l^r 
 
Book_._/!_:i 
 
liAKE GEORi^E 
 
 AND 
 
 LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 

 suBqiV 
 
GUIDE 
 
 
 TO 
 
 LAKE aE<d8l€^E, 
 
 LAKE CHAMPLAIN, 
 Jfllontrral mih ^uthtty 
 
 WITH MAPS, 
 
 AND TABLES OF ROUTES AND DISTANCES FROM 
 ALBANY, BURLINGTON, MONTREAL, &:c. 
 
 tr , '? y - 
 
 BY Zf THOMPSON, 
 
 Author of History and Gazetteer of V^ermont. 
 
 BURLINGTON: 
 
 CHAUNCEY GOODRICH. 
 1845. 
 
Entered according to act of Congress, in tiie year 1845, by 
 
 CHAUNCEY GOODRICH, 
 
 in Clerk's office of District Court, lor tiie District of Vermont. 
 
 16 • 'OG 
 Routes from Albany and Troy to Montreal. 
 
 THROUGH LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 From Albany and Troy to Whitehall at the south 
 end of Lake Champlain, there are three principal 
 routes. See Tables^ page 41. 
 
 1st — By Canal, through Mechanicsville, Fort 
 Edward and Fort Anne. See Champlain Canal, 
 page 10. 
 
 2d. — Through Lansingburgh, Easton, Granville 
 &c. by Stage. 
 
 3d. — By way of Ballston and Saratoga Springs, 
 by Rail-Road and Stage. 
 
 Another route to Lake Champlain is by way of 
 Saratoga Springs, Glens Falls and Lake George, 
 to Ticonderoga. See Table p. 43. 
 
 The passage between VViiitehall and St. Johns, 
 through Lake Champlain, is made by Steamboats, 
 which touch at the places indicated on the map to 
 land and receive passengers. See Table p. 42. 
 
 From St. Johns the passage is by Rail-Road, 15 
 miles, to Laprairie, and thence by Steamboat, 9 
 miles, to Montreal. 
 
LAKE GEORGE. 
 
 Eighteen miles from Saratoga Springs, on the 
 way to Lake George are Glens Falls. These 
 are a considerable curiosity. The fall in the 
 Hudson is about fifty feet, which affords a 
 vast amount of water power. The Glens Falls 
 Feeder, 11 miles long, connects the river above 
 the falls with the Champlain Canal near Sandy 
 Hill. The road from Glens Falls to CaJdwell 
 at thi head of Lake George, passes near Bloody 
 Ponl. This is near the place of action between 
 Col. Williams and Gen. Dleskau, in 1755, and 
 into this pond were thrown the bodies of those 
 killed in the battle. Hence its name. 
 
 Caldwell is delightfully situated at the south- 
 west end of the lake, and contains about two 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Th2 Lalce House at this place is much resort- 
 ed to in summer by travellers and parties of 
 pleasure. A steamboat plies regularly between 
 this place and the outlet of the lake at Ticonde- 
 roga. Near Caldwell village at the south end 
 of the lake are the ruins of Fort Wm. Henry, 
 and about a mile further to the southeast are 
 those of Fort Georsfe. 
 
LAKE GEORGE. 
 
 Lake George is so nearly connected with Lake 
 Champlain, both locally and historically, as to 
 be almost regarded as a part of it. It was visited 
 by Champlain, in 1609, and it might appear 
 doubtful, from his own statement, whether it was 
 not to this lake that he gave his own name. Suc- 
 ceeding Franch writers, however, confined the 
 name of Champlain to the larger of these lakej--, 
 and called this Lake St. SacremenL on account 
 of the purity of its waters.' The Indian name ig 
 said to have been Horicon. Mr. Spafford in his 
 Gazetteer of N. Y. says that the natives called 
 it Canideri-oiU or the tail of the lake, on account, 
 probably, of its connexion with Lake Champlain. 
 
 Lake George is 33 miles long and from 2 to 3 
 miles wide, and is elevated 243 feet above the 
 tide waters of the Hudson. The scenery around 
 this lake is very much admired. The most in- 
 teresting points of view are said to be at Fort 
 George, at a place north of Shelving Rock, 14 
 miles, and at Sabbath Day Point, 24 mile?, from 
 the head of the lake. The last view is taken 
 southward ; the others towards the north. This 
 lake abounds with small and beautiful islands, 
 among the most important of which are Diamond 
 Islancf, Tea Island and Long Island. Roger's 
 Rock or Slide, and Anthony's Nose, the former 
 on the west and the latter on the east side, are 
 two precipices worthy of note. Howe's Landing, 
 just behind an island at the outlet of the lake, 
 
MASSACRE AT FORT WM. HENRY. 
 
 denotes the spot where the unfortunate expedi- 
 tion of Abercrombie landed, and derives its name 
 from Lord Howe who accompanied and fell in 
 that expedition, in 1758. 
 
 This Jake has been the scene of several impor- 
 tant battles. One which has been generally 
 known as the Batlle of Lake George, was fought 
 at the head of the lake in 1755, between the 
 French under the Baron Dieskau and the Eng- 
 lish under Sir Wm. Johnson. Dieskau attacked 
 tlie English in their encanjpment, but was de- 
 feated and slain. The loss of the Engiisii was 
 130 slain and that of the French about 7U0* 
 
 The most shocking transaction in the vicinity 
 of this lake, was the Massacre at Fort William 
 Henry in 1757. A Britit;h and provincial army 
 having been collected at Ft. Edward and Ft. Wm. 
 Henry under Gen. Webb for the reduction of the 
 French works on Lake Champlain, the French 
 sent a large army up the lake under Gen. Mont- 
 calm for their defence. Gen. W^ebb, then at Fort 
 Wm. Henry, learning from Maj. Putnam that this 
 force had entered Lake George, returned imme- 
 diately to Fort Edward, and the day follow ing 
 sent Col. Munroe with his regiment to reinJorce 
 the garrison at the lake. Tlie day alter Mun- 
 roe's arrival the French appeared before the fort, 
 laid siege to it and demanded its surrender. The 
 
 * See Thompson's Vermont , part II. page 8. 
 
MASSACRE AT FORT WM. HENRT. 
 
 garrison, consisting of 2500 men, defended them- 
 selves with much bravery for several days, with 
 the expectation of succor from Fort Edward. 
 'But as none came, Munroe was obliged on the 
 9th of Augus! to caj3itulate. By the articles of 
 capitulation all the public property was to be de- 
 livered to Montcalm, and the garrison were to 
 march out with their arms and baggage, and to 
 be escorted to Fort Edward, on condition of not 
 serving against the French within the period of 
 eighteen months. 
 
 The garrison had no sooner marched out of 
 the fort, than a scene of perfidy and barbarity 
 commenced, which it is impossible for lan- 
 guage to describe. Regarfless of the articles of 
 capitulation, the Indians attached to the French 
 army, fell upon the defenceless soldiers, plun- 
 dering and murdering all that fell in their way. 
 The French officers were idle spectators of this 
 bloody scene ; nor could all the entreaties of 
 Munroe persuade them to furnish the promised 
 escort. On that fatal day about 1500 of the Eng- 
 lish were either murdered by the savages or 
 carried by them into captivity never to return. 
 
 The day foliovving these horrid transactions. 
 Major Putnam was despatched from Fort Ed- 
 ward with his rangers to watch the motions of 
 the enemy. H? reached Lake George just after 
 the rear of the enemy had left the shore, and the 
 scene which v/as presented he describes as awful 
 
LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 ndeed. " The fort was entirely destroyed ; the bar- 
 racks, out-hooses and buildings were a heap of 
 rums — -the cannon, stores, boats and vessels were 
 ,11 carried away. The 'fires were still burning — 
 he smoke and stench offensive and suffocating-, 
 nnumerable fragments- of human skulls, and 
 ;iones and carcasses half consumed, \vere still 
 frying and broiling in the decaying fires. Dead 
 bodies, mangled with scalping knives and toma- 
 ■lawks, in all the wantonness of Indian barbarity, 
 vere every where to be seen. More than 100 
 v'omen, butchered and schockingly mangled, lay 
 ipon the ground still weltering in their gore. 
 )evastation, barbarity and horror every where 
 ppeared ; and the spectacle presented was too 
 diabolical and awful either to be endured or de- 
 cribed." * 
 
 LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 This Lake, on account of the beauty and vari- 
 ety of its scenery and its historical incidents, is 
 una of the most interesting bodies of water in 
 North America. It Vv^as discovered by Samuel 
 Champlain, on the 4th of July 1609. Having foun- 
 ded the colony of Quebec in 1608, in June, 1609, 
 Jhamplain with a number of French and Indians, 
 roceeded, in a shallop, up the St. Lawrence and 
 river Iroquois, now Richelieu, till stopped by the 
 
8 LAKE CHAMPLATN DTSCOVERED. 
 
 Chambly rapids. From this place he determine 
 to proceed in Indian canoes, but the Frenchmei 
 manifested ^reat reluctance and only two coul 
 be persuaded to accompany him. With these an 
 about 60 of the natives, having- transported thei 
 canoes by the rapids, he embarked, on the 2d c f 
 July, and, proceeding southward, on the 4th Jul 
 entered the lake. Champlain and his party pre 
 ceeded along the west shore, advancing by wate 
 during the night and retiring into the forests h 
 day, to avoid being discovered by the Iroquois 
 between whom and the Canada Indians a wa 
 was then carried on. As they drew near the ene 
 my's country they proceeded with great caution 
 but, on the 29th of July, in the evening, the; 
 fell in with a large war party of the Iroquois. Botl 
 parties drew up to the shore, and the night wa; 
 spent in preparation for battle, and in singing 
 and taunting each other. In the morning an en 
 gagement took place, but the Frenchmen beint 
 armed with muskets, it was decided in favor o 
 Champlain and his party, a large number of th( 
 Iroquois being slain and several taken prisoners 
 With these they returned immediately to theii 
 shallop. Champlain says that this battle waf 
 fought in Lat. 43^^ and some minutes, and th( 
 place is supposed to have been on the west shor? 
 of Lake George. The present name of Lak( 
 Champlain was given by its discoverer during 
 his first visit, as he informs us in his Journal 
 
LAKE CHAMPLAIN — NAME. 9 
 
 He was not drowned in its watersr as has been 
 sometimes said, but died at Quebec in 1635. One 
 of the Indian names of this lake was Petawd- 
 bouque^ signifying alternate land and water^ in 
 allusion to the numerous islands and projecting 
 points of land. Another is said to have been 
 Caniaderi-Guarunie, signifying the mouth, or 
 door of the country. If so it was very appro- 
 priate, as it forms the gate-way between the 
 country on the St. Lawrence and that on the 
 Hudson. In more recent times the Indians called 
 it Corlear in honor of a Dutchman, who saved a 
 war party of Canada Indians from being de- 
 stroyed by the Mohawks in 1665. 
 
 Extent. Lake Champlain is usually regarded 
 as extending from Whitehall to St. Johns, being 
 120 miles in a right line from south to north. — 
 Sometimes it is regarded as terminating towards 
 the north at Ash Island, four miles beyond the 
 United States Line, and the early French wri- 
 ters marked its termination towards the south at 
 Ticonderoga. The width of the lake varies from 
 one fourth of a mile to about 13 miles, with a 
 mean width of perhaps 4 miles, and C( vering an 
 area of about 500 square miles. It receives the 
 waters drained from about 7000 square miles. 
 Its depth is in general sufficient for the naviga- 
 tion of large vessels. This lake is now connected 
 by canals with the navigable waters of the Hud« 
 son and the St. Lawrence. 
 
10 STEAMBOATS— CHAMPLAIN CAfJAt. 
 
 
 Tabular Historical Vieio 
 
 
 
 Com. 
 
 
 
 Hor. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where built, 
 Burlington, 
 
 runn. 
 
 Lnn 
 
 120 
 
 Ton 
 
 167 
 
 pow. 
 
 "20 
 
 Vermont 
 
 180!) 
 
 1st Phoenix 
 
 Vergennes, 
 
 1815 
 
 146 
 
 336 
 
 45 
 
 Cham plain 
 
 do 
 
 1817 
 
 90 
 
 128 
 
 20 
 
 Congress 
 
 do 
 
 1818 
 
 108 
 
 209 
 
 34 
 
 2d Pl)oenix 
 
 do 
 
 1820 
 
 150 
 
 343 
 
 45 
 
 Gen. Green 
 
 Shelburne, 
 
 182.5 
 
 75 
 
 115 
 
 28 
 
 Franklin 
 
 St. Albans, 
 
 1827 
 
 162 
 
 350 
 
 75 
 
 Washington 
 
 Essex, N. Y. 
 
 1827 
 
 02 
 
 134 
 
 30 
 
 McDoiiough 
 
 St. Albans, 
 
 1828 
 
 89 
 
 138 
 
 30 
 
 Winooski 
 
 Burlington, 
 
 1832 
 
 136 
 
 226 
 
 60 
 
 Water Witch 
 
 Ft. Cassin, 
 
 1832 
 
 90 
 
 107 
 
 40 
 
 Burli no-ton 
 
 Shelburne, 
 
 1838 
 
 220 
 
 460 
 
 200 
 
 Whitehall 
 
 Whitehall, 
 
 1830 
 
 215 
 
 460 
 
 200 
 
 Saranac 
 
 Shelburne,* 
 
 1842 
 
 185 
 
 331 
 
 100 
 
 FrancisSaltus 
 
 Whitehall, 
 
 1845 
 
 196 
 
 373 
 
 _ * _ 
 
 Cliamplain Canal connects the navigable wa- 
 ters of the Hudson with Lake Champlain. It is 
 64 miles long, 40 feet wide at Ihe top and 28 at 
 the bottom, with a navigable /(e<ie?' at Sandy Hill 
 11 miles long. It has 21 locks, 14 by 90 feet. 
 Rise from the Hudson, 134 feet, fall to the lake, 
 54; was begun in 1816, finished in 1819, and 
 cost $1,079,872. The route of this canal is in- 
 teresting on account of its passing through a sec- 
 tion of country rendered raemoral by important 
 military operations. It passes in part along the 
 line of Burgoyne's advance from Lake Cham- 
 
 ' 40 inch cylendar — 10 feet stroke,' 
 

 STEAMBOATS— CHAMPLAIN CANAL. 11 
 
 Of Steamboals on Lake Cham plain. 
 
 1 Cost. 
 
 Captains.* 
 
 Continuance in sorvice. 
 
 $20,000 
 45,000 
 18,000 
 30,000 
 45,000 
 12,000 
 50,000 
 14,000 
 12,000 
 15,000 
 14,000 
 75,000 
 70,006 
 35,000 
 60,000 
 
 John Winans 
 J. Sherman 
 Geo, Brush 
 R. W Sherman 
 J. Sherman 
 Dan Lyon 
 R. W. Sherman 
 James Snow 
 Wm. Burton 
 Wm. Anderson 
 Duff Green 
 R. W. Sherman 
 G. Lathrop 
 P.T.Davis 
 H.G. Tisdale 
 
 5 years, sunk Oct. 18J5 
 
 4 " burnt Sept. 5,1819 
 
 Burnt, Whitehall, 181 7 
 
 16 " condemned in 1835 
 
 16 " " 1837 
 
 7 " conv.tosloop,1833 
 
 10 " condemned, 1838 
 
 now running 
 13 "lost 1841 
 
 now running 
 3 " conv. to schooner 
 now running [1836 
 now running 
 now running, 
 now running. 
 
 plain — near the sceno of his principal battles — 
 and of his final surrender. It passes near Fort 
 Miller — Fort Edward — and Fort Anne — the spot 
 where Miss M'Crea was murdered — the tree to 
 which Gen. Putnam was bound in 1757, &c. 
 
 * Several changes have taken place in the com- 
 manders of the above boats in the course of th'eir 
 continuance in service, among which we notice 
 the following : the Winooski was commanded sev- 
 eral years by Capt. Dan Lyon and afterwards by 
 Capt. Philips. The Whitehall was commanded 
 by Capt. D. Lyon up to 1844. 
 
12 WHITEHALL — TICONDEROGA. 
 
 Whitehall is situated at the junction of the 
 Champlain Canal with tha lake. It contains about 
 2500 inhabitants, a presbyterian, an episcopal 
 and a methodist church, a bank, &c/ It is a 
 great thoroughfare of travel and merchandise, is 
 a place of considerable business and is fast im- 
 proving in appearance and comfort. Before the 
 revolution Major Skeene resided here, and the 
 place was for some time know by the name of 
 Skeenesborouffh. The Indian name of this place 
 is said to be Kah-sha-quali-na or place lohere dip 
 fish. At this place one or more steamboats arrives 
 and departs daily during the continuance of the 
 navigation. From here to Ticonderoga the lake 
 is very narrow, averaging less than a mile. The 
 widest place is about two miles, against the south 
 part of Orwell. At Shole's Landing, 1 mile south 
 of Mount Independence, the width is only forty 
 rods. Half aoPiile from Whitehall is what is called 
 the Elbow, a short turn in the lake occasioned by 
 the projection of a rocky point from the west. 
 It is with considerable difficulty that large boats 
 pass it on account of the narrowness of the chan- 
 nel. Half a mile further north South Bay opens 
 to ths southwest. 
 
 Ticonderoga. This is an Indian word signify- 
 ing noisy j and was applied by ths natives to th3 
 falls in the outlet of Lake George. It was after- 
 wards applied to the fortifications on the penin- 
 sula at the outlet and now to a village two miles 
 
TICONDEROGA — ABERCROMBIE's DEFEAT. 13 
 
 up the outlet and to the township in which 
 these are situated. Fort Ticonderoga occupies 
 a conspicuous place in the military operations in 
 this neighborhood. Its situation may be seen by 
 the following diagram. 
 
 The French first established themselves here 
 in 1755, and in the course of two or three years had 
 erected works, which they named Fort Carillon 
 and which, with its natural advantages, rendered 
 it a place of considerable strength. 
 
 Ahercromhie' s Defeat. In 1758, the English 
 had collected an army of 16000 men, at the head 
 
14 ABERCROMBIE DEFEATED — LORD HOWE. 
 
 of Lake George for the purpose of reducing the 
 French works on Lake Chamj)lain. At the head 
 of these Gen.Abercrombie embarked at Fort Wm. 
 Henry on the 5th of July and proceeded down the 
 lake in 900 batteaux and 135 whaleboats. He 
 landed at the lower end without difficulty. As 
 they advanced towards the French works, they 
 had frequent sl^irraishes with the enemy, by 
 which their progress was retarded and in one of 
 which the gallant Lord Howe was killed. The 
 English columns at length became so much em- 
 barrassed and broken on accodnt of the thickness 
 of the woods, that Abercrombie deemed it prudent 
 to march back to the place where he had landed 
 in the morning and there encamp for the night. 
 The French works were protected on the only 
 assailable ground by a line of breastworks and 
 garrisoned by 6000 men, and, as a reinforcement 
 of 3000 men was on its way to join them, Aber- 
 crombie was anxious to get possession of the 
 works before it should arrive. He, therefore, the 
 next morning led forward his men in regular or- 
 der and with undaunted firmness and commen- 
 ced an immediate assault upon the French lines. 
 The enemy opened upon the in a well directed 
 fire from their artillery, but the English contin- 
 ued to advance undismayed till they became 
 completely entangled and stopped by the trees 
 and bushes, which had been felled to impede 
 their approach. For four hours they strove to cut 
 
TICONDEROGA DURING THE REVOLUTION. 15 
 
 their way through these with their swords, but 
 without success. All this time they were exposed 
 to the deadly fire of the enemy, who were com- 
 pletely sheltered by their breastworks. The num- 
 bers of the assailants continually diminishing and 
 no prospect of success apppearing, Abercrom- 
 bie thought it m.ost prudent to retreat, and ac- 
 cordingly led back his shattered army to their 
 former encampment without being pursued or 
 molested by the enemy. The English lost in 
 this encounter, in killed and wounded, nearly 
 2000 men and 2500 stand of arms. The next 
 year this post was abandoned by the French and 
 was taken possession of by the English under 
 Gen. Amherst without any fighting, by whom the 
 works were repaired and strenthened. 
 
 Ticonderocra durinsr the Revolution. — Ticon- 
 deroga was our first trophy in the war for 
 Independence. It was takeii by surprise by Ethan 
 Allen at the head of 83^ men, mostly Green 
 Mountain Boys, in the morning of the 10th of 
 May, 1775, who demanded its surrender " i?i the 
 name of the GreaL Jehovah and the Continental 
 Congress." It remained in the possession of the 
 Americans till the advance of Burgoyne through 
 the lake in 1777. The Americans at this time 
 occupied Ticonderoga and Mount Independence 
 on the opposite side the lake, where they had some 
 small batteries. These posts were connected by a 
 floating bridge 80 rods long and 12 feet wide. Bur- 
 
16 ST. CI,AIR*S RETREAT — CHIMNEY POINT. 
 
 goyne first took possession of Mount Hope^ situa- 
 ted about a mile to the northwest of Ticonderoga. 
 Mount Defiance, situated at the southwest, com- 
 pletely commanded the American works, being 
 800 feet above them, but was supposed to be of 
 so difficult access as to prevent any attempt of the 
 British to plant cannon upon it. But in this they 
 were mistaken ; for on the 5th of July the British 
 had taken possession of this mountain, and had 
 commenced the erection of a battery. The Ameri- 
 can general St. Clair immediately called a council 
 of officers, by whom it was agreed to abandon the 
 post at Ticonderoga and Mount Independence 
 and retreat to the south, which was carried into 
 effect before the next morning. The British then 
 took possession and held it till the close of the 
 war. 
 
 From Ticonderoga to Crown Point the width 
 of the lake varies from 1 to 2 miles. In this dis- 
 tance are two or three landing places, all on the 
 East side. Watch Point in Shoreham a little 
 north of the old landing, is at present the usual 
 landing place of passengers for Middlebury. 
 
 Chimney- Point, the landing place opposite to 
 Crown Point is in the south western corner of 
 the town of Addison. Here the French com- 
 menced their first settlement upon the lake in 
 1731. When Crown Point fell into the hands of 
 the English in X759, this settlement was aban- 
 doned, and the remains of the chimneys, which 
 
CHIMNEY POINT — CROWN POINT. 
 
 17 
 
 they had erected in their huts, probably sugges- 
 ted to the first English settlers the name of 
 Chimney Point. The stone windmill, mentioned 
 by Kahij, as being within one or two musket-shots 
 to the east of Fort Frederick, and as having 5 or 
 6 small cannon mounted in it in 1749, and which 
 has been supposed to have given name to this 
 point, was most probably at the place opposite, 
 marked by the ruins of what is called Grenadier^ s 
 Battery. 
 
 Pt. Henry m 
 
 ^^ ^^^ Elm Pt 
 
 ^K- 
 
 Crown Point. The French first established 
 themselves here in 1731, and erected a fort which 
 
18 FORT ST. FREDERICK — CROWN POINT. 
 
 . ^ «» 
 
 they called Fori Si. Frederick, from Frederick 
 Maurepas, the French secretary of state. At 
 this jjlace the French kept a garrison, and from 
 it, during the colonial wars, sent outtheir parties 
 of French and Indians to destroy the frontier 
 English settlements, and massacre the inhabi- 
 tants. When Kalm visited this place in 1749, 
 there was a considerable settlement around the 
 fort with well cultivated gardens. Within 
 the fort was a neat little church. The fort was 
 built upon the brow of the steep bank of the 
 lake, but a short distance from the water, and the 
 remains of its bomb-proof, covered way, ovens, 
 &c., are still to be seen, though in a very dila- 
 pidated state. Its place is indicated by figure 2, in 
 the cut. The small circle to the southeast of this 
 denotes the site of Grenadier's Battery, and the 
 two small parallelograms to the southwest of the 
 latter place, the situation of two strong redoubts. 
 On the approach of the British army under 
 Gen. Amherst in 1759, the French abandoned 
 this fort and retired to the north end of the lake. 
 Amherst took immediate possession, but instead 
 of repairing th'e old works, began a new fort, 
 which was called Crown Point, about 200 yards 
 to the south west, on higher and more com.mand- 
 ing ground. This fort was never completed, as 
 is evident from an examination of the ditch, 
 glacis, &c., at the present day, although it has 
 been said that the British government expended 
 
CROWN POINT — ENGLISH FORT. 
 
 19 
 
 here no less than £2,000,000 sterling. _ The po- 
 sition of the several works may be understood by 
 the preceding- diagram, and the form and size of 
 the English fort by the following diagram and 
 descrJDtion. 
 
 The ramparts are about 25 feet thick, and 
 from 15 to 25 in height, and are reveted with solid 
 masonry. The curtains vary in length from 52 
 yards to 101 yards, and the whole circuit, meas- 
 uring along the top of the rampart, including the 
 the bastions, is 853 yards, or 27 yards less than 
 
20 CROWN POINT FORT. 
 
 lialf a mile. Within the fort were four large 
 stone huildings, designed for barracks and other 
 uses, one of which is now wholly removed, and 
 another 287 feet long, is mostly thrown down. 
 The walls of the other two, being, one 192 and 
 the other 216 feet long, and two stories high, are 
 nearly entire, and a part of the latter roofed and 
 inhabited. These were used as barracks, are 
 built of solid masonry with chimneys, and the 
 stones for their construction appear to have been 
 taken from the ditch, and the chips used for lev- 
 elling up the slope of the glacis. In the north- 
 eastern bastion is a large well, said to be 90 feet 
 deep, and from this bastion was the descent to 
 the covered way or underground communica- 
 tion with the lake. The walls of this covered 
 way have fallen in, so as to render it impassible, 
 but it may be traced through its whole length by 
 a depression along the surface of the ground. 
 This fort was taken by surprise by a party of 
 Green Mountain Boys, under Seth Warner, on 
 the same day that Ticonderoga surrendered to 
 Ethan Allen. 
 
 The width of the peninsula upon which these 
 works stood is one mile, and is in no part much 
 elevated above the site of the principal fort, but 
 there is a considerable mountain on the west side 
 of Bulwagga Bay, the nearest summit of which 
 is only 1| miles from the fort and elevated 400 
 feet above it. The highest is distant 2| miles 
 
WESTPORT — FORT CASSIU. 21 
 
 and elevated 900 feet. The whole peninsula is 
 made up of dark lime stone covered in most part 
 with only a slight depth of earth, so that works 
 upon it, cannot be assailed by regular advances. 
 The width between Crown and Chimney Points 
 is only about half a mile. From Crown point to 
 Split Rock the average width of the lake is about 
 3i miles. 
 
 Port Henry is 1^ miles from Crown Pt. Fort 
 and a little north of Cedar Point. Here is a 
 good latiding place and here are the works of the 
 Port Henry Iron Company. There is a ferry 
 between-this place and Chimney Point. 
 
 Westport, the next landing place on the N. 
 Y. side, is situated on Northwest Bay. It is a 
 thriving village of about 600 inhabitants. A 
 horse ferry boat plies betweer. this place and Ba- 
 sin Harbor. 
 
 Basin Harbor, one of the best on the lake, 
 is in the town of Ferrisburg, Vt., and is 5 miles 
 west from the city of Vergennes. 
 
 Fort Cassin, 3 miles north of Basin Harbor 
 and on the north side of the mouth of Otter 
 Creek, is a landing place of passengers for Ver- 
 gennes. It is 8 miles from the City of Vergennes 
 where Macdonough's fleet was fitted out, with 
 which he gained his victory. Fort Cassin takes 
 its name from Lieut. Cassin of the navy, who 
 with a small breast work at this place, and less 
 than 200 men commanded by himself and Capt 
 
22 SPLIT-ROCK — CHARLOTTE — m'nF.Il's FERRY. 
 
 Thornton, of the artillery, on the 14th of May 
 1814, repulsed a large British force in an attempt 
 to enter the creek for the purpose of destroying 
 the American flotilla before it should be ready 
 for service. 
 
 Split Rock is one of the greatest natural cu- 
 riosities on the lake, and one which did not es- 
 cape the notice of the earliest French explorers. 
 Roclier Fendu occupies a conspicuous place on 
 Charlevoix map of 1744. It has been suppo- 
 sed to have been formed by the breaking off of 
 a rocky promontory extending north, but Prof. 
 Emmons (N. Y. Geological Report, 231) thinks it 
 was formed by the wearing away of the rock in 
 that place in consequence of its being of a softer 
 texture. The part detached contains about half 
 an acre, rises about 30 feet above the water, is 
 covered with bushes and is separated about 10 
 feet from the main rock. A few rods south of 
 Split Rock stands a Ijght house. The width of 
 the lake between Split Rock and Thompson's 
 Point is only about a mile. From this place the 
 width of the lake increases tov^^ards the nortii, 
 and at McNieVs Ferry, between Charlotte land- 
 ing- and the village of Essex, it wants 20 rods of 3 
 miles. This is one of the oldest and best fer- 
 ries across the lake. The passage is by horse- 
 boat, and is performed in about 30 minutes. Just 
 north of Charlotte landing is the delightful resi- 
 dence of Charles McNiel, Esqr. 
 
ESSEX — FOUR BROTHERS — JUNIPER ISLAND. 23 
 
 Essex is a pleasant village containing* about 
 600 inhabitants. From this place the width of 
 the lake increases as it flows North, and at Bur- 
 lington amounts to about 10 miles ; and here is 
 the greatest expanse of water uninterrupted by 
 islands. On the way from Essex to Burlington, 
 are passed the Four Brothers, lying at some dis- 
 tance, and Juniper Island and Rock Dunder on 
 the left, and Potier's Point and the mouth of 
 Shelburn Bay on the right. 
 
 Four Brothers are 4 small islands lying* 
 about 7 miles south west from Burlington, and 
 being out of the usual line of navigation they are 
 resorted to by gulls and other water fowl for the 
 purpose of raising their young. On Charlevoix 
 map of 1744, they are called hie de qualre Vents. 
 
 Juniper Island lies o miles south west from 
 Burlingtofi — is composed of slate rock, with 
 precipitous banks about thirty feet high, and 
 covered with about a dozen acres of good 
 soil. A light house was erected here in 1826. 
 
 Rock Dunder is a solitary rock rising out of the 
 water between Juniper Island and Potier's Point 
 to the height of about 20 feet. 
 
 Potier's Point is 2^ miles nearly south from 
 the landing at Burlington and at the mouth of 
 Shelburne Bay. On the east side of ihis point 
 just within the bay is a ship yard, called the Har- 
 bor. It is three miles from the steamboat land- 
 ing in Burlington, and although situated in the 
 
24 HARBOR — BURT.TNGTON. 
 
 township of Shelburne may be regarded as the 
 Burlington ship yard. Here several of the large 
 Bteam boats have been ^ilt, and they are usually 
 laid up here during the winter. 
 
 Through the greater part of the passage from 
 Ticonderoga to Burlington the traveller has a 
 fine view of the Green Mountains in Vermont, 
 stretching along at the east, particularly of the 
 CameVs Hump, and the Nose and Chin of the 
 Mansfield mountains lying further north. 
 
 Burlington is situated nearly midway be- 
 tween Whitehall and St. Johns. It is the most 
 important town on lake Champlain, is a port of 
 entry, and by recent arrangements between our 
 government and Great Britain, is made one of 
 the two ports (Plattsburgh being the other) on 
 lake Champlain, at which merchandize sent from 
 England through the United States into Canada 
 is entered for inspection and exportation. The 
 village of Burlington is not surpassed in beauty 
 of location by any town in New England. It 
 occupies a gentle declivity terminated on the west 
 by the lake. The principal streets running east 
 and west, are one mile in length, and these are 
 crossed nearly at right angles by others running 
 north and south, cutting the whole village into 
 regular squares. The village contains 4000 
 inhabitants, and is steadily advancing in wealth 
 and population. It is the seat of the (Jniver- 
 eity of Vermont, which is a flourishing institution^ 
 
BURT.INGTON — MAP. 
 
 25 
 
 having- a well selected library of about 8000 
 volnmes, a very gcol chemical and philosophi- 
 cal apparatus, and a respectable cabinet of 
 natural history. Besides the university build- 
 
 ings, the village contains six churches, a court 
 house and jail, a high school for boys, a female 
 seminary, two banks, three printing offices, seven 
 hotels and taverns and about 40 stores, four of 
 which are bookstores. There are several manu- 
 factories, among which the glass factory of 
 
ii6 BNRLINGTON— UNIVERSITT. 
 
 Messrs. Smith & Willkins is one of the most 
 important. There are three lines of mail stages 
 which arrive and depart daily, (Sunday excep- 
 ted,) besides three or four others which come 
 in and go out twice or thrice a week. See Tables, 
 p. 46, 47. During the continuance of navigation 
 there are regular lines of steam-boats between 
 here and Whitehall, between here and St. Johns, 
 between here and Plattsburgh and St. Albans, 
 besides numerous arrivals and departures of ir- 
 regular boats, sloops, &c. There are four 
 ,extensive wharves with storehouses, and the 
 greater part of the merchandize intended for the 
 north western section of Vermont is landed here. 
 A breakwater has been built in front of the 
 wharves for the protection of the shipping. Op- 
 posite to Burlington the width of the lake is 9.^ 
 miles, and the soundings taken at eight differ- 
 ent places along the line, vary from 50 to about 
 300 feet. 
 
 The buildings of the University of Vermont 
 are delightfully situated upon the summit at the 
 eastern extremity of the village, at an elevation 
 of more than 250 feet above the level of the 
 lake. The prospect from the dome of the prin- 
 cipal edifice is, at some seasons of the year, one 
 of unrivaled beauty, and well repays the toil of 
 the ascent. Here is spread out, as upon a map, 
 before the eye, — the busy village — the lake, 
 stretching from south to north, with its bays and 
 
WINOOSKI VILLAGE — SCHUYLER ISLAND 27 
 
 — % : 
 
 islands, its steamboats, and other water craft — 
 the Winooski river, dashing through dark and 
 frightful chasms and then winding gently through 
 the beautiful meadows at the north — and more 
 remote, the woods and farms and smiling villages ; 
 — and, to complete the picture, the east and west 
 are bounded by a grand and varied outline of 
 mountains, many of whose summits mingle with 
 the clouds. 
 
 Winooski Village is situated at the Lower 
 Falls in Winooski river, and 2 miles from the 
 steam boat landing in Burlington. Here is 
 abundant and excellent water power, which has 
 hitherto been only partially improved. At this 
 place an extensive woollen factory is in operation 
 and several other factories and mills. A large 
 block factory, satinett factory, and several mills 
 have been destroyed by fire, which have not yet 
 been rebuilt. 
 
 From Burlington to Port Kent, 10 miles, the 
 course is a little north of west. Juniper Island 
 and the Four Brothers lie at the left, and on the 
 right, first. Lone Rock or Sharpshin Point, near 
 which may be seen Ihe residence of the Rt. Rev. 
 J. H. Hopkins, and a little further along Appletree 
 Point, and still farther and more remote Col- 
 chester Point. Winooski river enters the lake 
 between the two last. Just before reaching Port 
 Kent a considerable island is passed lying on the 
 left called Schuylefs Island. The French cal- 
 
28 PORT KENT — BURNING OF THE PHffiNIX. 
 
 led it Isle au Chapon. The point of the main 
 land lying between this island and Port Kent, 
 is called Point Tremhleau. 
 
 Poet Kent is a pleasant little village which 
 owes its origin to the late Elkanah Watson, Esq. 
 and has grown up within a few years. It has a 
 convenient dock from which is shipped the 
 greater part of the immense quantity of iron 
 manufactured in this section of the country. On 
 the Au Sable river which runs through a region 
 abounding in iron ore, and empties into the lake 
 a little north of this port, are the flourishing man- 
 ufacturing villages of Au Sable Forks, CJinton- 
 ville, Keeseville, and Birmingham. On this riv- 
 er are many interesting falls. Those at Birming- 
 ham 2 miles from Port Kent, and the ravine be- 
 low, through which the river passes, are worthy 
 the notice of the curious traveller. 
 
 From Port Kent to Plattsburgh, the course is 
 along near the western shore of the lake. 
 
 Port Jackson, the only intermediate landing 
 place, is nearly west of the south end of Valcour 
 Island, noted for a severe naval conflict, on the 
 11th of October 1776, between the American 
 flotilla under General Arnold and the British un- 
 der Capt. Prindie. The battle was fought a lit-r 
 tie north of Port Jackson. Five or six miles near- 
 ly east from Port Jackson was the scene of the 
 conflagration of the steamer Phcenix on the morn- 
 ing of the 5th of September 1819. Previous to the 
 
PLATTSBURGH. 29 
 
 settlement of Port Kent,the steamboats proceeded 
 directly from Burlington to Plattsburgh, along the 
 west shore of Grand Isle. On the morning of the 
 accident the Phoenix left Burlington about one 
 o'clock, against a strong north wind. About 3 o'- 
 clock, while off nearly west of the south end of 
 Grand Isle, the boat*was discovered to be on fire, 
 and all efforts to extinguish it were unavailing. 
 There were at this time 44 persons on board, 31 
 of whom entered the small boats and succeeded 
 with considerable difficulty in reaching a small 
 island about a mile to the windward, called Prov- 
 idence Island. The remaining 13 were soon 
 obliged to commit themselves to the water upon 
 bits of plank and such other things as were with- 
 in their reach. The small boats returned just 
 after daylight and succeeded in saving 6 of those 
 who had managed to keep themselves afloat. 
 The remaining seven were drowned. The wreck 
 drifted southward and lodged on a reef, extend- 
 ing from Colchester Point. This is the only ac- 
 cident, worthy of notice, which has occurred du- 
 ring 36 years of steam navigation on this lake. 
 Plattsburgh is a flourishing village pleas- 
 antly situated on both sides of the mouth of the 
 river Saranac. It has 4 churches and about 
 2600 inhabitants. There are falls in the river 
 here of about 40 feet, affording a large amount of 
 water power. On these there are several manu- 
 facturing establishments, but they are only par- 
 
30 
 
 PLATTSBURGH. 
 
 tially occupied. There is a regular line of stages 
 from this place to Malone, Pottsdam, and Ogdens- 
 burgh. Plattsburgh is a military post of the 
 United States, and a little south of the village 
 near the lake shore, the government has erected 
 extensive stone barracks, and a permanent break 
 water for the protection of the harbor. During 
 the last war this place was the scene of an im- 
 portant engagement both on land and water. 
 
 VaJcour I. 
 
 Pt Jackson 
 
 Battle of FlaUsburg]i.--Onxhelstof SeptlSliy 
 Gen. Prevost entered the CJ. S. at the head of 
 14000 men and advanced towards Plattsburgh, 
 
BATTLE AT PLATTSBURGH. 31 
 
 which was then garrisoned by only one brigade 
 commanded by Gen. Macomb. Prevost's ad- 
 vance was slow" and cautious, and, in the mean 
 time, every effort was made by Macomb to call 
 in the neighboring militia. Oji the 7th, Prevost 
 appeared before Plattsburgh, and till the 11th, 
 awaited the arrival of the Uritish flotilla, being 
 "employed in the mean time in erecting batteries. 
 The American flotilla, commanded by Commo- 
 dore Macdonougli and consisting of the Saratoga 
 of 26 guns, the Eagle of 20, the Ticonderoga of 
 17, the Preble of 7, and 10 gun boats carrying 
 16 guns, and carrying in the whole 820 men, 
 was then lying in Plattsburgh bay. The British 
 naval force at this time consisted of a frigate of 
 39 guns, the Linnet of 16, two sloops of 11 each, 
 and 13 gun boats carrying 18 guns, with 1050 
 men, and commanded by Commodore Downie. 
 The American ships were anchored in a line ex- 
 tending in a direction nearly north from Crab 
 Island. In the morning of the 11th of Septem- 
 ber, the British flotilla came around Cumberland 
 Head and, about 9 o'clock, anchored in a line 
 parallel to the American and about 300 yards 
 distant. In this situation the whole force on 
 both sides became engaged, and after a severe 
 conflict of 2 hours and 20 minutes the engagement 
 was terminated by the surrender of the whole 
 British flotilla, with the exception of a iew gun 
 boats which efTected their escape. The British loss 
 
32 PLATTSBURGH BATTLE — CUMBERLAND HEAD. 
 
 was 84 killed, among whom were Com. Downie 
 and two Lieutenants, and 110 wounded. The 
 American was 52 killed and 58 wounded. 
 Among the former were Lieuts. Gamble and 
 Stansbury. 
 
 The commencement of the naval action seem- 
 ed be the signal for a general assault by land. 
 The enemy opened their batteries upon the A- 
 merican works, and at the same time attempted to 
 cross the Saranac and gain their rear. The 
 Americans kept up a destructive fire from their 
 forts and met the enemy at every point with most 
 determined bravery. Aa soon as it was known 
 that their fleet had surrendered, the enemy re- 
 linquished all th3ir hopes, and began making ar- 
 rangements for a retreat ; and before the next 
 morning they had retired so precipitately as to 
 leave behind their wounded, and large quantities 
 of provisions, amunition and military stores. 
 
 The officers, who fell on both sides, in these 
 engagements, were all buried near together in the 
 public cemetery at Plattsburgh, and the Clin- 
 ton County Military Association, celebrated the 
 anniversary of th3 battle in 1843, by placing over 
 them marble mon jmsnts with appropriate inscrip- 
 tions. 
 
 Cumberland Head extends three miles into 
 the lake on the north side of Plattsburgh, or 
 Cumberland Bay. On this point is a light house 
 and the farm presented to Com. Macdonough by 
 
IS LANDS — ALBDRGH. 33 
 
 the Legislature of Vermont. It lies in full view 
 of the scene of his memorable victory on the 11th 
 of September 1814. On Chalevoix's map of 1744 
 this point is called Cap Scoumountun. Cumber- 
 land Head is connected by a ferry with Grand 
 Island. 
 
 Grand Island, or South Hero is the largest is- 
 land in the lake and belongs to Vermont. It has an 
 excellent soil and is connected with Cumberland 
 Head on the west by a ferry and with the main 
 shore on the east by a ferry and by a fordable 
 sand bar. 
 
 North Hero is another large island lying north 
 of the above. It constitutes a township of the 
 same name and belongs to Vermont. The steam 
 ferry boat from Burlington on its way from Platts- 
 burgh to St. Albans passes between these islands. 
 Isle la Motte also belongs to Vermont ; 
 contains 4620 acres and constitutes a township 
 of the same name. Its rocks are lime, from veins 
 of which is quarried a fine black marbie. 
 
 Alburgh, lying still further north, is a town- 
 ship formed by a point of land extending south- 
 ward between the lake and Missisco Bay. It is 
 connected with Canada along the 45th parallel 
 of latitude. In this township is a medicinal 
 spring which is a place of considerable resort for 
 invalids. In Highgate lying east of the bay is 
 another medicinal spring of quite equal celebrity. 
 Missisco Bay is a large body of water extend- 
 
34 rouse's point — united states line. 
 
 ing- into Canada, on the east side of which is the 
 villao^e of Philipsburgh. 
 
 Chazy Landing is 16 miles north of Platts- 
 burgh. 
 
 Rouse's Point is 9 miles north of Chazy, 
 in the township of Champlain, and about one 
 mile from the United States line. Here is a 
 convenient steamboat landing. Nearly opposite 
 on the west part of Alburgh, is Windmill Point. 
 This point takes its name from a windmill built! 
 here by the French while they had possession of' 
 the lake. 
 
 United Stales Line. This line was fixed in 
 1842, by treaty negotiated by Lord Ashbiirton 
 and Mr. Webster, on the old line formerly sup-,, 
 posed to be the 45th parallel of latitude. Imme- 
 diately after the close of the last war the United 
 States o-overnment commenced building a fort on 
 a low point to the northward of Rouse's Point 
 landing which should completely command the; 
 passage up the lake. By the survey of this line 
 in 1818, it was found that this point was north of 
 the 45th parallel, and the work was consequently 
 abandoned ; but by the late treaty the fort was 
 [Secured to the United States and the work has 
 recently been resumed. An opening through thei 
 woods like a road, on the east side of the lake 
 and about 200 rods north of the fort marks the* 
 place of the Line as now established. 
 
 Ash Island, lying 3 or 4 miles north of the 
 
ISLE-ADX-NOIX — ST. JOHNS. 35 
 
 Line, is sometimes regarded as the termination 
 of the lake towards the north and the commence- 
 ment of the Richeheu or Sorel which forms its 
 outlet. 
 
 La Colle lying on the west side was a British 
 military post during- the last war, and is noted on 
 account of an unsuccessful attack made by the 
 Americans upon the enemy sheltered in the stone 
 mills at this place, on the 29th of March, 1814. 
 
 Isle aux Noix is the first steam boat landing 
 after entering- Canada. This is the frontier mili- 
 tary post of the British. It is strongly fortified 
 and garrisoned, and completely commands the 
 passage of the lake or river. The Americans 
 took possession of this island in 1775 and re- 
 tained it till they retreated from Canada the next 
 year. It was afterwards the principal scene of 
 the negotiations between the British officers and 
 the agents of the leading men in Vermont, by 
 which a largo British army was kept inactive du- 
 ring the last three years of the revolutionary war. 
 
 St. Johns is the termination of the steam-boat 
 navigation of the lake in this direction, being 
 checked by the Chambly rapids, and at this place 
 cars are taken for Laprairie on the way to Mon- 
 treal. The village of St. Johns presents a thri- 
 ving appearance and contains about 2000 in- 
 habitants. It is a military post, and extensive 
 barracks have been erected here since the late 
 rebellion which are pleasantly situated and occu- 
 
36 CHAMBLY CANAL — RAIL-ROAD. 
 
 pied by a regiment of British troops. It was the 
 scene of some military operation during the revo- 
 lution. It sustained a siege of 6 weeks, before 
 it surrendered to Gen. Montgomery in Nov. 1775. 
 St. Johns is a port of entry with a custom house, 
 and a custom house officer here goes on board 
 the steamboats to inspect the baggage of passen- 
 gers previous to being landed. 
 
 Chambly Canal is 12 miles long, connecting 
 the navigable waters above with those below 
 Chambly rapids and extending from St. Johns to 
 Chambly. There are 9 locks 120 feet long and 
 24 wide, each with a lift of 10 feet, making 90 
 feet in the whole. It was built by the British 
 government, finished in 1843, and cost about 
 ^400,000. This canal completed an uninter- 
 rupted water communication between Quebec 
 and New- York. 
 
 Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad is fif- 
 teen miles long, reaching fom St Johns to La- 
 prairie. It was finished in 1838 and cost about 
 $200,000, including depots, locomotives, cars, 
 &c. The country through which it runs is almost 
 a dead level. The fare from St. Johns to Mont- 
 real by railroad and steamboat, is ^1 for 1st class, 
 and half a dollar in 2d class cars. 
 
 Laprairie is a considerable village and most 
 of the inhabitants are French. From this place 
 to Montreal, 9 miles, the passage is by steamboat. 
 
MONTREAL — CATHEDRAL — WHARVES. 37 
 
 Montreal, the seat of g'overnment and the 
 largest city in Canada,contains near 40,000 inhabi- 
 tants. This city presents a strong contrast to the 
 cities of the United States, and in its population, 
 buildings, streets and customs, resembles the 
 cities of the old world, and hence it is an object 
 of particular interest to the American traveller. 
 On approaching, the object Avhich fii-st attracts 
 attention is the huge Roman Catholic Cathedral, 
 whose towers rise so majestically above the sur- 
 rounding buildings. On a nearer approach, the 
 city and its environs are seen to great advantage. 
 The river horo is about 3 miles wide, and oppo- 
 site the city lies tha beautiful island of St. Hele- 
 na, which is strongly fortified and garrisoned. 
 The new wharves at which the landings are 
 made, extsnd more than a mile along the rivei-. 
 They are built of hammered stone, in the most 
 substantial manner and are said to exceed any 
 thing of the kind in America. The objects of 
 interest to the traveller in aad about Montreal 
 are too numerous to be parUcuiarized here, but 
 a ride to the mountain in rear of the city should 
 not be dispensed with by any who have the least 
 taste for the picturesque and beautiful. Between 
 this city and Quebec, 180 miles below, is a re- 
 gular daily line of steamboats during the contin- 
 uance of the navigation. See table p. 48, and for 
 the tour through Kingston to Niagara Falls, see 
 the same page. 
 
38 WM. HENRY — THREE RIVERS. 
 
 The most important places between Montreal 
 and Quebec are William Kenry, and Three Riv- 
 ers. 
 
 William Henry, or Sorel Is 45 miles below 
 Montreal, and situated at the junction of the out- 
 let of Lake Champlai]i with the St. Lawrence, 
 or rather with the upper end of lake St. Peters, 
 which is an expansion of that river, 25 miles 
 lono- and 9 broad. On the way from Montreal 
 to Wm. Henry are passed the villages of Lon- 
 gueuil, Vercheres, Varennes, and several others. 
 
 Port St. Francis is the pricipal landing place 
 between Wm. Honry and Three Flivers. It owes 
 its existence chiefly to the efforts of the British 
 American Land Company. Passengers bound to 
 the Eastern Tovv-nships are landel here and pro- 
 ceed up the river St. Francis by stage. 
 
 Three Rivers, situated nearly midway betv/een 
 -Montreal and Quebec, is the largest town be- 
 tween those cities. It lies at the junction of the 
 river St. Maurice with the St. Lawrence. In 
 the mouth of the St. Maurice are two small is- 
 lands, which divide the stream into three parts, 
 and which appear, from the St. Lawrence, like 
 the mouths of three rivers, and hence the name. 
 
 Richelieu Rapids are half way from Three 
 Rivers to Quebec. The St Lawrence is here 
 about two miles wide, with a rocky shore, and 
 the rapids extend about 9 miles. Steamboats 
 pass these rapids without difficulty or danger, but 
 
AVOLFe's cove — QUEBEC. 39 
 
 other vessels can ascend them only by taking 
 advantage of the tide or by being towed up by 
 steamboats. 
 
 Sillenj Cove, noted for the last battle between 
 the English and French, which completed the 
 conquest of Canada in 1759, and WoJf's Cove, 
 where Wolfe.landed and drew his cannon up the 
 precipice, are passed just before reaching Quebec 
 as is also Cape Diamond at the base of which the 
 gallant JVIontgomery was killed on the 31st of 
 December 1775. 
 
 Quebec is on several accounts one of the most 
 interesting places in Canada. It was here the 
 first settlement was commenced by Champlain 
 in 1608. The city is divided into the Upper and 
 Lower town, and the St. Roch, St. John, and 
 St. Lewis suburbs. 7'he lower town is at the 
 foot of the precipice, upon the top of which tho 
 upper town is built, and is but little above the 
 bed of the river. The greatest part of the 
 ground upon which the lower town is built has 
 been gained by excavation from the foot of tJie 
 precipice, or by building out into the water. 
 This part of the city is crowded and dirty, and 
 contains but few good buildings. The ascent 
 from the lower to tho upper town is steep and 
 difficult, the latter being more than 200 feet 
 above the former. The upper town which is nat- 
 urally almost inaccessable, is doubtless more 
 strongly fortified than any other place in Ameri- 
 
40 quFBEC^ 
 
 ca. The citadel, which is the main work and 
 considered to be impregnable, includes five or six 
 acres, and stands on the very summit of Cape 
 Diamond. The objects and places of interest in 
 and about the city are too numerous to be partic- 
 ularized. The falls of Montmorenci a few miles 
 below, and the Plains of Abraham a little to the 
 west of the city, on which Wolfe and Montcalm I 
 fell, deserve attention. A neat monument 65 1 
 feet high, with suitable inscriptions, was erected ^ 
 to the memory of these brave generals in 1828, 
 near the spot where they fell. The population |( 
 of Quebec is about 30,000. 
 
TABLES. 
 
 41 
 
 Distances between Albany 
 
 and Whitel 
 
 lall, 
 
 
 i'lac 
 
 
 From 
 
 
 to 
 
 From 
 
 White- 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 Place 
 
 Albany. 
 
 hall. 
 
 Albany, by canal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 West Troy, - 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 66 
 
 Mechanicsville, 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 53 
 
 Schuylerville, 
 
 16 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 Fort Edward, 
 
 13 
 
 49 
 
 24 
 
 Fort Ann, 
 
 12 
 
 61 
 
 12 
 
 Whitehall, - 
 
 12 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 BY STAGE, 
 
 
 
 
 Albany, ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 Troy, . - - 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6d 
 
 Schaghticoke, 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 56 
 
 Easton, ... 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 46 
 
 Argyle, 
 
 20 
 
 46 
 
 26 
 
 Granville, 
 
 17 
 
 63 
 
 9 
 
 Whitehall, - 
 
 9 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 BY RAIL-ROAD AND STAGE- 
 
 
 
 
 Albany, by rail-road, 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 - f Schenectady , 16 ^ on 
 o . 1 Ballston Spa, 14 ( ^" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^UorTroj, 6} 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 47 
 
 ^^ Mechanicsv'l, 12V30 
 i. Ballston Spa, 12) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ Saratoga Springs, 
 
 7 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 Sandy Hill, by stage, - 
 
 19 
 
 56 
 
 21 
 
 Fort Ann, " 
 
 10 
 
 66 
 
 11 
 
 Whitehall, " 
 
 11 
 
 77 
 
 
 
42 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 Distances between Albany 
 
 and Montrea 
 
 /. 
 
 
 2 c 
 
 e^ 
 
 5 = 
 
 s >, 
 
 s-s 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 HI zi 
 
 ^ £j 
 
 ?'o 
 
 ? c 
 
 o ■.-■ 
 
 
 «P4 
 
 ^'£ 
 
 =^3 
 
 £^ 
 
 (JH o 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 230 
 
 < 
 
 
 254 
 
 Albany, - - -, 
 
 Whitehall, - - - 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 157 
 
 73 
 
 181 
 
 Benson, by steamboat, - 
 
 ]3 
 
 13 
 
 144 
 
 86 
 
 168 
 
 Orwell, " 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 137 
 
 93 
 
 161 
 
 Ticonderoga, " 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 133 
 
 97 
 
 157 
 
 Shoreham, " 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 131 
 
 99 
 
 155 
 
 Bridport, " 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 122 
 
 108 
 
 J 46 
 
 Crown Pt. &Chimney Ft. 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 116 
 
 114 
 
 140 
 
 Port Henry, " 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 114 
 
 116 
 
 138 
 
 Barber's Point, " 
 
 9 
 
 52 
 
 105 
 
 125 
 
 429 
 
 Westport, " 
 
 2 
 
 54 
 
 103 
 
 127 
 
 127 
 
 Basin Harbor, " 
 
 4 
 
 58 
 
 99 
 
 131 
 
 123 
 
 Fort Cassin, " 
 
 3 
 
 61 
 
 96 
 
 134 
 
 120 
 
 Split-Rock, " 
 
 3 
 
 64 
 
 93 
 
 137 
 
 117 
 
 Essex &. Charlotte, 
 
 4 
 
 68 
 
 89 
 
 141 
 
 113 
 
 Burlington, " 
 
 14 
 
 82 
 
 75 
 
 155 
 
 99 
 
 Fort Kent. " 
 
 '10 
 
 92 
 
 65 
 
 165 
 
 89 
 
 Port Jackson, " 
 
 9 
 
 101 
 
 56 
 
 174 
 
 80 
 
 Plattsburgh, " 
 
 6 
 
 107 
 
 50 
 
 180 
 
 74 
 
 Cumberland Head, " - 
 
 3 
 
 110 
 
 47 
 
 183 
 
 71 
 
 Chazy, " 
 Rouse's Point, " 
 
 13 
 
 123 
 
 34 
 
 196 
 
 58 
 
 9 
 
 132 
 
 25 
 
 205 
 
 49 
 
 Isle-aux-Noix, " 
 
 12 
 
 144 
 
 13 
 
 217 
 
 37 
 
 St. Johns, *' 
 
 13 
 
 157 
 
 
 
 230 
 
 24 
 
 Laprairie, by rail-road, - 
 
 15 
 
 172 
 
 15 
 
 245 
 
 9 
 
 Montreal, by steamboat, 
 
 9 
 
 181 
 
 24 
 
 254 
 
 
 
TABLES. 
 
 43 
 
 ROUTES TO AND FROM ALBANY 
 
 Albany and Ticonderoga, via Lake George 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 Albany 
 
 Saratoga Springs 
 Fortsville, by stage. 
 Glens Falls " 
 Caldwell (LakeGeo. 
 Landing (N. end L. 
 Ticonderoga Fort 
 
 Place 
 
 From 
 
 From 
 
 to 
 
 Sarato- 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Place 
 
 ga. 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 49 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 63 
 
 100 
 
 4 
 
 67 
 
 104 
 
 From 
 
 Ticon- 
 
 deroga 
 
 104 
 67 
 55 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Albany New York and Wasliington. 
 
 Albany, by steamboat 
 
 Kinderhook " 
 
 Hudson " 
 
 Catskill " 
 Upper Redhook " 
 
 Poughkeepsie " 
 
 New burgh " 
 
 West Point «' 
 
 Tarrytown " 
 
 Yonkers " 
 
 New York, " 
 Philadelphia,by R.R 
 
 Baltimore - " 
 
 Washinofton " 
 
 Place 
 
 
 From 
 
 From 
 
 to 
 
 From 
 
 New 
 
 Wash- 
 
 Place 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Y»rk. 
 
 ington. 
 
 
 
 
 
 145 
 
 365 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 127 
 
 347 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 116 
 
 336 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 111 
 
 331 
 
 11 
 
 45 
 
 100 
 
 320 
 
 26 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 
 294 
 
 13 
 
 84 
 
 61 
 
 281 
 
 9 
 
 93 
 
 52 
 
 272 
 
 25 
 
 118 
 
 27 
 
 247 
 
 10 
 
 128 
 
 17 
 
 237 
 
 17 
 
 145 
 
 
 
 220 
 
 86 
 
 231 
 
 86 
 
 134 
 
 96 
 
 327 
 
 182 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 365 
 
 220 
 
 
 
 #^ 
 
44 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 Distances between Albany, Buffalo and Detroit. 
 
 BY CANAL AND LAKE. 
 
 
 Place 
 
 
 
 NA3IES OF PLACES. 
 
 to 
 
 F:--r= 
 
 From 
 
 
 Pi c. 
 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Buffa o. 
 
 Albany, . - . 
 
 
 
 364 
 
 West Troy, 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 357 
 
 Schenectady, 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 334 
 
 Amsterdam, 
 
 17 
 
 47 
 
 317 
 
 Fiiltonville, 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 307 
 
 Little Falls, 
 
 31 
 
 88 
 
 276 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 7 
 
 95 
 
 269 
 
 Utica, 
 
 15 
 
 no 
 
 254 
 
 Rome, . , - 
 
 15 
 
 125 
 
 239 
 
 Chitte.'iango, 
 
 28 
 
 153 
 
 211 
 
 Manlius, - . . 
 
 9 
 
 162 
 
 202 
 
 Syracuse, 
 
 9 
 
 171 
 
 193 
 
 Montezuma, 
 
 34 
 
 205 
 
 159 
 
 Lyons, ... 
 
 20 
 
 225 
 
 139 
 
 Palmyra, - . - 
 
 15 
 
 240 
 
 124 
 
 Rochester, ... 
 
 29 
 
 269 
 
 95 
 
 Brockporl, 
 
 20 
 
 289 
 
 75 
 
 Albion, ... 
 
 15 
 
 304 
 
 60 
 
 Lockport, ... 
 
 29 
 
 333 
 
 31 
 
 Tonewanda, ... 
 
 19 
 
 352 
 
 12 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 12 
 
 364 
 
 
 
 Erie, 
 
 90 
 
 454 
 
 90 
 
 Cleveland, ... 
 
 104 
 
 558 
 
 194 
 
 Detroit, 
 
 135 
 
 .693 
 
 329 
 
 «r« 
 
TABLES. 
 
 45 
 
 Distances between Albany and Buffalo. 
 
 BY RAIL-KOAD. 
 
 
 Place 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 From 
 
 I loin 
 
 NAMKS OF PLACES. 
 
 Place 
 
 Albany. 
 
 BufiaiO. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 
 
 
 
 325 
 
 Schenectady, - 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 309 
 
 Uttca, 
 
 77 
 
 93 
 
 232 
 
 Syracuse, 
 
 53 
 
 146 
 
 179 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 26 
 
 172 
 
 153 
 
 Rochester, 
 
 79 
 
 251 
 
 74 
 
 Attica, 
 
 43 
 
 294 
 
 31 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 31 
 
 325 
 
 
 
 Distances between Albany and Boston. 
 
 BY EAIL-EOAD. 
 
 
 Place 
 
 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 • 10 
 
 From 
 
 From 
 
 
 Place 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Boston. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 West Stockbrido-e, 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 162 
 
 Pittsfield, 
 
 11 
 
 49 
 
 151 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 53 
 
 102 
 
 98 
 
 Worcester, 
 
 54 
 
 1G6 
 
 44 
 
 Boston, 
 
 44 
 
 200 
 
 
 
46 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 Distances between Burlington and Boston. 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 By way ofMontpelier^ Concord 
 Burlington, by stage, 
 
 Richmond - " 
 
 Waterbury - " 
 
 Montpelier - " 
 
 Barre • - " 
 
 Chelsea - - " 
 
 Strafford - - " 
 
 Norwich - - " 
 
 Hanover - - " 
 
 Enfield - - " 
 
 Wilmot - - " 
 
 Salisbury - - " 
 
 Concord - - " 
 
 Nashua - - railroad, 
 
 Lowell - - " 
 
 Boston - - " 
 
 By loay of Rutland «^ Keene 
 
 Placel From 
 &c. iBurling. 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Charlotte 
 
 Vergennes 
 
 Middlebury 
 
 Brandon 
 
 by stage, 
 
 Rutland 
 
 (< 
 
 Bellows Falls - 
 
 (( 
 
 Keene 
 
 i( 
 
 Boston 
 
 11 
 
 
 13 
 13 
 12 
 
 6 
 16 
 10 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 10 
 36 
 15 
 25 
 
 
 11 
 10 
 12 
 17 
 16 
 50 
 14 
 80 
 
 
 13 
 26 
 
 38 
 
 44 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 95 
 
 108 
 
 122 
 
 132 
 
 168 
 
 183 
 
 208 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 66 
 
 116 
 
 130 
 
 210 
 
 From 
 Boston. 
 
 208 
 
 195 
 
 182 
 
 170 
 
 164 
 
 148 
 
 138 
 
 127 
 
 126 
 
 113 
 
 100 
 
 86 
 
 76 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 210 
 
 199 
 
 189 
 
 177 
 
 160 
 
 144 
 
 94 
 
 80 
 
 
 
TABLES. 
 
 47 
 
 Distances between Burlins^ion and Portland. 
 
 
 Place 
 
 From 
 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 to PI 
 
 Burling. 
 
 Portland 
 
 BurlinL''ton 
 
 
 
 
 
 214 
 
 Montpi'lier 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 176 
 
 Danville 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 66 
 
 148 
 
 Littleton 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 88 
 
 126 
 
 Notch 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 106 
 
 108 
 
 Conway 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 134 
 
 80 
 
 Portland . 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 214 
 
 
 
 Distances from 
 
 BurUng- 
 
 Burlington to 
 
 Stanstead^ 
 
 tan to Montreal 
 
 hij stage. 
 
 and Slier b 
 
 oohe. 
 
 Burlington, to 
 
 
 via Irashurgh. 
 
 Milton 
 
 13 13 
 
 Burlington to 
 
 
 St. Albans 
 
 13 26 
 
 Johnson 
 
 37 37 
 
 Highgate 
 
 9 35 
 
 Craftsbury 
 
 24 61 
 
 Phillipsburgh 
 
 9 44 
 
 Irasburgh 
 
 12 73 
 
 St. Johns 
 
 24 68 
 
 Stanstead 
 
 15 88 
 
 Montreal 
 
 23 91 
 
 Hatle}* 
 
 15 103 
 
 . — 
 
 
 Sherbrooke 
 
 17 120 
 
 From Burlington to Stan- 
 stead, Canada Fast. 
 
 via Montpelier. 
 Montpelier * 38 38 
 
 Burlington to 
 
 
 Hard wick 
 
 25 63 
 
 Cnmbridge 
 
 25 
 
 Barton 
 
 15 78 
 
 Johnson 
 
 12 37 
 
 Stanstead 
 
 20 98 
 
 Troy 
 
 26 63 
 
 Hatley 
 
 15 113 
 
 Stanstead 
 
 20 83 
 
 Sherbiooke, 
 
 17 130 
 
48 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 Distances between Monti-eat and Quebec. \ 
 
 
 Place 
 
 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 to 
 
 From 
 
 From 
 
 
 Place 
 
 
 
 i^lontr'l. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 Montreal, by steamboat, 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 Varennes, " 
 
 ]r> 
 
 15 
 
 165 
 
 William Henry " 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 135 
 
 Port St. Francis, " 
 
 38 
 
 83 
 
 97 
 
 Three Rivers, " 
 
 7 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 St. Anne, " 
 
 25 
 
 115 
 
 65 
 
 Richelieu Rapids, " 
 
 20 
 
 135 
 
 45 
 
 Cape Sante, " 
 
 15 
 
 150 
 
 30 
 
 Cape Rouge, " 
 
 22 
 
 172 
 
 8 
 
 Quebec, •' 
 
 8 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 Distances between Montreal cf- Ningara 
 
 Falls, 
 
 
 Place 
 
 From 
 
 From 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES. 
 
 &c. 
 
 
 
 Monli'l. 
 
 N.g.F. 
 
 Montreal, 
 
 
 
 412 
 
 Lacliine, by stage. 
 Cascades, by steamboat. 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 433 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 409 
 
 Coteau du Lac, by stage, 
 
 16 
 
 49 
 
 393 
 
 Cornwall, by steamboat, 
 
 41 
 
 90 
 
 352 
 
 Dickinson's landing, canal, 
 
 12 
 
 102 
 
 340 
 
 Prescolt, &c. by steamboat, 
 
 38 
 
 140 
 
 302 
 
 Brockville, «' - - 
 
 12 
 
 152 
 
 290 
 
 Kingston, *< - - 
 
 60 
 
 212 
 
 230 
 
 Cobourg, " - - 
 
 no 
 
 322 
 
 120 
 
 Toronto, " 
 
 70 
 
 392 
 
 50 
 
 Niagara Falls, by steam, &c 
 
 50 
 
 442 
 
 
 
 LBJe'20 
 
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 LAKE GEORGE 
 
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 LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
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