(2y>y Zj STUDIES IN THB OLD TESTAMENT. A YEAR'S COURSE OF TWENTY-FIVE LESSONS, PROVID- ING A DAILY SCHEME FOR PERSONAL STUDY. ADAPTED ALSO TO CLASS- WORK. CHAELES HEEBEET MOEGAN, THOMAS EDDY TAYLOE. CmCINlSrATI: JENNINGS AND GEAHAM. NEW YOEK: EATON AND MAINS. 4l COPYRIGHT, 1905, ET JENNINGS <& GB AHAM. Transfer from U. 1. ©old|er*s Home Ubl^ Oct.2B,l931 ^ INTRODUCTION. THE past hundred years have made a nobler, richer con- tribution to our knowledge of the Old Testament than the five centuries that immediately preceded. In that wonder- ful single century, the Orient, in which the Old Testament was originally written, has been subjected to an investigation of its buried cities, its long-lost languages, its varied literatures, its religions, its modern peoples with their tongues and faiths and customs and history, so rigorous, so patient, so scientific, that all the past history of human research has not its counterpart. The information thus assembled is in mass so gi*eat and in form so complex that decades must pass before it is all organized so that convincing generalizations may be made from it. That colossal task is in progress in many places, and in the hands of men whose special training matches their opportunity. Mean- while, this accumulation of knowledge of the Orient has afforded myriads of contributions to our understanding of the Old Testament in matters both small and great. Thousands of separate passages, scattered through the thirty-nine books, have found a resolution of their difficulties ; entire books that had long lain almost neglected have been restored to the inter- est of men, and large numbers of youth of high endowments who, at the beginning of the nineteenth century would have passed into the study of the great physical sciences, are now attracted to the pursuit of Old Testament criticism or exegesis, or history or archaeology. They who have lived in the center of this vast and moving sea of organized effort during the most recent decenniums may well give thanks that it has been their liigh privilege to see, in the making, the splendid results of Old Testament literary and historical and- textual criticism, of lexi- cography and geography and archaeology. But they well know that greater results are to follow ; that newer methods, now in their first testing, are yet to produce their results, and that the sifting of the accumulations will yield a harvest greater than their ingathering. To all these new methods and their results there has not yet arisen a popular instruction in any way corresponding to 3 Studies in the Old Testament. their interest or importance. The people are hungry enough to know more of their Scriptures, and to every effort to present any part of the new knowledge with enthusiasm and skill they rise with an eagerness almost pathetic. The Church must arouse itself to a glorious opportunity ; its ministry and its lay teachers must learn the newer discoveries and again present a living Old Testament in a fresh and vigorous way. It has in its care an Old Testament not diminished but increased in glory ; a series of books not less but more obviously inspired of Almighty God ; a revelation of the Holy Spirit's dealing with the race not less but more worthy of a conquering faith. To help onward this great purpose is this book written. I have read it in manuscript, and am happy to commend it. I know with what conscientious and scrupulous care every line of it was beaten out. I should have said more than it says here and there, but it has the right ring, and, as I firmly believe, the seeds of a propagating life are in it. If young men and women will only read it, work it out in their own thinking life, and teach it one to another with a contagious enthusiasm, we shall have to-morrow a new generation of young people more fit to teach in our Sunday schools the Word of God, the living Lord Jesus, and the apostolic witness to Him, — for to these latter ends the Old Testament must ever remain indispensable. Yea, we shall also have a company of young men better fitted to begin a larger preparation for the ministry of the glorious gospel of the Son of God. Drew Theological Seminary, August 5, 1905. Robert W. Rogers. S OPENING SUGGESTIONS. The present text-book is planned to cover the Oldwan. Testament in a year's course of Studies. The treatment in all parts must therefore be brief, but it is intended to be systematic, and, for the limits assigned, to give an orderly, comprehensive survey of the entire material. Large portions will be presented in summaries or outlines, but the readers or students will find themselves in con- stant touch with the Bible itself in the passages which are selected for daily reading. These embrace some of the most noble, attractive, and helpful portions of the Old Testament writings. Yet no one should suppose that the lessons are simply Narratives. outlines. After the passage of Scripture set to be read the First Day, the same as for the other days, the Nar- rative, . or story, for each lesson is given. Into these twenty-five Narratives, each consisting of from eight hundred to a thousand words, are packed accounts of the several portions into which the Hebrew Bible divides the Old Testament, and the condensed knowledge about each separate book, and all the main events, characters, and features of Old Testament life. Whoever reads these Narratives will have a ciear understanding and a fresh grasp of the entire Old Testament. It will be found that the main idea upon which the •^'^ ■**®"° successive Parts and Studies are formed is that of the historical development and the biography of the leading characters. Yet, at the same time, the familiar arrange- ment of the Old Testament books can be closely followed, and the great divisions of the Hebrew literature clearly indicated. 5 Studies in the Old Testament. Purpose. It is commonly understood that this field is filled with critical problems, but the very scope and aim of these Studies preclude and make unnecessary the attempt to solve ; these difficulties. The course is meant to serve the needs of the busy common people. It aims to be brief, simple, practical, and constructive, and so to present the life of this part of the Bible that it may kindle and nourish the spiritual life of the young people of to-day. Search for rpj^g standard reference books for the course have Best Literature, been Selected with the utmost care, and in the light de- rived from submitting a much larger list to the judgment of nearly a score of the most competent Biblical teachers and workers on both sides of the Atlantic, many of whom are themselves authors of important books relating to the Scriptures. Questions If even some of these reference books are not followed ' in parts of the course, it is because the authors of the text-book regard the questions involved as still open to revision by fresh facts and proofs which may arise from archaeology and other sources. The imposing construc- tions of a generation ago in the Xew Testament, which attempted to place nearly all its books in the second century, have yielded largely to the logic of facts, and the dates of those writings have swung back to the gen- eral period originally held. A similar change is possible with respect to the late date now given to some of the books of the Old Testament. While no effort is here made fully and finally to determine matters which are still in debate, extremes are sought to be avoided on either side. Light At the same time the best light available from every Welcomed. gQ^p^g jg welcomed, and the presence, in the list of ref- erence books, of several volumes that treat the Old Tes- tament history from the point of view of the current literary analysis, will be clearly understood. They appear to be among the best surveys of Hebrew history of recent opening Suggestions. date, and with them are placed carefully selected books, some of them older and some recent, that present the other side in some of the debatable areas. It is intended that these Studies in the Old Testament Equipment. shall be complete in themselves, requiring little or no out- side help. In fact the only book strictly needed for the course, beyond the text-book, is a copy of the Bible, pref* -erably the American Revised Version. This can be ob- tained, entire Bible, minion, 24mo., without references, prepaid, 35 cents; 8vo., with references, prepaid, $1; Teacher's Bible, bourgeois, 8vo., Egyptian seal, divinity 686$ 698 641 643 639 641 608 610 608 610 597 599 597 599 586 588 22 Studies in the Old Testament. PART VI. Psalms, written, XVII, N, from time of David onward. Proverbs, written, XVIII, N, ** " " Solomon *' Song of Solomon, wi-itten, XVIII, N," ** " Job, wi'itten, XIX, N, " '' ** Hezekiah " Ecclesiastes, written, XIX, N, • " 400-250 PART vn. Prophetic period of Elijah, XX, N 860-852 " " Elisha, XX, N 852-797 " " Amos, XXI, N 755 " " Hosea, XXI, N 750-735 " " Micah, XXII, N .... 736-700 " " Isaiah, XXII, N .... 738-698 " " Jeremiah, XXIII, N.... 626-580 " " Ezekiel, XXIII, N, 593-570 Book of Lamentations, written, XXHT, N, 586-536 Kecorded life of Daniel, XXIV, N, and Fifth Day 606-535 Book of Daniel, written, XXIV, N, in time of Daniel or of the Maccabees. Nahum, written, XXV, N 664-607 Zephaniah, " " *' 626-621 Habakkuk " " " 605 Haggai, " " " 520-516 Zechariah, " " " 520-516 { J^SJaps'^f ^^r" Malachi, " " " 460-440 Joel, " " '' 837-817 {°X';?|£^ Obadiah, " ** '' 845 or 586 Jonah, date of life, " " 795-730 '' "book," " 745 or, 400-300 eted, are at points where Assyrian and Hebrew history seem to require that some years be taken from the reign of one king and added to that of another, as ten years from Baasha added to Omri. In the Chart on Hebrew Monarchies, p. 120, of the text-book, the date of the beginning of Jotham's reign has been made 751 B. C, as is implied in statement of Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 402, and the closing reigns of the kingdom of Israel are modified to conform to Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 401, column (/), as given above. "When it is remembered that exact chronology is a thing of modern times, the Biblical data for this diflacult period are seen to yield remarkably favorable results. PART I. fN THE BEGINNING. FIRST "VATEIEK. CREATION" OF THE WORLD AND MAN. STUDY I.— First Day. Memory Verse, Gen. i, 1. Read Psa. viii. Narrative. It is not possible to add to the completeness and power Genesis as Related to the Bible. of the first verse of the Bible, "In the beginning God *^^*'^'* *° created the heavens and the earth." Genesis, of which the verse forms the opening sentence, not only stands as the first book of the Bible, but also as the first of the five Books of Moses. These are called the Pentateuch, which means "five books," or "fivefold volume." They were also together called by the Jews "The Law," which, with "The Prophets" and "The Writings," made up the Jewish or Old Testament Scriptures. The name "Genesis" comes from the Septuagint or Greek version of the Old Testa- ment, made about 250 B. C, in which the Greek for the Hebrew name has this form. As it means "origin" or "beginning," it is a very proper name for this book, which has been called "The Book of Beginnings."^ A brief outline of Genesis is given under Second Day items in its in Studies I, TV, In addition, it may be stated, that, in alJI^^I® °* general way, Genesis gives an account of the beginning of the world and mankind, of sin and redemption, of the 1 Beardslee, 82; Ottley (H. P.), 1. 23 24 Studies in the Old Testament. Sabbath and of marriage, of the primitive family, com- munity, peoples, and the chosen race, of prayer and sac- rifice, of promise and prophecy, of language and the arts^ and of civilization and history. When one considers how much it means to have light thrown on the origin of all these things, it will be clear that Genesis is one of the most remarkable books of the Bible. opening Por- The first two chapters of Genesis, covered by the pres- 5cte^. ^^^ Study, are concerned chiefly with the creation of the world and of man. It can not properly be expected that the account of creation given here should be distinctly scientific, for the Bible is not a book of science, but of religion. Far less can it be detnanded that the statements should embody the current conceptions of modern science, since these have greatly changed their form even within the past fifty years, and are still open to large modifica- tions. view of Same All that can fairly be asked is that the Biblical account * shall be consistent with the assured results of science, while permitting it to be clothed in Oriental and Hebrew conceptions and terms. Many eminent geologists, such as Hugh Miller, James D. Dana, Guyot, and Dawson, with other scientists, have given their verdict that it is thus consistent. The following may be offered as bearing on this point: Order in "In Gencsis, first of all, creation is spoken of as ^in Creation. ^^^ beginning,' a period of indefinite, possibly of most remote distance in the past; secondly, the progress of the preparation of the earth's surface is described as gradually advancing from the rocks to the vegetable world, then gradually mounting up, through birds and mammals, till it culminates in man. This is the course of creation as popularly described in Genesis; and the rocks give their testimony, at least in the general, to the same order and progress.'"^ 2 Bishop Browne, quoted in Blaikie, 13. In the Beginning. 25 The objections which have been raised to this view Parallel with appear to lose much if not all of their force when the ^•®****''' Bible is treated as a book of religion, and is expected to give the broad outlines of the work of creation, and not, of necessity, the special distinctions of exact, modern sci- ence. Professor A. C. Zenos especially notes that the records of the creation, in geology and Genesis, are par- allel; they move upon different planes, "but these two planes are parallel to one another. The geological ac- count is a nineteenth-century grouping of certain facts, with a view to satisfying a scientific need; the Genesis account is a pre-Christian presentation emphasizing the place of God in the origin of the world. Perfect corre- spondence between them does not exist. And yet a gen- eral similarity of order can not be denied."^ As to the supreme value of the Biblical account of Key to Liie'a creation. Professor Whitehouse says that "it furnishes us with the only key that can solve the dark riddle of life. It sets God above the great complex world-process, and yet closely linked with it, as a personal intelligence and will that rules victoriously and without a rival. As the supreme object of his creative energy, it sets man, fash- ioned in his Divine likeness, to be the ruler of created things. All else is secondary, and it is for scientific inves- tigation to determine the exact details of those interme- diate steps in the stupendous ascent whereby God's work advanced along the vistas of past time to the dawn of human existence. But without that clear and sublime attestation at the threshold of the inspired record of the personal source from which all has flowed, and of the unique worth and dignity of man, and his near kinship with that source, surely human life would have been far darker and more hopeless, and its deepest problems would have remained unsolved. Upon this basis, laid broad and clear in Genesis, the revelation of the New Covenant of 3 Bib. Ency., I, 463. 26 Studies in the Old Testament. Eedemption in Christ Jesus rests. For the mediatorial work of Christ rests on the Fatherhood of the Creator of all things, and on the supreme worth of man, whom Jesus came to save."* Parity of As bearing on the freedom of the Mosaic cosmology Rey^ation! ^^^^ ^^^^^ elements as compared with all other ancient accounts of creation, the following statement of Professor Sayce may be noted: "The cosmology of Babylonia is thickly overgrown and intertwined with polytheistic, mythological, and even materialistic elements; in the cos- mology of Genesis these are all swept away, and in place of them the doctrine is proclaimed that there is but one God, the Creator of the whole universe."^ "And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters." By His agency chaos gave way to systems, confusion to order. The Spirit of God works to this end always. His unfolding forms the progressive principle of history. He is the Organizer of civilization. He it is who makes the deserts of human life to "rejoice and blossom as the rose." STUDY I. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. i, 3. Eead Gen. i, 1-8, 14-19. A very helpful idea, men- tioned by Davis, 14-20, is that a principle of grouping marks the narrative in this chapter, so as to distribute the work of creation into six days or periods, followed by the period of Divine rest, thus filling out the ideal of the week and the Sabbath. So the record of the fourth day is placed to be read along with that of the general creation and arrangement of the heavens and the earth before life began. 4 Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 507. « Sayce (Mon. Facts), 110. See also Ottley, 7, 8; Burney, 98-04. In the Beginning. 27 Scripture Outline. First Division of Genesis. The Primeval Period, Gen. i — xi, 26: (1) Generations of the heavens and the earth, Gen. i— iv ; (2) Of Adam, v, 1 — ^vi, 8 ; (3) Of Noah, vi, .9— ix, 29 ; (4) Of the sons of Noah, x, 1— xi, 9 ; (5) Of Shem, xi, 10-26. For Second Div., see Study IV. STUDY I. — Third Day. Memory Verse, Psa. cxlv, 16. Eead Gen. i, 9-13, 20-25. In these few verses is indi- cated, in a marvelous way for a narrative produced so long ago, the whole development of life on the earth up to the point where man appears. Short as is the account, it is wonderfully open to harmony with life development, heredity, environment, and other working ideas of mod- em biology. Suggestions for Map Work. If any of the students or classes desire to make sim- ple diagrams, illustrating the possible nebular origin of Map 4. Stellar Univesse.^ the solar system, and the rock and life history of the earth, as given by astronomy and geology, let them know that 6 Diagram reproduced from Wallace, Man's Place in the Universe, 1296. The sun's orbit is supposed to be located at the black spot marked S, toward the outer part of the central solar cluster; and the entire diagram shows a space which takes light 3,600 years to cross. 28 Studies in the Old Testament. nothing here forbids their efforts. Such methods in cre- ation, in so far as they are proved to be real, in the judg- ment of multitudes of Christian believers, only add to the wisdom and glory of God as Creator, and to the truth of this record in Genesis. STUDY i. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. i, 27. Eead Gen. i, 26 — ii, 3. Dods, 9-14, beautifully states some of the truths that are taught in these chapters. One of the profoundest results of science is to demonstrate that, as far as can be known, man is the crown of creation, and the incarnation is highest of all God's works, — man made in God's image and after His likeness. Wallace even seeks to show, on purely scientific grounds, that the earth is probably the only world on which life has been de- veloped in all the stellar universe.'^ General References. Blaikie, 9-18; Ottley, 6-10; Barnicott, 1-3; Beardslee, 30- 34 ; Burney, 10-25 ; Matheson, 1, 23-33 ; Davis, 1-62 ; Price, 80-88, 94-96; Bib. Ency., art. "Cosmogony." STUDY I. — Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. ii, 7. Eead Gen. ii, 4-15. While the critical views would take the first words of verse 4 and place them at the be- ginning of chapter i, and then count what is left the beginning of a second document, other writers explain these opening verses as a brief summing up of what has gone before, introductory to a new section, and make the joining of "Jehovah" to the name of '^God" as the sign that the Creator comes into a closer relation with man. It is now thought that the description of Eden places it in the Babylonian plain, and that the Hiddekel is the Tigris, and the Pishon and Gihon may be among the early canals or tributaries of the Euphrates and Tigris. 7 Alfred Russell Wallace, Man''s Place in the Universe, (1903). In the Beginning. 29 Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Ciass-work. 1. The existence of God and his power and wisdom in cre- ation. Gen. i, 1, 31 ; Ex. iii, 14 ; Psa. xc, 2 ; xii, 1 ; Isa. xl, 26 ; Jer. xxxii, 27; Mark x, 27; Psa. civ, 24; Job xxxviii, 31-36; Rom. xi, 3a-36 ; i, 20. 2. Meaning of the two names, " God" (Elohim), and " Je- hovah." Bib. Diet. ; Burney, 11-26. 3. Work of the six creative days or periods. Gen. i, 3-31; Blaikie, 12 ; Barnicott, 1, 2. 4. Man's place in nature, and in the Divine plan. Gen. i, 26-29; ii, 7; Barnicott, 2; Davis, 46, 47; Dods, 11-14; Wallace, Man's Place in the Universe, especially 305-320. 5. The rest of God and the Sabbath for man. Gen. ii, 2, 3; Blaikie, 12, 15, 16 ; Price, 85, 86 ; Davis, 23-25. 6. Location of Eden, and lessons that may be drawn from the description of Paradise or "the garden." Gen. ii, 8-17; Matheson, I, 29-33 ; Price, 87, 88 ; Davis, 56-62. (See Map 5.) 7. Moral truths or relations taught in the account of wo- man's creation and the first marriage. Gen. ii, 18-25; Davis, 50-54. STUDY I.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. ii, 18. Read Gen. ii, 18-25. The account of the creation of Eve seems fitted to show the close organic relation of man and woman. "In every respect the conception is pure and satisfying.'^® "The man at once recognizes in the woman one intimately related to himself, and fitted to be his intellectual and moral consort."^ Questions for Written Answers. 1. Into what three parts did the Jews divide the Old Testa- ment? See Narrative ; and Beardslee, 17. 2. What two names are given to the first five Old Testa- ment books taken together ? See Narrative ; Beardslee, 19. 3. Make a list of some of the things the beginning of which is recorded in Genesis. 4. Taking five things, — rocks or ** dry land," mammals, plants, man, birds, — arrange them in the order given in Gene- sis, i, 9-27. 5. Why is the naming of the animals brought into the midst of the story of the making of woman ? 8 Worcester, Genesis in the lAght of Modern Knowledge, (1901), 160, 161. 9 Driver (Gen.), 43. 30 Studies in the Old Testament. STUDY 1. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Psa. civ, 24. Eead Psa. civ, 1-24. Personal Thought. ''God. said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." (Gen. i, 26.) This is what God has been ever saying since that time ; and never were Divinely fashioned and attuned men and women so numerous in our world as now. But it requires your help to bring you more completely into likeness with God. I PART I.— SECOND WEEK. BEGINNINGS OF SIN AND REDEMPTION STUDY II.— First Day. Memory Verses, Gen. ii, 16, 17. Read Rom. iii, 10-24. Narrative. The beginnings of sin and redemption are related in Message to the third chapter of Genesis in a simple and picturesque *J*"*"*^ manner that brings these profound facts, acknowledged by students both of history and of human nature to be among the most momentous phases of man's life, with great force and clearness to the common, and even be- nighted, peoples who have constituted the large part of former generations, and who even now comprise most of the world's population. There is recorded, at the first, a simple state of inno-Edenic sketch, cence, like the period of childhood in the individual. This Eden period has often been described in too glowing colors. The Genesis record shows that man at the begin- ning was morally very much like a guileless child, and that his possessions, food, and occupation were of the sim- plest and most primitive character. Whatever view, there- fore, one may accept as to the origin of man, it will not be difficult to find the ground of agreement with a scien- tific view in this brief Biblical sketch. As man, at this time, found nourishment and chiefly Path of exercised his powers in the vegetable and fruit realm, it'^®***"^* is written that by means of two trees were presented to him the paths leading toward his future destiny. If the tree of life opened the way to immortality as the reward of character to be won, the tree of the knowledge of good 31 32 Studies in the Old Testament. and evil brought the test of obedience and self-control through which true wisdom could alone be gained. Element* oi All the great elements of temptation are indicated in em ®"*this brief record (Gen. iii, 1-6). From without comes the appeal of the spirit of evil in the guise of the serpent, holding up the forbidden fruit and the false ideal of what it will do, with a covert undermining of confidence in the goodness of God. Three distinct ranges of man^s nature from lower to higher are solicited: The senses, "the tree was good for food;'' the soul in its love of beauty, "it was a delight to the eyes;" the spiritual nature in its craving to know and grasp the unseen, "to be desired to make one wise," or "ye shall be as God" (vs. 5, 6). It would not be difficult to show that these agree with the three temptations of Christ, and with the three items of the summary of John, "the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the vainglory of life" (Matt iv, 1-10; 1 John ii, 16). Origin and The deepest thought applied to the problem has been n. ^^jg ^^ frame no better account of the origin of sin than to say that it arose from an abuse of freedom. Sin was not necessary, but it was possible, if man was made cap- able of moral life, and God could not prevent this possi- bility without subtracting something from the worth of human nature. Sin is nothing belonging to man's real nature, but only the perverted or wrong activity of the nature.^ Dalliance and The sin of Eve began in her being willing to listen to *** * the tempter when he sought to show that God had not spoken truly. Then she looked at the fruit and reflected when she should have fled. In a measure she was "be- guiled" or deceived (1 Tim. ii, 14), but the substance of her sin as well as that of Adam was disobedience. (Ys. 17; Eom. v, 19). lOlarke, An Outline of Christian Theology, 281-242; Denney, Tfie Atonement and the Modern Mind, 110; Van Dyke, The Gospel for an Age o/J)om6«, 23&-24l,266. In the Beginning. 33 "The actual experience of sin is like the one taste of Effects of alcohol to a reclaimed drunkard. It seems to have tapped **** ''"*'* a spring of evil within us."^ Terrible results follow: ^Tirst, the guilt and shame, then the fear, then the guile, then the selfishness, then the suffering, and disappoint- ment, and death."^ The penalty pronounced upon Adam and Eve (Gen. iii, 16-19), means that sin alters the entire relations of the sinner to God, to nature, and to life. The besrinninffs of redemption, as ffiven here, may be Beginnings of . .1 -r^- . -in ,1 , ,-, 1 i. .1 Redemption. seen m the Divme pledge that the seed of the woman should bruise the serpent's head (vs. 15) ; in the new hope with which Adam could bestow the name "Life" (Eve) upon his companion (vs. 20) ; and in the provision of God by which, not with fig-leaves of their own arrange- ment (vs. 7), but with the skins of animals, which spoke of pain and blood-shedding, they were clothed, and iji symbol their sin was atoningly covered (vs. 21). And while the earthly Eden was lost, and watchful cherubim guarded the way leading to its tree of life (vs. 22-24), the first brief stages had been opened of the long course of redemp- tion, which was to bring unnumbered multitudes at last into the heavenly paradise, with full right to come to its tree of life and partake of its perpetual fruits. (Eev. ii, 7; xxii, 2, 14.) By the will of man comes the stream of the world's sin and woe. Out of the love of God springs the river of redemption which makes glad the city of God. And so, "where sin abounded, grace did much more abound." STUDY II. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 6. Eead Gen. iii, 1-8. While neither Biblical nor scien- tific interpretation has spoken its last word, it is to be 2 Dods, 23. 3 Gibson, Ages Before Moses, 3 34 Studies in the Old Testament. noted that their lines of thought seem to converge to a common center, as is shown by these sentences from a recent work: "Sin and redemption, respectively, are but the abnormal and the normalized evolution of humanity."* ^'From the universality of moral evil throughout the re- corded history of mankind, two inferences are obvious: First, the ^falF took place before the dispersion. . . . Secondl}^, the world's disaster was caused by the base choice of the jirst heing so endowed with reason as to en- title him to the designation, Man/'^ Scripture Outline. Chapter names of the first twenty-five chapters of Genesis : 1. Creation; 2. Man and woman; 3. The fall; 4. Cain and Abel ; 5. New line of Seth ; 6. Wickedness, the ark ; 7. The flood ; 8. Leaving the ark, sacrifice ; 9. Covenant with Noah ; 10. Nations; 11. Babel, line from Shem to Abram; 12. Abram's call ; 13. Separation ; 14. Victory ; 15. Promise to Abram ; 16. Birth of Ishmael ; 17. Covenant with Abraham ; 18. Prayer for Sodom ; 19. Cities of the Plain destroyed ; 20. Abraham in Gerar; 21. Birth of Isaac; 22. Abraham tried; 23. Death of Sarah ; 24. Isaac's Marriage ; 25. Death of Abra- ham, birth of Esau and Jacob. STUDY II.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 9. Eead Gen. iii, 9-14, 16-19. As a further evidence of the approximation of scientific phrase and Biblical state- ment, compare this Scripture passage with the following: "Evolution and a fall can not be inconsistent. Each of us individually has risen into moral life from a mode of being which was purely natural, . . . has been a sub- ject of evolution; but each of us has also fallen."^ 4 President A. H. Strong, Introductory Note (p. xlii) to "Wilkin's Control in Evolution, (1903). 6 Same work, 118. 6 Denney, The Atonement and the Modern Mind, 81, 82. In the Beginning. 35 Suggestions for Map Work. A study of the more recent views as to the location of Eden and the Garden of Eden. See Map 5. Nar Marratu/7? or 'Bitter River" extended northwest, perhaps Map 5. Plain and Garden of Eden. STUDY II. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 15. Bead Gen. iii, 15, 20-24. "The Bible ... is a revelation, not because it has been canonized, but because it contains the history of the Eedeemer and our redemp- tion."^ There is given here the very first beginnings of this history. Note that labor itself is not a curse, for it was given before the fall, but only the thorns and thistles, the effort and pain, associated with labor after the fall. General References. Blaikie, 16-24 ; Ottley, 10, 11 ; Barnicott, 3-5 ; Beardslee, 34 ; Burney, 94, 95; Matheson, I, 23-44; Price, 88, 89; Davis, 64-84; Dods, 15-27; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. ''Fall." STUDY ll.~Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 20. Eead Job xxxi, 1-4, 24-40. This chapter has points of kinship with the subject of the lesson, since it sug- gests many forms of temptation that might appeal to Job, 7 Fairbairn, The Place of Christ in Modern TJieology, 508. 36 Studies in the Old Testament. and gives his clear knowledge of the penalties that would follow transgression. Yerse 33 even refers to the case of Adam seeking to hide his sin, and the closing verses almost repeat the thought of Gen. iii, 18, that the earth must oppose thistles and noxious weeds to the evil-doer. Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment In CI ass-work. 1. Sin sure of discovery. Gen. iii, 8-11; iv, 9, 10; xliv, 16; Num. xxxii, 23; Josh, vii, 11, 16-18; 1 Sam. xv, 23, 24; 2 Sam. xii, 7, 12 ; 2 Kings v, 25-27. 2. The personal evil spirit. G«n. iii, 1, 14, 15; Blaikie, 18, 19 ; Burney, 94, 95 ; Davis, 68-77. 3. The meaning and effect of the fall. Gen. iii, 6, 7, 22, 23 ; Blaikie, 19 ; Ottley, 10 ; Matheson, I, 33-43 ; Dods, 19-24. 4. The primal Gospel promise. Gen. iii, 15; Blaikie, 20; Ottley, 10, 11. 5. The mission of pain. Gen. iii, 16. 6. The good and the ill of labor. Gen. ii, 15; iii, 17-19; Blaikie, 16. 7. The Cherubim. Gen. iii, 24; Davis, 78-84. STUDY II.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 21. Eead 2 Sam. xii, 7-14. Perhaps the most touching and surprising fall recorded in the Bible, next to that of Adam and Eve, is that of David. But for him also there W£LS opened a way of pardon, and this passage discloses his penitence and restoration to God's favor. Questions for Written Answers. 1. What is regarded by many as the best explanation of the origin of sin ? See Narrative. 2. Who was the real tempter of Eve? 3. What were some of the results of the sin of Adam and Eve? 4. What fact shows that labor itself is not a curse ? 5. What tokens of the beginnings of redemption are here given ? In the Beginning. 37 STUDY II. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iii, 24. Eead Rom. v, 12-21. Personal Thought. "They like Adam have transgressed the covenant : there have they dealt treacherously against me." (Hos. vi, 7.) Observe that all the benefits of development could have been secured without the fact of sin. "Whether man yielded to the temptation or overcame it, in any case he would have advanced a step in knowledge. To yield was a spiritual fall; to resist would have been a spiritual rise. . . . And thus to assert that sin was relatively neces- sary for the development of human nature is to confuse the yielding to temptation with the experience of it. Had the primeval man been strong when evil presented itself, we know not to what heights of intellectual or of spiritual excellence the race might not have now attained. . . . In the event there was intellectual growth, accompanied by descent to a lower spiritual level, from which it would be impossible for man to rise without the aid of Divine grace. . . . Such a view of man^s progress is in the strictest harmony alike with the Bible and with the teach- ing of modern science."^ Do I ever persuade myself to believe that I can gain even in knowledge by yielding to a temptation more thaa I can gain by overcoming it? 8 J. H. Bernard, Hast. Bib. Diet., art. " FaU." PART I.— THIRD "WEEK. FIRST NAMES IN THE RACE RECORD AND THE FLOOD. STUDY lll.<~First Day. Memory Verses, Gen. iv, 6, 7. Read Gen. iv, 1-7. Narrative. Choice of The first names in the Bible show that they are used ar y unes. j^g^g^^gg ^gy carry a special meaning. The selection of a name is sometimes made, not with reference to the root word from which it is derived, but because it resembles another word in sound. In such cases the name is chosen and the meaning of the word it resembles attached to it with the freedom of common speech and without regard to etymology.^ Meaning of Looking at the first names in the race record, with Names, ^j^^g ^^^ mind, it may be noted that the word Adam, which is used as a proper name probably first in Genesis iii, 17, is thought by most scholars to mean "red^' or "ruddy," as conveying the impression of the primitive man's color, though by others the word is supposed to mean "the one made.'^^ The name Eve means "life."^ Cain, by resem- blance in sound, is connected with Eanah, which means "to get" (Gen. iv, 1, R. V., margin). Abel means "breath," which may suggest how evanescent was his earthly course. Seth (Gen. iv, 25), again, by its sound attracts to itself the meaning "appointed," while Enoch probably means "dedicated," and Noah, "rest" or "com- fort" (Gen. V, 29). 1 Driver (Gen.), 63. 2 Hast. Bib. Diet., art. "Adam." 3 Same, art. " Eve." 38 In the Beginning. 39 Science is in accord with the Bible as to the unity of Man's unity the human race.* The early pages of Genesis also bear""** *v«r»ty. witness to the principle of woman^s rightful place beside man in equality of worth and honor. But, along with these notes of oneness, there appear signs of that immense diversity which is to mark mankind in its development, some forms of which are to lead to divergence and discord. This divergence of moral and spiritual life is first Contnwt* in seen in the character of the two brothers, Cain and Abel. Appearing so early in the history of the race, the differ- ence is not merely personal, but representative. The two brothers become typical of the two great classes of man- kind, the morally evil or bad, and the righteous or good. Clearly, Cain is in his heart godless and therefore intensely selfish, and as soon as his purposes are crossed, he is ready to turn with anger toward God and envy and hatred toward his brother. No other explanation is needed to show why his sacrifice was not accepted. God would early make it plain that the offering made by such a heart and with such a spirit can not be received by him. His words in effect to Cain are, that, if he does well, his countenance will also "be lifted up" in the joy of acceptance. "Sin coucheth at the door; and unto thee shall be its desire; but do thou rule over it" (Gen. iv, 7). This fully shows that every human being possessed of normal faculties has the power with God's help to determine his course as respects right and wrong. Abel did not die in vain, for the writer of the Epistle worth of to the Hebrews says of him that he "being dead yet speak- ^^^^'^ work. eth" (Heb. xi, 4). Matheson terms him "the undevel- oped," aad says: "He began the sacrificial life. It be- came a candle with Abraham, a lamp with Moses, a fire vdth the prophets of Judah, until at last it burst into a conflagration on the hill of Calvary." 4 Driver (Gten.), xxxvl, xxxvll. 40 Studies in the Old Testament. Pioneers in Seth next appears as renewing the good line (Gen. iv, "***'25), and soon afterward prayer and worship are noted in the record as marking the nobler developments of life, very much in the same way as the appearance of some of the arts in the Cainite line indicates where fresh forces of the world began their work (Gen. iv, 20-26). A mar- velous biography of Enoch is compressed into twelve words : "Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him" (Gen. V, 24). Reason for . In connection with Noah, the tenth from Adam in the Flood. S^^^ or religious line, the record is given of the great wickedness of the world and the judgment of the flood. Perhaps the best view is that, by the sons of God (Gen. vi, 2), Sethites are meant,^ and through their union with the daughters of the worldly line, such general corruption ensues that Noah seeks to overcome it by his preaching of righteousness. Only after many years, when all hope of reformation fails, does God send the flood. Locauty and Many authorities unite in the view that the flood was * local, probably being confined to the Euphrates Valley.* Its entire duration was about one year, from November to November. As to its date, while few or none would now claim that Ussher's chronology is satisfactory, no other system has won general recognition for the first ages ; and by this the creation of the world is placed 4004 B. C, and the Deluge 2348 B. C."^ Dr. W. H. Green has clearly shown^ that Bible students can freely accept any settled and established data for these older world events without danger of conflicting with the simple life indications given in the tables of Genesis : and the trend of recent scientific 6 The view that "sons of God" here means angels, is also exten- sively held by modern scholars. 6 Topic 5, references; also Ryle, 27i€ Early Narratives of Cfenesis, 112-114; Gibson, Ages Before Moses, 128-181. 7 Bib. Ency., Ill, Appendix, 3. 8 " Prlnaeval Chronology." Professor William H. Green, Bibliotheca Bacra, XLVII, 285-303 (Apr., 1890). In the Beginning. 41 thought as respects man's age on the earth and the probable occurrence of a flood answering to this account is in the direction of bringing both within limits favorable to the reality of that which is recorded. It is probable that the existence of the human race, as represented in Genesis, goes back at least to 6000 B. C, and that the date of the flood must be put back correspondingly. Thus early in human history it becomes clear that upon the choices of a man's life depends his happiness, his character, his destiny. It is a mighty moment of far-reaching consequences, when a man chooses the will of God ; a fatal moment, when he rejects that will. STUDY Ml.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. iv, 9. Eead Gen. iv, 8-24. Dods remarks, "With each child that comes into the world some fresh hope is brought." See that in you this hope is not disappointed. Scripture Outline. Chapters iv— ix, 1-17; x, 32. (1) Genealogy of Cain, iv, 1-24; (2) genealogy of Seth, iv, 25, 26 ; V ; (3) race- wickedness, the ark built, vi ; (4) the ark entered, the flood prevails, vii ; (5) the flood subsides, the ark left, viii ; (6) God's blessing and covenant, ix, 1-17 ; x, 32. STUDY IN.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Gen. v, 24. Read Gen. iv, 25, 26 ; v, 1-5, 21-32. Art and civiliza- tion having just been outlined, religion is placed next as the great principle without which the first can never truly advance the race. These two, religion and culture, need even now to be more fully blended together. 42 Studies in the Old Testament. Suggestions for Map Work. Make a simple outline map of the lands around the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, and locate in it as { Map 6. Early Nations and Peoples. many of the nations or peoples mentioned in Gen. x, as you can. See Map 6 in text-book; Blaikie, Map 1; Ott- ley. Map 1, and references under Topic 7. STUDY III. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. vi, 3. Eead Gen. vi. Verse 15 shows that the length of the ark was 300 cubits, its breadth 50, and its depth 30. Estimating the cubit at twenty-one inches, these dimen- sions are 525 feet, 87J feet, and 521 feet, respectively. The shape is relatively broad and shallow, as is fitting in a vessel made simply to float, but in general dimensions and carrying capacity the ark answers closely to the larger ships built to-day. 1 In the Beginning. 43 General References. Blaikie, 25-43; Ottley, 11-20; Barnicott, 5-8; Beardslee, 33 ; Burney, 95; Matheson, I, 45-109; W. B., 3-9, 25-32; Price, 89- 99; Davis, 85-139; Hast. Bib. Diet., arts. "Adam," "Eve," *'Cain," "Abel," etc. STUDY III. — Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. vii, 1. Eead Gen. vii. Gibson finely observes, "We have in the life of Noah a witness to the fact, that if one walks with God, if one really leads a spiritual life, he will not only be victorious over death as Enoch was, but over judgment." This is an impressive lesson of this chapter. Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. God is righteous and just. Gen. ix, 5, 6 ; xviii, 25 ; Deut. xxxii, 4 ; Ezra ix, 15 ; Job xxxiv, 10-12 ; Psa. xxxvi, 6 ; cxlv, 17 ; Dan. ix, 14 ; Hos. xiv, 9 ; John xvii, 25 ; Rev. xvi, 7. 2. Abel, the first martyr. Matt, xxiii, 35; Heb. xii, 24; 1 John iii, 12; Matheson, I, 45-66 ; Dods, 34, 35. 3. Origin of arts (Gen. iv, 20-22) . Blaikie, 27, 28, 31 ; Davis, 90-96 ; Dods, 45-50. 4. " The sons of God " (Gen. vi, 2, 4) Sethites. Blaikie, 31, 32; Davis, 101-106. 5. The flood local. Davis, 12&-131 ; Dods, 55-57. 6. The rainbow sign of covenant. Blaikie, 34 ; Ottley, 16 ; Barnicott, 7, 8 ; Dods, 72-74. 7. Table of nations (Gen. x). Blaikie, 41. 42 ; Ottley, 16-20 ; Price, 97-99; Driver (Gen.), 112-132; Hast. Bib. Diet., Extra Vol., 79-87 ; Bib. Ency., II, 1212-1215. STUDY III.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. viii, 20. Eead Gen. viii. On verse 4, the N. C. B., 147, says: "Ararat roughly corresponds to Armenia, and is the dis- trict about Lake Van referred to in Assyrian inscriptions as Urartu. The particular peak is often identified with the highest mountain in or near Urartu, . . . known as Mount Ararat." See Map 18. 44 Studies in the Old Testament. Questions for Written Answers. 1. What is meant by, "Sin coucheth at the door*' (Gen. iv,7)? 2. How can one to-day best be his "brother's keeper" (Gen. iv, 9) ? 3. What is the effect of art and culture apart from religion? 4. About how long was the whole period of the flood (Gen. vii, 11 ; viii, 13, 14) ? 5. Under what three names are the nations ranged as given in Gen. x ? STUDY III. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Gen. ix, 16. Eead Gen. ix, 1-17; x, 32. The new beginning after the flood shows the inspiration of fresh hope, freedom from the past, and joy, that go along with all God's work of redemption. Personal Thought. "Jehovah shut him in." (Gen. vii, 17.) These words doubtless carry in them a sense of seclusion and exclusion and both of these principles enter into any process by which one comes into a new spiritual life. But far beyond these is the sense of security of every soul that rests in the fact of God's own method and act of protection. Do you rest the question of your salvation for its full answer on something which God has done ? Then and then only can you have coTnplete peace. i G E N E S 1 5 ^ All the Other Old Testament BOOKS Stu d i e s 1 — III SLudiesiV.V Studies Vi— XXV Adam and tve Noah and II II 4^ U 1 Probably not less than 3,000 years E2 50 BC \Z 77 BC Chart A. Place of Genesis in the Old Testament. (Showing why five Studies are given to this one book.) PAET II. HEBEEW EACE FATHEES. FOURTH WEEK. ABEAHAM AND ISAAC. STUDY IV.— First Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xii, 1. Bead Gen. xi, 31 — xii, 9. Narrative. The Bible material, even before the period to be sur- tight: veyed in Part II, begins to receive clear light from Orien- R«*«"»**** tal research. Professor Price says concerning Gen. x: ''Out of this former mysterious list of proper names, the inscriptions verify the accuracy of more than thirty, by indicating both places and peoples. The inscriptions both of Egypt and of Mesopotamia also corroborate in many particulars the statements of this chapter. In a word, this table is a limited bird's-eye view of ancient nations, a word-map of ancient geography."^ Most remarkable have been the discoveries of recent Age of Abra- years as disclosing features of the age in which Abraham Hammurabi. lived. "That education should have been so widely dif- fused in Babylonia as we now know it to have been, women as well as men sharing in it, is a truly astonishing fact."^ **The period of Hammurabi's dynasty was one of great literary activity,'' says Johns; and concerning his cele- brated Code he states that "it was no new invention, but 1 Price, 98, 99. See Map 6, page 42. ZSayce (Mon. Pacts), 35. 45 46 Studies in the Old Testament. codified the customary law of the coimtry."^ Kogers also says, "Nineveh was the center of a kingdom of warriors, Babylon the abode of scholars ; and the well-spring of all this is to be found in the work of Hammurabi."* Professor Sa^e also shows that the way in which Abraham purchased the cave of Machpelah, and many de- tails in the account of Hagar are made plain by the pro- visions of Babylonian commercial law and of the code of Hammurabi/ discovered at Susa in 1901; and he now fully accepls and gives the evidence proving that this mon- arch is the same as Amraphel of Genesis xiv, 1.^ Ur and Haran. Ur (Gen. xi, 28, 31), the native city or district of Abraham, situated near the Euphrates, and perhaps at that early date on the shore of the Persian Gulf, though now 125 to 150 miles inland from the mouth of the river, has been fully identified. The site of Haran (Gen. xi, 31) was about 600 miles to the northwest. Founder of the The word *'Hebrew" (Gen. xiv, 13), probably meaning Hebrew Race, a beyond " the river, may refer to the coming of Abraham and his family from Haran, as east of the Euphrates or the Jordan to the Canaanites, among whom the He- brews came . ^ Standing first among the fathers or founders of this race, Abraham^ becomes one of the most illus- trious characters of all history. From him God's chosen people, the Jewish nation, sprang. By his willing obedi- ence and faith in separating himself from his former asso- ciations and going forth into an unknown land, he insti- tuted the Church or kingdom of spiritual religion in the earth; and the devout believers of every age and tongue 3 Hast. Bib. Diet., Extra Vol., 688. 4 Rogers, 1, 303. 6 See also Davies, 67, 68; Johns, 28, 29; Hast. Bib. Diet., Extra Vol., (JOS; paragraphs 145, 146, of Code. eSayce (Mon. Facts), 59, 60. See, also, Driver (G}en.), 156; Rogers, I. 889-393, Davies, 7, 8. T Driver (Gen.), 138; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. "Hebrew." SHommei shows from contract tablets that the name "Abraham " was current in Babylonia even two generations earlier than the time of Hammurabi. Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 227. Hebrew Race Fathers. 47 look back to him as the father of the faithful. Matheson shows that he entered into the same mission in his day that Jesus in full measure carried out in the gospel era. ^^An empire rises to his view — an empire such as man had never seen. It stretches to all ends of the earth — ^north, south, east, west. It embraces all ages of time — it is to endure forever. It .comprehends all varieties of men — its inhab- itants are to be as the dust of the earth for multitudes. And above all, it is a kingdom whose foundation is to be laid in righteousness.^'^ Therefore, Christ could say, "Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day; and he saw it, and was glad." (John viii, 56.) / 2 The main features of the life of Abraham may be His Ufe in ■sketched briefly. The date of the jeign. of_Hammurab.i*^"*"°®* would now carry the period of his calls and entrance into Canaan approximately to 2250 B. C.^^ ^rom Haran, on his second call, he probably went west by way of Carche- mish, south by^Damascus, crossed the Jordan at the Damieh Ford, near the mouth of the Jabbok, and then followed the Wady Farah northwest to-Shechem." The general course of the stages of Abraham's life are Locations. marked by locations, extending southward from Shechem. He sojourned at Bethel both before and after his visit to Egypt on account of a famine (Gen. xii, 8-20; xiii, 1- 17). Later he dwelt at Hebron (Gen. xiii, 18; xiv-xix) ; Gerar (xx, xxi), and Beersheba (xxi, 31-34; xxii, 19). At Hebron he bought the field and cave of Machpelah for a burial-place, and there Sarah and Abraham himself were buried. (Gen. xxiii; xxv, 7-10; xlix, 29-32.) ( I. Passages of supreme interest in Abraham's career are Paith in those which reveal his faith in God in responding to the^*^""* early call, and in going forth "not knowing whither he went;" his magnanimous and spiritual ideal in giving 9 Matheson, 1,125. 10 Rogers, I, 338, 888; Driver (Gen.), 158; Harper, The Code of Ham- murabi (1903), xi; Davies (1905), 7. 11 Driver (Gen.), 146; Stewart, 146; Smltli, 828,833; MacOoun, II, 11. 48 Studies in the Old Testament. to Lot the choice of territory; his energy and ability in the defeat of the kings; his noble persistency of interces- sion for the righteous remnant of Sodom, and the sub- limity of his devotion to the will of God in his preparation to offer up Isaac.^2 It is also to be noted that in his places of sojourn he is ever building an altar unto Je- hovah.^^ J Id In Isaac the Bible gives the portrait of a character in the Passive which the passive virtues disclose their charm. His more quiet part seems to be to conserve the good influences and higher beginnings left by his father. He dwells in the cir- cle of retired shepherd experiences in the South Country where he was born. Even his wife is sought for him among his kindred in Haran, and brought by faithful Eliezer, and when she arrives he is walking in the field in meditation. (Gen. xxiv.) But not least among the treas- ures of Scripture must be counted this sketch of divinely directed and happy marriage, and these recurring glimpses in early race annals of the free action of womanhood, of honor accorded the gentler virtues, which makes it modern and pulsating with the living standards of to-day. Upon the death of a prominent American poli- tician some years ago, a great metropolitan daily- noted the fact that in a public career of more than twenty-five years, this man's name had never been identified w^ith any great movement. For a man so to live is for him to live for naught. Life becomes potential as it becomes an embodiment of some great truth or principle. The characters noted in this Study illustrate that great thing which we call faith. A conspicuous living leader recently defined faith as **the accepting as absolutely true the things which are eternal." 12 Gen. xlii, 5-13; xlv, 18-24; xvlii, 16-33; xxil, 1-19. 13 Gen. xli, 7, 8; xiii, 4, 18; xxli, 9. ^eBfew K^ace loathe rsT"^ 49 STUDY IV. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xiii, 16. Eead Gen. xiii. The alternatives offered by Abraham (vs. 9), the choice made by Lot (vs. 11), and the results which came to each, form a most impressive lesson con- cerning the spiritual as contrasted with the worldly life. Scripture Outline. Second Division of Genesis. The Patriarchal Period, Gen. xi, 27—1, 26 : (1) Generations of Terah, xi, 27— xxv, 11; (2) Of Ishmael, xxv, 12-18; (3) Of Isaac, xxv, 19 — xxxv, 29; (4) Of Esau, xxxvi, 1 — xxxvii, 1; (5) Of Jacob, xxxvii, 2—1, 26. For First Div., see Study I. STUDY IV.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xiv, 20. Eead Gen. xiv. This chapter, in view of the light fmtk Oriental research and history which has gathered about it, and the questions and discussions to which it has given Vise, has become one of the most notable passages of the Old Testament. Suggestions for Map Work. Make a simple outline map embracing the section from the Euphrates Valley to Egypt, and mark the principal journeys of Abraham, locating TJr, Haran, Dan, Shechem, nin£ve:h p ^^^- -^ DANo ?DAMASCUS Srt£cwE/if l^ ^'^'^Vo*W£8R0N OR r^°° § MAMRE PT -i f? Map 7. From Babylonia to Egypt. Sections 1, 2, 5—10, Main Journeys of Abraham. Bethel, Hebron, Gerar, Beersheba, and Zoan in Egypt. See Map 7 in text-book; Blaikie, Maps 2, 3, 4; Ottley, Map 1 ; MacCoun II, Maps 60, 62, 66 ; Bamicott, Map, 50 Studies in the Old Testament. STUDY IV.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xviii, 25._ Eead Gen. xviii, 16-33. "Abraiiam had been living an unworldly life, in which intercourse with God was a familiar employment. His prayer was but the seasonable flower of his life, nourished to all its beauty by the habitual nutriment of past years."^* General References. Blaikie, 55-74 ; Ottley, 28-41 ; Barnicott, 10-17 ; Beaidslee, 33, 34 ; Burney, 38, 50-58 ; Matheson, 1, 110-151 ; II, 1-61 ; W. B., 3-9, 25-32 ; Price, 97-102 ; Scott, entire. STUDY IV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxii, 8. Kead Gen. xxii. The two great lessons of this trial of Abraham are finely stated by Driver: "The sacrifice though commanded was not exacted. . . . The nar- rative teaches the value set by God upon the surrender of self, and obedience; and it demonstrates the moral superiority of Jehovah's religion abo\e the religions of Israel's neighbors." Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. The worship of God. Gen. iv, 26; xii, 7, 8; xiii, 4; 1 Chron. xvi, 29; Psa. xcv, 6; Isa. Ixvi, 23; John iv, 20-24; Kev. xxii, 9. 2. Elements of Abraham's character. Blaikie, 72 ; Ottley, 33 ; Matheson, I, 110-129 ; Scott, 82-84 ; Bib. Ency., I, 27. 3. Hammurabi or Amraphel (Gen. xiv, 1). Driver (Gen.), 156; Sayce (Hon. Facts), 58-60; Rogers, I, 388-394; Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 88 ; Extra Vol., 585-588. 4. Ur of the Chaldees (Gen. xi, 28). Blaikie, 55, 56 ; Price, 99 ; Dods, 83, 84 ; Scott, 10-12 ; Rogers, I, 371-378. 5. Hebron. Blaikie, 62 ; Smith, 317, 318 ; Hast. Bib. Diet. 6. Sarah. Scott, 73, 74. 7. Cities of the Plain and their destruction. Blaikie, 66-69 ; Dods, 191-197; Driver (Gen.), 168-171, 202, 203; Smith, 505-511; Bib. Ency. 8. Origin of the term ** Hebrew." Ottley, 26, 27; Hast. Bib. Diet. 14 Dods, 185. Hebrew Race Fathers. 51 9. The spiritual import of circumcision. Ottley, 32, 33;^* Burney, 54 ; Dods, 167, 168 ; Scott, 50, 51. STUDY IV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxiv, 67. Eead Gen. xxiv, 1-15, 50-67. The whole chapter is most interesting from many points of view; especially does it present a wealth of details of Oriental social life and conventional observance. Questions for Written Answers. 1. What city or region was the birtliplace of Abraham? C/' ,x 2. What are the names of three cities where he sojourned in the land of promise? 3. What are some of his traits of character ? 4. How would you describe by way of contrast the char- acter of Lot ? 5. From what place did Rebekah, the wife of Isaac, come? STUBY IV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxv, 27. Jteadl iren. xxv, 27-34; xxvi, 17-25. With remark- able insight and snggestiveness two types of human nature are given in the sketch of Esau and Jacob. Personal Thought. "And he ]ielieved in Jeh©vah; and he reckoned it to Him for righteousness. (Gen. xv, 6.) Has this great principle, which lies at the center of God's spiritual kingdom in men's hearts in all ages, en- tered into my life — ^righteousness, not by my good works, but by faith? 4\m^ M^iifei^- PART II.— FIFTH TJSTBEK. JACOB AND JOSEPH. STUDY v.— First Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxviii, 17. Eead Gen. xxviii, 10-22. Narrative. The Bible a A feature of the Bible which is without parallel is the True Mirror, absolute fidelity with which it presents the moral life of its characters, disclosing the bad actions and traits ai cer- tainly as the good. This has already been seen in the cases of Adam, Eve, Noah, Abraham, Sarah, and Eebekah. Along with what is commendable, each has exhibited some form of weakness and sin, and it is generally easy to dis- cern the evil results which flow from these imperfections and moral lapses. It is also plain that some of their faults are due to the imperfect and crude standards of social and moral life which prevailed in these primitive times. The important point to note is that the standard in one way and another is being constantly raised. God, by the very consequences of sin, not only in the examples of great judgments like the flood and the overthrow of the cities of the Plain, but also in the sad and shameful episodes among his own followers in steadily setting before the race the true conditions of spiritual progress. Jacob's Mixed Jacob is perhaps the extreme instance among prom- Nature and inent Bible characters for the variety and persistence of these selfish and unseemly tendencies, along with nobler elements and aspirations which are sufficient to enlist the favor of God and in the end win for the patriarch spir- itual victory. Oft^n a rich nature is marked in youth by conflicting tendencies and later becomes clarified, as some great call or purpose rises into control. Thus it is 52 Hebrew Race Fathers. 53 that Jacob, rightly named "•''supplaiiter/' finally becomes Israel, a "Prince of Grod." If even at the beginning he may have yearned for the priestly privilege of the birth- right, he did not see the service and devotion to others involved in it till he came to his dream at Bethel and his wrestling at Peniel. In broad outline it is to be noted that Jacob, after Years of leaving the home at Beersheba, and having his night ''"^'*"*'®* vision at Bethel, found in the ancestral Haran or Paddan- aram ^ the household of his uncle Laban, where he abode for twenty years, married Leah and Eachel, and from them and their handmaids begat the sons who gave names to most of the Hebrew tribes; that with his large family, with flocks and herds, he returned to the promised land, being reconciled to Esau after a night of prayer at Penuel ; that he dwelt chiefly at Shechem and Hebron, went late in life to Joseph in Egypt, where he died and was buried at Hebron. Gen. xxviii — xxxvi; xlvi, 1 — 1, 13. The career of Joseph, as pictured in Genesis, is strik-. ^Bj^ 'g r K ingly romantic. It is not difficult to pardon the youthful '^^-^^*'* egotism, the unconscious self-disclosure of his early years, in view of the splendid reserve and self-master}-, and the constant fraternal, filial, and humanitarian love which pervade all his later life. He gives the demonstration, so rare in the Old Testament, that joy and blessing result directly from pain and mishap. Therefore he could say to his brothers, "It was not you that sent me hither, but God ... As for you, ye meant evil against me; but God meant it for good to bring to pass, as it is this day, to save much people alive." Moreover, "It is not surprising that he should often have been regarded as a type of Christ.*'^ Sayce, Driver, and others agree that Joseph^s years in Egyptian Egypt fall in the times of the Hvksos kings.^ As these "'**"? ^■'• °*^^ ^ & ing Witness. iGen. xxviii, 2; xxix, 4. 2 Gen. xlv, 8; 1, 20; Driver, Hast. Bib. Diet., II, 770. 3 Sayce (Jos. and L. E.), 47, 98; Driver (Gen.), 347; Price, 109, 54 Studies in the Old Testament. were Semites and therefore kindred in race to the He- brews, the reception which Abraham found at the Egyp- tian court and the exaltation of Joseph though a slave to the post of vizier or prime minister have a natural ex- planation. A Hyksos Pharaoh seems to have had the name Jacob-el, and this name and the name Joseph-el are found in cuneiform inscriptions of the patriarchal age. ** They belong to that age and to no later one.''* Many allusions and phrases reveal the Egyptian setting and atmosphere in these later chapters of Genesis. The run- ners shouted dbrech before Joseph (Gen. xli, 43, Am. V., margin). It is probably a Babylonian term used in Egypt, meaning '*the seer."^ Joseph's phrase, "By the life of Pharaoh" (Gen. xlii, 15, 16), was the most sacred oath an Egyptian could take, and is found on the monuments. Such points of connection with Egypt are thickly strewn through the entire narrative. Jacob and Joseph, — shrewdness and innocence, connivance and trustfulness, selfishness and mag- nanimity; — of -what opposite extremes is human nature capable ! STUDY V. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxxii, 28. Eead Gen. xxxii, 22 — ^xxxiii. The struggle of Jacob at Penuel represents the crisis of his life, and results in such a change of character as is expressed by his new name. He is now prepared in the right spirit to meet and win his brother Esau. To be in close touch with God is the secret of success in spiritually winning men. Scripture Outline. Chapter names of the last twenty-five chapters of Genesis : 26. Isaac at Gerar and Beersheba ; 27. Isaac's blessings ob- tained by Jacob and Esau ; 28. Jacob at Bethel ; 29. Jacob's 4 Sayce (Jos. and L. E.), 26, 27. 6 Ibid., 55,77; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. "^6rec7i." Hebrew Race Fathers. 55 wives ; 30. Jacob's children and property ; 31. Jacob and Laban at Mizpah; 32. Jacob at Penuel; 33. Jacob meets Esau; 34 At Shechem; 35. Jacob journeys south, death of Rachel and Isaac ; 36. Generations of Esau ; 37. Early life of Joseph and his going into Egypt; 38. Judah and Tamar; 39. Joseph as a slave and in prison ; 40. Interpreting dreams ; 41. Pharaoh's dream, Joseph exalted; 42. The brothers' first trip to Egypt; 43. Second trip to Egypt ; 44. The cup in the sack ; 45. Good news for Joseph's brothers and father; 46. Israel goes into Egypt ; 47. Before Pharaoh and in Goshen ; 48. Jacob blesses Ephraim and Manasseh; 49. Jacob blesses the other tribal heads, his death ; 50. Jacob's funeral, Joseph's death. STUDY V. — Third Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xxxvii, 11. Read Gen. xxxvii. Joseph, like Christ, "came unto his own, and they received him not^' (John i, 11), but sold him "for twenty pieces of silver" (vs. 28), as Christ was betrayed for thirty. His father '*kept the saying in mind" (vs. 11), as Mary "kept all these sayings, pondering them in her heart" (Luke ii, 19). Trace the other points of typical import as the story progresses. Suggestions for Map Work. Make an outline map of the territory from Haran to Zoan in Egypt, and mark the journey of Jacob from He- bron to Haran and return by Shechem and Bethel to He- bron, and the journey of Joseph from Hebron to Dothan and to Zoan. See Maps 1 and 7 in text-book; Blaikie, Maps 2 and 4 ; Ottley, Maps 1 and 2 ; MacCoun, II, Maps, 60, 65, 66. STUDY v.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xli, 16. Read Gen. xxxix, 1-6, 19-23; xli, 1-16, 37-45. Bless- ing, temptation, integrity, prison, interpretation, exalta- tion, follow each other with dramatic swiftness in these chapters. General References. Blaikie, 74-86; Ottley, 50-55; Barnicott, 16-27; Beardslee, 34; Burney, 38, 41, 50-52; Matheson, I, 152-195; W. B., 13-21; Price, 102-109 ; Sayce (Jos. and L. E.), entire. 56 Studies in the Old Testament. STUDY v.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xliii, 14. Read Gen. xlii, 1-5; xliii, 1-15. It is the need of spir- itual bread that brings men to Christ, even as the need of food brough Joseph's kindred to him. Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. God's providence. Gen. xxii, 8, 13, 14; xxxvii, 25-27; xxxix,3; xlv, 7, 8; 1, 20; Job xxiii, 10; Psa. xxxvii, 23; Matt, vi, 11 ; X, 29-31 ; Acts xvii, 28 ; Rom. vii, 28.^ 2. Jacob's new name at Penuel. Blaikie, 77, 78 ; Barnicott, 19, 20 ; Matheson, 1, 166-169 ; Hast. Bib. Diet., II, 529, 530. 3. Shechem, Blaikie, 59, 60; Ottley, 45; Stewart, 145-152. (The last includes good notice of Jacob's well and Joseph's tomb.) 4. Joseph as a type of Christ. Blaikie, 82; Gibson, Ages Before Moses, 197-201. 5. Egypt from Menes to close of dynasty XVII. Sayce (Jos. and L. E.), 41-49, 104; Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 657-660. 6. Egyptian customs illustrating the story of Joseph. Blaikie, 89-105; Price, 102-109: Sayce (Jos. and L. E.), 30-107. STUDY V. — Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xlv, 7. Eead Gen. xliv — xlv, 15. The plea of Judah in the forty-fourth chapter and the scene of Joseph making him- self known to his brethren form one of the most thrilling passages of the Bible. Questions for Written Answers. 1. What is the meaning of the titvo names of Jacqlj (Gten. * \t^Ak r, 26; xxxii, mi[^'^''- '-^'^-- -^'^^-^ ^ ^iv/, k/,,,.A,, .^^^,^,,aX-.i^^ XXV, zo; xxxu, zo;j/>v" ' * ' " " jT ' -^"•^s*"- -iiyf^ 2. How old was Joseph when he was sold into Egypt ?/7 '^* ' /^ 8. Which one of his brothei*s wished to rescue him ?. 4. Which one was kept as hostage in the first visit to Egypt? Ji...... v^ , ^n L ^ 5. Which two urged Jacob to permit Benjamin to go in the/ oa^'^Mn'T. second visit, and which of these pleaded for Benjamin's return ? ' ^^ ' 6. What two powerful Israeli tish ^ tribes sprang from Joseph ? £ . ■ . -"^/VUi/WJlQ^f -k. ^ 7. Which one of Jacbb's sons appears to be most highly honored in his closing prophecy, in chapter xlix ? •■.■ - '■ *-• , . 6 See also Burney, 48, 72, 98, 94, 124. Hebrew Race Fathers. 57 STUDY v.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Gen. xlix, 10. Bead Gen. xlix, 22-26, and chapter 1. Joseph's words in Gen. 1, 25, show that he firmly held the faith of his people. Personal Thought. **See that ye fall not out by the way." (Gen. xlv, 24.) It is not enough to get our fellows into the right way, even though this has been brought about with great effort and sacrifice. Perhaps an equally important work is to see that converts are kept in the right way. Am I doing my part in securing this result? PAET III. HEBEEW NATION FOUNDEKS, SIXTH w:bek. MOSES AND THE LAW. and the Exodus. STUDY VI. — First Day. Memory Verse, Ex. iii, 5. Bead Ex. i, 8-14; ii, 1-15; iii, 1-14. Narrative. The Sojourn More and more clearly is scholarly investigation assur- ing the reality of the great fundamental facts of Israel's history. A recent work. The Sojourn in Goshen and the Exodus, by Dr. Spiegelberg, offers the strongest attesta- tion of the occurrence of these chapters in Hebrew devel- opment. The second of these periods, with Moses and Aaron as the chief actors, and the divine disclosures of law and national destiny give the broad outlines of the present Study. Great Events The bridging of the long interval from the date of Can Await* Abraham to the date of the Exodus has not yet been made Right Time clear by Oriental discoveries. It is possible that the solu- Measures. ^^^^ ^y[ ]^q {j^ part the bringing of the date of Ham- murabi forward, when more light is obtained on Baby- lonian king-lists. It is also possible that some change from the date of the Exodus as 1277 B. C, the year named by Professor Sayce,^ and approved by others, may become evident. But all this does not alter the fact of the immense bearing of this event on the fortunes and found- ing of the Hebrew nation, nor of the grandeur of the mis- sion of Moses as a leader and lawgiver. 1 Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 151; Ottley, 56; Price. 118. 58 ^ H#brew Natien Founders. 59 Moses is one of the supreme characters of all human Moses and history, marked from birth as a child of providence in his '^"'■"■• rescue from the Nile, and adoption by an Egyptian prin- cess, with his mother as nurse. His education at the Eg3rptian court, espousal of the cause of his people, years of meditative preparation in Midian, with the marvelous call of God through the burning bush, led him up to his main lifework. Aaron, his brother, is joined with him as spokesman and first in the line of priesthood. Pre- senting themselves as God's chosen agents of deliverance, they receive the confidence of their race. Ex. i — iv. The departure of the Hebrew people from Egypt is contest with preceded by a stupendous contest with the pride and "hard- p**"'*®**' ness of heart'' of Paraoh, in which ten great plagues, one after the other, are visited on the Egyptian people and court, the last being the slaying of the firstborn, while the Israelites are shielded from the stroke of Jehovah by the sprinkled blood. Ex. v — xii. When the h«ur at last arrived when the exodus march out of Bond- c»uld begin, the petple probably moved f r«m the, land ®f g?®^"** ** G»shen,past the region of the cities of Eaamses and ftthom^ (\j J[f^^..A^e:L:. (Ex. i, 11; xii, 37), which they had built, and then in C'^':^'4^ .f't^''^^, a southeasterly direction till they came to the northern arm ^...^.Jif "^^ '^^^^^ of the Eed Sea, where at first they were hemmed in by ' _^ the sea, the mountain, and the pursuing Egyptian forces. " i • '^A strong east w ind," continuing all night (Ex. xiv, 21), c2jf^'*^'^^'^^/>^ caused such a path of escape across the sea that they '^'"/"^ /' ' ; i 4 ' passed over "as by dry land; which the Egyptians, essay- * " ^v. "*'" ;^ ing to do, were swallowed up" (Heb. xi,^ 29). Their, 7^?"^*^^^ farther course, with various camping-places and times of i* "^(aw*^ /^**^«* ?Hf{ trial, bitter complaints lightened by seasons of refresh- ment and the beginning of the supply of manna, brought them to Mount Sinai, probably Jebel Musa. There they remained a year, receiving important parts of the law and s? 2 Ban, Light from the East, 1(»-112, fuUy iUustrates from Egyptian monuments the making of brick, and the winnowing and storing of wheat in the granaries by forced labor. t^^'^ Oa^. -=^60 Studies ijy the Old Testam ent. , y' con^ructing the tabernacle, in which €rod manifested his ^ >-<^,y^.4«* KadMh- Barnea to Bast Jordaalc presence. Ex. xiii — ^xl; Lev. i — ^xxvii; ISTuin. i — ^ix. ^ JSText to Sinai the most important location in the wil- derness experiences of Israel w'a^ Kadesh-barnea, about 150 Settlement, miles northward. J (JSTum. xiii, 26; xx; Dent, i, 19, 46.) Giving ear to the report of the ten spies instead of heeding the words of Caleb and Joshua, by their cowardice and unbelief, all the rest of the generation that came out of Egypt passed away in the other thirty-eight years of desert wanderings. (Num. xiv, 20-31; xxvi, 64, 65.) While this sentence would not include Moses and xiaron, their own failure in obedience caused that the latter should find his last resting-place on Mt. Hor, perhaps Jebel Madurah (Moserah, Deut. x, 6), northeast of Kadesh,* and the latter on Mt. Nebo, about opposite the north end of the Dead Sea (Deut. xxxiv, 1, 5, 6). But, before the great leader finished his work, the Hebrew host com- passed the land of Edom, south of the Dead Sea, passed through the land of Moab, east of the same ; conquered the territory east of the Jordan, and settled there the tribes of Keuben and Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh. Num. xxi — ^xxxii. Mosaic In considering the body of legislation which is given in the Books of Moses, emphasis should be laid on the following portions: 1. The Decalogue or Ten Command- ments, Ex. XX, 2-17. "These are a summary of Divine revelation so absolutely fundamental and comprehensive that on them hang all the law and the prophets."* 2. A Book of the Covenant, attached to the Decalogue, has been seen in the portion, Ex. xx, 22 — ^xxiii, 19, giving sim- ple primitive directions, and together this portion has been called the Sinaitic Code. '• 3. Portions of Exodus and Num^ bers and all of Leviticus are often now spoken of as the Levitical Code, and within this. Lev. xvii — ^xxvi, is some- Leglslation. 3 MacCoun, 11, 24, 25, Maps 72, 73; Stewart, 247, 248; Num. xx, 27, 28. 4 Terry, Moses and the Prophets^ 28, 29. HhAmt^^^ u ^i in44ivi(¥**^ ^^^"'^^^ Hebrew Nation Founders. 6i times called the Law of Holiness. 4. The more popular and feeling statement of the law in Deuteronomy is termed the Deuteronomic Code. "The Biblical order is : Book of the Covenant, Levitical Code, Deuteronomic Code, but they are ascribed to different times, although these periods ail fall within the lifetime of Moses."^ Others hold a differ- ent view, and place them far apart in time. The whole range of Mosaic legislation may be classed, in a general way, as (1) Moral or Social and (2) Ceremonial. As a means of comparison with the first division, especially that side of it which is social and judicial, the recently dis- covered Code of Hammurabi has been wonderfully sug- gestive. It removes the objection that a code of laws so extensive and specific as those of Moses could not be put in writing at so early an age, for the other code goes back centuries earlier. After the most careful weighing by many students the general conclusion is well expressed by a strong recent author: "I confess with satisfaction and joy that the contents of the Code of Hammurabi have deepened my conviction of the Divine character of the Torah."« Hreat men make great nations. Great men are made through great revelations. Divine truth is the foundation of all true greatness, whether in- dividual or national. STUDY VI.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Ex. xiv, 15. Read Ex. xiv. That God employed a natural agency, the "strong east wind'' (vs. 21), to drive back the waters and open a passage across this part of the sea, does not diminish the supernatural character of this great experi- ence in the birth of Israel as a nation. 6 Robertson, Early Religion of Israel, II, 132, 138. 6 Johannes Jereniias, Moses and Hammurabi, (1903). 62 Studies in the Old Testament. Scripture Outline. Exodus: (1) Israel in Egypt, i — xiii ; (2) Israel on the way to Sinai, xiv — xix, 1 ; (3) Israel at Sinai, xix, 2 — xl. Leviticus: (1) Laws respecting sacrifice, i — vii; (2) The institution of .he priesthood, viii — x ; (3) Laws defining clean and unclean, xi — xvi ; (4) The law of holiness, xvii — xxvii. Numbers: (1) Preparation for departure from Sinai, i — x, 10; (2) From Sinai to Moab, x, 11 — xxii, 1; (3) Preparation for entering Canaan, xxii, 2 — xxxvi. Deuteronomy: (1) Historical review, i — iv, 43; (2) Repe- tition of the law, iv, 44— xxvi ; (3) The blessing and the curse, xxvii — XXX, (4) Conclusion, xxxi — xxxiv. STUDY Vl.—Third Day. Memory Yerse, Ex. xx, 3. Eead Ex. xix, 1-11; xx, 1-17. Mr. Moody has two ex» cellent notes on this part of Exodus: xx, 11, "Under the law, they labored first, then rested. But under grace we first find rest in Jesus, and then work." Ex. xx, 26, "We have no steps to climb when we approach God.''^ Suggestions for IVIap Work. Outline the region from Goshen eastward to the Gulf of Akabah and northward to Eastern Palestine, and mark ^^ ^HELIOPOLI Ptframicti ^ Pyram/cfs IVIap 8. Field op the Exodus. f Hebrew Nation Founders. 63 the course of Israel as indicated in this lesson.' See Maps 2 and 8 in text-book; Blaikie, Map 2 and Sketch Map; Ottley, Map 2 ; MacCoun, II, 19-25, Maps 68-74. STUDY VI. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Deut. vi, 4. Eead Deut. vi, 1-9; Lev. xix, 9-18. Here is seen the highest moral reach of the Mosaic law, enjoining perfect love of God and equal love of neighbor with one's self. It may for centuries have been an ideal, but how beau- tiful a standard to be uplifted so early. General References. Blaikie, 106-163 ; Ottley, 53-82 ; Barnicott, 27-50 ; Beards- lee, 85-45; Burney, 10-85; Matheson, I, 198-217; W. B., 35-41; Brown, 13-28; Price, 115-122; Iverach, entire. ST<3»Y VI.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Lev. xvi, 34. Eead Lev. i, 1-4; ii, 1-3; iii, 1; vi, 24-26; vii, 1, 2. In these five brief selections an indication is given of the five kinds of sacrifices. Somewhat freely rendered in terms of the new dispensation, in the order here found, they rep- resent Christ as coming forth in steps of sacrifice toward man. Viewed in the reverse order, they symbolize man's increasing measure of surrender to and oneness with God : the trespass-offering meaning conviction; the sin-offering, cleansing; the peace-offering, reconciliation; the meal- offering, communion; the burnt-offering, coiaplete dedica- tion and service. Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. God is holy. Ex. iii, 5 ; xxviii, 38 ; Lev. xx, 26 ; 1 Sam. ii, 2 ; Psa. xcix, 9 ; Isa. vi, 3 ; 1 Pet. i, 15, 16.^ 7 There is not yet general agreement of scholars as to the location where the Red Sea was crossed. It is thought by some that the Gulf of Suez at that time extended farther north so as to Include the Bitter Lakes or even Lake Timsah ; and Dr. Naville would place the crossing at 1 1, and Sir William Dawson at 2 2. But probably most would accept the view of Dr. Eber and Dr. Trumbull that the place of crossing was at 3 3. A number of the places mentioned in the Bible account have not been identified. The names of these are followed in map by question mark. 8 See also Burney, 75, 76. ,^t^'-[.H(^4. i-^--k.A.f 64 Studies in the Old Testament. 2. The unique grandeur of Moses' career and character. Blaikie, 108-110, 156, 157 ; Matheson, I, 196-217. 3. Miriam. W. B., 35-41 ; Hast. Bib. Diet. 4. Egypt during dynasties XYIII and XIX. Blaikie, 106, 115; Barnicott, 28, 29; Price, 110-121. 5. Description of the route of the Exodus. Num. xxxiii, 3-49. Blaikie, 121-128, 140-156 ; Ottley, 61-65, 71-81 ; MacCoun, II, 19-25. 6. The Tabernacle and its furniture. Blaikie, 135. 7. Aaron and the priesthood. Ottley, 71 ; Barnicott, 39, 40 ; Bib. Diet. 8. Comparison of the laws of Hammurabi and Moses. Davies, 21-106 ; Sayce (Mon. Facts), 67-87 ; Hast. Bib. Diet., Ex- tra Vol. , 589-612. STUDY Vl.—Slxth Day. Memory Verse, Lev. xxvii, 30. Eead Lev. xxiii. In the midst of the section which is especially marked as the law of holiness occurs this sum- mary of the "set feasts" of Jehovah, by which the nation should express God^s claim of them as his own. Questions for Written Answers. 1. What change brought about the hard lot of the Israelites in Egypt? 2. What are some of the virtues of Moses? 3. What are some of the things he had to overcome in his people? 4. What are the several things that were placed in front of and within the Tabernacle as its furniture? 5. On what mountains did Aaron and Moses pass to their rest? STUDY VI.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Deut. xviii, 15. Read Deut. xxx, 11-19. Personal Thought. "There hath not arisen a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses." (Deut. xxxiv, 10.) "Moses the Practical. . . . Salvation by obedi- ence to law. There is one sphere in which Moses stands alone. It is the discover}^ that common life may be the religious life. That Grod was in the Garden men knew; Hebrew Nation Founders. 65 that God was in the sanctuary, men knew; that God was beside the altar, men knew. But that God should be in secular places, that the home should be itself a sanctuary, that the household fire should be an altar fire, that the honoring of a human parent should be deemed an act of piety, that the observance of a neighbor's rights should be esteemed one of the rites of worship — ^this was a new de- parture in the religious life of man!'' — Matheson. rrt^^rrv^, fi^^^^„^,^t^^ vi /%>fT»^-v*«r'- ^ 'i^ ^q j&44^^-f^^ ^, ' ' ^ ^i-Hf^i' 'k^ii, X^s^i-. 7^f f) f%^Ui^, ^MT^'' lji.<^ - 'I A'^ >6-v*ay (Urk> --^ . ^ PART III.— SEVENTH WEEK. JOSHUA Kmy THE co:n^quest. STUDY VII. — First Day. Memory Verse, Josh, i, 6. Eea d Josh^i. ^ /-J,. Narrative. Joshua's Joshua has already appeared in connection with the Early Service, account of the Exodus, as one of the twelve spies sent from Kadesh-barnea to bring back a report of the land of Canaan. Together with Caleb he encouraged the Israelites to go forward at once to the conquest, but the voice of the ten other spies prevailed, and the great movement to enter Western Palestine was postponed for nearly forty years. Num. xiii, 1; xiv, 38. Even before this he was known as commander of Israel's army in the field (Ex. xvii, 9, 10) and "the minister of Moses" (Num. xi, 28, 29), jealous of the honor of his leader, who, when he was about to depart, sought to insure that much of his spirit should rest upon his successor (Deut. xxxiv, 9). Inspired for God now fully inspires Joshua for his great task. Leadership, u rpj^gpe shall not any man be able to stand before thee all the days of thy life. . . . Only be strong and very courageous. . . . Have not I commanded thee ?" Joshua learns of the condition of the land through two spies sent to Jericho, who find that the fear of Israel has already gone before them. Josh, i, ii. Crossing the/ The next step is the crossing of the Jordan from the Jordan. / ^^g^ gj^^ ^^ j^^ west. There has recently come to light remarkable proof that the supernatural element in this occurrence may be in the timing of the crossing, just as at the Eed Sea, to enable the host to avail itself of the working of a natural agency. A passage in an Arabic Former Inhablta Palestine. Hebrew Nation Founders. 67 manuscript history has been found which states that in 1267 A. D. a great landslide at the Damieh Ford, about seventeen miles above Jericho, so shut off the Jordan at full flood that the river bed below the ford was without water from midnight to 10 A. M/ The camp is estab- lished at Gilgal, in the Jordan Valley near the crossing, the rite of circumcision administered, and Joshua again encouraged by the vision of "the nrince of Jehovah^s host" near Jericho. Jo^lL_m;;;;2;j. J On the eve of the conquest arT)rief glance may be given to the tribes or people inhabiting the promised'"***^*******"* land. Taking the names of such in Gen. xv, 19-21; Josh, ix, 1 ; xi, 21, there would be a list of twelve related to the portion of Western Palestine which became distinctively Israelite territory. These may be divided into three classes: (1) The early inhabitants who were in the land before the Semites came, such as the Anakim and perhaps the Perizzites in the south and the Eephaim in the more central part; (2) Semites, who came at different epochs, such as Canaanites or Amorites, names for much the same people, of which Jebusites, Gir- gashites, Hivites are more local groups, and Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, those rather closely related to the Hebrew race; (3) Xon-Semitic settlers who arrived after the Canaanites, such as the Hittites, and perhaps others. The Tel-el-Amarna letters sent to the king of Egypt Tei-ei from several of the cities of Palestine about 1400 B. Q.,^^^*^^' show that these towns were under the dominion of petty kings, very much as they are seen to be in the Book of Joshua, and that even then the hold of Egypt on this region was being weakened by the encroachments and assaults of the Hittites and the Habiri upon these little princedoms, which were at the same time often seeking 1 Bennett, 38; Ottley, 84; Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 249. The location caUed Adam (Josh, iii, 16), Is often identified with the modern Damieh. Conquest. 68 Studies in the Old Testament. to undermine each other. All this formed a basis for the conquest of the land by Israel. stages of The Scriptural account shows that the conquest went forward by progressive stages, each of which led to the next. First, the strongly fortified city of Jericho suc- cumbed, as it ever seemed to do when threatened. Then after a check, because of Achan^s sin, a foothold was gained in the '*hill country^' above the Jordan Valley by the capture of Ai. Following this the cunning ruse of the Gibeonites brought them into a compact with Israel and opened a wedge farther into the heart of the country. This roused a circle of cities in southwestern Palestine, and the defeat of this confederacy Won an important section of the land. Later, the overwhelming of a still larger combination in the north completed the special work of Joshua, and the more gradual and local extension of the conquest, especially in the way of thoroughly subduing the chief towns or cities, went forward largely under individual leaders and tribes, even reaching far on into the time of the Judges. Josh, vi — xi; XV, 13-19; xix, 47; Judges i, xviii. Index of Land Very Valuable as a key to the geography of Palestine are the lists of kings subdued, boundary lines and cities of the sections assigned to the several tribes, cities of refuge, cities of the Levites, and final adjustment of the trans- Jordanic Israelites to the center of worship. Josh, xii — xxii. Joshua's farewell address and renewal of the covenant between Israel and Jehovah are worthy to be regarded among his most important services to his people. Especially are his impressive words of personal decision worthy of remembrance : ' ' Choose you this day whom ye will serve; . . . but as for me and my house, we will serve Jehovah." Josh, xxiii, xxiv. Period If the forty years of wandering of the Israelites closed about 1237 B. C, the twenty years from that date to 1217 B. C. may be assigned to the work of Joshua and the elders who immediately succeeded him. and Leader. Covered. Hebrew Nation Founders. 69 It is ever true that God and one make a ma- jority. *«And the Lord of Right still sits on His throne, still wields His sceptre and rod, And the winds and the waves and the years move on, doing the will of God." STUDY VM. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Josh, i, 8. Read Josh, iii, 5-17. Hotv worthy of record is the confidence of Joshua and all the people in moving for- ward to march across the river, though it was at the flood! If this crossing of the Jordan is a symbol of the Christianas entrance into ''the life more abundant," may it inspire like faith. Scripture Outline. Joshua: (1) The Conquest; a. Preparation, i — v; 6. The War, vi — xii ; (2) Division of the land, xiii — xxi ; (3) The Fare- well, xxii — xxi v. STUDY VM.— Third Day. Memory Verses, Josh, iv, 21, 22. Read Josh. iv. The repeated care given to preserv- ing a memory of the events, particularly of God's acts of power, in connection with the history of Israel, certainly goes to sustain the view that there were written records made at the time.^ Keriath-sepher (Josh, xv, 15) means *^ book-town." Suggestions for Map Work. Make an outline map of Palestine and mark the boundary of the twelve tribes. See Map 1 in text-book; Blaikie, Map 3 ; Ottley, Map 5 ; MacCoun, II, Map 81. STUDY VII.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Josh, vi, 16. Read J osh, v, 13 — vi, 20. Joshua has not the eleva- tion of the leader who takes the initiative, the thrill of the poetic vision, yet as one set to execute orders, he faithfully carries out his task. 2Deut. xxvii.2-8; Josh iv, 2-9, 20-22 ; vlii, 80-35; xxiv,26; ^ajce, Early History of the Hebrews, 330. 70 Studies in the Old Testament. General References. Blaikie, 164-192; Ottley, 83-100; Barnicott, 50-56; Beards- lee, 46, 50-55; Burney, 54, 79; Matheson, I, 218-238; Price, 123-129 ; Bennett, entire. STUDY VII.— Fifth Day. Memory Yerse, Josh, xiv, 8. Read Josh. xiv. As one stands in this chapter in the midst of the survey of the whole land, the splendid grasp of it in a single sentence by George Adam Smith may be quoted: '* During all these ages the great long lines of the land would be spread out exactly in the same way as now — the straight coast, and its broad plain; the range that rolls north and south, with its eastern buttresses fall- ing to the unseen bottom of the Jordan Valley, and across this the long level edge of the table-land of the East."* Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Ciass-work. 1. The courage and triumph of faith and obedience. Ex. xiv, 15; Heb. xi, 29; Josh, i, 7; vi, 8, 15, 16, 20; Heb. xi, 30; Josh, xxiii, 10 ; 1 Sam. xvii, 45, 46 ; 2 Chron. xx, 20-23. 2. Joshua as illustrating the military virtues in God's serv- ice. Blaikie, 164, 191: Matheson, I, 218-221; Bennett, 79-87. 3. The physical features of Palestine simply outlined. Map L in text-book ; Blaikie, 165-170 ; Ottley, 92-98, and Map 4 ; Smith, 46-59; MacCoun, I, 1-10. 4. Brief study of the peoples of Palestine at the time of the Conquest. Ottley, 91, 92; Price, 123-129; Bennett, 12-22; Hurlbut, 37-40. 5. Description of Mts. Ebal and Gerizim (Josh, viii, 30-33). Blaikie, 174, 175; Smith, 119, 120; Stewart, 139-141; MacCoun, II, 32, and Map 78. 6. General sketch of the heritage of the tribes. Blaikie, 177-190 ; Stewart, 36-41 ; Hurlbut, 55-59. STUDY VII.— Sixth Day. Memory Yerse, Josh, xx, 45. Eead Josh, xxiv, 1-28. The conquest of Palestine by Israel can only be rightly understood when it is seen as the result of a religious movement. A great religious impulse had arisen through Moses; God's new name, Jehovah, meant that His people had come to a new sense 3 Hist. Geo. H. L., 123. Hebrew Nation Founders. 71 of God, to a true revival. Joshua brings this out in his address. Questions for Written Answers. 1. What is meant by " the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea" (JosJjuiiJjgi? ^.^^..e ^^,.. 2. What stratagem was used by the Gibeonites to preserve their lives? i^- :,-"'* 3. How did Israel show that they honored the covenant which they had made with this people? if i-C ' "f > 4. In what part of the Holy Land was the territory of the tribe of Judah? Ihy^ij jy 'i- d - L t^ 5. What geiieral section was possessed by the tribe of Ephraim? ,,. J . i (^ M- / 3 ... 6. How old was Joshua at his death? JIO STUDY VII. — Seventh Day. Memory Yerse, Josh, xxiv, 15. Eead Josh, xxiv, 29-32. This passage brings out a point which is made plain in other parts of the record concerning the relation of each Israelite to the land, show- ing that his claim was inalienable. Prof. Bennett rightly says that here is a fundamental principle, and that "it is the Divine will that every man should have secured to him the opportunity of earning a livelihood for himself and his family."* Personal Thought. *'One man of you shall chase a thousand." (Josh. xxiii, 10.) Spiritual power in surprising degree is possible to every child of God. 4 Bennett, 96. Jd^-^-^^y^ PAET lY. HEBEEW NATION BUILDEES. EIGHTH "WEEK. THE EAELY JUDGES. STUDY VIM.— First Day. Memory Verse, Judg. ii, 16. Eead Judg. ii, 16 — iii, 11. isra*rs The introductory section of the book of Judges, Bnviroomont. -^i^ich extends to the sixth verse of chapter three, throws new light on the conditions that faced the tribes of Israel when they would be expected to build themselves up into agnation. Even the book of Joshua (xv, 63; xvi, 10) had given indications that its general and sweeping statements as to the whole land having been completely subjugated and its inhabitants exterminated by Joshua must be taken in a qualified sense as a great ideal to which later ages looked back. Much more fully is this made evident in the first chapter of Judges. There it is shown that in the bounds of tribe after tribe their enemies remained entrenched at points, especially in some of the principal cities or towns, such as Jerusa- lem, Hebron, Bethel, Gezer, Bethshean, Megiddo, and others, not to mention those in more outlying territory. Vital Power The causc of this changed aspect is not far to seek. pltth"'*'*"* While the tide of Hebrew faith in and obedience to Jehovah flowed pure and strong, her battle everywhere was as good as won. But when "there arose another generation, that knew not Jehovah, nor yet the work which he had wrought for Israel," or the current turned backward, '*and the children of Israel did that which was evil in the sight of Jehovah, and served the 72 Hebrew Nation Builders. 73 Baalim'' (Judg. ii, 10, 11), nothing would avail to save them from oppression but a fresh revival of faith and faithfulness. So vital is this relation between faith and right social and political life that it has been pointed out how, in English and American history, each forward swing of liberty and popular institutions has been pre- ceded by a religious revival or reformation. It is not surprising, therefore, to find in the era now to be sur- veyed, that the judges, who are also called "saviours," were raised up when the people, after a period of religious decline, with consequent idolatry and misery, again turned to God and "cried unto Jehovah" (Judg. iii, 9). It should also be said that in no well-inhabited coun- a Nation in try can the conditions of population be permanently *''*'^**"'**' transformed in a few years, and the Biblical record in a number of passages implies that the process of the occupation of Canaan would extend over a long period, and that God will cast out the former nations "by little and little" (De ut^ yii^ 22), "without driving them out hastily" (JuSg. ii, 22, 23), that by them he "may prove Israel, whether they will keep the way of Jehovah or not. " In the period of the Judges the Hebrew nation is in the formative stage, it is being built, largely like other enduring historic peoples, by wrestling with its environment. During much of this epoch the integrat- ing and the disintegrating forces are about evenly balanced, and so the statement is twice recorded: "In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes." (Judg. xvii, 6; xxi, 25.) By " The Early Judges " is meant those whose names "The Early and deeds are given in the book of Judges, as the era of ''"*'8®**" Eli and Samuel will be treated in the next lesson. Of these earlier deliverers there are twelve, if Barak is placed with Deborah as her general, and Gideon's son, Abimelech, is omitted, since the office of these special y^. ^_Mr%U4L ^^4^ ^i.-yi^^ *^v-.,. ,. . .^ --^''Vk-<^,^ r^. .: - U^'^-^ruA^^A^O ^-i^M^ftl^ ^^Jttrt^^^^ ^-?i.i^^^ ^ ^„ ^^J.^^ t^ 74 Studies in the Old Testament. Othniel. Deborah and Barak. Overthrow and Odd. Gideon and His Three Hundred. leaders was not hereditary. Six may be called principal judges, Othniel, Ehud, Deborah, Gideon, Jephthah, and Samson; and six subordinate, Shamgar, Tola, Jair, Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon/ The first of the judges, Othniel, |was Caleb's younger brother, and he delivered Israel, after eight years of oppression, from a Mesopotamian king, whose name is not given, but who is called Cushan-rishathaim, or the ''Cushite of double wickedness." Judg. iii, 7-11. The next period of much interest is that of Deborah and Barak, and the oppression in this case, which con- tinued for twenty years, was by Jabin, whose capital was at Hazor, about five miles directly west of Lake Merom. This Canaanite king had nine hundred chariots of iron, and by using these in the open plain of Esdraelon he was able to cut ofi the northern tribes of Israel from those south of the plain and keep all in subjection. His general, Sisera, resided at Harosheth, placed by some near the Kishon, but by others thought to have been near Hazor. About three miles northeast of Hazor was Kedesh, the home of Barak, the general of the Israelite forces. Encouraged by the call of Deborah, the prophetess-judge of Mt. Ephraim, v^^ho also promised her presence, Barak was able to gather and train an army of ten thousand men, with which, by a sudden onset from Mt. Tabor, he defeated Sisera and pursued and slaughtered his entire force, while Sisera himself was slain by Jael in her tent. This marvelous triumph was celebrated by an ode, bearing every mark of having been written at the time. Judg. iv, v. After forty years of rest, and seven years of oppres- sion by the Midianites, who led into the land vast bands of Amalekites and Bedouin Arabs, ravaging the country and causing the people to hide in dens and caverns, iBeardslee, 56; Paterson, 11. But others, as Moore, International Critical Commentary on Judges, xxvlil, 104, would include Shamgar in the first list. Hebrew Nation Builders. 75 Gideon was called to become a deliverer, God giving him unmistakable signs of success. He was from Ophrah in Manasseh, and made his striking test by which he sifted out of thirty-two thousand a company of three hundred at the spring or well of Harod, north of Mt. Gilboa. Near this point, in the southeast angle of the plain of Esdraelon, the host of the enemy was surprised by a night attack, Gideon's force using the device of lamps concealed in pitchers, and the routed and self-destroying foe rushed down the valley of Jezreel and across the Jordan. Judg. vi, vii. Two later arenas of struggle can be mentioned to- Jephthah and gether, one occurring east of the Jordan, and the other ^*"^**"- in the extreme southwest, because they are placed by some as contemporary. In the eastern field, Jephthah, "the Gileadite,'' overcame the children of Ammon; and in the western, on the border line between the Israelites and Philistines, Samson,^ of the tribe of Dan, came up to his unexampled exploits on behalf of himself and his people. Judg. xi — xvi. The survey of the period of the judges may close a Rude Age, with a glance at the two pictures of the times, one *'"*'" '^"***' formed by the two narratives in the latter part of the Book of Judges, showing traits of noblity as well as law- lessness, and the other by the charming idyl in the Book of Ruth. Judg, xvii — xxi; Ruth i — iv. According to the chronological table, ^ the period of Years of the the Early Judges, beginning with Othniel and ending **®'^°*** with Samson, would be 130 years, or from 1217 B. 0. to 1087 B. C. Many scholars favor the view that some of the judges may have done their work in different parts of th3 land at the same time, and that the "forty years " so often given is a round number for a generation. Yet the brevity of time allowed for the period forms a part of the problem of chronology for all Old Testament history before the age of David, that awaits fuller solution. 1 See Map 11, p. 90. 2 Page 20 of text-book. 76 Studies in the Old Testament. ** Righteousness exalteth a nation ; but sin is a reproach to any people." We read this truth every- where. It is clearly demonstrated in every period of the life of the chosen people. It is the verdict of history. The issue of modern events declares it true as God Himself. STUDY Vm.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Judg. v, 23. Eead Judg. iv, 1-v, 7. There is some evidence (Judg. v, 20, 21) that a storm, making the plain soft and swelling the Kishon to a torrent, greatly helped the Israelites. Smith observes: *'But the victory won that day by the Plain over the Canaanites was not so great as the victory won by Israel over the Plain. "^ The Plain might have divided the Israelites, but in this contest six of the tribes, embracing those on both sides of the Plain were repre- sented, so it is the first marked sign of future national unity. The song of Deborah has been greatly praised for dramatic and poetic power. Scripture Outline. Judges: (1) Introduction, i — iii, 6; (2) Narrative of the judges, iii, 7 — xvi ; (3) Two supplemental narratives, (a) Migj'a- tion of the Danites, xvii, xviii ; (b) Punishment and preserva- tion of the tribe of Benjamin, xix — xxi. Euth : (1) Efforts to escape from trouble, i, 1-9 ; (2) Euth's faith and devotion, i, 10-22; (8) Winning the care and love of a kinsman, ii — iv, 17 ; (4) Genealogy of David, iv, 18-22. STUDY VIII. — Third Day. Memory Verse, Judg. vii, 7. Eead Judg. vii, 1-21. The great lesson most impress- ively demonstrated here is that power in Christian ag- gressive work does not come from numbers, but from union of the true-hearted, courageous, and alert. Suggestions for Map Work. Make an outline of the Plain of Esdraelon, its sur- rounding territory, mountains, streams, towns, gateways^ 3 Smith, 896. Hebrew Nation Builders. 77 and study it especially as the battlefield of Palestine. See Map 9 in text-book; Smith, 381-410, and Plate VI; MacCoun, I, 24-28, Maps 25, 26; Calkin, 28-30, Map 8. Map 9. Plain of Esdraelon and Northward. STUDY VIIL—Fourth Day. Memory Verses, Judg. ix, 8-15. Read Judg. xi, 12-15, 26-40. While there has been a vast amount of discussion concerning Jephthah's vow and its fulfillment (vs. 30, 31, 39), the fact that the 78 Studies in the Old Testament. Hebrew conjunction between the clauses in vs. 31 can be rendered "or," so that passage would read *^it shall be Jehovah's (if a person), or I will offer it up for a burnt- offering" (if an animal proper for sacrifice), makes it possible to consider the result as her devotement to celibacy. Yet it is to be recognized that many hold that her life was taken to make complete the demands of her father's vow in that age. General References. Blaikie, 193-205, 21^215 ; Ottley, 101-119 ; Barnicott, 56-67 ; Beardslee, 55-59, 173-176; Burney, 19, 37, 40, 79, 80; Matheson, II, 128-171 ; W. B., 45-91 ; Brown, 29-49 ; Price, 129-181 ; Pater- son, entire. STUDY vm.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Judg. xvi, 80. Eead Judg. xvi^ 15-31. ]S"ote Smith on Samson: *'We see at one sweep of the eye all the course in which this uncurbed strength, at first tumbling and sporting with laughter like one of its native brooks, like them also ran to the flats and the mud, and being darkened and be- fouled, was used by men to turn their mills."* Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. God's discipline for purity and strength. Deut. viii, 2; Judg. ii, 21, 22 ; iii, 1, 2, 4 ; v, 23 ; vii, 7 ; xiii, 4, 5 ; Ruth ii, 11, 12; Job V, 17 ; xxiii, 10; Psa. cxix, 67. 2. Deborah and her ideal of national unity. Judg. v, 1-23 ; Blaikie, 197, 198; Ottley, 103, 107, 108; Paterson, 17-19; Smith, 396, 397 ; Kittel, History of the Hebrews, II, 74, 75. 8. A study of Gideon's call and his selection of the three hundred. Judg. vi, 11— vii, 8 ; Ottley, 109-111 ; Paterson, 22-26 ; Smith, 397-399. 4. Points of weakness in Samson^s character and work. Blaikie, 204; Paterson, 50, 51, 55, 56. 5. Lessons to be gathered from Ruth's devotion. Ruth i, 16, 17; Ottley, 117; Matheson, II, 140, 141; Bib. Ency. 6. Garments and ornaments in the time of the Judges. Judg. iii, 16; v, 30; viii, 24-26; xiv, 12; xvii, 10; Ruth iii, 3, 15 ; Hast. Bib. Diet., arts. " Dress," " Ornaments." 4 Hist. Geo. H. L., 222. Hebrew Nation Builders. 79 STUDY VIM.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Judg. xvii, 13. Eead Judg. xvii; xxi, 20-25. These selections from the two closing narratives of Judges will illustrate the disorganized religious and social state of the times. The dates of the events are thought by many to have been early in this period.^ Questions for Written Answers. 1. Can you mention five important cities which were not a once taken by the Hebrews (Judg.Jj? 2. Will you give a list of the six or seven principal judges , ^ Llxi^jJUj in the early period ?^^ ■ ,.,, , , . , - j.... ..... . -^ /^..^v- r/t>M*X<^ f^^^TllJ^ 3. Who are the three or four leading women characters in A ^M^-**"****^ the lesson?"? . f-i^fvl--' - ■ ^-. - ■■^- ■'.'' X) ^^ ''..'-^ (]}J^..iJjM-^ 3. What happened to the ark during his earlier life ? J '^-'h*^' S "^ 4. In what two places was the tabernacle probably kept ^ ^, ^ ^ y after it was removed from Shiloh ? See Narrative. Xt-lv^ M.- <■ ^t.^^iA***^ *(f^=^.f^ j f^ 5. What three kinds of service did Samuel render in Israel? l^-^t-j^^v.^fw^^'.^^^^ 6. What two men did he anoint as kings ? 6.^*,^^ afflicted ; 6. The ark restored ; 7. Ebenezer ; 8. Asking for a king; 9. Saul chosen; 10. Saul anointed; 11. Saul conquers Ammonites, confirmed; 12. Samuel's farewell; 13. At Mich- •J^ash, Saul's unlawful burnt-offering; 14. Battle of Michmash, »Mi4fc^-^' Jonathan saved ; 15. Affair of the Amalekites, Saul rejected 16. David anointed king, plays before Saul; 17. David and ^^JyJfJjt, Goliath; 18. Saul jealous of David, David marries Michal; 19. David helped by Jonathan and Michal, meets Samuel ; 20. Jona- ^flM^ /Hr f'/V»'t#*VH4han's fidelity to David ; 21. David with Ahimelech and Achish ; /^' -hiA/^LiilAJ ^^ 22. Cave of Adullam, crime of Doeg and Saul ; 23. David in the * • f' South Country ; 24. Engedi, David spares Saul in the cave ; 25. '**^ ^ David kept from killing Nabal, marries Abigail and Ahinoam ; _ I . .1 26. David spares Saul at Ziph; 27. David at Gath and Ziklag; 28. Saul with the Witch of Endor ; 29. David's return from the north; 30. Recaptures wives, divides spoil; 31. Saul and his burial at Jabesh-gilead. 'C^.AC*v.^ "t '^>-' sons slain Day. ^' i*^^ STUDY X.— Third / "^Read 1 »am. xiii. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xiii, 19. Read 1 Sam. xiii. The first serious false step of Saul is his offering of sacrifice, instead of waiting the coming of Samuel. * o^tV ,eEZER 6IBE0N ^.^ A \^°^AH^<^'>^ JERUSALEM 'I t^ / ^ASHDOD^'i'o OBETH-SHEMESH GATHo'UeyoFELft* (^ /o ASHKELON SOCOH° DAVID ; G0trA°TH I sam.xvii,!,! BETHLEHEM ADULLAM LACHI5H HEBRON, DEADg SEA GAZA ZIKLAG MAONo ENGEDI/ O Oj ZIPH ' Map 11. Philistdtes, Samson, David, Saul. Suggestions for Map Work. Make a map of the territory of Philistia and the South Country; study the physical features of each, as the Maritime Plain, the Shephelah, and the Negeb; locate Hebrew National Life. 91 the five Philistine cities, and Ziklag, AduUam, Ziph, Maon, and Engedi. See Maps 1 and 11 and Map L in text-book ; Blaikie, Map 3 ; Ottley, Maps 4, 5 ; MacCoun, I, 15-18, 40, Maps 16-18, 40; II, 39, 40, Maps 83, 84. STUDY X.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xv, 22. Read 1 Sam. xv, 1-23. The willfulness and presump- tion of Saul now causes his rejection. Mr. Moody well remarks, ** Sacrifice without obedience is sacrilege." General References. Blaikie, 222-229 ; Ottley, 125-135 ; Barnicott, 71-81 ; Beards- lee, 60-62; Burney, 30, 41, 51, 81, 82, 87: Matheson, II, 172-194; Price, 131-133 ; Salmond, 80-104 ; Sinker, 1-60. STUDY X.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Sam. xxviii, 6. Read 1 Sam. xxviii, 3-19. Perhaps there is no better evidence that a genuine religious experience was the fundamental lack with Saul than his desperate plunge into the occult in this supreme crisis. Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in ^ Class-work. ^^^^ ^^^- 1 ^(i, Am, ^M' t n'J^^^ ' 1. Divine penalty for impiety /lud sacrilege. Lev^x, 1^ 2 ; ^ ^ }%J^i"^ f'H^^vi Num. iv, 20; x vii i^7 ; 1 Sam. ii, 30V*V|.19;-^iii, 9, 12-14; xv, 22, ^.^.^ J ^ i^ ' ' Sg, 28 ; 2 Jai&Jri..^,7 ; Jer. xxxvi, 23,"29-31. -C^-^^. ""^\ ' 2. Scenes light and dark in Saul's life. Blaikie, 223-229 ; // "^-^-v^v Ottley, 125-135 ; Barnicott, 71-81 ; Matheson, I, 265-270 ; II, 173, 185, 186; Salmond, 80-103; Sinker, 11-61. 3. Jonathan. Matheson, II, 172-194; Sinker, 24-42; Knox- Little, 28-37, 43, 44, 61. 4. The Philistines. Blaikie, 179 ; Price, 130-133 ; Bennett, 21 ; Sinker, 3,4. 5. Jabesh-gilead. 1 Sam. xi, 1-11; xxxi, 11-13; Blaikie, 224, 225, 228, 239; Bib. Diet. 6. Armor and weapons of war at the founding of the mon- archy. 1 Sam. xiii, 19 ; xvii, 5-7, 38-40, 49 ; Judg. xx, 16 ; 1 Sam. xviii, 4; xx,38,40; xxxi, 3; 2Sam. i, 18; Sinker, 23; Bib. Diet., **Armor,'' etc. STUDY X.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Chron. x, 13. Read 1 Chron. x. The account of Saul's death, as given in vs. 4, 5, and in 1 Sam. xxxi, 4, 5, differs from the 92 Studies in the Old Testament. story of the Amalekite recorded in 2 Sam. i, 6-10, but it is thought that he made up his account as he supposed would secure him favor with David. ^ Questions for Written Answers. 1. How were the Israelites at fault in asking for a king, since God told Samuel tp hearken to their request ? See Nar- rative. >*>^' 1^;--^'-^ ''; r- ■'^.^^'j.t '' ;; >. >,.... 2. What were some of the favorable qualities of Saul ? /"^ ■' ^ 3. In what lay the chief cause of his failure ? ^^'^ 'J i^ ^ f^ K / ' ^ 4. How would you describe the character of Jonathan ? '/A^-ftX''t^ '^ 5. What are spme of the evidences that he gave of his love » 'iAAXjiS^Aj^yjJL for David ? ^ r-i-tf'-^^ ^-^J^.^ -H L ■ a<'--' i ''. ^.«^*4*^ a-"Hi^ -"^^''^'^ ^ '" ' * 4. What two nien mainly .hel^ together Northern ^Tsrael during this time?^/^ t' -M-i-' 4 y. Q,^^-S ■•[_ • - / ^-^ 7-' ' 5. Who was David's leading general? ; . ' 6. Can you briefly give the character and influence of David? STUDY XI. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, 1 Chron. xvii, 7. Eead 1 Chron. xvii, 1-15. When David purposed to build a house for God, he was rewarded by God's prom- ise to build David's house so that it should last forever. Personal Thought. " I have found David ... a man after my heart.'* (Acts xiii, 22.) Hebrew National Life. 99 Why does Paul state that, in substance, God says this of David ? Not because David was perfect, but because, as Paul adds, he met the Divine condition: he *' shall do all my will." Am I trying in this way to be one after God's heart ? PART v.— TW1E3LPTH W^EBK. SOLOMON. Contrasted Missions of David and Solomon. Judgments of Necessity or Policy. Solomon's Alliances aad Popularity. STUDY XII. — First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings i, 39. Eead 1 Kings i, 32-40. Narrative. That the mission opening to Solomon was in marked contrast with that of David was clear from ^'fhe word of Jehovah," which came to David, saying, *'Thou shalt not build a house unto my name, because thou hast shed much blood. . . . Behold, a son shall be born to thee, who shall be a man of rest; . . . and I will give peace and quietness unto Israel in his days" (1 Chron. xxii, 8, 9). Briefly stated, the work of Solomon in its national aspect was the fortification and consolida- tion of the empire left by his father. He was not to be a man of war, but a builder, developer, and administrator. It seemed to be the sad policy or necessity of the one coming to the throne in those times, before anything like modern constitutional guards and powers existed, to put out of the way those who might endanger his govern- ment. So Solomon, though he appeared ready to act fairly, soon brought about, for one cause and another, the execution of Adonijah, Joab, and Shimei, and sent Abiathar the high-priest to abide at Anathoth, thus end- ing the service of the line of Eli, and putting Zadok, of another priestly family, in his place. 1 Kings ii. The period of David and Solomon was peculiarly fav- orable for the expanded kingdom of the Hebrew people, because both Egypt and Assyria were at a low ebb. All the more easily was Solomon able to make an alli- ance by marriage with the Pharaoh of the twenty-first dynasty, who ruled the Delta, with his capital at Zoan.^ 1 Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 460. 100 Hebrew National Life. loi The Egyptian princess brought as her dowry the Canaanite city of Gezer, northwest of Jerusalem, which shows to how late a date the claim of Egypt over some part of the promised land continued. Solomon also entered into close political and commercial relations with Hiram, king of Tyre or Phoenicia. Moreover, the young king's desire for wisdom and "an understanding heart" to judge his people, and his quickness and depth of insight, seen in his solution of the case of the two women claiming the same child, gave him strength in his administration. 1 Kings iii; v, 12; ix, 10-14, 16. The way was thus prepared for the great building era his Great of Solomon's reign. The best view now adopted by many ^""^'"^ ^"^ scholars is that the early fortress of Jebus and the city of Temple. David, or Zion, which succeeded to it, were on Ophel, the southern part of the eastern ridge of the site of Jerusalem, south of what became the temple area.^ The new and extensive palace buildings of Solomon were erected north of the city of David, so that they were on the southern part of Mt. Moriah, and the temple site adjoined them on the north. Hiram greatly aided these undertakings, by furnishing skilled designers and overseers and a large part of the material. The temple was begun in the fourth year of Solomon's reign, or 973 B. C, and finished in seven years, while the palace buildings were thirteen years in process of erection. The offerings at the dedication of the temple were most extensive, and Solomon's dedicatory prayer was peculiarly appropriate and impressive. 1 Kings v — viii ; 2 Chron. ii — vii. At a later time, the Queen of Sheba, now known to be Expansion of Saba, in south Arabia,^ visited Solomon, and was deeply l^""® *"*! ^ _______ ' ' ^ -^ Fortune but Shadowed ; 2 Driver, art. "Jebus;" C. Warren, art. " Ophel;" T. W. Davles, art. Ending. "Temple;" O. W. Wilson, art. "Zion," (aU in Hast. Bib. Diet.); Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 465-467; Kent, History of the Hebrew People, The United Kingdom, 144, 145, 190 ; G. A. Smith, Encyclopaedia Biblica, 2418. 3 Sayce, Early History of the Hebrews, 459, 460; Winterbotham, 76-78. I02 Studies in the Old Testament. moved by the glory of his kingdom and his wisdom. The king also laid the foundation of the proverbial literature of Israel. Not only were the walls of Jerusa- lem extended and its water supply more fully provided for, but at strategic points cities were fortified, equipped with arsenals, and garrisoned. Extending from north to south, these centers of defense were Hazor, Megiddo, Baalath, Beth-horon, Gezer, and Tamar. The last named guarded the road to Ezion-geber, Solomon's port on the eastern arm of the Eed Sea. The Phoenicians furnished sailors for the king's trade-fleet.* Important lines of land commerce were developed. Horses and chariots became a feature of the royal establishment, and were also brought from Egypt and sold to the peoples to the north. Gold, silver, precious stones, ivory, garments, armor, spices, rare woods, horses, mules, apes, peacocks, were among the objects of traffic and tribute. Wheat and oil were supplied to Tyre, in return for the services rendered by her king and people. This almost unpar- alleled change, in a single generation, in the economic conditions of the kingdom involved such a rigid division of the population into great working companies, under hundreds of overseers or taskmasters, and called for the districting of the territory and such burdens of taxation for all the Hebrews except the favored tribe of Judah, that a reaction was sure to occur. Leaders of revolt gradually arose in some of the subject territory. The prophet Ahijah and overseer Jeroboam showed how restless were some of the Israelites, especially of the Ephraimite wing of the nation. Solomon's vast harem of the women of various races, with their altars to other gods on Mt. Olivet and sacrifices, led the heart of the king astray, so that his reign closed with a measure of shadow over its brighter morning and noontide. But, without doubt, the crystallizing of such vast material 4 Ball, Light from the East, 196, 197, sliows ancient ships from the monuments. Hebrew National Life. 103 resources in temple and palace, and in strengthening the capital and the frontier, formed a step in perpetuating the coming kingdom of Judah, and so making her the candlestick to send the light of the Hebrew prophets down the ages. The time of Solomon's reign was forty years, from 977 to 937 B. 0/ 1 Kings iv, ix— xi; 1 Chron. i, 14-17 ; viii, ix. Like the ruin of some great temple the career of Solomon stands before us, its chief grandeur being in its suggestiveness of a departed glory. The prayer of his early manhood was expressed in the request, "Give thy servant therefore an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I may discern between good and evil." How far, alas, did he depart in later years from this noble w^ish ! It is the case of a man being destroyed by worldly prosperity — a warning to every one. STUDY XII. — Second Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings iii, 7. Eead 1 Kings iii. If Solomon had kept himself in the humble and reverent spirit with which he began his reign, it is not easy to say what true glory would now attach to his name. Scripture Outline. 1 and 2 Kings: (1) The reign of Solomon, 1 Kings 1— xi; (2) The two kingdoms, to 722 B. 0., 1 Kings xii— 2 Kings xvii ; (3) The kingdom of Judah, to 586 B. C, 2 Kings xviii— xxv. STUDY XII.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings vi, 7. Eead 1 Kings v. 1-8, 17; vi, 1-7. The Memory Verse may teach the great truth that the most impressive and enduring public work is always carefully prepared for in private. 5 Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 401, column (c). 104 Studies in the Old Testament. Suggestions for Map Work. Make a simple map or plan of the early City of David, and then show the addition to it of Solomon's palace buildings, the temple area, and the new city walls. See Map 13 in text-book; MacCoun, II, 42-45, and Maps 86-88» Map 13. Early Jerusalem. a.— David's House. 6.— Solomon's House of the Forest of Lebanon, c— Triple and Double Gates. tZ.— Royal Palace, e.— Harem, s.— Altar. «.— Temple. STUDY XII. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings viii, 27. Read 1 Kings viii, 1-30. Solomon connects a noble thought with the temple, asking that it may above all else inspire and bring assurance of answer to prayer. General References. Blaikie, 257-266 ; Ottley, 150-158 ; Barnicott, 86-90 ; Beards- lee, 65-70; Burney, 39, 51, 61; Matheson, I, 283-303; Brown, 62-81; Price, 136-139; Winterbotham, entire. Hebrew National Life. loj STU DY XM.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Ohron. ix, 2. Eead 2 Ohron. ix, 1-12. Research is more and more clearly disclosing conditions in the long past in this Arabic region of Saba, confirming the points of the prominence of women and abundance of the products which the queen brought to Solomon. Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-wortc. 1. God is the hearer of prayer. Ex. iii, 7 ; 1 Sam. i, 27 ; 1 Kings viii, 30, 38, 39, 41, 42 ; 2 Chron. vi, 40 ; Psa. Ixv, 2 ; Prov. XV, 29 ; Matt, vii, 7 ; Acts x, 30, 31 ; James v, 16 ; Eev. viii, 3, 4. 2. Gain and loss of the new civilization which Solomon gave the Hebrew nation. Blaikie, 262-266; Ottley, 152-157; Price, 136-139. 3. Ground plan of Solomon's Temple. Hurlbut, 71 ; Hast. Bib. Diet. IV, 697-C99. 4. Kingdom of Sheba or Saba. Blaikie, 259; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. *' Sheba." 5. The plant and tree world of Palestine and Phoenicia. 1 Kings iv, 33 ; v, 8 ; vi, 29-34 ; x, 27 ; Blaikie, 209 ; Bib. Diet. STUDY XII.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xi, 6. Read 1 Kings ix, 15-19, 26-28; xi, 6-12. It is here seen that the glory and luxury of Solomon's kingdom were purchased at too great a price, and in the end led to the renewed desire of the northern tribes to be free from the burdens which had come to them by their union with Judah. Questions for Written Answers. 1. In what ways is the reign of Solomon chiefly to be con- trasted with that of David ? :: 2. With what two important powers did he come into alliance? , >^ ' -( - . - '■ 3. What datfe is given for the founding of the temple? O 4. How long was it in process of building? 5. What are some of the products of trade and tribute that show the opulence of Solomon? 4^' : 6. What are some of the wrbng and weakening factors in his life and government? io6 Studies in the Old Testament. STUDY XII.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Psa. Ixxii, 10. Read Psa. Ixxii. Davison says that this psalm "was probably written during the heyday of monarchical power," but that it is likely that it was entitled "of Sol- omon," because it seemed to befit his circumstances, while the only real correspondence to its exalted vision is Christ.^ Personal Thought. "The queen of the south shall rise up in the judg- ment with this generation, and shall condemn it : for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, a greater than Solomon is here." (Matt, xii, 42.) If the queen of Sheba came to Solomon that he might answer "all her questions" and give her "all her desire" (1 Kings X, 3, 13), will not I be forever condemned at the day of judgment if I have not brought the needs of my immortal soul to Christ ? 6 Davison (Psa.), PART v.— THIRTEENTH TATEEK. REHOBOAM AND JEROBOAM. STUDY XIII.— First Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. x, 15. Read 2 Chron. x, 1-15. Narrative. The first impression in reading the Biblical account cauge« for Judah Israel. of the division of the Hebrew people into two kingdoms *'"**"*' ""^ after the death of Solomon is that it was due to the harsh words of Rehoboam, in answering the request of his subjects that their heavy yoke of service might be lightened. But a close attention to the record shows other and deeper causes. There had probably never been a genuine union of northern and southern Israel. The Ephraimite section had enjoyed the prestige of leadership for long periods at earlier times, and claimed such notable names as those of Joshua, Deborah, Barak, Gideon* Samuel, and Saul. It was a peculiar situation of weak- ness, aided by the assassination of Ishbosheth and Abner, that led the northern tribes to put themselves under the magnetic David, after he had been king of Judah for over seven years and had paid special honor to the memory of Abner. Then his campaigns with his united forces so completely delivered the north as well as the south from any further danger from the Philistines, and so extended the boundaries of Israel on the northeast that the northern tribes would naturally be loyal to him during his lifetime. Yet, after the rebellion of Absalom was crushed, they all but broke away through jealousy of Judah (1 Kings xix, 40 — xx, 2.) When the first glamour of the career and policies of arowin^ dis- Solomon was past, the Ephraimites found that their ^•^y*^*^""'**'" tribal organizations were ignored. Districts for taxation, 107 io8 Studies in the Old Tes tament. classes to supply vast levies of food for the king's court, and companies to attend on his pleasure were formed, while the treasures of the whole realm were poured into the lap of Judah and Jerusalem. It is not strange that Ahijah, a prophet of Ephraim, and Jeroboam, "a mighty- man of valor " among her sons, who, by his position as overseer of task- work could observe the burdens laid on the people, should be the first to take steps for relief. Jeroboam's attempt to do this during the reign of Solo- mon failed, and he fled to Egypt and found refuge with Shishak, first king of the twenty-second dynasty. (1 Sam. viii, 10-18; 1 Kings iv, 9-28; v, 13, 14; xi, 26-40.) Divine It also seoms probable that God had in view in per- un)o»e. mitting the division to occur the more thorough sifting out and training of a true spiritual Israel of the future. The united kingdom had taken a wrong direction, and Solomon's many foreign alliances by marriage with those who brought in shrines to other gods, his luxury and extravagance making necessary the oppressive taxation and toil of the masses, were fast turning the Israelite commonwealth into another Oriental despotism like those around it. The division into two kingdoms ruled out the possibility of a great Jewish Empire; south and north exercised a check upon each other, in part at least, as one or the other was more true to Jehovah; and the comparatively slight weight of either in world politics enabled the prophets rather than the sovereigns to mold the destiny of the Hebrew people. Two Kingdoms After the death of Solomon, Eehoboam, his son, and Ertent**' successor to the throne, "went to Shechem " (1 Kings xii, 1), perhaps that he might be more sure that the northern Israelites would have a part in his inauguration. Jeroboam had probably been sent for to come out of Egypt, and was at hand. When, therefore, Eehoboam, after three days, gave a rough and exasperating reply to the request of the people that their burdens under his father should be lightened, the conditions were ripe, and Hebrew National Life. 109 the ten tribes revolted and formed the Northern Kingdom, with Jeroboam at its head. Adoram, an overseer or tax collector, was stoned to death, and Eehoboam fled to Jerusalem. The kingdom of Israel included, east of the Jordan, Eeuben and Gad; and, beginning about five miles north of Jerusalem, most of Benjamin; then to the northward, Ephraim, Manasseh, Issachar, Zebulun, Naphtali, Dan, and Asher, with about 9,400 square miles of territory and three and one-half million popula- tion.^ The tribe of Judah had practically absorbed the Simeonites, and many of the priests and Levites from the north, at the time of the disruption, left their cities and suburbs and went to the Southern Kingdom. Perhaps some part of the tribe of Dan, as well as southern Benjamin, may also have been merged with Judah, but the total was . not more than one and three- quarters of a million population in about 3,400 square miles of territory.^ 1 Kings xii, 1-20; 2 Chron. x. Eehoboam assembled a large army, but Shemaiah, awaruke prophet, restrained him from war, and the force returned ^®v«™«"**- to their homes. Later, the king fortified many towns, and placed his sons over the garrisons. In his fifth year, Shishak invaded Judah and carried off treasure from the palace and temple, and his inscription at Karnak shows that he also took cities of the Northern Kingdom. Jeroboam's capitals were Shechem and probably Tirzah, Tendencie* in with an auxiliary center at Penuel, east of the Jordan. He 3*^^^^°'^*'*'^° made religious centers of Bethel and Dan, setting up calves of gold as symbols of Jehovah and consecrating priests not of the line of Aaron, that he might keep his people from go- ing up to Jerusalem. In this way his name is linked with this worship, as the one who *'made Israel to sin," and he was restrained by a prophet from Judah, when burning incense, by having his hand withered, and then restored. When Abijah, the young son of Jeroboam, was sick, the mother went disguised to see the aged and blind prophet, iBarnlcott, 93; Walker, 13; Given, 12; Hurlbut, 87. no Studies in the Old Testament. Ahijah, at Shiloh, but she was at once known, and the prophet had only a sad message to send back by her to the royal home at Tirzah, a few miles northeast of Shechem. Faith of Only the Chronicler gives particulars of a war between Jeroboam and Abijam, the son and successor of Eeho- boam. The young Judean king is represented as winning^ a great battle with an army only half as large as Jero- boam's, because "the children of Judah" "relied upon. Jehovah, the God of their fathers." The dates for the reigns of Eehoboam and Abijam are 937-920 and 920-917 B. C, and for that of Jeroboam, 937-915 B. C 1 Kings xii, 21— xv, 8; 2 Chron. xi— xiv, 1. Jehovah the Real Issue Division was the inevitable consequence of such a career as that of Solomon. Inviolable justice and genuine love alone form **the bond of perfectness" (Col. iii, 14) whether of individuals or communities. STUDY XIII. — Second Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xii, 24. Read 1 Kings xii, 16-33. Jeroboam did not probably intend to abandon the religion of Jehovah, but his use of the calf images was as misleading as Aaron's making of one was at Sinai. Scripture Outline. 1 and 2 Chronicles :' (1) Genealogical record from Adam to the times of David, 1 Chron. i — ix ; (2) David's reign, foUowing the death of Saul, 1 Chron. x— xxix ; (3) Solomon's reign, 2 Chron. i— ix ; (4) Division of the kingdom and annals of Judah till the return from captivity, 2 Chron. x— xixvi. 2 Hast. Bib. Diet., I, 401, columns (c) and (/). 8 The Books of Chronicles are very distinct from the Books of Elng8» being written from the point of view of the temple service, and at a later date than Kings. They also aim, after the time of Jeroboam, to. cover only the kingdom of Judah. See Fifth Day, Topic 4. Hebrew National Life III STUDY XIII.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xiii, 6. Kead 1 Kings xiii, 1-6^ 33, 34. The point to be noted is the slight impression which even the withering and healing of Jeroboam's hand seems to make on him. Suggestions for Map Work. Outline the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah, plac- ing in the former, Shechem, Tirzah, Jezreel, Penuel^ Map 14. Aftee Time op Solomon. Jabesh-Gilead, and Bethel and Dan; in the latter, Jeru- salem, Aij^alon, Azekah, Mareshah, and Lachish (2 Chron. xi, 7, 8), as showi^ig^he line of defense on the western border. See Maps 3 and 14 in text-book ; Ottley, Map 5. 112 Studies in the Old Testament. STUDY XII!.— Fourth Day. Memory Yerse, 1 Kings xiv, 15. Eead 1 Kings xiv, 1-6, 12-16. As AMjah. was the first to show to Jeroboam, then a "young man," that he was to be king (1 Kings xi, 28-31), so now in the prophet's old age he has to show the judgments that are coming on the king's family. General References. Blaikie, 266-273, 303, 304 ; Ottley, 158-161 ; Barnicott, 90-96, 111 ; Beardslee, 208-215 ; Bumey, 39, 46, 47, 86 ; Price, 140-142 ; Given, 9-17 ; Walker, 9-30. STUDY XI M. — Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xiv, 25. Eead 1 Kings xiv, 21-31. The sinful and idolatrous practices of the Kingdom of Judah are faithfully recorded, and the chastisement through the invasion by Shishak, who carried off a large part of the rich treasures accumu- lated by Solomon. Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment In Class-work. 1. God fulfills his word. Josh, xxi, 45; 1 Kings viii, 56; xii, 15 ; xiii, 3, 5, 26, 32 ; 2 Kings x, 10 ; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 21 ; Psa. cxxxviii, 2 ; Isa. xl, 8 ; Matt, xxiv, 35 ; Rev. xviii, 17. 2. Rehoboam as molding the future of Judah. Blaikie, 303, 304 ; Given, 13-15. 3. Jeroboam a fateful founder of the Kingdom of Israel. Blaikie, 271-273: Ottley, 160, 161 ; Barnicott, 95 ; Winterbotham, 84-86 ; Walker, 15-30. 4. Books of Kings and Chronicles — points of likeness and contrast. Beardslee, 65-70, 208-215; Bib. Diet. 5. Shishak and his inscription at Karnak. Blaikie, 303, 304; Price, 140-142. 6. Places and objects connected with worship, such as "calves," **high places," "pillars," **Asherim." 1 Kings xii, 28— xiii, 5 ; xiv, 9, 15, 23 ; 2 Kings xvii, 7-17 ; 2 Chron. xiii, 8-11 ; Burney, 40-47 ; Bib. Diet. STUDY XIII.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xiii, 10. Eead 2 Chron. xiii, 1-12. Twofold more men than his foe, handled with careful strategy, can not cause Hebrew National Life. 113 Jeroboam to " prosper " because he is fighting "against Jehovah!" (vs. 12). Questions for Written Answers. 1. What were some of the deeper causes leading to the division of the Kingdom of Solomon into Judah and Israel? See Narrative. v^^ ^ • //7*' *^ _ 2. What was the immediate cause ? 3. About how large in area and population was each king- dom? See Narrative. " 4. What steps did Rehoboam take to bring back the ten tribes? /[,_' 5. How did Jeroboam plan to keep his people from going up >^i '- / J X to the temple at Jerusalem? , * ^Y^fSfi^ t A'*^^'^ ' L/t^^MX^f*^ M^ i'iM-JjJLli 6. What foreign king invaded JMah, and tooK some towns of Israel also? See Narrative. ^^^J^J-^L^*-^ , ' K^^.-f' ^ t^^^MAyM*^ ^ nd^felted?!^:^^ ^ W / f (1 7. By whom was Jeroboam defeated? .pfJ-^ STUDY XI 1 1.— Seventii Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xiii, 15. Read 2 Chron. xiii, 13-20. The large numbers in the references to troops in this chapter, as well as some of the numbers in other chapters, seem to be round figures, indicating perhaps relative strength, where exact numbers were not known. Personal Thought. **He humbled himself . . . moreover, in Judah there were good things found." (2 Chron. xii, 12.) In times when men and communities seem given up to sin, God through chastisement or other agencies can arouse the good. Do I have unfailing confidence in God's power to bring such a transformation ? PART v.— FOURTEENTH "WEEK. THE NORTHEEN KINGDOM TO ITS CLOSE. ties: "House of Omrl STUDY XIV.— First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xv, 29. Read 1 Kings xv, 25-34. Narrative. Israel's The entire period of the kingdom of Israel, from the T**™"® accession of Jeroboam in 937 B. C. to 722 B. C, the date Insecure. ' of the fall of Samaria, is 215 years. It is enough to show the unsettled and unsatisfactory condition of its national affairs to note that during this time of about two hundred years there were nine dynasties and nineteen kings of Israel, while in Judah there were only twelve kings and no change of dynasty.^ Brief Dynas- After Jeroboam and his son Nadab, forming the first dynasty, there came Baasha and Elah his son, the latter of whom, like Nadab, was assassinated after a reign of two years, by Zimri, a captain of Israel's army. Yet Zimri's success was shortlived, for after seven days he was discarded, and Omri another captain secured the support of the army and people, and held the throne for twelve years. At the end of four years Tibni, a rival, was vanquished, and Omri founded the new and strong capital of Samaria, on a commanding hill, in the center of a basin about five miles in diameter, six miles north- west of Shechem. In the earlier Assyrian inscriptions the kingdom of Israel is always called 'Hhe house of Omri.'* On the whole he was an able king, arranging an honorable peace with Syria on the north and Judah on the south, and while he seems to have given further legal support to the religious system of Jeroboam (Micah vi, iBlalkle, 269, 270; Given, 12. 114 Hebrew National Life. 115 16), his dynasty was not doomed like the first two had been, and it included four reigns, covering the years from 889 to 842 B. C A very interesting monument of the times of thisMoaWte dynasty is the Moabite Stone, found at Dibon in 1868 by^*°°®- the Eev. F. Klein, a missionary, and preserved in the Louvre in Paris. "The forms of the letters as they appear on the Moabite Stone show that alphabetic writing must have been long practiced in the kingdom of Mesha. Between the language of the inscription and Hebrew the differences are few and slight," "a proof of the natural- ness of the Biblical language. It was the language of everyday life and thought. "* The inscription records how Israel gained large advantage over Moab in the earlier part of this period, but that later the tide turned and Mesha won successes, and states that he made the monu- ment "to Chemosh at Korkhah," which is Dibon. This deliverance from Israel which he celebrates probably is implied in the closing sentence of the Bible reference to Mesha (2 Kings iii, 27), which says that "there was great wrath against Israel: and they departed from him, and returned to their own land."* Ahab, the son of Omri, brought a new force for evil Ahab, jezebei, into the affairs of Israel by marrying "Jezebel, theJJ?^^^^^ daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Sidonians," and intro- ducing the worship of Baal, so that he " did yet more to provoke Jehovah, the God of Israel, to anger than all the kings of Israel that were before him " (1 Kings xvi, 31, 33). In his wars with Benhadad, king of Syria, he in the end gained the advantage, but seemed to throw it away at once in a lax treaty ; and three years later when he in union with Jehoshaphat of Judah was trying to take Eamoth-gilead from the Syrians, "a certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel between 2 Hast. Bib. Diet., 401, column (/). 8 Sayce, Higher Criticism and the Monuments, 378, 875. 4 See also Pa ton, Syria and Palestine, 218. ii6 Studies in the Old Testament, Jeku'a Policies. Indhw Sum- in«r of the Klngrdoms, and Israel's PaU. the joints of the armor" (1 Kings xxii, 34), and at even- ing he was taken back dead to his capital. During his reign of twenty-two years the Northern Kingdom may be said to have reached the first summit of its strength, and also to have entered upon a period of decline. The con- quering armies of Assyria had already met the ablest combination of these petty states that could well be formed, including a force of 2,000 chariots and 10,000 men furnished by Ahab, and had won a victory at Karkar in 854 B. C. From this time onward, for two hundred and fifty years, Assyria is the controlling world power as affecting both of the Hebrew kingdoms.^ 1 Kings xv, 16 — xxii. The dynasty of Omri and Ahab closed with the reigns of Ahaziah and Joram, and Jehu opened the next series of five rulers with a long reign of twenty-eight years. He seems to have sought to gain favor with Shalmaneser II of Assyria, and possibly to enlist him against Hazael, king of Syria, by paying tribute, as is represented and recorded on the Black Obelisk.® But this only led to increasing exactions, and Israel during this and the two reigns which followed was more and more reduced in extent and resources both by Syria and Assyria. Then came the crushing defeat of Syria by the grandson of Shalmaneser, followed by a period in which Assyria no longer led her armies into the West-land. This was the golden opportunity for the expansion of both Israel and Judah under their respective kings, Jero- boam II and Uzziah, who were on terms of peace, and the two kingdoms together about reached the dimensions of the empire of David and Solomon.' But Tiglath-Pileser III or Pulu (called '* Pul " in 2 Kings xv, 19) renewed the aggressive policy toward the west, and by his campaigns and exactions and those of his successors the kingdom of 5 See especially Price, 150-209; Rogers, II, 72-295. 6 Rogers, II, 81, 82; Price, 15i, 155, and iUustration. 7 Wade, Old Testament History, S5S,S5i. Hebrew National Life. 117 Israel was steadily weakened till at last in 72^ B. C. Samaria fell into the hands of Sargon II, and the sub- stantial part of the Ten Tribes was deported to Assyria and later blended with the foreign population.^ 2 Kings i — xvii. The atmosphere of character is an interesting study. There arc men whose very presence is like the influence of some bog or swamp — it is stifling. Other men seem to be suggestive of the pure, tonic- ful breezes from the mountain tops. We breathe freely when they are about us. To get the touch of the mountain one must go to the mountain; to be suggestive of the heights one must live upon the heights. STUDY XI V.~Second Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xvi, 9. Bead 2 Kings xvi, 1-28. Very rapidly the changes come in the reigning houses of Israel, assassination and extermination cutting off the line of Jeroboam and then that of Baasha after a son of each had reigned but two years. In the second case there was an added cause, for Elah was "drinking himself drunk" (1 Kings xvi, 9) when Zimri slew him. Scripture Outline. Kings of Israel : (1) Jeroboam, 1 Kings xii — xv, 9 ; 2 Chron. X— xiii, 20; (2) Nadab, 1 Kings xv, 25-31; (3) Baasha, xv, 16— xvi, 6 ; (4) Elah, xvi, 6-14 ; (5) Zimri, xvi, 15-20 ; (6) Omri, xvi, 16-28; (7) Ahab, xvi, 29— xxii, 40; (8) Ahaziah, 1 Kings xxii, 40—2 Kings i, 18 ; (9) Joram, 2 Kings iii, 1— ix, 26 ; (10) Jehu, ix, 1— x,36; (11) Jehoahaz, xiii, 1-9; (12) Joash, xiii,9— xiv, 16; (18) Jeroboam II, xiv, 16-29; (14) Zachariah (Zechariah in R. v.), xiv, 29— XV, 12 ; (15) Shallum, xv, 13-15 ; (16) Menahem, XV, 14-22; (17) Pekahiah, xv, 22-26; (18) Pekah, xv, 25-81; (19) Hoshea, xv, 30— xvii, 6; xviii, 9-12. 8 Kent, History of the Hebrew People, the Divided Kingdom, 104-108; Ottley, 192. See, also, Fifth Day, Topic 6. ii8 Studies in the Old Testament. STUDY XIV.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xx, 11. Bead 1 Kings xx, 1-34. The memory verse will be seen to have recorded a well-known proverbial saying. Suggestions for Map Work. Make a map covering Assyria and the region west to the Mediterranean, and locate Samaria, Damascus, Hamath, Nineveh, the Habor Eiver, and Halah. See Map 3 in text-book; Blaikie, Map 4; Ottley, Map. 6. STUDY XIV. — FourtFi Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings ill, 18. Eead 2 Kings iii. The Moabite Stone, bearing the record prepared by king Mesha, who is mentioned in this chapter, is a remarkable witness of that age, and its preservation, even after discovery, is not less wonderful.* General References. Blaikie, 270-299 ; Ottley, 159-192 ; Barnicott, 92-110 ; Beards- lee, 65-69; Burney, 14, 36, 43, 112; W. B., 107-117; Price, 142- 175 ; Walker, 30-96. STUDY XIV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings ix, 20. Eead 2 Kings ix, 11-20; x, 29-36;. The reckless and bloody zeal of Jehu gave no genuine strength to Israel,^" and through Hazael, of Syria, the territory east of the Jordan was taken from the kingdom. (2 Kings x, 32, 33.) Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. The force of example. Gen. iv, 8, 23, 24; v, 24; vi, 9; Num. xiii, 31 ; xiv, 1,2; Josh, xxiv, 15, 18 ; Judg. iv, 8 ; 1 Sam. viii, 19, 20; 1 Kings xv, 26, 34; xxii, 51, 52; 2 Chron. xvii, 3, 4; xxviiii 1, 2. 2. The city of Samaria. 1 Kings xvi, 24; Blaikie, 275, 276 ; Bib. Diet. 3. Brief sketch of Damascus and the early kingdom of Syria. Blaikie, 275, 280; MacCoun, II, 50, and Maps 91, 92. 4. Short account of Assyria and Nineveh. Blaikie, 331-333 ; Ottley, 163-165, 213; MacCoun, II, 52, 53; Rogers, II, 1-295; Murison (B. and A.), 20-59. 9 See Price. 143 and Map 14 in text-book. 10 See Budde, Religion of Israel to the Exile, 124-128. Hebrew National Life. 119 5. The population composing the later Samaria. 2 Kings xvii, 24-41; Blaikie, 299; Ottley, 191 ; Price, 281-286; Walker, 94, 95; Davidson (E. and E.) 44; Skinner, 18-21. 6. The end of the Ten Tribes. Blaikie, 299, 341, 342 ; Price, 175 ; Murison (B. and A.), 34. 7. Jezebel, the Lady Macbeth of the Bible. W. B., 107-114 ; Walker, 48, 49. 8. The Moabite Stone. Blaikie, 282, 283 ; Price, 142-147. STUDY XIV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xiv, 25. Read 2 Kings xiv, 23-29. In the reign of Jeroboam II, according to this passage (vs. 25-27), there was an unrecorded prophecy of Jonah, favorable to the kingdom of Israel. Questions for Written Answers. 1. About what was the length of time covered by the sepa- rate kingdom of Israel? See Nan-ative. Z I v^* ^.^-^\ . ^ J / » 7. What is the date of the fall of the northern kingdom? ? "Ti^ fX> -^ STUDY XIV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xvii, 18. Read 2 Kings xvii, 1-8, 24-33. The final capture or iall of Samaria was not under Shalmaneser IV (vs. 3), but under his successor, Sargon II." Personal Thought. " The children of Israel walked in all the sins of Jeroboam . . . they departed not from them ; until Jehovah removed Israel out of his sight. " (2 Kings xvii, 22, 23.) What an awful record — ^to have the influence of an u Price, 178, 174. Rogers, II, 150, says, " In the year of the accession of Sargon (722 B. C.) Samaria fell, but it is improbable that he had any- thing to do with it in person." I20 Studies in the Old Testament. evil man projected through the entire life of a nation! What direction am I giving to my influence ? 937 DYNASTIES ~] UNITED KINGDOM 90 YEARS elc. B.[c 40 40 iO DYNASTY KINGDOM OF ISRAEL ZI5 YEARS O ^imri.TDays <^A x^ J: 2Tpfe^ JTM 28 DIVIDED KINGDOM HI Band indicates supposed Co-regencies 40 Ahaziah ^F" 29 3_3I q fd g o DAV I D BlC KINGDOM 6FJUDAH 351 YEARS HJ C. CaPtlVltY Jef^oiap r'in.awos- ■jeho dhdz.SMonLhs sa^ Chaet B. Hebrew Monarchies.^ 1 The chart seeks to show the length of reigns by the space given each from left to right. The 215 years for the Kingdom of Israel is not alone the difference between 937 and 722, but also the sum of the several numbers representing length of reigns; 22+2+14, etc. Yet in this total is not included the short reigns of Elah, Zlmri, Zachariah, and Shallum, as their total of about two years and seven months can be used to offset the cases where part of a year has been counted as a year. The figures below the names Baasha and Omrl, 14+10+12, and the space for these two kings mark the point where some scholars think that ten years should be taken from the twenty -four assigned to Baasha and added to the twelve of Omri. For Judah's section, the total of the numbers in the upper space, 17+8+41+25+8+1+6, etc., is 350 years, and the two reigns of three months each toward the close add a pai-t of the 351st year. Of the three co-regencies, that of Amaziah and Uzziah is shown to be 22 years (29—7) ; of Uzziah and Jotham, 14 years (16—2) ; and of Ahaz and Hezekiah, 7 years (16—9). PART v.— PIPTEBNTH WEEK. THE SOUTHEEN KINGDOM TO CAPTIVITY. STUDY XV. — First Day. Memory Verse, 1 Kings xv, 14. Bead 1 Kings xv, 9-24. Narrative. By a striking coincidence there were nineteen kings coincidence in Judah and the same number in Israel during the "*** ^"*"*®** existence of the two nations. But the Northern Kingdom fell in 722 B. C, while the captivity of Judah did not occur till 136 years later, so that the average length of the reigns of the kings of Judah was over seven years longer than that of the kings of Israel. The total length of Judah's history, from the disruption in 937 to the captivity in 586 B. C, is three and one-half centuries. The national life was far more stable in the southern kingdom than in the northern. The kingdom of Judah suffered what might be called Judah's Low four eras of decline, due to the irreligious and evil char- t^^g"*^** acter of certain kings, and three eras of revival, brought about by the greater devotion to Jehovah of other kings. The religious low and high tides of the kingdom form the best key to its political and social condition. The reign of Eehoboam, which was noted in Study Abijam XIII, and that of Abijam, his son, do not mark a serious pj^^^^g"!^ "** decline in the fortunes of Judah. In the short reign influence. of the latter, there was success in the war with Israel ; but the Biblical record shows that each of them stood for an unfavorable influence. The father "did that which was evil, because he set not his heart to seek Jehovah " (2 Chron. xii, 14); and the son *' walked in all the sins of his father which he had done before him " (1 Kings XV, 3). 121 122 Studies in the Old Testament. Upward Trend Then there follow the two long reigns of Asa and Jh** hT^ Jehoshaphat, of forty-one and twenty-five years, forming the first era of revival. " The heart of Asa was perfect with Jehovah all his days" (1 Kings xv, 14); and Jehoshaphat "sought to the God of his father, and walked in his commandments" (2 Chron. xvii, 4). Such words of commendation do not mean that these monarchs made no mistakes, nor even that they were free from sin. Asa, after gaining a notable victory over a vast invading host under Zerah, who was perhaps an Egyptian kingp^ at a later date took the temple treasures and sent them to tho king of Syria to buy him off from aiding Israel, and Hanani needed to bring him reproof as a prophet for his lack of reliance on God.^ The son of this same prophet had likewise to reprove Jehoshaphat for his alliance with Ahab, and Eliezer, another prophet, for his commercial venture with Ahab's son, Ahaziah.* Yet very helpful and uplifting were these reigns as a whole, and Jehoshaphat introduced a new stage in the life of the nation with respect to popular instruction and the securing of justice.^ These four reigns cover 86 years, from 937 to 851 B. 0. i^wer Levels The second era of decline and revival embraces the reigns of eight kings, from Jehoram to Hezekiah, and the usurpation of Athaliah, and covers a period of 154 years. Perhaps the lowest point was reached when, after the son of Jehoram, Ahaziah, had reigned one year, he was slain by Jehu, and his mother, Athaliah, daughter of the hateful Jezebel and Ahab, usurped authority in Judah for six years. Still, this could not easily surpass the misery and disgrace which fell on the kingdom in the reign of the evil Ahaz. The grandson of Uzziah, under whom the nation rose to splendor, he had as his counselor the prophet-statesman, Isaiah, who formed a lOsorkon, II. See 2 Ohron. xlv, 9-15; Sayce, Higher CriMcism and the Monuments, 363, 364. 2 2 Chron. xvl, 7-10; xlx, 1-3; xx, 35-87. 8 2 Ohron. xvii, 7-9; xix, 4-11. of Athaliah •nd Ahaz. Hebrew National Life. 123 link joining the times of Uzziah with those of Hezekiah. But he was so extreme in perverse wickedness, that the Chronicler, in despair of terms, can only say, " This same king Ahaz " (2 Chron. xxviii, 22). Then the strokes of judgment fell. Rezin, king of Syria, made an invasion of Judah, and carried off many to Damascus ; while Pekah, king of Israel, slew a large number of men and took a host of persons captive, but by the eloquent plea of the prophet Oded, they were ministered unto and led back to their own land. Hezekiah, assisted by the great Isaiah, transforms the Hezekiah and kingdom again to one of power and glory; and when •**■**■***• ''"••• Sennacherib, in 701 B. C, in his apparently irresistible campaign, threatens Jerusalem, the king and capital are delivered through an awful visitation of God on the army of the Assyrians. **The angel of Jehovah went forth, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred fourscore and five thousand: and when men arose early in the morning, behold, these were all dead bodies'* (2 Kings xix, 35). Yet the noble monarch of Judah without forethought had already admitted the emissaries of Babylon to view his treasures, thus fixing on Jerusalem the attention of a soon-coming empire in the Euphrates Valley, which, a century later, would destroy the city and carry away his people captive. This second period ex- tends from 851 to 697 B. C. The third period of defection and revival covers 89Ba«e years, from 697 to 608 B. C, and the rule of three kings, vi^^uoiiaii. Manasseh, the bad son of a good father, once more drags the kingdom into the valley of sin and idolatry. But Josiah, his grandson, through the influence of the freshly found Word of Grod, the destruction of false gods and their altars, and the restoring of temple, sacrifice, and Passover, produces the third and most complete revival. However, it seems impossible now fully to purify steady Judah, and at the same time maintain its life as a sepa- ^f^Ii^^t*"^ 124 Studies in the Old Testament. rate nation. One licentious, weak, and almost worthless king follows another in the fourth period of decline; and after twenty-two years, covered by the reigns of four kings, Jerusalem is captured and destroyed by Nebuchad- nezzar, king of Babylon, 586 B. C, and the greater part of the population of Judah passes into captivity. It is far better to be an uncro^vned, kingly man than to be an unmanly king. "Howe'er it be, it seems to me 'T is only noble to be good. Kind hearts are more than coronets, And simple faith than Norman blood." STUDY XV. — Second Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xvii, 9. Kead 2 Chron. xvii, 1-9; xix, 4-11. It is delightful to see growing such influences as are described in these passages as an offset to false worship and war. Scripture Outline. Kings of Judah : (1) Eehoboam, 1 Kings xi, 43— xiv, 31 ; 2 Chron. ix, 31 — xii, 16; (2) Abijam, 1 Kings xiv, 31— xv, 8: 2 Chron. xii, 16 — xiv, 1 ; (3) Asa, 1 Kings xv, 8-24 ; 2 Chron. xiv, 1 — xvii, 1 ; (4) Jehoshaphat, 1 Kings xv, 24 — xxii, 50; 1 Chron. xvii, 1— xxi, 1 ; (5) Jehoram, 1 Kings xxii, 50—2 Kings viii, 24 ; 2 Chron. xxi, 1 — xxii, 1 ; (6) Ahaziah, 2 Kings viii, 24 — ix, 28; 2 Chron. xxii, 1-9 ; Athaliah, 2 Kings xi, 1-16 ; 2 Chron. xxii, 16 — x^iii, 15 ; (7) Joash, 2 Kings xi, 12— xii, 21 ; 2 Chron. xxiii, 11 — xxiv, 27 ; (8) Amaziah, 2 Kings xii, 21 — xiv, 21 ; 2 Chron. xxiv, 27 — xxvi, 1 ; (9) Uzziah, 2 Kings xiv, 21 — xv, 7 ; 2 Chi'on. xxvi, 1-23; (10) Jotham, 2 Kings xv, 7-38; 2 Chron. xxvi, 23— xxvii, 9; (11) Ahaz, 2 Kings xv, 38— xvi, 20; 2 Chron. xxvii, 9— xxviii, 27 ; (12) Hezekiah, 2 Kings xvi, 20— xx, 21 ; 2 Chron. xxviii, 27— xxxii, 33; (13) Manasseh, 2 Kings xx, 21— xxi, 18; 2 Chron. xxxii, 33— xxxiii, 20; (14) Amon, 2 Kings xxi, 18-26; 2 Chron. xxxiii, 20-25; (15) Josiah, 2 Kings xxi, 26— xxiii, 30; 2 Chron. xxxiii, 25 — xxxvi, 1; (16) Jehoahaz, 2 Kings xxiii, 30-34; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 1-3; (17) Jehoiakim, 2 Kings xxiii, 34 — xxiv, 6; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 4-8; (18) Jehoiachin, 2 Kings xxiv, 6-17; Chron. xxxvi, 8-10; (19) Zedekiah, 2 Kings xxiv, 17— xxv, 7; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 10-21. Hebrew National Life. 125 STUDY XV.— Third Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xx, 21. Eead 2 Chron. xx, 20-30. There is given here a vivid illustration of a victory gained by following God's order. Suggestions for IViap Work. Make a map of the Babylonian Empire, place Jeru- salem, Megiddo, Carchemish, and Babylon, and mark the course of the captives of Judah from Jerusalem to Baby- lon. See Maps 1, 3, and 7, in text-book, using sections 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, of the last named: Calkin, 140-146, and Map I; Hurlbut, 92. STUDY XV. — Fourth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xxviii, 15. Eead 2 Chron. xxviii, 1-15. On the record given in the Memory Verse, may be noted these words: *'This beautiful incident comes over our senses as might some strain of soft and happy music amidst the bray of trumpets and alarms of war."* General References. Blaikie, 300-329; Ottley, 162-217; Bamicott, 111-122; Beardslee, 65-92, 107-125, 210-215 ; Burney, 17, 37, 42, 46, 47, 62, 72, 91, 112 ; Matheson,- II, 242-264 ; Price, 144-215 ; Given, 15-93 STUDY XV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xix, 35. Read 2 Kings xix, 14-22, 28, 35-37. The figure of Isaiah appears beside Hezekiah, and then comes the stroke from heaven on the Assyrians, answering to his prophetic word. Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. Divinely -given revivals. Josh, xxiv, 22, 23; Judg. vi, 34, 35 ; 1 Sam. vii, 3-6 ; 2 Sam. vi, 15 ; 1 Kings xviii, 37-39 ; 2 Kings xxiii, 1-3: 2 Chron. vii, 14; xxx, 8-13, 21-23, 26, 27; Neh. viii. 1-3 ; Psa. Ixxxv, 6 ; Joel ii, 28, 29 ; Hosea x, 12. 2. Sketch of Jehoshaphat and his reign. Scripture Outline (4) ; Blaikie, 305-307; Bamicott, 112, 113; Given, 22-34. 4 Quoted In Blaikie, 297. 126 Studies in the Old Testament. 3. Ahaz the wicked. 2 Kings xvi ; 2 Chron. xxviii ; Blaikie, 311; Ottley, 193-197; Given, 53-56. 4. Brief, dramatic picture of Hezekiah and Isaiah meeting the Assyrian threat against Jerusalem. 2 Kings xviii, 13 — xix ; 2 Chron. xxxii, 1-22; Isa. xxii, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii ; Blaikie, 312-317; Ottley, 199-204; Price, 181-193; Given, 59-61.« 5. Young Josiah and the finding of the Book of the Law. 2 Kings xxii, 1— xxiii, 4; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 14-32; Blaikie, 320, 321 ; Ottley, 206-210 ; Given, 67-74. 6. Short story of the new Babylonian Empire and Babylon. Blaikie, 332, 333, 342-354 ; Hui-lbut, 93 ; Rogers, II, 297-381 ; Murison (B. and A.), 60-73. 7. Battles of Megiddo and Carchemish, 608-605 B. C. 2 Kings xxiii, 28-30; xxiv, 7: 2 Chron. xxxv, 20-25; Jer. xlvi, 2, Ottley, 211-213; Rogers, II, 309-314; Davidson (E. and R.), 7-10. STUDY XV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xxii, 8. Read 2 Kings xxii, 1-13; xxiii, 1-6, 21-25. Among the revivals which came to God's people through these centuries, the most thorough is that which resulted from a new forth-shining of the Word of God. Questions for Written Answers. 1. About how many centuries of history had Judah from the disruption to the captivity? See Narrative. 2. How many kings reigned over Judah during this time ? 3. Can you give the names of three kings of Judah that mark periods of revival? 4. What names mark about the lowest depths of the nation's course? 5. What great prophet-statesman stood by Hezekiah against the Assyrians? 6. What new force came in the reign of Josiah? 7. Where and how did this loved king meet his death? 8. When and under what foreign king was Jerusalem destroyed and Judah made captive? STUDY XV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, 2 Chron. xxxvi, 16. Read 2 Chron. xxxvi, 11-21. "No remedy" (vs. 16) against captivity is God's verdict, because Judah*s sin had gone too far. 6 See also G. A. Smith, Isaiah, I, SOS, 374 (Expositor's Bible). Hebrew National Life. 127 Personal Thought. "When the burnt-offering began, the song of Jehovah began also, and the trumpets." (2 Chron. xxix, 27.) Phillips Brooks finds this a text for a noble sermon on "The joy of self-sacrifice.'^ Is self-sacrifice in my life accompanied with song and trumpet ? PART v.— SIXTEENTH ^W:EEK. IN EXILE AND RESTOEATIOX, TO 4 B. C. STUDY XVI.— First Day. Memory Verse, 2 Kings xxv, 12. Eead 2 Kings, xxv, 22-30. Narrative. Time, Place, It is not easy to draw sharp lines, marking either the ?"*tiie Ca*" beginning or end of the exile or captivity of the Jews.* tivity. The period of seventy years, mentioned by Jeremiah * as the length of the captivity, may be reckoned in a general way from the destruction of the temple in 586 to its dedication after rebuilding in 516 B. C, covering just seventy years.* But the first large deportation by Nebu- chadnezzar from Judah of about ten thousand, with king Jehoiachin,* was in 597. The second company of captives when Jerusalem fell, probably numbered 3,855;' and the third, 745, in 581 B. C.« These numbers are all for men, and Kent estimates that they represent, counting women and children, about fifty thousand people.' Others also went to Egypt, especially the com- pany that took Jeremiah with them in 586 B. C, about two months after Jerusalem was destroyed.® Therefore, 1 During the captivity, this term became the name of the Hebrew race, pointing back to the tribe or country of Judah. Bib. Ency. II, 958. 2 Jer. xxix, 10; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 21. 32 Ohron. xxxvi, 21-23 ; Ezra i, 1— ii, 2. Some have made the words of Jeremiah xxix, 10, "After seventy years are accomplished for Babylon,'» to mean the period of special servitude to Babylon, and count it from 606 B. C, when Daniel and other youths were taken to Babylon, to 536 B. O., which is about the date of the first return under Zerubbabel. The " seventy years " of Jeremiah may be taken as a round number, if the dates mentioned do not exactly conform to it. See, also, Blaikle, 862. 42 Kings xxlv, 14-16. 6 Jer. lii, 28, 29 (if " seven " In vs. 28 is for " seventeen "). 6 Jer. lii, 30. 7 Kent, History of the Jewish People^ 17-19. See also Rogers, II, 832. 8 Jer. xlili, 1-8; Davidson (E.& R.), 48, 44. 128 Hebrew National Life. 129 during the time of the exile, the Jews are to be thought of as chiefly in Babylon and Egypt, though a few of the poorest of the people were left in the land "to be vine- dressers and husbandmen." (2 Kings xxv, 12.) Among the greater prophets, Jeremiah was a promi- its Biblical nent factor in all the period leading up to and covering '^®****®°** the early stages of the exile ; and Ezekiel was among the first company mentioned above as going to Babylonia in 597, where his prophetic ministry covered about 693- 570 B. C. The life and work of both are considered in Study XXIII. By many, the latter part of Isaiah, from chapter xl onward, is attributed to a great ''evangelical prophet " toward the end of the exile. ^ The events and characters in Daniel also belong to this period.*" None of the Minor Prophets wrote in the time of the captivity. Probably not a few of the Psalms embody experiences of the exiles. It is thought that then were collected and edited some of the early Biblical books, such as those of Judges, Samuel, and Kings." The exile deeply influenced the Jewish people in the its Effsct on way of weaning them from idolatry, and making religion ^® "'•^'^^ spiritual and individual. The Church, as distinct from the State, was now seen to be possible, and there came to be felt a craving for a collection of the Scriptures and the fellowship of meeting-places like the later syna- gogues. Thus the exile was the birth-time of many principles that make religion what it is to-day. The Eestoration, or bringing back of a sufficient The Return, number of the Jewish people from Babylon to again establish their life and religion in southern Palestine and Jerusalem, was spread over about a hundred years. Cyrus, the king of Elam and then of Persia, had mas- tered the Babylonian Empire in 539 B. C, and through his broad and enlightened policy, the first company 9 0ttley, 228; Davidson (E. «S; R.), 67-70; Klrkpatrick, 351-410. See the question considered In Study XXII. 10 See Study XXIV. U Davidson (E.& R.), 4S. 9 130 Studies in the Old Testament. under Zerubbabel, numbering 42,360, returned about 537 B. C. They erected the altar of burnt-sacrifice, and started other parts of the former services ; but little was done toward rebuilding the temple, until through the appeals of the prophets, Haggai and Zechariah, the work was pushed from 520 to 516 B. C, when the building was finished and dedicated. Ezra v, vi. Work of Ezra, Then fifty-eight years pass by without record, and in JJ^^'^***' ""** 458 B. C, Ezra, with a company of about 1,000, returns and seeks to carry out a reform in the matter of mixed marriage, but with only partial success. Finally, Ne- hemiah, in 445 and again in 433, came with more author- ity from Artaxerxes, the king, and under his leadership, Joined with Ezra, the reform was completed, and the people were pledged to obedience to the Mosaic law. The walls of Jerusalem were rebuilt in fifty-two days, at Nehemiah's first visit. The Book of Malachi comes between this and the second visit, or about 440 B. C, and the historical setting of the book of Esther some- what earlier.^^ Rival Com- The cfEorts of Ezra and Nehemiah to establish the munity of the renewed Jewish center at Jerusalem on a pure basis made Samaritans. it necessary to exclude the grandson of Eliashib from priestly service, and in other ways those who did not agree with the strict standard withdrew, and probably joined the Samaritans in a rival religious community, that has come down in a little group at Nablus, by Mt. Gerizim, even to this day." Extent and The bounds of the country occupied by the Jews l^jjj^^"®"^ *** outside of the city of Jerusalem were now gradually Judaism. extended, but for generations they did not include more than 1,000 square miles, scarcely reaching south to Hebron. Yet during the Persian period, and still more fully in the Greek era, the religious authority of Judaism was accepted in Galilee, and in Perea, east of the Jordan. I2 0ttley (H. p.), 87; Ottley, 244, 245; Price, 264-256. i3Neh.xlil, 4-9, 28-31; Ottley, 241, 242; Skinner, 18-21; Price, 288-290; Davidson (E. "« Proph- ably about thirty-five years. The career of Isaiah, the greatest of the Old Testament prophets, began in the reign of XJzziah; but as the chronology seems to require a co-regency, the public work of Isaiah may not have opened much earlier than that of Micah, though it may have run later. If the dates for Micah's work are, per- haps, about 736 to 700 B. C, those of Isaiah's maybe about 738 to 698 B. C.'* Also, in contrast with Micah, Isaiah is a man of high birth and station, a native of Jerusalem, a statesman in touch with kings and nobles, an orator, poet, and theologian.^ But in their prophetic ideals the two men are kindred 5ociai ideals spirits. Isaiah, equally with Micah, has a noble zeal for dJJ*^!!^*^ social reform ; and he is not afraid of any person or class that stands in the way of it, whether king or priests or nobles or elders or landholders or proud, drunken rioters or great ladies of Jerusalem, with the amazing array of their items of dress and luxury. Isa. i — v. He has splendid visions of the majesty and holiness of The Savioff God; of the saving remnant that is to be sifted out and *^*"""^ ""'*.. ° " Immanucl. developed into the true Israel of the future; of the representative of Jehovah's redeeming power and salva- tion, coming as a child, "Immanuel," . . . "Won- derful, Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace." Isa. vi — xii. Then as a watchman and statesman, viewing the statewnan movements of the peoples and nations, and standing '-^^^'^'^^p- heroically for the deliverance of Jerusalem through the 4 Isa. i, 1; Ottley (H. P.), 80, 88; Kirkpatrick, 533; Driver (Isa.), 13-17, 66-83, 106; Smith, The Book of the Twelve Propliets, I, 362-367; and The Book of Isaiah, I, x— xli, 453, 454. 6 Driver (Isa.), 1-4, 107-116; Kirkpatrick, 144-147. Chapters. 174 Studies in the Old Testament. great seasons of peril from Assyria, the prophet rises to unexampled heights of leadership, both for his country and mankind. Isa. xiii — xxiii, xxviii — xxxix. Later Many scholars, who are careful and reverent in their relation to the Bible, regard it as probable that chapters xl — ^Ixvi of the Book of Isaiah were written by a remark- ably sensitive and spiritual prophet, toward the close of the exile, and that in some way this work, among the most precious and inspired portions of the entire Scrip- tures, came to be joined with the prophecies of Isaiah. In their view, the circumstance that the name of the author has been lost in no way lessens the inspiration and authority of this great prophecy. Isa. xl — Ixvi. " Speaking the truth in love." This is the true model for him w^ho speaks in behalf of God, — to the end of time. STUDY XXII. — Second Day. Memory Verse, Micah vi, 8. Eead Micah v, 2-5; vi, 6-8. On the Memory Verse, Kirkpatrick observes: "In this simple but comprehen- sive summary of man's duty to his neighbor and to God, Micah takes up and combines the teaching of his prede- cessors and his great contemporary. Amos had insisted upon the paramount necessity of civil justice : Hosea had complained that it was not sacrifice, but lovingkindness that God desired: one of the prominent doctrines of Isaiah was the majesty of Jehovah, to which reverent humility on man's part is the fitting correlative."* Scripture Outline. Micah : (1) Prophetic threatenings, i — iii ; (2) Future res- toration, iv, v; (3) God's true standards, vi, vii. Isaiah: (1) Sins of the chosen people, and Divine steps for salvation, i — xii ; (2) Oracles on foreign nations, xiii — xxiii ; 6 Kirkpatrick, 226, 227. Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 175 (3) Tribulation and redemption, xxiv— xxvii ; (4) Warnings and deliverance, xxviii — xxxix; (5) Comfort and restoration^ xl— Ixvi. STUDY XXII.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Isa. v, 4. Eead Isa. v, 1-12. After the touching parable of the vineyard, the prophet shows two chief forms of Israel's failure — the land-sin and the drink-sin. In every age, they are the dangers in times of prosperity. BETH-LE APHRAH? Q .' Mt.Carmel) <^Pproac/l tO Jerusakm MIGROfiJo »H RAMAH /oMICHMAS^H \\ .L A I S H A H and °?>° GEBA dndj . , , , ♦^ ' MADMENAH?,S>o GIBEAHof SAUL ^ NOBg-^^AN^THOT.^- ^SHAPHlfi/--6GATH.^''^C„zfB^«USALEM/ | ZAANAN^, BElTH-EZa/ MAROTH?^^^^ LACHISH^""' 'oADULLAM IdeUo ,/^ MORESHETH-GATH / / ' MARE5HAH / 5\£/l Micah 2,S-/S, picturing Assyrian approach to tJerusaiem Map 17. Assyrian Peru* op Jerusalem. Suggestions for Map Work. Make a map of the Holy Land, and show the towns which mark the stages of Assyrian approach toward Jeru- salem, as thought of (1) by Micah i, 9-15; (2) by Isa. x, 24-34.^ See Map 17 in text-book; MacCoun, II, 54-59. and Maps 97-100. STUDY XXII.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Isa. ix, 6. Read Isa. ix, 1-12. The Syro-Ephraimite league against Judah and King Ahaz's faithless attitude about it kindle gradually, through chapters vii — ix, Isaiah's idea of the Messiah, unfolding from a "child" to the "Mighty God'* (Isa. vii, 14-16; ix, 6). 7 See a fine study of these Usts in Smith, Ths Book of ihe Twelve Prophets, I, 375-385. 176 Studies in the Old Testament. General References. Blaikie, 316, 817 ; Ottley, 183-186, 193-206 ; Barnicott, 131, 132; Beardslee, 70-82, 114-117; Burney, 7-26, 70-90, 100-105, 121; Matheson, II, 265-287; Price, 165-234; Ottley (H. P.), 30-43; Kirkpatrick, 143-235, 351-410 ; Driver (Isa.), entire. STUDY XXM.— Fifth Day. Memory Verses, Isa. xxxvii, 22, 23. Read Isa. xxxvii, 21-29. This is one of the sublime scenes of faith in the history of the world. Well does Ottley say, '*It is unquestionable that, if the existence of the kingdom of Judah was prolonged for yet another century and a half, this result was mainly due to the energy and foresight of Isaiah.'" What a tribute to the influence of one man, standing firmly with God! Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. God's redeeming sacrifice and constant love. Deut. xv, 15; 2 Sam. vii, 23; Job xix, 25, 26; Psa. xxxiv, 22; Hosea xi, 1, 4 ; Micah vi, 4 ; Isa. xliii, 1 ; xlix, 15, 16 ; liii, 5 ; John iii, 16 ; Rom. viii, 38, 39. 2. A study of land tenure among the Hebrews as bearing on social problems to-day. McCurdy, History, Prophecy, and the Monuments, I, 55; Hast. Bib. Diet., IV, 325, 326; Bib. Ency., n, 1049. 3. The drink evil. Has progress been made against it since the times of Micah and Isaiah? Isa. v, 11, 12, 22, 23; Blaikie, 327. 4. Sketch an imaginary scene of Isaiah hearing Micah prophesy in Jerusalem, and the two men conferring together. Kirkpatrick, 207-210; Adams, 41. 5. A brief analysis of the varied genius of Isaiah. Blaikie, 316, 317; Ottley, 193, 194; Beardslee, 71; Matheson, II, 268- 277; Driver (Isa.) 107-116. 6. Articles of woman's dress, adornment, and luxury in the time of Isaiah. Isa. iii, 16-23; Blaikie, 327, 328; Kirkpatrick, 156. 7. The Messiah and Servant of Jehovah in the prophecies of Micah and Isaiah. Blaikie, 316, 317 ; Beardslee, 76, 117 ; Burney, 101-105, 112-115; Matheson, H, 277-285. 8 ottley, 194. Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 177 STUDY XXII.— Sixth Day. Memory Vei-se, Isa. xl, 1. Read Isa. xl. It would be well to commit to memory verses 1-17, 27-31, of this wonderful chapter. Questions for Written Answers. 1. Why are Micah and Isaiah placed together? See Narra- tive. 2. Can you briefly describe the man, Micah, and his work? 3. What was his effect on Hezekiah? 4. What is his special prediction relating to Christ? 5. About what are the dates for the work of Micah and Isaiah? 6. In what directions does Isaiah show his genius? 7. What great spiritual ideas are brought out in Isaiah xl — Ixvi. STUDY XXII. — Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Isa. liii, 5. Read Isa. liii. This is, perhaps, the most sacred chapter in the Old Testament, because of its lifelike picture of the atoning Christ. Personal Thought. "As one from whom men hide their face he was de- spised; and we esteemed him not.^^ (Isa. liii, 3.) Am I still despising the Christ and esteeming him not, or have I opened the way to him into my will and life? 12 PART Vn.— TWENTY-THIRD "WEEK. JEREMIAH AND EZEKIEL. STUDY XXIII.— First Day. Memory Verse, Jer. i, 10. Read Jer. i. Narrative. Two Priest- According to a Jewish tradition given by Josephus^ Prophets. Isaiah was put to death in the opening of the reign of the wicked Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, by being sawn asunder. In any case, his ministry ended probably about 697 B. C. Seventy years then pass by before another great era of prophetic work begins ; and when it dawns, the nation is in the midst of the reign of Josiah, and not far from the opening of the reform which he sought to accomplish. Again, two notable prophets can be linked together, for Ezekiel doubtless knew Jeremiah, and can almost be called his disciple.^ Both were priest- prophets. j«remiah. Jeremiah was the prophet of Judah's fall. His father's ?^'L?'*B*n'**name was Hilkiah. 'But he is not considered to be the Judah's Poll. high-priest of that name who found the roll of the law in the temple in Josiah's time. The family lived at a village, Anathoth, two and one-half miles northeast of Jerusalem, and one of those assigned to the sons of Aaron. Jeremiah's call came to him in the thirteenth year of Josiah's reign (Jer. i, 2). It found him a young man of a peculiarly timid and sensitive nature, having the most profound and passionate love for his people, and yet placed in God's providence where he must be a prophet, announcing, during most of his long career, the certain doom of his nation, and the destruction of Jeru- salem and the temple. Jer. i. lOttley (H. p.), 52, 58, 68; Kirkpatrlck, 834; Harvey-JelUe, 15, 16. 178 Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 179 Like another Paul, he gave up family joys, feeling Compariion that God said to him that he was not to take a wife ; ^'**' **""'* nor would he, as others, enter into social pleasures (xvi, 2; XV, 17), but consecrated himself to his one great work as a prophet to the nations. In his persecutions and tribulations, he also approaches the record of the apostle to the Gentiles, and like him he could say at the close, '*I have fought the good fight, I have finished the course, I have kept the faith " (2 Tim. iv, 7). From about 626 to 608 B. C, Jeremiah's prophecies Under Josiah. were in the reign of Josiah. It seems strange to find no record that he was connected with this king's reform movement. Perhaps he was too little known as yet to be consulted, or, on his part, the Divine Spirit made it clear that any such outward effort could not change the hearts of the people. So in his early discourses he faith- fully points out the backslidings and evil ways of his countrymen, and warns them especially by a terrible danger from the north (i, 14; vi, 1, 22, 23). This may mean the Scythians, who had swept around Judah not long before, or the Chaldeans,' not recognized by him as yet by name, but who, after the battle of Carchemish in the north in 605 B. C, loomed large in his vision, and were named again and again. About 621 B. C, or five years after Jeremiah's call, Josiah 's reform came, and probably about this time may be placed chapters xi and xii of Jeremiah, and it seems that the men of Anathoth had turned against the prophet so he had to forsake his native place (xi, 18-23). Jer. ii — vi, xi, xii. Josiah was slain at the battle of Megiddo, 608 B. C, Under and Jehoahaz was sent by Pharaoh Necho to Egypt, who then placed Jehoiakim on the throne. He it was who cut the prophetic roll of Jeremiah, consisting of about the first twenty chapters of the present book, into pieces, 2 This is the term used by the prophets, as Isaiah, Jeremiah, Eze- klel, Habakkuk, for the New Babylonian or Chaldean Empire, the power of which was established chiefly by Nebuchadnezzar. i8o Studies in the Old Testament. Toward and during the Siege. Jeremiah's Closing Days. and burned them. Because of his utterances about Jerusalem and the temple, the prophet was assailed by the false prophets and priests, but the people and princes were won to his side (vii, xxvi). Yet, as he continued to present his message in more and more pointed form and symbol, the crisis was reached when he was seized, scourged with thirty-nine stripes, and put in the stocks all* day and night. But now the westward advances of Babylon began to vindicate the prophet. Jer. vii, xxvi, Vlll- Boellof Lamantatloos, -X, xiii — xxi, xxv, xxxv, xxxvi, xlv — ^li. Jehoiakim, the base king, probably perished in 597 B. C, according to the word of Jeremiah. In the same year, after reigning three months, Jehoiachin was de- posed by Nebuchadnezzar and taken to Babylon, together with ten thousand (male) captives of Judah, among them Ezekiel. The weak and troubled reign of Zedekiah cov- ered the last stage of Judah's history before the fall of the capital in 586 B. 0. Jeremiah earnestly sought the good of his people, both in Palestine and Babylon, during these years. This period brought insult from the false prophet, Hananiah, but also his speedy death. Thea came Jeremiah's final imprisonments in dungeon, slimy pit, and guards' court during the siege. Jer. xxii, 20 — xxiv; xxvi — xxxiv; xxxvii — xxxix, 10; Hi. After the fall of Jerusalem, Jeremiah was set at liberty by Nebuchadnezzar, but a remnant of the Jews soon carried him down to Egypt. Even there he still bore faithful testimony for God among the exiles of his race, and tradition says that, like Stephen, whom he somewhat resembles in character, he was stoned to death, perhaps about 580 B. C.^ Jer. xxxix, 11 — xliv. The Book of Lamentations is placed in the Hebrew •Bible among the Writings, and only in the Septuagint inscription is it assigned to Jeremiah. While it is not certain that the five sad poems which form its chapters, and which are written in the elegiac or Kinah measure. SBobsou, 73. Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. i8i are from the pen of Jeremiah, they can be associated with this period of the fall of Jerusalem and the exile. Lam. i — v. Ezekiel was the prophet of the Exile. Erom hisEzekiei. prophecy it can be learned that he was a priest, the son ^^^'^j^J* of Buzi; that he dwelt among the captives at a village called Telabib, on the river or canal Chebar, near Nippur ; and that in the ninth year of his exile, his wife, **the desire of his eyes," died.* Scarcely any other per- sonal items are known of the prophet, but, from the date of his latest prophecy (xxix, 17), it is evident that his service continued until 570 B. C.^ More fully than the older prophets, owing to thePreaciwr conditions of his life, Ezekiel was a preacher and ""** *^"®*®'' pastor, and probably saw the beginnings of synagogue worship in his own home, at least for that Jewish com- munity.^ The inspiring ideals of his work are the glory, name, and holiness of God, and the responsibility of the individual soul.' He largely uses visions, allegories, parables, andstyi«and symbolic actions, and the echoes of his book are dis- }^^*^*"j^*'jjj cernible in the apocalypse of John.® Among his most infiaence. wonderful passages are; the symbols of the Divine glory, in chapter i ; the allegory of the foundling child (xvi); sin personal to the sinner (xviii); description of Tyre's trade and merchandise (xxvii); the watchman (xxxiii) ; the new heart and the indwelling Spirit (xxxvi) ; the valley of dry bones (xxxvii) ; and the restored temple, land, and city (xl — xlviii). His outlook was on all Israel and the nations of that day, and his influence reaches through the ages. 4Ezek. 1, 3; 111, 15; xxlx, 16, 18; Rogers, II, 319. 6 Klrkpatrlck, 836; Driver, Introduction, 289. «Ezek. viil, 1; xlv, 1; xx, 1. 7Ezek. 1, 28; xxxvl, 22, 23; xvlli, 20. 8 Kirkpatrlck, 331, 350; Terry, Moses and the Prophets, 102-108. i82 Studies in the Old Testament. In view of the range of the truths they give, Jeremiah and Ezekiel may be caUed morning-stars of the gospel dispensation. STUDY XXIII.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Jer. vi, 16 (first part). Kead Jer. vi, 11-26. The oppressive weight of sym- pathy on the heart of the prophet has led many to see in him the anticipation of the Christ-spirit. Matheson especially gives the key to the sorrow of Jeremiah, in the fact that *'he puts himself in the place of God," and reflects God's heart-burden over sin. Scripture Outline. Jeremiah: (1) Earlier work, i — xx; (2) False leaders and rulers, and counsels from God, xxi — xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, xlv; (3) During and after the siege, xxxiv, xxxvii — xliv ; (4) Foreign nations, xlvi — li ; (5) Historical appendix, Hi. Lamentations : Each of the five chapters forms an elegiac poem. Ezekiel: (1) Approaching fall of Jerusalem, i— xxiv; (2) Foreign nations, xxv — xxxii ; (3) Israel's restoration, xxxiii — xlviii. STUDY XXIII.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Jer. xxxvi, 28. Eead Jer. xxxvi, 14-32. This passage shows with what obstacles the prophets had to contend. Suggestions for Map Work. Make an outline map, and locate some of the main communities of the exiles, as at Telabib, near Mppur, southeast of Babylon ; and at Migdol, Tahpanhes, Mem- phis, in Egypt (Jer. xliv, 1). See Maps 7, 8, 18 in text- book; Blaikie, Maps 2, 4; Ottley, Maps 2, 6. STUDY XXIII.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Jer. xxxi, 33. Eead Jer. xxxi, 31-34. Commit this remarkable pas- sage to memory. It shows that to Jeremiah is due the very phrase ''New Covenant" or "New Testament" Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 183 BABYLON A R A B I A Map 18. Eastern Biblical Field. •'(v. 31). "He is closer to the Cross of Christ than any pre-Christian man I know."* "In this prophetic ex- pectation of a great display of grace, a new epoch in the liistory of religion begins."^" General References. Blaikie, 321-326, 334, 347; Ottley, 207-225; Barnicott, 120- 123, 131; Beardslee, 82-94, 176-180: Burney, 6, 8, 17-31, 48, 49, 71-90, 106-126 ; Matheson, II. 288-330 ; Price, 88, 204, 211-213, 219,239; Ottley (H. P.), 52-70; Kirkpatrick, 291-350 ; Kobson, •entire; Harvey- Jellie, entire ; Cobern, 7-239. STUDY XXIII— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Ezek. i, 20. Read Ezek. i, 1-21. The four cherub figures, with their four wings and four faces and their accompanying wheels, are to be understood as a great symbol, express- ing the wisdom, power, and free activity of God, as seen in the Divine throne or chariot. 9 Matheson, II, 305. 10 Ottley (H. P.), 61. 184 Studies in the Old Testament. Topics for Personal investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. The work of the Holy Spirit in the Old Testament. Gren. i, 2; vi, 3; Ex. xxxi, 3; Num. xi, 26-29; Judg. vi, 34; 1 Sam. xvi, 13 ; Psa. 1, 11 ; Isa. xi, 2 ; xliv, 3, 4 ; Ixi, 1-3 ; Ezek. xxxvi,. 25-27; Joel, ii, 28, 29 ; Zech. iv, 6. 2. Points in which Jeremiah's heart and experiences sug- gest likeness to Christ. Beardslee, 82, 83 ; Matheson, II, 288- 306; Ottley (H. P.), 59. 3. Brief word picture of the crisis when King Jehoiakim burned Jeremiah's prophetic roll. Robson, 66-71 ; Kirkpatrick^ 295, ?96. 4. The Jews in Egypt tiU 4 B. C. Blaikie, 326, 387-389, 406 ; Ottley, 244-257. 5. Study of some of EzekiePs symbols. Beardslee, 90; Harvey- Jellie, 28, 29; Kirkpatrick, 332, 333; Cobern, 10. 6. The influence of Ezekiel on later Jewish life. Ottley, 223, 224; Beardslee, 91, 92; Matheson, II, 320-328; Cobern, 14, 15. 7. Phoenician civilization illustrated by Ezek. xxvii ; Co- bern, 162-170. STUDY XXIII.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Ezek. xxxvi, 7. Read Ezek. xxxiii, 1-9. On verse 3, Mr. Moody has "Four trumpet calls:" (1) Beware, Ezek. xxxiii, 3; Num. X, 5; (2) Be glad, Num. x, 10; (3) Be useful. Rev. viii, 6 ; (4) Be ready, Ezek. vii, 14 ; 1 Cor. xv, 52. Questions for Written Answers. I Why may Ezekiel be linked with Jeremiah for study? See Narrative. 2. Of what period of Judah was Jeremiah especially the prophet? 3. In what ways can he be compared with Paul? 4. Can you name some of the kings in whose reigns he prophesied? 5. Where was he taken after Jerusalem fell? 6. Of what period was Ezekiel the prophet? 7. What are some of the symbols or illustrations that he 8. What New Testament book is suggested by the writings of Ezekiel? Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 185 STUDY XXIII. — Seventh Day. Memory Verses, Ezek. xxxvi 27. Read Ezek. xviii, 1-4; xxxvi, 25-27; xxxvii, 1-10. Jeremiah had spoken of the *'New Covenant." Ezekiel, in the passages set to be read, rises yet higher, and speaks of the individual, the new heart, the new power of the Holy Spirit able to recreate even a whole nation. Thus the prophets are ever advancing toward the full gospel. Personal Thought. "There shall be showers of blessing." (Ezek. xxxiv, 26.) The words of the lonely prophet on the Chebar have blossomed into song. If he, in the dim dawning, could see the abundant miracle of grace, why should not I, as a Christian, now be glad and confident in my Lord's ability to save the world ? PART Vn.— TWBNTY-FOURTH "WEEK. DANIEL. Distinct Character of Book of Ligliton its DUficaltiM. STUDY XXIV.— First Day. Memory Verse, Dan. i, 8. Bead Dan. i. Narrative. While the Book of Daniel has served powerfully to mold Jewish and Christian thought, very much in the same way as has the writings of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, and so may rightly be placed in Part VII, which considers Hebrew prophets and teachers, it is found in the Hebrew Bible, not among the Prophets, but among the Writings. This clearly shows that it was felt to be different from these other great prophetic books, and the questions and discussions which have arisen concern- ing it in recent years bear witness to the same fact. There is not space, nor is it necessary to attempt here to present the various views that are now held with relation to this book, as reference is made to the sources where they can be found.* So many of the difficulties connected with the histor- ical setting of Daniel have been solved in comparatively recent years, or are admitted to be of possible solution, that the judgment of the reader and student may well hold in reserve the question of a change of view as to the character of the book, awaiting further results. Its inclusion in the Writings, rather than the Prophets, is not a serious item against it. Daniel himself is not distinctly of the prophetic order, as was Jeremiah or Ezekiel, but a statesman in the service of a foreign king. iBeardslee, 190-201; Cobern, 243-327; Hast. Bib. Diet., art. "Dan- iel." Driver, IntrodticUon, 497-510, may be fomid briefly summarized In Beardslee, 198-197. 186 I Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 187 The book is also largely historical and apocalyptic. These points would have weight with those who formed the canon of the Old Testament Scriptures. No sufficient disproof has been brought against the Confirmatory summary statement in Dan. i, 1, 2, showing that, in 606 *****■**• B. C, Nebuchadnezzar, either in person or through his general, may have asked from Jehoiakim the firstfruits of future deportations in the form of a few choice youths and some of the vessels of the temple.^ This monarch has been shown, from inscriptions, almost to head the list of the world's great builders ; so that Rogers says of him: "He may well have felt and spoken as the Hebrew sacred book represents, *Is not this great Babylon, that I have built for the house of the kingdom, by the might of my power, and for the honor of my majesty ' " (Dan. iv, 30).^ Of the king's strange period of seven years when he lived with the beasts (Dan. iv, 32, 33), Driver remarks, ''There are good reasons for supposing that Nebuchadnezzar's lycanthropy rests upon a basis of fact."* Again, Cobern says, " Belshazzar's existence was denied up to the very day when the Babylonian tablet was found, which proved him to be an historical character."^ As bearing on the tragic ending of Bel- shazzar's life in the night when he gave his impious feast and saw the hand- writing on the wall (Dan. v, 1-30), it is almost startling to have the obscure passage in the official Babylonian record now decided by such experts as Pinches, Hagen, and Delitzsch to read: *'0n the eleventh of Marchesvan, at night [eight days after Cyrus entered Babylon, his general], Gubaru made an assault [against the citadel], and slew the king's son."® This was Bel- shazzar ; and Pinches considers that during this period he 2 Price, 211, 212, thinks this may have been in 605 B. 0., after the battle of Oarchemish. 8 Rogers, II, 849. 4 Driver, Introduction, 511. 6 Cobern, 318. 6 Driver, Introductiouy 499; Cobern, 816, 822; Price, 226, 242-245. i88 Studies in the Old Testament. Noble Message, whenever Written. Meaning of Symbols. must have been regarded as king. Driver thinks it not impossible that his mother, the wife of Kabonidus, may have been a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar; and so Bel- shazzar, by Hebrew usage, might be called the son of Nebuchadnezzar. Finally, Boscawen says that G-ubaru was a Manda, among whom were embraced the Medes; that he was appointed by Cyrus " prsefect of praefects," and "seems to fulfill in every way the required conditions to be Darius the Mede" (Dan. v, 31 — vi, 28). It, therefore, seems not improbable that every historical difficulty con- nected with the early part of Daniel will be cleared up.' Yet if the book shall be determined, after every factor is weighed, not to have been written in the time of the Exile but in the age of the Maccabees, most would hold that, in those troublous years when Antiochus Epiphanes was seeking to destroy the whole fabric of the true faith, some prophet-like soul grasped the accounts that had come down of God's deliverance of his children in Babylon and wrought them into this apocalyptic message. It breathed new life and hope into the hearts of the sorely persecuted heroes and saints of that age, and has cheered the martyrs down the centuries. It is full of the splendid truth that the servants of God and the kingdom of God are to triumph on every field. It is radiant with promise of the coming Son of man ; of the glorious resurrection; of the starlike, immortal crown of all who toil and suffer to win the world to God. It speaks to these times, no less than to others, of the beauty and power of pure, self -con trolled young man- hood, the sublimity of great convictions, the safety of the path of duty, and the absolute molding by the Divine hand of the course of human history. Probably the best view as to the kingdoms which are meant by the parts of the image as given in the second chapter of Daniel, or by the beasts in the seventh chap- 7 See Price. 24&-247: Horner, Daniel^ Darius the Median, and Cyrus, 74-118; BaU, Light from the East, 227. Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 189 ter, for the two lines of symbols run parallel, is either the familiar list of world-empires — Babylonian, Medo- Persian, Greek, Koman — or the list reaching only to the Maccabean age — Babylonian, Medo-Persian, Greek, Syr- ian.® In the latter case, the little horn* that finally rises out of the fourth kingdom and does such outrage to the sanctuary, the continual burnt-offering, and the holy people appears to be Antiochus Epiphanes.^** But as ever in the supreme heights of Old Testament prophecy, upon the more distant horizon the conflict of Christ and his Church with the world may be seen. Almost countless attempts have been made to inter- Numbers pret and apply the numbers and time-measures of these ^** ^'"®* latter chapters of Daniel to historical events relating to the exile and restoration, the times of the Maccabees, and the era of Christ, but not with complete success. They are, perhaps, a part of the apocalyptic mode of expression, and while some of them have been fitted by students to their right places, others may belong to the symbolism of the writer, and to use them literally simply misleads. As Driver says, "In any case, the 'stone cut out without hands ' represents the kingdom of God, before which all earthly powers are ultimately to fall."" V The very names of good men are sometimes sug- gestive of certain qualities of character. At the mention of Daniel's name, 'we think of courage, of loyalty. To impersonate these virtues is to live for noble ends. SOobern, 339-S41, 867-375. 9 Dan. vli, 8, 11, 20-26; vlii, 9-14, 19-26; xi, 21-39. 10 Terry, Biblical Apocalypiics, 190-212; Oobern, 261-268; Deane, 140- 144, 186-191. UDan. 11, 84, 86, 44, 45; Driver, Introduction, 489. 190 Studies in the Old Testament. STUDY XXIV.--Second Day. Memory Verse, Dan. ii, 20. Bead Dan. ii, 1-24. It may be said that seldom, if ever, does control, self -discipline, training on the part of youth, fail to meet fitting opportunity, as here with Daniel, and have worthy reward. Scripture Outline. Daniel : (1) Opening scenes in historical form, i — vi ; (2) Closing scenes in apocalyptic form, vii — xii. STUDY XXIV.— Third Day. Memory Verse, Dan. ii, 44. Eead Dan. ii, 25-49. '* Nowhere else do we find be- fore the advent of Christ such a magnificent conception of the kingdom of heaven. "^^ JERUSALEM A RA Bl AN D E 5ERT Seleucidas or Syria Ptolemies or Egypt Map 19. Rivals for Possession op Palestine, 12 Terry, Biblical Apocalyptics, 182. Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 191 Suggestions for Map Work. Make a simple map, showing the Egyptian and Syrian divisions of Alexander's empire after his death, which became rivals for the possession of Palestine. See Map 19 in text-book; Hurlbut, 94-96; MacCoun, II, 65-71; and Maps 103, 106, 107. STUDY XXIV.— Fourth Day. Memory Verses, Dan. iii, 17, 18. Eead Dan. iii. Perhaps no passage of the Bible has had more power than this to inspire the noble army of confessors and witnesses for the faith. General References. Blaikie, 323, 343-354; Ottley, 219-221, 262, 263; Barnicott, 123-126; Beardslee, 190-201; Burney, 8, 14, 17, 26, 111, 126; Matheson, II, 331-351 ; Brown, 117-141 ; Price, 210-247 ; Deane, entire ; Oobern, 241-415. STUDY XXIV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Dan. v, 5. Read Dan. v. *'If Daniel were fourteen years of age when carried to Babylon, he would be near seventeen, when he finished the course of study, a man somewhere near twenty-five or thirty years of age when Ezekiel speaks of him (Ezek. xiv, 14; xxviii, 3), and about eighty-five when we last hear of him" (Dan. x, 1).^* At the time of Belshazzar's death, he would be about eighty-one ; and the Biblical data of his life would cover the seventy years from his going to Babylon, about 606 or 605 B. C. to 535 B. C, "in the third year of Cyrus" (Dan. X, 1). Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment \n Class-work. 1. God's defense of his people. Gen. xv, 1 ; xxxix, 21 ; Ex. xiv, 13, 14; 1 Sam. vii, 10-12; xxv, 29; Psa. vii, 1, 10; xci, 1, 2, 14, 15; Dan. iii, 25, 28; vi, 19-23; vii, 27. 2. Babylonian language and learning. Dan. i, 4 ; Davidson (B. and A.), 63, 64, 94-104; Bib. Diet. iSCobern, 300. 192 Studies in the Old Testament. 3. Nebuchadnezzar as a builder. Dan. iv, 29, 30; Blaikie, 343; Price, 216, 217 ; Rogers, II, 342-351. 4. The character of Daniel. Matheson, II, 331-849; Price, 236-246; Oobern, 298-300. 5. Brief sketch of the life and work of Cyrus. Blaikie, 351- 355 ; Ottley, 227-229 ; Price, 223-235 ; Rogers, 11, 370-379. 6. Antiochus Epiphanes and his record. Blaikie, 393-396 ; Ottley, 258-261 ; Skinner, 35-47. 7. Main references to the resurrection in the Old Testa- ment. Isa. xxvi, 19; Ezek. xxxvii, 1-14; Dan. xii, 2; Blaikie, 857 ; Burney, 126, 127. STUDY XXIV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Dan. vi, 10. Eead Dan. vi, 10-23. The hunting of lions, their confinement in cages and dens, and their use for extreme punishment of offenders, by the Assyrians and Babylon- ians, are fully confirmed by Oriental records and illus- trations.^* Questions for Written Answers. 1. Under what king of Babylon was Daniel and his three companions taken from their native land? 2. Can you state some points discovered about Belshazzar in inscriptions? See Narrative. 3. How did Daniel rise to a position of honor? 4. What chief points of strength and heroism are shown in his life? 5. What great truth is revealed in the Book of Daniel about the kingdom of God? 6. What was the character of Cyrus? 7. About what would have been the age of Daniel in the early years of Cyrus's reign over Babylon? See Fifth Day. STUDY XXIV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verse, Dan. xii, 3. Read Dan. xii, 1-3. What an inspiration for soul- winning is given in the promise of the Memory Verse ! MDeane, 110, 111; Oobern, 864; Ball, lAght from the East, 161-163, 200. See, also, illustration, Davidson (B. and A.), 51. Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 193 Personal Thought. "Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not defile himself with the king's dainties, nor with the wine which he drank." (Dan. i, 8.) It is to the inner temple of the youthful heart, whether of man or woman, that will not permit itself to be defiled with worldliness, that the splendid concepts of mind and visions of soul come. Am I thus guarding my heart for God^s use ? jS PART VII.— tw:bnty-pifth week. THE CLOSINO LIXE OF MmOR PEOPHETS. STUDY XXV.— First Day. Memory Verse, Nahum i, 3. Read JSTahum i, 1-8, 15, 16; iii, 17-19. Narrative. Right The term "Minor Prophets'* is not a satisfactory Estimate name if it is taken in the sense that these writings are Arrangement, unimportant and not used simply to suggest the fact that they are briefer than the Books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. Already from the list of the twelve, Amos, Hosea, and Micah have been treated, and have been found to be of great value. It now remains to place the other nine in as careful chronological order as may be, and briefly to consider each of them. The usual arrange- ment is to classify the Old Testament prophetic writings by periods, as: (1) Eighth Century (B. C), or Assyrian; (2) Seventh Century, or Chaldean; (3) Post-Exilic, or Restoration.* The term Exilic is of service in desig- nating those of the Chaldean period that appeared during the time of the Captivity, and Pre-Exilic may be used for all coming before that time. Of the nine remaining Minor Prophets, Nahum, Zephaniah, and Habakkuk may be counted as pre-exilic; Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi as post-exilic; and Joel, Obadiah, and Jonah of uncertain date. Nahnm'a Nahum is probably the first of the seventh-century Poetic Force, prophets.' Nothing is known of him, except that he is called "The Elkoshite" (Nahum i, 1); and the place iBeardslee, 48; Klrkpatrlck, 1&-21, 5S2-5S5; Hast. Bib. Diet., IV, 112. 2 Driver, Introduction, 336, 886, gives 664 to 607 B. C. as Umiting dates; Beardslee, 118, the same ; Smith, TTie Book of the Twelve ProphetSy II, 88, Inclineg to 607 B. O. 194 Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 195 implied in the name can not be located. His poetic language is very forceful, resembling that of Isaiah, and the object of his prophecy is Mneveh. Under the figure of a lion, he shows the extreme cruelty and savagery of Assyria. ''The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lioness, and filled his caves with prey, and his dens with ravin . . . "Woe to the bloody city r' (ii, 12; iii, 1). I^ahum i — iii. It is possible that Zephaniah may have prophesied Zephaniah's before the time of Nahum. He is shown to be a great- '''*®"**^®^***^* grandson of Hezekiah (Zeph. i, 1), and most scholars think this means the Judean king of that name, so that his date may be before the reformation in the reign of Josiah, or in the years from 626 to 621 B. C* The deso- lating flood which he sees is about to strike the nations from Ethiopia to Assyria is supposed to be the Scythians, ^' those strange, uncouth forms, hardly to be distinguished from their horses and wagons, fierce as their own wolves or bears, sweeping down on the seats of luxury and power."* Though woe is announced to Jerusalem because she is ''rebellious and polluted'* (iii, 1), yet in the end Jehovah will rejoice in her, he will be "silent in his love" (iii, 17). Zephaniah i — iii. Habakkuk lived when Judah's eastward outlook was Habakinik's changing. He shows that while the Chaldeans, whOp^^J^'^ seem now to have overthrown Assyria, may have been Temperance, raised up to punish Judah's sins, "the righteous shall live by his faith" (Hab. ii, 4), and evil shall not go un judged. Woe shall be to him "that buildeth a town with blood" . . . "that giveth his nejjghbor drink" (ii, 12, 15). His closing chapter is a beautiful lyric ode (Hab. iii). The date of Habakkuk may be a little after the battle of Carchemish, 605 B. C. Habakkuk i — ^iii. It has already been stated ^ that two post-exilic proph- Two ets, Haggai and Zechariah, did much by their prophetic pj^*j^^"^d sottley (H. P.), 48; Adams, 54. the Temple. 4 Stanley, The Jewish CJiv/r^h, IT, -'2S 6 Study XVI, Narrative. 196 Studies in the Old Testament. Zectaarlah's Vein of Apocalypse. Malactal's Proniise of Meooenger. appeals to inspire the rebuilding of the temple, about 520 to 516 B. C. The prophecy of Haggai is especially straightforward and practical, and he brings out his points in a way that produced the results that he desired. The returned exiles were aroused, and no longer let the house of the Lord lie waste, while they dwelt in "ceiled houses " (Hag. i, 4). The two chapters of his book are made up of short discourses, definitely dated. Haggai i, ii. The Book of Zechariah is much longer than those which have thus far been noted in the present lesson. The first six chapters are composed of eight visions, sym- bolizing Israel's resources of Divine care and spiritual power in overcoming obstacles and completing the sanctu- ary. Satan stands at the right hand of Joshua, the high- priest, to oppose him; but Jehovah will rebuke the adversary, and clothe the priest in splendid apparel, with a "clean mitre upon his head" (Zech. iii, 1-5); and Zerubbabel will lay the "top-stone" of the temple; for the work is "not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit, saith Jehovah of hosts" (iv, 6, 7). The conclud- ing eight chapters are much more general in tone, but show striking Messianic passages, some of which are cited concerning Christ in the 'New Testament.* The whole prophecy is pervaded by an element of apocalypse. Zechariah i — xiv. Malachi, the third post-exilic prophet, can be fairly well placed in the twenty years from 460 to 440 B. C His book shows how the faith and spirit of the people had declined, and he searchingly presents the call of God that they bring "the whole tithe" of a right service and prove if Jehovah will not "open the windows of heaven" in blessing. He concludes with the promise of a "mes- senger " preparing the way before the Lord, an Elijah — which was fulfilled in John the Baptist. Malachi i — iv. Matt, xxi, 6; Zech. xli, 10; Johnxlx, 87. See Kirkpat- 6 Zech. Ix, 9 rick, 475, 476. 7 See Study XVI, Narrative Ottley (H. P.), 87; Adams, 85, Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 197 Of the three prophets whose writings can not be easily joei's Pledge dated, the first, Joel, is by some placed very early, as by®' P®nte">»^ Kirkpatrick, from 837 to 817 B. C.,* though he also considers the points favoring a very late date. The latter view is more fully accepted by Ottley, who places the prophet about 350 B. C. Joel was the son of Pethuel (Joel i, 1) and a native of Judah, of which his prophecy clearly speaks. He it is who gives the great Pentecostal promise, when God says, "And it shall come to pass afterward that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh " (ii, 28). Joel i — iii. Most writers would locate Obadiah in the sixth cen-obadiah tury B. C. ; but again Kirkpatrick points out an early""** ^**"* date as possible in the reign of Jehoram, king of Judah, about 845 B. C.^ Obadiah (vs.) 1-9 and Jeremiah xlix, 7-22 are so much alike that it is thought that the latter quotes from the former, so that Beardslee, Smith, and Driver incline to a date for Obadiah shortly after the fall of Jerusalem, 586 B. C.^" The prophetic message is di- rected against Edom, viewing its overthrow and the out- look for God's people, and the brief writing closes with the noble phrase that "the kingdom shall be Jehovah's" (vs. 21). Obadiah 1-21. "Jonah the son of Amittai, the prophet, who was of Jonah'a Gath-hepher" (2 Kings xiv, 25), is evidently the same[;^^^^^ person as the one described in the Book of Jonah, where Love. he is also called the son of Amittai (Jonah i, 1) ; and in the first passage it is seen that he was a prophet in the Northern Kingdom, in the reign of Jeroboam II." Gath-hepher is a town of Lower Galilee, three miles northeast of Nazareth. If the Book of Jonah was written by the prophet, its date may be about 745 B. C.^^ Most of those who assign the book to some other author than 8 Kirkpatrick, 57, 58. 9 Kirkpatrick, 39. 10 Beardslee, 108. u See Study XIV, Sixth Day. 12 Beardslee, 110. 198 Studies in the Old Testament. Jonali would place the time of its writing after the Exile, and in the fifth or the fourth century B. C.^' This and other questions relating to the book can best be consid- ered by the reader or student consulting books where they are treated at some length.^* Adams finely points out three principal lessons of the Book of Jonah — ^the lesson of obedience, the lesson of repentance, and the lesson of God's universal love." Jonah i — ^iv. **Unto the fathers in the prophets by divers portions and in divers manners . . . unto us in the Son. . . Therefore . the more earnest heed." Hebrewi, i, 2; ii, i. STUDY XXV.— Second Day. Memory Verse, Zeph. iii, 17. Eead Zeph. iii, 1-7, 13-20. Like many of the proph- ets, this descendant of the royal house of Judah here first shows the sins of Jerusalem and then points out God's corrections, foretells the survival of a true remnant, and gives assurance of final peace and blessing. Scripture Outline. The Minor Prophets: (1) Of the eighth century B. 0., Amos, Hosea, Micah ; (2) Of the seventh century B. C, Nahum, Zephaniah, Habakkuk; (3) Post-exilic, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi ; (4) Of uncertain date, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah. STUDY XXV.— Third Day. Memory Verses, Hab. iii, 17, 18. Bead Habakkuk iii. Driver well says that this lyric ode "for sublimity of poetic conception and splendor of diction ranks with the finest which Hebrew poetry has produced."" isottley (H. P.), 101; Driver, Introduction, 322. 14 See Kennedy, On the Book of Jonah; Trumbull, Jonah in Nineveh; Smith, The Book of the Twelve Prophets, II, 491-541. i« Adams, 107-110. 16 Driver, Introduction, 2SQ. Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 199 roZar^'^phath (Sarepta) ^PaneasCDan) MEHOH Map 20. Palestine Towabd New Testament Timbs. 200 Studies in the Old Testament. Suggestions for Map Work. Review the map work of the course; and note the signs of approach to Xew Testament times, in the growth of Greek cities in Palestine, and otherwise, as shown in Map 20 in text-book. STUDY XXV.— Fourth Day. Memory Verse, Hag. i, 4. Read Haggai i. It is still true that it generally requires the vision, words, and work of a minister to carry through the building of a church, as it did in the days of Haggai. General References. Blaikie, 293-295, 301, 315-318, 326, 362, 363, 375, 376; Ottley, 211,231-234,247,249; Beardslee, 95-136; Burney, 6-25, 72-90, 108-117; Matheson, H, 217-241; Price, 207-209, 278; Ottley (H. P.), 14, 15, 45-51, 61, 78-103; Kirkpatrick, 1&-21, 31-79, 237- 290, 411- -535 ; Adams, entire. STUDY XXV.— Fifth Day. Memory Verse, Zech. iv, 6. Read Zech. iv. In the vision given the prophet, the oil is so abundantly and surely supplied that the light can not fail. So the Holy Spirit can cause that the Chris- tian's illumination and purpose shall not grow dim. Topics for Personal Investigation and for Assignment in Class-work. 1. Some of the prophecies of Christ and his kingdom in the Old Testament fulfilled in the New. Psa. ii, 6-8 ; xxii, 1, 16-18 ; Ixxii, 11, 12, 17; Isa. ix, 1-7; liii, 1-6; Jer. xxxi, 31-34; Dan. vii, 13 14; xii, 2, 3; Joel, ii, 28-32; Micah, iv, 1-3; v, 2; Zech. ix, 9; Malachi, iii, 1. 2. How the Old Testament prepares the way for the New. Ottley (H. P.), 106-118 ; Kirkpatrick, 517-531. 3. Outline of the great religious truths in the Hebrew prophets. Beardslee, 747-750. 4. The Scythians and their southward incursion in the sev- enth century B. C. Adams, 55, 56; Bib. Diet. 5. Special study of the Book of Zechariah. Beardslee, 127- 133; Burney, 108, 109; Ottley (H. P.), 80-83. 6. Description of the locusts and their devastations. Joel i, 4; Adams, 93-95; Bib. Diet. Hebrew Prophets and Teachers. 201 7. Brief examination of the Book of Jonah : its diflSculties and teachings. Ottley, 247 ; Beardslee, 110-114 ; Burney, 115- 118 ; Adams, 104-111. STUDY XXV.— Sixth Day. Memory Verse, Malachi iii, 10. Read Malachi iii. No less than in the time of Malachi, there is danger to-day of robbing God of rightful service ; and now, as then, the full offering from hearts of love will bring God's overflowing response. Questions for Written Answers. 1. How should the term *' Minor Prophets" be understood? See Narrative. 2. Can you classify the twelve Minor Prophets as to date? See Scripture Outline under Second Day, and Chart C, p. 163. 3. Against what nation does Nahum especially speak? 4. What enterprise enlists and associates Haggai and Zech- ariah? 5. Can you mention three prophetic passages concerning Christ in the Minor Prophets? 6. Can you give two passages from these prophets referring especially to the Holy Spirit? 7. What are some of the practical lessons of the Book of Jonah? STUDY XXV.— Seventh Day. Memory Verses, Joel 11, 28, 29. Read Joel ii, 28-32; Obadiah verse 21. The early morning of the gospel age seems already to illumine the hearts of the prophets, who could see the kingdom of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit as about to come. Personal Thought. "I knew that thou art a gracious God, and merciful . . . and abundant in lovingkindness." (Jonah iv, 2.) And now Jonah learns this lesson more fully in God's feeling toward Nineveh. It is most appropriate that the study of the course of God's revelation of himself in the Old Testament as of that in the :N'ew Testament should end upon the note of his gracious love and mercy, reach- ing out to all the race. Do I partake of this love, and seek to express it in my life? INDEX OF SCEIPTTJRE PASSAGES. Page GENESIS. Entire. ..11, 23, 24, 27, 49, (chart) 44 i, 1 23 i, 1-8, 14-19 26 i, 1, 31 29 i, 2 184 i, 3 26 i, 3-31 29 i, 9-13, 20-25 27 i, 9-27 29 i, 26-29 29, 30 i, 26— ii, 3 28 i, ii 15, 24 i — iv 27 i— xi, 26 27 i — XXV 34 ii, 2, 3 29 ii, 4-15 28 ii, 7 28, 29 ii, 8-17 29, 31 ii, 18-25 29 ii, 27 28 iii 15 iii, 1-6 32, 33 iii, 1-8 33 iii, 1, 14, 15 36 iii, 6, 7, 22, 23 36 iii, 7, 15-24 32, 33 iii, 811 36 iii, 9-14, 16-19 34, 36 iii, 15, 20-24 35, 36 iii, 17 38 iv, 1-7 38, 39, 44 iv, 8, 23, 24 118 iv, 9, 10 36, 44 iv, 20-26 40-42 iv, 25, 29 38 iv, 26 50 iv — xi, 9 15 V, 1-5, 21-32 41 V, 1— vi, 8 27 V, 9 38 V, 24 118 vi 42 vi, 2, 4 40, 48 vi, 3 184 vi, 9 118 vii 43 vii, 1 161 vii, 11, 17 44 viii 43 ix, 1-17 44 X 42, 43 X, 1 — xi, 9 27 X, 16 44 xi, 10-26 27 xi, 10 — xxviii, 9 15 xi, 27 — XXV, 11 49 xi, 27—1, 26 49 Page xi, 28, 31 46, 50 xi, 31 — ^xii, 9 45 xii, 1 161 xii, 7, 8 50 xii, 8-20 47 xiii 47, 49 xiii, 4 50 xiv 46, 49, 50 xiv — xix 47 XV, 1 191 XV, 6 51 XV, 19-21 67 xviii, 16-33 50 xviii, 24-26 169 xviii, 25 43, 50 XX 47 xxi 47 xxii 49 xxii, 8, 13, 14 56 xxii, 19 47 xxiii 47 xxiv 48 xxiv, 1-15, 50, 67 51 XXV, 7-10 47 XXV, 12-18 49 XXV, 19 — XXXV, 29 .... 49 XXV, 27-34 51 xxvi, 17-25 51 xxvi — 1 54, 55 xxviii, 2 53 xxviii, 10-22 52 xxxviii, 13 161 xxviii — xxxvi 53 xxix, 4 53 xxxii, 22 — xxxiii 54 XXXV, 27-29 15 xxxvi, 1 — xxxvii, 1 ... 49 xxxvii 55 xxxvii, 2 — 1, 26 49 xxxvii, 25-27 56 xxxix, 1-6, 19-23 55 xxxix, 3 56 xxxix, 21 191 xii, 1-16, 37-45 55 xii, 16 161 xii, 43 54 xiii, 1-5 56 xiii, 15, 16 56 xliii, 1-15 56 xliv, 16 36 xliv — xiv, 15 56 xiv, 7, 8 56 xiv, 8 53 xiv, 24 57 xlvi, 1 — 1, 13 53 xlix 56 xlix, 10, 22-26 57 xlix, 29-32 47 1 57 1, 20 53, 56 203 Pago EXODUS. Entire 15, 63 i, 8-14 58 i, 11 59 i — xii 59 i — xiii 62 ii, 1-15 58 iii, 1-14 58 iii, 5 63 iii, 7 105 iii, 10 161 iii, 14 29 V — xii 59 xii, 37 59 xiii — xl 60 xiv 61 xiv, 13, 14 191 xiv, 15 70 xiv, 21 59 xiv — xix, 1 62 XV, 11-13 169 xvii, 9, 10 66 xix, 1-11 62 xix, 2 — xl 62 XX, 1-17 60, 62 XX, 26 62 XX, 22 — xxiii, 19 60 xxviii, 38 63 xxxi, 3 184 xxxiv, 6, 7 169 LEVITICUS. Entire 15, 60, 62 i, 1-4 63 i — vii 62 i — xxvii 60 ii, 1-3 63 iii, 1 63 vi, 24-26 63 vii, 1, 2 63 viii — X 62 X, 1, 2 91 xi, 5, 6, 26-30 155 xi — xvi 62 xvi, 34 63 xvii — xxvi 60 xvi — xxvii 62 xix, 9-18 63 XX, 26 63 xxiii 64 xxvii, 30 64 NXTMBEBS. Entire 15, 62 i — ix 60 i — X, 10 62 iv, 20 91 X, 5, 10 184 X, 11 — ^xxii, 1 62 xi, 26-29 184 204 Studies in the Old Testament. Page xi, 28, 29 66 xiii, 1 66 xiii, 26 60 xiii, 31 118 xiv, 1, 2 118 xiv, 20-31 60 xir, 38 66 xviii, 7 91 XX 60 XX, 27, 28 60 xxi — xxxii 60 xxii, 2 — xxxvi 62 xxvi, 64, 65 60 xxxii, 23 36 xxxiii, 3-49 64 DEUTEEONOMT. Entire 15, 62 i, 19, 46 60 i — iv, 43 62 iv, 44 — xxvi 62 vi, 1-9 63 vii, 22 73 viii, 2 78 X, 6 60 XV, 15 176 xviii, 15 64 xxvii, 2-8 69 xxvii — XXX 62 XXX, 11-19 64 XXX, 20 98 xxxi, 4 43 xxxi — xxxiv 62 xxxiT, 1, 5, 6 60 xxxiv, 9 66 xxxiv, 10 64 JOSHUA. Entire 15, 69, 164 i, 7 70 i, 8 69 i, ii 66 i — V 69 iii, 5-17 60 iii, 16 67 iii — V 67 iv 09 iv, 2-9, 20-22 09 V, 13 — vi, 20 69 ▼i, 3, 15, 16, 20 70 vi — xi 63 vi — xii 69 vii, 11, 16-18 30 viii, 30-35 69, 70 ix, 1 67 xi, 21 67 xiii — xxi 69 xiv 70 XV, 13-19 68 XV, 15 69 XV, 63 72 xvi, 10 72 Xix, 18 148 xix, 47 68 xxi, 45 70, 112 xxii — xxiv 68, 69 xxiii, 10 70, 71 xxiv 69-71 xxiv, 15, 18 118 xxiv, 22, 23 125 Page JUDGES. Entire ... 16, 76, 129, 164 i 68 i, 3, 22 83 i — iii, 6 76 ii, 10, 11 73 ii, 16 — iii, 11 72 ii, 21, 22 78 ii, 22, 23 73 iii, 1, 2, 4 78 iii, 7-11 74 iii, 7 — ^xvi 76 iii, 9 73 iii, 15-27 86 iii, 16 78 iv, 4, 6 161 iv, 8 118 iv, V 74 iv, 1 — V, 7 76 V, 1-23 78 V, 14, 17 86 V, 20, 21 76 V, 23 76, 78 V, 30 78 vi, 4, 19, 25, 26 85 vi, 11 — vii, 8 78 vi, 34, 35 79, 125, 184 vi, vii 75 vii, 1-21 76 vii, 5 85 vii, 7 78 viii, 24-26 78 ix, 7-20 144 ix, 8-15 77 xi, 12-15, 28-40 77 xi, 29 86 xii, 1-6 86 xiii, 4, 5 78 xiii, 24 85 xiv, 12 78 xiv, 12-18 144 XV, 3 155 xvi, 1 161 xvi, 15-31 78 xvii, 6 73 xvii, 10 78 xvii 76, 79 xvii — xxi 75 xviii 63 xix — xxi 78 XX, i, 18 87 XX. 10 91 xxi, 20-25 73, 79 RUTI-I. Entire 18, 75, 76, 78 i, 1-9 76 i, 10-22 76 i, 14-22 79 i, 16, 17 78 i — iv 75 ii, 8-12 79 ii, 11, 12 73 ii — iv, 17 70 iii, 3, 15 78 iv, 18-22 76 1 SAMUEL. Entire 83, 89, 90, 164 i. 3 80 Page i, 9-11, 19-22, 25-28 . . 80 i, 27 105 i — viii 83 i — XXV, 1 16 ii 81 ii, 1-19 83 ii, 2 63 ii, 18, 26 85 ii, 26 81, 83 ii, 30 91 iii 81, 83 iii, 19, 20 85, 87 iv — vii, 1 82 V, 19 91 vi, 17 87 vii »2, 84, 85 vii, 2, 5 83, 87 vii, 3-6 125 vii, 10-12 191 vii, 15-17 81 viii, 2 87 viii, 8-11 81 viii, 10-18 108 viii, 19, 20 118 viii — xix 83 ix 88 ix, 2 88 ix, 3, 9 85 ix — X, 1 88 ix — xvi 83 ix — XXV 83 ix — 2 Sam. i 16 X, 2 — xii 89 X, 5-18 81 X, 17-25 84 xi 89 xi, 1-11 91 xii, 1-15, 23 85 xii, 2 85 xiii 90 xiii, 9, 12-14 91 xiii, 19 91 xiii, 20 87 xiii — xxxi 89 xiv, 50. 51 98 XV, 1-23 91 XV, 22, 23, 28 64, 91 XV, 23, 24 36 xvi 94 xvi, 1-13 93 xvi. 13 134 xvi, 11-13 85 xvi — xxxi 16 xvii 96 xvii, 1, 2 (Map) 90 xvii, 4 96 xvii, 5-7, 38-40, 49 ... 91 xvii, 34-36 155 xvii, 45, 46 70 xvii — xxi 95 xvii — xxxi 83 xviii, 4 91 xix, 18-20 85 XX, 36-40 91 xxi, 1, 6 82 xxii, 19 82 xxii — xxxi 95 XXV, 1 83 XXV, 2 85 XXV, 14-44 96 XXV, 29 191 Index of Scripture Passages. 205 Page ^svi, 31 92 xxviii, a-19 91 xxviii, 4 148 XXX, 26-31 95 xxxi, 8 91 xxxi, 4, 5 91 xxxi, 11-18 91 2 SAMUEL. Entire 16, 96, 164 i, 6-10 92 1, 17-27 92 i, 18 91 i— iv 96 ii, 8— iv, 1 98 ii, 23 ITfi V, 1-12 97 V — ix 9 3 vi, 1-15 97 vi, 6, 7 91 vi, 15 125 vii, 9, 16 98 vii, 24 98 X — xxir 96 sii, 1-15 144 xii, 1-23 97 xii, 7-14 33 xii, 24, 25 16 siv, 1-20 1''4 xiY — xviii 98 XV, 1-12 98 xviii, 31-33 98 1 KINGS. Entire 103, 164 i, 3, 4 147, 148 i, 32-40 100 i— ii, 11 95 i — ii, 12 16 i — xi 16, 103 ii 100 ii, 13-25 147 iii 101, 103 iii, 7-14 85 iii, 28 149 iv 103 iv, 9-28 108 iv, 33 105 v, 1-8 103, 105 V, 12 101 V, 13, 14 108 V — viii 101 vi, 1-7 103 vi, 29-34 105 viii, 1-30 104 viii, 30, 38-42 105 viii, 56 112 ix, 10-14, 16 101 ix, 15-19, 26-28 105 ix — xi 103 X, 3, 13 106 X, 27 105 xi, 6-12 105 xi, 26-40 108 xi, 26— xiv, 31 16 xi, 28-31 112 xi, 43— xiv, 31 124 xii, 1-20 108, 109 xii. 15 112 xii, 16-83 110 xii, 21 — XV, 8 110 xii, 28 — xiii, 5 112 xii — XV, 9 117 xii — 2 Kings xvii 103 xiii, 1-6, 33, 34 Ill xiii, 3, 5, 26, 32 112 xiv, 1-6, 12-16 112 xiv, 9, 15, 23 112 xiv, 20 — 2 Kings xvii. . 16 xiv, 21-31 112 xiv, 31 — XV, 8 124 xiv, 31 — 2 Kings xxv, 21 16 XV, 3 121 XV, 8-24 124 XV, 14 122 XV, 16 — xvi, 6 117 XV, 16 — xxii 116 XV, 24 — xxii, 50 12 4 XV, 25-31 117 XV, 26, 34 118 xvi, 6-14 117 xvi, 15-20 117 xvi, 16-28 117 xvi, 24 118 xvi, 29 — xxii, 40 117 xvi, 31, 33 115 xvii 157, 158 xvii, 1 — 2 Kings ii, 12.160 xvii, 1 — 2 Kings xiii, 21 16 xviii 158 xviii, 1-24 160 xviii, 21 160 xviii, 25-46 161 xviii, 37-39 125 xix 159, 161 xix, 11, 12, 15, 16 161 xix, 16 — 2 Kings xiii, 21 160 xix, 40 — XX, 2 107 XX, 1-34 113 xxi, 17-29 159 xxii, 34 116 xxii, 40 — 2 Kings i, 18.117 xxii, 50 — 2 Kings viii, 24 124 xxii, 51, 52 118 2 KINGS. Entire 103, 164 i, ii, 1-12 159 i — xvii 117 ii 161 iii 118, 160 iii, 1 — ix, 26 117 iii, 27 115 iv, 8 148 iv, V 159 V 162 V, 25-27 35 vi, 8-17 162 vi — X 160 viii, 24 — ix, 28 124 ix, 1 — X, 36 117 ix, 11-20 118 X, 10 112 X, 29-36 118 xi, 1-16 124 xi, 12 — xii, 21 124 xii, 21 — ^xiv, 21 124 xiii 160 xiii, 1-9 117 Page xiii, 9 — xiv, 16 117 xiv, 16-29 117 xiv, 21 — XV, 7 124 xiv, 23-29 119 xiv, 25 197 xiv, 29 — XV, 12 117 XV, 7-38 124 XV, 9-24 121 XV, 13-15 117 XV, 14-22 117 XV, 19 116 XV, 22-26 117 XV, 25-31 117 XV, 30 — xvii, 6 117 XV, 38 — xvi, 20 124 xvi 126 xvi, 1-28 117 xvi, 20 — ^xx, 21 124 xvii, 1-8, 24-33 119 xvii, 7-17 112 xvii, 18, 22-41 119 xviii, 9-12 117 xviii, 13 — ^xix 126 xviii — xxv 103 xix, 14-22, 28, 35-37 ..125 xix, 35 123 XX, 21 — xxi, 18 124 xxi, 18-26 124 xxi, 26 — xxii, 30 124 xxii, 1-13 126 xxii, 19 134 xxii, 1 — xxiii, 14 126 xxiii, 1-3 125 xxiii, 1-6, 21-25 126 xxiii, 28-30 126 xxiii, 30-34 124 xxiii, 34 — xxiv, 6 124 xxiv, 6-17 124 xxiv, 7 126 xxiv, 14-16 128 xxiv, 17 — xxv, 7 124 xxv, 12 128, 129 xxv, 22-29 16 xxv, 22-30 128 1 CHBONICLES. Entire 110 i, 14-17 103 i— ix 110 viii, ix 103 X 91, 95 X — xxix 16, 110 xi — xxix 95 XV, 17-21 138 xvi, 4, 25, 36 142 xvi, 29 50 xvi, 39 82 xvii, 1-15 98 xvii, 7 98 xxi, 29 82 xxii, 8, 9 100 xxiii, 5 142 xxv, 1, 6-8 141 xxviii, 4 98 xxviii — 2 Chron. ix. . . . 16 xxix, 29, 30 98 2 CnBONICLES. Entire 110 i— ix 110 ii— vii 101 2o6 Studies in the Old Testament. Page V, 12, 13 142 vi, 40 105 vii, 14 125, 134 ix, 1-12 105 ix, 31 — xii 16, 124 X 109 x — xiii, 20 117 X — xxxvi 110 xi, 5-10 (map) 111 xi, 7, 8 Ill xi — xiv, 1 110 xii, 6, 7 134 xii, 12 113 xii, 14 121 xii, 16 — xiv, 1 124 xii, 16 — xxxvi, 21 16 xiii, 1-12 112 xiii, 8-11 112 xiii, 13-20 113 xiv, 1 — xvii, 1 124 xiv, 9-15 122 xvi, 7-10 122 xvii, 1-9 124 xvii, 1 — xxi, 1 124 xvii, 3, 4 118, 122 xvii, 7-9 122 xix, 1-3 122 xix, 4-11 122, 124 XX, 20-23 70 XX, 20-30 125 XX, 21, 22 141 XX, 35-37 122 xxi, 1 — xxii, 1 124 xxii, 1-9 124 xxii, 16 — xxiii, 15 124 xxiii, 11 — xxiv, 27 ....124 xxiv, 27 — xxvi, 1 124 xxvi, 1-23 124 xxvi, 23 — xxvii, 9 ....124 xxvii, 9 — xxviii, 27 ... 124 xxviii 126 xxviii, 1, 2 118 xxviii, 1-15 125 xxviii, 22 123 xxviii, 27 — xxxii, 33 ..124 xxix, 27 127 XXX, 8-13, 21-27 125 xxxi 142 xxxii, 1-22 126 xxxii, 33 — ^xxxiii, 20 ..124 xxxiii, 12 134 xxxiii, 20-25 124 xxxiii, 25 — xxxvi, 1 ...124 xxxiv, 14-32 126 XXXV, 20-25 126 xxxvi, 1-3, 4-8, 8-10, 10-21 124 xxxvi, 11-23 125, 128 xxxvi, 21 112, 128 xxxvi, 22, 23 16 EZRA. Entire 16, 132 i, 1 — ii, 2 128 i — vi 132 ii, 66 134 iii, 8-13 134 iii, 10, 11 141 V, vi .130 vii — ^x 132 ix, 15 43 Page NEHEMIAH. Entire 16, 132 i — vii 132 viii, 1-3, 8-12 125, 134 viii — xii, 26 132 xii, 27-44 132 xiii, 4-9, 28-31 130 ESTHER. Entire 16, 132 i, ii 132 iii 132 iv, 13-17 135 iv, V 132 vi, vii 132 viii — X 132 JOB. Entire, 11, 16, 22, 151-156 i 151 i, 1 152 i, ii 154 ii 154 iii 151, 154 iv 154 iv, 10, 11 155 iv — XXV 154 ix, 5-9 155 xii, xiii, 1 152 xiv, 18, 19 155 XV, 17-19 152 xix, 25, 26 176 XX, 16 155 xxiii, 10 56, 78 xxvi, 13 155 xxvi — xxxi 151, 154 xxviii 155 xxviii, 1-19 155 XXX, 29 155 xxxi, 1-4, 24-40 35 xxxii — xxxvii 154 xxxiii, 28 149 xxxiv, 10-12 43 xxxvi, 27-33 155 xxxviii 155 xxxviii, 16-35 155 xxxviii, 31-36 29 xxxviii — xii 154 xxxix, 1-12 155 xl, 15 — xii 155 xiii, 1-6 154 xiii, 5 155 xiii, 7-17 154 PSALMS. Entire 16, 22, 137-143 i 136 i— xii 140 ii 142 ii, 6-8 199 iii 138 iv 138 vii 138 vii, 1-10 191 viii 28, 138 XV 138 xvi, 2, 5 98 xvii, 15 155 xviii 138 xix, 1 29, 137 Page xxii 138, 142 xxii, 1, 16-18 199 xxiii 138, 139 xxiii, 4 139 xxiv 138 xxxii 138 xxxiv, 1 141 xxxiv, 18 134 xxxiv, 22 176 xxxvi, 6 43 xxxvii, 23 56 xiii, 1, 2 98 xiii — Ixxii 140 xiv 138, 142 xlvi 140 1, 11 184 1, 23 141 Ii, 17 134 Ixv, 1 141 Ixv, 2 105 Ixxii 106, 141, 142 Ixxii, 11, 12, 17 200 Ixxii — Ixxxix 140 Ixxxi, 2, 3 142 Ixxxiv 141 Ixxxv, 6 140 Ixxxv, 10 169 Ixxxvii 141 Ixxxvii, 7 143 Ixxxix, 14 169 xc, 2 29 xc, xci 142 xc — cvi 140 xci, 1, 2, 14, 15 191 xeii, 1-3 141 xcii, 3 142 xcv, 6 50 xcviii, 5, 6 142 xcix, 1, 8 85 xcix, 9 63 c 142 ci 138 ciii 142 civ 142 civ, 1-24 30 civ, 24 29, 30 cvii — cl 138 ex 140, 142 cxi, 10 149 cxix 138 cxix, 67 73 cxix, 75-77 169 cxx — cxxxiv 142 cxxi 142 cxxxvii 132, 141 cxxxviii, 2 112 cxlv, 16, 17 27, 43 cxlviii, 1-4, 8-13 141 cl, 3-5 142 FBOVEBBS. Entire 16, 22, 144-150 i 146 i, 20-33 144 i— ix 148 ii, 6, 7 149 iii, 1-6, 9-18 148 iii, 5. 6 149 iv, 10-27 148 viii, 12-36 146, 14£^ Index of Scripture Passages. 207 Page viii, 17 150 ix, 10 146, 149 X — xxii, 16 145, 148 xi, 1 146 xi, 13 149 xii, 19 149 xiv, 25 149 XV, 1, 2, 23 149 XV, 29 105 xvi, 1, 28 149 xviii, 22 146 XX, 3 149 xxii, 17 — ^xxiv, 22 148 xxiii, 29-35 149 xxiv, 23-34 148 XXV, 1-11 145, 149 XXV — xxix 145, 148 xxviii, 5 146 xxviii, 23 149 XXX 148 xxxi, 1-9 148 xxxi, 10-31 148, 150 xxxi, 26 149 ECCLESIASTES. Entire 16, 22, 152-154 i, 1-11 154 i, 12 — viii, 15 154 ii, 26 149 iii, 9 153 vii, 13, 14 153 viii, 12 153 viii, 16 — ^xii, 7 154 ix, 2, 3 153 ix, 10-18 156 xii 156 xii, 8-14 154 xii, 13 153, 155 SONG OP SOLOMON. Entire 16, 22. 146-148 i — V, 1 148 ii, 10-13 147 ii, 15, 17 155 V, 2 — viii, 14 148 viii, 6, 7 147 ISAIAH. Entire 17; 173-175 i — V 173 i — xii 174 iii, 16-23 176 V, 1-12 175 V, 11, 12, 22, 23 176 vi, 3 63 vi, 8 161 vi — xii 173 vii, 14-16 175 vii — ix 175 ix, 1-7 199 ix, 1-12 175 X, 28-32 (map) 175 xi, 2 184 xi, 6 85 xiii — ^xxiii 174 xxii 126 xxiv — xzvii 175 xxvi, 3, 4 155 Page xxvi, 19 192 xxviii — ^xxxix ....174, 175 xxxiii 126 xxxvi, xxxvii 126 xxxvii, 21-29 176 xl 177 xl, 8 112 xl, 26 29 xl — Ixvi 174, 175 xliii, 1 176 xliv, 34 184 xlix, 15, 16 176 liii 177 liii, 1-6 199 liii, 3 177 liii, 5 155, 176, 177 liv, 11-14 155 Ivii, 14-18 134 Ixi, 1-3 184 Ixvi, 23 50 JEBEMIAH. Entire 17, 178-182 i 178 i, 2 178 i, 14 179 i — ^xx 182 ii — vi 179 vi, 1, 22, 23 179 vi, 11-26 181 vii 180 viii— X 180 ix, 24 169 xi, 18-23 179 xi, xii 179 xiii, 23 155 xiii — xxi 180 XV, 1 85 XV, 17 179 xvi, 2 179 xviii, 18 144 XX, 13 141 xxi — xxxiii 181 xxii, 20 — xxiv 180 XXV 180 xxvi, 17-19 172 xxvi 180 xxvi — xxxiv 180 xxix, 4-14 132 xxix, 10 128 xxxi, 14, 25 155 xxxi, 31-34 182, 200 xxxii, 27 29 xxxiv 182 XXXV 180, 182 xxxvi 180, 182 xxxvi, 14-32 182 xxxvi, 23, 29-31 91 xxxvii — xxxix, 10 180 xxxvii — xliv 182 xxxix, 11 — ^xliv 180 xliii, 1-8 128 xliv, 1 182 xlv 182 xlv— 11 180 xlvi, 2 126 xlvi — ^li 182 xlix, 7-22 197 Hi 180, 182 Iii, 28-30 128 I Page LAMENTATIONS. Entire 17, 22, 180-182 iii, 24 98 EZEEIEL. Entire 11, 17, 181-185 i 181 i, 1-21 183 i, 3, 28 181 i — xxiv 182 iii, 15 181 vii, 14 184 viii, 1 181 xiv, 1 181 xiv, 14 152, 191 xvi 181 xviii 181 xviii, 1-4 185 xviii, 20 181 XXV — ^xxxii 182, 184 xxvii 181 xxviii, 3 191 xxix, 16-18 181 xxxiii 181 xxxiii, 1-9 184 xxxiii — xlviii 183 xxxiv, 26 185 xxxvi 181 xxxvi, 7 184 xxxvi, 22, 23 181 xxxvi, 25-27, 155, 184, 185 xxxvii 181 xxxvii, 1-10 185 xxxvii, 1-14 192 xl — xlviii 181 xlvii 132 DANIEL. Entire, 11, 17, 22, 186-193 i 186 i, 1, 2 187 i, 8 193 i, 17 149 i — ^vi 190 ii, 1-24 189 ii, 25-49 190 ii, 34, 35, 44, 45 189 iii 189 iv, 29, 30 192 iv, 30, 32, 83 187 V 189 V, 1-30 187 V, 31— vi, 28 183 vi, 10-23 191, 192 vii, 8, 11, 20-26 189 vii, 13, 14 200 vii, 27 191 vii — xii 190 viii, 9-14, 19-26 189 ix, 14 43 X, 1 191 xi, 21-39 189 xii, 1-3 192, 200 HOSEA. Entire ...17, 166-168, 198 i — ^iii 168 ii, 16-20 168 ii. 19 169 2o8 Studies in the Old Testament. Page .165 ,168 ,170 ,125 ,176 165 169 iv, 2 iv — xiv Ti, 6 X, 12 xi, 1-4 xi, 4 xi, 8-11 xii, 6 165 xiv, 4 165 xiv, 4-9 170 xiv, 9 43 JOEL. Entire .. .17, 22, 197, 198 i, 4 200 ii, 28, 29 .. .125, 184, 197 ii, 28-32 201 AMOS. Entire ...17, 164-167, 198 i, 1 164 i, ii ..' 167 iii, 1-8 164 iii, 7 161 iii — vi 167 V, 14 170 T, 15 169 V, vi 165 vi, 1-7 168 vi, 15 161 vii, 10-12 166 vii, 10-17 168 vii, 15 165 vii — ix 167 OBADIAH. Entire . . .17, 22, 197, 198 Verses 1-9 197 Verse 21 197, 201 JONAH. Entire 17, 22, 194, 195, 198 i, 1-8, 15, 16 194 ii, 12 195 iii, 1 195 iii, 17-19 194 MICAH. Entire ...17, 171-174, 198 i, 1, 14 171 i, 9-15 (map) 175 i — iii 174 ii, iii 172 iv, 1-5 171, 172 iv, V 174 iv — vii 173 V, 2-5 173, 174 vi, 4 176 vi, 6-8 174 vi, 8 155 vi, 16 114, 115 vi, vii 174 NAHUM. Entire 17, 22. 194, 195, 198 i, 1-8, 15, 16 194 ii, 12 195 iii, 1 195 iii, 17-19 194 Page HABAKKUK. Entire . . .17, 22, 195, 198 ii, 4 195 ii, 12, 15 < 195 iii 195, 198 ZEPHANIAH. Entire . . .17, 22, 195, 198 i, 1 195 iii, 1 195 iii, 1-7, 13-20 198 iii, 17 195 HAGGAL Entire 17, 22, 195, 196, 198 i 200 i, 4 196 ZECHABIAH. Entire . . .17, 22, 196, 198 i — vi 196 iii, 1-5 196 iv 199 iv, 6, 7 184, 196 ix, 9 196 xii, 10 196 MALACHI. Entire . . .17, 22, 196, 198 iii 201 MATTHEW. iv, 1-10 32 vi, 11 56 vi, 33 98 vii, 7 105 X, 29-31 56 xi, 25, 26 85 xii, 42 106 xviii, 1-4 85 xxi. 5 196 xxii, 41, 42 98 xxiii, 35 43 xxiv, 35 112 I MABK. X, 27 29 LX7KE. ii, 19 55 ii, 52 81, 149 xiv, 7-11 149 xxiv, 44 136 JOHN. i, 11 55 iii, 16 176 iv, 20-24 50 viii, 56 47 xvii, 25 43 xix, 37 196 XX, 19-23 168 Page ACTS. ii, 29-31 98 X, 30, 31 105 xiii, 22 98 xvii, 28 56 EOMANS. i, 20 29 iii, 10-24 31 v, 19 32 vii, 28 56 viii, 17 98 viii, 28 155 xi, 33-36 29 1 COEINTHIANS. XV, 52 184 GALATIANS. i, 15, 16 161 COLOSSIANS. iii, 14 110 iii, 16 141 1 TIMOTHY. ii, 14 32 2 TIMOTHY. iv, 17 179 HEBEEWS. i, 1, 2 198 ii, 1 198 xi, 4 39 xi, 29, 30 59, 70 xii, 24 48 xiii, 15 141 JAMES. V, 16 105 1 PETEE. i, 15, 16 68 1 JOHN. ii, 16 33 iii, 12 43 EEVELATIOS. ii, 7 S3 vii, 9 141 viii, 3, 4 105 viii, 6 184 xvi, 7 43 xviii, 17 113 xxi, 3, 7 98 xxii, 2, 14 33 xxii, 9 50 GENEEAL INDEX. [Page niunbGr of text-book, after name of modern author, shows where he is qnoted; such number after title (often abbreviated) of book following author's name gives place of first reference to book; and after (Map) or (Chart) page where same is found, 1 meaning title page.] Page Aaron ..58-60, 64, 80, 110 Abdon 74 Abel 38, 39, 43 Abel-meholah 161 (Map) 111. Abiathar 100 Abigail 95 Abijah, son of Jero- boam 109 Abijam, king of Judah, 20, 21, 110, 121, 124 (Chart) 120. Abimelech 73 Abinadab 82 Abner 98, 107 Abraham.. 9, 19, 45-52, 54, 131 (Chart) 44, (Map) 49. "Abrech" 54 Absalom 95, 98, 107 Acco 131 (Maps) 77, 175. Achan 68 Achish of Gath 95 Acrostic Psalms 138 Adam 27, 32, 38, 52 (Chart) 44. Adam, city of 67 Adams, John 198 The Minor Prophets. . 11 Adeney, W. F., editor New Century Bible.. 11 Adonijah 100 Adoram 109 Adullam 91 _(Map) 90. Afflictions 151, 152 Ahab 20, 115-117, 122, 158-160 (Charts) 120, 163. Ahaz, king of Judah. . 21, 120, 122-124, 126, 171, 175 (Chart) 120. Ahaziah, king of Israel, 20, 116, 117, 122, 159 (Chart) 120. Ahaziah, king of Judah, 21, 122, 124, 160 (Chart) 120. Ahijah, the prophet, 102, 108, 110, 112 Page Ahinoam 95, 96 Ai ., 68 (Map) 1. Aijalon Ill (Map) 111. Alamoth 138 Alexander's empire (Map) 133. Alexandria 131 (Maps) 62, 133. Allegories 181 Altar of burnt-sacri- fice 130 (Maps) 104, 140. Altars, alien 102 Amalekites 74, 95 Amaziah, high priest, 166, 168 King of Judah, 21, 120, 124 (Chart) 120. American Revised Ver- sion 7, 12, 13 Amittai 197 Ammonites 75, 86, 88 Amnon 95 Amon, king of Judah, 21 124 (Chart) 120. Amorites 67 Amos 164-169, 174 Book of, 22, 169-174. (Chart) 163. Amraphel 46, 50 See also Hammurabi. Anakim 67 Anathoth 100, 178, 179 (Map) 84. Anderson, W. F 13 Angels 40 Anger 146 Animals of Old Testa- ment 85, 155 Antiochus Epiphanes, 131, 188 Apes .102 Apocalyptic writings, 187-189, 196 Arabia 101 (Maps) 183, 190. Arabic manuscript 66 Arabs, Bedouin 74 209 Page Ararat, Mount 43 (Map) 183. Ark, of Noah 42 Of tabernacle 80, 82, 95, 97. Armenia 43 (Map) 183. Armor 91, 96, 102 Art 41, 43 Artaxerxes 130 Asa 21, 122, 124 (Chart) 120. Asaph 138 Ascension 159 Ashdod 87, 131 (Map) 90. Asher, Tribe of.... 86, 109 (Map) 1. "Asherim" 112 Ashkelon 87 (Map) 90. Assyria 11, 22, 43, 116- 118, 167, 174, 195 (Maps) 14, 183; army smitten, 123, 125. Astronomy 27 Athaliah 21, 122, 124 (Chart) 120. Atonement 177 Azekah Ill (Map) 311. Azotus 131 (Map) 199. Baal 115, 158, 160, 161, 167 Baalath 102 Baalbek 154 (Map) 18. "Baali" 168 Baalim 73 Baasha, king of Israel, 20, 22, 114, 117, 120 (Chart) 120. Babylon. .46, 123, 126, 128, 129, 141, 187, 191 (Maps) 14, 49, 183. See also Chaldeans. 2IO Studies in the Old Testament. Page Babylonia. .11, 26, 28, 54, 134, 141 (Maps) 14, 183. Babylonian empire. New, or Chaldean 125, 126, 129, 189, 191 (Map) 14. Ball, C. J., Light from the East 59 Barak 73, 74, 86, 107 (Map) 77. Barnicott, O. R., Primer of Old Testament His- tory 8 Bass, in music 138 Bathsheba 95 Baxter, Richard 167 Beardslee, J. W...138, 153, 197 Introduction to Old Testament 8 Beasts, in Daniel 188 Of burden 134 Beecher, W. J 96 Beersheba 47, 53, 87 (Map) 49. Belshazzar. . .187, 188, 191 Benhadad 115 Bennett, W. H 71 Genesis (N. C. B.) 43. Joshua and Conquest, 9 Bernard, J. H 37 Bethel. .47, 53, 55, 72, 82, 109, 111, 161, 166, 168. (Maps) 18, 84, 111. Beth-horon 102 (Map) 199 Bethlehem 83, 94, 172 (Map) 84. Bethshan (Bethshean), 72, 131 (Maps) 77, 111, 199. Bethshean. See Beth- shan. Bible, Hunger for 4 Spiritual nourishment of 6 History of 7 Study course 7 Men of 8 Women of 8, 9 Constructive work. . . 13 Natural language of.. 115 Inspiring revival, 123, 126 Editing of Books 129 Formation of canon.. 134 Hebrew basis. . . .23, 164 See also Old Testa- ment. Bibliotheca Sacra... 19, 40 Bildad 151 Bitter Lakes 63 (Map) 62. Black Obelisk 116 Blaikie, W. G., Bible History 7 Page "Book-town" (Keriath-sepher) .... 69 Boscawen, W. St. 188 Boundaries of tribes. See Tribes. Brick-making 59 Brooks, Phillips 127 Brown, Theron, Name- less Women of Bible, 9 Browne, Bishop 24 Budde, Karl, Religion of Israel 118 Burney, C. F., Old Tes- tament Theology. ... 8 Burnt-offering 63 Buzi, Ezekiel's father, 181 Cain 38, 39 Caleb 66, 74 Calkin, J. B., Bible Lands 12 "Calves" for worship, 109, 110, 112 Canaan 47, 66, 73 (Map) 42. Canaanites . .46, 67, 72, 76 Canon of Old Testa- ment 187 Captives. Companies of 123 Numbers from Judah, 180 Carchemish 47, 125 (Map) 49. Battle of. ..126, 179, 195 Carlyle, Thomas 151 Carmel, Mount. .. .158, 161, 162 (Maps) 18, 77. Chaldeans, or New Babylonian empire, 179, 194, 195 (Chart) 163. Character 83, 117, 145, 148 Chariots 74, 102 Charts. Use of 12, 13 List of 14 Chebar, the 181, 185 Cheerfulness 146 Chemosh 115 Cherith, brook 158, 161 (Map) 111. Cherubim 33, 36 Child. Influence of. .81, 83, 162 In prophecy . . .173, 175 Christ. Types of 55, 56, 84 Spirit of 182, 184 See also Jesus Christ. Christian life 150, 170 Chronicler, The... 110, 123 Chronicles, Books of, 110, 112, 136 Chronology of Old Tes- tament 19-22, 40, 75 Ussher, 19-21. 40. Pag« Church, The 4, 46, 129, 18§ Circumcision 51, 67 Cities. Of the Plain 50, 52 Of refuge 68 Of the Levites 68 Of Philistines 87 Fortified 102, 109 City of David. (Map) 104. Civilization 41 Clarke, W. N., Chris- tian Theology 32 Cleansing 63 Cobern, C. M 187 Commentary on Ezekiel and Daniel, 11. Code of Hammurabi. See Hammurabi . Commerce 101, 102 Communion 63, 137 Conquest of Palestine, 9, 13, 19, 66-68, 70 Conversions 150 Conviction 63 Co-regencies ..21, 120, 173 (Chart) 120. Courage 189 Of Amos, 166. Covenant, sign of 43 Book of, 60, 61. New, 182. Creation 23-30 (Chart) 44. Creator . . .25, 26, 28, 155 Cross of Christ 183 Crossing of Jordan.. 66, 69 Cubit, length of 42, 96 Culture 41 Cushan-rishathaim .... 74 Cymbals 138 Cyrus 21, 129, 187, 188, 191, 192 Damascus 47, 118, 123 (Maps) 49, 111. Damieh Ford 47, 67 Dan, city of.. 87, 109, 111, 131 (Maps) 111, 199. Tribe of, 75, 86, 109. Dana, J. D 24 Daniel. .11, 13, 21, 22, 128, 129, 152, 186, 189- 193 (Chart) 163. Book of, 11, 22, 164. 186-192. (Chart) 163. Darius the Mede 188 David. .10, 13, 20, 83, 85, 87-100. 116, 138 (Maps) 84, 90, 97, 104. (Chart) 120. Davidic Psalms M8 General Index. 211 Page DaridsoB, A. B 81 Exile and Restoration, 10. Commeatary on Job, 11. Theology of Old Tes- tament, 155. Davies, T. W 101 Davies, W. W. Codes of Hammiirabi and Moses, 11. Davis, J. D. Genesis and Semitic Tradition, 9. Bible Dictionary, 12. Darison, W. T., 106, 137, 138, 142, 146, 151, 154, 156 Praises of Israel (Psalms) 10. Wisdom, Literature... 10 Dawson, J. W 24, 63 Dead Sea 60, 132 (Map) 18. Deane, Henry. Daniel and his Times, 11 Deborah.. 73, 74, 76, 78, 86, 107 (Map) 77. Decalogue. See Ten Commandments. Declensions, National, 116-124 Dedication, Spiritual... 63 Degrees, Psalms of.... 143 Delitzsch, Friedrich 187 Deluge. See Flood. Descent into Egypt.. 19, 53 Desert, Arabian 152 (Map) 190. Denney, James 34 Atonement and Mod- ern Mind, 32. Deuteronomic Code. ... 61 Deuteronomy, Book of, .61, 62 Dibon ..115 (Map) 111. Diligence 146, 150 Disobedience 32 Dispersion, Jewish 131 Division of Hebrew peo- ple 107, 108, 110 Dods, Marcus 50 Commentary on Gene- sis, 11. Doeg 88 Dothan 55 (Map) 77. Dress 144, 173 Driver, S. R. . . .50, 53, 155, 187-189, 197, 198 Isaiah, 10. Commentary »a Gene- sis, 11. Introductio« to Old Testament, 132. Duty, Micah's cam- marr 174 Page Dynasties 114, 115 (Chart) 120. "Early Judges" 73-75 East-Jordanic terri- tory 60, 75, 109, 154 (Maps) 1, 18, 199. Ebal, Mount 70 (Maps) 18, 199. Ebenezer 82 (Maps) 84. Eber, Dr 63 Ecclesiastes, Book of, 22, 144. 152-156 Eden 28, 29, 31, 33 (Map) 35. Edom 60, 197 Education, in Baby- lonia 45 Ehud 74, 86 Eiselen, F. C 13 Ekron 87 (Map) 90. Elah, king of Israel, 20, 114, 117, 120 (Chart) 120. Elam 129 (Map) 183. Elders following Joshua 19, 68 Eli 9, 73, 80-85, 100 Eliashib 130 Eliezer, Abraham's steward 48 The prophet 122 Elihu 151 Elijah 10, 22, 157- 162, 164 (Map) 111. (Chart) 163. Eliphaz 151 Elisha 10, 22, 157, 159-162, 164 (Map) 111. (Chart) 163. Elkanah 80 "Elohim" (God) 29 "Elkoshite," The 194 Elon 74 Endor 89 (Map) 77. Engedi 91 (Map) 90. Enoch 38, 40 Environment 27 Egypt 9, 11, 13, 19, 45, 53-56, 59, 64, 67, 100-102, 108, 128, 129, 131, 179, 180 (Maps) 4, 49, 62. Of the Ptolemies, 191. (Map) 190. Ephraim, Mount 74 Tribe of 86, 108, 109 (Map) 1. Division 102, 107 Esau 53-55 Esdraelon, Plain of.. 74-77 (Map) 77. Essenes 131 Esther 135, 136 (Map) 183. Book of 130, 134 Ethbaal 115 Ethiopia 195 Euphrates 2S (Maps) 35, 183. Eve 29, 32, 33, 38, 52 (Chart) 44. Evil, Moral. .37, 39, 40, 52, 153 Speaking 146 Spirit ..32, 36, 154, 196 Exile, The 10, 11, 13, 21, 128, 129, 132 134, 152 (Maps) 14, 62, 183, Length of 128 (Chart) 163. Conditions 132 Prophet of 181 Return journey .... 134 (Map) 49. Exodus, The . . 19, 58-64, (Maps) 4, 62. (Chart) 44; Book of, 60, 62 Ezekiel. . . . 11, 22, 129, 132, 152, 178, 181- 185, 191 (Map) 183 Book of 164 (Chart) 163. Ezion-geber 102 (Map) 97. Ezra 21, 130, 134 (Chart) 163. Book of 136 Fables 144 Fairbairn, A. M. Christ in Theology. . . 35 Faith . . .46-48, 51, 70- 73, 153, 176 Fall of Man and re- sults 32-37 Fallows, Samuel, editor Bible Encyclopaedia. . 12 Farah, Wady 47 (Maps) 18, 199. Feasts, Hebrew 64 Firstborn slain 59 Fleet, for trade 102 Flood 19, 38, 40-44 (Chart) 44. "Folly" 145 Freedom, Moral 32, 39 Friendship 149 Froude, J. A 151 Future life 152 Gad, Tribe of. .60, 86, 109 (Map) 1. Galilee 130, 197 (Map) 199. Garments 78, 102 Gath 87, 95 (Map) 90. 212 Studies in the Old Testament. Page Gath-hepher 197 (Maps) 77, 199. Gaza 87, 131 (Maps) 90, 199. Genesis, Book of. .9, 11, 23-29, 34, 49, 54 (Chart) 44. Genung, G. F 152, 154 Epic of Inner Life. . .152 Geology 24, 25, 27 Gerar 47 (Map) 49. Gerizim, Mount 70, 130 (Map) 199. Gezer 72, 101, 102 (Map) 90. Gibeonites 68 Gibson, J. M 43 Ages Before Moses, 40. Gideon. .73-75, 78, 79, 107 (Map) 77. Gihon, Stream 28 (Map) 35. Spring., (maps) 104, 140 Gilboa, Mount.. 75, 89, 95 (Map) 77. Gilead 75, 158 (Map) 1. People of 87 Gilgal 67, 82 (Maps) 1, 84. Gilmour, James 141 Girgashites 67 Given, J. J. Kings of Judah 10 Glacial era 19 God 25. 26, 29, 43, 152 Praise of 141, 142 Majesty 174 Attributes and gra- cious works. .29, 33, 43, 52, 56, 59, 63, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 113, 125, 134, 143, 155, 161, 164, 169, 172, 173, 176, 182, 188, 191, 196 Gods, false.. 102, 108, 123 Goethe 79, 151 Gold 102 Goliath 89, 94, 96 (Map) 90. Goodness 83 Goshen 58, 59 (Map) 62. Gospel, Promise 36 Advance toward. ... 182, 183, 185 Grace 183 Grain, Storing of 59 Greek, Cities in Pales- tine 131, 200 (Map) 199. Empire 189 (Map) 133. Language 131 Period. See Jewish history. Page Green, W. H., "Prom- eval Chronology' ' . . . . 40 Gubaru 187, 188 Gulf of Suez 63 (Map) 62. Guyot, A. H 24 Habakkuk 179, 195 Book of.. 22, 194, 195, 198 (Chart) 163. Habiri 67 Habor River 118 (Map) 14. Hagar 46 Haggai 130, 195, 200 Book of.. 22, 194-196, 198 (Chart) 163. Halah 118 (Map) 14. Hamath 118 (Maps) 14, 49. Hamitic peoples. (Map) 42. Hammurabi. .. .19, 45- 47, 50 Code of 11, 45-47, 61, 64 Hanani, The prophet. .122 Hananiah, The false prophet 180 Handwriting on wall... 187 Hannah 81 Haran 46-49, 53, 55 (Map) 49. Harod, Well of 75 (Map) 77. Harosheth 74 (Map) 77. Harper, R. F. Code of Hammurabi. 47 Harps 138 Harvey-Jellie, "W. Ezekiel 11 Hastings, James, edi- tor Dictionary of Bible, 12. Hazael 116, 118, 159 Hazor 74, 102 (Map) 77. Heart, New 181, 185 Hebrew. History ...7-12, 80, 131 Monarchies ..10, 86-127 (Chart) 22, 120. Musical instr\iments.l42 National Life 86-135 Poetry 137, 138, 141, 151 Prophets 17, 157-201 (Chart) 163. Singers and Wisdom Writers 136-156 Spirit 80, 81 "Hebrew," Meaning of term 46, 50 Hebrews, The.... 7, 22, 58, 67, 100, 102, 108 See also Israel. Page Hebron. .47, 50, 53, 55, 72 95 (Maps) 49, 90. Heman 138 Heredity 27 Hermon, Mount 152 (Maps) 1, 18. Herods, The 131 Hezekiah. .21, 120, 122- 126, 140, 145, 152, 171, 172, 195 (Charts) 120, 163. Hiddekel 28 (Map) 35. "High places" 112 Hilkiah, Jeremiah's father :...178 Hill Country 68, 166 Hiram 101 Hittites 67 Hivites 67 Holiness, Law of 61 Of God 181 Holy Spirit. .4, 26, 79, 83, 145, 179, 181, 184, 185, 196, 197, 200 Hommel, Fritz 46 Hor, Mount 60 (Map) 4. Horeb, Mount 158, 161 (Map) 4. Horn, Little, in Daniel. 189 Horner, Joseph. Daniel, Darius and Cyrus 188 Horses 102 Horton, R. F. Minor Prophets (N. C. B.), 170. Hosea 166-169, 174 Book of 22, 167 (Chart) 163. Hoshea, king of Israel, 20, 117 (Charts) 120, 163. Houses and furnish- ings 165, 169 Human race, Begin- ning of 19, 41 Unity of 39 Humility 174 Hurlbut, J. L. Bible Atlas 12 Hyksos kings.. 19, 53, 54 Ibzan 74 Idolatry 123, 129 Image, in Daniel 188 "Immanuel" 173 Immorality, in Israel, 165, 167 Incense 109 Influence and example, 118-120, 176, 181, 184 Inscriptions, 43, 45, 54, 114, 115, 139, 187, 192 See also Monuments. Instruments, musical. ..142 General Index. *I3 Page Intemperance, 167, 175, 176, 195 Isaac 48, 51 Isaiah, 10, 122, 123, 125, 171-179 Book of, 22, 129, 173-177 (Chart) 163. Ishbosheth 107 "Ishi" 168 Israel, kingdom of, 109- 122, 159 Territory 109 (Map) 111. Population 109 Dynasties 114 (Chart) 120. Kings (see Kings). League with Syria. ..175 End 117, 119, 171 (Charts) 120, 163. Israel, people of, 66-68, 75, 76, 80, 87, 95, 107 See also Hebrews. Issachar, tribe of, 86, 109 (Map) 1. Iverach, James, Moses. 9 Ivory 102 Jabbok 47 (Maps) 1, 18, 199. Jabesh-gilead, 88, 91, 111 (Map) 111. Jabin 74 Jacob 52-56 Jacob-el 54 Jael 74 Jair 74 Japhetic peoples. (Map) 42. Jebel Madurah 60 Jebel Musa 59 Jebus 101 (Maps) 84, 104. Jebusites 67 Jehoahaz, king of Israel, 20, 117 (Chart) 120. Jehoahaz, king of Judah, 21, 124, 179 (Chart) 120. Jehoiachin. . . .21, 124, 180 (Chart) 120. Jehoiakim, 21, 124, 179, 180, 184, 187 (Charts) 120, 163. Jehoram, king of Judah, 21, 122, 124, 159, 197 (Charts) 120, 163. See also Joram. Jehoshaphat. . . .21, 115, 122, 124, 125, 159 (Chart) 120. Jehovah, 29, 70, 72, 81, 108-110, 145, 146 Jehu, 20, 116-118, 122, 159 (Chart) 120. Jephthah 74-78, 86 Page Jeremiah, 10, 128, 129, 132, 172, 178-184 Book of, 22, 164, 178- 184, 197 (Chart) 163. Jeremias, Johannes. Moses and Hammu- rabi 61 Jericho 66-68, 161 (Map) 84. Jeroboam, 20, 102, 107-114 (Map) 111. (Charts) 120, 163. Jeroboam II, 20, 116, 170, 119, 166, 197 (Charts) 120, 163. Jerusalem, 72, 95, 97, 101-104, 108, 110, 129, 141, 168, 172, 173, 195. Destroyed. .21, 124, 197 Walls rebuilt 130 (Maps) 104, 140. Jesse 83, 94 Jesus Christ, 4, 26, 32, 47, 58, 56, 63, 81, 84, 106, 131, 136. (Chart) 44. In Psalms, 142, 149, 168 In Micah 172, 173 In Isaiah... 173, 175-177 In Daniel 188, 189 In Zechariah 196 Summary 200 See also Christ. Jewels 155 Jewish history, 21, 128, 129 Persian period.. 130, 131 (Map) 133. Greek period. . .130, 131 (Map) 133. Maccabean period. . ..131 Roman period 131 Jews 46, 128-134 Origin of term 128 Religious develop- ment, 134. Sects 131 In Egypt 184 Jezebel, 115, 119, 122, 158, 160 Jezreel, of Israel 161 (Maps) 77, 111. Of Judah 96 Valley of 75 (Map) 77. Joab 98, 100 Joash, king of Israel, 20, 117 (Chart) 120. Joash, king of Judah, 21, 124, 160 (Charts) 120, 163. Job 35, 36, 151-154 (Map) 111. Book of 22, 144, 151, 156 JPage Joel 197 Book of, 22, 194 197, 198 (Chart) 163. John the Baptist, 169, 196 Johns, C. H. W., 45, 46 Code of Hammurabi. 11 Jonah, 22, 119, 197, 201 Book of, 22, 194, 197, 198, 201 (Chart) 163. Jonathan 89, 91, 92 Joram (Jehoram), king of Israel. . .20, 116, 117 (Charts) 120, 163. Jordan, River, 46, 47, 66, 67, 75, 86, 93, 109, 118, 157. (Map) 1. Valley, 67, 68, 70, 152, 154 (Map) IS. Joseph, 9, 13, 19, 53-57 (Maps) 49, 62, 77. Joseph-el 54 Josephus 178 Joshua, general, 9, 13, 19, 66-72, 107. Book of 67, 164 High-priest 196 Josiah, 21, 123-126, 178, 179 (Chart) 120. Jotham, king of Judah, 21, 22, 120, 124, 171 (Charts) 120, 163. Judah, son of Jacob. . . 56 Tribe of, 86, 87, 95, 102, 105, 107. (Map) 1. Kingdom of, 109-114, 116, 121-127, 171, 172, 176. (Chart) 120. Territory 109 (Map) 111. Population 109 Kings of (See Kings). Captivity of 178, 180 (Charts) 120, 163. Persian province of, (Map) 133. In (Jreek period. (Map) 133. See also Jewish his- tory. Judaism 130, 181 Judges or deliverers, 20, 72-85 Book of 72-79, 164 Judgment 40, 43 Justice, 122, 165, 169, 174 of God 43 Kadesh-barnea 60, 66 (Map) 4. Kedesh-naphtali 74 (Map) 77. Kenites 67 Kenizzites 67 214 Studies in the Old Testament. Page Kennedy, On the Book of Jonah 198 Kent, C. F 128, 131 Wise Men of Israel.. 11 History of the He- brew People 117 History of the Jewish People 128 Keriath-jearim 84 (Map) 84. Keriath-sepher 69 Kinah measure 180 Kingdom of David and Solomon 96, 100 (Map) 97. Kingdom of God, 46, 47, 188, 189, 197 of heaven 190 Kingdom of Israel. See Israel. Kingdom of Judah. See Judah. Kings, Books of, 110, 112, 164 Bangs of Israel. Chronology of 20 Character 114-120 Scripture outline. .. .117 (Chart) 120. Kings of Judah. Chronology of 21 Character 121-126 Scripture outline 124 (Chart) 120. Kirkpatrick, A. F., 138, 157, 171, 174, 197 Doctrine of the Proph- ets 10 Cambridge Bible for Schools 140 Kishon, River 74, 76 (Map) 77. Kittel, R., History of the Hebrews 78 Klein, F 115 Knox-Little, W. J. David 10 Koheleth 152 Korkhah (Dibon) 115 (Map) 111. Laban 53 Labor 35, 36 Forced 59, 102 Lachish Ill (Maps) 1, 111. Lamentations, Book of, 22, 164, 180 Lamps 75 Land tenure in Israel, 71, 172, 175, 176 Law, the Mosaic, 23, 59- 64, 130, 136 The Babylonian 46 Leadership 174 Leah 53 Lebanon, Mount. . .93, 170 (Maps) 1, 18. Leprosy 159 Levites, The 82, 109 Page Levitical Code 60, 61 Leviticus, Book of.... 60-62 Life development 27 Lions 192, 195 Literature, Psalms 142 Job 155 Locusts 200 Lot 48, 49 Love, of God and neigh- bor 63 Divine, 165, 167, 169, 176, 198, 201 Natural 146, 147 Lovingkindness, 165, 169, 174 Luther 140, 168 Luxor 154 Luxury, 105, 108, 165, 166, 173, 176 Maccabaeus, Judas, Jonathan, Simon 131 Maccabees, age of, 188, 189 See also Jewish History. MacCoun, Townsend. Holy Land 12 Machnow, Russian giant, 96 Machpelah, cave of, 46, 47 Maclntyre, R. G. Elijah and Elisha. . . 10 Magnificat 81 Malachi 196 Book of, 22, 130, 194, 196, 198, 201 (Chart) 163. Man, creation of 23-30 Innocence 31 Place in universe, 25-29 Fall 32-36 Manasseh, king of Judah, 21, 123, 124, 178 (Chart) 120. Tribe of 60, 86, 109 (Map) 1. Manda 188 (Map) 183. Manna 59 Maon 91 (Map) 90. Maps and Charts, list of, 14 Mareshah Ill (Map) 111. Maritime Plain 87, 91 (Map) 18. Marriage 29, 48, 130 Martyrs 188, 191 Isaiah 178 Jeremiah 180 Mary, mother of Jesus. 81 Mashal 144 Matheson, George, 39, 47, 182 Representative Men of the Bible 8 Meal-offering 63 Medes, The 188 (Map) 183. Medo-Persian empire. ..189 (Map) 133. Pag» Megiddo 72, 102, 125 (Map) 77. Battle of 126, 179 Memphis 182 (Map) 62. Men of the Old Testa- ment 166 Menahem, king of Israel, 20, 117, 166, 167 (Chart) 120. Mercy 146 Merenptah 19 Merom, Lake 74 (Maps) 1, 77. Mesha 115, 118, 159 (Map) 111. Mesopotamia 45 Messiah, The, in Micah and Isaiah 175, 176 Metals 155 Micah 171-176 Book of 22, 171-176 (Chart) 163. (Map) 175. Michal 89, 94 Midianites 74 (Map) 4. Migdol 182 (Map) 62. Miller, Hugh 24 Mining 155 Minor Prophets, 129, 194-201 (Chart) 163. Miriam 64 Missions 137, 141 Mizpah 82, 88 (Map) 84. Moab 60, 95, 115 (Maps) 1, 111. Moabite Stone, 115, 118, 119 (Map) 111. Monuments, ancient, 9, 11, 59, 102 Pee also Inscriptions. Moody, D. L., 62, 91, 98, 184 Moore, G. F 74, 83 Commentary oh Judges 74 Moral factor 145 "Morashtite," The 171 Moresheth-gath 171 (Map) 175. Morgan, G. Campbell. ..165 Moriah, Mount 101 Moses, 9, 13, 58-66, 81, 84 Code of 11 Books of 23, 60-62 Mueller, Max 83 Murison, R. G. Babylonia and Assyria 11 Egypt 11 Music 81, 89, 93, 94 Of temple 142 Instruments of.. 142, 165 Naaman 159, 162 Nablus 130 General Index. 215 Page Nabo»iduB 188 Nabnth 159 Nadab, king of Israel, 20, 114, 117 (Chart) 120. Nahum 194 Book of... 22, 194, 195 (Chart) 163. Naphtali, Tribe of, 86, 109 (Map) 1. Narrative, The, defined. 5 Nathan 95, 97, 144 Nation building 72-87 Nations, Early, 42, 43, 45 (Map) 42. Naville, Dr 63 Nazareth 197 (Map) 199. Nebo, Mount 60 (Map) 1. Nebuchadnezzar, 124, 128, 179, 180, 187, 188 As a builder... 187, 192 Necho, Pharaoh 179 Negeb (Soutk Country), 48, 90 (Map) 18. Nehemiah, 13, 130, 131, 134 (Chart) 163. Book of 21, 136 New CoTcnant 25, 182 New Testamant, 137, 145, 182 Apprcack to 200 (Map) 199. Nineveh 46, 118 (Maps) 49, 183. Nippur 181 (Map) 183. Noah... 38, 40, 43, 52, 152 (Chart) 44. Nob 82 (Maps) 84, 175. Northern Kingdom. See Israel. Numbers, Book of... 60, 62 Obadiak, eonrt official, 158, 160 The prophet 194 Book of, 22, 194, 197, 198 (Chart) 163. Obedience, 50, 70, 72, 130, 149, 198 Oded, Tke prophet 123 Odes, 74, 7€, 86, 195, 198 Offerings 63, 101 Oil 102 Old Testament 3, 5 Literatur* 7-12 Outline of contents, 15-17 Chronology 19-22 Jewish, divisions of.. 23 Septuagint version, 131, 134 Preparing for New Testament 200 Olivet, Mount 102 (Map) 1. Page Omri, 20, 22, 114-117, 120 (Chart) 120. Ophel 101 (Maps) 104, 140. Ophrah 75 Orator 173 Oriental research, 3, 9, 45, 49 See also Insciiptions. Ornaments 78 Othniel 20, 74, 75 Ottley, R. L 176, 197 History of the He- brews 7, 8 Hebrew Prophets. ... 10 Outline of Parts 15-17 Overseers. . .102, 108, 109 Paddan-aram 53 (Map) 183. Pain, mission of . . . .36, 53 Palace of Solomon, 102-104, 109 (Map) 104. Palestine. .. .11, 12, 66-68 Early peoples, 67, 70, 129 Physical features. ... 70 (Map) 18. Battlefield of 77 Rivals for 191 (Map) 190. Paneas 131 (Map) 199. Parables 144, 149, 181 Pardon 36 Passover 123 Paterson, J. A 19 Judges 9 Paton, L. B. Syria and Palestine.. 115 Patriarchal age 49, 54 Paul and Jeremiah. . . .179 Peace-offering 63 Pekah, king of Israel, 20, 117, 123, 166 (Chart) 120. Pekahiah, king of Israel, 20, 117 (Chart) 120. Pella 131 (Map) 199. Peniel 53 See also Penuel. Pentateuch 23 Pentecostal promise. . ..197 Penuel 53-56, 109, 111 (Map) 111. Perea 130 (Map) 199. Perizzites 67 Persia 129 (Map) 183. Persian Gulf 46 (Maps) 35, 183. Empire (Map) 133. Period. See Jewish history. Pethuel 197 Pharaoh 100 Pharisees 131 Pag» Philistia 90, 95 (Map) 18. Philistines, 75, 82, 87, 89, 91, 97, 107 Phoenicia 101, 103 (Map) 111. "Pillars" 112 Pinches, T. G 187 Pishon 28 (Map) 35. Pithom 59 (Map) 62. Plagues, in Egypt 59 Plain, cities of 50, 52 Of Esdraelon, 74-77, 148 (Map) 77. Plants of Palestine !'*'> Plumptre, E. H 156 Poetry, Hebrew, 137, 138, 141, 149, 151 Praise of God... 141, 142 Prayer, 40, 48, 50, 101, 105, 158 Precious stones 102 Price, I. M 45 Monuments and Old Testament 9 Pride 146 Priests and priesthood, 59, 64, 100, 109, 131, 144 Prophets, The, 10, 13, 22, 23, 81, 85, 103, 108, 136, 144, 157- 164, 186, 200. (Chart) 163. See also Hebrew Prophets. Proverbs, Book of, 22, 144-149 Providence, Divine 56 Psalms, The, 10, 11, 22, 129, 136-143 Ptolemais 131 (Map) 199. Pul or Pulu llfJ See also Tiglath-Pile- ser. Queen of Sheba, 101, 105, 106 (Map) 42. Raamses 59 (Map) 62. Rachel 53 Rainbow 41, 43 Ramah 82, 83 (Map) 84. Ramoth-gilead . . ..115, 161 (Map) 1. Rebekah 52 Reconciliation 63 Records, Israelite 69 Red Sea 59, 63, 102 (Maps) 42, 62, 97. Redeemer 172 Redemption, 26, 31-35, 44, 172 Reference books 6-13 Reforms, 130, 172, 173, 178, 179 2l6 Studies in the Old Testament. Page Rehoboam, 20, 21, 107- 111, 121 (Map) 111. (Charts) 120, 163. Religious spirit and de- velopment, 41, 50, 97, 129, 145, 164, 167. Remnant, The saving, 159, 173, 198 Repentance 152, 198 Rephaim 67 Restoration, The, 10, 13, 21, 129 Resurrection 188, 192 Reuben, Tribe of . .60, 109 (Map) 1. Reverence 146 Revivals, Religious and national, 70, 71, 73, 85, 121-126, 169. Revolt, of northern tribes 109 Rezin ..123 Riddles 144 Righteousness, 39, 40, 43, 47, 51, 76, 137, 146, 165, 169. Riis, Jacob 165 Robertson, James 138 Psalms 11 Early Religion of Is- rael 61 Robson, John. Jeremiah 10 Rogers, R. W., 4, 13, 46, 187 History of Babylonia and Assyria 11 Roman empire 189 Period. See Jewish History. Round numbers 128 Ruth 78 Book of 75-79, 136 Ryle, H. E. Early Narratives of Genesis 40 Saba 101, 105 Sabbath 24, 26, 29 Sacrifice, 39, 50, 63, 90, 91, 94, 123, 176 Sacrilege 91 Sadducees 131 Salmond, C. A. Eli, Samuel, Saul 9 Salt 132 Samaria, city of, 114, 117, 161 (Map) 111. Northern Israel, 119, 171 (Map) 199. Samaritans 130 Samson, 20, 74, 75, 78, 79, 144 (Map) 90. Samuel, 9, 13, 20, 73, 80-90, 94, 107 (Map) 84. Books of, 80, 129, 164 Page Sarah 47, 50, 52 Sargon II 117, 119 Satan. See Evil Spirit. Saul, 9, 10, 20, 82-95, 107 (Maps) 77, 84, 90. (Chart) 120. Sayce, A. H., 19, 26, 45, 46, 53, 54 Joseph and Egypt ... 9 Monument Facts 11 History of the He- brews 19 Higher Criticism and Monuments 115 Schools and instruction, 122 Of the prophets, 81, 83, 159-162 Science as related to Bible, 24-29, 31, 34, 37, 39-41, 155. Scott, 0. A. Abraham 9 Scribes, The 131 Scriptures. See Bible. Scythians.. .179, 195, 200 (Map) 183. Scythopolis 131 (Map) 199. ♦•Seer" 81, 85 Self-sacrifice 127 Semitic peoples 67 (Map) 42. Sennacherib 123, 140 Septuagint, 131, 134, 180 Service 63 Seth 38, 40, 43 Shallum, king of Israel, 20, 117, 120, 166 (Chart) 120, Shalmaneser II, 116 Shalmaneser IV 119 Shamgar 74 Sheba, Queen of. .101, 105 (Map) 42. Shechem, 47, 53, 56, 108-111, 114 (Maps) 1, 49. Shemaiah, The prophet.109 Sheminith 138 Shephelah 87, 91, 171 (Map) 18. Shepherd life 166, 169 "Shibboleth" 86 Shiloh 80, 82, 110 (Map) 84. Shimei 100 Ships 102 Shishak 108, 112 ' ' Shulammite' ' 147 "Shunammite" 147 Silver 102 Simeon, Tribe of.. 86, 109 (Map) 1. Sin, 31-37, 39, 52, 123, 126 Offering 63 Sinai, Mount, 59, 60, 110, 158 (Map) 4. Sinaitic Code 60 Page Peninsula 161 (Map) 4. Sinker, Robert. Saul and Hebrew Monarchy 10 Sisera 74 Sketch maps 12-14 Skinner, John. Between Testaments. 10 Smith, G. A., 70, 76, 78, 167, 197 Holy Land 11 Isaiah 126 The Twelve Prophet8.166 Social life and truth, 51, 52, 149 Sodom 48 Solomon, 10, 20, 95, 97, 100-108, 110, 111, 116, 144, 145, 153, 156. (Map) 97. (Charts) 120, 163. Song of Solomon, 22, 144, 146, 148 "Sons of God" 40, 43 Soprano 138 Soul, responsibility. .. .181 South Country. See Negeb. Southern Kingdom. See Judah. Speech, Rightly con- trolled 149 Spiegelberg, Dr. Sojourn in Goshen and the Exodus. .. 58 Spies. The 66 Spiritual life, 6, 44, 46, 49, 50, 157 Stanley, A. P. Jewish Church 195 State, The 129 Statesmen. Samuel 81 Isaiah 122, 173 Daniel 186 Stellar universe 28 (Map) 27. Stewart, R. L. Land of Israel 11 Strong, A. H 34 Suffering, Problem of.. 152 Susa 46 (Map) 183. Sycomore tree 165 Symbolism, 181, 183, 189, 196 Synagogues, 129, 131, 181 Syria, 114-118, 122, 123, 159, 189, 191 (Maps) 111, 190. Tabernacle 60, 64 Tabor, Mount 74 (Map) 77. Tahpanhes 182 (Map) 62. Tamar 102 Taxation 102, 107 General Index. 217 Page Tekoa, 144, 165, 166, 168 (Map) 111. Telabib 181, 182 (Map) 183. Tel-el- Amarna letters. . . 67 Temperance 146, 149 Temple, of Solomon, 21, 95, 98, 101-105, 109, 122. Purified 123 Destroyed 128 (Map) 104. Of Zerubbabel, 21, 128, 130, 134, 171, 196. (Map) 140. Of Ezekiel's vision, 132, 133 Temptation, 32, 35-37, 55, 148 Ten Commandments.... 60 Ten Tribes, Fate of 117 See also Israel. Terry, M. S. Moses and the Proph- ets 60 Tibni 114 Tiglath-Pileser III, (Pulu) 116 Tigris 28 (Map) 35. Tirzah 109-111 (Map) 111. Tola 74 Torah, The 61 Trees of Palestine 105 Trespass-offering 63 Tribes of Israel 53 Territory of 68-70 (Map) 1. Confederacies ....86, 87 Trumbull, H. C 63 Jonah in Nineveh. . ..198 Trumpets 138 Truth 146 Tunes, in temple music. 13 8 Types in Old Testa- ment 53-56 Tyre, 101, 102, 181, 184 (Map) 111. Unity of Israel, 76, 78, 80, 86, 87 Upham, Warren 19 Ur 46, 49, 50 (Maps) 35, 49. Urartu 43 (Map) 183. Ussher's chronology, 19- 21, 40 Uz 152 (Map) 111. Uzziah, 21, 116, 120, 122-124, 173 (Charts) 120, 163. Van, Lake 43 (Map). Van Dyke, Henry. Gospel for Age of Doubt 32 Story of Psalms 137 Vessels of temple 187 Visions 181 Vow of Jephthah. 77 Wade, G. W. Old Testament His- tory 116 Wagner, Charles 165 Walker, William. Kings of Israel 10 Wallace, A. R 27, 28 Man's Place in the Universe 27 Walls of Jerusalem, 102, 130 (Maps) 104, 140. Wanderings of Israel- ites 19, 60, 68 Warren, Charles 101 Water Gate, The 134 (Map) 140. Weapons 91 West-land, The 116 Wheat 59, 102 Whitehouse, O. C 25 Wilderness of Judea, 166, 169 (Map) 18. Wilkin, G. F. Control in Evolution. 34 Wilson, C. W 101 Winning souls 54, 192 Winterbotham, Rayner. Solomon 10 Wisdom, literature, 102, 10, 22, 136, 144-149 Witch of Endor 89, 90 Women, in Old Testa- ment, 29, 39, 48, 102, 105, 128, 144, 150, 167, 173, 176. Page Worcester, B. 0. Genesis in the Light of Modern Knowl- edge 29 World, creation of... 23-28 Conflict with 189 Worship, True, 40, 48, 50, 68 False 109, 112 Writings, The, 23, 136, 180, 186 Youth, self-control, 188, 190, 193 Zachariah (Zechariah) king of Israel, 20, 117, 120. (Chart) 120. Zadok 100 Zarephath 158, 161 (Map) 111. Zebulun, Tribe of.. 86, 109 (Map) 1. Zechariah, The prophet, 130, 195 Book of, 22, 194, 196, 198, 200 (Chart) 163. Zedekiah, king of Ju- dah 21, 124, 180 (Charts) 120, 163. Zenos, A. C 25 Zephaniah 195, 198 Book of, 22, 194, 195, 198 (Chart) 163. Zerah (Osorkon II) 122 Zerubbabel, 21, 128, 130, 134, 196 (Chart) 163. Ziklag 91, 95 (Map) 90. Zimri, king of Israel, 20, 114, 117, 120 (Chart) 120. Zion 101 (Map) 104. Ziph 91 (Map) 90. Zoan 49, 55, 100 (Maps) 49, 62. Zophar 151 iQs> ^ Date Due ! , !