concord. It was brought to the notice of the first settlers during the French and Indian wars; and in 1760, when tranquillity ensued through the conquest of Canada, fifty-two indi- viduals, belonging principally to Lebanon and Mansfield, Coini., asso- ciated themselves into a company and obtained a charter of this town, July 4, 1760, from Governor Beiuiing Wentworth. The charter was granted vmder the usual conditions, and the township was to be six miles square. The first meeting of the proprietors was held at Mans- field, October 6, 1761, when a committee was appointed to lay out the lots and road immediately; and, to encourage a speedy settlement, the |)roprietors voted, that those of their immber who shall settle upon their ;")0 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. lands Avitliiii the term often years shall have the privilege of ciilrivatiii« and improving such part of the interval as shall best suit them. Jn 1763 a horse road was comjjleted from Charlcstown, and the same year a saw-mill was built. A grist-mill was built in 1764, on the site now ()eenj)ied by Osgood's mills. The pr()|)rietors came up during the summer and cleared the lands, and in the winter returned to their former homes. The first settlements were begun on the river, and gradually extended eastward. The winter of 1762 was passed here by three men, for the first time, the names of whom were Levi Hyde, Samuel Esterbrooks, and William Dana. Wil- liam Downer, with his wife and eight children, Oliver Davidson, Elijah Di^wey, and James Jones, arrived in 1763 ; Nathaniel Porter, Asa Kil- l)ourne, Samuel Meacham, Joseph and Jonathan Dana, Huckins Storrs, Silas Waterman, Jedediah Hibbard, Charles Hill, John Wheatley, Jesse Cook, Zalmon Aspenwall, Joseph Wood, James Hartshorn, and Nathan- iel Storrs, arrived betw"een the years 1763 and 1767. The records com- mence on the 13th of May, 1765, at which date the following appears : " Qneary : Whither we will have a minister in the town this sunnner. or will not ? Voted in the affirmative. Voted the select men take it upon themselves to seek quarters for the minister and provide for his accom- modation." There cotild not have been more than twenty families here at this time. In 1767 it was voted tt) have a school established; and in July the next year it was resolved to have a meeting-house, and to locate it on a lot near the old burying-ground, which was in the western part of the town ; but the house was not erected till 1772. A church was organized in September, 1768, over which Rev. Isaiah Potter was pastor from 1772 until his death in 1817. He was an athletic man of over six feet, and could mow, it is said, for a half day without whetting his scythe, bringing down the grass by sheer strength. He was chap- lain to one of the New Hampshire regiments in the Revolution. Walk- ing round the camp one day, he saw two men tugging to mount a can- non upon the carriage. Pushing the men aside and laving hold of the trnimions, he raised the piece alone, and quietly walked away. One of the men, vexed and astonished, used some profane language. Learning, however, that the man who had performed such a feat was a chaplain, he hastened after him, and, with hat in hand, made humble acknowl- edgments for his profanity. One of his congregation once complained that his sermons were too short. IVfr. Potter asked him (it was before churches were warmed by stoves), " If a short sermon in a cold day would not do, if it was a good one?" — •• Certainly," replied the other, •' if it is a good one." — " But, if it is a poor one, it certainly ought to be short," rejoined Mr. Potter. Prior to this they held meetings in a barn. NEW IIAJIPSIirUE TOWN OF LEE. "wl In Jiilv, 177-"), a r-ommitteo of safety was appoiiid^l. Lebanon was (Hie of tlie sixteen towns which t^ave in tiieir aUeyianee to Vennont, and, Noveniiier 2><, 1777, tiie following appears on the records: '' Voted that the select men should not coin])ly A\ith the warrant sent from the assembly at Exeter, to elect a counsellor and representative, and that the town will vindicate the select men in their non-coiupliaiice." Lebanon sent a rejircsentative to the Vermont legislature in 177>^, anvy(((>;/!c'(/." The inhabitnnts of Manchester, during the Rcvohitionary struggle, as appears from the records, exhibited remarkable patriotisin and spirit. There was no wavering in their hatred of the aggressions of Great Britain, and men were promptly on hand to assist the cause in the field. Upon the arrival of the news of the battle of Lexington, thirlij-fonr men out of l/iir/i/six reported by the selectmen as capable of bearing arms in the town, volunteered at once, and joined the army at Cam- bridge. Those were the men, that, under the intrepid Captain Moore of Derryfield, made such havoc among the British troops on the siiore of tiie Mystic, in the battle of Bunker Hill. Of these thirty-four men from Derryfield was General John Stark, the hero of Bennington, wiiose early life was spent on this then frontier settlement. Speaking of the battle of Bennington, a Avriter says : " Taking all the circumstances into account, it was evidently one of the most important battles of the Rev- olution." General Stark was one of the first in the field, and was I'ti- gaged, not only in the battle of Bunker Hill, but in various other engagements, in all which he distinguished himself as a brave officer. The general died here May 8, 1822, in his ninety-fourth year, being at that time the only surviving American general of the Revolution. Much of the soil of Manchester is of a light, sandy quality, and is poorly adapted to agriculture ; yet there are some farms that will bear comparison with any in the neighboring towns ; and, taken as a whole, it would seem that the land is better than it has often been represented. Lying within the eastern boundary is part of a large body of water, known as Massabesic lake, one of the most irnportant natural features of Manchester. It is very irregular, being divided into two parts, connected by a narrow strait. Indented with points and dotted with islands, it presents to the eye a most picturescfue appearance, from whatever point it may be viewed. Several hotels, for the accommo- dation of visitors, have been erected near this delightful lake. Several streams have their origin in Manchester, and discliarge themselves into tlie Merrimack, — Cohas brook, wiiich issues from Massabesic lake and receives two smaller streams from the south, and discharges its waters at the southwest of the town, being the largest. There are numerous other streams, which are not sufficiently large to be worthy of particularization. The first important work of art jtrojectcd in Manchester was the con- struction of the Blodget Canal around the Amoskeag Falls, whieli was 568 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIOX OF XEW ENOLAND. completed in l^Ki, l)V llie iiiii:enuity and jxTseverance of the late Samuel Blodget, and cos^t §60.000, though a larger sum was at first expended. The Amoskeag Falls, between Manchester and Gofl'stown, are the largest on the Merrimack. The fall, in the ordinary stage of water, is forty-seven feet, antl the whole fall, in the distance of a mile, is fifty-four feet, furnishing power sufficient to run many thousand spin- dles. This almost incalculable force is th(; nucleus, as well as the chief cause, of the gri)wtli of Manchester, which, though not more than twenty years olil, is the foremost city in the state, having the largest (jopulation, while it is the most varied, extensive, and prolific in produc- tive industry, and second only to Lowell, Mass., in ])oint of cotton man- ufactures. Aside from the value of these falls in their capacity for mamifacturing, there is a natural grandeur about them wliich commands admiration. The width of the river is greatly increased, and it is divided into several distinct streams by numerous small islands. 'J'he water finds egress through various channels over a ragged bottom, rush- ing with great velocity, and producing a sound which can be heard some miles. The force and action of the water can be well divined by the examination, at the upper part, near the greatest fall, of some circular holes, various in size, worn perpendicularly into the solid rock several feet, some of which exceed eight feet iti circumference. It is conjec- tured that these holes were made use of by the aborigines, in time of war, as harboring places for provisions. Certain tracts of land were severed from Bedford and Gotlstown and annexed to this city, July 1, 185-3. This addition included the villages of Amoskeag in Goflstown, and Piscata(jitog in Bedford,^ on the west side of the Merrimack. Manchester received its city charter in June, 1846, and is divided into eight wards. It is situated on a plain ninety feet above the river, the boarding-houses of the corporations occupying the slope towards the canals. Its form is nearly square, its greatest length being from north to south, \\hile its streets are regular and broad, the principal of which is Elm, — till' Broadway of Manchesier, — one hundred feet in width and more than a mile in lenglh. The buildings in the western portion of the c-ity are generallv of brick ; while those in the eastern are princi- |)ally of Wood, elegant and tasteful in appearand'. In diflerent parts of the city, large scpiares hnvc l)een laid out, whi( h are decorated w'uh trees -and inclosed with handsome railings, two of thi-m having within their limits ponds of ccnisiderable size, wliich serve, not only as orna- ments, but tis reservoirs in cases of lire. The puiilic cemeterv, situated a short distan<-e from the citv, is a beautiful spot, always a jilace of resort, and justly a souix-e of pride to those who have so atlmirably succeeded ' See auto, p. 420. NEW HAMPSHIRE CITY OF MANCHESTER. 569 in clothing witli beanty and attrar-tion tlie last resting-place of mor- tals. The snhjoineil statistics of the manufacturing interests of RIaiichesrer are for the year ISoG, and arc considered as the fair exponent of ordi- nary business times. Nearly all of the establishments contained in Ihe folknving enumeration are in a sound jjosition, although the full rcsmiip- tion of operations following alU'r the great financial crisis of 1S57-8 cannot yet be nx-orded. 'J'he Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, incorporated in ISol, commenced operations in 1842, and has a ca|)- ital of $:3,OnO,000. There are five mills. Numbers 1 and 2 are each five stories high, 166 feet long and oO wide, and calculated each for 8,000 spindles. Number 3 was built in 1S43-4, of three stories, 444 feet long and 60 wide, calculated for 20,000 spindles. Nmuber 4 was built in 1847-8, six stories high, 260 feet long and 60 wide, cal- culated for 2o,000 spindles. Nuniljer 5, six stories higli, 222 feet long, 60 wide, and calculated for 20,000 spindles, was built in 1855-6. Their last published returns show them to have 85,000 spindles, 2,100 looms, to employ 700 males and 2,500 females, to consume 184,572 ]iouncls of cotton weekly, and to make 400,000 yards of cloth, or 22,500,000 yards per annum. The goods manufactured are chiefly ticks, denims, flan- nels, sheetings, and drillings. Under the same charter and capital with this company is the Land and Water- Power Company, which has charge of the construction of new mills, the renting of shops and power, and the selling of land. It has also the direction of the extensive range of shops north of the cotton mills, occupied by private enterprise. The Amoskeag Manufacturing Compruiy has a-lso a machine-shop and loco- motive works, which have, by superior management, become of great im]iortance, and have acquired great reputation. The maciiine-shop and foundery were erected for their own convenience in 1842. In 1848, they not only erected a new machine-shop and foundery, but the locomotive works. They have a boiler shop, tank shop, forge shop, paint-shop, set- ting-up shop, a fire proof pattern-house, and a storehouse. These works employ 500 hands, use annually -3,500 tons of cast and wrought iron and steel, 150,000 pounds of brass castings, 250,000 pounds of cop- per, and 300,000 feet of lumber. They turn out annuallv about sixty locomotives, and machinery suflicient for a juill of 20,000 spindles. There is a savings institution in connection with this cy a cupola, having a front of 100 feet, — the eiiTire building l)eing in the form of a cross, 48 feet wide by 414 feet in length. The north wing was destroyed by fire in 1850, but was imme- tliatelv rebuilt. Mill number 2 was erected in 1848, five stories high, 220 feet long and 50 wide. Both mills are estimated to contain 40.000 spindles and 1,000 looms. The company employs 1,000 female and 250 male hands. The weekly consumption of cotton is 185,000 pounds, and of wool 135,000 pounds. The goods manufactured are seamless bags, sheetings, and drillings; the annual product being 2.0'^0.000 bags, and 9,(520,000 yards of the goods. The pay roll is about $30,000 per month. The Manchester Print Works was originally incorporated under the name of Manchester Mills, in 1839, with a capital stock of 81,000,000. In 1847, thi.s corporation became merged in one under the name of Merrimack Rlills, under the impression that the charter of the latter was more liberal in its provisions. In 1851, the name was changed by legislative authority to the one it now bears ; and, in 1852, its capital was increased to §1,800,000, which is its present capital. The manu- facturing department has two mills. The first was built in 1845, — 440 feet long, GO wide, and four stories high, exclusive of basement and altic. The second mill, built in 1850, was 824 feet long, 60 wide, and live stories high, besides basement and attic. These contain about 00,000 si)indles and 1,500 looms; employ 400 male and 1,200 female operatives; consume weekly 22,000 pounds of cotton and 25,000 pounds of wool ; manufacture 14,560,000 yards annually, consisting of de laiiies, lierages, prints, Persian cloths, and cassimeres. Ujion the same canal, below these mills, was the old ])nnting establishment of this company. The main building, built in 1845, was six stories high, 300 feet long, and 60 wide. In 1850, an addition or L was added, six stories high, .-xtending south from the main building, 225 feet long, and 60 wide. The building for engraving, and containing dyestufis and chemicals, and the counting-rooms of the printing establishment, were east of the main building, the madd<-r dye-house being north of it. The main building of the printing department was burned in 1853, and, in 1855, one half of the largest mill ; but both were immediately rebuilt in the most ap- proved manner. NEW HAMPSHIRE CITY OF MANCHESTER. 571 Tho Amoskcag Pajier-INIill oomnicncetl opcrutioiis in ls."i|, \vii|i a capital of •'ii'40,000. It employs from twenty to t'.iiny liaiuN. ami manufuctiin's ammally aljout :270 tons of l)oiil< pap\vs paper muI ])aper hangings; turning out 6")0 tons of paper, and 1,800,000 rolls of lumgings. Tlie, INIancliestcr Iron Company was incor- porated and went into operation in 1803, with a capital of 81-")0,000, employing sixty hands, using 1.000 tons of iron, and making DoO tons of castings j)er annum. The Manchester jMaehine Company, incorpo- rated ill 18-'):i, went into operation in 1855, with a capital of $300,000. employing forty hiuids in tlie manufacture of platform and other scales. The Manchester Car and Machine Works, incorporated in 1S54, went into operation in 1855 with a capital of 850,000, employing a hundred hands upon the manufacture of freight cars and machinery, using i.OOO tons of iron and 1,000,000 feet of lumber. Th<' .Manchester Locomo- tive Works, incorporated in 1*^53, l)egan to operate in l'^51, u|)oii a capital of ,§100,000, with two hundred hands, making locomotives, stationary steam-engines, and tools; using -100 tons of in.in, ','5,000 pounds of brass, 80,000 pounds of copper, and 8"),000 feet of lumber. .\side from their other operations, they turned out aimually about thirty locomotives and steam-engines. The Blodget Edge-Tool Manufic- turing Company, incorporated in 1853, commenced operarioiis in ls.')5, upon $100,000 capital, employing eighty-five li;uids in making all kinds of axes, adzes, hatchets, and other edge-tools. They have used annuallv about 525 tons of iron and steel, turning out about 25,000 tools. The Manchester Cias-Light Company, incorporated in 1851, commenced operations in 1852. Tlu,^ works are erected on the east bank of the Merrimack, south of the railroad depot, and are capable of furnishing 150,000 cubic feet of gas in twenty-four hours, the pipes being o[' sufficient capacity and strength to distribute double that (piantity. On the opposite page is inserted, as illustrative of that branch of the industry of New Hampshire which has gi'own to such immense impor- tance — her manufactures — a comprehensive view of the works of the larger corporations, including the Stark, Amoskeag, and Manchester Mills, and the Manchester Print Works, which were taken from the west side of the Merrimack, in Goflstown, and which necessarily con- ceal much of the nearer part of the city. No satisfactory picture of these establishments can be obtained from the east side, which, how- ever, allows the best general view of Manchester. The city contains twelve church edifices — two Congregational, two Methodist, two Baptist, one Universalist, one Free-will Baptist, one 572 HISTORY AND DEfCRIPTIOX OF XEW EXGLAXD. Unirariaii, one Episcopal, oiio Roman Catholic, and one Free church ; eleven school-houses, in which schools are kept on a well devel- oped and practical system ; the Manchester Athenaeum, containing a library of 3.100 volmnes and an extensive reading-room, which is now merged in the city library ; an efficient fire department, consisting of six engine companies, two hose companies, and one hook and ladder company; six newspapers; four banks, ^\-ith a combined capital of §625,000; tlie Manchester Savings Bank, the Amoskeag Savings Bank, seven public-houses, eighteen resers-oirs, two post-offices (Manchester and Amoskeag), and imraerous other public and private establishments. There are three villages attached to the city, known by the names of Amoskeag, Piscataquog, and Moore's, — all of which are thriving places. No less than nine railroads centre in Manchester, connecting it with the most populous parts of New England, and furnishing unrivalled means of transportation. Manchester has had a rapid but substan- tial growth, and is still increasing. There is abundant reason for indulging the hope that the prediction of one of her early settlers is not altogether chimerical, and that she will yet vie in population, in manufactures, and in all the essentials which constitute a great manu- facturing city, with her transatlantic, but more venerable and honored, namesake. The po])ulation. in 1S50. was 13,933 ; at present, it is estimated at about 20,000 ; valuation, §9.276,43S. Maeleorough, in the southeastern part of Cheshire county, adjoining Dublin, is fifty-five miles from Concord, and was originally known as Monadnock No. 5. It was subsequently called New Marlborough, from Marlborough, JNIass., the former home of the original settlers ; but when it was incorporated, in 1776, the first word was omitted. It was granted to Timothy Dwight and sLxtA"-one others, April 29, 1751, the conditions requiring that the settlement be begun forthwith, a compliance with which was prevented by the French and Indian war, in which the col- onies were then engaged. A survey of the territory was made in 1762, and the town was re-granted to the same individual, September 21, 1764 ; one of the specifications of the grant requiring that " a con- venient meeting-hoitse " shall be built within ten years from the date of the same. The first settlement was commenced, in 1760, by one McAlister, WUliam Barker, Abel Woodward, Benjamin Tucker, and Daniel Goodenough ; and in 1776, the first proprietors' meeting was convened, at which the question of building a meeting-house was acted upon ; but the vote to build was not passed till four years after. The fin;t church ( Conffregational) was organized November 11. 177S. over which Joseph Cum.mings was ordained pastor, being dismissed NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF MARLOW. 573 December 26, 17S0, Oil the jilea of •' uiifaithfulne:^s," of ••lieinij unex- emplary in walk, imprudent in eouversatiiin, uiiehrir^tian in eonipaririij. rash in judgiiii; and slanderin;,'," and as '• jirofane."' Rev. llalloway Fish was jjastor iVuni Seineniher ^-l, 1793, until his dr-atli, Srplenihcr '2i, 1824, havine; ])resideil over the eliureh tor almost thirty-one years with great sueeess. Rev. Salnuin J?eiini'tt was pastor from 1825 to 1831 ; and Rev. M. ti. Cirosvenor from 1835 to 1840, a new meeting-house lieing built the year previous to his installation. The present minister. Rev. Giles Lyman, commenced his ministry in December, 1840. Marlborougli originally contained 20,740 acres, which have been reduced to about 13,000 acres by the incorporation of Troy. Lieutenant An- drew Colburn, an oflicer in the RevoUitionary army, killed in that eventful struggle, was a citizen of this town. The town has a broken surface and a rocky soil ; but it is suitable for grazing and for grain. There are several ponds, which are the sources of the branches of Ashuelot river. The only village is Graniteville. Marllmrough has four church edifices — two Congregational, one Baptist, and one Uni- versalist ; eiglit school districts, and two post-oiiices — Marlborough and Marlborough Depot : also, the following mechanical establishments : two for making wooden ware, three pail factories, a toy factory, a chair factory, seven saw-mills, two grist-milks, and one machine-shop. The Cheshire Railroad traverses Marlborough. Population, 878 ; valua- tion, 8363,811. Marlow, one of the northwest corner towns of Cheshire county, forty- tive miles frour Concord, contains 15,937 acres, and was chartered October 7, 1761, to William Noycs and sixty-nine others, the majority of whom belonged to Lyme, Conn. Joseph Tobbs, Samuel and John Gustin, N. Royce, N. Miller, Nathan Huntley, Solomon Mack, Solomon (ice, and Eber Lewis were among the earliest inhabitants. In March, 1766, the first town-meeting was convened. The first settlers were Baptists, and soon organized a church, over which a minister was set- tled in January, 1778. A Congregational meeting-house was afterwards built, and a church of six members organized in 1823, which is now ex- tinct. The surface is undulating, and the soil, which is rocky to some extent, excellent for grass ; but will produce grain and vegetables. Marlow is watered by Ashuelot river, which courses through nearly the entire length, and is bordered by considerable tracts of productive interval. The town has one village, known by the name of Marlow: two clmreh edifices — Christian and Methodist ; ei<,dit school districts ; the Marlo'x- Academy, under the supervision of the Methodist denomination ; and 574 HISTORY AXD DESCRII'TIUX OF NEW EXGLAXD. one post-ofTifo : also, two t-xtfiisivo tanneries, seven saw-mills, one large earriage shop, a grist-mill, and one tin shop. Population, 708 ; valua- tion, $251,855. Mason, Hillsborough eounty, in the extreme southern part of the state, forty-three rniles from Concord, was chartered August 26, 1768, and was originally known by the name of No. 1. Settlements were begun in 1751, and the next year Enoch Lawrence, from Peppcrell, Mass., permanently located here. Nathan Hall and Jonathan Foster were early inhabitants, and lived to a very ripe age. The Congrega- tional church, in 1772, was the first one formed, and comprised twelve males and nine females. A meeting-house was erected three or four years from the date of the charter ; and, though the inhabitants were scantily supplied with human comforts, they early manifested a desire to contribute of their limited means for the permanent establish- ment of religion among them. The settlement, instead of being formed in a compact manner, was scattered, which precluded for some time the organization of schools for the children. The will, how- ever, soon overcame these obstacles, and the institutions of learning and religion were soon working their beneficent influences. Rev. Ebenezer Hill was pastor and associate pastor of the Congregational church from November 3, 1790, up to the time of his decease, a period of sixty-four years, seven months, and seventeen days. Mason contains 18,860 acres, the surface of which is uneven, being composed of large swells, with narrow valleys intervening. The meadows were formerly beaver ponds. The soil in some pai-fs is strong and deep, and in other parts shallow; that on the highlands was severely injured by fires prior to settlement. Taking it as a whole. Mason possesses many agricultural advantages. The majority of the streams, of which Souhcgan is the principal, are rapid. Mason Village and Mason Centre are the names of the largest business points. The former lies on the Souhegan river, which supplies excellent water power, there being a fall of eighty feet in a distance of eighty rods. As vet this power is but partially improved. The Columbian Manufacturing Company has a cajjital stock of §200,000; has 175 looms and 6,200 spindles, and manufactures 1,250,000 yards of cotton cloth annually. Besides this rompanv, there are two grist-mills ajid five saw-mills, as well as a large shoe manufactory, and one of japanned tin wai-e. The Congregationalists have two meeting-houses, the Baptists one, and the Christians one; there are nine school districts, and two post-oificcs — INIisoii Centre ami Mason A'illage. The Peterborough and Shirley Railroad has its terminus at the principal village. Mason, from her NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWX OF MEREDITH. 575 many advantages, lias tlic prospect before lier of becoming a ftrst-rate manufactm-ing town. Population, 1,62G; valuation, 8-534,578. Meredith, Belknap county, aliout thirty-tiiree miles from Concord, is bounded by New Hampton and Centre Harbor upon tiie norlli and west, and Lake Winnepesauki'e upon the east. Prior to the incorpo- ration of Laconia out of its peninsular part, in 1855, it contained about 36,000 acres, in which the waters of (!reat bay were included. On the 3ist of December, 1748, the purchasers of Mason's Patent conveyed by vote the tract of land afterwards incorporated as Meredith to eighty proprietors, which contained the usual reservations of shares, and conditions to secure its settlement and improvement. Among the reservations was an allotment of six acres for a meeting-house, school-lR)use, training-field, a burying-ground, and for other public purposes. The first settlement was jjrobably made at the Weirs, — a village at the outlet of the lake, — by .Jacoi) Eaton and Colonel Ebenezer Smith, in 176(3. Others soon followed. The first native of the town was a daughter of Eaton, bora March 11, 1767. Daniel, son of Colonel Smith, was born .Inly 4 the same yi>ar. The town was incorporated, at first, under the name of New Salem, December 21, 1768; and the first town-meeting was held March 20, 1769, at which William Mead was chosen moderator, Colonel Smith town clerk, and the latter and Reuben Morgan selectmen. The officers were for many years chosen by hand vote. At the annual meeting in 1773, the town voted to raise six Spanish milled dollars to hire schooling for the year, but without erecting a school-house. The teacher for many years taught at private houses in different parts of the town. In 1778, Meredith was divided into three school districts, cor- responding with the three divisions of the town, and $80 were raised for the support of schools, which thenceforth were ojjened for the re- ception of all desiring their benefits. From the lateness of the settlement, little could be expected of the few inhabitants here in support of the Revolution ; but they were patriotic, and universally espoused the cause of their country. They funnshed and supported men, giving them the ordinary wages and a liberal bounty. May 5, 1775, they voted "to raise ten men to hold themselves in readiness to march to the aid of their distressed country- men ; and that the selectmen purchase a barrel of powder, and bullets and flints answering thereto." The next year a committee of safety was appointed, and £45 sterling were voted for the support of the war. In April, 1777, the town again voted (fifty voters being present), to raise their quota of men, and give them each a bounty of XIO -576 HISTORY AND DEsrrarTioN of new exglaxd. stcrliiii^. In 1778, money was voted to pay continental soklicrs who slionltl enlist dvn-ing the war. Thus they sought every occasion to show their willingness to sacriliee lite and property in maintenance of the liberties of tlie people. Tiie first pioneers neglected, at the outset, to bring with them a ininisTer oi' the gospel, the unhappy eftects of which are felt to the jiresent da v. Yet, in the year 1775, a vote was passed to raise £6 lawful money, to be applied to hire preac^hing some part of the year. Repeated attempts were made to build a meeting-house, but they failed until 17S()-S7, when one was built at Laconia Parade. Its loca- tion was on the road between Meredith Bridge and Meredith Village, four miles from the latter and five from the former. A church of nine members was organized August 30, 1792, over which Rev. Simon F. \Yilliams was installed pastor, November 28, of that year, and dis- missed Auijust 28, 1798. for •' unministerial and unchristian conduct." Tiie church soon liccame extinct, and but little now remains to mark the spot but an old, dilapidated meeting-house. Other societies have, however, sprung up in other parts of the town. Meredith is favorably located for business advantages, being upon a large navigable body of water, and traversed by the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad, which has tAvo stations here. The waters of Great bay and the lake are abundantly supplied with excelleiu fish of various kinds. The scenery is iinsuri)assed for beauty and variety. The eye never tires, nor docs the spirit flag, in contemplating it. The surface of the town is uneven, but not mountainous. The roads are well mad(^ and kept in good order. The soil is as good as a granite region can aflbrd, and well adapted to grass. The tilled crops are chiefly corn, wheat, rye, and i)otatoes. Mucii fruit is grown, partic- ularly apples. The inhabitants are farmers, mechanics, and merchants of an industrious and enterprising character, many of them being wealtiiy. There are two villages — Meredith Village and Meredith Centre, witii a ])ost-ofllce at each, of the same name. At Meredith Village are seven stores, a saw-mill, srist-mill, shingle mill, blacksmith shop, harness- maker's shop. Tannery, and public-house. The railroad passes on the south side of the village, and the steamer Dover connects it with several places on the lake, and with the Cochecho Railroad at Alton ; by which means it is made cjuite a resort for summer visitors at the lakes. :Measley pond, near this village, is a sheet of water four miles long, and from one to two miles wide. Its outlet furnishes a valuable water power at the village, where there are probably six hundred inhabitants. At Meredith Centre, situated at the north end of Great NEW ILiMPSmRE TOWS OF JIEKRIMACK. 577 bay and containing some two hnndred inhaliitants, there are two stores, a saw-mill, grist-mill, and blacksmith shop. The town has seven chm-ch edifices — two Congregational, one Baptist, and four Free-will Baptist; and eighteen school districts. In 1790, the population was 881; in 1800, 1,609; in 1810, 1,941; in 1820, 2,416; in 1830, 2,683; in 1840, 3,344; and in 1850, 3,521 ; being, at the last date, the eigiith town in the state. The incorporation of Laconia has probably left to it upwards of 2,000 inhabitants. Valuation, $577,565. Merrijiack, Hillsborough county, twenty-seven miles from Concord, is situated on the west bank of the Merrimack river, and joins Nashua on the north. All that part of this town, lying south of the Souhegan river, was included in the grant to Dunstable, from which it was set off, with Litchfield, in July, 1734. It continued to form ]iart of Litchfield until June 5, 1749, when it was incorporated separately. It was, like the town from which it was set off, called, by the tribe of Indians who inhabited the territory, Naticook. In July, 1729, Captain Joseph Blan- chard and others received a grant of all that part of the town lying on the north side of the Souhegan ; and, in the year 1733, all the grants lying north of Pennichuck brook, and including a part of Amherst, were at first called Souhegan East, then Rumford, and latterly Merrimack. On the 2d of April, 1746, it received a charter from the legislature of the state of which it comprises a part. About the year 1722, the first white settlers made this their abode ; and among the names are Usher, Has- sell, and Chamberlain. About 1670, John Cromwell built a trading- house about two miles above Pennichuck brook, at the falls which now bear his name, and commenced a very profitable traffic with the natives. Cromwell, sensible to his own interests, but with little regard to those of his Indian customers, used his foot as a pound weight in the purchase of furs ; and his honesty being suspected by the savages, they drove him away and burned his house, the cellar of which is still, or was recently, visible. The first churc-h was a Congregational, formed Sep- tember 5, 1771, Rev. Jacob Burnap, D. D., being ordained pastor, October 14, 1772, in which honorable position he remained till his death, Decem- ber 6, 1821, a period of forty-nine years and two months. Among the distinguished men who have been residents of Merri- mack may be mentioned Hon. Matthew Thornton,^ one of the signers of the Declaration, and the president of the convention which met at ' "^'hen tlie Kew Hampshire logislatuvo mc-t at Amherst in ITfiS, .Tiidcre Thornton was a fre(iMent attendant at the sittings. While there, he one time happened to meet a friend VOL. I. 49 078 HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTIOX OF XKW EXc;L\XD. Exeter and assnined The government of the colony in the name of the people. He was of ycotch-Iri^h descent, but emigrated to this country at an early age ; and was a colonel in the military, besides being an eminent physician. Mr. Thornton held several other impor- tant olRees. His death occurred while he was on a visit to Newburyport, Mass., June 24, 1803, at the age of eighty-eight. E. G. Lutwyche, an English gentleman of education and property, resided in Merrimack before 1776, and was colonel of the regiment in 1775. On the declara- tion of independence he left the country, and his estate was confiscated. Hon. James B. Thornton, a grandson of Hon. Matthew Thornton, who died at Callao, Peru (where he was charge d'affiiires for the Ignited States), January 25, 1S3S, represented Merrimack in the legislature, and was speaker of the house of representatives of this state ; he was also second comptroller of the United States treasury. The smface of Merrimack is generally of a level character, and the soil in many parts is very fertile, especially the intervals along the river. At the mouth of Souhegan is a valuable water privilege, on which two factories have been erected, both which have been destroyed by fire. There are other water jnivileges upon this river. Leghorn bonnets ■were first manufactured in this region by the Misses Burnap, of this town, to whom much credit is due for their skill and enterprise. There are two meeting-houses (Congregational), twelve school districts, and twelve schools ; the ]\Ierrimack Normal Institute ; four villages — of his from a neighboring town, who, though possessed of moderate abilities, frequently endeavored to overrate them. In the course of conversation, Mr. D asked tlie judge, if he was not of opinion that the legislature had improved since he (Mr. Thornton) occupied a seat in that body, and if it did not then possess more men of natural and acquired abilities, and more cIo(iuent speakers, than it did when he (Mr. Thornton) was a member. " For then," said he, " you know there were but five or six who could make speeches ; but now, all our fanners can make speeches." To this question, Judge Tliorn- ton, with his accustomed good-humor, replied : " To answer that question, 1 will tell you a stoiy I remember to have heard related of an old gentleman, a farmer, who lived but a short distance from my father's residence in Ireland. This gentleman was very exem- plaiy in his observance of religious duties, and made it a constant practice to read a jior- tion of Scripture every morning and evening, before addressing the throne of grace. It happened, one morning, that he was reading the chapter which gives an account of Sam- son's catching three hundred foxes, when the old lady, his wife, interrupted him by say- ing, ' John ! I 'm sure that canna be true ; for our Isaac was as good a fox-hunter as there ever was in the country, and he never caught but about twanty.' — ' Ilooh ! Janet,' re- plied the old gentleman, ' ye manna' always tak' the Scripture just as it reads. Perhaps in the three hundred, there might ha' been aughteen, or may be twanty, that ware raal foxes, the rest were all skunks and woodchucks. ' " — Ilistorij of Londonderr'j, by Rev. E. L. Parker. NEW HAMPSHIRE MERRIMACK COUNTY. 579 Reed's Feny, Thornton's Ferry, Souliegan, and South Rlorrimaclv ; and tliree post-olHc-es — Reed's Ferry, Thornton's Ferry, and South Merri- mack : also, five saw-mills, three grist-mills, and one ear[)et factory. The Nashua and Lowell Railroad passes through the village of South Mer- rimack. Population, 1,250 ; valuation, ^530,826. Merrimack County, having a central situation in the southerly part of New Hampshire, contains about nine hundred square miles. It was established by act passed July 1, lS2o, whieii took ten towns from Rock- ingham and thirteen from Hillsborough county to create this new division. 'J'he boundaries, as established by the act of January o, 1829, dividing the state into counties, are as follows : " Beginning at the northeast corner of Franklin ; thence southerly and easterly by the county of Strafford to the cotmty of Rockingham ; thence southwesterly by the county of Rockingham to the county of Hillsborough; thence westerly and southerly by the comity of Hillsborough to the northwest corner of the town of Hillsborough ; thence northerly by the westerly lines of Bradford, Fishersfield (Newbury), New London, and Wiliuot to the county of Grafton; thence southerly and easterly by the county t)f Grafton to the bounds first mentioned." By these bounds, it will be seen that the county is very irregularly shaped ; hut not more so than most of the counties in New Hampshire. It has now twenty-four towns. Concord, the capital of the state, being the shire town. Merrimack county has an uneven surface, and in the northerly part it is rough and mountainous ; but the soil is equal, if not superior, to that of the other counties as regards fertility, and is generally well culti- vated. In 1850, Merrimack raised 231,610 bushels of corn ; a larger quantity than was raised in any other county during the same period. Kearsarge mountain and the Ragged mountains are the most noted ele- vations, the former rising 2,400, and the latter two thousand, feet from the general level of the country. Merrimack river intersects the county ; besides which there are the Contoocook, Suncook, and other smaller streams, most of which furnish a good water power. There is also a large number of lakes or ponds, the most considerable of which is Lake Sunapee. The Northern, the Boston, Concord, and Montreal, the Portsmouth and Concord, the Concord and Claremont, the Contoocook Valley, and the New Hampshire Central Railroads, traverse the county, most of which connect at Concord. The county belongs to the second judicial district. A law term of the supreme judicial court is held at Concord on the first Tuesday of December annually. The trial terms of this court commence at Con- cord on the first Tuesday of February and the third Tuesday of 580 JIISTORY AND DE.SCKIPTIOX OF MEW EX«LAXD. August; an<] the terms of ilic court of coininoii pleas on tlie third Tues- day of March and the third Tuesday of Uctoljer each )ear. Popula- tion, 40,oo7 ; valuation, «i"».'>lS,-J9'J. MiDDLETOX, in the northern part of Strafford rounty, forty miles from Concord, contains 9,840 acres. It was incorporated March 4, 1778, the first settlers coming from Lee and Rochester, in the same county. The surface is level with one exception, a ))art of Moose mountain separating it from Brookfield. Bald mountain and Parker mountain adjoin it on its northern margin. The soil is unfit for cultivation, being rocky and sterile. A reservoir is supplied by a branch of Cochecho river. Cider is made in considerable quantities, and maple sugar to some extent. Middleton has one village — Middleton Corner ; four school districts, one post-olllcc, and one Free-will Baptist church edifice: also, one maimfactory, with a capital of §2,o00. Population, 476 ; valuation, 8140,238. INIiLAX, in the eastern part of Coos county, 1-30 miles froiu the capital of the state, has an area of 31,154 acres, and was chartered to Sir William Mayne and others, December 31, 1771, under the name of Paulsburgh, by which it was known until December 16, 1824, when it was incorijorated under its present name. Though there are some considerable mountains, the town is comparatively level. The Andros- coggin river passes through the town, and furnishes abundance of water. Its tributaries are the Chickwalneppee, Leavitt, and Stearns rivers. There are several ponds, of which the principal is known as Cedar. Tiiere is one village, called East Milan ; one church edifice (Methodist), eight school districts, and two post-offices — Milan and "West Milan. The Grand Trunk Railway, which passes through the town, has stations at Milan and West Milan. There are four saw-mills and one shingle, lath, and clapboard mill. Pojjulation, 493 ; valuation, 1161,732. MiLFORD, towards the southeastern part of Hillsborough county, thirty-one miles from Concord, is situated on both sides of Sou began river. Milford originally belonged to Amherst, and was called the Southwest Parish. It was separately incorporated January 11, 1794, and includes what was originally known as the Mile Slip and Dux- bury school farm. Several families from Hollis were also annexed to Milford. John Burns, William Peabody, Benjamin Hopkins, Caleb Jones, Nathan Hutchinson, and Andrew Bradford were among those who early settled here. Captain Josiah Crosby, a Revolutionary NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF MILLSFIELD. 581 officer, who died October 15, 1793, and William Walbce, who died ill 1791, were among the first inhabitants. The Congregational church, the first one in town, was organized in 178S, and then had nineteen members. Humphrey Moore was ordained pastor, October lo, 1802, and continued to officiate as such till the beginning of the year 1836, about one third of a century, when he was dismissed for some trivial cause. At the close of his pastorate, the church consisted of 225 members. Part of Amherst was annexed to Milford, December 20, 1842. Milford has an uneven surface and a productive soil, with some rich and fertile interval along the baiiUs of the Souhegan river, which, besides furnishing the needful supply of water, has excellent mill privileges. Fruit-raising is a large item in the productive industry of the place, and it is said that in one season sixty-two bushels of apples were taken from one tree. Large quantities of hops are also raised, the intervals on the Souhegan being principally devoted to their culture. There are two meeting-houses — Congregational and Baptist ; eight school districts ; a high school ; and one post-office. Manufac- turing is prosecuted to a moderate extent. The Souhegan Maimfac- turiiig Company has a capital of $150,000, runs five thousand spindles and 120 looms, and manufactures 1,100,000 yards of denims anmuilly ; the Milford Manufacturing Company had a capital of $30,000, nine hundred spindles and thirty looms, and made about 250,000 yards of ticking ; but their mills have recently been purchased by the Souhegan Company. There are nine saw-mills, one grist-mill, five shingle and clapboard mills, two manufactories of tin ware, three boot and shoe manufactories, two carriage factories, one iron foundery, two tanneries, one agricultural implement manufactory, one furniture fac- tory, one printing office, and a bank (capital -iiilOOjOOO). The Nashua and Wilton Railroad passes through Milford. Population, 2,159 ; valu- ation, 1 1,013,334. MiLLSFiELD, in the eastern part of Cow company, which \\-as incorporated in 1830 under the name of the Jackson Company. NEW HAMPSHIRE CITY OF NASHUA. 591 Tlie old macliinovy was taken out, and the establishment converted into a cotton nianufact(n-y. The capital of this company is $600,000 ; and they have two mills, containing 21,000 spindles and 700 looms, wiiich aniuially produce 8,000,000 yards of cloth. They irsc 3,500,000 pounds of cotton, and employ 425 females and 150 males. In connection with these mills is a savings bank, in which $18,000 have been deposited by the operatives. The Nashua Lock Company does also an extensive business in the manufacture of mortise locks and latches, rosewood and composition knobs for doors. The principal machine-shop, a view of which is given on page 588, is that of Gage, Warner, and Whitney, located on Mol- lis street near Main street, in which is manufactured every description of machinist's tools, from small engine lathes of four hundred pounds weight to those of sixty thousand pounds ; all sizes of planing machines, and every kind of stationary and portable steam-engines, boilers, and shafting. About seventy-five hands are employed, and the monthly pay roll is about 62,000. The works of the Nashua Iron Company, a view of which is found upon page 587, are located upon the same side of the street as the above-described machine-shop, and near to it. This establishment manufactures every variety of forged iron used in machine-shops and u])on railroads ; also, hammered shapes and shafting of all kinds ; em- ploys about forty men, and has a monthly pay roll of iii'2,500. The Underhill Edge-Tool Company manufacture all kinds of edge- tools, and is one of the largest establishments of the kind in New Eng- land. Hartshorn and Ames's Stove Foundery, which has acquired a celebrity all over the country, is located here. In this city are also the Nashua Foundery Company, which makes castings for machine-shops : a Ijrass foundery ; a small cotton manufactory, carried on by Thos. W. Gillis ; the Nashua Gas-light Company, with a capital of 675,000 ; the Pennichuck Water Works, a bedstead factory, a card and fancy pa- per manufactory ; two door, sash, and blind factories ; two shops for making tin and sheet iron ware ; one steam saw and planing mill, and one propelled by water power, as well as various other mechanical establishments of less magnitude. Nashua has ten church edifices — three Congi-egational, one Baptist, two Methodist, one Universalist, one Unitarian, one Free-will Baptist, and one Roman Catholic; one academy, one high school, eleven school districts; three banks — the Nashua, the Indian Head, and the Penni- chuck, with a combined capital of 6375,000 ; four newspapers — the Tele- graph, the Oasis, the Gazette, and the Granite State Register; one fire 592 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW EXGLAXD. insurance comjiany, niid one post-ofiice. The growth of Nashua has been of a substantial cliaracter. In thirty-six years the little village of fifty souls has increased over one hundred and fifty fold. By the won- drous alchemy of skill and enterprise, out of the waters of the Nashua and the sands of this pine plain, from some half dozen dwellings have been raised up these thronged and beautiful villages. The extensive and elegant view of the city presented, was taken from the tower of Mount Pleasant school-house, and will at once be recognized as a faith- ful transcript from nature. The position of Nashua, and its connection with the most populous marts of trade by railroad and steamboats, are facilities wiiich cannot be too highly appreciated. Population, in 1850, (including Nashville), 8,942, which has probably increased to more than 10,000 ; valuation, !?-4,483,567. Nelson, Cheshire county, on the height of land between Connecticut and Merrimack rivers, adjoins Dubhn on the sovith, and is forty miles from Concord. It went originally by the name of Monadnock Number 6, and was granted by the Masonian proprietors. It was incorporated February 22, 1774, by the name of Packersfield, from Thomas Packer, a large proprietor, which name was altered in Jvme, 1814, to the one it now bears. Breed Batchelder and Dr. Nathaniel Batchelder were the first settlers, the former having arrived here in 1767, and the latter in 1768. The earliest church formed was the Congregationalist, in Jan- uary, 1781, over which Rev. Jacob Foster, one of the members, was ordained pastor, being dismissed November 23, 1791. He died here December 3, 1798, aged sixty-six. In the spring of 1793, Rev. Gad Newell took charge of the church, and was ordained pastor, June 11, 1794, being dismissed September 3, 1841. Mr. Newell, during a minis- try of forty-two years, did much for the benefit of the church, and was greatly beloved and esteemed. The surface is uneven, but the land is good for grazing. The streams are small. A branch of Ashuelot river rises in the south parf ; and from Long pond, lying partly in this town and partly in Hancock, issues a branch of Contoocook river. Four ponds furnish the principal mill streams. Plumbago has been dug here in considerable quantities. There are three villages, know^n as Nelson, Harrisville, and Munson- ville ; three church edifices — two Congregational and one Baptist ; eight school districts and eight schools ; and three post-offices, one at each of the villages : also, one cotton, one woollen, and one chair fac- tory ; three shoe manufactories ; one tannery ; and one blacksmitli's shop. Population, 750 ; valuation, 6259,472. -list. '^ ■ife NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF NEW BOSTON, ETC. 593 New Boston, towards tlie nortlicast of Hillsborougli fouiity, is twenty- two miles from Concord, and was granted January 14, 1736, l)v tlie state of Massachusetts to inhabitants of Boston, from which circum- stance it received its name. It was incorporated by New Hampj^liire, February IS, 1763, and the first settlement was begun about the year 1733. Among the earliest inhabitants were Messrs. Cochran, Wilson, Caldwell, McNeil, Person, and Smith; and in twenty-two years from the time of its settlement it contained fifty-six persons, a saw and grain mill, and thirty-one dwelling-houses, — sufficient evidence that the early inhabitants were men of energy and perseverance. The Presbyterian church, organized in 1768, was the first religious society. Over this ciuu'ch Rev. Solomon Moore, a native of Ireland, educated at Glasgow, Scotland, was settled September 6, 1768. Mr. Moore was suspected of toryism during the Revolutionary period, was arrested, taken to Exeter, and, it is presumed, endured a short imprisonment. He afterwards gave in his allegiance to the state, and ministered to the people here till his death. May 3, 1803. Rev. Ephraim P. Bradford was ordained pastor, February 36, 1806, and contiimed such till his decease, December 15, 1845. He was a good scholar and a zealous pastor, and at one time his name was proposed to fill the vacancy of president of Dartmouth Col- lege. He was held in high esteem by his flock and by the members of his profession, and his funeral obsequies were attended by a large con- course of sorrowing friends. The surface of New Boston is of an undulating character ; the ujilands are fertile, and valuable for agricultural purposes ; and the meadows are good for grazing. There are many beautiful farms. In the south part there is a considerable elevation, called Jo English's hill, one side of \vhich is nearly perpendicular, its height being about 572 feet. New Boston is watered by Piscataquog river and several other streams. Beard's and Jo English's, the latter lying partly in Amherst, are the two principal ponds. The town has one village ; two churches — Presbyte- rian and Baptist ; seventeen school districts ; and one post-office : also, several saw and grist-mills, and other mechanical establishments. Popu- lation, 1,477 ; valuation, ,§597,009. Neweury, in the western part of Merrimack county, has Sunapee lake on the north, and is thirty-five miles from Concord. Eflbrts for its settlement were first made, in 1762, by Zcphaniah Clark. It was first called Dantzic, and at the time of its incorporation, which was in November, 1778, Fisherfield, in honor of John Fisher, who aftenvards went to England. This name was altered in 1836 to the one it now bears. The Free-will Baptists are Ihe principal religious denomination. 50* 594 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. The surface is somewhat luouiitauious, and tlie soil very iiuiifferent, being hard and roeky. In tlie western part, the hills rise to a considera- ble height, and the land is broken, but adajited to grazing. Water is very abundant, but there is no stream of any magnitude. 1'odd pond, five hundred rods in length and sixty in width, atibrds a small branch to Warner river; and from Chalk pond, in the north part, issues a small stream, communicating with Sunapee lake, a considerable portion of which lies here. There are two villages, called Newbury and South Newbury, two Union churches, thirteen schools, and two post-offices, one at each of the villages. Population, 738 ; valuation, 6248,678. New Castle, Rockingham county, is an island at the mouth of the Piscataqua river, at the entrance to Portsmouth harbor, from which city it is about three miles distant, having an area of about 458 acres. In connection with Rye, and portions of Greenland and Newington, it originally formed Portsmouth, and began to be settled soon after the mainland. It W'as formerly known as Great Island; and, in ancient times, when Strawberry Bank was the mere skeleton of the present prosperous city of Portsmouth, most of the business of the immediate vicinity was transacted on it. A church was early organized in this settlement, and Rev. Samuel Moodey,i son of Rev. Joshua Moodey, preached here previous to the commencement of the eighteenth cen- tury. In 1693, in compliance with a petition from the inhabitants. New Castle was separately incorporated.^ In 1706, a new meeting- house was erected in the style of the period, but finished with more than ordinary elegance. It had a fine-toned bell, imported from Eng- land, was decorated with a beautiful altar-piece, and furnished with a communion-service of silver. A large silver cup was presented by Mrs. Jane Turrell, sister of Sir William Pepperrell, and a large folio bible, with illuminated letters, printed at the University of Oxford, was bequeathed by Madam Mary Prescott From 1778 to 1784, the period of the American Revolution, the people suffered under great anxiety and ]3ecuniaiy embarrassment, and tlie threat of a British man-of-war, ' It is related of this clergyman, that, while addressing some of his hearers, most of whom were sailors, on the occasion of a shipwreck, he inquired : " Supjiosing, my brethren, any of you should be taken short in the bay, in a nortlicast stnmi — your liearts trembling with fear, and nothing but death beibre you — whither would your thoughts turn — what would you do?" He paused, and an untutored sailor, whose attention was arrested by the description of a storm at sea, supposing he waited for an answer, rcplieortion having been carried away a few years since, it has been abandoned. There are two churches -(Methodist and Congregational), one school district and one school, and a jiost-office. Population, 472; valuation, §>191,21.5. New Ipswich, the southwest corner town of Hillsborough county, fifty miles from Concord, has an area of about five and a qitarter miles from north to south, and six and a quarter from east to west. It was granted by the legislature of Massachusetts, January 15, 17;! i], to John Wainwright and other residents of Ipswich, Mass., who soon com- menced preparations for a settlement by building roads, bridges, and a saw-mill. This was probably in 1737. In 1738, Abijah Foster, the first permanent settler, brought his family here from old Ipswich, and was soon after joined by Jonas Woolson, Ebenezer and Joseph Bullard, and a few others. A small meeting-house was built, but not occupied. In 1740, the line between New Hampshire and Massachusetts was run, and nearly all of this township was found to be in New Hampshire. The doubt thus thrown over the title to the lands, with the French and Indian war, prevented any increase of the settlement till 1749, when, a new grant having been obtained from the Masonian proprietors to Reuben Kidder and others, including the settlers under the Massachu- setts grant (the land being now divided mostly among actual settlers, on certain conditions), a rapid increase soon took place. A large part of the settlers were from Chelmsford, and Concord, Mass. — It was 600 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. voted, in 1752, to have constant preaching ; and a meeting-house was erected in 1754. In 1760, a Congregational church was formed, and Rev. Stephen Farrar ordained pastor, at which post he continued till his death, June 23, 1809. The town was incorporated September 9, 1762. Among the distinguished natives of this town are found the names of Jesse Appleton, D. D., president of Bowdoin College ; Hon. Nathan Appleton, and the late Samuel Appleton, of Boston ; the late Timothy Farrar, for forty years judge of the New Hampshire courts, who lived to the age of 101 years, and for some time was the oldest living gradu- ate of Harvard College ; besides several others, who have acquired liigh reputation in mercantile life. Hon. Ebenezer Chainpney, judge of probate, and his son Benjamin, an eminent lawyer, were resident here. The late Jonas Chlckering, of Boston, the pioneer of the piano- forte manufacture in this country, spent his boyhood here. The first cotton factory in New Hampshire was put m operation December 15, 1804, by Charles Robbins, Charles Ban-ett, and Benjamin Champney. It contained five hundred spindles. The product of the first day was four and a half pounds of yarn, which sold for $3.42. The second factoiy, which was also the second in the State, was started here in 1808, by Samuel Batchelder, Seth Nason, and Jesse Holton. The Souhegan is the river of the town, on which are the Columbian Mills, the Mountain Mill, and Brown's Mills. There arc six villages — Centre, High Bridge, Bank, Smith's, Gibson's, and Wilder's, — the principal one of which, the Centre, has increased very considerably, within the last thirteen years, in population, business, and buildings. At this village is situated the New Ipswich Appleton Acad- emy, for wliicii there has been erected a new building at a cost of §12,000, being assisted by a donation from Hon. Samuel Appleton. There are also thirteen schools, four meeting-houses — two Congrega- tional, one Baptist, and one Methodist ; a town-house, a bank, with a capital of -^100,000, and one post-othce : also, one batting factory, three chair factories, one bedstead factory, one cigar-box factory, four saw- mills, and one grist-mill. Population, 1,877 ; valuation, $743,095. New London, Merrimack county, lies on the east of Sunapee lake, which separates it from Sunapee, and is thirty-three miles from Concord. The first persons who arrived were Nathaniel Merrill and James Lamb, who were followed by Eliphalet Lyon and Ebenezer Hunting. New London was incorporated June 25, 1779. Its first name was Dantzic. Dr. Belknap says it was Heidelburg. A part of Wendell (now Sunapee) was annexed to tliis town, June 19, 1817. The Baptists were the first to establish a ehurcli, wliicli was formed October 23, 1788, Rev. Job Sea- NEW IIAMPSIIIKE TOWN OF NEWMARKET. 601 in;ms having lieeii urilaini'd pastcir, January 21, 1789. Mr. Scamaiis wa.s still pastor of the elunxh in 1S.")(), which consisted of 226 members, — the largest Baptist church, with one exception (Newport), in New Hampshire. Ex-governor Anthony t'olby is a resident of this town. The surface is undulating, and in some places broken. There are sev- eral large swells. The soil is dee]), and on the average good, though some of it is rocky. Lake Sunajiee, which is the main source of Sugar river, furnishes abundance of water. There are four large ponds — Little Sunapee, one and a half miles in length and three quarters of a mile in width; Harvev's and .Messer's, each alxnit a mile in length and three qitarters in width, which arc separated by a bog, many parts of which rise and fall with the water; and Pleasant pond, which is nearly two miles long and one wide. Tlie town has three villages, the names of which are Four Corners, Si-ythe Factory, and IIemphill'.s Mills; two church edifices — Bajitist and Union ; seven school districts, one acad- emy, established by the Baptist denomination ; and one post-office : also, one large scythe factory and five stores, l-'opulation, 94-5 ; valua- tion, $370,846. Newmarket, Rockingham county, lies on the west of Squamscot river and Great Bay, and was originally a part of Exeter, from which it was detached and incorporated December 15, 1727. Mrs. Fanny Shute, who died in this town in September, 1819, was regarded ^vith great respect, as mirch for her excellent qualities of mind and heart, as for the adventures she met with in her youth. When thirteen months old, she was captured by a party of Indians, carried to Canada, and given to the French. She was educated in a nunnery; and, after remaining in captivity thirteen years, was redeemed and restored to her friends. South Newmarket was formerly a part of Newmarket, from which it was set off in 1849. The Orthordox Congregational church was organ- ized March 27, 1828, over which Rev. David Sanford was ordained May 22, 1828, he having preached the previous year, and been mainly instrumental in forming the church. Through his efforts a house of worship was erected ; thus involving him, by his disinterested en- deavors, in great pecuniary liabilities. He was dismissed June 22,1830. Prior to the formation of this church, the Methodists had been the pre- dominant denomination. Winthrop Hilton, a descendant of the Ed- ward Hilton who came from London to New Ham|)shire in 1623 and settled at Dover, was a native of this town. He was an active and useful officer of the militia. His death was occasioned by the fall of a tree in Northwood, January 11, 177"). A tract of land was annexed to this town from South Newmarket, December 17, 1852. VOL. I. 5L 602 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. The surface of Newmarket is somewhat uneven, and, in the south- west portion, generally hilly. Lamprey river touches the northwest and northeast corners of the town, emptying into Great bay, whilst the Squamscott, upon the southeast, divides Newmarket from Stratham, and the Piscassick runs north into the Lamprey. The Boston and Maine Raih-oad runs through the eastern part, connecting with the Portsmouth and Concord Raihoad at the junction in South Newmarket. The town has one village — Newmarket or Lamprey River ; three church edifices — Coiigregationalist, JMethodist, and Free-will Baptist ; five school dis- tricts with nine schools, and one post-office : three cotton mills, owned by the Newmarket Manufacturing Company, manufacturing 4,500,000 yards of cloth annually ; two establishments for the manufacture of various kinds of machinery ; and the Newmarket Bank, with a capital of $60,000. Population, 1,937 ; valuation, $812,897. Newport is the shire town of Sullivan connry, and adjoin? Claremont on the west, being distant from Concord forty miles. It was granted by charter, October 6, 1761, and the first settlement was made by Jesse Wilcox, Ebenczer Merritt, Jesse Kelsey, and Samuel Hurd, in the fall of 1763. Those who first settled here came principally from North Killingwoith, Conn. It is stated with regard to Newport, — a circum- stance worthy of record — that, upon the first Sabbatli after the arrival of the early settlers, they convened for public worship ; and neither they nor their descendants have permitted a Sabbath since to pass without a similar observance. The first spot where they assembled was under a tree ; afterwards they worshipped in a private log-honse, where they continued their services for seven years. They had no preacher at this early day, being satisfied with listening, in the absence of a more enlightened expositor of the word, to one of their number, who read passages from Scripture and from published sermons. A meeting- house was directed to be built in Novenil)er, 1772. The Congrega- tional church is the oldest, having been organized in 1779, over whicli Rev. John Remeli was ordained pastor. This church was considerably in advance of other churches in its eflbrts to check the evils of intem- perance, and, in 1831, made total abstuience from the use of ardent spirits a condition of membership. The surface is composed of hills and valleys, and thi' soil is generally productive ; being divided into thrt'c classes, alluvial, dry and gravelly, and moist. The eminences deserving of notice are Bald, Coit, East, and Blueberry mountains. The town is watered by Sugar river, the three brandies of which unite near the principal village, from whence it passes througti Claremont into the Connecticut. This river furnishes NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF NEWTON. G03 excellent water power for mills and machinery. Nettleton's and Chapin's ponds, tiie former in the easterly and tlie latter iu the north- west part, are of small extent. Newport is a place of considerable note, as ninch from the fact of its being the shire of the connty as from its central situation, which renders it quite a business locality. The principal village, called Newport, is almost walled in by hills, above which may be seen eleva- tions and mountains towering in the distance. The scenery in summer is romantic and beautiful, while in winter it is wild and sublime. A broad street, about a mile in length, runs through the village, on which are erected some tasty residences, having commodious yards and well- tended gardens. The county buildings are located with a regard to convenience, and are built of substantial materials. The climate is good, and opportunities are afforded for hunting and fishing rarely met with ; which circumstances render tlie town a place of considerable resort for those in search of recreation. There is another village, called NorthviUe, which is a place of moderate business. Newport contains four churches — Baptist, Methodist, Universalist, and Congregational; seventeen school districts, having a- like number of schools ; the Sugar River bank ; two newspapers — the Sullivan Republican, and the Argus and Spectator; and one post-office: also, three woollen mills, two tanneries, and one scythe factory. Population, 2,020; valuation, $741,224. Newton, in the southeast part of Rockingham county, forty miles from Concord, was first settled in 1720, by Joseph Bartlett, soon after whose arrival came several others. This man, twelve years previous to his settling here, was taken prisoner by the Indians in Haverhill, and conveyed to Canada, where he remained four years. Newton was incorporated in 1749, when it was called Newtown, which was changed July 10, 1846. Rev. Jonathan Eames was settled over the Congrega- tional church in this town, January 17, 17-59, and was dismissed in 1791, after a ministry of thirty-two years. The Congregational church lias long been extinct. The oldest Baptist society in New Hampshire is in existence here, having been formed in 1755, when Rev. Walter Powers was settled as the first pastor. The centennial anniversary of the formation of this church was celebrated with some very interesting ceremonies. A farm of twcntv acres was annexed to Newton from East Kingston, July 2, 1845. Th(^ soil is good for the production of grain or grass. Part of a pond, known by the name of Country pond, lies here. The prosperity of the town has been much advanced by the Boston and Maine Railroad, which passes through its westerly part. 604 niPTOKY AND DESCRII'TIOX OF NEW ENGLAND. At the depot, a thriviiii^ little village has sprung up. The manufacture, of shoes is carried on 10 a considerable extent, — in fact, most of the people are engaged in this business. Besides the village already men- tioned, there are two others, known by the names of the Centre and Carter's. There are two churches — Baptist and Christian; six school districts, and one post-oliice. Population, d^') : valuation, $277,869. NuRTiiFiELii. in the northeast ]iart of ]M(M-rimack county, seventeen miles from Concord, contains 19.000 acres, and was settled, in 1760. by Benjamin Blanchard and others. It was incorporated in the year 1780. Nothing seems to have been done in the way of advancement for a number of vears. The first church organized was tiiat of the Meth- odist denomination, in 1806, when the people erected a iriceting-house, open to all denominations. The Congregational church was formed in 1S22, and, in 1841, was united with that at Sanbornton Bridge. Part of Franklin was annexed to tiiis town, July 3, 1830. Northfield has an uneven surface, with some hills, — the soil on which is the most pro- ductive in the town : the other portions are but moderately good. Bean hill, the largest eminence, separates Northfield from Canterbury. Chestnut pond, the waters of which have an outlet into the ^A*innepe- saukee, is situated in the east part; and Sondogardy pond in the south part, draining into the Merrimack. Near Webster's falls, in the northwest part, the Winnepesaukee falls into the Pemigewassct, both of which form the Merrimack. The people are mostly engaged in farming. Northfield has one village, called Northfield Factory ; and one meeting- house — Methodist. The Northfield Conference Seminary and Female College is a large and flourishing institution, under the control of the Methodist denomination. The building and grounds are situated on an eminence, a short distance from Winnepesaukee river and San- bornton Bridge. There is one woollen manufacturing company and one wrapping-paper mill : also, thirteen school districts. The Boston, Concord, and JMontreal Railroad has a station in Northfield. Popu- lation, 1,332 : valuation, 6482,098. NiiRTH Hampton, Rockingham county, in the extreme eastern ])art of the state, is a seajwrt town, and is forty-seven miles from Concord. It was formerly a parish of Hampton, called North Hill (which name it retains to some extent even at the present day), and was incorporated November 26,1742. Settlements were early commenced here, but by whom, or at what ])articular time, we have been unable to aseertam. A dread of the Indians made it necessary for the inhabitants to dwell in garrisons. The first meeting-house was erected about the year 1734, NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF NORTHUMBERLAND. GOr) and near it stood a garrison house, erected for protection against the Indians, wiio, on the loth of June, 1677, iiilled four persons named Edward C'olc-ord, Jr., Al)ruiiaui Perkins, Jr., Benjamin Milliard, and Caleb Tinvle. In this house, tradition says, Simon Dearijorn (I'ather of Captain John and Major-Cieneral Henry Dearborn) was born July 31, 170(3. The Congregational church, originally the fourth church of Hampton, was organized November 17, 1738. Rev. Nathaniel Gookin, son of the late Rev. Nathaniel Gookin of Hampton, v^^as the first minister, having been ordained October 31, 1739. Rev. Jonathan French, D. D., has served this church for a period of fifty-six years. He was ordained November IH, 1801, and continues in the office of senior pastor at the present time. The soil is generally of a productive character, and most of the people are engaged in agricultural pursuits. Many of them are trades- men as well as farmers ; and those who reside in the vicinity of the ocean employ a portion of their time in fishing. Between North hill and one a short distance from it, at the south, a number of springs unite and form a brook, which, taking a west and northwest direction, and receiving supplies from other sources, forms the Winnicut river. This river, after running through Stratham and Greenland, empties into Great bay, which, through branches of the Piscataqua, mingles with the ocean. A very useful mill stream originates from two small ones running nearly parallel from the north part of the town, and from numerous springs collected in a circle at the foot of Breakfast hiJl. Little river mingles with the ocean between Little Boar's head in North Hampton and Great Boar's head in Hampton, and near the celebrated Rye beach. The town contains two churches — Congrega- tionalist and Baptist ; three school districts, and one post-office : also, three saw-mills and one grist-mill. Population, 822 : valuation, $331,893. Northumberland, in the southwestern part of Coos county, adjoining Lancaster, is one hundred and thirty miles from Concord. It was in- corporated November 17, 1779 ; and the first settlers, who arrived in .June, 1767, were Thomas Burnside and Daniel Spaulding, with their families. During the Revolutionary war a small fort stood here, and was placed under the command of Captain Jeremiah Eames, a man of great industry and ready wit. The soil along the Connecticut, and, in fact, a good portion of that in town, is of a productive quality. Lying near the centre is Cape Horn, an abrupt mountain of one thousand feet. A neck of plain land separates its base from the Connecticut, and the Upper Ammonoosuc passes its base on the east, as it falls into the 51* 606 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. Connecticut. There is a handsome bridge between Northnmberlaiid and Guildhall, at the falls of the Connecticut, below the entrance to the Ammonoosuc. Wtock-raising is pursued to a liinilid extent, and farm- ing engages a great deal of attention. There arc two \illages — North- umberland and Grovetown, with a post-office at each ; and five school districts : also, two saw-mills, two blacksmith's shops, and three stores. The Grand Tmnk Railway passes through this town. Population, 429 ; valuation, $217,437. NoiiTiiwooD, situated in the north corner of Rockingham county, eighteen miles from Concord, originally composed a part of Nottingham, and received its name from straggling parties who visited this place, and who designated it " north woods," to distinguish it from other wooded localities. Northwood was settled in 1763, — John Davis, In- crease and James Batchelder, Moses Godfrey, Solomon Bickford, and Samuel and Moses Johnson, being among the first settlers. The place, it is presumed, from the number of antiquities found here, was frequently visited by roving bands of Indians ; but the only permanent settlement, of which there is knowledge, was near the north part of North River pond, near the line which now divides Nottingham from Northwood, and within the limits of the latter. Here liveil a trilie of Indians, at the head of which was a chief by the name of Swansen. There were quite a number of the inhabitants of Northwood engaged in the Revo- lutionary war, and many served in the last war against Canada. Colonel Samuel Johnson and Sergeant Bickford, son of Solomon, took an active part in the contest. The town was incorporated February (i, 1773. A Congregational meeting-house was erected in 1781, and the first church organized November 29, 1798, consisting of eight members, four males and four females. The first minister was Rev. Josiah Prentice, who was ordained May 29, 1799, and contimicd in the pastoral office until May 10, 1842, when, in consequence of oUl age, he requested, and obtained dismission. The house erected in 1781 was occupied as a town-hall from 1840 until 1847, when it was destroyed by fire. Another Congregational meeting-house was erected in 1840, at an expense of al)out $2,r)00. The surface is hillv, and there an- no plains of even moderate extent to relieve tiie eye from the continued monotony of the hills. Were it not for its sihcr lakes, Northwood would be viewed by travellers with feelings siiullar perhaps to what would be experienced by one in an uninhabited country, and at a great distance from home. There are many large swells of land, on which are the best farms ; but only one NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF NOTTINGHAM. (l07 can claim the name of mountain, which is called Saddlcbadc, and has an elevation of 1,032 feet. The soil of Nortlivvood holds our Imi few- inducements to its inhabitants, being generally very rocky, and hard to cultivate. There are ten ponds — Bow, Suncoolv, Jenness, 8wain, Long, Pleasant, Littleton, North River, Lucas, and Durgain's; four of which — Bow, Jenness, Pleasant, and North River — are but partly within Northwood. The north branch of Lamprey river has its rise near Saddlel)aek iiiouiiraiii. The town contains three meeting-houses — Congregational, Ba|)ti>t. and P^-ec-will Baptist; eight school districts: and two post-ollices — East Northwood and West Northwood. Popu- lation, 1,:30S; valuation, e4:i9,()80. NoTTiNGHAJi, in the northeastern corner of Rockingham county, twenty-five miles from Concord, containing 25,800 acres, was chartered May 10, 1722, antl, five years afterwards, was settled by Jost'ph Cilley and others. In 17o2, during the last Indian war, Nottingham was visited by a ])arty of Indians, and a Mr. Beard, Mrs. Folsom, and Mrs. Simpson (wife of Andrew Siinpson), who had left their station at the garrison to perform some business at their houses, were surprised and put to death. The religions denomination which first introduced their ministrations here was the Congregational, who established a society in 1742, Rev. Stephen Emery Ijeing the first minister. He was dismissed after seven years' service. In 1758, Rev. Benjamin Butler was settled, and remained till August 1, 1770, since which time the elmreli has i)een without a settled minister. Mr. Butler was afterwards a civil iriagis- trate in this town, and remained such till his death, Decemijer 26, 1804. (iinieral .Joseph Cilley, one of the pioneers of Nottingham, was a Revo- lutionary hero of some note and distinction, having ct)mmanded the first New Hampshire regiment. He was also a representative, senator, and counsellor. He died August, 1799, aged sixty-five. Hon. Thomas Bartlett, also a resident, was one of the committee of safety during the Revolutionary period, lieutenant-colonel under Stark at the capture of Burgoyne, and colonel of a regiment at West Point in 1780, when Ar- nold's treacherous conduct was discovered. He held several civil offices of distinction, and tlied June 30, 1807, aged fifty-nine. General Henry But- ler, an officer in the Revolution, major-general of militia, justice of peace, and senator of the legislature, died here July 20, 1813, aged sixty-two. Nottingham has a rough and broken surface, with a range of hills lying on the western boundary, known as the Upper, Middle, and Lower mountains ; the latter separated into two nearly equal divisions by a dyke of greenstone trap. This dyke assumes the form of columns, and, on a bare ledge, inclined about forty degi'ces, there arc a series of nat- ()08 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. unil steps, fifteen or sixteen in number, about nine inches in height, and known as " The Stairs." iSaddleback mountain, having an elevation of 1,032 feet, lies partly here. The soil is well suited to pasturage, and is cultivated to a considerable extent. There is an inexhaustible supply of white granular quartz ; also various other mineral substances, among which is bog iron ore. This, however, is not at present worked. The principal point is called " The Square," which has a pleasant situation on an eminence about 450 feet above the level of the sea. North river passes through the town, and Little river and several lesser streams originate here ; besides which there are a few ponds, all, however, of small size. The Newmarket Manufacturing Company have a reservoir in Nottingham, covering upwards of one thousand acres, and distant from the mills about twelve miles. There are two church edifices — Congregational and Baptist; two seminaries — the Union and the Pawtuckaway Institutes ; twelve school districts, and two post-oliices — Nottingham and Nottingham Turnpike: also, six saw-mills, two grist-mills, and six shingle and clapboard mills. Population, 1,2()8 ; valuation, §375,997. Oran(;e, in the southeastern division of Grafton county, forty miles from Concord, was formerly called Cardigan, having received that name at the time of its being granted, February 6, 1769. Isaac Fellows and others were the proprietors. It was first settled, in 1773-4, by Silas Harris, Benjamin Shaw, David Eames, Elislia Bayne, and Joseph Kenney. In 1820, nearly one third of its territory was set off to Alex- andria. A Congregational church was formed in May, 1828 ; but there has never been a settled minister. There is also a small society of Free-will Baptists. Orange is uneven in surface, though the soil in several parts is ]iro(luctive. The only eminence of note is Cardigan mountain, which lies in the east part. In this town are found many mineral substances, such as lead and iron ore. A species of \ra\nt called spruce yellow, chalk intermixed with magnesia, yellow ochre of a quality su])(>rior to that imported, and clay (the latter in considerable abundance), are also found here. The Northern Railroad passes through the southwestern corner. The trade of Orange consists of lumber, charcoal, and pottery, in all of which much business is done. There are seven school districts, and one Union meeting4iouse : also, four clap- board mills, four sliingle-mills, and one saw-mill. Population, 451 ; valuation, §110,554. Orford, in the western jvart of (irafton county, is opposite to Fairlee, Vt., and is sixty-twt) miles from Concord. It was granted to .Tonathan NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF ORPORD. 609 Movilton and others, September 25, 1761 ; and Daniel Cross and wife were the first inhabitants of the place, having arrived in June, 17()0, from Lebanon, Conn. John Mann and wife, both of Hebron, Conn., came in on the :24th of October, 1765, the former being twenty-one years of age, and the latter sixteen. They had but one horse, on which they both rode, with their supply of clothing, to Charlestown, N. 11., a distance of 150 miles. Here a bushel of oats was purchased, and some bread and cheese; and, thus equipped, they started on their jour- ney for Orford, Mann being on foot, and his wife and the luggage on horseback. The road was not of the best descri|)tion, being obstructed with fallen trees, whenever they came to whic-h, wife, oats, bread, and cheese were compelled to dismount. This was repeated till the old horse grew tired of the ceremony ; and, without w^aiting orders, attempted a clean leap, the sudden result of which was to scatter wife, oats, bread, and cheese in various directions, Dobbin himself being in the catalogue of objects spilled. They rallied, however, conquei-ed all diffi- culties, and completed their journey. Jonathan and Edward 8awyer, General Israel Morey, and a Mr. Caswell, came in the same autunni. John Mann, Jr., was born May 21, 1766, and was the first white child claiming nativity in Orford. A church was organized, on the Presby- terian platform, by Rev. Peter Powers, August 27, 1770. Mr. Obadiah Noble was ordained as pastor, November 5, 1771, receiving ,£60 settle- ment and £40 salary for the first year, the former to be paid in materials for building and labor, and the latter in wheat at 4s. per bushel, rye at 'Ss., corn at 2s., and oats at l,v. 'Sd. Twenty coi'ds of good firewood were also to be furnished him annually. Mr. Noble was dismissed in December, 1777, for want of means to support him. Rev. Julni Sawyer, a son of one of the early settlers, was the next minister, having been ordained pastor, October 3, 1787. Prior to his settlement, on the 6tli of June, 1786, the church became Congregational. Mr. Sawyer's salary was entirely paid in produce. He was dismissed December 17, 1795, having become obnoxious to some of the members from a too rigorous observance of discipline. Among other ministers who have followed was Rev. Sylvester Dana, who served the church with much success for a period of twenty years, having been settled May 20. 1801. The town lies on Connecticut river, and a bridge connects it with Fairlee. It has many advantages, both as regards situation and soil. There are a number of farms on the banks of the Connecticut, which are laid out with much taste, and are exceedingly fertile. Mounts Cuba and Sun- day, lying near the centre of the town, are two considerable elevations, on the west side of the former of which are beds of limestone, excellent for building ])urposes. Several minerals have been found, such as sul- filO HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW EN(iI.AND. phuret of copper, magnetic iron ore, und lead ore. Soap-rock, or cotton- stone, is found in great abundance. There are four or five ponds of considerable size, those particidarly worthy of note being Baker's Upper pond and Indian pond, the former of which empties into Baker's river in Wentworth,! and the latter into the Connecticut. Orford contains two villages, — Orford and Orfordvillo, — the former of which has a beautiful site, being situated on an extensive plain, hav- ing on the west magnificent tracts of interval. " The hills on both sides of the river, near the centre of the expansion, approach each other so as to form a kind of neck, and, with a similar apj)roximation at the two ends, give the whole the appearance of a double amphitheatre, or of the numerical figure 8. The greatest breadth of each division is about a mile and a half, and the length of each between two and three miles." The dwellings are substantially built, with a strict view as well to com- fort as to elegance. Orfordville is situated about two miles from Orford, and has a pleasant location and considerable business. The churches, of which there are three, are handsome structures : two of them belong to the Congi-egationalists, and the other to the Uni- versalists. A large three story brick edifice has been erected for the use of the academy. The educational interests of the youth are properly cared for, there being sixteen schools. Five stores supply the necessary wants of the people. A large tannery, a chair factory, ten saw-mills, a starch factory, a grist-mill, a sash, blind, and door factory, and two boot and shoe manufactories, engage the attention of many of those who are not employed in agricultural pursuits. Post-offices have been estab- lished at each of the villages. The Connecticut and Passumpsic- Rivers Railroad passes through Orford. Population, 1,406 ; valuation, $GG4,050. OssiPEE, in the eastern part of Carroll county, is the shire town, and is distant from Concord sixty miles. The town was incorporated Feb- ruary 22, 1785. We have no particulars as to its early history. That it was much fre([uented by the Indians common to this section of country is e\idcnt from the fact, that from a mound of earth, forty-five or fifty feet in (lianieter, near the west sijore of Ossipee lake, have been exhumed several entire skeletons, as well as tomahawks and other Indian imiileiiieiits. The first church organized was the Baptist, between 179() and 1800, over which Rev. Wentworth Lord was pastor about twenty yeais. The first meeting-house was built about the year 1800, and was occupied by this denomination. A Congi-egational ' See artk-li' on Wentworth. NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF PEUIAM. 611 church was organized September 26, 1806, and a nieeting-housc buih, in 1827. Rev. Samuel Arnold was the first pastor, having been or- dained Se])tember 23, 1829, and dismissed in 1831, agreeably to his own request. Four ministers have been inductctl into the pastorate since that time. The surface is rough and uneven, and in some parts roelcy and mountainous to a considerable extent ; but it all'ords excellent |)as- turagc. The soil is very strong, and suited to the raising of wiieat and potatoes. Ossipee mountain, a rough and broken range, some six or eigiit miles in length, lies in tlie northwest, extending into the ad- joining towns. It is so Jiigii tliat, wiien easterly storms prevail, the winds break over its sununits, l're(|uently causing mucli injury to the farms at its base. Ossipee lajce, a fuie body of water of an oval form, and covering about seven thousand acres, lies partly in this town and partly in Effingham. From this lake flows Ossipee river, forming the bays east of the lake, from whence it passes tln-ough Eflingham into the Saco, in Maine. Pine river intersects the east part of the town, and Bearcamp river falls into the lake on the northwest. The prin- cipal pond is about four hundred rods long, and lies partly in Tufton- bi)rough. The trade of the town is chiefly in produce, lumber, and cattle. Ossipee contains five villages — Ossipee Corner, Centre Ossipee, West Ossipee, Water Village, and Leighton's Corner, each of wiiich has a post-office ; six churcii edifices — one Congregational, four Free- will Baptist, and one Union ; and twenty-three school districts : also, twelve saw-miUs, five grist-mills, twelve clapboard and shingle mills, one bedstead factory, one door factory, one sash and blind factory, one paper-mill, four tanneries ; and the Pine-river Bank, with a capital of $oO,000. Population, 2,123; valuation, 8399,886. Pelham, in the southeastern corner of Hillsborough county, adjoins Lawrence and Dracut, Mass., and is thirty-seven miles from Concord. The territory comprised in this town was included in the purchase of Wheelwright and in the patent of Mason. Altiumgh only distant about thirty miles from the capital of New England, no settlements were commenced here till 1722, a century after the landing at Plymouth. .Joim Butler, William Richardson, and others were among the first set- tlers. Pelham was incor])orated July 5, 1746, about five years after the establishment of the state line, by which a portion of the eastern terri- tory of Dracut was taken from that town ; the western part was under the jurisdiction of Dunstable (Nashua). Eighty-seven of the inhabi- tants of Pelham served in the war of the Revolution. A meeting-house was erected in 1747, and, November 13, 1751. a Congregational church 612 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. was organized, Rev. James Hobbs (Arminian in sentiment) being or- dained pastor at the same time. Mr. Hobbs died June 20, 1765. Rev. Amos Moody was ordained November 20, 17Go, and dismissed October 20, 1792, in consequence of opposition manifested by some of his ciiarge, who had become so much dissatisfied as to form a new church, which subsequently, however, united with the original one. Rev. J. H. Church was ordained pastor, October 31, 1798, when the denominational sentiments of the church became more prominent than they had been under the previous pastors. Dr. Church was dismissed by mutual con- sent, September 30, 1835, after a successful pastorate of nearly thirty- seven years. Four divines have since occupied the pulpit at ditVerent periods. The land comprises valuable meadow, productive pine, and good grazing. The soil is strong. Fruit is raised in considerable quantities, for which, and for the overplus productions of aU kinds, a ready sale is found in Lowell, Lawrence, Nashua, and Haverhill. Pelham is rich in granite of a sujjerior quality, w^hich is carried to the above-men- tioned places for building purposes. There are two business localities in Pelham, called the Centre and Butler's mills ; two church edifices — Congregational and Free-will Baptist; six common schools, one high- school, and one post-office : also, one woollen mill, three grist-mills, four saw-mills, one pruning-shear factory, and two stores. Population, 1,071 ; valuation, !?5(J0,9o(3. Pembroke, in the southeast of Merrimack cotinty, west of the Merri- mack river, six miles from Concord, was the ancient Suncook of the Indians, and was granted under that name by the government of Mas- sachusetts, in May, 1727, to Captain John Lovewell and his brave asso- ciates, in consideration of their services against the savages. The pro- |)rietors were sixty in number, forty-six of whom attended the brave Lovewell in his last expedition to Pequawket, the remaining tiiirteen having shared his fortunes in his first enterprises against the Indians. The town was surveyed in 1728. and settlements were commenced by several of the grantees the following year. The Indians made many attacks on the settlement, and as a consequence it increased very slowly. James Carr. who was killed May 1, 1748, w-as the only person who lost his life by llic Indians. The inhabitants of Pembroke were interested, with Concord, in the long dispute maintained by Bow against the grantees of land in this vicinity. The act of incorporation was passed November 1. 1759, when the present name was given. Most of the original settlers were of Scotch and English descent, and the first church organized was of the Contjregational denomination, in iMarch, NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF PETERBOROUGH. 613 l7o7, over which Rev. Aaron Whittomore was pastor from March 12, 17o7, until November 16, 1767, when he was seized with paralysis in the pulpit, and shortly after died. A Presbyterian church was organized before tlie death of I\Ir. AVhittemore (the date is not known), over which Rev. Daniel Mitclid, a native of Ireland, was the pastor from December 8, 1760, until his death, December 16, 1776. This church afterwards united with the first church, and became Congregational. Under the new organization, Rev. Abraham Burnham, D. D., ordained March 2, 1S08, served the chiu'ch forty-three years. The soil of Pembroke is of a varied character, and is generally pro- (lnetiv(\ On the margin of the streams are small but valuable tracts of interval; and from these the land rises in extensive and beautiful swells, yielding abundant crops when under proper cultivation. Suncook river and other streams water the town, the former ait'ording several valuable mill seats. Pembroke is well laid out, the public roatls being mostly in right angles. The principal street is very pleasant, running in a direct course south 24° east about three miles, nearly on a parallel with, and about half a mile from, Merrimack river. On this street are many beautifid residences and some handsome public buildings. 8uneot)k village, situated in the south part, on Suncook river, is a thriving little place ; but is just now only recovering from the eftects of a fire, which occurred August 31, 1854, destroying property to the amount of -$25,000. The Congregationalists have a chm-ch here, and the Methodists have two. The educational interests are probably on as firm and extensive a basis as any in the county, consisting of nine puli- lic schools and two incorporated academies, — the Blanchard Academy, and the Literary Institute and Gymnasium. The Chelmsford Glass Company manufacture the several varieties of glass ; and the Pembroke Mills, with a capital of $250,000, manufacture sheetings and printed goods. There are other mills, as well as two post-offices — Pembroke and Suncook. The Portsmouth and Concord Railroad passes through Pembroke. Population, 1,732 ; valuation, *#620,720. Petereorodgh, Hillsborough county, lies in a northeast direction from the Grand Monadnock, and is forty miles southwest from Concord. Jt was granted, in 1738, by the general court of Massachusetts (within the jurisdiction of which it was supposed to lie), to Samuel Haywood and others, who afterwards transferred their title to Jeremiah Gridley, John Hill, Fowie and William Vassal, the first settlements being made mider purchases from the last-named gentlemen. Two or three ineffectual attempts at settlement were made here ])i-ior to 1710, the first of which was made in 1739. In the former year a permanent \'0L. I. 52 (514 JU.STUUY AND Dli-SCllirXiON Ui'' KEW KNliLAND. scttlfmriit was fommeiicccl, wlipii the first adveiihircrs iptnriirci, and icwivecl large accessions to their numbers from Tjondonderry, Lunen- burg, iMass., and other places, most of them being of the Scotch-Irish stock. l''ruin iliis tiiiii- ilic plantation increased rapidly, so thai in ten years il niiliraccil lil'iy i'aiiiilics. It was incorporated January 17, 1760, and toolv lis name iVoiu Peter Preseott, of Concord, Mass. The petition for inc(>r|)oraliou is signed by TluJUias Morrison, Jonathan Morrison, and Thomas Cunningham. The hardships experienced by the first settlers were severe ; far more so than those now experienced by the pioneers in our western territories. They were several times driven oft" by the enemy, and many of them almost ruined as to property ; yet, their little all was centred here, and " they returned to the settlement as soon as prudence would admit," where they continued, with willing hearts, to stem the tide of misfortune, which eventually yieldetl to tiieir will, and was supplanted by happiness and prosperity. The first church was Presbyterian, and was probably organized about 1766, w'heii Rev. John Morrison, a Scotchman, was settled as pastor, who remained about five years. Rev. David Annan, al.so a Scotchman, succeeded him, being settled in 1788, and dismissed in 1792. Both these divines were men of profligate habits, and instead of religion prospering under their hands, it deteriorated. Mr. Morrison afterwards enlisted in the British army, and died in South Carolina. Mr. Aiman was deposed from the ministry by the presbytery of Londonderry. This church is now Unitarian. A Presbyterian church was again organized June 19, 1822, of several members of the old church, who built a meeting-house, and settled Rev. Peter Holt as their pastor. A ('ongregational church was organized in 185-3, which has occasional preaching in the Presbyterian house. Ex-governor John II. Steele is a resident of this town. The first settlers of Pet(^rborough and their descendants have exhib- ited energy, courage, and patriotism. During the war which ct)m- menced in 17o-j, a number of young men enlisted in Rogers's coni]>any of rangers, and on the 13ili of March, 1758, a party of eight of them having fallen into an Indian ambuscade near Lake George, six of them were killed. The inhabitants were zealous also in the struggle for independence. Twenty-two were present at the baffle of Bunker Hill, and seventeen were actually engaged in that memorable conllict. Few towns in New England took a livelier interest in the cause, or furnished a greater number of soldiers in projiortioii to the number of inhabitants. There was not a man in the town who favored the British; and this j^atriotism has its fruit in the comfV)rts, conveniences, and plenty wITuh now sm-round the inhabitants. NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF PIERMONT. 615 The surface of Peterborough is beautifully diversified with hills, vales, meadows, broad swells, brooks, rivulets, and rapidly flowing rivers. C'ontoocook river and the North Branch river afford not only a constant supply of water, lint several valuable mill privileges. On the latter stream are some of the best waterfalls in the state. A subject of no little interest in this town is its manufacturing enterprise. In 1S|0, I lie first cotton factory was put in operation, since which time no less than four others, and one for the manufacture of woollens, have been set in motion; besides two paper-mills, an iron foundery, a machine-shop, a carriage and a basket factory, an establishment for the manufacture of trusses and supporters, and one for boots and shoes : also, si'vi'u saw and three grain mills, as well as nine stores and two hotels. 'I'here are four meeting-houses — Unitarian, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Meth- odist; ten school districts; an academy; a bank, with a ca]iital of $50,000; a weekly newspaper — the Peterborough Transcript; three social libraries; and one post-office. Population, 2,i;22; valuation, $987,323. PlERMONT, in the western part of Grafton county, adjoins Haverhill on the north, and is seventy miles from Concord. John Temple and fifty- nine others were the grantees, having received their charter, November 6, 1764. Piermont was settled, in the spring of 176^, by Ebenezer White, Levi Root, and Daniel Tyler, who located on the meadows ; and, in the autunm of the same year, David Tyler, wife, and son Jonathan, came on from Ijcbanon, Conn. Game was exceedingly abundant at this time, and many are the exploits which the earlier inhabitants had with bears. Jonathan Tyler, who came with liis parents in 1768, served his country in the Revolutionary war, and when the Americans n^reated from Ticonderoga at the approach of Burgoyne's army, he was taken |3risoner, but managed to effect his escape, with two other captives. They suffered extremely for want of the necessaries of life, and had to subsist on leaves, buds, and twigs of trees, and roots which they dug out of the ground. The Congregational cluu'ch was organ- ized in 1771. Piermont is about an average agricultural town. There are exten- sive tracts of interval and some fine plains, suited to the raising of wheat, corn, and all kinds of grain and grass. Back from the Connec- ticut river the surface is composed of swells, well watered with brooks and springs, and excellently adapted for mowing and grazing. Kast- man's ponds, three considerable bodies of water, lie in the northeast part, and from them issues Eastman's brook, which falls into Connecti- cut river, atlbrding many excellent mill privileges. Mills are erected on 616 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. Indian lirook, in tlio south part. In Connecticut river, in the sonlhwc^st of the town, is a small islam!, known by the name ot' Barron's island, which jjossesses an extensive quarry of stones, suitable for mills, and various purposes in building. Pierinont is the only village. There are three clmrehcs — Congregational, Methodist, and Christian; fourteen school districts, and one post-ollice : al.-o, four saw-mills, one grist-mill, one shingle mill, one clapboard mill, and one carriage factory. The Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad runs through Piermoiit. Population, 948; valuation, 8:J79,2S1. PiTTSUtiicii. Cous county, lies in the extreme northern end of the state, 165 miles north by east from Concord, and conlains t^vo hundred thottsand acres. Pittsburgh is composed of all the land originally known as the Indian Stream territory, the Carlisle grant, Colebrook Academy grant, and some sixty thousand acres of the state lands. It was the theatre of the Indian Stream war: and over the territory known by that name the British government had jurisdiction tintil 1842, when the Webster and Ashburton treaty decided the cjuestion in favor of the United States.^ Pittsburgh w'as first settled about 1810. General Moody Bedel, an officer in the w'ar of 1812, John Haines, Rev. Nathaniel Perkins, Jeremiah Tabor, Ebenezer Fletcher, and aboitt fifty others, were early settlers. They each claimed two hundred acres of land, which they represented to be by proprietary grants, a title which the state refused at first to acknowdedge. In con- sideration, however, of the hardships and privations endured by these pioneers, the state subsequently reversed its former decision, and rein- stated them in their possessions. The town was incorporated Decem- ber 10, 1840. Pittsburgh is by far the most extensive town, in point of territory, in the state, and has a rough and uneven surface. Large tracts of interval are found on the streams. It has agricultural facilities of a high order, and Indian corn, buckwheat, and the English grains, are produced aliundanlly. Spruce, birch, beech, and rock maple are the prevailing trees, and white pine exists in small quantities. Indian, HalFs, and l\'rry"s streams lie within the town; and, during the spring and fall. have sutficient water to raft timber for several miles. In the northeast part is Connecticut lake, five and a half miles in length and two and a half in width, the source of one of the principal branches oi' Connecticut river. Four miles above this is Second lake, about two and a half miles long, and one and three quarters wide, being joined • ' For a more extended aeeount. see ante, p. 390. NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF PITTSFIELD. 617 to Connecticut lake by a considerable stream. Third lake, cover- ing about two hundred acres, is situated near th(> hii^hlands dividing New Hampshire from Canada. Game is plenty, and the waters abound in fish. There are two religious societies — Methodist and (^hristian ; six school districts, and one post-otHce : also, four saw-mills, two grist-mills, and one starch factory. Population, 425; valuation, .f7rt,4G6. PiTTSFiELP, in the northeastern corner of Merrimack county, fifteen miles from Concord, is a small town, originally the northerly part of Chichester, and was incorporated May 27, 1782. Nearly all the land in this part of the parent town was owned by Colonel Tappan of Hampton, a wealthy land-owner. Permanent settlements were not made till near 1771, when Colonel Tappan presented John Cram of Hampton with the mill privilege where the cotton-mill now stands, and a large tract of land in that vicinity, as an inducement to settle, and build a saw-mill. Nathaniel Chase and Abraham Green of Beabrook, and Jabez Tucker of Salisbury, accompanied Mr. Cram, and made im- provements about the same tim(\ As Pittsfield was not settled till a late date, the inhabitants did not taste any of the bitterness of Indian warfare. Traces of wigwams and corn-fields have been found, and do- mestic impleinents and other articles have turned up, which, with the remains of a pipe-kiln near Wild-goose pond, give presumptive evidence, if nothing more, that this town was once quite a resort of the savages. At a meeting held January 6, 1782, the town voted to erect a njeet- ing-house for the Congregational society, and that it should stand where the present town-house now is. It was raised in 1787, and completed in 1789. Jonathan Brown, a schoolmaster, was hired by vote of the town. May 3, 1783, to keep school six months, at s^O per month, and it was voted to hire a minister for two months. A vote occurs on the town books. May 16, 1784, which is worthy of emulation in these mod- ern days, namely : " To take some method to take care of those persons in town who spend their time in idleness and are oitt of employment, and set them to work." A Congregational society was formed Novem- ber 17, 1789, Rev. CInistopher Paige being the first minister. He was dismissed January 7, 1796, since which time the pastoral relation has been sustained at short intervals by different divines. The cause of so many changes is attributable to the inability of the society to support the ministry. A Free-will Baptist church was formed some two months after the Congregational, and a Baptist church organized in 1801, over which Rev. Benjamin Sargent was ordained pastor. The Baptist and Congregational societies afterwards, April 29, 1802, com- 52" 618 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. inunod together niuler Mr. Sargent, and continued thus till his death, March 15, IHIS. The Baptist church reorganized October 29, 1818, so that the union so long existing was dissolved. The old einirch edifice, where meetings were held for half a century, is now used as a town- house. The surface of Pittsfield is diversified, though the soil is fertile and well cultivated. Catamount mountain, so named by some hunters who killed a catamount on its side, is the principal elevation, extending across the southeasterly part ; and from it a fine view of the surround- ing coimtry can be obtained. Mineral ore abounds about this momi- tain, which has attracted some attention of late, and materially afli'cts the magnetic needle. The town is drained by Suncook river, which afibrds excellent water power. There is a mineral spring in Wolf lueadow, said to possess some medicinal properties. Wild goose pond, situated in the northeast corner of the town, and Berry pond, on tiic mountain, are the largest collections of water. The village, on the banks of the Suncook, is a place of considerable trade. It contains five church edifices — Friends, Baptist, Congregational, Free-will Baptist, and Second Advent; one bank, the Pittsfield, capital $50,000; the Pittsfield Savings Bank ; a flourishing academy ; and one cotton-mill — the Pittsfield Manufacturing Company. The town has two other vil- lages — Upper City and Dow Borough; ten school districts, and one post-office : also, one grist-mill, with four run of stones, and machinery for bolting flour; two saw-mills, three shingle mills, two clapboard mills, and one door, sash, and blind factory. The social and religious priv- ileges of Pittsfield are unusually good ; but the business interests suffer for the want of a closer proximity to the railroad. Population, 1,828; valuation, $638,510. Plaixfield, in the western part of Sullivan county, on Connecticut river, and opposite Hartland, Vt., is fifty-five miles from Concord. It was granted August 14, 1761, and the settlement is said to have been commenced in 1764, by L. Nash and J. Russel.' Its name was derived from a place in Connecticut, where the proprietors held their first meet- ing. About one half of Grantham was annexed to Plainfield about two years since. The Congregationalists organized the first church. ' Rov. Grant Powers, in his Histovv of the Cobs Country, says, that wlien John ]\Iann, on liis journey from Cliarlestown to Orford, where he settled in 1 70.'), passed throufxh Plainfielil, the only family in town was that of Francis Smith, whose wife was " terribly " liomesick, and declared she " would not stay there in the woods." Those, tlierefore, who are rejircsented as having settled in 17C4, must have become discouraged and left, or the date must be wronn;. NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF I'LAISTOW. 619 over which Rev. Abraham Carpenter was settled, in 1773 or 1774, with- out any action on the part of tiie town. In 1779, tiie town voted to accept of Mr. Sinitli Carpenter, who received the i>;rant of land for tlie first settled minister. He was accustomed to ))n>aeii in " liis own liitchen, and in other private honses in the winter; and in the open air, or in a meeting-house having neither doors nor windows, in the sum- mer." In 1804, a second church was formed, over which Rev. Micaiah Porter was minister for about twenty years. In 1889 and 1840 two meeting-houses were built, the second jointly by Universalists, Bap- tists, and Methodists. Recently an Episcopal society has been organ- ized. The agrieultiM'al advantages of Plaintield are good. On the margin of the Connecticut there are extensive tracts of valuable interval, and in other parts of the town are excellent meadows. Water is supplied by a small stream, which flows from Croydon mountain. Water- ([ueechy falls is the only water power of any note, ll-art's island, con- taining nineteen acres, situated in Connecticut river, lies southwest of this town. There are two ponds. Plainfield contains three villages — Plaintield, on the banks of the Connecticut, having two church edifices and a town-house. One of the churches is occujiied by the Congregationalists, and the other by various religious denominations. Meriden is the principal village, and is pleas- antly situated on a beautiful plain, having a street intersecting it from north to south. In this village is located the Kimball Union Academy, a nourishing institulion, one of the best endowed and most popular in the state. To the late Hon. Daniel Kimball belongs the honor of having permanently established so meritorious an inslitution. A great numl)er of voung men and women are annually educated here. There is a church edifice in this village (having a town-hall underneath), which is occupied by the Congregationalists. East Plainfield has an old church edifice, which is occasionally occupied. There are in town twelve school districts; two stores; and three |jost-ofRces, one in each of the villages. Population, 1,392 ; valuation, $557,500. Plaistow, in I he southeast(>rn part of Rockingham county, adjoins Haverhill, iNIass., and is thirty-six miles from Concord. The territory originally belonged to Haverhill, and was included in the tract pur- chased from the Indians, November 16, 1642. The settlement of Plais- tow was commenced very early, btit the exact date cannot be ascer- tained. The names of some of the early settlers have, however, come down to us, such as Captain Charles Bartlett, Nicholas White, Ben- jamin Kimball, and ,1. Harriman, some of whose posterity still n^side 620 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. here. After llip annexation of Plaistow to New Hampshire, a charter was granted, dated February 28, 1749. The Congregational ehiirch here originally belonged to the '• north precinct of Haverhill, Mass.," and was organized November 4, 1730. James Cashing was ordained pastor December 2, 1731, and continued with the church until his death. May 13, 1764. Gyles Merrill was pastor from March 6, 1765, until his death, April 27, 1801. After this, the church was without a settled minister twenty-five years, since which it has had four pastors. Eight men have entered the ministry from this church — six of them Congregationalists. one Methodist, and one Episcopalian. Deacon J. Harriman, said to have been the first man in New Hampshire who adopted Baptist senti- ments, died here in 1820, aged ninety-seven. The surface is in some parts rocky; but the soil — a mixture of [)la(k loam, clay, or gravel — is generally good. Mineral substances have been discovered; and clay is abundant in some parts of the town, from which bricks are made to a considerable extent. The fields and |)as- tures are well watered by springs. A sti'eam, the principal one in town, is formed near the centre, by the junction of two smaller streains, one of which runs from Kingston and the other from Hampstead. Plaistow Centre is the only village. There are here two churches, Bap- tist and Congregational ; four school districts and one post-oilier : also, three grist-mills and two saw-mills. There is a station of the Boston and Maine Railroad in this town. Population, 748 ; valuation, 33,587. Plymouth, in the eastern part of Grafton county, is one of the shire towns, and is forty miles from Concord. It was granted July 15, 1763. to Joseph Blanchard and others, and was settled in June, 1764, bv Captain James Hobart and Lieutenant Zachariah Parker, with their families, who came from Hollis. In September of the same year, the settlement was increased by the arrival of Captain Jotham Cummings, Colonel David Webster, Lieutenant .losiah Brown, Ephraim Weston, .lames Blodget, Stephen Webster, and Sanuiel Dearborn, who, with the exception of Weston and Dearborn, also came from Hollis. When these pioneers came in, there was no bridge across any stream between Plymouth and Salisbury Lower Village, and no road but that marked out by spotted trees. In their route to this town they passed over the Merrimack into Litchfield, and pursued their journey, on the north side of the river, until they reached Holderness, where they crossed the Pem- igewasset into Plymouth, a short distance south of Baker's river. '["In- first meeting-house was built of logs, and a minister was settled July 10, 176-'), when there were only eight families in the plantation. Rev. NEW UAMPSHIRE TOWN OF PLYMOUTH. fi2l Nathan Ward was the first proacher, and received as salary one hiuidnvl and fifty ounc(>s of silver (whicii was equal to about §166.50) and thirty cords of wood. Lydia Webster, born April, 1765, and Josiah Hobart, were the first children claiming nativity in Plymouth. Meal was l)rought from Concord, during the first years of the settlement, on a hand- sled. Ephraim Lund erected the first saw and grist-mill. Moose, bears, deer, and wolves were numerons when the first inhabitants arrived. The intervals in Plymnutli were formerly occupied by the Indians. It is stated, that, prior to the old French war, Massachusetts sent a com- pany, commanded by one Captain Baker from old Newbury, in search of the Indians, who had a settlement in the vicinity of llie Pemigewas- set, and that they discovered the Indians on the ndvth Ijank of Baker's river, in great nvmiliers, secure, as they supposed, from harm. Having i-hosen their position, the company opened a heavy lire upon the sav- ages, several of whom were killed, while tiie others ran in search of their hunters. Baker and his men crossed the river, where they found a large stock of furs hidden in holes on the banks of the river, which, after destroying the wigwams, they took away with them. In a poplar ])lain in Bridgcwater, however, the Indians came up with Baker and his men, when a fight ensued, in which the former were worsted. ^ In New C^hester, the whites sat down to refresh themselves, fearful, however, that the Indians would overtake them. The friendly Indian, who had l)een with them through the whole expedition, advised that eacli man should build an extra number of fires, and that each should roast his pork on lour m- five forks of crotched sticks, so that, when the enemy came up and counted the sticks, they would imagine there was a large force, and would be inclined to give up the pursuit. The stratagem was suc- cessl'ul ; ihe Indians came up liefore the fires were extinguished, but as soon asthi'v liad counted ilie llrrs and I he sticks, retreated precipitately.^ Noah Johnson, one of LoveweU's men, died in Plymouth, in the one hundredth year of his age. Two lots in the eleventh range of Hebron were annexed to this town, June 26, 1^45. Plymouth is in some parts uneven ; but along the banks of the Pemi- gewasset and Baker's rivers there is some excellent interval. The soil generally is tolerably good, and is attentively cultivated. Water is abundant. Besides Pemigewasset and Baker rivers, there are numer- ' Mr. Samuel Dearborn, one of the early settlers, -visited tliis plain, and found several sliulls, ^yhieh he supposed to be of persons who fell in that engagement, one or two of wliich were perforated by bullets. " From this eireumstanec, it is supposed, Baker's river derived its name. See (Jraut Powers's History of Coos Country. 622 HISTORY AND DESCllIl'TlON OF NEW ENGLAND. ous lesser streams. There is l)ut one village, which is pleasantly situ- ated and beautifully ornamented with trees, while the roads intersecting it in various directions are adorned with shade trees. The private resi- dences are superior to those generaUy found in country towns, being large, and some of them making claim to architectural elegance. The court-house is a substantial brick building. The location for trade with the surrounding towns is all that could be wished, and gives Plymouth many advantages. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad renders communication with various points easy and expeditious. There are three church edifices — one Congregational and two Meth- odist ; a high school, called the Pemigewasset Academy ; twelve school districts; and two post-offices — Plymouth and West Plymouth: also, three establishments for making buckskin gloves and mittens, two car- riage factories, two grist-mills, six saw-mills, one planing mill, and many mechanic shops, besides several stores and hotels. Population. 1,290; valuation, .•?400.16H. PoRTSMOiTii, Rockingham county, lying on the south side of Piscata- qua river, is forty-two miles from Concord, and the only seaport in the state. This city is one of the most ancient in New England, having been visited in the beginning of the seventeenth century by Captain Martin Pring, sent out under the patronage of some merchants of Bris- tol, England, April 10, 1603, with two ships, the SpeedweJl and Discov- erer, for tiie purpose of explorations. Pring entered the channel of the Piscataqua and explored it for three or four leagues, and landed, it is presumed, upon the present site of the city, having come in search of .sassafras, then considered of great value as a medicine. In 1 G23, one of the two parties of settlers sent out by the company of Laconia, landed at Portsmouth, — David Thompson, a Scotchman, being prominent amongst them, who built a house, the year of his arrival, at Odiorne's Point, a few rods north of the evident remains of an ancient fort now visible. which was the first house in the settlement, and was afterwards called Mason Hall. In 1624, Thompson left the settlement, and located himself on an island in Massachusetts bay, now known as Thompson's island. The object of this settlement was for the purpose of prosecuting the fish- eries; and, as a large quantity of salt was necessary for the preservation of the fish, salt-works were erected here, and salt manufactured to good advantage. In November. Kiol. all that territory comprised in the original limits of Portsmouth which included the towns of New Castle, Rye, and a part of Newington and Greenland, was granted to Sir Ferdinando NEW IIAMPSIIIRE — CITY OF PORTSMOUTH. 623 (Jorges, Captain John Mason, John Cotton, Henry Gardner, and five others. The settlements did not advance very rapidly. The first house erected within the present limits of Portsmouth was built about, tliree miles from tiie mouth of the main river near the corner of Water and Court streets, and was called tlie Great House. A large numljer of servants were sent over by Mason, among whom were six stewards and twenty-two women, together with arms, aniiiumition, stores, provisions, and cattle. The bank of the river above wliere the Great House was built, and extending some distance above wiiat is now called Church hill, pro- duced a large quantity of strawberries, on which account Portsmouth was called Strawberry Bank. In 1640, there being no efficient govern- ment, the inhabitants decided to establisli one among themselves, and elected Francis Williams governor, with Ambrose Gibbins and Thomas Waimerton as assistants. This continueil till the following year, when the union with Massachusetts was formed. In 1640, fifty acres of land were set apart for a church and parsonage, and Richard Gibson was chosen the first minister. The members of this church were not Puritans ; ijut, says Governor Winthrop, " some of them were professed enemies to the way of our churclies." A part of this estate is now situated in the compact part of the town, on the westerly side of Court street. The chapel was furnished with one great Bible, tv^'elvc service-books, one pewter flagon, one communion cup with cover of silver, two fine tablecloths, and two napkins, sent over by Mason. Mr. Gibson had not been long at Portsmouth when he was summoned before the court of Boston, although out of their jurisdiction, for an alleged offence against the government. It seems that he had expressed himself very freely about the government of Massachusetts, as interfering with that of New Hampshire. There was no trial, or he would have been acquitted of any charges against him. The general court of Massachusetts agreed to dismiss all action, provided he would leave the country. Accordingly, he promptly returned to England. In 1656, the town participated in the terrible delusion then sweeping over New England. Jane Walford was tried for witchcraft. In 1662, it was ordered at town meeting " that a cage be made, or some other nutans be invented by the selectmen to punish such as sleep, or take tobacco on the Lord's day, out of the meeting in the time of the public exercise ; " and, "that whoever shall kill a wolf within the bounds of this town, and shall bring some of the next neighbours where such wolf is killed, to testify it was done in the town's bounds, and shall nayle the head of such wolf killed, upon the meeting-house, he shall have five 024 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. pounds for liis payncs.'' ^ In 1(505-6, the town was visited by royal eommissionors appointed at the instance of Mason and his heirs, who complained that Massachusetts was guilty of encroachments, in the exercise of jurisdiction, and in making grants in New Hampshire ; but, after the withdrawal of the commissioners, who decided nothing re- specting Mason's clainis, Massachusetts again peaceably exercised authority, and the majority of the inhabitants appeared satisfied. Although these troubles were renewed, and lasted for many years, during which this town was, for the most part, the theatre of the con- tn)versy, as tiiey were not merely local in character, the propriety of the omission of them here will be at once perceived. In 1G69, the inhabitants made a subscription of £-'>0 towards the erection of a new building for Harvard College, and pledged the same amount anmially for seven years, wdiich obligation was, in 1673, assumed by the town. Rev. Joshua Moodcy, who had preached for the church here from 1658 to 1671, was settled in the latter year, and con- tinued to till the pastoral office, with great inHuence and acceptability to his parish, until his persecution and imprisonment by Governor Cranfield in 1684. He was obliged to quit the province ; but his pas- toral relations were not formally dissolved until 1691, when he was succeeded by Rev. John Cotton for a short time. Mr. Moodey resumed his labors, upon Tu-gent solicitation, in 1693, and remained till his death in 1697. In 1739, the inhabitants of Portsmouth took a very active part against the j)roposed consolidation of New Hampshire and Massa- chusetts under one goveniinent, whicli resulted in the entire separation of New llanipsiiire, and the appointment of Benning Wentworth as governor. In 1745, the ])eople of this place listened to the fervid eloquence of that eminent servant of God, George Whitefield. During a severe illness here of several weeks, which nearly proved fatal, he received attentions from his devoted friend, Colonel — afterwards Sir William — P(^pperr(li. In 1770, during the week preceding his death, he preached four times in Portsmouth. In 1761, a two-horse stage commenced rumiing between Portsmouth and Bo.ston, making the route in two days. This is supposed to have been the first stage which was run in .\merica. The settlement progressed rapidly, and improvements were prosecuted vigorously. Contentions sometimes arose and difficulties were encomitered, which would occupy too much space to recount; suffice it to say, that the former were in time quieted and the latter surmounted. \\'ithin the memory of the present generation, a garrison ' Similar enactments weiT made in <)uitc a number of other towns in New England. NEW HAMPSHIRE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH. 62-5 house stood in Water street, another in Fore street, and a third at the ferry-ways, which were probably the first houses on the " Bank." With the exccplion of these, the earliest settlements were made at the South road. Portsmouth fortunately almost wholly escaped the depredations of the Indians, which was owing, in a great measure, to the peculiar advantages of its situation. Secured on three sides by the Piscataqua, the ocean, anil an inlet, the savages could only gain access to it by the isthmus which connects it with tlie main land, and, at this point, a stockade fence was erected for the purpose of defence. The houses of the settlers were also built in a compact manner, and the number of inhabitants at an early date was considerable. In 1773, the town took a prominent part in resisting the tea tax ; and, at a pubhc meeting of the citizens, it passed resolutions indicating a determination not to be behind their neiglibors of Boston in the prot(H:-tion of their rigiits. The next year they had occasion to make a practical test of their courage, upon the arrival, in June and September, of two lots of tea, consigned to Edward Parry. By public meetings, and other demonstrations not to be mistaken, their object was eflected, as far as the tea was concerned, which was reshipped and sent to Halifax. For the long struggle which followed, Portsmouth was found ready, and in it her full proportion of men and means was embarked. In 1800, the national census showed this town to contain 5,339, and in 1S20, 7,327 inhabitants. In 1802, a very destructive fire swept off whole squares of buildings, and property to the amount of §200,000 ; and in 1813, the town was visited by a still more extensive conflagration. In 1823, the people commemorated with fitting ceremonies the two hundredth year from the settlement of Portsmouth. Portsmouth has always borne a higli reputation, and, in Uie days of the colonial government, was selected as a very desirable place of resi- dence. It was, for many years, the home of the royal governors and the king's council, and has been distinguished for men of patriotism, among whom inay be mentioned William Vaughan, who claimed to be the projector of the siege of Louisburg, under Pepperrell ; Dr. Cutter, a surgeon in that expedition ; Colonel Meserve, one of its brightest spirits ; Major Hale, an officer in one of the regiments ; William Whipple, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; and Governor John Langdon, a distinguished Revolutionary officer, and the president of the senate when General Washington was elected presi- dent of the United States; and the two governors, John and Benning Wentworth. Here also resided many men distinguished in general VOL. I. 58 626 JIISTORY AND DESCIUI'TION OF NEW ENULAND. literature, or belonging to one or the other of the learned professions, among whom may be noticed Rev. Nathaniel Rogi^rs (son of President Rogers of Harvard College, and a descendant of the martyr), who suc- ceeded Mr. Moodey in a pastorate of twenty-six years ; Rev. Samuel Langdon, pasior for twenty-seven years, till called to the presidency of Harvard College ; Rev. Ezra Stiles, for one year, till invited to the pres- idency of Yale College ; Rev. Joseph Buckminster, pastor for thirty- three years ; Rev. Israel W. Putnam, pastor for twenty years ; Rev. Samuel Haven, minister for fifty-four years; his successor. Rev. Timothy Alden, the antiquarian ; and Rev. Arthur Brown, uiinister for thirty- seven years; .loiiathan M. Sewall, a lawyer and poet; Nathaniel A. Haven, a man of letters and rich classical attainuients ; John Pickering, chief justice; Richard Evans, a lawyer; Woodbury Langdon, only brother of the governor, and member of the old congress ; Judges Sher- burne and Parker. Among the later men, eminent as statesmen and lawyers, were Levi Woodbury, who resided here from 1819 until his death ; Daniel Webster, from 1S07 to 1816, when he removed to Bos- ton; and Jeremiah Mason (a descendant of Captain John Mason, of Connecticut), from 1792 to 1832, when he also removed to Boston. In 1802, ho was attorney-general of New Hampshire, and a senator in con- gress from 1813 to 1817. Among the merchants arc found John Cutts, tlie Wibirds, Daniel Rindge, Pierce Long, Theodore Atkinson, Mark H. Wentworth, the Pcnhallows, James Sheafe, and Horace A. Haven. The names of many others luight be added, whose talents and achieve- ments have won them a page in history, — names which will long be recalled with a just pride. It must be a matter worthy of respectful remembrance by the people of Portsmouth, liiat the great Washington, the most honored and cherished of American patriots, has walked in their strei'is. fished in their harlior, slept in the city, engaged in public worship, and received, with alfectionate regard, the homage of the citi- zens. The name Portsmouth was given to this town by Captain John Mason, the original proprietor of the province, from Portsmouth in England, of which he was governor. The town is about five miles and three quarters in length and three and a half in widiii. The most popu- lous and thickly built portion is situated on a peninsula on the south side of the river, formed by the north and south mill-ponds, and con- nected with tile main land l)y a narrow isthiuus on the northwest, and by bridges at tiie outlets of the two mill-ponds. The surface is uneven, but the hills are of inconsiderable height. Many of the streets are nar- row and irregularly laid out; a luimber are paved; and all of them have brick side-walks. "'J'lie buildings are principally of bri.k, but the antique li NEW HAMPSHIRE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH. 027 predominates over the modern style of architecture. Before the com- iiiencemcat of the present century there were but four brick dwelling- houses in the town, the rest were all of wood. The streets and dwelling- houses are well supplied with water by the Portsmouth Aqueduct Com- pany, from a spring about two and a half miles from Market square. The air of Portsmouth is salubrious, and the inhabitants enjoy good health. The town aboimds in pleasant drives, and the scenery by which it is surrounded is Ix-autiful in the extreme ; from every elevation, some handsome laiidsraix' view can be seen. These, together with its prox- imity to the sea and neighboring beaches and its general cleanliness and comfort, render it a delightful summer resort. The view given upon the opposite page has lately been taken from a prominent point u|)on the souUi road, about a third of a mile from the centre of the city, and a little west of the public cemetery. In the foreground is a green meadow with a portion of a neighboring pond. Standing out above the horizon is seen .Alount Agamenticus, in York, Me., about Fifteen miles distant. The picture embraces all the churches and the \nirt containing the more elegant private residences, and is claimed by citi- zens of Portsmouth to be truthful, and to present the city from the most agreeable and familiar point. Portsmouth is particularly noted for its safe and commodious harbor, which is sheltered by islands and headlands, not only from every storm, but the encroachments of an enemy, however large the force. The principal entrance, which is Ix-tween Kittery Point and the east side of New Castle, is defended by Fort McCleary on the former, and Fort Constitution on the nortlieast point of the latter. The water is from seventy to eighty feet deep, sufficient for vessels of the largest class, and the anchorage is good. The rise of the tide is from seven to fourteen feet; and the rapidity of the current is such that, in the strength of the tide, it runs from three to five miles an hour, in conse- quence of which the channel is never frozen as far up as Dover point, where the several branches of the river meet. These advantages ren- der it one of the most unrivalled harbors on the continent; and the erection by government of a navy yard here is a sufficient proof of the fact. This naval establishment is built upon an island on the east side of the river, known as Navy island, where are buildings for the accom- modation of the otlicers and men stationed here ; wharves, where the largest ships in the navy can lie at anchor; ship-houses, one of which is 300 feet long, 131 wide, and 73 high ; and extensive sheds for the pres- ervation of timber; as well as rigging-loft, machine-shop, smithery, car- penters' shops, and all the paraphernalia necessary for a large naval sta- tion. The floating balance dry-dock is an ingenious piece of mechanism, 628 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. coiistructpcl on tiie most approved principles, and cost, with its appen- dages, about §800,000. Tlie ship-building facilities in this yard are unrivalled, and Portsmouth has just reason to be proud of her reputa- tion in this respect. The first ship of war ever built on this side of the Atlantic; the first line-of-battle ships built by the United States govern- ment ; and the Co>iffress, the largest and best frigate now in our navy, were built here. Seventeen of our national vessels have been con- structed at this place, and more are projected. The territory embraced within the limits of the island is fifty-eiglit acres. The usual naval officers and seamen, as well as a company of marines with their officers, are stationed here. Portsmouth is still the centre of an important trade, though it has considerably diminished from what it was in former years. The ship- ping belonging to the port, in June, 1856, according to the records at the custom-house, amounted in the aggregate to 25,293 tons. Besides these there are a number of small vessels, from five to twenty tons, employed in fishing and other seafaring pursuits, and a number of packets, which ply between this port and places at the head of the river — Dover, Berwick, Exeter, and others. The three steamers which run on Winnepcsaukee lake, having in the aggregate 505 tons, are enrolled at tiie custom-house in this port. From October, 1850, to June, 1856, there were sixty-one vessels built in Portsmouth, amounting in the aggregate to 48,501 tons. Of these, forty-nine were ships, one was a bark, two were brigs, and eight were schooners. In 1857, there were six ships o:i the stocks, aver- aging about 1,100 tons each. The soil of Portsmouth is not good, and hence the city has not been distinguished in an agricultural way, though there are some excel- lent farms. A horticultural society has been established, and great interest is manifested in the Rockingham Agricultural Society, which held a meeting here in the autumn of 1857. The manufacturing inter- ests are extensive. The most important corporation in the city is the Portsmouth Steam Factory, producing annually three million yards of the finest quality of lawns, and giving employment to about four hun- dred hands. The works of the Sagamore Manufacturing Company have been purchased by this company. The leading manufactures of the city comprise ropes, spool-cotton, hosiery, iron castings, and boots and shoes. Portsmouth contains four banks, with an aggregate capital of .$691,000; a savings bank, with deposits, up to January, 1856, of $836,371.49 ; an insurance company, a very efficient fire department, and two cemeteries. The principal public buildings are the Athena;um, the Rockingham bank, the almshouse, the market-houses, and the chapel of the Episcopal church. The custom-house is located at the NEW HAMPSnillE TOWN OF RANDOLni. 629 junction of Penhallow and Daniel streets. A new one is in eourse of erection on the nortlieast side of Pleasant and State streets. The literary advantages ^vhieh Portsmouth possesses are very respeeta- l)le. The Athen;puni has a library of over eight thousand voiunies, the Mercantile Library Association has one of 1,500 volumes, Hie Young Men's Cln-istian Association one of five hundred volumes, and there are several others belonging to religious societies. There are eight church edifices — one each of TTnitarian, Episcopalian, Congre- gational, Baptist, Universalist, Methodist Episcopal, Roman Catholic, and Christian,^ as well as two societies without churches — the Advent- ists and the FnM'-wiil Baptists; three school districts — North, Middle, and South — with eighteen schools, conducted on tiie best system, hav- ing an attendance of 2,101 scholars, one thousand of which are girls, and 1,101 boys. There is a high sciiool for girls and boys, which cost, including the land, ^22,849; as also the Haven school, erected in 1849 at a cost of $12,000. The Portsmouth Marine Society, the Mechanic Association, the Howard Benevolent Society, five Masonic lodges, and three lodges of Odd-Fellows, are institutions of a meritori- ous character. Four newspapers are published here, one of which is issued daily ; and there is one post-oiiice. Portsmouth received a city charter, July 6, 1849. It is connected with all the most important points by means of railroads, and with Kittery, Me., and Newcastle by bridges. There are four light-houses attached to this district, namely, Newcastle, Whale's Back, White island, and Boone island. Though Portsmouth has suffered much from disastrous fires, and has been coiupelled to relinquish to the larger cities some of its former extensive trade, still its wealth and population are large, and give evidence of abundant increase. Population, in 18-')8j about 11,000; valuation, $6,242,624. Randolph, in the southern part of Coils county, eighty-nine miles from Concord, was granted to John Durand and others, from London, on the 20th of August, 1772, receiving the surname of the first proprie- tor as its title, which was altered to the present one on its incorporation, June 16, 1824. Joseph Wilder and Stephen Jillson were the earliest inhabitants. Randolph has a bleak and rough ap])earance, and lies at the foot of the White Mountains, its southern boundary being far up on Mount Madison. There is a portion of the land adapted to agriculture ; but those who desire a home seem to neglect Randolph for more popu- ' This church has been convertcil iritn dwelling-houses. A new one is about being erected by this society in another part of the city. 5-3* 630 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. lous regions. The near view of the White Moiintains from this town is one of peculiar beauty and grandeur. Randolph Hill, but a few miles from the (ilen House, and many other elevations here, are an- nually resorted to by the summer traveller. Mounts Adams, Jefferson, and Madison can be seen entire from base to summit on Randolph hill, and roniantie prospects are visible on almost every hand. Branches of Moose and Israel's rivers, and numerous smaller streams, afford abundance of water. There is no church edifice or regularly organized religious society in town, but occasional preaching is had. There are two school districts, and one post-office : also, one hotel, one saw-mill, and one shingle, lath, and clapboard machine. Population, llo : valua- tion, .139,950. Raymond, near the centre of Rockingham county, twenty-five miles from Concord, was originally that part of Chester called Freetown. It • was made a distinct parish in 1762, and incorporated in 1764. The first inhabitants came from Hampton, Danville, Kingston, Chester, and Exeter. It is presumed that the early settlements were mostly in the easterly part of the town, and that, at the time of its incorporation, a very considerable part of the inhabitants Uved in the vicinity of the place called Freetown Mills. The town-meetings were holden at the iiouse of Benjamin Bean, in that neighborhood, for several years. In 1767, being three years after the charter was granted, the census was taken, when it was found that the total population was 455. The first meeting-house was raised in 1786, prior to which meetings were held in the house of Benjamin Bean. This meeting-house was surrounded by a dense for- est, and Rev. Mr. Stearns of Epping, who preached the dedication ser- mon, took for his text the sixth verse of Psalm lo2 : " Lo, we heard of it at Ephrata, we found it in the fields of the wood." A wag, probably from the same circumstance, posted up an advertisement that he had " found a stray meeting-house in the woods." This meeting-house was subsequently removed from its semi-civilized location to what is now the present centre of business. The Congregational church was organ- ized in 1791. In the year 1834, a new meeting-house was built by them. Rev. .Tonathan Stickney was ordained pastor in the year 1800, though many ministers had preached previously to that time, but none were settled. During the Revolutionary war several citizens left the endearments of home for the field of conflict. The names of twenty-four are found enrolled among the soldiers of the Revolution. Others were engaged for a shorter period. Four were killed or died in the service. David Oilman of this town was second lieutenant in the second company of NEW HAMPSniRE TOWN OF RICHMOND. 631 the second battalion, raised in 1776. Hon. John Dudley, who resided here nearly forty years, deserves a respectful notice. He was a lineal descend- ant of Governor Thomas Dudley, who came to Massachusetts in 1630, who was himself directly descended from the barons of Dudley in Eng- land, and not unworthy of their distinguished name. He was born at Exeter, April 9, 1725 ; was a member of the legislature from 1775 to 1784, and for two years was speaker of the house. He was also a prom- inent member of the committee of safety, which consisted of three, and sat in the recess of the legislature during the whole period of the Revo- lution ; was, for nineteen years, one of the judges of the court of common pleas, and twelve years judge of the highest court. Judge Dud- ley died May 21, 1805, aged eighty years, leaving a numerous posterity. Raymond has an uneven surface, and soil of various quality, which is not generally of the best kind, though there are many productive farms. The roads are of a good description, and are being improved daily. A natural excavation in the rock, called the " oven," from the peculiarity of its mouth, lies in the northern division of the town. It is an arch, five feet in height, and of the same width, extending into the hill about fif- teen feet. It was formerly a haunt for rattlesnak(-s. The Pawtuck- away river passes through the northeast corner of Raymond, and two branches of Lamprey river from Deerfield and Candia form a junction here, receiving the waters of the ponds as they run through. Raymond Centre is the only village. There are three church edifices — • Methodist, Congregational, and Baptist ; ten school districts, and one post-office : also, one shoe manufactory, three stores, and the usual mechanic shops. "The Portsmouth and Concord Railroad passes through Raymond. Population, 1,25(5 ; valuation, $284,023. RicHMOXD, on the boundary between New Hampshire and Massachu- setts, is in the southern part of Cheshire county, seventy miles from Con- cord, and was granted to Joseph Blanchard, February 28, 1752. It was settled some five years from that time by emigrants from Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The first native of the town was Lemuel Scott. The first Baptist church was formed in 1768. Rev. Maturin Ballon was ordained in 1770, and lived until 1804 ; Rev. Artemas Aldrich was settled in 1777. The second Baptist church was formed in 1776, and Rev. Isaac Kenny was settled in 1792. The soil is good, and is prolific in those productions common to this section of New England. The surface is, on the average, level. Minerals of various kinds are found here, and soapstone is abundant. lolite, a rare mineral and of consid- erable value, exists in beautiful specimens. The town is supplied with water by the Ashuelot and Miller's rivers, both which fall into the Con- 632 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. necticiit. There are three ponds, one of which is the source of Miller's river. The iiiaiiufacture of palni-lcaf hats has given employment to some of the inhabitants, several thousand dollars' worth being made annually. The town has three villages, known by the names of Rich- mond Centre, Richmond Four Corners, and North Richmond; three church edifices, belonging respectively to the Baptists, the Quakers, and the Universalists ; and fourteen school districts. There are 86,000 in- vested in trade, the annual sales of which are 818,000 ; §42,000 invested in manufactures, the annual sales being $-50,000. The names of the post-offices are Richmond and North Richmond. Population, 1,128 ; valuation, $;o4o,819. RlNDGE, Cheshire county, is situated on the high lands between Con- necticut and Merrimack rivers. The settlement of the town, originally called Rowley- Canada, or Monadnock No. 1, was commenced by Jona- than Stanley, George Hewitt, Abel Platts, and others, in the year 1752 ; and, in 1775, it was peopled by a stern and hardy race of men, by whom the trees of the forest were made to recede, to give place to the comfort- able habitations and the cultivated farms of civilization. The first na- tive was Samuel Russell. The charter of the town is dated February 11, 1768. The inhabitants of Rindge were early opposers of British tyranny, and were prompt to answer the summons to arms. On the night subsequent to the battle of Lexington, a messenger arrived at the house of the captain of the company of minute-men with the news of the battle. The men belonging to this company resided in different parts of the town ; and, so ready were they to obey the summons for men, that, at sunrise on the 20th of April, no less than fifty-four were assembled upon the common ready to march to meet the foe. Three of the number fell at Bunker Ilill. Rindge, from its earliest settlement, has been constant in the support of the ministry. The Congregational church, the first one here, was organized in November, 1765, and has only had three pastors in a period of ninety-two years. The first minis- ter. Rev. Seth Dean, served fifteen years ; the second. Rev. Dr. Payson, thirty-seven years; and the third. Rev. A. W. Burnham, has served thirty-six years, and is still pastor. Rindge has been honored as the residence of some distinguished men. Rev. Seth Payson, D. D., a man of piety, talents, and worth, graduated at Harvard College, 1777 ; was ordained here December 4, 1782, and died February 26, 1820, aged sixty-two. He was for some time a member of the New Hampshire senate; one of the trustees of Dartmouth College from 1813 to the time of his death; a member of the American Board of Foreign Missions from an early date, and president of the New NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF ROCHESTER. 633 Hampshire Bible Society. He was distinguished for clearness and strengtii of intellect, and for resolution, firmness, perseverance, and faith- fulness in whatever he undertook to perform. These qualities made his services of great value, and they were fully appreciated by his church and society. If there was any one place more than another in which he was conspicuous and eminently useful, it was as trustee of Dart- mouth College, and especially in that famous and important controversy, in which the legislature of New Hampshire attempted to subject the college to the will of the state government. In this controversy the Rev. Dr. Payson and Judge Timothy Farrar were considered the honored leaders ; and, by their energy and perseverance, to have been the cause of its successful termination. This town is also the place where the still more celebrated son of Dr. Payson, Rev. Edward Payson, D. D., late of Portland, Me., was born and received his early training. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder was born here, September 22, 1798. He was the eldest son of Samuel L. Wilder, an honored citizen of Rindge, who removed here in early life from Lancaster, Mass., and for several years represented the town in the legislature. Mr. Wilder removed to Boston in 1825, and since 1827 has been a member of the mercantile firm of Parker, Wilder, and Company. Aside from his character as a merchant, he has attained eminence in the knowledge and practice of agriculture and horticulture. He has held several important and distinguished offices, among which may be mentioned, president of the senate of Massachusetts, of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, of the Norfolk County Agricul- tural Society, and of the United States Agricultural Society. The late Captain .Joel Raymond, an active business man, did something toward ornamenting and beautifying the town. The surface is very hilly, and the soil good. There is no stream passing through the town ; but by the aid of thirteen natural ponds, — the principal of which are Manomonack, Emerson, Perley, Grassy, and Bullet, — a water power is afforded sufficient for running the mills the greater portion of the time. There are three villages — Rindge Centre, Blake, and East Rindge; twelve school districts; two church edifices — Congregational and Methodist; and one post-office: also, three grist- mUls, thirteen saw-mills, thirteen shingle mills, six stave mills, two plan- ing mills, and several clapboard mills. Population, 1,274; valuation, $511,359. Rochester, Strafford county, is in the eastern part of the state, lying on the southwest of Salmon Fails river, which divides it from Berwick and Lebanon, Me. It was granted by the state of Massachusetts to a number of proprietors, and comprised 60,000 acres, which have been 634 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. reduced to 20,000 by the incorporation of Fanningtoa and Milton. It was incorporated May 10, 1722, and the first permanent settlement was made December 28, 1728, by Timothy Roberts and his family ; being soon followed by Eleazar Ham, Benjamin Frost, Joseph Richards, Benjamin Tibbets, and others. In the perilous times which then sur- rounded most of the infant settlements, the progress of every thing was comparatively slow, and Rochester was no exception to the general rule. In the year 1760, after the subjugation of Canada by the British and American forces, a new era dawned. Prior to that time much suffering was experienced by the inhabitants from the almost constant incursions of those dreaded enemies to civihzation, the savages ; but they were not despondent ; and, being trained by these constant warlike vigils to uncommon endurance, they too frequently surpassed their more war- like and savage enemies, and often obtained advantages over them. To numbers and stratagem, however, the settlers too often fell victims. On the 27th of Jime (old style), 1746, four men — Joseph Heard, Joseph Richards, John Wentworth, and Gershom Downs — were killed by the hands of the savages, and on the same day Jonathan Richards was wounded, taken prisoner, and carried to Canada, from whence he soon after returned. But their desolating work did not end here; for a boy named Jonathan Door was taken prisoner, probably by the same party, on the road called Salmon fall ; Samuel Drown was wounded May 23, 1747 ; and. May 1st of the next year, the wife of Jonathan Hodgdon was killed by the Indians, preferring, as she said, to be killed, rather than taken into captivity. A man by the name of Moses Roberts was also killed in this town ; but not, as has been asserted, by the savages. Having deserted his post from some cause or other, he was running up the hill towards the garrison, near which another sentinel was stationed, who, seeing the bushes wave, and supposing that Indians were concealed there, fired and shot Roberts. A meeting-house was erected here about 1730, which was "forty feet by thirty-five, and eighteen feet studs." A minister was not, however, settled till May, 1737, for the very good reason that one could not be obtained, when " the Rev. Mr. Amos Main" was inducted into the oliicc of pastor, which he held till his death, April 5, 1760. Rev. Samuel Hill succeeded Mr. Main, November 19, 1760, and resigned April 10, 177r). On the 10th of January, 1776, Rev. Joseph Haven was settled, and enjoyed the affection of the entire population in a remarkable degree. He served the people forty-nine years. Six ministers have since filled the pastorate cif this church. Among the distinguished men of Roch- ester may be iiieiitioned Captains John Brewster and David Place, Colonel John McDutfie, Hon. John Plumer, James Knowles, Dr. NEW IIAMPSIIIKE COUxNIY OF llOCKtNUIIAM. G^f) .lames How, and John P. Hale, father of the present senator, who liad held a lieutenant's commission in the army at the hands of ( ieneral Washington, and was an eminent lawyer in Roehesler. Here the honorable senator, bearing the same Christian name, was born, March ;31, 1806. Aftx'r tlie dealli of his father, Mr. Hale entered Exeter Academy, and, in 1823, Bowdoin College ; Ex-president Pierce, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, distinguished as an author, being among his classmates. In 1832, he was chosen representative to the legis-latiire, and, in 1843, representative to Congress. In 1846, he became speaker of the house of representatives of New Hauijishire, and at the same session was chosen United States senator for six years from 1847. In 1852, he was the free-soil candidate for the presidency ; and in 1855, there being a vacancy in the seat of one of 1 he United States senators from New Hampshire, Mr. Hale was returned to this scat, which he still occupies with distinguished ability and tidelity. The surface of Rochester is uneven, having several large hiljs, the principal of which is called Squarnanagonnick, on which are several valuable farms. The greater part of the soil is good, and wiih pro|)er attention will yield profitable cro])s. The town is watered by Salmon Falls, Cochecho, and Isinglass rivers; the two former having valuable water privileges, to which is owing, in a great measure, tlie jirogri'ss Rochester is making in j)opulation and weallii. The town contains two villages — Rochester and Cionic ; three churches. Congregational, Methodist and Free-will Baptist ; nineteen school districts; three banks — the Rochester Bank (with a capital of $60,000), the Farmers' and Mechanics,' and the Norway Plains Savings Bank ; antl two post- ofFices — Rochester and Gonic : also, a large woollen factory, known by the name of the Norway Plains Company, with a capital of $75,000; and one of smaller capacity; one large tannery, with other manufactures and mills. Two railroads enliven the appearance of Rochester, and afford facilities for intercommunication and transpor- tation—the Cochecho Railroad, and the Great Falls and Conway Railroad. Population, 3,001) ; valuation, $993,174. Rockingham County, in the southeast extremity of the state, has a territorial extent of about 750 square miles, ll was ushered into being by the same act which created Hillsborough, Cheshire, Strafford, and Grafton, passed March 19, 1771, when it embraced Allenstown, Bow, Canterbury, Chichester, Concord, Epsom, Loudon, Northfield, Pem- broke, and Pittsfield, in addition to its present territory, these tow ns having been severed from her to form a part of Merrimack, July 1, 1S23. The pruning-knife was used again December 10, 1824, when Pelhaui 636 UISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. was loppod off and given to her western neighbor, HiUsborougli. This process of dismemberment has left her shorn of a valuable portion of territory, and occupying a very cramped-up position on the map ; still she has all the sea-coast embraced in New Hampshire, so that, though circumscribed in the rear, the Atlantic opens before her a bound- less extent of territory, giving her advantages which no other county in the state possesses. She is the first in point both of population and wealth. Her boundaries, as they now stand, were established by act passed January 3, 1829, encompassing thirty-eight towns, the principal of which are Portsmouth (the only seaport) and Exeter, both which are shire towns. The svn'facc of the county is uneven, and, in the north part, some- what hilly ; but, with the exception of Saddleback, there are no moun- tains worthy of mention. The soil has good agricultural capacities, and much attention is paid to its cultivation. Water is abundant, and the water ])ower excellent. Lamprey, Beaver, and Exeter arc the principal rivers, and Great bay and Massabesic lake the largest collec- tions of water, though there are numerous small lakes or ponds. The Eastern Railroad, and the Portsmouth and Concord Railroad, traverse the county. Rockingham belongs to the tirst judicial district of the supreme judicial court, a law term of which is held annually at Exeter on the third Tuesday of June. The trial terms of this court are held at Portsmouth on the first Tuesday of October, and at Exeter on the fourth Tuesday of February ; and the terms of the court of common pleas at the former place on the second Tuesday of November, and at the latter on the second Tuesday of April. Population, 49,194 ; valuation, $20,788,320. RoLLiNSFORD, in the eastern part of Strafford county, adjoins South Berwick, Me., from which it is separated by the Newichawannock or Salmon Falls river, forty-five miles from Concord. Its territory was formerly a part of Somerswortli, from which it was separated and incor- porated July 3, 1849. With Somersworth it was originally a part of Dover, and was settled at a very early date, being occupied by the set- tlement made as early as 1630, which is described in " Maine," and of which Ambrose Gibbons was " factor," or agent. At the falls here, cer- tain persons, sent over by Mason, " built a saw-mill," and a " stamping- mill for come," about 1634 ; but the mills were burnt before 1644. Prior to 1700, the falls came into possession of Judge Thomas Tuttle, of Dover, who owned large tracts of land adjoining, and resided there, and who erected mills. Other facts, and especially those relating to Indian NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF ROXBURY. 637 dilliculries, arc included in the ticcouiit of Somerswovth. It was called Rollinslbrd from a number of enterprising and wealthy farmers by the name of Rollins, who were then residents. Manufacturing was first commenced about the year 1S21, previous to which there were a num- ber of saw-mills in operation. James Runlet, an enterprising citizen of Portsmouth, erected the first mill for the manufacture of woollen goods ; this was burned in 1834, by which some lives were lost. It was rebuilt; but the manufacture to which it \\'as formerly devoted not being profita- ble, it is now run for the manufacture of cottons. Rollinsford is small in territory, but has an even surface and an excel- lent soil, a clay loam. Salmon Falls river washes its eastern boun- dary, and affords many valuable mill privileges. The Boston and Maine Railroad passes through this town, forming a junction with the Conway Railroad. The principal village is Salmon Falls, so named from the large quan- tities of salmon which were captured before the falls were obstructed by dams. Here all the manufacturing interests are centred. It is one of the pleasantest villages in the state, and much pains has been taken in the orderly arrangement of the buildings, and in the planting of ornamental and shade trees. There are three chitrch edifices — Congre- gational, Episcopal, and Roman Catholic ; six school districts ; and two post-oliices — Rollinsford and Salmon Falls. The Salmon Falls Manu- facturing Company have two mills, and use 4,968,936 pounds (about 10,000 bales) of cotton per year. This company has in operation 32,000 spindles and 980 looms. It manufactured for the year ending May, 1857, 6,263,781 yards of drillings, 4,841,972 yards of sheetings, and 726,621, yards of cotton flannel. The Somersworth Machine Com- pany are engaged in the manufacture of stoves, gas-pipe, and other castings, and are contractors for the erection of coal gas-works. Among other buildings is a very neat and creditable school-house. Salmon Falls Bank, in this town, has a capital of $50,000. The Rollinsford Sav- ings Bank, incorporated in 1850, is a very successful and useful institu- tion, and holds in trust, from 550 depositors, 6112,000. Population, 1,862 ; valuation, $867,122. RoxEURY, in the centre of Cheshire county, distant from Concord fifty miles, was formed from territory detached from the east part of Keene, the north part of Marlborough, and the southwest part of Nel- son, and was incorporated December 9, 1812. The inhabitants are for the most part engaged in agriculture, which the fertility of the land — though lying in considerable swells, giving the town a very uneven ap- pearance — enables them to prosecute advantageously. There are VOL. I. 54 638 HISTORY A.\!i DESCltlPTIOX OF NEW EXULAXD. lai'ijc ((uan-ies of graiiitr Ihtc, wliicli are worked succeswrally. The mirth l)ranch of Asliiulot rivir tlividcs the town from Keeiie. On the soutli is Roaring brook, wliich enters into the Ashuelot at the south- west corner; this river has on its margin several small tracts of meadow land. Roaring Brook |)ond lies on the east side. Most of the buildings are erected in liie centre, where is a Congregational meeting-house. The business of Roxbury is transacted principally at Keene, which lies about five miles from its centre; and Marlborough, distant about four miles, is where its iiieeluuiical business is done. There are two saw- mills, one grist-mill, and one post-office. Population, 260; valuation, |;9:3,744. RujAiney, nearly in the centre of Grafton Qounty, forty-seven miles from Concord, was twice granted : first to Samuel Olmstead, and next, on the ISth of March, 1767, to Daniel Brainerd and others. Among the names of the first settlers were Captain Jotham Cummings, Moses Smart, Daniel Brainerd, James Heath of Canterbury, and Alexander Craig, who arrived in 1765. The late General Stark, in company with his brother William, Amos Eastman of Concord, and David Stin- son of Londonderry, visited this town on a hunting expedition on tiie 28th of April, 1752, when they were attacked by a party of Indians under the command of Francis Titigaw. The General and Eastman were taken prisoners, Stinson was killed and scalped, and William made his escape. A pond, mountain, and brook in the vicinity where Stinson was slain will long perpetuate the event, and render it familiar as a " household word." The soil of Rumney is of a fertile character, though there are a few ele- vations, particularly Stinson's and Webber's mountains in the east part, and a small part of Carr's mountain (which here obtains the name of Rattlesnake mountain) on its northwest border. Baker's river — of which a large branch flows from Stinson's pond and is called Stinson's brook — waters the town. Part of Loon pond is on tiie east line. There are two villages — Rumney and West Rumney ; three church edifices — one Universalist, one Baptist, and one Union, composed of Methodists and Universalists ; eleven school districts ; and two post- offices, one at each of the villages : also, a large tannery, fifteen saw- mills, and a ladder factory. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad runs through West Rumney. Population, 1,109 ; valuatitiii, " 16,787. Rye, Rockingham county, is situated on tlu; sea-coast, about six and a half miles from Portsmouth, and tifty-one from Concord. It was early NEW HAMPSIIIUE — TOWN OF RYE. 6;j9 settled, and possesses some very interesting features in its history. The name is supposed to have been derived from a town in England from which several of the early inliabitants emigrated. The town was formed from portions of the territory of Portsmouth, C4reenland, Hampton, and Newcastle; and though it was inhabited as early as 1635, it was not endowed willi corporate privileges until 1719. The settlement nmst have been obstructed by some unhajjpy calamity, or the settlers nuist have been exceedingly poor; as for about ninety years they had no set- tled minister of the gospel among them, and were forced to attend |)ub- lie -worship in some of the neighboring towns, particularly at Ports- mouth and Newcastle. The names of some of the first settlers were Berry, Seavey, Rand, Bracket, Wallis, Jenness, and Locke, the descend- ants of some of whom are still residing here. Rye experienced some of the desolating elH^cts of Indian warfare. In 1694, John Locke, living on the Neck, while reaping grain in liis field, was surprised and killed by the natives. In 1696, at Sandy Beach, no less than twenty-one were either killed or carried away by tiiem. Tlie inhabitants exhibited a ready acquiescence in the demands nj)on them for men during the Canada or French war, fourteen of them hav- ing died or been killed in the service; and, during the Revolutionary war, their abhorrence of the overbearing course which Great Britain pursued towards these colonies is fully attested by the fact that no less than thirty-eight lost their lives in the struggle, by sea or land. A Con- gregational church was organized July 10, 1726, a meeting-house having been built the previous year. Rev. Nathaniel Merrill was the first; min- ister, having been ordained September 14, 1726, and continued seven years. Rev. Samuel Parsons, ordained November 3, 1736, served this church nearly half a century. He died January 4, 1789, and his mem- ory is still revered by those who remember his many virtues. Rev. Huntingdon Porter served this church over half a century. He was ordained as colleague wdth Mr. Parsons, Decemb<'r 29, 1784, and dird in Lynn, Mass., March 7, 1844, aged nearly eiglity-nine. Rye possesses few advantages as regards soil, it lieing naturally ban I, and difficult to cultivate. Ho\vever, by a proper use of various kinds of manures, and attention on the part of agriculturists, it is made to yield corn, potatoes, and hay in large quantities. The town extends on the sea-coast about six miles, which is nearly one third of the coast in the state. There are three beaches, — Sandy, Jenness, and Wallis, — considerable in extent and very pleasant, all which are places largely resorted to by persons from all parts of the country, both for health and ■ for pleasure. On the right, just at the head of the beach, as 640 HISTOllY Al-ib DESCRIPTIOX OF NEW ENGLAND. it is approached, is the Surf House ; and a few steps further, on the left, the Ocean House, both substantially built and richly furnished. The latter house commands an uninterrupted view of the ocean, is sur- rounded by garden, grove, and lawn, and is well adapted to the comfort of visitors. There is a small harbor, with a sufficient depth of water for the accommodation of vessels of from seventy to eighty tons, which, at a moderate expense, might be made to answer very imj)ortant pur- poses both public and private. Fishing by boat is prosecuted with con- siderable advantage, more particularly in the fall and winter seasons. Near the sea-coast there was formerly a large fresh water pond, cover- ing a surface of about three hundred acres, between which and the sea a communication was opened by the inhabitants a short time after the settlement of the town. The waters were discharged into the sea, leav- ing a tract of marsh, which, being watered by the regular flow of the tide, yields annually large tjuantities of salt hay. Between Rye and (Greenland there is a hill called Breakfast hill, rendered notorious from the fact that a party of Indians were surprised, at the time of their incursion in 1696, while indulging in their morning meal. In the rocks, of which this hill is mainly composed, are small circular holes, supposed to have b(vn made use of for different purposes by the Indians. The town lias a Congregational, a Baptist, and a Methodist church ; four school districts; and one post-office: also, three grocery stores, two saw- mills, and four grist-mills. Population, 1,-29-j; valuation, §425,600. SADE^r, in the southern part of Rockingham county, is abottt nine miles long from north to south, and about two and a half miles in width near the centre, touching Windham on the west, and Metiuieii, Mass., on the east. It was incorporated May 11, 1750 ; and was pre- viously a part of Methuen, being sometimes called the " Methuen and Dracut district;" bitt more generally the "North parish in Methuen."' The Congregational church was organized January 16, 1740, and is some eleven years older than the town, having been established when Salem and Methuen were one and the same. Rev. Abner Bailey \\ as the first minister. A meeting-house was erected in 1739. When under the dominion of the British government, many of the inhabitants served in the Canada war, as well as in several other expeditions prose- cuted by the crown. More than seventy-five men participated in that memorable struggle, which won for us our independence. The records of the town also exhibit many evidences that those who were left at home were equally ardent, by words and by acts, in the good cause. Hon. Silas Betton was a resident of this town. He was a representa- NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF SALISBURY. 641 five and senator in the state legislature, member of congress, and after- wards sheriff of Rockingham county. He died in 1822. The surface of Salem is uneven ; but tlie soil is generally of a fertile description. Policy pond, partly in this town and partly in Windham, is the largest body of water: there are, however, other ponds, but they are limited in extent. The principal business is the manufacture of shoes and woollens. The former is carried on in Salem, which is the jirincipal village, and the mills (four in number) for the prosecution of the latter, are situated on Spiggot river, a small stream which rises at Island pond in Hampstead, emptying into Merrimack river at Law- rence, Mass. There are two villages — Salem and North Salem ; three church edifices — two Methodist and one Congregational; ten school districts ; and two post-offices — Salem and North Salem : also, four shoe factories, five stores, and a number of saw-mills and grist-mills. The Manchester and Lawrence Railroad has a depot at a place called Messer's Crossing. Population, 1,555 ; valuation, §506,318. Salisbury, in the northern part of Merrimack county, is pk'asantly situated on the banks of the Peraigewasset and Merrimack rivers, fifteen miles north of Concord. It was originally granted by Massachusetts, and was known by the name of Bakerstown. It was afterwards granted by the Masonian proprietors, October 25, 1749, and was then called Stevenstown, from Colonel Ebenezer Stevens, of Kingston, who, with fifty-six others, were the grantees, fifty-four of whom belonged to Kingston ; and the town was incorporated, by charter from the govern- ment of New Hampshire, March 1, 1768, when it took the name of Salisbury. The settlement was commenced here as early as 1750 by Philip Call and Nathaniel Meloon,' who had recently removed from the fort in Boscawen, tlie former into the eastern, and the latter into the western, part of Salisbury. Benjamin Pettingill, John and Ebenezer Webster,^ Andrew Bohonon, Edward Eastman, and many others, mostly from Kingston, also took up their residence here. The first inhabitants experienced several assaults from the Indians ; the first attack having been made on the 11th of May, 1753, when Nathan- iel Meloon was captured, together with his wife and three children, — Sarah, Rachel, and Daniel, — who were carried to Canada, where he and his wife were sold to the French in Montreal, the three children being kept by the Indians. Mr. Meloon returned to his farm in Salis- bury, after a captivity of four years and a half, having had a son born in Canada. His daughter Sarah died while with the Indians; and 1 See Boscawen, p. 425. - See Franklin, p. 497. 54* 642 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. Rachel, who had been nine years with the savages, was, when she was released, so attached to them that she was about to be married to Peter Louis, a son of Colonel Louis, one of their chiefs. She acquired their habits, and learnt their language. In August, 1753, the Indians visited Salisbury, and cajjtured Samuel Scribner and Robert Barber. It was in Salisbui-y that Sabatis and Plausawa, mentioned in the article on Canterbury, were buried under a bridge, now caUcd Indian bridge. The first church was a Congregational, established November 17, 1773, Mr. Jonathan Searle, who was ordained the same day, being the first minis- ter, in which office he remained till November 8, 1791. The meeting- house which existed in Mr. Searle's time was located on a very high hill (now known as Searle's hill), some three miles from the eastern boundary of the town ; but, despite the distance and the extreme height of the hill, the people — men, women, and children — were regular at- tendants at the little temple. This church was never thoroughly com- pleted, and was sold in 1790. Two new houses of worship were subse- quently erected, one of which was occupied by the Congregationalists and the other by the Baptists, who established a society, May 25, 1789, Rev. Otis Robinson, the first minister, being settled in 1809. The late Hon. Ichabod Bartlett, Hon. Thomas H. Pettingill, and Hon. Charles B. Haddock, for many years professor in Dartmouth College and charge d'affaires to Portugal, were natives of this town. Salisbury is quite an agricultural town. The soil of the upland is strong, deep, and loamy, and, when well cultivated, is very productive. There is a tract of about three hundred acres of fine interval in the southeast corner of Salisbury, on which are several fine farms, and on Blackwater river, which runs through the western part, there is land that is equally fertile. The hilly part affords some fine tracts for tillage. A considerable portion of Kearsarge mountain, which rises to a height of 2,461 feet above the level of the sea, lies within this town. The jjrospect from the summit of this mountain is variegated and highly magnificent. The east part of Salisbury is watered by the Pemigewasset and Mer- rimack rivers, above the junction of which boat navigation terminates. Blackwater river furnishes several mill privileges. There are three villages, known as South Road, the Centre RoatI, and Pemigewasset or East Village, all of which are pleasantly situated, and are considerable places of trade. The town contains two church edifices — Congregational and Baptist; thirteen school districts; an academy, and one post-office : also, three saw-mills, one grist-mill, two tanneries, one manufacturing establishment, one blacksmith's shop with trip-hammers, the usual variety of mechanic shops, and several stores. Population, 1.228 ; valuation, 8439,464. NEW HAMPSUIRE TOWN OP SANBORNTON. 643 Sasborxtox, ill the western p;irt of Belknap county, is seventeen miles from Concord by the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroiid. which also connects it with Meredith Bridge. It was granted in 174>i l)V the Masonian proprietors to twelve persons by the name of 8anl)orn. and forty-eight others, and its settlement was commenced in 1704— O l)y John Sanborn, Andrew Rowen, David Dustin, Thomas Danford, Solomon Copp, Daniel Fifield, and others. At the time of the arrival of these settlers, the Indians had entirely deserted tlie town, althongli it had once been the abode of a powerful tribe, or, at least, a place where they rt^sorted for defence. At the head of Little bay, on the WinnepesauUee, the remains of an ancient fortification are still visible. It consisted of six walls, — one extending along the river and across a jjoint of land into the bay, and the others at right angles, connected by a circular wall in the rear. Numerous Indian relics have been foiuid in the fort, as also on an island in the bay. These walls were some four feet high when the first settlers took up their residence here, and within the enclosure large oaks were growing. Sanbornton was incorporated in 1770. At this time wild beasts were plenty, and somewhat troublesome to the settlers, and deer and other game were numerous. The peojile of this town were active partici- pants in the struggle of the Revolution. More than half of the men were out either as militia-men or in the continental army; and all were ready to sacrifice every thing in life, and even that, at the shrin<> of freedom. The Congregational church was organized as early as 1771, when tluM-e were about fifty families here, and when there was no meeting-house or school-house in which to hold meetings. The tlrst minister, Rev. James Woodman, ordained Novsi- dent of Exeter, but afterwards of Dover. He was a man of superior abil- ities and character, and the ancestor of the governors of that name, as well as of the entire WentAVorth family in this country. In the memorable attack n]ion Cochecho, in 1689, Elder Wentworth, who was in Heard's garrison, being awakened by the barking of a dog just as the Indians were entering, although advanced in years, pushed them out, shut the gate, and, falling on his back, held it until the inmates were alarmed and secured it. Two balls were fired through it, but both missed him. NEW UAMPSIIIRE TOWN OF SOMERSWOKTII. filif Other settlers of Soniersworth wove Roberts, John Hall (ijraiRlsou of Deacon John Hall of Dover), Ilollins, and Clements, deseendants of ail of whom are now fonnd in Soniersworth. Soniersworth, from its sparse popnlation, sntTered comparatively little in the Indian wars. Varions ])ersons, however, were killed. On the 7tli of Oi-loher, i(i7;"), a pfirty of Indians killed CSeorge ami i\[atin-iii Ricker, takinij; away their gnus and some of their elothiiig. In 17:21. Kbenczer Downs, a Quaker, was taken prisoner by the Indians al Indigo hill, and carried to Canada. Refusing to dance for them, as the other prisoners did, he was snhjecied to many insults. John Hanson of Dover redeemed j\Ir. Downs in 17"2'). Jabez Garland was returning from church in the summer of 171(1, and, when about three quarters of a niik' from ^'arnev's hill, was kilk'd by the savages. In 1711, C4erslioni Downs was killed by the Indians, in the swamp Ix-tween Varney"s ann(l Paul Wentworth, Dr. Moses Carr, lion. Thomas AVal- lingfovd, Hon. John Wentworth, and Hon. Ichabod Rollins were , and sheep for the market. Butter, potatoes, wool, luuiix'r, and bark iire articles of ex]5ort. A branch of Sugar river has its source here, and empties into the Connecticut; also a branch of the Blackwater river, which empties into the Merri- mack. Station, C'illey, Star, Stony, and Morgan's are the names of the ponds, the fust two being of considerable size. West Spring- field is the only village. There are two church edifices, free to all denominations; twelve school districts, and two post-offices — Spring- tield and West Springfield : also, one grist-mill, three shingle mills, three clajiboard mills, five saw-mills, and two stores. Population, 1,270 ; valuation, $-^7:3,822. Stark, Cocis county, lies on the Upper Ammonoosuc river, 135 miles from Concord, and was incorporated December 28, 1832. It was first called Piercy. As nearly as can be ascertained, the first settler was .John Cole, who came into town about 1785. Two years after, James Massnere arrived ; and, between 1789 and 1790, Edward Rowell, Caleb, Isaac, and Benjamin Smith, and Elisha Blake became settlers. Mr. Rowell is still alive, having attained the age of eighty-eight years in May, 1857. The first inhabitants endured hardships which are almost beyond belief. For example, Elisha Blake drew on a hand sled from Barrington to Stark, a distance of over one hundred miles, a heavy forty-gallon kettle, and an equal weight in other articles; and James Massnere has frequently carried on his back, the same distance, forty pcnmds weight. A Congregational church of seven members was or- ganized in islO. There is a small society of Methodists. Stark is made up of much broken and mountainous land; but upon the river there are many good farms, the soil being rich, and free from stone. The north and south branches of the Ammonoosuc form a junction in the northeast part. Nash's stream falls into this river in the north part of the town. Near the village there is a narrow passage way between the mountains, through which run the river, the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, and a stage road. On the south side of the Ammonoosuc is the Mill mountain, rising very abruptly to the height of ten or twelve hundred feet. On the north side of tlie river is a ledge, called the "Devil's Slide," which faces the river, rising perpendicularly to the height of seven hundred feet. A good wagon road might easily be made on its northern side to the summit. There is one small village, called Waterloo, where is the station of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad. A church edifice has been 55* 6")4 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. froctecl, which is occnpied by the several religious denominations. There are seven school districts, and one post-ollice. The tra(l<' is principally in lumber, for the manufactitre of which there are five saw- mills, four sliiiigle machines, and three clapboard machines. Popu- lation in lS-")(), 418, which lias inc-reased to nearly 600 ; valutiTioii, $i:J4,792. Stewaktstowx, Cous couniv. lies on the east side of the Conneciicnt river, loO miles from Concord. It was granted by Governor .loiui Wentworth to Sir George Cociiburn, Sir George Colebronli, John Stewart, and John Nelson, three of whom had their residence in England. The lands were surveyed by them prior to the Revo- lution, and a few lots granted to settlers, on which improvements were made; but, when warliiie operations were commenced, the settle- ments were abandoned until the restoration of peace. Colonel David Webster, at tiiat time sheritf of Grafton, then made grants to settlers. and the business of improvement was again commenced. Stewarts- town was incorporated by New Hampshire in December, 1799. Dm-- ing the war of 1812, a fort was erected in this town, by a company of militia, for the purposes of defence, which was occupied by them rill August, 1814, when it was razed. The site of this fort is noted as tin- spot where the American and British surveyors and astronomers met to ascertain the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, determined upon by the two governments, under the treaty of Ghent, as the dividing line between their several territories. Stewartstown, though having an uneven surface, has no prominent elevations. The soil on the interval is fertile, on the swells sterile. A large stream, called Bishop's brook, rises here, falling into the Connecti- cut at the northwest corner. Dead Water and iMohawk rivers originate here, and Hall's stream forms a junction with the Connecticut. The waters of Little and Great Diamond ponds, lying in the east piirt of Stewartstown and foriuing the Diamond river, are well stocked with salmon-troitt. West Stewartstown is a small business ])laee. Imving a post-oiTice. The people are for the most part engaged in agricultural employments: though a small woollen factory, a grist-mill. four saw-mills, and an iron foundery, would seem to draw some of their attention into other channels. The Congregationalists worship in one church, and the Free-will Baptists and Christians in another. The town is divided into seven school districts ; and, besides the post- office already mentioned, there is one called Stewartstown. Popiilaridn. 747 ; valuation, 8184,815. NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF STODDARD, ETC. 60f5 Stoddard, in the northeastern eorner of Cheshire count)-, forty-two miles fnmi C'oncoril, was originally called Limerick, which name was clianged when it was incorporated, November 4, 1774, to the one it now bears, in honor of Colonel Samson Stoddard, to whdni witii others it was granted. In June, 1769, John Taggard, Reuben Walton, Alexander Scott, James Mitchel, Richard Richardson, Amos Butterlield, Joseph Dodge, and Oliver Parker commenced the first settlement. The hardsiiips and privations of the family of John Taggard, the first one in town, were very great. Peterborough, a distance of twenty miles, was the nearest place where they could procure grain, and tiiis distance had to be traversed by Mr. Tai south- ern part. There are no ponds of any note. Farming is the chief pur- suit, and those who follow it have, by their energy and industry, accu- mulated enough of this world's goods to render them in a measure independent. Sullivan contains one Congregational church, five school districts, and two post-otfices (Sullivan and East Sullivan). Tiie mills in town are valued at 82,500. Population, 468; valuation, $228,534. Sullivan County, in the west-southwest part of the state, covers five hundred and seventy square miles. The act establishing this new territorial division was passed July 5, 1827, Cheshire being despoiled of about half its original limits to give Sullivan existence. The county was made up of Acworth, Charlestown, Claremont, Cornish, Croydon, (Trantham, (Joshen, Lempster, Langdon, Newport, Plainficld, Spring- field, Unity. Washington, and Wendell (now Sitnapcc), and still re- nniiis as then organized. Newport has always been the shire. The land in this ct)unty is elevated, but the surface is not generally uneven. Here and there mouulaiii riilg<'s and peaks raise their heads, — the most noticeable of which are Croydon moimtain and the Sunapee mountains. For the prosecution of agriculture the soil possesses many advantages; that along the valleys of the numerous streams being particularly fertile. The Connecticut river forms the western boundary, and the Ashuelot and other smaller streams run' through in dilTerent directions, furnishing a water power of large capacity. The county is diversified with numerous ponds, and Sunapee lake lies on the eastern bordi'r. The general appearance of the region is picturesque, and there are many points possessing scenic beauty. The Connecticut river is navigable for boats, ;unl the county is traversed by the Sullivan Rail- road, the Concord and Claremont Railroad being projected to connect with the Sullivan. The county belongs to the third Judicial district of the supreiiK^ court, a law ternr of which is held at Newport on the tliirtl Tuesdav "f December. The trial terms of this court are held in the same town on tlie fourth Tuesday of January and the first Tuesday of September; and the terms of the eotu't of common |)leas on the same days of each year. Population, 19,o7-5; valuation, ,$7,867,350. Sunapee, Sullivan county, is hounded to a large extent on the east by Sunapee lake, a l)eautiful sheet of water nine miles in length, ami averaging two and a lialf in width. The town was granted November 7, 1768, to John Sprague and others, under tlie name of Saville, and 660 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENfiLAND. was settled, in 1772, by persons from Rhode Islruid. It was incor- porated April 4, 1781, under tiie name of Wendell, which it received in honor of John Wendell, one of the principal proprietors; and the change to the present name was made July 12, 1S50. The Baptists organized the first church. A small society of Congregationalists was incorporated June 24, 1819. Sunapee has an uneven surface, and is in some parts rockv and mountainous. Sugar river has its source in Sunapee lake, passino- centrally through this town into Newport, and from thence into Claremont, where it forms .a junction with the Connecticut. This river furnishes several mill privileges. There are three small ponds, covering an area of about three hundred acres. Sunapee is much resorted to in the summer by persons from the crowded cities for pleasure and recreation. The beautiful Sunapee lake, which abounds in fish, and the highly romantic scenery, render this spot peculiarly adapted for those purposes. It is easy of access from Concord, the distance by railroad from the capital being thirty-five miles. There are two villages: the largest, in the centre of the town, is called the Harbor, and the other, at the extreme northeast, is called (ieorge's Mills. The town contains three church edifices — Universalist, Methodist, and a Union house; eight school districts; and two post- oiRccs — Sunapee and George's Mills : also, one threshing-machine maiutfactory, one large tannery, one establishment for making shoe-pegs, and one for clothes-pins; four saw-mills, two grist-mills, one carriage fac- tory, four stores, and two hotels. Po])ulation, 787 ; valuation, •$228,534. SiT.UY, towards the western ]iart of Cheshire county, fifty-two miles from Concord, is a sninll townsiiip, and was incoqxirated March i>. 17(U1. having been made up from portions of Gilsum and Wesimore- lancj. Its name was derived from Surry, England. Peter Hayward conuucneed clearing a farm in the sunuuer of 17(Jo, and took up his residence here in 1764. Whilst clearing his larm he re>idcd at the furl in Keene, and was wont to go \o his labor in the morning and reiurn to ilie fort in the evenimj, his only protection from the savages, ili A Bil.l.' is now in tlio possession of ouo of the inlial)itauts, wUich is said to lla^•e been buried under a brass kettle. NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF TAJIWOKTH. 6(53 one gi-ist and saw-mill ; at Swanzcy Factory village, one wooden ^\•are factory, one saw-mill, one door, sash, and blind factory ; and, at Unionville, two saw-mills and two establishments for making wooden ware. The AshueJot Railroad, a branch of the Connecticut River Railroad, passes through the town. Population, 2,106 ; valuation, $685,331. Tajiworth, lying in the central part of Carroll county, sixty miles from Concord, was granted to John Webster, Jonathan Moulton, and others, October 14, 1766; and its settlement was begun, in 1771, by Richard Jackman, Jonathan Choate, David Philbrick, and William Eastman. The early inhabitants endured hardships of no common order, and were often obliged to go to Gilmanton and Canterbury, a distance of thirty or forty miles, to procure corn and grain, which was brought from thence on their backs or on hand-sleds. Rev. Joshua Nickcrson, from Cape Cod, preached here occasionally until 1778. There were very strong prejudices among the people against " college- learned men," and one woman declared that she " would as Hef see the devil " as one of them. These prejudices were, however, dispelled under the warm-hearted addresses of Rev. Samuel Hidden, a young man fresh from college, who commenced preaching January 14, 1792. Mr. Hid- den's ordination and the organization of a church were appointed to be on the 12th of September following, which, after much wrangling be- tween the council and the people (who were made up of Congregation- alists, Baptists, and Free-will Baptists), came off according to the pro- gi-amme, a church of nineteen members being formed. A graphic pic- ture of the ordination has been given by a member of the council.^ ' " ilr. Hiiiden Tvas ordained on a large rock (twenty feet by thirty, and fifteen feet liiirli), on wliich fifty men might stand. His foundation must be secure and soUd; for tills rock will stand till Gabriel shall divide it by the power of God. Early in the morn- ing the people assembled around this rock, men, women, boys, and girls, together with doirs and other domestic animals. It is an entire forest about this place. The scenery is wild. On the north is a high hill ; and north of this is a mountain, called Chocoriia, which touches heaven. On the south, and in all directions, are mountains, steep and rugfied. I had expected to hear the howling of the wolf and the screeching of the owl ; but, instead of these, were heard the melting notes of the robin, the chirping of the S])ar- row and other birds, that made the forest seem like Paradise. The men looked happy, rugged, and fearless. Their trowsers came down to about half-way between the knee and ankle ; the coats were mostly short, and of nameless shapes ; many wore slouched hats, and many were shoeless. The women looked ruddy, and as though they loved their lu:s- bands. Their clothing was all of domestic manufacture ; every woman had a checked linen apron, and carried a clean linen handkerchief. Their bonnets! well, I cannot describe them ; I leave them to yoin* imagination. But think of the grandeur of the -■iceue ! — a great rock the pulpit, — the whole town the floor of the house, — and the 664 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIOX OF XEW ENGLAND. ]\Ir. Hidden served tliis peojile until his death in 1837, the forty-sixth year of his ministry, dnring w liieli period the church was muc-h pros- pered, there being an average yearly increase of eleven members. In the year 1800 there was a great religious reformation here, extending its influence to several adjoining towns. The professed conversion of about three hundred persons in a town then containing but 757 inhab- itants ought certainly to be set down as an era in its history. But. alas for the degeneracy of man I it is said that but about one third of the present population attend religious worship. The surface of Tamworth consists of ridges and valleys. Burton mountain on the north, and Ossipee mountain on the south, lie partly in this town. On the north, the mountains have a romantic view. Bearcani]) river passes through the town in an easterly direction. Swift river runs through the centre, and Conway river intersects the south line. These rivers, and other smaller streams, furnish a plentiful supply of water, as well as some excellent mill privileges. Lead ore and argentiferous galena have been found here. Lumber, neat stock, and produce are the principal articles of trade. Tiiere are three villages — Tamworth, South Tamworth, and Tamworth Iron Works, with a post-olliee at each ; three church edifices — Congregational, Free-will Baptist, and INIethodist ; and nineteen school districts : also, eight saw- mills, fourteen shingle mills, three machine-shops, and one shoe-peg factory. Population, 1,766 ; valuation, 8285,688. Tejiple. in the southwestern part of Hillsborough county, forty miles from Concord, is the easterly part of what was formerly known as Peterborough Slip, and was incorporated August 26, 1768. The first church organized was a Congregational, October 2, 1771. Rev. Sam- uel Webster was settled over the church the same day, and continued till his death, six years. He was chaplain in the northern army in 1777. and returned here on account of sickness, dying November 14, 1777. Rev. Noah Miles, the second minister, served the church from 1782 till his death, November 20, 1831, a period of fifty years. The Hon. Francis Blood and Gen. James Miller, the latter distinguished in the war of 1812, resided in Temple. The surface is uneven and rocky to a great extent, though the quality of the soil is such that it can be advantageou.sly im- proved. The situation of tiie town is very elevated, and extensive and canopy of lioavcn tlu> roof. — and the tall stnnly trees the walls ! Who could help feel- iiiir devotional ? This is the place nature has formed tor pure worship. Long shall this stand, like the rock on which our fathers landed." — Lawrence's Congregational Churches. p. 592. NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF THORNTON. G65 beautiful views can be obtained from the east and south. The Tcuipk* mountains lie along the western and northwestern borders, and many small streams originate in them. Farmer and Moore, thirty-five years ago, said : '' From the highest point of elevation, twenty meeting-houses may be seen when the atmosphere is clear." Temple has one village, in the centre of the town; two church edifices — Congregational and Universalist ; six school districts, with a school in each ; and one post- office : also, two saw-mills, one grist-mill, and one tannery. Population, 579; valuation, $263,934. Thornton, in the eastern part of Grafton county, fifty-eight miles from Concord, was granted to Matthew, James, and Andrew Thornton, and others, July 6, 1763, and its settlement was commenced, in 1770, by Benjamin Hoit, whose son Benjamin was the first child claiming nativity in the town. Thornton was endowed with corporate privileges, November 8, 1781. A tract of land, know'n as Waterville Gore, was annexed to this town, June 23, 1842. A Congregational church of twelve members was organized April 11, 1780, and Rev. Experience Estabrook, who had preached here as early as 1778 or 1779, was or- dained as pastor, August 23, 1780. There was no church edifice during his ministry of six years, he having preached in a log school-house in the winter, and in barns during the summer. Mr. Noah Worcester "\\as pas- tor of the church from October, 1787, to 1809 or 1810. He had come into town about 1781, and purchasi^d a tract of land, on which he worked a part of the time, and a part of the time at his trade (shoe making), another portion being spent in study. In 1789, a meeting-house was built, the building materials being paid for in " wheat, rye, corn, and flax." At the dedication of the meeting-house, the following expenses were incurred : "Amountfor victualling fifty-four persons, $9; for brandy and West India rum, $5 ; for sugar, $1. Total, $15." The surface is uneven, but the soil is suitable for grain. There are quite a number of enunenees, but none of any remarkable height. Along the Pemigcwas- set river, which intersects Thornton from north to south, there is som(> very productive interval. Mad river, and several small brooks, furnish water. There is a cascade on Mill brook, the water of which falls seven feet in two rods, and then leaps over a perpendicular rock forty -two feet. Maple sugar is manufactured in considerable quantities. There are three church edifices — Congregational, Free-will Baptist, and Meth- odist; twelve school districts; and two post-offices — Thornton and West Thornton: also, two saw-mills and two shingle mills. Popula- tion, 1,011 ; valuation, $253,717. 56* 666 HISTORY A^'D DESCRIPTIOX OF XEW ENGLAND. Troy, in tlic sontheaistcrn ]v.ut of Cheshire foniity, fifty-four mile? from C'oiu-ord, was formerly tin' southerly ])art of Marlborough, the north part of Fitzwilliam, and the southerly ])arts of Swanzey and Richmond, having been incorporated June 23, ISlo. A house of wor- ship was erected in 1814. The people at that time were much given to intemperance and immorality, but have, of late years, visibly improved through religions inHuences. A Congregational church was organized Sej^tember 14, 1815, to which about one fourth of the population belong. The first minister w'as Rev. Ezekicl Rich, who continued from 181-5 to 1818, since which the people have enjoyed only stated supplies and short pastorates for the greater portion of the time. Troy is small in territory, and the surface and soil are various. A branch of the Ashuelot river enters the town, but the streams are gener- ally small, and hence the water power is not very extensive. There are three church edifices — Congregational, Baptist, and Universalist ; si\ school districts, with six schools ; and one post-oflice : also, two woollen manufactories, three pail factories, two rake factories, one iron-nioj) factory, one large tannery, seven saw-mills, one peg factory, and sho]:)s for the manufacture of clothes-pins, pail-handles, and washboards. The Cheshire Railroad has a station in Troy. Population, 759 ; valuation, $287,321. TrFTONBORiHiiii, in the southern ))art of Carroll county, forty-tive miles from Concord, was granted to John Tufton Mason, from whom it derived its name, and was settled about 1780. The act of incorpora- tion was passed December 17, 1795. Benjamin Bean, Phineas Graves, and Joseph Peavey w^ere among the earliest inhabitants. The siu-face of Tuftonborough is even in some parts, while in others it is very broken. The town is sitviated on the shore of Winnepesaukee lake (.several arms of which enter Tuftonborough some distance), a view of which from the einincnces is exceedingly picturesque, and scarcely surpassed by any other scenery in this locality. There are a immber of ponds and several small streams w'hich (low into the laki'. The raising of neat-cattle and sheep engages the principal part of the attention of the inhabitants, who are an industrious and thrifty people. There are Free- will Baptist, Christian, and Methodist societies ; eleven school districts, and three post-oflices — Tuftonborough, Melvin Village, and ]Mackerel Corner : also, two saw-mills, one sash, blind, and door factory, one carriage factory, and two gi'ist-mills. Population, 1,305 ; valuation, §874,713. Unity, in the western part of Sullivan county, fifty miles from Con- NEW HAMPSHIRE — TOWN OF WAKEFIELD. GC)7 cord, was granted July 13, 17G4, Theodore Atkinson, Mcshcch Wcarc, and forty-iive otliers, being the proprietors. Its name originated l)y reason of the happy termination of a controversy, which had been car- ried on for a length of time between certain persons in Kingston and Hampstead who claimed the same tract of land undi'r two ditli^reiit grants. The settlement of the town was begun in 1769. John Ladtl. Moses Thurston, Charles Huntoon, and Joseph Perkins were the earliest inhabitants. No minister of the gos[)el has ever been settled here, and the land reserved for such minister has been devoted to the support of schools. Unity has an uneven and rocky surface, but the soil is strong. The raising of stock receives considerable attention, the town l)eing justly celebrated for its excellent breeds of cattle and sheep. Perry's moun- tain, in the western part, is the largest elevation, and lies partly in Charlestown ; Glidden's peak lies a little west of the centre. The prin- cipal ponds are Cold, Oilman's, and Marshall's: the first is the head of Cold river; from the second (lows a branch of Sugar river; and the latter is the source of Little Sugar river, which runs in a westerly direc- tion through Unity, and thence through the north jjart of Charlestown, emptying into the Connecticut. Unity abounds in minerals of various descriptions. Granular quartz, used in the manufacture of sand-paper, is found ; and in the eastern part of the town is a strong chalybeate spring, celebrated for its curative powers. From the soil around this spring, copperas has been made, by leaching and evaporation. A con- sideralile vein of copper and iron ])yrites has been discovered, which promises to be very valuable when worked ; and small deposits of bog iron ore occur here and there. A mineral, nevlicate, blue-colored stone, highly prized by jewellers), and titan- ium (much used in the arts of porcelain painting and in the irianufac- ture of mineral teeth), are found here, some of them in large quantities. Unity has one village, situated at the centre; three church edifices — Methodist, Baptist, and Quaker ; eleven school districts, with the same number of schools ; and two post-offices — Unity and East Unity : also, one lath and shingle machine, four saw-mills, one gi'ist-mill, one gi-ocery store, and one hotel. Population, 961 ; valuation, $333,404. Wakefield, in the eastern part of Carroll county, adjoining Newfield, Me., is fifty miles from Concord, and was formerly called East Town, having been incorporated August 30, 1774. Robert Macklin, a native of Scotland, died here in 1787, having reached the advanced age of 1 lo fifiS HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. years. He frequently walked from Portsmouth to Boston in one day, returning the next. The last time he performed this journey was at the age of eighty years. The Congi'egational church, formed September 17, 1785, was the first in town, Rev. Asa Piper being ordained the same day, and served till May 17, 1883. The surface of Wakefield is diversified witli liills, rocks, and ponds, and is considerably broken. The soil is stubborn ; but when subdued and brought under cultivation is very productive. The largest collec- tion of water is called East pond, but should be designated by its Indian name, Newichawannock. It is a beautiful sheet of water, three miles in length and one mile in width, and is worthy to be called Lake Newichawannock. Lovewell's pond received its name from the famous Captain Lovewell, who here surprised and killed ten Pequawket Indians. Balch pond, the largest portion of which is in Wakefield, extends into Acton, Me. Pine River pond, in the north part, is the source of a small river of that name, which runs in a northerly direction and empties into a pond in Ossipee. A rivulet takes its rise in Newichawannock pond, and, until it reaches the Piscataqua, sometimes receives the name of Salmon Falls river, but ought properly to be called by the same name as the pond from which it originates. There are three villages — Walvc- field. Union, and Pine River; four church edifices — Congregational, Free-will Baptist, Congregational and Methodist, and Free-will Baptist and Methodist; an incorporated academy having no funds, and in operation but a part of the time ; ten school districts ; and four post- offices — Wakefield, Union Village, North Wakefield, and East W'ake- field : also, five saw-mills, five grist-mills, and ten shingle, clapboard, and planing mills. A large amount of lumber is manufactured and exported by railroad, and the shoe business is pretty extensively carried on. Population, 1,405 ; valuation, 8345,825. Walpole, in the western part of Cheshire county, on Connecticut river, — which divides the town from Westminster, Vt., — is sixty miles from Concord, and was granted by New Hampshire to Colonel Benja- min Bellows and sixty-one others, February 16, 1752, having been known as Great Falls.^ Its settlement was commenced, in 1749, by John Kilburn and family, who were followed, two years afterwards, by Colonel Bellows. The Canadians and Indians, ever on the alert for conquest among the English settlements, did not allow W' alpole to re- main undisturbed. In the spring of 1755, an Indian, called Philip, who understood the Enghsh language, stopped at the house of Mr. Kilburn, • For a previous grant, in 1735, by the government of Massachusetts, see article on Baldwin, Me., ante, p. 43. NEW IIAMPSIIIRE TOWN OF WALPOLE. 6(39 ostpiisibly to obtain supplies to last liim through a hunting excursion which he pretended to be on, but in reality to learn the strengtii of the settlement, — having visited all the towns on the Connecticut wilii the same plausible errand. Shortly after this, the settlers learned, through Governor Shirley, that it was the design of four or five hundred In- dians, who were assembled in Canada, to destroy all the whites on the Connecticut. This intelligence was not encouraging; but these hardy pioiKM'rs innnediately prepared for defence by fortifying their houses. About half a mile from Kilburn's house was a fort, garrisoned by tliirty men, under command of Colonel Bellows; but this was but a slight |)rotection against the anticipated force. The Indians made their appearance on the 17th of August, 175'), ami were seen by Kilburn and his men, who hastened home, and t-om- menced preparations to defend their property, or die in the attenqit. In the house were Kilburn and his son John (eighteen years of age), a man named Peak and his son, Mrs. Kilburn, and her daughter Hitty. They had not been in the house long, before the Indians came forth from their hiding-place, east of Kilburn's house, 197 in number, while a like number remained concealed near the mouth of Cold river. It was decided by the Indians to surprise Colonel Bellows — who, with his men, was at work at his mill — before commencing operations on the house of Kilburn ; and, accordingly, they laid in ambush, awaiting his return. The colonel and his party, about thirty in all, were returning to the fort, each with a bag of meal on his back, unconscious of danger till the dogs began to give tokens of the presence of an enemy, when Bellows prepared to act on the defensive. He gave directions that each man should relieve himself of his burden, and, after crawling care- fully up the hill, spring upon his feet, give a single yell, and immediately prostrate himself in the fern. This stratagem had the desired effect; the savages came forth from their ambush as soon as they heard the yell, and were received with a well-directed fire, which caused them to rush into the bushes witliout the discharge of a shot. Bellows did not pursue them, their numbers being too great; Ijut made for the fort. The Indians, after this, [iroceeded to Kilburn's house ; and Philip, con- cealing himself behind a tree, summoned the inmates to surrender, say- ing that they should have " good quarter." " Quarter!" thundered out Kilburn; " you black rascals, begone, or we "11 quarter i/oii .' " The at- tack was soon commenced; Kilburn, however, getting the first fire, which, it is thought, was fatal to Philip, a man much resembling him having been seen to fall. The savages then rushed forward in a lit (if desperation, pouring not less than four hundred bullets into the roof and sides of the house at the first fire. The cattle were butchered, the hay 670 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIOX OF NEW ENGLAND. and grain dcstroypcl, and an incotTIOX OF XEW ENGLAND. •and rivulets are also iiumerous, .sonic of wliicli t'uriiish good water power. The raising of cattle and sheep for luarkct forms an inter- esting item in the industrial interests of Washington. The town has one pleasant village; four meeting-houses — Congregational, Ba[)iist, Universalist, and Christian ; an academy, called the Tubbs Union Academy, a prosperous institution, with a fund of 81, -300; eleven school districts, with the same number of scliools ; and two post-ollices — Washington and Kast Washington: also, one establishment l\)r making cartl-boards, one for wash-boards, tiiree for bobbins, and one for ox-yt)kcs ; one woollen factory, several stores, and one hotel. Pop- ulatit)n, 1,053 ; valuation, §397,037. Waterville, in the eastern part of Grafton county, in the White Mountain district, sixty miles from Concord, was originally known as the Gillis and Foss Grant, having been granted June 29, 1819, to Josiah Gillis, Moses Foss, Jr., and others. The settlement was com- menced, about 1820, by Foss. The name Waterville was given to it, on its incorporation, July 1, 1829. Mountains and rocks obstruct the view in almost every direction, and give a wild and inhospitable aspect to the town, while the land is covered with an almost unbroken forest. The lovers of the ^and and sitblime here have an opportunity to enjoy rich scenery. Mad and Swift rivers water the town, and swarm with trotit. There are two ponds, one school district, and twelve legal voters. Population, 42 ; valuation, 824.524. Weare, on the northern line of Hillsborough county, fourteen miles from Concord, was granted, September 20, 1749, to Ichabod Robie, by the Masonian proprietors, and was called Halestown. Emigi-ants from Massachusetts, and the easterly part of New Hampshire, began the settlement. The charter conferring corporate privileges was passed September 21, 1764 ; the name being given to it in honor of Meshech Weare, the first president of New Hampshire. The first church formed was of the Baptist denomination, January 26, 1783. Rev. Amos Wo()(l was the first minister, having been ordained November 19, 17S8. Weare is sLx miles square, and has a broken, but not mountainous, surface. There are a few swamps and some good meadow land. Scarcely a portion of the town remains unimjjroved. There are three inconsiderable eminences, called IMoiuit AVilliam, Rattlesnake hill, and Mount Misery. The north branch of the Piscataqttog river waters Weare on the western boundary, and has a circtiitous course through the north and east sections, passing out on the southern side of the town. There are three considerable ponds, known as jNIotint William, NEW HAMPSniRE TOWN OF ROCHESTER. 675 Ferrins, and Dufk ; and fivt> villages, the Centre, Clinton Grove, North Weare, East Weare, and Oil Mill. There are seven clmrch edifices — two Friends, three Free-will Baptist, one Baptist, and one Universalist ; one aeailcniy; twenty-one school districts, with the same luimber of schools; and live post-oflices — Weare, East Weare, North Weare, South Weare, and Oil Mill : also, one cotton mill, one woollen mill, one blind and sash factory, twelve saw-mills, three grist-mills, two machine-shops, and three wheelwright shops. Qnite an extensive business is carried on in the manufacture of shoes. Population, 2,4o-3; valuation, •S786,4-")7. Wextwortii, lying in the central part of Grafton county, lifry-six miles from Concord, was granted November 1, 176(5, to sixty proprie- tors, anumg whom was John Page. Most of these resided in Kingston, East Kingston, Danville, South Hampton, Seabrook, and Salisbury, Mass. It received its name from Benning Wentworth, governor of the province of New Hampshire when under British rule, and was incorporated and settled the same year, a Mr. Smith being the first settler. The first child was born in 1771, and the first framed house erected in 1772. Many of the first settlers came from Massachusetts. There are various religious denominations here, none having the su- premacy. The principal stream is Baker's river, which rises in the mountains in Warren and Benton, and empties into the Pemigewasset at Plymouth. On both sides of this river are fine interval lands, affording excellent scope for agricultural development. This river supplies many good mill jjrivileges, having a fall of twenty feet. Of the country contiguous to this river, a correspondent writes : — "This river, in its ceaseless mean- derings ; the beautiful meadows on its banks; the uplands, gracefully sloping from the borders of the interval to the mountain sides; the un- broken mountain chain on either side; the great variety of moitntain tops, now higher, now lower, now covered with a luxuriant growtli of forest trees, now a barren ledge; the well-cultivated farms all along the river bottoms and on the hill and mountain sides, having good, and, in numerous instances, neat and tasteful, dwellings ; the fields, now yielding their generous burdens to the scythe and cradle, or promising a rich au- tumnal harvest, to repay the toils of the husbandman, — all present to the eye of the traveller, uji and down the valley of thi^ Baker (a dis- tance of twenty-five miles), a view delightful and exhilarating." Ot these beauties of landscape, Wentworth has a, more than ordinary share. A portion of Carr's mountain lies in the east part, and in thi' western part is a portion of Cuba mountain, the former containing a 676 HISTORY AND KE-SCRII'TIOX OK iJEW ENGLAND. fine quality of gmiiiti-, ami ihe latter laxf^o qnantitirs of ihe best liiiie- f^toiie. Iron ore also t-xists in various localities. Tlie village is built on a tongue of land, forin(>il by the union of Mill river and Balvcfs brook ; and, with its large and rather antique niceting-house, the hotel, the academy, several stores and shops, numerotis neat cottages, .several large dwellings, and the ornanientiil tuid fruit-trees which are seen here and there, presents a very pretty sight, and indicates a good degree of prosperity. On the fhh of August, 1856, a destructive freshet occtirred in this town, which caused damage to the amount of §20,000. It was verv violeiu in its operations, destroying not only the buildings, but under- mining their very foundations from twelve to twenty feet. The oviijin of the freshet was in two ponds in (^rford, one of which emptied into Bakers river in this town, and whose outlets had been dammed so as to rtiise their waters over an extensive surface to the depth of eight feet. It rained two days, during which water fell to the depth of nine and one t\\"eirtli inches, swelling the waters of these ponds so that the dams were swept away, when the waters poured, for three miles, with fury, down a stce]i, rocky channel, coming, in their destructive course, within half a ujile of this village, where they met with an obstruction in a saw-mill, the entire granite foundations of which were swept away, and the mill left almost worthless. Again let free, the waters continued their course, destroying part of the highway from Wentworth to Orford, sweeping away dwelling-houses, mills, their machinery and dams, barns, and sheds, — dashing every thing to pieces, "like crushed egg-shells," and hurrying them down the channel of the river, made new for rittite a distance by the violence of the waters. The river has been widened nearly ninety feet by the force of the current, and ;i spring of water, which su|)plie(l the village, has been cntirelv swept away, leaving not even a trace of its t)rigin. Xothing now can be seen \\ here, two years since, was the most active part of the village, but a deep excavation, with no trace of the numeroits Imildings once standinir. while the vast timount of earth carried away by the flood was con- veyed into the fine interval below, ov^erspreading the surface, and de- stroying the value of the extensive grounds it covers.^ ' It is wortliy of remark, that, nortli of tlio d.im .nml of the ground on whicli tlio road was built, the waters swept away earth about twenty feet deep, and fift}- or more feit vfide. In the removal of this earth, the granite rock, over the south part of whidi the stream in its former channel south of the grist-mill was wont to pass down a de(li\- itv' of thirty feet, was laid entirely bare for nearly seventy feet north, showing indubita- ble proof that it had been washed by the falling stream for miknown ages before the earth just removed aueumulated on it. The rock thus laitl bare has a surface as smooth NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN OF WESTMORELAND. G77 There are cloven school districts and one post-ofllce : also, the Went- worth Lumber Company, incorporated in 185(3, for the purpose of car- rying on the manui'actorc of lumber in all its branches; nine saw-mills and three grist-mills. The principal articles of export are lumber, wood, bark, coal, and farm produce. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad ])asses diagonally through Wentworth, from southeast to northwest. Population, 1,197 ; valuation, $374,108. Westmoreland, in the western part of Cheshire county, lies on the Connecticut river, sixty-five miles from Concord, and was granted Ijy Massachusetts, under the name of Number 2. It was subseciuently called Great Meadow, which \vas changed on the incorporation of the town by New Hampshire, February 11, 1752. In 1741, the first settle- ment was begun by four families. Mrs. Lydia How, the mother of the first child born here, was one of the earliest inhabitants. The Indians visited the s(;ttlement several times, but their depredations were not very extensive. In one of their excursions, however, they killed Wil- liam Phijjs, and at another time took Nehemiah How prisoner, and car- ried him to Canada. The first religious society organized was of the Congregational denomination, November 7, 1764. Rev. William (Jod- dard, ordained the same day, and dismissed August 7, 1765, was the first minister. Rev. Allan Pratt was ordained as pastor, Octoljcr 6, 1790, and served the people until the year 1827, during the latter part of which he was pastor of a church formed from the old society, but which reunited with it immediately after his dismission. The surface is varied, and the soil excellent for agricultural pursuits. There are several tracts of rich interval on the Connecticut. Water is supplied by several small streams, which empty into the Connecticut, the largest of which flows from Spaflbrd's lake in Chesterfield, furnishing some superior water privileges. Several mineral substances prevail here. There are three villages — Westmoreland, East Westmoreland, and Westmoreland Hill; four church edifices — two Congregational, one Universalist, and one Union ; thirteen school districts ; and three pt)st-offices — Westmoreland, East Westmoreland, and Westmoreland De]3ot : also, several grist-mills and saw-mills, a carding-machine, and one carriage factory. The Cheshire Railroad passes through the north- east corner. Population, 1,(578 ; valuation, •'§588,330. and as white, as full of grooves and hollows, made b)- the longn'ontinued action of water, as the portion of the same rock over which the waste water of the stream flowed pre- viously to the disaster. 57* 678 HISTORY AND DESritlPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. Whitefield, ill the soutlnvt-stcni part of Coos county, 120 iiiilos from Concord, was granted to Josiah Moody and others, July 4, 1774, soon after which it was settled by Major Burns and others. It has increased in population very rapidly: in 1810 there were but fifty-one inhabitants, and in 1850 there were 857. A Congregational church was formed here in 1826, consisting of six members. Rev. William Hutchinson labored here in 1830, and continued about five years. There has never been any permanently settled minister. Whitefield has agricultural advantages of a good order, the soil being easy of cultivation. In the north part, a portion of the land is swampy. Pine timber was very abundant on the first settlement of the town, and some of it still re- mains. John's river passes through Whitefield, and ])arts of Blake's, Long, Round, and Little River ponds lie here. There are some well- cultivated farms, giving evidence that the people are skilled in agricul- ture. There are two religious societies — Congregational and Metli- odist; nine school districts, and one post-ofiice : also, two saw-mills, and one grist-mill. Valuation, 6263,532. White Mountains. — The whole range of mountains in northern New Hampshire properly comes under this appellation ; but it is technically applied to the more lofty eminences situated in the south- easterly part of Coos county, which are some fifteen or twenty miles in length and eight wide at the base of the mountains, the latitude of Mount Washington, the highest summit, being 44° 16' 34" north, and the longitttde 74° 20' west. The principal mouiitaiii n-gion embraces the territory of ungranted lands, wiiich is nearly in the form of one upright oblong rectangle, surmounted l)y another laid horizontally, the former being some eighteen miles long, and the latter about twenty, and reaching to the boundary of Maine. In addition to this tract, lofty mountains extend over country embracing the towns of Chatham, Conway, Bartlett, Albany, and Waterville, on the (\ist and south ; the towns of Bethlehem, Franconia, Lincoln, Benton, and Woodstock, on the west; and Carroll, Randolph, Gorhain, and Shelburne, on the iiortli ; all of which make an area of about forty miles square. The range again crops out less prominently twenty miles to the northward, from Stratford to tiie northern boundary of the state. These mountains are the highest east of the Mississippi, and are observed from vessels ap- proaching the coast, in a clear atmosphere, as the first land; but, from their white ap])earance, are frequently mistaken for clouds. They are visible by land upon the soutii and east sides for eighty miles, and are •said to be seen from the neighborhood of Chambly upon the northwest, and Quebec nimn the north. The Indian name, says Belknap, was NEW HAMl'SlIIllE WHITE iMOLINTAINS. 679 Agiocochook. President Aldea says they were ealled by one of rlie eastern tribes Waumbelcketinethna ; and still other tribes, it is said, applied the term " Kan Ran Vugarty," the continued likeness of a gull, — all referring to their white appearance. From a comparison of authorities, it would appear that ihe first European who paid his respects to the White Mountains in person was " Darby Field, an Irishman, living about Pascataquack," who was one of the earliest members of the church at Exeter. This visit was made in 1642, 1 in the early part of summer. Of the nature of Field's obser- vations, Winthrop has given a grajiliic account.^ His enthusiastic rc- • '• rK'lkua]) lias ci-roncously (N. 11. I. 22-24) made Noal, ' in company witli Josselyn anil Darby Field,' in 1 G32, the discoverer.^ ; and magnified his error by this note : — ' Mi-. Hnbbard, and, after him. Governor Hutchinson, place this di.scovcry of the White Hills in 1642. But, as Neal had positive orders to discover the lakes, and tarried but three vcars in the country, employing a great part of his time in searching the woods, it is prob- able that Jlr. Hubbard mistook one figure in his date.' Here, as he has often done else- where, Hubbard might indeed have mistaken a figure, but he faithfully copied Winthrop, whose work was unknown, except in manuscript, to Dr. Belknap, when the first volume of his history of New Hampshire was published. A greater mistidce is, however, charge- able on Belknap, in making Josselyn the companion of Neal, who was gone home four years before Josselyn came over. Nor did Josselyn make the journey, according to his own account, before his second voyage to New England, in l(iC3. That Neal ever went to the Wliite Mountains is not rendered probable by any authorities cited by Belknap ; and, as the circumstance would have been for him a gn-at matter of boasting, we may be confident of the priority of Field, as in the te.xt abo\e. The great lake of Iroquois, which the grandson of Sir F. Gorges writes about as aaccrtained by Neal to be ninety or a hundred miles by land from Pascataquack settlement, was, I am satisfied, the Winnijiise- ogee. Distances were always magnified in the wilderness; and poor Neal was lost in the woods not far from home, ' when the discovery wanted but one day's journc}' of being finished.'" — Winihrop's Ilkt. New Enfjlun!)- scurity; but, from all appearances, so far as a geological opinion can be formed, it dates as far back as the old Silurian epoch.i Every thing about tills region bears the impress of great antiquity, no organic remains of any period being found here. The secondary and tertiary formations an.' entirely wanting, and the dril't, even at tiie base, lies in immediate connection with tiu' primary roclis ; but, at a disTanee of twenty miles on each side, may be found deposits of the secondary formation. Dr. Jackson^ speaks of the Wjiite Mountains as ''the centre of a most interesting geological section." He says: " If a measure is applied to a correct map of the Northern and Middle states, taking the White Mountains for a centre, and measuring southwest and northeast, it will be noticed that the secondary rocks are nearly equidistant from this centre of elevation on each side of the axis, and the beds and included fossils will correspond in a remarkable manner, indicating that, when the strata were horizontal, they formed a continuous deposit, effected under nearly the same conditions. If we estimate the strata of Ver- mont and Maine as horizontal, by imagining the primary rocks which separate them to be removed, and the lines of stratification brought to coincide in direction, it is evident that the whole of New England would be regarded as sunk far below the level of the ocean, and a space would still remain between the ends of the strata, where the primary rocks had been removed. Now, since the strata were formed when the present rocks were beneath the sea, we may suppose the whole of the primary unstratified rocks to have been below the strat- ified deposits, and, by a sudden outburst and elevation, to have been more or less broken up, altered in composition, and included between masses of the molten gneiss and granite." The geological features of Mount Washington possess but little interest, the rocks in this place consisting of a coarse variety of mica slate passing into gneiss, which contains a few crystals of black tour- maline and quartz. The cone of the mountain and its summit are covered with myriads of angular and flat blocks and slabs of mica slate, piled in confusion one upon the other. They are identical in nature ' Sir Charles Lycl! (Travels in the Unitcfl States, second visit, vol. I., p. ■.■!) ex- presses the opinion, that the upheaval of the White Mountains is of a much more reeeiit date than even the coal-measures; but the entire absence of all secondary formations leads to the conclusion above stated. The denuding; power of oceanic currents, ajn-at as it may be, it seems to us, could not have washed out every trace of fossil-bearing strata, if such had ever been formed here, ^ Geoloiy of New Hampshire, pp. 78, 164. 682 HISTORY AM) DESCIUPTIUN OF NEW ENGLAND. with the rocks in place, and bear no marks of transportation or abrasion by the action of water. On ilie declivity of the cone occurs a vein of milky and rose-colored quartz, but it is not sufficiently high colored lo form elegant specimens. If it is asked, Of what is the formation throtighout this moxintain re- gion ? the answer is, " granite." Whatever else may enter into its com- position, whetiier gneiss, mica slate, quartz, or tournudine, — and one or other of these is generally found in greater or less proportion, — the granite of '"the eternal hills" is present, too abundant, at least, to induce the belief that these hills will vanish, until at the voice of llitii who called them forth. Scarcely any two observers have agreed in their estimates of the heights of the principal mountains. Some of the former estimates were very wild. Dr. Williams supposed the height of Mount Washington lo be 7,800 feet above the sea; Dr. Cutter, 10,000 feet; and Dr. Belknap supposed it to exceed even that. The greater part of the estimates, made mostly by barometric observation, have ranged from 6,500 to 6,300 feet. Late reliable observations by George P. Bond, Esq., of Cam- bridge, by means of the barometer, aided by the theodolite, have given the following results: — In the central cluster, Mount Webster 4,000 feet; Willey" Mountain 4,400; .lackson 4,100; Clinton 4,200 ; Pleasant 4,800; Franklin 4,900; Monroe 5,400; Clay 5,400; Madison 5.400; Adams 5,700; Jefferson 5,800; Washington 6,285; or, in round num- bers, 6,300, — 500 feet above the tallest of his fellows. On the east side of Peabody river is Mount Moriah, 4,700, and the Carter Mountain, 4,900 feet. To the south is Mount Carrigain, the principal eminence of which is 4,800 feet; to the southwest the Twin mountains, 5,000 and 4,700 feet ; further west the Franconia range, varying from 4,500 to 5,000 ; Mount Lafayette, or the Great Haystack, 5,200, and Mount Kinsman, 4,100 feet. There arc several other peaks, ranging from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Professor Arnold Guyot, now of Princeton, has also made some exact measurements of Ihe relative heights of diflerent points in this region, not confined to mountains. To describe particularly all these localities would be unnecessary repetition, however full of interest each point may be. There are, however, many jilaces and objects of generally acknowledged impor- tance to the traveller. It is first proposed to refer to the persons by whose adventurous spirit, seconded by heroic deeds, these places became comfortable and inviting to strangers, and the means used to effect so praiseworthy an object. In the next place, it is proposed to mention the principal courses of travel, with their attractive places and objects. NEW IIAMrSIIIRE WHITE MOUXTAINS. 6S3 Timotliy Nash and Bonjaiiiiii Sawyer made the first practical use oi' the discovery of the pass tlirough the Notch, although it was previously known to the Indians, who took their captives this way to Canada. What has been called Nash and Sawyer's Local ion — a tract of 'J, 184 acres above the Notch, skirting the higher nunuitains ou the west — was granted to fheni, in 1773, for tiieir labor and expense in exploring this route. Ca|)tain Eleazar Rt)sel)rook, born in (irafton, Mass., in 1717, a hardy young man, with a spirit not to l>e confined within the pale of artificial society, at twenty-live married Hannah Ilawes, — eniigratcd to Lancaster, and remained for a short pcrioil, — w<'nt next to Monadnuc, now Colebrook, then thirty miles from any inhaliitant (the only path to his cabin being followed by s|)otted trees), — endured here the many trials of pioneer life, and joined the Revolutionarv army; and, while yet engaged in the public service, removi'd to Cbiildhall, Vt., where he became pi)ssessor of a fine farm ; luially, in 179:2, came into Nash and Sawyer's Location, and, instead of the small, deserted log cabin already here which he entered, he soon erected a large two-story dwelling-house, at the spot called the Giant's Grave, since known as the Mount Washington House, or Fabyan's. His nearest neighbor was " old Abel Crawford," twelve miles further down the valley, and eight miles below the Notch. He had in his wife ' a fit counterpart of himself, — strong, resolute, and fully adecjuatc to the dangers and emergencies of a life in the wilderness. Captain Rosebrook built here large barns, sheds, a saw-mill and grist-mill, annually redeemed many acres from the forests, and made them very productive. In 1817, he died of a cancer, and left his estate to Ethan Allen Crawford, who had removed from his home, where now stands the " old Crawford House," at the age of nineteen, and had resided with and taken care of Mr. Rosebrook for several years l)efore his death. Ethan was a man of iron frairie and will, and was familiarly known as tlie " Giant of the hills." Often has he taken the ' It is told of lier, that, while at Guildhall, during the absence of her husband, she was ol'icn calleil upon by the Indians, to whom their house was ever open. On one occasion, many Indians, with a large supply of '■ uncupy," or ardent spirits, suddenly came to their cabin, near night. !Mrs. Rosebrook received them kindly, and gave them permission to remain ; but soon perceived that they had imbibed too freely of the commodity which ihey carried. Late in the evening they became rude and boisterous; but she, deter- mined upon being mistress of her own house, ordered the whole tribe out of doors. All I'cluctantly obeyed with the exception of one squaw, wlio commenced a trial of strength with the good lady. Seizing this reprobate by the hair, Mrs. Rosebrook drao'r'ed her to the door, and thrust her out. As she fastened the door upon the savages, a tomahawk, thrown by this squaw, cut off the wooden latch upon which her hand was placed. The squaw, however, the ue.xt day sought Mrs. Rosebrook and entreated forgiveness. tiSJ HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. oxliaur^tcd or panic-stricken traveller, not excepting the fair sex, upon his broad shoulders, and carried tlieni until their spirits and strength revived. Crawford knew no fear. Judging from the frequent encoun- ters which he had with bears and lynxes, they may be said to have been his playmates. Soon after Captain Rosebrook's death, his buildings were destroyed by fire. It was a great blow to him, already in debt, but his energy rose above the misfortune. In time he erected other buildings. In those days, when travellers could not approach the mountains by stage nearer than Conway or Fryeburg, it was no small task to reach and ascend the mountains. The services of both Crawfords were then in constant requisition. The ascent, until 1821, was made upon foot, under thickets, over logs and windfalls, upon the tops of the scrubby growth of the forest, which generally tore the garments and often the flesh, and sometimes left the poor pilgrim, if not sans cu/olle, certainly without much courage. The first bridle-path was made by Ethan A. Crawford in that year, from his place, up the source of the AmiTio- noosuc, to the foot of Mount Washington. Subsequently they were made from the Notch, from Old Crawford's, from the Glen, and from .lefTerson, all the paths upon the western side being cut by the Craw- fords. These men were the lights and guides of the mountains, and, by their amusing stories, relieved the long hours of many a weary traveller. Abel Crawford, the father, often styled the " patriarch of the mountains,"' at eighty was a stout, athletic man. He and his son Ethan built "the Crawford House," at the head of the Notch, which was kept for many years by Thomas ,1. Cniwl'onl, one of the sons. At seventy-tive, he rode the first horse to the top of Mount Wash- ington. For the last five or six years of his life he represented the eight voters in his own (Hart's) location, and the few in Nash and Sawyer's Location, and Carroll. None of his sons were less than six fe(>t in height. Erastus, the eldest, was six feet six inches; and Ethan nearly seven feet. There are a variety of pheasant, and expeditions routes to the monn- taius from the great cities of the land. They are approached, upon the west, from New York, or any intermediate points, by following the railroads u}) the Connecticut valley. The distance from New York to the Profile House is 332 miles ; 337 miles to the Flume House ; and 344 to the Crawford or Notch House. The time need not vary essen- tially from New York by way of Boston, as travel is performed in the night. The principal routes from Boston are by way of Portland and the Grand Trunk Railway to (.Torham and the Glen House, 206 miles; i)y the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad to Plymouth, thence i>y stage to the Flume House, 148 miles ; or, leaving this railroad at NEW HAMPSHIRE WHITE iMOUNTAINS. 68o lake AViiuicpesankee, by a short trip across the lake to Centre Harbor. anJ by stage to Conway and to tlie Notch, KiS niilc^s ; or by tiie Boston and Maine and C\)checho railroads to Alton Bay, thence by steamer the length of lake Winnepesaukee, thirty miles, to Centre Harbor, and from there as above indicated, making 180 miles to the same point. From Montreal and Quebec, the routes approach as near the foot of the mountains. These are the principal thoroughfares, although the routes may vary at intermediate points to sitit the con- venience or i)leasure of the traveller. But they all result in three ways. By the north, the visitor comes by the railroad to the very foot, and within eight miles of Mount Washington. By the west, within twenty- ihree miles of the Notch; and by the south to lake Winnepesaukee, and the remainder of the route, fifty-four miles, by stage. Each route has its peculiar beauties, with which, it is suggested, the traveller may become the more familiar if he will seat himself on the box with the driver, upon the longest stage route. In passing from Conway u\) the valley of the Saco, the traveller has the principal range before him, and is gradually prepared for some of the details. It is about eight miles to Bartlett, thence about the same distance to the Old Crawford House, in ^vhi^■h part of the way is jiassed the Silver spring, Sawyer's rock, Hart's ledge, and Nancy's brook (opposite the Old Crawford), connected with the last of which is the sad tale of unrerjuited love. Six miles off, in the woods, is Bemis ))ond, somewhat famed of old for its noble trout. Mount Washington may be ascended from Old Crawford's over Mount Crawford. Six miles on, the Willey House, two miles below the gate of the Notch, is reached. The ])asser-l(y, hemmed in by the narrow defile, looks upward two thousand feet, and not tmfrequently experiences, in addition to the gloomy associations of the fatal spot, apprehensions for his own safety. Here hang the same threatening crags and rocks, — here remain the marks of the avalanche, made on the night of the 28th of August, 182(), which consigned to a living bttrial the family of Samuel Willey, .Ir., — father, mother, five children, and two liiri'i] men. The bodies of all Ijut three of the children were recovered, and deposited near the homestead of the senior Willey, at the boundary between Conway and Bartlett. That wild night is still remembered with terror by those who experi- enced its effects in other parts of the mountain glens, — the fitful raoan- ings of the gale, th(^ rushing torrents of rain in the darkness, the deafening crash of the thunderbolt, and the constant fall of rocks loosened from the heights, crushing the mighty pines and birches in their headlong career down the mountain steeps, and heard for many miles down the valley. The old man Crawford used to relate, that the Saco rose, as it VOL. I. -38 686 IIISTOKY AXD DESCRIPTION OF NEW ENGLAND. were, at a bound, to the level of his house, twenty or thirty feet from its ordinary bed, and even flooded his lower floors to the depth of a foot or more, but retired almost as suddenly. Notch of the White Mountains soon after the slide. A most thrilling narrative of the events of that night, and of the pruh- able scene, has been given by Rev. Benjamin G. Willey, brother of the ill-fated man.' Additions have been made to the Willey House, and if is still kept to jierpetuate a melancholy fact, where also the trav- eller, in exchange for the purchase of a glass of lemonade, may be poiiitcil to the marks and remains of the catastrophe. The mountain gorge extends for nearly three miles, skirted and overhung with the grandest scenery. About a half mile below the gate of the Notch, on the soui h side, a beautiful fall, called the Silver Cascade, comes leaping down the rocks and fissures, from about eight hundred feet above the adjacent valley, a distance of two miles. The volume of water is not large ; but at times, especially after a shower, the immberless changes in the form and a])pearance of the little rill, — now trenuilous and glittering in the sunbeams, now disapjiearing behind a crag, or losing itself in the siini- Incidents in AYhitt' Mountain Scenery, p]v. 115-14G. NEW UAMPSIURE — WHITE MOUNTAINS. 687 ;-^i^%^%l,|^ ^1 ^ ,|_ i\M osities of its course, now struggling on amid broken rocks, now dasliing over an abrupt i)recipice and scattering its drops like quicksilver upon the bed of quartz below, in a moment again gathering them up and gliding noiselessly on for some distance o\ei the smooth floor, then making another detom by the irregular pio- jections of rock, ne\r issuing in a do/eii streamlets, to meet again and fall quietly into some pool, anon lost in a thicket, then emerging to make the passage of anothei steep, bringing up ui some basin, from wluth ^^^ it s]iring3 and huuies on as if impatient ot obstruction, — dashmg, foaming, gurgling, glid- ing, sparkling, throw ing u|i spray, and repeating its jollities, till its iatal li'up into the Sato, wiiere its identity is foi- ever lost, — all render ii one of the most beau- tiful cascades in the world. Further down ^^! is a second cascade, called the Flume, fall- ing 2')0 feet over three precipices, — in a Mn- gli' current over the two first, and in thiee streamlets over the third, all lieiiig reunited in a small basin at the bottom. Approaching the gate of the Notch, — which is formed of two perpendicular walls, Silver Ciacadc 68S HISTORY AXD DESCRIPTIOX OF XEW ENGLAND. fifry feet liigli and twenty-two feet apart, Mount Webster stands with shaggy front upon the right, and Mount Willard upon the left, opposite the cascade, with a deep, dark ravine at its base. Near its top is the moutli of a large, unexplored cavern, called the " Devil's Den." Having jjassed the gate, the Crawford, the largest house in the mountain region, stands in full view. From this place is the principal i-oute of ascent to Mount Washington, upon the south and west sides of tiie mountains. The traveller is now in the valley of the Ammonoosuc, the lower falls being about a half mile off. The two upper falls, about four miles distant, are reached by a romantic bridle path. The Ammo- noosuc is the wildest, most rapid and violent river in New Hampshire. It falls nearly five thousand feet from its source on the mountain to where it enters the Connecticut. The whole distance of thirty miles is over rough, craggy rocks, and down steep, perpendicular precipices. Four miles further is the Ethan A. Crawford place (more recently Fabyan's, and the Mount Washington House). This was destroyed by fire, a second time, in 1853, and has not yet been rebuilt. Near the site of the iiouse is a long, narrow heap of earth fifty feet high, called the Giant's Grave. A half mile on is the White Mountain House, which has in a measure taken the place of Fabyan's. Twenty miles to the west, the Franconia Notch, Mount Lafayette, and, with the Old Man and Echo Lake, the Flume, and other interesting objects, are reached, a brief notice of which has been given in coimectiun with the towns embracing thejii.^ To transfer the traveller to the north side of the mountains, he alights at the Alpine House, in Gorham, and proceeds by stage eight miles tip the Peabody river valley to the Glen House, in a location formerly known by the name of Bellows Farm. Here he is at the northeasterly base of Mount Washington, less than five miles from the summit. On his way, and about a mile and a half below the Glen, he passes the Imp mountain, from which the projections in the rock somewhat resem- ble the " Old Man" at Franconia. The best jxiint of view is obtained from the westerly side of the Peabody river, in the afternoon. After leaving the Glen House, the road makes the circuit of the mountains, through Jackson and Bartlett, round to Crawford's, and so on through the valley of the Ammonoosuc ; or, to the right, over Cherry mountain, and through Jefferson, Kilkenny, and Randolph. The distance from the (ilen House to Crawford's is about thirty miles. On the eastern side of the mountains is Tuckerman's ravine, a deep chasm extending south- ward along the high spur from Mount Washington, with high, })erpeii- ' Sec articles on Franconia and Lincoln, ante, jip. i06, 5ji NEW IIAMPSIIIUE WHITE MOUNTAINS. 689 (licular walls, in many ]>lacos wholly inaccessiblp. The Pnows, r-worping down from Monnt Washington, liU it to the dcpih of liundird.^ of feet. A small stream runs through its whole length. Back from \hc CJlcn is the Carter range of mountains, the principal summit rising to a hiight of 4,900 feet. In the Glen valley is the water-shed, the Peabody run- ning nortiiward into the Androscoggin, and the Ellis river southward to the Saco. Near this point, three miles south of the (Tien, Crystal stream eoines foaming down most roaiantieally and noisily over the rocks, having its rise ill a spring three or foui hundred yards south- erly from the top ol jMount Washington. This stream was exploi- ed in the year 1852, be- fore which its existence and beauties seem to have been unrevealed to travellers. Itscouisi is through shatteied rocks and the tangled thickets, over shehmij precipices and through the bottom of a yawn- ing chasm, ha\m^ many beautiful cas- cades in a descent ot some four thousand ll'ct, till it reaches a rent in the ragged bluff, apparently made for its escape, where it makes several slides from shelf to shelf, and a longer leap into the basin be- low, the whole descent at this ]ioint bemg about eighty feet. These playful waters have not inaptly been termed the Crystal Falls. The whole distance of the stream is about five miles. About three miles above this cascade, and a mile from its rise, lies, in a most secluded spot, enfolded with spruce and other 58* try tal lallt 690 }II.--teriously clinging to the fissures of the rock, shoots a tall liem- lock, of nearly a hundred feet, far over the abyss. The basin below looks like a deep w(-ll amid the hills, open only on one side. Here, too, tlie whirling water has worn siuall cavities in the solid roclc. The place was formerly called Pitcher falls; but, since 1S.")2, has borne the name of Gleu Ellis. A very full and interesting description of these localities on the easterly side of the mountains is contained in the " Gtiide-Book to the White Mountains and Montreal," published in 18-Jo. Travellers usnallv make the ascent to the summit of IMouiit Wash- Glen EUi3 FaU. NEW HAMPSHIRK — WUITE MOUNTAINS. 691 iagtou upon the side whicli tliey first reach, some passing over, and some returning from, the suunnit, and making the circuit of the moun- tains. The greater part of the travel is from the Glen House and Crawford's, on quite opposite sides. The principal bridle-path of those upon the south and wi'st sidc^s is from Crawford's, a distance of ncady eight miles over mounis Clinton. Pleasant, Franklin, and Monroe-. The first one or two miles is thmni^li the thick forest of birch, beech, spruce, fir, and mountain ash. Formerly. u]> about 1,600 feet was a camp large enough to shchcr six or seven persons, where the night was often passed. The trees now have a more dwarfed appearance. Going on about three fourths of a uiile, tiie traveller is upon the mossy summit of Mount Clinton, in a region sparsely overspread with cranberries, whortleberries, and a stunted growth of evergreens and white biri'ii. Here a single step will carry one over an entire living tree, which has perhaps been gi'owing, without increasing much in size, for ages. From this bald sunnuit to the base of Mount Pleasant, the w^ay is somewhat encumbered by a forest ; and several deep ravines occur, which are, however, generally spanned l)y '' corduroy " bridges. Mount Pleasant, or Dome luountain, known by its conical shape, is easily ascended. Its top — an area of five or six acres — is cjuite smooth, and is covered with grass four or five inciies high, through which mountain flowers are scattereii. The descent from Mount Pleasant, at first quite gradual, terminates almost perpen- dicularly at Red pond, a little patch of water two or three rods in diameter, bordered upon all sides by a long, reddish moss. It has, in the dry season, no outlet, which fact gives the water, although quite clear, an unpleasant taste. The top of Franklin, rather more level than Pleasant, is easily gained. Between this and Monroe the way is over a narrow ridge of three or four rods wide, froiu which start, upon the west, tributaries of the Connecticut, and, upon the east, waters which find the Atlantic upon the coast of Maine. The view here is one of the most awful and sublime in all mountain scenery. Down the fearful steeps, for thousands of feet, the traveller sees the bottom of Oakes's Gulf upon the east, and the surpassingly beautiful vale of the Ammonoosuc upon the west. He can pass between the rugged pin- nacles of Monroe, or over the eastern summit, the latter giving the best view. There is a narrow place in the path, where a single misstep of the horse would be almost certain destruction. Frona Monroe a con- siderable descent brings one to Blue pond, more recently called the Lake of the Clouds, which is of an oval form, and covers more than three fourths of an acre. The water is perfectly transparent, cool, and agree- able to the taste, but so deep that the bottom cannot be seen in the r)9r2 )II,STOEY AXD DESCRIPTION OF XEW EXdLAXU. centre from the shore. Xo living creature is to be seen in tlie waters at this altitude, nor any vegetable in or around them. And now conies the last stage of the journey, more than 1,200 feet up the majestic dome of Mount Washington, principally over moss-grown and naked, loose, blocks of granite infused with quartz and gneiss, which would be not a little formidable if the larger stones had not been removed from or beaten up in the pathway. By climbing up straight, by twisting ri^rlif and twisting left, by hitching forward a little faster than slipping baclv- ward, this most ragged and abrupt part of the way is finally left behinil. and the pilgrim stands nearer the sun than anywhere east of the Rocky Mountains. The way from tiie Glen is shorter and steeper, — being about four and a half miles, which is usually gone over in four hours. CrossinLT Peabody river, the path leads directly into a second growth, and presently into thick woods, which continue fully half way up. Tlie man on foot will not fail to encounter roots, stumps, and bushes enough, while he who rides will have no lack of motion in the climbing ami slumping of his steed in the deep trench worn out by horses' feet. Steep ridges, precipitous crags, deep ravines, and rushing torrents, arc to be met and passed. Emerging from the woods, on a high blnlV. the traveller can see down an immen.se depth upon the north the great gulf, whose fearful precipices have rarely, if ever, been descended. The green forest is succeeded by blanched and blasted trees, whose leafless and almost branchless trunks often lead the traveller to suppose them wasted by fire. The fierce winds and weather have rendered them perfectly white. It has been supposed that the cold seasons whicli prevailed from 1812 to the end of 1816, in the last of which the trees may have remained frozen the whole year, caused their death. This region being passed, the way is mostly over moss-covered rock, but little of the way, however, of a gentle slope. Clouds and mists now often cross the path, and he who has tugged up thus far on foot, with blood at fever heat and coats in hand, may now reckon upon putting them on again, and buttoning them up to his chin. Nothing else is noteworthy till the summit is reached. The description of this path has not yet gone into the history of the past ; although it has bem supposed by many that the old poetic and oriental mode of ascent, on foot or itpon horse, in single column up the narrow bridle-path would, ere this, have made way for a new mode of locomotion. Certain persons having conceived the practicability of a carriage road in 1S-')'S. a l\Ir. D. O. Macomber and others were incorporated as the Mount Washington Road Company, with a capital, which, in 1856, was lim- ited to 8100,000, with authority to construct a road from "the Peabody NEW HAMPSHIRE WHITE MOUXTAIXS. 693 river valley to the top of Mount Wat^hiiigton, and thence to some point on the northwesterly side of said mountain, between the Notch of the White Mountains in Crawford's Grant, and the Cherry Mountain ; " and to take tolls of passengers, provision being first made for the set- tlement of damages with owners. The contemplated length for the road was eight miles. It was to be fifteen feet wide, with the outer edge the highest, and protected by strong walls ; to be macadamized in the best manner, and upon a rising grade of one foot to eight and a half linear feet, with level spots at various points of interest. The omnibuses were to hold twelve persons (each with a separate seat) ; and, for the comfort of passengers, to be adjusted with a screw to elevate the rear end in ascending, and the forepart in descending, so as to give the vehicle a horizontal position. A conveyance or lease of the road-bed for the term of its charter has been made to tlie company by claimants of the Pinkham Grant, and a mortgage back to the claimants of the right and improvements of the road. The work at present is not progressing. If it shall ever be completed, it will justly deserve to be regarded as one of the greatest achievements of skill and enterprise ever driven up hill. Intended as a climax to the work, the Mount Wash- ington Sunmiit Hotel Company was chartered in 1S-j-j, with a capital of $100,000, with power to construct or purchase one or more hotels on the summit; but little progress, however, towards the project of building a spacious iiotel has been made. It recpiired, however, no little courage and labor to erect the two comfortable habitations now standing there, known by the names of Summit House and " Tip Top," the latter standing but a few feet above the other. The former was built by Joseph S. Hall and Mr. Rosebrook, two men whose intimate acquaintance with the route as guides, and whose strength and intrepidity, well fitted them for the herculean task. The work was commenced on the first day of June, and they sat down to dinner in the house on the 25th of July, 1852. The structure is of the solid rock, blasted and piled up four feet thick, cemented and covered with a wooden roof forty feet long and twenty-two wide. Every stone had to be raised to its place by mus- cular strength; every rafter, board, shingle, and nail had to be carried up on the back of man or horse. A horse could carry up four boards (about sixty square feet), once a day. No one went without somethino-, — a chair, or door, piece of crockery, or some provisions. Mr. Rose- brook, who was a young giant, carried up, at one time, a door of the usual length, three feet wide and three and one half inches thick tea pounds of pork, and one gallon of molasses. The walls were raised eight feet high, and the roof fastened on by heavy iron bolts, over which 694 HISTORY AXD DE.-C1UPTI0\ OF XEW ENGLAND. strong cables wen- passed, and attaclied to the solid rock of the niouii- taiii. But two or tliri'i' hours' \v<.)rk could be pertbnncd eatli dav, on Recount of the severity of the winils and mists at the top, whiih would often incvust the men in ice, and compel them to llee to their tenqjorary retreat about half-way down the mountain. ]n this way the whole day was often lost in travelling back and forth, — the clear sunshine above inviting them up, but the liekl vi' op<'raiions often being envel- ojK'd in stormy clouds before they could reach it. The inside of the T I nf Mt AV h Dgton house had only curtained apartments. A table was set of sufficient capacity for thirty or forty persons, a cooking stove at the end. a small kitchen and a row of beds, each curtained off, completing the arrange- ment. The "Tip Top" was erected afterwards with a flat roof, and imbedded so far into the rocks that their rortgh, projecting points served for ste]3s by which to mount the roof for observation, one or two good telescopes generally standing there for that piir|50se. And now the traveller certainly finds a new application of the oft ipioted line. ■ 'T is distance lends cnoliantment to the view." NEW HAMPSHIRE WHITE MOUNTAINS. 695 He has made a wearisome, pilgrimage up from the dull world, with its commonplace scenes, to gaze upon them with new eyes, to see in the vales and hills, woods and waters, new beauties. The eye takes in the vast panorama for 150 miles around. The other summits pnsrnt themselves around like yeomen of the guard. On the north and north- east, Jefferson, Madison, and Clay rise up boldly with their ragged tops of loose, dark rocks, and Adams, with its sharper pinnacle, — seemingly intimating, across the immense unexplored gulfs between them and Mount Washington, the respect they bear to the monarch of the hills. A little further to the east are the numerous elevations of Maine, settling down into level plain as they retire from the view ; on the east an 1 1 CO £ . .-1 ^o ii 1 l^'czg^il c§ 8 4 » CO t M rt O .g i ^ ^ lit lipt 11 1 il 1 (2 "^ .- ^ 11 s .ss 1 § 8 1 - ! I! II 1 II ii 1 ii Klect. Vote. » 1 •< 1 1 llllll ^ (Salts'; CO K g c s S s lis J? S-g g g g-5 i^ Hi 11° ^ o S. " J "' o % ■ ^ lg II 1 Ih . % 1 5 § i 3 i i i llllfl^.l llilirll £f ii ^ !i 1: 1 i §1 t si P ^ IS- -£fis w '" - t- cj 2 1 S CO 2 ^ 1 e S 4 4 4 <^ 5 1 g 2S s g CO * g i. ss 5 4 ii lilt ii iifi So * .1 S " «'' s s s O I- rH 1- I- V a "^ e s s a S 2 E ►-s K f-s tS fe .2 . S Elect. Vote, 1840-1. Martin Van Buren 32,670 Wm U. Harrison 26,431 Scattering 1,753 i John W. Weeks, Stephen Pcrley, Samuel Hatch", Andrew Pierce, Jr., John Scott, Francis Holbrook, Samuel Burns. ^ 183G-7. Martin Van Bcren 18,699 Wm. H. Harrison 6,228 Scattering 708 t^ Jonathan Harvev, Isaac Waldron, ' Tristram Shaw, Stephen Gale, Josiah Russell, G. Gilmore, Ebenezer Carleton. 1856-7. John C. Fremont 37 ,.591 James Bcchanan 31,891 Millard Fillmore 409 •1 i^ Wm. II. II. r.ailer, Th.jmas L. Whitton, Daniel Clark, Tliomas M. Ivlwards, Johu U. White. Elect. Vote. o 1832-3. Andrew Jackson 26,269 J. Q. ADAMa 19,027 Scattering 1,394 e| Benjamin Pierce, Phineas Parkhurst, Samuel Collins, John Taylor, John Holbrook, Joseph Weeks, Moses White. 1852-3. Franklin Pierce 28,884 WiNFiELD Scott 15,540 JoiiN P. Hale 0,568 S 1 1 5 Henry Hubbard, Samuel Jones, Jabez A. DoukUiss, Samuel Webster, Nathaniel B. Baker. Elect. 8 ^ 1828-9. J. Q. Adams 24,124 Andrew Jackson 20,922 Scattering 1,249 1 1 George Sullivan, Samuel Quarles, Samuel Sparhawk, AVilliam ISixby, Nuhiim Parker, Tliomas Woolson, Ezra Bartlett, William Lovejoy. 1848-9. Lewis Cass 27,762 Zachart Tailor 14,789 Martin Van Bdeen 7.559 o Samuel Tilton, Jesse Bowers, Joseph H. Smith, Jonathan Eastman, Richard H. Ayer, Simon Warren. "A ^ (706) 706 NEWSPAPERS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEWSPAPERS EN THE STATE. American Ballot, Exeter, weekly, Thomas J. Whittem, editor and publisher, SI. 50 a year. Cheshire Republican, Kecnc, weekly, Horatio Kimball, editor and publisher, SI. 25 a year. Congregational Journal, Concord, weekly, B. W. Sanborn, publisher, $1.50 a year. Coos County Democrat and Kortheru Press, North Stratford, weekly, published by Chas. D. Johnson & Co., SI. 00 a year. Coos Republican, Lancaster, weekly, Bowe & Allison, $1.50 a year. Daily American, Manchester, Goodale & Farnsworth, publishei^, S3.00 a year. Democratic Republican, ll.iverhill, weekly, by H. W. Reding, SI. 25 a year. Democratic StamlarJ, Concord, weekly, John B. Palmer, editor and publisher, S1.50 a year. Dollar Weekly .Mirror, Mmchester. John B. Clark, $1.00 a year. Dover Emiuirer, weekly, George Wadleigh, 81.25 a year. Dover Gazette and Strafford Advertiser, Dover, weekly, Joshua L. Foster, editor, Foster & Hill-, publishers, $1.25 a year. Dover Sentinel, weekly, Jolin T. Gibbs & Co., editors, $1.25 a year. E.xeter News Letter, weekly, Samuel H.ill, publisher, $2.00 a year. Farmer's Cabinet, Amherst, weekly, E. D. Boynton, editor and proprietor, $1.50 a year. Granite State Free Press, Lebanon, weekly, Geo. S. Towle, editor and proprietor, SI. 50 a year. Great Falls Advertiser, weekly, G. H. & S. E. Tworably, editors and proprietors, $1.50 a year. Independent Democrat, Concord, weekly, Fogg & Hadley, editors and pubUshers, SI. 50 a year. Also, daily during session of Legislature. Manchester "D lily Mirror, John B. Clarke, editor and proprietor, S3.00 a year. Manchester Democrat and American, weekly, Goodale & Farnsworth, S1.25 a year. Manchester Republican, weekly, B. F. Stanton & Co., SI. 50 a year. Milford Republican, weekly, F. N. Boutwell, editor and proprietor, SI. 00 a year. Morning Chronicle, Portsmouth, daily, Frank W. Miller, publisher, $4.00 a year; weekly, SI. 00. Morning Star, Dover, weekly, Wm. Burr, editor, SI. 50 a, year. Nashua Gazette, weekly, B. B. and F. P. Whittemore, SI. 50 a year. National Eagle, Claremont, weekly, John S. Walker, editor and proprietor, SI. 50 a year. New Hampshire Argus and Spectator, Newport, weekly, Carleton & Harvey, S1.25'a year. New Hampshire Democrat, Laconia, weekly, S. C. Baldwin, editor and publisher, SI. 00 a year. New Hampshire Gazette, Portsmouth, weekly, Samuel Gray, editor and publisher, SI. 50 a" year. New Hampshire Journal of Agriculture, Manchester, weekly, AV. H. Gilmore, publisher, S1.50 a year. New Hampshire Journal of Education, monthly, Henry E. Sawyer, editor, SI. 00 a year. New H.inipshire Patriot and State Gazette, Concord, Wm. Butterfield, editor aiid publisher, weekly, SI. 50 a year. Also daily, during session of the Legislature. New Hampshire Sentinel, Keene, weekly, Thomas Hale & Co., editors and publishers, SI. 50 a year. New Hampshire Statesman, Concord, McFarland & Jenks, weekly, $1.50 a year. Also daily, during session of Legislature. New Hampshire Telegraph, Nashua, weekly, Albin Beard, editor and proprietor, $1.50 a year. Northern Advocate, Claremont, weekly, J. Weber, editor and publisher, SI. 00 a vear. People's Journal, Littleton, weekly, H. W. Rowcll, editor and proprietoa, SI. 25 a year. Peterborough Transcript, weekly, 'Kendall C. Scott, editor and pubUsher, $1.00 a year. Portsmouth Journal, weekly, Charles W. Brewster & Son, $1,50 a rear. Rochester Review, weekly, "D. Warren Furber, editor and publisher, SI. 00 a rear. Rockingham ChroniL-le, Portsmouth, weekly, Frank W. Miller, publisher, $1.00 a year. The iMyT.'le, Dover, semi-monthly, Wm. BinT, 25 cts. a vear. Union Democrat, Manchester, weekly. James M. Campbell, SI. 50 a year. Wiunipisaukee Gazette, Laconia, weekly, Benj. F. Wallace, editor and proprietor, SI. 00 a year. SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES K CONGRESS. Senators. 1843- lSo3- Athertnn, Chas. G Bell, James, Bell, Samuel, CiUey, Joseph, CKark, Daniel, Cutts, Charles, Gilman, Nicholas, ( 1847 Hale, John Parker, < 1S54 (l859 1S2.3- 1846- 1656- 1810- ■1847 ■1813 ■1814] -1853 ■1850 Hill, Isaac, 1831 Hubbard, Henry, 1835 Langdon, John, 1769 Liverraore, S. 1793- Mason, Jeremiah, 1813 Morrill, David L., 1817- Korris, Moses, 1849- Olcott, Simeon, 1801- Page, John, 1836- Parker, Nahum, 1807- Parrott, John F., 1819- Pierce, Franklin, 1837- Plumer, William, 1802- -1S36 -1841 -1801 -1801 -1817 -1S23 -1855 -1805 -1837 -1810 Sheafe, Jame«, Storer, Clement, Thompson, T. W. Wilcox, Leonard, Williams, .lared W. Wingate, Paine, Woodbury, Levi, ISOl- 1S17- 1814- 1842- 1854- 1789- 1S2.5- 1841- -1819 -1.817 ■1843 -1793 ■1831 Representatives. Atherton, Charles G. 1837- Atherton, Charles H. 1815- SEXAT0R3 AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 707 Barker, DnvM, Bartlctt, IclKibotl, Bartlett, Josiali, Bean, Benniiig M., Belton, Silns, Blaisdell, Daniel, Broadhead, Jolui, Browu, Titus, Buffum, Joseph, Burke, Edmund, Burns, Robert, Butler, Josiali, Carlton, Peter, Chamberlain, J. C, Chandler, Thomas, Oillej', Bradbury Clagett, Clifton, i Cras^in, A. II., Cusliman, Samuel, Dinsmore, Samuel, Durell, Daniel JI., ]']astman, Ira A., Eastman, Nehcmiah, Edwards, Thos. JI. Ellis, Caleb, Farrington, James, Foster, Abicl, | Freeman, Jonathan, Oardncr, Francis, -1R29 -iSL:a -1S1.3 1G03- is-;o- laiD- ICGO- 18:13- 1G17- 1S07- 1S09- 1S29- IGIO- U03- i:i7- ItOD- 1811- 1807- 1039- 1S25- 1SG9- r.ilman, Nicholas, Gordon, Wilham, llale,Jolm Parker, Hale, Obcd, -184J -1S37 -1823 -1809 -1811 -1833 -1817 -isoj -1821 -1CG9 -1839 -1613 -U09 -1843 -1827 , Sain -U03 -ItOl -1S09 Hale, William, j Mammons, Joseph, llaiiH-r, Juhu A., Harper, J. .soph M., llarvcv, Jciiatlian, HarveV, Mattliew, Haven'. Nathaniel A., Healv, Josepli, Hibb'ard, Harry llon!;h, David, Hubbard, llcnrv, Hunt, Samuel," Johnson, James II., Kittredgc, Geo. \\\, Livermore, Arthur, | Livermoro, .S., Marston, Gilnian, llatson, Aaron, Jlorriso)!, Geo. W., Jloulton, Mace Norris, Moses Parroit, Jolin F., Peaslce, Charles II., Pcirce, Joseph, 1C09- 1G25- 1S49- 1C0.3- 1829- 1C02- 1C45- 1C23- 1789- is:9- 1G21- -1813 -181D -1611 -1C31 -ICll -U29 -lt5J -K07 Perkins, Jared, Pierce, Franklin, Pike, James Plnmer, William, Jr. Reding, John R., Shaw, Tristram, Sheafe, James, Slierburne, J. S., Smith, Jedediah K., Smith, Jeremiah, Smith, Samuel, Sprague, Peleg, Storcr, Clement, Sullivan, George, Tappan, Mason W., Tennev, Samuel, Thompson, T. W., Tnrl;. .\mos, 1 '; li:i;n. George B., I j.ii ;;;,. Xathauiel, \Veli^ter,'Daniel, Weeks, John W., Weeks, Joseph, Whipple, Thomas, Wilcox, Jeduthan, Wlliams, Jared W., Wilson, James, AVilson, James, Wingute, Paine, l.'-51— IS.'iS 1:33—1837 1S05— 1859 ,1819—1825 1E41— 1845 1639-1843 17D9— 1601 1793—1797 1807-1809 1791—1797 1B13— 1815 17C7— 1799 1807—1809 1811- 1813 l.^uj- 1659 1C.:9— ICOO— ISO" 1C05— 1807 18<7— 1853 1801- 1S03 1817—1823 1813—1817 1C13— 1817 1829-1833 1C3J— 1839 1821—1829 131.3-1817 1837—1841 1809—1811 1847—1880 1793—1795 PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT FROM 1C80 TO 177G. 1680. John Cutt, appointed president by Charles II. 1681. Richard Waldron, " " "" " " 1682. Edward Cranfield, " " " " 1G85. Walter Barefoot, " " " James II. 1686. Joseph Dudley, " " " " " 1687. Edmund Andros, " " " " " 1689, Simon Bradstreet, governor of Jtassachusetts and New Hampshire. 1691. Jolm Hickes, acting president under government of Massachusetts. 1692. John Usher, appointed lieutenant-governor by William III. and Mary. 1697. William Partridge, " " " " " " " 1698. Samuel Allen, " governor " " " " 1699. Richard Coote, Ear! of Bellamont, appointed governor by William III. and Man'. 1703. Joseph Dudley, appointed governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire by Queen Anne. 1715. George Vaughan, " lieutcnanl-governor by George I. 1716. Samuel Shute, " governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire by George I. 1717. John Wentworth, " lieutenant-governor by George I. 1728. William Burnet, " governor of lUassachusetts and New Hampshire by George II. 1730. Jonathan Belclier, " lieutenant-governor of JIass. " " " '• " 1731. David Dunbar, " " " " New Ilarapsliire by George II. 1741. Benning Wentworth, appointed governor " " " " " " 1767. John Wentworth. " " " " " " " III. 1776. January 6, to June 10, 1784. Council of twelve, of which Meshech Weare was annually chosen president. 708 GUBERNATORIAL VOTE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. GUBERNATORIAL VOTE, 1784 — 1859. 1784. 1785. JlEsnECii \yEAnE,i Georgs Atkinson, John Lasudo.x,- Sc.ittering, John Sii,liv.\n, John Lnngdoii, Scattering, John L.ingtlon, John Sillivan," Josiuh Bartlctt, 2,755 2,497 1791. 1792. 1793. 4,309 3,OU0 658 4,034 3,«42 028 Samuel Livcnnore, 603 John Lanodon, 4,421 Jolm Sullivan, 3,664 Scattering, 753 John Sullivan,= 3,657 Jolm Pickering, 3,4S8 Jo-iah liartlott, SOS Joshua Wcntworth, t9 Jolm Pickering, 3,160 Joshua Wentworth, 2,309 Josiah Bartlett,- 1,776 Nathaniel Peabody, 294 Josiah RAniLETT, 8,079 Scattering, 2SS Josiah Bartlett, 8,092 Scattering, 297 Josiah Bartlett, 7,388 Jolm Laugdou, 1,300 Scattering, 1,100 1802. John T. Oilman, 10,337 John Langdon, 8,753 Scattering, 70 1803. John T. Oilman, 12,263 John Langdon, 9,011 Scattering, 43 1804. John T. Oilman, 12,210 John Langdon, 1805. John Langdon, John T. Oilman, 1806. John Langdon, Scattering, 1S07. John Langdon, Scattering, 1808. John Langdon, Scattering, ! 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823. .loHN T. Oilman, 7,829 Scattering, 1,100 1794 1795. .loH.s- T. Oilman, 9,340 1796. 1797. Scattering John T. Oilman, Scattering, 7,809 2,906 John T. Oilman, Scattering, John T. Oilman, Oliver Peabody, Scattering, 9,397 1.189 1,567 1799. 1800. 1801. John T. Oilman, 10,138 Scatteriiig, 1,590 John T. Oilman, 10,363 Timothy Walker, 6,039 Scattering, 361 16,097 12,287 13.91 2,949 12,041 3,258 1S09. Jeremiah Smith, 15,610 Jolm Langdon, 15,241 Scattering, 122 1810. John Langdon, 16,325 Jeremiali Smith, 15,106 Scattering, 84 1811. John Langdon, Jeremiah Smith, Scattering, 1812. John T. Gilman, Wm. Plu.mer,^ Scattering, Sajiuel Cell, Scattering, Samlel Bell, Scattering, Samuel Bell, Scattering, Levi Woodrury, Samuel Dinsmoor, Scattering, 1824. D. L. Morrill,* Levi AVoodbury, Scattering, 14,477 65 15,013 15,40J 887 1813. John T. Oilman, 18,107 William Plumer, 17,410 Scattering, 132 1814. John T. Oilman, 19,695 William Pluiuer, 18,794 Scattering, 53 1815. John T. Oilman, 18,357 William Plumer, 17,799 Scattering, 38 1816. W'lLLIAM PLU51ER, 20,338 James Slieafe, 17,994 Scattering, 75 1817. William Plumer, 19,088 James Shcafe, 12,029 Scattering, 4,258 1818. William Plumer, 18,074 Jeremiah JIason, 6,,'r50 Sc.ittering, 5,941 John T. Oilman, 10,898 I 1819. Samuel Bell, 13,751 Timothy Walker, 5,249 William Hale, 8,000 Scattering, 692 | Scattering, 1,854 1825. 1626. 1827. D. L. JIoRRILL, Scattering, D. L. Morrill, Benjamin Pierce, Scattering, . Ben.j. Pierce, David L. .Morrill, Scattering, . John Bell, Benjamin Pierce, Scattering, Benj. Pierce, .lohn Boll, Scattering, Matt'w H.vrvey, Timothy Upham, Scattering, Sam'l Di ssmoor, Ichabod Bartlett, Scattering, Sam'l Dinsmoor, Arthur Livcnnore, Scattering, Sa:m'l DiNs^ioon, Arthur Livermore, Scattering, WiLLi.iM Badger, Scattering, William Badger, .Toseph Ilealey, Scattering, Isaac Hill, Joseph Healey, Scattering, IsA,\c Hill, Scatteriu'', 22,212 2,559 22,582 1,866 22,934 1,046 16.985 12,718 240 14,899 11,741 3,708 17,578 12,287 386 23,695 2,529 1,187 21,149 18,072 22,615 19,583 23,214 19,040 23,503 18,681 110 28,279 3,959 1,238 28,552 1,621 24,904 2,506 3,455 22,301 2,171 1 Probably elMteil by imanimous vote. Xo official ttatcment of the vote is found on record. - Elected by the Senate, there being no choi.'e by the people. s There beiiiB no chniee by the people, Plumer was elected in convention of the Senate and Iloa^c of Repre- sentatives, havinff a ni:i.ioritv of twenty-two votes. » Cho.-iea in convention of the Senati; and Hou,se of Representatives. r.UBERNATORIAL VOTE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 709 1838. Isaac Hill, 2S,i;a7 James Wilson, jr. 25,244 Scattering, G29 1839. John Page, 30,518 James Wilson, jr. 23,928 Scattering, 155 1810. John Page, 29,521 Enos Stevens, 20,716 Scattering, 562 1841. John Page, Enos Stevens, Scattering, 29,110 21,230 1,343 1842. Henry Hudbakd, 26,831 Enos Stevens, 12,234 Scattering, 9,039 1843. Henry Hubbard, 23,050 Antlionv Colbv, 12.551 John H.'Wliite, 5,497 Diiniel Hoit, 3,402 Scattering, 33 1844. John H. Steele, 25,986 Antliony Colbv, 14,750 Daniel Hoit, " 6,767 John H. White, 1,988 Scattering, 201 1845. John H. .Steele, 23.406 Anthonv Colby, 15,579 Daniel 'Hoit, S,786 Scattering, 994 1846. Jared W. Williams, 26,740 Anthony Colby,' 17,707 Nathaniel S. Berry, 10,397 Scattering, 568 1847. J. W. Williams, 30,806 Anthony Colby, 21,109 Nathaniel S. Berry, 8,531 Scattering, 64 1848. J. W. Williams, 32,245 Nath.iniei S. Berry, 28,829 Scattering, 4G8 1849. Sam'l Dinsmoor, 30,107 Levi Chamberlain, ls,704 Nathaniel S. Berry, 7,045 Scattering, 117 1650. Sam'l Dinsmoor, 30,751 Levi Chamberhiin, 18,612 Nathaniel S. Berry, 6,472 Scattering, 54 1851. Sam'l DiNSMOOR,= 27,425 Thos. E. Sawver, 18,458 John .\twood," 12,049 Scattering, 179 1852. Noah Martin, 30,807 Thos. E. Sawyer, 19,850 John Atwood, 9,479 Scattering, 209 1853. Noah Martin, 30.934 James Bell, 17,590 John H. White, 7,995 Scattering, 47 1854. Nath'l B. Baker, 29,788 James Bell, 16,941 Jared Perkins, 11,080 Scattering, 122 1855. Ralph Metcalf, Nath'l B. Baker, James Bell, Asa Fowler, Scattering, 1856. Ralph Metcalf,' John S. Wells, Ichabod Goodwin, Scattering, 1857. William Haile, John S. Wells, Scattering, 1858. William Haile, Asa P. Ciite, Scattering, 1669. Ichabod Goodwin, Asa P. Gate, Scattering, 1660. Ichabod Goodwin, Asa P. Cate, Scattering, 32,769 27,065 32,119 32,031 2,360 34216 31,214 452 36,215 31,679 36,326 32,802 3S,037 33,544 1 There being no choice by the people, Colby was elected in convention of the Legislature, having a majority of twenty-two votes. 2 Dinsmoor was elected in convention of the Legislature, having a majority of four votes. » Elected in conventioa of the Legislature, having a majority of twenty-five votes. POST-OFFICES. The following are a few Post-Officea casually lished : — Bradford Centre, Ellsworth, Franconia, Profile House, Hooksett, Rowe's Corner, Hopkinton, West, Kingston, East, nitted i Laconia, Weir's Bridge, Lisbon, North, Littleton, West, Northfield Depot, Salisbury, West, Strafford, Bow Lake, the body of the work, or recently estab- Stratford, Coos, Wakefield, Horn's Mills, W^entworth's Location, White Sits,, Crawford House, White Mts., White Mt. House. Winchester, Ashuelot. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Odell is the name of an unincorporated and uninhahited township in Coos county, bounded west hy Stratford. It was |iurcliascd of the State, about the year 1839, by tlie Hon. Richard Oilell, and is now owned l>y his heirs. It is good setthng land, and a large portion is heavily timbered. A braneli of Pbilhps river runs through the eastern part. Danburv, Grafton county. Lots '91, 92, 93 in the 3d division, and 86, 87 and 88 in the 4th division, were severed from Hill and annexed to Danbury, June 26, 1858. Franklin, Merrimack county. All that part of Northtield which was originally embraced witliin tlie limits of the towji of Franklin upon incorporation of FrankUn, December 24, 1828, were reannexed to it, June 26, 1858. GuANTHAJi, Sullivan county. A part of the gore lying between Grantham and Springfield was annexed to Grantham, June 25, 1858. GiLMAXTON, Belknap county, was divided, by act of June 28, 1859, into two to-ivns, Gilmanton and Upper Gilmanton. Hampstead, Rockingham county. A small tract in the northerly part of Atkinson was annexed to Hampstead, June 23, 1859. Lisbon, Grafton county. The northwesterly comer of Landaff, being all of it lying northwest- erlv of the Ammouoosuc river, was severed from this town and annexed to Lisbon, June 23, 1859. OssiPEE, Carroll county. Lots 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, and 139, comprising one range in the town of Tamworth, which were origiiudly embraced witliin the town of Ossi- pee, were reannexed to Ossipee, June 23, 1859. Upper Gilmanton, Belknap county. (See Gilmanton.) Pltmooth, Grafton county. A small tract was severed from Campton and annexed to Ply- mouth, at the June session, 1860. Wehster, Mcrrimac county, was incorporated from the westerly half of Boscawen, July 3, 1860. GENERAL INDEX. N. B. Where tlio former names of towns i en, the present r n. a, post-office. . indicates a TiUag< Portsmoutli 479, 483 6TS-9 Abbot, Rev. Abiel Abbot, Benjamin Abbot, David Abbot, Capt. Josh Abbott, Rev. S. T. Abenaqui Sin'ings Abnaki Indians Aboriginal tribes Acworth Adams's Annals Adams (Jackson) Adams, Daniel, M. D. tbe Aritli metician Adams, Rev. Ilugli Adams, Rev. John Adams, John, Pres'fc 704 Adams, John Quincy, Pres't 704, 705 Adams, Rev. Joseph 599, GoS Adams, Col. W. 4sl Agamenticus, Mt. •>-. Agassiz, Prof. Louis <)' ■ Agawams, The 4ul Agiocochook, Indian i White Mts. Aiken, Capt James Ainsworth, Rev. Laban Albany Alcock, Robert Alden, Pres., cited Alden, Rev. Timothy Aldrich, Rev. Artemas Aldrich. George Alexander, John Alexandria Allen, Rev. Ebenezer Allen, Samuel Allen, Rev. William Allenstown 4U7 Alpine House 688 Alstead 408 Alton, a shire town 409 Amherst 409 Amherst, Lord Jeffrey 410 Ammonoosuc river 418, 424, 460, 548, 556 Amoskeag Falls 568 Amoskeag v. & p. c— Manches- ter 572 Andover 412 Andrews, Lieut. Ammi 523 Andros, Sir Edmund 884, 707 Androscoggin River 422, 431, 460, 477, 5C4, £ Annals of Portsmouth cited Antrim Appleton, Rev. Jesse t Appleton, Hon. Nathan Appleton, Samuel Apthorp (Littleton) Arlington (Winchester) Arnold, Rev. Samuel Ashley, Rev. Joseph Ashley, lion. Samuel , 384, 707 ,64^ Ashnelot p. o. — West Winches- Ashuelot mountain Atherton, Hon i i i Athcrton, Hon .ii r ;. Athevton, Hun. J.j^hu Atkii sou, lluu. Theodore 414, 695, C2(i 807 Atlar tic and St. Lawrence KjuI- ro:i,l 4G0, 604 648 Atwc Aub od, John 709 416 Ayer Uichard U. 7U5 B. 411 ,, Lhcnezer 4M2 1 !;■ \ Stepher . l:>i .liicob 613 03il liailu •r. li.u. Joseph 6111 naducr, lion. Williiim 704, 705, liailev, lUv. Aimer r.ail.-\ or r.avl.v, Cvn. J;! liaku 5lu, o:;!, uij>^ Bakerstown (SaHsbury) ( Baldf.ico niountain 442, c Bald hill, Landaff E Baldvvin, Capt. Isaac t Baldwin, Rev. Thomas i Ballon, Kev. Matnrin ( Bancroft, George, the histori.an 4 Bankrupt Law, construction in New Hampshire c Barefoot, Walter 383, 384, i Barker, Hon. David 704, 1 Barnard, Hon. Benjamin ( Barnes, ReT. Jonathan i Barnstead 4 Barrett, Dr. Silas 4 Barrington 417. f Barstow, Rev. Dr. f Bartlctt "I Bartlett, Ezra 704, 'i Bartlett, Hon. Ichahod fi42, 707, ■; Bartlctt, Hon. Josiah 388, 545, 7( 707, i Bartlett, Levi 1 Bartlett, Thomas ( Bartley, Rev. J.M. C. f Bath 4 Batten, Henry, captured by the Indians 4 Bayley (see also Bailev) Bean, Hon. Benning M. 7 i Bean, John, killed by Indians 4 PAGE Beareamp River 611, G45 Beaver river 46G, C3ti, 700 Bedford 418 ll.-.lrl, den. Moody 'ihu, captured by the 476 ' 628 0, 707 421 Ileiknajt county Belknap, Dr. Jeremy Belknap's History cited 377, 378 380, 414, 695, 61)0, G79 Bell, Hon. James 443, 706, 709 Bell, Hon. John 708 Bell, Hon. Joseph 421 Bell, Dr. Luther V. 443 Bell, Hon. Samuel 443, 70G, 708 Bell, Hon. Samuel D. 443 Bellamy river 474, 603 Bellomont, Earl of 384 Bellows, Col. Beuj. 669, 671, 704 Bellows, Thomas 704 Belton, Hon. Silas 707 Bennett, Rev. Salmon 573 Bennington 421 Benton 422 Berlin 422 Berlin Falls 422 llerry, Nathaniel S. 709 l;.thlehem 423 ll.tton, Hon. Silas 640 llickford, Sergeant 606 liickford, William 528 Bigelow, Rev. Asahel 516 Birney, James G. 705 Bishop, Enos, captured by the Indians 425 Bishop, Elder Job 435 Bishop, Josiah, killed by the In- dians 424 Bishop's brook 654 Bixby, William 706 Black mountain, .lackson 459, 534 Black mountain, W^ood-stock 703 Blackwater river 412, 425, 522, 533, 642 701 Indians 639 Bl.ike v.— Rindge 633 lllaiicliard. Col. Joseph 387. 688 Blanchard, Richard, a victim of savage cruelty 434 Blodgett, Hon. Samuel 564, 668 Blood, Hon. Francis 664 Bloody Point (Newington) 598 Blue iiills 655 Hountain 703 head 514 Bodwell, Rev. Abraham 643 Bog brook 6.57 Bond, George P. 682 Bond, Nicholas, killed by the Indians 513, 646 ioonc Island Ughthouse 629 (711) ri2 GENERAL INDEX. ;on iincl Maine K'd 415, 474, 4S1, 482, 493. 503, Qt'l. wi. (ffiO, G3i Bo.'iton, Concord, and Monti-eal U'd 422, 435, 460, 6CJ0, ai8, 521. 530, 540, 576, 579, 604, 622, 038, 613 Boundary of N. H. .380, 381, 391, 3a2 Boutou's llbt. Concord, cited 453 Bow 426 Bow Lake T. and j». o. — Straf- ford 656, 709 Bowen, Peter 434 Bowers, Jesse 705 Bowkerville v. — Fitzwilliam 4*J4 Boyle (Gilsum) 502 Bradford 427. 7< 9 Bradford. Kev. E. P. 633 Bradford, Rev. »Io.*3 494 Bradlcv. .Samuel and .lonathan, killfil by the Indians 450 Bradstrcet, Simon 707 Brattle, Thomas 586 Breakfast hill 640 Brenton's Farm (Litchfield) 555 Brentwood 428 Bretton Woods (Carroll) 435 Brewster, Capt. John 634 Bridgewater 428 Jiridgman's Fort 527 Brigham, IteT. Bcnj. 494 Bristol 429 Broad brook 699 Brcadhend, Hon. John 7(17 BrookfielJ 430 Brookline 430 Brown, Rev. Arthur 026 Brown, Rev. Francis 518 Brown. Rev. Joseph 490 Brown, Hon. Titus 707 Bruce, Rev. John 583 Buchanan. James, Pres. 705 Buckminster, Rev. Joseph 020 Buckmiuster, Kcv. Joseph S. 490 Buffum, Hon. Joseph 707 Bulkely. Peter 580 BuUard. John, killed by Indians 539 Bungtown, v. — Oration 507 Buntin, Andrew, captured by Indians 407 Burbank, Samuel and sons 532 Burdett, Rev. George 408 Burgess, Rev. Archibald 516 Burke, Hon. Edmund 707 Bumap. Rev. Jacob 577 Burnet, WilUam 707 Bumham. Rev. Abraham 613 Burnhani. Rev. A. W. 032 Burns, 1km. Robert 707 Burns, Samuel 705 Burton (.\lbany) 405 Burton mountain 664 Buss, Rev. John 479 Butler, Rev. Beiyjimin 607 Butler, Gen. Henry 007 Butler, Hon. Josiah 707 Caesar, killed by Indians t Calfe, Hon. John i Calhoun, John C. ; Call, Jlrs., killed by Indians '. Cambridge i Camden (Washington) ( Campbell, Cornelius ^ Campbell's Gore (Mont Vcmon and Windsor) 583, ] Campton 431, ■ Canaan ^ Candia ^ Canterbury 4 " Shaker settlement at 4 Cape Horn ( Cardigsin (Orange) f Cardigan mountain 407, C Carleton, Kbenezer 7 Carlton, Hon. Peter 707 Carpenter, Rev. .\braham 619 Carpenter, Rev. Ezra 632 Carpenter. Rev. Smith 019 Carr, James, killed by the In- di.ans 407, 612 Carr, Dr. Moses OJO Carr mountain 484,075 Carrigain, Dr. Philip 454 Carroll 435 Carroll county Hi Carroll, Hon. Charles 436 Carter mountain 089, 006 Carter, Dr. Ezi'a 4.J4 Carter. Nathaniel II. 4-">l Carter's v. — Newtoa 004 Cass, Hon. Lewis 489, 705 Catamount hill 407 Cate, Asa P. 709 Centre Harbor 43 J Ch.amberlain, John C, 511, 707 Chamberlain, Levi 540, 541, 709 Champney, Benjamin 600 Champney, Hon. Ebenezer 000 Chandler, Abiel 519 Chandler, Capt. Abiel 4.52 Chandler, Capt. John 451 Chandler, Gen. John 48G Chandler, Hon. Thomas 707 Chandler. Hon. Zachariah 420 Chapel of the Hills 417 Charlestown 438, 440 Chase, Rt. Rev. Philander 461 Chase, Hon. Dudley 461 Chase, Gov. .Salmon P. 401 Chatauque V. — Conway 459 Chatham 442 Cherry mountain 435, 638, 688, 6U3 Cheshire county 442 Cheshire Railroad 442, 494, 642, 573 Chesley, Thomas 552 Chester 443 Chesterfield 444 Chichester 445 Chiswick (Littleton) 550 Chocorua mountain 406, 436 Chocorua's cur.^e 400 Christi or Christian, an Indian 401,434 Church, Rev. J. H. 612 Cilley, Hon. Bradbury L. 706 Cilley, Gen. Joseph 388, 607, 700 Claggett, Hon. Clifton 411, 707 Clareraont 445 " mills at 447 Clark, Hon. Daniel 705, 706 Clark. Rev. John 490 Clark. Rev Ward 545 Clarksville 448 Clay, Henry 705 Clear stream 581 Clinton, De Witt 704 Cobble hill, Landaff 548 Cochccho Railroad 409. 474, 493, 656 Cochecho river 474, 493, 635, 656 Cockburn, Sir George 654 Cockbume (Columbia) 449 Cockburne, Sir James 449 Cockermouth (Groton) 510 Coe, Rev. Curtis 582 Coffin, Rev. Peter 469, 4S2 Coggswell, Joseph G. 491 Coggswell. Nathaniel 414 Colbum, Lieut. Andrew 57.3 Colby, Gov. Anthony 601, 709 Colby, Jonathan 628 Colby, Mo.ses 464 Colcord, Edward, jr. 605 Cold river 405. 408, 549, 609 Cole. Samuel 446 Colebrook 448 Colebrook, .Sir George 654 Collins, Samuel 705 Colman, Jabez and son killed by Indians 545 Columbia 448 Conant, Rev. William 561 Concord, shire to,\u and State cipital 449 early struggles of people 450-453 " controversy with Bow 451, 452 " State Prison at 450 " Insane Asylum at 456 Concord (Lisbon) 555 Concord I^lroad 456, 527 Concord & Claremout Railroad 428, 448, 457, 579. 669 Congress, U. S. frigate 628 Connerticut lake 616 Connecticut river 400, 418, 427, 442. 444, 447, 449, 460, 401, 603, 516, 629, 537, 548, 661, 656, 682. 683. 000. 609, 615, 616, 619 Connecticut and Pa.«sumps!c Rivers Railroad 608, 519, 562, 610. 610 Constitution of New Hampshire 389 Contoocook (Boscawcn) 426 Contoocook river 111 I'J'i 112 4.^5. 465,610, 622. 'J 'j: r37. - ' i .. •■47 Contoocook TatU-> I i .V_2. Contoocookville v. aud p. o. — Hopkinton 633 Conway 458 Conway river 604 Cooash Indians 401 Cook, Francis 680 Cook, Thomas, killed by Indians 424 Cook, Timothy 426 Coos county 400 Coos p. o. — Stratford 709 Coote, Richard 707 Cornish 460 Cotton, Rev. John 624 Cotton, Rev. Josiah 644 Cotton, Rev. Seaborn 514 Cotton, Rev. Theophilus 615 Coventry (Ronton) 422 Cragin, Hon. A. H. 707 Cram, Rev. Jacob 5.33 Cranfield, Edward 379, 383. 707 Crawford, Abel 683, 684 Craivford, Erastus 684 Crawford, Ethan 684 Crawford, Ethan A. 683, 684 Crawford. Thomas J. 684 Crawford House 684 Crawford House p. o. — White Mountains 709 Crawford's Grant 683 Crockett, Rev. John 643 Cromwell, John 577 Cromwell, Oliver 406 Crosby, Capt. Josiah 580, 581 Crotched mountain 495, 509, .527 Crown Point 387 Croyden 461 Croyden mountain 462, 508, 659 Crystal Falls 689 Cuba mountain 675 rummiiiLx. l:.-v Joseph 573 -ph , Ho Cuahma Cusliman's mountain Cutter, Doctor utter. Doctor Cutt, or Cutts, John Cutts, Hon. Charles Dalton 462 Dalton, Rev. Timothy 614 Dalton, Hon. Tristram 402 la. Rev. Daniel 490. 618. 6.59 Dana, Prof 406 GENERAL INDEX. 713 Dana, Hon. Samnel ^ Dana. Kt'v. Sylvester ( Daubury 463, "i Danforth, Rev. S."s, almanac t Dantzic (Newbury) I Dantzic (New London) t Danville ^ Dartmouth College 390, 517, { Dartmouth (Jefferson) ' Deadwater river ( Dean, John, murdered by In- dians i Dean, Rev. Seth ( Dearborn. Edward, M, D. < Dearborn, Gen. Henry 3S8, ' Dearborn. Simon 1 Debelinc, M. Deerfield Deei ing Derry Derryfield (Manchester) t Devil's Den € Devil's Slide f Dinsmoor, Gov. Samuel 540, 7( 707, 708, 7 Discoverer, oneof Martin Pring'a vessels 376, 6 Dix, lion. John A. 4 Dix, Col. Timothy 4 Dixville 4 Dixville Notch A Dodge, Rev. Joshua £ DoUoffi, J.imes, killed by Indians £ Dorchester *! Dorr, Thomas W. 4 Douhlehead mountain 442, 4 Doughiss. Jabez A. 1 Dover, a shire town 331, 4 " destruction of 4 Dow, Joseph, llist. address at Hampton cited I Dow, Hon. Moses i Downing's Mills v. — New Dur- Downs, Ebenezer ( Downs, Gei'shom, killed by In- dia as 634. ( Drake's Corner v. — Effingham < Dublin < Dudley, Hon. John ( Dudley, Gov. Joseph 384, { Dudley, Rev. Samuel ^ Dumn^or '. Dummer Falls ' Dunbar, Col. David 385. ' Dunbarton '. Dun. in ll-H .Himes H. Ihif. .., • ■■ ,i-liu I Eliot, John 4 Elkins, Henrv, killed by Indians i EUis, lion. Ckleb 446, 7U4, ', ElUs. Judge I Ellis river 534. i Ellsworth 4S4, : Emerson, Rev. Daniel I Emery family '■. Emery, Rev. Stephen ( Enfield ' Shaker settlement at ' Epping Epsom ' Errol Estabrook, Rev. Experience < Eureka Powder- works v. — New Durham • Evans, Rev. Edward Evans, Richard ' Everett. Hon Alexander U. Everett, Hon. Edward Ewers. Rev. Nathaniel i Exeter, a shire town Exeter river (S^uamscott) 428, ' 1..: -■ ' ;.n.O I I)nr:if,.l . l;;in.|..liai) ( Durham 4 " savage attacks upon 4^ 4 Durell, Hon. Daniel M ' Duston, Jonathan 4 Dustou, Mrs., heroic feat of 4 E. Eames, Capt. Jeremiah ( Eames, Rev. Jonathan ' East Kingston 481, ( East or Newichawannock pond ( East Town ( Wakefield ) ( Eastern R^ulroad 510. 515, 636, ( Eastman, Capt. Ebenezer 449, 4 Eastman, Hon. Ira A. ' Eastman, Jonathan 454. 1 Eastman, Capt. Joseph ■■ Eastman, Hon. Nehemiah 493, ' Eaton 4 Echo lake 496. ( Edwards, Hon. Thomas M. 705, ' Effingham ^ Ela's river Fabyan's i Factorvville v- — Littleton Fairfield (Woodstock) Fairfield, John Farmer, John, historian of N. II. " " Gazetteer cited Farmer and Moore's collections cited Farmington Farnsworth, Ebenezer Farn.sworth, Stephen, captured by Indians Farrar, Rev. Joseph Farrar, Rev. Stephen Farrar, Judge Timothy 600, Farrington, Hon. James Felch, Hon. Alpheus Field, Darby Fifield. Benjamin, killed by In- dians Fifteen-mile Falls 462, Fillmore, Mill.rd Fish, Rev. Elislia Fish, Rev. llalloway Fisher. Rev. Elias Fisher. Jo?iah, killed by Indians Fisherfield (Newbury) Fisheries, Report on cited Fisherville v. and p. o — Con- cord 457, Fisk. Miss Fitzwllliam Flagg, Rev. Ebenezer Flanders, Lieut. John Fletcher, Kev. Elijah Fletcher. Kev. Mr. Flume, at Dixville Flume at Lincoln 554. Flume House p. o. — Lincoln Fogg, Rev. Jeremiah Folsom, Ephraim, Sen. Folsom, Gen. Nathaniel Fort Constitution Fort Dummer (Hinsdale) Fort McCleary Fort Shattuck Fort William Henry Fort William and Mary Foss Grant Foster, Hon. Abiel 434, Foster, Rev. Jacob Foster, Josiah, captured by In- dians Fowle, Rev. Robert Fowler. Asa Francestown Franconia 496, Franconia Notch 496, 704, 705 Franklin 497, Franklin and Bristol Railroad Franklin, Hon. Jonathan 561 Freedom emau, Hon. Jonathan 704, etown (Rjiymond) Fremont Fremont. John C. nch, Rev. Jonathan Freueh, Nathan, killed by In- dians French war Frost, John, killed by Indians Frost, J udge GafReld, Benj., pursued by In- dians, and drowned 528 I Gale. Jacob 482 GjIo. Stephen 705 '■ Gardner, lion. Francis 707 Garland. Jabez 649 I Gaut Guriey 487 jeorge. Rev. Enos 416 jiant's Grave 683 Gibson, Rev. Richard 623 Gibson v. — New Ipswich 600 Gilchrist, John J., Chief Justice 441 Gilford, a shire town 500 Gillis and Foss's Grant 674 Gilman, David 630 .Hon. John T. 489,490,704, 703 Gilman, Hon. Nicholas 489, 706, 707 Gilman, Col. Peter 387 Gilman, Stephen, killed by In- dians 546 500, 710 Gilmanton Gilmore, G. Gilsum Goffstown lie V. and p. o. — Rocht Goodrich Falls Goodridge. Kev. Sewall >dwin, Uun. Ichabod .dwinville v. — Milton Gookin. Rev. Nathaniel Gordon, Hon. William Gorges. Sir Ferdinando Gorham Goshen Gosport 7e, Edward re. Dr. Jonathan .■-■rnor's Island 705 502 T.ty ■;it V.:>\. Korkin-ham county 636 ■,tt l';ills V — Snmersworth 650 ■at Falls Rraiirh Railroad 649, 651 Great Falls and Conway Railroad 582, 637. 651. 656 Great Falls and South Berwick Branch Railroad 651 ireat Haystack mountain 682 Great Island (Newcastle) 594 ■eat Meadow C77 Greeley. Hon. Horace 411 '" eu. Dr. Ezra 473 en hill 458 j Green, Jona. killed by Indians 513, 429 I Green mountain, Claremont C46 447 714 GENERAL INDEX. Green mountain, Effipghom 483 Greenfifld 609 Greenland 510 Gregg, Col. William 388, 559 Grosvenor, Rev. M- G, 573 Groton 610 Grout, nilkiah 528 Grovetownv. —Northumberland 606 Gunthwaite (Lisbon) 555 Guyot, Prof. Arnold 682 H. Haddock, Hon. Charles B. 642 Uailc, Hon. William 52", 709 Uaile's location 436 Hale, Isaac 705 Hale, John P. Sr. 635 Hale, Hon. John P. 473, 491. 635, 705-707 Hale, Major 625 Hale, Hon. Nathan 490 Hale, Hon. Obed 707 Hale, Hon. Sahna 707 Hale, Samuel 704 Hale. Hon. WiUiam 707, 708 lIak-sto\vn(Weare) 674 Hall-moon pond 409 Hull, Joseph S. 693 Hairs stream 616 Hairs V. — Chester 444 Hammons. Hon. Joseph 493. 707 Hampstead 511, 710 Hampton 381, 512, 651 Hampton Falls 615 Hnnrock 516 Hanover 516 Hanson, John 649 Hardiclay, John, killed by In- dians 528 Harper, Hon. John A. 707 Harper, Hon. Joseph M. 707 Harrimau, Deacon J. 620 Harrington. Kev Timothy 662 Harrison, Wm. H . Pres. 705 Harrisville v. — Dublin 476 Harrisville v. and p o — Nelson 592 Harrytown (Manchester) 5G4 Hartford Convention 389 H-art's ledge 459, 085 Harfs location 684 Harvey, Hon. Jonathan 705. 707 Harvey, Hon. Matthew 707, 708 Hatch, Samuel 705 Haven, Horace A. 626 Haven. Rev. Joseph 634 Haven, Nathaniel A. 477, 626, 704, Haven. Rev Samuel I Haverhill, half shire town I Hawes. Hannah (Mrs. Rosebrook) ( Hawke (Danville) ' Havward. Peter < Hazen, C:ipt. John J ITazzen. Richard ; II..';. ly. Hon. Joseph 707, llr:inl. J. -seph, killed by Indians i Hilliard, Benj,'iniin Hillsborough Hillsborough county Hillsborough river Hilton, William and Edward Hem Henshaw, Col. William 4 Hermit lake ( Heywood, Col. William 4 Hibhard. Hon. Harry ' Hickr.s. John 1 Hicks hill f Hidden, Rev. Samuel ( '■ •■ ordination of ( Hildreth. Richard, the historian 4 Hill 522, ■; Hill. Rev. Ebenezer t Hill. Hon. Isanc 454,706,708,: Hit], Rev. Samuel ( Hilton, Winthrop 601 Hilton's purchase 657 Hinsdale 527 Hinsdale. Ebenezer 527 Hinsdale Fort 528 Hobbs, Rev. James 612 Hodgdon, Mrs. Jona,, killed by Indians 634 Hodgkins, John 403 Hoit, Daniel 709 Holbrook, Francis 705 Holbrook, John 705 Holdernesa 529 Hollis 530 Holmes. Hon. Lemuel 660 Hookset 531, 709 Hooper, Rev. 5&3 Ilopehood, an Indian Sagamore 599 Hopkinton 532, 709 Horn's Mills p. o. — Wakefield 709 Hough. Hon. David 707 Houston, Rev. John 419, 420 How, James C35 Howard. Col. Jo.?hua 520 Howe, Daniel, captured by In- dians 528 Howe. Nehemiah. captured by IiuUans 677 Howevillc V, — Fitzwilliam 494 Hubbard citfd 679 Hubbard, Hon. Henry 441, 704, 706, 707, 709 Hubbard, Judge 540 Huckley, , killed by Indians 513 Hudson 53^3 Hull. Kev. Mr, 479 Hunt, Col. Samuel 441. 7U7 Uurd, Rev. Isaac 490 Huse. Carr 522 Hu.'. • .III 3S4, 707 r;i-. jr UN M ;, I-,,, Piscataqua) 079 Passaciiuaway, au Indian sachem 402, 418 '* farewell address of 402, 4C3 Paulsburgh (Milan) 680 Pawtuckaway mountain 4t>l Pawtuckaway river 631 Pawtucket Indians 401 Payson, Rev. Edward 633 Payson, Rev. Seth 632, 633 Pcabody, Gen. Nathaniel 414, 708 Peabodv, Hon. Oliver 489, 704, 708 Peabodv, Rev. Stephen 414 I'eabodV river 505, 689 Peaked mountain, Bethlehem 424 Peaslee, Hon. Charles U. 707 Peeling (Woodstock' 702 Pegwagget (see also Pequawket) 680 Peirce, Hon. Andrew 473 Peirce, Hon. Joseph 707 Pelham Oil Pembroke 612 Pemigcwasset river 412, 429, 431, 499, 508, 522, 529, 654, 598, 021, &J2, 665 Pemigcwasset v. — Salisbury 642 Penacook (Concord) 449 Penacook Indians 401, 445, 555 Pendexter, Hon. John 416. 704 Ptnhallow's Mss. cited 380 Pcquaquaukes, or Pequawkets 401 Pequawket (Conway) 458 Pequawket or Kearsarge moun- tain 417, 4.59 Pequawket river 458 Perkins. Abraham jr. 605 Perkins, Hon. Jared 707, 709 Perley, Rev. Samuel 510, 584 Perley, Stephen 705 Perrv. Rev. Baxter 561 Perry, Obadiah 661 Perry's mountain 667 Perrystown (Sutton) 061 Peterborough 613 Peterborough Slip (Temple) 664 Peterborough and Shirley R.lil- road 527, 574 Peters, Obadiah, killed by In- dians 450 Pcttingill, Hon. Thomas H. 642 Philip, the Indian 390. 669. 670 Philip's war 3S6 Pliilip's river 5S1 Phillips. John 490 Phillips. Hon. Samuel 490 Phillips Academy 490 Phipps (or Phips), William, mur- dered bv Indians 677 Pickering; Hon. John 490. 626. Pickpocket Falls Pierce. Andrew, jr. Pierce, Hon. Bcnj. Pierce, Col. B. K. Pierce, Ex-President 704, 708 428 Pierce. Hon. Franklm 705, 706, 707 Piercy (Stark) 663 Piermont 615 Pike, Rev. James 649, 70' Pike, Nicholas Pilot and Willard mountains Pinckncy. Charles C. I hill 650 544 704 408 611 Pine river Pinkham Grant Piper. Rev. Asa 668 Piscassick river 602, G52 Piscataqua Indians 401 iver 376, 474, 512, 698, 625, C56 Piscataquog river 401, 418, 420, 465. 495, 504, 627, 693, 674 Piscataquog v. — Manchester 420, 572 Pitman, Rev. Benj. H. 503 Pitman, John 415 Pittsburgh 616 Pittsfield 617 Place. Capt. David (534 PlainUeld 61S Plaistow 619 Plausawa, an Indian 434, 612 Plumer. Hon. John C34 Plumer, Hon. Willi.-un 485, 704, 706, 708 Plumer. Hon. William, jr. 707 Plymouth Company 378 Plvmouth, a shire town 620 Polk. James K., President 704 Pondicherry mountain 435 Pool, The 654 Poor. Enoch 38S Poor, Peter, killed by Indians 648 Poplin (Fremont) 499 Port Royal SS7 Porter. Rev. Micaiah 619 Portsmouth, eountv seat 389, 622 origin of name 626 " harbor of 627 " Annals of, cited 883 Portsmouth & Concord Itailroad 433, 457, 632, 679, 613, 631, 636 Post-Offlccs, additional 709 Potter, Hon. C. E. 626 Potter, Kev. Isaiah .050 Potter, the necromancer 413 Potter's History of Manchester, ?ited 402 Pottersville v. and p. o. — Dublin 476 Powers. Rev. Grant 620 Powers, Grant, Historv of the Coos Country by, cited 620. 618. 621 Powers. Capt. Peter 030, 531 Powers; Rev. Peter 520 Powers, Rev. Walter 603 Powow river 482, 6.52 Pratt, Rev. Allan 677 Prentice, Rev. Josiah 606 Prentiss. John 540. 704 Prescott. Madam Mary 594 Prescott V. — Jafli*ey 637 Pring, Martin 376. 6-22 Profile House p. 0. — Franconia 709 Protectworth (Springfield) 652 Provincial Government of N. H. 707 Putnam, Rev. Israel W. 626 Putnam, John L. 705 Putnam, Seth 438 Putnev, Samuel, captured bv Indians 424. .532 Quakerism at Dover 460 Quakers, persecution of 383. -109 Quarles. S.imuel 704. 705 Queen Anne's war 386 GENERAL INDEX. T17 Kami, Ucv. John 5C2 Riiudill, Ucv Bonj. 695, 59.5 Randall, Mis3 652 Randallsville v. — New Durham 597 Randolph 629 Randolph hill 63U Randolph, Edward 379 Ranney, Dr. T. S. 463 Rattlesnake hill 458, 074 Raymond 630 Raymond, Capt. ,Toel 633 Raymond's Comer v. — Bradford 42H Rod hill 5S.". Red hill river C4". ucd pond nm Reilin-, linn John R. T"7 Salmon Falls i 430, 532, I 635. Saltonstall, lion. Leverett Sanborntou Sandown Sandwich Sarah, (Jountess of Rumford Sargent, Rev. lieujamin Sartwell, Obadiah. killed by In- dians S;iv;i..,., J.im..s's. Ed. of Win- Riel, Rpcil, .'olo 6 V.I K,:-nii .f .1, li ui-,. of, for juve- SawVer's rock !.■; . -ullcnaers 399 Scales, Rev. James Ki-, i;. . ,1, 1, 621 Scammel, Alexander Ririi, l;,.> i: .M,.! 666 Scotch Irish Richard^, Jouatlian, captured Scott, John by Indians 634 Scott. \Vinflcld Richards, Joseph, killed by In- Seabrook dians 634 .'^.amans. Rev Job Richardson, Joseph, killed by -1 1 ;,. l:, \ .l.iriathan Indians 52"^ -. ;, . ! ' .. .L,.,,ph Richmond 631 Ricker, George, killed by In- !~...,,N .l..'M,l',':,nM. dians 649 Shaker V. and p. o. - Ricker, Maturin, killed by In- bury dians 649 Shaker v. — Enfield Eiddle, Isaac 420 Shannon, Nathaniel Rindge 632 Sharon Rindgc, Daniel 62b" Shaw, Rev. Jeremiah Robbins, William, lulled by In- Shaw, Rev. Naphthali i; Ill , Capt. Eleazer 6S3, 684 . Mr. 693 Round mountain Rowe's Corner v. and p. o. — Hooksett 632, ' Rowland. Rev. Willi.am F. Rowley-Canada (Rindge) I Roxbury I Rumford, Count and Countess ' Rumford (Concord) ' Rumford (Merrimack) i Rumford and Bow, controversy between Rumney 1 Rush. Richard ' Ru3.sell, .Tosiah Rust, Rev. Henry 1 Kye ( '■ Inhabitants of, proprietors of Wa S. Sabatis, an Indian Sabine, Lorenzo Sabine, L., Report of, eries, cited Saco river 417 Saddleback mountain Salem Salem-Canada (Lyndeborough) 662 Salisbury 641, """ 434, 642 Fish- , 458, 460, 503 465, 607, 608 Shaw. Hon. Tristr.am Sheafc, Hon. James 626, 706, 707, 7(1.S Shelburne C47 Slielburne Addition (Gorham) 604 Shepherd, Gen. Amos iu^ Sherburne. Hon. J. S. 707 Sherburne, Capt. Samuel, killed by Indians 513 Sherburne. Judge 620 Shurtliff, ISenoni 640 Shute, Mrs. Fanny 601 Shute, S.unuel 707 Silver Cascade 686, (;s7 Silver Spring (1^ i Sinclair, Col. Richard i i . Smith, Kev. Eth.an and John 5'_'' * Smith, Rev. ls.a,ac .Sil Smith. Isaac W.'s Centennial Address cited 511 Smith, James "04 Smith, lion. Jcdediah K. 411, 707 Smith, Hon. Jeremiah 489. 490. 540, 641, 707, "" Smith, Joseph H. Smith, lion. Samuel Smith, Capt. William Smith's river 407, 429, 463, 507, 702 Smitli's V. — New H.imptou Smith'.s V. — New Ipswich Somersworth " Indian attack ( Soucook river 445, 455, 560 Snuc.iok v. — Loudon 560 .- .111. ..III. 1. 1.1 (Bedford) 419, .577 ' ' I I I ( >Ierrimack) 419, 577 - I' ii.ns 401 Sim;,. ; III luir 411,527,674,578, 681, 600 Souheg.an v. — Merrimack 579 Soule, Gideon L, 490 South branch river 602 South Hampton 651 South Newmarket 6.52 Spafford, John 438 Sparhawk, Samuel 705 Sparks, Jared, the historian 491 4.37, 508, 530, 685, 645 Stark. Archibald 478, 664 Stark. Caleb 420 Stark, Gen. John 385, 3SS, 413, 451, 452, 559, 667 Stark, William 337, 451, 478, 566, II 399,^ :i . II II .JohnH 614,; l.;,,luiMtlian ; ens, Uliijor Ebenezer I Stinson, William 478 Stoddard 655 Storer, Hon. Clement 706 707 Strafford 655 709 Strafford county 656 Stratford 6,57 709 Stratford Peaks 657 Stratham 657 Strawberry Bank (Portsmouth) 623 Sugar Hill V. & p. o. — Lisbon 655 Sugar river 447, 462, 505, 563, 602, 660 Sulliv.in 668 Sullivan county 659 Sullivan Railroad 441, 448, 659 Sullivan, Hon. George 705, 707 Sullivan, John, Gen. .and Gov. 388, 389, 481. 695, 658, 704, 708 Sunimcrville v. and p. o. — Dal- 446 659 - ill;.- 579,594,601,659 .-III I I Muntains 427,505,659 r-iiiri-.il, ,1',-iiibroke) 612 SiHH-'iok mountains 500 Suncook river 407, 416, 445. 465, 487, 579, 613, 618 Suncook V. & p. o. — Epsom 487 Suncook p. o. — Pembroke 613 Surry 650 Sutton 661 Swanzey 661 Swett, Capt., killed by Indi.ans 513 " ■" ■ Carroll Co. 458, 664, 674 Tamworth 663, ', Tappan, Hon. Mason W. 427, '> Tarleton, William ; Tash, Col. Thomas f Taylor. John ; Taylor, Capt. Joseph ' Taylor, Nathan ', Taylor, Zach.ary, President ' Temple ( T.nney, Hon. Samuel 489, ; Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford) ^ Thompson, Hon. Daniel P. '•Gaut Gurley" by ^ Thompson. D.-ivid 377, ( Thompson, Hon, Ebenezer 481, ' 718 GENERAL INDEX. Thompson, Hon. Thomas W. 454, 706, 707 Thompson's Island 622 Thorn mountain 459, 534 Thornton 6f>5 Thornton, Andrew 6*5-5 Thornton. Hon. James B. 578 Thornton, Hon. Matthew S^S, 474, 577, 678, G07 Thornton's Ferry t. and p. o. — ■ Merrimack 579 Tilton. Samuel 705 Tunber Lane (Hampstead) 512 Tinkerville t. — Lyman 661 Tompkins, D. D. 704 Toppan, Hon. Christopher 513 Towle, Caleb 605 Trask, Rev. Nathaniel 428 Ttecothick (Ellsworth) 484 Troy C66 True. Rev. Henry Tuck. Ho Jedediah 1 Tucker'.s bridge I Tuckemian's Ravine i Tuftonborough ( Tufts, Rev. Joshua I Turkey river ' Turrell. Mrs. Jane i Twin mountains I Twitchell. Benj., captured by Indians j Tyler, Rev. Bennett I Tyler, Jonathan ( Tyng, Jonathan i V. Hmbagog lake 422, 430, ■ Uncanoonuck mountain 504, ■ Underbill, Capt. John Unity Cpham, Hon. George B. MO, 7 Upham, Hon. Nathaniel Upham. Timothy Upper Ammonoosuc river 422. Upper Ashuelot (Keene) Upper Gilmanton Usher, Hezekiah i Usher, John 384, Usher, Lieutenant-Govemo- ; I'an Buren. Martin, President 705 Vauqhan, Georse 385, 707 Vaughan, William 3S7, 625 Vose, Hon. John 421 Vcsc. Hon. Roger .''.tl, 7"7 Vote, Presidential 7"}. T"'i Vote, Gubernatorial 7"^. 7tiU Votes, Electoral 7o4, 7uO ■Wamesit or Pawtucket Indianji 401 War, King William's 386 War, Quren Anne's 336 Ward, Rev. Jeremiah 597 Ward, Rev. Nathan 621 Ware, Hon. Asber 490 Warner 671 Warner river 601 Warren 672 Warren, Simon 705 Washburn, Govemor-a Est. Leicester Academy cited 541 Washington 673 Washington, Gen. 389 Washington, George, Pres't 704 Waters, Rev. ComeUus 503 Watervjlle 674 Waterville Gore 665 Waumbekketmethna, Indian name of White Mountains 679 Weare 674 Weare, Hon. Meshcch 388, 515, 646, 667, 674, 707, 708 Weare, Nathaniel, father & son 646 Webber, Kev. John 644 Webster 710 Webster, Hon. Daniel 390, 490. 497-499, 540, 626, 707 Webster, Col. David 'Webster, Capt. Ebenezer Webster, Ezekiel Webster, Samuel Webster, Rev. Samuel Webster, William Weeks, Hon. John W. Weeks, Hon, Joseph Weeks, Major Weirs, The Weir's Bridge p. o. — Laconla Welch, Samuel Weld, Rev. Thomas Wells, John S. Wells, Hon. Samuel W'endell (Sunapee) Wendell. Isaac Wendell, John Wentworth '' destructive freshet 664 497,641 498 705 664 704 705, 707 705. 707 ■ 389 675 709 420 586,589 709 707 660 651 W. -Lee Wadlcigh's Falls v. - Waite. Col. Joseph ^ W.-ikefleld 667, 'i W.alderne, or Waldron, Major Richard 386, 468, 4 Waldron, Col. John 4 WaUlrou. Isaac ' Waldron. Richard ', Walford, Goodwife i "Walford. Jane, tried for witch- craft ( Walker. Rev. Dr. James 4 Walker, Rev. James < Walker, Rev. John I Walker, Robert '. Walker, Hon. Timothy 454. 704. ; Walker, Rev. Timothy ^ Waltace. Hon. Robert 521, ; Wallingford, Hon. Thomas f Walpole ( Indian attack upon 669, * Walton, Rev. Jo.seph J Walton, Shadrach I 676 Wentworth. Gov. Benning 385, 433 6ll, 625. 707 Wentworth, Gov. John 385, 625, 701, 707 Wentworth, John, killed by In- dians 634 Wentworth, Joshua 708 Wi'Dtworth, Mark II. 477, 626, 701 W, iitwnrth. Col. Paul 650 U, iitwurth. Sir Thoma.s» . 4.35 \V, lit .vcrth. Elder William 648 Weutworth's Location p. 0. 709 AVest^Hon. Beiyamin 441, 704 West Hiver mountain 444 Westmoreland 677 Wheelock, Rev. Elcazer 517, 618, 381, 487, 514 552 388,625 Wheelwright's pond Whipple, Col. Joseph AVhipple. Hon. Thomas Whipple, William White Horse Ledge 4.59 •White Island light 629 MTiite Mountain House p. o. — IVhite Mount.ains 709 ■White Mountain Railroad 424. 462^ White Mountains 678-697 " extent of 678 " discovery of 678-680 " geological formation White Mountains, description of 682-697 " first settlement of 683 " routes to 684, 685 " valley of the Saco 685 " Silver spring 686 " Sawyer's rock 685 " Hart's ledge 686 " Nancy's brook 686 " Bemis's pond 685 " Willey house 685 " Notch 685 *' destruction of "Wil- ley liimUy 685, 686 " Silver cascade 686, 687 " Mount Webster 682. 688 '■ Mount WiUard 688 " Devil's den 688 *' Vallev of Ammonoo- suc" 688, 691 " Fabvan's 688 " Franconia Notch 688 '■ Old Man 688 " Flume 688 " Mt. Lafayette 682, 696 " Echo lake 688 " Crawford house 688 " Alpine house 688 " Glen house 688 *' Imp mountain 688 " Peabody river €88 " Tuckerman's ravine 688 " Carter mountain 682, 689.695 " ElUs river 689 " Crystal falls 689 " Hermit lake 690 " Glen Elhs, or Pitch- er falls 690 " Mount Clinton, 682, 691 " Slount Pleasant 682. 691 " Mount Franklin 682, 691 " Red pond 691 '■ Mount Monroe 682, 691 '• Oakes's gulf 691, 695 " Lake of the Clouds 691 '' Mount Washington 400, 692-697 '■ Mount Jefferson 662. 695 " Mount Madison 682, 695 '■ Mount Clay 682.695 '■ Mount Adams 682. 695 '• Mount Chocorua 695 •' Mount Kearsarge 6.95 " Mount Carrigain 682.695 " Mount Moriah 682, 696 " Willey n.ountain 682 '* Mount Kinsman 682 " Great Haystack 682 " Jackson mountain 682 " Twin mountains 682 " Zoological aspects 696,697 ■White, John H. 706, 709 White. Moses 704, 706 WhitcBeld 678 Whitefield, Rev. George 596. 624 Whiton, Rev. John M. ' 414 Wliittemore. Rev. Aaron 613 AVhitton, Thomas L. 705 Wiggin, Andrew 6,58 Wiggin. Capt. Thomas 377, 468 Wilcox, Hon. Jcduthan 707 Wilco.x, Hon. Leonard 706 Wild Ammonoosuc river 418. 422, 648, 688 Wilder. Hon. Marshall P. 633 Wilder, Samuel L. 633 Wilkins, Lieut. Robert B. 526 Willard, Col. Josiah 628, 699 Willard, Rev. Joseph 547 Willard mountain 544 Willev, Rev. Benjamin G. 686 Willev, Rev. Isaac 603 Willev. Samuel, jr,, destruction of family of 685,686 GENERAL INDEX. 719 Willey house Williams, Doctor Williams, Gov. Francis William?, lion. .Tared W. Williams, Rev. Simon Williams, Kev. Simon F. Wilmot Wilmot, Doctor Wilson, Uon. Henry Wilson, fien. James Wilson, Hon. Jamea Wilson, James, jr. Wilson, Rev. Jolia Wilton Wilton Railroad Winchester 378, f i06, 707,1 Windham ' Windsor ' Wingate, Hon. Paine ' Winnecowett Indiana ^ ^A'inncpesaukee Indians ^ Winaepesaukee lake 400, 409, 4' 437, 575, 584, t *' discovered ( Winnepesaukee river 499, 501, t t Winnicumet (Hampton) 381, f Winnicut river ( Wiritlirop's Journal or Hi.=;t. of New England cited 402, 679, i Witchcraft delusion '< Woifborough ' Wonnalancet, Indian chief 402, 403, 418, 41^ Wood, Rev. Amos 674 Wood. Rev. Henry 503 Woodbridge, WilUam '490 Woodbury, James 495 Woodbury, Hon. Levi 495, 626, 706. 708 Woodman, Rev. James 643 Woodstock 702 Woodsville v. — Haverhill 520 Woodwell, . and family 632 Woolson, Thomas 705 Worcester, Jo.'^eph E. 421 Worcester, Rev. Noah 665 Worcester and Nashua Railroad 531 J»n 24 18fi) =^-/ '•■- ^^ C^^v ^