I- Glass PA ^OSH r^ Book ^ G p^-S Copyright N°. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. ELEMENTS OF LATIN BY BARRY C. SMITH, A.B. (Yale) w BROWNING SCHOOL, NEW YORK D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO Q 1 \ ^K .A Copyright, 1913, By D. C. Heath & Co. 1 c 3 //: f-o ©CI.A343919 ho/ PREFACE In the course of twelve years' experience in teaching Latin to beginners, the writer has become convinced of two facts : The first is that a textbook for secondary schools should be written from the standpoint of the secondary school, and therefore by a person who is familiar, from actual experience, with the condi- tions of the classroom. Most of our textbooks for pupils begin- ning Latin, however admirable in other respects, are written in such a way as to require for intelligent comprehension consider- ably more maturity of judgment and understanding than the average beginner in Latin can be expected to possess. The second of these facts is that a book to be of the greatest help to the teacher, and thus secure the best results, should be so ar- ranged as to enable the teacher to concentrate energy upon one thing at a time. \yith these two ideas as a fundamental consideration, the writer has prepared this book. In reference to the first, every effort has been made to use simple language and make all expla- nations, rules, etc., directly intelligible to the young student. Where explanations should be given, they are made, it is hoped, clearly and simply ; in cases where experience has shown that no book can supply the place of oral explanation, or where explanation has seemed unnecessary, the facts have been sim- ply stated, and the rest left to the instructor. As to the second fact, the writer firmly believes that, in the main, it is wisest to concentrate on forms first. Therefore the first thirty-six lessons of this book are devoted to acquiring a thorough knowledge of the forms and their practical use. By that time the pupil has only irregular verbs left to learn ; his form work for the first year is otherwise complete. Some syntax is of course given in these lessons, but only such principles as are necessary for the understanding of sentence structure, and for intelligent use of iii iv Preface the forms that are being learned (for example, in Lessons XVI- XX on Pronouns). Practically all the syntax of case and mood is postponed until Lesson XXXVII, where the systematic study of it begins with the lessons on the genitive. In postponing the syntax, and concentrating on it in the last twenty-four lessons, two difficulties were encountered : the dan- ger of confusing the pupil's mind by crowding too many more or less similar constructions together ; and the necessity of thorough drill and review, without unduly lengthening the work. These difficulties have been overcome by limiting the syntax to those constructions which are of common occurrence in Caesar, and by introducing at intervals lessons on the irregular verbs, and employing these lessons to review thoroughly the syntactical principles of the lessons preceding. Heynacher's analysis of the syntax of Caesar has been employed in determining what syntactical principles should be included. With the exception of a few constructions, omitted because their difficulty renders postponement until the second year advisable, no construction has been omitted which occurs more than five times in the jirst four books of Caesar. It is believed, therefore, that this book contains all the syntax necessary to enable the pupil to make an intelligent start in Caesar, and that ample exercises and reviews have been provided for a clear understanding of it. Beginning with Lesson XXV, each Lesson (except the review lessons) contains a short passage of continuous prose. Ten anecdotes are first given. These are easy and serve to show the pupil that Latin can be used to describe interesting events of everyday life. These are followed by short passages descrip- tive of early Roman history which gradually lead up to more difficult work. At the end, after the lessons are completed, will be found twenty-three reading lessons, giving an account of the Helvetian War, based on Caesar I, 1-29. The Latin of Caesar has been somewhat simplified, chiefly by the shortening of long sentences, and by the omission of the most difficult passages of indirect discourse. The style of Caesar has been preserved, Preface v however, and the material thus provided will introduce the pupil rapidly and easily to the text of Caesar, and at the same time provide a thorough review of the syntax of the preceding lessons. The notes give ample help and refer constantly to the rules of syntax in the lessons. Attention is also called to the following features of this book: i. The Vocabulary. This has been based on Professor Lodge's "Vocabulary of High School Latin." Exclusive of proper names, the Vocabulary contains 771 words, ninety-seven per cent of which occur in Professor Lodge's list of 2000 essen- tial words ; ninety per cent occur four or more times in Caesar I-V ; and eighty-six per cent occur in the list of 1000 words to be learned before the end of the second year. Of the remainder, the greater part are necessary for purposes of grammatical com- pleteness, as — ego, tu, difficilis, riis, etc. A pupil who masters these vocabularies will therefore acquire a knowledge of more than a third of the vocabulary which Professor Lodge believes essential for a High School student. 2. The Word List for Drill. On page 271 will be found a list of the words in the vocabularies of the lessons, with the English on the reverse side of the page. The words are purposely not arranged in alphabetical order, ?nd where a word has two or more entirely different meanings, each is given separately. This list will be found of great value in mastering the vocabularies. By its use frequent and rapid oral or written reviews are made possible. It has been found that a pupil with the English words before him can run through the list, giving the corresponding Latin with remarkable speed. 3. The fact that the words in each vocabulary are reviewed in the exercises of the lessons immediately following. This has been provided for with great care throughout. 4. The special vocabularies of the first ten reading lessons. These free the pupil from the necessity of searching the general vocabulary for meanings until he has become somewhat familiar with continuous prose. vi Preface 5. The examples illustrating the rules of syntax. These con- tain only words in common use so that a clear understanding of the meaning and principle involved is assured. 6. The copious exercises. These illustrate every point of form and syntax and, with the reading lessons, afford abundant material for practice and sight translation. The English-Latin exercises are unusually numerous, the author believing that nothing else develops power so rapidly. All exercises, however, are so arranged that teachers who prefer them shorter may omit the latter sentences. 7. The clear, open page. By careful arrangement of material, and generous spacing, an effort has been made to secure the tremendous help of visualizing. 8. The treatment of the conjugations. By the development of the principles of formation on the stems, the pupil is taught to conjugate verbs other than the models, without difficulty. 9. The treatment of the third declension. The method of determining the different classes of stems is given in a simple way. In the vocabularies, all third declension nouns and adjec- tives are given with the genitive in full. Grateful acknowledgment is here made to Allyn & Bacon for their courtesy in permitting the use of their texts of the " Gra- datim " and the " Junior Latin Book " in the preparation of the reading lessons. In conclusion the author desires to express his gratitude to Mr. J. A. Browning, of the Browning School, New York City, for his many valuable suggestions ; to Mr. I. J. Uhrich and Mr. N. E. Crosby, of the same school, and to Mr. Rest Fenner Smith, Jr., formerly of the Newark Academy, all of whom have devoted much time to the reading of the proof sheets ; and also to Professor Henry P. Wright, until recently Dean of Yale College, whose reading of the manuscript has been of great value, and whose kindly interest and encouragement have been a source of inspiration at all times. BARRY C. SMITH. New York City, February 14, 1913. TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON PAGE Introduction 1 I. First Declension. Subject. Adjectives : Attribu- tive and Predicate 6 II. Present Indicative of Amo, Sum. Direct Object. Predicate Noun. Agreement of Verb and Subject 10 III. Second Declension. Adjectives. Appositives . . 14 IV. Second Declension : Neuters. Adjectives. Questions with -ne. Word Order 18 V. First and Second Declension: Adjectives . . 22 VI. Irregular Adjectives. Questions with nonne . . 26 VII. Third Declension : Consonant Stems. Questions with num 30 VIII. Third Declension: -I Stems ...... 36 IX. Third Declension: Gender; Practice in Determin- ing Stems . 41 X. Third Declension : Adjectives. Indirect Object . 45 XI. Fourth and Fifth Declensions. Review of Gender 50 XII. Review of Nouns. Comparison of Adjectives. The Infinitive 55 XIII. Comparison of Adjectives. Use of Comparative and Superlative 59 XIV. Review of Adjectives. Formation of Adverbs . 63 XV. Review of Comparison of Adjectives. Comparison of Adverbs 66 XVI. Personal Pronouns 70 XVII. Possessive Pronouns. The Intensive Pronoun . .74 XVIII. Demonstrative Pronouns 79 XIX. The Relative Pronoun. The Interrogative Pronoun 84 XX. Indefinite Pronouns 88 vii Vlll Table of Contents LESSON XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. PAGE Review of Pronouns. Numerals. Review Charts 93 Verbs : Principal Parts ; Stems ; Indicative of Sum . . . . . . • . . . .99 Sum Completed. Use of Moods. Verb Synopses . 103 First Conjugation : Indicative Active. Review of First Conjugation Verbs .... 107 First Conjugation : Active Completed. Verb Synopses. " The Naughty Boy," I . . . .112 First Conjugation : Indicative Passive. Ablative of Agent. "The Naughty Boy," II . . .117 First Conjugation : Passive Completed. " The Bad Apples " 121 Second Conjugation : Active. " The Little Slave " 126 Second Conjugation : Passive. " The Miser," I . 131 Third Conjugation : Active. " The Miser," II „ 136 Third Conjugation : Passive. " The Broken Dike," I 141 Fourth Conjugation : Active. " The Broken Dike," II 146 Fourth Conjugation : Passive. " The Piper's Slave," I 151 Review of the Four Conjugations . . . 156 Third Conjugation : Verbs in -id. " The Piper's Slave," II 158 Deponent Verbs. Ablative with Deponents. " Early Italy " 163 Syntax : The Genitive. " Aeneas ; Ascanius " . 168 The Genitive. " The Alban Kings " . . . .171 Review of the Genitive. Possum .... 174 The Dative. " The Crime of Amulius "... 178 The Dative. The Periphrastic Conjugations. " Rescue of Romulus and Remus " . . 181 The Accusative. " The Founding of Rome " . . 186 Review of the Dative and Accusative. Flo . 189 The Ablative. " The Romans Secure Wives " . . 192 Table of Contents IX LESSON XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. LII. LIII. LIV. LV. LVI. LVIL LVIII. LIX. LX. PAGE The Ablative. " The Story of Tarpeia "... 195 The Ablative. " The Sabine War " . . .198 Participles. The Ablative Absolute. " Romulus Completes His Work " 201 Review of the Ablative. Ed 206 Expressions of Place. Domus. " Numa Pompilius" 210 Independent Uses of the Subjunctive. "Tullus Hos- tilius" 213 dependent uses of the subjunctive. indirect Questions. Sequence of Tenses. Purpose Clauses. " Ancus Marcius " 216 Clauses of Result. Clauses of Characteristic. Relative Clauses of Purpose. " Tarquinius Pris- cus." I 221 Cum Clauses. " Tarquinius Priscus," II 224 Review of XLIX-LIII. Volo, nolo, maid. Com- mands. Prohibitions ... ... 227 Substantive Clauses. " Servius Tullius," I . . . 231 Indirect Discourse. " Servius Tullius," II . . . 235 The Infinitive. " Servius Tullius," III . . • . 240 Conditional Sentences. " Tarquinius Superbus," I . 243 The Gerund and Gerundive. The Supine. " Tar- quinius Superbus," II ...... 247 Review of LV-LIX. Fero 251 " The Story of the Helvetian War " 255 Word List for Drill 271 Special Vocabularies of Reading Lessons, — Les- sons XXV-XXXV 299 General Vocabulary: Latin-English . . . 303 General Vocabulary : English-Latin . . . 334 INDEX 349 INTRODUCTION 1. THE ALPHABET The Latin alphabet is the same as the English except that it has no j or w. The letter i is used both as a vowel and as the consonant j. II. PRONUNCIATION i. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y. They are either long or short, and are pronounced as follows : Long Short a as \w father, a as the first a in aha. e as in prey. e as in pet. 1 as in ?nachine. i as in sit. o as in ode. o as in obey. u as in rule. u as in pull. y, used only in Greek words, is pronounced like French u, or German u. 2. The diphthongs, or double sounds, are ae, au, oe, and rarely ei, eu, and ui. They are pronounced as follows : ae like ai in aisle. au like ou in our. oe like oi in oil. ei like ei in eight. eu like eh'-oo, slurred. ui like oo'-ee, slurred. i 2 Elements of Latin 3. The consonants are pronounced as in English with the following exceptions : c is always hard, as in come. g is always hard, as in gate. i, consonant, is like y in yet. s is like s in sip ; never like s in his. v is like w in wet. bs, bt are like ps, pt. ch is like ch in choir ; never as in church. III. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS Consonants are classified as : Mutes : p, b ; t, d ; k, c, g, q. Liquids: 1, r. Nasals : m, n. Spirant : s. Double Consonants : x = cs or gs ; z = dz. IV. SYLLABLES i. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs. In dividing words into syllables observe that : (a) A single consonant between two vowels is pronounced with the following vowel ; as, le-ga-tus. (b) A mute with 1 or r between two vowels is pronounced with the following vowel ; as, pa-tres. (c) Doubled consonants are pronounced separately and each distinctly ; as, pu-el-la. (d) Compound words may be separated into their parts ; as, in-it (in = in ; it = he goes ; he goes in, enters) . 2. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima, the next to the last, the penult, and the one preceding that, the ante- penult. Introduction 3 V. QUANTITY OF VOWELS Vowels are either long or short. In this book long vowels are marked thus : a. The quantity of vowels is learned only through careful pronunciation and constant observation. The following principles are of value. (a) A vowel is long before nf, ns ; as, amans, infero. (J?) Diphthongs, and vowels resulting from contraction are long; as, tubae, cogo (for co-ago). (c) A vowel is short before nd, nt, and h ; also before an- other vowel or a diphthong; as, amandus, prudentes, nihil, tiius, pecuniae. VI. QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES 1. A syllable is long by nature if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong. 2. A syllable is said to be long by position if it contains a short vowel followed by two consonants (except a mute and a liquid), or by the double consonants x or z. Otherwise a syllable is short. VII. ACCENT 1. Words of two syllables accent the penult; as, tu'ba. 2. Words of more than two syllables accent the penult if it is long ; otherwise, the antepenult ; as, virtu 'tis, confec'tus, tem'pBra. 3. Certain words, such as -que, -ne, -ve, known as enclitics, are appended to the preceding word and pronounced as a part of it. This may cause words regularly accented on the antepenult to take another accent on the ultima ; as, generaque. VIII. EXERCISE Divide the following words into syllables and pronounce them. Be careful to give the vowels the proper quantity, and to place the accent on the proper syllable. 4 Elements of Latin i. Milites. 2. Maiores. 3. Latitudo. 4. Tuba. 5. Cog- novit. 6. Imquus. 7. Gladiis. 8. Mores temporaque. 9. Pugnaverunt. 10. Amaverint. 11. Hums. 12. Moenia. 13. Cui. 14. Urbs. 15. Persuasisses. 16. Incolae. 17. Causam. 18. Moneatis. 19. Eheu. 1 20. Aliquando. IX. PARTS OF SPEECH; INFLECTION i. Latin has the same parts of speech as English, except that it has no article. 2. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs are inflected, — that is, they change their form to show their grammatical rela- tion to the other words in the sentence. The inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives is known as declension ; that of verbs, as conjugation. X. DECLENSION 1. Case. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives have six 2 cases, as follows : Nominative = Case of the subject. Genitive = Objective with of, or possessive. Dative = Objective with to ox for. Accusative = Case of the object. Vocative = Case of address. Ablative == Objective with, from, by, with. 2. Number. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives have two num- bers, singular and plural. 3. Gender. (a) Nouns : A noun has usually one gender only. The gen- der of nouns is said to be natural when it is based on sex ; as, agricola, farmer (masculine) ; mater, mother (feminine). It is iOr eheu. 2 A few instances of a seventh case, the Locative, occur. This case will be treated later. Introduction 5 said to be grammatical when it is based on the termination of the nominative singular. Grammatical gender will be further explained later. Meantime the following general principles should be learned. 1 . Masculine : Names of males ; names of rivers, winds, and months. 2. Feminine: Names of females ; names of countries, towns, islands, and trees. 3. Neuter: Indeclinable nouns ; as, nihil, nothing. (b) Adjectives and most pronouns have forms for each gender. XL CONJUGATION Latin verbs are conjugated to show person, number, tense, mood, and voice. These terms have, in general, the same sig- nification as in English. The names, meanings, and uses of the various forms will be given later. Lector et Libri LESSON I FIRST DECLENSION 1. NOUNS IN -A Nouns of the first declension end in -a, and are declined as follows : Puella, girl; stem, puella- SlNGULAR a girl of a girl to or for a girl a girl from, by, with a girl Plural , girls of girls to ox for girls girls from, by, with girls 2. NOTES ON DECLENSION i. The terminations are printed in heavy type. 2. The base of a noun or adjective may be found by dropping the termination of the genitive singular ; thus the base of puella is puell-. 3. The vocative case is like the nominative, and therefore for convenience is omitted in this paradigm and elsewhere ; puella, O girl / 4. The gender of nouns of the first declension is feminine, except names of males ; as, agricola, m., farmer. 6 Nom. puella Gen. puellae Dat puellae Ace. puellam Abl. puella Nom. puellae Gen. puellarum Dat. puellis Ace. puellas Abl. puellis First Declension 7 5. Dea, goddess, and filia, daughter have the irregular ending -abus in the dative and ablative plural; as, deabus. 6. Latin has no article ; hence, puella may mean girl, a girl, or the girl. 3. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES Feminine adjectives of the first declension are declined like puella. Decline bona, good ; tuba magna, a large trumpet. 4. PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX i .' Rule : The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case ; as, Puella est parva, the girl is small. 2. Rule : An adjective agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun which it limits ; as, tuba magna, 1 a large trumpet. Tuba est magna, the trumpet is large. Note : An adjective may be either attributive, or predicate. An attributive adjective limits its noun directly, as in the first example. A predicate adjective is separated in sense from the noun it limits by the verb sum (to be), or a verb of similar meaning, as in the second example. 5. VOCABULARY agricola, ae, m., farmer. longa, long (adj.). bona, good (adj.). magna, great, large (adj.). dea, ae, f., goddess. multa, ?nuch ; pi., many (adj.). est, he, {she, it) is; (there) is; non, not (adv.). sunt, they are; (there) are. parva, small {&&].). filia, ae, f., daughter. tuba, ae, f., trumpet. incola, ae, m., inhabitant. via, ae, f., way, road. Italia, ae, f., Italy. 1 Adjectives often follow their nouns in Latin. When emphatic they usually precede. Adjectives denoting number and quantity regularly precede. 8 Elements of Latin 6. EXERCISES i. Deae. 2. Agricolis. 3. Incolae. 4. Italiam. 5. Incola. 6. Filiabus. 7. Deabus. 8. Agricolarum. 9. Incolas. 10. Tuba. 1 1 . Via longa. 12. Filiae bonae. 13. Tubls magnis. 14. Tubam parvam. 15. Multarum tubarum. 16. Deae bonae. 17. Filiabus parvis. 18. Multae filiae. 19. Via bona. 20. Vias longas. II I. Of the farmer. 11. To the good daughter. 2. To the inhabitant. 12. Of good trumpets. 3- For Italy. 1 3- By long ways. 4- Of the ways. 14. Of small daughters. 5- To the daughters. i5- To large trumpets. 6. By a road. 16. Of the good goddess. 7- By the roads. i7- The daughter of a farmer 8. The daughters. 18. The goddesses of Italy. 9- To the farmers. 19. To many trumpets. 10. The farmers (ace.). 20. Of a long road. Ill 1. Via est bona. 2. Filia agricolae est parva. 3. Viae sunt longae. 4. Italia est magna. 5. Via est non longa. 6. Parva filia agricolae est bona. 7. Viae Italiae sunt multae. 8. Tubae sunt magnae. 9. Multae viae sunt. 1 10. Tuba incolae est longa. First Declension IV I, The goddess is good. 2. The goddesses of Italy are good. 3. There 1 are many trumpets. 4. The way is long. 5. The daughters of the inhabitant are small. 6. Italy is large. 7. There 1 are many goddesses of Italy. 8. Italy is not small. 9. The trumpet is long. 10. The daughter of the farmer is good. 1 See Vocab. under est. SCHOLA ROMANA LESSON II VERBS: SUM; AMO 7. PRESENT INDICATIVE OF THE VERB SUM Singular Plural i. sum, I am sumus, we are 2. es, you are {thou art) estis, you are 3. est, he (she, it) is sunt, they are 8. PRESENT INDICATIVE OP AMO Singular Plural 1. amo, I love amamus, we love 2. amas, you love {thou loves f) amatis, you love 3. amat, he loves, etc. amant, they love 9. PERSONAL ENDINGS The person of a verb is shown in Latin by personal endings, and not so frequently by pronouns as in English ; thus, Singular Plural 1st pers. -0, -m, (/) -mus, (we) 2d pers. -s, (you, thou) -tis, (you) j d pers. -t, (he, she, it) -nt, (they) 10. PRINCIPLES OP SYNTAX 1 . Rule : The direct object of a transitive verb is put in the accusative case ; as, Reglna puellam amat, the queen loves the girl. 10 Verbs ii as, as, 2. Rule : A verb agrees in perso?i and number with its subject ; Reginae laudant, the queens praise. Vos {you) laudatis, you praise. 3. Rule: A predicate noun 1 agrees with the subject in case ; Galba est agricola, Galba is a farmer. 11. VOCABULARY (Conjugate the verbs in -6 in this vocabulary like amo.) amo, I love, am loving. Britannia, ae, f., Britain. et, and (qovv)^. mensa, ae, f., table. patria, ae, f., country, father- land. Galba, ae, m., Galba (a man's puella, ae, f., girl. name). pulchra, beautiful '(adj.). Gallia, ae, f., Gaul, a country, regina, ae, f., queen. in, preposition governing abla- rosa, ae, f., rose. tive ; in, on. sum, / am. insula, ae, f., island. vexo, I harass, annoy. laudo, I praise, a??i praising. voco, / call, summon. 12. 1. Amatis. 2. Vexant. 3. Laudas. 4. Vocamus. 5. Vexat. EXERCISES I 6. Estis. 7- Laudant 8. Sumus. 9- Es. 10. Vexatis. 1 A predicate noun is used f o complete the predicate with the verb sum, or some verb of similar meaning, and limits the subject ; as, " Rover is a dog." (Compare with note under 4.) 12 Elements of Latin II. Insulae. 16. Patriae. 12. In 1 Britannia. i7- In l insula. 13- In 1 mensa. 18. Mensa magna. 14. Rosas pulchras. 19. Flliae pulchrae. J 5- Reginae pulchrae. 20. In l Italia. 1. You praise. II 9- In * the island. 2. We are praising. 10. To many islands. 3- He calls. ■11. Large roses. 4- Thou art calling. 12. On x the small table. 5- They harass. T 3- Of beautiful roses. 6. We are. 14. To a small island. 7- He is. *5- In 1 beautiful Britain 8. You are. 16. Good queens (obi.). Ill 1. Flliae 2 reginae sunt bonae et pulchrae. 2. Galba reglnam pulchram laudat. 3. In mensa sunt multae rosae. 4. Agricolas vexatis. 5. Galba agricolam vocat. 6. Incolas pulchrae Britanniae vexamus. 7. In- sulam magnam et pulchram laudatis. 8. Reglna est pulchra et puellae reglnam amant. 9. In Britannia est reglna bona et pulchra. 10. Gallia est patria Galbae. 11. Puellas parvas voco. 12. Pulchram filiam agricolae amas. 13. Incolas Galliae laudamus. 14. Gallia insula non est IV 1. On the farmer's 3 table are many beautiful 4 roses. 2. You are summoning Galba. 3. Small islands are 1 In or on, denoting place, are expressed by in and the ablative. 2 Explain all nominatives and accusatives. 3 On the table of the farmer. 4 Cf. Ill, 9. Verbs 13 beautiful. 4. The little girls love the beautiful queen. 5. You are praising the daughter of the farmer. 6. Brit- ain is a large island. 7. The inhabitants of Britain love the goddess. 8. The road is long and beautiful. 9. Galba is an inhabitant of Italy. 10. The girl is the daughter of the good queen. Centurio 13. LESSON III SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS IN -US, -ER, -IR Masculine nouns of the second declension end in -us, -er, -ir. and are declined as follows : Servus, slave; Puer, boy ; Ager,jie/d; Vir, man; stem, servo- stem, puero- SlNGULAR stem, agro- stem, viro- Nom. servus puer ager vir Gen. servi pueri agri viri Dat. servo puero agro viro Ace. servum puerum agrum virum AM. servo puero Plural agro viro Nom. servi pueri agri viri Gen. servorum puerorum agrorum virorum Dat. servis puer is agris viris Ace. servos pueros agros viros Abl. servis pueris agris viris 14. NOTES ON DECLENSION i. The vocative singular of nouns of the second declension in -us ends in -e ; as, serve, O slave. The vocative of all other nouns of any declension is like the nominative. 2. Nouns in -ius form the genitive singular in -i, instead of -ii; as, filius, — genitive fili (for filii). These genitives accent the penult, even when short. Filius also has the vocative, fili. 14 Second Declension 15 3. The irregular endings of dea and filia in the dative and ablative plural (2, 5) are to distinguish them from the same cases of deus, i, m., god, and filius, 1, m., son. 4. Most nouns in -er are declined like ager. Socer, gener, the plural liberi, children, and a few uncommon words are like puer. 15. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES Masculine adjectives of the second declension end in -us and -er, and are declined like the corresponding nouns ; thus : Like servus : bonus, 1 longus, magnus, multus, parvus ; like ager : pulcher ; like puer : liber (see 25). 16. EXERCISE Review 4. Decline bonus servus, the good slave ; bonus agri- cola, the good farmer ; ager magnus, a large field. 17. APPOSITIVES i. Definition: A noun directly following another noun and denoting the same person or thing is called an appositive ; as, John, the porter. 2. Rule: An appositive agrees in case tvith the noun which it limits ■• as, Marcus, puer, Marcus, the boy. 3. An appositive has no case meaning of its own, and is translated as if nominative ; as, Marci, pueri, of Marcus, the boy. 1 Adjectives have the same meanings in all genders. i6 Elements of Latin 18. VOCABULARY ad, prep. gov. ace, to, toward, for, near. ager, agri, m., field. filius, fill, m., son. Gallus, I, m., a Gaul ; pi., the Gauls. gener, eri, m., son-in-law. liberi, orum, m. pi., children. Marcus, I, m., Marcus. porto, I carry, bring. puer, eri, m., boy. pugno, I fight. servus, I, m., slave. socer, eri, m., father-in-law. vir, viri, m., man. 19. EXERCISES I. Servi bonT. ii. Liberorum. 2. Servos bonos. 12. Bonis pueris. 3- Socerorum. 13- Bonus agricola. 4- Marce. 14. Multorum virorum 5- Marcus, puer. i5- MultTs viris. 6. Marco, puero. 16. Filiis Marci. 7- Fill. 17- Filiabus Marci. 8. Britannia, insula. 18. Deabus. 9- Portatis. 19. Pugnas. IO. Pugnat. 20. Portant. II I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- Of a large boy. The son of Marcus. O son of Marcus ! To Marcus, the boy. Of Galba, son of Marcus. To Britain, an island. The son-in-law (obj.). 8. O boy! 9. We are fighting. 10. You are carrying. 1 1 . Good farmers (obj.). 12. To many slaves. 13. For many islands. 14. O children ! Second Declension 17 15. Small boys. 18. O slave ! 16. To a small girl. 19. He fights. 17. Many men of Gaul. 20. They carry. Ill 1. Viri boni patriam amant. 2. Boni liberl rosas pul- chras ad 1 reglnam portant. 3. Vir est gener Marcl. 4. Marcus, Gallus, est socer Galbae. 5. Agrico)a bonus liberos amat. 6. Gall! in Britannia pugnant. 7. Mar- cus, puer, filius agricolae est. 8. Servus ad 1 flliam agricolae multas rosas portat. 9. In Britannia, magna Insula, multi viri pugnant. 10. Generum Marcl laudo. 11. Viri incolas Galliae vexant. 12. Galba et Marcus sunt fllii reglnae. 13. Puella ad 2 mensam rosas pulchras portat. IV 1. The daughters of the queen are in the field. 2. Galba is the son of Marcus, a good farmer. 3. Brit- ain, a large island, is the country of Galba. 4. The Gauls are fighting in Britain. 5. We praise the little daughters of Galba, an inhabitant of Italy. 6. The Gauls harass many farmers of Italy. 7. Marcus, a good man, is a Gaul. 8. I summon Galba, son-in-law of Mar- cus. 9. Marcus, the slave of the queen, is carrying the roses. 10. The girls love the queen's daughter. 1 To, denoting motion toward, is expressed by ad and the accusative. PlLUM LESSON IV SECOND DECLENSION; QUESTIONS 20. NOUNS IN -UM Neuter nouns of the second declension end in -um, and are declined as follows : Donum, ^t/?/ stem, dono- Singular Nom. donum Gen. doni Dat dono Ace. donum AM. dono Plural dona donorum donis dona donis 21. NOTES ON DECLENSION i. The nominative and accusative of all neuter nouns are alike, and, in the plural, end in -a. This is true of neuter nouns of all declensions. 2. Nouns in -ium form the genitive singular like nouns in -ius. (See 14, 2.) consilium, plan ; genitive, consili. 22. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES Neuter adjectives of the second declension are declined like donum. The following are the neuters of adjectives in the pre- ceding vocabularies : bonum, magnum, multum, parvum, longum, pulchrum. Decline bellum magnum, a great war, 18 Second Declension ; Questions 19 23. QUESTIONS A question may be introduced by the interrogative particle -ne, which is attached to the first word of the sentence ; as, Estne puer bonus, is the boy good? -Ne simply denotes interrogation ; it is not translated. 24. WORD ORDER 1. The usual order of the Latin sentence is subject, object, verb; as, Agricola puerum laudat, the farmer praises the boy. 2. The basis of Latin word order is emphasis. Therefore, the usual order is often varied. Frequently, the emphatic word is placed first ; as, Puerum agricola laudat, the farmer praises the boy. 3. Try to observe these principles in writing English-Latin sentences. 25. VOCABULARY auxilium, auxili, n., aid, help. donum, 1, n., gift, present. bellum, 1, n., war. frumentum, 1, n., grain. comparo, I provide, get ready, liber, free (adj.); fern., libera ; prepare. neut., liberum. consilium, consili, n., plan, ad- -ne, interrogative particle. vice ; wisdom. oppidum, i, n., town, walled- copia, ae, f., supply, plenty ; pi., town. troops. proelium, proeli, n., battle. de, prep. gov. abl., about, con- Romani, orum, m., the Romans. cerning. ubi, where ? (adv.). deus, i, m., god. vasto, I lay waste. 20 Elements of Latin 5 56. EXERCISES i. Auxili. i ii. Consilils bonis. 2. Consiliorum bonorum. 12. Oppido magno. 3- OppidTs magnls. 1 3- Vastant. 4- Vastatis. 14. Comparamus. 5- Frumento. J 5- Multum frumentum 6. Virorum liberorum. 1 16. Proelium copiarum. 7- Viri et liber!. 2 J 7- Copiis magnls. 8. Dels et deabus. 18. Parva dona. 9- Bellum magnum. 19. De consilio. IO. De bello. 20. Comparas. i. Of a great war. II 11. Of the children. 2. The battle of the troops. 12. To a free man. 3- We are preparing. 1 3- With much grain. 4- For a small gift. 14. Of great troops. 5- Concerning troops. ^5- By aid. 6. To the walled-town. 16. Good plans (subj.). 7- With grain. i7- Good plans (obj.). 8. Near 3 the town. 18. Of many battles. 9- For great troops. 19. Of a small battle. IO. Of much grain. 20. You lay waste. Ill 1. Films et gener Marci in Gallia pugnant. 2. Mag- num proelium ad 4 oppidum est. 3. Copiae Romanorum frumentum comparant. 4. Agros Gallorum vastamus. 5. Consilia de bello comparatis. 6. Socer Galbae ad oppidum frumentum portat. 7. Multi del et multae deae Adjective. 2 Noun. 3 Ad. 4 Near. Second Declension; Questions 21 sunt. 1 8. Virl et pueri et servi auxilium Romanls 2 com- parant. 9. Llberl dona amant. 10. Ubi est proelium ? 11. Estne in oppido Gallorum ? 12. Roman! sunt llberi ; servi non llberi sunt. 13. Vexatisne incolas oppidi magni? TV 1. The troops of the Romans harass the farmers of Italy. 2. Where are the troops of the Gauls? 3. You praise the good plan of Galba. 4. Is the town large? 5. Is the town free? 6. Are you free? 7. The in- habitants of the large town are fighting. 8. Are you carrying grain to the troops ? .9. The supply of grain is large. 10. The troops lay waste Italy, the fatherland of the Romans. 1 See 5 — est. 2 Dative. Corona LESSON V FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION: ADJECTIVES 27. Since the masculine of adjectives is declined puer, or ager, the feminine like puella, and the neuter the complete declension of adjectives of the first declensions is as follows : Bonus, good (Masc. like servus) Singular like servus, like donum, and second Masc. Fern. Neut. Norn. bonus bona bonum Gen. boni bonae boni Dat. bono bonae bono Ace. bonum bonam bonum AM. bono bona Plural bono No?n. boni bonae bona Gen. bonorum bonarum bonorum Dat. bonis bonis bonis Ace. bonos bonas bona AM. bonis bonis bonis Pulcher, beautiful (Masc. like ager) Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Norn. pulcher pulchra pulchrum Gen. pulchri pulchrae pulchri Dat. pulchro pulchrae pulchro Ace. pulchrum pulchram pulchrum AM. pulchro" pulchra pulchrO 22 First and Second Declension: Adjectives 23 Nom. pulchri Plural pulchrae Etc., like bonus. pulchra Liber, free (Masc. like puer) Singular \ Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. liber libera llberum Gen. liberi Hberae liberi Dat. libero Hberae libero Ace. llberum Hberam llberum AM. libero libera Plural libero Nom. liberi llberae Etc., like bonus. libera 28. NOTES ON DECLENSION i. Adjectives in -us are declined like bonus, bona, bonum. The vocative singular masculine ends in -e (like that of servus). All other adjectives of all declensions have the vocative like the nominative. 2. Most Adjectives in -er are like pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum. Miser, wretched, tener, tender, and asper, rough, are like liber, libera, liberum. 29. EXERCISE Decline hortus pulcher, the beautiful garden ; magnum donum, a large gift. 24 Elements of Latin 30, altus, a, um, high, deep. arma, orum, n. pi., arms. asper, era, erum, rough. bonus, a, um, good. fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench. hortus, I, in., garden. latus, a, um, wide, broad. liber, era, erum, free. longus, a, um, long. VOCABULARY magnus, a, um, great, large. miser, era, erum, wretched. murus, i, m., wall. multus, a, um, much ; pi., many. parvus, a, um, small, little. pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. supero, I conquer, overcome. tener, era, erum, tender. 31. i. Fossae altae. 2. Armorum magnorum. 3. Viae longae. 4. Multorum puerorum. 5. Via aspera. 6. Servis miseris. 7. Puellas parvas. 8. Rosae pulchrae. 9. Hortls pulchris. 10. Copias superatis. EXERCISES 1 II. FossTs latis. 12. Muro alto. J 3- Viis longls. 14. VirT liberi. IS- Virl et liberi. 16. Multa dona. *7- Servo misero. 18. Puellae parvae. 19. Rosis pulchris. 20. Proelio magna II We overcome. He overcomes. Of many children. Of free men. In 1 a beautiful garden. 6. To 2 a large town. 7. With much grain. 8. A wretched slave (obj.). 9. The little girl (subj.). 10. They prepare arms. 1 See 12, II, 9. 2 Ad. First and Second Declension: Adjectives 25 11 12 J 3 14 15 For large roses. By rough roads. To a deep trench. Deep trenches (obj.). High walls. 16. Of a high wall. 17. Of many gifts. 18. You praise the girls. 19. In l a deep trench. 20. Of great battles. Ill 1. Roman! arma et frumentum et copias comparant. 2. Murus oppidl altus et fossa lata est. 3. Portasne rosas ad agricolam ? 4. Ad agricolam rosas non porto ; in horto agricolae multae 2 sunt. 5. Copiae Gallorum multa arma portant. 6. Via est longa et aspera. 7. Auxilio Gallorum copias superatis. 8. Gallos consilio bono proeli5 superat. 9. Servi miser! non Hberi sunt. 10. Auxilio deorum patriam Gallorum vastamus. II. Ubi est donum puerl parvi ? IV 1. The garden is large and beautiful. 2. In the small garden are many roses. 3. You overcome the troops in battle. 3 4. The children are little and tender. 5. The plan concerning the war is good. 6. Are the Gauls pre- paring great troops ? 7. Where is the grain ? 8. You are a free man. 9. Are you a free man ? 10. There are many farmers on the island. !See 12,11,9. 2 Many (roses) , 3 Cf. Ill, 8. Gladius 32. LESSON VI IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES ; QUESTIONS THE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES The following nine adjectives have -ius 1 in the genitive sin- gular, and -i in the dative singular ; the plural is regular. a. Alius has -ud in the nominative and accusative singular neuter, instead of -um. alius -a -ud, another, other. alter -era -erum, the oth er (of two). uter -tra -trum, which (of two) ? neuter -tra -trum, neither {of two). ullus -a -um, any. nullus -a -um, none. unus -a -um, one, alone, only. totus -a -um, whole. solus -a -um, Singular alone. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. alius alia aliud Gen. [alius] [alius] [alius] 2 Dat. alii alii alii Ace. alium aliam aliud AM. alio alia alio 1 Except alter, which usually has -Ius in poetry. 2 This genitive rarely occurs. Its place is supplied by alterius. 26 Irregular Adjectives; Questions 27 Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. alter altera alterum Gen. alterlus alterlus alterlus Dat. alteri alteri alteri Ace. alterum alteram alterum AM. altero altera altero Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. uter utra utrum Gen. utrius utrius utrius Dat. utri utri utri Ace. utrum utram utrum AM. utro utra utro 33. QUESTIONS r. Sometimes we ask a question in such a way that it is clear we expect the answer " Yes " ; as, "Did you not lose your knife?" or ''You lost your knife, didn't you ? " 2. In Latin, this kind of question is expressed by placing nonne at the beginning of the sentence ; as, Nonne copiaeagros vastant, the troops are laying waste the fields, are they not? Review 23. 34. VOCABULARY As a part of this vocabulary, learn the meanings of the nine irregular adjectives. castra, orum, n., pi., camp. incito, / urge on, arouse. nonne, interrogative particle (affirmative). numerus, 1, m., number. occupo, I seize, take possession of. populus, I, m., people. Romanus, a, um, Roman. 28 Elements of Latin 35. EXERCISES I . In castrls alteris. ii. In totis castrls. 2 . Ad nullum oppidum. 12. Aliarum copiarum, 3 . Ton" numero. !3- Reginae solae. 4 . Puellas teneras. 14. Filiae altenus. 5 . Copias incitas. is- Uno bello. 6 . Aliud oppidum. 16. Alio populo. '7 . Via utra ? J 7- Alii populo. 8 . Neuter puer. 18. Ullius auxili. 9 . Nullius servi. 19. Gallorum solorum. IO . NullI agro. 20. Incolae alterius. i Of the other war. II 1 1. You seize the town. 2 To the whole camp. 12. Of the other town. 3 In the other island. 1 3- Which daughter? (obj.) 4 Of the Gauls alone. 14. To which girl ? 5 To neither boy. J 5- Of which girl ? 6 No girls (subj.). 16. By any plan. 7 Of no girls. J 7- Another gift (obj.). 8 Of any town. 18. For any grain. 9 For any slave. 19. In one town. IO With any number. 20. On the other wall. Ill 1. Nonne altera castra populi R5manl sunt magna? 2. Occupatisne neutra castra Gallorum ? 3. In castrls Romanorum est magnus numerus servorum. 4. Ad oppidum est fossa lata et longa. 5. Galba copias Gal- lorum superat et totum oppidum occupat. 6. Galli soli copias incitant et castra occupant. 7. Murum altum et Irregular Adjectives; Questions 29 latam fossam alterorum castrorum laudat. 8. Reglna hortum pulchrum amat. 9. Suntne viae asperae et longae ? 10. Nonne Galba est vir liber ? n. Multa arma alia in castrls sunt. 12. Nullos agros Gallorum vastatis. 13. Servl incolae sunt miserl. 14. Nonne ulla oppida occupatis ? IV 1. The Roman people alone are preparing no arms. 2. The number of men is large. 3. The troops fight near the town and seize the other camp. 4. Which town do they seize? 5. Are there not many Gauls in the camp ? 6. Is there plenty of grain in the other field? 7. Are there not many men in the town? 8. The Roman troops are seizing the wall, are they not ? 9. There is no grain in the whole field. SlGNA ROMANA I. Aquila 2. Signum 3. Vexillum LESSON VII THIRD DECLENSION: CONSONANT STEMS; QUESTIONS 36. THIRD DECLENSION: CONSONANT STEMS Nouns of the third declension are classified as consonant stems, -i stems, and mixed stems. Nouns with consonant stems have the stem ending in a mute (b, p, d, t, c, g), a liquid (1, r), a nasal (n), or a spirant (s). Rex, m., king; stem, reg- Nom. rex Gen. regis Dat. regi Ace. regem Abl. rege Nom. reges Gen. regum Dat. regibus Ace. reges Abl.. regibus Mute Stems Dux, m., leader ; Princeps, m., chief; stem, duc- stem, princip- SlNGULAR dux princeps ducis principis duel principi ducem principem duce principe Plural duces principes ducum principum ducibus principibus duces principes ducibus principibus 30 Third Declension: Consonant Stems; Questions 31 Miles, m., soldier ; Lapis, m., stone , Caput, n., head ; stem, milit- stem, lapid Singular stem, capit- Nom. miles lapis caput Gen. militis lapidis capitis Dat. militi lapidi capiti Ace. militem lapidem caput AM. milite lapide Plural capite Nom. milites lapides capita Gen. militum lapidum capitum Dat. militibus lapidibus capitibus Ace. milites lapides capita AM. militibus lapidibus capitibus B. Liquid Stems Consul, m., consul ; Victor, m., victor ; Pater, m., father; stem, consul- stem, vict5r- SlNGULAR stem, patr- Nom. consul victor pater Gen. consulis victoris patris Dat. consull victorl patri Ace. consulem victorem patrem AM. consule victore Plural patre Nom. consules victores patres Gen. consilium victorum patrum Dat. consulibus victoribus patribus Ace. consules victores patres AM. consulibus victoribus patribus 3 2 Elements of Latin C. Nasal Stems. Legio, f., legion ; Homo, m. , man ; Flumen, n., river ; stem, legion- stem, homin- stem, flumin- SlNGULAR iVi?^. legio homo flumen Gen. legionis hominis fluminis Dat. legion! homini flumini Ace. legionem hominem flumen Abl. legione homine Plural flumine Nom. legiones homines flumina Gen. legionum hominum fliiminum Dat. legionibus hominibus fluminibus Ace. legiones homines flumina Abl. legionibus hominibus fluminibus D. Spirant Stems M5s, m., custom ; Tempus, n., time ; Genus, n., kind ; stem, mos- stem, tempos- SlNGULAR stem, genes- Nom. mos tempus genus Gen :. moris temporis generis Dat '. mori tempori generi Ace. morem tempus genus Abl. more tempore Plural genere Nom. mores tempora genera Gen morum temporum generum Dat moribus temporibus generibus Ace. mores tempora genera Abl. moribus temporibus generibus Third Declension: Consonant Stems; Questions $2) 37. NOTES ON DECLENSION i. In spirant stems, the -s of the stem becomes -r, except in the nominative and vocative singular, and in some words even in those cases ; as, honor, honoris, m., honor ; stem, honos-. 2. No simple rule can be given for the formation of the nominative singular of nouns of the third declension. , The nominative, genitive, and gender of each noun should be learned as it occurs. 3. Neuters follow the regular rule for the nominative and accusative. (See 21, 1.) 38. EXERCISE Learn the nominative, genitive, and gender of each noun in the vocabulary. Decline consul bonus, a good consul ; virtus magna, great valor ; flumen longum, a long river. 39. QUESTIONS 1. Sometimes we ask a question in such a way that it is clear we expect the answer " No " ; as, " He didn't go, did he ? " 2. In Latin, this form of question is expressed by putting num at the beginning of the sentence ; as, Num copiae agros vastant, the troops are not laying waste the fields, are they ? 3. Review 23, 33. 40. VOCABULARY caput, capitis, n., head. exspecto, / await, wait for, ex- consul, consulis, m., consul (a pect. Roman official). flumen, fluminis, n., river. dux, ducis, m., leader ; guide. habet, he (she, it) has. 34 Elements of Latin habent, they have. legio, legionis, f., legion. miles, militis, m., soldier. num, interrogative particle (negative). oppugno, I attack. periculum, 1, n., risk, danger. princeps, principis, m., chief. provincia, ae, f., province. sine, prep. gov. abl., without. tempus, temporis, n., time; oc^ casion. trans, prep. gov. ace, across. virtus, virtutis, f., valor, brav- ery ; virtue. 4 tl. EXERCISES i. Ducibus. 1 II. Consul! bono. 2. Tempora. 12. Multi duces. 3- Capiti. J 3- Temporum aliorum, 4- Principes. 14. Milites habent. 5- Sine periculo. i5- Trans flumen. 6. Consulum. 16. Princeps Gallorum. 7- In provincia. i7- Virtiite magna. 8. Flumina. 18. Virtute sola. 9- Legionem. 19. Ducem bonum. IO. Capita. 20. Duel alii. i. Of the river. II 11. For another time. 2. By valor. 12. To the other leader, 3- For a soldier. T 3- To valor alone. 4- O leader ! 14. Many chiefs. 5- To the chiefs. J 5- Across the rivers. 6. Without a guide. 16. Without legions. 7- Of one legion. J7- No soldiers. 8. To the consul. 18. For no soldiers. 9- Of heads. 19. Of the other consul IO. The leader (obj.). 20. Of which consul ? Third Declension: Consonant Stems; Questions 35 in 1. Ducem militum vocatis. 2. Una legio sine ullo periculo oppidum oppugnat. 3. Num incolae provinciae auxilium Romanorum exspectant ? 4. Magnus numerus militum oppidum alterum oppugnat. 5. Nonne prlncipes copias incitant? 6. Uter vir est dux legionis ? 7. Num castra occupatis et alias legiones exspectatis ? 8. Suntne agrl et copia frumentl trans flumen ? 9. Nonne RomanI duces et copias habent ? 10. Neuter consul magnum numerum militum habet. 1 1. Puer caput magnum habet. 12. Num tempus est longum ? 13. Virtute sola milites superamus. 14. Gall! totam provinciam vexant et vastant. IV 1. There are many soldiers of one legion in the camp. 2. The inhabitants of Britain do not expect aid, do they ? 3. Is not the valor of the chief great ? 4. The legions do not attack the province, do they ? 5. The Gauls have good leaders, have they not ? 6. The leader of the Gauls does not lay waste the fields, does he ? 7. We lay waste many fields without danger. 8. Is there a river near the town ? 9. There are many chiefs in the province. 10. The leader has other troops. Tuba LESSON VIII THIRD DECLENSION : -I STEMS ; MIXED STEMS 42. -I STEMS Certain nouns of the third declension have the stem ending in -i. This stem vowel, when combined with the case endings, results in terminations which differ somewhat from those of consonant stems. Hostis, m., enemy ; Turris, f., tower ; Vis, f., force ; stem, hosti- stem, turri- SlNGULAR stem, vi-; viri- Nom. hostis turris vis Gen. hostis turris vis Dat. hosti turri vi Ace. hostem turrim, em vim Abl. hoste turri, e Plural VI Nom. hostes turres vires Gen. hostium turrium vlrium Dat. hostibus turribus vlribus Ace. hostis, es turris, es vlris, es Abl. hostibus turribus vlribus Sedile, n., seat ; Animal, n., animal ; stem, sedili- Singular stem, animali- Nom. sedile an imal Gen. sedilis an imalis Dat. sedili animali Ace. sedile an imal Abl. sedili animali 36 Third Declension: -I Stems; Mixed Stems 37 Plural Nom. sedilia animalia Gen. sedilium animalium Dat. sedllibus animalibus Ace. sedilia animalia AM. sedllibus animalibus 43. NOTES ON DECLENSION i. Masculines and Feminines. a. The termination of the genitive plural is -ium ; of the accusative plural, -Is or -es. b. Most nouns have -e in the ablative singular. A few have both -1 and -e. Vis has only -1. e. Most nouns have -em in the accusative singular. Tunis has both -im and -em. Vis has only -im. 2. Neuters. All these have -I in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive plural, and -ia in the nominative and accusative plural. 44. MIXED STEMS Nouns with mixed stems are declined in the singular as con- sonant stems, and in the plural as -i stems. Arx, f., citadel , stem, arc(i)- Caedes, f., slaughter ; Civitas, f., state ; stem, caed(i)- stem, civitat(i)- Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. AM. arx arcis arc! arcem arce Singular caedes caedis caedi caedem caede civitas civitatis civitati civitatem clvitate 38 Elements of Latin Plural No in. arces caedes clvitates Gen. arcium caedium civitatium (-urn) x Dat. arcibus caedibus civitatibus Ace. arcis, es caedis, es civitatis, es Abl. arcibus caedibus civitatibus 45. CLASSIFICATION OF STEMS i. To decline a noun of the third declension, it is necessary to determine whether it has a consonant stem, an -i stem, or a mixed stem. 2. The following have -i stems : a. Nouns in -is having the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. b. Neuters in -e, -al, -ar. 3. The following have mixed stems : a. Nouns in -es having the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. b. One syllable nouns in -s, -x, preceded by a consonant. e. Nouns in -ns, -rs. d. Nouns in -tas. 46. VOCABULARY animal, animalis, n., animal. arx, arcis, f., citadel. cohors, cohortis,f.,t1 pluris T)nt j~y it c • Arr plus plure XXL 6 • Abl. Plural Masc. and Fern. Neut. plures pliira plurium plurium pluribus pluribus plures, is pliira pluribus pluribus 76. NOTE ON DECLENSION The stem is pliir- ; but note the -i stem terminations of the genitive plural, and accusative plural masculine. 77. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE : SPECIAL USES i. The comparative sometimes means rather or too, and the superlative, very. Via longior est, the way is rather long. Mos veterrimus, a very ancient custom. 2. Use of quam : a. Quam, meaning than, is used when two things are com- pared. The second of the words compared agrees in case with the first ; as, Tunis altior est quam murus, the tower is higher than the wall. b. Quam, with the superlative, denotes the greatest possible degree. It is translated by as . . . as possible. Quam maximus numerus, as great a number as possible. Comparison of Adjectives 61 78. VOCABULARY As a part of this vocabulary learn the meanings of all the new adjectives in 73, 74. equitatus, us, m., cavalry. pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier ; mos, moris, m., custom. pi., infantry. quam, than (conj.). 79. EXERCISES i. Victoria priore. 2. Armorum meliorum. 3. Summus l mons. 4. Diel supremi. 5. Via facillima. 6. Donum maius. 7. LTtoris propioris. 8. Servus humillimus. 9. Rerum similium. 10. Rebus dissimilibus. 1. In a higher place. 2. A more difficult plan. 3. Bolder infantry. 4. Happier children. 5. Of the smaller camp. 6. Of greatest loyalty. 7. Of a larger gift. 8. For the best ships. 9. By a very ancient rule. 10. By a rather long way. 11. Pluribus. 12. Plura proelia. 13. Plurimi incolae. 14. Locus superior. 15. Ducis pessimi. Militem peiorem. Proelio facili. More vetustiore. Pueris gracilibus. Locus veterrimus. 16. 17- 18. J 9 20 II On the highest wall. Of better aid. For less aid. More soldiers. By more soldiers. To a worse leader. Of the nearest land. 18. The smallest part. 19. The largest ships. 20. Very many ships. 11. 12. I 3- 14. I 5- 16. J 7- 1 Summus means the highest part of. 62 Elements of Latin in I. Populus Romanus equites bon5s et meliores pedites habet. 2. In castrls maioribus sunt paucae legiones. 3. Puellae meliores sunt quam pueri. 4. Dux quam plurimas copias in suramo colle collocare properat 5. Marcus, optimus dux, bello brevissimo German5s pacare sperat. 6. Equitatus in Britannia hiemare recusat. 7. Fossa latior est quam vallum. 8. GermanI quam maximos commeatus parant. 9. RomanI optimos Galliae agros 1 vastant. 10. Oppidum propius flumini est quam colli. 11. Principes maximam c5piarum fidem laudant. 12. In propiore fluminis litore unara cohortem collocamus. 13. Gentes fellcissimae optimos agros habent. 14. Pe- dites equitatui subsidium dant. IV 1. The plan is very difficult and the risk very great. 2. The cavalry are worse than the infantry. 3. The chief praises the former victory of the troops. 4. The oldest customs are not the best. 5. The town is rather small. 6. He places the largest possible number of troops in the nearer camp. y. I establish peace with the nearest tribes. 8. The danger is very small. 9. He stations one legion in the lower place. 10. The wall is higher than the rampart. 1 Optimos Galliae agros = optimos agros Galliae; this order is very common. LESSON XIV REVIEW OF ADJECTIVES ; FORMATION OF ADVERBS 80. EXERCISE Study the review chart of adjectives, 129. 81. FORMATION OF ADVERBS Adverbs are regularly formed from adjectives, as follows : i. To form an adverb from an adjective of the first and second declension, add -e to the base of the adjective. Adjective Base Adverb cams, dear car- care, dearly pulcher, beautiful pulchr- pulchre, beautifully 2. To form an adverb from an adjective of the third declen- sion, add -iter to the base of the adjective. Adjective Base Adverb acer, sharp acr- acriter, sharply fortis, strong fort- fortiter, strongly Exception : Adjectives in -ns add -er to the base to form the adverb ; as, prudenter, from prudens, wise. 82. EXERCISE i. Form adverbs from the following adjectives : miser, latus, altus, liber, brevis, celer, gravis, felix. 2. Give the English meaning of the adverbs you have formed, and learn them. 63 6 4 Elements of Latin 83. VOCABULARY cams, a, urn, dear; adv. care, iter, itineris, n., march, jour- dearly. ney ; road. carrus, 1, m., cart, wagon. longe, adv. (from longus), far, condicio, condicionis, f., condi- far off. tion, terms. nuntio, / report, announce. deditio, deditionis, f., surrender, prudens, prudens; gen. pruden- fortis, forte, strong, brave ; adv. tis, wise, prudent ; adv. pru- fortiter, strongly, bravely. denter, wisely. Helvetil, orum, m. pi., the Hel- socius, I, m., ally, companion. vetians. vicus, I, m., village. impetus, us, m., attack, assault, vulnero, I wound. 8 14. EXERCISES i. Misere. I II. Care. 2. Longe. 12. Fortiter. 3- Celeriter. J 3- Libere. 4- Late. 14. Feliciter. 5- Breviter. 15- Acriter. 6. Impetus difficilis. 16. Puellae gracili. 7- Mores priores. 17- Moribus similibus. 8. Itinera mala. 18. Morum dissimilium. 9- Socii propiores. 19. Pedites equitesque. IO. Via facilT. 20. Ad collem Inferiorem. i. Beautifully. II 8. The lower line of battle 2. Wisely. 9- Of smaller villages. -2. Far. 10. O ! dear fatherland ! 4. Quickly. 11. Fortunately. 5- High (adv.). 12. Sharply. 6. Humble slaves. J 3- Wretchedly. 7- In a high place. 14. Briefly. Review of Adjectives; Formation of Adverbs 65 15. Heavily. 18. Of brave soldiers. 16. For better conditions. 19. A difficult road. 17. A number of carts. 20. Of a swift legion. Ill 1. Helvetil quam maximum numerum carrorum celeriter comparant. 2. GermanI oppida vicosque Romanorum fortiter oppugnant. 3. Helvetil sociis frumentum et alios commeatus llbere dant. 4. Galll fines hostium late vas- tant. 5. Incolae auxilium copiarum Romanarum exspec- tant et acriter pugnant. 6. Dux virtutem mllitum breviter laudat. 7. Socil Romanis impetum celeriter nuntiant. 8. Maxima oppida Britanniae ab Italia longe sunt. 9. Galba unum militem graviter vulnerat. 10. Socil popul5 Roman5 carl sunt. 11. Nonne hostes meliores deditionis condiciones exspectant ? 12. Copiae hostium non fortiores quam Roman! sunt. 13. Fortes Helvetiorum gentes socil Romanorum sunt, et proximae sunt. 14. Vir prudens omnl periculo 1 subsidium parat. IV 1. The soldiers fight bravely in a very difficult place. 2. The Romans fortunately overcome the enemy, and quickly seize the camp. 3. We wisely strengthen the larger carrip with a wall and a trench. 4. The victory arouses the allies far and wide. 2 5. They freely give assistance to all the inhabitants. 6. I report the matter briefly to the leader. 7. The slaves carry the grain far. 8. The enemy seize the shortest road into Gaul. 9. The villages of Britain are very small. 10. The inhabitants are preparing the largest possible ships. l Dative. 2 longe lateque. LESSON XV REVIEW OF ADJECTIVES; COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 85. EXERCISE Review the comparison of adjectives in Lessons XII and XIII. 86. COMPARISON OP ADVERBS i. Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of comparison. 2. To form the comparative of an adverb change -or of the comparative of the adjective to -us. Adjective Adverb fortior fortius, more bravely 3. To form the superlative of an adverb add -e to the base of the superlative of the adjective. Adjective Adverb celerrimus celerrime, most quickly 4. Thus the complete comparison of adverbs is as follows: Positive Comparative Superlative fortiter, bravely fortius fortissime pulchre, beautifully pulchrius pulcherrime celeriter, quickly celerius celerrime Note. Observe carefully that each degree of the adverb is formed from the corresponding degree of the adjective. 66 Review of Adjectives; Comparison of Adverbs 67 87. EXERCISE Compare the adverbs formed in 82. 88. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OP ADVERBS i. Some adverbs are irregular in formation and comparison. The following are important : Positive Comparative Superlative bene, well melius optime male, ill peius pessime multum, much plus plurimum magnopere, greatly magis x maxime l parum, little minus minime prope, near propius proxime 2 diu, a long time diutius diutissime facile, easily facilius facillime audacter, boldly audacius audacissime saepe, often saepius saepissime 2. Give the English meanings of the comparative and super- lative of the above adverbs. 89. VOCABULARY As a part of this vocabulary learn the meanings of the adverbs in 88. anno, / arm. civitas, civitatis, f., state ; citi- zenship. gladius, 1, m., sword. pagus, 1, m., division, district, canton. per, prep. gov. ace, through, over, by means of, onaccountof. pilum, 1, n., javelin. propter, prep. gov. ace, on ac- count of. quattuor, four (indeclinable). 1 Magis, more greatly, more ; maxime, most greatly, most. Some adjectives are compared only by using these adverbs : idoneus, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus, suitable, more suitable, most suitable. 2 Recently, last. 68 Elements of Latin 90. i. Peius. 2. Plurimum. 3. Melius. 4. Bene. 5. Optime. 6. Plus. 7. Magis. 8. Maxime. 9. Proxime. 10. Diutius. 1. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. More easily. Most quickly. Worst. Best. For the longest time. Nearer. Much. More. Most. 10. Greatly. EXERCISES . T X II. Saepe. 12. Multum. 13- Magnopere incitare. 14. Longius a vico. 15- Minus saepe. 16. Minime saepe. i7- Facile superare. 18. Melius armare. 19. Locus magis idoneus. 20. Locus maxime idoneus. II 11. More greatly, more. 12. Most greatly, most. ?3* Of a more suitable place 14. In a most suitable place J 5- Little. 16. Less. J 7- Least. 18. Less bravely. 19. Least quickly. 20. More sharply. Ill 1. Milites fortes magnum hostium oppidum audacter oppugnant. 2. Bene et fortiter pugnare saepe est virtus. 3. Propter periculum pilorum, copiae castra hostium minus facile occupant. 4. Hostes carros propius castra x collo- care properant. 5. Num Helvetil meliores pacis con- 1 Ace, after propius, as a preposition ; "nearer the camp.' Review of Adjectives; Comparison of Adverbs 69 diciones diutius exspectant ? 6. Sine auxilio equitum milites non bene pugnant. 7. Socii Romanis multa perl- cula nuntiant et duces magnopere incitant. 8. Tempus proelio idoneum est et GermanI audacissime pugnant. 9. Principes Gallorum gladiis pilisque omnes gentes armant. 10. Helvetil liberos, et 1 pueros et 1 puellas, in carris celerrime collocant. II. Propter magnitudinem corporis Gerrnanorum, legio Romana minus fortiter pugnat. 12. Viro prudent! virtus saepe est carissima. IV 1. Galba wisely strengthens the camp with a rampart. 2. They await the attack of the enemy a long time. 3. The customs of the Gauls are less ancient than (those) of the Germans. 4. The army lays waste the fields of the farmers far and wide. 5. The nearest road into Gaul is through the mountains, and it is the least difficult. 6. The slaves very quickly carry the grain from the fields into the village. 7. Serious dangers greatly annoy the best allies of the state. 8. The soldier easily wounds the farmer with a javelin. 9. There are four divisions of the state of the Helvetians. 10. Infantry are often braver than cavalry. 1 Et . . . et, both . . . and. Templum Jovis Capitolini 91. LESSON XVI PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS The personal pronouns are ego, // tu, thou, you ; and is, 1 ea, id, he, she, it; pi., they. They are declined as follows: Ego,/ Sing. Plur. Nom. ego nos Gen. mel i nostrum nostri Dat. mihi nobis Ace. me nos Abl. me nobis Is, he ! Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. is ea id Gen. eius eius eius Dat. el el el Ace. eum earn i id Abl. eo ea eo Ea, she Tu, thou, you Sing. Plur. tu vos tui f vestrum 1 vestri tibi vobis te vos te 9 vobis Id, it Plural Masc. Fern. A r eut. ei, ii eae ea eorum earum eorum els, ils els, ils els, ils eos eas ea els, ils els, ils els, ils 1 Is is strictly a demonstrative pronoun (see 106). The personal pronoun of the third person is lacking in Latin. Its place is supplied by is, which is therefore given here for convenience. 70 Personal and Reflexive Pronouns 71 92. NOTE ON DECLENSION Pronouns, except tu, and the possessives (98), lack the vocative. 93. USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS The personal pronouns, when subject of the sentence, are not expressed except for the purpose of emphasis or clearness'; as, Amat, he loves. Ego eum laudo, I praise him. (It is I who praise him.) 94. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS i. A reflexive pronoun is one that refers to the subject of the sentence or clause in which it stands ; as He praises himself. 2. The oblique 1 cases of ego and tu are used as the reflexive pronouns of the first and second persons. The reflexive of the third person is sui. It is declined as follows : Gen. sui, 2 of himself herself itself ; pi., of themselves. Dat. sibi Ace. se, sese Abl. se, sese 95. USE OF THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS The following examples illustrate the use of the reflexive pronouns : Me laudo, I praise myself. Nos laudamus, we praise ourselves. Te laudas, you praise yourself. Se laudat, he praises himself. Se laudant, they praise themselves. 1 The oblique cases are the gen., dat., ace., and abl. 2 Used for all genders and both numbers. 72 Elements of Latin Great care should be used in rendering English personals of the third person into Latin. Is is never reflexive, sui always is. Puer eum laudat, the boy praises him (another, not himself). Puer se laudat, the boy praises himself. 96. VOCABULARY appropinquo, I approach. Caesar, Caesaris, m., Caesar. ego, /. expugno, / capture, take by storm. impedimentum, I, n., hindrance; pi., baggage. inter, prep. gov. ace., between, among; inter se, among them- selves, i.e. to, with each other. is, ea, id, he, she, it; pi., they. negotium, i, n., business, task, difficulty. obses, obsidis, m., hostage. Orgetorix, Orgetorigis, m., Or- getorix, a noble, leader of the Helvetians. post, prep. gov. ace., after, be- hind. praemium, i, n., reward. sui, of himself, herself, itself ; pi., of themselves. tamen, nevertheless, however (conj.). timor, timoris, m., fear. tii, thou, you. 97. i . Nostrum. 2. Sibi. 3- Se. 4. Mel. 5. Eius. 6. Eorum. 7. Tibi. 8. lis. 9. Els. 10. Eae. EXERCISES I II. Me laudo. 12. Me laudas. J 3- Te laudat. 14. Te laudas. !5- Eum laudant. 16. Se laudat. i7- Eos laudamus 18. Se laudant. 19. Eos armatis. 20. Vos armatis. Personal and Reflexive Pronouns 73 11 I. To them. 11. You call me. 2. To themselves. 12. I arm myself. 3- Of me. !3- I arouse you. 4- I. 14. You arouse yourself. 5- Of myself. *5- You praise us. 6. By you. 16. We praise ourselves." 7- Yourselves. J 7- I call him. 8. Of you. 18. He calls them. 9- Of them. 19. He arms himself. 10. Him. 20. They arm themselves. Ill 1. Cives unlus pagi gladiis pilisque se armant. 2. Vos nobis rem nuntiatis et ego earn Caesarl nuntio. 3. Caesar mihi negotium dat. 4. Propter timorem de bell5 inter se coniurant. 5. Me ad te vocas. 6. Caesar els praemia dat, et eos maxime laudat. 7. Orgetorlx quattuor obsides habet et eos post castra collocat. 8. Ego te laudo et tu me laudas. 9. Caesar tamen oppidum expugnat et id occupat. 10. Ego in alia. 1 cohorte sum, tu in alia.. 1 IV 1. Many men praise themselves. 2. The soldiers fight well and the leader praises them. 3. The Helve- tians carry the baggage into one place and place it 2 be- hind the wagons. 4. The chief praises the men and gives great rewards to them. 5. The soldiers arm them- selves quickly. 6. The enemy approach nearer and pre- pare themselves for 3 battle. 7. The great danger arouses me, and I fight long and courageously. 4 8. Does the mat- ter annoy you? 9. You 5 hope for victory, I 5 expect it. 1 Alia . . . alia, one . . . another. 2 Neuter plural. 3 ad. 4 boldly. 5 Emphatic. LESSON XVII POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS; THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN 98. THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS The possessive pronouns are really adjectives of the first and second declensions. Each possessive is derived from the cor- responding personal, thus : Possessive Derived from First Person meus, a, urn, my, mine ego (mei) noster, tra, trum, our, ours nos Second Person tuus, a, um, thy, thine, your, yours tii vester, tra, trum, your, yours vos Third Person suus, a, um, his, her, its, their sui 99. NOTES ON DECLENSION Noster and vester are declined like pulcher. The others are like bonus, except that meus has mi in the vocative singular masculine. 100. USE OF POSSESSIVES i . The possessive (like any adjective) agrees with the noun which it limits. Hortus meus, my garden. Filia tua, your daughter. Castra sua, his camp. 74 Possessive Pronouns; The Intensive Pronoun 75 2. The possessive may be omitted if the meaning is clear without it. Vir filium amat, the man loves (his) son. Vir filium meum amat, the ma?i loves my son. 3. Suus, like the personal sui, is reflexive only. When the possessive his, her, its, their is not reflexive, the genitive v of is, ea, id is used. Filius eius, his son {the son of htm). Hortus eorum, their ga?'den (the garden of them). Note carefully the possessives in the following examples, the first being reflexive and the second non-reflexive : Vir filium suum laudat, the man praises his (own) son. Vir filium eius laudat, the man praises his (another's, not his own) son. 101. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN The intensive pronoun is ipse, self, very. It is declined as follows : Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum Gen. ipslus ipslus ipslus . Dat. ipsl ipsi ipsl Ace. ipsum ipsam ipsum AM. ipso ipsa Plural ipso Nom. ipsl ipsae ipsa Gen. ipsorum ipsarum jpsorum Dat. ipsis ipsis ipsis Ace. ipsos ipsas ipsa AM. ipsis ipsis ipsis 7 6 Elements of Latin 102. USB OF THE INTENSIVE The intensive is frequently used as an adjective. It is trans- lated in such a way as to give emphasis. Ego ipse, / myself. Ipse vocat, he himself is calling. Servus ipse, the very slave. 103. EXERCISE Decline patria mea, 1 my country ; vir ipse, 1 the man himself ; donum vestrum, 1 your gift. 104. captivus, l, m., captive. imperator, imperatoris, m., gen eral, commander. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self very. legatus, I, m., lieutenant, envoy liber, libri, m., book. meus, a, um, my, mine. natio, nationis, f., nation. noster, tra, trum, our, ours. officium, I, n., duty. VOCABULARY scutum, I, n., shield. sed, MCENOVNT PAR.ENTAUA LVPERCALIA CARACOGNATO TERMINAL^ S5 Si MENSIS MARTIVS OIES-XXXI NONSEPTIMAN DIES-HOR-XH NOX- HOR-X1I /tOVINOCTM VIII KAL-APR SOL-PlSABVS TVTEL-MINERV/t VIC/EPEtlAMlN INPAST1NO PVTAKTVR. rRlMnRSCRITVR 1NSI0ISNAVIGNNI SACRMAMVRIS LIBERAUQVINQVE TRIA-LAVATKl Kalendae Agricolae LESSON XVIII DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 106. The demonstrative pronouns are hie, iste, ille, is, idem. They are declined as follows : Hie, this Singular Masc. Fein. Neut. Nom. hie haec hoc Gen. huius huius huius Dat. huic. huic huic Ace. hunc hanc hoc AM. hoc hac Plural hoc Nom. hi hae haec Gen. horum harum horum Dat. his his his Ace. hos has haec AM. his his his Iste, that, that of yours Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. iste ista istud Gen. istius istius istius Dat. isti isti isti Ace. istum istam istud AM. isto ista isto 79 8o Elements of Latin Plural Masc. Fern. Nom. istl istae Gen. istorum istarum Dat. istis istis Ace. istos istas Abl. istis istis Ille, that, that one. Ille is declined like iste. Is, that, this. For declension see 91. Neut. ista istorum istis ista istis Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. Masc. Idem eiusdem eidem eundem eodem r eidem Nom. \ { ndem eorundem r eisdem ( iTsdem eosdem f eisdem I iisdem Idem, the same Singular Fern. eadem eiusdem eidem eandem eadem Plural eaedem earundem | eisdem 1 iisdem easdem f eisdem 1 iisdem Neut. idem eiusdem eidem idem eodem eadem eorundem eisdem iisdem eadem f eisdem ( iisdem Demonstrative Pronouns 81 107. NOTE ON DECLENSION Idem may have idem in the nominative plural and isdem in the dative and ablative plural. 108. USE OF THE DEMONSTRATIVES 1. Hie, iste, and ille are known, from their meanings, as de- monstratives of the first, second, and third persons ; as, Hie liber, this book (near me, here). Iste liber, that book (near you, there). Ille liber, that book (near him, yonder). 2. Hie and ille are often used together to show a contrast. Hie may then mean the latter, and ille, the former ; as, Hie Romanus, ille Gallus est, the latter is a Roman, the former, a Gaul. 3. Ille may mean that famous, that well-known ; as, Bellum illud, that famous war. 4. The demonstrative is is frequently used in place of the personal pronoun of the third person, which is lacking in Latin (see 91). The two uses should be carefully distinguished. Demonstrative : Is vir, that man. Personal : Eum laudo, I praise him. 5. All the demonstratives may be used as adjectives, and when so used precede the noun limited ; but ille, in the use mentioned in 3, usually follows the noun. 109. EXERCISE Decline ille imperator, that general ; idem exercitus, the same army ; ea regina, that queen ; hoc bellum, this war. 82 Elements of Latin 110. VOCABULARY angustiae, arum, f. pi, narroiu is, ea, id, that, this ; pi., those, pass. atque (ac), and (conj.). contra, prep. gov. ace, against, opposite. creber, bra, brum, frequent. cupidus, a, um, eager, desirous. hie, haec, hoc, this ; pi., these. idem, eadem, idem, the same. ille, ilia, illud, that ; pi., those. these. iste, ista, istud, that (of yours) ; pi., //W*?. libertas, libertatis, f., liberty. occasio, occasionis, f., opportu- nity. quinque,^^ (indeclinable), riirsus, again (adv.). spes, spei, f., hope. 3 Lll. EXERCISES i. Huius. 1 II. Hoc scuto. 2. Illi. 12. Isto scuto. 3- Eodem. I 3- Illo scuto. 4- Eldem condicioni. 14. Spei ipsius. 5- Els captlvis. i5- Huius offici. 6. IllTus imperatoris. 16. Illae provinciae. 7- Ea negotia. i7- Hac occasione. 8. Iisdem exercitibus. 18. Id vallum. 9- Nationes ipsae. 19. Eiusdem captivi. IO. In els angustils. 20. II Hae occasiones. i. Of these. 8. Of the same armies 2. To those. 9- Of that storm. 3. For the same things. 4. To those famous queens. 5. For the same conditions. 6. To these envoys. 7. For those dangers. 10. These opportunities. 11. By those duties. 12. This field. 13. That field. 14. That field of yours, Demonstrative Pronouns 83 15. To that nation. 18. Against these men. 16. To that very nation. 19. Of liberty itself. 17. Of the same hope. 20. That island. Ill 1. Spes llbertatis illis captlvis carissima est. 2. Exer- citus noster commeatus suos per angustias montiurri por- tat. 3. Nostri 1 haec l portant. 4. Eaedem nationes oppida vestra oppugnant. 5. Milites ipsl id oppidum expugnant. 6. Omnium ducum, hie imperator est for- tissimus. 7. Haec occasid idonea est atque c5piae oppi- dum illud terra marique oppugnant. 8. El socil Roma- nls crebra proelia nuntiant. 9. Hae gentes sunt cupidae belli. 10. Hie imperator bonus, ille malus est. II. In- colae sine timore perlculi imperatorl haec nuntiant. 12. Llberi mei multa dona sperant. 13. Quinque legi- ones contra ducem suum coniurant et eum oppugnant. IV 1. The same envoy reports these conditions to the enemy. 2. That is the duty of all good citizens. 3. The enemy strengthen their camp, but the legions easily cap- ture it. 4. Those nations love their liberty very dearly. 5. This road is the shortest, but the most difficult. 6. This book is suitable for your children. 7. The latter custom is the better, the former, the more ancient. 8. The inhabitants have great fear of that famous com- mander. 9. This man loves his children. 10. The weather is again suitable for those ships. 1 Adjectives and possessive c r demonstrative pronouns are often used in this way in the plural. The masculine denotes persons, the neuter things; as, nostri, our (men); haec, these {things). LESSON XIX RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 112. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN The relative pronoun is qui, who, which, what, that. It is declined as follows : Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. qui quae quod Gen. cuius cuius cuius Dat. cui cui cui Ace. quern quam quod AM.. quo qua Plural quo Nom. qui quae quae Gen. quorum quarum quorum Dat. quibus quibus quibus Ace. quos quas quae AM. quibus quibus quibus 113. USE OF THE RELATIVE i. The relative pronoun is so called because it refers or re- lates to a preceding noun or pronoun for which it stands. This preceding noun or pronoun is called the antecedent of the rela- tive. In the sentence " I have a book which belongs to you," which is the relative pronoun, and book is the antecedent. 2. Rule : A relative pronoun agrees in gender and number with its antecedent, but its case depends on the way it is used in the sentence. 84 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns 85 Imperator milites vocat qui in castris sunt, the com?nander summons the soldiers who are in the camp. Here qui is masculine plural to agree with its antecedent milites ; but, while milites is accusative, object of vocat, qui is nominative, subject of sunt. 114. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS The interrogative pronouns are quis, who? which? what? (substantive), and qui, tvhat? what kind of? (adjective). Qui is declined like the relative, and quis is declined as follows : Singular Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. quis quid Gen. cuius cuius Dat. cui cui Ace. quern quid Abl. quo quo Plural • Declined like the re ilative qui. 115. USE OF THE INTERROGATIVES Distinguish carefully quis, the substantive, and qui, the adjective. Examples are the following : Substantive : Quis oppidum oppugnat, who is attacking the town ? Quid nuntias, what do you announce ? Adjective : Qui dux oppidum oppugnat, what leader is attacking the town ? Quae regina est in oppido, what queen is in the town ? Quod proelium nuntias, what battle do you announce ? 86 Elements of Latin 116. VOCABULARY adventus, us, m., arrival, ap- paulatim, gradually, little by proach. ante, prep. gov. ace, before. auxilia, orum, n. pi., auxiliary troops. Belgae, arum, m. pi. , the Belgians. finitimus, a, um, neighboring, adjoining. hiberna, orum, n. pi., winter quarters. occasus, us, m., setting (of the sun). paene, almost, nearly (adv.). little (adv.). perturbo, I confuse, disturb. qui, quae, quod, who, which, what, that (rel. pron.). qui, quae, quod, what? what kind of ? (interrog. adj.). quis, quid, who ? which ? what? (interrog. pron.). repentinus, a, um, sudden. senatus, us, m., senate. sol, solis, m., sun. 1 .17. EXERCISES T I. Quorum. 1 9- Qui agricola ? 2. Qua. IO. Quis? 3- Quibus. II. Quem servum ? 4- Quos. 12. Quorum consiliorum ? 5- Cuius. J 3- Quod oppidum ? 6. Quo. 14. Qui captivus ? 7- Quae. J 5- Cuius l frumentum ? 8. Quas. 16. II 9- Quorum x frumentum ? i. Whom (masc). Of what town ? 2. Whom (fern.). 10. What place ? 3- Who (fern.). 11. What javelin ? 4- Of whom (sing.). 12. What winter quarters ? 5- Whose (sing.). x 3- Of what island ? 6. Whose (pi.). 14. By whose aid ? 7- Of whom (pi.). !5- For which legion ? 8. For which (pi.). 16. Which man ? Of whom, i.e. whose ? Relative and Interrogative Pronouns 87 in I. N5nne hi sunt idem milites qui oppidum oppugnant ? 2. Belgae proximi sunt Germanls, quibuscum 1 saepe pug- nant. 3. Repentlnus Caesaris adventus Gallos, qui in angustiis sunt, magnopere perturbat. 4. Qulnque co- hortes Helvetios rursus oppugnant, quorum 2 castra in colle finitim5 sunt. 5- Q u i s senatui illud proelium nun- tiat? 6. Senatus cum Gallls, quos paulatim superamus, pacem non conflrmat. 7. Caesar in hibernis copias suas, quae in Gallia sunt, collocat. 8. Qui imperator contra eos fortissime pugnat ? 9. Caesar adventum militum qui subsidium comparant ante solis occasum exspectat. 10. Quod oppidum ista auxilia occupant? 1 1. Spes libertatis Helvetios, qui sunt fortissiml, incitat. 12. Quid captlvl sperant? 13. Cuius fllius es tu ? 14. Quorum librl hi sunt? 15. Impetu acrl hostes paene superamus. IV 1. This is an opportunity which a boy does not often have. 2. The Romans gradually overcome the enemy, and seize the camp which is near the river. 3. These soldiers, who are very brave, hope for frequent battles. 4. Who stations the line of battle in that place ? 5. The Gauls are a nation which is desirous of liberty. 6. There are many ancient customs which we do not praise. 7. Whose children are in your garden ? 8. Are these the same boys to whom you often give rewards ? 9. What are you awaiting ? 10. What commander sum- mons these soldiers, and what aid does he await ? 1 Quibuscum : always written for cum quibus. 2 Quorum: see I, 15, 16, footnote. LESSON XX INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 118- Among the most important indefinite pronouns are quisquam, aliquis, quisque, and quidam. They are declined as follows : Quisquam, any one (at all) Singular Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. quisquam quidquam Gen. cuiusquam cuiusquam Vat. cuiquam cuiquam Ace. quemquam quidquam Abl. quoquam quoquam Quisquam has no plu ral. Aliquis, some one, some Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. aliquis (aliqui) aliqua aliquid (aliquod) Gen. alicuius alicuius alicuius Dat. alicui alicui alicui Ace. aliquem aliquam aliquid (aliquod) Abl. aliquo aliqua Plural aliquo No?n. aliqui aliquae aliqua Gen. aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum Dat. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus Ace. aliquos aliquas aliqua Abl. aliquibus aliquibus 88 aliquibus Indefinite Pronouns 8 9 Quisque, each, every 1 Singular Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. quisque quaeque quidque (quodque) Gen. cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque Dat. cuique cuique cuique Ace. quemque quamque quidque (quodque) Abl. quoque quaque Plural quoque Like qui, with the suffix Quldam, certain Singular -que. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. qiridam quaedam quiddam (quoddam) Gen. cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam Dat. cuidam cuidam cuidam Ace. quendam quandam quiddam (quoddam) Abl. quodam quadam quodam Plural Norn. quldam quaedam quaedam Gen. quorundam quarundam quorundam Dat. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam Ace. quosdam quasdam quaedam Abl. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam 119. USE OP THE INDEFINITES 1. The indefinites, except quisquam, may be used as substan- tives or adjectives. Quisquam is substantive only. 9° Elements of Latin 2. Where double forms occur in the paradigms, the first is substantive, the second, adjective. The pupil should be careful to distinguish them. Examples are the following : Aliquis, any one. Aliqui dux, any leader. Quidque est bonum, each is good. Quodque consilium est bonum, each plan is good. 3. Quisquam is used chiefly in negative sentences, and sen- tences implying a negative. 4. The indefinites usually follow the noun limited. 120. EXERCISE Decline miles quidam, a certain soldier ; donum quodque, each gift ; legio aliqua, any legion. 121. aliquis (aliqui), aliqua, aliquid (aliquod), some one, some. castellum, i, n., small fort, re- doubt. citerior, citerius, hither, nearer (comparative adjective ; su- perlative, citimus, a, um). concilium, i, n., assembly, council. consuetudo, consuetiidinis, f., custom. equus, i, m., horse. explorator, exploratoris, m., scout. VOCABULARY ius, iuris, n,, justice ', law, right. oratio, orationis, f., speech. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), certain. quisquam, quidquam, any one (at all). quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), each, eve?y. ulterior, ulterius, farther (com- parative adjective ; superla- tive, ultimus, a, um). vadum, i, n.,ford, shoal. 122. 1. Legionis cuiusque. 2. In loco quodam. EXERCISES I 3. Viri cuiusque. 4. Hiberna aliqua. Indefinite Pronouns 9i 5. Cohortium quarundam. 6. Ab auxilils aliquibus. 7. Agricolam quendam. 8. Consuetudine aliqua. 9. ConcilT cuiusdam. 10. Equo cuique. 11. Quidquam. 12. Quemquam. 13. Cuiusquam. 14. In castris quibusque. 15. Oppida aliqua. 16. Vadum aliquod. 17. Aliquid. 18. Quidqueo 19. Proelium quodque. 20. ServT cuiusdam. II I. Anything. 11. To each cohort. 2. Of anything. 12. Of certain farmers 3- Of any one. J 3- On a certain hill. 4- Of some one. 14. Of some redoubt. 5- To each one. i5- Some redoubts. 6. By certain men. 16. A certain town. 7- By anything. J 7- For each boy. 8. For each one. 18. Of some chief. 9- By any one. 19. Certain hostages. 10. Some one. 20. Each part. Ill 1. Ad flumen sunt castella aliqua. 2. In citeriore 1 •Gallia est oppidum quoddam, quod contra populum Roma- num coniurat. 3. In agro quoque est magnus numerus equorum. 4. Miles quisque scutum et pilum et gladium habet. 5. Auxilia quaedam vicos finitimos vexant. 6. Num explorat5res principibus Germanorum quidquam nuntiant ? 7. Consuetudines aliquae sunt veterrimae. 8. Incolae Britanniae concilium gentis cuiusque vocant. 9. Caesar c5pias suas, quae in ulteriore 1 Gallia sunt, in 1 Citerior Gallia, hither Gaul (south of the Alps) ; ulterior Gallia, farther Gaul (north of the Alps). 92 Elements of Latin hibernls collocat. 10. Post solis occasum servi trans vadum quodque commeatiis portant. n. Quis repentl- num eius adventum niintiat? 12. Roman! appropin- quant atque paulatim quemque locum optimum 1 occupant. 13. Gentes ferae ius Romanorum non amant. IV 1. Fire confuses some horses. 2. Each soldier carries his (own) supplies. 3. Does any one praise a bad man ? 4. These are the same Germans with whom the Helve- tians often fight. 5. Certain scouts, who are wintering in Gaul, report these matters to Caesar. 6. The speech of the leader arouses each man. 7. A certain slave has my baggage. 8. Some tribes have many villages and towns. 9. I am giving a good book to each boy. 10. Who are your allies ? 2 Each best place, i.e. all the best places. Denarius Romanus A Roman coin with the head of Julius Caesar LESSON XXI REVIEW OF PRONOUNS; NUMERALS 123. EXERCISES Study the review chart of pronouns, 130. 124. NUMERALS The cardinal numerals are one, two, three, etc. ; the ordinals are first, second, third, etc. Learn the following numerals i 1 Cardinals unus, one. duo, two. tres, three. quattuor, four. quinque, five. septem, seven. octo, eight. novem, nine. decern, ten. centum, hundred. mille, thousand. Ordinals primus, first. secundus, second. tertius, third. quartus, fourth. quintus, fifth. sextus, sixth. septimus, seventh. octavus, eighth. nonus, ninth. decimus, tenth. 125. DECLENSION OF NUMERALS i. The ordinals are declined like bonus. 2. Of the cardinals given above, only unus, duo, tres, and 1 These numerals take the place of the vocabulary in this lesson. 93 94 Elements of Latin mille are declined. For declension of unus, see 32. The others are declined as follows : Duo, tzuo Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. duo duae duo Gen. duorum duarum duorum Dat. duobus duabus duobus Ace. duos, duo duas duo Abl. duobus duabus Tres, three duobus Declined like the plural of facilis. Mille, thousand Singular Plural' Indeclinable Nom. mllia Gen. milium Dat. milibus Ace. mllia Abl. milibus 126. USE OF MILLE i. In the singular, mille is an adjective: Mille milites, a thousand soldiers. 2. In the plural, milia is a neuter noun, and is followed by the genitive : Tria milia captivorum, three thousand(s of) captives. 127. EXERCISES I i. Unius x legionis. 3. A septem virls. 2. Quattuor librorum. 4. Prima 1 acies. 1 Cardinals precede the noun ; ordinals precede or follow. Review of Pronouns; Numerals 95 5. Dies tertius. 8. Mllle equT. 6. Novem dierum. 9. Mllia peditum. 7. Quinque exploratorum. 10. Duo mllia servorum. II 1. Of three girls. 6. To the fourth ship. 2. In the second line of battle. 7. A hundred children.^ 3. Three thousand captives. 8. By eight javelins. 4. For the tenth legion. 9. Of the seventh cohort. 5. By six wagons. 10. Of a thousand men. Ill 1. Marcus quattuor llberos, tres filios et unam filiam, habet. 2. Sex legiones centum mllia hostium facile su- perant. 3. Caesar oratione prima suos incitat. 4. Duae provinciae Romanae sunt citerior et ulterior Gallia. 5. Commune Belgarum concilium consilia quaedam nun- tiat. 6. Consuetudo est Gallorum gladils pillsque for- titer pugnare. 7. Nona cohors vad5 trans flumen frumentum portat. 8. Cohors quinta legionis octavae est in castris, sed sexta cohors vicum oppugnat 9. Num quidquam copias perturbat ? 10. Hie collis altior quam montes aliqui est. IV 1. Each legion has ten cohorts. 2. The fifth cohort of the tenth legion is in the second line of battle. 3. Each boy has three gifts. 4. Four legions which have no leader are wintering in farther Gaul. 5. That chief has a thousand cavalry and three thousand infantry. 6. The justice of the Roman senate is the best. 7. There are three islands in that river. 8. Each farmer has two horses in my field. 9. Whose roses are those which the 9 6 Elements of Latin little girl is carrying? 10. That is a good book which the boy has. 128. REVIEW CHART — NOUNS Singular puell-a serv-us vir d5n-um dux caput -ae -i -i -i due-is capit-is -ae -5 -6 -6 -i -i -am -um -um -um -em caput -a -0 -0 -0 -e capit-e Plural puell-ae serv-i vir-i d5n-a duc-es capit-a -arum -orum -orum -orum -um -um -is -is -is -is -ibus -ibus -as -OS -OS -a -es -a -is -is -is -is -ibus -ibus Singular host-is animal arx fruct-us corn-u di-es -is animal-is arc-is -us -us -ei -i -i -i -ui -ii -ei -em animal -em -um -u -em -e animal-i -e -u -u -e Plural host-es animal-ia arc-es fruct-us corn-ua di-es -ium -ium -ium -uum -uum -erum -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ebus -is, -es -ia -is, -es -us -ua -es -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ebus Vocative = nom. ; except sing, of second declension nouns in -us = e. 129. REVIEW CHART — ADJECTIVES Learn the following classification, and review the declension of the models : Review of Pronouns; Numerals 97 Positives First and Second Declensions. i. In -us like bonus. 2. In -er like pulcher, liber. Third Declension. i. In -er like acer. 2. In -is like facilis. 3. Others | like ferax, prudens (-i stem). 1 like vetus (cons. stem). Comparatives 1. In -ior like altior. Superlatives 1. In -us like bonus. Irregular Adjectives 1. The nine irregulars : alius, alter, uter, neuter, ullus, nullus, unus, totus, solus. 2. The comparative plus. 130. REVIEW CHART — PRONOUNS Learn the following classification of pronouns, and review their declension : Personal ego, I. nos, we. tu, thou, you. vos, you. {of himself , etc. , a • \ < \ (reflexive) [ of themselves is, ea, id, he, she, it; pi., they. (non-reflexive) Possessive meus, my. noster, our. tuus, thy, your. vester, your. { his, etc. suus, \ ' [ their. eius, his, etc. (reflexive) eorum 1 I earum J \ their. . (non-reflexive) 9 8 Elements of Latin ipse, self, very. hie, this. iste, that, that of yours. ille, that. Intensive Demonstrative is, that, this. idem, the same. Relative qui, who, which, what, that. Interrogative quis, who? which ? what? . qui, what? what kind of ? Indefinite quisque, each. quidam, certain. quisquam, any one. aliquis, some one. Eques LESSON XXII VERBS 1 : PRINCIPAL PARTS; STEMS; SUM 131. PRINCIPAL PARTS; VERB STEMS i. The principal parts of a verb are the present indicative, present infinitive, perfect indicative, and participle (perfect or future). 2. The principal parts are so called because they show the three stems, on which all forms of the verb are built. 3. The present stem maybe found by dropping the ending of the present infinitive. Thus the present stem of sum is es-, from esse. 4. The perfect stem may be found by dropping -1 from the perfect indicative. Thus, the perfect stem of sum is fu-, from fui. 5. The supine stem may be found by dropping -us 2 or -iirus from the participle. Thus the supine 3 stem of sum is fut-, from futiirus. 6. In general, the first three tenses of a Latin verb are formed on the present stem, and the last three on the perfect stem. Certain forms, however, are always formed on the supine stem. These will be noted as they occur. 132. THE IRREGULAR VERB— SUM Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Fut. Participle sum esse fui futiirus 1 For general explanation of mood, tense, etc., see Introduction, XI. 2 -us from perfect participle, -urus from future. 3 Also called the participle stem. 99 IOO Elements of Latin Stems Present, es- Perfect, fu- Supine, fut- Indicative Mood Singular Plural Present Tense I. sum, I am sumus, we are 2. es, thou art, you are estis, you are 3- est, he is sunt, they are Imperfect i. eram, I was eramus, we were 2. eras, j>*& zeww;zy / be simus, let us be, may we be sis, be you, may you be sitis, be ye, may you be sit, let him be, may he be sint, let them be, may they be Imperfect essemus, we should be essetis, you would be essent, they would be Perfect fuerimus, we may have been fueritis, you may have been fuerint, they may have been Pluperfect f uissem, / should have been f uissemus, we should have been fuisses, you would have been f uissetis, you woidd have been f uisset, he would have been f uissent, they would have been essem, I should be esses, you would be esset, he zvould be f uerim, / may have been i\\vcvs>,yoii may have beeti fuerit, he may have been Pres. Fut. 2. 2. 3- Imperative Mood es, be thou este, be ye esto, thou shall be esto, he shall be Infinitive Pres. esse, to be Per/, fuisse, to have been Fut. futurus esse, to be about to be estote, ye shall be sunto, they shall be Participle Fut. futurus, 1 about to be 1 Futurus, a, um; declined like bonus. 103 104 Elements of Latin 137. NOTES ON CONJUGATION i. The future participle and future infinitive are formed on the supine stem (131, 5). All other forms follow the regular rule (131, 6). 2. The present stem appears altered in the present subjunc- tive, and the third person plural of the future imperative. 138. VERB SYNOPSES Below is given a synopsis of the verb sum in the third person singular. Note that only the indicative, subjunctive, and im- perative have person ; therefore the remaining forms are given complete. Prin. Parts : sum, esse, fin, futurus. Stems : Pres. es- Perf. fu- Sup. fut- Tenses Indic. Subj. Imper. Infin. Part. Gerund (ive) Pres. est sit esse Imp. erat esset Put. erit esto 1 futurus esse futurus (Supine) Per/. fuit fuerit fuisse Plup. fuerat fuisset Put. P. fuerit 1 If the teacher prefers, the imperative may be given entire. In that case the pupil should clearly understand that a synopsis proper is given only for the indica- tive and subjunctive. 139. EXERCISE Write from memory synopses in the second person plural, third person plural, etc. 140. MEANING AND USE OF MOODS 1. The subjunctive has a great variety of meanings and uses. These will be explained more fully in later lessons. For the present the meanings given above should be memorized, and employed in the exercises. Verbs: Principal Parts; Stems 105 2. The present subjunctive often expresses (1) a wish ; as, Dux incolumis sit, may the leader be unharmed ! (2) a mild command ; as, Simus fortes, let us be brave ! 3. The imperative is used to express a command ; see 142, III, 5, 6. - 4. The infinitive may be used as in English ; see 142, III, 11. 5. The participle is a verbal adjective, and agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case. VOCABULARY 141. aditus, us, m., approach. aedificium, 1, n., building. aequus, a, um, level ; favorable. autem, moreover, but, hoivever, (conj.). calamitas, calamitatis, f., calam- ity, disaster, defeat. clamor, clamoris, m., shouting, cry. dexter, tra, trum, right. inopia, ae, f., lack, want. regio, regionis, f., region, district. Rhenus, 1, m., the Rhine. ripa, ae, f., bank, shore. sinister, tra, trum, left. uterque, 1 utraque, utrumque, each (of two), both. 142. 1. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. Sis. Esset. Es. Este. Fueritis. Futurus. Fuisse. EXERCISES I 9- Esse. 10. Fuissemus. 11. Estote. 12. Futurus esse. 13- Sunto. 14. Sitis. i5- Fueris. 8. Essemus. 16. Fuissent. 1 Declined like uter; see 32. 106 Elements of Latin ii I. We may have been. 9- You may have been. 2. He would be. IO. You would have been 3- Let us be. ii. To be. 4- May we be. 12. Thou shalt be. 5- May they be. 1 3- To have been. 6. Let them be. 14. He shall be. 7- Be ye. 15- To be about to be. 8. About to be. 16. Be thou. Ill 1. Aditus sit f acilis ! 2. In utraque rlpa. fluminis fuisset praesidium. 3. In els regionibus fuisset inopia frumenti. 4. Haec mulier sit regina ! 5. Este viri audaces et prudentes. 6. Mulieres incolumes sunt5. 7. Equites in dextro cornu f uissent. 8. Simus viri fortes! 9. Proelium sit in loco aequ5! 10. Calami- tates patriae nostrae sint paucae ! 11. GallT autem 1 amici Romanorum esse recusant. 12. In sinistro cornu exercitus essent duae cohortes. 13. Ad rlpam fluminis Rheni fuissent multa aedificia Germanorum. IV 1. There would have been shouting in the camp of the Belgians. 2. These children would have been friends. 3. Almost a third part of the troops would have been un- harmed. 4. The Germans hope to be allies of the Romans. 5. May you be good citizens of the fatherland ! 6. Let there be daily battles with our enemies ! 7. The remain- ing multitude would be unharmed. 8. Let Caesar be commander. 9. Be ye brave and bold, citizens ! 10. We should have been near the standard of our cohort. 1 Autem is post-positive ; i.e. never stands first in the sentence. LESSON XXIV FIRST CONJUGATION — ACTIVE VOICE 143. The First Conjugation includes all regular verbs whose present stem ends in -a. The present stem is found by dropping the infinitive ending -re (131, 3). Amd, / love Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Participle amo amare amavi a mat us Stems Present, ama- Perfect, amav- Indicative Mood Supine, amat- SlNGULAR Plural Present Tense amo, I love amamus, we love amas, you love amatis, you love a mat, he loves amant, they love Impe7'fect amabam , / luas loving, I lotted amabamus, we were loving, etc. amabas, you were loving, etc. amabatis, you were loving, etc, amabat, he 7vas loving, etc. amabant, they were loving, etc. amabo, I shall love amabis, you will love amabit, he will love Future amabimus, we shall love amabitis, you will love amabunt, they will love 107 108 Elements of Latin Singular Plural Perfect amavi, I have loved, I loved amavimus, we have loved, etc. amavisti, you have loved, etc. amavistis, you have loved, etc. amavit, he has loved, etc. amaverunt, amavere, they have loved, etc. Pluperfect amaveram, / had loved amaveramus, we had loved amaveras, you had loved amaveratis, you had loved amaverat, he had loved amaverant, they had loved Future Perfect amavero, I shall have loved amaverimus, we shall have loved amaveris, you will have loved amaveritis, you will have loved amaverit, he will have loved amaverint, they will have loved 144. NOTES ON CONJUGATION i. The -a of the present stem becomes -a in certain forms and unites with the personal ending in the form amo. Similar variations occur in the present stem of the other conjugations. In studying the formation of tenses on the present stem, these variations need not be considered as irregularities. The quan- tity of vowels is a subject for special study. See Introduction, V. 2. Otherwise the use of stems is regular according to 131, 6. 145. FIRST CON JUGATION — REVIEW LIST The following list contains the first conjugation verbs which have occurred in the preceding lessons. They are conjugated precisely like amo. Review their meanings, and give their prin- cipal parts : comparo supero colloco laudo exspecto incito pugno oppugno paco First Conjugation — Active Voice 109 paro voco propero nuntio vasto recuso anno vexo spero appropinquo coniuro vulnero occupo conflrmo expugno porto hiemo perturbo 146. VOCABULARY auctoritas, auctoritatis, f., au- Haedui, orum, m., the Haedui, thority, influence. a. Gallic tribe. causa, ae, f., cause, reason. iugum, 1, n., yoke ; ridge (of a clam, secretly (adv.). hill). convoco, are, avi, atus, call to- magistratus, us, m., magistrate, gether, summon. nuntius, 1, m., messenger. Diviciacus, 1, m., Diviciacus, a regnum, 1, n., rule, throne ; chief of the Haedui. kingdom. dubito, are, avi, atus, hesitate, sententia, ae, f., opinion, de- doubt, cision. frumentarius, a, um, of grain ; statim, at once, immediately res frumentaria, grain sup- (adv.). plies, provisions. vulgo, commonly, generally (adv.). 147. EXERCISES I. Pugnabis. I 9- Hiemavisti. 2. Incitaverit. 10. Vastaveratis. 3- Collocabamus. II. Sperabam. 4- Vulneravere. 12. Vocavimus. 5- Properatis. J 3- Perturbavero. 6. Reciisaveras. 14. Appropinquas 7- Armabant. i5- Pacavi. 8. Armabunt. 16. Laudabo. I. You have armed. 9- 2. I shall lay waste. IO. 3- You had wounded. ii. 4- We shall have praised. 12. 5- You are conspiring. !3- 6. You conspire. 14. 7- He has called. 15- 8. We had hesitated. l6. no Elements of Latin 11 They were preparing. You have praised. We shall station. He subdued. You will attack. 14. I was awaiting. You were preparing. 16. They have established. Ill 1. Dlviciacus concilium magistratuum convocavit. 1 2. Omnes Belgae contra populum R5manum coniurabant. 2 3. In Gallia prmcipes audacissiml regna vulgo occupaverunt. 4. Impetu repentlno hostes copias Romanas magnopere perturbaverant. 5. Auctoritas prlncipis Gallos celeri- ter incitabit. 6. Milites in sinistro cornu collocavero. 7. Dux nuntids Haedu5rum exspectabat. 8. In regioni- bus fmitimis fuerat inopia rei friimentariae. 9. C5nsul de proelio diu dubitabat. 10. Quis vestrum hanc senten- tiam laudabit? n. Dux in summo iugo collis unam cohortem collocaverat. 12. Nonne in loc5 aequo pugna- bitis ? 13. Exploratores causam Ignis celeriter nuntia- verunt. 14. German! ad utramque ripam Rheni statim commeatus portabunt. IV 1. You will easily seize the town, but the approach is very difficult. 2. The cries of the women had aroused the right wing of the enemy. 3. The Germans were has- 1 A single past action is expressed by the perfect ; as, convocavit, he summoned. 2 Continued or customary past action is expressed by the imperfect ; as, coniu- rabant, they were conspiring ; dubitabat, he hesitated (usually, habitually). First Conjugation — Active Voice in tening l into the province. 4. The enemy had seized many buildings and villages of the Haedui. 5. The inhabit- ants of Gaul, moreover, are very brave. 6. Disasters do not easily disturb us. 7. I shall summon all the magis- trates to the council. 8. You had wounded him with a javelin. 9. The leader established 1 peace with the Haedui. 10. Who will refuse to fight against the ene- mies of his country ? 1 What tense ? See III, i, 2, footnotes. Navis et Nautae LESSON XXV FIRST CONJUGATION — ACTIVE (Continued) 148* Subjunctive Mood Plural Present amemus, let us love ametis, may you love Singular amem, may I love ames, may you love amet, let him love, may he love ament, let them love, may they love amarem, I should love amares, you would love amaret, he would love Imperfect amaremus, we should love amaretis, you would love amarent, they would love Perfect amaverim, / may have loved amaverimus, we may have loved amaveris, you may have loved amaveritis, you may have loved amaverit, he may have loved amaverint, they may have loved Pluperfect amavissem, I should have loved amavissemus, we should have amavisses, you would have loved loved amavisset, he would have loved amavissetis,jjw/ would have loved amavissent, they would have loved Imperative Mood 2. ama, love thou amate, love ye Pres Fut 2. amato, thou shalt love 3. amato, he shall love amatote, ye shall love amanto, they shall love 112 First Conjugation — Active Voice ii3 Infinitive Pres. a mare, to love Per/, amavisse, to have loved Put. amatiirus esse, to be about to love Gerund Gen. amandi, of loving Dat. amando, for loving Ace. amandum, loving Abl. amando, by loving Participle Pres. amans, 1 loving (Gen. amantis) Put. amatiirus, about to love Supine Ace. amatum, to love Abl. amatii, to love, be loved 149. NOTES ON CONJUGATION 1. The future participle, future infinitive, and the supine are formed on the supine stem. 2. The gerund is a verbal noun and is formed on the present stem. 3. All other forms follow the regular rule (131, 6). Notice, however, that the present stem loses -a entirely in the present subjunctive. This, and other variations of the present stem, must be memorized in the study of the paradigms. 150. VERB SYNOPSES; EXERCISES 1. Below is a synopsis of amo in the third person singular: Prin. Parts : amo, amare, amavi, amatus. Stems : Pres. ama- Perf. amav- Sup. amat- Tenses Indie. Subj. Imper. Infin. Part. Gerund (ive) Pres. amat amet amare amans amandi Imp. amabat amaret Fut. amabit amat5 amatiirus esse amatiirus (Supine) amatum Per/. amavit amaverit amavisse Plup. amaverat amavisset Fut. P. amaverit 1 Declined like prudens, 52. The ablative singular prefers -e to -i unless used as an adjective. ii4 Elements of Latin 2. Determine the stems of laudo, pugno, colloco, dubito, vasto, according to the principles of 131. 3. Write synopses of two of the above verbs in different persons. 151. THE GERUND AND SUPINE 1. The gerund may be used in its different cases like a noun ; see 153, III, 2, 15. 2. The use of the supine will be explained in a later lesson. 152. VOCABULARY colloquium, 1, n., conference. difficultas, dimcultatis, f. , diffi- culty. fuga, ae, f., flight. labor, laboris, m., labor, task. potestas, potestatis, f., power, authority. primo, at first (adv.). propugno, are, avi, atus, fight back, resist. pugna, ae, f., fight, battle. rex, regis, m., king. studium, i, n., desire, eagerness. tempto, are, avi, atus, try, at- tempt. 153. ] EXERCISES I. Laudares. I 9- Paraturus. 2. Collocato. 10. Pacavisse. 3- Hiemavissem. 11. Vexarent. 4- Armando. 12. ConfTrmare. 5- Occupaventis. 1 3- Incitavisses. 6. Temptent. 14. Superaverit. 7- Dubitate. i5- Niinties. 8. Propugnans. 16. Vexaretis. 1. You would have called. II 4- Reporting. 2. To have wounded. 5- Of hoping. 3- He may hesitate. 6. To attempt. First Conjugation — Active Voice 115 7. He would arm. 12. He would prepare. 8. They would hope. 13. About to attack. 9. Let them approach. 14. To arouse. 10. You may summon. 15. To be about to refuse. 11. I should have prepared. 16. They would have resisted. HI 1. Concilium principum ipsorum clam convocemus. 2. Hostes prlmo erant n5n cupidi pugnandi. 3. Ad- ventum Caesaris cum re frumentaria exspectavissemus. 4. Este audaces et oppidum oppugnate ! 5. Caesar de proelio non dubitavisset. 6. Rex omnes milites statim armare paravit. 7. Per potestatem DlviciacI Gallos facile pacavissetis. 8. Cum popul5 Roman5 Haedul pacem conflrment ! 9. Sententiam magistratuum celeriter nun- tiet ! 10. Impetus hostium saepe est acerrimus, sed nostrl propugnare vulgo non recusant. 11. Ad collo- quium nuntius legatos convocavisset. 12. Dux primum agmen 1 hostium oppugnare parat. 13. In summo iugo collis milites, fortiter pugnantes, hostes superabunt. 14. Difficultas laboris est maxima, sed temptare non re- cusamus. 15. Studium pugnandi copias incitet ! IV 1. The Gauls have many opportunities of conspiring. 2. The scouts would have reported the sudden flight of the Gauls. 3. For many reasons 2 the leaders were pre- paring to capture the town. 4. Let us overcome the enemy by fighting bravely ! 5. The chief of the Haedui would have seized the throne. 6. Fight bravely, men, 1 Primum agmen, the first of the column, i.e. advance guard. 2 Multis de causis. n6 Elements of Latin with your commander. 7. The commander, arousing his soldiers, places them in line of battle. 8. Let us attempt this task without fear ! 9. The farmer hastened to summon his slaves. 10. I should have reported this difficulty to you. 154. READING LESSON — THE NAUGHTY BOY, 1 I Albertus, puer ignavus, litteras non amabat. Saepe magistrum suum vltabat, et agros pererrabat. At saevus taurus agros habitabat. Denique puerum videt. 2 Primo stat et advenam saevls oculis lustrat. Albertus fugam tentat. Turn Instat taurus. Mox cornigerum monstrum miserl pueri tergum vulnerabit. 1 Words occurring in the reading lessons of Lessons XXV-XXXV, and not oc- curring in preceding vocabularies, will be found in the special vocabularies, page 299. 2 Videt, sees. MlLITES ROMAN! LEGIONARII LESSON XXVI FIRST CONJUGATION— PASSIVE VOICE 155. Singular amor amaris, or -re amatur amabar amabaris, or -re amabatur amabor amaberis, or -re amabitur AMO (Continued) Indicative Mood Present Tense /am loved Imperfect / was loved Future / shall be loved Plural araamur amamini amantur amabamur amabamini amabantur amabimur amabimini amabuntur Perfect I have been loved or / zvas loved amatus (-a, -um) sum amatus es amatus est Pluperfect / had been loved amatus eram amatus eras amatus erat amatus ero amatus eris amatus erit Future Perfect / shall have been loved amati (-ae, -a) sumus amati estis amati sunt amati eramus amati eratis amati erant amati erimus amati eritis amati erunt 117 n8 Elements of Latin 156. NOTES ON CONJUGATION i. The use of the present stem is regular except in the form amor, which is formed by adding the passive ending -r to the active amo and shortening the -o. 2. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive are composed of the perfect passive participle (see 162) and the verb sum. They are called compound tenses, since they con- sist of two parts. All compound tenses are formed on the supine stem. 157. EXERCISE Observe that compound tenses have different forms for each gender. Translate : (i) He has been called. (2) The girl has been loved. (3) The town has been captured. 158. ABLATIVE OF AGENT Rule : With passive verbs, the agent {pi' person who performs the action) is expressed by the ablative with the preposition a (aV). Niintius a Caesare exspectabatur, the messenger was awaited by Caesar. 159. VOCABULARY angustus, a, um, narrow. latitudo, latitudinis, f., width. apud, prep. gov. ace, among, latus, lateris, n., side, flank. with. modus, 1, m., manner, way, celeritas, celeritatis, f., speed. kind. equester, equestris, equestre, nobilis, nobile, noble. pertaining to cavalry, eques- salus, salutis, f. , safety. trian. transports, are, avi, atus, carry msidiae, arum, f. pi., ambush. across, transport. interim, meanwhile (adv.). tutus, a, um, safe. First Conjugation — Passive Voice 119 160. EXERCISES I. Transportaris. 9- Recusabitur. 2. Laudabimini. 10. Expugnatum erit 3- Vocatus es. 11. Perturbantur. 4- Vocata est. 12. Perturbabantur. 5- Nuntiatum erat. *3- Superati erunt. 6. Vastabatur. 14. Exspectabaris. 7- Parabor. IS.- Vulneraberis. 8. Amaminl. 16. Vocatae sunt. II 1. I shall be called. 2. I have been praised. 3. They are awaited. 4. We are wounded. 5. You will be praised. 6. We had been overcome. 7. She has been called. 8. It had been prepared. 9. You are called. 10. They had been wounded. 11. We were awaited. 12. They had been overcome. 13. He has been praised. 14. It was attacked. 15. He will have been called. 16. It is refused. Ill 1. Orgetorix, qui apud Helvetios longe 1 nobilissimus erat, ad concilium vocatus est. 2. Nonne ad colloquium ducum vocatus es ? 3. Ab hostibus in extrema spe salu- tis fortiter pugnabitur. 2 4. Summa cum difficultate 3 German! pacabuntur. 5. Omnibus Gallorum gentibus potestas popull Roman! nuntiabitur. 6. In pugna cum Gallis vulneratus sum. 7. Unum latus castrorum vallo confirmatum erat. 8. Eq.uestri proelio inter duas acies 1 By far. 2 // will be fought by the enemy, i.e. the enemy will fight. 3 Summa cum difficultate, a very common order ; equivalent to cum summa difficultate. 120 Elements of Latin acriter pugnabatur. 9. Interim sine ullo periculo cora- meatus a Gallis portabantur. 10. Ab hostibus Insidiae in silvis collocatae erant, sed copiae Romanae fortiter propugnaverunt. n. Clamore hostium perturbabamur. 12. Propter latitudinem fluminis friimentum n5n facile transportatur. 13. Labor est maximus et pauca praemia exspectantur. IV 1. The fields of the Gauls had been laid waste, and their towns had been captured. 2. The flight of the enemy will be reported to Caesar with the greatest speed. 3. The soldiers were aroused by the eagerness x of their leader. 4. Were you wounded in the cavalry battle ? 5. Meanwhile all the captives had been summoned to the conference. 6. We were aroused by the bravery 1 of our commander. 7. This was reported to the senate by those envoys. 8. Safety is not hoped for by the captives. 9. Marcus will be quickly called by the messenger. 10. I am greatly disturbed by this matter. 1 161. READING LESSON — THE NAUGHTY BOY, II Fossa lata, Hm5 et aqua plena, agrum forte terminabat. Miser puer loco appropinquat et temere aquae se mandat. Non alta est aqua, sed limus profundus membra cohibet. 2 Taurus puerum videt 3 sed periculum aquae timet. 4 Diu haeret 5 Albertus ; taurus vana Ira captlvum liistrat. At agricola forte agrum intrat. Statim magno baculo taurum deturbat Hberatque puerum. 1 Not the agent ; use no preposition. 2 Cohibet = holds. 3 Videt = sees. 4 Timet = fears. 5 Haeret = sticks. LESSON XXVII FIRST CONJUGATION — PASSIVE (Continued) 162. Subjunctive Mood Singular Plural Present May I be loved, let him be loved amer amemur ameris, or -re amemini ametur amentur Imperfect I should be loved, he ivould be loved amarer amaremur amareris, or -re amaremini amaretur amarentur Perfect / may have been loved , amatus sim amati simus amatus sis amati sitis amatus sit amati sint Pluperfect I should have been loved, he zvould have been loved amatus essem amati essemus amatus esses amati essetis amatus esset amati essent Imperative Mood Pres. 2. amare, be thou loved amamini, be ye loved Fut. 2. amator, thou shall be loved 3. amator, he shall be loved amantor, they shall be loved 121 122 Elements of Latin Infinitive Participle Pres. am an, to be loved Perf. amatus esse, to have Per/. amatus, 1 loved, having been loved been loved Put. amatum iri, to be about Gerundive amandus, 1 to be loved, to be loved deserving to be loved 163. NOTES ON CONJUGATION i. The present stem loses -a in the present subjunctive. 2. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, and the perfect and future infinitive, being compound tenses, are formed on the supine stem. Also, the perfect participle is formed on the supine stem. 3. The gerundive, 2 like the gerund, is formed on the present stem. 4. All other forms follow the regular rule (131, 6). 164. VERB FORMATION From the conjugation of amo, the following facts, which apply to all conjugations, may be deduced. They should be com- mitted to memory. 1. The present stem 3 may be found by dropping -re from the infinitive (second principal part). 2. The perfect stem may be found by dropping -i from the perfect (third principal part). 3. The supine stem may be found by dropping -us or -urus from the participle (fourth principal part). 4. On the supine stem are formed the supine, the future active and perfect passive participles, and all compound tenses. 1 Declined like bonus. 2 Sometimes called the future passive participle. Its use will be explained later. 3 Variations in the final vowel of the present stem occur in all conjugations, and must be learned in the paradigms ; see 144, i ; 149, 3. First Conjugation — Passive Voice 123 5. The gerund and gerundive are formed on the present stem. 6. All other tenses are formed on either the present or per- fect stem, according to the tense. 165. EXERCISE Write synopses in the passive voice of vasto, second singular ; paro, third plural. 166. VOCABULARY debet, he ought, it ought. pro, prep. gov. abl., for, in be- exploro, are, avi, atus, find out, half of, instead of, in front explore. of. memoria, ae, f., memory. probo, are, avi, atus, approve. munitio, munitionis, f., fortifi- recens, recens, gen. recentis, cation. recent. ob, prep. gov. ace, on account Remi, orum, m., the Re?ni, a of for. Gallic tribe. postulo, are, avi, atus, demand. undique, from all directions, potens, potens, gen. potentis, on all sides (adv.). powerful. 167. EXERCISES I. Landaretur. I 9- Exspectata esset. 2. Paratus. 10. Nuntietur. 3- VoceminT. 1 1. Transportarentur, 4- Vocati essetis. 12. Vulneratus sim. 5- Superandus. J 3- Vulnerata sit. 6. Pacatum in. 14. Occupatus esse. 7- Parari. iS- Vocaremur. 8. Occuparemur. 16. Pacatus. 124 Elements of Latin I. We may be called. II 9- It would be demanded. 2. Let him be called. IO. He may have been called. 3- To have been praised. ii. They would be overcome. 4- To be about to be loved. 12. She would have been loved. 5; It would have been reported. J 3- Prepared. 6. To be summoned. 14. Having been prepared. 7- May he be praised. *5- Be ye prepared. 8. He may have been loved. 16. Thou shalt be praised. Ill 1. Insidiae huius modi temptentur ! 2. Haec munitio oppugnari debet. 3. Hae omnes res a RemTs exploratae essent 4. Haec munitio ab hostibus nostrls expugnari non debet. 5. Imperium totius belli ab hac gente postu- laretur. 6. Hanc ob causam Diviciacus, vir potentissi- mus, exspectetur. 7. Legati hostium, ad colloquium convocati, pacem c5nfirmare recusant. 8. Paramini, RomanI nobiles, diu et fortiter pugnare ! 9. Memoria belli recentis omnes Rem! perturbati essent. 10. Con- silium vestrum probetur ! 11. Viri summa cum celeritate undique convocentur ! IV 1. One legion would have been stationed in a safe place. 2. Meanwhile let the troops be transported across the river. 3. The Germans would have been overcome in a cavalry battle. 4. On account of the width of the river, the grain would not easily have been carried across. 5. The horsemen, having been attacked, resisted sharply in the narrow road. 6. The right side of the fortification would have been captured by a sudden attack. 7. Few First Conjugation — Passive Voice 125 citizens would not have been aroused by this surrender of our troops. 8. On account of our recent victory a hostage ought to be demanded. 9. Let the inhabitants of the village be summoned from the fields ! 10. What plan ought to be approved ? 168. READING LESSON — THE BAD APPLES Carolus, filius impigri agricolae, bonus erat puer sed malos amicos amabat. Agricola igitur puero calathum plenum pomorum dat. Bona poma continebat 1 calathus, pauca tamen erant putrida. Puer donum diligenter curat, sed mala p5ma bona maculant, et mox cuncta sunt mala. Carolus maestus adversam fortunam plorat. Turn agricola filium ita monet 2 : " Mala poma bona maculant, certe mall amici bonum puerum maculabunt." 1 Continebat = contained. 2 Monet = advises, admonisnes. Scutum LESSON XXVIII SECOND CONJUGATION — ACTIVE VOICE 169. The Second Conjugation includes all regular verbs whose present stem ends in -e. Mone5, I advise Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Participle moneo monere monui monitus Stems Present, mone- Perfect, monu- Supine, monit- Singular Indicative Mood Present Tense / advise Plural moneo monemus mones monetis monet Imperfect monent / was advising, or / advised monebam monebamus monebas monebatis monebat Future mon5bant monebo / shall advise monebimus monebis monebitis monebit Perfect monebunt , I have advised, or / advised monui monuimus monuisti monuistis monuit monuerunt, or -ere 126 Second Conjugation — Active Voice 127 Singular monueram monueras monuerat monuero monueris monuerit Pluperfect / had advised Future Perfect / shall have advised Plural monueramus monueratis monuerant monuerimus monueritis monuerint Subjunctive Mood Present May I advise, let him advise moneam moneamus moneas moneatis moneat moneant Imperfect / should advise, he would advise monerem moneres moneret monuenm monueris monuerit moneremus moneretis monerent Perfect / may have advised monuerimus monueritis monuerint Pluperfect / should have advised, he would have advised monuissem monuisses monuisset monuissemus monuissetis monuissent 128 Elements of Latin Imperative Mood . Pres. mone, advise thou monete, advise ye Fut. moneto, thou shalt advise moneto, he shall advise monetote, ye shall advise monento, they shall advise Infinitive Pres. monere, to advise Per/, monuisse, to have advised Fut. moniturus esse, to be about to advise Gerund Gen. monendi, of advising Dat. monendo, for advising Ace. monendum, advising Abl. monendo, by advising Participle Pres. monens, advising (Gen. monentis) Fut. moniturus, about to ad- vise Supine Ace. monitum, to advise Abl. monitu, to advise, be ad- vised 170. NOTE ON CONJUGATION The use of stems is entirely regular. 1 171. EXERCISE According to the principles of 164, determine the stems of the verbs in the vocabulary. Write synopses of augeo, third singular, and of debeo, first plural. 172. VOCABULARY altitudo, altitudinis, f., height, depth. augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, increase, 7nake larger. debeo, ere, ui, itus, ought, be obliged to ; owe. 1 But see 164, i, footnote. fremitus, us, m., noise, uproar. habeo, ere, Ui, itus, have, possess, hold ; maintain, consider. iam, now, already (adv.). inermis, inerme, unarmed. lateo, ere, latui, 2 lie hid. 2 Lateo lacks the supine stem. Second Conjugation — Active Voice 129 moneo, ere, ui, itus, advise, warn. Morini, orum, m., the Morini, a Belgian tribe, obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold, occupy ; obtain. onerarius, a, um, of burden ; naves onerariae, freight ships, transports. praebeo, ere, ui, itus, afford, furnish, show. ventus, i, m., wind. ] .73. EXERCISES I. Auxisse. I 9- Auctum. 2. Haberemus. 10. Praebitu. 3- Moniturus. II. Habuissetis. 4- Obtinuerimus. 12. Latere. 5- Obtinuerlmus. 1 3- Obtinebatis. 6. Latebis. 14. Debueratis. 7- Praebetis. i5- Monuimus. 8. Obtinendo. 16. Obtinens. 1. We shall furnish. II 9- We have obtained. 2. Let us afford. 10. You have advised. 3- He had advised. 11. He has possessed. 4- He owed. 12. I shall furnish. 5- They will owe. 13- They had owed. 6. I ought. 14. You will have increased 7- You may obtain. iS- You lay hid. 8. To have obtained. 16. He would have lain hid. Ill I. Inermis exercitus noster ab hostibus, qui in silvis latebant, undique oppugnatus est. 2. Dei n5bis auxilium praebeant ! 3. Morini ad 1 utramque ripam Rheni agros, aedificia, vicosque habebant. 4. Impedimenta difficul- tates itineris augebant. 5. Hostes speciem timoris 1 On or near. 130 - Elements of Latin praebuissent. 6. Pro civibus, milites, parate pugnare et nullum timorem praebete ! 7. Vis venti difficultatem milites 1 transportandl navibus 2 onerariis auxit. 8. Vir potentissimus esse debes. 9. Monete incolas vlcl ! 10. Propter memoriam rerum recentium obsides postulare debemus. 11. Earn ob causam regnum non obtinuisses. 12. Nonne hoc cdnsilium probavissetis ? 13. Erat fremi- tus magnus in vlc5 atque milites nostri iam perturbabantur. 14. Dux altitudinem munltionis atque latitudinem fossae exploraverat. IV 1. The women and children lay hidden in the forest. 2. Increase the infantry to the number of ten thousand men. 3. Caesar would have had many transports in the farther harbor. 4. The hope of obtaining the rule 3 arouses him. 5. One legion ought to hold the camp. 6. We ought not to afford an opportunity of increasing the troops. 3 7. We have already warned the citizens. 8. You have held the throne a long time. 9. On account of the depth of the river we ought to have boats. 10. On account of their loyalty, the Remi will have great rewards. 174. READING LESSON — THE LITTLE SLAVE Florus, parvus puer, servus erat TitI, colon! BritannicI (nam Britanni olim servos habebant). Augustus et Iulius, fllil TitI, servum parvum saepe vexabant et eius membra limo maculabant. Florus aliquando lacrimas non tenebat. At Titus, vir bonus, forte lacrimas videt, et plenus irae limo oculos et capillos et membra puerorum malorum maculat. Itaque nunquam posthac puerl servum parvum vexabant. 1 Object of the gerund transportandl. 2 Abl., by. 3 Compare III, 7. LESSON XXIX SECOND CONJUGATION — PASSIVE VOICE 175. MONEO (Continued) Indicative Mood Singular moneor rnoneris, or -re monetur monebar monebaris, or -re monebatur monebor moneberis, or -re monebitur Present Tense I am advised Imperfect I was advised Future / shall be advised Plural monemur monemini monentur monebamur monebamini monebantur monebimur monebimini monebuntur Perfect / have been advised, I was advised monitus sum monitus es monitus est monitus eram monitus eras monitus erat monitus ero monitus eris monitus erit Pluperfect / had been advised Future Perfect / shall have been advised moniti sumus moniti estis moniti sunt moniti eramus moniti eratis moniti erant moniti erimus moniti eritis moniti erunt 131 132 Elements of Latin Subjunctive Mood Singular Plural Present May I be advised, let him be advised monear moneamur monearis, or -re moneamini moneatur moneantur Imperfect I should be advised, he zvould be advised monerer monereris, or -re moneretur Perfect / may have been advised moneremur moneremini monerentur moniti simus moniti sitis moniti sint monitus sim monitus sis monitus sit Pluperfect I should have been advised, he would have been advised monitus essem moniti essemus monitus esses moniti essetis monitus esset moniti essent Imperative Mood Pres. monere, be thou advised monemini, be ye advised Fut. monetor, thou shalt be advised monetor, he shall be monentor, they shall be advised advised Infinitive Participle Pres. moneri, to be advised Per/, monitus esse, to have been Perf. monitus, advised advised Gerundive monendus, to be Fut. monitum iri, to be about to advised, deserv- be advised ing to be advised Second Conjugation — Passive Voice 133 176. NOTE ON CONJUGATION The use of stems is regular. 1 177. EXERCISE 1. Determine the stems of each verb in the vocabulary. 2. Write synopses of two of them, in different persons. 178. VOCABULARY Ariovistus, 1, m., Ariovistus, a provideo, ere, vidi, visus, fore- German king. see. do, 2 dare, dedl, datus, give. piiblicus, a, um, public ; res pu- Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, m., blica, rei publicae, f., repub- Dumnorix, a Haeduan leader. lic, state. f rater, fratris, m., brother. remaneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, gratia, ae, f., influence, favor. remain. iniuria, ae, f., injury, wrong. responded, ere, spondi, sponsus, moved, ere, movi, motus, move, answer, reply. influence, excite. ubi, when (conj.). prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, keep from, video, ere, vidi, visus, see. prevent, prohibit, stop. 179. EXERCISES 1. Visus erat. 1 9. Movebar. 2. Visa est. 10. Praebita sunt. 3. Visum est. n. Monitae erant. 4. Auctum Iri. 12. Visi erunt. 5. Obtineretur. 13. Debebatur. 6. Praebeatur. 14. Haberi. 7. Moneminl. 15. Habitus esse. 8. Moneamini. 16. Prohibentor. 1 But see 164, i, footnote. 2 Do is a first conjugation verb with irregular stems, — da-, ded- present stem, however, has -a- 1 in the forms das, dans, da. dat^. The I. He is moved. 9 2. To be moved. IO 3- Having been increased. ii 4- They shall be moved. 12 5- He would have been seen. 1 3 6. It would be prohibited. 14 134 Elements of Latin 11 They will be moved. To have been possessed. It may be increased. It may have been seen. He may be prevented. She has been prevented. 7. She has been seen. 15. To be about to be seen. 8. He had been warned. 16. Be ye advised. Ill 1. Hanc ob causam castra ex eo loco movebuntur. 2. Ariovistus ad orationem 'Caesaris multa 1 respondisset, sed colloquium prohibitum est. 3. Dumnorix, f rater Dlviciaci, iam monitus erat. 4. Fremitus clamoribus serv5rum inermium augebatur. 5. Naves onerariae a Gallis praebeantur ! 6. Explorator, ab hostibus visus, in monte latebat. 7. Altitudine miirl Morini castrls pro- hibit! essent. 8. Magna gratia a Dumnorige habebatur. 9. Propter iniurias rel publicae, Caesar in Gallia remanere parabat. 10. Obsides a Gallis Caesari dati sunt. 11. Prlncipes Galliae inter se coniurant atque omnes res ab els providebuntur. IV 1. One part of these regions was held by the Gauls. 2. The enemy were excited by 2 the height of the tower. 3. By whom were you seen ? 4. What did you reply when these gifts were given to you? 5. When Caesar moved his camp, he was not seen by the enemy. 6. The danger of the republic ought to be foreseen. 7. Will not 1 See 111, III, 3, footnote. 2 Use no preposition to express " by" unless the ablative denotes the agent. Second Conjugation — Passive Voice 135 your brother be seen again ? 8. I was greatly moved by these, injuries which have annoyed you. 9. The enemy will easily be kept from supplies. 1 10. On account of these causes, the baggage had been moved. 180. READING LESSON — THE MISER, I Plutus, vir avarus, parvam fossam parat, atque ibi mul- tum argentum celat. Servus forte agrum arabat. Subito latebras nudat spoliatque argentum. Postrldie domino apparet furtum, nam avidis oculis thesaurum suum saepe spectabat. Miser Plutus terram et caelum querelis implet. Mercurius, fldus deorum nuntius, subit5 adest, et causam lacrimarum benign e postulat. Plutus igitur malam fortu- nam ita narrat. 1 Ablative ; use no preposition. Ci. Ill, 7. Clipeus LESSON XXX THIRD CONJUGATION — ACTIVE VOICE 181. The Third Conjugation includes all regular verbs whose present stem ends in -e. Rego, / rule Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Ind. rego regere rexi Stems Perf. Participle rectus 'resent, rege- Perfect, rex- Indicative Mood Supine, re SlNGULAR Present Tense / rule Plural rego regimus regis regitis regit Imperfect regunt / was ruling, or / ruled regebam regebamus regebas regebatis regebat Future I shall rule regebant regam regemus reges regetis reget Perfect regent / have ruled, or I ruled rexi reximus rexisti rexistis rexit rexerunt, or -ere 136 Third Conjugation — Active Voice 1 37 Singular rexeram rexeras rexerat Pluperfect I had ruled Plural rexeramus rexeratis rexerant Future Perfect I shall have ruled rexero rexerimus rexeris rexeritis rexerit Subjunctive Mood Present rexerint May I rule, let him rule regam regamus regas regatis regat Imperfect regant I should rule, he would 1 'ule regerem regeremus regeres regeretis regeret Perfect / may have ruled regerent rexerim rexerimus rexeris rexeritis rexerit rexerint Pluperfect I should have ruled, he would have ruled rexissem rexissemus rexisses rexissetis rexisset rexissent i3» Elements of Latin Imperative Mood Pres. rege, rule thou regite, rule ye Fut. regito, thou shall rule regitote, ye shall rule regito, he shall rule regunto, they shall rule Infinitive Pres. regere, to rule Per/, rexisse, to have ruled Fut. rectiirus esse, to be about to rule Gerund Gen. regendi, of 'ruling Dat. regendo, for ruling Ace. regendum, ruling Abl. regendo, by ruling Participle Pres. regens, ruling (Gen. regentis) Fut. rectiirus, about to rule Supine Ace. rectum, to rule Abl. rectu., to rule, be ruled 182. NOTES ON CONJUGATION Variations occur in the final vowel of the present stem, as noted in 164, i, footnote. Otherwise the use of stems is regular. 183. EXERCISE According to the principles of 164, determine the stems of each verb in the vocabulary, and write synopses of two in dif- ferent persons. 184. VOCABULARY ago, ere, egi, actus, drive, lead, bring up ; gratias ago, / re- turn thanks. cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, force ; gather, collect. desero, ere, serui, sertus, desert, abandon. diico, ere, duxi, ductus, lead. emo, ere, emi, emptus, buy, pur- chase. Third Conjugation — Active Voice x 39 gero, ere, gessi, gestus, carry ; carry on, do, perform ; bellum ger5, / wage war. litterae, arum, f. pi., letter, docu- ment. mercator, mercatoris, m., trader, merchant. militaris, militare, military ; res militaris, the art of war, military affairs. mitto, ere, misi, missus, send. praemitto, ere, misi, missus, send ahead. rego, ere, rexi, rectus, rule. servitus, servitiitis, f., slavery. J .85. EXERCISES I. Reget. I 9- Gessisse. 2. Mittebas. IO. Acturus esse. 3- Gerere. ii. Emerant. 4: Acturus. 12. Agunt. 5- Deseruit. J 3- Ducent. 6. Ducens. 14. Cogite. 7- Cogendi. 15- Mittunto. 8. Coactum. 16. Rexeratis. i. He was ruling. II 9- They will drive. 2. He has ruled. 10. Of driving. 3- He will rule. 1 1. You had sent. 4- I should have sent. 12. To have bought. 5- Sending. 1 3- I had collected. 6. We shall have led. 14. We shall desert. 7- Let them force. iS« To have deserted 8. You have bought. 16. You buy. Ill 1. Caesar unam cohortem cum exploratoribus praemisit. 2. Caesar ad senatum R5manum litteras misit. 3. Hel- vetii quam maximum numerum carrorum emerant. 140 Elements of Latin 4. Imperatorem nostrum non deseruissemus. 5. Magi- stratus multitudinem virorum cogant ! 6. Helvetii cum Germanis bellum saepissime gerunt. 7. Legio decima Caesarl gratias egit. 8. Num. contra hostes legionem mit- tes ? 9. Pr5 re publica bellum geramus ! 10. Num Diviciacus propter iniurias fratris Dumnorlgis Romanos deseruit? 11. Hostes trans Rhenum copias suas duxis- sent. 12. In servitutem liberos nostros ducere non debetis. 13. Milites a mercatoribus multum frumentum emerant. 14. Res militaris et virtutem et c5nsilium postulat. IV 1. The Romans have waged war with many nations. 2. After the battle, the soldiers were collecting the mili- tary standards. 3. Let the boys drive the horses to the river ! 4. Will the chief lead his troops out of camp ? 5. Send ahead as many scouts as possible. 6. I shall gather all the supplies into one place. 7. Will you buy these provisions ? 8. We ought to return thanks to our fellow-citizens. 9. A merchant of Britain has sent a letter to me. 10. We should have purchased grain in the village. 186. READING LESSON— THE MISER, II " Sum vir egenus, tamen parvum thesaurum habebam ; magna cura pecuniam meam semper servabam. Nunc tamen nihil mihi manet." At deus maestum viri animum mulcet et fossam saxis implet. Turn Plutum ita admonet : " Tu quidem argentum semper lustrabas, nee unquam divitias attrectabas. Avaro divitiae non prosunt 1 ; saxa igitur locum argent! tibi supplebunt." 1 Prosunt = benefit. LESSON XXXI THIRD CONJUGATION — PASSIVE VOICE 187. REGO (Continued) Indicative Mood Singular Present Tense / am ruled Plural regor regimur regeris, or -re regimini regitur Imperfect / was ruled reguntur regebar regebamur regebaris, or: re regebamini regebatur Future / shall be ruled regebantur regar • regemur regeris, or -re regemini regetur Perfect regentur / have been ruled, or / was ruled rectus sum recti sumus rectus es recti estis rectus est Pluperfect / had been ruled recti sunt rectus eram recti eramus rectus eras recti eratis rectus erat Future Perfect recti erant / shall have been ruled t rectus ero recti erimus rectus eris recti eritis rectus erit 141 recti erunt 142 Elements of Latin Subjunctive Mood Singular Plural Present May J be ruled, let him be ruled regar regamur regaris, or -re regarnini regatur regantur Imperfect / should be ruled, he would be ruled regerer regeremur regereris, or -re regeremini regeretur regerentur Perfect / may have been ruled rectus sim recti simus rectus sis recti sitis rectus sit recti sint Pluperfect / should have been ruled, he would have been ruled rectus essem recti essemus rectus esses recti essetis rectus esset recti essent Imperative Mood Pres. regere, be thou ruled regimini, be ye ruled Fut. regitor , thou shall be ruled regitor, he shall be ruled reguntor, they shall be ruled Infinitive Participle Pres. regi, to be ruled Per/, rectus esse, to have been Per/. rectus, ruled ruled Fut. rectum iri, to be about Gerundive regendus, to be ruled, to be ruled deserving to be ruled -■ • 188. Third Conjugation — Passive Voice NOTE ON CONJUGATION 143 The use of stems is regular, except the usual variations of the present stem vowel. 189. EXERCISES Repeat the exercise of 183, for this lesson. 190. VOCABULARY arcesso, ere, ivi, Itus, send for, incolo, ere, colui, inhabit, dwell. summon. natura, ae, f., nature, character. classis, classis, f., fleet. neque, nor, and . . . not ; neque dedo, ere, dedidi, deditus, give . . . neque, neither . . . nor up, surrender. (conj.). defendo, ere, fendi, fensus, ward reduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead off, defend. back. discedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, vinco, ere, vici, victus, conquer. leave, depart. homo, hominis, c, man, human being. incendo, ere, cendi, census, burn, set fire to. vinea, ae, f., shed (a shelter to protect a besieging party). 191. EXERCISES I. Arcessitus. I 9- Ducuntor. 2. Defendendus. 10. Missi erunt. 3- Incensus esse. 11. Coacti estis. 4- Cogi. 12. DeseraminT. 5- Reducerentur. J3- Emptum erat. 6. Gestum erat. 14. Ageretur. 7- Gesta essent. !5« AgT. 8. Deseremur. 16. Praemissus est I. He is led. 2. We should be led. 3- To be about to be forced. 4- He may be forced. 5- To have been summoned. 6. He shall be defended. 7- We may have been led. 144 Elements of Latin 11 9. He had been led. 10. To be gathered. 11. You have been deserted. 12. You will be sent. 13. Be ye defended. 14. I should have been ruled. 15. It may be burned. 8. Having been surrendered. 16. It has been burned. Ill 1. Quidam homo, qui erat mercator, a Caesare arcessi- tus est. 2. Liberl nostri in servitutem duel non debue- runt. 3. Helvetil undique natura loci defenduntur. 4. Ab incolis huius oppidi omnia arma imperat5rl dedita essent. 5. Exploratores praemissi castra hostium vide- bunt. 6. Helvetil finibus suis discedere coacti sunt. 7. VicI atque reliqua aedificia incendantur ! 8. Dux a sociis suis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, desertus est. 9. Neque classe neque exercitu victi essemus. 10. Num vineae ad murum agebantur ? 11. Multa bella contra Germanos gerentur. IV I. Let thanks be returned to the commander! 2. This letter ought to be sent to the Roman senate. 3. Messen- gers will be sent ahead concerning peace. 4. The troops will not be led back. 5. The arms would have been surrendered by all these captives. 6. Let the wall be defended by those auxiliaries. 7. On account of the storm, these ships have been compelled to remain in the harbor. 8. That building would have been burned Third Conjugation — Passive Voice 145 quickly. 9. In this island neither men nor animals dwell. 10. These nations will be conquered without difficulty. 192. READING LESSON — THE BROKEN DIKE, I CimbrI miram terrain habitant, nam oceanus tecta agrds- que agricolarum saepe inundat. Incolae fossis tumulisque magnis violentiam undarum coercent; aliquand5 tamen aqua claustra deturbat et terram vastat. Forte erat tumu- lus non validus ; iam apparet parva rima ; mox via magna patebit et undae terram superabunt. At perlculum videt puer parvus ; statim dextra rlmam implet coercetque aquam. Galeae LESSON XXXII FOURTH CONJUGATION— ACTIVE VOICE 193. The Fourth Conjugation includes all regular verbs whose present stem ends in -I. Audio, I hear Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Participle audio audire audivi auditus Stems Present, audi- Perfect, audiv- Indicative Mood Supine, audit- SlNGULAR Present Tense I hear Plural audio audimus audis auditis audit Imperfect audiunt / was hearing, or / heard audiebam audiebamus audiebas audiebatis audiebat Future / shall hear audiebant audiam audiemus audies audietis audiet Perfect I have heard, or I hear a audient audivi audivimus audivisti audivistis audivit audTverunt, or -ere 146 Fourth Conjugation — Active Voice 147 Singular audiveram audiveras audiverat audivero audiveris audlverit Pluperfect / had heard Future Perfect / shall have heard Plural audlveramus audiveratis audiverant audlverimus audiveritis audiverint Subjunctive Mood Present May I hear, lei him hear audiam audiamus audias audiatis audiat Imperfect audiant I should hear, he would hear audirem audiremus audires audiretis audiret Perfect / may have heard audirent audlverim audlverimus audiveris audiveritis audlverit audiverint Pluperfect / should have heard, he would have heard audivissem audivissemus audivisses audlvissetis audivisset audivissent 148 Elements of Latin Imperative Mood Pres. audi , hear thou audite, hear ye Put. audito, thou shalt hear audits, he shall hear auditote, ye shall hear audiunto, they shall hear Infinitive Pres. audire, to hear Perf. audivisse, to have heard Put. auditiirus esse, to be about to hear Gerund Gen. audiendi, of hearing Dat. audiendo, for hearing Ace. audiendum, hearing Abl. audiendo, by hearing Participle Pres. audiens, hearing (Gen. audientis) Put. auditiirus, about to hear Supine Ace. auditum, to hear Abl. auditu, to hear, be heard 194. NOTES ON CONJUGATION i. In this conjugation, the vowel e occurs after the final vowel of the present stem in the imperfect indicative (e), in the gerund (e), and present participle (e). In the same way, the vowel ii occurs in the third person plural of the present in- dicative and of the future imperative. 2. Otherwise the use of stems is regular, except the usual variations of the present stem vowel. 195. EXERCISE Repeat the exercise of 183, for this lesson. 196. VOCABULARY amicitia, ae, i., friendship. audio, ire, ivi, itus, hear. barbarus, i, m., a barbarian, foreigner. callidus, a, um, shrewd, cunning. centurio, centurionis, m., a cen- turion, commander of a divi- sion, or century. Fourth Conjugation — Active Voice 149 contendo, ere, tendi, tentus, strive, struggle; hasten. deligo, ere, legi, lectus, choose, select. desilio, Ire, silui, sultus, leap down. impedio, ire, ivi, Itus, hinder. munio, ire, ivi, itus, fortify. nemo, m., no one, nobody (dat., nemini ; ace, neminem ; other cases lacking). venio, ire, venl, venturus, came. 197. 1. Impediebas. 2. Audivisse. 3. Muniamus. 4. Muniemus. 5. Desiliunt. 6. Desillre. 7. Audiendo. 8. Venturus. 1. We have come. 2. May he come. 3. They would hinder. 4. To have fortified. 5. By fortifying. 6. Hearing. 7. Of hearing. 8. He will have hindered. EXERCISES T 1 9- Munivisses. 10. Desiluerunt. 1 1. Desiluerint. 12. Impedite. 1 3- Audiunt. 14. Audiunto. !5- Muniremus. 16. Venerant. II 9- We had come. 10. You will fortify. 11. To hinder. 12. To have hindered. J 3- We should have come 14. About to leap down. *5- We may havQ come. 16. To be about to come. Ill 1. Nemo celerius quam Diviciacus venit. 2. Ei qui in superiore loco sunt collem muniant ! 3. Centurio legi- onis decimae ex navi desiluit atque milites ad barbaros duxit. 4. Ubi cives hoc audiverunt, discesserunt. 5. Na- 150 Elements of Latin tura loci iter nostrorum impediebat. 6. Contendite agere vlneas ! 7. Barbarl neque fossa neque muro castra mu- nivissent. 8. E gentibus finitimis magnam classem coe- gimus. 9. Eos venientes 1 prohiberedebemus. 10. Caesar quendam hominem et callidum 2 d elegit atque eum ad vlcum misit. n. Incolae huius oppidi propter amicitiam fru- mentum ad Romanos mittere contenderunt. IV 1. The enemy stationed an ambush and hindered the march of our army. 2. Will you not fortify this place with a redoubt? 3. Many envoys have already come from neighboring states. 4. We shall hasten to buy supplies. 5. All the women heard the uproar and showed great fear. 6. Let us leap down from the wall and attack the enemy ! 7. Do you hear the men coming 3 ? 8. Let no one hinder me ! 9. A wise leader would have forti- fied his camp. 10. Will the soldiers choose a centurion? 198. READING LESSON — THE BROKEN DIKE, II Diu et constanter puer praesidium servabat. lam rige- bant membra, at parva dextra aquam semper coercebat. Postrldie agricolae locd appropinquant. Puer frlgidus et moribundus dextra tamen aquam coercet. Saxis tumulum celeriter confirmant, et llmo rimam implent. Turn umeris puerum sublevant recreantque cibo. Cimbri tantam cdn- stantiam saepe commemorant, narrantque suis liberls pueri factum. 1 Eos venientes, those (who are) coming. 2 Quendam hominem et callidum, a certain (and) cunning man. 3 Compare III, 9. LESSON XXXIII FOURTH CONJUGATION — PASSIVE VOICE 199. AUDIO (Continued) Indicative Mood Singular audior audiris, or -re auditur audiebar audiebaris, or -re audiebatur Present Tense I am heard Imperfect / was heard Plural audimur audimini audiuntur audiebamur audiebamini audiebantur Future / shall be heard audiar audiemur audieris, or -re audiemini audietur audientur Perfect / have been heard, or / was heard audltus sum auditus es audltus est auditus eram auditus eras auditus erat auditus ero auditus eris auditus erit Pluperfect / had been heard Future Perfect / shall have been heard audlti sumus audlti estis audit! sunt audlti eramus audlti eratis audlti erant audlti erimus audlti eritis audlti erunt iu 152 Elements of Latin Subjunctive Mood Singular Plural Present May I be heard, let him be heard audiar audiamur audiaris, or -re audiamini audiatur audiantur Imperfect I should be heard, he would be heard audirer audiremur audireris, or -re audiremini audiretur audirentur Perfect / may have been heard auditus sim audit! simus auditus sis audit! sitis auditus sit audit! sint Pluperfect / should have been heard, he would have been heard auditus essem audit! essemus auditus esses audit! essetis auditus esset audit! essent Imperative Mood Pres. audire, be thou heard audimini, be ye heard Fut. auditor, thou shalt be heard auditor, he shall be heard audiuntor, they shall be heard Infinitive Participle Pres. audiri, to be heard Per/, auditus esse, to have been Per/. auditus, heard heard Gerundive audiendus, to be Fut. audltum iri, to be about to heard, deserving be heard to be heard Fourth Conjugation — Passive Voice 153 200. NOTES ON CONJUGATION The vowel e is inserted, as in the active voice, in the im- perfect indicative (e), and the gerundive (e). The vowel u is in- serted as in the active voice. Otherwise the use of stems is regular, except the usual variations of the present stem vowel. 201. EXERCISE Repeat the exercise of 183 for this lesson. 202. VOCABULARY apertus, a, urn, open, unpro- tected. circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus, surround. convenio, ire, veni, ventum, come together, assemble. eo, thither, there, to that place (adv.). fortuna, ae, i., fortune, fate. mors, mortis, f., death. nihil (indeclinable), nothing. opus, operis, n., work; pi., works, fortification. pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, cattle. reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, find, discover. scio, ire, scivi, scitus, know. sentio, ire, sensi, sensus, per- ceive, learn. suspicio, suspicionis, f ., suspicion. vulnus, vulneris, n., wound. 203. EXERCISES I. Repertus esse. 9- Audiendus. 2. Sentiremur. 10. Repertus. 3- Audiaris. 11. Munitor. 4- Impediemini. 12. Audimini. 5- Munitum erit. J 3- Sensum esset. 6. Circumvent! estis. 14. Circumventus 7- Sciretur. i5- Scietur. 8. Sensum iri. 16. Sciatur. 154 Elements of Latin ii i. We are heard. 9. He was surrounded. 2. To be heard. 10. It is known. 3. He had been hindered. 11. It may be known. 4. Deserving to be hindered. 12. You are hindered. 5. We had been discovered. 13. Having been perceived. 6. It will be discovered. 14. It would have been found. 7. It had been fortified. 15. It is fortified. 8. To be perceived. 16. He will be surrounded. Ill 1. Nostra commeatus inopia non reperta esset. 2. Nonne haec sciebantur ? 3. Barbarl ab 1 latere aperto circumventl sunt et multl vulnerati sunt. 4. Ubi hae difficulties sensae sunt, omnes celeriter convenerunt. 5. Propter adventum hostium pecora ex agris ab agricolis agebantur. 6. Ubi haec audientur, venient. 7. For- tuna melior reperiatur ! 8. Opus erat difficillimum et propter multas causas impediebatur. 9. Hae susplciones a viro callido sensae essent. 10. Incolae huius vici, nihil sentientes, circumventl sunt. 11. Ubi eo ventum est, 2 centurio ad imperatorem nuntium misit. 12. Milites fortes neque vulneribus neque morte perturbantur. IV 1. Many herds were found in the fields. 2. That town was easily surrounded by our men. 3. Let no sus- picion of fear be perceived ! 4. Let the town be fortified and the attack of the enemy awaited. 5. All the envoys assembled from the neighboring states when the greatness 1 Ab = on. 2 When it was come there ; i.e. when they had come there. Fourth Conjugation — Passive Voice 155 of the danger was perceived. 6. No cause of his 1 death has been discovered. 7. Will his suspicions be dis- covered ? 8. This fortification was surrounded quickly. 9. The march was hindered by the wounds of the soldiers. 10. Nothing was discovered by the scouts. 204. READING LESSON — THE PIPERS SLAVE, I Carolus, puer inhonestus, servus erat Clodi, viri honestl. Clodius erat fistula peritus et canoris sonis amlcos saepe de- lectabat ; at puer f Istulam non amabat, sed saepe erat domino molestus. Forte agricola, vlcinus Clodi, nuptias flliae celebrat, vocatque et dominum et servum. Cena erat copiosa; mensa magnum caseum vix sustinebat; hie erant ova, illic poma ; at porculus oculos convlvarum praecipue delectabat. 1 His death ; i.e. the death of him. IUGUM ET ARATRUM LESSON XXXIV REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 205. In this lesson is given a review of the regular verbs of the four conjugations. The forms on the present stem should be compared and the differences carefully noted. 206. INFINITIVE ENDINGS The conjugation to which a verb belongs may be told directly from the principal parts by the ending of the present infinitive, thus : Conjugation I -are Conjugation II -ere Conjugation III -ere Conjugation IV -ire 207. EXERCISES i. Review the present and future indicative and the present subjunctive of the four model verbs, in both voices. 2. Repeat the same exercise for the imperative, infinitives, and participles. 3. Review the meanings and principal parts of the verbs in the review list below, and determine to what conjugation each belongs. 4. Review the first and second conjugations entire, and re- view exercises I, II, in 147, 153, 160, 167, 173, 179. 5. Review the third and fourth conjugations entire, and re- view exercises I, II, in 185, 191, 197, 203. 6. Write synopses of several verbs in the review list, in both voices. 156 Review of the Four Conjugations 157 208. REVIEW LIST OF VERBS recuso arcesso conflrmo mitto contendo colloco anno convoco dedo augeo circumvenio deligo ago comparo do cogo coniuro debeo convenio discedo duco appropinquo desilio defendo dubito gero hiemo erao habeo incito expugno incolo incendo desero impedio lateo exspecto laudo munio exploro moveo occupo oppugn obtineo porto pugno paco praemitto praebeo prohibeo provideo propugno probo paro propero postulo perturbo remaneo respondeo reperio reduco spero scio supero sentio tempto transporto vexo voco vasto vulnero video vinco venio Hasta LESSON XXXV THIRD CONJUGATION — VERBS IN 10 209. i. Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation have the pres- ent system like audio chiefly. The following forms, however, are like rego : a. Present i?idicative (except the first singular and third plural). b. Imperfect subjunctive. c. Imperative (except the third plural future). d. Present infinitive. 2. Other forms, including the exceptions mentioned, are like audio. Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Participle capio capere cepi Stems captus Present, capie- (cape-) Perfect, cep- Supine, capt- ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Presen T Present capio, I take capiam capior capiar capis, you take capias caperis (-re) capiaris (-re) capit, he takes capiat capitur capiatur capimus capiamus capimur capiamur capitis capiatis capimini capiamini capiunt capiant capiuntur capiantur Imperfect Imperfect capiebam caperem capiebar caperer 158 Third Conjugation — Verbs in 10 J 59 Future Future capiam l capiar capies capieris (-re) capiet, etc. capietur, etc. Perfect Perfect cepi ceperim captus sum captus sim Pluperfect Pluperfect ceperam cepissem captus eram captus essem ] ^uture Perfect Future Perfect cepero captus ero Imperative Present Present Singular Plural Singular Phiral cape capite capere capimini Future Future capito capitote pi ■ni'fnT* LdUlLUi capito capiunto capitor capiuntor Infinitive Pres. capere capi Per/. cepisse captus esse Put. capturus esse captum iri Participles Pres. capiens, -ientis Per/. captus, -a, -um Put capturus, -a, -um Gerundive capiendus, -a, -um Gerund Supine capiendi, -do, -dum, -do captum, -tu 210 NOTE ON CONJUGATION Verbs . in -io of the third conjugation must be carefully dis- tinguished from those in -o. As has been noted in 209, i, d, the ending of the present infinitive is the same in both. Review 206. i6o Elements of Latin 211. VOCABULARY take. capio, ere, cepi, captus, capture, adopt. catena, ae, f., chain, bond. conicio, ere, ieci, iectus, throw together, hurl ; put. facio, ere, feci, factus, make, do. iacio, ere, ieci, iactus, throw. incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, begin. legatio, legationis, f., embassy. litus, litoris, n., shore. obsidio, obsidionis, f., siege. perficio, ere, feci, fectus, accom- plish. quidem, even (adv.) ; ne . . . qui- dem, not even. recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, take back, receive ; se recipere, to retreat (i.e. take oneself back). suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, under- take. 2 112. EXERCISES i. Capere. I IT. Caperetur. 2. Capi. 12. Faciens. 3- Perficerem. !3- Recipe. 4- Iecerunt. 14- Susceptus esse. 5- Incipietur. *5- Incipi. 6. Me recepT. 16. Capereris. 7- Te recepisti. J 7- Inceperas. 8. Se recepit 18. Perfecimus. 9- Suscipiendi. 19. Vos recipite. IO. Facturus. 20. Nos recipiemus. i. They undertake. II 7- You will retreat. 2. Let us undertake. 8. They had retreated. 3- We have received. 9. I shall have retreated 4- He would do. 10. Thou mayest retreat. 5- To have done. 11. To be taken. 6. We retreat. 12. They may be taken. Third Conjugation — Verbs in 10 161 13. It was thrown. 17. To have been begun. 14. It will be undertaken. 18. You would be taken. 15. Having been received. 19. About to throw. 16. It has been accomplished. 20. Deserving to be taken. Ill 1. Prlnceps Germanorum legatos Romanos in catenas coniecit. 2. Ubi exploratores eo venerunt, naves in aperto litore reppererunt. 3. Amlci mel litteras quas ad eos misl non receperunt. 4. Tela e loco superiore in nostros iaciebantur. 5. Filius tuus negotium sine diffi- cultate perficiet. 6. Is homo legationem ad civitates finitimas susceperat. 7. Barbari ne prlmum x quidem im- petum exspectaverunt, sed statim se receperunt. 8. Opus celeriter incipiatur ! 9. Boni puerl nihil mall 2 facient. 10. Hoc oppidum ab exercitu nostro obsidione longa cap- turn est. 11. Propter suspiciones magistratuum nihil earum rerum 3 facile perfectum est. 12. Obsidio huius oppidi sine timore suscipiatur. 13. Vulnera hostium sunt gravissima atque se recipiunt. IV 1. This work will be very quickly accomplished. 2. Galba's letter was received before the arrival of his son-in-law. 3. That embassy would have been under- taken by my brother. 4. Let us begin the siege and capture the town. 5. Meanwhile our allies have begun to desert. 6. No one has accomplished this without great danger of death. 7. The enemy begin to throw 1 The emphatic word is placed between ne and quidem. 2 Nihil mali, nothing {of) evil. 3 Nihil earum rerum, none of these things. 162 Elements of Latin their javelins, and are defending themselves bravely. 8. I shall do this easily and quickly. 9. Let us throw the captives into chains. 10. Our men retreated to the shore. 213. READING LESSON — THE PIPER'S SLAVE, II Convivae epulas cupide exspectant ; mox splendide cenabunt. Interea saltant et dominus Caroll fistula can- tat. At puer avidls oculis mensam lustrat et porculum videt. Raptim dextra praedam tenet et frustra fugam tentat. Nam Clodius fugitivum occupat; praedam re- cuperat ; baculo tergum mall servi verberat. Inde Carolus maestus et ieiunus mall factl poenas dat. Fossa et Valli LESSON XXXVI DEPONENT VERBS 214. i. Deponent verbs are verbs that have passive forms and active meanings. They have, however, the following active forms : a. The future infinitive (in place of the passive). b. The present and future participles. c. The gerund and supine. 2. The meanings are regularly active, except the gerundive, which is always passive. 3. Deponent verbs of all conjugations are conjugated as regular passive verbs with the exception of the active forms noted above. The conjugation to which a verb belongs may be told by the ending of the present infinitive, thus : Conjugation I -ari Conjugation II -eri Conjugation III -1 Conjugation IV -in 4. Below is given a synopsis of vereor (second conjugation) ; and of sequor (third conjugation). These verbs will serve as models for the conjugation of any deponent verb. Observe carefully the differences between a deponent verb as noted above and an ordinary passive verb, and give orally the complete forms for each tense where only the synopsis is given. 163 164 Elements of Latin Prin. Parts : vereor, vereri, veritus sum Stems : 1 Pres. vere- Sup. verit- Tenses Indie. Subj. Imper. Infin. Part. Gerund(ive) Pres. vereor verear verere 2 vereri verens verendT 3 Imp. verebar vererer verendus 4 Fut. verebor veretor 2 veriturus esse veriturus (Supine) veritum Perf. veritus sum veritus sim veritus esse veritus Plup. veritus eram veritus essem Fut. P. veritus ero Prin. Parts : sequor, sequT, secutus sum Stems : 1 Pres. seque- Sup. secut- Tenses Indie. Subj. Imper. Infin. Part. Gerund (ive) Pres. sequor sequar sequere 2 sequT sequens sequendi 3 Imp. sequebar sequerer sequendus 4 Fut. sequar sequitor ' 2 secuturus esse secuturus (Supine) secutum Perf. secutus sum secutus sim secutus esse secutus Plup. secutus eram secutus essem Fut. P. secutus ero 1 Deponents, like regular passives, use no perfect stem. 2 Second person. 3 Gerund. 4 Gerundive. 215. EXERCISE Determine the conjugation and stems of the verbs in the vocabulary, and write synopses of two of different conjugations. Deponent Verbs 165 216. ABLATIVE WITH DEPONENTS Rule : The deponents utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor govern the ablative. Scutf suo utitur, he uses his shield. 1. Note that the English equivalents of these verbs are trans- itive verbs, and govern a direct object. 217. VOCABULARY conor, ari, atus sum, try, attempt. egredior, gredi, gressus sum, march out, go out. expello, ere, pull, pulsus, drive out, expel. hortor, ari, atus sum, urge, en- courage. lapis, lapidis, m., stone. motus, us, m., revolt. paulum, a little (adv.). 218. potior, iri, itus sum, get posses- sion of, obtain. proficiscor, i, fectus sum, set out, depart. sequor, i, seciitus sum, follow ; pursue. utor, i, iisus sum, use, employ. vereor, eri, itus sum, fear, be afraid of. I. Conaberis. 2. Potiri. 3- Verebamur. 4- Utiminl. 5- Proficiscetur 6. Usurus esse. 7- Seciitus. 8. Sequendo. 1. He got possession of. 2. To have attempted. 3. Let us pursue. I 9- 10. Egredientur. Hortans. 11. Hortati essent. 12. Secutum. 13- Vereamur. 14. Conabimini. i5- Usus esse. 16. Egrederemur. II 4- You will follow. 5- To set out. 6. Of fearing. i66 Elements of Latin 7- Having urged. 12. 8. About to encourage. J 3- 9- We shall try. 14. IO. They would have gone out. *5- ii. I should have used. 16. To be about to depart. To have obtained. You may set out. By pursuing. You had used. Ill 1. Hostes castris nostris potiri iam conati erant. 2. Egrediamur ex arce et nos dedamus. 3. Nostri In- sidias verebantur atque dux eos hortari conabatur. 4. Ger- mani equis parvis utuntur. 5. Omnes milites nostri magnitudinem silvarum verebantur. 6. Hostes e castris suis, quae ad ripam RhenI sunt, egredientur. 7. Hanc ob causam in fines nostros proficiscamur ! 8. Elsdem condicionibus utemur. 9. Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, provincia nostra potiri sperabat. 10. Exploratores se recipere conabantur sed altitudo fluminis eos prohibebat. 11. Incolae huius regionis e finibus sins expulsi erant. 12. Litora huius fluminis explorare suscepissem. 13. Dif- ficultates hiiius negoti celeriter senties. 14. Ubi e provincia tua discessisti, officium tuum deseruistl. 15. Lit- terae amici mei me magnopere hortantur. IV 1. Set out from the village and we will follow you. 2. Let this plan be adopted. 3. The embassy did not accomplish even this. 1 4. Your allies are beginning to make a revolt. 5. The soldiers marched out a little from the redoubt. 6. Hope of great rewards encourages the citizens of that village. 7. All the inhabitants of the accomplished not this even. Deponent Verbs 167 town were throwing stones from the wall. 8. The grain which we were using has not been carried into camp. 9. Let that man who is following us be thrown into chains ! 10. I shall try to set out at once. 219. READING LESSON — EARLY ITALY — AENEAS 1 Antiquissimis temporibus 2 Saturnus in Italiam venit. Ibi haud procul a Ianiculo arcem condidit. Haec urbs erat Saturnia. In hoc loco Itali agri culturam cognoverunt. Postea Latlnus in illls regionibus imperavit. Sub h5c rege, Troia, urbs Asiae, eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, 3 cum multls Troianls in Italiam venit. 1 In this and the following reading lessons, a brief account is given of legendary Rome. The notes following each selection will give such assistance as the pupil may require. New words will be found in the general vocabulary. 2 Ablative ; in. 3 First declension, nominative, ending in -as, from the Greek. LUPA LESSON XXXVII SYNTAX: THE GENITIVE CASE 220. SYNTAX: MEANINGS i. In studying the syntax, or grammatical use of the differ- ent cases and moods, it will be found that the meanings of the forms differ in some instances from the meanings learned in the paradigms. The usual meaning of the genitive case is of but it is sometimes better translated by for. Such variations are shown in the translations of examples. 2. In translating the Latin exercises the pupil should classify the different constructions of syntax according to the rules given in the lessons. 221. THE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION Rule : The genitive is used to denote the person or thing to which an object, action, or feeling belongs. Hortus regis, the king 's garden {the garden of the king). Imperium populi Roman!, the rule of the Roman people. Oratio Caesaris, Caesar's speech. 222. PREDICATE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION Rule: The genitive of possession is often used to complete the predicate of a sentence, particularly with the verb sum. Hortus est regis, the garden is the king's. 223. THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE (GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE) Rule : The genitive is used to denote the whole of which a part is taken. Pars equitum, paj't of the hoi'semen. 1 68 Syntax: The Genitive Case 169 a. This genitive is very common with neuter pronouns and adjectives, such as quid, quantum, etc., and with nihil and milia. Quid consili, what plan ? (literally, what of a plan ?) Quantum pecuniae, how much (of) money? Erat nihil reliqui, there was nothing left (literally, nothing of a remainder). Duo milia passuum, two thousand(s of) paces ; two miles. 224. VOCABULARY agger, aggeris, m., rampart, em- passus, us, m., pace (about bankment, dike. five feet). aquila, ae, f., eagle; standard pecunia, ae, f., money. (an eagle on a staff was the pendo, ere, pependi, pensus, pay. standard of the Roman quantus, a, um, how much ? legion). relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, leave, beneficium, i, n., kindness, favor. leave behind, abandon. cognosco, ere, novi, nitus, ascer- repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus, tain, learn, find out. drive back, repulse. concursus, us, m., running to- satis, enough (adv. or indeclin- gether, charge, attack. able noun). mater, matris, f., mother. stipendium, i, n., tribute, tax. 225. EXERCISES' I 1. Unus pagus Helvetiorum satis stipend! n5n pendit. 2. Hostes concursu militum nostrorum repulsi sunt atque omnes in partes se receperunt. 3. Haec pecunia est matris tuae. 4. Quantum frumenti exploratores reppere- runt ? 5. German! ad aggerem castr5rum lapides telaque iaciebarit. 6. Tria milia captivorum in catenas a. Caesare coniecta sunt. 7. Consiliane amic5rum vestrorum cog- novistis ? 8. Nihil mall veremini atque fortunam meli- 170 Elements of Latin orem sperate ! 9. Quantum impedlmentorum est decimae legionis? 10. In amicitia harum nationum remaneamus ! II. Benefici5 civium meorum iitar. 12. In litore maris naves onerarias relinquamus. 13. Hi fines sunt Helveti- orum. 14. Legati5 Gallorum pacem facere coacta esset. 15. Legati unius gentis nihil earum rerum fecerunt. II 1. Those roses are the little girl's. 2. The leader does not await the aid of even 1 his allies. 3. Two thousand horsemen are in the village. 4. What plan have you? 5. We have accomplished nothing good 2 by this siege. 6. Let us adopt the plan of Diviciacus and undertake the task. 7. Let no one of you 3 reply ! 8. Six thousand of the enemy were easily conquered. 9. Those ships are the enemy's. 10. How much tribute shall we be com- pelled to pay ? 226. READING LESSON — AENEAS; ASCANIUS Ibi Latinus rex eum benigne recepit, atque el filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aeneas urbem condidit, quae in honorem coniugis appellata est Lavlnium. Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, Aeneae filius, regnum accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum movit, urbem- que condidit in monte Alban5, eamque 4 Albam Longam 4 nuncupavit. 4 1 See 212, III, 7, footnote. What is the emphatic word ? 2 Cf. I, 8. 3 Vestrum. The genitive plural of ego and tu ending in -um is used as a parti- tive genitive ; the form in -I is used as an objective genitive (see 228). 4 and called it Alba Longa. LESSON XXXVIII THE GENITIVE CASE (Continued) 227. THE GENITIVE OP QUALITY Rule : The genitive of a noun, when modified by an adjective, is used to express quality. Vir summae virtutis, a man of the greatest valor. a. With a numeral adjective the genitive of quality expresses measure. Murus decern pedum, a wall of ten feet (in height). 228. THE OBJECTIVE GENITIVE Rule : The genitive is used to express the object of an action or feeling, implied or expressed. Timor Caesaris, fear of Caesar (the fear felt by some one toward Caesar). Memoria harum rerum, the memory of these things. 229. THE GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES Rule : Adjectives denoting desire, knowledge, memory, fulness, power, sharing, guilt, and their opposites govern the genitive. Cupidus regni, desirous of the throne. Imperitus iuris, inexperienced in law. 230. THE GENITIVE WITH CAUSA AND GRATIA Rule : The ablatives causa and gratia, meaning " for the sake of," govern the genitive. The genitive precedes the ablative. Honoris causa, for the sake of honor. 171 172 Elements of Latin 231. VOCABULARY alacer, alacris, alacre, eager. imperitus, a, um, inexperienced, animus, 1, m., mind, heart, ignorant. courage. Insignis, Insigne, prominent, re- causa, ab\.,for the sake of. markable, unusual. commutatio, commutationis, f., lacus, 1 us, m., lake. change. peritus, a, um, experienced, contumelia, ae, f., insult. skilled, having knowledge of. deinde, then, thereupon (adv.). pes, pedis, m., foot. gratia, ab\.,for the sake of tisus, us, m., experience ; advan- honor, honoris, m., honor. tage, use. 232. EXERCISES I 1. Cives hac fortunae commutatione magnopere motl sunt. 2. Mons est mille passuum in altitudinem. 3. Co- piae ex ea regione egredi conatae sunt, sed collibus magnae altitudinis impedltae sunt. 4. Hie dux rel militaris peri- tissimus habebatur. 5. Memoria harum contumeliarum nos perturbat. 6. Beneficia huius modi laudare debemus. 7. Hostes, cupidi victoriae, aquila nostra potiri fortiter c5- nabantur. 8. Pacis gratia vobis satis stipend! pendemus. 9. Haec res non minus ex usu 2 Galliae quam populi R5- mani erat. 10. Multi viri pecuniae cupidi sunt. 11. De- inde milites, hostes paulum secuti, in vicum se receperunt, atque eum muro maximae altitudinis muniverunt. 12. Pa- triae honorisque causa hoc negotium Insigne suscipiemus. 13. Mulier maximl animl erat mater vestra. 14. Nullam nostrl 3 memoriam habet. 1 Dat. and abl. plural, lacubus. 2 Ex usu, of advantage , to the advantage {of). 3 See 225, II, 7, footnote. Syntax: The Genitive Case 173 11 1. We have long feared a revolt of this kind. 2. Near the lake was a wall ten feet in height. 1 3. These tribes were ignorant of war and were easily driven out from 2 their territory. 4. The hope of victory encouraged the eager soldiers. 5. We shall learn the cause of this diffi- culty. 6. Those soldiers who had set out for the sake of grain were left behind by the others. 7. The embank- ment of the camp is seven feet in height. 8. Dumnorix, brother of Diviciacus, was desirous of power. 9. Divici- acus was a man of the highest 3 honor. 10. You have made a great change of affairs. 233. READING LESSON — THE ALBAN KINGS Eum secutus est Silvius qui post Aeneae mortem geni- tus erat. Eius 4 posterl omnes usque ad Romam conditam 5 regnaverunt. Silvius Proca, rex 6 Albanorum, duos filios reliquit, Nu- mitorem 6 et Amulium. Unus ex his, Amulius, fratri suo Numitorl paterna bona dedit et ipse regnum obtinuit. 1 Cf. I, 2. 2 Use no preposition. 3 summus, a, um. 4 221. 5 ad Romam conditam, to Rome founded, i.e. until the founding of Rome. Con- ditam is the perfect participle. 6 17, 2. Circus Romanus LESSON XXXIX REVIEW OF THE GENITIVE; THE VERB POSSUM 234. EXERCISES i. Review carefully the rules and examples of the genitive case. 2. Review vocabularies, 224, 231. 3. Review the conjugation of sum, 132, 136. 235. THE IRREGULAR VERB, POSSUM The verb possum, be able, can, and a few other verbs, given in later lessons, are irregular, and belong to no conjugation. Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. possum posse potui Indicative Subjunctive Singular Plural Singular Plural Pres. possum possumus possim possimus potes potestis possis possitis potest possunt possit possint Imp. poteram poteramus possem possemus Fut. potero poterimus Per/. potui potuimus potuerim potuerimus Plup. potueram potueramus potuissem potuissemus Fut. P. potuero potuerimus Infinitive Pres, posse Perf. potuisse Participle Pres. potens (adjective) , powerful. i74 Review of the Genitive 175 236. NOTES ON CONJUGATION This verb is a compound of pot- (for potis, able) and sum, and is mostly like sum. Note, however, the following changes : 1. The letter t becomes s before s ; as, possum for potsum. 2. The perfect tenses drop f, having potui for potfui. 3. The imperfect subjunctive and present infinitive are con- tract forms of potessem, potesse. 4. The verb lacks the imperative, future infinitive, and future participle. 237. VOCABULARY absum, 1 esse, afui, afutiirus, be absent, distant. adsum, esse, fui, futurus, be present. ascendo, ere, scendi, scensus, ascend. fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow. Labienus, 1, m., Labienus, a lieutenant of Caesar, opera, ae, f., assistance, aid. opinio, opinionis, f., opinion, reputation. opportunus, a, um,flt, suitable. oppugnatio, oppugnationis, f., assault. plerique, aeque, aque, most, most people, most things. possum, posse, potui, be able, can. retineo, ere, ui, tentus, retain; maintain. verbum, I, n., word. vox, vocis, f., voice. 238. 1. Potero. 2. Potuerint. 3. Potuisse. 4. Potuissem. 5. Poterunt. EXERCISES I 6. Afuissent. 7. Afuerint. 8. Aderas. 9. Adesse. to. Posse. 1 This verb has a present participle absens, absent. 176 Elements of Latin II. Potuero. 16. Afuturus. 12. Potueras. 17- Adfuistl. I 3- Possem. 18. Abero. 14. Potuerunt. 19. Aderam. 15; Possim. 20. Afuisse. I. Powerful. II 11. You are absent. 2. You would be able. 12. Absent. 3- You would have been able. 1 3- About to be absent. 4- He may be able. 14. You may be present 5- I had been able. iS- He would be absent 6. We may be able. 16. To be able. 7- Let us be able. i7- I should be able. 8. He will be present. 18. You will be able. 9- To have been present. 19. To have been able. 10. Be thou present. 20. May he be able ! Ill 1. Summum iugum montis Labienus ascendere n5n po- tuisset. 2. Tempus oppugnationi 1 arcis opportunissi- mum fuit. 3. Patriae causa hoc facere potero. 4. A ripis RhenI longe absumus. 5. Propter hanc fortunae commutationem oranes sunt miserl. 6. Haec pecora sunt Marcl, agricolae. 7. Murus a quo barbarus desiluit erat magnae altitudinis. 8. Quid consill capere 2 poterimus ? 9. Unum verbum consill satis est. 10. Hi viri sunt im- peritl belli, sed alacres. 11. Plerlque memoriam harum contumeliarum retinuissent. 12. Deinde hostes superati se dediderunt. 13. El barbari rel militaris periti sunt atque magnam opinionem virtutis habent. 1 Dative ; for. adopt. Review of the Genitive 177 IV 1. Many of you were present. 2. Will you not be able to accomplish this for my sake? 1 3. The voice of the commander summons us to the camp. 4. We were not able to foresee this unusual calamity. 5. A river nine feet deep 2 flows into this lake. 6. ' Let us maintain the honor of our state. 7. Part of the soldiers were present when we chose the leader. 8. We have been able to fortify this place with a rampart ten feet high. 9. A disaster of that kind cannot disturb us. 10. You have not sufficient experience. 1 For my sake = for the sake of me. 2 Nine feet deep = of nine feet in depth. NA.VIS Bellica LESSON XL THE DATIVE CASE 239. THE SIMPLE INDIRECT OBJECT Rule : The dative of the indirect object is used with transitive verbs, in connection with the direct object, to denote the person to whom something is given, said, or done. Librum puero dat, he gives a book to the boy. 240. INDIRECT OBJECT WITH SPECIAL VERBS Some verbs, which in English are transitive and govern a direct object, in Latin are intransitive, and govern the dative of the indirect object. Rule : Many verbs meaning to favor, help, please, trust, and their opposites ; also to believe, persuade, com?nand, obey, serve, re- sist, envy, threaten, pardon, and spare, govern the dative of the indirect object. Mihi confidit, he trusts (to) me. Tibi persuasi, I persuaded you. 241. INDIRECT OBJECT WITH COMPOUNDS Rule : Many verbs compounded with the prepositions ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae ; pro, sub, super, and sometimes circum, govern the dative of the indirect object. Hostibus appropinquamus, we are approaching the enemy. i. Some of these verbs are transitive, and govern a direct object, along with the indirect. Legioni legatum praefecit, he placed the lieutenant in command of the legion. 178 The Dative Case 179 242. THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE Rule : The dative may be used to denote the purpose of an ac- tion, or that for which a thing serves. Equites subsidio mittit, he sends the cavah-y as (literally,/^/-) an aid. Note : With this dative there often occurs another dative of the person affected. Equites nobis subsidio mittit, he sends the cavalry as an aid to us. Hoc nobis magno usui est, this is of (literally, for) great use to us. 243. VOCABULARY confido, ere, fisus sum, trust ordo, ordinis, m., rank, line, (semi-deponent v ). order. etiam, also, even (conj.). persuadeo, ere, suasi, suasus, faveo, ere, favi, fauturus, favor, persuade. be favorable to. praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, place noceo, ere, nocui, nociturus, in command. harm, injure. praesum, esse, fui, be in com- novus, a, urn, new ; superlative, itiand, in charge. novissimus, last, rear; hence, resists, ere, restiti, resist. novissimum agmen, rear studeo, ere, ui, be eager for, guard. desire, favor. novae res, change of affairs, supersum, esse, fui, futurus, revolution. survive, remain. 244. EXERCISES I 1. Imperator e vlco profectus est et incolis Labienum praefecit. 2. Equites impetul hostium resistere n5n po- tuissent. 3. Galba, fortis centurio, ordini primo praeerat. 4. Sociis nostris operam demus ! 5. Obsides retinebimus 1 This verb is deponent in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses only. 180 Elements of Latin et ill! nobis praesidio erunt. 6. Collem ascendamus at- que castello appropinquemus ! 7. Locum proelio dele- gimus atque hostes statim circumvenimus. 8. Plerique huic calamitati non superf uissent. 9. Dumnorix hostibus nostris favit et novis rebus studuit. 10 Amicls nostris, quos amamus, confidere poterimus. 1 1 . Hae copiae etiam novissimo agmirri erunt praesidio. 12. Hostes mulieribus llberisque non nocuerunt. 13. Civibus meis persuadere non potui. 14. Opinio virtutis sociorum nostrorum nobis magno usul est. II I. The barbarians are approaching the camp and the commander is not present. 2. The river flows very swiftly and its speed is of 1 great hindrance to ships. 3. To whom have you reported the words which you heard ? 4. On account of our old friendship I will trust you. 5. How much grain will you give to each man? 6. I place Marcus in command of the cohort. 7. I at- tempted to persuade my friends, but they do not favor the plan. 8. I have reported the cause of this difficulty to your leader. 9. The leader was absent and was of 1 no assistance to us. 10. A good man is in charge of this task. 245. READING LESSON — THE CRIME OF AMULIUS Amulius regnum flrmissime possidere cuplvit et Numi- toris 2 fllium igitur per Insidias interemit et filiam fratris, Rheam Silviam, Vestalem virginem fecit. 3 Nam hae Vestae sacerdotes nubere non poterant. Sed haec a Marte geminSs fllios, Romulum et Remum, peperit. Hoc ubi Amulius comperit, matrem in vincula coniecit, pueros autem in Tiberim abiecit. 1 Not the genitive. 2 221. z ... he made a Vestal virgin. LESSON XLI PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS ; THE DATIVE (Continued) 246. THE ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION The first, or active periphrastic * conjugation is composed of the future active participle and various forms of the verb sum. It has the meaning about to, going to, intend to ; as, Amaturus est, he is about to love, he intends to love. A synopsis of the complete conjugation is as follows : Indicative Pres. amaturus (-a, -um) sum, I am about to love. Imp. amaturus eram, I was about to love. Fut. amaturus ero, I shall be about to love. Per/. amaturus fui, / have been (was) about to love. Plup. amaturus fueram, / had been about to love. ' Fut. P. amaturus fuero, I shall have been about to love. Subjunctive Pres. • amaturus sim, may I be about to love. Imp. amaturus essem, I should be about to love. Per/. amaturus f uerim, / may have been about to love. Plup. amaturus fuissem, I should have been about to love. Infinitive Pres. ■ amaturus esse, to be about to love. Per/. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love. 1 The word periphrastic means roundabout ; hence a periphrastic expression is a roundabout way of saying a thing. 181 1 82 Elements of Latin 247. THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION The second, or passive, periphrastic conjugation is composed of the gerundive and various forms of the verb sum. It ex- presses the idea of necessity ; as, Monendus est, he is to be advised, he ?nust be advised (literally, ' he is deserving to be advised). A synopsis of the complete conjugation is as follows : Indicative Pres. monendus (-a, -um) sum, / am to be advised, must be advised. Imp. monendus eram, I was to be advised. Fut. monendus ero, / shall deserve to be advised. Per/. monendus f ui, / was to be advised. Plup. monendus fueram, I had deserved to be advised. Fut. P. monendus fuero, I shall have deserved to be advised. Subjunctive Pres. monendus sim, may I deserve to be advised. Imp. monendus essem, I should deserve to be advised. Per/. monendus fuerim, / may have deserved to be advised. Plup. monendus f uissem, / should have deserved to be advised. Infinitive Pres. monendus esse, to deserve to be advised. Per/. monendus fuisse, to have deserved to be advised. 248. THE DATIVE OF AGENCY Rule : With the passive periphrastic, the agent is expressed by the dative. Mihi pugnandum est, / must fight (literally, it must be fought by me, it is for me to fight). i. The literal translation of this construction is so awkward, that it is usually better to turn the whole expression into the active in English. Periphrastic Conjugations; The Dative 183 249. THE DATIVE OF POSSESSION Rule : With the verb sum, the dative is used to denote the pos- sessor, the thing possessed being the subject. Agricolae est servus, the farmer has a slave (literally, to the farmer is a slave). 250. THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES Rule : Adjectives meaning fit, near, like, frie?idly, equal, pleas- ing, and the like, ivith their opposites, govern the dative. Germanis proximi sunt, they are nearest to the Germans. Hie collis castello idoneus est, this hill is suitable for a fort. 251. VOCABULARY aestus, us, m., tide. amitto, ere, misi, missus, lose; let go. aptus, a, um, fit, suitable, adapted. conventus, us, m., meeting, as- par, par, gen. paris, equal, a match for. pono, ere, posul, positus, put, place, establish. praesertim, especially (adv.). praeter, prep. gov. ace, besides -, except. sembly. navigo, are, avi, atus, sail, navi- quod, because (conj.). gate. revoco, are, avi, atus, recall. Oceanus, 1, m., the ocean fAtlan- solum, 1, n., soil, ground. tic). 252. Missurus est. Laudanda est. Visuri fuimus. Muniturus esse. Facturus fuisset. trado, ere, tradidi, traditus, de- liver, give up, hand over. EXERCISES I 7 8 9 10 Resistendum est. Ducendl erant. Acturus fuerat. Dedituri sumus. Capiendum erat. 184. Elements of Latin 11 1. I was about to deliver. 6. She must be advised. 2. It must be delivered. 7. I am about to establish. 3. They must be called. 8. To deserve to be loved. 4. We had been about to sur- 9. You were about to advise. render. 10. They have been about to 5. You were about to sail. hand over. Ill 1. Caesarl signum tuba dandum erat. 2. Barbari etiam his sociis popull R5manl amlci sunt. 3. Nonne hos captlvos amissurl estis ? 4. Obsides hostibus tra- dendi sunt. 5. Haeduis praeter solum agri erat nihil reliqul. 6. Marco sunt duae filiae. 7. Milites duel revocandl sunt. 8. Hostes collem ascensuri erant, sed concursus militum eos repellebat. 9. Hoc oppidum praesertim aptum conventui soci5rum nostrorum est. 10. Trans Oceanum ad Britanniam navigaturi fueramus. 11. Copias nostras in castra reducturi sumus, quod is locus proelio non aptus est. 12. Hostes exercitui nostro pares paene esse potuerunt. 13. Ad h5c flumen Caesar castellum positurus fuit. 14. Aestus Ocean! navibus nostris apt! non sunt. 15. Huic agricolae sunt agrl feraces. 16. Nobis in vicum conveniendum fuit. IV I. I am about to persuade that man. 2. A good man has many friends. 1 3. These buildings must not be burned by the barbarians. 4. These nations dwell in hither Gaul, and are very near (to) the province. 5. All things were to be done by Caesar immediately. 6. This harbor is adapted to our ships. 7. This tribe has vil- 1 What is the exact English equivalent of the Latin ? Periphrastic Conjugations; The Dative 185 lages on each bank 1 of the Rhine. 2 8. The leader must station the line of battle. 2 9. The cavalry are about to follow the enemy. 10. You must accomplish this task quickly, because it is not difficult. 2 253. READING LESSON RESCUE OF ROMULUS AND REMUS Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam se effuderat et, quod 3 pueri in vado erant positi, aqua refluens 4 eos in sicco re- Hquit. Ad eorum vagltum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. Quod 5 videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis, pueros sustulit, 6 et uxorl 7 suae dedit. 1 On each bank, ad utramque ripam. 2 What is the exact English equivalent of the Latin ? 3 Not the relative, but the conjunction; because. 4 Present participle. 5 This. A relative standing first in the sentence often has the force of a demon- strative in English. 6 From tollo. 7 239. Vexiliajm LESSON XLII THE ACCUSATIVE CASE 254. DIRECT OBJECT AND PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE The accusative, as has been learned, is the case of the direct object. After certain verbs, there is often found a second accu- sative, referring to the same person or thing as the direct object, but not in apposition to it. This second accusative is known as the predicate accusative. It may be either a noun or an adjective. Rule : Verbs of making, choosing, calling, naming, and the like may take a predicate accusative, along with the dii'ect object. Caesarem consulem creant, they elect Caesar consul. Eum certiorem faciunt, they inform him (literally, they make him more certain). i. This construction may be changed to the passive voice ; in that case, the object becomes the subject, and the predicate accu- sative becomes a predicate nominative . Caesar consul creatur, Caesar is elected consul. 255. THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE Rule : The accusative is used to express duration of time and extent of space. Tres dies moratur, he delays three days. Decern milia passuum secuti sunt, they followed ten miles (liter- ally, ten thousands of paces). 256. SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE Rule : The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative case. Legatos discedere iubet, he orde?-s the envoys to depart. 1 86 The Accusative Case 187 257. annus, 1, m., year. appello, are, avi, atus, call, name. certus, a, um, certain, sure. constituo, ere, ui, iitus, resolve, decide. creo, are, avi, atus, elect, choose. Genava, ae, f., Geneva. hora, ae, f., hour. iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, order, 258. VOCABULARY command. maneo, ere, mansi, manstirus, stay, remain. mensis, mensis, m., month. moror, ari, atus sum, delay, linger. teneo, ere, ui, tentus, hold, keep. veto, are, vetui, vetitus, forbid. EXERCISES I I. Imperator iussit mllites e castris egredi. 2. In Britannia tres mensis manere constituimus. 3. Verba principis barbaros ad proelium alacres faciunt. 4. Hel- vetia hoc oppidum Genavam appellaverunt. 5. Hoc oppi- dum ab Helvetiis Genava appellatum est. 6. Hoc fliimen per Galliam centum mllia passuum fluit. 7. Im- perator mllites oppugnationem facere vetuit. 8. Quern populus Romanus consulem creabit? 9. Fortiina mala nos in vico multas horas morarl coegit. 10. Marcus e provincia revocabitur, atque consul creabitur. 1 1. La- bienus Caesarem certiorem de his rebus fecit. 12. Cas- tellum quattuor horas tenuimus, sed hostes nos discedere coegerunt. 13. Caesar in Gallia paene decern ann5s manebat. 14. Nonne eos certiores de hoc negoti5 faci- etis? 15. Haec fossa fuit lata decern pedes. II 1. The senate ordered the commander to retain the hostages. 2. I have awaited you two hours. 3. I shall i88 Elements of Latin inform you concerning those tribes of barbarians. 4. The soldiers will choose Galba (as) commander. 5. The camp of the enemy was distant two miles. 6. Who will be elected consul by the Roman people P 1 7. Caesar ordered the cavalry to sail to Britain. 8. Is not this boy named Marcus ? 9. This rampart is six feet high. 2 10. The envoys are present and will remain a few days. 259. READING LESSON — THE FOUNDING OF ROME Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transe- gerunt. Ubi adoleverunt et forte de avo suo et de matre compererunt, Amulium interfecerunt et Numitorl 3 avo regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem condiderunt in monte Aventino, quam 4 Romulus a suo nomine Romam 4 vocavit. Haec ubi moenibus circumdata est, Remus occisus est quod, fratrem irridens, 5 moenia transiluit. 1 Cf. I, 8. 2 cf. 1, 15. § 239. 4 254. 5 Present participle, modifying Remus. Scorpio LESSON XLIII REVIEW OF THE DATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE; FIO 260. EXERCISE i. Review the rules and examples of the dative and accusa- tive cases in the last three lessons. 2. Review the periphrastic conjugations, 246, 247. 261. CONJUGATION OF FIO FlO, be made, be done, happen, occur Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. fio fieri factus sum Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Singular Plural Singular Plural Pres. fio fls fit flam fi fite fiunt Imp. flebam i fierem Fut. flam, fles, etc. Perf. factus sum factus sim Plup. factus eram factus esse m Fut. . P. factus ero Infinitive Participles Pres. fieri Ger. faciendus Perf. factus esse Perf. factus Fut. factum In 189 190 Elements of Latin 262. NOTES ON CONJUGATION i„ Flo supplies the passive of facio, which has no regular passive. 2. Note that the first three tenses, except the infinitive, are active in form. 263. EXERCISES 1. Observe the active and passive forms of the following ex- pression : Active : Caesarem certiorem faciunt, they inform Caesar (liter- ally, make Caesar more certain). Passive : Caesar certior fit, Caesar is informed (literally, is made more certain). This change follows the regular rule, 254, 1. Explain it. 2. Learn the meaning of fio, and review vocabularies, 243, 251, 257. 264. 1. Factum erat. 2. Fieri. 3. Fierem. 4. Faciendus. 5. Fite. 1. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. It has happened. To be about to occur Having been done. You will be made leader. It would have occurred. You ought to be made leader. I 6. Facta essent 7- Fiunt. 8. Flet. 9- Factum sit. 10. Factus esse. II 7- It may happe 8. To occur. 9. It will have been done. 10. These things have hap- pened. Review of the Dative and Accusative 191 in 1. Tibi multos annos confldere non potui. 2. Solum horum agrorum frumento aptum est. 3. Nonne tu dux fies ? 4. Populus te consulem creaturus est. 5. Hos- tibus hi captivl nobis non tradendl sunt. 6. In Britannia paucos mensls moraturl sumus, praesertim quod tempus anni est opporfunum. 7. Prlmo ordinl est fortis centurio, qui omnibus militibus praeest. 8. Omnes naves praeter unam proelio superfuerunt. 9. Hanc ob causam con- ventus fiet atque voces omnium audientur. 10. Novls rebus studemus, sed incolls non nocebimus. II. Unam cohortem tenere montem iussit. 12. His barbaris forti- bus ne del quidem pares esse possunt. 13. Locus castrls nostrls nobis deligendus est. 14. Incolae huius regionis Caesarem certiorem de aestu OceanI facient. 15. Iu- beamus milites in illo colle castellum ponere. IV 1. The chief of these tribes was not informed concerning this difficulty. 2. This river is six miles away from our territory. 3. We have decided to forbid him to remain one hour in this village. 4. Most people would have attempted to persuade me. 5. You have been made leader, and we shall place you in command of the whole army. 6. These conditions are adapted to our customs. 7. The Roman people call all the inhabitants of this region Gauls. 8. This opportunity we must 1 not lose. 9. On account of their loyalty we intend 2 to give rewards to these allies. 10. All men have good friends. 11. These auxiliaries will be of great assistance to us. 1 Express by the passive periphrastic. 2 Express by the active periphrastic. LESSON XLIV THE ABLATIVE CASE 265. THE ABLATIVE OP SEPARATION Rule : Words denoting separation, privation, and the like, gov- ern the ablative, with or without a preposition. Rhenus Galliam a Germania dividit, the Rhine divides Gaul from Germany. Eos commeatu prohibuit, he kept them from supplies. 266. THE ABLATIVE OF AGENT This construction has already been given ; review 158. 267. THE ABLATIVE OP COMPARISON Rule : The ablative is often used with comparatives in the sense tf/than. Turris altior est muro, the tower is higher than the wall. Note : This construction is used only when the first of the things compared is in the nominative or accusative. Otherwise the construc- tion with quam, than, must be used. Review 77, 2. 268. THE ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE Rule : After comparatives and ivords suggesting comparison, the ablative is used to express the amount, or degree, of difference. Turris altior centum pedibus est muro, the tower is a hundred feet higher (literally, higher by a hundred feet} than the wall. Note : Be careful to distinguish this use of the ablative and the abla- tive of comparison. 192 The Ablative Case 193 269. VOCABULARY aliquot, some, several (indeclin- cut off, shut off. able adjective). interficio, ere, feci, fectus, kill. ante, before (adv.). maleficium, I, n., mischief, harm. defensor, defensoris, va., defender, multo, by much, much (abl. of desisto, ere, destiti, cease, stop, multus). leave off. nox, noctis, f., night. divido, ere, visi, visus, divide, niido, are, avi, atus, make bare, separate. strip, leave unprotected. expedltus, a, um, easy, practi- Roma, ae, f., Rome. cable. tempero, are, avi, atus, refrain, intercliido, ere, clusi, clusus, keep from. 270. EXERCISES I 1. Alterum iter est multd facilius et expeditius. 2. Re frumentaria nos intercludere non poterunt. 3. Num Galll Germanls f ortiores sunt ? 4. R5ma multo maior est Genava. 5. Caesar de his proelils equestribus a Labieno certior factus est. 6. Imperatori nostro multa ab expld- ratoribus nuntiata sunt. 7. Hoc oppidum milibus pas- suum tribus abest. 8. Hoc negotio multo 1 ante destitimus. 9. Lapides a nostris iaciebantur et murus defensoribus celerrime nudatus est. 10. Hi viri ab iniuria et male- ficio temperabunt. 1 1. Murus oppidi altior est vallo castrorum. 12. Oppidum muro altiori quam hoc vallo munire debemus. 13. N5nne hi barbari finibus nostris a mllitibus rel publicae prohiberi possunt? 14. Aliquot ante mensibus in Britannia fuerat. 15. Flumen Rhenus agros Helvetiorum a Germanls dividit. 16. Nonne noc- tes longiores sunt diebus ? 1 Before by much ; i.e. a long while ago. 194 Elements of Latin ii I. Ariovistus, the king of the Germans, had expelled many Gauls from their territory. 2. A river longer than the Rhine x divides that province from the barbarians. 3. All the hostages will be killed by the enemy. 4. On account of lack of grain peace will be made by the chiefs of those tribes. 5. This road is much shorter than that. 1 6. Several years before these nations had conspired against us. 7. We shall cut the scouts off from their camp. 8. These men are more powerful 2 than the magistrates 1 themselves. 9. The fields of Italy are more fertile than those. 1 10. That disaster occurred many years before. 271. READING LESSON — THE ROMANS SECURE WIVES Romulus civium numerum augere cuplvit et asylum igitur patefecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsl 3 accurrerunt. Sed novae urbis civibus 4 coniuges deerant. Festum itaque Neptuni et ludos mstituit. Ad hos multi ex finitimis populis cum mulieribus et liberis venerunt, et turn inter ipsos ludos spectantes 5 virgines Roman! rapue- runt. 1 Translate in two ways. 2 Are more powerful, plus possunt. 3 pulsi = perfect participle, modifying multi. 4 civibus = dative ; see 249. 6 spectantes = present participle, modifying virgines. Roman Writing Materials LESSON XLV THE ABLATIVE CASE (Continued) 272. THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE Rule : The ablative is used to express cause. Periculi timore discesserunt, they departed because of (from) fear of danger. 273. THE ABLATIVE OF MEANS Rule: The ablative is used to express the means or instrument of an action. Oppidum muro miiniunt, they fortify the town by means of a wall (literally, with a ivall). 274. THE ABLATIVE WITH DEPONENTS This construction has already been given ; review 216. 275. THE ABLATIVE OF MANNER Rule : The ablative with cum is used to express the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted if the ablative is modified by an adjective. Cum celeritate venit, he came with speed. Magna (cum) celeritate venit, he came with great speed.- 276. THE ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT Rule : The ablative with cum is used to express accompanwient. Cum may be omitted in military expressions when the ablative is modified by an adjective {except numeral adjectives). Cum copiis venit, he came with the troops. Omnibus copiis venit, he came with all the tj-oops. Cum tribus legionibus, with three legions. 195 196 Elements of Latin 277. VOCABULARY afficio, ere, feci, fectus, affect, draw up, arrange; equip, fit afflict. out. aqua, ae, f., water. iuvo, are, iuvi, iutus, help, aid. colloquor, loqul, locutus sum, perterreo, ere, ui, itus, frighten, speak with, confer. terrify. cupiditas, cupiditatis, f., desire. reverto, ere, vertl, versus, return, discessus, us, m., departure. go back. (Usually deponent f ugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee. in the present, imperfect, induco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead on, and future.) influence, induce. supplicium, 1, n., punishment, Instruo, ere, struxi, structus, torture. 278. EXERCISES I 1. Imperator naves suas omnibus rebus Instruet. 2. Dumnorix, regnl cupiditate inductus, novls rebus studuit. 3. Germanl feri R5ma potlri speraverunt. 4. Multae res pecunia obtinerl possunt. 5. Itinere ex- pedito Caesar cum equitatu profectus est. 6. Summa difficultate hoc negotium perfeci. 7. Haec summo cum studio facta sunt. 8. Obsides magno supplicio affect! sunt. 9. Homines unius pagi, timore perterriti, ad Rhe- num contenderunt. 10. Hostes discessu legatorum Ro- manorum perturbati erant. 1 1. Caesar vetuit has gentes frumento hostes iuvare. 12. Aliquot annis ante navibus huius modi utebamur. 13. Helvetii repentino eius ad- ventu perterrebantur et aciem instruere ndn poterant. 14. Cum quarta legione Labienus montem ascendit. II 1. Let us confer with our friends concerning this diffi- culty. 2. Those captives were influenced by hope of The Ablative Case 197 safety and fled with l great speed. 3. Because of lack of water and supplies, the enemy returned to their (own) territory. 4. Let us fortify the camp by means of a rampart and a trench. 5. With 1 all the soldiers they attacked the town. 6. By the aid of our allies we hope to cut off the Helvetians from supplies. 7. The cavalry followed the enemy with * great eagerness (during) the whole night. 8. We have ceased to use that fleet. 9. The defenders of the redoubt were conferring with the envoys of the Romans. 10. The enemy set out with 1 no definite 2 order, and many were killed. 279. READING LESSON — THE STORY OF TARPEIA Populi ill!, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum adver- sus raptores susceperunt. Virgo, Tarpeia, els 3 viam in arcem monstravit, sed munus sibi 4 poposcit. Petiit ab eis quod 5 in sinistris manibus gerebant, anulos aureos et armillas significans 6 . At hostes, in arcem ab ea 7 per-" ducti, 8 scutis 9 Tarpeiam obruerunt ; nam et 10 haec in sinis- tris manibus gerebant. 1 Is cum necessary? 2 certus, a, um. 3 239. 4 sibi = for herself. 5 quod, relative, object of gerebant = what, 6 Participle, agreeing with the subject. 7 266. 8 Participle, modifying hostes. 9 273. 10 et = also. Arae LESSON XLVI THE ABLATIVE CASE (Continued) 280. THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION Rule : The ablative is used to express in what respect some- thing is true. Gallos virtute superamus, we surpass the Gauls in {respect to) valor. 281. THE ABLATIVE OF QUALITY Rule : The ablative, modified by an adjective, is used to express quality. Vir summa virtute, a man of the greatest valor. Note : Compare this ablative with the genitive of quality, 227. In this use, the ablative is more common than the genitive. 282. THE ABLATIVE OF TIME Rule : The ablative is used to express the time at which, or within which. Nocte proficiscemur, we shall set out at night. Tribus annis hostes nostros superabimus, within three years we shall overcome our enemies. Note : Distinguish carefully the ablative of ti?ne within which, and the accusative of duratioti of time. Review 255. 283. VOCABULARY aestas, aestatis, f., summer. Bibrax, Bibractis, f., Bibrax, a auctus, a, um, strong, rich. town of the Re mi. Bellovaci, orum, m., the Bel- biduum, i, n., two days, two lovaci, a Belgian tribe. days' 1 time. 198 The Ablative Case 199 conficio, ere, feci, fectus, accom- nondum, not yet (adv.). plish, finish, complete. extremus, a, um, end of, last {part of). ingens, ingens, gen. ingentis, huge, enormous. lux, lucis, f., light. medius, a, um, middle of middle. 284. plebs, plebis, f., the common peo- ple, populace. supero, are, avi, atus, surpass, excel. valeo, ere, 111, iturus, be strong, powerful. EXERCISES I I. Helvetii oppida omnia sua numero ad decern incende- runt. 2. Dumnorix erat homo magna apud plebem auctoritate. 3. Homines amico animo ab iniuria et male- ficio temperabunt. 4. BellovacI plurimum 1 inter Belgas virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valent. 1 5. Ex- trema aestate Caesar in Morinos iter fecit. 6. Oppidum Remorum, nomine Bibrax, non longe abest. 7. Haec gens nondum bono animo in populum Romanum est. 8. Hae res blduo conficientur. 9. In provincia Gallia blduum morabamur. 10. Socil nostrl gratia et auctoritate auctiores sint ! 11. Prima luce 2 castellum oppugnabi- mus. 12. N5nne vir est maxima gratia ? 13. GermanI sunt ingenti magnitudine. II 1. At daybreak the mountain was held by Labienus. 2. This hill is not of great height. 3. In the middle of the night they went out of the camp 3 and returned to their territory. 4. They fought sharply the whole day. 1 Plurimum valent, are very strong. 2 Prima luce, at the first light ; i.e. at daybreak. 3 e castris. 200 Elements of Latin 5. All the cavalry, five thousand in number, were terrified and fled immediately. 6. These nations are very strong 1 in cavalry. 7. A man of friendly mind would have helped us. 8. ■ At the end of summer, the commander set out to 2 his province. 9. This hostage is a man of great influence and authority. 10. The Germans sur- pass all the other barbarians in size. 285. READING LESSON — THE SABINE WAR Turn Romulus cum hoste, 3 qui montem Tarpeium tene- bat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Ro- manum est. In media caede raptae 4 processerunt, et hinc patres, hinc coniuges et soceros complectebantur, atque ita flnem caedis fecerunt. Turn Romulus foedus icit, et Sabinos 5 in urbem recepit. 1 Cf. I, 4. 2 in, and the accusative. 3 276. 4 raptae (virgines). 5 The " virgines " were Sabines. Vestae Sacerdos i. LESSON XLVII THE PARTICIPLES; THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 286. THE PARTICIPLES i. Review the participles in the different paradigms, and learn again their meanings and declension. 2. The participle is a verbal adjective. a. As an adjective, it agrees with the noun limited in gender, number, and case ; as, Miles vulneratus, the wounded soldier. b. As a verb it may, if transitive and active, take an object ; as, Militem id f acientem vidi, / saw the soldier doing this. 3. Tenses The tenses of the participle do not express time absolutely, but relatively to the time designated by the verb on which the participle depends. a. The present participle represents an act as taking place at the same time as that expressed by the verb on which it depends. Copias pugnantes videbo, / shall see the troops fighting ; i.e. they will be fighting, and I shall see them. b. The perfect participle represents an act as having taken place at a time before that expressed by the verb on which it depends. Militem vulneratum vidi, / saw the (having been) wounded soldier. 201 202 Elements of Latin c. The future participle represents an act that is to take place at a time later than that expressed by the verb on which it depends. Its use, however, is confined chiefly to the active periphrastic. 4. Uses of the Participle The Latin frequently uses the present or perfect participle where the English employs a dependent clause of time, cause, condition, etc., introduced by when, after, since, because, if, al- though, who, etc. In translating it is usually better to avoid the literal meaning and employ such a clause. Note the following : Militem vulneratum vidi, I saw the soldier ivho had been wounded. Moratus 1 tres dies discessit, after he had delayed three days, he departed (literally, having delayed three days, he departed}. Milites murum munientes oppugnati sunt, the soldiers were attacked, while they were fortifying the wall (literally, the soldiers, fortifying the wall, were attacked}. 287. THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE i. In English we occasionally use such an expression as, " The weather being disagreeable, we stayed at home." This construction is called the nominative absolute, because it in no way depends on any other word in the sentence, but is entirely independent, or absolute. 2. In Latin, this construction is extremely common ; but the absolute or independent words stand in the ablative instead of in the nominative, and the construction is called the ablative absolute. In its commonest form, it consists of a noun, and either a present or perfect participle ; as, Gallis superatis, Caesar pacem confirmavit, the Gauls having been conquered, Caesar established peace. 1 Note that the perfect participle of a deponent verb is usually active in meaning. The Participles; The Ablative Absolute 203 3. Like other participle constructions, the ablative absolute is usually better translated by a dependent clause (286, 4, above). Hoc facto, discessit, after this had been done, he went away (literally, this having been done, etc.). Omnibus rebus paratis, legatos arcessemus, since everything has been prepared, we shall summon the envoys (literally, everything having been prepared, etc.) . Romanis nihil timentibus, hostes impetum fecerunt, when the Romans were fearing nothing, the enemy made the attack (liter- ally, the Romans fearing nothing, etc.). 4. Sometimes a second noun or an adjective takes the place of the participle. Caesare consule, Caesar {being) consul, i.e. in the consulship of Caesar. Tempestate idonea, navem solvit, the weather {being) suitable, he set sail, i.e. since the weather was suitable, he set sail. 288. VOCABULARY accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, receive, mora, ae, f., delay. Catilina, ae, m., Catiline. nunc, now (adv.). Cicero, Ciceronis, m., Cicero. orior, iri, ortus sum, arise. cohortor, ari, atus sum, encourage, peto, ere, ivi or ii, itus, seek. coniuratio, coniurationis, f., con- progredior, i, gressus sum, ad- spiracy. vance. dolor, doloris, m., grief. removeo, ere, movi, motus, re- habeo, ere, ui, itus, deliver (a move. speech). 289. EXERCISES I 1. Hoc periculo remoto, omnes incolae vici nunc sunt tutl. 2. Hac oratione habita, omnes qui aderant auxilium 204 Elements of Latin a Caesare petierunt. 3. Orgetorlx, regni cupiditate inductus, coniurationem fecit. 4. Equites, decern milia pas- suura hostis secuti, magnum eorum numerum interfecerunt. 5. Orta luce, 1 sine mora castra movebimus. 6. Cicerone consule, coniuratio Catillnae facta est. 7. Copias nostras, castra oppugnantes, hostes reppulerunt. 8. Hostibus fortiter resistentibus, nobis acrius pugnandum est. 9. Ar- ma tradita in fossam, quae ante oppidum erat, iacta sunt. 10. Armis traditls, Bellovacos in dediti5nem accipiemus. 11. Militibus alacribus, victoria fuit facilis celerisque. 12. Ducem in prima acie pugnantem vulneravi. 13. Bar- baras commeatus trans flumen portare conantes reppulimus. 14. His rebus perturbati, elves condiciones pacis accipere recusaverunt. 15. Captivi, nullam spem habentes, magno dolore affecti sunt. II 1. (Since) the wall (was) stripped of defenders, 2 the town was easily captured. 2. (After) these things (had been) accomplished, Caesar led the legions into winter quarters. 3. In the middle of the night, the captives, hoping for safety, attempted to flee. 4. The commander decided to attack this town, (although it was) fortified by a wall. 5. (Since) the approach (is) very difficult, this city will not be captured quickly. 6. (As) the soldiers (were) delaying, the commander hastened into the first line. 7. (When) the hostages (have been) received, we shall establish peace. 8. We shall attack this town (after we have) surrounded (it). 9. (With) Galba (as) leader, we 1 Orta luce, the light having arisen ; i.e. at daybreak. 2 Express all dependent clauses by means of the participle. Omit words in parentheses. The Participles; The Ablative Absolute 205 shall conquer all these tribes. 10. Our commander, after encouraging 1 his men, ordered them to advance. 290. READING LESSON — ROMULUS COMPLETES HIS WORK Postea civitatem descrlpsit. Centum senatores legit, e5sque cum ob aetatem turn ob reverentiam els debitam 2 patres 3 appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, easque raptarum nominibus nuncupavit. Anno 4 regni trlcesimo septimo, inter tempestatem or- tam 2 repente oculis 5 hominum 6 subductus est atque (sic traditur) ad deds sublatus est. 1 After encouraging, i.e. having encouraged. 2 286, 4. 4 282. 5 265. 6 221. 3 254. Julius Caesar 291. LESSON XLVIII REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE ; EO EXERCISE Review the rules of syntax and examples in the last four lessons. 292. CONJUGATION OP EO Eo, go Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Ii - followed by are followed by Present, for incomplete action Perfect, for completed ac- tion Secondary Secondary Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Imperfect, for incomplete action Pluperfect, for completed action 1 The perfect is sometimes regarded as a primary tense when it has the meaning "have"; thus, misi, / have sent, may be primary, while misi, / sent, is regularly secondary. 2l8 Elements of Latin 310. THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE i. Rule: The subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses expressing the purpose of the action of the piHncipal verb. Such clauses are introduced by ut, that, in order that, and ne, in order that . . . not, lest. Venit Romam ut consul crearetur, he came to Rome that he might be elected consul. Fugit ne caperetur, he fled lest he shoitld be captured, in order not to be caplu?-ed. 2. In English, the infinitive is frequently used to express purpose ; as, " He came to see the town." In Latin, the infinitive must not be so used. In rendering such an English sentence into Latin, it must be put into the form " He came that he might see the town." 311. VOCABULARY circuitus, us, m., circuit, round- ne, lest, that . . . not (negative about way. conj.) cliens, clientis, m. and f., de- quaero, ere, quaesivi, situs, in- pendent, 1-etainer. quire. doceo, ere, ui, doctus, show, tell, rescindo, ere, rescidi, scissus, evado, ere, evasi, evasiirus, escape. tear down. rogo, are, avi, atus, ask. impetro, are, avi, atus, obtain Sequani, orum, m., the Sequani, one's request. a Gallic tribe. iudicium, l, n., place of judg- si, whether (conj.). ment, trial. ut, that, in 07'der that (conj.). iudico, are, avi, atus, judge. Indirect Questions; Sequence of Tenses; Purpose 219 312. EXERCISES 1 I. Labienus montem circuitu ascendit ne exploratores eum viderent. 2. Nemo potest iudicare in utram .par- tem flumen fluat. 3. Caesar iussit equites navem conscendere ut orta luce ex portu proficiscerentur. 4. Exploratores Caesarem certiorem faciunt quid in castris hostium geratur. 5. Helveth Dumnorigem lega- tum delegerunt ut a Sequanls impetrarent. 6. Docebo ex quibus periculls hi servi evaserint. 7. Orgetorix ad iudicium omnes clientes coegit ne magistratus eum ul- ciscerentur. 8. Hostes conabantur si e castris evadere possent 9. Dux iubebit pontem rescind! ne hostes flumen transire possint. 10. Rogavi qui virl in vicum tertia vigilia pervenissent atque quae copiae eodem tem- pore exissent. II 1. Our troops will set out at once in order to attack the enemy under baggage. 2. Try to discover in what direction the enemy have gone. 3. The envoys asked on what day we returned the hostages to the Gauls. 4. I sent scouts ahead that a suitable place for camp might be chosen. 5. Labienus joined battle immediately lest the enemy should escape from the ambush. 6. Let us tear down the bridge in order to hinder the Helvetians. 7. I inquire who is the messenger of the senate. 8. The commander orders the transports to be prepared that he may carry the horses across. 9. The inhabitants of the village inquired what these men had discovered. 10. The captives tried (to see) whether they could 1 escape from the village. 1 could; i.e. were able (to). 220 Elements of Latin 313. READING LESSON — ANCUS MARCIUS Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae * ex filia nepos, sus- cepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate 2 et religione 2 av5 3 similis Latinos bello 4 domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova el 5 moenia circumdedit. Carcerem primus aedificavit. Ad Tiberis ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque 6 vocavit. Vicesimo quarto anno 7 imperii morbo 8 obiit. 1221. 5 241. 2 280. 6 254. 3 250. '282. 4 273. 8 272. Legatus LESSON LII RESULT; CHARACTERISTIC; RELATIVE PURPOSE CLAUSES 314. THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT Rule : The subjunctive is used in dependent clauses expressing the result of the action of the principal verb. Such clauses are introduced by ut, that, so that, and ut .1 . . non, so that . . . not. Hostes tarn perterriti sunt ut statim fugerent, the enemy were so terrified that they fled immediately. Periculum erat tarn magnum ut e castris egredi non auderemus, the danger was so great that we did not dare go out of the camp. Note: Distinguish carefully purpose and result clauses. Negative clauses may be distinguished by the conjunction used, — ne, for purpose ; ut . . . non, for result. Affirmative clauses can usually be distinguished by attention to the meaning of the sentence as a whole. 315. CLAUSES OP CHARACTERISTIC Rule : A relative clause used to describe or characterize an ante- cedent of indefinite meaning is called a characteristic clause, and has its verb in the subjunctive. Nemo est qui haec non intellegat, there is no one who does not understand this. 316. RELATIVE CLAUSES OP PURPOSE Rule : Clauses of Purpose may be introduced by the relative pronoun qui. Misi lggatum qui hanc difficultatem nuntiaret, / sent an envoy to (who should) report this difficulty. Note : Qui is used commonly in this construction as subject of the dependent verb, where its antecedent is object of the principal verb. 221 222 Elements of Latin 317. VOCABULARY audeo, ere, ausus sum, 1 dare. nonniillus, a, urn, some. contineo, ere, ui, tentus, confine, Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. hem in. subitus, a, um, sudden. dico, ere, dlxi, dictus, say, tell ; talis, tale, such. appoint. tarn, so (adv.). intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, tinder- tantus, a, um, suck, so great. stand, know. ut, that, so that (con]). invenio, ire, veni, ventus, come vix, hardly, scarcely (adv.). upon, find. 318. EXERCISES I i. Talis erat loci natura ut Helvetii undique contine- rentur. 2. Quis est qui id facere audeat ? 3. Collem muniemus ne hostes eum capere possint. 4. Hie collis ita munitus est ut hostes eum capere n5n possent. 5. Multa dicuntur quae vix intellegam. 6. Helvetii legatos miserunt qui a Sequanis impetrarent. 7. Non- nulli sunt qui apud plebem plurimum valeant. 8. Tarn subitus fuit impetus ut nostri maxim e perterrerentur. 9. Hostes viros fortes delegerunt qui pontem rescinderent. 10. Diem dicemus qua die omnes ad rlpam Rhodani con- veniamus. 11. Tanta erat altitudo fluminis ut vadum in venire non possemus. 12. Caesar paucos dies morabi- tur ut milites ex provincia conveniant. II 1. So sharp was the attack that few (of the) Gauls es- caped. 2. The commander sent scouts to 2 discover the march of the enemy. 3. There were two roads by which 1 Semi-deponent. 2 to ; i.e. who should. Result; Characteristic ; Relative Purpose Clauses 223 the Helvetians could depart from home. 4. One road was so narrow that a few (men) could easily stop them. 5. The time is so short that we do not dare to delay. 6. We shall advance by a roundabout way in order not to be seen by the enemy. 7. That man is the only one 1 who would attempt to accomplish this task. 8. The commander sent a lieutenant into the first line to 2 encour- age the soldiers. 9. So great was the number of the enemy that our men were greatly terrified. 10. Caesar sent ahead the cavalry to attack the rear line. 319. READING LESSON — TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, I Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus accepit, DemaratI fllius 3 qui tyrannos patriae Corinth! 3 fugiens, in Etruriam 4 venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui nomen ab urbe Tarquinhs accepit, aliquando Romam 5 profectus erat. In hoc itinere, aquila pilleum abstulit, 6 et, postquam alte evolavit reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil coniunx, mulier auguri- orum 7 perita, regnum ei 8 portendit. 1 only one, solus. 2 to ; i.e. who should. 3 17, 2. 4 296, 1. s 297, 1. 6 abstulit = took away, took off. > 229. 8 239. Vinea LESSON LIII CUM CLAUSES 320. TEMPORAL CLAUSES Rule : Cum temporal, meaning when, is usually followed by the subjunctive if the tense is imperfect or pluperfect ; with other tenses, the indicative' is used. Cum id niintiatum esset, profectus est, when this had been re- p07'ted, he set out. Cum Romam venies, te videbo, when you (shall) come to Rome, I shall see you. i. The imperfect or pluperfect indicative may be used, how- ever, to emphasize the particular time of the action. Ed die cum Romae eram, Ciceronem vidi, on that day when I was at Rome, I saw Cicero. 321. CAUSAL CLAUSES Rule : Cum causal, meaning since, is followed by the subjunctive. Cum dux venerit, progrediemur, since the leader has come, we shall advance. 322. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES Rule : Cum concessive, meaning although, is followed by the subjunctive. Cum ea ita sint, tamen pacem faciam, although these things are so, nevertheless I shall make peace. 224 Cum Clauses 225 323. VOCABULARY adorior, In, ortus sum, attack. comperio, ire, peri, pertus, find out, discover. conspectus, us, m., sight, view. cum, when; since; although (conj.). maturus, a, um, early. proxime, last, recently (adv.). sub, prep. gov. ace, under, toward ; gov. abl., under. 324. succedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, ap- proach, come up. sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, with- stand. tergum, 1, n., back. verto, ere, verti, versus, turn ; tergum vertere, to turn one's back, flee. vesper, eri, m., evening. videor, eri, visus sum, seem ; be seen (passive of video). EXERCISES I I. Cum hostes impetum nostrorum diutius sustinere non possent, terga verterunt. 2. Cum mons esset altissimus, hostes tamen sub nostram prlmam aciem fortiter successe- runt. 3. Quae cum ita essent, e provincia profectl sumus. 4. Cum omnes socil eos deseruissent, hostes domum se recipere constituerunt atque castra Romana adorlri recusaveruut. 5. Cum dux in conspectum cas- trorum hostium venisset, aciem in medio colle 1 Instruxit. 6. Eo anno cum proxime Aquileiae praeeram, duae le- giones in hibernis erant. 7. Cum Romani timore per- territi 2 esse viderentur, Helvetii, itinere verso, eos seque- bantur. 8. Cum hiemes sint maturae, in Britanniam tamen Caesar proficlscl contendit. 9. Cum Romam ve- nies, haec comperies. 10. Hoc t5to proelio, cum ab h5ra septima. ad vesperum pugnatum sit, nemo tergum vertit. 1 in medio colle = halfway up the hill. 2 perterriti, participle as adjective ; terrified. 226 Elements of Latin ii i. The Haedui, since they could not defend themselves, sent envoys to us. 2. Although the road is narrow, wagons can be drawn 1 one by one. 3. When the com- mander inquired from the scouts, he found out the cause of the sudden flight. 4. Since the enemy do not dare to attack us, let us confine them in camp. 5. Although some allies are not present, nevertheless let us attempt to capture the town. 6. Since there is a ford over 2 the Rhone, let us cross immediately. 7. When we (shall) understand the causes of this war, we will prepare troops. 8. On that day when the trial was taking place, 3 Orget- orix gathered many dependents to the place. 9. Al- though so great a multitude was killed that the soldiers were terrified, nevertheless, (during) the whole day, they did not hesitate to fight. 10. When the leader asked the causes of this revolt, the envoys told 4 them. 325. READING LESSON — TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, II. Cum Romae 5 commoraretur, 6 Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus est, qui eum filiorum suorum tutorem 7 rellquit. Sed is regnum occupavit. Senatoribus, 8 quos Romulus creaverat, centum alios addidit. Plura bella fellciter gessit, nee paucos agros urbis territSrio 8 adiunxit. Primus trium- phans urbem intravit. Cloacas fecit ; Capitolium incohavit. Tricesim5 octavo imperii anno per Anci filios occlsus est. 1 draw = duco. 2 over = in, with the ablative. 3 take place = fio. 4fc//=doce6. 5 297,3. 6 320. "254. 8 241. LESSON LIV REVIEW OF LESSONS XLIX-LIII ; VOLO, NOLO, MALO; COMMANDS; PROHIBITIONS 326. EXERCISE Review the rules of syntax in the last five lessons. 327. CONJUGATION OF VOLO, NOLO, MALO Principal Parts Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. volo velle volui, wish, be willing. nolo nolle nolui, be unwilling. malo malle Indicative Mood malui, prefer. Pres. volo nolo malo vis non vis mavis vult non vult ma vult volumus nolumus malumus vultis non vultis mavultis volunt nolunt malunt Imp. volebam nolebam malebam Fut volam nolam malam Per/. volui nolui malui Plup. volueram nolueram malueram Fut. P. voluero noluero maluero Subjunctive Pres. velim, -is,- it, etc.* nolim malim Imp. vellem, -es , -et, etc. nollem mallem Per/. voluerim noluerim maluerim Plup. voluissem noluissem 227 maluissem 228 Elements of Latin Imperative -■ Pres. noli, nolite Fut nolito, nolito ; nolltote, Infinitive nolunto Pres. velle nolle malle Per/. voluisse noluisse maluisse Participle Pres. volens nolens 328. NOTE ON CONJUGATION The present tenses show many irregularities for which no definite rule can be given. 329. COMMANDS The imperative mood is used to express a command. Urbem vestram, elves, defendite, defend your city, O citizens ! 330. NEGATIVE COMMANDS, OR PROHIBITIONS Ne is the regular negative of the imperative ; but in standard prose a negative command or prohibition is commonly expressed by noli with the infinitive. Eolite abire, do not go away (literally, be unwilling to go away). 331. EXERCISE Learn the meaning of volo, nolo, malo, and review vocabularies 299, 305, 311, 317, 323. 332. EXERCISES I i. Mavultis. 4. Malle. 2. Noluit. 5. Noluerit. 3. Velles. 6. Maluisse. Review of Lessons XLIX-LIII 229 7- Nolens. 12. Noluisses. 8. Volentem. !3- Malint. 9- Nollemus. 14. Noli tote. 0. Velle. i5- Mavis. 1. Velitis. 16. Non vultis. 1. He does not wish. II 9- They may wish. 2. You are willing. 10. He is unwilling. 3- He would have preferred. 1 1. Unwilling. 4- To be unwilling. 12. We are unwilling. 5- To have wished. !3- You would have wished, 6. Be ye unwilling. 14. Be thou unwilling. 7- Willing. J5- Do not do this. 8. He would be willing. 16. Do not fight. Ill 1. Romara statim earn us ! 2. Pauci sunt qui pro patria pugnare nolint. 3. Cum Aquileiae imperator essem, Romam misl centurionem qui senatui captlvos traderet. 4. Utinarn impetum sustinuissemus atque terga ne vertissemus! 5. Eo tempore tale et tantum erat perl- culum ut omnes viros vereremur. 6. Eruptionem ex oppido summa cum celeritate facere conemur ! 7. Nolite hostes certiores facere quid in castris nostris geratur. 8. Ilia hora cum hostes castra nostra adoriebantur, decima legio in conspectum vix venerat. 9. Multi esse potentes quam boni malle videntur. 10. Volo quaerere quae hi viri tibi dixerint. 11. Succedite, milites, sub aciem, ado- rimini hostes, capite signa, ut viri fortes iudiceminl! 12. Cum dux causam fugae hostium comperisset, ad ves- perum tamen in castris remansit. 230 Elements of Latin IV' i. Let us remain at home; do not go to the city. 2. Toward evening we set out from camp in order to find out what was the shortest road to town. 3. Many farm- ers wish to live in the city. 4. Would that we had sent a lieutenant into hither Gaul to enroll new legions. 5. Live well that you may be happy! 6. There are few (men) who are willing to live in this place. 7. Since you prefer to return home, let us set out. 8. When the enemy approach, we shall tear down the bridge. 9. Although I understand the difficulty, I have not been able to show it to you. 10. Since the road is very difficult, let us set out at daybreak. CATAPULT LESSON LV SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES 333. i. A substantive clause is a clause which, as a whole, is used as a noun. Note the following examples : (i) I fear a calamity. (2)1 fear that he will not recover. (3) Defeat seems certain. (4) That it will ram seems certain. In (1) the object of the verb is calamity. In (2) cala7nity is replaced by the clause that he will not recover, which is used as object of the verb, like a noun, and is therefore a noun or sub- stantive clause. In (3) the subject of the verb is defeat. In (4) defeat is re- placed by the clause that it will rain, which is used as subject of the verb, like a noun, and is therefore a noun or substantive clause. 2. In Latin, substantive clauses are commonly used as sub- ject or object of the verb. Below are given several important kinds which require the subjunctive. A. Purpose Clauses Substantive clauses of purpose, introduced by ut, that, ne, that . . . not, are used as subject or object with verbs meaning admonish, request, command, decide, urge, wish, desire, gra?it, and the like. Monet ut omnes suspiciones vitet, he advises (kirn) to avoid all suspicions (literally, that he avoid all suspicions) . Nobis imperat ne eamus, he commands us not to go (literally, that we may not go). 231 232 Elements of Latin B. Result Clauses Substantive clauses of result, introduced by ut, that, ut . . . non, that . . . not, are used : 1. As subject or object of verbs meaning do, accomplish, and the like. Efficiam ut intellegatis, / will make you understand (literally, I will bring about thai you understand) . 2. As subject of verbs meaning it happens, it remains, it is necessary, it follows, it is added, etc. Accidit ut esset luna plena, it happened that the ?tioon was full. C. Substantive Clauses with Verbs of Fearing Substantive clauses, introduced by ne, that, lest, ut, that . . . not, are used as subject or object of verbs meaning fear. Timeo ut veniat, I fear that he may not co??ie. 1. Note carefully the translation of ut and ne in clauses of this kind. D. Indirect Questions This clause, already given in 308, is a substantive clause used as subject or object of verbs meaning ask, tell, etc. Rogo quid facias, / ask what you are doing. 334. VOCABULARY accidit, ere, accidit, impersonal copiae, arum, f., resources, pos- verb, it happe?is, it occurs. sessions. admoneo, ere, ui, itus, tvarn, efficio, ere, feci, fectus, make, urge. cause, render, bring about. Allobroges, Allobrogum, m., a evenio, Ire, venl, venturus, turn Gallic tribe. out, result. conatus, us, m., attempt, effort. impero, are, avi, atus, command. Substantive Clauses 233 libero, are, avi, atus, free, set posco, ere, poposci, demand, re- free, quire. Liscus, 1, m., Liscus, a magis- praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, com- trate of the Haedui. mand, direct. luna, ae, f., moon. timeo, ere, ui, fear. opto, are, avi, atus, desire. vito, are, avi, atus, avoid. plenus, a, \xm,full. 335. EXERCISES I (Avoid literal translation. Use the best English possible.) I. Imperator suos 1 admonuit ut fortiter pugnarent et omnem suspicionem timoris vitarent. 2. Opto ne amici mei certiores de his rebus fiant. 3. Munitio effecit ut sine magna difficultate oppidum cap! non posset. 4. His rebus fiebat ut obsides a barbaris interficerentur. 5. Time5 ne impetu subito urbs expugnetur. 6. Vereor ut hie conatus feliciter eveniat. 7. Non compertum est quid hostes exspectarent. 8. Efficiam ut tu felix sis. 9. Helvetii Allobroges 2 coegerunt ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. 10. Caesar suis 1 praecepit ut pontem trans Rhenum facerent. n. Cum luna esset non plena, accidit ut Germani ea nocte iter facere nollent. 12. Le- gati hostium timuerunt ut eas ob causas liberaren- tur. 13. Caesar a Lisco quaesivit quid in conventu dixisset. 14. Labieno praeceptum erat a Caesare 2 ne proelium committeret. 15. Captivi verebantur ne arma poscerentur. 1 With substantive purpose clauses there is frequently another object of the per- son, or a dative of the indirect object. ^ It had been C07nmanded {to) Labienus by Caesar; i.e. Caesar had commanded Labienus. 234 Elements of Latin ii i. Orgetorix 1 persuaded the Helvetians to go out of their territory with all their possessions. 2. Dumnorix 1 made these nations give each other hostages. 3. Caesar 1 warned Dumnorix to avoid all suspicions in the future. 2 4. I desire : these nations to remain in the friendship of the Roman people. 5. For this reason it happened that the barbarians did not withstand even the first attack. 6. Many were fearing that there would not be a supply of grain. 7. The Gauls asked what the Roman's name was. 8. I fear that you will be unwilling to undertake this task. 9. It was ordered 3 that the scouts should set out immediately. 10. It happened that no one of the enemy perceived the approach of the tenth legion. 336. READING LESSON — SERVIUS TULLIUS, I Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili fetnina, captiva 4 tamen et famula. Cum in domo Tarquinh educaretur, 5 flamma in eius capite visa est. Hoc prodigio 6 Tanaquil el summam dignitatem portendit, et coniugi 7 persuasit ut eum sicuti liberos suos educaret. 8 Cum adolevisset, rex el filiam in matrimonium dedit. 1 Before translating consider what the exact English equivalent of the Latin would be. 2 In the future, in reliquum tempus. 3 Cf. I, 14. 4 17, 2. 6 320. 6 272. 7 240. 8 333, 2) a. ARCUS LESSON LVI INDIRECT DISCOURSE 337. DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCOURSE The words or thoughts of a person may be quoted : i. Directly, giving the person's exact words; as, He said, ' ' / will come. ' ' 2. Indirectly, giving the substance, but not the exact words ; as, He said that he would come. The former method is called " direct discourse," and the latter " indirect discourse.'''' 338. INDIRECT DISCOURSE IN LATIN Study the following examples : Direct Galli vincunt, the Gauls are conquering. Indirect Dicit Gallos vincere, he says the Gauls to be conquering, he says (that) the Gauls are conquering. i. Note that, when quoted indirectly after a verb of saying, the principal verb of a declarative sentence has become infinitive, with the subject in the accusative case. 2. Note that the exact translation, " He says the Gauls to be conquering'''' is very awkward. Good English requires the second form of translation, with or without that. There is no Latin equivalent of that. 235 236 Elements of Latin Rule: A principal verb of a declarative sentence in direct discourse, when ?nade indirect after a verb of. saying, thinking, know- big, perceiving, etc., becomes infinitive with subject accusative. 339. TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE The tenses of the infinitive, like those of the participle (286, 3), do not express time absolutely, but relatively to the time desig- nated by the verb on which the infinitive depends, thus : After a Primary Tense Dicit Gallos, he says the Gauls vincere, a7-e conquering. victuros * esse, will conquer. vicisse, have conquered. After a Secondary Tense Dixit Gallos, he said the Gauls [ vincere, were conquering. victuros esse, would conquer. vicisse. had conquered. Note that (1) The present infinitive represents an act as taking place at the same time as that expressed by the verb on which it de- pends. (2) The future infinitive represents an act that is to take place at a time later than that expressed by the verb on which it de- pends. (3) The perfect infinitive represents an act as having taken place at a time before that expressed by the verb on which it depends. Observe carefully the differences in translation of the infini- tive after a primary and secondary tense. 1 Accusative, to agree with the subject, Gallos. Indirect Discourse 237 340. DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE Rule : In indirect discourse, all dependent clauses take the sub- junctive, the tense depending on the verb of saying, ' etc., according to the regular rules for the sequence of tenses. Dicit Gallos victuros esse si pugnent, he says the Gauls will con- quer if they fight. Dixit Gallos victuros esse si pugnarent, he said the Gauls would conquer if they fought. 341. VOCABULARY circum, prep. gov. ace, around, existimo, are, avi, atus, think, about, in the vicinity of believe. cis, prep. gov. ace, on this side mirus, a, um, wonderful, sur- of prising. coniungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, praedico, are, avi, atus, say, de- join, dare. consido, ere, sedi, sessus, camp, puto, are, avi, atus, think, sup- settle, pose, consider. despero, are, avi, atus, despair. semper, always (adv.). 342. EXERCISES I 1. Cum Gallis bellum non gessi. 2. Ariovistus prae- dicavit se cum Gallis bellum non gessisse. 3. Galli facile vincent. 4. Puto Gallos facile victurds esse. 5. Dumnorix de gratia quam habet desperat. 6. Caesar cognovit Dumnorigem de gratia quam haberet desperare. 7. Remi dicunt Germanos qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum Belgis coniunxisse. 8. Ariovistus respondit, " Id mihi mirum videtur." 9. Ariovistus respondit id sibi 1 It will be convenient to refer to the verb of saying, etc., as the governing verb, and to the infinitive as the. principal verb. 238 Elements of Latin mlrum video. 10. Caesar dicit se optare ut luna plena GermanI impetum faciant. 1 1. Allobroges Caesarem certiorem faciunt Germanos obsides poscere et arma pa- rare. 12. Liscus dixit Dumnorlgem magnum numerum equitatus circum se semper habuisse. 13. Helvetii ex- Istimaverunt Romanos timore perterritos a se discessuros esse. 14. Eodem die Caesar ab exploratoribus certior factus est hostes sub monte consedisse. 15. Imperator dicit se legato praecepturum esse ut captivos Hberaret. II 1. We are not able to use the grain which is in the fields. 2. The Gauls say they are not able to use the grain which is in the fields. 3. The Gauls said they were not able to use the grain which was in the fields. 4. Messengers will come from all parts of the region which we have conquered. 5. The Gauls inform Caesar that messengers will come from all parts of the region which we have conquered. 6. Caesar was informed that messengers would come from all parts of the re- gion which we had conquered. 7. Caesar learned that Dumnorix was the man 2 who had done these things. 8. Scouts report that the enemy moved camp at day- break. 9. I hear that the horses which have been carrying grain and other supplies were terrified by the fire. 10. Ariovistus said he had crossed the Rhine in order to seize the fields which had been given to him. 343. READING LESSON - SERVIUS TULLIUS, II Cum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset, 2 Tanaquil de su- periore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens regem 3 1 Use the accusative ; why ? 2 320. 3 256. Indirect Discourse 239 grave quidem sed non letale vulnus accepisse ; i eum 2 petere, 1 ut populus, dum convaluisset, 3 Servio 4 Tullio oboe- dlret. 5 Sic Servius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Montes tres urbI G adiunxit. Primus- om- nium 7 censum ordinavit. Sub eo Roma habuit capitum 8 octoginta tria mllia civium Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 1338,2,339. 2 256. 3340. 4 240. s 333, 2j a. 6 241. "228. * 223; of heads. Cf. " head of cattle." Omit in translating. GALLI LESSON LVII THE INFINITIVE 344. The infinitive is a verbal noun. As a noun, it may be used either as subject or object of a verb. As a verb, it may have a subject, or an object, or both. The subject of the infinitive, however, is in the accusative. (See 256.) 345. THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT The infinitive, with or without a subject accusative, may be used as the subject of est, and other verbs used impersonally. i. Without Subject Accusative. Errare est humanum, 1 to err is human. 2. With Subject Accusative. Equites accedere nuntiatur, it is reported that the horsemen are approaching (literally, the horsemen to be app?-o aching is reported}. 346. THE INFINITIVE AS OBJECT i. Without a subject accusative the infinitive is used as object of verbs meaning dare, desire, determine, begin, continue, end, ought, be able, be accustomed, etc. Ire debeo, I ought to go. Progredi non audent, they do not dare to advance. 2. With subject accusative, the infinitive is used as object of verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving? of iubeo, oi'der, veto, forbid, and frequently of sino and patior, permit. Dicit Gallos victuros esse, he says {that) the Gauls will conquer. Iubeo te ire, I order you to go. 1 Neuter, singular, nominative, predicate adjective, limiting errare. 2 This is the regular construction of indirect discourse ; cf. 338. 240 The Infinitive 241 347. VOCABULARY accedo, ere, cessi, cessurus. ap- metior, Iri, mensus sum, measure proach. out, distribute. alo, ere, alui, altus, support, morior, 1, mortuus sum, die. maintain. oportet, ere, uit, it behooves, is constat, it is evident. fitting. erro, are, avi, atus, err, be mis- sino, ere, sivi, situs, permit, taken. allow. humanus, a, um, human; civ- sumptus, us, m., expense. ilized, cultivated. Ubii, 6 rum, m., the Ubii, a Ger- licet, licere, licuit, it is permitted. man tribe. 348. EXERCISES I 1. Cum RomanI vlco appropinquarent, incolae flumen translre parabant. 2. Difficile est perlcula belli vitare. 3. Putatur virtus magna pro patria mori. 4. Imperator iussit milites, nunc de salute desperantes, esse bono animo. 5. Caesarl nuntiatum est Ariovistum in Gallia consedisse. 6. Legati petiverunt ut sibi id facere liceret. 7. Ne sinamus has gentes cum Belgis se coniungere. 8. Accidit ut eo die Helvetii castra movere constituissent. 9. Ex- istimo te de causa huius morae errare. 10. Nos militibus frumentum metiri oportet. 11. Conatum facere constitu- imus atque imperabimus civibus ut omnes copias suas in unum locum cdgant. 12. Constat Dumnorigem magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptu semper alere. 13. Ari- ovisto praedicatum est Caesarem eum in Gallia manere pati non posse. 14. Ubii dicuntur esse humaniores aliis Germanis. 15. Ad oppidum accedere est facile; sed difficillimum est id capere. 242 Elements of Latin ii I. The commander had decided to place four legions in winter quarters in the vicinity of Aquileia. 2. It is said that the Germans are wintering on this side of the Rhine. 3. Caesar is informed by Labienus that all the Belgians are conspiring against the Roman people. 4. We 1 ought to cross the river at once. 5. It is not easy to overcome a powerful enemy. 6. We did not dare to trust those envoys. 7. The scout said that Labienus had taken the enemy's largest town. 8. It will not be safe to make a march through the narrow pass. 9. It is believed that two legions have been taken by the barbarians. 10. It will not be difficult to accomplish this task. 349. READING LESSON — SERVIUS TULLIUS, III Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae, Tulliae, et Tarquinii Superbi, filii eius regis cui 2 Servius successerat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio 3 de gradibus curiae deiectus, cum domum 4 fugeret, 5 interfectus est. Tullia in forum properavit, et prima coniugem regem 6 salutavit. Cum domum rediret, aurlgam 7 super patris corpus in via iacens 8 carpentum agere 9 iussit. 1 Cf. I, 10. 2 241. 3 266. 4 297, 1. 6 320. 6 254 ; as king. 7 256. 8 Neuter, sing, ace., agreeing with corpus. 9 346, 2. ANULUS LESSON LVIII CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 350. A conditional sentence consists of two clauses, a condi- tion, usually introduced by if or unless, and a conclusion, — thus : If he goes, I shall stay home. The condition or " if" clause is known as the protasis, and the conclusion is known as the apodosis. 351. CLASSES OP CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN LATIN Conditions in Latin may be conveniently divided into three classes, as follows : I. Simple Conditions Si pacem faciunt, obsides dant, if they make peace, they give hostages. Si pacem facient, obsides dabunt, if they {shall) make peace, they will give hostages. Si pacem fecerunt, obsides dederunt, if they made peace, they gave hostages. Notice that the above examples are merely suppositions in present, future, or past time. There is nothing to indicate whether or not the protasis is true. Rule : In sirnple conditions, not indicating the truth or falsity of the protasis, both clauses take the indicative. II. Future Doubtful Conditions Si pacem faciant, obsides dent, if they should make peace, they 243 would give hostages. 244 Elements of Latin Notice that this is a supposition in future time, but that the use of the present subjunctive (translated by should . . . would) indicates doubt as to whether the protasis will come true. Rule : In future conditions, indicating doubt of the truth of the protasis, both clauses take the present subjunctive, translated by should . . . would. III. Contrary to Fact Conditions Si pacem f acerent, obsides darent, if they were making peace, they would be giving hostages. Si pacem fecissent, obsides dedissent, if they had made peace, they would have given hostages. Notice that the protasis of these conditions is evidently un- true or contrary to the facts of the case. In the first example, the imperfect subjunctive is used in both clauses, and expresses present time. In the second example, the pluperfect subjunc- tive is used, and expresses past time. Rule: In contrary to fact conditions, indicating that the prot- asis is untrue, both clauses take the subjunctive, the imperfect to express present time, the pluperfect to express past time. 352. VOCABULARY alienus, a, um, foreign, strange. inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hos- beatus, a, um, happy. tile. bellicosus, a, um, warlike. nisi, unless, if . . . not (conj.). cura, ae, f., care, attention. numquam, never (adv.). ciistodio, ire, ivi, itus, guard. pareo, ere, parui, pariturus, obey. effugio, ere, fiigi, fugiturus, persequor, i, secutus sum, follow escape. up, pursue. fidelis, fidele, faithful. si, if (conj.). finitimus, i, m., neighbor. victor, victoris, m., victor. Conditional Sentences 245 353. EXERCISES I 1. Si hostes persequemur, magnum eorum numerum capiemus. 2. Si hostes persequamur, magnum eorum numerum capiamus. 3. Si equites hostes persecuti es- sent, magnus numerus captus esset. 4. Si vincemur, im- perio victorum parebimus. 5. Nisi incolae anna sua tradiderunt, Caesar eos in deditionem non accepit. 6. Nisi incolae anna sua tradidissent, Caesar eos in deditionem non accepisset. 7. Si in Germania es, multos mores alienos vides. 8. Si in Gerrnaniam eas, multos mores alienos videas. 9. Si per provinciam iter facere cona- bimini, vos prohibebo. 10. Si id flat, provincia homines bellicosos, populi RomanI inimicds finitimos habeat. 11. Si hi liberi sunt boni, sunt beati. 12. Si hi llberi fuissent boni, els dona dedissem. 13. Si socii vestrl es- sent viri fortes, els auxilium nunc daretis. 14. Si captivi effugerunt, magna cum cura non custodiebantur. 15. Nisi socii nostrl essent fideles, hostes non nunc vinceremus. 16. Si Romam earn, discedere numquam velim. II I. If the Ubii settle on this side of the river, the Ro- mans will drive them out. 2. If you should urge me, I would do those things which you wish me to do. 3. The valor of the soldiers would have rendered the war easy, if the best commander had not died. 4. Rome would seem wonderful to us, if it were a foreign city. 5. Unless I am greatly mistaken, your friends are in the vicinity of Geneva. 6. If you will come with me, I will distribute presents to the children. 7. Unless I wished to do these 246 Elements of Latin things, I would not do them. 8. If you were happy, your friends would be happier. 9. Unless the road should be easy, we should not be able to go with heavy baggage. 10. If our neighbors had not been hostile, we should never have attacked them. 354. READING LESSON — TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, I Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus 1 meruit. Bello 2 tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum 3 vicit. Templum Iovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, cum Ardeam oppugnaret, 4 urbem Latil, imperium perdidit. Nam cum filius eius Lucretiae, 5 nobilissimae feminae, con- iugi Tarquinii Collatini, vim 6 f ecisset, haec se ipsa occidit in conspectu mariti, patris, et amlcorum, postquam e5s obtestata est, ut hanc iniuriam ulciscerentur. 7 1272. 2 282. 3 223. 4 320. 6 vim f ecisset, had made a violent attack. " 333, 2, A. 5 239. AGGER LESSON LIX THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE ; THE SUPINE 355. THE GERUND The gerund is a verbal noun. As a noun, its four cases, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative, are used in various case relations, while, as a verb, it may take an object. Examples Genitive : Amor pugnandi, love of fighting. Consilium bellum gerendi, a plan of ivaging war. Dative : Dixit diem colloquendo, he appointed a day for con- ferring. Accusative : Paratus ad proficiscendum, ready for setting out. Ablative : Bellum gerendo, by waging war. Note : The gerund with an object is used only in the genitive, and in the ablative without a preposition. 356. THE GERUNDIVE The gerundive is a verbal adjective. It is chiefly used as follows : i. In the passive periphrastic conjugation. 2. In what is called the gerundive construction, to avoid the use of a direct object with the gerund. Note the following examples : Gerund with Direct Object : Consilium pacem faciendi, a plan of making peace. Gerundive Construction : Consilium pacis faciendae, a plan of making peace (liter- ally, of peace to be made). 247 248 Elements of Latin (a) Notice that in the second example the noun pacis is in the same case as the gerund in the first example, and that the gerundive faciendae agrees with pacis. (b) The gerundive construction is much more common than the gerund with an object. (c) The gerundive construction is frequently used with ad to express purpose ; as, Venerunt ad pacem petendam, they came to seek peace (literally, for peace to be sought). 357. EXERCISE Following the suggestion in 356, 2 (a), change the following to the gerundive construction : 1. Bellum gerendl. 2. Patriam amandi. 3. Libros scribendo. 358. THE SUPINE 1 . Rule : The supine in -um is used with verbs of motion to express purpose. Venerunt rogatum auxilium, they came to ask aid. 2. Rule : The supine in -u is used with facilis. difficilis, optimus, and a feiu other adjectives as an ablative of specification. Hae res sunt faciles factii, these things are easy to do (literally, in respect to doing). 359. VOCABULARY amor, amoris, m., love. consuesco, ere, suevi, suetus, be ars, artis, f., art, science. accustomed. Athenae, arum, f. pi., Athens. consumo, stimere, sumpsi, sump- celeber, Celebris, celebre, cele- tus, use up, consume, brated, famous. disco, ere, didici, learn. The Gerund and Gerundive; The Supine 249 ineo, ire, ii, itus, enter ; form (a sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, take, plan ) . get, gather. lego, ere, legi, lectus, read. trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptus,z£//7/ 314. 8 268; multo facilius, easier by much, i.e. much easier. 9 facilius agrees with alterum (iter). 10 nonnul- lls locis, in some places ; locus may omit the preposition in expressing place where. n 250. 1 2 281. 13 240. 14 287, 3. i5 282; on which (day). 16 316. The Story of the Helvetian War 259 VII. CAESAR PREPARES TO CHECK THE HELVETIANS Cum Caesar cognovisset 1 eos 2 per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, 3 maturat 4 ab urbe proficlsci, 5 et quam maximls 6 itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad 7 Genavam pervenit. Erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una. In provincia igitur quam maximum numerum militum conscribit, et pontem, 2 qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescind!. 8 Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores 9 facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt, nobilissim5s civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant. Hi legatl dixerunt se velle 10 iter per provinciam facere propterea quod aliud iter haberent u nullum. Rogaverunt ut eius voluntate id 12 sibi 13 facere 14 liceret. 15 Caesar autem non existimabat homines inimico animo, 16 f acultate 17 data per provinciam itineris faciendi, 18 tempera- tur5s esse ab iniuria. Tamen, quod omnes milites non- dum convenerant, respondit se diem ad deliberandum 19 sumpturum esse. Praecepit legatis ut paucis postdiebus 20 reverterentur. 21 1320. 2 256. 3 338, 2, Rule. 4 m aturat; see note (14) on deligitur, III. This use of the present tense is very common, and occurs several times in this section. It is called the historical present, and may be followed by either the primary or secondary tenses. 5 346, 1. 6 77, 2, b. 7 in the vicinity of, 8 346,2. 9 254, 1 ; 263. w se velle, 338, 2, Rule. n 340. « id, object of facere. 13 239 ; after liceret. M 345, 1. is 333, 2, A. "281, 17 287, 3. 18 itineris faciendi, 356, 2. w 355. 20 268. 21 333 ( 2 , A. VIII. CAESAR FORTIFIES THE RHONE Interea a lacu x Lemann5, qui in flumen Rbodanum in- fluit, ad montem 2 Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helve- tiis 3 dividit, murum fossamque perducit. 4 Hie murus erat in altitudinem sedecim pedum. 5 Ed opere 6 perfecto prae- 260 Elements of Latin sidia disponit et castella communit quibus 7 hostes pro- hibere posset. 8 Ubi ea dies quam 9 c5nstituerat cum legatls venit, et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se 10 iter per provinciam ulli 11 dare posse, 10 et dixit, " Si vim facere conabimini, 12 vos prohibebo." 12 Helvetii, ea spe 13 deiecti, navibus 14 ratibusque et vadis Rhodani perrumpere conati sunt. Munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi hoc co- natu 13 destiterunt. i 296, 2. ^ 296, i. 3 265. 4 Historical present. 5 227, a. 6 287, 2,3. 7 273. §316. 9 113,2. io se posse, 338, 2, Rule. n 239. 12 351, I. 13 ea spe deiecti, cast down from this hope, i.e. disappointed in this hope; spe, 265. 14 273. IX. THE HELVETIANS ARRANGE TO TAKE THE OTHER ROUTE Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua, 1 Sequanis 2 invitis, propter angustias ire non poterant. His 3 cum ipsi persuadere non possent, 4 Dumnorigem Haeduum mittunt 5 qui a Sequanis impetraret. 6 Dumnorix apud Sequanos plurimum poterat 7 et Helvetiis 8 erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat. 9 Is, cupiditate 10 regni n adductus, novis rebus 12 studebat et quam plurimas civitates sibi 13 arnicas 14 esse volebat. Ita- que rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur. 15 1 273. 2 Sequanis invitis, 287, 4. 3 240. 4 321. 6 Historical pres- ent. 6 316. 7 plurimum poterat, was able very much , i.e. was very powerful. 8 250. 9 in matrimonium duxerat, had led into matrimony \ i.e. had married. 10 272. n 228. 12 240. 13 Compare with Helvetiis, above. 1 4 4, 2, Note ; agreeing with civitates. 15 333, 2, B. The Story of the Helvetian War 261 X. CAESAR MAKES FURTHER PREPARATIONS Caesar cognovit Helvetiis 1 esse 2 in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere. 3 Santones non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas 4 est in provincia. Caesar nolebat provinciam 5 homines 6 bellicosos, populi Roman! inimic5s flnitimos 7 habere. Ob eas causas el munition! 8 quam fecerat, T. Labienum 9 legatum praeficit. Ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus 10 contendit duasque ibi legiones conscrlbit, et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit et qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his qulnque legionibus n Ire contendit. Paucls diebus 12 exercitum ducit in Segusiavos, qui sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum natio prima. 1 Helvetiis esse in animo . . . iter . . . facere, {that) to make a march was in mind to the Helvetians, i.e. {that) the Helvetians had in mind to make a march. Helvetiis, 249. 2 338, 2, Rule. 3 345, 1; facere is subject of esse, taking the place of the subject accusative. 4 quae civitas, which state, i.e. a state which. The antecedent is here, as often, in the relative clause. 5 256. 6 Object of habere. 7 In apposition with homines; {as) neighbors. s 241. 9 10, 1. 10 magnis itineribus, by forced marches. n 276. 12 282. XL THE HAEDUI AND OTHERS ASK FOR AID Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant, et in Haeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque agros populabantur. Haedul, cum se suaque 1 ab els defendere non possent, 2 legatos ad Caesarem mit- tunt rogatum 3 auxilium. Dlxerunt paene in conspectu exercitus nostrl eorum agros 4 vastarl, 5 liberos 4 in servitu- tem abducl, 5 oppida 4 expugnarl 5 non debuisse. 6 Eodem tempore, 7 AmbarrI, necessaril et consanguinel Haeduorum, Caesarem certiorem 8 faciunt sese non facile ab oppidls 9 vim hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans 262 Elements of Latin Rhodanum vlcos possessionesque habebant, querebantur. Quibus rebus adductus, Caesar non diutius exspectandum 10 esse sibi 11 statuit. 1 sua, their (things), i.e. their property. 2 321. 3 358, I. 4 Subjects of debuisse. 5 Objects of debuisse. 6 338, 1, 2; translate: their lands ought not to have been laid waste, etc. 7 282. 8 254 ; certiorem faciunt is followed by the construction of indirect discourse. 9 265. 10 non diutius . . . statuit, decided (it) ought not to be waited by him any longer, i.e. decided he ought not to wait any longer. Exspectandum esse, 247. u 248. XII. DESTRUCTION OF THE TIGURINI Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequa- norum in Rhodanum Influit, incredibill lenitate, 1 ita ut oculis, in utram partem fluat, 2 iudicari non possit. 3 Id Helvetii ratibus 4 ac lintribus iunctis translbant. Per exploratores Caesar certior 5 f actus est tres iam partes copiarum Hel- vetiarum id flumen transiisse, 6 quartam fere partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam 7 esse. 6 De tertia vigilia cum iegionibus 8 tribus e castrls prof ectus, 9 ad earn partem per- venit, quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inoplnantes aggressus, 9 magnam partem eorum concidit ; reliquT sese f ugae 10 mandaverunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. 11 Omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hie pagus unus, qui appellabatur Tigurinus, 12 patrum nos- trorum memoria, 13 L. Cassium consulem interf ecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum mlserat. Ita sive casu M slve consilio deorum immortalium, ea pars civitatis Helvetiae quae insig- nem calamitatem populd 15 Romano intulerat, princeps 16 poenas persolvit. 1 275. 2 333, 2, D ; the clause in utram partem fluat is subject of possit. 3314. 4287,2; ratibus . . . iunctis, by joining rafts, etc. 5 254,1. 6338, 1, 2. " 4, 2, note. 8 276. 9 Participle, nominative, agreeing with the subject. 10 239. 1:L in proximas silvas abdiderunt, hid in the nearest woods. Silvas is the accusative because the idea is they went into the woods and hid. 12 254, 1. 13 282; within the memory . 14 272. 15 241. 16 princeps, adj. agreeing with pars. The Story of the Helvetian War 263 XIII. THE HELVETIAN EMBASSY; A CAVALRY BATTLE Hoc proelio 1 facto, ut reliquas copias Helvetiorum con- sequi posset, 2 Caesar pontem in Ararl facit 3 atque ita exercitum traducit. Helvetii, repentlno eius 4 adventu B commoti, 6 legatos ad eum mittunt. Hi legatl eum perter- rere conantur, et multa 7 de virtute sua atque de calami- tate vetere, quam Tigurlnl Cassio 8 intulerant, dlcunt. Caesar autem postulat ut Helvetii domum 9 revertantur, 10 et alias pads condiciones accipere non vult. Postero die 11 castra ex eo loco movent. Idem Caesar facit, equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor mi- lium, 12 quern ex omni provincia et Haeduls atque eorum socils coegerat, praemittit qui videant 13 quas in partes hostes iter faciant. 14 Qui, 15 cupidius novissimum agmen InsecutI, alieno loco 16 cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt ; et pauci de nostrls cadunt. 1287,2,3. 2310. 3 Historical present. 4 221. 6 272. 6 286, 2, rt. 1 many things. 8 241. 9 297, 1. 10 333, 2, A. n 282. 12 227, a. ™ 316. 14 333, 2, D. 15 Qui, these ; relative with demonstrative force. 16 See VI, note 10. XIV. CAESAR FOLLOWS THE HELVETIANS. TROUBLE OVER THE SUPPLY OF GRAIN Quo proelio 1 sublatl Helvetii, quod qulngentls equiti- bus 2 tantam multitudinem equitum 3 propulerant, audacius subsistere non numquam 4 et novissimo agmine 5 proelio 5 nostros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio con- tinebat ac hostem raplnls 6 populationibusque prohibere conabatur. Ita dies 7 circiter XV iter fecerunt utl inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum prlmum 8 non am- plius qulnls aut senls milibus 9 passuum interesset. 10 Interim Haedui copiam frumenti, quam pollicitl erant, non praebebant. Caesar de hac re quaerit u et reperit 264 Elements of Latin , Dumnorigem esse virum 12 qui Haeduos deterreat, 13 ne frumentum conferant. 14 (Dumnorix haec faciebat quod Helvetiis 15 amicus erat.) Caesar igitur Dumnorlgl 16 cus- todes ponit 11 et post haec Haedul rem frumentariam provident. 1 272. 2 273. 3 223. 4 non numquam, not never, i.e. sotnethnes. 5 273; agmine is instrument ; proelio is means. 6 265. 7 255. 8 primum (agmen), the first {part of the cplumn), i.e. the advance guard, the van. 9 267. 10 314. 11 Historical present. 12 Why accusative ? is 340. 14 qui . . . con- ferant, who was hindering the Haedul from gathering the grain (literally, lest they should gather the grain ; ne . . . conferant is a substantive purpose clause, object of deterreat. ^ 250. 10 239. XV. CAESAR PREPARES TO ATTACK Paucis post diebus 1 Caesar ab exploratoribus 2 certior 3 f actus hostes sub monte consedisse 4 milia 5 passuum ab ipsius 6 castris octo, qualis esset 7 natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus, qui cognoscerent, 8 mlsit. Renuntiatum estfacilem 9 esse. De tertia vigilia T. Labienum, 10 lega- tum pro praetore, 11 cum duabus legionibus 12 et els duci- bus 13 qui iter cognoverant, summum iugum montis ascendere 14 iubet ; quid sul consill 15 sit, 16 ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigilia eodem itinere 17 quo hostes ierant ad eos contendit equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. P. Con- sidius, qui rel 18 militaris perltissimus 19 habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur. 1 268. 2 266. 3 254, 1. 4 Main verb in indirect discourse governed by certior f actus. 5 255. 6 221. 7 333, 2, D ; qualis . . . esset . . . ascensus is object of cognoscerent. 8 316; qui cognoscerent misit, sent (men) to find out (literally, who should find out). 9 In agreement with ascensum, understood, as subject of esse. 10 256. n pro praetore, with the power of a praetor. 12 276. 13 eis ducibus, with those (men) as guides ; ducibus, 17, 2. 14 346, 2; the subject accusative is Labienum. 15 223 ; quid sui consili sit, what (of) his plan (there) was. 16 333,2, D; the clause is object of ostendit. 17 273. 18 rei . . . peritissimus, most skilful in warfare ; rei, 229. 19 4, 2, note ; 254, 1. The Story of the Helvetian War 265 XVI. THE ERROR OP CONSIDIUS Prima luce, 1 cum summus mons a. Labieno 2 teneretur, 3 ipse ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentls passibus 4 abesset, 3 neque aut ipsius 5 adventus aut Labieni cognitus esset, 3 C5nsidius equo 6 admiss5 ad eum accurrit; dicit montem, quern 7 a Labieno occuparl voluerit, 8 ab hos- tibus teneri; id 9 se 10 a Gallicis armls atque insignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem sub- ducit, aciem Instruit. Labienus, monte occupato, nostros exspectabat proelioque abstinebat, quod Caesar el n prae- ceperat ne ante adventum ipsius proelium committeret 12 ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret. 13 Multo denique die 14 per exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem a suls teneri 15 et Helvetios castra m5visse et Considium, timore 16 perterritum, id 17 quod non vidisset pro viso sibi renuntiavisse. Eo die, quo c5nsueverat intervallo 18 hostes sequitur et milia 19 passuum tria ab eorum castris castra p5nit. » 1 Why ablative ? 2266. 3 320. 4 267. 5 221. « 287, 2; at full speed. What is the exact meaning ? " Subject of occuparl. 8 Why subjunc- tive ? 9 Object of cognovisse. 10 Subject of cognovisse. Why is cognovisse infinitive ? H Why dative ? 1-2 ne . . . committeret ; what kind of a clause ? 13 why subjunctive? 14 Multo die, late in the day ; why ablative ? 15 Why infinitive? 1G 272. 17 Object of renuntiavisse ; id . . . renuntiavisse, had reported that which he had not seen, as {if he had) seen (it). Viso, is the perfect participle, used substantively. ls 275 ; quo . . . intervallo, at the usual distance. 19 Why accusative ? XVII. THE HELVETIANS FOLLOW CAESAR TOWARD BIBRACTE Postero die, 1 quod omnlno biduum supererat, cum exer- citul 2 frumentum metlrl 3 oporteret, 4 et quod a Bibracte, oppido Haeduorum longe maxim5 et copiosissimo, non amplius milibus 5 passuum XVIII aberat, iter ab Helvetiis 266 Elements of Latin avertit ac Bibracte 6 ire contendit. Ea res per fugitivos L. Aemili, decurionis 7 equitum Gall5rum, hostibus 8 nun- tiatur. Helvetii existimaverunt Romanos, tim5re perter- ritos, 9 a se discedere, atque igitur, commutat5 consilio 10 atque itinere converso, nostros a novissimd agmine Insequi ac lacessere coeperunt. 1 Why ablative ? 2 Why dative ? 3 345, i. 4 Why subjunctive ? cum . . . oporteret, when it would be necessary to distribute, etc. 5 Why ablative ? 6 Ac- cusative ; why ? 7 Why genitive ? 8 Case ? why ? 9 With what does this participle agree ? 10 Case ? why ? XVIII. PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE Postquam id animadvertit, copias suas Caesar in proxi- mura collem subduxit equitatumque, qui sustineret 1 hos- tium 2 impeturn, mlsit. Ipse interim in colle medio 3 triplicem aciem instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum ; in sumrao iugo duas legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore proxime conscripserat, et omnia auxilia collocari, ac totum montem hominibus 4 complerl, et interea sarcinas in unum locum conferri, et earn ab ejs, 5 qui in superiore acie consti- terant, muniri iussit. 6 Helvetii, cum omnibus suis carris secuti, impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt; ipsi con- fertissima acie, 7 reiecto nostr5 equitatu, phalange facta, sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. 1 316. 2 Case ? why ? 3 in colle medio, in the middle of the hill, i.e. half way up the hill. 4 Case ? why ? 5 Case ? why ? 6 iussit ; on this verb de- pends the entire passage preceding, from in summo iugo. There are four infinitives, with subject accusative, used as objects of this yerb. "' confertissima acie, in very close array ; why ablative ? XIX. THE BATTLE Caesar primum equis 2 omnium ex conspectu remotis, ut aequato omnium periculo 2 spem f ugae 3 tolleret, 4 cohor- tatus 5 suos proelium commisit. Mllites e loco superiore The Story of the Helvetian War 267 pills missis facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. Ea disiecta, gladiis 6 destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt. Pluribus 7 Gallorum scutis uno ictu pilorum transflxls et colligatis, cum ferrum se Inflexisset, 8 nequc evellere 9 neque sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare poterant. Hoc Gallls 10 magno ad pugnam erat impedimento, 10 ut multi, diu iactato bracchio, praeoptarent 11 scutum manu emittere et nudo corpore 12 pugnare. Tandem vulneribus defessi, ad montem, qui aberat cir- citer mille passus 18 se recipere coeperunt. Capto monte et succedentibus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qui hominum milibus 14 circiter XV agmen hostium claudebant et novis- simis 15 praesidio 15 erant, nostros ab latere aperto 16 ag- gressi, circumvenlre coeperunt ; et id conspicati, Helvetii, qui in montem sese receperant, rursus instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. 1 equis, ablative absolute with remotis. 2 aequato omnium periculo, by equalizing the danger of all. Be careful to render the numerous ablative absolutes in this section into good English. 3 Case ? why ? 4 Why subjunctive ? 5 Perfect participle, deponent, active meaning. 6 gladiis destrictis, with drawn stvords. "pluribus . . . colligatis, when many of the Gauls' shields had been pierced and fastened together, etc. The Gauls were so close together that the shields overlapped, so that several were pierced by one pilum. 8 cum . . . inflexisset, causal or temporal ? The ferrum was the soft iron shank, easily bent. 9 to pull (them, i.e. the pila) out. 10 242 ; two datives. Note the translation of the example in 242. n Why subjunctive ? 12 275 ; with body unprotected. 13 Case ? why ? u Why ablative ? 15 242. 16 ab latere aperto, on the open flank, i.e. on the right; why ? XX. DEFEAT AND PLIGHT OF THE HELVETIANS Romani signa converterunt 1 et ita ancipiti proelio 2 diu atque acriter pugnaverunt. Diutius cum sustinere nostrorum 3 impetus non possent, 4 alteri 5 se in mon- tem receperunt, alteri 5 ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio, 6 cum ab hora septima 7 268 Elements of Latin ad vesperum pugnatum sit, 8 aversum hostem 9 videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem 10 etiam ad impedimenta pug- natum est. 11 Diu cum esset 12 pugnatum, impediments 13 castrisque nostrl potltl sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus e filiis captus est. Ex eo proeli5 circiter hominum milia CXXX super- fuerunt. Hi fugerunt et in fines Lingonum die 14 quarto pervenerunt, cum et propter vulnera militum et propter sepulturam occis5rum nostrl eos sequl non potuissent. 15 Caesar ad Lingones nuntios misit et imperavit ne eos fru- mentd neve alia re iuvarent. 16 Ipse triduo intermissS cum omnibus copils 17 eos sequl coepit. 1 signa converterunt, turned the standards, i.e. faced about. 2 Case ? why ? 3 Case ? why ? 4 Mood ? why ? 5 alter! . . . alteri, some . . . others. 6 282. 7 About one o'clock in the afternoon. 8 322. 9 aversum hostem, an enemy turned away, i.e. an enemy in flight. 10 Cf. XVI, note 14. H pugnatum est, it was fought, i.e. the fight went on. 12 esset pugnatum = pugnatum esset. 13 274. 14 Why ablative ? is Mood ? why? 16 ne . . . iuvarent; kind of clause ? I 7 Case ? why ? XXI. THE SURRENDER. SIX THOUSAND ESCAPE Helvetil omnium rerum inopia 1 adductl legatos de dedi- tidne ad eum mlserunt. Qui, 2 cum 3 eum in itinere con- venissent pacemque petlssent atque eos suum adventum exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servosque fugitiyos poposcit. Nocte 4 autem intermissa, circiter hominum milia VI eius pagl, qui Verbigenus 5 appellatur, sive timore 6 perterritl, ne armls 7 traditis supplici5 afBcerentur, 8 sive spe salutis 9 induct!, prima nocte 10 e castrls 11 Helvetiorum egress! ad Rhenum flnesque Germanorum contenderunt. 1 Case? why? 2 Cf. XIII, note 15. 3 What verbs depend on this cum? 4 Why ablative ? 5 Case ? why ? 6 Why ablative ? 7 Translate : after their arfns had been handed over. 8 ne . . . supplicio afficerentur, lest they should be afflicted with punishment, i.e. put to death. For kind of clause, see 333, 2, C. 9 Why genitive ? i° prima nocte, in the first {part of the) night, early in the night. n Case ? why ? The Story of the Helvetian War 269 XXII. CAESAR ORDERS THE HELVETIANS TO RETURN HOME Quod 1 ubi Caesar resciit, quorum 2 per fines ierant, his 3 uti conquirerent et reducerent 4 imperavit; reductos 5 ~ in hostium numero habuit ; reliquos omnes, obsidibus, armis, perfugls traditis, in deditionem accepit. Helvetios, Tu- lingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, unde erant profecti, reverti 6 iussit; et quod omnibus friigibus amissis domi" nihil erat quo 8 famem tolerarent, 9 Allobrogibus imperavit, ut eis 10 frumenti copiam facerent; 11 ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere iussit. Id ea maxime ratione 12 fecit, quod noluit eum locum, unde Helvetii discesserant, vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum German!, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, ex suls flnibus in Helvetiorum fines transirent 13 et finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. 13 B6i5s 14 petentibus Haeduis, 15 ut in finibus suis collocarent, concessit; quibus illi agr5s dederunt, quosque postea in parem iuris libertatis- que condicionem, atque 16 ipsi erant, receperunt. 1 See XIII, note 15. 2 The antecedent is his ; quorum . . . his, those through whose territory they had gone. 3 Why dative ? 4 uti . . . reducerent ; what kind of clause ? 5 reductos agrees with eds understood ; reductos . . . habuit, he considered (them, when they had deen) brought back among the number of the enemy, i.e. he put them to death. 6 Object of iussit ; 346, 2. "297, 3. 8 Why ablative ? '•> 315. 10 Indirect object of facerent, which means furnish, provide. n Why subjunctive ? i 2 272. ]3 ne . . . transirent . . . essent ; kind of clause ? 14 Boios is object of collocarent ; it stands first for emphasis. 15 petentibus Haeduis, indirect object of concessit; he granted to the asking Haedui, i.e. he granted the request of the Haedui. What is the direct object of concessit ? 16 atque, as. XXIII. THE NUMBER OF THE HELVETIANS In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litteris 1 Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, 2 quibus in tabulis 270 Elements of Latin nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo 3 exisset 4 eorum qui arma ferre possent, 5 et item separatim quot puerl, series, mulieresque. Summa erat capitum 6 Hel- vetiorum milium CCLXIII, Tuling5rum milium XXXVI, Latobrigorum XIV, Rauracorum XXIII, Boiorum XXXII ; ex his, qui arma ferre possent, 7 ad 8 mllia nonaginta duo. Summa omnium fuerunt ad mllia CCCLXVIII. Eorum, qui domum 9 redierunt, censu habito, repertus est numerus milium C et X. 1 Why ablative ? 2 relatae (sunt). 3 Case ? why ? 4 qui . . . exisset ; this clause is object of some verb of "telling," implied in ratio ; an account [stating) what number, etc. 333,2, D. 5 315. ^"Viead" of Helvetians. Cf. "head of sheep." Omit in translating. 7 Why subjunctive ? 8 about. 9 domum ; why accusative? TESTUDO WORD LIST FOR DRILL 1. LATIN WORD LIST' I. Italia, ae,/ II. sunt. 2. longa. 12. bona. 3- incola, ae, ///. *3- dea, ae,/ 4- magna. 14. via, ae,/ 5- fllia, ae,/. iS- tuba, ae,/ 6. multa. 2. 16. Britannia, ae,/ 7- non. *7- amo. 8. agricola, ae, /«. 18. voco. 9- parva. 19. sum. IO. est. 20. vexo. 21. rosa, ae,/ 3*- patria, ae,/ 22. puella, ae,/ 3 2 - pulchra. 2 3- et. 3- 33- pugno. 2 4 . Gallia, ae,/. 34- ager, agri, ;;/. 2 5- in. 35- Gallus, 1, in. 26. mensa, ae,/ 36. vir, virl, m. 27. regina, ae, /. 37- socer, eri, m. 28. laudo. 38. gener, eri, m. 29. Galba, ae, m. 39- filius, T, m. 3°- insula, ae,/ 40. ad. 41. liberi, brum, m. 5 1 - de. 42. servus, T, m. 5 2 - deus, I, ;;/. 43- porto. 53- comparo. 44- Marcus, T, m. 54- frumentum, 1, n. 45- puer, en, m. 55- -ne. 46. bellum, 1, n. 56. ubi. 47- liber. 57- Roman!, orum, m. 48. don urn, 1, n. 58- oppidum, T, //. 49. auxilium, 1, n. 59- consilium, T, ;/. 5°- vasto. 60. proelium, 1, n. 1 The heavy numbers refer to the lessons in which the words immediately fol- lowing occur. 271 272 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST 1 . Italy. 2. long. 3. inhabitant. 4. great, large. 5. daughter. 6. much, many. 7. not. 8. farmer. 9. small. 10. (he) is. 21. rose. 22. girl. 23. and. 24. Gaul. 25. in, on. 26. table. 27. queen. 28. I praise. 29. Galba. 30. island. 41. children. 42. slave. 43. I carry. 44. Marcus. 45. boy. 46. war. 47. free. 48. gift. 49. aid, help. 50. I lay waste. II. (they) are. 12. good. I 3- goddess. 14. way, road. iS- trumpet. 16. Britain. i7- I love. 18. I call, summon. 19. I am. 20. I harass, annoy. 3 1 - country, fatherland. 3 2 - beautiful. 33- I fight. 34- field. 35- a Gaul. 36. man. 37- father-in-law. 38. son-in-law. 39- son. 40. to, toward, for, near. 5 1 - about, concerning. 52. god. 53- provide, prepare. 54- grain. 55- interrogative particle, 56. where ? 57- the Romans. 58. town, walled-town. 59- plan, advice. 60. battle. Word List for Drill 273 LATIN WORD LIST— Continued 61. copia, ae,/. 62. copiae, arum,/. 63. consilium, 1, n. 64. multus, a, urn. 65. pulcher, chra, chrum. 66. supero. 67. tener, era, erum. 68. bonus, a, urn. 69. fossa, ae,/ 70. anna, orum. ;/. 71. altus, a, urn. 72. asper, era, erum. 73. latus, a, um. 74. hortus, 1, 7;/. 75. longus, a, um. 76. murus, I, in. 77. magnus, a, um. 78. miser, era, erum. 79. liber, era, erum. 80. parvus, a, um. 81. alius, a, ud. 91. Romanus, a, um 82. alter, era, erum. 92. castra, orum, n. 83- uter, utra, utrum. 93- nonne. 84. neuter, tra, trum. 94. incito. 85- ullus, a, um. 95- populus, 1, m. 86. nullus, a, um. 96. numerus, I, in. 87. Gnus, a, um. 7. 97. habet. 88. totus, a, um. 98. habent. 89. solus, a, um. 99. legio, onis,/. 90. occupo. 100. oppugno. 101. caput, itis, n. 102. virtus, utis,/ 103. consul, ulis, ;;/. 104. trans. 105. dux, ducis, m. 106. tempus, oris, n. 107. exspecto. 108. sine. 109. flumen, inis, n. no. provincia, ae,/ in. miles, itis, m. 112. prlnceps, ipis, m. 113. num. 114. periculum, 1, n. 115. virtus, utis,/ 116. vis, vis,/ 117. hostis, is, m. 118. turris, is,/ 119. gens, gentis,/ 120. silva, ae,/ 274 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 61. plenty. . 62. troops. 63. wisdom. 64. much ; //., many. 65. beautiful. 66. I conquer, overcome. 67. tender. 68. good. 69. ditch, trench. 70. arms. 81. another, other. 82. the other. 83. which (of two) ? 84. neither. 85. any. 86. none. 87. one, alone, only. 88. whole. 89. alone. 90. I seize, take possession of. 101. head. 102. valor, bravery. 103. consul. 104. across. 105. leader. 106. time. 107. await, expect. 108. without. 109. river, no. province. 71. high, deep. 72. rough. 73. wide, broadc 74. garden. 75. long. 76. wall. 77. great, large. 78. wretched. 79. free. 80. small, little. 91. Roman. 92. camp. 93. inter, particle, affirmative. 94. I urge on, arouse. 95. people. 96. number. 97. (he) has. 98. (they) have. 99. legion. 100. I attack. in. soldier. 112. chief. 113. inter, particle, negative. 114. risk, danger. 115. virtue. 116. strength, force. 117. enemy. 118. tower. 119. tribe, race. 120. forest. Word List for Drill 275 LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 10. 11. 21. eques, itis, 111. 22. nomen, inis, n. 9. 23. coniuro. 24. navis, is,/. 25. collis, is, ;;/. 26. mare, is, ;z. 27. cohors, ortis,/. 28. idoneus, a, urn. 29. arx, arcis,/. 30. animal, alis, 11. 41. clvis, is, 111. or/ 42. corpus, oris, n. 43. finis, is, m. 44. fines, ium, m. pi. 45. acer, cris, ere. 46. magnitudo, inis,/ 47. do. 48. vetus, gen. veteris. 49. -que. 50. omnis, e. 61. acies, el,/. 62. cornu, us, ;z. 63. dies, ei, in. or / 64. ferus, a, urn. 65. terra, ae,/ 66. res, rei,/ 67. man us, us,/ 68. German!, orum, ;;/. 12. 69. commeatus, us, m. 70. domus, us,/ 31. navis longa,/ 32. a, ab. 1,7,. telum, I, //. 34. agmen, inis, n. 35. locus, I, ///. 36. colloco. 37. e, ex. ^. pars, partis,/ 39. mons, montis, m. 40. ignis, is, in. 51. communis, e. 52. brevis, e. 53. celer, eris, ere. 54. incredibilis, e. 55. ferax, gen. feracis. 56. cum. 57. gravis, e. 58. confirmo. 59. pax, pads,/ 60. confirmo. 71. exercitus, us, m. 72. frilctus, us, m. 73. in, gov. ace. 74. in, gov. abl. 75. portus, us, in. 76. species, el,/ 77. terra marique. 78. victoria, ae,/ 79. spero. 80. audax, gen. audacis. 276 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 121. horseman. 131. warship. 122. name. 123. conspire. 124. ship, boat. 125. hill. 126. sea. 127. cohort. 128. suitable. 129. citadel. 130. animal. 141. citizen. 142. body. 143. end, boundary. 144. territory. 145. sharp, fierce. 146. size, greatness. 147. I give. 148. old, ancient. 149. and (enclitic). 150. all, every. 161. line of battle. 162. wing, horn. 163. day. 164. wild, savage. 165. land, country. 166. thing, affair, matter. 167. hand, band, force. 168. the Germans. 169. provisions, supplies. 170. house, home. 132. by, from. 133. weapon. 134. column, army (on march). 135. place. 136. I put, place, station. 137. from, out of. 138. part, side, direction. 139. mountain. 140. fire. 151. common, general. 152. brief, short. 153. swift. 154. incredible. 155. fertile. 156. with. 157. heavy, difficult, serious. 158. I establish. 159. peace. 160. I strengthen, encourage. 171. army. 172. fruit, crop. 1 73. into, toward, against. 174. in, on. 175. port, harbor. 176. sight, appearance. 177. by land and sea. 178. victory. 179. I hope, hope for. 180. bold, courageous. Word List for Drill 277 14. LATIN WORD LIST 181. felix, gen. felicis. 182. imperium, 1, ;/. 183. paco. 184. recuso. 13. 185. htus, oris, n. 186. paro. 187. subsidium, 1, 11. 188. hiemo. 189. fides, e\,f. 190. paucl, ae, a. 201. similis, e. 202. dissimilis, e. 203. gracilis, e. 204. malus, a, urn. 2o£. superus, a, urn. 206. inferus, a, um. 207. prior, ius. 208. propior, ius. 209. car us, a, um. 210. care. — Continued 191. propero. 192. vallum, 1, n. 193. fides, el,/ 194. equitatus, us, ///. 195. pedes, itis, m. 196. quam. 197. mos, moris, ;//. 198. facilis, e. 199. difficilis, e. 200. humilis, e. 211. deditio, onis, /. 212. Helvetii, orum, ;//. 213. iter, itineris, n. 214. longe. 215. nuntio. 216. vulnero. 217. socius, I, m. 218. vicus, I, m. 219. fortis, e. 220. fortiter. 221. carrus, 1, m. 222. impetus, us, m. 223. priidens, gen. entis. 224. prudenter. 225. condicio, onis, / 15. 226.. civitas, tatis, /. 227. armo. 228. per. 229. pagus, 1, m. 230. quattuor. 231. pilum, 1, 11. 232. gladius, 1, ;;/. 233- propter. 234. bene. 235. male. 236. multum. 237. magnopere. 238. parum. 239. prope. 240. diu. 278 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST — Continued 181. happy, fortunate. 191. I hasten. 182. order, command, rule. 192. rampart, earthworks. 183. I make peace, subdue. !93- protection. 184. I refuse. 194. cavalry. 185. beach, shore. 195- foot-soldier. 186. I prepare, provide. 196. than. 187. assistance. 197. custom. 188. I winter, pass the winter. 198. easy. 189. faith, loyalty. 199. difficult. 190. few. 200. low. 201. like. 211. surrender. 202. unlike. 212. the Helvetians. 203. slender. 213. march, journey ; road 204. bad. 214. far, far off. 205. high. 215. I report, announce. 206. low. 216. I wound. 207. former. 217. ally, companion. 208. nearer. 218. village. 209. dear. 219. strong, brave. 210. dearly. 220. strongly, bravely. 221. cart, wagon. 231. javelin. 222. attack, assault. 232. sword. 223. wise, prudent. 2 33- on account of. 224. wisely. 234- well. 225. condition, terms. 2 35- ill. 226. state, citizenship. 236. much. 227. I arm. 2 37- greatly. 228. through, over, by means of, on account of. 238. little. 229. division, district, canton.* 2 39- near. 230. four. 240. a long time. Word List for Drill 279 LATIN WORD LIST— Continued 241. facile. 251. tu. 242. audacter. 252. appropinquo. 243- saepe. 2 53- ego. 16. 244. Caesar, aris, m. 254- impedimentum, 1, n 245- expugno. 2 55- is, ea, id. 246. inter. 256. obses, idis, m. 247. negotium, 1, n. 257- post. 248. Orgetorfx, Igis, m. 258. suT. 249. praemium, 1, n. 2 59- timor, oris, m. 250. tamen. 260. negotium, I, ;/. 17. 261. ipse, a, um. 271. scutum, 1, n. 262. suus, a, um. 272. liber, libri, ;;/. 263. tuus, a, um. 2 73- officium, 1, 11. 264. vester, tra, trum. 274. legatus, 1, ;//. 265. noster, tra, trum. 275- natio, onis,/. 266. meus, a, um. 18. 276. spes, spel,/i 267. tempestas, tatis,/ 277. atque (ac). 268. captivus, 1, ;//. 278. contra. 269. sed. 279. quinque. 270. imperator, oris, m. 280. cupidus, a, um. 281. Idem, eadem, idem. 19. 291. ante. 282. libertas, tatis,/ 292. sol, solis, m. 283. is, ea, id. 2 93- Belgae, arum, ;//. 284. rursus. 294. repentinus, a, um. 285. angustiae, arum,/ 2 95- flnitimus, a, um. 286. occasio, onis,/ 296. adventus, us, ;//. 287. creber, bra, brum. 297. auxilia, orum, ;/. 288. iste, a, ud. 298. qui, quae, quod. 289. hie, haec, hoc. 299. hiberna, orum, n. 290. ille, a, ud. 300. quis, quid ; qui, quae, quod. 28o Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST — Continued 241. easily. 251- thou, you. 242. boldly. 252. I approach. 243- often. 2 53- I. 244. Caesar. 254- hindrance;//., baggage. 245- I capture, take by storm. 255- he, she, it ;//., they. 246. between, among. 256. hostage. 247. business, task. 2 57- after, behind. 248. Orgetorix. 258. of himself, etc. 249. reward. 2 59- fear. 250. nevertheless, however. 260. difficulty. 261. self, very. 271. shield. 262. his, her, its, their. 272. book. 263. thy, your. 2 73- duty. 264. your. 274. lieutenant, envoy. 265. our. 2 75- nation. 266. my. 276. hope. 267. weather ; storm. 277. and. 268. captive. 278. against, opposite. 269. but. 279. five. 270. general, commander. 280. eager, desirous. 281. the same. 291. before. 282. liberty. 292. sun. 283. that, this. 2 93- the Belgians. 284. again. 294. sudden. 285. narrow pass. 2 95- neighboring. 286. opportunity. 296. arrival, approach. 287. frequent. 297. auxiliary troops. 288. that (of yours). 298. who, w r hich, what, that. 289. this. 299. winter quarters. 290. that. 300. who ? which ? what ? what? what kind of? Word List for Drill 281 LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 301. occasus, us, ?n. 3 11 - vadum, 1, n. 302. senatus, us, m. 312. citerior, ius. 3°3- perturbo. 3 l 3- ulterior, ius. 3°4- paulatim. 3 X 4- oratio, onis,_/ 3°5- paene. 3*5- ius, iuris, ;/. 20. 306. aliquis. 316. equus, I, ;//. 3°7- quldam. 3 l 7- explorator, oris, m. 308. quisquam. 318. concilium, 1, n. 3°9- quisque. 3*9- consuetiido, inis,_/ 310. castellum, 1, n. 21. 320. unus, a, um. 321. duo. 33 l - mille. 322. tres. 332. primus, a, um. 3 2 3- quattuor. 333- secundus, a, um. 3 2 4- qulnque. 334- tertius, a, um. 3 2 5- sex. 335- quartus, a, um. 326. septem. 33 6 - quintus, a, um. 3 2 7- octo. 337- sextus, a, um. 328. novem. 33*- Septimus, a, um. 3 2 9- decern. 339- octavus, a, um. 33°- centum. 340- nonus, a, um. 34i- decimus, a, um. 35 1 - praesidium, T, n. 22. 342. sum. 35 2 - multitude!, inis,_/. 343- incolumis, e. 23. 353- aditus, us, m. 344- amicus, a, um. 354- a utem. 345- amicus, T, m. 355- dexter, tra, trum. 346. signum, T, n. 35 6 - sinister, tra, trum. 347° reliquus, a, um. 357- uterque, utraque, utrumque. 348. mulier, eris,/. 358. aedificium, T, n. 349- fere. 359- ripa, ae, / 35°- cotldianus, a, um. 360. aequus, a, um. 282 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORE » LIST — Continued 301. setting. 3 TI - ford, shoal. 302. senate. 312. hither, nearer. 3°3- I confuse, disturb. 3 1 3- farther. 3°4- gradually, little by little. 3!4- speech. 3°5- almost, nearly. 3i5- justice, law, right. 306. some one, some. 316. horse. 3°7- certain. 3J7- scout. 308. any one. 318. assembly, council. 3°9- each. 3 J 9- custom. 310. small fort, redoubt. 320. one. 321. two. 33 1 - thousand. 322. three. 33 2 - first. 3 2 3- four. 333- second. 3 2 4. five. 334- third. 325- six. 335- fourth. 326. seven. 33 6 - fifth. 3 2 7- eight. 337- sixth. 328. nine. 338. seventh. 3 2 9- ten. 339- eighth. 33°- hundred. 34°- ninth. 34i. tenth. 35*- guard, garrison, protec- tion. 342. be. 35 2 - multitude. 343- unharmed, safe. 353- approach. 344- friendly. 354- moreover, but, however, 345- friend. 355- right. 346. standard, signal. 35 6 - left. 347- remaining, rest of. 357* each (of two) , both. 348. woman. 358. building. 349- almost, nearly. 359- bank, shore. 35°- daily, every day. 360. level ; favorable. Word List for Vrill 283 LATIN WORD LIST- Continued 361. calamitas, tatis,/ 3V- nuntius, i, ;//. 362. Rhenus, I, ///. 37 2 - sententia, ae,/ 3 6 3- inopia, ae,/. 373- causa, ae,/ 3 6 4- clamor, oris, ;;/. 374- clam. 3^5- regio, on is,/. 375- dubito. 24. 366. vulgo. 37^- magistrates, us, in. 3 6 7- statim. 377- frumentarius, a, um. 368. auctoritas, tatis,/ 378. iugum, 1, n. 3 6 9- convoco. 379- Dlviciacus, i, ;;/. 37°- Haedul, orum, ;//. 380. regnum, i, n. 25. 381. tempto. 39 1 - propugno. 382. fuga, ae,/. 26. 392 apud. 3^3- labor, oris, m. 393- equester, tris, tre. 384- colloquium, T, n. 394- interim. 385. potestas, tatis,/. 395- latus, eris, n. 386. primo. 39 6 - nobilis, e. 387. difficulties, tatis,/ 397- transporto. 388. studium, I, n. 398- tutus, a, um. 389- rex, regis, ;;/. 399- saliis, litis,/. 39°- pugna, ae,/ 400. angustus, a, um. 401. celeritas, tatis,/ 411. munitio, on is,/ 402. Insidiae, arum,/ 412. postulo. 403- latitude), in is,/ 4i3- exploro. 404. modus, 1, m. 414. potens, gen. potentis 27. 405. debet. 415. Rem!, orum, in. 406. undique. 416. probo. 407. recens, gen. recentis. 28. 417. altitiido, inis,/ 408. pro. 418. debeo. 409. ob. 419. ventus, 1, ///. 410. memoria, ae,/ 420. onerarius, a, um. 284 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 361. calamity, disaster, defeat. 37 1 - messenger. 362. The Rhine. 37 2 - opinion, decision. 3 6 3- lack, want. 373- cause, reason. 3 6 4- shouting, cry. 374- secretly. 3 6 5- region, district. 375- hesitate, doubt 366. commonly, generally. 37 6 - magistrate. 3 6 7- at once, immediately. 377- of grain. 368. authority, influence. 378. yoke ; ridge. 3 6 9- call together, summon. 379- Diviciacus. 37°- the Haedui. 380. rule, throne ; kingdom. 381. try, attempt. 39 1 - fight back, resist. 382. flight. 39 2 - among, with. 3*3- labor, task. 393- equestrian. - 384. conference. 394- meanwhile. 385- power, authority. 395- side, flank. 386. at first. 39 6 - noble. 387- difficulty. 397- carry across, transport. 388. desire, eagerness. 398. safe. 389- king. 399- safety. 39°- fight, battle. 400. narrow. 401. speed. 411. fortification. 402. ambush. 412. demand. 4°3- width. 4i3- find out, explore. 404. manner, way ; kind. 414. powerful. 405- he ought, it ought. 415- the Remi. 406. from all directions. 416. approve. 407. recent. 417. height, depth. 408. for, in behalf of, instead 418. ought, be obliged to; of, in front of. owe. 409. on account of, for. 419. wind. 410. memory. 420. of burden. Word List for Drill 2§S LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 421. obtineo. 43 1 - naves onerariae. 422. augeo. 43 2 - habeo. 423- fremitus, lis, m. 29. 433- Ariovistus, 1, m: 424. praebeo. 434- video. 425- MorinI, orum, m. 435- ubi, 426. lateo. 43 6 - do. 427. iam. 437- respondeo 428. habeo. 438- remaneo. 429. moneo. 439- Dumnorix, Igis, m 43°- inermis, e. 440. piiblicus, a, urn. 441. frater, tris, ;//. 45 1 - mercator, oris, ;//. 442. gratia, ae,/ 45 2 - rego. 443- prohibeo. 453- servitus, tutis,/ 444. res publica, rel publicae,/ 454- mitto. 445- iniuria, ae,/ 455- praemitto. 446. moveo. 45 6 - militaris, e. 447- provideo. 457- litterae, arum,/ 30. 448. ago. 458. emo. 449. desero. 459- duco. 45°- gero. 460. cogo. 31. 46.1. arcesso. 471. defendo. 462. dedo. 472. rediico. 463- homo, inis, c. 473- incendo. 464. incolo. 32. 474. amicitia, ae,/ 465- natiira, ae,/ 475- barbarus, 1, ;;/. 466.. neque. 476. venio. 467. vinco. 477- impedio. 468. vlnea, ae,/ 478. desilio. 469. classis, is,/ 479- audio. 470. discedo. 480. nemo. 286 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORE > LIST 1 — Continued 421. hold, occupy; obtain. 43i- freight ships, transports 422. increase, make larger. 43 2 - maintain, consider. 4 2 3- noise, uproar. 433- Ariovistus. 424. afford, furnish, show. 434- see. 425- the Morini. 435- when. 426. lie hid. 43 6 - give. 427. now, already. 437- answer, reply. 428. have, possess, hold. 438. remain. 429. advise, warn. 439- Dumnorix. 43°- unarmed. 440. public. 441. brother. 45 1 - trader, merchant. 442. influence, favor. 45 2 - rule. 443- keep from, prevent, pro- hibit, stop. 453- slavery. 444. the republic, state. 454- send. 445- injury, wrong. 455- send ahead. 446. move, influence, excite. 45 6 - military. 447- foresee. 457- letter, document. 448. drive, lead, bring up. 458. buy, purchase. 449. desert, abandon. 459- lead. 45°- carry, carry on; wage. 460. force ; gather, collect. 461. send for, summon. 471. ward off, defend. 462. give up, surrender. 472. lead back. 463- man, human being. 473- burn, set fire to. 464. inhabit, dwell. 474- friendship. 465- nature, character. 475- barbarian, foreigner. 466. nor, and . . . not. 476. come. 467. conquer. 477- hinder. 468. shed. 478. leap down. 469. fleet. .479- hear. 470. leave, depart 480. no one, nobody. Word List for Drill 287 33. LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 481. callidus, a, 11111. 491. circumvenio. 482. miinio. 492. eo. 483. deligo. 493- fortuna, ae,/. 484. contendo. 494. mors, mortis,/. 485. centurio, onis, m. 495- opus, operis, n. 486. apertus, a, um. 496. pecus, pecoris, n 487. convenio. 497- sentio. 488. vulnus, eris, n. 498. nihil. 489. suspicio, onis,/! 499. reperio. 490. scio. 35. 500. capio. 501. facio. 511. lltus, oris, n. 502. suscipio. 512. legatio, onis, /. 5°3- recipio. 5 J 3- catena, ae, f. 5°4- perficio. 36. 5i4. conor. 5°5- incipio. S J 5- hortor. 506. iacio. 516. potior. 5°7- conicio. S*7> sequor. 508. quidem. 518. utor. 5°9- ne . . . quidem. 519- vereor. 510. obsidio, onis, f. 520. proficlscor. 521. egredior. 522. expello. 523. lapis, idis, m. 524. motus, us, m. 525. paulum. 37. 526. aquila, ae,/! 527. beneficium, 1, n. 528. concursus, us, m. 529. satis. 530. repellOo 38. 531. agger, ens, m. 532. stipendium, i ? n. 533. relinquo. 534. pendo. 535. cognosco. 536. mater, tris,/ 537. passus, us, m. 538. pecunia, ae,/. 539. quantus, a, um. 540. alacer, cris, ere. 288 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST — Continued 481. shrewd, cunning. 491. surround. 482. fortify. 492. thither, there. 483. choose, select. 493- fortune, fate. 484. strive, struggle, hasten. 494. death. 485. centurion. 495- work ; pi., fortification. 486. open, unprotected. 496, herd, flock, cattle D 487. come together, assemble. 497- perceive, learn. 488. wound. 498. nothing. 489. suspicion. 499. find, discover. 490. know. 500. take, capture; adopt. 501. make, do. 502. undertake. 503. take back, receive. 504. accomplish. 505. begin. 506. throw. 507. throw together, hurl; put. 508. even. 509. not . . . even. 510. siege. 521. march out, go out. 522. drive out, expel. 523. stone. 524. revolt. 525. a little. 526. eagle; standard. 527. kindness, favor. 528. running together, charge, attack. 529. enough. 530. drive back, repulse. 511. shore. 512. embassy. 513. chain, bond. 514. try, attempt. 515. urge, encourage. 516. get possession of, obtain. 517. follow, pursue. 518. use, employ. 519. fear, be afraid of. 520. set out, depart. 531. rampart, embankment. 532. tribute, tax. 533. leave, abandon, 534- pay. 535. ascertain, learn, find out. 536. mother. 537. pace. 538. money. 539. how much. 540. eager. Word List for Drill 289 LATIN WORD LIST— Continued 40. 541- causa. 542. deinde. 543- usus, us, m. 544- pes, pedis, m. 545- peritus, a, urn. 546. animus, 1, m. 547- gratia. 548. honor, oris, ;;z. 549- contumelia, ae,/". 55°- imperitus, a, um. 561. opinio, onis,/ 562. vox, vocis,/". 5 6 3- plerique, aeque, aque. 564- oppugnatio, oms,f. 5 6 5- verbum, 1, n. 566. opportunus, a, um. 567- opera, ae,/ 568. confido. 5 6 9- supersum. 57°- studeo. 581. novae res. 582. aestus, us, m. 583- aptus, a, um. 584. trado. 585. solum, 1, 11. 586. Oceanus, 1, m. 587- navigo. 588. amitto. 589- conventus, us, m. 59°- pono. 39. 42. 55 1 - msignis, e. 55 2 - lacus, us, m. 553- commutatio, onfs,y*. 554- absum. 555- adsum. 556. possum. 557- retineo. 558. fluo. 559- ascendo. 560. Labienus, I, ;;/. 57i- faveo. 57 2 - noceo. 573- resisto. 574- persuadeo. 575- praeficio. 57 6 - praesum. 577- etiam. 578. ordo, inis, m. 579- novus, a, um. 580. novissimum agmen. 59 1 - par, gen. paris. 59 2 - revoco. 593- praesertim. 594- quod. 595- praeter. 59 6 - annus, I, m. 597- moror. 598. certus, a, um. 599- constituo. 600. maneo. 290 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD 541. for the sake of. 542. then, thereupon. 543. experience ; advantage, use. 544. foot. 545. experienced, skilled. 546. mind, heart, courage. 547. for the sake of. 548. honor. 549. insult. 550. inexperienced, ignorant. 561. opinion ; reputation. 562. voice. 563. most (people or things). 564. assault. 565. word. 566. fit, suitable. 567. assistance, aid. 568. trust. 569. survive, remain. 570. be eager for, desire, favor. 581. change of affairs, revolu- tion. 582. tide. 583. fit, suitable, adapted. 584. deliver, hand over. 585. soil, ground. 586. the ocean: 587. sail, navigate. 588. lose ; let go. 589. meeting, assembly. 590. put, place, establish. LIST — Continued 551. prominent, remarkable. 552. lake. 553. change. 554. be absent, distant. 555. be present. 556. be able, can. 557. retain, maintain. 558. flow. 559. ascend. 560. Labienus. 571. favor, be favorable to. 572. harm, injure. 573. resist. 574. persuade. 575. place in command. 576. be in command, in charge. 577. also, even. 578. rank, line, order. 579. new. 580. rear guard. 591. equal, a match for. 592. recall. 593. especially. 594. because. 595. besides, except. 596. year. 597. delay, linger. 598. certain, sure. 599. resolve, decide. 600. stay, remain. Word List for Drill 291 LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 601. appello. 6ll. ante. 602. creo. 6l2. nox, noctis,/ 603. hora, ae,/ 613. multo. 604. teneo. 614. Roma, ae,/. 605. veto. 615. defensor, oris, m. 606. mensis, is, m. 616. expeditus, a, um. 607. iubeo. 617. nudo. 608. Genava, ae,/ 618. tempero. 43. 609. fio. 619. desisto. 44. 610. aliquot. 620. intercludo. 621. divido. 631. colloquor. 622. interficio. 632. induco. 623. maleficium, 1, 11. 633' perterreo. 45. 624. afficio. 634- supplicium, T, n. 625. cupiditas, tatis,/! 635- reverto. 626. discessus, us, m. 46. 636. aestas, tatis,/. 627. fugio. 6 37- biduum, I, n. 628. instruo. 638. conficio. 629. iuvo. 6 39- supero. 630. aqua, ae, f. 640. nondum. 641. auctus, a, um. 651. cohortor. 642. Bibrax, actis,/. 652. removeo. 643- extremus, a, um. 6 53- peto. 644. BellovacT, orum, ;;/. 654- habeo. 645- ingens, gen. ingentis. 655- progredior. 646.. medius, a, um. 656. orior. 647. valeo. 657- Catilma, ae, m. 648. lux, lucis,^/ 658. nunc. 649. plebs, plebis,/. 659- Cicero, onis, m. 47. 650. accipio. 660. mora, ae,y. 292 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORE > LIST — Continued 601. call, name. 611. before. 602. elect, choose. 612. night. 603. hour. 613. by much, much. 604. hold, keep. 614. Rome. 605. forbid. 615. defender. 606. month. 616. easy, practicable. 607. order, command. 617. make bare, strip, leave unprotected. 608. Geneva. 618. refrain, keep from. 609. be done, occur, be made. 619. cease, stop, leave off. 610. some, several. 620. cut off, shut off. 621. divide, separate. 631. speak with, confer. 622. kill. 632. lead on, influence, induce. 623. mischief, harm. 6 33- frighten, terrify. 624. affect, afflict. 634- punishment, torture. 625. desire. 635- return, go back. 626. departure. 636. summer. 627. flee. 6 37- two days. 628. draw up, arrange ; equip. 638. accomplish, finish. 629. help, aid. 6 39- surpass, excel. 630. water. 640. not yet. 641. strong ; rich. 651. encourage. 642. Bibrax. 652. remove. 643- end of, last (part of). 6 53- seek. 644. the Bellovaci. 654- deliver. 645- huge, enormous. 655- advance. 646. middle of, middle. 656. arise. 647. be strong, powerful. 6 57- Catiline. 648. light. 658. now. 649. common people, populace. 659- Cicero. 650. receive. 660. delay. Word List for Drill 293 LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 66l. dolor, oris, m. 671. rns, ruris, n. 662. coniiiratio, bms,/. 672. domus, lis, or\,f. 48. 663. eo. 673- pervenio. 49. 664. Aquileia, ae,/ 674. educo. 665. de. 6 75- exeo. 666. VIVO. 676. redeo. 667. turn. 50. 677. aggredior. 668. transeo. 678. conscendo. 669. hiems, hiemis,/ 679. rcddo. 670. conscribo. 680. ulciscor. 681. utinam. 691. iu dico. 682. vigilia, ae,/ 692. ne. 683. impeditus, a, um. 6 93- cliens, entis, ;;/. or/. 684. committo. 694. evado. 685. ita. 695- quaero. 686. eruptio, on is,/ 696. rogo. 687. singulT, ae, a. 697. si. 688. proelium committere. 698. impetro. 51. 689. circuitus, us, m. 699. iiidicium, 1, ?i. 690. doceo. 700. rescindo. 701. Sequani, orum, m. 711. subitus, a, um. 702. ut. 712. invenio. 52. 7°3- audeo. 7 J 3- talis, e. 704. contineo. 714. tantus, a, um. 7°5- tarn. 7*5- ut. 706. vix. 53. 716. cum. 707. nonnullus, a, um. 717. tergum, 1, n. 708. intellego. 718. videor. 709. 'dico. 719. com per io. 710. Rhodanus, 1, m. 720. sub. 2Q4 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 66 1. grief. 662. conspiracy. 663. go. 664. Aquileia. 665. from, out of. 666. live. 667. then; thereupon, next. 668. cross. 669. winter. 670. enroll. 681. would that. 682. watch. 683. hindered, burdened, un- der baggage. 684. bring together. 685. thus, so. 686. sortie, rushing forth. 687. one at a time, singly. 688. to join battle. 689. circuit, roundabout way. 690. show, tell. 701. the Sequani. 702. that, in order that. 703. dare. 704. confine, hem in. 705. so. 706. hardly, scarcely. 707. some. 708. understand, know. 709. say, tell; appoint. 710. the Rhone. 671. the country. 672. home, house. 673. reach, come to, arrive. 674. lead out. &75- g° out > depart from. 676. go back, return. 677. attack. 678. embark, go on board, 679. give back, return. 680. avenge, punish. 691. judge. 692. lest, that . . . not. 693. dependent, retainer. 694. escape. 695. inquire. 696. ask. 697. whether. 698. obtain one's request. 699. place of judgment, trial. 700. tear down. 711. sudden. 712. come upon, find. 713. such. 714. such, so great. 715. that, so that. 716. when; since; although. 717. back. 718. seem ; be seen. 719. find out, discover. 720. under, toward. Word List for Drill 295 54. 721. 722. 7 2 3- 724. 7 2 5- 726. 727. 728. 729. 73°- LATIN WORD LIST — Continued adorior. vesper, erl, m. sustineo. 56. conspectus, us, m. succedo. maturus, a, um. verto. proxime. tergum vertere. volo. 731. nolo. 732. malo. 733. accidit. 734. conatus, us, m. 735. efficio. 736. impero. 737. Liscus, 1, ?ti. 738. opto. 739. plenus, a, un 740. vito. 741. hbero. 751. 742. evenio. 752. 743. admoneo. 753. 744. copiae, arum j 754. 745. Allobroges, um, m. 755. 746. lima, ae,/. 756. 747. posco. 757. 748. praecipio. 758. 749. timeo. 759. 56. 750. circum. 57. 760. com ungo. minis, a, um. cis. consido. despero. existimo. puto. praedico. semper. accedo. 761. UbiT, orum, m. 762. licet. 7 6 3- morior. 764. sumptus, us, m 7 6 5- metior. 766. constat. 767. alo. 768. erro. 769. sino. 770. oporteto 771. humanus, a, um. 58. 772. alienus, a, um. 773- si. 774. cilra, ae, / 775. effugio. 776. flnitimus, 1, m. jjj. nisi. 778. victor, oris, m. jyg. pareo. 780. persequor. 296 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 721. attack. 722. evening. 723. withstand. 724. sight, view. 725. approach, come up. 726. early. 727. turn. 728. last, recently. 729. to turn one's back, flee. 730. wish, be willing. 741. free, set free. 742. turn out, result. 743. warn, urge. 744. resources, possessions. 745. the Allobroges. 746. moon. 747. demand, require. 748. command, direct. 749. fear. 750. around, about, in the vicinity of. 761. the Ubii. 762. it is permitted. 763. die. 764. expense. 765. measure out, distribute. 766. it is evident. 767. support, maintain. 768. err, be mistaken. 769. permit, allow. 770. it behooves, is fitting. 731. be unwilling. 732. prefer. 733. it happens, occurs. 734. attempt, effort. 735. make, cause, render, bring about. 736. command. 737. Liscus. 738. desire 739. full 740. avoid. 751. join 752. wonderful, surprising. 753. on this side of. 754. camp, settle. 755. despair. 756. think, believe. 757. think, suppose, consider. 758. say, declare. 759. always. 760. approach. 771. human; civilized, culti- vated. 772. foreign, strange. 773- if - 774. care, attention. 775. escape. 776. neighbor. 777. unless, if . . . not. 778. victor. 779. obey. 780. follow up, pursue. Word List for Drill 297 LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 781. numquam. 782. bellicosus, a, urn. 783. inimlcus, a, urn. 784. fidelis, e. 785. ciistodio. 786. beatus, a, um. 59. 787. amor, oris, ;;/. 788. disco. 789. ineo. 790. consuesco. 801. affero. 802. perfero. 60. 791. Athenae, arum, /, 792. celeber, bris, bre. 793. scribo. 794. ars, artis, / 795. consumo. 796. lego. 797. trecenti, ae, a. 798. sumo. 799. fero. 800. Infero. 803. aufero. 804. refero. 298 Elements of Latin ENGLISH WORD LIST — Continued 781 never. 791. Athens. 782 warlike. 792. celebrated, famous. 783 unfriendly, hostile. 793- write. 784 faithful. 794- art, science. 785 guard. 795- use up, consume. 786 happy. 796. read. 787 love. 797- three hundred. 788 learn. 798. take, get, gather. 789 enter ; form (a plan). 799- bear, carry. 790 be accustomed. 800. bring upon, bring against 801 bring. 803. take away. 802 carry through, endure. 804. bring back. SPECIAL VOCABULARIES ON THE READING LESSONS IN LESSONS XXV-XXXV VOCABULARY OP 154 advena, ae, m., stranger. Albertus, I, m., Albert. at, but. corniger, era, erum, homed. denique, finally. habito, are, avi, atus, inhabit, dwell in. ignavus, a, um, idle. insto, are, stiti, approach. littera, ae, f., letter. lustro, are, avi, atus, watch, look at. magister, tri, in-., master. monstrum, I, n., monster. mox, presently, soon. oculus, i, m., eye. pererro, are, avi, atus, wander through. saevus, a, um, savage. sto, stare, steti, staturus, stand. taurus, I, m., bull. tento, are, avi, atus, try, at- tempt. tergum, i, n., back. turn, then. vito, are, avi, atus, avoid. VOCABULARY OF 161 aqua, ae, f., water. baculum, i, n., stick. deturbo, are, avi, atus, drive away, forte, by chance. intro, are, avi, atus, enter. ira, ae, f., wrath. limus, i, m., mud. mando, are, avi, atus, commit, entrust. membrum, i, n., limb. plenus, a, um. /////. profundus, a, um, deep. temere, rashly. libero, are, avi, atus, free, set termino, are, avi, atus. bound, free. vanus, a, um, empty, rain. 299 3°° Elements of Latin VOCABULARY OF 168 adversus, a, um, adverse, un- favorable. calathus, I, m., basket. Carolus, I, m., Charles. certe, surely. cunctus, a, um, all, the whole. euro, are, avi, atus, care for. dfligenter, carefully. fortuna, ae, f., fortune, fate. igitur, therefore. impiger, gra, grum, active. ita, thus, so. maculo, are, avi, atus, spot, stain. maestus, a, um, sad, sorrowful. ploro, are, avi, atus, bewail, lament. pomum, I, n., apple. putridus, a, um, rotten. aliquando, once. Augustus, I, m., Augustus. Britannicus, a, um, British. Britannus, I, m., a Briton. capillus, I, m., hair. colonus, l, m., farmer. Floras, I, m., Florus. itaque, therefore. Iulius, I, va., Julius. VOCABULARY OF 174 lacrima, ae, f., tear. nam, for. numquam, never. olim, formerly. posthac, after this, in future. teneo, ere, ui, tentus, hold, re- strain. Titus, I, m., Titus. video, ere, vidi, visus, see. adsum, esse, fui, be present. appareo, ere, ui, iturus, appear. argentum, i, n., silver. aro, are, avi, atus, plow. avarus, a, um, greedy, covetous. avidus, a, um, greedy. benigne, kindly. caelum, i, n., sky. celo, are, avi, atus, conceal. dominus, i, m., master. fidus, a, urn, faithful. furtum, i, n., theft. ibi, there. VOCABULARY OF 180 impleo, ere, evi, etus, fill up. latebrae, arum, f. pi., hiding- place. Mercurius, i, m., Mercury. narro, are, avi, atus, tell, relate. nudo, are, avi, atus, lay bare. Plutus, i, m., Plutus. querela, ae, f., complaint. specto, are, avi, atus, look at, watch. spolio, are, avi, atus, rob, steal. subito, suddenly. thesaurus, i, m., treasure. Special Vocabularies 301 VOCABULARY OF 186 admoneo, ere, ui, itus, advise. animus, 1, m., mind. attrecto, are, avi, atus, touch, handle. cura, ae, f., care. divitiae, arum, f. pi., riches. egenus, a, um, poor. maneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, stay, remain. mulceo, ere, mulsi, mulsus, soothe. nee, nor, and not. nihil, nothing. nunc, now. pecunia, ae, f., money quidem, indeed. saxum, J, n., rock. semper, always. servo, are, avi, atus, save, keep. suppleo, ere, evi, etus, fill up, supply. unquam, ever. VOCABULARY OF 192 Cimbri, drum, m. pi., the Cim- mirus, a, um, wonderful. bri. strange. claustra, orum, n. pi., baj-rier, oceanus, i, m., the ocean. dike. pateo, ere, ui, lie open. coerced, ere, ui, itus, check, rima, ae, f., crack. restrain. tectum, i, n., house. deturbo, are, avi, atus, tear tumulus, i, m., mound. down. unda, ae, f., wave. dextra, ae, f., right hand. validus, a, um, strong. inundo, are, avi, atus, overflow, violentia, ae, f., violence, flood. VOCABULARY OF 198 cibus, i, m.,food. commemoro, are, avi, atus, relate, tell. constanter, steadily. constantia, ae, f., firmness. factum, i, n., deed, act. frigidus, a, um, cold. moribundus, a, um, dying. recreo, are, avi, atus, refresh. rigeo, ere, stiffen, become stiff. sublevo, are, avi, atus, raise, lift. tantus, a, um, such, so great. umerus, i, m., shoulder. 3° 2 Elements of Latin VOCABULARY OF 204 canorus, a, um, musical, me- lodious. caseus, i, m., cheese. celebro, are, avi, atus, celebrate. cena, ae, f., dinner. Clodius, I, m., Clodius. convlva, ae, c, guest. copiosus, a, um, abundant. delecto, are, avi, atus, delight. fistula, ae, f., pipe. hie, here, on this side. honestus, a, um, honest. illic, there, on that side. inhonestus, a, um, dishonest. molestus, a, um, troublesome. nuptiae, arum, f. pi., wedding. ovum, I, n., egg. peritus, a, um, skilled. porculus, I, m., little pig. praecipue, especially. sonus, I, m., sound. sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, en- dure. vicinus, i, m., neighbor. vix, hardly, scarcely. VOCABULARY OF 213 canto, are, avi, atus, play, sing. ceno, are, avi, atus, dine. cupide, eagerly. epulae, arum, f. pi., feast. frustra, in vain. fugitlvus, I, m., fugitive. inde, thereupon, then. interea, meanwhile. ieiunus, a, um, hungry. poena, ae, f., penalty. praeda, ae, f., booty. raptim, hiwriedly, hastily. recupero, are, avi, atus, get back, recover. salto, are, avi, atus, dance. splendide, magnificently. verbero, are, avi, atus, beat. GENERAL VOCABULARIES LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY a, ab, prep. gov. abl., by, from. abdo, ere, didi, ditus, hide, con- ceal. abduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead away, carry off. abicio, ere, ieci, iectus, throw away. abstineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold hack, refrain from. absum, esse, afui, afuturus, be absent, be distant. ac, see atque. accedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, approach. accidit, ere, accidit, it happens, occurs. accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, re- ceive, accept. accurro, ere, cucurri (curri), cursus, run to, hasten to. acer, acris, acre, sharp, ferce. acies, ei, f., line of battle. acriter, sharply. ad, prep. gov. ace., to, toward, against, for, near, about. addo, ere, didi, ditus, add. adduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead to, induce, influence. aditus, us, m., approach. adiungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, join to. administro, are, avi, atus, man- age, administer. admitto, ere, misi, missus, let go; equo admisso, at full speed. admoneo, ere, monui, monitus, warn, advise, urge. adolesco, ere, levi, adultus. grow up. adorior, oriri, ortus sum, attack. adsum, esse, fui, futurus, be present. advena, ae, m. or f., stranger. advenio, ire, veni, ventus, come to. adventus, us, m., arrival, ap- proach. adversus, prep. gov. ace, against. adversus, a, um, adverse, un- favorable. aedificium, i, n., building. aedifico, are, avi, atus, build. j^j 304 Elements of Latin Aemilius, I, m., (Lucius) Aemi- lius, a Gallic officer in Cae- sar's army. Aeneas, ae, m., Aeneas, a Trojan hero. aequitas, aequitatis, f., fairness, evenness. , aequo, are, avl, atus, equalize, make equal. aequus, a, um, level ; favorable. aestas, aestatis, f., summer. aestus, us, m., tide. aetas, aetatis, f., age. affero, ferre, attuli, allatus, bring. afficio, ere, feci, fectus, affect, afflict, visit with. ager, agri, m., field. agger, aggeris, m., rampart, dike, embankment. aggredior, I, gressus sum, at- tack. agmen, agminis, n., column, army on the march. ago, ere, egi, actus, drive, lead, bring up; gratias agere, to return thanks. agricola, ae, m., farmer. alacer, alacris, alacre, eager. Alba Longa, Albae Longae, f., Alba Longa, leading city of early Latium. Albani, drum, m., the Albans, people of Alba Longa. Albanus, a, um, Alban. Albertus, I, m., Albert. alienus, a, um, fo7-eign, strange, unfavorable. aliquando, once, at some time. aliquis (qui), quae, quid (quod), some one, some. aliquot, some, several. alius, a, ud, a?iother, other. Allobroges, Allobrogum, m., the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe. alloquor, I, locutus sum, speak to, address. alo, ere, ui, altus (alitus), nourish, suppoi't. Alpes, Alpium, f. pi., the Alps. alte, high, on high, aloft. alter, era, erum, other; alter . . . alter, one . . . the other ; alter! . . . alteri, some . . . others. altitudo, altitudinis, f., height, depth.- altus, a, um, high, deep. Ambarri, drum, m., the Am- barfi, a Gallic tribe. amicitia, ae, f., friendship. amicus, a, urn, friendly. amicus, I, m., friend. amitto, ere, misi, missus, lose ; let go. amo, are, avl, atus, love. amor, amoris, m., love. amplio, are, avl, atus, enlarge. amplius, more. Amulius, I, m., Amulius. anceps, anceps, gen. ancipitis, two-sided. General Vocabularies 305 Ancus, 1, m., Ancus, forename of Ancus Marcius. angustiae, arum, f. pi., narrow pass. angustus, a, um, narrow. animadverto, ere, verti, versus, notice. animal, ammalis, n., animal. animus, 1, m., mind, heart, courage. annus, i, m., year. ante, prep. gov. ace, before; as adverb, before. antiquus, a, um, ancient. anulus, i, m., ring. apertus, a, um, open, unpro- tected. appareo, ere, ui, iturus, appear. appello, are, avi, atus, call, name. appropinquo, are, avi, atus, approach. aptus, a, um, fit, suitable, adapted. apud, prep. gov. ace, among, with. aqua, ae, f., water. aquila, ae, f., eagle, standard. Aquileia, ae, f., Aquileia, a Roman town. Aquitani, . drum, m., the Aqui- tani, a Gallic people. Arar, Araris, m., the Saone, a river, tributary to the Rhone, arbitror, ari, atus sum, think, consider. arcesso, ere, ivi, itus, send for, sum mo n. Ardea, ae, f., Ardea, a town of Latin in. ardeo, ere, arsi, arsus. burn. argentum, i, n., silver. Ariovistus, i, in., Ariovistus, a German king. arma, drum, n. pi., arms. armilla, ae, f., brace /ft. armo, are, avi, atus, arm. aro, are, avi, atus, plow. ars, artis, f., art, science. arx, arcis, f., citadel. Ascanius, i, m., Ascanius, son of Aeneas. ascendo, ere, scendi, scensus, ascend. ascensus, us, m., way up, ascent. Asia, ae, f., Asia. asper, era, erum, rough. asylum, i, n., place of refuge, asylum. at, but. Athenae, arum, f. pi., Athens. atque (ac), and; as. attrecto, are, avi, atus, touch, handle. auctoritas, auctoritatis, f., au- thority, influence. auctus, a, um, strong, rich. audacter, boldly; comparative, audacius ; superlative, au- dacissime. audax, audax, gen. audacis, bold, courageous. 306 Elements of Latin audeo, ere, ausus sum, dare. audio, ire, ivi, Itus, hear. aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus, take away. augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, in- crease. augurium, I, n., omen, augury. Augustus, I, m., Augustus. aureus, a, um, golden, of gold. auriga, ae, m., driver, chari- oteer. aut, or; aut . . . aut, either . . . or. autem, moreover, but, hotvever. auxilia, orum, n. pi., auxiliary troops. auxilium, I, n., aid, help. avarus, a, um, greedy, covetous Aventinus, i, m., the Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome. averto, ere, vertl, versus, turn aside, turn away. avidus, a, um, greedy. avus, 1, m., grandfather. B baculum, I, n., stick. barbarus, a, um, barbarous, uncivilized. barbarus, I, m., barbarian, fo 7-- eigner. beatus, a, um, happy. Belgae, arum, m. pi., the Bel- gians, a Gallic people. bellicosus, a, um, warlike. Bellovaci, orum, m. pi., the Bellovaci, a Gallic tribe. bellum, I, n., war. bene, well. beneficium, I, n., kindness. benigne, kindly. Bibracte, Bibractis, n.,Bibracte, chief town of the Haedui. Bibrax, Bibractis, f., Bibrax, a town of the Remi. biduum, I, n., two days, tiuo days' 1 time. Boii, orum, m. pi., the Boii, a tribe living near the Helve- tians. bona, orum, n. pi., goods, pos- sessions. bonitas, bonitatis, infertility. bonus, a, um, good. bracchium, i,n., arm, forearm. brevis, breve, short, brief. breviter, briefly, shortly. Britannia, ae, f., Britain. Britannicus, a, um, British. Britannus, i, m., a Briton. Brutus, I, m., {Lucius) Brutus, liberator of Rome. C, for centum, hundred. cado, ere, cecidi, casurus, fall, be killed. caedes, caedis, f., slaughter, massacre. caelum, i, n., sky. Caesar, Caesaris, m., Caesar. General Vocabularies 307 calamitas, calamitatis, f., ca- lamity, disaster, defeat. calathus, i, m., basket. callidus, a, um, shrewd, cun- ning. canorus, a, um, musical, melo- dious. canto, are, avi, atus, play, sing. capillus, 1, in., hair. capio, ere, cepi, captus, take, capture ; adopt. Capitolium, 1, n., the Capitoline, one of the seven hills of Rome ; the Capitol, a temple on the Capitoline. captiva, ae, f., captive. captivus, 1, m., captive. caput, capitis, n., head. career, carceris, m., prison. care, dearly. Carolus, 1, m., Charles. carpentum, i, n., carriage. carrus, i, m., wagon, cart. carus, a, um, dear. caseus, 1, m., cheese. Cassius, I, m., {Lucius) Casshts, consul at Rome in 107 b.c. castellum, 1, n., small fo?'t, re- doubt. Casticus, 1, m., Casticus, a chief of the Sequani. castra, orum, n. pi., camp. casus, us, m., chance, accident. catena, ae, f., chain, bond. Catilina, ae, m., Catiline. causa, ae, f., cause, reason; case. causa, zb\.,for the sake of. celeber, Celebris, celebre. cele- brated, famous. celebro, are, avl, atus. cele- brate. celer, eeleris, eelere, swift, quick. celeritas, celeritatis. f., speed. celeriter, quickly, swiftly. celo, are, avi, atus, conceal. Celtae, arum. m. pi., the Celts or Gauls. cena, ae, f., dinner. ceno, are, avi, atus, dine. census, us, m., registration, enumeration. centum, hundred. centurio, centurionis. m., cen- turion, commander of a cen- tury, or company of one. hundred. certamen, certaminis, n., con- test, battle. certe, surely. certus, a. um, certain, sure. cibus, i, m.,food. Cicero, Ciceronis, m., Cicero. Cimbri, drum, m. pi., the Cimbri. circiter, about. circuitus. us. m., roundabout way, circuit. circum, prep. gov. ace, around, about, in the vicinity of. 3 o8 Elements of Latin circumdo, are, dedi, datus, sur- round. circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus, surround. cis, prep. gov. ace, on this side of. citerior, citerius, nearer, hither ; Gallia citerior, hither Gaul; superlative, citimus, a, um. citra, prep. gov. ace, on this side of. civis, civis, m. or f., citizen. civitas, civitatis, f., state; citi- zenship. clam, secretly. clamor, clamoris, m., shouting, outcry. classis, classis, f., fleet. claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, shut, close ; agmen claudere, to b?'ing up the rear. claustra, orum, n. pi., barrier, dike. cliens, clientis, m. or f. ; depend- e?it, retainer. cloaca, ae, f., sewer. Clodius, I, m., Clodius. coemo, ere, emi, emptus, buy, purchase. coepio, ere, coepi, coeptus, begin (only the perfect tenses in common use). coerceo, ere, ui, itus, check, re- strain. cognomen, cognominis, n., name, surname. cognosco, ere, novi, nitus, learn, find out, ascertain. cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, force; gather, collect. cohors, cohortis, f., cohort. cohortor, ari, atus sum, encour- age. Collatmus, i, m., Collatinus, husband, of Lucretia. colligo, are, avi, atus, fasten to- gether. collis, collis, m., hill. colloco, are, avi, atus, put, place , station. colloquium, 1, n., conference. colloquor, i, locutus sum, speak with, confer. colonus, i, m., farmer. commeatus, us, m., provisions, supplies. commemoro, are, avi, atus, re- late, tell. committo, ere, misi, missus, bring together ; proeliumcom- mittere, to join battle. commode, easily, conveniently. commoror, ari, atus sum, stay, remain, stop. commoveo, ere, movi, motus, move, disturb, alarm. communio, ire, ivi, Itus, fortify strongly, infrench. communis, commune, common, general. commutatio, commutationis, f., change. General Vocabularies 309 commuto, are, avi, atus, alter, change. comparo, are, avi, atus, pro- vide, get ready, prepare. comperio, ire, peri, ^Qvtns, fi?id out, discover. complector, 1, plexus sum, em- brace. compleo, ere, plevi, pletus, fill up, cover. conatus, us, m., attempt, effort. concedo, ere, cessi, cessus, grant, permit. concido, ere, cidi, clsus, kill, slay, cut down. concilium, 1, n., assembly, coun- cil. concursus, us, m., running to- gether, charge, attack. conditio, condicionis, f., condi- tio ti, terms. condo, ere, didi, ditus, found, establish. conduco, ere, duxi, ductus, bring together, collect. confero, ferre, tuli, collatus, gather, collect ; se conferre, to betake one^s self, go. confertus, a, um, crowded, close, in close array. conficio, ere, feci, fectus, accom- plish, finish, complete ; make, prepai'e, write. confido, ere, fisus sum, trust (semi-deponent). confirmo, are, avi, atus, estab- lish; strengthen, encoura declare, assert. conicid, ere, ieci, iectus, throw together, hurl; put. coniungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, join. coniunx, coniugis, c, husband; wife. coniuratio, coniurationis, f., conspiracy. coniuro, are, avi, atus, con- spire, plot. conor, ari, atus sum, try, at- tempt. conquiro, ere, quisivi, quisitus. seek out, hunt. consanguineus, i, m., relat. kinsman. conscendo, ere. scendi, scen- sus, embark, go on board. conscisco, ere, scivi, scitus, de- cree, resolve. conscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, enroll. consequor, i, secutus sum, fol- low, pursue; gain, acquire. consero, ere, serui. sertus, join ; pugnam conserere. to join battle. Considius, i, m., (Publius) Con- sidius, an officer in Caesar's army. consido, ere, sedi. sessus. camp, settle. consilium, I, n.. plan, advice ; tuisdom. 3io Elements of Latin consistd, ere, stitl, stop, take a position. conspectus, us, m., sight, view. conspicor, ari, atus sum, behold, see, view. constanter, steadily. constantia, ae, f., firmness. constat, it is evident. constituo, ere, ui, utus, resolve, decide ; appoint, determine. consuesco, ere, evi, etus, be accustomed. consuetudo, consuetudinis, f., custom. consul, consulis, m., consul. cdnsumo, ere, sumpsi, sump- tus, consitme, use up. contendo, ere, tendi, tentus, strive, struggle, contend ; hasten. continenter, constantly, contin- ually. contineo, ere, ui, tentus, confine, hem in; restrain, hold back. contra, prep. gov. ace, against, opposite. contumelia, ae, f., insult. convalesco, ere, valui, recover, grow strong. convenio, Ire, veni, ventum, coine together, ?neet, assemble. conventus, us, m., meeting, as- sembly. converto, ere, verti, versus, turn, change, turn about. conviva, ae, c, guest. convoco, are, avi, atus, call together, summon. copia, ae, f., plenty, sitpply ; pi., troops ; resources, possessions. copiosus, a, um, abundant, wealthy. Corinthus, i, m., Corinth. corniger, era, erum, horned. cornu, us, n., horn; wing (of an army). corpus, corporis, n., body. cotidianus, a, um, daily, every- day. creber, bra, \sx\xm, frequent creo, are, avi, atus, elect, choose, appoint. cultura, ae, f. , cultivation. cultus, us, m., civilization. cum, prep. gov. abl., with. cum, when; since; although (conj.). cum . . . turn, both . . . and; not only . . . but also. cunctus, a, um, all, the whole. cupide, eagerly. cupiditas, cupiditatis, f., desi?-e. cupidus, a, um, eager, desirous. cupio, ere, ivi, Itus, wish, desire. cura, ae, f., care. Cures, Curium, f. pi., Cures, a Sabine town. curia, ae, f., (i) one of the ten divisions of a Roman tribe, a curia, (2) the senate house. Curiatii, orum, m., the Curia Hi, three Alban brothers. General Vocabularies 3" euro, are, avi, atus, care for. custodio, ire, ivl, Itus, guard. custos, custodis, c, guard, watchman. D de, prep. gov. abl., about, con- cerning ; about, during; from, out of. dea, ae, f., goddess. debed, ere, ui, itus, ought, be obliged to ; owe. decedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, withdraw ', go away; die. decern, ten. decimus, a, um, tenth. decurio, decurionis, in., a decu- rion, commander of ten horsemen. deditio, deditionis, {..surrender. dedo, ere, dedidi, deditus, give up, surrender. defendo, ere, fendi, fensus, ward off, defend. defensor, defensoris, m., de- fender. defessus, a, um, weary, ex- hausted. deicio, ere, ieci, iectus, tJirow down, cast doivn ; disappoint. deinde, then, thereupon. delecto, are, avi, atus, delight. delibero, are, avi, atus, con- sider, ponder, deliberate. deligo, ere, legi, Iectus, choose, select. Demaratus, i, m., Demaratus, father of Tarquinius Pris< us. denique, finally, at last. describo, ere, scrips!, scrfptus. mark off, divide. desero. ere, ui, sertus, desert, abandon. desilio, ire, silui, sultus, leap down. desisto, ere, stiti, cease, stop. leave off. despero, are, avi, atus, despair. destringo, ere, strinxi, strictus, draw, unsheathe. desum, esse, fui, futurus. be wanting, be lacking, fail. deterred, ere, ui, itus, hinder. deter. deturbo, are, avi, atus, drive away ; tear down. deus, i, m., god. dexter, tra, trum, right. dextra, ae, f., right hand. dico, ere, dixi, dictus, say, tell; appoint. dictio, dictionis, f., speaking, pleading. dies, diei, m. or f., day. differo, ferre, distuli. dilatus. differ. difneilis, difficile, difficult. dimcultas, difficultatis. f., diffi- culty. dignitas. dignitatis, f., rank, honor, eminence. diligenter. carefully. 312 Elements of Latin diruo, ere, ui, utus, destroy, overthrow. discedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, leave, depart. discessus, us, m., departwe. disco, ere, didici, learn, ac- quire. disicio, ere, ieci, iectus, drive apart, drive asunder, rout. dispono, ere, posui, positus, distribute, post, station. dissimilis, dissimile, unlike. distribuo, ere, ui, utus, divide, distribute. ditissimus, a, um, richest (su- perlative of dives, rich). diu, long, a long time. Diviciacus, i, m., Diviciacus, a leader of the Haedui. divido, ere, visi, visus, divide, separate. divitiae, arum, f. pi., riches. do, dare, dedi, datus, give. doceo, ere, ui, doctus, show, tell. dolor, doloris, m., grief. dominus, i, m., master. domo, are, ui, itus, subdue. domus, us or i, i., house, home. donum, i, n., gift. dubito, are, avi, atus, hesitate, doubt. ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. duco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead, conduct, draw. dum, until. Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, m., Dumnorix, a leader of the Haedui. duo, duae, duo, two. duodecim, twelve. dux, ducis, m., leader, guide. e, ex, prep. gov. abh.from, out of; una ex parte, on one side. educo, are, avi, atus, educate, train, bring up. educo, ere, duxi, ductus, lead out. effemino, are, avi, atus, weaken, enfeeble, make womanish. efficio, ere, feci, fectus, make, cause, render, bring about. effugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, escape. effundo, ere, fudi, fusus, pour fo7'th, spread. egenus, a, um, poor. Egeria, ae, f., Egeria, a nymph. ego, mei, /. egredior, i, gressus sum, march out, go out. emo, ere, emi, emptus, buy, purchase. enuntio, are, avi, atus, report, make kno7i>n. eo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, go. eo, thither, to that place, there. eodem, to the same place. epulae, arum, f. ph, feast. General Vocabularies 3*3 eques, equitis, m., horseman ; pi., cavalry. equester, equestris, equestre, pertaining to cavalry, eques- trian. equitatus, us, m., cavalry. equus, I, m., horse. eripio, ere, ripui, reptus, snatch away, rescue, save. erro, are, avi, atus, be mistaken. eruptio, eruptionis, f., sortie, rushing forth. et, and ; et . . . et, both . . . and. etiam, also, even. Etruria, ae, f., Etruria, a coun- try of Italy, north of Rome. evado, ere, evasi, evasurus, escape. evello, ere, velli, vulsus, ///// out. evenio, Ire, veni, venturus, turn out, result. everto, ere, verti, versus, over- throw. evolo, are, avl, atus, fly away, fly up- exeo, ire, if, itus, go out, depart from. exercitus, us, m., army. exigo, ere, egi, actus, finish. existimo, are, avl, atus, think, believe. exitium, I, n., destruction, ruin. expeditus, a, um, easy, practi- cable. expello, ere. pull, pulsus, drive out, expel. explorator, exploratoris, m., scout. exploro, are, avl, atus, find out. explore. expugno, are, avl, atus, capture, take by storm. exsequor, i, secutus sum, fol- low out, enforce. exspecto, are, avl, atus, await, wait for, expect. extra, prep. gov. ace, outside of, beyond. extremus, a, um,endof last, last part of. F facile, easily. facilis, facile, easy. facio, ere, feci, factus, make, do; give, furnish. factum, I, n., act, deed. facultas, facultatis, f., opportu- nity. fames, famis, f., hunger. familia, ae, f., retinue, retainers, household. familiaritas, familiaritatis, f., friendship, intimacy. famula, ae, f., maid, servant. Faustulus, i, m., Faustulus. faveo, ere, favi, fauturus,/d7'r ramparts. molestus, a, um, troublesome. mollio, ire, ivi, itus, soften, make milder, civilize. moneo, ere, ui, itus, advise, warn. mons, montis, m., mountain. monstro, are, avi, atus, show, point out. monstrum, i, n., monster. mora, ae, f., delay. morbus, i, m., sickness. moribundus, a, um, dying. Morini, orum, m., the Morini, a Belgian tribe. morior, i, mortuus sum, die. moror, ari, moratus sum, de- lay, linger. mors, mortis, f., death. mos, moris, m., custom, manner. motus, us, m., revolt. moved, ere, movi, motus, move; influence, excite. mox, presently, soon. mulceo, ere, mulsi, mulsus, soothe. mulier, mulieris, f., woman. multitudo, multitudinis, f., multitude. multo, much, by much (adv. or abl.). General Vocabularies 321 multum, much (adv.). multus,a, um, much; pi., many. munio, Ire, ivi, ltus,' fortify, munitio, munltionis, f., fortifi- cation. munus, muneris, n., gift. murus, 1, m., wall. N nam, for. Nammeius, 1, m., Nammeius, an envoy of the Helvetians. narro, are, avl, atus, tell, re- late. natio, nationis, f., nation. natura, ae, f., nature, cha?'acter. natus, a, um, born. navigo, are, avl, atus, sail, navigate. navis, navis, f., ship; navis longa, warship. -ne, interrogative particle. ne, lest, that .... not (conj.); not (adv). nee, see neque. necessarius, I, m., kinsman. nego, are, avl, atus, say . . . not, refuse, deny. negotium, I, n., business, task, difficulty. nemo, m., no one; no genitive; dative, nemini ; accusative, neminem ; other cases lack- ing. nepos, nepotis, m., grandson, descendant. Neptunus, i, m., Neptune, god of the sea. neque (nee), nor, and not, not; neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor. neuter, tra, trum, neither (of two). neve, or not, nor. nihil, nothing. nihilo, abl., by nothing. nisi, unless, if . . . not. nobilis, nobile, noble. nobilitas, nobilitatis, f., no- bility. noceo, ere, ui, iturus, harm, injure. nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling, wish . . . not. nomen, nominis, n., name. nominatim, by name, individu- ally. non, not. nonaginta, ninety. nondum, not yet. nonne, interrogative particle (affirmative). nonnullus, a, um, some. nonus, a, um, ninth. noster, tra, trum, our, ours. novem, nine. novus, a, um, new : novissi- mum agmen, the rear guard ; novae res. change of affairs, revolution. nox, noctis, f., night. nubo, ere, nupsi,nuptus, marry. 322 Elements of Latin nudo, are, avi, atus, lay bare, strip, leave unprotected. nullus, a, um, none. num, interrogative particle (negative). Numa, ae, Numa, forename of Numa Pompilius. numerus, I, m., number. Numitor, Numitoris, m., Numi- tor. numquam (nunquam), never. nunc, 7iow. nuncupo, are, avi, atus, name, call. nuntio, are, avi, atus, report, announce. nuntius, I, m., messenger. nuper, recently. nuptiae, arum, f., wedding. nympha, ae, i., nymph. O ob, prep. gov. ace, on account of, for. obaeratus, I, m., debtor. obeo, ire, if, itus, die, per- ish. oboedio, ire, ivi, Itus, obey. obruo, ere, rui, rutus, destroy, overwhelm. obses, obsidis, m., hostage. obsidio, obsidionis, f., siege. obtestor, ari, atus sum, im- plore, call to witness. obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold, occupy ; obtain. occasio, occasionis, f., oppor- tunity. occasus, us, m., setting (of the sun). occido, ere, cidi, cisus, kill, slay. occupo, are, avi, atus, seize, take possession of. Oceanus, I, m., the ocean, the Atlantic. octavus, a, um, eighth. octo, eight. octoginta, eighty. oculus, I, m., eye. officium, I, n., duty. olim, formerly. omnino, in all, altogether. omnis, omne, all, every. onerarius, a, um, of burden ; naves onerariae, freight ships, transports. opera, ae, f., assistance, aid. opinio, opinionis, f., opinion, reputation. oportet, ere, uit, it behooves, is fitting (impersonal). oppidum, I, n., town, walled town. opportunus, a, um, fit, suitable. oppugnatio, oppugnationis, f., assault. oppugno, are, avi, atus, attack. optime, best (adv.). optimus, a, um, best. opto, are, avi, atus, desire. opus, operis, n., work; pi., works, fortifications. General Vocabularies 323 oratio, dratidnis, f., speech. ordino, are, avi, atus, reeord^ arrange. ordo, ordinis, m., rank, line, order. Orgetorix, Orgetorigis, m., Orgetorix, a leader of the Helvetians. orior, iri, ortus sum, arise. ostendd, ere, tendi, tentus, show, point out, tell. Ostia, ae, f., Oslia, the seaport of Rome. ostium, 1, n., mouth, entrance. ovum, i, n., egg. parvus, a, um, small, little. passus, us, in., pace (about five feet). pastor, pastoris, r.i., shepherd. patefacio, ere, feci, factus. open. pateo, ere, ui, lie open; extend, stretch. pater, patris, m., father. paternus, a, um, paternal. patior, i, passus sum, permit, allow, suffer. patria, ae, f., country, father- land. pauci, ae, A, few. paulatim, gradually, little by little. paulum, a little. P., abbreviation for Publius, i, pax, pacis, f., peace. m., Publius, a Roman name, pecunia, ae, f. , money. paco, are, avi, atus, make peace, pacify, subdue. paene, almost, nearly. pagus, i, m., division, district, canton. par, par, gen. paris, equal, like, a match for. paratus, a, um, ready, prepared. pareo, ere, ui, iturus, obey. pario, ere, peperi, partus, bring forth, give birth to. paro, are, avi, Htus, provide, pre- pare. pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, cattle. pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier ; pi., infantry. peior, peius, worse. peius, worse (adv.). pello, eie, pepuli, pulsus, drive, drive out, drive away. pendo, ere, pependi, pensus, pay. per, prep. gov. ace, through, over, by means of. on account of pars, partis, f., part, side, direc- perdo, ere, perdidi, ditus, lose. Hon; una ex parte, on one perduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead side. through, conduct; construct, parum, little (adv.). make. 3 2 4 Elements of Latin pererrd, are, avi, atus, wander through. perfacilis, perfacile, very easy. perfero, ferre, tuli, latus, carry through, endure. perficio, ere, feci, fectus, accom- plish, finish. perfidia, ae, f., treachery. perfringo, ere, fregi, fractus, break through. perfuga, ae, m., deserter. periculum, i, n., danger, risk. perltus, a, um, skillful, skilled, experienced. permoveo, ere, movi, motus, move deeply, excite, influence. perpauci, ae, a, very few. perrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, break through, force a passage. persequor, I, secutus sum, fol- low up, pursue. persolvo, ere, solvi, solutus, pay, suffer (punishment). persuaded, ere, suasi, suasus, persuade. perterreo, ere, ui, itus, frighten, terrify. pertineo, ere, ui, tend, pertain to. perturbo, are, avi, atus, con- fuse, disturb. pervenio, ire, veni, ventus, reach, come to, arrive. pes, pedis, m.,foot. pessime, worst (adv.). pessimus, a, um, worst. peto, ere, ivi (ii), itus, ask, beg; seek. phalanx, phalangis, i., phalanx. pilleus, i, m., cap. pilum, i, n., javelin. Piso, Pisonis, m., (Marcus) Piso, consul at Rome in 6l B.C. plebs, plebis, f., common people, populace. plenus, a, woo., full. plerique, aeque, aque, most, most people, most things. ploro, are, avi, atus, bewail, lament. plurimum, most (adv.). plurimus, a, um, most. plus, pluris, more ; pi., pltires, several, many. plus, more (adv.). Plutus, i, m., Plutus. poena, ae, f., penalty. polliceor, eri, itus sum, promise. Pompilius, i, m., (Numd) Pom- pilius, second king of Rome, pomum, i, n., apple. pono, ere, posui, positus, put, place, establish. pons, pontis, m., bridge. populatio, populationis, f., plun- dering, ravaging. populor, ari, atus sum, ravage, lay waste. populus, i, m., people. porculus, i, m., little pig. porta, ae, f., gate. General Vocabularies 325 portendo, ere, tendi, tentus, foretell, predict. porto, are, avi, atus, carry, bring. portus, us, m., harbor, port. posco, ere, poposci, demand, require. possessio, possessions, f., pos- sessions, lands. possideo, ere, sedi, sessus, possess, hold. possum, posse, potui, be able, can ; plurimum posse, to be very powerful, most powerful. post, prep. gov. ace, after, behind ; as adverb, after, afterwards. postea, afterwards. poster!, orum, m., descendants, posterity. posterus, a, um, following, next. posthac, after this, in future. postquam, after (conj.). postridie, on the next day. postulo, are, avl, atus, demand. potens, potens, gen. potentis, powerful. potestas, potestatis, f., power, authority. potior, iri, Itus sum, get posses- sion of, obtain. praebeo, ere, ui, itus, afford, show, furnish^ provide. praecedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, excel, surpass. praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, command, direct. praecipue, chiefly^ especially. praeda, ae, f., booty. praedico, are, avl, atus, saw declare. praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, place in command. praemitto, ere, misi, missus, send ahead. praemium, i, n., reward. praeopto, are, avl, atus, pre- fer. praesertim, especially. praesidium, i, n., guard, garri- son, protection. praesto, are, stiti, stitus, show, exhibit. praesum, esse, fui, be in com- mand. praeter, prep. gov. ace, besides, except. praetor, praetoris, m., com- mander, general. primo, at first, first (adv.). primum, first (adv.). primus, a, um, first; primum agmen, the first {of) the col- umn, the van. princeps, princeps, gen. prin- cipis, chief, principal. princeps, principis, in., chief. prior, prius, former. Priscus, i. m., Prise us. pro, prep. gov. abl., for, in be- half of; instead of; before, in front of ; in comparison with, in proportion to. 326 Elements of Latin probo, are, avi, atus, approve ; prove, test. procedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, advance, go forward. procul, far. prodigium, i, n., o?nen, portent, prodigy. proelium, 1, n., battle. profectio, profectionis, f., de- parture, start. proficiscor, I, fectus sum, set out, depart. profundus, a, um, deep. progredior, I, gressus sum, advance. prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, keep from, prevent, prohibit, stop. prope, nearly, almost propello, ere, pull, pulsus, rout, drive away, put to flight. propero, are, avi, atus, hasten. propior, propius, nearer. propius, nearer (adv.). propter, prep. gov. ace, on account of propterea, on this account; propterea quod, because. propugno, are, avi, atus, fight back, resist. prosum, prodesse, profui, bene- fit, be useful to. provided, ere, vidi, visus, pro- vide, provide for, foresee. provincia, ae, f., province. proxime, next, neai'est, last, recently (adv.). proximus, a, um, nearest, next. prudens, prudens, gen. pru- dentis, wise, prudent. prudenter, wisely. publicus, a, um, public. puella, ae, f., girl. puer, eri, m., boy. pueritia, ae, f., childhood, youth. pugna, ae, f., fight. pugno, are, avi, Htus, fight. pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. pulchre, beautifully. puto, are, avi, atus, think, sup- pose, consider. putridus, a, um, rotten. qua, where. quadragesimus, a, um, fortieth. quadraginta, forty. quadringenti, ae, a, four hun- dred. quaero, ere, quaesivi, quae- situs, inquire, ask. qualis, quale, of what kind ? of what sort ? quam, than. quantus, a, um, how much ? quartus, a, um, fourth. quattuor, four. -que, and (enclitic). querela, ae, f., complaint. queror, querl, questus sum, co??iplain. qui, quae, quod, who, which, what, that(re\. pron.). General Vocabularies 327 qui, quae, quod, wliat? what kind of ? (xntevrog. adj.). quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam) , certain, a certain (person or thing). quidem, indeed, even ; ne . . . quidem, not . . . even. quingenti, ae, a, five hundred. quini, ae, a, five, five at a time. quinque, five. quintus, a, urn, fifth. quis, quid, who ? which ? what ? quisquam, quidquam, any one (at all). quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), each, every. quod, because. quoque, also, too. quot, how many ? R rapfna, ae, f., plunder, pillage. rapid, ere, rapui, raptus, seize and cany off. raptim, hurriedly, hastily. raptor, raptoris, m., captor, rav- isher. ratio, rationis, f., reason; ac- count, reckoning. ratis, ratis, f., raft. Rauraci, drum, m. pi., the Rau- raci, a nation on the upper Rhine. recens, recens, gen. recentis, recent. recipio, ere, cepi. ceptus, take back, receive . se recipere, to re/real. recreo, are, avl, atus, refresh. recupero, are, avl, atus, get back, recover. recuso, are, avl, atus, refuse. reddo, ere, didi, ditus, return, give back. redeo, ire, ii, iturus. return, go back. redintegro, are, avl, atus, re- new, revive. reditio, reditionis, ingoing back, return. reduco, ere, duxl, ductus, lead back. refero, ferre, rettuli, relatus, bring back. refluo, ere, fin w back. regina, ae, f., queen. regio, regionis, f., region, district. regno, are, avl, atus, rule. regnum, i, n., rule, throne, kingdom. rego, ere, rexi, rectus, rule. reicio, ere,'ieci, iectus, drive back, repel. religio, religionis, f., moral obli- gation, sense of duty, religion. relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, leave, leave behind, abandon. reliquus, a, um, remaining, rest of. remaned, ere. mansi, raansu- rus, remain. 328 Elements of Latin Remi, orum, m., the Remi, a Gallic tribe. removeo, ere, movi, motus, remove. Remus, I, m., Remus. renuntio, are, avi, atus, report. repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus, drive back, repulse. repente, suddenly, unexpectedly. repentinus, a, um, sudden. reperio, Ire, repperi, repertus, find, discover. repono, ere, posui, positus, re- place, restore. res, rei, f., thing, affair, matter. rescindo, ere, scidi, scissus, tear down. rescisco, ere, scivi, scitus, dis- cover, learn. resisto, ere, stiti, resist. responded, ere, spondi, spon- sus, answer, reply. restituo, ere, ui, utus, restore, replace. retineo, ere, ui, tentus, 7-etain, maintain. reverentia, ae, f., respect, regard. reverto, ere, verti, versus, go back, return ; (usually de- ponent in pres., imperf., and future). revoco, are, avi, atus, recall. rex, regis, m., king. Rhea Silvia, Rheae Silviae, f., Rhea Silvia. Rhenus, I, m., the Rhine. Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. rideo, ere, risi, risus, laugh at. rigeo, ere, stiffen, become stiff. rima, ae, f., crack. ripa, ae. f., bank, shore. rogo, are, avi, atus, ask. Roma, ae, f., Rome. Roman!, drum, m., the Romans. Romanus, a, um, Roman. Romulus, I, m., Romulus. rosa, ae, f., rose. rursus, again. rus, ruris, n., the country. Sabini, drum, m. pi., the Sa- bines, a tribe north of Rome. sacerdos, sacerdotis, c, priest, priestess. sacrum, I, n., sacred rite, reli- gious rite. saepe, often. saevus, a, um, savage. salto, are, avi, atus, dance. salus, salutis, f., safety. saluto, are, avi, atus,^r^/, hail. Santones, Santonum, m., the Santones, a people of western Gaul. sarcina, ae, f., pack, baggage pack (of an individual sol- dier). satis, enough, sufficiently (adv.); enough (noun). Saturnia, ae, f., Saturnia. Saturnus, i, m., Saturnus. General Vocabularies saxum, i, n., rock. scelus, sceleris, n., crime, wicked deed. scio, scire, scivl, scitus, know. scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, write. scutum, i, n., shield. secundus, a, um, second. sed, but. sedecim, sixteen. sedes, sedis, f., seat, throne. Segusiavi, drum, m. pi., a Gallic tribe, south of the Haedui. sementis, sementis, f., sowing. semper, always. senator, senatoris, m., senator. senatus, us, m., senate. senex, senis, m., old man. seni, ae, a, six, six at a time. sententia, ae, f., opinion, de- cision. sentio, Ire, sensi, sensus, per- ceive, learn. separatim, separately. septem, seven. Septimus, a, um, seventh. sepultura, ae, f., burial. Sequana, ae, f., the Seine. Sequani, orum, m., the Sequaui, a Gallic tribe. sequor, I, secutus sum, follow, pursue. servitus, servitutis, f., slavery. Servius, I, m., Servius, forename of Servius Tullius. servo, are, avi, atus, save, keep. servus. i. m., slave. sex, six. sextus, a, um, sixth. si, whether^ if. sic, so i thus. siccum, I, n., dry land. sicuti, just as, as. significo, are, avi, atus, mean, signify. signum, I, n., standard, signal silva, ae, f., forest, woods. Silvius, I, m., Silvius. Silvius Proca, Silvii Procae, m., Silvius Proca. similis, simile, like. sine, prep. gov. abl ., without. singuli, ae, a, one at a time, singly. sinister, tra, trum, left. sinistra, ae, f., left hand. sino, ere, sivi, situs, permit, allow. sive, or if; sive . . .she. either . . . or. socer, eri, m., father-in-law. socius, 1, m., ally, companion. sol, solis, m., sun. solum, i, n., soil, ground. solus, a, um, alone. sonus, I, in., sound. species, el, f.. sight, appearance. specto, are. avi, atus. look at, watch. spero, are, avi, atus, hope, hope for. spes, spei, f., hope. 330 Elements of Latin splendide, magnificently. spolio, are, avi, atus, rob, steal. statim, at once, immediately. statuo, ere, ui, utus, decide, resolve. stipendium, 1, n., tribute, tax. sto, stare, steti, staturus, stand. strenuus, a, um, vigorous, ac- tive. studeo, ere, ui, be eager for, desire, favor. studium, I, desire, eagerness. sub, prep. gov. ace, tinder, toward ; gov. abl., under, at the foot of. subduco, ere, duxl, ductus, withdraw, carry off. subeo, ire, ii, itus, undergo, endure; approach. subito, suddenly. subitus, a, um, sudden. sublatus, a, um, elated. sublevo, are, avi, atus, raise, lift. subsidium, i, n., assistance. subsisto, ere, stiti, halt, make a stand. succedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, follow, succeed ; approach, come up. sui, of himself, herself, itself ; pi., of themselves. Sulla, ae, m., (Lucius) Sulla, a famous Roman commander, sum, esse, ful, futurus, be, am. summa, ae, f., total, sum. summus, a, um, highest, top of; greatest. sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, take, get, gather. sumptus, us, m., expense. super, prep. gov. ace, over, above. Superbus, i, m., (Tarauinius) Superbus, seventh king of Rome. superior, superius, higher, up- per ; former. supero, are, avi, atus, conquer, overcome ; surpass, excel. supersum, esse, fui, futurus, survive, remain. superus, a, um, high. suppeto, ere, Ivi, Iturus, be on hand. suppleo, ere, evi, etus, fill up, supply. supplicium, I, n., punishment, tortui'e. supremus, a, um, last. suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, un- dertake, begin ; assume, take up. suspicio, susplcionis, f., sus- picion. sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, en- dure, withstand, check. suus, a, um, his, her, its, their. T., abbreviation for Titus, i, m., Titus. tabula, ae, f., tablet, list, record. General Vocabularies tfi talis, tale, such. tarn, so. tamen, nevertheless, however. Tanaquil, Tanaquilis, f., Tana- quil, wife of Tarquinius Priscus. tandem, at length, finally. tantus, a, um, such, so great. Tarpeia, ae, f., Tarpeia, a Roman maiden. Tarpeius, a, um, Tarpeian, of Tarpeia. Tarquinii, drum, m., Tarquinii, a town of Etruria. Tarquinius. i, m., Tarquinius, family name of the fifth and seventh kings of Rome. taurus, i, m., bull. tectum, i, n., house, roof. telum, l, n., weapon. temere, rashly. tempero, are, avi, atus. refrain, keep from. tempestas, tempestatis, f., weather; storm, tempest. templum, I, n., temple. tempto, are, avi, atus, try, attempt. tempus, temporis, n., time ; oc- casion. teneo, ere, ui, tentus, keep, hold ; restrain. tener, era, erum, tender. tento, are, avi, atus, try, at- tempt. tergum, I, n., back. termino, are, avi, atus. hound. terra, ae. f.. land, country; terra marique, by land and SCO. territorium. I, n.. territory. tertius, a, um, third. thesaurus, i, m., treasure. Tiberis, Tiberis. in., the Tiber River. Tigurinus, i, m., Tigurinus, one of the cantons of the Helve- tians ; pi., the people of the: canton, the Tigurini. timeo, ere, ui, fear. timor, timoris, m.. fear. Titus, i, m., Titus. tolero, are, avi. atus, endure, bear. tolld, ere, sustuli. sublatus. lift, raise ; remove, destroy. Tolosates, Tolosatium, in. pi. the Tolosates, a Gallic tribe, totus, a, um, whole. trado, ere, didi, ditus, deliver, give up, hand over ; hand down,) relate. traduco, ere, duxi. ductus, lead across, lead through. trans, prep. gov. ace, across. transeo, ire. ii, itus. cross, across. transfigo, ere. fixi, fixus. piet transfix. transigo, ere, egi. actus, pa^\ spend. transilio. ire. ui. jump over. 33 2 Elements of Latin transports, are, avi, atus, carry across, transport. trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. tres, tria, three. tricesimus, a, urn, thirtieth. triduum, 1, n., three days' 1 time. trigemini, orum, m. pi., triplets. triginta, thirty. triplex, triplex, gen. triplicis, triple, three deep. triumpho, are, avi, atus, triumph, celebrate a triumph. Troia, ae, f., Troy. Troianus, a, um, Trojan. tu, tui, thou, you. tuba, ae, f., trumpet. Tulingi, orum, m. pi., the Tu- lingi, a German tribe, north of the Helvetians. Tullia, ae, £., Tullia, daughter of Servius Tullius. Tullius, I, in. j (Servius) Tullius, sixth king of Rome. Tullus, I, m., Tullus, forename of Tullus Hostilius. turn, then. tumulus, I, m., mound. turris, turris, f., tower. tutor, tu tori s, m., guardian, tutor. tutus, a, um, safe. tuus, a, um, thy, thine, your. tyrannus, I, m., despot, tyrant. U uber, uberis, n., udder, breast. ubi, where, when ; where ? Ubii, orum, m., the Ubii, a Ger- man tribe. ulciscor, i, ultus sum, avenge, punish. ullus, a, um, any. ulterior, ulterius, farther; Gal- lia ulterior, farther Gaul; su- perlative, ultimus, a, um, last. ultra, prep. gov. ace, beyond. umerus, i, m., shoulder. umquam (unquam), ever. unda, ae, f., wave. unde, whence, from which. undique, from all directions, on all sides. unus, a, um, one, alone, only. urbs, urbis, f., city. usque, until, up to. usus, us, m., experience ; advan- tage, use. ut (uti), that, in order that, so that; (with verbs of fearing), that . . . not. uter, utra, utrum, which (of two). uterque, traque, trumque, each (of two), both. uti, see ut. utinam, would that. utor, uti, usus sum, use, employ. uxor, uxoris, f., wife. V, abbreviation for quinque, five. vaco, are, avi, atus, be vacant, be unoccupied. General Vocabularies vadum, I, n., ford, shoal. vagitus, us, m., crying. valeo, ere, ui, iturus, be strong, powe?'ful. valid us, a, um, strong. vallum, I, n., rampart, earth- works. vanus, a, um, empty, vain. vasto, are, avi, atus, lay ivasie. venio, ire, vera, venturus, come. ventus, I, m., wind. verbero, are, avi, atus, beat. Verbigenus, 1, m., Verbigei/us, one of the cantons of the Hel- vetians. verbum, 1, n., word. vereor, eri, itus sum, fear, be afraid of. verto, ere, verti, versus, turn; tergum vertere, to turn one's back, to flee. Verucloetius, I, m., Verucloetius, an envoy of the Helve- tians. vesper, eri, m., evening. Vesta, ae, f., Vesta, goddess of the hearth. Vestalis, Vestale, Vestal, of Vesta. vester, tra, trum, your, yours. veteranus, a, um, veteran. veterrimus, a, um, oldest. veto, are, vetui, vetitus, for- bid. vetus, vetus, gen. veteris, old. ancient, vetustior, vetustius. older. vexo, are, avi, atus, harass, annoy. via, ae, f., ivav, road. vicesimus, a, um, twentieth. vicinus, i, m., neighbor. victor, victoris, in., victor. victoria, ae, f , victory. vicus, I, m., village video, ere, vidi, visus, see. videor, eri, visus sum, be sec//, seem (passive of video i. vigilia, ae, f., watch (of the night). vinco, ere, vici, victus con- quer. vinculum, i, n., chain, fetter, bond. vinea, ae, f., shed (a shelter to protect a besieging force). violentia, ae, f., violence. * vir, viri, m., man. virgo, virginis, f., maiden, girl, virgin. virtus, virtutis, f., valor. />/ ery ; virtue. vis, vis, f., strength, force, vio- lence ; vim facere, to do violence, use for vito, are, avi. atus, avoid. vivo, ere, vixi. victus, live. vix, hardly, scarcely. voco, are, avi, atus, call, sum- mon. 334 Elements of Latin volo, velle, volui, wish, be will- ing. voluntas, voluntatis, f., wish, willingness, approval. vox, vocis, f., voice. vulgo, commonly, generally. vulnero, are, avi, atus, wound. vulnus, vulneris, n., wound. X, abbreviation for decern, ten. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY absent, absens, absens, gen. absentis. accomplish, perficio, ere, feci, fectus. across, trans, prep. gov. ace. adapted, aptus, a, urn. adopt, capio, ere, cepi, captus. advance, progredior, 1, gressus sum. advise, moneo, ere, ui, itus. affair, res, rel,/. afford, praebeo, ere, ui, itus. after, post, prep. gov. ace. again, rursus. against, contra, prep. gov. ace. aid, auxilium, I, n. all, omnis, omne. Allobroges, Allobroges, Allo- brogum, m. ally, socius, I, m. almost, fere, alone, solus, a, um. already, iam. although, cum. ambush, Tnsidiae 5 arum,/.//. ancient, vetus, vetus, gen. ve- teris. and, et ; atque (ac) ; -que. animal, animal, animalis, n. annoy, vexo, are, avi, atus. another, alius, a, ud. any, ullus, a, um. anyone, anything, quisquam, quidquam. appearance, species, t\,f. approach (nouit), aditus, us, m. approach (verb), appropinquo, are, avi, atus. approve, probo, are, avi, atus. Aquileia, Aquileia, ae,/ Ariovistus, Ariovistus, I, m. arm, armo, are, avi, atus. arms, arma, orum, n.pl. army, exercitus, us, m. arouse, incito, are, avi, atus. arrival, adventus, us, m. ask, rogo, are, avi, atus. assemble, convenio, Tre, veni, ventum. assistance, subsidium, I, n. ; opera, ae,./ at once, statim. General Vocabularies attack (noun), impetus, us, m. attack (vera), oppugn 6, are, avi, atus ; aggredior, I, gressus sum. attempt (noun), con atus, lis, m. attempt (verff), tempto, are, avi, atus ; conor, an, atus sum. authority, auctoritas, auctori- tatis,/. auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, ;/. //. avoid, vito, are, avi, atus. await, exspecto, are, avi, atus. B bad, malus, a, um. baggage, impedimenta, orum, n. pi. bank, ripa, ae,/. barbarian, barbarus, I, m. battle, proelium, I, n. be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. be able, possum, posse, potui. be absent, absum, abesse, aful, afuturus. be away, see be absent, be distant, see be absent, be done, fio, fieri, factus sum. be in charge, praesum, esse, fui. be informed, certior fio, fieri, factus sum. be mistaken, erro, are, avi, atus. be present, adsum, esse, fui, futurus. be strong, valeo, ere, 111, iturus. be unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui. be willing, volo, velle, volui. bear, fero, ferre, tuh. latus. beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum. beautifully, pulchre. because, quod. before {adv.), ante. before, ante, prep. gotf. ace. begin, incipio, ere, cepi, c eptus. behind, post, prep. gov. ace. Belgians, Belgae, arum, ///. />/. believe, existimo, are, avi, atus. better, melior, melius. boat, navis, navis,/. body, corpus, corporis, //. bold, audax, audax, gen. au dacis. book, liber, bri, ni. boy, puer, erf, m. brave, fortis, forte. bravely, fortiter. bravery, virtus, virtiitis,/. bridge, pons, pontis, ///. brief, brevis, breve. briefly, breviter. bring, affero, ferre, attuli, al- latus. bring about, efficio, ere. ft fectus. Britain, Britannia, ae,/ broad, latus, a, um. brother, f rater, fratris. ///. building, aedificium. i, //. burn, incendo, ere, cendi. cen- sus. but, sed ; autem. 33^ Elements of Latin buy, emo, ere, emi, emptus. by, a, ab, prep. gov. abl. Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris, m. calamity, calamitas, calamitatis, /• call, voco, are, avi, atus ; ap- pello, are, avi, atus. camp, castra, orum, n. pi. can, see be able, captive, captlvus, I, i?i. capture, expugno, are, avi, atus; capio, ere, cepT, captus. carry, porto, are, avi, atus ; fero, ferre, tuli, latus. carry across, transporto, are, avi, atus. cart, carrus, I, m. Catiline, CatilTna, ae, m. cause, causa, ae, f. cavalry, equitatus, us, m. ; equites, ?n. pi. cavalry, equestrian (adj.), equester, equestris, equestre. cease, desisto, ere, stiti. centurion, centurio, centuri- onis, m. certain, certus, a, um. chain, catena, ae,/ change, commutatio, commuta- tion is,/. chief, prmceps, prlncipis, m. children, liberl, orum, m. choose, deligo, ere, legi, lectus ; creo, are, avi, atus. Cicero, Cicero, Ciceronis, m. citadel, arx, arcis,/ citizen, clvis, civis, m. or/. city, urbs, urbis,/. cohort, cohors, cohortis,/. collect, cogo, ere, coegi, coac- tus. column, agmen, agminis, n. come, venio, Ire, veni, venturus. command (noun), imperium, I, n. command (verb), impero, are, avi, atus ; praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus. commander, imperator, impera- toris, m. commence (battle), committo, ere, misT, missus. common, communis, commune. compel, cogo, ere, coegi, coac- tus. concerning, de, prep. gov. abl. condition, condicio, condi- cionis, /. confer, colloquor,!, locutus sum. conference, colloquium, I, n. confine, contineo, ere, m, ten- tus. confuse, perturbo, are, avi, atus. conquer, vinco, ere, vlci, victus. consider, habeo, ere, uT, itus. conspiracy, coniuratio, coniura- tionis, /. conspire, coniuro, are, avi, atus. consul, consul, consulis, m. could, see be able. General Vocabularies 337 council, concilium, 1, ;/. country, rus, ruris, n. ; patria, ae, /. (fatherland ) . courageously, audacter. cross, transeo, Ire, il, itus. cry, clamor, clamoris, m* custom, mos, moris, m. cut off, intercludo, ere, clusi, clusus. D daily, cotldianus, a, um. danger, periculum, I, n. dare, audeo, ere, ausus sum. daughter, filia, ae,/. day, dies, diel, m. or f. daybreak, at daybreak, prima luce ; orta luce. dear, cams, a, um. dearly, care, death, mors, mortis,/. decide, constituo, ere, ul, utus. deep, altus, a, um. defend, defendo, ere, fendl, fensus. defender, defensor, defensoris, m. definite, certus, a, um. delay, moror, arl, atus sum. deliver, trado, ere, didl, ditus ; (of a speech), habeo, ere, ui, itus. ' demand, postulo, are, avl, atus. depart, proficiscor, I, fectus sum ; exeo, ire, il, itus. dependent, cliens, clientis, m. orf depth, altitudo, altitudinis,/ desert, desero, ere, ul, sertus. desire (noun), cupiditas, cupi- di talis / desire (verb), opto. arc, avi, atus; cupio, ere, ivi, itus. desirous, cupidus, a, um. destroy, dlruo, ere, rul, rutus. die, morior, I, mortuus sum. difficult, difficilis, difficile. difficulty, difficultas, difficulta- tis, / ; negotium, i, //. direction, pars, partis./. disaster, calamitas, calamitatis / discover, reperio, ire, repperi, repertus; com per io, ire, com perl, compertus. distribute, metior, Iri, mensus sum. disturb, perturbo, are, avi, atus. Diviciacus, Diviciacus, I, m. divide, dlvido, ere, \isi. visus. division, pagus, I, ///. do, facio, ere, feci, factus ; ago, ere, cg\, actus, draw, duco, ere, duxl, ductus, draw up, Instruo, ere, struxi. structus. drive, ago, ere, egi, actus. drive out, expello, ere, pull, pulsus. Dumnorix. Dumnorix, Dumno- rigis, ui. duty, officium, i, //. dwell, incolo, ere, colul. 338 Elements of Latin each, quisque, quaeque, quid- que (quodque). each other, with or to each other, inter se. eager, alacer, alacris, alacre. eagerness, studium, T, n. easily, facile, easy, facilis, facile. eight, octo. elect, creo, are, avi, atus. embankment, agger, aggeris, m. embassy, legatio, legationis,/ encourage, hortor, ari, atus sum ; cohortor, ari, atus sum. end, end of, extremus, a, um. endure, perfero, ferre, tuli, latus. enemy, hostis, hostis, m. enroll, conscribo, ere, scrips!, scriptus. envoy, legatus, I, m. escape, fugio, ere, fugi, fugitu- rus ; evado, ere, evasi, evasu- rus. estabUsh, confirmo, are, avi, atus. evening, vesper, en, m. every, omnis, omne. excite, moveo, ere, movi, motus. expect, exspecto, are, avi, atus. expel, expello, ere, pull, pulsus. expense, sumptus, us, m. experience, iisus, us, m. far, longe. far and wide, longe lateque. farmer, agricola, ae, m. farther, ulterior, ulterius. fatherland, patria, ae,/. favor, faveo, ere, favi, fauturus ; studeo, ere, ui. fear (noun), timor, timoris, m. fear (verb), vereor, eri, itus sum ; timeo, ere, ui. fellow citizen, clvis, civis, c. fertile, ferax, ferax, gen. feracis. few, pauci, ae, a. field, ager, agri, m. fierce, acer, acris, acre. fifth, qumtus, a, um. fight, pugno, are, avi, atus. find, find out, reperio, ire, rep- perl, repertus ; comperio, ire, pen, pertus. fire, ignis, ignis, m. first, primus, a, um. five, quinque. flee, fugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus. fleet, classis, classis,/. flight, fuga, ae,/ flock, pecus, pecoris, n. flow, fluo, ere, fliixi, fluxus. follow, sequor, i, secutus sum. foot, pes, pedis, m. for, ad, prep. gov. ace. for, in behalf of, pro, prep. gov. abl. for, on account of, ob, prep, gov. ace. General Vocabularies 339 for the purpose of, ad, prep. gov. ace. for the sake of, causa ; gratia. forbid, veto, are, vetul, vetitus. force (noun), vis, vis,/. force {verb), cogo, ere, coegl, coactus. ford, vadum, T, n. foreign, alienus, a, urn. foresee, provideo, ere, vidi, vis us. forest, silva, ae,/ form (a plan), ineo, ire, ii, itus. former, prior, prius ; as distin- guished from the latter, hie, haec, hoc. fort, castellum, I, n. fortification, munltio, munlti- onis,/. fortify, munio, Ire, Ivi, Itus. fortunate, felix, fellx, gen. felicis. fortunately, fellciter. four, quattuor. fourth, quartus, a, um. free, liber, era, erum. freely, libere. frequent, creber, bra, brum. friend, amicus, T, m. friendly, amicus, a, um. friendship, amlcitia, ae, / from, e, ex, prep. gov. abl.; a, ab, prep. gov. abl. fruit, fructus, us, ;//. furnish, praebeo, ere, ui, itus. Galba, Galba, ae, »i. garden, ho it us, 1. m. garrison, praesidium, i, -v.. gather, cogo, ere, coegl, coac- tus. Gaul, (Pallia, ae,/. Gaul, a Gaul, Gallus, i, m. Geneva, Genava, ae,/ Germans, Germain, orum, m. pi. Germany, Germania, ae,/ get possession of, potior, in. Itus sum. gift, donum, I, n. girl, puella, ae,/ give, do, dare, dedl, datus. go, eo, Ire, Ivi (ii), iturus. go out, egredior, I, gressus sum ; exeo, Ire, ii, itus. goddess, dea, ae,/ good, bonus, a, um. gradually, paulatim. grain, frumentum. I, //. great, magnus, a, um. greatest, maxim us, a. um ; (of qualities), summus, a, um. greatly, magnopere. greatness, magnitude, magnitu- dinis,/ guard, custodio, Ire, Ivi, Itus. guide, dux, ducis, m. H Haedui, Haedul, orum, ;;/.//. hand over, trado, ere, didi, ditus. 340 Elements of Latin happen, flo, fieri, factus sum. happens, it happens, accidit, ere, accidit. na Ppy> f elix, felix, gen. f ellcis ; beatus, a, um. harass, vexo, are, avi, atus. harbor, portus, us, m. hasten, propero, are, avi, atus ; maturo, are, avi, atus; con- tends, ere, tendi, tentus. have, habeo, ere, ui, itus. he, is, (ea), (id). head, caput, capitis, n. hear, audio, ire, Ivi, Itus. heavily, graviter. heavy, gravis, grave. height, altitudo, altitudinis,/ help (noun), opera, ae,/. ; aux- ilium, I, n. help (verb), iuvo, are, iuvl, iutus. Helvetians, Helvetii, drum, m. pi. her, hers, suus, a, um (reflex- ive) ; eius (non-reflexive). hesitate, dubito, are, avi, atus. high (adj.), altus, a, um ; su- perus, a, um. high (adv.), alte. highest, altissimus, a, um ; (of qualities), summus, a um. hill, collis, collis, m. himself, sul, sibi, etc. (reflexive). hinder, impedio, Ire, Ivi, Itus. hindrance, impedlmentum, I, n. his, suus, a, um (reflexive) ; eius (non-reflexive) . hither (adj.), citerior, citeriu:-,. hold, teneo, ere, in, tentus; ob- tineo, ere, ui, tentus. home, domus, us or\,f. honor, honor, honoris, m. hope (noun), spes, el,/. hope, hope for (verb), spero, are, avi, atus. horse, equus, I, m. horseman, eques, equitis, m. hostage, obses, obsidis, m. hostile, inimlcus, a, um. hour, hora, ae,/. house, domus, us or I,/ how much, quantus, a, um. humble, humilis, humile. hundred, centum. I, ego, mel. if, si. ignorant, imperltus, a, um. immediately, statim. in, in, prep. gov. abl. in order that, in order to, ut, (utl). in order that . . . not, lest, ne. in the vicinity of, circum,/;r/. gov. ace. increase, augeo, ere, auxl, auctus. incredible, incredibilis, incre- dibile. infantry, pedites, peditum, m. (pi. (/pedes). influence (noun), gratia, ae,/ General I ocabularies influence (verd), indued, ere, diixl, ductus; moveo, ere, mo vi, mot us. inform, to inform, certiorem facere. inhabitant, incola, ae, in. injury, iniuria, ae,/. inquire, quaero, ere, quaesivT, quaesitus. into, in, prep. gov. ace. is fitting, it is fitting, oportet, ere, uit (impersonal). island, insula, ae,/ it, is, ea, id (gender depending 011 antecedent). Italy, Italia, ae,/ its, suus, a, mil (reflexive) ; eius (no n- reflexive). javelin, pilum, 1, n. join (battle), committo, ere, misi, missus. justice, ius, iuris, //. K keep from, prohibeo, ere, ui, itus. kill, interficio, ere, feci, fectus. kind, modus, T, ///. king, rex, regis, ///. know, scio, ire, IvI, Itus. Labienus, Labienus, I, ;//. lack, inopia, ae,/! lake, la< us, !.i, us. m. land, terra, ae, /. large, magnus, .1. um. latter, hie, hae< , ha (distin- guished from theformer^ ille). lay waste, vastd, arc. avi, atus. lead, duco, ere, duxi, dm tus. lead back, reduco, tic duxi, ductus. lead on, indiu <«, ere, duxi. ductus. lead out, educo, ere, duxi. ductus. leader, dux. du< is. ;//. leap down, desilio, ire, ui, sul- tus. learn, cognosco, ere, novi, nitus. least (ad/.), minimus, a, um. least {adv. >. minime. leave behind, relinquo, ere, llqul, lictus. legion, legio, legionis,./ less (adj. >, minor, minus. less (adv. ), minus. lest, ne. letter, litterae, arum,//'/. liberty, libertas, libertatis,./ lie hid, lateo, ere, ui. lieutenant, legatus, 1. m. hne, line of battle, little (adj.). parvus, a. um. little (adv.). parum. little, a little (adv. I, paulum. live, vivo, ne. \ 1x1. \ ictus : in- colo. ere, ui. 342 Elements of Latin long (adj.), longus, a, um. long, a long time (adv.), diu. lose, amitto, ere, misi, missus. love, amo, are, avi, atus. lower, Inferior, mferius. loyalty, fides, fide!,/ M magistrate, magistrates, us, m. maintain, retineo, ere, ui, ten- tus. make, facio, ere, feci, factus ; efficio, ere, feci, fectus (in the sense ^/render), man, vir, viri, m. ; homo, homi- nis, ;//. many, multl, ae, a. march, iter, itineris, n. march out, egredior, I, gressus sum. Marcus, Marcus, T, m. matter, affair, res, re!,/. meanwhile, interim ; interea. memory, memoria, ae,/ merchant, mercator, mercato- ris, m. messenger, nuntius, I, m. middle, middle of, medius, a, um. mile, mille passus ; pL, milia passuum. military, militaris, militare. mind, animus, T, m. more (adj.), plus, pluris. more (adv.), plus-; magis. moreover, autem. most (adj.), plurimus, a, um. most(^^.),plurimum; maxime. most, most people, most things, plerlque, aeque, aque. mountain, mons, montis, 7n. move, moveo, ere, movi, motus. much (adj.), multus, a, um. much (adv.), multum. much (adv. or abl), multo. multitude, multitudo, multi- tudinis,/ my, meus, a, um. myself (reflexive) , oblique cases of ego. N name (noun), nomen, nominis, n. name (verb), appello, are, avi, atus. narrow, angustus, a, um. narrow pass, angustiae, arum, f.pl. nation, natio, nationis,/ near, ad, prep. gov. ace. near (adv.), prope. nearer (adj.), propior, propius. nearer (adv.), propius. nearest, proximus, a, um. neighbor, fmitimus, I, m. neighboring, fmitimus, a, um. neither (adj.), neuter, tra, trum. neither . . . nor, neque . . . neque. never, numquam. nevertheless, tamen. new, novus, a, um. General Vocabularies night, nox, noctis,/ nine, novem. no, nullus, a, urn. no one, nemo; no genitive; dat. neraini ; aec. neminem ; other cases lacking. not, non, ne. not . . . even, ne . . . quidem. nothing, nihil. now, nunc. number, numerus, T, m. O obey, pareo, ere, 111, iturus. obtain, obtineo, ere, ui, tentus; potior, Tri, itus sum. occur, flo, fieri, f actus sum. often, saepe. old, vetus, vetus, gen. veteris. on, in, prep. gov. abl. on account of, ob, prep. gov. ace. ; propter, prep. gov. aec. on this side of, cis, prep. gov. aec. one, Onus, a, urn. one by one, singull, ae, a. only, solus, a, um. opportunity, occasio, occa- sions,/ oration, oratio, orationis,/ order, iubeo, ere, iussT, iussus; praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus. order, rank, ordo, ordinis, m. Orgetorix, Orgetorlx, Orge- torigis, m. other, alter, era, erum ; alius, a, ud. ought, debeo, ere, ui, ltus. our, ours, noster, Ira. trum. ourselves, oblique fnos, plural of ^ego. out of. e, tXfprep.gov. abl. ; dr. prep. gov. abl. over, trans, prep. gov. ace.; in, prep. gov. a/'/. overcome, supera, are, avi, atus. owe, debeo, ere, ui, itus. pace, passus, us, m. part, pars, partis. /". pass the winter, hiemo avi, atus. pay, pen do, ere, pependl, pen- sus. peace, pax, pacis./. people, nation, populus, i, m. perceive, sentio, Ire, scum. sensus. persuade, persuadeo, ere, suasi. suasus. place (noun), locus, i, m.\ pi., loca, orum, n. place (verb), colloco. are, avi, atus. place in command. praefi< ere, feci, fectus. plan, consilium, i, ;/. plenty, copia, ae,/ possess, habeo, ere. ui, itus. possessions, copiae, arum. /. 344 Elements of Latin power, potestas, potestatis,/ powerful, potens, potens, gen. potentis. praise, laudo, are, avi, atus. prefer, malo, malle, malui. prepare, comparo, are, avi, atus ; paro, are, avi, atus. present, donum, I, n. prevent, prohibeo, ere, uT, itus. prohibit, prohibeo, ere, ui, itus. provide for, provideo, ere, vidi, visus. province, provincia, ae,_/ provisions, res frumentaria, rei frumentariae,/. punish, to punish, supplicio africere. punishment, supplicium, I, n. purchase, emo, ere, emi, emp- tus. pursue, sequor, I, secutus sum. queen, regina, ae,yi quick, celer, celeris, celere. quickly, celeriter. R rampart, vallum, T, n. ; agger, aggeris, m. read, lego, ere, legi, lectus. rear, rear line, novissimum agmen, novissiml agminis, n. reason, causa, ae,f. receive, recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus. recent, recens, recens, gen. recentis. redoubt, castellum, I, n. refuse, recuso, are, avi, atus. region, regio, regionis,/! remain, remaneo, ere, mansT, mansurus. remaining, reliquus, a, urn. Remi, Remi, orum, m. pi. render, efficio, ere, feci, fectus. reply, respondeo, ere, spondl, sponsus. report, nuntio, are, avi, atus. republic, res publica, rei pu- blicae,/! resist, propugno, are, avi, atus ; resisto, ere, stitT. retain, retineo, ere, ui, tentus. retreat, to retreat, se recipere. return, give back, reddo, ere, didi, ditus. return, go back, reverto, ere, verti, versus {usually depo- nent in the present, imperfect, and future) \ redeo, ire, ii, iturus. return thanks, to return thanks, gratias agere. revolt, motus, us, m. revolution, change of govern- ment, novae res, f. pi. reward, praemium, I, n. Rhine, Rhenus, I, m. Rhone, Rhodanus, I, m. right, dexter, tra, trum. risk, periculum, I, n. General I r ocabidaries river, fliimen, fluminis, n. road, via, ae, / ; iter, itineris, //. Roman (noun), Roman us, I, ;//. Roman (a///.), Romanus, a, urn. Rome, Roma, ae,/ rose, rosa, ae,/. rough, asper, era, erum. roundabout way, circuitus, us, 1)1. rule {noun), imperium, T, ;/. ; regnum, T, n. rule (verb), rego, ere, rexl, rectus. safe, tutus, a, um. safety, salus, salutis,/ sail, navigo, are, avi, atus. same, Idem, eadem, idem. savage, ferus, a, um. say, dlco, ere, dlxl, dictus. scout, explorator, exploratoris, m. sea, mare, maris, n. second, secundus, a, um. see, video, ere, vldl, vlsus. seek, peto, ere, Ivi (ii), Itus. seem, videor, eri, vlsus sum. seize, occupo, are, avi, atus. self, very, ipse, a, um. senate, senatus, us, m. send, mitto, ere, mlsT, missus. send ahead, praemitto, ere, mis!, missus. Sequani, Sequani, orum, m. pi. serious, gravis, grave. set out, profit im or, i. sum. seven, septem. seventh, septimus, a, um: several, aliquot. sharp, acer, a< fis, a< re. sharply, acriter. she, (is), ea, (id). shield, scutum, i, n. ship, navis, navis,/ shore, litus, litoris, n. short, bre\is, breve. shouting, clamor, clamoris, m. show, praebeo, ere, ixi, itus ; doceo, ere, ui, doctus. side, pars, partis, / ; on one side, una ex parte. siege, obsidio, obsidionis,/ since, cum. six, sex. size, magnitudo, magnitudinis, / skilled, peritus, a. um. slave, servus, I, m. small, parvus, a, um. so (of degree), tarn; (of man- ner), ita. so great, tantus, a, um. so that, ut. soldier, miles, militis. m. some, nonnullus, a, um. some one. some, aliquis (qui), qua, quid (quod ). son. filius. 1. m. son-in-law. gener, eri, m. sortie, eruptio, eruption is,/ 346 Elements of Latin speech, oratio, orationis,/. speed, celeritas, celeritatis,/. standard, signum, I, n. state, civitas, clvitatis,/. station, colloco, are, avl, atus. stone, lapis, lapidis, in. storm, tempestas, tempestatis,/. strengthen, conflrmo, are, avl, atus. strip, nudo, are, avl, atus. subdue, paco, are, avl, atus. such, talis, tale. sudden, repentmus, a, um ; su- b itus, a, um. sufficient, satis. suitable, idoneus, a, um. summer, aestas, aestatis,/. summon, voco, are, avl, atus ; convoco, are, avT, atus ; ar- cesso, ere, IvT, Itus. supplies, commeatus, us, m. supply, copia, ae,/. support, alo, ere, ul, altus (ali- tus). surpass, supero, are, avT, atus. surrender (noun), deditio, de- ditionis,/. surrender (verb), dedo, ere, dedidi, deditus. surround, circumvenio, Ire, veni, ventus. suspicion, suspicio, susplcionis, /• swift, celer, celeris, celere. swiftly, celeriter. sword, gladius, I, m. table, mensa, ae,f. take, capio, ere, cepi, captus. take away, aufero, ferre, ab- stuli, ablatus. take place, fio, fieri, factus sum. task, labor, laboris, m. ; nego- tium, I, 11. tear down, rescindo, ere, scidl, scissus. tell, doceo, ere, uT, doctus ; dico, ere, dixi, dictus. ten, decern. tender, tener, era, erum. tenth, decimus, a, um. terrify, perterreo, ere, m, itus. territory, fines, flnium, m. pi. than, quam. thanks, to return thanks, gratias agere. that {demons, pron.), is, ea, id ; ille, a, ud. that (con/.), ut ; after verbs of fearing, ne. that . . . not, with purpose clauses, ne ; with result clauses, ut . . . non; after verbs of fearing, ut. that famous, ille, a, ud. that of yours, iste, a, ud. their, theirs, suus, a, um (re- flexive) ; eorum, earum (non- reflexive). themselves, sul, sibi, etc. (re- flexive) . they, p/u rat of is, ea, id. General Vocabularies 347 thing, res, rei,/. think, puto, are, avi, atus. third, tertius, a, um. this, hie, haec, hoc. thou, tu, tin. thousand, mille; />/., milia, mi- lium. three, ties, tria. throne, regnum, I, n. through, per, prep. gov. ace. throw, iacio, ere, ieci, iac- tus. throw, to throw into chains, in catenas conicere. thy, tuus, a, um. time, tempus, temporis, n. to, ad, prep. gov. ace. toward, ad, prep. gov. ace; sub, prep. gov. ace. tower, turris, turris,/! town, oppidum, I, n. transport, transporto, are, avi, atus. transports, freight ships, naves onerariae, f. pi. trench, fossa, ae,/! trial, iudicium, T, n. tribe, gens, gentis,/ tribute, stipendium, 1, n. troops, copiae, arum, /. //. trumpet, tuba, ae,f. trust, confido, ere, flsus sum (sem i-depon enf). try, conor, an, atus sum. turn out, evenio, ire, veni, ven- turus. two, d(\o. diiac, duo. two days, biduum, i. //. U Ubii, Ubii, orum, ;;/. pi. under baggage, encumbered, impeditus, a. um. understand, intellego, ere, lexi, lectus. undertake, suscipio, ere. cepl, ceptus. unfriendly, inimicus, a, um. unharmed, incolumis, in- colume. unless, nisi. unusual, insignis, insigne. uproar, fremitus, us, ///. urge, hortor, arl, atus sum. use, utor, I, usus sum. valor, virtus, virtiitis,/. very (pro?i.), ipse, a, um. victor, victor, victoris, m. victory, victoria, victoriae,/. village, vicus, i, m. voice, vox, vocis,/. W wage (tear), gero, ere, gessi, gestus. wagon, carrus, I, m. wall, murus, i. ///. walled town, oppidum, T. //. war, bellum, I. /;. warlike, bellicosus, a, um. 348 Elements of Latin warn, moneo, ere, m, itus ; ad- moneo, ere, ui, itus. warship, navis longa, navis longae,/ watch, vigilia, ae,/. water, aqua, ae,/. way, via, ae,/. we, nos (plural of ego). weapon, telum, I, n. weather, tempestas, tempes- tatis,/ well, bene. what? what kind of? qui, quae, quod (interrog. adj.). when, ubi. where ; where ? ubi. whether, si. which, see who. which ? see who ?. which (of two) ? nter, tra, trum. who, which, what, that (rel. flron.), qui, quae, quod. who? which? what? quis, quid. whole, totus, a, um. wide, latus, a, um. width, latitudo, latitudinis, f. wild, ferus, a, um. wing, cornu, us, 11. winter, hiemo, are, avT, atus. winter quarters, hiberna, orum, 11. pi. wise, prudens, prtidens, gen. prudentis. wisely, prudenter. wish, volo, velle, volui. wish . . . not, be unwilling, nolo, nolle, noluT. with, cum, prep. gov. abl. without, sine, prep. gov. abl. withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, tentus. woman, mulier, mulieris,/ wonderful, mlrus, a, um. word, verbum, I, n. work, opus, operis, n. worse, peior, peius. would that, utinam. wound (noun), vulnus, vulne- ris, n. wound (verb), vulnero, are, avl, atus. wretched, miser, era, erum. wretchedly, misere. year, annus, T, m. you, tu, tm ; //., vos. your, yours, tuus, a, um ; vester, tra, trum. yourself, yourselves (reflexive), oblique eases oftu, tui. INDKX References arc to sections unless otherwise stated. Ablative, Introd. X, i. absolute, 287. accompaniment, 276. agent, 266. cause, 272. comparison, 267. degree of difference, 268. with deponent verbs, 274. manner, 275. means, 273. place from which, 296, 2; 297, 2. place where, 296, 3; 297, 3. quality, 281. separation, 265. specification, 280. time, 282. Accent, Introd. VII. of nouns in -ius, -ium, 14, 2; 21, 2. Accusative, Introd. X, 1. direct object, 10, I. predicate, 254. subject of infinitive, 256. time and space, 255. Ad, with accusative and gerundive, 356, 2. c. Adjectives, first and second declension, 27. third declension, 52. agreement of, 4, 2. as nouns, 111, III, footnote attributive, 4, 2, note. comparison of, 67, 73, 74. declension of comparative, 68, I, 2. declension of superlative, 68, 3. irregular, the nine, 32. pi isition of, 4, 2, footnote. predicate, 4, 2, note. review chart of, 129. Adverbs, comparison of, 86. formation of, 81. 88. irregular, 88. Agreement, of adjectives, 4, 2. of appositives, 17, 2. of participles, 286, 2, a. of predicate nouns, 10. {. of relative pronoun, 113, 2. of verb, 10, 2. Alphabet, Introd. I. Appositive, 17, 2. Attributive Adjective, 4, 2. note. Anient^ 142, III, footnote. Base, 2, 2. By, 50, footnote. Cases, Introd. X. Causal Clauses, 321. Commands, 329. Comparative, declension of, 68, I, special meaning of, 77, I. Comparison. of adjectives, 67, 73, 74. of adverbs, 86, 88. Compound Words, division of, In- trod. IV, 1, d. Conditional Sentences. 351. Conjugation. Introd. XI. I, amo, 8. 143, 148. 155, 162. //, mo two, 169. 175. Ill, regS t 181, 187; cajtio, 209. 349 35o Index Conjugation {continued) IV, audio, 193, 199. of deponent verbs, 214, 3, 4. of go, 292. of fgro, 363. of fid, 261. of possum, 235. periphrastic, 246, 247. of sum, 132, 136. of void, nolo, maid, 327. Consonants, Classification of, Introd. III. Pronunciation of, Introd. II, 3. Consonant Stems, 36. Cum, causal, 321. concessive, 322. temporal, 320. Dative, Introd. X, 1. agency, 248. indirect object, 55, 239, 240, 241. possession, 249. purpose, 242. with adjectives, 250. with compound verbs, 241. with special verbs, 240. dea, 2, 5 ; 14, 3. Declension, Introd. IX, 2; X, 1. 1,1. II, 13, 20. III, 36, 42, 44. IV, 58. V, 60. of adjectives, 3, 15, 22, 27, 32, 52, 68, 75. of participles, 136, footnote; 148, footnote; 162, footnote. of pronouns : demonstrative, 106; indefinitive, 118; intensive, 101; interrogative, 114; personal, 91; possessive, 99; reflexive, 94; rela- tive, 112. Deponent Verbs, 214. do, 56, footnote 2; 178, footnote. domus, 59, I ; 298. eius, eorum, 100, 3. Enclitics, Introd. VII, 3. go, 292. Fearing, construction with verbs of, 333, 2, C. ferd, 363. /ilia, 2, 5 ; 14, 3. fid, 261. Gender, general rules, Introd. X, 3. of first declension, 2, 4. of second declension, 13, 20. of third declension, 48. of fourth declension, 58; 59, I. of fifth declension, 61, I. review of, 63. Genitive, Introd. X, 1. objective, 228. partitive, 223. possession, 221. predicate, 222. quality, 227. with adjectives, 229. with causa, gratia, 230. Gerund, 355. Gerundive, 356. Helvetian War, page 255. Hortatory Subjunctive, 302. z'-consonant, Introd. I. z'-stems, nouns, 42, 45. adjectives, 53, I, 2. Imperative, 140, 3; 329. Indirect Discourse, 337. infinitive in, 338. subjunctive in, 340. Indirect Questions, 308; 333, 2, D* Infinitive, in indirect discourse, 338, Index 3Si Infinitive (continued} tenses of, 339. uses of, 344, 345, 346. Infinitive Endings, 206. of deponent verbs, 214, 3. Inflection, Introd. IX. inform, 263. Irregular Adjectives, the nine, 32. Irregular Verbs, see Conjugation. is, ea, id, 91, footnote; 95; 108, 4- -ius, -ium, nouns in, 14, 2; 21, 2. Legendary Rome — Stories of, Les- sons XXXVI ff. Liquids, Introd. III. Locative, 297, 3. maid, 327. mllle, 125, 2; 126. Mixed Stems, 44, 45. Mutes, Introd. III. Nasals, Introd. III. ne , . . quidem, order with, 212, III, footnote 1. -ne, enclitic, 23. nolo, 327. Nominative, Introd. X, i; 4, 1. Nonne, 33. Num, 39. Number, Introd. X, 2. Numerals, 124, 125, 12S. Object, direct, 10, I. indirect, 55; 239,210,241. Oblique Cases, 94, 1. Optative Subjunctive, 303. Participles, declension, 136, footnote; 148, foot- note; 162, footnote. defined, 286, 2. tenses of, 286, 3. use of, 286, 4. with ablative absolute, 287, 2. Periphrastic Conjugations, 246. 247. Personal Endings, 9. Place, expressions of, 296, 297. plus, 75. Possessives, 98, 99, 100. possum, 235. Predicate Adjectives, 4, 2, \ Predicate Noun, 10, ], and footnote. Principal Parts, 131, 1, 2. Prohibitions, 330. Pronouns, sec Declension. Pronunciation, [ntrod. II. Purpose, 310; 316; 333, 2, A. a nam with the Superlative, 77, 2, b. ijuam, than, 77, 2, a; 267, note. Quantity, Introd. V, VI. Questions, 23, 33, 39. indirect, 308; 333, 2, I). Relative Clauses, of characteristic, 315. of purpose, 316. Result, 314; 333, 2, 15. Review Charts, 128, 129, 130. Semi-deponent Verbs, 243, footnote. Sequence of Tenses, 309. Spirant, the, Introd. III. Subject, 4, 1. Subjunctive, of characteristic, 315. hortatory, 302. in conditional sentences, 351, II, III. in indirect discourse, 340. in indirect questions, 308. in substantive clauses, 333. optative, 303. purpose, 310; 316; 333, 2. A. result, 314. translation of, 304. with cum, 320, 321, 322. Substantive Clauses, 333. sir, 94, 95. sum, 132, 136. 352 Index Superlative, declension of, 68, 3. special meaning of, 77, I. Supine, 358. suus, 98, 99, 100. Syllables, Introd. IV. Synopses of Verbs, 138; 150; 214. Syntax — Meanings of Cases, 220. Temporal Clauses, 320. Tenses, see Sequence. Terminations, 2, 1. Vocative, Introd. X, 1; 2, 3; 14, 1. void, 327. Vowels, Introd. II, 1. Wishes, 303. Word Order, 4, 2, footnote; 24. 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