Qass. Book. ,/ Y < o OLNEY'S UNITED STATES, ROUGHT DOWN TO 1851. K^^^^^:^^:^^^^ n^«^s^2^ :^:^:(J\ HISTORY UNITED STATES, FOU TKE USE OP SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. By J. OLNEY, A. M. Atn-HOR OF THE FAMILY BOOK OF BISTORT, A GKOGRAPHY AND ATLAS, ETC. VISED AND IMPROVED EDITION. l'^* NEW HAVEN: PUBLISHED BY DURRIE & PECK. 1 851. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by J. OLNEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Connecticut OS'V^ PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. The History of the United States is as deeply interesting as it is eminently instructive. But little more than two centuries ago, our vast territory was an unexplored ■wilderness, whose only inhabitants were wild beasts and wandering savages. We see a few feeble and scattered Colonies planted in the New World, like seed in an untried soil, slowly putting forth the green leaves of patient hojie, the blossoms of growing promise, and, at last, the rich and abundant fruits of a Liberty and Prosperity without parallel in the history of the world. We see our heroic fathers nurturing these germs of a new and free Empire, through long years of toil and danger, contending with their savage fofes, the poverty and hardship of their lot, and the selfish and tyrannical government of their own Father Land. In the long and bloody struggle for National Independence, we honor that virtue and heroism which has won the highest place in the annals of fame. In the establishment of our National Government, with its Constitution and Laws, we admire the keen foresight and sound wisdom of the patriots of the Revolution, who laid so deep and strong the foundations of our mighty and glorious Republic And we survey with wonder and joy, that progress which has turned our wild forests into opulent cities — which has made our lakes, rivers, and coasts, the channels of a mighty commerce — which has startled our wildest mountains and most inaccessible valleys with the shriek of the steam-car, and replaced the insignificance and poverty of our early Colonies by a general wealth and prosperity, which has challenged the admiration of the world. But still more cheering and important is the lesson taught us by the yet greater contrast between the Old World, as it was, and the New World, as it is. Looking back from our present position in the progress of the race, to that occupied by the most free and enlightened nations at the time of the first discoveries in America, we shall see that the settlement of the United States opened a new era in the history of man — that it was the dawn of a new civilization, higher and more perfect than had yet been known. This will be still more evident, if we trace the geographical march of the race from its original locality, to this Western World. Asia, rich in all the treasures of physical nature, was the birth-place of man, the cradle of his infancy, and the school of his childhood. He was there trained to know no bond but that of tyrannical authority, and no relation but that between a solitary desjjot and a nation of slaves. The soul's aspirations were crushed ; and, without thought, there was no progress. But, as time passed on, necessitj', or the desire of change, prompted those expeditions and colonies with which began the history and progress of Civil Government. Descending from the highlands of Asia, man proceeded from station to station, toward Europe. Each step was marked by a new and better civilization, and a higher range of thought. Entering Europe, he found a better field for his growing powers. Its coasts, indented with seas, gulfs, and bays, welcomed his early and timid commerce ; and its fertile soil and genial climate awak- ened his powers and excited him to action. Europe thus became the school of his youth, and the field of his first studies in arms and in navigation. Then Science and the Mechanic Arts exercised his thoughts and his powers ; and, at length, the great questions 1* VI PREFACE. of Civil Freedom and Moral Responsibility. And now, he no longer groveled in the dust beneath a master's frown. He walked erect, and raised his eyes to that Heaven to which his aspirations point. He formed various governments, retaining, indeed, many traces of Asiatic despotism, yet far better adapted to his wants in his advancing development. By slow degrees, he learned the necessity of a more perfect organization, which should recognize and protect the rights of the many. After long and severe struggles, the power of the rulers was limited by written constitutions and laws. This great advance toward popular freedom satisfied him for a time; but still increasing knowledge taught him how oppressive and unjust were the Social, Civil, and Religious Institutions under which he lived. He saw that the power was held by the few, and not by the many. Entire freedom of thought and action was not tolerated. Religion was bound by prescribed forms and creeds, niul the church and state were leagued together in a double-headed tyranny. Man's intellect was benumbed by the influence of a cor- ruj^ priesthood, and his social rights crushed by the heel of a feudal despot. At length, the glorious Reformation gave an electric shock to his mental powers, taught him to distrust authority, to trace effects back to their causes, and to seek tiie truth with no other guide than the reason which God had given him. This mighty struggle for Religious Freedom was followed by one as intense and earnest for Civil Liberty. Man now claimed free inquiry and self-government as his inalienable birthright. In this mighty contest between the many and the few, were reared and educated those bold, thoughtful, and earnest men, who left their homes to bear across the ocean, and plant on the shores of North America, the germs of Civil and Religious Liberty. They found the New World opening before them, vast in extent, with its fruitful plains — its grand lakes and rivers — its oceanic position — its varied but genial climate ; and all/ree — free as the broad ocean and the boundless air. In this magnificent theatre, unawed by kingly power or priestly authority, and under no eye but that of Heaven, they labored to reduce io practice their theories of government and religion. From New England to Florida, settlers from the various nations of Europe met to combine their efl^orts and gifts, and to carry out the great principles of Social, Civil, and Religious Liberty, on a grander scale than had yet been dreamed of in the Eastern World. Thus tracing the geograpiiical march of mankind through the three Northern Continents, we can say emphatically— *' Westward the cause of Freedom takes its way." Asia is still ancient in all her manners and customs. Hardly a single step of progress has marked her history for thousands of years. Europe, the theatre of modern history, rich in science and art, has advanced but slowly, and still watches with deep anxiety the experiment of self-government and entire religious freedom, which her gifted sons had the wisdom to conceive, but not the power to execute. In these United States, the great Republic of the World, lies the grand and imposing theatre of the future progress of the race. We are to work out, not alone our own destiny, but that of the whole world. The ever-increasing tide of emigration from other lands, and the unparalleled increase of our own population, have already extended our settlements from ocean to ocean. Cities spring up, and new States are founded in the wilderness, and on our distant Pacific shores, more rapidly than the magic-built palaces of Eastern romance. Here, all the races meet at last in brotherly co-operation, and their varied energies are moulded into oiie mighty and peaceful nation. Meanwhile, the spirit of investigation is abroad, for a bolder and loftier flight. Nature, in all her domains, is forced to yield up her richest PREFACE. Vll secrets and rarest powers to the search of a host of philosophers, mechanics, and in- ventors. Our manufactures already rival those of Europe in variety and importance ; and have even, in some cases, superseded those of the Mother Country in her own home- markets, Our commerce, speeded by tiie magic power of steam, furrows every sea and port with its restless keels. Magnificent palaces glide over our great rivers and lakes. Our fiery coursers unite the wildest valleys of the interior with the rich and busy ports that line our coasts. Broad and deep chasms are spanned by bridges of fairy lightness, but wonderful strength. Impatient thought, already dissatisfied with the swiftness of steam, has called a new messenger to its aid, and sends despatches over electric highways with a speed only rivaled by the light. The Free States of the Atlantic and Pacific shores will soon exchange greetings and intelligence that shall outstrip the sun in his daily course. These marvellous applicationss of scientific principles to the wants of busy life are due to American inventors, and are but a foretaste of the victories over Nature which still await their untiring energy and skill. Nor are Literature, deep Science, or the Fine Arts neglected nor despised. Here is to be the field of yet greater triumphs for the Pen, the Pencil, and the Chisel, through all the realms of deep study, fervid eloquence, and the most lovely or imposing productions of art. Our Free Schools and Academies, and our populor and flourishing Colleges, are spreading every where the light of general Education — the only safeguard of liberal institutions. Our free Presses are the jealous guardians of our Civil and Social Rights, and tend to unite all classes in one common understanding and labor for the public good. The altars of Religion are no less respected and cherished, because no longer supported by civil or ecclesiastical tyranny. Our country " Dreads not the skeptic's puny hands, V/hile near her school the church-spire stands ; Nor fears the blinded bigot's rule While near her church-spire stands the school.^'' Here, for the first time in human history, man will be truhj man, protected and honored as man, developed in all his powers, and enabled to realize the prophetic dreams of his infancy, and the growing hopes of his youth. Here shall be realized the iong-prophesied, long-expected Golden Jlge, which shall perfectly reconcile Order with Liberty, Individual Interests with the General Good, and make Justice and Fraternity the supreme principles in the intercourse, as well of nations, as of men. From this Free and Happy Land shall go forth the power to ])erfect the Civilization of the World. Completing the long cycle, the Arts of Freedom and of Peace shall be brought home to the ancient cradle of the race, and the deserts of Asia made to rejoice and blossom with the fruits of the highest culture. Then sjiall commerce, no longer restricted by blind and selfish monop- olies, weave a golden chain of sympathy and communion around our globe. The free exchange of products and of works, in this brotherly co-operation, shall arm man with new powers and energies, and confer upon him a wealth surpassing the wildest dreams of the past. The inferior races shall be educated by this friendly intercourse, and made fellow-laborers in the great work of human progress. To the portal of this Golden Future, the consummation of man's earthly destiny, Jlmerica holds the key. She only can accomplish the work to which she is pledged, and thus make thesublimest prophecies and aspirations of the Past the bright realities of the Present, and the foun- dation for a yet nobler Future. SouTHiNOTON, Jan. 1st, 1851. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction, 9 Discoveries in America, . . 19 Settlement of Virginia, ... 30 Settlement of New York, . . 40 Settlement of Massachusetts, . 50 Settlement of New Hampshire, 70 Settlement of New Jersey, . . 74 Settlement of Delaware, . . 77 Settlement of Connecticut, . . 79 Settlement of Maryland, . . 86 Settlement of Rhode Island, . 89 Settlement of North Carolina, . 92 Settlement of South Carolina, . 95 Settlement of Pennsylvania, . 98 Settlement of Georgia, . . .102 The French and Indian War, 106 Causes of the Revolution, . .118 War of the Revolution, . .125 Events of 1776, 140 Events of 1777, 146 Events of 1778, 157 Events of 1779, 162 Events of 1780, 169 Events of 1781, 177 Washington's Administration, 189 Adam's Administration, . . 200 Jefferson's Administration, . 203 Madison's Administration, . .211 Events of 1813, 222 Events of 1814, 231 Monroe's Administration, . . 245 J. Q. Adams' Administration, 249 Jackson's Administration, . . 250 Van Buren's Administration, . 256 Harrison's Administration, . 261 Tyler's Administration, . . . 262 Polk's Administration, . . . 266 Taylor's Administration, . . 279 Fillmore's Administration, . .281 Constitution of the U. S., . . 283 Settlement of the States, . . 288 Battles of the Revolution, . 288 GENERAL DIVISION. The History of the United States naturally divides itself into Four Parts : — THE FIRST PERIOD Comprises the events that occurred from the Discovery of America, by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, to the first permanent English settlement in America, at James- town, Virginia, in 1607. THE SECOND PERIOD Comprises the events that occurred from the settlement of Jamestown to the Declaration of Independence, in 1776. THE THIRD PERIOD Comprises the events that occurred from the Declaration of Independence to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, or present system of government, in 1789. THE FOURTH PERIOD Comprises the events that occurred from the adoption of the Constitution to the present time. INTKODUCTION, VIEW OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD TWO THOUSAND YEARS BEFORE CHRIST. 1. As we glance our eyes over our own fair land and other countries of the civilized world, and remark the high state of learning and the arts, — the facilities for travel, commerce, and social intercourse, — we should bear in mind that these blessings are the result of long ages of toil, struggle, and earnest thought. Indeed, we should remember that the present condition of society, its civilization, comfort, and refinement, is the great work of the past ; the grand monument of the wisdom and genius of all preceding generations. It would be interesting to trace the progress of society from its origin, to exam- ine the various steps and gradual advance in the cause of human improve- ment to the present time ; but a veil of darkness covers the past, and of the early ages we know comparatively nothing. The various nations were sunk in ignorance, and, doubtless, many that toiled and struggled for the advance- ment of their race, passed away without leaving on record an event of their history, or even their name. X INTRODUCTION. 2. The first authentic historical accounts we have of mankind, extend back no further than about 2000 years before Christ, the period when Egypt was distinguished for learning, for a knowledge of the arts, and for a high degree of national prosperity. At that time, most other nations appear to have been sunk in darkness ; at least, we know comparatively little of their history. The condition of the world at that period, and the first dawn of civilization, may be illustrated by the preceding map or picture. 3. From Egypt a knowledge of the arts of civilized life extended to other nations bordering on the Mediterranean sea. At that time, the art of naviga- tion was little known. Commerce was carried on between distant cities prin- cipally by land. For thousands of years, mankind were ignorant of the extent of the eastern continent, and even of the shape of the earth.* The oceanf was considered as a mighty barrier which no one could pass. As the light of civilization spread abroad, and a spirit of commercial enterprise took the place of the wandering and sluggish habits of barbarous life, mankind began to nav- igate the great rivers and inland seas, till a profital)le trade was carried on in ships between distant nations. The art of navigation, as we shall see by trac- ing its progress from its infancy down to its present state of perfection, has been attended with the most important results to man. 4. The Phoenicians, t or Tyrians, a people who dwelt on the east of the Mediterranean, were most early distinguished for commercial enterprise. It is supposed that they first constructed ships, and invented the art of navigation. They traded not only with the nations inhabiting the coasts of the Mediterra- nean, but established a regular intercourse with India and Arabia, by the way of the isthmus of Suez and the Red sea. From these countries they imported the most valuable commodities, and for a long time engrossed that lucra- tive trade without a rival. The vast wealth which they acquired by this means, induced the Hebrews, in the days of David and Solomon, to engage in commercial aflfairs. They sent ships from Eziongeber, a port on the Red sea, to Ophir, [see ] Kings, ix. 26,] and after an absence of three years, these re- turned laden with gold, ivory, ebony, &c. 5. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, the most learned nations of an- tiquity, seem to have paid no attention to navigation further than it was con- nected with the means of conquest and military glory. The Carthagenians,^ on the other hand, surpassed all others of that period in commerce and naval power. They made the whole of the old world tributary to their city. Not content with exploring every nook and corner of the Mediterranean, they visi- ted the Atlantic coasts of Europe, the British isles, and, according to Pliny, a Roman historian, they circumnavigated Africa, and returned home by way of * Formerly the earth was supposed to be flat, and the heavenly bodies to move round it. t " The ocean," says an eminent Arabian geographer of that time, " encircles the ultimate bounds of the inhabited earth, and all beyond it is unknown. No one has been able to verify any thing conceniing if, on account of its difficult and perilous navigation, its great obscurity, its profound depth, and frequent tempests, through fear of its miglity fishes, and 'its haughty winds. Yet there are many islands in it, some of which are peopled, and others uninhabited. There is no mariner who dares to enter into its deep waters ; or if they have done so, they have merely kept along its coasts, fearful of departing from them." t The invention of letters is attributed to the Phoenicians. Cadmus, the leader of a colony from Phoenicia, founded Thebes, and introduced letters into Greece, about 1519 B. C. The alphabet at that time consisted only of sixteen letters. § Cai-thage, a famous city of Africa, founded by a colony of Phcenicians or Tyrians, B. C. 860, and capital of a rich commercial republic of the same name. It was de- stroyed by the Romans, B. C. 14G. INTRODUCTION. XI the Red sea. Had not Carthage early fallen by the power of the Romans, per- haps to them would have accrued the glory of discovering America, ages be- fore it was made known to the civilized world. 6. The art of navigation gained nothing for centuries after the fall of Car- thage. But from the subversion of the Roman empire,* it seems to have been forgotten until the returning dawn of civilization which succeeded the gloomy period called the dark ages. The rude tribes which settled in Italy, having ac- quired some relish for the arts of civilized life, engaged in commercial affairs with spirit and activity. From about the ninth to the fourteenth century, they were the only commercial people of Europe. f 7. Among these the Venetians took the lead. For a long time they engross- ed the whole of the lucrative commerce of India, which they carried on by way of Egypt and the Red sea,t or through the inland routes of Asia. The im- mense wealth which they acquired by this trade, and the high prices put upon the articles thus imported, excited the envy and the enterprise of other nations of Europe. Many began anxiously to inquire, whether another route to India could not be found ; one less tedious, less expensive ; one that would afford a free and easy course to the nations of Europe, and enable them to procure at a cheaper rate the valuable productions that Southern Asia afforded. 8. About this time, the mariner's compass (J) was invented, and man was en- abled to pass the boundary within which he had been so long confined. Soon * Rome was taken, A. D. 476, by Odoacer, prince of the Ileruli, and an end put to the Western Roman Empire. Its ruin, however, was the result of its great extent, connected with its moral corruption. Rome had become the seat of luxury, wicked- ne.ss, and profligacy. It contained within itself the seed.s of dissolution, and the Goths, Vandals, Huns, A:c., who came to take vengeance on the empire, only hast- ened its downfall. It now pa.ssed forever from the hands of its original masters, into the hands of the barbarians who had so long hara.ssed it by their invasions. These tribes issued from their wilds, and, like a mighty torrent, rolled on and swept away every thing before them. Their path was marked by blood and fire. Noth- ing was sacred. A night of moral and intellectual darkness ovenspread the world. For several aiges, literature, science, taste, were words scarcely in use. Persons of the highest ratjk, and in the most eminent stations, could not read or write. This state of things, called the DARK AGES, continued from the extinction of the West- ern Empire to what is termed the revival of learning, about A.D. 14-50. t By means of their extensive commercial intercourse with various parts of Eu- rope, Asia, and Africa, the Italians possessed more geographical knowledge and nautical skill, and had acquired more correct ideas of'the true figure of the earth, than any other people of that age. This will account for the singular fact, that tlie discoverer of America, and those who soon after explored diflfereut parts of it, were nativesof the commercial cities of Italy, viz. Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Cabot, and Verrazzani. X If you will examine a map, you will perceive, that although the Venetians pur- sued the shortest route between India and Europe, yet it must have been laborious, slow, and expensive. For the goods were transported to the isthmus of Suez by water, there landed, and conveyed in carriages, or on camels, a distance of more than sixty miles, to the ports of the Mediterranean, where they were re-shipped and transported to Venice or other ports of Europe. Now you will perceive that a con- tinued water pa,ssage of much greater length, might be elfected with less difficulty and less expense. § The mariner's compass is an instrument used by sailors to point out their course at sea. It consists of a magnetic needle su.<:pended freely on a pivot, contain- ing a card marked with the thirty-two points of direction into which the horizon is divided, and which are thence called POINTS OF COMPASS. The needle always points to the north, except slithf variations, and the direction which the ship is steering is therelbre determined by a mere in.'-pection of the card. When and by whom the compass was invented is uncertain; but it is supposed to have been in 1302, by Flavius Gioia, of Naples. It did liot come into general use, bow- XU INTRODUCTION. after this, the art of printing was invented. These had a wonderful effect on society. Mankind now seemed to awake as from a dream. They began to think, to study the laws of nature, to found schools and colleges. A spirit of rnaritime discovery was awakened. Several nations began to turn their atten- tion to navigation and commercial enterprise. 9. Among these, the Portuguese led the way ; and to them is justly due the honor of setting on foot those enterprises of discovery and commerce, which have been attended with such happy results to the human race. Under the patronage of Prince Henry* they discovered the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde islands, and explored the shores of Africa to the coast of Guinea. The fame of these discoveries attracted the learned, the curious, and the adventu- rous, from various nations to Lisbon. Among others, Christopher Columbusf arrived there about 1470. 10. During his residence in Portugal, he sailed in several of their expedi- tions to the coast of Guinea and the African islands. He participated largely ever, till after the year 1400. This important instrument has had more influence on navigation than all the efforts of preceding ages. It has enabled man to quit his timid course along the shore, and steer boldly across the unknown deep. It has opened to him the dominion of the sea, and has put him in possession of the terres- trial globe, by enabling him to visit every part of it. * Prince Henry, the navigator, son of John I., king of Portugal. He was born, A.D. 1394. He early manifested a love for arms and military glory, particularly in the wars against the Moors ; but this was surpassed, however, by his love of the sciences, especially mathematics, asti-onomy, and navigation. During his expedi- tions in Africa, his vessels visited partsof the ocean which the navigators of that age had regarded as inaccessible. But Prince Henry meditated the discovery of coun- tries till then unknown. Familiar with the previous progress of geographical science, he neglected no opportunity, during his campaigns in Africa, to obtain from the Moors a knowledge of the regions bordering on Egypt and Arabia, and to inquire into the probability of a passage to the treasures of India, by a voyage round the western coast of Africa. The Moors, or Ai'abians, alone, at this period, were ac- quainted with this portion of the earth. From this source he received much inform- ation respecting the coast of Guinea and other maritime regions. Fully pei-suaded that Africa was circumnavigable— that a ship, by keeping along its shore, might sail from Europe to India — he offered generous rewards to all who would undertake voyages of discovery down the western coast of Africa. Although he died before he had accomplished the great object of his ambition, viz., A PASSAGE TO INDIA BY WATER, yet he lived long enotigh to behold, through his means, his native country in a grand career of prosperity. He died in 1463. t Christopher Columbus was born in the city of Genoa, about 14.35. His father, Dominico Columbo, a poor wool-comber, gave him as good an education as his lim- ited means would allow. He early evinced a strong passion for geogi-aphical knowledge, and an irresistible inclination for the sea; and at fourteen years of age he began to navigate the Mediterranean. He commenced his sea-faring career with a relative named Columbo, a hardy old captain of the seas, bold and adventurous, and ready to fight in any cause. With this veteran cruiser, Columbus sailed sev- eral years, engaged in warlike enterprises against the Mohammedans and Venetians. In one of his engagements with the Venetians, the vessel commanded by Columbus grappled with a large galley, and the crews fought in close combat. In the fury of the contest they threw hand-grenades and other fiery missiles. The galley took fire, and both vessels soon became one flaming mass. The crews threw themselves into the sea. Columbus saved his life by swimming ashore. Portugal, at this time, attracted the attention of Europe by her maritime expeditions and discoveries. Co- lumbus repaired to Lisbon about 1470. Here he married the daughter of Barthol- omeo de Pallestrello, a distinguished navigator, who had participated in the dis- covery of some of the African islands, and had left many charts, journals, and ■nautical instruments. Columbus made use of these materials, and by profound "study became persuaded that the siiortest route to India would be found by sailing in a westerly direction. INTRODUCTION. XUl in the excitement which was felt by all concerned in maritime affairs. As it was the grand object of the Portuguese at that time to discover a passage to the Indies by water, Columbus, from his knowledge of the spherical figure of the earth, was persuaded, that instead of sailing round the southern extremity of Africa, a shorter and more easy route might be found by steering directly west, across the Atlantic ocean. 11. He supposed that the eastern coast of Asia was separated from the western shores of Europe and Africa by an ocean of moderate extent. Several facts tended to confirm this idea. Pieces of carved wood, reeds of an enor- mous size, and above all, a canoe with the dead bodies of two men, differing in complexion from any known race of people, had been driven by westerly winds upon the Azores, or Western islands. These, and other facts of similar import, convinced him that land might be easily )9ached by sailing in a west- erly direction. 12. Having established his theory, and matured the plan of a voyage, he now began to think of the means of carrying it into execution. Believing it too important an enterprise to be undertaken by an individual, he deemed it ne- cessary to secure the patronage of some sovereign power. For this purpose, in 1484, he made his views known to John H., king of Portugal ; but instead of receiving assistance, he experienced ridicule, contempt, and ingratitude.* 13. Columbus soon after returned and laid his plans before the government of Genoa. But that republic was then in a state of decline, and embarrassed by ruinous wars ; and in addition to this, its rulers were ignorant, and unable to form any idea of the principles upon which he founded his hopes of success. They looked upon his proposed voyage as the project of a visionary, or lunatic. 14. Columbus next applied to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain. They listened to his views with attention, and gave him hopes of assist- ance. Soon after, a councilf of the most learned men in the kingdom was as- sembled by their order, to hold a conference with Columbus and report their opinion as to the merits of his theory. But these, mostly bishops and priests, were poorly qualified to decide upon a subject so much at variance with all their preconceived notions and views. Consequently they came to no decision, and Columbus was kept several years in a state of suspense, struggling with the ob- * King John gave Columbus an attentive hearing, and being struck with the scheme, he referred it to a council of learned men. It was treated by them with contempt, as extravagant and visionary. Some of them proposed, however, a treach- erous experiment to test the truth of his theory, and if found correct, thus secure the glory of the discovery to the crown of Portugal. The king assented to this, and pro- curing from Columbus a plan of his intended voyage in writing, and the charts by which he intended to shape his course, he dispatched a caramel, or small vessel, to pursue the designated route. The captain, however, was as deficient in courage as his employers were in dignity and justice. After sailing in a westerly direction for some days, and seeing nothing but a waste of wild tumbling waves before him, he returned to Lisbon, ridiculing and execrating the project as wild, irrational, and, above all, DANGEROUS ! t At the time of Columbus, the state of knowledge, even among the learned, was very imperfect ; while, to the great mass, nature was a sealed book, and every thing shrouded in mystery. The learned council, assembled to decide upon Columbus's theory, came prepossessed against him. They were far more disposed to criticise and raise objections, than to listen to the dictates of reason and sound argument. Like the stupid and ignorant of all ages, they were ready to condemn every thing that squared not with their own preconceived views and notions. After hearing the novel theory of Columbus, and the reasons urged in support of it, it was con- tended by certain ones that, however plausible his ideas might appear, they must be fal.se, for thev were incompatible with the Christian faith, and contrary to certain passages in the Bible ! OtherB ridiculed his pretensions as wild and extravagant. 2 XIV INTRODUCTION. stacles thrown in his way by ignorance, bigotry, and malice, before he was en- abled to proceed on a voyage of discovery. At length, by orders of Isabella, a fleet, consisting of three small vessels and one hundred and twenty men, was fitted out and placed under his command. VIEW OF THie CIVILIZES WORLD, A.D. 149'^. 15. By examining the above map, it will be seen how much of the earth's surface was known to the civilized world at the time Columbus sailed on hJs voyage of discovery. It is true, navigation had been greatly improved by the use of the mariner's compass, and many of the nations of Europe were begin- ning to enjoy the blessings of learning, of the arts, and of commerce ; yet, nothing was known with any degree of certainty respecting the extent and true shape of the earth. Even Columbus himself never dreamed of discovering a " What vanity," said they, "to think at this late day he has discovered something which has escaped the notice of all before him !" "How ridiculous are his plans !" said others ; " for we all know, that if a ship should sail westward on a globe, she would necessarily go down on the opposite side, and if she did not slip otf, it would be impossible for her ever to return, for it would be like climbing up hill, which no ship could do with the strongest wind." " How absurd,'' said another, "to believe that there are people with their feet opposite to ours, who walk with their heels up- ward and their heads hanging down; that there is a part of the world where all things are topsy-turvy ; where the trees grow with their branches downwards, and where it hails, rains, and snows upward !" INTRODUCTION. XV new continent, but simply of finding a new route to the eastern and southern shores of Asia. 16. All things being ready, on the 3d of August, 1492, Columbus set sail from the port of Palos, in Spain. Thus, after eighteen years of painful solicitation at different courts, amid poverty, neglect, and ridicule, he was enabled to test the truth of his theory, and engage in an enterprise which has led to more im- portant results than any ever before undertaken by man. 17. He steered directly for the Canary islands. Here he refitted his vessels — furnished himself with water and fresh provisions. On the 6th of Septem- ber, he steered directly west into an ocean on which no vessel had ever before sailed. No sooner were they out of sight of land, than the hearts of his crews were filled with anguish. They seemed to have taken leave of the world. Behind thern was every thing dear to the heart of man, — country, family, friends; before them was mystery, gloom, and peril. After sailing twenty -one days without sight of land, their courage began to sink ; but Columbus, by re- minding them of the honors, the glory, the riches, they would acquire by com- pleting the voyage, succeeded in dispelling their fears and reviving their hopes. 18. About this time the needle of the compass deviated from its course, that is, it did not point to the north star, or north pole. At this the pilots, and even Columbus himself, became alarmed. They were fearful that this in- strument was about to lose its mysterious virtues ; and without this guide, what was to become of them on a vast and trackless ocean? But shortly after, they met large quantities of floating sea-weed, and several land-birds were also seen. For some time the voyage was continued with animated hopes. They every moment expected to see land; but after sailing many day.s without seeing any, they decame disheartened. The impatience of the sailors rose to absolute mutiny. 19. "Here we are," said they, "sailing day after day into seas where man has never sailed before. And for what ? Why, simply that our commander, who is an ambitious desperado, may do something extravagant to render him- self notx>rious. Shall we continue on until all perish, or return while we have the power of so doing ? Who would blame us ? He is a foreigner, without friends. His schemes have been condemned and ridiculed by the learned. Many would be gratified by his failure." 20. Some even proposed to throw him overboard, and return without him. Columbus was aware of the state of feeling among the crews ; and after trying various ways to pacify them, promised that, if they would continue on three days longer, he would then return if land was not discovered. To this they all agreed. The next day they became convinced that they were near land. Birds were seen flying in all directions. A branch of a thorn-bush, with berries on it, floated by. They picked up a reed, a small board, and a staff curiously carved. 21. There were now no murmurs, no complaints. Every eye was turned in the direction whence land was expected to be seen. On the following night, October 11th, all remained on deck. About 10 o'clock Columbus saw some- thing : it appeared to be a light at a great distance. He pointed it out to those near him. They saw it. They continued on till about two in the morning, when a gun from the forward vessel gave the joyful signal of land. When day- light appeared, they saw before them a level and beautiful island, of great freshness and verdure, which Columbus afterward named St, Salvador.* It * The first land that Columbus discovered, was one of the Bahama Islands, in the West Indies, called by the natives Gua-na-ha'-hi. Columbus named it St. Salvador, It is now called Cat island. It is about 60 miles in length, and 12 in breadth. XVI INTRODUCTION, was covered with trees, and evidently populous, for multitudes were seen is- suing from the woods, and running from all parts to the shore. All the boats were immediately manned and armed, and the Spaniards rowed toward the shore with music and martial pomp. 22. Columbus went first on shore, and was followed by his men. They all knelt, and kissed the ground with tears of joy, and returned thanks to God for their successful voyage. Columbus now drawing his sword, planted the royal standard, and took formal possession of the country in the name of the king and queen of Spain. The natives* witnessed these ceremonies with wonder. All was new to them ; the complexion, the dress, the shining armor of the Spaniards. 23. Columbus, perceiving them to be a simple and inoffensive people, to gain their good will, gave them some red caps, strings of beads, and other trifles, which they received with the greatest transport. He spent a few days in ex- amining the coasts and productions of the country, and then sailed to other islands which lay within sight. Having discovered Cuba and Hispaniola,t and several other islands, he built a fort and left a colony of thirty-nine men. He obtained large quantities of gold, and other valuable articles, and taking a number of the natives, he sailed for Spain, Jan. 4, 1493. 24. After encountering many toils and dangers, he arrived at Palos on the ]5th of March, amid the shouts of the people, the ringing of bells, and the thun- der of cannon. Success usually causes an astonishing change in the opinions of mankind. Columbus, who had been treated as a senseless visionary, was now received with almost regal honors. His entrance into Barcelona, where the court then resided, was a species of triumph more glorious than that of a conqueror. It was the tribute of respect paid to genius and exalted worth, 25. Columbus, after this, made three other voyages to the new world, and on the 1st of August, 1498, he discovered the continent near the mouth of the Orinoko. The latter part of his life was imbittered by the envy and malice of his enemies. In a word, he experienced the fate of the truly great. With an ingratitude scarcely to be paralleled, he was once sent home in chains, J to answer a groundless accusation. Though declared innocent, and apparently restored to regal favor, he never received the rewards due to his merit.*^ Even * India was a term applied by Europeans to the southeastern parts of Asia, and the adjacent islands. As Columbus was in search of these regions, the first land he discovered he supposed to be a part of India, and he called the inhabitants IN- DIANS, and this name was subsequently apphed to all the natives of the western world, and which tliey still retain. t The island was named Hispaniola by the Spanish, and St. Domingo by the French. It is now called Hayti, the original Indian name. + These chains Columbus kept hanging in his room during his life, and requested that when he died they might be buried in his grave, which was accordingly done. § The Spanish nobility were envious of the honors and distinctions conferred upon Columbus, and they sought every opportunity to detract from his merits, and to decry the greatness of his actions. They insinuated that his discoveries were rather the result of an accident than of well-concerted measures. At a public din- ner, several courtiers abruptly asked him, whether, in case he bad not discovered the Indies, there would not have been men in Spain capable of doing it. Columbus made no direct reply, but, calling for an egg, he invited the company to make it stand upon one end. When every one had attempted it in vain, and" confessed it impossible, "Give it to me," said Columbus. Having taken it, he struck it upon the table, broke one end, and left it standing on the broken part. Tliey all cried out, "Why, /could have done that." "Yes "said Columbus "but none of you thought of it. So I discovered the Indies, and now every pilot can steer the same course. Remember the scoffs that were thrown out at me before I put my design into execution. Then it was a dream, a chimera, a delusion ; now it is what any person might have done as well as I !" INTRODUCTION. XVU tke honor of giving name to the new world he had discovered, was denied him. Worn down with anxieties, fatigue, and sufferings, he ended his useful life at Valladolid, the 20th of May, 1506. His last words were, " Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend m}' spirit." 26. He died, says Mr. Irving, in ignorance of the real grandeur of his dis- covery. Until his last breath, he entertained the idea that he had merely opened a new way to the old resorts of opulent commerce, and had discovered some of the wild regions of the east. He supposed Hispaniola to be the an- cient Ophir which had been visited by the ships of King Solomon, and that Cuba and Terra Firma were but remote parts of Asia, What visions of glory- would have broken upon his mind, could he have known that he had indeed discovered a new continent, equal to the old world in magnitude, and separated by two vast oceans from all the earth hitherto known by civilized men ! 27. The discoveries of Columbus produced a powerful excitement in Spain and Portugal. Several individuals, stimulated by the hope of wealth and honors, made equipments at their own expense, and crossed the ocean. Among the earliest of these adventurers, was Alonzo de Ojeda, an enterpris- ing officer who had accompanied Columbus in his first expedition. He sailed in 1499, and discovered the main land at the mouth of the Orinoko. With him was one Americus Vespucius,* who published on his return so flattering an accovmt of his voyage, as to make it appear that he had the honor of first discovering the continent of the new world. His description was the first given to the public. It circulated rapidly, and was read with admiration. By this means he obtained the honor of giving his name to this continent, but not without manifest injustice to Columbus. * Americus Vespucius was born at Florence, in Italy, in 1451. He early discov- ered a taste for philosophy, mathematics, and navigation. In 1490, he went to Spaia for the purpose of trading, and was at Seville when Columbus was making prepa- rations for his second voyage. The success of Columbus's undertaking induced Vespucius to give up trade and explore these newly-discovered countries. In 1499, he sailed with Ojeda, as stated above, after having clandestinely obtained from the bishop of Burgos the drafts and plans which Columbus had left in his hands, in obedience to the orders of their Catholic majesties. He made several voyages after- ward, and died at Seville in 1512. 2* INTRODUCTORY LESSON. What is the name of this town ? What is the principal employment of the people of this town ? What do you understand by agriculture '. Manufac- tures ? Commerce? Have any events worthy of notice taken place in this town since you can remember? Do you think any have happened since your parents can remember ? Can you mention any that have been told you ? Can you mention the names of any distinguished persons that have lived in this town ? Can you inform me when this town was first settled by white people, or Europeans ? Who lived here before the white people came ? What has become of the Indians ? Should you like to hear a person relate all the im- portant events that have happened in this town, since it was first settled by ■white people ? Wliat would you call this relation or account? Does history always signify a relation or narrative of past events ? What is the name of this county ? Can you inform me which town in this county contains the greatest number of inhabitants ? Which is the shire or county town ? What is the principal employment of the people of this county ? Can you tell me which town in this county was first settled by Europeans? Can you mention the names of any distinguished persons that have lived in this county ? Can you relate any e\ ents worthy of notice that have taken place in this county ? What is the name of this State ? What is the capital of it ? What do you mean by capital ? Which is the most populous town or city in this State ? What is the difference between a town and a city ? Who is the present gov- ernor of this State ? Who was governor before him ? What town was first settled in this State ? By what European nation was it settled ? How many years since ? Can you mention the names of any distinguished individuals that have lived in this State ? Can you relate any important events that have happened in this State ? What is the name of this country ? What is the capital of the United States ? Which is the most populous city in the United States ? Where was the first permanent English settlement made in the United States ? How many years since? Who is the president of the United States ? Who was president be- fore him ? Who is the vice-president of the United States ? Can you men- tion the names of any distinguished persons that have lived in the United States ? Can you relate any important events that have taken place in the United States ? Is our present form of government monarchical or republi- can ? What is the difference between a monarchical form of government and a republican ? HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. SITUATION OF AMERICA IN A.D. 1402. PERIOD I. Comprises the events that occurred from the discovery op America by Columbus, in 1492, to the settlement of Jamestown, A. D. 1607. 1. The discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492, pro- duced great excitement throughout the civihzed world. It awakened a spirit of activity, enterprise, and inquiry, never Questions. What events does the first period comprise ? By whom was America discovered ? When ? What was the condition of the country at that time ? Ans. A wilderness, inhabited by Indians. What does the cut repre- sent? 20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1497. before known. The gold, the silver, and other valuable pro- ductions found by the Spaniards, excited other nations to make discoveries in these new and unexplored regions. Among these the Enghsh took the lead. 2. In 1497, John Cabot,* and his son Sebastian,! under the patronage of Henry VII.,:{: king of England, sailed from Bristol, with a fleet of five ships. On the 3d of July, they discovered the American continent in latitude 56° N. "the dismal cliffs of Labrador." Steering southwardly, they soon after arrived at the island of Newfoundland. Thence they sailed along the coast as far south as Florida. Having taken possession of the country in behalf of the crown of England, they returned without making any settlement. 1. \yhat effect did the discovery of America produce ? What induced other countries to make discoveries in America? Ans. The hopes of enriching thenriselves by extending their commerce, acquiring vast territories, and ob- taining gold, silver, and other valuable productions. What nation took the lead? 2. Who first sailed from England to America? Who was John Cabot? Sebastian Cabot ? Who was king of England at that time ? What did they discover ? Upon what did the English found their claim to the eastern part of North America ? * John Cabot was a native of Venice. He resided in Bristol, England, some years previous to the discovery of America by Columbus. He was skilled in all the sciences requisite to form an accomplished mariner. Encouraged by the success of Columbus in his first voyage, Cabot was determined to attempt the discovery of unknown lands. He sailed from England the beginning of May, 1497, with five'ves- sels freighted by the merchants of London and Bristol, with articles of traffic, and 300 men. The accounts of this voyage are involved in much obscurity. According to some, after discovering the continent, he sailed north to the latitude of sixty-seven degrees ; but meeting with ice, he changed his course, and sailed along the coast toward the equator till he came to Florida. Here his provisions failed him, and a mutiny broke out among his men ; and he was compelled to return to England. t Sebastian Cabot, son of John Cabot, was born at Bristol, England, about the year 1477. He was early instructed in the mathematical knowledge necessary for a seaman, and at the age of seventeen had made several voyages. He sailed several times to the western continent for the purpose of finding a passage to the East Indies. Being disappointed in this, he quit England, and spent some time in the service of Spain. About the beginning of the reign of Edward VI., 1549, he returned to England, and had a pension settled on him as grand pilot of England. He died about 1557, leaving behind him a high character both as a skillful seaman and a man of great general abilities. X Henry VII., of England, was born in 1457. He opposed and defeated Richard III., at Bosworth, and was proclaimed king on the field of battle in 1485. He was devoted to the happiness of his subjects, and contributed materially to the establish- ment of commerce, the encouragement of industry, and to the protection of the arts. He checked the encroachment of the nobles, made salutary laws, and died, with the reputation of a great and good king, in 1509. 1524. DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA. 21 Upon the discoveries made in this voyage, the Enghsh founded their claim to the eastern part of North America.* ' DISCOVERY or FLORIDA, IN 1512. 3. In 1512, Juan Ponce de Leon,t a Spanish commander, discovered and named Florida. Having obtained a commis- sion from the king of Spain, he soon after attempted to plant a colony in it. But no sooner had he landed than his corn- pany were attacked by the natives, with poisoned arrows, and the greater part of them killed, and the remainder obliged to quit the country. In consequence of this dis- covery, the Spaniards laid claim to the territory of Florida. 4. In 1524, John Verrazzani,J in the employment of 3. When and by whom was Florida discovered ? By whom was he com- missioned to plant a colony there ? What became of this colony ? Upon what did the Spaniards rest their claim to Florida ? * It was adopted as a rule by the sovereigns of Europe at that time, and is still received asa principle of the law of nations, that newly discovered countries belong to the discoverers. t Juan Ponce de Leon was sent to conquer the island of Porto Rico ; and having there amassed great riches, and received information of an island situated to the norlh, in which'there was a miraculous fountain possessing the power of restoring youth to the aged, he sailed, in 1512. in quest of those happy shores. Although he was unable to find THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH, he discovered the country, to which he gave the name of Florida, oj3 account of its blooming appearance. t John Verazzani was a native of Florence, Italy. It is worthy of remark, that 22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1534 Francis I.,* king of France, sailed along the American coast from Florida to Labrador, and named the country New- France. He made another voyage the year following, when, by some unknown disaster, he and all his compan- ions perished. In 1534, the French fitted out another expe- dition under James Cartier. He discovered and named the gulf of St. Lawrence. The year following, he sailed up the river of St. Lawrence, as far as Montreal, and took posses- sion of the country in the name of the French king. The discoveries of Verrazzani and Cartier laid the foundation of the French claim in North America. In 1540, they at- tempted to plant a colony in Canada, but being unsuccess- ful, they abandoned the enterprise. 5. In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto,t governor of Cuba, landed on the coast of Florida, with an army of about 1,200 men. He penetrated far into the country in search of gold, exposed to famine, hardships, and the opposition of the natives. In 4. In what year did Veraz.zanni sail along the American coast ? By whom employed ? What did he call the country ? What happened to him the next year? When and by whom was another expedition made ? What gulf did Cartier discover and name? Of what country did he take possession the next year ? In whose name ? What laid the foundation of the French claims in N. A. ? When was an attempt made to plant a colony, and with what success 6. Who landed an army on the coast of Florida in 1539 ? What did he do ? What did he discover in 1541 ? Where and when did he die ? What became of his followers ? gpaui, England, and France, owed their first discoveries in the new world to the Italians; a circumstance which clearly proves that in those times no nation was equal to the Italians in point of maritime knowledge and extensive experience in navigation. It is, however, remarkable, that the Italians, with all their knowledge and experience, have not been able to acquire one inch of ground for themselves in America. This singular failure has been ascribed to the penurious mercantile spirit of the Italian republics, to their mutual animosities and petty wars, and to tneir contracted, .selfish policy. * Francis I., king of France, called by his subjects the ^^ father of literature," was born in 1494. He succeeded Lewis XII., on the French throne, in 1515. He is known as the rival and opponent of Charles V., emperor of Germany, and with whom he was involved in war during almo.st his whole reign. He was noted for his generosity, clemency, and love of letters; and had he been contented with the arts of peace, France would have been happy and prosperous under his government. He died at Rambouillet in 1547. t Ferdinand de Soto, a brave, gallant, and intrepid officer. He served under Pizarro, in the conquest of Peru, with such reputation as to obtain from the king of Spain the government of Cuba. Desirous of wealth and renown, he left his hon- orable and lucrative station, and found want, misery, disease, and a grave ! To conceal his death, his body was wrapped in a mantle, and in the stillness of mid- night, was sunk in the middle of the river. The discoverer of the Mississippi slept beneath its waters. 1642. DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA. 23 C O V 1: R Y OK THE M I S S I S S I P 1' f , 1341. the spring of 1541, he discovered the Mississippi, about GOO miles from its mouth. He continued his march westward to the Red river ; but disappointed in his search for gold, he returned to the Mississippi, where he died. May 21, 1542. His followers, after several ineffectual attempts to reach Mexico by land, built seven frail barks without decks, sailed down the river to its mouth, then steered for Mexico, and entered the river Panuco. Their numbers at that time were reduced to three hundred and eleven. 6. During the rehgious wars in France, Admiral Coligny,* the head of the Protestant sect in that country, formed a plan for settling a colony of his brethren in America, where 6. Who was Coligny ? When did he form a plan for a colony ? What was the state of France at that time ? What was his object in settling a colony? By whose permission was a company sent ? Under whom ? Where did they land ? What happened the next winter ? What was their condition while on their return ? Wliat became of them at last ? What was this the first attempt to do 't. ' Gaepard de Coligny, a celebrated admiral of France, was born in 1516. He bravely supported the cause of the French Protestants against the Catholics headed by the dulte of Guise. After gaininj? several victories over the opposite party, he was basely assassinated by one of the domestics of the duke of Guise, in the begin- ning of the horrid massacre of Paris, on the eve of St. Bartholomew's day, 1.572, when 30,000 Protestants were inliumanly butchered. 24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1564. they might be safe from the persecutions of their enemies. By permission of Charles IX.,* in 1562, he sent out two ships under the command of John Ribault, with a large number of colonists, to that part of America called Florida. f They reached the coast in the latitude of St. Augustine ; and in May, discovered the St. John's river, which they named the river of May. Sailing northerly along the coast, they at length arrived at Port Royal entrance, on the coast of South Carolina. There they determined to establish the colony. A fort was erected, called Fort Carolina, after the name of the king, in which Ribault left the colonists and returned to France. During the following winter the set- tlers mutinied, killed their commander, built and rigged a rude vessel, and put to sea for the purpose of returnmg to their native country. Their little stock of provisions soon failed, and they were reduced to the dreadful extremity of killing and eating one of their companions. In this desti- tute condition they were taken up by an English vessel and carried to England. This was the first attempt to plant a colony within the limits of the United States. 7. In 1564, another colony was sent out by Coligny, under Laudonnier. He proceeded to the river May, or St. John's, and built another fort, which was also named Caro- lina. Having planted his colony, he returned to France. The Spaniards, enraged at this intrusion on their lands by 7. When and under whom did Coligny send out another colony? "Where was fort Carolina built ! When was the city of St. Augustine founded I "Which is the oldest European settlement in the United States ? What did the Spaniards do ? What did Melendes do to secure the country for Spain ? * Charles IX., king of France, was horn in l.')50, and ascended the throne at the age of 10 years, after tliedeath of his brother, Francis 11. During his childliood, he was guided by his mother, Catharine dc Medicis, a woman of great ambition, but of little pruileuce ; anti as the kiii!j;(iom was divided by rt ligious factious, nothing for tlic happiness of the iteoplo, or the glory of the throne, coidd he expected. In the miilst of these struggles, Charles maintained a conduct fidl of dissinudation and hypocrisy. And while he pretended frieniiship and protection to all his subjects, he was secretly meditating that fatal nuissacre of St. Bartholomew, in 1572, which leaves an indelible stigma of barbarous cruelty on liis name. He died in 1574, and was succeeded by his lirolht-r, Henry 111. t For a long time after the discovery of the country, the coa.st from the gulf of Mexico to Pamlico sound was embraced under tin- name of Florida. It is supposed by some, that Ribault left his colony on the banks of the Edisto river, within the present limits of South Carolina. 1583. . DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA. 26 heretics, sent a large force, under Don Pedro Melendos, to break up the settlement. He arrived on the coast of Florida the seventeenth of September, 1565, and entered a beautiful harbor. The next day he took formal possession of the country in the name of the king of Spain, and laid the foundation of St. Augustine, the oldest city, and the first permanent European settlement within the limits of the United States. Soon after, ho took the fort and put the settlers to death in the most barbarous manner. To secure the country for Spain^ he built three forts and left them garrisoned by Spanish soldiers. 8. The French government took no notice of this atrocious act of the Spaniards. An individual, however, by the name of Ferdinando Gourges, a soldier of great wealth, indignant at this outrage, fitted out an expedition at his own expense, and sailed fur Florida. By a bold assault, he took the Spanish forts, and put the garrisons to death.* Not being in a situation to keep possession of the country, Gourges destroy- •ed the forts and returned to France. Neither the French nor Spaniards ever after attempted a settlement at that place. 9. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, an enterprising navigator, having obtained a patentf from Elizabeth, | queen of England, in 1583, sailed with five ships to America. He entered the 8. In view of this outrage, what did Gourges do ? How did he treat the Spaniards? 9. When did Sir Humphrey Gilbert Hail for America? What bay did ho enter ? What did he find there ? In whose name did he take pos.se.s.sion of the country? Wiiy was he compelled to return? What became of him and his company ? * Melendes hung on trees all the Frenchmeu that he captured, with a label sus- pended, " Not Frenchmen, but heretics." Gourures, in retaliation, hung all the Spaniards tlia,t he took, witli a label si(ruifyin^', "■ Not men, but (JevilK." t Patent, or letters patent, a commiKsion or writing from the sovereiffn power, granting autiiority to a person to do some act, or enjoy some right. Tlie term is now applie 'Vo which South ? 15, 16. When did the king of Franco grant Acadia to De Monts ? When and where was the settlement made ? When was Quebec founded ? How did these French possessions affect the English colonies .' edge of the naval history of his country. He published a collection of voyages and discoveries, which had a happy influence in turning the attention of the nation to maritime atTairs. He died in IGIG, and was buried in Westminster abbey, London. * James I. of England and VI. of Scotlaml was the son of Mary, queeii of Scots, so famous for her beaiuy, wit, learning, and mistoriunes. He was born at Edin- burgh castle, in 1566. The following year, his mother being forced to relinquish the throne, he was solemnly crowned at Stirling, with the title of James VI. of Scot- land. On the death of Queen Elizabeth, in 10(i;{, he succeeded to the crown of Eng- land under the title of James 1. Several conspiracies were formed to destroy him and overturn the government, the most noted of which was the famous gunpowder plot, concerted in 161)5. the objecr of which was to blow up the king and parliament. See the Easy Keaiier. puge 65. During his reign, thi Bible was translated into English. He died in \&2'\ and was succeeded by Charles I. James was not desti- tute of abilities or good intentions, but owing to his vanity and weakness of temper, lie was neither bt loved ut home, nor respected abroad. t Henry IV. of France was born at Pan in 155;3. His riirht to the throne was dis- puted bacausehe wasa Protestant. After the massacre of St. Uarlholomew, in 1572, he signalized himself as a .soldier and general, and gained several victories over his enemies. Convinced that he should never enjoy quiet possession of the Fi-ench throne without professing the Catholic faith, he embraced that religion in 1593, and was solemnly anointed king at Chartres in 1594. Having overcome the toreign ene- mies of his country, he succeeded in restoring the internal prosperity of his kingdom. He paid 330 millions of the national debt, and laid up 40 millions in the treasury. He sought by every means in his power to render his subjects prosperous and happy. But notwithstanding this, several conspiracies were formed to overtlirow the gov- 1C08. DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA. 29 forty-sixth degree of north latitude, or from Delaware bay to the gulf of St. Lawrence. The next year, Dc Monts sailed with two vessels, and arrived on the coast of Nova Scotia in May. After spending- some time in examining the coasts, and trafficking with the natives, he erected a fort on an island at the rnouth of the St. Croix river, and there passed the winter. The spring following, he formed a settlement in Nova Scotia, near the bay of Fundy, which he named Port Royal — now called Annapolis. This was the first per- manent settlement of the French in AiTierica. IG. In 1608. De Monts fitted out two vessels for the pur- pose of forming a settlement in Acadia, and placed thern under the command of Samuel Charnplain, an experienced nav- igator and able commander. Charnplain sailed from France in April, and in June ascended the St. Lawrence, and laid the foundation of the city of Gluebec. These possessions of t?ie French proved the source of innumerable calamities to the English colonies, until the peace of 1763. between France and Enjrland. ernmerit, and it is gaid twenty-two attempts were made to aBeasRJnate him. bat with- out effiict. On a certain day, in 1010, however, an he waK ridin!^ through the streetfl of Parif. his coaf;h was obblrucfed by two wagons. A fanatic named Ravaillac took advantas'e of this moment tf» perpetrate a lonfr-meditated d'.ed. He mounted the step of the coach, and plunged a long two-tfli^ed knife twice into the heart of Henry, and thus ended the career of the best king France ever liad. The benevolent mind of Henry, his paternal love to hig subjects, his great achievements, his candor, and sincerity, have preserved his memory in the hearts of the nation, and his royal ex- pression, "I wish that every peasant mit'ht have a fowl in his pot on Hundavs." stili lives in the mouth.s of the people. Ravaillac, his murderer, was put to death by the moat excruciating tortures. 3* HISTORY THE UNITED STATES, SITUATION OF AMERICA IN A.D. 1607. PERIOD II. Comprises the events that occurred from the settlement of Jamestown, 1607, to the Declaration of Independence, 1776. 1. Soon after the London Company had obtamed their charter, they sent three ships to America, under the com- mand of Capt. Newport, with one hundred and five persons, What events are comprised in period second '! "What was the situation of the country in 1607? What is represented by the cut? 1. What is said of the London Company? For what place did they sail ? When and where was the first English settlement made ? What was it called, and how long was this after the settlement of Florida by the Spaniards ? See page 25, v. 7. 160Y. SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 31 and every thing necessary for establishing a colony. They sailed for Roanoke, but were fortunately driven by a storm into Chesapeake bay. They were so much pleased with the surrounding country, that they determined to settle on the river Powhattan, which they named James river. On the 23d of May, 1607, they landed and began a settlement, and in honor of their sovereign, called it Jamestown.* This was the first permanent English settlement in America. 2. The colonists soon began to experience various calam- ities, many of which they had not anticipated. Disputes and jealousies arose among their rulers. f They suffered much from want of provisions, disease, and the hostility of the Indians. In less than four months from the time of their landing fifty of their number had perished. Discouraged by these afflictions, they were anxious to return to England. 3. In this state of despondency, one of their numbet, named John Smith,}: a very extraordinary man, undertook to manage the affairs of the colonjr. He established order 2. What did the colonists soon experience? What arose among their rulers? From what causes did they suffer? How soon had fifty of their number perished? * Jamestown, on James river, thirty-two miles above its mouth. It is now in ruins, and almost desolate. Two or three old houses, the ruins of an old steeple, a churchyard, and faint marks of a rude fortifications, are the only memorials of its former importance. t The government of the colony was formed in England before it sailed. It was to consist of a president and a council of seven persons. The names of these persons, and the code of laws lor the government of the colony, were carefully concealed in a box, and given to Capt. Newport, at the time of sailing, with orders not to open it until twenty-four hours after landing. It was opened oh the 24th of May, and found to contain the names of Bartholomew Gosnold, John Smith, Edward Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Ratcliffe, John Martin, and George Kendall. Mr. Wing- field, an unprincipled, ambitious man, was chosen president, but was soon after de- posed for misconduct, and John Ratcliffe chosen in his place. X Capt. John Smith, the father of Virginia, was born at Willoughby, in Lincoln- shire, England, in 1579. From his earliest youth he displayed a roving disposition, and was delighted with bold and adventurous feats among his companions. At the age of thirteen he was apprenticed to a merchant, but quit his master in his fifteenth year, and traveled through France, Netherlands, Egypt, and Germany. He after- ward entered into the service of the emperor of Austria against the Turks. By his skill, bravery, and exploits, he obtained the command of 250 honsemen. At the siege of Regal, the Turks sent a challenge to the Austrians, stating, that the lord Turbisha, for the diversion of the ladies of the place, would fight any single captain of the Christian troops. Smith accepted the challenge, and meeting his antagonist on horseback, in view of the ladies on the battlements, killed him, and bore away his head in triumph to his general. Crualgo, a friend of Turbisha, upon this sent a par- ticular challenge to Smith. He at once accepted it. They met, and Smith was again the victor ; he bore off his head in triumph. Smith now sent a message into ihe town, informing the ladies that if they wished for more sport of a similar kind, 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 160S. among them, built comfortable houses for them to live in, fortified their little settlement, procured provisions of the na- tives, and inspired all with confidence. Thus the settlers were able to subsist until they received assistance from England. 4. In 1608, Capt. Newport arrived with 120 new settlers, and a supply of provisions. This was a source of great joy to the httle colony. But their prospects were soon overcast ; for about this time they discovered in the bed of a small river near Jamestown, a shining substance which they sup- posed to be gold-dust. A sort of universal phrensy was ex- cited by this discovery. " Immediately," says Smith, " there was no thought, no discourse, no hope, and no work, but to dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, and load gold." Smith used all his influence to convince them of their folly ; but to no purpose. A vessel was loaded with this useless commo- dity, and sent to England. On its arrival there, the cargo was examined, and found to be nothing but mud, filled with small pieces of shining stone. 3. Can you give some account of John Smith ? See note. What did he do for the colony ? 4. Who arrived in 1608? What occurred about this time? What does Smith say ? What did tlie people do ? What did it prove to be ? Is that all gold which shines or glistens ? they must procure another champion. Bonamalgro soon appeared, and after a short but severe contest, in which bmith nearly lost his life, the huge Turk was slain, and his head was added to the number of the others. He was afterward taken pris- oner bv the Turks; but by killmg his master, he escaped into Russia, and returned to England. He joined the expedition lifted out by the London Company, to make a settlement in America, and was named as one of the council of the colony. On their passage to America, disputes arose among the emigrants, and by his superior talents, Smith excited the envy of the principal persons on board, and he was unjustly con- fined and kept a close prisoner during the rest of the voyage. After the planting of the colony at Jamestown, he was released from confinement, but excluded from the council. He was afterward tried, and lionoi'ably acquitted of all the charges brought against him, and admitted to his seat as a meinber of the council. After the election of Ratcliffe, the whole weight of the administration devolved on Smith, and all would have perished with hunger, but for his exertions in procuring corn of the Indians. This he obtained, sometimes by purchase, sometimes by caresses, and olten by stratagem and force. Unable to procure corn on a certain occasion, he seized the Indian idol Okee, made of skins stutfed with moss ; for the redemption of which as much corn was brought to him as he demanded. He often made long excursions into the wilderness for the purpose of exploring the country, and procuring corn of the natives. In one of these, attended only by an Indian guide, he was suddenly sur- rounded by a numerous body of savages, and after a brave defense, was taken pris- oner. His exulting captors conducted him in triumph to Powhattan, the principal chieftain of Virginia. After many ceremonies and consultations, they decided to put him to death. They looked upon him as a man wkose courage and abilities 1609. . SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 33 5. In consequence of their neglecting to cultivate the ground, they suffered much, the following winter, from want of provisions, and from disease. Their storehouse was acci- dentally burned, and they were reduced to great distress. The next year they received a supply of necessaries, and seventy new settlers were added to their number ; among whom were several persons of distinction. 6. In 1609, the London Company obtained a new charter, granting greater powers and privileges than the former. They soon after sent out nine ships, with nine hundred emi- grants, to Virginia. The vessel, on board of which were the officers appointed to govern the colony, was unfortunately driven by a storm upon the Bermuda islands.* The others arrived safely. Most of the persons who came in these were of a vicious character. They at first refused to submit to the authority of Smith, and by this means threw the colony into great confusion. Smith determined, however, that he would be obeyed until the arrival of the officers that were appointed to succeed him. He accordingly seized upon the leaders of the sedition, and put them in prison. By this means order was again restored. 5. How was the colony affected by this conduct ? What happened the next year? 6. What took place in 1609? What did they do soon after? What hap- pened to one vessel ? Who were on board ? What is said of the others ? What of Smith? were particularly dangerous to the safety of the Indians. He was accordingly led forth to exectition. His head was placed upon a stone, and a war-club presented to Powhattan, who claimed the honor of beiu": his executioner. As the chief raised the club to give the fatal blow, Pocahontas, his favorite daughter, rushed through the crowd, and clasped the head of Smith in her arms, laid her own upon it, and en- treated her father to spare his life. Powhattan was amazed. His heart was touched. He let fall the club, and set Smith at liberty, and soon after had him con- ducted in safety to .Jamestown. Smith was several times chosen president of the council, and by his example and severity he rendered the colonists exceedingly in- dustrious. Several young gentlemen in the colony, indignant that //tey should be compelled to work, often gave vent to their feelings in expressions of impatience and profanensss. Smith caused the numbei: of their oaths to be noted daily, and at night he had as many cans of water poured into the sleeve of each, as he had taken oaths during the day. This discipline had so hapny an effect that scarcely an oath was heard in a week, and it perfectly restored the subjects of it to good humor. After many other adventures, Smith died in London, in 1651, in the 52d year of his age. For all his services and sufferings he never received any recompense. ' Bermuda islands, a cluster of small islands in the Atlantic ocean. They are in number about 400, but most of them so small and barren, that they have neither in- habitant nor name. They were first discovered by Juan Bermudas, a Spaniard, in 1522. The air is so healthy that sick people from the United States frequently go S4 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1609. POCAHONTAS H A. S T K N 1 NO TO 1 N K K M SMITH (IF T H i: C (1 N S P I K \ C Y . 7. About this time, the Indians, fearing that the white people would become too powerful, concerted a plot to destroy them all. Pocahontas* heard of it, and resolved to save 7. What did the Indians fear? What did tliry do? How was the colony saved ? Caii you give some account of the life and ohaiaotor of Pocahontas ? See note. Uiither for the recovery of their health. The winter is hardly perceptible, and the seasons may be said to be perpetual spring. The inhabitants gather two crops of Indian coin in a year, one in July, and the other in December. These islands he abovu r>00 miles irom Cape Fear, in North Carolina. I'opulation about S(XX). * Pocahontas, duujihter of Powhattan, a celebrated Indian Avarrior, in Virginia, was born about 15'.)"). She discovered the warmest tVieuilship fur the Englisirwho colouized Virijinia, and was en\iueutly useful to the seiileiuent. The first remarka- ble instance of this attachment was displayeil in U'H)8, iu |neserving the life of Cnpt. John Smith, as explained iu a previous note. Fnun this time she frequently visited the settlements olthe whites, to whom she furuislied provisiout; ai tinu^s when they were particularly ueedeil. In 1612, Pocahontas liavinir iucuried the resentnu>nt of her father, probably on accoinit of her attachmeul to the whites, lelt her home, and visited the territories of .lopazows, chief of the Potomacs. Capt. Ariroll, having s;iiled up the Potomac river, on a trading voyage, prevailed ou .lopazows, by the tempting otler of a copper kettle, to surrender her to him. He detained and carried her to Jamestown, presuming that Powhattan would do no hurt to the English while they retained possession of his daughter. Hut the noble hearted chief feU in- dignant at the treachery of the whites, and refuseil to listen to any terms of peace till Pocahijntas Avas restored During iier detention at Jatnestown, Mr. Thomas Rolfe, an Englishman of respectable character, became aft.iched to her. and ottered her his hand. It was accepted, ami the consent of Powhattan being obtained, the marriage was solemnized with great pomp, in presence of the \uu-le of Pocahontas, and her two brothers. This event relieved the colony iVom the enmity of Powhat- tan, and preserved peace between them for many years. In UilG, she embarked with her husband lor England. She was received by the king and queen with the 10 11. . SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 35 thorn. Accordingly, one dark and storrny nig"ht, she has- tened to Jamestown, anrl informed Smith of his danger. He immediately took measures to put the colony in a state of defense. The Indians, perceiving that their design was dis- covered, gave up the project. 8. Soon after, Smith received a severe wound, and returned to England to procure the aid of a surgeon. The most un- happy consequences followed. The Indians perceiving the absense of the man they feared, attacked the colony with united forces. They cut off all supphes, and thus reduced the settlers to the greatest extremity. 9. Such was their wretched condition, that they devoured the skins of their horses, the bodies of the Indians they had killed, and at last the flesh of their dead companions. 'I'his period was long remembered by the name of " the STARVING Ti.ME." In six mooths their number was reduced from more than five hundred to sixty ; and these feeble and dejected. While the colonists were in this situation, the persons who had been wrecked on the Bermudas arrived. 10. All immediately determined to return to England. For this purpose they embarked and sailed down the river. Fortunately, however, they were met by Lord Delaware, w?io had been appointed governor of Virginia, with supplies of men and provisions. He persuaded them to return to Jamestown, and by a judicious exercise of authority, he re- stored order anrl contentment, and for several years the affairs of the colony continued in a prosperous condition. 11. In 1611, Lord Delaware, in consequence of ill health. 8. What is said of Smith soon after? What was the consequence ? What did the Indians do? 9. What was the condition of the colony? What was this period called? How much was their number reduced ? What happened now? 10. What did they all do ? Whom did they meet ? Wliat did he do ? 1 1 . W'hat took place in IGl I ? What is said with regard to private property 1 The effect of this plan ? attention due to her rank. While in London she received a visit from her former frienrl, Capt. Smith. Her residence among civilized men was rlestined, however, to be short. While about to emb.'irk from Gravesend, witli her hu.sbarirj, and an infant son. to return to Virginia, ?tie 'Ik-A at the atfe of twenty-two. Her son was educated m London, and from him are descfended sc^me of the mo^ respectable families in Virginia. 36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1619. returned to England, and was succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale. Public authority was now rigidly enforced- Hith- erto no right of private property inland had been established. The fields that had been cleared were cultivated by the joint labor of the whole, and the produce w\is deposited in public stores, and shared in common. This plan of pro- ceeding presented but few inducements to industry. The idle and improvident trusted entirely to what was distributed from the common stores. 12. To remedy these evils. Sir Thomas divided a consid- erable portion of land into lots of three acres each, and granted one of these to each individual, to be his own property. The happy effects of this measure were soon so manifest, that another assignment of fifty acres to each one ■was made, and the plan of working in a common field was entirely abandoned. From this time the colony rapidly in- creased and improved. In 1616, they began to cultivate tobacco, a plant which was first found in that soil, and became the great staple of Virginia. 13. Thus far the afiairs of the colony had been managed by a governor and council, appointed by the London Com- pany, and from 1611 they had been under martial law, like a garrison of soldiers. 13ut the people had become dissatis- fied with this state of things. They longed to enjoy the rights and privileges to which they had been accustomed in their native country. To gratify this noble desire of the colonists, governor Yeardley, in 1619, called a general assem- bly, consisting of representatives from the several plantations or boroughs. It met at Jamestown on the 19th of .Tune, and was the first legislative assembly ever held in America. 14. The colony hitherto consisted almost entirely of men who came f(5r the purpose of acquiring wealth, and who in- tended to return airain to England. But in order to attach 12. What was done to remedy these evils? The effect of this measure? Tobacco — when first cultivated ? Where found ? 13. How had the colony been governed tlms far ? How from 1611 ? Were the people satisfied? What was dcnie in 1019? What met this year? Where ? What is the object of such an assembly ? Ans. To make laws, and regulate all civil affairs. 14. What was true of the colony hitherto ? What was done to attach the men to the soil ? The price of a wife ? 1622. SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 37 NINETY OIIILS LM'OSED FOR SALE them more to the soil, and to induce them to regard this as their home — the abode of their posterity — in 1620, the company sent over ninety girls, to be disposed of among the young planters for wives. At first, the price of a wife was one hundred pounds of tobacco, but the demand for them in- creased so much, that it soon rose to one hundred and sixty pounds. 15. The same year, a Dutch vessel arrived at Jamestown with twenty Africans, and offered them for sale as slaves. They were purchased by the people. These were the first slaves brought into the country, and thus was laid the foundation for that system of slavery which now exists in the United Slates. Emigrants continued to arrive from England, and the settlements were widely extended. The colony was now advancing on the full tide of prosperity. But it was destined soon to experience a sudden and dread- ful reverse of fortune. 16. The Indians, though apparently friendly, secretly formed a plan for the total destruction of the English. On 15. When were slaves first introduced? What was thus laid ? What do you understand by slavery ? The condition of the colony at that time ? 16. What is said of the Indians ? What did they do ? How were some of the settlements saved ? 4 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1C36. the 22d of May, 1622, the savages burst forth upon the settlements, and murdered the whites without distinction of age or sex. 'I'he whole colony would have been cut off, had not a friendly Indian given notice of the plot, in time to put Jamestown, and a few neighboring settlements, on their guard. 17. The English were roused to vengeance by this horrid scene. They attacked the Indians with fire and sword ; burnt theil" wigwams ; pursued them from forest to forest ; killed multitudes of them, and drove the remainder far into the wilderness. By means of this dreadful calamity, the settlements of the colony were reduced from 80 to 8 ; and in 1624, out of 9,000 persons, who had been sent from Eng- land, only 1,800 were living. 18. These misfortunes and difficulties induced King James, in 1624, to dissolve the London Company, and take the government of the colony into his own hands. He appointed a governor and twelve counselors ; 3'et, in the domestic government of the colony, this produced no imme- diate change. The popular assemblies were continued and the rights of the people respected. Under the administration of Wyatt and Yeardlej^ the colon^^ prosperetl and rose in public estimation. In one year a thousand emigrants arrived, and there was an increasing demand for all the products of the soil. But in 1036 the people became so disgusted with the haughty and arbitrary conduct of Sir John Harvey, their governor, that they seized him and sent him prisoner to England. 19. King Charles* was so much displeased with this act 17. What did the English do ? How was the colony affected by this calamity? 18. What was done in IG34 ? To whom was all authority committed ? How long did the colonies submit? What did they then do? What did King Charles do ? 19. What w as done in 1639 ? Character of Berkley ? What was restored f How did this affect the people ? * Chiirlos I. ascended the throne of Enirland in 1625, on the death of his father, James 1. Tlie impolitic course that he pursued at the commencement oi" his reign e-xcited much popular discontent and party prejudice, which resulted in a civil war. The forces of the kin": were defeated, and he was taken prisoner. Shortly after, he was tried before a self-created court of his subjects, and condemned aiid executed in 1648. From the death of Charles I. to the elevation of his son Charles II. to the throne in 1C60, the government of England was administered by Oliver Cromwell. I 1652. SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 39 of the coloni.sts, that he sent Harvey back, with full power to govern as before. In 1639, however. Sir William Berk- ley, a man distinguished for the mildness of his temper and gentleness of his manners, was appointed to succeed Harvey in the government of the colony. This gave great satisfac- tion to the people, and under his wise and judicious admin- istration they enjoyed many years of peace and prosperity. 20. In 1652, Cromwell, who was then at the head of government in England, sent a strong force to compel the governor of Virginia to acknowledge his authority. After a brave resistance, Berkley was obliged to submit. For several years, governors were appointed by Cromwell, and oppressive restrictions were imposed upon the colonists. At length, the people renounced the authority of their oppres- sors, and again conferred the office of governor upon Berk- ley, who was still residing in the colony. 21. Soon after this event, news arrived that Cromwell* was dead, and that Charles II. f was on the throne of Eng- land. The authority of Berkley was confirmed by the king, but the rights of the people were little regarded. Large tracts of land belonging to the colony were granted to the favorites of Charles. This produced great excitement in Virginia, and resulted in all the horrors of civil war. The 20. Give some account of Cromwell ? See note. What did he do in 1652? Berkley ? What wa.s true for several years ? What did the people do? 21. What news arrived soon after? What is said of Berkley? Of the rights of the people ? What was done ? The effect in Virginia ? Who led the opposing party ? What did he do ? * Oliver Cromwell, one of the most powerful characters of any aj^e or nsition, was born at Huntingflori, Eneland, in 1.599. With the sword in one hand and the Bible in the other, he raised the storrny elements of political and reliifious fanaticjam, and ruled thern at his will. Brave, cool, and artful, he devised the bold'-fet plans with a quickness equaled only by their execution. No obstacle deterred him ; and he was never at a loss for expedients. Calm an/J reserved, but full of great projects, he patiently waited for the favorable moment, arui failed not to make use of it. After the execution of Charles I. he assumed the title of" Protector of the Common- wealth of Eii^land.'- For several years he administered the affairs of the nation with j^reat vigor, success, and ability. He died in 16.%. lie was a^Jmired. feared, and calumniatee their treatment of Major Waldron. 9. How many were killed and taken prisoiMrrs ? How long did these dep- redations continue * When was Londonderry settled ? By whom ? 7 "74 HISTORY OF THE I NITF.D STATES. 1627. wheel, and cultivatoti potatoes, and wore noted for their industry. 10. in 17'2'2, war broke out again with the French and Indians. During: this war, Captam Jolni Lovewell* distin- guished himself in righting- the Indians. In one of his ex- peditions he surprised a company of ten Indians who were asleep around a tire. The Indians, jumping- up, one after an- other, were shot on the spot, except one, who, attempting to escape, was seized by Loye well's dog. and shared the same fate with the othei-s. In another expedition, Loyewell and most of his men were killed b\- the Indians, under the com- mand of the famous Paugus. 11. In 1746, the ownei"s of Mason's title urged again their old claim, but meeting with no success, they soon yielded, and settled this unhappy contest by an honorable appropriation of their lands. In their grants they proyided for the liberal support of the ministers of the gospel, for build- ing churches, promoting education, and internal improye- ments. The jx'ople of rs'ew Hampshire now enjoyed a good degree of prosperity and repose, which was not mlerrupted till llie opening of ilie French war. NEW JERSEY. 1. New .Tei"sey was first settled by the Dutch, at Bergen, about KV24. Shortly after, a few Dutch families settled on the western shore of ?sew York bay. In UV27. a company of Swedes, under the patronage of Gustavus Adolphus, their king, came oyer and planted a colony on the banks of the Delaware. Three 3'eai^ after, the English began a scttle- 10. Who distiiig\iished himsj^f in the war of 1722 ? 11. What took place in 174^ 1. When anil by whom 'u-as New Jersey first seuUnl* Where did the Patch commence a setUement f The Swedes ' The Euglisl\ ' Who Ivroke up the English settlement ? * John Lovevrell. or I.ovell. was disttiurtiished in the Indian wars for his bold and daring exoloir*. Ho was killed at a place calleti Lovell ;= rond. in \7':?;v He was hexe met by a party of Indians; under Pancxis. .\i ihe tinft tiro he and eiffht of his men were killed. Dining the contest, Chanxberljun killevl Pangus. See Easy Reader, page TJO. 1665. SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. 15 ■^v r o'S^.^ DANES C.) M M E N <;i N(l A S P: T Tli E M K N T . ment at Elsinp^burgh, on the eastern side of the river. This settlement was soon broken \ip by the Swedes, who erected a fort on the same spot to i]^uar(l the river. 2. 'I'he Swedes continued to muhiply their settlements until 1 1)55, when they were concpiered by the Dutch. It has been stated in the history of New York, that the Dutch claimed all the territory between the Connecticut and the Delaware. The same territory was also claimed by the kin«^ of England, who, in 1064, sent over a fleet which com- pletely subdued the Dutch. 3. The same year the Duke of York, to whom the king had granted this territory, conveyed all the lands between the Delaware and Hudson to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret. These possessions were called New Jersey, in honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of the island of Jersey. They appointed Philip Carteret governor. He arrived at Elizabethtown in 16(35, and established a government over the colony, just and liberal in its principles. 4. For several years the colony was in a very flourishing 2. When were the Swedes conquered? When were the Dutch ? 3. What grant did the Duke of York make in 1664? Why were the pos- sessions called New Jersey ? Who was appointed governor? 76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1682. State. But at length those settlers who had purchased their land of the Indians before the English took possession, re- fused to pay rent for it to the government. In 1672, the discontented party rose in rebellion. Their complaints were made known to the proprietors in England. Some conces- sions were made, and some privileges granted, which satis- fied the people. 5. About this time Lord Berkley granted all his claims in the colony to Edward Billinge. In 1677, the territory was divided into East-Jei-sey and West-Jersey. The latter was assigned to Billinge, the former to Sir George Carteret. Three years before this division was made, the Dutch again took possession of this territory, but retained it only a few months. In consequence of this conquest by the Dutch, Sir Edmund Andross declared that Berkley and Carteret had lost all claim to the territory. In 1678, he therefore extended his tyrannical sway over New Jersey. 6. He imposed taxes upon the people, seized and impris- oned all those w^io would not submit to his authority. The colonies complained to the duke, and the case was at length referred to commissioners, and decided in favor of the people. Billinge had committed the management of affairs in West- Jersey to a board of tmstees, one of whom was William Penn. In 1682, William Penn and eleven others of his sect, purchased East Jersey. 7. Penn and his Quaker brethren now appointed Robert Barclay* governor of East-Jersey for life ; but peace and 4. What happened in 1672 ? Why ? 5. What grant did Lord Berkley make ? What division of the territory was made in 1676 I To whom wcretliese divisions assigned? In consequence of the Dutch conquest, what diii Sir Edmund Andross do ? How do you like Sir Edmund Andross's character ? Should you like to have a governor like him in this state ? 6. In consequence of the treatment they received from Andross, what did the people do ? To whose management was West-Jersey committed ? What was done in 1 682? 7. Who was appointed governor of East-Jersey? * Robert Barclay, an eminent writer of the society of Quakei-s, was born in Scot- • land, in 164S, of an ancient and honorable family. Uniting all the advantages of a learned edvication to great natural abilities, he early distinguished himself by his talents and zeal in defending tlie doctrines of the sect to which lie belonged. He published many works, the most noted of which was his •' Apology for the Q.ua- 1627. SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. 71 tranquillity were not jet secured. There had been so many owners of the land, and so many changes in the govern- ment, that no one could tell with certainty whether he had a good title to his land or not. Great disorder prevailed. This state of confusion continued till 1702, when the right of government was surrendered to the queen of England. 8. The two divisions were now re-united, under the old name of New Jersey. Lord Cornbury was appointed govern- or. The same governor exercised jurisdiction over the prov- inces of New Jersey and New York. In 1738, the king, in answer to a petition of the people of New Jersey, appointed a separate governor over that colony. The office was first conferred upon Lewis Morris, under whose administration the people enjoyed peace and prosperity. The population was then 40,000. The same year, the college named Nas- sau Hall was founded at Princeton. The settlers of New Jersey purchased their lands of the Indians, and by their mildness and hospitality, secured their friendship. DELAWARE. 1. In 1627, a company of Swedes and Finns arrived in Delaware bay, and landed at Cape Henlopen. They were so much pleased with the richness and beauty of the coun- try, that they called it Paradise Point. They purchased a large tract of land of the Indians, and called it New Sweden, extending from Cape Henlopen to the falls in the Delaware river opposite to Trenton. Their first settlement was on Christiana creek, near Wilmington. 8. Under what name were East and West Jersey again united in 1702? "Who was appointed governor? When had New Jersey a separate governor? Who was appointed to this office? When was Nassau Hall college founded? How many years since New Jersey was settled? 1. When and by whom was Delaware first settled? How long since? What did they call the country ? Where was the first settlement made ? kers." This work was published in Latin, in 1676, and was quickly translated into the English, Dutch, French, German, and Spanish lanisniages. He wasmuch perse- cuted, and several times imprisoned in consequence of his religious sentiments. He spent the close of his life, in the bosom of a large family, in quiet and peace. He died in 1690, in the 42d year of his age. 7* 78 HISTORY OF THE UyiTED STATES 1641, 2. Being" annoyed by the Dutch, who occupied the east- em bank of the Delaware, the Swedes built a fort on the isl- and of Tinicum, about 1:2 miles southwest of Philadelphia, and this for a time became the seat of their g-ovemment. John Printz was their first governor. They erected a num- ber of fons along- the river, to protect their settlements from the Dutch, who were now settling on the eastern side. In 1641. the Dutch crossed the river, and built a fort at New Castle. The Swedes claimed the territory, and remonstrated against these proceedings. a w 5 r I s H V S S >• K TAKING THE X>VT > 3. Risingh, the second Swedish governor, with a band of thirty men. \'isited the fort under pretense of friendship. Being admitted, and kindly treated by the Dutch, he seized this opportunity to take possession of the fort. This act of treachery exasperated the Dutch governor of New York, and he came with a fleet of seven ships and took possession of all the Swedish settlements. Manv of the Swedes were 2, What town became their seat of goTemmtct .' Who was their first gor- emor ? "What did the Dusch do in 1641 ? - 3. How did the Swedes get possessicaa *SYLVANIA. 101 signifying- brofherl// lore. Here eighty houses were built before the end of the year. 5. In 1GS3, a second assembly was called at Philadel- phia. Penn now granted a new charter, similar in spirit to the first. Many wise and pacific regulations were adopted. Penn was intent upon securing the good order and prosperity of all the people. In 1684, he returned to England. At this time the province was very prosperous. Twenty settle- ments had already been commenced, and the city of Phila- delphia contained :2.000 inhabitants. 6. Penn was a firm friend of James II. ''As he has," said he, " been my friend, and my father's friend, I feel bound in justice to be a friend to him." On account of his known attachment to James, he was accused of hostility to King William, and was several times imprisoned. The government of his province was taken out of his hands, and conferred upon Col. Fletcher, the governor of New York. But he soon proved his conduct to be just and honorable, and his rights were again restored. He now commissioned William Markham as his deputy-governor. 7. Penn visited his province again in 1699. Finding some ground of complaint among the people, in 1701, he granted them a new charter. He also permitted the Terri- tories of Delaware to have a distinct assemblj-, yet subject to the governor of Pennsylvania. Soon after this, Penn returned to England again, and left the government of his province in the hands of his deputj'-governor. 8. Frequent complaints were still made, which for many years marred the happiness of the people. The colony, however, continued to increase in wealth and population, beyond any previous example. By their just and upright 5. When and where was a second assembly called ? When did Penn return to England ? 6. To w hat king was Peiui friendly ? Why was Penn imprisoned by King William ? Whom did he appoint as his deputy-governor ? 7. When did Penn visit Pennsylvania for the last time ? Wliat did he do in 1701 ? What did he permit to the Territories of Delaware ? 8. How happened it that the colony of Pennsylvania lived in peace and friendship with the Indians, while other colonies suffered so much from their depredations I Can you tell me how Pennsylvania is bounded ? Its capital ? 102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1*738. conduct, the whites secured the friendship of the Indians, which was not interrupted for more than 70 years. GEORGIA. 1. In 1732, George II.* granted the territory now consti- tuting the state of Georgia to a company of benevolent gentlemen, who desired to provide an asylum for the poor of England, and for the persecuted Protestants of all nations. The atfairs of the colony w^ere committed to a board of twenty-one trustees, who made many wise and useful regu- lations. 2. In November of the same year, James Oglethorpe, a member of the British parliament, a brave and humane man, sailed from England with 113 emigrants, and arrived at Charleston in January. After receiving a good supply of provisions, he proceeded to Georgia, and on the 12th of February, 1733, commenced a settlement on Yarnacraw bluff, and named it Savannah, after the Indian name of the river. The next j^ear a large company of poor persons ar- rived and commenced clearing up the wilderness. But the trustees finding many of these emigrants idle and inefficient, made liberal offers to any who would settle in the colony. This induced hundreds from Scotland, Germany, and Swit- zerland, to emigrate. 3. In 1738, George Whitefield,t the most celebrated 1. When, by whom, and to whom, was the territory of Georgia granted? For what purpose ? To whom were its affairs committed ? 2. When, where, and by whom, was the first settlement made ? 3. Who visited the colony in 1638 ? Who was Whitetield ? * George II. ol'Ensrland was born in UVSS. He succeeded his father, George I., in 1727. He died in 1760. He was a prince of very moderate abilities, parsimonious, and wholly regardless of science or literature ; hasty and obstinate ; but honest and open in his disposition. t George Whitetield was born in Gloucester. England, in 1714. At the age of 18 he entered one of the colleges at Oxford, where he became acquainted with John and Charles Wesley, whose piety was ai-dent and singular, like his own. From the strict rules and methods of lile which these young men followed, they were called METHODISTS, and they were the founders of the sect thus denominated. Whitetield took orders, being ordained by the bishop. June 2(i, 1736. Such was his (Strain of preaching, that at his tirst sermon at Gloucester, a complaint was made to the bishop tiut he had driven fifteen people mad ; on which the prelate observed, 1742. SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 103 preacher of modern times, visited the colony. His benevo- lence and piety had led him to explore the habitations of the poor in England, where he found hundreds of helpless orphan children. His object now was to establish an orphan asylum in Georgia, where they might be trained up in the paths of virtue and religion. 4. In 1740, about 2,500 emigrants had settled in the colony. More than 1,500 of these were from among the poor of Europe, or persecuted Protestants. For their support the trustees had expended nearly $500,000. The restric- tions under which the first settlers labored, made it extreme- ly difficult for them to obtain a comfortable subsistence. The government was a sort of military establishment, with general Oglethorpe at its head. 5. At this time the Spaniards had possession of Florida. Oglethorpe, fearing that they would combine with the In- dians and invade Georgia, undertook an expedition against St. Augustine i^pMay, 1740. This expedition proving un- successful, Oglethorpe with sorrow and regret returned to Georgia. In 1742, the Spaniards, in retaliation, resolved on invading Georgia. 6. Oglethorpe, having been informed of the proposed invasion, made preparation for a vigorous defense. He 4. What was the government of Georgia at first ? 5. Why did Oglethorpe undertake an expedition against St. Augustine in Florida ? Was it successful .' What did the Spaniards do ? 6. What did Oglethorpe then do ? Where did he collect his forces 1 that he hoped the madness would not be forgotten before the next Sunday. He visited this country seven times, and was instrumental in imparting the pure prin- ciples aud elevated hopes of religion to thousands both in Great Britain and America. No preacher ever had such astonishing power over his auditory, or was attended by such multitudes as he sometimes addressed in the fields. He was of a very liberal spirit, and had little attachment to forms. He embraced all who loved the Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity. The following anecdote respecting his manner of preaching will serve to illustrate this part of his character. One day while preaching from the balcony of the court-house in Philadelphia, he cried out — " Fatlier Abraham, who have you got in heaven — any Episcopalians V " No !" "Any Baptists?" "No!" "Any Presbyterians?" "No!" "Have you any Methodists there V "No!" "Have you any Independents, or Seceders ihexeV " No ! No !" " Why, then, who have you there ?" " We don't know those names here. All that are here are CAn>/iaMS— believers in Christ — men who have over- come by the blood of the Lamb and the word of his testimony !" " O, is this the case ? Then God help me. God help us ah to forget party names, and to become Christians in deed and in truth." He died at Newburyport, Mass., 1770, having been in the ministry 34 years. 104 SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 1749. applied to South Carolina for assistance. But alarmed at their own danger, the people of that colony prepared only for their own defense. The general, hoping to be able to resist the enemy till aid should arrive, collected all his forces at Frederica,* and waited the attack. Soon a Span- ish fleet of 36 sail arrived, and landed more than 3,000 men on St. Simon's island. 7. Oglethorpe, learning that the Spanish army was sepa- rated into two divisions, determined to attack one of them by surprise. He advanced his troops in the night within two miles of one division : then selecting a small band, he advanced nearer, and while observing the situation of the enemy, a French soldier in his ser\nce fired his musket, and deserted to the Spanish camp. 8. The general, fearing that this deserter would make known to the enemy his bad situation, devised a veiy happy 7. What occurred as he was examining the situation of the enemy ? 8. What expedient did he devise to save his little army ? * Frederica is situated on the west side of St. Simon's island, near the mouth of the Altamaha river. 1752. . SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 105 expedient, by which his httle army escaped. He wrote a letter to this French soldier, instructing him to make known to the Spaniards the weakness of the Enghsh forces, and urge them to attack Frederica ; or, if he should not succeed in this, that he should persuade them, if possible, to remain on the island, until the expected reinforcement should arrive from South Carolina. He also cautioned him not to drop a word respecting- the attack which a British fleet was pre- paring to make upon St. Augustine. He concluded by promising him a large reward for his services. 9. The letter was sent by a Spanish prisoner, who prom- ised to give it to the deserter. But instead of this he carried it directly to the Spanish general, which was just what Oglethorpe desired. The deserter was now supposed to be a spy, and was immediately put in irons. Soon after, three vessels of war appeared off the coast. The Spanish general supposing this to be the reinforcement spoken of in the let- ter, determined to attack the English without delay, 10. Oglethorpe, anticipating his designs, placed a party of his men in ambuscade, and falling suddenly upon the Spaniards, as they were advancing, killed many, threw the remainder into great disorder, and compelled them to retreat with a loss of about 200 men. Thus defeated, and fearing the approach of the reinforcement, the enemy embarked in haste, leaving a quantity of ammunition and guns behind them, and left the coast as soon as possible. By these successful maneuvers General Oglethorpe saved his own, and perhaps all the neighboring colonies. 11. The prosperity of the colony was not, however, es- tablished till 1752, when the trustees, ^jsappointed in their expectations, gave up their charter. The king soon after established a government over Georgia, similar to those in the other colonies. The colony now began to flourish. Rice and indigo were cultivated, and soon became a source 9. What was done with this letter ? What effect had it on the Spanish general ? What did the Spanish general do ? 10. What was the result? Which do you think, was the best general, the English or the Spanish ? 11. What took place in 1752? After this time ? How is Georgia bounded ? Its capital ? 106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1Y53, of wealth to the planters. Peace was occasionally inter- mpted by the Indians of Florida, but no general war oc- ciuTed for many yeai's. w THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1. The value of the western territories, or the great valley of the Mississippi, was well known to both France and England, and for many years was the cause of violent con- tentions between them. The French had settled in Canada, on the north of the English colonies, and in Louisiana, on the south. They had also explored the country* along the great lakes, the rivers Ohio and iVIississippi, and had settle- ments at Detroit, ISIackinaw, Green Bay, Vincennes, Kas- kaskia, St. Genevieve, Arkansas, New Orleans, &c. ; conse- quentlv, thej' founded their claim upon the actual explora- tion and occupation of the countrv. For the purpose of protecting their rights and vindicating their claims, they de- termined to connect their northern and southern possessions by a line of posts, and in 1753 they commenced erecting a chain of forts from Lake Erie to the gulf of Mexico. They contended that the English had no claim to territory west of the Alleghany mountains. 2. The English, on the other hand, claimed the country 1. "WTio laid claim to the western territories, or to the country west of the Alleghany mountains ? To which do you think it belonged I ' Josepli 3lai-quetto, usually called Father Marquette, was a Fi-cnch Jesuit and missionary amoiitr the Indians of Canada and ^richisnui. Many accounts had been given by the Iniiians, of a ^-eat river at the west, wliich llowed southwardly, and which t'liey calU-d MississiiTj^i. M. de Frontenac, the governor of Canada, desirous of ascertainini: the truth of this report, and of makhi? such other discoveries as opportunities would admit, sent Father Mai-quette and M. Joliet, with tive other Ftenchmen. on an expedition for that purpose. On the 13th of May. 1673. they lell Green Bay in two birch- bark canoes, and sjiileil up Fox river. On the 10th of June, taking their two canoes on their shoulders, they crossed the narrow portage that divides the Fox river from the Wisconsin. Embarking: on tlie broad Wiscon- sin, they sailed down that river, and in seven days entered the .Mississippi — •• the ocean-stream of the West." They proceeded as I'ar as the month of the Arkansas river. They visited the v;u-ioiis Indian trilies on the Kinks o\ the Mississippi, and were kindly received and welcomed by all. On the 17th of July they started on their retm-h. In Katitude 3S-. ttiey entered the lUinois. and thus" shorteiied their route to Michipm. In September they arrived at Green Bay, having been absent four months. Marquette remained among the Miamis until h'ls death, in 1675. M. -Johet returned to Uuebec. 1755. , FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 107 Stretching westward as far as the Pacific Ocean, and built some forts and trading- houses on Lake Ontario and the Ohio river, for the purpose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians. The French formed an alhance with nume- rous tribes of Indians, and in 1753 prohibited the English traders from all intercourse with them. Some of these traders were seized by the French, and carried prisoners to Canada. In consequence of this, Dinwiddie, governor of Virginia, determined to send a remonstrance to the French governor. For this purpose he commissioned George Wash- ington,* who had already given marks of future greatness, and who now cheerfully undertook this difficult enterprise. Though not yet twenty-two years of age, he traveled 400 miles, most of the way through a dreary wilderness, ex- posed to the savages, and delivered the message. 3. The reply of the French commander was not satisfac- tory, and the next spring, Washington, at the head of 400 men. marched against Fort Du Qucsne.f built near the place now called Pittsburgh, On his way he surprised and took a detachment of the enemy. Shortly after, he erected a fort at the Great Meadows, and was there besieged by a large French force. After a brave defense, being overpow- ered, he surrendered, and marching out with the honors of war, returned with his regiment to Virginia. 4. War appearing inevitable, delegates from seven of the 2. Whom did Governor Dinwiddie send with a message to the French govern«>r ? How far did Washii\gton travel ? 3. What was done the next year? State the result of this expedition. 4. Delegates from how many states met at Albany ? What did they do ? What tribes were called the Six Nations ? Ans. The Mohawks, Oneidas, Senecas, Onondagos, Delawares, and Tuscaroras. Why was their plan re- jected I * George Washington was born February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland county, Vir- ginia. At fifteen he obtained a midshipman's warrant in the navy of Great Brit- ain; but, in compliance with the wish of liis mother, he immediately resigned it, and prepared himself for the profession of a surveyor and engineer. He was with Braddock at his defeat, and on his return to Mount Vernon, he married, and took no further nart in public affairs, until 1774, when he was sent from Virginia to the Continental Congress. In 1775, he was appointed commander-in-chie^ of the na- tional forces, and he acted in this capacity until the successful close of the war, in December, 1782, when ho resigned nis commission, and retired to private life. In 1789, he was unanimously elected first president, and held the olfice until 1797, when he once more retired (o Mount Vernon, where he died in 1709. Of him it is truly said, " his history is that of his country." See the " Life of Washington." t DuKay. 108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1*755. provinces met at Albany, and formed an alliance with the confederated Six Nations of Indians. At this meeting, a plan of union was proposed for uniting all the forces of the colonies. This plan provided for a general council of dele- gates from all the colonies, and for a governor-general, ap- pointed by the king. The council was to propose measures, and the governor was to accept or reject them as he chose. This plan was rejected by the British government, because it gave too much power to the colonies ; and by the colonies, because it gave too much power to the king. 6. Early in the spring of 1755, Gen. Winslow, with an army of 3,000 men, left Massachusetts on an expedition to Nova Scotia, which was settled by the French. He soon took possession of the whole country, and fearing that the people would revolt as soon as he left the territory, he de- termined to break up their settlements. Accordingly the miserable inhabitants were torn from their homes, and transported to Boston, and afterward scattered among the colonies. 6. England had now determined to maintain her claims ; and the same spring. Gen. Braddock was sent from Ireland, with a large force of English troops, to drive the French from her territories. A British fleet was also ordered to prevent the French from entering the St. Lawrence. Brad- dock arrived in Virginia in April, and in connection with the governors of the colonies, determined upon three expeditions; one against Du Quesne, another against forts Niagara and Frontenac, and a third against Crown Point. 7. Braddock immediately made preparations to march against Fort Du Q,uesne. After much delay in procuring provisions, he set out with 1,200 men, chosen from his army. The remainder, under Col. Dunbar, were to follow as soon as possible, with the stores. Braddock, as a British soldier, had acquired a good degree of skill in the science of war, 5. WhaUwas done in 1755? What do you think of Gen. Winslow's con- duct in breaking up the settlements in Nova Scotia ? 6. What did England do? When did Braddock arrive in Virginia? How many expeditions were now resolved upon ? - 7. Against what place did Braddock march ? Was he acquainted with the modes of Indian warfare ? What did Washington do ? 1755. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 109 as carried on in Europe, but knew nothing of the modes of Indian warfare. Washington explained to him their mode of attack, and warned him against proceeding in the regu- lar order of march. He offered to go before the army with a company of colonial troops, and scour the woods, to guard against falling into an ambuscade. 8. But the general, despising both the enemy and the provincial officers, marched on in regular file. When he had advanced within seven miles of the French fort, pass- ing through a thicket of wood and long- grass, a sudden yell and destructive fire burst upon the aniiy from every quarter. The French and Indians, invisible to the English, cut down their ranks with dreadful slaughter. Braddock, DEATH or BRADDOCK. after five horses had been shot under him, received a fatal wound ; and most of his officers fell with him. 9. Washington and his troops were the only part of the army that effectually resisted the enemy. The British troops retreated till they met the detachment with the bag- 8. Did Braddock comply with the advice of Washington ? How did he proceed? State what happened. Would you have done as Braddock did? Do you always follow the advice of those who know what is best ? 9. What did Dunbar do ? How many were killed in " Braddock's defeat?' 10 110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. I755i gage. Terrified at the fate of Braddock and his officers: Col. Dunbar, on whom the command now devolved, marchei his remaining troops to Philadelphia, leaving the frontie settlement to endure all the horrors of savage warfare. Ii this battle, sixty-four officers, and one half of the army, we: either killed or wounded. 10. The expedition against Crown Point was conducted by Gen. Johnson, with a body of New England troops. He marched, in the month of August, as far as Lake George. Hearing that an army had arrived in Canada from France, and was marching down upon him, he immediately erected a fortification, and sent forward 1,000 men to meet the ene- my. The French perceiving their approach, hid themselves, and fell upon the Enghsh by surprise. Colonel Williams, their leader, fell, and the troops fled to their fortifications. The enemy pursued, and after some delay, assailed the fort. 11. The English recovered their courage, and by a well- directed charge of their artillery, put the Indians and Cana- dians to flight. Dieskau, their commander, was mortally wounded. On the next day, a detachment coming from New Hampshire to join Gen. Johnson, sui-prised and defeat- ed about 400 of the enemj^ In this battle the Enghsh lost about 200 men, and the enemy 700. Johnson would not proceed any further, and the expedition was abandoned. The attempt against Niagara was also unsuccessful. Gen. Shirley, who had command of the forces, was overtaken by the long rains of autumn, which disheartened his troops, and compelled him to return. 12. During the winter some of the colonies suffered ex- tremely from the barbarity of the savages. But prepara- tions were extensively made to commence operations again in the spring. The failures of the last campaign increased 10. Describe the expedition against Crown Point. Where is Crown Point? Ans. On Lake Champlain, in the State of New York, fifteen miles north of Ti- conderago, and about 100 miles north of Albany. This fort, so celebrated in the American wars, is now demolished. The town now contains about 1,800 inhabitants. 11. What was the result of the expedition against Niagara? What, and ■where was Niagara ? Ans. It was a strong fort on Niagara river, at its entrance into Lake Ontario, fifteen miles below the great falls. 12. What was done during the winter ? 175 7. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Ill the caution of the soldiers, but did not diminish their cou- rage. Shirley, who had control of affairs, proposed that at- tempts should again be made against the forts Du Gluesne, Niagara, and Crown Point. 13. Early in the spring of 1756, General Webb arrived from England, and brought intelligence that the king was displeased with the management of Shirley, but highly ap- proved of the conduct of Johnson, and had confeiTed upon him distinguished honor. In July, Lord Loudon arrived, as commander-in-chief of all the British forces in America. But the season was so far advanced, and so great was the difficulty in procuring supplies, that little or nothing was effected. 14. The EngHsh fort at Oswego was besieged on the 12th of August, by General Montcalm. On the 14th, the English proposed terms of submission. They were accept- ed by the French, but barbarously violated as soon as the garrison was in their hands. Many of the British soldiers were seized by the savages, and horribly butchered. Gen. Webb, who had been sent to the assistance of the fort, hear- ing that it had already been taken, returned to Albany. Lord Loudon now ordered great preparations to be made for vigorous operations in the spring. 15. Thus another season passed away, and nothing of importance had been accomplished. The officers and troops from the colonies were evidently crippled in all their opera- tions by the sluggish movements of the British command- ers. In 1757, the first object of the English was to get possession of the fort at Louisburg. For this purpose 12,000 troops, and a fleet of fifteen ships, met at Halifax. But hearing that the French had just received a large reinforce- ment from France, they abandoned the enterprise. 16. In the mean time the French were not idle. Mont- is. Who arrived in the spring? In July? What was effected ? 14. What took, place on the 12th of August, 1756? Where is Oswego? Ans. A town at the mouth of the Oswego river, on Lake Ontario. This fort is still kept up, and is an important military post. How were the English treat- ed after their surrender? 15. What did the English attempt to do in 1757? Where is Louisburg? Ans. The capital of the island of Cape Breton in the gulf of St. Lawrence ? 112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1758. calm made an assault upon Fort William Henry, on Lake George. By the bravery of the garrison he was defeated. But shortly after, with a stronger force, he renewed the at- tempt. On account of the cruel neglect of General Webb to send assistance, who with an army of 4,000 men was sta- tioned at Fort Edward, only 15 miles distant, the com- mander of the fort was compelled to submit on these condi- tions : his men were to march out unarmed, and to be protected from the savages. But these conditions were shamefully broken. No sooner were they exposed, than the Indians rushed upon them, plundered, and butchered without restraint. It was a horrid scene. The yells of the savages, the shrieks of the helpless soldiers, and their dying groans, rent the heavens, while the French looked on unmoved, or at least, rendered no assistance. 17. Thus shamefully closed the third campaign. It ought to be told, to the disgrace of the British officers, that their jealousy and contempt for the colonial troops, was the prin- cipal cause of all this ill success. Thousands fell a sacrifice to their pride and folly. The king, indignant at these dis- graceful results, appointed a new ministry, and placed the celebrated William Pitt* at the head of affairs. The aspect of things was now entirely changed. New officers were appointed to command the British forces. New England raised 15,000 men, and Gen. Abercrombie, who was now commander-in-chief, commenced the fourth campaign at the head of 50,000 troops. 18. About the first of June, 1758, General Amherst, with 16. Who made an attack upon Fort William Henry ? To whom is to be attributed the surrender of the fort ? On what conditions did the garrison sur- render? State the massacre that followed. 17. What was the cause of the ill success of the English ? Who was now placed at the head of the British mijaistry ? Who was appointed commander- in-chief; and with how many men did he commence the fourth campaign? What is the meaning of campaign ? 18. Describe the capture of Louisburg; the attack on Ticonderoga? Where was the fortress of Ticonderoga ? * William Pitt, earl of Chatham, was born in 1708, and died in 1778. He was one of the most illustrious statesmen that England ever had, one of those that ruled his country solely by the superiority of his genius. As an orator, he was unrivaled. ■The music and majesty of his voice, the persuasive gracefulness and irresistible--" force of his action, and his power of eye, all carried conviction with his argument. 1*759. FRENCH AND INDIAN "WAR. 113 14,000 soldiers, commenced the siege of Louisburg. On the 26th of July, he took possession of the fort. About 1,500 of the French were killed, and 5,000 carried prisoners to England. In the mean time, Abercrombie marched against the enemy at Ticonderoga. This fortress was very difficult of access. It was situated on the river between Lake George and Lake Champlain, nearly suiTOunded by water, and strongly fortified in front. On approaching the fort. Lord Howe, a brave and valuable officer was killed. Abercrombie maintained a severe contest of four hours, and after a loss of 2,000 men, retreated to the head of Lake George. 19. On the 27th of August, Colonel Bradstreet, with 3,000 men, took possession of Fort Frontenac, on Lake On- tario. By this exploit, he deprived the French and Indians of a large supply of arms and stores, besides a fleet of nine vessels of war, which lay in the harbor. 20. By this time an expedition had also been made against Fort Du Gluesne, by General Forbes, with an army of 8,000 men. After a most laborious march, he arrived at the fort, and found it deserted. The French, fearing a siege, had left their post and sailed down the Ohio. General Forbes, in honor of WilHam Pitt, the prime minister of England, called the place Pittsburgh. Thus closed the successful campaign of 1 758. This change of fortune must be ascribed to the energies of Pitt, and to his wisdom in the choice of men to execute his plans. 21. Animated by the success of the last year, Pitt marked out a bold plan for the entire subjugation of the French possessions in America. Gtiiebec, Niagara, and Ti- conderoga, were now the strongholds of the enemy. The English forces were recruited, and in 1759, an expedition was commenced against each of these places. The one against Gluebec, was placed under the command of Gen. 19. When and by whom was Fort Frontenac taken ? Where was Fort Frontenac ? Ans. In Canada, now called Kingston. 20. What did General Forbes do ? Why had the French left Port Du Quesne ? What did Forbes call this place ? In honor of whom was it called Pittsburgh ? To whom must the success of this campaign be ascribed ? 21. Against what places were expeditions commenced in 1759? 10* 114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1759, Wolfe; that against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, the central and main army, was to be commanded by General Amherst, the new commander-in-chief; and the other against Niagara, by General Prideaux. 22. General Amherst commenced preparations for his part of the enterprise early in the winter ; but it was not until the last of May, that his troops reached Albany.* About the middle of June, he marched against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and finding both of these places deserted by the enemy, who had fled to the Isle Aux Noix, he proceeded up the lake. But being met by violent storms, he was obhged to return to Crown Point. 23. In July, General Prideaux commenced the siege of the fort at Niagara. The French, to save this important post, rallied all their forces in that region. Prideaux was killed during the siege. Sir William Johnson, who now took command, observing the movements of the enemy, in- trenched his forces and prepared for defense. The French, with their Indian allies, came up and made an impetuous assault ; but in less than an hour, were entirely defeated. On the next day the English took possession of the fort. 24. But the most glorious exploit of this year is yet to be 22. Describe the expedition of General Amherst. 23. Who took the command after Prideaux was killed? What was the result 1 * Yankee Doodle was written by Dr. Shackburg of the British army, while it lay encamped, in 1759, on the eastern bank of the Hudson, under General Amherst. The colonies were called upon for troops to march against Ticonderoga and (.Jrown Point, and as they came in, their march, accoutrements, dress, &c., &c., furnished matter of amusement to the wits of the British army. The tunes, or marches Jlayed, were about two centuries old. Dr. S. composed a tune to please brother onathan, and recommended it to the American officers as a celebrated air, called Yankee Doodle. The joke took, and in a few days nothing was heard in the Amer- ican camp, but the tune of Yankee Doodle ! In less than 30 years from that time, Lord Cornwallis and his army, marched into the American lines to the tune of Yankee Doodle.— See Amer. En. vol. 13, p. 297. The word " Yankee," according to Thatcher, in his Military Journal, p. 19, orig- inated as follows : " A farmer of Cambridge, Mass., named .Jonathan Hastings, who lived about the year 1713, used it as a favorite cant, word to express excellence ; as, a yankee good horse, or yankee good cider. The students of the college hearing him use it a great deal, adopted it, and called him Yankee Jo7iathan ; and as he was rather a weak man, the students, when they wished to denote a character of that kind, would call him Yankee Jonathan. Like other cant words, it spread and came finally to be apphed to the New Englanders, as a tei*m of reproach. Some suppose the term to be a corrupt Indian pronunciation of the word English, whom they called Yeng-eeee, Yenglees, Yanglees, Yanklees, and finally Yankee. 1759. . FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 115 recorded. General Wolfe,* who had distinguished himself at Louisburg, undertook the reduction of Q,uebec. This city stands on the north side of the St. Lawrence, and is strongly defended by nature. It consists of two parts, an upper and a lower town. The lower town is built on a plain between the shore of the river and the base of a very steep rock, called the Heights of Abraham. The upper town is built on the top of this rock, which runs parallel with the river. The east side is protected by the river St. Charles, which empties into the St. Lawrence, and in which were floating batteries and armed ships. 25. Wolfe, with an army of 8,000 men, landed on the island of Orleans, just below the city. Soon after, he erected batteries on the bank of the St. Lawrence, opposite the city. But so wide was the river, that his cannon could not pro- duce much effect upon the forts of the enemy. He now de- termined to cross the river, land below the city, and attack the French army which lay intrenched on the banks of the St. Charles. In this attempt he was defeated, with the loss of 500 men. He next attempted to destroy the shipping, but succeeded only in burning one magazine. 26. Wolfe now saw that the difficulties to be encountered were almost insurmountable. But his daring spirit thirsted for the glory of victory, or death in the attempt. Hearing of the success of his fellow-officers at Niagara and Ticon- deroga, and dreading the disgrace of a failure in his enter- prise, he determined to hazard the bold attempt of scaling the rock, and approach the enemy in a manner least ex- pected. His troops had caught the fire of their leader, and were ready for the most daring exploit. 27. There was only one narrow spot between the rocks 24. Who undertook the reduction of Quebec in 1759 ? Give a description of Quebec. 25, 26. Mention some of his attempts to take Quebec. 27. In what manner did he gain the Heights of Abraham ? * James Wolfe was born in Westerham, England, in 1727. He entered young into the army, and soon distinguished himself as a brave and skillful officer. He was formed by nature for military gi-eatness. His apprehensions were quick and clear, his judgment sound, and his courage daring. He was manly, gentle, kind, and con- ciliating in his manners. He died in the 33d year of his age. 116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1*759. where it was possible to land and ascend the Heights. To conceal his design, Wolfe sailed his fleet several miles up the river. In the night he set his army on board of boats, and floated down with the stream to the place of landing. Wolfe was the first man on shore. His troops at once be- gan to climb the rock, and by the aid of bushes and project- ing crags, they gained the summit. Here they found a guard, which they soon subdued, and before morning the whole army was arrayed on the plains above. 28. Montcalm,* the French general, was amazed at this daring achievement, and immediately marched his army to meet the English. His troops were fresh and eager for battle. The Indians and Canadians first advanced, but Wolfe ordered his men to reserve their strength for the main body of the enemy. The battle was hot and bloody on both sides. After a destructive fire kept up for some time, Wolfe ordered his grenadiers to charge bayonet and rush upon the French. At this moment he received a mortal wound. About the same time, Montcalm, fighting in front of his battalion, received a mortal wound, and his second in command almost at the same instant fell by his side. 29. Wolfe died in the triumphs of victory. In the first part of the battle he received a wound in the wrist ; soon after, another more severe in the lower part of the body. Concealing his wounds, he cheered on his men, and was advancing at the head of his grenadiers, with charged bay- onets, when a ball pierced his breast. As he fell, he was caught by his attendant, and carried out of the line. As he la}^ fainting in death, with his head on the arm of another, " Tell me," said he, "do the enemy give way there? Tell me, for I can not see." He now rechned his head and 28. What did Montcalm then do? Describe the battle. 29. How many wounds did Wolfe receive ? What were the last words of Wolfe? Of Montcalm? * Louis Joseph Montcalm, Marquis of St. Vernon, was born in France, near Nismes, in 1712. He was carefully educated, and entered the military service in his 15th year, and distinguished himself on several occasions in Italy, Bohemia, and Germany. In 1756, he was sent to Canada as commander-in-chief of the French forces in America. He possessed all those qualities requisite to form a great and skillful commander. He was brave, generous, noble, and compassionate. He died in the 47th year of his age. 17G0. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. m ON THE HEIGHTS OF ABRAHAM . — D E A T H OF WOLFE, closed his eyes. Soon the distant crj, "they flj^, they flj^." aroused the expiring hero. "Who fly?" said he. "The French, the French," was the reply. " Then," said he, " I die happ3^," and instantly expired. Montcalm also died a glorious death. He was carried into the city, and when told that his wound was mortal, he replied, " So much the better ; I shall not then live to see the surrender of Q.uebec." His last moments w^ere employed in writing, with his own hand, a letter to the English general, recommending the French prisoners to his care and humanity. Thus died Wolfe and Montcalm, in the prime of hfe. They were noble, generous, brave, every way worthy of being competi- tors. In talents, in military skill, in personal courage, they were equals, and their death was universally lamented. 30. Five days after the battle, the city was surrendered to the English. The next spring the French attempted to re- take Gluebec, but did not succeed. The EngHsh forces were soon after directed against Montreal. On the 8th of Sep- tember, 1760, that city, with all the important posts of the 30. When was the city surrendered ? When was Montreal taken ? When was a treaty of peace concluded between France and England ? What did the French relinquish ? 118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1*764. French in Canada, was delivered up to the Enghsh. In 1763, a treaty of peace was concluded at Paris, by which France relinquished all her claims in the northern parts of America. Thus ended the French war. EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION. 1. The success of this war ag-ainst the French and In- dians, relieved the colonies from all apprehensions of a foreign invasion, and the dread of savage hostilities. They felt secure under the protection of Great Britain, she now being mistress of the ocean, and at peace with the world. The troops of the colonies, during the war, had had a fair oppor- tunity of comparing their own skill, courage, and strength, with that of the bravest soldiers of Europe. They had proved themselves in no respect inferior in war, and by their enterprise and success in commerce and trade, they had already excited the admiration of the civihzed world. 2. England for m.any years had been growing jealous of the colonies, and in several instances had endeavored to de- stroy their liberties. She now commenced a course of man- ifest injustice toward them, which, instead of humbling them, led them to combine all their energies to resist her op- pression. England regarded the colonists not as entitled to the privileges of subjects, but rather as slaves, who were to toil and suffer for her aggrandizement. She had, indeed, been at great expense to defend them against the encroach- ments of the French and Indians ; but for all this, she either had been, or soon would have been, amply rewarded. 3. Soon after the war, the British government asserted the right to tax the people of America. In 1764, a bill was passed, imposing a heavy duty on certain goods imported 1. Of what were the colonists relieved by the successful termination of the French war? What is said of Great Britain at this time? How did the American troops compare with those of Europe ? What is said of their enter- prise in commerce ? 2. How did England feel toward the colonies ? How did she begin to treat them? 3. What right did the British government claim soon after the war ? What did they do in 1764 ? 1765. EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION. 119 into the colonies. The principle of taxation was considered by the Americans as altogether unconstitutional and unjust. Thej were not permitted to send representatives to parlia- ment to plead their cause ; and therefore, according to the Enghsh law, they could not be justly taxed. 4. The next year the celebrated " stamp act^^ was passed. This bill required that every piece of paper or parchment, which was used in the transaction of business, should have a stamp upon it, and that for every such piece, a tax, greater or less, should be paid to government. This bill was very strongly opposed by some members of parliament, especially by Colonel Barre, who, knowing the spirit of the colonists, made an eloquent speech against it. But it passed by an almost unanimous vote. 5. When the news arrived in America, the people were filled with grief and indignation. Riots broke out in the cities, and the stamp act was exhibited as " the folly of England and the ruin of America." The bells were muffled, and tolled " the knell of freedom." Combinations, styling themselves " sons of liberty," were formed to resist the en- forcement of this obnoxious law. The general assembhes protested against it ; addresses and appeals were made to the people of England, showing the injustice of the law, and praying that it might be repealed. The officers of the British government were objects of popular hatred, and most of them were compelled to disregard the stamp law, or re- sign their offices. 6. In October, agreeably to a recommendation of Massa- chusetts, delegates from nine of the colonies met in con- gress at New York, to consult for the general safety. They passed an act. declaring their rights and liberties as lawful subjects of Great Britain. They remonstrated against the 4. What famous act was passed in 1765? 5. What effect had the " stamp act" on the colonies? W^hat did the people do? 6. When and where was the first congress, or general meeting of the colonies held ? Which of the colonies sent delegates ? Av^. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ma- ryland, and South Carolina. What did they do ? To what extent was the stamp act opposed ? Ans. Probably not a single stamp was ever used in the colonies. 120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1767. Stamp act, and petitioned for its immediate repeal. The merchants of that city entered into agreement not to import any more goods from Enghind, till the stamp act was re- pealed. In all parts of the country, the people gave up im- ported goods, and used home manufactures. They even abstained from eating lamb, that the growth of wool might be increased. 7. But a change had now taken place in England, The people of that country began to feel the bad effects of this check upon their trade with America, and a proposition was made in parliament to repeal the stamp act. William Pitt, who was not present when the act was passed, made a powerful speech in favor of repealing it. He declared that England had " no right" to tax the colonies. The act was re- pealed. The news caused universal joy throughout America. Bells were ri^ng, cannon were fired, and festivals were held. 8. But in repealing the stamp act, the British government by no means intended to give up the principle of taxation in every forai. In 1767, a duty was imposed on tea, glass, and other articles. The colonies again took the alarm, and manifested their indignation as before. The people of Mas- sachusetts sent delegates to Boston, to consult with the citizens of that place, upon measures for resisting the king and parliament. The citizens of Boston had already incur- red the displeasure of his majest}'', and General Gage was now ordered to repair to that place, with a regiment of troops to protect the public officers, and quell all disturbances. 9. The soldiers arrived, and were stationed in different 7. Was there any opposition to the stamp act in England ? Ans. There was. Many articles were written and published, showing the injustice of the act. Many speakers in both houses of parliament denied their right of taxing the colonics. Lord Camden, in the house of lords, in strong language, said; "My position is this ; 1 repeat it; I will maintain it to my last hour. Taxa- tion AND Representation are inseparable. This position is founded on the laws of nature. It is more. It is itself an eternal law of nature. For whatever is a man's own, is absolutely his own. No man has a right to take it from him without his own consent. Whoever attempts to do it, attempts an injury. Whoever does it, commits a robbery." What did Wm. Pitt say? Was the act repealed ? What effect had this news on the colonies? 8. What was done in 1767? What did the people of Massachusetts do? What British geneial was ordered to Boston with a regiment of troops ? 9. What took place on the 5th of March, 1770 ? 1*7 70. EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION. 121 08T0N MASSACRE. parts of the city. Their insolence often excited the people to resistance, and instead of subduing the spirit of hberty, daily increased it. On the 5th of March, 1770, a riot took place, during which, a party of soldiers being insulted, fired upon the citizens, killed three, and wounded several others. The next day they were arrested and imprisoned. This event was afterward commemorated as the Boston Mas- sacre. At the demand of the citizens, the troops were removed from the city. The dead were buried with great pomp and solemnity. Soon after, the soldiers were brought to trial, and two of them found guilty of manslaughter. 10. To appease the people of the colonies, parHament re- pealed all the duties except that on tea. But America was not to be satisfied, so long as the principle of taxation was not renounced. The value of a few pence on a pound of tea, was not what she contended for. The right to take one penny, implied the right to take a thousand. The col- onies denied the right. Tea, therefore, was at once banished from the tables of all, both rich and poor, who regarded the liberties of their country. 10. What did parliament do to appease the colonists ? , people satisfied ? \ 11 Why v/ere not the 122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1773. 11. For two or three years no tea was imported into the colonies. In 1773, the government of England determined to force this article into their ports. Accordingly the East India company was directed to send several cargoes of tea to America. The people of New York and Philadelphia would not suffer the tea to be Jjrought ashore. At Boston, the masters of the ships met with such violent opposition, that they would gladly have returned to England immedi- ately, but the king's governor would not permit them to leave the port. THROWING THE TEA OVERBOARD, 12. At a large meeting of the citizens, it was resolved, that " the tea should not be landed." One night a party of men, dressed in the garb of Indians, went on board the ships, broke open the chests, and poured all the tea into the ocean. This bold exploit exasperated the king and parliament ; and to humble the Bostonians, they passed an act to blockade the port, break up their trade, and remove the custom-house to Salem. What 11. Did they continue the use of tea? What took place in 1773? did the people of New York and Philadelphia do? 12. What was done by the people of Boston ? Did they do right in throwing the tea overboard ? What did the king and parliament now do ? 1'7'74. EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION. 123 13. This act, called the Boston Port Bill, produced great distress in Boston, as it at once deprived the greater part of the population of their usual means of subsistence. But the mhabitants soon found that the whole country were sympathizing with them. Contributions were raised in other places, for the relief of all who were thrown out of business by this bill. The people of Salem refused to take the trade of their " suffering neighbors," and gave up their wharves and storehouses, for the relief of the Boston merchants. 14. In Virginia a day of fasting and prayer was observed. It was devoutly implored, that God would give to the peo- ple one heart and one mind, firmly to oppose every invasion of American rights. It was a serious time. The people in all parts of the country united in a " Solemn League and Covenant," to break ofi' all intercourse with Great Britain. All seemed actuated by an invincible spirit of patriotism and love of liberty. A few, however, favored the cause of Eng- land. These were called Tories, while those who favored the cause of American rights, were called Whi(/s. The lovers of liberty had no hope of success against the military force of England ; but they did hope that continued resist- ance would lead her to yield to the claims of justice. 15. Yet the colonies now determined to prepare for a united and desperate struggle. On the 5th of September, 1774, delegates from all the provinces, except Georgia, met in congress at Philadelphia. Their deliberations were secret. Nothing was to be made public without a vote of congress. They insisted on the rights of the colonies, and resolved to break off all trade with Great Britain, until these rights were acknowledged. They sent addresses to the king and people of England, expressing a warm attachment to the 13. What was this act called ? How were the Bostonians regarded by the people of the country ? Wa.s not this act directly calculated to benefit the people of Salem ? What was their conduct ? 14. What was done in Virginia? What did the people do in all parts of the country ? What two parties were now formed ? Who were called Tories ? Who were called Whigs ? 15. What did the colonies now determine to do ? When and where did a p-ovincial congress meet ? From what provinces did delegates attend ? Who ■was chosen president of this congress ? Am. John Hancock. What did this congress do ? 124 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES, 1774. mother country, and declaring, that they desired nothing, which, as loyal subjects, they had not a right to claim. After a session of eight weeks, having recommended a meet- ing of another congress the next year, they dissolved. 16. Their addresses displayed so much force of argument, so much knowledge of political science, and so much glow- ing patriotism, that a strong impression was made in favor of their cause. In the British senate, Mr. Pitt made a most eloquent speech in behalf of America. He spoke in the highest terms of the wisdom and dignity of the congress at Philadelphia. 17. In all the colonies, the enactments and resolutions of congress were observed with the utmost respect and obedi- ence. Every preparation was now making for war. Mili- tary stores, arms, ammunition, &c., were provided in all the colonies. The people began to train themselves in the use of the sword and musket. Massachusetts, especially, pur- sued a decided course in opposition to the governor, and in preparation for conflict. 18. General Gage,* who had been appointed governor by the king, took possession of all the fortifications around Boston. An army was quartered in the city, ready to march at any moment, according to his orders. But with all this array of force, he could not suppress the combinations of the people. An assembly was called, consisting of delegates from all the towns in the province. Measures were taken to raise an army of 12.000 men, and a strong force was kept in readiness to march at a moment's warning. 19. Matters were now fast approaching to a serious crisis. Nothing had been done in England to satisfy the colonies. 16. What effect did their addresses produce ? 17. What did the people begin to do ? 18. Who was now appointed governor of Massachusetts by the king ? What was called in Massachusetts at this time ? What measures were taken by this assembly ? 19- What was now evident ? What is said of the Americans ? • Thomas Gage, the last governor of Massachusetts appointed by the king, was an officer of some distinction in the British army. He arrived at Boston, May 13, 1774, and began that course of illegal and oppressive acts which hastened on the war of the Revolution. In Oct. 1775, he was recalled to England, and was succeeded in the command by Sir William Howe. He died in 1787. 1774. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 125 The Americans were reproached in parliament as "cow- ardly, undisciplined, feeble," &c. It was evident, too, from the strong force which had already arrived from England, that she designed to compel the colonists to submit to her unjust laws. Bat the Americ'ans, except a small party, who were courting the favor of the king, were united and firm in their determination, weak as they were, to maintain their rights against the strongest nation in the world. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. BATTLE OF LEXINGTON, 1. At Concord, the colonists, by authority from the pro- vincial congress, had collected a quantity of provisions and military stores. These, General Gage resolved to destroy. For this purpose he despatched from Boston a body of 800 1. What had thf^eople collected at the town of Concord ? Where is Con- cord ? Ari^. it is 18 miles northwest of Boston. How many men did General Gage send to destroy these stores ? Why did he wish to destroy them ? Did these troops meet with any opposition? Where? Where is Lexington? Ans. It is eleven miles northwest of Boston. Describe the battle of Lex- ington. 11* 126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1774. troops on the evening of the 18th of April News of this design was immediately sent to Lexington and Concord, and early next morning the mihtia of these towns had assem- bled in arms for defense. Bells and signal gmis soon spread the alarm. When the British troops came to Lexington, they found the militia assembled near the meeting-house. Major Pitcairn, commander of the British, rode up to them and cried with a loud voice, " Disperse, disperse, you rebels ; throw down your arms and disperse." His orders not being obeyed, he discharged his pistol, and commanded his men to fire upon them. After returning a few shots, the militia fled, This was the first battle in the war of the Revolution. 2. The British proceeded to Concord, and destroyed the greater part of the military stores. But the militia of the neighboring towns were fast collecting, and opening a deadly fire upon them, and they were obliged to retreat with all pos- sible haste. But they did not escape without great loss. A galling fire was poured upon them from behind the fences, trees, and stone walls, along the entire road. When they arrived at Lexington, exhausted by their march, they were saved from total destruction by Lord Percy, who, with 900 men, and two pieces of cannon, had been sent from Boston to meet them. 3. On their way to Boston, they were incessantly harassed by the provincials, who kept up a well-directed fire from both sides of the road. During the day the British lost 273 men ; the loss of the Americans was 88 killed and wounded. This battle was the signal of war. Intelligence of it flew like lightning. Couriers, beating a drum, galloped in every direction, shouting in thrilling tones, ' " To arms ! to arms ! liberty or death !" The whole country was in a blaze. All ranks and conditions were aroused, and seizing their weapons, hastened to the scene of action. In a few days, the British forces in Boston were surrounded by twenty 2. What did the British now do ? After this, what were they obliged to do ? Describe their return to Boston. 3. How many did the British lose in their excursion to Concord? How- many the Americans ? What expedition was undertaken shortly after the battle of Lexington ? 17*75. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 127 thousand men. Every exertion was made to secure ammu- nition, arms, and fortifications for the provincials. Shortly after this, Colonel Ethan Allen* of Vermont, and Colonel Benedict Arnold,t of Connecticut, at the head of a company of volunteers, marched against the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, on the western shore of Lake Champlain, commanding the entrance into Canada. 4. On the night of the 10th of May, 1775, Allen arrived at Ticonderoga, and with 83 men pressed his way into the fort while the garrison were alseep. Three huzzas aroused them from their slumbers. Allen rushed to the apartments of Capt. De Laplace, and with a drawn sword over the half awakened commander, demanded a surrender of the fortress. " By what authority do you demand it ^" inquired the as- 4. In whose name did Allen demand a surrender of the fort ? When was Crown Point taken? What did they find in these forts ? * Ethan Allen was born hi Roxbury, Litchfield county, Connecticut. At an early age, he emigrated to Vermont, aod about 1770, he took an active part in favor of the "Green Mountain Boys." as the settlers were then called, in opposition to the gov- ernment of New York.' When called to take the field, he showed himself an able leader and an intrepid soldier. The same year that he took Ticonderoga, he was taken prisoner near Montreal, in an attempt to reduce that city. He was now placed in irons and sent to England, with an assurance, that he would meet with a halter on his arrival there. He was, however, after a few months, brought back to Halifax ; and after being kept there five months, he was removed to New York. He was kept a prisoner here one year and a half, and then exchanged for Colonel Campbell. While a prisoner at New York, as he was standing on the deck one day, a British officer said to him, "Allen, if you will quit the ^ rebel service,' and join us, we will make you an officer in our army, and give you all the land you can see off there, in New Jersey." " You make me think," said Allen, " of an account I read in a good old book that I have at home, how the devil once promised our Saviour all the king- doms of the earth, if he would fall down and worship him ; when the rascally old knave did not own a foot of land in all creation." He returned to Vermont in 1778, and died at his estate in Colchester, in 1789. t Benedict Arnold, at the commencement of the war, lived in New Haven. There is some doubt as regards the place of his birth. He embraced with enthusiasm the cause of the colonies, and, on account of his daring courage, was at once promoted to office in the provincial army. He exhibited great skill and bravery in most of the battles in which he was engaged. In his marches and attacks, he usually acted on the maxim, "In war. expedition is equivalent to strength." He often surprised the enemy by the boldness of his plans, and the rapidity ofhis movements. His daring courage may excite our admiration, but his character presents little to be commend- ed. He was vicious, extravagant, cruel, vain, fickle, luxurious, and mean. After he had turned traitor to his country, and joined the British, he committed the most enormous barbarities. On a certain occasion, he said to an American captain whom he had taken prisoner, " What do you suppose the Americans would do with me if I should fall into their hands V " They would cut olT the leg," replied the officer, that was woundea while you were fighting the battles of freedom, and bury it with the honors of war, and then hang the remainder of your body in gibbets." After the close of the war, he went to England, and received 30,000 pounds sterling, as a re- ward for his villany. He died m London, in 1801, detested by all who knew him. 128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1115. ALLEN DEMANDING TH SURRENDER OF THE FORT. tonished Laplace. " I demand it," said Allen, " in the name of the great Jehovah, and of the Continental Congress." This smiimons could not be disobeyed. It was too high au- thority to be disputed, and the fort was at once surrendered. The following day, Crown Point was taken without resist- ance. In these two forts the Americans found more than a hundred pieces of cannon, and a large quantity of other mil- itary stores. 5. The noise of war soon alarmed all the colonies. Many had not expected open hostilities. But the blow was no sooner struck, than they all resolved to join heart and hand with New England in the desperate struggle. On the 10th of May, the Continental Congress again assembled at Philadelphia. John Hancock, of Massachusetts, was chosen president. A petition was sent to the king, and an address to the people of England. Yet vigorous measures were employed to sustain the war. Articles of confederation were adopted under the title of the united colonies. They voted 5. When did congress again assemble ? Under what title did they enter into articles of confederation ? How large an army did they vote to raise ? Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the American forces ? 1775. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 129 to raise an army of 20,000 men, and appointed George Washington, who was one of the delegates from Virginia, commander-in-chief of the American forces. He soon re- paired to Cambridge, and took command of the army, July 3, 1775. 6. A solemn declaration, showing the causes and neces- sity of taking up arms, was prepared by congress, to be read before the army and the people of the colonies, closing as follows : " Our cause is just, our union is perfect. Our internal resources are great, and if necessary, foreign assist- ance undoubtedly may be obtained. With hearts fortified by these animating reflections, we most solemnly declare, that the arms we have been compelled by our enemies to assume, we will, in defiance of every hazard, with unabating firmness and perseverance, employ for the preservation of our liberties ; being with one mind resolved to die freemen, rather than to live slaves." For the purpose of defraying the ex- penses of the war, congress issued bills of credit to the amount of three million dollars, and pledged the faith of the United Colonies for their redemption. 7. The troops of New England were already in arms, and had besieged the British army in Boston. The heights of Charlestown, Breed's hill, and Bunker hill, command the city. The Americans having received information that the enemy intended to occupy these heights and advance into the country, Col. Prescoit was sent, in the evening of the 16th of June, to form an entrenchment on Bunker hill. Find- ing, on his arrival, that though this hill was the most com- manding position, it was too far from the enemy to annoy their shipping and army, he determined to fortify Breed's hill, which is nearer the city, and began the work soon after midnight. By dayUght they had constructed a redout eight rods square, in which they could shelter themselves. 8. Early in the morning, the British discovered with as- 6. What did congress prepare to be read to the army and people ? 7. What heights command the city of Boston ? What was Col. Prescott ordered to do on the evening of the 16th of June ? Did he do as he was ordered? Why not? 8. What did the British do on the morning of the 17th of June ? Describe the battle of Breed's hill ; or, as it is usually called, Bunker hill. 130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 17Y5. tonishment the works of the Americans, and immediately opened upon them an incessant fire from the ships in the harbor, and from their fortifications on the Boston side. The roar of cannon soon alarmed the inhabitants of the city and adjacent towns, and soon the steeples, the roofs of the houses, and all the surrounding hills, were crowded with anxious spectators, who were awaiting with deep and silent emotion the event of the day. The Americans, heedless of the iron storm that rattled around them, toiled on unceasingly, and before noon had nearly completed a trench to the Mystic river. As nothing was effected by the cannon of the Brit- ish, about 3,000 regular soldiers, under Generals Howe and Pigot, were landed at Moreton's Point, and arrayed at the foot of the hill. BATTLE OF BUNK 9. These advanced to the charge in two divisions, re- solved to carry the height by assault. The Americans, 9. What did General Putnam say to the American soldiers, as the British were advancing to the first attack? Ans. " Boys," said he, " keep cool — keep cool; don't fire a gun till you can see the whites of their eyes ; and then bore it into them." Describe the first assault. Why did the Americans remain in silence and reserve their fire ? Had they any ammunition to waste at that time ? What was the effect of the fire of the Americans ? 17*75. . WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 131 prompted by the boldness and zeal of General Putnam and other brave officers, were eager for the combat. But, in obedience to their orders, they waited in silence the advance of the enemy, and reserved their fire till they were within a few rods of the breastwork, and then poured upon them a deluge of balls. The British fell by hundreds ; ranks fell upon ranks, columns were broken, and the whole line fled in confusion to the shore. 10. The officers, fearing the disgrace of a defeat, ralHed their troops, and urged them on, at the point of their swords, to a second attack. In the mean time Charlestown had been set on fire by the enemy, and six hundred houses wrap- ped in flames added an awful sublimity to the scene. Again the columns pressed gallantly forward, hurrying on over their dead and wounded companions who had fallen in the first assault. The Americans waited their approach in silence, and then received them with the same deadly fire of musketry as before. Whole ranks were swept away, the line was broken, and again they fled for the shore. The sure aim of the provincials cut down the British officers, so that General Howe, deserted by his flying troops, was now left almost alone on the field. 11. At this moment, General Clinton, who was watching the progress of the battle from Boston, considering the honor of the British nation at stake, immediately crossed over with reinforcements, and with great difficulty led up the troops to a third charge. The provincials met them again with undiminished courage ; but their powder being exhausted, and having no bayonets, they fought with the butt end of their muskets. After a bloody contest, the Americans re- 10. Describe the second assault. Why did the British burn Chariestown ? Ans. They hoped the smoke would cover the heights, and thus confuse the Americans and prevent their deadly aim, and aid in their defeat. But the smoke and flame at first ascended perpendicularly, then inclined to the south, leaving the battle-field clear and unobscured. 11. Describe the third assault. What distinguished general fell? Gen- eral Joseph Warren was a physician in Boston. He was early distinguished as one of the most vigilant and energetic friends of American rights. He was appointed a major-general in the American army, four days previous to this battle ; but in order to encourage the soldiers, he joined them as a volunteer, and fought in the rank.s. He was killed in the thirty-fifth year of his age. 132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1775. treated down their intrenchments, and although exposed to the raking fire of the British ships, they effected their escape over Charlestown neck without any considerable loss. It was during this retreat that the brave Gen. Warren was slain. 12. In this memorable battle the English lost, out of 3,000, more than 1,000 men. The Americans had only 1,500 in the contest, and their loss was about 450. Though they were defeated, it was considered a glorious defeat. They had met England's bravest troops, and had shown them that Americans were neither " cowardly nor feeble." Thousands awaited the event of the struggle with the most painful sohcitude. 13. Hostihties had also commenced in the southern colo- nies. Lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia, forcibly seized a quantity of military stores belonging to the colony. Pat- rick Henry,* with a company of militia, proceeded against him, and demanded the stores, or their value in money. The money was immediately paid. To strengthen his forces, Dunmore basely offered freedom to all slaves who would take up arms against their masters, and join the royal party. Not long after, a body of his black and white troops assem- bled at Yorktown, and attacked the colonists. But the royalists were soon defeated, and Dunmore was obliged to 12. What was the loss of the English in the battle of Bunker hill ? The loss of the Americans ? 13. What did Lord Dunmore do? Who was John Murray Dunmore ? Ans. He was the last governor of Virginia appointed by the king. In his zeal to assist the English, he tried to injure the colony by all the means in his power, and acted the part of a pirate and plunderer. He died in England in 1809. Who proceeded against him ? Did they get the stores ? * Patrick Henry, a most eloquent orator, was born in Virginia, in 1736. He was the first man that proposed to the colonies hostile measures against Great Britain. On a certain occasion, as he was speaking in the assembly of Virginia, respecting the oppressive and arbitrary measures of the British government toward America, he became much excited, and in the warmth of his feelings added, " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third"—-" Treason !" cried the Speaker — "Treason! treason!" was echoed from every part of the house. Henry faltered not for an instant, but taking a loftier attitude, and fixing on the Speaker an eye of fire, he finished his sentence with the firmest emphasis—" may profit by their exmnple. If this be treason, make the most of it." He was the first governor of Virginia after the declaration of independence, and a member of the old congress. He was a natural orator of the highest order. He died in 1799, ^ aged 63. iV'Zo. . WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 133 leave the city. Soon after, he ordered Norfolk to be set on fire, by which a large amount of property was destroyed. 14. Similar scenes occurred in the Carolinas. The peo- ple of South Carohna, being in want of ammunition, twelve persons, authorized by the committee of supplies, sailed from Charleston, and captured a British vessel near St. Augustine, with 15,000 pounds of powder on board. About the same time the people of Georgia, who had now joined the confed- eracy, seized a vessel lately arrived from London, with 13,000 pounds of powder, and other stores. The same year, four other vessels, laden with military stores for the British army, were captured by Captain Manly, of New England. These stores were of vast importance to the Americans, who had not then the means of manufacturing extensively the muni- tions of war. Before the close of the year, congress voted to build immediately thirteen ships of war. Thus was com- menced the American navy. 15. The colonists soon turned their attention to Canada. The people of that province were mostly of French origin, and though they had been earnestly solicited by congress, they had not taken any part in the opposition against the British government. Fearing an invasion from that quar- ter under Sir Guy Carlton, the governor of that province, two expeditions were planned ; one by the way of Lake Champlain, under the command of Gen. Schuyler, aided by Generals Montgomery * and Wooster ; the other by the way of the Kennebec river, under the command of Gen. Arnold. In consequence of illness, Gen. Schuyler was prevented from going to Canada, and the whole command of the expedition devolved on Montgomery. 14. By whom was a British vessel taken near St. Augustine ? How much powder was there on board ? What did the Georgians do ? How many ves- sels were taken during the year ? 15. To what did the colonists soon turn their attention ? Who was sent ■with an army to Canada? ' Richard Montgomery, a major-general in the army of the United States, was born In the north of Ireland, in 1737. He served under Wolfe at Quebec, in 1759 ; but on his return to England, he left his regiment and removed to America, and settled in the colony of New York. His military talents were great. His measures were taken with judgment, and executed with ability. His death was deplored by friends and foes. 12 134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1*7 75. 16. He passed up Lake Champlain, and on the 10th of September reached St. John's, the first British post in Can- ada. A small detachment was sent against Fort Cham- blee, a few miles above, which defeated the garrison, and took possession of a large quantity of powder, and other stores found in the fort. St. John's was also surrendered shortly after. On the 12th of November, Montgomery marched against Montreal, which immediately submitted. (Quebec was now the only remaining stronghold in Canada. 17. Montgomery hastened forward, and on the 1st of December arrived at Point-aux-Trembles, twenty miles above duebec, where he found Arnold awaiting his arrival. Arn- old's march through the wilderness, at the head of more than a thousand men, was one of the most difficult and hazardous exploits in the annals of war. He ascended the Kennebec, crossed the mountains, and descended the Chau- diere, and arrived at Point Levi, opposite Gluebec, November 9th. Such was the consternation of the inhabitants, that, could he have crossed the St. Lawrence without delay, he might probably have taken immediate possession of the city. 18. On the 13th, he was enabled to procure about forty birch-bark canoes. With these he crossed the St. Lawrence in the night, and boldly led his troops up the Heights of Abraham, where the gallant Wolfe ascended, sixteen years before, to the field of his fame and his grave. Finding the garrison ready to receive him, and not being strong enough to carry the place by assault, he withdrew his troops to Point-aux-Trembles, and awaited the arrival of Montgom- ery. On the arrival of the latter, their united forces were not more than a thousand men. They immediately march- ed to Gluebec and began the seige, which continued for nearly a month without any prospect of success. 19. They now resolved upon a desperate assault. To conceal their real design, two divisions were sent to alarm. 16. Where did he land? What was the result? What other fort was taken ? What was found in the fort ? What city did he take ? 17. Who was sent to assist Montgomery in taking Quebec ? 18. Describe their attempts to take the city. 19. Describe the death of Montgomery. 1775. . WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 135 the upper town, while Arnold and Montgomery commenced a violent attack upon the opposite sides of the lower town. Before light on the morning- of December 31st, the signal was given, and the troops rushed forward to the charge, amid a violent snow-storm, which concealed them from the sight of the enemy. The guard of the first barrier fled, and while Montgomery was forcing his way over piles of ice and a picket fence, one of the guard ran back, and seizing a match, discharged a cannon, and killed Montgomery and two other valuable oflScers. The troops at once retreated. 20. On the other side of the town the battle was more furious. Arnold was wounded in the leg on the first assault. But his troops under Captain Morgan pressed on beyond the first barrier, scaled the battery, and made the guard prison- ers. Bewildered amid the darkness and snow, they rested until hght, when they advanced against the second barrier. While attempting to scale the barricade, they were repulsed with great slaughter by the incessant fire of the British gar- rison. Benumbed with cold, and unable to retreat, some were obliged to surrender. 21. Not less than 400 men were lost in this engagement. The death of Montgomery was universally lamented. The most powerful speakers in the British parliament displayed their eloquence in praising his virtues, and lamenting his fall. Arnold, with the remainder of the army, retired three miles below Gluebec, and continued the blockade during the winter. Thus far the Americans had experienced terrible hardships. During the siege, the small-pox broke out in the camp. Many were very poorly clad for a severe winter. Far from their affectionate families, amid sickness, want, and cold, the soldiers sighed for the comforts of the domestic fireside. But their love of liberty carried them through the struggle. 22. As soon as the condition of the northern army was 20. Describe the battle on the other side of the town. Where was Arnold ■wounded ? What was the result of the battle ? 21. How many were lost ? What did Arnold do ? What was the situation of his soldiers ? 22. What did congress do? What force had the British at Quebec in May, 1776 ? Who succeeded Montgomery ? 136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1776. known to congress, large supplies and additional forces were ordered on to Uuebec. But early in the spring of 1776, the British army was greatly strengthened by a reinforcement from England. In May, the whole force at Quebec was estimated to be 13,000 men. General Thomas, who had been appointed to succeed Montgomery, arrived on the first of May. But he found himself at the head of less than 2,000 men, more than half of whom were sick, or unfit for duty. 23. He was attacked soon after, and the sick and stores of his camp were taken by the English. The sick, how- ever, were kindly treated, and when they recovered, were released. The Americans now retreated on their way to New York. General Thomas was seized with the small- pox and died ; and General Sullivan succeeded to the com- mand. About this time, at a place called the Cedars^ forty miles above Montreal, a detachment of American troops was attacked by a party of the enemy, mostly Indians. Owing to the cowardice or bad management of Colonel Bedell and Major Butterfield, about 500 of the troops were lost. By the I8th of June, 1776, Canada was entirely deserted by the Americans. 24. General Washington, soon after his appointment to the command of the army, repaired to Cambridge, Mass. He arrived there July 2d, and took command the next day. He found the troops, about 14,000, posted on the heights around Boston, almost destitute of means necessary for a vigorous siege, and very poorly supplied with clothing and provisions. His first object was to render the army com- fortable, and furnish a good supply of arms and ammunition. But notwithstanding his constant exertions, night and day for several months, he was not able to procure the necessary supplies. 25. But there was another more serious difficulty which 23. With what did General Thomas die? Who succeeded him? What happened at the Cedars I When was Canada deserted by tiie Americans ? 24. What is said of General Washington ? In what condition did he find the army ? What was his first object ? What difficulties had he to contend with ? 25. What was his regular force ? 1776. . WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 137 he had to contend with. Many of the American soldiers had enhsted only for a short time, and when their time ex- pired, left the service. A new army was then to be formed. Against these and many other discom'agements, he con- tended till spring, without an attack upon the city. His regular force now amounted to 14,000 men, besides 6,000 militia of Massachusetts. Washington had several times proposed to a council of war, an assault upon the enemy. But his plans were rejected. 26. About the first of March, he commenced a severe cannonade upon the city. On the night of the 4th, a de- tachment took possession of Dorchester heights, and before morning threw up a line of fortifications which threatened both the town and the enemy's ships in the harbor.' The British beheld with amazement these extensive works, which had sprung up in a single night. Three thousand troops were immediately ordered to embark against them. But a violent storm prevented the boats from proceeding. Howe, 26. What were his first attempts to drive the enemy out of the city ? What was done on the 4th of March ? How did this affect the British ? What was the result ? 12* 138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Ill6. the British general, now found it necessary to leave the city without delay. 27. On the 17th of March, General Howe, with the whole British army, in 78 ships and transports, set sail for Halifax, and Washington, with his army, entered Boston in triumph. This event produced a thrill of joy throughout the country. Congress passed a vote of thanks to Washington and his troops. Suspecting that the enemy had repaired to New York, the army left Boston for that city. 28. The next important event was an attack upon Charles- ton, South Carolina, June 28th, by a British fleet, under Sir Peter Parker. As the fleet was attempting to pass the fort on Sullivan's island, the garrison, under the command of Colonel Moultrie, opened a terrible Are upon it. After a hot engagement of ten hours, in which the ships were severely shattered, the British left the harbor. They lost more than 200 men, while the loss of the Americans was only thirty- two. In honor of the commander of the fort, it was after- ward called Fort Moultrie. 29. The thirteen colonies were now all in arms against the mother country-. Hitherto they had contended only for their just rights, as loyal subjects of Great Britain. But now they were forced to contend, as independent states, against a foreign foe. A motion for declaring their inde- pendence was therefore made in congress, by Richard Henry Lee,* of Virginia, June 7, 1776. After a full discus- sion, and some warm opposition, it was carried by a unan- imous vote. A Declaration of iNDEPENDENcEf was drawn up, adopted, signed by all the members of congress, and published to the world on the 4th of July, 1776. It was received in all the colonies with joy and public celebration. The nation now assumed the title of the United States of America. • Richard Henry Lee was born in 1732. From his earliest youth, he devoted his talents to the service of his country. He supported through life the character of a philosopher, a patriot, and sage ; and his name will be remembered with gratitude, as one of the most conspicuous actors of the Revolution, so long as Americans enjoy the blessings resulting li-om that event. He died at Chautilly, in Virginia, 1794. t On the 11th of June, a committee was appointed to prepare a Declaration of In- dependence, consisting of Thomas .lefferso'n, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. Mr. Jetfersoa was requested to draw up the paper, which he did, and it was reported to the house after receiving a few alteratious from Dr. Fraukliu and Mr. Adams. 1776. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 139 ONJcn. S OF THE DKCLARATION OF INDKl'ENDKNCB. New irampslnre. JOSIAII BARTLKTT, WILLIAM Wmi'lT-K, MA.TTaEW THORNTON. Massarhusetta Bay. JOHN HANCOCK, SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, HOIiKRT TRKAT PAINE, ELBRIDGK GKRRY. Rhode Island, 8fc. STKPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM KLLERY. Connecticut. ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT. New York. WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVIN(;STON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS. New Jertey. RICHARD STOCKTON. JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINSON, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK. Pennsylvania. ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Jf)HN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, (iEORGK TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS. Delaware, CESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN. Maryland. SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACAj THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL. yirginia. GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, Jr., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON. North Carolina, WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEini HEWES, JOHN PENN. South Carolina. EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, Jr., THOMAS LYNCH, Jr., ARTHUR MIDDLETON. Georgia, BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEORGE WALTON. The pen with which these signatures were made, is now in the cabinet of tho Massachusetts Historical Society. HISTORY THE UNITED STATES. ' . fi^-'*-- PERIOD III. Comprises thb events that occurred from the Declaration of Indbpbn- dencb, to the adoption of the federal constitution, or present system of government, 1789. 1. At the commencement of this period, the condition of the country was in the highest degree interesting. The progress of improvement had changed the forest and the glen into fmitful tields, and flourishing towns had sprung up "VMiat events does period third embrace? 1. What was the condition of the country at this time T What was the pop- ulation ? What was the effect of the Declaration ? 17*76. WAU OF THE KEVOLUTION. 141 on cvory side. The white population had increased to about three millions. The luxury and wealth of the old world were fust becoming the pf)rtion of the new. But a spirit of freedom and bold enterprise characterized the whole people. The JJeclanWion of Independence^ while it frightened the cau- tious and timid, nerved all true patriots with an energy of purpose, which alone prepared them for the desperate conflict. The attitude of the nation excited the admiration of all Europe. For a feeble colony just struggling into existence, without ships, without a regular army, w'ithout munitions of war, to enter into open combat with the most powerful na- tion on the globe, was an anomaly in the history of the world ; and the friends of liberty every where watched with deep anxiety the progress of the unequal contest. 2. Soon after the British troops left Boston, Washington, believing they would endeavor to get possession of New York, repaired thither with the principal part of his army, and exerted every means in his power for its defense. On the 28th of June, Gen. William Howe, with the army which had evacuated Boston, arrived from Halifax off Sandy Hook. On the 2d of July, he took possession of Staten Island. Being soon after joined by his brother. Admiral Howe from England, and by the forces under Chnton and Cornwallis from the south, he found himself at the head of an army of 24,000 of the best troops in Europe. The American army was in a very bad state to meet such a force. It consisted of about 27,000 men, chiefly undisciplined militia. About 'one-fourth of these were invalids, and another fourth very poorly provided with arms. 3. On the 22d of August, the British landed without op- position on Long Island, near the Narrows. It was then seen that they designed to approach the city across the island. Washington anticipating this, had previously posted a body of about 5,000 troops at Brooklyn, under Generals Putnam, 2. What took place about the first of July? State of the American army? Their mirriber? What did General Washington do? Where is Brooklyn? Ants. Opposite to New York city, across the East river, three quarters of a mile distant. Where was Washington at this time? 3. State wliat the British did. The result? Suppose Clinton had not passed the eastern defile, what then ? 142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. l7Y6. Sullivan, and Sterling. This position was secured by a chain of intrenchments and redouts from Wallabout Bay to Gowannus Cove. Between Brooklyn and the place where the British landed was a range of hills, called '• The heights of Gowannus," covered with thick woods and crossed by three roads, or passes. It was important that these passes should have been thoroughly guarded. Yet, Gen. Clinton, on the morning of the 27th, led the right wing of the British army through the most eastern of these, without resistance, and gained the rear of the Americans. The action now com- menced, and soon became general ; but the Americans being placed between two fires, there was no safety but in retreat. An awful scene of butcher3^ took place. Some escaped to the woods, others broke through the ranks of the enemy and Regained the American lines at Brooklyn ; but most of them were either killed or taken prisoners. This was the most bloody and disastrous defeat of the whole war. The battle was fought against the advice and wish of Washington, and but for his great skill and energ}^, the whole army would have been lost. In the heat of the action, he passed over from New York to Brooklyn, and beheld with inexpressible anguish the destruction of his best troops ; but he was unable to relieve them. 4. About 2,000 of the Americans were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The loss of the British was about 400. The English advanced, and began to fortify themselves near the American hues, and resolved on a more decisive battle the next day. But in the night, Washington, knowing his men were fatigued and dispirited by the defeat, withdrew with his army, unperceived by the enemy, across the river to New York. The militia were disheartened, and some regi- ments, fearing that the British would cross the East river, deserted and returned to their homes. Washington, wishing to avoid a regular battle with the enemy, on the 12th of Sept. retired with his whole army to the heights of Harlem, nine miles north of the city.* 4. Wliat did Washington do that nisiht ? * Nathan Halb.— After the famous retreat of the American army from Long Island, Washington, anxious to adopt some means of gaining information concern- 1776. , WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 143 5. General Howe entered New York on the 15th of Sep- tember, and soon after, marched up along the East river, and encamped his troops north of the Americans, in order to cut off all communication with New England. Washington, perceiving this movement, left a strong garrison at Fort Washington in the northern part of New York island, and marched as far as White Plains. Here the armies met on the 28th of October, and after a short engagement, the Amer- icans were forced to retreat. About 300 men were lost on each side. 6. The British general now^ returned to New York. His design was first to take Fort Washington, and then cross the Hudson and attack Fort Lee, which prevented the British fleet from passing up the river. On the 16th of November, Fort Washington was furiously assailed at four different points. The garrison made a brave defense, and mowed down the Hessians with terrible slaughter. At length, how- ever, their ammunition began to fail, and they were obliged 5. When did General Howe enter New York ? What took place on the 28th of October ? 6. What on the IGth of November? ing the strength, situation, and future movements of the enemy, applied to Colonel Knowlron, for a discreet, intelligent, enterprising, and bold officer, who would daro penetrate tbe enemy's c;imj), and bring him the desired information. Knowlton at once fixed upon Capt. Nathan Hale, as posses.sirig the nece&sary qualificationsin aa cmiiifTit degree. Accordingly he made known the wishes of Washington to him, but Hale slirunk with instinctive horror at the thought of being a spy. But reflecting that it was Washington who required this service, and his country that was to be benefited, he gave up all scruples, and prepared for the adventure. He passed ia disguise to Long Island, in the character of a schoolmaster, examined every fort of the Briti.-^h army, and obtained all the requisite information. As he was returning, he was met by a tory in the British service, recognized, apprehended, and taken before Sir William Howe. Hale finding every thing was known to the enemy, boldly, and without eijuivocation, confessed his character and his object. Howe, without a trial, or without even the fbrm of a court-martial, doomed him for execution the next morning ! This sentence was executed in the most unfeeling manner. He was de- nied a Uible, and even the attendance of a clergyman was refused him. The letters, full of fortitude and resignation, which he wrote to his mother and sister, a short time before his death, were destroyed. He was hung, rejg^retting " that he had only one life to lose in the cause of his country, the cause oi liberty, and the rights of man." The untimely end of this promising, but unfortunate young man, resembled that of Major Andre, in the circumstances which led to it ; but the celebrity of the two has been widely different. The memory of Andre has received every honor, not only in his own country, but likewise in this. His monument stands in West- minster Abbey, among those of sages and heroes; while the memory of Hale hardly survives in his native state. His grave is not even marked by a stone, or an inscription. It is with pleasure, however, that I add, that our general government are about (1836) to erect a suitable monument to his memory in the public burial place, in Coventry, Connecticut, his native town. 144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1V76. to make an honorable surrender. The American loss was about fifty killed and 2,818 prisoners. The British lost about 1,000 men. 7. The loss of this fort was severely felt by the Ameri- cans. The garrison at Fort Lee immediately abandoned their post and joined the detachment under Washington, which was now at Newark in New Jersey. The troops were at that time in a most pitiable condition. They were without tents, without blankets, poorly clad, and exposed to the cold blasts of winter. In this wretched state they were driven by the close pursuit of the enemy from Newark to Brunswick, from thence to Princeton, and finally across the Delaware. 8. At that time Washington had not more than 3,000 men with him, and this number was daily decreasing. Such were the sufferings of the troops, that as soon as their term :• of service expired, they returned to their comfortable homes./^ A dark cloud now seemed to be cast over all the bright hopes of the Americans. Pardon was offered by the British general to all who would join the royal standard. Many, despairing of success, deserted the cause of Liberty and accepted the pardon, among whom were Mr. Galloway and Mr. Allen, who had been members of the continental congress. 9. The city of Philadelphia being in danger from the enemy, congress adjourned, Dec. 12th, to Baltimore. They now gave to Washington " entire control of the operations of war." To strengthen his exhausted army, he sent orders to General Lee, to leave his post on the Hudson, and come ^ to his assistance without delay. Lee left the Hudson, but' did not hasteii his march. One night he carelessly took quarters at a house, three miles from his army, where he was seized by a corps of British cavalry. Li consequence 7. What did the garrison of Fort Lee do ? 8. What was the condition of oar army at that time ? What was offered by the British general ? 9. To what place did congress adjourn ? Why ? What power did they confer upon Washington ? What did he do ? State the capture of General Lee. Do you suppose Lee wished to be taken ? Who succeeded Lee ? , What did General Sullivan do ? 1116. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 145 of this, the command fell upon General Sullivan,* who marched the troops directly to the camp of Washington, in- creasing- his army to about 7,000 men. 10. The British general, instead of crossing the Dela- ware, scattered his forces in several towns on the Jersey side, for winter quarters. Washington, knowing the situa- tion of the enemy, determined, if possible, to strike a blow in favor of his sinking cause. On the night of the 25th of WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARK. December, he crossed the Delaware nine miles above Tren- ton, with about 2,500 men, and marched down upon that place, where, the next morning, he attacked the enemy, killed about twenty, and took about 1,000 prisoners. Six field-pieces and a thousand stand of arms, were also taken. 10. What did the British general do ? What did Washington do on the night of the 25lh of December ? The 26th ? * John Sullivan was born in 1741. For some time previous to the revolutionary- war, he practised law in New Hampshire. In 1776, he was appointed a major-gen- eral in the American army. He was in many engagements, and conducted several hazardous expeditions, and ever displayed great military skill, firmness, and reso- lution. After the close of the war, he resumed the practice of law ; was afterward a member of congress ; and in 1786, '87, and '89, president of New Hampshire. He died at Durham in 1795. 13 146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1*7 7 7. Of his own men two were killed, two frozen to death, and several wounded. He immediately re-crossed the river. This was the state of affairs at the close of the year 1776. EVENTS OF 1777. 1, This last bold movement of Washington alarmed the British. Lord CornwaUis collected his forces at Princeton, and watched the motions of his vigilant foe. The Amer- ican general, having received some fresh recruits from Penn- sylvania, crossed the Delaware again, about the first of January, and stationed his army at Trenton. The British forces soon marched with high hopes against him. Wash- ington arrayed his army on the side of a small stream which divides the town, and strongly guarded all the fords and bridges. 2. CornwaUis marched up his troops, and commenced a cannonade upon the Americans, and attempted, without suc- cess, to cross the river. Washington, knowing the superior force of the enemy, and that a defeat would probably decide the fate of the war, conceived another daring, but successful exploit. As soon as it was dark, the fires of the camp were lighted up as usual. But when all was quiet, Washington moved off his army unperceived, and next morning, January 3d, attacked the enemy at Princeton. The contest was warm, but soon decided in favor of the Americans. Of the British, 100 men were killed and 300 taken prisoners. The loss of the Americans was 100. Among the slain was the lamented General Mercer, and among the wounded was Lieutenant James Monroe,* since President of the United States. 1. What did CornwaUis do ? When did Washington again cross the Del- aware ? 2. Describe the movements of the armies. The retreat of Washington. What did Washington do, January 3d, 1777 ? The result ? * James Monroe was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, on the 28th day of April, 1758. He joined the ranks of the army in 1776, and was engaged in several of the principal battles of the Revolution, among which were those of the Brandy- wine, Trenton, and Monmouth. In 1780, at the request of Mr. Jefferson, then gov- 1'7'76. . WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 14T 3. The American general designed, after taking Prince- ton, to push on his march to New Brunswick, and take the magazines and baggage of the enemy deposited there. But Cornwaliis, on hearing the cannonade from Princeton, and suspecting his plan, had hastened his march from Trenton, and was fast approaching the Americans. The exhausted and destitute state of the army, induced Washington to re- linquish his design of going to Brunswick. He therefore retired, January 6th, to winter quarters at Morristown, where his army were inoculated with the small-pox. The enemy retired to New Brunswick. 4. Thus closed this severe campaign. Considering the circumstances of the American army, its achievements were highly honorable. The bold and successful movements of Washington excited the admiration of both Europe and America. Joy and hope now began to revive the drooping spirits of the nation. The people every where hailed Wash- ington as the Savior of his country. 5. Amid all the calamities which threatened the nation, congress displayed the dignity and firmness of true patri- otism. In the mean time, having returned to Philadelphia, it made every exertion to supply the wants of the suffering army, and for obtaining aid from foreign powers. For the pur- pose of inducing the French to espouse the American cause, three commissioners were appointed to the court of France — Dr. Franklin,* Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. They were 3. To what place did Washington repair for winter quarters 1 Where is Morristown ? Ans. In New Jersey, 28 miles west of New York. To what place did the enemy retire ? Where is New Brunswick ? Ans. It is situated on the Raritan river, in New Jersey, 33 miles southwest of New York. 4. With what feelings was Washington regarded ? 5. What was the conduct of congress at this time ? Who did congress send to France ? What foreign nation warmly espoused the American cause ? ernor of Virginia, he visited the army of the south, under Baron de Kalb, as military commissioner ; in 178.3, at the age of twenty-four, he was elected member of con- gress ; a senator of the United States in 1790 ; appointed minister to France in 1794 ; governor of Virginia in 1799; again minister to France, with Mr. Livingston, in 1803 ; in the same year minister to Great Britain, and to Spain in 1804 ; to Great Britain again in 1S06 ; governor of Virginia in 1811 ; appointed Secretary of State by President Madison in 1814, and raised to the presidency in 1817 ; re-elected unan- imously in 1821 ; and died in the city of New York, on the 4th of July, 1831. * Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, 1706, and died in Philadelphia in 1790. He was one of the greatest men of any age or nation. See the Life of Franklin. J4S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lYY?. instructed to solicit a loan of ten million francs, to procure arms and ammunition, &c., and, if possible, to prevail on the French government to recognize the Independence of the United States.* Although the French government at first were not disposed to act openly, a strong sympathy was felt, and individuals warmly espoused the American cause. | Among these was the young Marquis de Lafayette, f who ' hired a ship at his own expense to bring him over to Amer- ica ; and who afterward became a distinguished officer in the army, and the bosom friend of Washington. 6, The soldiers in the American army had enlisted to serve only one year. This circumstance caused the utmost derangement in the plans and wishes of Washington. Sometimes a whole regiment would leave the ranks or the camp in a single day. A new army was now raised, to serve three years, or during the war. Such was the state of the American forces after Washington retired to Morris- town, that nothing of importance was attempted till spring. A, During the latter part of the winter, the prisoners at New- J. York suffered extremely from the inhuman treatment of the British. They were stowed together in prison-ships, churches, and other buildings. Many of them starved to death, and others were suffered to die of loathsome diseases, or to perish with cold. 6. What embarrassments did Washington experience during the winter? What were the sufferings of the soldiers ? • France acknowledged " The Independence of the United States," Feb. 6th, 1778. Holland in 1782. Sweden and Denmark in February, 1783. Spain in March, 1783. Russia in July, 1783. t Gilbert Mottier, Marquis de Lafayette, was born in France, in 1757. He was de- scended from distinguished ancestors, and inherited a princely fortune. Such was his ardor in the cause of liberty, that no sooner did he learn the situation of the American people, than he resolved to leave his native country, and assist them in their glorious struggles for freedom. He made known his intention to Dr. Frank- lin, who was compelled to confess to him that his government was so destitute of means and credit, that it could not furnish him with a conveyance. " Then," said he, " I will fit out a vessel myself," and he did so. He arrived in the United States at 19 years of age, and joined the army under Washington. He was appointed a major-general, and by his skill and services, he gained the esteem and the affection of the whole American people. In 1824, he visited the United States, and made a tour through the country. He was every whei-e received with the highest marks of gratitude and respect. He returned to France in 1825, where he died May 20th, 1835. The wondrous scenes, both in the New and Old World, in which the name of Lafayette was prominently distinguished, are among the most remarkable in the annals of mankind. nil. ' WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 149 7. Early in the spring, several detachments from the British army were sent out on excursions to cut off the supplies for the Americans. On the Hudson, they were successful in taking several places where flour and provisions were deposited. The town of Danbury, Connecticut, was burned, and a large quantity of military stores destroyed. During their retreat, they were assailed by detachments of militia under Generals Sullivan, Arnold, and Wooster, and before they regained their shipping they lost about 300 men. Soon after this, Col Meigs of Connecticut attacked the British at Sag Harbor, on Long Island, where they had collected large magazines of forage and grain, killed six of the enemy, took ninety prisoners, burned twelve vessels loaded with provisions, apd returned to Connecticut without losing a man. 8. In May, Washington commenced operations with 10,000 men. He left Morristown, and strongly posted his troops at Middlebrook. The enemy advanced against him ; but unwiUing to attack him in this position. General Howe removed his army to Staten Island, and there formed a plan for taking Philadelphia. He embarked with his army, and near the end of August sailed up Chesapeake bay and landed 18,000 troops near the head of Elk river in Mary- land, and commenced his march toward Philadelphia. 9. Washington immediately crossed the Delaware, and met him at Brandywine creek, in Delaware, where a de- structive battle was fought, Sept. II. The enemy crossed the creek at different places, and attacking the American army on the right and left, soon threw the line into confu- sion. Washington perceiving the disorder of his troops, ordered a retreat. In this engagement he lost about 1,000 men. General Lafayette was among the wounded. The loss of the British was about 500. The next day the American army retreated to Philadelphia. 10. In the mean time, affairs of great interest had been 7. What did the British do in the spring of 1777? What town was<^'. stroyed in Connecticut ■? What did Colonel Meigs do ? 8. What is said of Washington ? Howe ? - 9. Describe the battle of Brandywine. 10. What were the English attempting to do in the north at this time ? 13* 154 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 1111. going on in the northern dopartment. Arnokl, soon after his retreat from Canada, had prepared a small tleet to keep the enemy in check on Lake Champlain. l^nt in a severe battle he lost a part of his fleet, and was obli«^ed to burn the remainder to prevent its falling into the hands of the enemy. The English luul now forced their way down to the Hud- son. Their plan was to unite their forces in Canada with those in New York, and thus cut oif all intercourse between New England and the southern states. 11. Cieneral Hurgoyne, with an army of 10,000 men, left Quebec in the spring, on this important enterprise. He sent a detachment to C^swego, with orders to proceed from that place and meet him at Albany. British agents were sent out, who succeedetl in persuading thousands of Indian war- riors to join tlieir army. Cn the lirst of July, Burgoyne nrrivcd at Ticonderoga. The garrison, under tl\c connnand of General St. Clair,* unable to ilefend the fort, left it by night and crossed the lake. They were unfortunately over- taken by the enemy at Hubbardton, July 7, and in sev- eral skirmishes were routed with a loss of 800 men. About 200 of the enemy were killed. 12. The scattered troops that escaped at length arrived at Fort Edward on the Hudson, the head-quarters of the northern army. The progress of the British forces spread terror and dismay through the country. But General Schuyler f made every possible exertion to interrupt their 11. "What did I>v«rgoyno do? When did he arrive at Ticonderoga f Can you show me TicondoiXJga on the map ?, 12. "What Auiorioan general tried to interrupt iheir march? * Arthur St. Clair wjus born in Edinburgh, Scotliuid, in 173-1. IIo cnme fo this country in n.xi, will\ Aiiminil Ui'soawfii. lit- was ii lituttuiuil under Wolfe at tlie tnkiUR of Quoboc. At tlu> rloso oltlio Froiu-l» war, lu> sttiloii in IV-unsvlvania. In the revolutionary war, ho osnoused tlio cuuso ot the colonics, iuu\ wtis aopoinlod by conjiress a major general, Feb. li), 1777. At llto lerminaiion ot the war, lie returned to Pennsylvania, ami in 178-1 was sent a delesrate to eonjfress from thai state. In 17S7, he WIU3 chosen president ofcomiress. In i7Si>, he was appointed governor of the "territory northwest of ti>e Ohio," and held the place till ISOJ. In l7iU. he was appointed comnuinder-inchief of the foreesto be employed ajiainsi the Indians. In November of the saute year, he met with his memorable defeat near the Miami villages, and was succeeded by Gei>. Wayne, lie died at Laurel hill, Pennsyl- vania, ISIS. - t Philip Schuyler was born at Albany, New York, in 1731. He was early distin- guished for his talents and bravery, and in 1775. congress appoiiUed him a major- general in the American army. The evacuation of Ticonderoga by St. Clair, occa- 1777. ' ' WAR OF THI<} UK VOLUTION. I5l march. He pulled up bridp^es, and cut down trees to ob- struct the rofids. 13ut tho liritish, after ^reat fati^uo and difficulty, a|)i)f;aved at Fort Kdward. Schuybsr, liavin^ not more than 4,400 troops, uiial)!*; to rcBint tin; (UHjmy, rctrriatcd across th(! Hudson, and aflor sov(;ral removes, j)()st(;d his army on tin; island at tho mouth of tho Mohawk riv«!r. i;j. About this time news eaiiK; that Fort Sc-huylcr, situ- ated wh(3ro Ivomr, now stands, was bfisicjL^od by a (bitaeh- meiit wlii(;h I^u-^'-oyno had sent !i.^ainst it under (Jol. St. Leger. General Herkimer, with a band of 800 militia, had marched to relieve tlie ^';arrison, but fii.lliii<^ into an ambus- cade near Oriskany, lost more thiin hn,lf of his men. Ar- nold, with thrcM; re<:^iments, wns irmn(!diat(n fiot in the re>,'nlar Nfrviee, very nseiul to hiH country in the niiUlary tranHacliouH of New Yorl(. lie died in mn. ' MiKB Jane M'f Jrea woB a lovnly yonntr lady, en^jajjed to be married to Havirl Jonen, a royalist and anoflicer in J{ur«<)ynr;'H army. At. tbe tinu; of tliiH tra/,'i(al event she waN visitinK at the houKe of MrH. M'Neil, about half a mile from Tori. Kd ward. She hud been reminded by llie people of the (()rtof iirr danger in ho exposed and unjirotectcd a Hiluation. Hut it seemK Hhe had promJHed ber lover (f) remain in that place until the aporoach of tl»e llritJHb troopH, wlien nlie would join him in company with her friend, MrH. M'Ntil. Hut .lonew, anxiouN for her Kafety, Hf iit two InrliauH witli a letter and a horse to cnndur.t. ber to the Hriti^b canif) ; and a),'r<-ed to give lliem a barrel (»f rum, j)rovided Ibev brou>,dit. ber in .safety. It iH Hiali-d tbnt they were met on the way by a parly (>t"^IndiariH wbo, anxiouK to ..tiiain (lie jirom- JBed reward, utrove to ^et |>o^!HeHHi(>n of ber, arul bad nearly hu<<,i i dcd, wbeii one of the two, to nrevent her falling i;ito their bandK, killed ber with bii; tfimabawlc. Her death produced a lively impreKBion tbrouj;bout the country, and Hurke, in on»3 of lii« most celebrated BpeechcH in tbe HritiHh parliament, made the story of Jane M'Crea familiar to the European world. 152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. he saw himself sure of a glorious victory, he was superseded bj Gen. Gates,* who was appointed by congress to the chief command of the northern armv. Burgoyne was now makmg all possible exertions to prepare his army to advance against Albany, He found immense dithcnlty in transport ing provisions from Lake Greorge to the Hudson river. H sent Colonel Biium, with GOO troops to Bennington, Ver- mont, to take a large quantity of provisions which the-^ Americans had deposited there. But when Baum approached that place, he learned that a large force of miUtia had just arrived from New Hampshire. Alarmed for their safety, the enemy at once intrenched themselves. 15. Next day, Aug. 16, the militia, under General Stark,t attacked them, killed many, and took a large number of prisoners. Col. Baum was mortally wounded. Before night a reinforcement of 500 Germans arrived from the British camp, under Col. Brevman. They were immediately' as- saulted by the militia, and totally routed. In the two en- gagements the enemy lost about 800 men, mostly- prisoners, 15. Who commanded the American militia at Bennington? What reinforce- ment arrived ? State the result of the battle of Bennington. Where did Burgoyne jx>sl his army .' Where did the American army encamp ? e » " Horatio Gates was born in England, in 1?29. He entered the British army in early life. He was w^ith Hraddook at his defeat in 1755, and was shot through the body. When peace was concluded, he purchased an estate in Virginia, where he resided until the commencement of the revolutionary war. 1775, when he was appointetl general in the ai-my of the I'nited States. Atler the close ©f the wai- he retired to his farm in Virginia. Though gentlemanly in his manners, he was cold, selhsli, and ever wanting in that noble spirit which belongs to a true man. The victory at Saratoga was achieved by Arnold, yet Gates received the honors of it. In a word, he was a vain, ambitious, weak mail, greatly inferior, in all the higher quahties of mind, to Schuyler, and, in the noble daring, skill, and true courage, to Arnold. t John Stark was born at Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 172S. He served in the French wai-. When the news of the' battle of Le.vington reached him, he was engaged at work in his sawmill. Instantly seizing his musket, he hastened to Cambridge, where our little army was then encamped. He was in the battle of Breed's hill, at the head of the New Hampshire troops He was in some of the principal engagements previous to the battle of Bennington. When Baum was sent to get possession of the stores vU Bennington. Stark was fortunately at, or near that place, on his way to the main army, with l,4tX."> militia, most of whom were denomi- nated "Green Mountain Boys."' As he led on these brave fellows to the attack, pointing to the enemy, *> Bovs," said he, " you see our foes. We shall beat them ; or my wife will be a'widow to-night." It 'was enough ; and the result showed that his troops were animated by the same spirit as their leader. For this brilliant achievement, he was appointed brigadier-general. He died in 182i He was an excellent soldier, and a citizen of unblemislied character. 1111. WAII OF THE R£V0LT;TI0N. Jo3 B A I T L K OF UK and lYifi Americans about one hundred. The Americans took from the enemy 1.000 muskets, 900 swords, several pieces of cannon, and a large quantity of bagg-age. The militia, well equipped from these spoils, marched on to join the regular troops at the mouth of the Mohawk. Burgoyne at length crossed the Hudson, and posted his army at Sara- toga. The American general soon after marched up the river, and encamped at Stillwater, a few miles from the enemy. 10. On ttie 19th of September, a battle commenced at first between scouting parties, but soon both armies became engaged. The thunder of cannon and the noise of conflict continued till night, when the Americans retreated to their camp, and the British slept on their arms. The loss of the enemy was over 600 men ; that of the Americans about half that number. The next day the British general intrenched his army. He was now in great distress. His provisions began to fail, and his horses were already starving for want of fodder. His Indian forces began to desert him, and no assistance arrived from New York as he expected. IG. What took iilaco on the lOih of September? 154 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1117. 17. In this condition he resolved to risk another battle. On the 7th of October he drew out a part of his men, and made an advance toward the left wing of the Americans, when a furious attack was made by Col. Morgan with his riflemen. Arnokl, with his usual impetuosity, led on the troops, and soon put the right of the British to rout, seized their cannon, and drove them into their intrenchments. The whole American line now assailed the enemy with despe- rate bravery, and before night stormed their intrenchments, and compeUod them to fall back to a stronger position, with a loss of 400 killed and taken, and a large quantity of bag- gage. Among the slain were Gen. Frazer and several other valuable officers of the British army. The American loss was about eighty men. II UK UENKRAL FRAZEK. 18. Burgoync, now convinced that he could not advance, resolved to retreat without delay to Fort Edward, and thence to Canada. But it was too late. He found himself sur- 17. What took place on the 7th of October? What distinguished British general was killed ! 18. What did Burgoyne now resolve to do ? What happened while he and his olHcers were sitting in council .' When did Burgoyne surrender his army ? 1777. ' WAR OF TIIK REVOLUTION. 155 rounded by the Americans, and all the passes strongly- guarded. He was destitute of provisions, his troops were exhausted, and a destructive fire from the enemy was con- stantly pouring in upon his camp. While he, with his offi- cers, was holding a council, a cannon-ball crossed the table around which they were seated. In this state of distress it was resolved to surrender the whole army. Burgoyne im- mediately opened a negotiation with the American general, and articles of stipulation were agreed upon on the 17lh of October. The British were to deliver up all their arms, baggage, and stores to the Americans, and return to Eng- land, on condition of not serving against the United States during the war. The whole number surrendered, including officers and men, v/as 5,791.* The loss of the British since the sif!ge of Tieonderoga amounted to* about 9,000 men. General Gates, in honor of this great victory, received the thanks of congress and a gold medal. f 19. In the mean time, Sir Henry Clinton had sent an army of 3,000 men, under Gen. Vaughan, up the Hudson ; but instead of hastening to the relief of Burgoyne, he spent his time in plundering and burning the villages along the river. As soon as he heard of the surrender of the British army, he retreated to New York. The glorious success of the northern army spread universal joy through the nation, and the large quantity of arms, ammunition, &c., taken from the enemy, well supplied the Americans with the means of prosecuting the war. 20. We now return to the affairs of Washington's army. 19. What had Sir Henry Clinton done in the mean time ? What did Vaug- han do ? 20. When did the British take jKjssession of Philadelphia 'f * The trophies obtained by this cnpifulation were, 42 brass field-pieces, 7,000 mu.skets with G.OiM) dozen c;ir( ridges-, a vast supply of shot, shells, &c., a jjreat num- ber of tents and military .stores, with clothing for 7,000 men. t Gales was not on the field, nor, indeed, did he leave his encampment during either of the battles of Stillwater and Saratoj^a, or, as they are often called, " Beh- mus heights." Durin;; the battle of Saratoga he was quietly sitting in his room, conversing with Sir Francis Clark, a British officer, then a prisoner. " It is a curi- ous fact," says Sparks, in his life of Arnold, "that an oflicer, who really had no command in the army, was the leader in one of the most spirited and important battles of the Revolution." Though the victory was mainly achieved by tlie brav- ery and military abilities of Gen. Arnold, Gates, in his report of it to congress, made no mention of his services, or the brave Morgan's. 156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lY'TS. Soon after his retreat to Philadelphia, he again marched out his troops to give battle to the enemy, but a violent storm, which unfitted their arms for use, prevented. Wash- ington, with a part of his army, crossed the Schuylkill, and soon after, the other division under Gen. Wayne* was at- tacked and defeated. It was now impossible to prevent the march of the enemy into Philadelphia. The inhabitants had already removed the magazines and public stores ; and congress had adjourned to Lancaster. On the 26th of Sep- tember, the British took possession of the city. 21. A part of the British army remained in the city, and the remainder took post at Germantown. Washington, taking advantage of the divided situation of the enemy, on the night of October 3d, sent several divisions to attack the British at Germantown, in front and rear. Next morning two detachments assaulted the enemy on the right and left. But the other divisions which were to attack them in the rear did not arrive in time ; so that the troops were divided, and vigorously repulsed by the enemy. In their confusion many were killed, and many taken prisoners. The loss on the American side was about 1,200 ; that of the enemy, 500. 22. The Americans at this time had strong garrisons in Fort Mercer at Red Bank, and in Fort Mifflin on Mud Isl- and — at opposite sides of the Delaware river. These were repeatedly assaulted by the British ; and after the loss of 500 men, they succeeded in taking them, Nov. 18th. The Americans lost thirty-two men. The British fleet could now come quite up to the city. The condition of Washington's troops was truly' distressing. By their frequent marches they had worn out their shoes and clothing. They might 21. Describe the attack on the British at Germantown. 22. Where was Red Bank? Ans. On the Jersey side of the Delaware river, seven miles south of Philadelphia. Where is Mud Island ? A71S. It is seven miles below Pliiladelphia, in the Delaware river. It is strongly fortified. What was the condition of Washington's army ? To what place did they re- tire for winter quarters ? Where did the British winter ? * Anthony Wayne, called "Mad Anthony," was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1745. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1776. He was engaged in nume- rous battles, and was ever distinguished for bravery, skill, and intrepidity. In 1792, he succeeded St. Clair in the command of the aitny employed against the Indians. It is said of him that his name Avas a host. He died in 1796. 1111. ' WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 157 have been tracked, it is said, by the blood of their feet. The American army at length retired to winter quarters at a place called Valley Forge, about twenty-five miles from Philadelphia. The British army was quartered in the city. EVENTS OF 1778. 1. The defeat of Burgoyne, and the surrender of his army, struck all Europe with astonishment. The people of Eng- land were exceedingly mortified and indignant. Their na- tional pride was humbled. Complaints and reproaches were constantly poured forth against the ministry and parliament. A plan of reconciliation was at once proposed, and commis- sioners sent to restore peace between the revolted colonies and the mother country. France, who had hitherto hesita- ted, now openly acknowledged the Independence of the United States, and entered into alliance with them. A fleet was soon sent to America, to aid in the war against Great Britain. Other nations of Europe soon acknowledged the national character of the United States. 2. The members of congress had found it necessary to frame a league, by which their power might be increased and their authority enforced. For this purpose they adopt- ed " Articles of Confederation," * which were approved by each state. By these, congress was authorized to declare war, to conclude peace, contract alliances, and act as a sov- 1. What effect did the defeat of Burgoyne jsroduce in Europe ? 2. What power did the " Articles of Confederation" confer on congress ? Who was elected inspector-general ? Ans. The Baron Steuben. He was a native of Prussia, and had served many years in the armies of Frederick the Great. He came to America in 1776, and by his knowledge of the military tactics of Europe, rendered the most essential service to the army. He died at Steubenville, in the State of New York, in 1794. * These " Articles of Confederation" amounted to little more than a league of friendship between the states. The plan was first proposed by Dr. Franklin, in the summer of 1775, But at that time nothing was done. Congress appointed a com- mittee, June 11th. 1777, to prepare a plan of confederation. In July a plan was re- ported, and after various changes, was adopted by congress, Nov. 15th, 1777. These were tinally approved and ratified by all the state.«. Maryland was the last to adopt them, March 1st, 1781. This confederation was defective, but remained the basis of union until the adoption of the present constitution, in 1789. 14 158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 17*78. ereign head to the nation. Congress now took more vig- orous measures to improve the order and disciphne of the troops. Baron Steuben was elected inspector-general to su- perintend the tactics of the army. 3. In the spring, commissioners arrived from England, and offered terms of reconciliation. In a word, the British min- istry offered to give the Americans what they asked for be- fore the commencement of the war. But congress was firm in the purpose to maintain the independence of the na- tion. The motto of the people was, " Independence now, and Independence forever." The commissioners, bent on the accomplishment of their object, resorted to bribery. An offer of ten thousand pounds sterling was made to General Reed, if he would bring about a reconciliation. He rephed, in the true spirit of freedom, " I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy me." 4. The American army, while in winter quarters at Val- ley Forge, suffered great extremities. The soldiers several times nearly perished with hunger, and Washington having no means of relieving their necessities, permitted them to seize on the provisions of the neighboring farmers. Half ndked and half starved, many fell sick and died, for want of the necessaries of life. But spring opened ; and Wash- ington, after incessant exertion, found his army again in comfortable circumstances. The British army still occupied Philadelphia. In May, Gen. Howe resigned his command, and was succeeded by Sir Henry CHnton. The English ministry, expecting that France would now take an active part in the war, and deeming Philadelphia an unsafe posi- tion, being too far from the sea and liable to be blockaded, ordered the troops to leave and repair to New York. On the 18th of June they left Philadelphia, crossed the Dela- ware, and proceeded through the Jerseys toward Sandy Hook. 3. Who arrived in the spring of 1778 ? What offer did they make to Gen. Reed ? His reply ? Would you have done as he did ? 4. What was the condition of Washington's army at Valley Forge ? When did the British leave Philadelphia? 1*778. ' WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 159 5. The British had no sooner left Philadelphia, than Washington commenced a pursuit. He came up with them not far from Monmouth court-house, where a severe but in- decisive battle was fought. During this engagement Wash- ington had occasion to reprove General Lee,* for not strictly obeying his orders. At this Lee was greatly offended, and afterward wrote to Washington, demanding an apology. The case was submitted to a court-martial, and Lee being convicted of misconduct, was deprived of his office for one year. In this battle the British lost about 350 men ; the Americans about 200. Many of the German troops during the winter had married in Philadelphia, and allured by the charms of wedded life, about one thousand deserted the camp of the British. Washington continued to harass the enemy in their march through New Jersey. The British having entered New York, Washington conducted his army to White Plains. Congress now returned to Philadelphia. 6. When Great Britain learned that France had formed an alliance with the United States, she immediatelj^ declared war against that nation. In July, a large French fleet, under Count d'Estaing, arrived in Chesapeake bay. This excited joy and hope throughout the nation. A plan was soon concerted in congress for attacking the British at New- port in Rhode Island. For this purpose, Gen. Sullivan, with 5. When was the battle of Monmouth fought ? This place is now called Freehold. It is sixty-four miles from Philadelphia. Who was reproved by- Washington ? The decision of the court-martial ? 6. When and where did a French fleet arrive ? What plan was concerted? What took place on the 9th of August, 1778 ? What prevented a battle be- tween the fleets ? ' Charles Lee vvaf? born in Wales. He entered tlie army at an early age. He traveled through several kingdoms of Europe, and came to America in 1756. He was engaged iri the attack upon Ticonderoga, July, IT.'iS, when Abercrombie was defeated. He afterward returned to Europe, and served under Burgoyne, in Portu- gal, and soon after entered into the Polish service. After this, he rambled over all Europe, and returned to America in 1773. He soon traveled through the country, animating the colonies to resistance. In 1775, he was appointed a major-general in the American army. He was learned, and possessed vigorous powers of mind; and, as an officer, he was brave, able, and did much toward disciplining the Amer- ican armv. After he was sentenced by the court-martial to be suspended one year from his office, he retired to an estate he had purchased in Virginia, and never after- ward joined the army. In 1782, he went to Philadelphia, and took lodgings at an inn. After being there three or four days, he was seized with a fever, which termi« nated his life> October 2d. The last words which he uttered were, " Stand by me, my brave grenadiers, stand by me." 160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1*778. a detachment from Washington's army, and with reinforce- ments from New England, amounting in all to 10,000 men, proceeded thither, and on the 9th of August, took a position on the north end of Rhode Island. The French fleet and the army were to begin the attack at the same time. On the 9th of August, the British fleet appeared off the harbor. The French seeing this, immediatelj'- weighed anchor and commenced a chase. But a violent storm came on, which prevented a battle, and greatly damaged the fleets. 7. Owing to this disaster, the French admiral was obliged to repair to Boston to refit his ships. The army had al- ready commenced the siege of Newport ; but discouraged by the ill success of the fleet, the troops at length retreated. The British pursued, and on the 28th of August attacked them in the northern part of the island ; but they were re- pulsed with the loss of 260 men. The loss of the Ameri- cans was 210. Soon after this, the French fleet left the coast of New England, and sailed to the West Indies. 8. The enemy spent the rest of the summer in plundering expeditions. At New Bedford, Fair Haven, Egg Harbor, and other places, a vast amount of public and private prop- erty was seized, and much wantonly destroyed. The in- habitants were sometimes left in a state of abject wretch- edness. 9. Several instances of shocking barbarity occurred during the summer. A regiment of cavalry under the command of Colonel Baylor, called the Washington Light-Horse, while asleep in a barn at Tappan, were surprised by the British, and about half of them killed. General Grey, who commanded the enemy, ordered his men to give " the rebels" no quarter. They fell upon them with their bayonets, and notwithstanding their intreaties for mercy, pierced them through and through. About forty were saved by the com- passion of the soldiers, contrary to the orders of the general. 10. But a tragedy still more horrid was acted at Wyom- 7. What did the army do ? The British ? 8. How did the enemy spend the rest of the summer? 9. What happened at Tappan ? Where is Tappan ? Ans. On the Hudson, or North river. 1778. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 161 ing. This was a happy and flourishing settlement on the Susquehanna, in the northern part of Pennsylvania. At that time it contained more than 1,000 families, most of whom were from Connecticut. Industry and frugality had added to their prosperity ; and intelligence and morality had awakened in them the love of liberty and human rights. They entered zealously into the war, and furnished about 1,000 soldiers for the army of Washington. Sull, there were a few tories, or loyalists, among them ; -and these, incensed at the views and measures of the great majority, went to the ASSACRE AT WYOMINOi neighboring tribes of Indians, and there plotted measures for the destruction of the whole settlement. On the 1st of July about 1,600 men — Tories, British, and Indians — under Col. Butler, the tory commander, and an Indian chief, fell upon the inhabitants, set fire to the houses, cut the men to pieces, and left women and children to perish in the flames. The whole settlement was ravaged and laid waste ; crops de- stroyed, fruit trees torn up, and cattle killed. All was ruined except the farms of the tories, which appeared like islands in the midst of the surrounding desolation. 10. Describe the massacre of Wyoming. What is the meaning of massacre ? 14* 162 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. l7Y9. 11. The British now determmed to change the theater of action from the north to the south. Accordingly 2,000 men, under the command of Col. Campbell, were sent from New York to invade Georgia. There were only 1,200 Americans in that state to oppose them. They landed near Savannah on the 29th of December, and after defeating a small body of troops under Gen. Robert Howe, they took possession of the city. Gen. Howe retreated with his men, and crossed the river into South Carolina. In the mean time. Gen. Prevost, with the British forces from Florida, having taken the fort at Sunbury, the only remaining mili- tary post in Georgia, marched to Savannah, and took the chief command of the southern British army. About this time, Gen. Lincoln * received orders to take command of the southern forces, and Washington retired with his army into winter quarters, near Middlebrook in New Jersey. Thus ended the campaign of 1778 ; the least important since the beginninfi: of the war. EVENTS OF 1779. 1, The population of the southern states was much more scattered than that of the northern ; and many of the people were tories, whose influence over the negroes and neighbor- ing Indians was very dangerous to the true lovers of liberty. Taking advantage of this state of things, the British hoped to make an easy conquest of the south. 11. What did the British now resolve to do? Who was sent to Georgia? How many Americans were there to oppose them in Georgia? When did the British take Savannah? Where is Savannah? ' Benjamin Lincohj was born at Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1733. He had few a(lvantaa:es of education, and was employed in agricultural pursuits till he was more than forty years of age. At the comniencement of our revolutionary struggle, he held the office of lieutenant-colonel of militia. In 1776, he was appointed major- general, and in October, joined the main army at New York. In 1778, he was ap- pointed to the command of the army in the southern states; and he arrived in Charleston in December. Although constrained to capitulate, May 12. 17S0. his rep- utation as an able, prudent, and brave officer, was untarnished. He was at the siege of Yorktown, and appointed to receive the submission of the captured troops. In 1781, congress elected him secretai-y of war. In 1787, he was elected lieutenant- governor of Massachusetts. In 1789, he was appointed commissioner to make peace 1779. ' WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 163 2. General Lincoln, who had been appointed to the com- mand of the southern army, in April, left South Carolina, and marched against the British in Georgia. Arriving at the Savannah, he sent a detachment of 2,000 men, under Gen. Ash, across the river, to take post at Brier creek. Here, on the 3d of March, Ash was surprised by Prevost and totally defeat- ed, with the loss of 450 men, while that of the enemy was but twenty-three. This victory gave the British full possession of Georgia. The}'- now, in turn, prepared to invade South Ca- rolina. But not being able to cross the Savannah river, they attempted to get possession of the island of Port Royal ; but in this attempt they were defeated by the Carolinians under Gen. Moultrie, with severe loss. At length the British gen- eral crossed the Savannah, and marched against Charles- ton. The inhabitants of that city made every preparation for defense, and notixied Lincoln of their danger. The Brit- ish, not able to force their way into the city, retreated and took post on the island of St. John's, and Stono ferry, on the mainland opposite. 3. A company of tories from the interior of South Caro- lina, while marching to join the British forces, were attacked, Feb. 14, by a body of militia under Col. Pickens, and totally defeated. Col. Boyd, their commander, was killed, and sev- enty of the prisoners were condemned to death as traitors to their country. But only five, the principal leaders, were executed. 4. The British at the north were occupied, most of the ■ 2. Who was appointed to the command of the American army in the south- ern department ? Describe the attempt of the British to invade South Caro- lina. To take Charleston. 3. Descrilie the defeat of the company of tories. How many were executed ? How many do you think ought to have been executed? with the Creek Indians. An incident occurred while on this mission, which, as it portrays in Hvely colors the shrewdness of the Indian, and the treatment he has re- ceived of the vvliites, is here inserted. One of the chiefs of the Creek nation asked Gen. LincQhr to sit down on a loo:. He was soon after desired to more a tittle, to make room for an Indian to sit down. In a few moments he was requested to move still further. The request was repeated until the general had got fo the end of the log; when the chief asked him to move a little further. Lincoln at once re- plied, '• I can not, unless I get otf the log." "Just so it is with us," said the chief; " you have moved us back, and moved us back, until we have got to the end of the land— the edge of the water ; and now you ask us to move further." Gen. Lincoln died at Hingham, in 1810. 164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1119, year, in various predatory excursions ; ravaging the coasts, plundering the country, and slaughtering the inhabitants. Washington could do little to prevent these barbarities. He dared not divide his small army, stationed on both sides of the Hudson, in the immediate vicinity of the enemy, as he would then subject the whole to be destroyed. In May, Virginia was invaded by a band of British plunderers. At Norfolk, Portsmouth, and other places, a large quantity of public stores and private property was carried off or destroy- ed, to the amount of two and a half million dollars. Soon after, the coast of Connecticut was laid waste by the enemy. New Haven was plundered ; Fairfield and Norwalk were reduced to ashes. OLD PUT'S ESCAPE AT H O R S E N K C K , 5. As the British approached Horseneck, Gen. Putnam,* with a band of 150 men, and two pieces of cannon, took his 4. What places were plundered — laid waste — burned ? 5. What happened at a place called Horseneck? What and where is Horseneck? Ans. It is a village in Greenwich, Fairfield county, Connecti- cut. The precipice that Putnam plunged down had about one hundred steps made in it, for the use of foot passengers. * Israel Putnam was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1718. He was a distin- guished soldier of the French and Indian wars ; and subsequently acted a very con- 17'79. ' WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 165 station on a high hill by the meeting-house. From this po- sition he poured a raking fire upon the enemy ; but at length perceiving that his little force was in danger of destruction, he ordered his men to retreat into a neighboring swamp, while he himself put spurs to his horse, and rushed down a steep precipice at full gallop. A musket-ball, it is said, passed through his hat ; but he escaped without injury. 6. One of the most daring and brilliant feats of the war, was the recapture of Stony Point* on the Hudson. It had been taken from the Americans and strongly fortified by the British, and was then garrisoned by 600 men. On the evening of the 15th of July, Gen. Wayne with 1,200 men si- lently approached the fortress. Having divided his force into two columns, about midnight a furious assault was made at opposite points. The garrison opened upon them a tremen- dous fire of musketry and grape-shot ; but nothing could stop their progress. They opened their way with the bayo- net, scaled the fort, and the two columns met in the center of the works. The loss of the British was sixty killed and 540 taken prisoners, besides a large amount of mihtary 6. Describe the capture of Stony Point — Paulus Hook. By what name is Paulus Hook now called? Ans. Jersey City. It is situated in New Jersey, opposite to New York. spicuous part in the war of the Revolution. Being intended for a farmer, he re- ceived only a common education. He had a strong mind, a vigoi-ous constitution, great bodily strength, enterprise, and activity. He removed to Pomfret, in Con- necticut, in 1739, and in 1757 was promoted to the rank of major by the legislature of that state. Putnam received the intelligence of the battle of Lexington as he was plowing in the middle of a field. He left his plow there, unyoked his oxen, and without changing his clothes, set off for the scene of action. Learning the situation of things, he returned to Connecticut, levied a regiment, and marched to Cambridge. He was now appointed a major-general, and acted a very important part during the war. After the loss of Fort Montgomery, situated in the highlands on the Hudson, Washington determined to build another fortification, and he directed Putnam to fix upon the spot. To him belongs the praise of having chosen West Point. On a certain occasion, a tory from the British army was detected in Putnam's camp. Governor Tryon claimed him as a British officer, threatening vengeance if he was not restored. General Putnam wrote the followiiig pithy reply : " Sir, — Nathan Palmer, a lieutenant in your king's service, was taken in my camp as a spy,— he was tried as a spy,— he was condemned as a spy,— and he shall be hanged as a spy. Israel Putnam. " P. S. Afternoon, He is hanged." In 1779, he was seized with a paralytic affliction, which impaired the activity of his body, and put an end to his military career. He spent the remainder oi his days in retirement, and died at Brooklyn, Connecticut, May 29th, 1790. Stony Point is a high, rocky point on the west bank of the Hudson, about forty miles north of New York, nearly opposite to Verplank's Point. 166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lYYO, Stores. The Americans lost about 100. The British garri- son at Paulus Hook was surprised, July 19th, by Major Lee, who stormed the works, killed thirty, and took 160 prisoners. 7. During the summer, several successful attempts were made against the Indians. One was made by Col. Clarke, of Virginia, who, with a brave band of 130 men, penetrated the Indian territory, and took the British fort at St. Vin- cennes, on the Wabash. To effect their object, the troops had to endure great hardships. For several miles they were obliged to wade through swamps, where the water was up to their arms, with their muskets and baggage on their heads. When they arrived, the enemy surrendered without resistance. 8. An army of 4,000 men, under the command of General Sullivan, was sent against the savages on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and New York. The Indians every where were routed, from Wyoming to the Gennessee. Their forts were taken, their villages burned, their fruit trees and corn fields destroyed ; no vestige of human industry was permit- ted to exist. This severe but necessary punishment kept the savages in check for some time after. 9. Spain, anxious to recover Florida, Jamaica, and Gib- raltar, declared war against Great Britain during the sum- mer, and soon after, a large French and Spanish fleet ap- peared on the coast of England ; but nothing was accom- plished. Early in the fall, the French fleet, under D'Estaing, arrived on the coast of Georgia, with 6,000 troops on board, and soon after captured three British frigates and a fifty-gun ship. A plan was immediately concerted for the siege of the British at Savannah. Gen. Lincoln marched his army from Charleston, and united with the French soldiers in be- sieging the city, on the 23d of September. The enemy were soon closely pressed. But D' Estaing, the French com- mander, desirous of returning to the West Indies, proposed 7, 8. What took place during the summer ? There are two precepts very similar in language, but dissimilar in import — viz., 1. " Do to others as you wish others to do to you ;" 2. " Do to others as others do to you." Upon which did Sullivan act in his treatment of the Indians ? 9. When did a French fleet arrive on the coast ? What plan was concerted ? What did Lincoln determine to do l 1779. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 167 to raise the siege. Instead of this, Lincohi determined to take the city, if possible, by storm. 10. On the 9th of October a vigorous assault was made, and the out-works were soon carried. But as they advanced, the garrison opened upon them with such fury, that the as- sailants were defeated with a loss of 1,000 men. Among the slain was Count Pulaski, a brave Pole, who had served in the American army for several years with distinguished zeal. But no one fell more universally lamented than the heroic Sergeant Jasper.* Soon after this defeat, the French left the coast, and the American forces retired to Charleston. 11. About this time a naval engagement took place. 10. Describe the attack on Savannah. 11. Describe the engagement between the Serapis and Bon Homme Richard. ' Jasper was one of the many youth whose memory should be warmly cherished by every American. He first distinguished himself in the defense of Fort Moultrie, in South Carohna. Says one who was present, " A ball from one of the enemy's ships carried away our flag-staff. Scarcely had the stars of liberty touched the sand, before .Jasper flew and snatched them up, and having fixed them to the point of his sponfoon, or .«pear, he leaped up on the breastwork amid the storm and fury of the battle, and restored them to their daring station, waving his hat at the same time, and huzzaing, ' God save liberty and viy country forever !'" Jasper had a brother who had joined the British ; and, though a tory, he loved him with warm affection. In company with his pai'ticular friend. Sergeant Newton, Jasper went to visit this brother at Ebenezer, a British post near Savannah. While there, his brother showed him ten or twelve American prisoners, who had been taken as de- serters, and .were to be sent immediately to Savannah, and probably executed. Among them was a lovely young woman, wife of one of the prisoners, with her child, a sweet httle boy about five years old. Their pitiable condition moved Jas- per and Newton to tears, and they retired, resolved to rescue tliem or die in the at- tempt. The prisoners, under a guard often men, were soon sent off for Savannah. Taking leave of his brother, Jasper and his friend departed, and by a circuitous route came up with them, and pursued for several miles, watching for some favor- able moment to effect their object. Just as all hope began to fail, it occurred to Jasper, that possibly they might stop at a famous spring about two miles from Sa- vannah. They pushed on, and concealed themselves in the bushes near the spring. Soon the guard and prisoners appeared, and a halt was ordered. Hope again in- spired the heroes in ambush. All but four left their arms by the side of the road, and proceeded to the spring. Two were ordered to keep guard, while the other two armed men were commanded to give tlie prisoners drink. These two set their guns against a tree, and advanced to the spring, drank themselves, and filled their canteens for the pr)soners. At this moment Jasper and Newton burst forth from the thicket, seized the muskets standing against the tree, and shot down the two men who were keeping guard. They now rushed on, and with the buti end of the muskets leveled two others, who had sprung forward to seize the guns of the fallen guard. They now ordered the rest to surrender at the point of the bayonet, which they instantly did. Jasper now broke off the handcuffs of the prisoners, and giving each one a musket, marched them off to the American camp, to the inex- pressible joy and admira^on of ail. On the day of his death Jasper pertbrmtd a feat of similar daring, but in which, unlortunateiy, he received a mortal wound. He died like a Christian soldier, in full hopes of a bttter hfe 168 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1119, BATTLE BKTWKKN THK BON HOMMK AND SKRAPIS. John Pa\il Jones,* a Scotchman by birth, having distin- guished himself in taking prizes at sea, was appointed by congress a captain in the American navy. On the 14th of September, he sailed from a port in France, and soon after, off the coast of Scotland, fell in with the Serapis, a British ship of 44 guns. The name of his own ship, which carried 40 guns, was Bon Homme Richard. The attack was made in the evening, and an hour after the battle commenced, the ships approached so near each other, that Jones threw his grappling-irons aboard the Serapis, and lashed them fast together. ■ 12. A terrible slaughter now ensued. An incessant dis- charge of cannon swept their decks, and frequently both frigates were on fire. Amid the darkness of night, the scene 12. What was the result ? What did Jones receive for his success ? • John Paul Jones was born at Arbington, in Scotland, 1747. After being engaged some time in the merchant service of Great Britain, he came to America at the commencement of the Revolution, and received a commission in the navy of the United States. He look many prizes, and annoyed the enemy's merchant vessels in every sea. After the peace, he was for a time in the service of Russia. He died at Paris in 1792. He was a man of signal talent and courage, but impetuous, irrita- ble, and harsh in the exercise of his authority. 1780. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 169 was awfully sublime. After a bloody battle of three hours, the British frigate was surrendered. Jones perceiving that his own ship was fast filling with water, ordered his men on board the Serapis. Soon after she sunk to the bottom. For his success on this occasion, Jones received a golden sword from the king of France, and a golden medal from the American congress. EVENTS OF 1780. 1. During the winter, the American army endured great hardships from the want of food and clothing. This suffer- ing resulted mostly from the circulation of what was called "continental money." To pay off the soldiers, and to meet other expenses, congress was obliged to issue a vast amount of this money. At this time it had lost almost all its value. Thirty dollars of this paper was not worth more than one dollar in silver. The troops, whose wages were paid in this money, could buy neither food nor clothing with it. So grccit was the distress, that some regiments revolted and left the army. But Washington, by his intreaties with con- gress, and appeals to the people in all parts of the country, saved his army from total destruction. 2. The British army, during the past year, had been rein- forced by fresh troops from England ; and Sir Henry CUn- ton now determined to invade South Carolina with a power- ful force. Accordingly he left New York, entered the port of Charleston, and on the first of April commenced the siege of that city. The American army under Gen. Lincoln was small, compared with that of the enemy, which amounted to 9,000 men. 3. But every exertion was made to save the city. Com- munication with the country was kept open for some time by a detachment stationed at Monk's Corner. This post was soon taken, and the garrison of the city found them- 1. Did you ever see any continental money ? What can you say about it? 2. What did Sir Henry Clinton do? 3. What was Gen. Lincoln obiii^'ed to do ? What did Col, Tarleton do ? 15 1*70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. iTSO. selves closely pressed on all sides. With no hope of suc- cess against a force so much superior, on the 12th of May, Lincoln capitulated, and he and his troops became prisoners of war. Charleston fell ; and South Carolina lay open to the victorious troops of the enemy. Clinton's object now wae to make himself master of the whole state. Three expeditions which he sent into the country were highly suc- cessful. Georgetown and Ninety-Six were seized ; and Tarleton* spread ten'or and death wherever he passed. A body of 400 Americans, under Col. Buford, the last frag- ment of the southern army, was attacked by Tarleton, de- feated, and, after they had laid down their arms, were en- tirely cut to pieces, while crying for quarter. All further resistance now was hopeless, and the whole state submitted to British authority. Early in June, Clinton, with a large body of troops, embarked for New York, leaving Cornwallis, with an army of 4,000 men, to complete the conquest of the southern states. 4. Although the people were obliged to submit to royal authority, they were ready, on the first favorable opportunity, to seize their arms in defense of their country. Col. Sum- ter,! with a band of devoted patriots, attacked and defeated several detachments of the enemy. At length an army of 4, What is said of Colonel Sumter ? * Col. Tarleton was born in Liverpool, England. He was brave, fearless, and often cruel lo those who fell into his power. In the battle of Cowpens, Col. William Washington commanrled the cavalry, and contributed much to the victory. In the Ilight of Tarleton's troops, Washington was foremost in the pursuit. He and his men cut down great numbers of the enemy, and even Tarleton received a severe wound in his hand by a blow from Washington's saber. Tarleton could never bear to hear him prai.sed after this. On a certain occasion, he observed, " I am told that Colonel Washington is a poor, ignorant fellow, and can neither read nor write." " Be that as it may," said a lady present, "you will allow, Colonel, that he can make his mark," pointing at the same time to'Tarleton's wounded hand. When some ladies in Charleston were eulogizing Colonel Washington, " I would be very glad," said Tarleton, " to get a sight of liim. I have heard much talk of him, but have never yet seen him." " Had you looked behind you at the battle of Cowpens," said one, "you might have enjoyed that pleasure." Tarleton returned to England after the war, and was tor some time a member of parliament. t Thomas Sumter was Born in 17.35. He was ever devoted to the freedom of his country, and the enterprises which he conducted were tor the most part crowned with brilliant siiccess. " I shall be glad," says Cornwallis in a letter to Tarleton, "to hear that Sumter is in no condition to give us further trouble. He certainly has been our greatest plague in this country." He died in 1S32, near Camden, South Carolina. 1780. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. Ill 4,000 men, a part of whom had marched from New Jersey, assembled in North CaroUna, under Gen. Gates. This force advanced toward the enemy as far as Clermont. The Brit- ish army was then at Camden, under Cornwallis and Rawdon. 5. The two armies, each making an attempt to surprise the other, on the 15th of August met, in the darkness of the night, about eight miles from Camden. Next morning the British made a furious charge upon the militia, and soon put them to flight. The continentals, or the regular American troops, stood the charge with great bravery, and fought with desperation, led on by Baron de Kalb ; * but at length they were pressed in front and rear, and their ranks being broken, they fled in disorder. The brave De Kalb fell in this en- gagement with eleven wounds. The loss of the Americans was supposed to be about 1,000 men ; that of the enemy 325. 6. Sumter, who had been very successful against the en- emy, when he heard that Gates was defeated, fled with the prisoners and booty he had taken. But he was pursued by the furious Tarleton, and being surprised in the night, his forces were killed or scattered, and the prisoners retaken. Sumter, with a few men, escaped into North Carolina. In another part of the state, Gen. Marion,! a determined patriot, 5. What happened on the 15th of August ? 6. What did Gen. Marion do ? • Baron De Kalb was born in Germany, in 1717. When youn? he entered into the service of France, and came here a.s a French ojficer in 1777. He offered his services to confjress, and was .soon made a major-j^eneral. After the surrender of Lincoln, Ue Kalb was sent with 2,000 continentals to operate apainst the British ; and had he been left aloue, he would have g:iven a ^ood account of those noble troops. But congress hurried off the envious and jealous Gates, who at once changed the cautious and skillful counse of De Kalb, and spurning his advice, rushed iuto the arms of the British, and had his army cut to pieces. That day De Kalb was a host, and his men fought worthy of .such a leader. While they were sustain- ing the shock of the whole British army, Gates put spurs to his horse, and left the field. The brave, the noble De Kalb, on foot, at the head of his men, again and again Jed them to the charge. But at length he fell, pierced with eleven wounds. Noble, generous, and frank— De Kalb had the heart of a hon, in a breast where dwelt every generous emotion. t Francis Marion was a brave and able officer. He was born near Georgetown, South Carolina, in 1732. He died in 179."). While General Marion was in camp, near Grorgetown, a British officer was sent to him. to make some arrangements about the e.xchange of prisoners. Instead of finding Marion, as he expected, "some stout figure of a warrior, of martiul aspect and flaming regimentals, he beheld in our hero a swarthy, smoke-dried little lu-.m, with scarce enough of threadbare home- spun to cover his nakedness ! And in place'of tall ranks of gayly dressed soldiers, 172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1780. with a brave party of horsemen, defeated many scouting parties of the enemy. To furnish his troops with swords, he cut up the saws of the saw-mills, and by concealing his men in the swamps and thickets, he avoided a regular en- gagement with the British forces. 7. In this state of things at the south, many of the people turned tories, and joined the British army. A large body of these men, under Major Ferguson, a British officer, having committed the most atrocious excesses, was attacked by a select band of mounted riflemen, October 7th. The battle was fought on the top of King's Mountain, where Ferguson had posted his men. The attack was furious, and the en- emy defended themselves with great bravery, till their leader fell, and then threw down their arms. About 300 were killed or wounded, and 850 taken prisoners. The Americans lost about 200. 8. About this time. General Gates, on account of his ill success, was superseded in his command at the south by 7. What took place on the top of King's Mountain? 8. By whom was General Gates succeeded ? he beheld a handful of sun-burned, yellow-legged militiamen, some roasting pota- toes, and some asleep with their black firelocks and powderhorns lying by them on the logs !" After every thing was settled to his satisfaction, the officer took up his hat to retire. " Oh no !" said Marion, " it is now about our time of dining ; and I hope, sir, you will give us the pleasure of your company to dinner." The dinner to which he alluded was no other than a heap of sweet potatoes, that were very snugly roasting under the embers, and which the servant Tom, with his pine-stick poker, soon liberated from their ashy confinement ; and having cleansed them of the ashes, partly by blowing them with his breath, and partly by brushing them with the sleeve of his old cotton shirt, he piled some of the best on a large piece of bark, and placed them between the British officer and Marion. " I fear," sftid the general, "our dinner will not prove quite so palatable to you as I could wish ; but it is the best we have. I suppose it is not equal to your style of dining." " No, in- deed," said the otScer ; " and this, 1 imagine, is one of your accidental dinners. In general, no doubt, you live a great deal better." " Rather worse," replied Marion, "for often we don't get enough of this." "Heavens!" rejoined the officer. "But probably what you lose in meal you make up in malt; though stinted in provisions, you draw noble joa!/." " Not a cent, sir," said the general, " not a cent " "Heavens and earth ! then you must be in a bad hox— all fighting and no pay! and no provi- \ sions hut potatoes !" " Why, sir," replied Marion, " these things depend on feeling ; the heart is all : when that is much interested, a man can do any thing. Many a youth would think it hard to indent himself a slave for fourteen years. But let him be over head and ears in love, and with such a beauteous sweetheart as Rachel, and he will think no more of fourteen years' servitude than young Jacob did. Well now, this is exactly my case. I am in love ; and my sweetheart is LIBERTY. Be that heavenly nymph my companion, and these wilds and woods shall have charms be- yond London and Paris in slavery." The young officer was so struck with Mari- on's sentiments, that he never rested untU he threw up his commission, and retired from the British service. — Life of Marion. 1780. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. l73 jGren. Greene. The army was now at Charlotte. N. C, and poorly supplied with food and clothing. Greene soon de- vised plans for harassing the enemy, and cutting off their stores ; but no general engagement took place till after the commencement of another year. 9. We must now turn to the affairs of the northern de- partment. Washington's army was still lying in camp, watching the movements of the enemy, at New York. A French fleet had arrived in New England with an army of 5,000 soldiers. But a more powerful fleet from England prevented any combined operations against the British forces. At this time the prospects of the country were truly alarm- ing. Defeat disheartened the American forces at the south, and poverty and wretchedness at the north. 10. In this gloomy state of affairs, the treachery of Arnold came to light. After the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British, in 1778, Arnold, not having fully recovered from his wounds at Saratoga, was stationed there as military gov- ernor. Soon after, he married Miss Shippen* from one of the tory families in that city. His bravery and success in battle had given him a great reputation in the army and nation, and hitherto he had been one of the most intrepid defenders of American liberty. He now hired a splendid mansion, and, by a course of luxury and excess, soon in- volved himself deeply in debt. To support his extravagance, he appropriated the public money to his own use. He was accused of this, tried by a court-martial, and sentenced to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief 11. At this his pride was wounded, and he resolved on revenge. Some time afterward, concealing his purpose, he applied to Washington for command of the very important 9. What were now the prospects of the country ? 10. What was the conduct of Arnold in Philadelphia ? 11. What important post was placed under his command? What did he propose to the British general ? Who was sent to mature the plan for the surrender of West Point ? * Miss Shippen was the daughter of Edward Shippen, a loyalist or tory, but highly respectable, and afterward chief justice of Pennsylvania. Miss Shippen was but eighteen years old, beautiful, gay, attractive, and ambitious. She had been admired and flattered by the British officers, and was intimately acquainted with Major Andre. She corresponded with him after the British army had gone to New York. 15* 1*74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1780. Station at West Point.* His wish was granted, Aug. 3d, and he immediately wrote to Chnton, the British general, and proposed to deliver the post into his hands. To accom- plish this object, Major Andre f left New York, sailed up the Hudson, and in the night, near West Point, held a pri- vate interview with Arnold, and received from him a full description of the fort, the garrison, and the plan to be pur- sued. It was agreed that Arnold should receive 30,000 pounds sterling, and the rank of brigadier-general in the British army. 12. When Andre was ready to return, he found that the Vulture, the vessel in which he came, had been compelled to move down the river. He now endeavored to reach New York by land. Having received a pass from Arnold, he assumed the name of John Anderson^ and set out to return under the disguise of a traveler. Having safely passed all the Ameri- can posts or guards, just before he reached New York, he was stopped by three militiamen, whom he supposed to be a British guard. Apprehending no danger, instead of showing his passport, he confessed himself a British officer on impor- tant business, and wished to proceed on. He was immedi- ately arrested, Sept. 23d ; and finding himself in the hands of the Americans, he offered his purse, his watch, and any reward they might ask, if he might be permitted to pass. 13. Unwilling to betray their country for gold, they be- gan to search his person, and finding papers in his boot, they led him prisoner to Col. Jameson, who was stationed on the American lines. By the urgent request of Andre, Jameson, suspecting no treason, immediately made known to Arnold that Anderson was taken prisoner. Arnold, aware 12. What was the result? By whom was Andre stopped? What were their names ? Ans. John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Vanwert. 13. What did Arnold now do ? * West Point, a village of New York, and military post on the west bank of the Hudson, or North river, where it passes through the Highlands, 53 miles by water above New York, and UK) below Albany. During the revolutionary war this point was strongly fortified, and deemed one of the most important fortresses in America. Most of the former works are now in ruins. A military academy was established here in 1S02. The term of study is four years. The number of cadets, or scholars, is limited to 250. t See National Preceptor. Lesson 29. 1780. WAR OF THE KEVOLUTION. 175 CAPTURE OF MAJOR ANDRE. of his danger, fled from his post, and joined the British army. Andre was tried as a spy by a court-martial at Tappan, convicted, and hung, October 2d. He was a young man of fine talents, and of a noble, ingenuous disposition. It is said that Washington even wept when he saw him led forth to be executed. Sir Henry Clinton exerted all his power to save his life. But the safety of the country de- manded his death. Great exertions were made to arrest Arnold, but without success.* * This hazardous enterprise was undertaken by an officer, under General Lee, by the name of John Champe, a native of Virginia, and a man of great courage and perseverance. To accomplish his object, it was necessary for him to desert the American catnp, go to New York, and join the British. Having matured the plan with Major Lte, Cliampe mounted his horse about eleven o'clock at night, and stealing silently away, stt out for New York. As he was passing the lines, one of the patrol hailed him ; but putting spurs to his horse, he made his escape. The captain of the guard immediately waited on Lee, and informed him that one of the dragoons had deserted the camp. Lee, wishing to conceal the flight of Champe, made as much delay as possible in furnishing written orders for the pursuit. About an hour after Champe had started, a company of pursuers set off on the chase. By frequently examining the road they kept on his track, and in the morning, a few miles from New York, they descried the deserter about half a mile distant. Champe, who was on the lookout, perceived his pursuers at the same time. A close pursuit now continued for several miles, till Champe, fearing he should be overtaken, drew near to the Hudson, threw himself from his horse, lashed his valise to his shoul- ders, and calling loudly to some British in boats at no great distance, he plunged into the river. After a few shot upon his pursuers, the British took him on board, and soon carried him to New York. When the pursuers returned to head-quaxters 176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1780, 14. Arnold published an address to the American army, in which he reproached congress, and endeavored to induce the soldiers and officers to join the ranks of the enemy. But his address was regarded with the utmost contempt. His character was now branded with infamy, and detested wherever it was known. He stands alone, among all the officers of the Revolution, as a traitor to the cause of his country. 15. The American soldiers in their winter quarters again suffered all the miseries of famine and nakedness. Their wants were not supplied till they had revolted and threat- ened to desert the camp. One body of 1,300 Pennsylvania troops, rendered desperate by their sufferings, left their quar- ters at Morristown, and set out for Philadelphia, to demand redress of their wrongs. One officer, in attempting to op- pose their designs, was killed. At length Gen. Wayne ap- peared in front of the line, and presenting his pistol, threat- ened to fire. They charged their bayonets and said, " We love and respect you ; but if you fire, you are a dead man. Do not mistake us. We are not going to the enemy. On the contrary, were they now to appear, you should see us fight under your orders with as much resolution and alacrity 14. How was his address regarded by the Americans ? 15. What was the situation of the soldiers in their winter quarters? How many started off in a body for Philadelphia? Why? What did General Wayne do ? with Champe's horse, the agony of Major Lee, for a moment, was past description, lest the faitliful, lionorable, intrepid Champe had fallen. But his fears were soon removed, and he hastened to inform Wasiiington of the success, thus far, of his plan, champe, shortly after his arrival in New York, enlisted into Arnold's legion, and by careful observation, soon became well acquainted with the habits of the general. He discovered that it was his custom to return home about twelve every night, and that before going to bed, he always visited the garden. Having found two companions, wlio entered fully into his plans, Champe proposed to seize Arn- old in the garden, gag him, convey him through the alleys and streets to a boat, which should be in readiness to carry him across the river to Hoboken ; and in case of being questioned, represent Arnold as a drunken soldier, whom they were car- rying to the guard-house. Champe communicated his plan to Lee, who, on the night appointed, repaired to Hoboken, ardently hoping to meet his friend there with the traitor. But unfortunately it happened, that on the very day preceding that night, Arnold had removed his quarters to another part of the city, and that Champe, with the other soldiers, had been ordered on board of the fleet destined for the ui- vasion of Virginia. Nor did he escape from the British service till months after- ward. At length, seizing a favorable opportunity, he deserted the camp of the en- emy, and returning to the American army, was received by Lee and by Washington with many marks of gratitude and honor.— iiee's Memoirs. 1Y81. TERMINATION OF THE WAR. lYY as ever. But we will be amused no longer. We are deter- mined to obtain what is our just due." Saying this, they proceeded on their march. 16. When they arrived at Princeton, three emissaries from CUnton met them, and tried to hire them to join the British army. They at once seized them as spies, dehvered them over to Wayne, and they were immediately executed. The soldiers were soon met by a committee from congress, who satisfied their demands, and persuaded them to return to the camp. They received their wages in specie, and exhibited great manifestations of joy.* For a long time the Dutch had been jealous of the naval superiority of Great Britain, and had encouraged and protected American privateers. In consequence of this, the British government declared war against Holland, Dec. 20th, and thus became involved in war with three powerful nations of Europe — France, Spain, and Holland. Thus closed the events of 1780. EVENTS OF 1781, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 1. Soon after General Greene f took command of the American forces at the south, he sent out General Morgan 16. What was the result of this movement? What war was declared? 1. What did Gen. Greene do ? Who was sent in pursuit of Morgan ? * It is difficult for us, at this time, to realize the wretched condition of the Amer- ican army. Without pay, without proper clothing and food, they felt that their sufferings were intolerable. This mutiny aroused the attention ol congress to the wants and privations of the troops, and measures were taken for their relief The most efficient aid at this crisis was derived from the exertions of Robert Morris, a wealthy merchant of Philadelphia. He was the great financier of the Revolution. By his advice taxation was resorted to ; and in 1781, the Bank of North America, the oldest moneyed institution in the United States, was established by a charter from congress, under the supervision of Robert Morris. This bank exerted a highly beneficial influence upon the currency and upon public credit. To him the army — the nation— was greatly indebted ; for he used his own ample private fortune, and his personal credit, to sustain the government. He issued his own notes to the amount of ONE million four hundred thousand dollars, which were all paid. These were the sinews of war, without which Cornwallis would not have been cap- tured. It is said the Americans owed as much to his financial operations as to tne negotiations of Franklin, or even the arms of Washington. t Nathaniel Greene was born in Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1741. While a boy, his fondness for learning was such that he devoted all the time he could spare to its acquisition, and .spent all the money he earned in purchasing books. He was early distinguished for natural talents, and in such estimation was his character held, that he was elected a member of the state legislature. In 1776, he was appointed a 178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1781. with about 1,000 men, to check the devastations of the tories and British in the western parts of South CaroHna. Corn- walHs perceiving this movement, sent Tarleton, with 1,100 men, in pursuit of him. Morgan,* finding his antagonist su- perior in force, retreated as far as Cowpens,t where, finding himself closely pursued, he put his men in readiness to meet the enemy. 2. On the 17th of January, Tarleton, confident of victory, drew up his troops, and led them on to the charge. Mor- gan's militia broke ' and fled. His regular troops stood the shock, and fought with great ardor. Soon the enemy pressed on, and Morgan ordered a retreat. In the pursuit, the Brit- ish were thrown into disorder, and the continentals turning upon them, cut them down with great slaughter. The en- emy were defeated with a loss of 300 killed or wounded, and 500 taken prisoners, with all his artillery and baggage. Of the Americans only twelve men were killed, and sixty wounded. This was one of the severest conflicts during the war. The result was in the highest degree mortifying to Tarleton, and surprising to Cornwallis. 3. Immediately after this victory, Morgan set off with his 2. Describe the battle of Cowpens. 3. Describe the movements of Morgan and Cornwallis. major-general, and distinguished himself in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Germantown. After the disasters which attended the American arms in South Carolina, he was appointed to supersede General Gates. He took the command in the southern department, December 4th, 1780. The ability, prudence, and firmuess which he here displayed, have caused him to be ranked, in the scale of our revolu- tionary generals, second only to Washington. After the close of the war, he re- turned to Rhode Island, and in 1785, removed with his family to Georgia, where he died, in 1786. * Daniel Morgan was born in New Jersey, in 1737, and removed to Virginia in 1755. He was wounded in Braddock's defeat, and in the commencement of the revolutionary war, he was appointed by congress captain of a rille company, with which he marched to Boston. He was with Montgomery in the memorable expe- dition against Quebec, in 1775, and no officer distinguished himself more on this oc- casion than Morgan. He was with Gates at Saratoga, and contributed materially to the glorious triumph obtained over General Burgoyne, though Gates neglected to speak of his merit. He afterward served under Gates and Greene in the cam- paign at the south. After the battle of Cowpens, Morgan differed in opinion with Greene as to the route to be taken in his retreat; but yielding to the wishes of the commander, when the two divisions of the army united at Guilford court-house, he left the service — it is said, in disgust— and devoted himself to the improvement of his farm in Virginia. He was afterward a member of congress, and died at Win- chester, Virginia, in 1799. t Cowpens, a town in the northern part of South Carolina, in Union county. 1781. TERMINATION OF THE WAR. 179 BATTLE OF COWPENS. trophies on c^. rapid march toward Virginia. Cornwallis, en- raged at so great a loss, determined to cut them off before they had crossed the Catawba river. For this purpose he destroyed all his superfluous baggage, and then, on the 19th of January, commenced his remarkable pursuit of Morgan. For twelve days the chase was so close, that the Americans crossed the river Catawba only two hours before the British arrived, and encamped on the opposite side. Before the next morning a heavy rain fell, which made the ford impas- sable. Three days after, Cornwallis crossed the river and continued the chase. 4. Greene, hearing of Morgan's victory, and of the pur- suit of Cornwallis, left the main body of his army on the Pedee, under Gen. Huger, with orders to march toward Vir- ginia, and rode 150 miles across the country, and joined Morgan Jan. 31st. He now took the chief command, and continued the retreat ; but before his army had all crossed the river Yadkin, the British appeared and cut off part of his baggage. That night a flood of rain made this river also impassable. The Americans now thought themselves spe- 4. Describe the race of the British and Americans through North Carolina, 180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1781. cially favored of Heaven. But soon the enemy forded the river, and recommenced pursuit. The race was now for the river Dan, more than 100 miles distant. The last twenty- four hours the Americans marched forty miles, and their boats had scarcely reached the northern shore, when the foe appeared on the opposite side. 5. The British, vexed and worn out with fatigue, now | gave up the chase, and retired to Hillsborough, N. C. Dur- ing this retreat the Americans were in great distress for want of food and shoes. Their bare feet marked the frozen > ground with blood ; * and even their general was glad to receive a crust of bread from a common soldier. In Vir- ginia the army was recruited, and strengthened with a force of militia. 6. As soon as Greene had rested his troops, he returned to North Carolina with an army of 4,500 men. Soon after several bands of tories were surprised and cut to pieces. On the 15th of March, Greene reached Guilford court-house,t and on the same day was attacked by Cornwall is. The battle was desperately fought for two hours, when the Americans fell back several miles. The loss of the Amer- icans, in killed and wounded, was about 400, while that of the British was 600. Although Cornwallis claimed the victory, he retreated, closely pursued by Greene for some dis- tance, when the latter filed off toward South Carolina, foE i the purpose of driving the British from their posts in thai I state. Greene at length reached Hobkirk's hill, about one ' mile from Lord Rawdon's post at Camden. Here he was attacked on the 25th of April, and at first the Americans were successful ; but the Maryland regiment falling into confusion by a vigorous charge of the enemy, Greene was obliged to draw off his forces. The loss was about 250 on each side. 5. What is said of the Americans during this retreat ? 6. Where were battles fought ? * About this time, as General Greene was passing a sentinel who was barefooted he said to him. "I fear, my jrood fellow, you suffer much from the severe cold.' "I do very much," said the soldier ; " but 1 do not complain. 1 know I should fare better, had our general the means of getting supplies. They say, however, in a few days we shall have a battle, and then I shall take care to secure a pair of shoes." ■• t Guilford court-house, now Greensboro', in Guilford county. 1781. ' TERMINATION OF THE WAR. 181 7. About this time the brave patriots, Sumter and Marion, took several important posts from the enemy in South Caro- hna. Fort Watson, Fort Motte, Fort Granby, Georgetown, and Orangeburg, were all subdued by the Americans, and the garrisons taken prisoners. Augusta was taken by Col. Lee ; and the strong post of the British at Ninety-Six* was besieged by the American army. Hearing that Lord Raw- don was advancing with a strong reinforcement, Greene, on the 18th of June, made a violent assault upon the fort, but was repulsed with some loss. 8. Various marches and maneuvers followed, but no gen- eral engagement again occurred till the 8th of September, when a most bloody battle was fought at Eutaw springs. The British at first were put to route, and compelled to fly. The victory would have been entirely on the side of the Americans, had not the enemy, in their flight, thrown them- selves into a large brick house, from which they cut down their pursuei,^ with terrible slaughter The number of killed and wounded was in all 1,400, or about 700 on each side. Victory was claimed on both sides. The enemy soon aban- doned the open country, and retreated to Charleston.! These events ended the campaign in the Carolinas. 7. What places were taken by the Americans ? What did Gen. Greene do on the 18lh of June ? 8. Describe the battle of Eutaw springs. Where are Eutaw springs ? Ans. Near the Santee river, about fifty miles north of Charleston. ' Ninety-six was about 150 miles northwest of Charleston, near the Saluda river. It was a place of great natural strength, and strongly fortified. t While the British were at Charleston, an event occurred, which excited uni- versal sympathy anJ indignation. This was the execution of Col. Isaac Hayne, of South Carolina. On the capitulation of Charleston, May 12, 1780, Hayne was taken prisoner, but was allowed to return home on parole, under an engagement not to bear arms. In 1781, he was required to bear arms, or return to Charleston. He did the latter, and was there threatened with close confinement unless he subscribed a declaration of his allegiance to the British king, with an engagement to bear arms in support of the royal government. He subscribed the declaration, but objected to the clause requiring him to bear arms, afiirming that he never would bear arms against his country. He was assured that this would not be required. He then returned to his family, sick with the small-pox. One of his children was dead, and his wife soon expired. He continued to reside privately on his estate, observing his promises to the British government with the strictest fidehty, until he was sum- moned—after the success of General Greene over the English — to repair immedi- ately to the British standard. This was a violation of the agreement in which it was stipulated that he should not be called upon to bear arms against his country ; and consequently, finding himself released frsm all obligation of observing it on his part, he hastened to the American camp. After some time he was made a prisoner, 16 l82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1781. 9. The achievements of Greene, with his brave but feeble army, astonished his friends, and mortified his enemies. With a force far inferior to that opposed to him, he had recovered the whole of Georgia and the Carolinas, except the seaports of Savannah, Charleston, and Wilmington, and the posts of Ninety-six and Eutaw springs. His brave men had endured the most complicated sufferings with a degree of fortitude worthy of all commendation. But alas ! distress was not confined to the army alone. The rage of party feeling throughout the south divided the people, and drove men of the same vilkige, and often of the same family, to arms against each other. The death of one man inspired hun- dreds with the spirit of revenge, and led them to plunder, burn, and murder, without restraint. Thus the whole com- munity were carried away with a spirit of mutual jealousy and deadly strife, 10. Virginia was invaded, in the month of January, by a strong British force under Gen. Phihps and the traitor Arn- old. They immediately began a course of plunder, in which they destroyed much valuable property. In May, Cornwal- lis arrived from North Carolina with additional forces, and took the chief command. At this time Lafayette was at Richmond with an army of 3,000 men. Cornwallis, having a much greater force, now desired to meet him in battle. But Lafayette skillfully avoided him, till he was joined by General Wayne, and then advanced against the enemy. Cornwallis immediately retreated, and strongly fortified his army at Yorktown. 1 1. While these affairs were going on at the south, Wash- 9. What is said of party feeling at the south ? 10. When and by whom was Virginia invaded? When did Cornwallis ar- rive? Why did Cornwallis retreat to Yorktown? Where is Yorktown ? Arts. It is in Virginia, on York river, eleven miles from its mouth. taken to Charleston, tried " for taking arms against the British government after he had become a subject," and sentenced to be hung. This unjust and merciless sen- tence was put in "execution on the 4th of August, 1781. Thus fell, in the bloom of life, a brave officer and good citizen. Hayne was either a prisoner of war or a British subject. If a prif;oner of war, he could not be executed for his lawful con- duct in the exeixise of arms; if a British subject, he had a right to a formal trial. The court of inquiry was not a court of trial ; and he was not a spy who might be forthwith executed. The elTect of his execution was to sharpen, by pity and re- venge, the swords of the Americans. 1781. ' TERMINATION OF THE WAR. 183 ington had formed the plan of attacking Clinton in New York, in conjunction with the French fleet expected on the coast in August. On the 6th of July, he was joined by the French army from Rhode Island, under Count de Rocham- beau, at Kingsbridge, about fifteen miles from New York. Hearing, soon after, that a large French fleet, commanded by the Count de Grasse, was on its way to the Chesapeake, Washington determined to march against Cornwallis in Virginia. 12. CHnton, who still commanded the British forces at New York, had intercepted letters from Washington, by which he discovered his design of besieging that city. He at once made preparations for a vigorous defense. But while he was thus engaged, Washington seized a favorable oppor- tunity to commence his march against Cornwallis, and had crossed the Delaware before Clinton suspected his design. 13. To arrest the march of Washington, and call him back to the north, Clinton sent the traitor Arnold with a strong force on a plundering expedition against Connecti- cut, Arnold landed near New London, and dispatched a part of his force to attack Fort Griswold, which stood nearly opposite to that city, and guarded the river Thames. The brave garrison made a gallant defense, but were soon over- powered. When all resistance had ceased, a British officer inquired, "Who commands this fort?" Col. Ledyard, pre- senting his sword, replied, " I did, sir, but you do now." The officer seized the sword, and plunged it into Ledyard's breast. Then followed a horrid massacre, in which 120, nearly all the garrison, were literally butchered, Arnold now entered New London ; and after burning the city, and destroying a vast amount of property, hastily returned to New York. 14. In the mean time, Count de Grasse, with his whole 11. What was Washington doing at this time ? 12. What did Clinton do ? Why did Washington determine to march against Cornwallis in Yorktown ? 1 3. Who was sent against New London ? What was done at Fort Gris- wold ? If the British officer who commanded the troops that took the fort had been a brave and honorable man, how would he have treated Col. Ledyard ? 14. When did the French fleet arrive in the Chesapeake ? What happened on the 5th of September? 184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1781. fleet, entered the Chesapeake, after a partial engagement with a British fleet under Admiral Graves, oflf the Capes. He had also been joined by the Count de Barras, with the French squadron from Newport. This gave the French fleet full command of the Chesapeake. 15. Washington, with the combined American and French army, reached Williamsburg, the head-quarters of Lafayette, on the 25th of September. He found the French fleet and soldiers ready to co-operate with him in besieging the enemy. Cornwallis had a force of 10,000 men, and occupied two points of land, Gloucester and Yorktown, each side of York river, Washington, with the French forces, now mustered an army of 16,000 men, and had a good supply of cannon and ammunition. On the 30th of September, a strong de- tachment was stationed, in guard of the enemy, on Glouces- ter point, while the main body laid siege to Yorktown. 16. Several batteries were soon completed, and on the 9th of October the roar of artillery began. For two days an incessant fire continued, which greatly shattered the en- emy's works. On the night of the 11th, advancing within sixty rods, the besiegers threw up a second line, and opened a still more tremendous fire. This line was exposed to a raking discharge from two redouts of the enemy, in advance of their line of battery. Washington ordered his men to take these by storm. They were soon carried at the point of the bayonet, and the cannon in them turned against the British line. 17. ComwalHs now began to devise some mode of escape. He prepared boats to transport his army across the river to Gloucester, intending to proceed from thence to New York. But a violent storm defeated his plan. The besiegers were now fast advancing upon him, and his own batteries were tottering under their cannonade. In this hopeless state he was obliged to submit ; and on the 19th of October he sur- rendered his whole army, amounting to 7,000 men, to Wash- 15. How many men had Cornwallis ? Washington ? ■16. When did the Americans and French commence cannonading the English? 17. When did Cornwallis surrender ? 1181. TERMINATION OF THE WAR. 185 SURRKNDKR OF CORNWALLIS. ington, and all the shipping in the harbor, with the seamen, to Count de Grasse. 18. CornwalUs and his army received the same honors as were granted to the Americans at the surrender of Charles- ton. On that occasion, Lincoln resigned his sword to Corn- wallis ; now, Cornwallis, by the appointment of Washing- ton, resigned his to Lincoln. This ceremony was performed on the camp ground of the victorious army. The news of this event spread universal joy throughout the country. All hearts united in praise and thanksgiving to God for this signal blessing, which, it was confidently expected, would terminate the struggle for their independence. Washington ordered divine service throughout the army. Congress pro- ceeded in solemn procession to the house of God, to ac- knowledge its grateful sense of this special favor. Five days after the surrender of CornwaUis, Clinton arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake with an armament of 7,000 men ; but hearing of the fate of the British army, he re- turned to New York. 18. Who received the sword of Cornwallis ? Why ? What effect had this victory on the nation ? To whom was praise rendered for this blessing ? 16* 186 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. l783. 19. The capture of Comwallis and his army was indeed the final blow ; for it limited the British power almost en- tirely to the cities of New York, Charleston, and Savannah. The voice of the whole British nation now called loudly for the immediate termination of the war. The king was ob- stinate, but the people demanded peace. The next spring, just eight years after the battle of Lexington, peace was proposed by Great Britain, and hostilities ceased. John Adams,* Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Lau- rence, wei*e appointed agents for the United States to con- clude terms of peace. On the 30th of November, 1782, preliminary articles were signed at Paris, and on the 19th of April, 1783, a formal proclamation of the cessation of hostilities was made through the army. The remnants of the British troops soon after began to leave the country. In November the American army was disbanded. 20. New York was evacuated by the British troops on the 25th of November, 1783. On the same day, Washing- ton entered that city, and there, soon after, took an affec- tionate leave of his officers. He thence proceeded to Anna- polis, where congress was then in session, and on the 25th of December, with true dignity and deep feeling, resigned his commission as commander-in-chief. Thus did Wash- ington, instead of assuming the power of a military despot, retire to the peaceful enjoyment of private life. 19. How did the English nation feel about the continuance of the war? Who were appointed agents for the United States to conclude terms of peace ? When and where were preliminary articWs signed ? 20. When was New York evacuated 1 What is the meaning of evacuated ? When did Washington enter New York ? When did he resign his commis- sion as commander-in-chief of the American army? * John Adams was born at Baintree, Massachusetts, in 1735, graduated at Har- vard college 1755, and commenced the practice of law at Quincy, 1759. He boldly opposed the encroachments of Great Britain upon the rights of the colonies, and took an active part in the events that led on to the Revolution. He was elected to the first continental congress, which met September 5, 1774. To a friend who strove to dissuade him from taking his seat in that body, saying that the power of Great Britain was irresistible, and would involve him and his associates in destruction, he replied,— " The die is now cast. I have passed the Rubicon. Sink or swim- live or die — survive or perish with my country — is my fixed, unalterable determi- nation." He was actively engaged during our revolutionary struggle, either as » member of congress, or commissioner to foreign courts ; also in forming and estab- lishing our present system of government. In 1789, he was elected vice-president, and in 1797, president, of the United States. He died the 4th of July, 1826. 1787. ' TERMINATION OP THE WAR. 187 21. The enemy had now left the coast of America. The pubhc mind was reUeved from the excitement of defending the country, and each individual began to reflect upon his own private calamities. Many had been ruined by the de- vastations of the war ; many had loaned all their wealth, on the credit of government ; but now public and private credit had sunk together, under the general poverty of the country. 22. Congress had found, during the- war, that the power conferred by the federal compact, or " articles of confedera- tion," was totally inadequate to the wants of a national government. It gave no power to congress to levy a tax upon the people, or provide for a public revenue. Although the nations of Europe had acknowledged the independence and national character of the United States, yet congress had no power to enter into commercial treaties with these nations. In this state of affairs, the commercial interests of New England were almost entirely destroyed. Insurrec- tions broke out, and the people by thousands armed them- selves against pubUc authority. 23. It was now evident to all the patriotic statesmen of that period, that a great change must be effected in the general government ; that there must be a closer union of the states, and more power conferred upon congress. In Sept., 1786, commissioners from six states assembled at An- napolis, for the purpose of establishing a better system of commercial regulations ; and, after deliberating some time, proposed to congress that a general convention of delegates from all the states should be called, for the purpose of revising the articles of confederation. 24. Accordingly, in May, 1787, delegates from all the states except Rhode Island, assembled at Philadelphia, and 21. What was the situation of the United States at the close of the war? 22. Was the federal compact adapted to the wants of the nation ? In what was it deficient ? 23. When did commissioners assemble at Annapolis ? From how many states? From which states ? J.ns. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mar}'land, and Virginia. What did they propose to congress ? 24. When and where did delegates meet ? Who was elected president of the convention ? What did they do ? What did congress do ? How many 188 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1788. unanimously elected General Washington president of the convention. This august body, after four months' delibera- tion, agreed upon a new constitution, and, on the 17th of September, presented it to congress, which body soon after sent it to the several states for their consideration, and pro- vision was made that it should go into operation as soon as nine states should agree to accept it. The supreme power of the nation, according to the new constitution, was to be placed in the hands of a president, senate, and house of representatives, to be chosen by the people of the several states. Some of the states adopted the constitution imme- diately, without hesitation. But in others it met with violent opposition. It was, however, adopted by eleven states,* and was ratified by congress, Sept. 13th, 1788. The 4th of March, 1789, was fixed on as the time when the new system of government should go into operation. Representatives and senators were chosen in the different states to consti- tute a congress, and electors appointed to choose a president and vice-president under the new constitution. states accepted the new constitution T What were those called who accepted it? Am. Federalists. Those who opposed it ? Ans. Anti-federalists. "When was it ratified by congress ? How many states were there at that time ? * The following table shows the time the constitution was adopted in each state : Delaware, .... Dec. 7, 1787, Without amendments. Pennsylvania,. ..--.. New Jersey, . Georgia, Jan. Connecticut, ..." Massachusetts, . . Feb. 7', " Amendments recommended. Maryland, .... April 28, *< Without amendments. South Carolina, . . May 23, " Amendments recommended, New Hampshire, Virginia, . . . New York, . . North Carolina, Rhode Island, . It will be seen by this table, that eleven states adopted the constitution before it was ratified by congress. The act for the ratification of the constitution was re- ported in congress, July 14th, 1788, and was passed by that body on the 13th of Sept. following. Thus the grand point of a federal union was achieved. In most of the states, at first, the constitution met with strong opposition. Many believed that the powers it conferred upon the rulers, were too extensive, and would be dangerous to the liberties of the people. Those in favor of the constitution, were called Federal- ists ; and those opposed to it. Anti-federalists. Its adoption gave stability to the government, confidence to the people, and has been the source of unexampled pros- perity to the nation. ^^ 12, 18, (( Jan. 1 1788, Feb. u April 28', « May 23, t( June 21, (( u 27, " Jul7 26, " Nov. 21, 17H9, May 29, 1790, HISTORY THE UNITED STATES. PERIOD IV. Comprises the events that occurred from the adoption of the Consti- tution TO the present time. 1. By this lime the United States had taken an honor- able rank among civiHzed nations. The old world had watched her progress with the deepest interest, and beheld, What events are comprised in the fourth period ? 1. How did the old world regard the affairs of this country? What was expected of Washington ? Beloved as Washington was by the whole arm>; do you think it would have been difficult to have established himself as a sovereign over the nation ? 190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1789. with the highest admiration, the conduct of Washington. Many expected that the man who held the hearts of the American people would, like other conquerors before him, establish himself as a sovereign over them. But Washing- ton, who had served his country, not from ambition, but from the promptings of the purest patriotism, claimed no other rights or powet^ than those of a private citizen. 2. In the spring of 1789, the members of the new con- gress assembled at New York, and when the votes were counted, it was found that George Washington had been unanimously elected president of the United States. The inauguration took place on the 30th of April, in the presence of a vast multitude, who were delighted to see the highest office of the nation conferred on the illustrious hero of the Revolution. John Adams was chosen vice-president. 3. Congress now imposed duties on imported goods, and upon the tonnage of vessels, for the purpose of estabhshing a revenue for the support of government and the payment of the national debts. The president, with the concurrence and assent of the senate, appointed Thomas*' Jefferson* sec- retary of state ; Alexander Hamilton,! secretary of the 2. Who was elected the first president? Vice-president ? When did their inauguration take place ? 3. What did congress do to establish a revenue? What secretaries were appointed ? How were they appointed ? What other department was organ- ized ? Of how many judges did the supreme court of the United States con- sist at its organization? Ans. Of one chief justice and five associate judges. John Jay, of New York, was appointed chief justice ; John Rutledge, of South Carolina, William Gushing, of Massachusetts, R. H. Harrison, of Ma- ryland, James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, and John Blair, of Virginia, associate judges. * Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell, near Monticello, Virginia, 1743. In 1769, he was a member of the legislature of Virginia, and so continued till the revo- lution. He took his seat in congress, June 21, 1775. As a member of congress he made few speeches. He remarks : " I served with General Washington in the leg- islatui-e of Virginia, before the revolution ; and during it, with Dr. Franklin in con- gress. I never heard either of them speak ten minutes at a time ; nor to any but the main point, which was to decide the question. They laid their shoulders to the GREAT POINTS, knowing that the little ones would follow of themselves." In 1801, he was chosen president. In this high office he continued 8 years ; retiring in 1809 to Monticello. There he passed the remainder of his days, devoting the last years of his life to the establishment of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, about 4 miles from INlonticelio. He died July 4, 1826. He was a zealous cultivator of liter- ature and science, and his name is one of the brightest in the revolutionary galaxy. See the Life of Thomas Jelferson. t Alexander Hamilton was born in the island of St. Croix, in 1757. He came to 1789. ' Washington's administration. 191 treasury ; and General Knox,* secretary of war. A judici- ary department was also organized. John Jay was ap- pointed chief justice, and Edmund Randolph attorney-gen- eral. Several amendments to the constitution were proposed, and afterward adopted. 4. Washington, soon after congress adjourned, visited the New England states. Never was a king received with such unfeigned applause and sincere affection. Multitudes trav- eled many miles to enjoy the pleasure of seeing the man whom all acknowledged to be the father of his countrJ^ The officers and soldiers of the " patriot army" wept tears of joy at the sight of their beloved general. Washington felt for them a sort of parental regard, and sought, in many ways, to reward their services in behalf of their country. 5. At the opening of the next session of congress, the president strongly recommended that some effectual mea- sures should be adopted for establishing public credit. Mr, Hamilton, in his able report on the state of the treasury, proposed a plan for this object. He estimated the public debt of the United ^X?iies>^ foreign and domestic^ at fifty-four millions of dollars. The foreign debt, due to France and Holland, was about twelve million dollars. Besides this, debts amounting to more than twenty miUions had been contracted by the several states in support of the war. Hamilton proposed that these debts should all be funded, or assumed by the general government, and paid out of the public treasury. 4. When did Washington visit the New England states? 5. What did the president recommend at the opening of the next session of congress I What did Mr. Hamilton propose ? New York in 1773. At the commencement of the revolution, he joined the army, was aid-de-camp to Washington, and continued in the service till the close of the war. He afterward commenced the practice of law in New York, and rose to the highest eminence in the profession. He was killed in a duel witli Colonel Aaron Burr, 1S04. This occurrence produced a wonderful sensation throughout the coun- try. His transcendent abilities were acknowledged by men of all political parties ; and he was regarded as an able statesman and financier. * Henry Knox was born in Boston. 176U. He was promoted to the rank of a briga- dier-general. He was actively enijaged during the whole war. In 1785, he suc- ceeded General Lincoln as secretary of war. and continued in the office till 1794. He died at Thomiislown, Maine, in 1806. He was distinguished for his mditary talents, and possessed, in an uncommon degree, the esteem and confidence of Washington. 192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1791. 6. Provision for the payment of the foreign debt of the nation, was cordially and unanimously made ; but respect- ing the full payment of the domestic debt, and the as- sumption of the state debt, much division prevailed in con- gress. It was contended that men had taken advantage of the low state of public credit, and bought up, for a i small price, certilicates of security against the government, | and that the present holders were not justly entitled to receive more than they had paid. 'J'o this it was an- swered, that the government originall}'' promised to pay the whole, and the reason why these seciu'it ies had depreciated, was owing to its neglect to fulfill this promise ; and now, to preserve the public faith, the whole must be paid. For the general government to assume the debts contracted by the states, it was said, would be dangerous to the sover- eignty of the states. Hut these objections were ably an- swered ; and after some debate, the plan, with some modi- fications, was adopted. The whole debt was about seven- Ij ty-five millions of dollars. Upon a part of . this three per" cent, interest was to be paid, and upon the remainder six per cent. 7. The country throughout soon felt the good effect of these measures. Monej'' became plenty ; public and private credit was again restored ; business of all kinds began to flourish. Agreeably to a recommendation of Alexander Hamilton, in 1791, a bill was introduced into congress for establishing a national bank, called " the Bank of the United States," with a capital of ten millions of dollars. This was strongly opposed, on the ground, principally, that 6. Why was it rontondocl that the present holders of certificates should not reccivt; tho lull iimouul nuMitionod in them? Do you think they ought to have received the wliole aiuovmt ! 7. In what y«'ar was the lirst liank of the United States diartered? What is necessary for a l)ill to l>ecoino a hiw I Ans. h must pass tlu^ liouse of rep- resentatives and the striate Ity a inajt)rity of votes — n\ust be engrossed, or copied in a huge, tair hami — and signed by the presiding officers. It is then sent to tlie presiileul, and, if hi^ approve the bdl, he signs his name to it, and it then l)econies a law. If he disapprove of it, he sends it back to the house in which it iniginated, without signing it, witl\ his reiusons for so doing. This is called jv/o»/}red ! Ans. Its charter extended to the 4th of May, ISll. 1701. . wa8Hij7gton's administration, 193 congress had no constitutional right to charter such an institution ; but, after a lengthy debate, the bill was passed by a majority of nineteen votes. During the same session, an act was passed, after strong opposition, laying duties, or a tax, upon spirits distilled within the United States, and upon stills. This was very unpopular in many of the states, especially at the south and west. 8. In 1791, March 4th, Vermont was admitted into the Union as an independent state. In 1 724, the peoi)le of Massa- chusetts erected a fort on the Connecticut river, as a protection against the Indians. This was called Fort Duminer, and was the first settlement within the limits of Vermont. Ita territory was claimed by both New York and New Hamp- shire. These conflicting claims were, for several years, matter of hot contention. But in 1 707, the people declared themselves independent, and formed a distinct govern- ment. During the war, the militia of this state, termed " The Green Mountain Boys," displayed great zeal in the common cause of the country. Kentucky was admitted into the Union in 1792. The first settlement in that terri- tory was commenced at Boonsboro, in 1775, under the guidance of Colonel Daniel Boon. Although the inhabi- tants suflfered greatly from the hostility of the Indians, it increased rapidly in population, and, in less than twenty years from its first settlement, was made an independent state. 9. The amount of revenue in 1791, was 4,800,000 dol- lars. The amount of imports was twenty millions, and of exports about nineteen millions. At this time the condition of the country was rapidly improving. The stability of government, and the increase of population, encouraged the spirit of enterprise in every department of business. Ac- cording to the census, which was completed that year, the number of inhabitants in the United States was nearly four millions. 8. What stale whs adtnitted into tlio union in 1791 7 What i.s riMiuisite for a territory to hr achmttrd into the union ns an indopnulrnl, tiV.dr, ! Ans. It must contain tiO,()(K) miiabitanta, lonn a state government, and adopt the con- stitution of the United States. When was Kentucky admitted into the union 1 9. What did the revenue amount to in 1791 ? What was the population ' 17 194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1793. 10. But the country was not yet entirely free from the calamities of Indian warfare. The tribes northwest of the Ohio, which could bring into the field five thousand war- riors, were still harrassing the frontier settlements. An army of fifteen thousand men, under General Harmer, was sent against them. But, in two engagements, his troops were defeated, and compelled to retreat. Not long after, General St. Clair, with two thousand men, marched against the savages. On the 5th of November, 1791, his camp was suddenly surrounded, about the break of day, and a destructive fire poured upon his men. His troops were soon arrayed for defense ; but the enemy, concealed behind trees and rocks, could not be resisted by a regular charge. 11. This unequal contest continued for several hours. At length St. Clair, fearing that his men would be entirely cut off, ordered a retreat. The enemy pursued for some time, and then returned to plunder the camp of the whites. Be- fore the engagement, St. Clair's forces had been reduced to about fourteen thousand men. Of these, more than nine hundred were killed, or wounded, by this fatal assault. Congress was now alaimed lest a general war should spread along the whole frontier. A bill was passed for enlisting a regular army of five thousand men, and the command given to General Wayne. 12. The constitution provides that the president shall hold his office four years. His term having expired, Wash- ington was unanimously re-elected to that office in 1793, Mr. Adams was re-elected vice-president in opposition to George Clinton, who was supported as a rival candidate. Party spirit now began to prevail, and divide the people in all parts of the country. But such was the confidence of the nation in the wisdom and integrity of Washington, that all parties were unanimous in supporting him. Mr. 10. Give some account of the Indian wars at this time. 11. In view of these hostilities, what bill was passed by congress ? 12. How long does the president hold his office ? When was Washington •re-elected? How were the people divided? Bj' what names were these parties known ? A-rw. Repvblican -AnA federal. Who stood at the head of the republican party ? Who at the head of the federal party? \ 1Y93. ' Washington's administration. 195 Hamilton stood at the head of the Federal party, and Mr. Jefferson at the head of the Repubhcan. Each party accused the other of designs against the true interests of the country. The federahsts were reproached as the ene- mies of hberty, and as being in favor of a monarchy and a titled nobility ; and the republicans were denounced as the friends of anarchy, and opposed to all good institutions whatever. But, in both parties, there were, doubtless, good men and zealous patriots. 13. At this time, France was undergoing the horrors of a bloody revolution. That nation had become dissatisfied with their regal government, and, inspired by the success of the American revolution, the people had risen in a mass to throw off the shackles of monarchy, and establish over themselves a republican form of government. Blood and carnage spread horror and gloom in all directions. The king, the queen, and many thousands of noble rank, were put to death. The friends of royaltj^, of whatever class, either fell by a common slaughter, or escaped from the country. 14. These excesses in France produced a strong re- action in America. Many, who had regarded with favor the struggles of that people for freedom, began to consider almost any condition of a country better than that in which all the sacred institutions of government and reli- gion are swept away with the best blood of the nation. Yet, a strong sympathy was felt in favor of France, espe- cially by the republican party, who were confident that these first excesses would be followed by moderation, peace, and good government. 15. In this state of excitement, the citizen, Genet, ar- rived, May, 1793, at Charleston, as minister of the French republic. He was every where received with enthusiastic applause, and the highest marks of attachment. Flattered by his reception, he immediately assumed the power of authorizing privateers to cruise against the enemies of 13, 14. What was France undergoing at this time ? 15. Who arrived in 1793? What power did he assume? What did the president do ? 196 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 1*794. France. The president at once forbid the course he was pursuing. He then appealed to the people, but soon found himself deserted, and his measures every where condemned. The party to which he was attached in France did not long retain its power, and the next year Genet was super- seded hy the arrival of a new minister, Mr. Fauchet. 16. General Wayne, who had been sent to prosecute the war against the Indians after the defeat of St. Clair, after many vain attempts to bring them to terms of peace, marched against them at the head of three thousand men. On the 20th of August, 1794, he met about two thousand warriors on the banks of the Maumee river. Wayne led up his men with a furious charge, drove them from their coverts, and pursued them at the point of the bayonet. The savages were completely routed, their houses burned, and their towns laid waste. This victory gave peace and security to the territory of Ohio. 17. For some time the people in the western part of Pennsylvania had made great complaints against the law imposing a tax upon spirituous liquors. Combinations had been formed, the officers of government were resisted and threatened, and several thousands conspired for the purpose of compelling congress to repeal the offensive laws. This was termed " the Whiskey Insurrection." In August, 1794, the president issued his proclamation, commanding the in- surgents to disperse. This not having the desired effect, he ordered out an army of fifteen thousand men, to enforce authority. Against this force the insurgents made no re- sistance, and no blood was shed. The leaders were tried and convicted of treason, but were afterward pardoned. 18. About this time the tranquillity of the nation was threatened by the conduct of Great Britain. Since the peace of 1783, many things had happened to excite the hostility of the Americans. But after war was again de- clared between England and France, the British govern- ment had adopted measures, which greatly interfered with ' 16. Describe Wayne's expedition against the Indians. 17. Describe the rebellion in Pennsylvania. 18. What happened about this time? Who was sent to the British court? 1795» ' Washington's administration. 197 the prosperity of American commerce.* Difficulties had in- creased to such an extent, that war seemed inevitable. Washington, desirous of peace, sent Mr. Jay to the British court, with full powers to adjust all difficulties and conclude a commercial treaty. 19. Mr. Jay having concluded a treaty, early in the spring of 1795, it was laid before the senate. It provided that the western posts, held by the British, were to be sur- rendered to the United States ; settled other disputes grow- ing out of the original treaty of peace ; and under certain restrictions, it secured to the people of the United States a trade with the British possessions in the East and West In- dies ; yet, it omitted all mention of the disputed points of international law, — the rights of neutrals, &c. It was violently opposed by the republican party, and condemned in the most sweeping terms ; but after a lengthy debate, although considered by Washington as 'defective on some essential points, but the best that could then be obtained,— it was ratified, and probably saved the country from the miseries and distress of another war. The western Indians, disheartened and broken by the defeat they received from Gen. Wayne, concluded a treaty at Fort Greenville, August 8d, by which they ceded to the United States a large tract of territory north of the Ohio. 19. How did the people regard Jay's treaty ? How did Washington regard it ? Where was a treaty formed with the Indians ? • In 1793, Great Britain, for the purpose of distressing France and shackling the commerce of the United States, passed an act prohibiting the exportation of grain to France, and authorizing the capture of neutral vessels engaged in carrying it thither, In consequence of this, a great number of American vessels were captured, and carried to England. This act was followed by another equally offensive. Her armed ships were authorized to capture all vessels laden with goods from France or her colonies, or engaged in carrying provisions or supplies to either. The Americans were indignant at these oppressive measures, and contended that " free ships made free goods ;" or in other words, that all property on board neutral vessels, except contraband goods, had a right to pass free from seizure and confiscation. Another odious measure was justly complained of Great Britain claimed theright of search- ing our vessels and compelling her seamen, wherever found, to serve on board her armed ships. This right of impressment was not confined to our ports, but her ships of war were in the habit of stopping vessels at sea, and taking frojn them such as they claimed were English sailors. Now, as the Americans and the English spoke the same language, and were much alike in many other respects, it would be diffi- cult to distinguish between individuals of the two nations. Hence we see, that the right of impressment was hable to great abuse, and great numbers of American citi- zens were impressed and compelled to serve on board of British ships. 17* 198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1795. 20. At this time the province of Louisiana was in the possession of Spain. Several unsuccessful attempts had been made to negotiate with that nation respecting the navi* gation of the Mississippi. The people of Kentucky, whose interests were at stake, now became clamorous in their demands on the general government, and even made prepa« rations to invade the Spanish province. But after Spain became involved in war with France, she consented to negotiate with the United States. Thomas Pinckney was sent to Madrid, and in October, 1795, a treaty was signed, which secured to the Americans the free navigation of the great western river. 21. In the same year a treaty of peace was also con- cluded with the government of Algiers. These commercial treaties with the powers of Europe, soon revived the com- merce of the nation, and opened a great source of wealth to our enterprising seamen. Yet fresh troubles now began to arise from the conduct of France. As the Americans had declined to join with her in the war against the despots of Europe, she became jealous of their friendship. Her minis- ters, however, professed the sincerest attachment, and one of them, Mr. Adet, brought over the colors of France, and presented them to the president. They were received with great pomp and ceremony ; and by a unanimous vote of congress, they were deposited in the archives* of the nation. 22. Mr. Monroe, the American minister to France, was received by the French republic with the strongest marks of good will. It was decreed, " that the flags of the two nations should be entwined together, and suspended in the legislative hall, as a mark of their eternal union and friendship." In 20. To whom did Louisiana belong at that time ? What did the people of Kentucky propose ? When was a treaty formed between Spain and the United States ? What did this treaty secure ? 21. When was a treaty concluded with Algiers? What effect had these treaties on the nation ? How did France begin to regard the United States ? What did Mr. Adet do T * Archives, the apartment in which records are kept,— also the records and papers Which are preserved as evidences of facts. 1796. ' Washington's administration. 199 this manner the French desired to induce the Americans to espouse their cause against the enemies of France. Find- ing all their attempts resisted, they adopted certain regula- tions respecting commerce, by which hundreds of vessels belonging to the United States were taken, and their cargoes confiscated. In 1796, the president recalled Mr. Monroe, and sent Charles C. Pinckney, to remonstrate with the French government, and to seek redress for these injuries. In this year Tennessee was admitted' into the Union. 23. The second term of Washington's administration was nov drawing to a close. In the fall of 1796, he pub- lished a farewell address to the citizens of the United States, in which he expressed his determination to retire from pubhc hfe, and spend his remaining days in peace and quiet. He expressed for his country all the tenderness of a father's solicitude and affection ; pointing out the dangers to which she would be exposed, and warning every citizen with solemn earnestness to shun the evils which already threatened the dissolution of the Union, and the downfall of the nation. 24. This^ address was received with that profound respect and veneration for its author, which the whole nation had been cherishing for years. The most gratifying testimonials of the affection and gratitude of his countrymen followed the hero and the statesman, as he retired at the close of his administration to the bosom of his beloved family at Mount Vernon. The two great parties of the nation now brought forward their candidates for the presidency. The federalists supported John Adams, and the republicans Thomas Jefferson. The lines between the parties were now distinctly drawn; and the contest was spirited and nearly equal. Mr. Adams was, however, chosen president, and 22. Did Fiance try to engage the United States in a war with her enemies ? How? After trying in vain, what was next done? What did the president do in 1796? 23. When did Washington publish his farewell address ? 24. Who were brought forward as candidates for the presidency ? By what party was John Adams supported? Thomas Jefferson ? Who was elected president? Who vice-president ? When did they enter upon the duties of their office ? 200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1797, Mr. Jefferson vice-president. They entered upon the duties of their office the 4th of March, 1797.* ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. 1. Mr. Adams, at the commencement of his administra- tion, found the nation involved in difficulties with France. Mr. Pinckney, who had been sent by Washing-ton to adjust existing differences between the two republics, had been rejected by the. Directory, or French government, and or- dered to quit the country without delay. Depredations were frequently committed on the commerce of the United States, in direct violation of the treaties existing between the two nations. In this state of affairs, President Adams issued his proclamation, and assembled congress on the 15th of June. That body took a decided stand against the demands of the French, and authorized the president to adopt measures to raise an army, enlarge the navy, and increase the revenue of the nation. 2. As the president sincerely desired to avoid war, he ap- pointed John Marshall and Eibridge Gerry joint envoys with Mr. Pinckney, and instructed them to secure, if possible, an honorable reconciliation with the French. But the new commissioners were also rejected, though permitted to re- main at Paris. Agents of the Directory at length intimated 1. How was Mr. Pinckney received by the French government ? When was congress assembled ? What was the cause of our difficuhy with France ? Ans. Our refusal to assist her in her wars against England and other nations of Europe. " We have assisted you," said she, "in your war against Eng- land, and now we expect you to assist us in our wars." 2. Who were appointed envoys ? How were they received ? * By examining the constitution of the United States, you will see that the presi- dent is chosen by electors appointed by ttie several states. Each state appoints as many electors ae it has members in congress. If it has six representatives and two senators in congress it chooses eight electors. As the constitution origi- nally stood, each elector voted for two candidates, without specifying which he in- tended for president, or which for vice-president. The candidate who received the highest number of votes, provided it was a majority of the whole, was elected pre- sident ; and he who received the next highest number was elected vice-president. Ill 1804, the constitution was amended, requiring the electors to name in their bal- lots the persons voted for as president and vice-president. 1800. ADAMS ADMINISTRATION. 201 that a " liberal grant of money" might lead to terms of accommodation. '• Millions for defense," the Americans replied, "but not one cent for tribute." 3. Pinckney and Marshall were ordered to leave the country, but Mr. Gerry, who was thought to be more favor- able to the French, was afterward solicited to negotiate. This he declined. In 1798, when these facts were made known in America, ail parties united in calling loudly upon the government to assert the rights of the nation. Wash- ington was unanimously appointed commander-in-chief of the American forces. The navy was authorized to cruise against the armed vessels of France. 4. The army was not called into action. But two naval battles were fought in the West Indies. The French frigate L'Insurgent of 40 guns, was captured by the Con- stellation of 38 guns, under the command of Commodore Truxton. The same commander also attacked another ship of 50 guns, and compelled her to strike her colors, but in the night she made her escape. The French, perceiving the determined spirit of the Americans, and not wishing to be involved in war with them, received, in 1799, commis- sioners appointed by the president. When they arrived in France, they found the government of the nation in the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte, with whom a treaty of peace was concluded, September 30th, 1800. 5. In the mean time, the people of America were filled with grief at the sudden death of Washington. He died on the 1 4th of December, 1 799, after an illness of only one day. Never was a man more deeply lamented. In the house of representatives, it was resolved, " That the speaker's chair should be shrouded in black, and the members wear black during the session ; and that a joint committee should be appointed to devise the most suitable manner of paying honor to the memory of the max first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 3. How were they treated ? Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the American forces ? What was our navy authorized to do? 4. What naval battles were fought ? When was a treaty of peace concluded ? 5. When did Washington die? What token of respect was paid to his memory in congress ? 202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1800. 6. During the summer of 1800. the seat of government of the United States was removed from Philadelphia to the District of Columbia, Washington. Public buildings had been erected, and here congress assembled for the first time, in November, 1800. 7. The time had again arrived for electing a president. The republicans supported Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ; the federalists, John Adams and Charles C. Pinck- nej. The parties were nearly equal, and both engaged in the contest with uncommon ardor. Mr. Adams' course of policy had been much censured by the republican party. The alien and sedition acts* as well as those for raising a standing army, and increasing our navy, together with those imposing a direct tax and internal duties, had rendered him unpopular, and greatly increased the strength of his politi- cal opponents. On canvassing the votes for president, it was found that Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Burr had each seven- ty-three votes, Mr. Adams sixty-five, and Mr. Pinckney sixty-four. 8. As the two republican candidates had each an equal number of votes, according to the constitution it became the duty of the house of representatives to decide which of these two should be elevated to the presidency. The house, however, was so equally divided that the vote was taken thirty-five times before a majority could be obtained on either side. This, however, was caused by the manage- G. When was the seat of government removed from Philadelphia to Wash- ington ? Where is Washington ? In what direction from us is it ? How far from us is it ? 7, Who were the candidates for the presidency ? Wh&t was the result ? 8, What does the constitution provide, in case there is no choice by the * The alien and sedition acts were passed in 1798, when our difficulties with France were at their height. By the alieji act, the president was autliorized to compel aliens or foreigners, whom he should judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, to leave the country, on penalty of imprisonment. The sedition act was intended to punish the abuse of speech and of the press. It imposed a heavy fine, and imprisonment tor years, upon such as should " combine or conspire together to oppose any measure of the government" — upon such as should " write, print, utter, publish, &c., any thing false, scandalous or malicious, against the government of the United States, or either house of the congress of the United States, or the president, &c." These acts were considered by the body of Ih'e people as dangerous to, if not subversive pf, the constitutional liberty of the United States. J 801. , Jefferson's administration. 203 ment of the federalists. Although unable to elect their own candidate, they still hoped to defeat the favorite object of the republicans, by preventing the election of Mr. Jeffer- son. Accordingly, they voted for Mr. Burr, and day after day the balloting continued, and with the same result. But at the thirty-sixth trial, the federalists of one or two states gave way, and Mr. Jefferson was elected president, and Mr. Burr, of course, became vice-president. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. On the fourth of March, 1801, Mr. Jefferson took the oath prescribed by the constitution, and entered upon the duties of his office, as president of the United States. The new administration soon began to order affairs according to its favorite doctrines. Economy became the order of the day. At the next session of congress, the judiciary* was restored to its former footing, the internal taxes were abol- ished, and the army and navy reduced. A bill was passed during the same session, extending the laws of natural- ization. 2. According to the census which was completed in electors or people ? Ans. The president is then to be chosen by the house of representatives, voting by states, each state being entitled to one vote. See amendments to the constitution of the United States, article 12. How many times was the vote taken in the house before there was a majority ? What was the cause of this ? For whom did the federalists vote ? In consequence of this, Mr. Burr, from that time, lost the confidence of the democratic, or re- publican party. Who was finally elected ? 1. When did Mr. JeflFerson enter upon the duties of his office? Wh#t oath is the president required to take before he enters on the execution of his office ? See the constitution, article 2. What was done at the session of con- gress in 1801 ? 2. What was the population of the United States in 1801 ? Exports ? Revenue ? When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? * Toward the close of Mr. Adams' administration an act was passed reorgan- izinff the judiciary, or United States courts, and creating sixteen new judges. In pur- suance of this law, Mr. Adams, immediately preceding his retirement from office, appointed twelve new judges. These were called his " midnight judiciary," from the alleged fact that they were appointed at twelve o'clock on the last night of his presidential authority. The judiciary department, or supreme court of the United States, originally consisted of one chief justice and five associate justices. There are now eight associate justices. 204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1803. 1801, the population of the country amounted to 5,305,925. In ten years the amount of exports had increased from nineteen to ninety-four millions, and the revenue from four to twelve millions of dollars. In 1802, the state of Ohio was admitted into the Union. The first settlement within the hmits of the state, was made at Marietta, in 1788. At that time Ohio formed a part of the northwest territory. Its progress was slow, until after the peace with the Indians, in 1795. Since that period, its population has increased with unexampled rapidity. 3. In 1803, Louisiana was purchased by the American government. By this purchase the territory of the United States was more than doubled, as it included all that part of the country west of the Mississippi, extending to Mex- ico and the Pacific Ocean. Louisiana was first settled by the French, at Ibberville, in 1699. In 1762, it was ceded to Spain, and remained in her possession until 1800, when it was granted back to France. Mr. Jefferson felt that the free navigation of the Mississippi was essential to the growth and prosperity of the western states, and perceived the danger and embarrassments that must result to them if the French were permitted to take possession of this province. 4. Negotiations with France were, therefore, immediately commenced by Mr. Jefferson, for the purchase of the whole country of Louisiana. Bonaparte, involved in war with all Europe, and conscious of the difficulty of defending so dis- tant a possession as Louisiana against the naval power of England, on the 30th of April, 1803, ceded it to the United States for fifteen million dollars. Of this sum, two and a^half millions were to be retained, to satisfy the claims of American merchants for spoliations committed by the gov- ernment of France. On the 20th of December the terri- tory was duly transferred to the United States, This act of Mr. Jefferson, though severely censured by the whole 3,4. When was Louisiana purchased? Of whom? For how ranch? How much did Louisiana include at the time of its purchase ? It embraced, also, the small part of the state of Louisiana east of the Mississippi. By whom was this act censured ? Do you think it was a wise act of Mr. Jeffer- son to purchase Louisiana ? When, where, and by whom, was the first settle- ment made in the state of Louisiana ? 1803. JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 205 federal party, was of the highest importance to the country. It added immensely to the security, wealth, and prosperity of the nation. 5. For a long time our commerce had been much an- noyed by the piratical nations of the Barbary states, especi- ally by the Tripolitans. Many merchant vessels had been taken, and their crews treated as slaves. In 1803, Com- modore Preble was sent wath a fleet of seven ships into the Mediterranean, for the purpose of protecting our commerce, and bringing those corsairs to submission. In October of the same year, as Captain Bainbrid^e, in the frigate Phila- delphia, was chasing a small vessel in the harbor of Tri- poli, the frigate ran aground, and he and his crew were obliffed to surrender. BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA 6. According to the custom of the Tripolitans, the officers were treated as prisoners of war, but the men were reduced to slavery. Soon after the ship was surrendered, the captors got her afloat, and anchored her in the harbor 5,6. What wa.s done in 1803? Which are the Barbary states? Ans. Morocco, Alj^iers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. What was the cause of our difficulty with these states, especially Tripoli ? Can you show me Tripdii on the map ? What happened in October ? What was the result ? 18 206 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 1804. of Tripoli. In this situation, Stephen Decatur, a brave young officer, proposed to Commodore Preble, to retake or destroy her. The plan was approved ; and in February, 1804, he sailed from Syracuse, in a small schooner, with a crew of seventy-six men. He entered the harbor of Tripoli undiscovered, ran his vessel alongside the frigate, boarded her, and having cleared the decks at the point of the sword, set her on fire, and escaped without the loss of a man. In reward of this gallant deed, Decatur was promoted by the president to the rank of post-captain. During the summer, Tripoli was several times bombarded by the American squadron. 7. The reigning bashaw of Tripoli, Sidi Joussouf, had raised himself to that dignity by the murder of his father, and the banishment of Hamet, his elder brother. William Eaton,* our consul at Tunis, a brave and enterprising man, believed that the most successful method of terminating our difficulties with TripoH, and gaining an advantageous treaty of peace, would be, to place Hamet on the throne. 7. What bold and singular expedition was undertaken by General William Eaton ? Of how many different nations was his army composed ? An^. Twelve. There were eleven Americans and seventy or eighty Greeks and Frenchmen. How long were they in crossing the desert of Lybia ? When did they arrive at Derne ? When Eaton demanded a surrender of the place, what reply was made by the governor ? Atis. " My head or yours." Can you show me Derne on the map ? In what direction from Alexandria is it ? What direction from us ? * General William Eaton was born in Woodstock, Connecticut, Feb. 23d, 1764. He graduated at Dartmouth colle/^e, in 1790, married the widow of Gen. Timothy Danieison, at Union, Conn., in 1792, and was promoted to the rank of captain in the army, under Gen. Wayne, in 1793. In 1798, he was appointed consul at Tunis. He rendered his country important services in that station, and as navy agent for the Barbary powers. In his diplomatic intercourse with those piratical nations, he adopted a tone of boldness and independence which astonished them. Being com- pelled by the treaty of Mr. Lear to relinquish the advantages he had gained for placing Hamet on the throne of Tripoli, he returned home, where, although public opinion was strongly in his favor, he met with mortification and disappointment. He died at Brimfield, June 1, 1811. As a writer, Eaton possessed extraordinary command of language and energy of expression, as will be seen from the following extract of a letter which he wrote, while at Tunis, to Mr. O'Brien, the American consul at Algiers : " Sir.— The Dey will declare war against Spain. Speed to the measure ; it will give us relief; Mussulmen, Catholics, assassins, thieves, beggars, pimps! In Heaven's name let them devour each other. I wish I could thunder with a voice like Jove. I would project electric bolts omnipotent among them, thicker than the stars of heaven, more irregular than the dreams of guilt, pointed with blue wrath, terrible as hell ; and then, in one promiscuous labyrinth of contagious vengeance, ingulf them."' 1804. , Jefferson's administration. 207 For this purpose, in 1805, he repaired to Egypt, where the exiled prince then was, and explained the plan for his resto- ration. Hamet hstened with pleasure to the proposals of Eaton, and an army was soon raised, and placed under the command of the latter. On the 6th of March they left Alexandria, and set out for Tripoli. They crossed the desert of Lybia, a thousand miles in extent. They suffered incredible hardships from hunger, thirst, heat, and fatigue. After travehng fifty days, they anived, on the 25th of April, at Derne, a city of Barca, but subject to Tripoli. The next morning the place was taken by storm. 8. Not long after this, they were attacked in Derne, by a large number of Tripolitans, who were repulsed with con- siderable loss. In June, another battle was fought, in which Eaton was decidedly victorious. He was soon, however, arrested in his brilliant career, by a treaty of peace which the reigning tyrant had concluded with the American agent, Mr. Lear. By this treaty, the United States were to give sixty thousand dollars for the American prisoners, and relinquish the cause of Hamet. The brilliant exploits of the Americans during the war, by sea and by land, added great luster to the military character of the nation. 9. In 1804, Colonel Burr was supported as a candidate for the office of governor of New York. The republican party had deserted him, and he was sustained chiefly by the federalists. But Mr. Hamilton, having no confidence in the moral character of Burr, opposed his election. Being defeated, and enraged at the opposition of Hamilton, Burr sent him a challenge. It was accepted ; a duel was fought, July 11th, and Hamihon fell. This event produced a deep sensation. His death was lamented by the whole community as a loss to his country ; for he was looked upon by all, as a man of great talents, of powerful elo- quence, and as a scholar and gentleman. 8. What was the result of Eaton's expedition ? How did Eaton feel to be thus stopped when he had so fair a prospect of placing Hamet on the throne, and having the American prisoners released without ransom ? Ans, No one can describe his grief and indignation. 9. What happened in 1804 ? The duel was fought at Hoboken, in New Jersey, opposite New York. 208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1806. 10. In 1807, Burr was arrested, and brought to trial, on a charge of high treason. From his movements, it was sup- posed that he designed to dissever the Union, and estabhsh a separate government over the western states. He had provided a great many boats, and engaged men to descend the Mississippi river. From his trial, his real design could not be ascertained ; but it appeared more probable that he intended to invade the provinces of Mexico. Burr was finally acquitted. But the people having no confidence in his integrity, left him to sink into a state of wretchedness and obscurity. 11. At this time Bonaparte* was extending the dominion of France over all the nations of Europe. While he was multiplying his victories on land, England had taken full command of the ocean. As the United States were a neutral power, their ships found a very profitable trade in carrying the products and manufactures of England and France into all the ports of Europe. The British nation soon became jealous of the prosperity of American com- merce. On the 16th of May, 1806,- the government of Great Britain issued an " order in council" declaring the whole coast, from the mouth of the River Elbe, in Ger- many, to the town of Brest, in France, to be in a state of blockade. By this order, American vessels trading to any ports on this coast, were liable to seizure and condem- 10. What happened in 1807 ? What was the result of this trial ? 11. Who was Napoleon Bonaparte? What was he doing at this time? What do you understand by a neutral power? In what trade were our ves- sels engaged? What did the British do in 1806? Napoleon? * Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the most remarkable men of any age or nation. He was born at Ajaccio, iu the island of Corsica, 1769. He commenced his mili- tary career as a lieutenant of artillery, in 1786, and soon after so distinguished him- self at the siege of Toulon, and during the civil contentions at Paris, that he was Eromoted to the command of the army of Italy, in 1796. Here he fought a series of attles, and gained a succession of victories over the oldest and ablest generals of Europe, which astonished the world, and compelled his enemies to peace. In 1799, he was appointed First Consul of the republic. In 1804, he was crowned emperor of France. His usual success attended him, and nearly all Europe was under his control till 1812, when he invaded Russia. The destruction of Moscow compelled him to retreat with his army, and he was forced to abdicate the throne for the sovereignty of Elba, 1814. He returned to France, 1815, and was defeated in the battle of VV'aterloo, which terminated his political career. He threw himself upon the generosity of the English nation, and was exiled to St. Helena, where he was kept a prisoner till his death, in 1821. See the Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. 1807. Jefferson's administration". 209 nation.* Under this act, great numbers of American ves- sels were taken and condemned. In November of the same year, Napoleon, to retaliate upon the English, issued his famous " Berlin Decree^'''] declaring the British islands to be in a state of blockade. By this act several of our vessels were taken by the French, and our commerce greatly interrupted. 12. England, for several years, had found it impossible to enlist sailors enough to man her extensive navy. To sur- mount this difficulty, she had resorted to the arbitrary mea- sure of impressing her seamen, ^nd forcing them into her naval service. Her ships of war were authorized to board and search American vessels, and take all the men who appeared to be British subjects. In this way, about seven thousand American seamen were seized, and compelled to serve as British sailors. Against these outrageous proceed- ings, our government had frequently remonstrated. 13. In 1807, as the frigate Chesapeake was going out to sea, she was attacked by the Leopard, a British ship of superior force, on suspicion of having British sailors on board. Three of the Americans were killed, and eighteen wounded. The Chesapeake, not at all prepared for action, immediately struck her colors. An officer then came on board, summoned the crew together, marked four men as British deserters, and took them on board the Leopard. It was afterward found that three of them were Americans, who had been forced into the British service, but had after- ward escaped. J 14. This insolent assault upon a national ship, roused the 12. To what arbitrary measure did England resort to furnish her navy with sailors ? What were her ships authorized to do ? 13. Mention the attack upon the Chesapeake. 14. What effect had this upon the American people? What did the presi- • By tlie laws of war, neuteal vessels are excluded from blockaded ports. t Under this, and subsequent decrees, the French and their allies seized a great number of our vessels, and thus enriched themselves by the plunder of American merchants. Several years afterward, our government demanded payment for the vessels and goods they had seized. Demands, or claims, were made on France, Spain, Denmark, and Naples. These have all been paid to the satisfaction of our governmenf. X The affair of the Chesapeake was settled in 1811. The government of Great Britain disapproved of the act, restored the men, and made a compensation in money to the wounded, and the families of the slain. 18* 210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1809. indignation of the whole country. The president ordered all British ships immediately to leave the coast of the United States, and sent instructions to our minister at Lon- don to demand redress, and security against future aggres- sions. No satisfaction being obtained, and the British government having solemnly asserted the " right of search and im-pressmeni^^ a Special Congress was called on the 27th of October, to decide what measures should be adopt- ed. About this time, news arrived that laws had been passed in England and France, which exposed all American vessels to seizure and condemnation. 15. Several measures were adopted at this session of con- gress for increasing our land and naval force, and on the 22d of December, 1807, was passed the famous "Embargo" law, forbidding American vessels to leave their ports. This was regarded as a measure best fitted to the present crisis. This would preserve our seamen, ships, and merchandise from the dangers which threatened them on the ocean, and it was beheved, would compel England and France to an- nul their obnoxious decrees, by depriving them of the bene- fit derived from the trade of the (jnited States. As it put a stop to commerce, its effects were soon felt throughout our country, especially in our large cities and the eastern states. In these the embargo was very unpopular ; and the federal party denounced it as an unwise, oppressive, and uncalled-for measure. 1 6. As the embargo did not produce the eflfects anticipated on Great Britain and France, it was repealed on the 1st of March, 1809, and an act prohibiting all intercourse with these two nations, was substituted in its place. In 1808, Mr. Jefferson, having declared his determination to retire dent do? What instriictions were sent to our minister at London ? What was done ? When was congress assembled ? 15. Wliat measure was resorted to by our government? What is an embargo ? Ans. It is an act prohibiting or preventing vessels from sailing out of port for a limited time. Why was this act passed ? When? How was it regarded by the people of the United States ? 16. Wbere do you suppose its effects were most severely felt, in Europe or the United States ? When was it repealed ? What act was substituted in its place ? By whom was Mr. Jefferson succeeded ? How many years was Mr. Jefferson president ? 1809. , % Madison's administration. 211 from public life, was succeeded in the presidency by James Madison.* George Clinton was re-elected vice-president. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. Mr. Madison entered on the duties of his office, the 4th of March, 1809. He found the United States in a gloomy and perilous situation. England and France were still at war, and pursuing measures which threatened the entire destruction of American commerce. The affairs of the nation were in a very unsettled state, and becoming every day more and more embarrassed. British ships were constantly arriving on our coast, searching our vessels, im- pressing our seamen, and adding iiisult to injury. 2. In April, Mr. Erskine, the British minister at Wash- ington, engaged, on the part of his government, that the orders in council should be rev^oked after the 1 0th day of the following June. The president immediately issued his pro- clamation giving notice oi this fact, and also that our inter- course with Great Britain would be renewed after the time above specified. This produced great joy throughout our country, but ended in vexation and disappointment. The British ministry refused to ratify this arrangement, declaring that Mr. Erskine had no authority to make it. He was soon after recalled, and Mr. Jackson appointed to succeed him. 3. In a correspondence with Mr. Smith, secretary of state, Mr. Jackson insinuated that the United States government 1. When did Mr. Madison enter on the duties of his office? What was the situation of the United States at that time ? 2, 3. W^hat did Mr. Erskine do, and what was the result ? Who succeeded Mr. Erskine, and what was his conduct ? * James Madison was born in Virginia, on the 17th of March, 1750, and at the age of twenty five, was a member of the legislature of that state. In 1776, he waschoeea one of the delegates to the continental congress, and assisted afterward in framing the constitution of the United States. He was a member of congress after the adoption of that instrument, for several years ; was made secretary of state under President Jefferson, in 1801 ; and inaugurated as president of the United States, on the 4th of March, 1809. At the end of his term he was again elected, and retired to private life, in 1817. He died June 28, 1836. 212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1811. knew that Mr. Erskine was not authorized to make the arrangement. The secretary at once denied this ; but Mr- Jackson subsequently repeated it in a very offensive manner. He was immediately informed, by the president, that in consequence of his indecorous conduct, no further communi- cations would be received from him. Soon after this he was recalled by his government. Thus, instead of produc- ing a reconciliation, these movements tended only to aggra- vate the hostile feelings of the two nations. THE FRIGATES PRESIDENT AND LITTLE BELT. 4. In the mean time depredations were contii\ually com- mitted on our commerce. British cruisers were stationed before our harbors tind off our coast, who made it a point to harass, search, and examine our vessels, both those going out and those coming in. By this means the public mind was kept constantly inflamed. A novel incident that occurred about this time, served rather to increase, than to allay this state of feeling. Captain Rogers, in the frigate President, fell in with a vessel on the coast of Virginia, in the evening of the 11 th of May, 1811. Being hailed by 4. What were the British doing in the mean time ? Among the British cruisers on our coast, which was the most active in searching our vessels and 1811. Madison's administration. 213 Rogers, the commander of the vessel, instead of replying-, fired a gun, which struck the mainmast of the President* Upon this, Rogers poured a broadside into her, which silenced most of her guns, and killed and wounded 32 of her men. Being hailed again, an answer was immediately given that it was the Little Belt, a British sloop of war, of 18 guns, commanded by Captain Bingham. This was the first check the British commanders had received from us on the ocean. The sloop was thus justly punished for her insolent treatment of several American vessels. 5. In the midst of our difficulties with France and Eng- land, our frontiers were threatened with an Indian war. There existed at that time a celebrated chief, named Tecumseh, He was distinguished for his ambition, talents, and energy of character, but above all, for his enmity to the whites. He was determined to put an effectual barrier to the further extension of our settlements. And for this pur- pose, he resorted to every artifice to stir up the minds of the Indians against us. Aided by his brother, the Prophet, he formed an alliance with the northwestern tribes, and en- couraged by British agents, was preparing for open hostili- ties against the United States. In 1811, General Harrison, then governor of Indiana, held a council* with the chiefs of several tribes, at Vincennes, at which Tecumseh was present. By his influence the council was broken up, and nothing short of war was expected to result. insulting the crews ? Ans. The Little Belt, commanded by Captain Bing- ham. What occurred on the coast of Virginia? 5. With what were our frontiers threatened ? For what was Tecumseh distinguislied ? When and by whom was a council held ? * Tecumseh was not present when the council assembled. He entered, however, soon after, and was informed that his father, meaning General Harrison, had reserv- ed a seat for him next himself. " My father !" said Tecumseh, "my father ! The Great Spirit is my father, the earth is my mother, and upon her breast will I re- cline." Saying this, he seated himself upon the ground at some distance from Har- rison. Tecumseh boldly remonstrated in the council against a purchase the whites had lately made from the Kickapoos and some other tribes. In a strain of wonder- ful eloquence, he inveighed against the encroachments of the Americans, — gave a faithful history of the progress of the settlements, from the first commencement oa the Delaware, to the moment at which he spoke. When answered by General Harrison, he grasped his tomahawk, in a fit of phrensy, and boldly charged him with having uttered what was false. The warriors who attended him, twenty or thirty in number, followed his example. But Harrison had fortunately posted a guard of soldiers near, who put a stop to their fury. 214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1811. 6. Soon after this, every thing on the part of the Indians appeared to indicate approaching hostilities, and General Harrison was sent into their territories, with a body of troops, to demand an explanation and to put a stop to their hostile designs. As he was approaching one of their towns, situated on the Tippecanoe, a branch of the Wabash, he met several chiefs, who oifering terms of peace and sub- mission, persuaded him to encamp for the night, as it was then too late to enter upon business. 7. Before morning, however, the savages made a furious assault upon the camp. But the whites were prepared to receive them. For Harrison, knowing the treachery of his enemies, ordered his men to sleep upon their arms, and made every preparation against surprise. After a severe struggle, and heavy loss on both sides, the Indians were finally re- pulsed. Harrison destroyed their towns, and erected such 6. Who was sent against the Indians ? Why ? What happened as he was approaching one of their towns? 7. What took place next morning ? What was the result? What was this battle called ? Ans. The battle of Tippecanoe. Was Tecumseh present at the battle ? Ans. No, he had gone to visit the Creeks and Seminoles. v I 1812. Madison's administration*. 215 forts- as seemed necessary for the protection of the frontiers, and returned. 8. The conduct of Great Britain became daily more and more grievous to the nation. Since 1803, her cruisers had captured nine hundred of our vessels, and impressed more than seven thousand of our seamen. The patience of the nation was exhausted. Congress was assembled by procla- mation on the 5th of November, 1811, and the president laid before them the state of our foreign relations, and recommended that measures should be immediately adopted to maintain the honor and interests of the nation. Laws were soon after passed, authorizing the president to make preparation for war, to increase the army, to enlarge the navy, and to borrow money. On the 3d of April, 1812, congress laid an embargo for ninety days on all vessels within the jurisdiction of the United States. Although our government was busily engaged in making preparation for war, a hope was still cherished, that some change in the policy of Great Britain would render an appeal to arms un- necessary. But perceiving no prospect of such a change, congress declared war against that nation on the 18th of June, 1812.* 9. This highly important and eventful act was variously received. In some places it produced the highest demonstra- tions of joy ; in others, especially the comny^rcial sections of our country, it was the cause of gloom and despondency. Although a majority of the nation were in favor of the war, the federal party was opposed to the measure, on the ground that an accommodation with England might have been made, and that we were unprepared for so serious a contest ; 8. What was the conduct of Great Britain ? How many of our vessels had been captured ? Seamen impressed ? Do you think there were any just causes for war ? W^hat did congress do ? When was war declared ? 9. How was this act regarded by the nation? What did the "Peace Party" do ? ' The bill declaring war against Great Britain passed the house of representa- tives, June 4th, 1812, by a majority of 79 to 49. It passed the senate, June 7th, by a majority of 19 to 13, and on the 18th, received the signature of the president. The representatives of congress, belonging to the federal party, presented a solemn pro- test against the declaration of war,— denying it to be either " necessary, or required by any moral duty, or political expediency." 3fl$ HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1812. and some even denounced it as unnecessary, impolitic, and immoral. These organized themselves under the title of the " Peace Partj/,^' and exerted all their influence against the operations of government. Unanimity in so important a measure was not to be expected ; yet the opposition of so great a portion of the population, of the talents and wealth of the comitry, tended to throw embarrassments on its prosecu- tion, which were greatly felt throughout the whole struggle. 10. In some respects, the nation was much better situated for war, than at the commencement of the Revolution. It 710W had an ethcient government. Its population had increased from three to eiglit millions, and its pecuniary resources had multiplied in a still greater ratio. In other respects its situation was less favorable. At the commence- ment of the Revolution, the nation was imited in the measure, and they were comparatively a warlike people ; for they had been trained up in the French and Indians wars, and had able and experienced commanders. But in 1812, the situation of things was very different. The nation had enjoyed the blessings of peace and prosperity for about thirty years. During this time they had in a measure lost their military character, and there were no officers in whom entire confidence could be placed. Our oldest revolutionary heroes slept in honored graves, and those who remained were fi\r advanced in life, and but poorly qualitied for the active duties of the camp and field. Such was the situation of things at the commencement of hostilities. 11. Soon after war was declared, preparations were made for the invasion of Canada. Three armies were asseinblei\; one at Detroit* under General Hull, then governor of Michi- gan territory ; another at Lewistownf under General Van Rensselaer ; a third at Plattsburgh| under General Dear- ie. Was the nation »s well prepared for war as in 1775? 11. Wlmt prcpur.'Uions were made soon after war was declared? How * Detroit, capital of Michigan, situated on Detroit river, between Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair. t Lewistt>wn, in New York, situated on Niaeara river, opposite QueenstoM'n, 7 miles bf low Niagara falls, iiml '27k north of ButTslo. ; PliUtshurgh, atowu in New York, situated on Lake Ohamplain, 63 miles south of Montreal. 1812. Madison's administration, 217 born, the Commander-in-chief of the American army. The British had a regular army of 6,000 men in Canada; and they had formed an extensive aUiance with the Indians. Tecumseh had been raised to the rank of general in the British army ; and by his influence thousands of savage warriors were induced to take up arms against the Ameri- cans. 12. On the 12th of July, General Hull crossed the river Detroit with a force of 2,500 men, with the object of march- ing on Fort Maiden,* then the British head-quarters, and from thence proceedmg to Montreal. ' On the same day, he addressed a proclamation to the Canadians, caUing on them to submit without resistance, promising protection to their persons, rights, property, &c. On the 15th, Colonel Cass,t with 280 men, defeated a detachment of the British at the river Aux Canards, 5 miles from Fort Maiden, and advised Hull to march immediately against the fort. Had he done so, it would probably have fallen an easy conquest. But instead of pressing on and striking a powerful blow, he ordered Colonel Cass to return and join the army. After remaining about a month inactive in his camp, on the 8th of August, in spite of the entreaties of his officers and the indignation of his troops, he returned to Detroit. 13. The British at Maiden were soon reinforced by the arrival of General Brock, the governor of Canada. He immediately marched against Detroit, at the head of 330 regulars, 400 mihtia, and 600 Indians, and on the 1 5th of August opened a heavy cannonade upon the town from the opposite bank of the river. The next day he crossed over with his troops, and advanced toward the fort in close column, and twelve deep. The Americans were judiciously many and where were the armies assembled? Under whom? The com- rnaiKlfr-in-chif^f? ILJ. What did Gcnoral Hull do on the 12th day of July ? On the 8th of August? What do you think of General Hull? 13. What did the British do soon after? What did General Brock do on the 15th of August ? Relate what took place next day. • Maiden, on the east bank of the Detroit river, .3 miles above its entrance into Lake Eri*', and 15 below Detroit, t Lewis Cass was born at Exet'?r, New Hampshire, ou the 9th of Octoberi 1782. 19 218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1812. disposed to receive them. The miUtia and volunteers were so stationed as to flank the enemy. The regulars defended the fort; and two twenty-four pounders, charged with grape shot, were so planted as to sweep the whole British line. All was now silent expectation. On the enemy came, fearlessly, but apparently to certain destruction. Our troops, confident of victory, were eager for the contest. 14. They had now arrived within 500 yards of the Ameri- can lines, and all were anxiously waiting the signal for the artillery to open upon them its deadly fire. But instead of this, Hull ordered the troops to retire within the fort. Here they were commanded to stack their arms, and to the astonishment of every one, a white flag, in token of submission, was suspended from the walls. The enemy were as much astonished as the Americans at this result. A capitulation was soon agreed upon, by which the army, the fort, and the whole territory of Michigan, were sun'ender- ed into the hands of the British ! This disgraceful event ex- cited the deepest feelings of indignation throughout the country.* 15. On the 13th of October, Van Rensselaer, with 1,000 troops, crossed the river Niagara and took the British fort at Glueenstown by storm. While they were rejoicing over their success. General Brock arrived with 600 fresh troops. But they also were soon defeated by the Americans, and Brock himself was among the slain. The British were soon after reinforced again by 1,000 men ; and Van Rensse- laer now endeavored to transport all his forces across the river. But the militia utterly refused to pass the boundaiy 14. Do you suppose Hull possessed that energy, firmness, and decision of character, that always distinguish a brave and skillful officer? What do you think of his conduct ? 15. What took place on the 13th of October, 1812? Where is Queens- town? Ans. It is a town of Upper Canada, situated on Niagara river, seven miles below Niagara falls. Why would not the militia cross over ? A71S. They had learned that the constitution did not require the militia to go beyond the ' Genera! Hull was afterward exchanged for thirty British prisoners. Soon after he was tried by a court-martial, found guilty of cowardice and neglect of duty, and Was sentenced to be shot, but was recommended to mercy in consequence of his services in the war of the revokuion, and his advanced age. The president remitted the punishment, but deprived him of all mihtary command. 1812. Madison's administration. 210 line. He urged, entreated, but in vain. The consequence was, that the brave troops on the Canada side were assailed bj a superior force, and nearly all of them killed. 16. Van Rensselaer, having received a wound, resigned the command, and was succeeded by General Smyth. In a very boastful manner, Smyth addressed the " men of New York," complaining of the management of the former gene- ral, and calling upon them to join his standard, and march to the immediate conquest of Canada. He soon had an army of 4,500 men under his command ; but such was his delay and miscalculation, that nothing was effected before they were obliged to return to winter quarters. Twice the troops embarked to cross the river, but landed without leav- ing the shore. His men were disgusted, and all were indig- nant at his base and cowardly conduct. 17. The other army, under General Dearborn, stationed near Lake Champlain, effected nothing of any importance. Thus, at the end of the year 1812, no enterprise worthy of the American arms had been accomplished. Every patriot was mortified, and every tongue filled with complaint. But, while failure and disgrace followed the movements of the army, glory and success attended the exploits of our navy. 18. On the 19th of August, Captain Hull, in the frigate Constitution fell in with the British ship Guerriere. Her flags were flying in boastful defiance. On one of them, were the words, " Not the Little Belt." The Constitution bore down, her crew giving three cheers. The Guerriere now opened a heavy fire, but Hull, wishing to gain a favor- able position, received it without returning a gun. The enemy attributed this to want of skill; but the wished-for moment at length arrived. The Constitution was brought to the station intended, and orders were given to fire broad- side after broadside. Never was firing more dreadful. For fifteen minutes the Constitution's guns poured forth one limits of the United States, and they possessed neither the courage nor the magnanimity to go to the assistance of their comrades. What was the conse- quence of their refusal? 16. What do you think of General Smyth's movements ? 17. What did the army under General Dearborn do ? 18. Describe the capture of the Guerriere. 220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1812 r O N S T I T l' r I O N ,v N 1> O I' E R R I E R E . continued blaze, and their thunder roared \vith scarce an intermission. Every mast and spar of the Gueniere was shot away, and in thirty minutes, she lay an unmanageable wreck. The British loss in this action, was 15 killed and 63 wounded, while that of the Americans, was but 7 killed and 37 wounded. The Guerriere was so much damaged as to render it impossible to bring her into port. She was therefore set on hre and blown up. The Constitution received but little injury, and was ready for action the next day. 19. On the 18th of October, near the Bermuda Islands, Captain Jones, in the Wasp, of 18 guns, captured the FroHc, of 2"2 guns. When the action commenced the sea was exceedingly rough, and the muzzles of the guns were often under water. The Frolic tired as she rose on the wave, and her shot went over, doin^ little or no mjuiy but the Wasp fired as she sunk, and every broadside shattered the hull of her antagonist. After an action of 45 minutes the Americans boarded, but to their astonishment, they found but three officers on deck, and the seaman at the 19. Describe the capture of the Frolic. 1812. madison'b administration. 221 wheel. The decks were shppery with the blood of the dead and the dying. Thirty had been killed and fifty wounded. The Wasp had but five killed and five slightly wounded. This was unquestionably the most severe and decisive action during the war. Shortly after the battle, both vessels were taken by a British seventy-four and carried into the Bermudas. 20. On the 25th of October, Captain Decatur,* in the frigate United States, of 44 guns, fell in with the Macedo- nian, of 49 guns, near the Western Islands. The enemy had decidedly the advantage, but after an action of an hour and a half, having her mizen and main-top-masts shot away, her rigging entirely cut to pieces, and nearly all her guns disabled, the Macedonian surrendered. She had 36 men killed and G8 wounded, while the United States had but 7 killed and 5 wounded. Decatur towed his prize into New York, where he was received with the highest demon- strations of joy. 21. On the 30th of December, off the coast of Brazil, Commodore Bainbridge, in the Constitution, captured the Java, one of the finest vessels of her class in the British navy. The action continued three hours. The Java was reduced to a mere wreck ; her captain was slain, with 60 of the crew, and 101 wounded. The Constitution had 34 killed and wounded. Such was the glorious beginning of our naval warfare against Great Britain ; and besides these victories of the navy, our privateers had taken a great number of merchant vessels. Over 500 prizes were made during the year. The British were astonished, and exceed- ingly mortified, at the brilliant success of our little navy, which had now added such glory to the American name. 22. Mr. Madison was re-elected president this year, not- withstanding the violent opposition of the "^mce party ^^ 20. Describe the capture of the Macedonian. 21. The Java. How many prize.s were taken in 1812 ? 22. Who was re-elected president in 1812 ? Who vice-president ? What state was admitted into the Union ? * Stephen Decatur was born in Maryland, 1779 ; be fell in a duel with Commo- dore Barron, in 1^0. See his Life. 19* 222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1813. who supported De Witt Clinton, of New York, as their candidate. Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, was chosen vice-president. During this year Louisiana was admitted into the Union. Thus closed the important events of 1812. EVENTS OP 1813. 1. The administration now determined to prosecute the war with new vigor, and, if possible, retrieve the character of the army by the reduction of Canada. The enthusiasm produced by the success of the navy, inspired the land forces with eager desire to accomplish something worthy of the nation. The president was authorized to raise twentj^ new regiments, increase the wages of the soldiers, build eighteen ships of war, and to supply the great lakes with a navy of sufficient force to compete with the enemy. 2. Great enthusiasm now prevailed throughout the western states ; volunteer companies were formed in every quarter, and the most active preparations made for the purpose of regaining possession of the territory of Michigan. An army of eight thousand volunteers from Kentucky and Ohio, under command of General Harrison, marched against the enemy in that quarter. He concentrated his forces at Sandusky. At the earnest request of the inhabitants of Frenchtown, a detachment of eight hundred men, under the command of General Winchester, marched to defend that place. 3. On the 22d of January, a body of British and Indians, under the command of Colonel Proctor, having crossed the Detroit river on the ice, made a furious assault upon the camp at Frenchtown. The Americans were overpowered, more than three hundred were slain, and several hundred carried prisoners to Maiden. Over sixty, who were wounded 1. What did congress authorize the president to do? 2. Why were volunteer companies formed in the western states ? Under ■whose command were they placed ? Who was sent to the defense of French town? 3. State the attack upon Frenchtown, and the result. 1813. Madison's administration. 223 in the battle, were left in the care of the inhabitants of the town. The next morning the savages entered the place, set fire to the houses, and murdered the wounded soldiers in the most cruel and barbarous manner. 4. Harrison marched soon after this to the rapids of the Miami, where he built Fort Meigs. Here he was besieged, on the 1st of May, by a party of British and Indians from Maiden, commanded by Colonel Proctor. General Clay, with twelve hundred Kentuckians, marched to his relief. The enemy were at once attacked and put to flight ; but afterward returning, they surprised the Americans, killed one hundred and fifty, and took five hundred prisoners. The remainder escaped into the fort, or fled to the nearest settle- ments. The enemy continued the siege till the 9th of May, when, their Indian allies having deserted, the whole force withdrew. 5. The British, by providing a respectable navy on the lakes, had great advantage over the Americans. Commo- dore Chauncey, after great exertions, procured a naval force on Lake Ontario, sufficient to compete with the enemy. On the 25th of April, General Dearborn, with seventeen hun- dred men, crossed the lake for the attack of York, the capital of Upper Canada. On the 27th, General Pike, a brave young officer, after carrying the battery of the enemy at the point of the bayonet, led on his men to the main works. 6. At the moment his troops arrived, the enemy's maga- zine blew up, and made terrible havoc among them. Pike was mortally wounded, and more than one hundred men were killed by this disaster. But the Americans pressed on, and soon gained possession of the town. The dying Pike smiled in triumph, when one of his men brought the flag of the enemy, and placed it under his head. 4. What did General Harrison do? What took place the 1st of May? Who marched to his relief? How many of these troops under General Clay ■were killed and taken prisoners ? How long did the enemy continue the siege ? 5. In what respect had the British the advantage on the lakes ? Who was sent to prepare us a navy on Lake Ontario ? When did General Dear- born cross the lake ? For what purpose ? What did General Pike do ? 6. What happened as he led on his troops ? What were Pike's last words ? Ans. " Move on, ray brave fellows, and revenge your general." 224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1813. 7. During General Dearborn's absence on this expedition, about one thousand British troops landed, and made an attack upon Sackett's Harbor, the 29th of May. The force, at this place, amounted to about one thousand men, under the command of General Brown. A considerable part of these were militia, who fled in great confusion at the approach of the enemy. The British pressing on, soon compelled the regular troops to retreat into the houses along the road. From these coverts they poured a deadly fire upon the enemy, which checked their progress. General Brown had, by this time, succeeded in collecting a large number of the panic-struck militia, and was leading them by a circuitous route to the attack of the enemy. The British commander, supposing their object was to fall upon him in his rear, ordered a retreat to their boats. This order was obeyed with so much promptness and haste, that they left behind them all their wounded and prisoners. 8. While these affairs w^ere going on at the north, events of great interest had occurred on the coast of the Atlantic. The success of the American navy had greatly alarmed the British nation, and Admiral Warren had been sent with a powerful fleet to line the whole coast of the United States, and interrupt all their naval operations. 9. A number of ships entered the Chesapeake bay, and made great havoc among our merchant vessels. The British landed, plundered and burned many flourishing towns. French town, Georgetown, Hampton, Havre de Grace, and Fredericktown were destroyed. An attempt was made against Norfolk, but after the loss of two hun- dred men, the enemy desisted. 10. While the British were blockading the Delaware, the inhabitants of Lewistown refused to supply them with 7. What happened while General Dearborn was absent? Describe the battle ? Do you suppose General Brown thought of cutting off the retreat of the British ? Why were the British soldiers so willing to obey their general at this time ? 8. Who was sent with a British fleet to line the coast of the United States? 9. What did they do in Chesapeake bay ? What places were plundered and burned ? 10. In what harbor was Decatur blockaded ? 1813. Madison's administration. 225 water and provisions. Enraged at this,' the enemy bom- barded and endeavored to take the town ; but they were defeated. At this time, Decatur having entered the harbor of New London with the United States and his prize, the Macedonian, was blockaded by a British squadron, under Commodore Hardy. Impatient of his situation, he sent a challenge to two frigates of the enemy, but it was not accepted. 11. But the powerful force of the British did not prevent our vessels from cruising the seas, and making captures. On the 23d of February, Captain Lawrence, in the Hornet, fell in with the British brig Peacock, of about equal force. After a fierce battle of fifteen minutes, the Peacock struck her colors, and raised a signal of distress. The Americans lowered their boats, but before they could get away all her crew, the brig went down, and with her thirteen of her own men, and four of the Hornet's men. 12. In reward for this exploit, Lawrence was appointed to the command of the Chesapeake. She was then block- aded in Boston harbor, by two British vessels. Captain Brock, of the British frigate Shannon, sent a challenge to Lawrence to meet him in single combat. The Chesa- peake was in bad trim, and her crew raw and undis- ciplined. But Lawrence, inspired with hope from past suc- cess, and eager for new trophies, set sail on the first of June, and the two vessels soon came to action. 13. The battle commenced at the distance of pistol shot, and with terrible fury on both sides. The Chesapeake soon lost her foresail, and falling a little in the rear, was exposed to a raking fire from the enemy. Her officers were all soon killed or wounded, her chest of arms blown up, and in this condition she was boarded, and her gallant crew compelled to submit. 14. Soon after the action began, Lawrence received a 11. Describe the battle of the Hornet and the Peacock? 12. What appointment did Lawrence receive? Where was the Chesa- peake then lying ? Who sent a challenge to Lawrence ? Was the Chesa- peake and her crew well prepared for a severe engagement ? 13. Describe the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. 14. What were the last words of Lawrence ? 226 IIISTOKT OF THE UlflTED STATES. 1S13. mortal wouml, ami was carried below. But his courage held out to the last moment. Being asked if the coloi-s should be struck, he replied, '' No, they shall wave while I live.'' Even after his crew had been obliged to surrender, he exclaimed, in the agonies of death, "Don't give up the ship." The loss was great on both sides. Of the Ame- ricans, forty-seven were killed and ninety-seven wounded. Of the enemy, twenty-six were killed and tifty-seven were wounded. The British boasted of this victory, with the most extravagant exultation. The Americans deplored the fate of the brave young Lawrence. 15. In the month of August, the British brig Pelican captured the American brig Argus, which had made a very successful cruise against the coasting vessels of England. Another action took place on the 5th of September, between the American brig Enterprise and the British brig Boxer. The Enterprise was victorious. Both commanders were slain in the action, and buried side by side in Portland. American privateers were successful in making numerous pri;zes. 16. Let us now turn to the atfairs of the north. Early in the season, Ci'unmodore Perry had been ordered to Presque Isle, Pennsylvania, to prepare a fleet for the pur- pose of meeting the enemy on I^Ake Erie. By the tirst of August, after triumphing over many difiiculties, he had equipped a flotilla of nine vessels, carrying, in all, flfty-four guns. The British had a fleet on the same lake, under the command of Commodore Barclay, carrying sixty-four guns. 17. The two squadrons met on the 10th of September. The wind being light, they approached each other very slowly. Perry was on board the Lawrence, which, crowd- ing all sail, had jrot far in advance of the other vessels. 1 ■>. When and by what was the Argus captured ? What other naval action took plai'o alH>ut tlus time ' Which was victorious ? Where and how were the conuuanders bunod ' Wlu^ro is Portland ■ 10. M what time did Commodore Perry get his fleet prepared on Lake Erie ? 17, 18. Describe the battle of Lake Erie ? How did Perry describe his vic- tor)- to General Harrison ? 1813. MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 227 and was obliged to sustain the whole fire of the enemy. After a contest of two hours with two vessels of nearly equal size, she was completely disabled, -and all her crew, except seven, were either killed or wounded ^r\ Xi,L ^^,^^s^* 18. The gallant Perry now seized his flag, and passed in an open boat, exposed to the enemy's fire, to the ship Niagara, commanded by Captain Elliott, which had, by this time, come up. He now opened upon the British with terrible effect. Broadside after broadside was poured into the British ships with unerring aim. He broke through their line, and soon compelled one vessel after another to surrender. The whole American squadron now joining in the contest, a complete and decisive victory soon followed. At four o'clock, r. m., he dispatched to General Hanison the following laconic epistle, ^' We have met the enemy, and they are ours." This brilliant action occasioned great joy throughout the nation. 19. General Harrison, who was then at Fort Meigs, hearing of Perry's victory, marched at once to the lake, 19. What did Harrison now do ' Did he find the enemy at Fort Maiden ? Where is Maiden '^ Did he find them at Detroit ? To what place had they retreated '. 228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1813. embarked, and crossed over for the purpose of attacking the enemy at Fort Maiden. When he arrived there, however, he found that the British and Indians, anticipating his movements, had deserted that post, also Detroit, and had retreated up the River Thames to the Moravian villages. 20. Harrison, by rapid pursuit, overtook them on the 5th of October, and brought them to action. A company of mounted riflemen was placed in front of the line, and after the first fire of the enemy, they were ordered to charge. At first the horses recoiled ; but soon they rushed on with irresistible fury, and breaking through the ranks of the British, compelled them to throw down their arms. 21. Upon the left, the onset was begun by Tecumseh with great fury. Colonel Richard M. Johnson, who com- manded that flank of his regiment, received a galling fire, which he returned with great effect. The combat raged with increasing fury, while the Indians, to the number of twelve or fifteen hundred, seemed determined to maintain their ground to the last. The terrible voice of Tecumseh could'be distinctly heard above the din of battle, encouraging his warriors, who, on this occasion, fought with more than Indian courage. 22. An incident soon occurred, however, which decided the contest. Colonel Johnson rushed toward the spot where the warriors, clustering around their undaunted chief, appeared resolved to perish by his side. In a moment a hundred rifles were aimed at Johnson, whose uniform, and the white horse which he rode, rendered him a conspicuous object. His horse and himself received a number of wounds ; and his holsters, dress, and accoutrements were pierced with bullets. 23. At the instant his horse was about to sink under him, the daring Kentuckian, covered with blood from his wounds, was discovered by Tecumseh, who, having dis- charged his rifle, sprang forward with his tomahawk ; but, at this moment, Johnson discharged a pistol at his breast, 20, 21, 22. Describe the battle of the Thames ? Where is the Thames ? In what direction from us ? 23. What does the cut represent ? 1813. Madison's administration. 229 DEATH OF TKCUMSEH. and both, almost at the same instant, fell to the ground. The Kentuckians rushed forward to the rescue of their leader, and the Indians, no longer hearing the voice of Te- cumseh, instantly fled. Thus fell the most celebrated Indian warrior that ever raised the tomahawk against us ; and with him fell the last hope of our Indian enemies. 24. In the early part of this year, the mediation of Russia was offered to bring about peace between England and the United States. The president accepted the offer, and appointed Messrs. Adams, Gallatin, and Bayard com- missioners to negotiate for peace. But Great Britain re- fused to treat under this mediation. 25. In order to defend the frontiers against the British and their savage allies, the American forces w^ere divided into small companies, which were liable to be attacked by greater numbers, and entirely cut off. During the summer, battles were fought on Stony Creek and the Beaver Dams, in which the enemy were successful. On the first of August, General Proctor, with twelve hundred men, at- tacked Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, defended only 24. What pownr offered to mediate between us and England' the i)iCHiiin,!;of mediate ? •j3. What other battles were fought during the summer? 20 What is 230 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1813. by a band of one hundred and fifty Americans, under the command of Major Croghan. The enemy, confident of victory, endeavored to carry the fort by storm ; but being repulsed, with the loss of one hundred and fifty men, they thought it best to retire. The garrison had but one killed and seven wounded. 26. On the 11th of November, an action took place at Williamsburg, on the St. Lawrence, in which both parties claimed the victory. In December, the Americans blew up Fort George, and set fire to Newark, a neighboring village, on the Niagara river. In retaliation, the British crossed the Niagara, and burned all the principal towns on the Ame- rican side of that river. 27. While these things were transpiring at the north, the Creeks and Seminole Indians had taken up the hatchet, and commenced a war of plunder and devastation. They had listened to the persuasions of Tecumseh, the famous chief and mighty warrior, and now began to show their hostility, by murdering several whites in their neighbor- hood. The people on the Alabama river, alarmed at their danger, took refuge in Fort Mims. 28. On the 1 4th of August, the savages surrounded the fort, cut their way through the outworks, set fire to all the buildings, butchered and burned men, women, and children. Nearly three hundred perished, and but seventeen escaped. The whites, indignant at these cruelties, resolved on ven- geance. General Jackson,* at the head of thirty-five hun- 26. What took place in November? December? 27. In what new war were the United States involved this year? By whom were they instigated to hostilities ? 28. What took place the 14th of August? Who marched against the In- dians ? Where did General Jackson defeat the Indians ? * Andrew Jackson was born in South Carolina, about forty-five miles from Cam- den, on the 15th of March, 1767. He was designed for the chiu-ch, and commenced the preparatory studies ; but tliese were speedily interrupted by the war of the rev- olution. At the age of fourteen, he, with an eider brother, joined the American army, and was soon after captured and wounded. On his liberation, he returned to his native place, and commenced studying the law. In 1788, he removed to Nashville, in Tennessee, and began to practice with great success. His first public appointment was that of di.strict attorney, in 1790 ; and at nearly the same time he was named one of the members of a convention to frame the state constitution. In 17%. he was elected a representative to the congre.ss of the United States, and sen- ator in 1797. In 1799, he received a commission as major-genei-al in the militia ; and in 1814, two years after the declaration of war with Great Britain, was appointed to the same rank in the United Stales army. In March, 1821, he was made gov- 1814, Madison's administration. 231 dred militia from Tennessee, marched into the Indian terri- tory. These troops endured great hardships from the want of provisions, while traversing a gloomy wilderness. But in several battles, at Tallushatchie, Talladega, and other places, the Indians were defeated with terrible slaughter. Their villages were burned, and their country laid waste. 29. The decisive battle was fought on the 27th of March, 1814, at the Great Bend of the River Tallapoosa. Here, about one thousand of the surviving warriors had assem- bled, and fortified themselves. General Jackson, with a strong reinforcement, attacked this last refuge of the enemy, and after a most obstinate struggle, was completely victorious. About eight hundred of the savages, scorning to yield, fell in the battle. 30. The Indians had now suffered a terrible loss by the war. More than two thousand of their ablest warriors had fallen, and their towns were all destroyed. They now began to sue for peace.* A treatj^ was made with them by General Jackson, and he and his brave troops were permitted to enjoy an honorable but short repose. EVtNTS OF 1814, AND END OF THE WAR. 1. The soldiers and officers of the American army had now acquired that degree of discipline and experience which prepared them for a more arduous campaign. Peace 29. Where was fought the decisive battle ? 30. Was the war any advantage to the Indians? Any injury? Why? ernor of the Floridas, by President Monroe ; again elected senator of the United States, in 1822 ; elevated to the presidency in 1828 ; and again elected, in 1832, to the same station. On the expiration of his second term of office, he retired to the Her- mitEige, his estate near Nashville, and spent the remainder of his active and useful hie in retirement. He died, .June 8lh, 1845. The news of his death spread a gloom over the nation, and a united people attended as mourners at his funeral, desirous of honoring the memory of the departed hero and patriot. • Soon after the battle of the Great Bend, Weatherford, the principal chief of the Creeks, came and surrendered himself to General Jack.son, addressing him as fol- lows : '' I am in your power. Do with me what you please. I have done the white people all the harm I could. I have fought them', and fought them bravely. There was a time when I had a choice. I have none now — even hope is ended. Once I could animate mv warriors, but I can not animate the dead. They can no longer hear my voice. Their bones are at Tallushatchie, Talladega, Emuckfau, and Toho- peka. While there was a chance of success, I never supplicated peace ; but my people are gone, and I now ask it for my nation and myself" 232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1814. having been concluded in Europe, Great Britain shipped an army of veteran troops for the invasion of the United States by way of Canada. 2. On the 3d of July, Generals Scott* and Ripley, with three thousand men, crossed the Niagara, and surprised and took possession of Fort Erie without resistance. The next day, General Brown, with the main body of the army, ad- vanced agamst the enemy at Chippewa. Here he found a force equal to his own, under the command of General Riall On the 5th, both armies met in open field. The British advanced with a furious charge, which put a part of the American line to flight. But this breach was soon repaired by the bravery of the troops under Major Jessup. The enemy was completely routed, and after a loss of five hundred men, retreated to their fortifications. This may be considered the first regular pitched battle during the war, and furnished a convincing proof that nothing but discipline was wanting to give to our soldiers on land the same ex- cellence that our seamen had exhibited on the ocean, f 3. General Riall, soon after his defeat, retired to Bur- lington Heights. After a few days, he was strongly rein- forced there by General Drummond, who assumed the com- mand, and led back the army toward the Amerfcan lines. 1 . Why were the British enabled to send more troops to the United States at this time than at any former period ? 2. When did General Brown cross the Niagara? Fort Erie is on the Canada side of the Niagara river. Describe the battle of Chippewa. 3. Describe the battle of Bridgewater, or Lundy's Lane, What question did General Ripley put to Colonel Miller ? What was his reply ? * General Wiiifield Scott was born near Petersburg, Virginia, on the I3th of June, 1786. In May, 1808, he received a captain's commission in the army of the United States. He gradually rose from that office, by hfs bravery and talents, to the distin- guished post of commander-in-chief of the United States army. t It is said that Major Jessup, suspecting that his troops had expended nearly all their cartridges, passed along the rear of the line to make inquiry as to the fact. Several soldiers who lay mortally wounded, some of them actually in the agonies of death, hearing the inquiry, forgot, for a moment, in their devotion to their country, both the pain they endured and the approach of death, and called out, each one for himself, -'Here are cartridges in my box, take and distribute them among my companions." A soldier in the line exclaimed to Major Jessup as he was passiug, " My musket is shot to pieces."' His comrade, who lay expiring with his wounds at the distance of a few feet, replied in a voice scarcely audible, '• My musket is in excellent order, take and use her." It is not extravagant to assert, that an army of such men, commanded by officers of corresponding merit, is liter- ally invincible. 1814. MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 233 BATTLE OF BRIDGEWATER. General Brown being encamped at Chippewa, and learning that the British army was advancing, ordered Creneral Scott, with his brigade, and Towson's artillery, to march forward with all speed, and divert the attention of the enemy, while the rest of the army was put in motion. When Scott arrived opposite the cataract of Niagara, he became apprised of the enemy's presence and force. He instantly marched on, and the two armies engaged at " Lundy's Lane," within a short distance of the Falls. For more than an hour he maintained the fight against a force seven times his number. About dark General Ripley came up, and relieved Scott's exhausted troops. The main army, under General Brown, arrived soon after, and the contest was renewed with great fury. The Americans suffered greatly from a British battery stationed on a commanding eminence. General Ripley, feeling that this battery must be silenced, or the victory lost, said to Colonel Miller, " Can you storm that battery?" "I will try, sir," he promptly replied. 4. Placing himself at the head of the 21st regiment, 4. What did Miller do ? What was the result ? 20* 234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1814. Miller led them up with charged bayonets to the mouth of the blazing cannon, rushed upon the artillerymen, gained possession of the battery, and turned the guns upon the enemy. The British were soon after reinforced, and made three desperate struggles to regain the eminence ; but the Americans, with obstinate fury, charged them in front and rear, took General Riall prisoner, drove them from the hill, and remained in possession of the field. The battle con- tinued until midnight, and was one of the most obstinate that occurred during the war. The British force engaged in the action was about five thousand men, and that of the Americans three thousand five hundred. Each army lost about nine hundred men. 5. Generals Brown and Scott having been wounded, the command devolved on General Ripley. After remaining on the hill a few hours, he retired to Fort Erie and there intrenched himself General Gaines arrived soon after and took the chief command. On the 4th of August, he was besieged by General Drummond at the head of 5,000 men. On the 15th of August, the enemy made a furious assault, and endeavored to storm the batteries, but the gamson repulsed them repeatedly with dreadful carnage. They succeeded, however, in carrying a part of the outworks, but just at this moment a large magazine exploded, which made terrible slaughter among them. After a loss of 900 men, they retreated. The garrison lost only eighty-four. 6. The enemy, however, continued the siege. General Brown having taken command of the fort on the 17th of September, the Americans made a sally, and gaining the rear, charged them with so much fury that they fled from their inirenchments, leaving all their cannon and magazines in the hands of the garrison. About 1,000 of the British troops were killed, wounded, or taken, in the short space of one hour. Four days after this battle the enemy retired from the fort, and relieved the garrison from their dangers and toils. 5. Where did the American forces now retire ? Describe the attack on Fort Erie ? What was the result ? 6. What took place on the 17th of September? What on the 21st ? 1814, Madison's administration. 235 7. In August, General Izard, with 5,000 men, was dispatched to the Niagara frontier to join (jieneral Brown, leaving General Macomb in command at Plattsburg with only 1,500 troops. The British in Canada resolved to improve this favorable opportunity to capture that important post. Sir George Prevost, at the head of 14,000 veteran troops — most of whom had served with Wellington — -arrived at Plattsburg on the 6th of September. The Ameiicans withdrew across the Saranac,* and for four days withstood all attempts of the enemy to cross the stream. 8. At this time Commodore M'Donough, with a small fleet, amounting in all to 86 guns, lay at anchor in the har- bor. The British general had resolved to attack the fleet and army at the same time; and for this purpose he had ordered Captain Downie to enter the bay with his whole naval force, which, carrying 95 guns, was superior to that of the Americans. On the 1 1th, the British fleet arrived and anchored within 60 rods of the American vessels. Both parties gave three cheers, and opened their fire. 9. The roar of cannon now rolled incessantly across the calm and peaceful lake. One of the British ships had her cable shot away, and drifting into the American fleet, was soon obliged to surrender. In two hours the flag-ship of the enemy struck her colors, and shortly the whole fleet submitted to the victorious Americans. On shore the battle was equally furious, but not so decisive. The British made three desperate attempts to cross the Saranac, but were as often driven back with the loss of many men killed and wounded. 7. "WTiere did the next considerable action take place ? How many soldiers marched against Plattsburgh ? When, and under whom ? Who commanded the American forces ? 8. Who commanded the American fleet on Lake Champlain ? What was the comparative size of the two fleets? What took place on the 11th of Sep- tember? How did the battle commence ? 9. Describe the battle of Lake Champlain. Describe the battle on shore. * Saranac river runs through Plattsburg and empties itself into Lake Cham plain. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1814. D A T T I- K ON I, \ K K C H A M P I, X I N . 10. The shout of victory from the harbor, while it dam- pened the courage of the Hritish, excited the most ardent enthusiasm along the American lines. Repulsed and disap- pointed, the enemy hy night retreated in great confusion, leaving their vvoundeil, baggage, and stores, in the hands of the conquerors. The loss of the day on the American side was 230 men ; while that of the Hritish amounted to '2, 700 ; a part of this number, however, deserted from the retreating army. This decisive action put an end to the war on the northern frontier. 11. In the mean time the British had made a successful invasion of the count ly bordering on the Chesapeake. On the 19th of August, General Koss, with 5.000 troops, landed at Benedict, on the Patuxent, about 40 miles from Wash- ington. The only naval force there to oppose them was a fleet of gun-boats, under Commotlore I^xrney, which, on the approach of the enemy, was moved up the river, and burned to prevent its falling into their hands. Ross soon com- menced his march toward Washington, 10. What was the result of the battles of Plattsburg and Champlain ? 11. What took place on the 19th of August? Toward what citjdid Ross maix^h his tix>ops ? 1814. MADIHOn's ADMlNiSTIiAlION. 237 12. The Americans felt great alarm at the progress of this powerful army. General Winder, the American com- mander, could not muster more than about 1,000 regular troops, and 2,000 militia, to oppose the march of the enemy. On the 24th, the Americans were attacked at Ijladensburg. At first they made a vigorous defense ; but the superior force of the British soon put them to flight. In the evening of the same day the enemy marched into Washington. The inhabitants, terrified at their approach, had deserted the city. In about one hour, the capitol, president's house, and all the public buildings, were in flames. The ships in the navy-yard, and the great bridge across the Potomac, shared the same fate. (Jn the next day the British left the city ; and soon after returned to their fleet. 13. This wanton destruction of public property excited imiversai indignation and regret, not only throughout this country, but throughout Europe. It was every where stig- matized as a deed utterly unworthy of a civilized nation, it had the effect of rousing the whole American people to more vigorous action. The other cities of the country now made every exertion for defense. 14. About the same time a detachment of the enemy sailed up the Potomac and attacked Alexandria. The citizens, to save the town from destruction, gave up all their shipping and merchandise. General Ross now determined to attempt the capture of Baltimore. On the 12th of Sep- tember, 5,000 men were landed at North Point, fourteen miles below that city. Great preparations had been made by the inhabitants for defense, and about 1.5.000 men were in arms ready to meet the enemy. 15. General Ross, as he was marching toward Balti- 12. Who commanded the American forces? How large was his army? Descriltc the haltle of Hladenshurg. When did the Hritish enter Washintiton ? What did they do there? Did they act the part of an honorable foe? Ann. They de.stroyed valiiahle lihraries, works of taste, and elegant specimens of the fine arts. Was this right ' l.'i. How was the conduct of the British at Washington regarded in America and Europe ? 14. What happened at Alexandria? What did General Ros.s determine to do next ? Where did he land his troops ? 15. What happened as he was marching hxs troops toward Baltimore? 238 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1814. more, was met by a strong detachment under General Striker, and in a skirmish received a mortal wound. His troops, after a sharp action, advanced and took position within two miles of the American lines. In the mean time the British fleet had attacked Fort M'Henry, and an attempt was made to land and carry the batteries hj storm, but it OMBARDMKNT OK was resisted with great bravery. After this repulse of the fleet, the army, fearing to venture a battle with the main body of the American forces, retreated ; and on the 14th re-embarked, and soon after left the bay. 16. In the month of July a British squadron visited the coast of New England, and subjected the inhabitants to great losses and distress. Numerous attacks were made upon the unprotected towns and harbors, and a vast amount of property destroyed.* But while the ports of the country What did his troops do ? What was the fleet doing in the mean time ? The result of the fleet ? Army ? 16. What happened in the month of July ? Describe the capture of the What British vessels were captured ? * The British ascended the Connecticut river to Pettipauisr, or Essex, a village in the town of Saybrook, and destroyed sliipping to the value of more than two hun- 1814. Madison's administration. 239 were blockaded by the enemy, our public vessels and priva- teers were successfully cruising upon the open ocean. Several battles were fought, which added new luster to the rising fame of the American navy. Commodore Porter, in the Essex, had made numerous prizes on the Pacific ocean. Alarmed at his success, the British sent two vessels in pur- suit of him. After a most obstinate defense, in which the Americans displayed a degree of bravery and perseverance truly astonishing, the Essex was captured in the ha,rbor of Valparaiso. Captain Blakely, in the sloop-of-war Wasp, captured two British vessels, the Reindeer and the Avon, each of greater force. The Wasp, with her noble crew, was afterward lost at sea. 17. In the latter part of summer, three British ships arrived on the coast of Florida,* and entered the harbor of Pensacola. The Spanish authorities allowed them to land troops, fit out expeditions, and to distribute arms and ammu- nition among the Spaniards and Indians. General Jackson, having remonstrated in vain with the governor of Pensa- cola, for affording shelter and protection to the enemies of the United States, immediately marched against the city. On his arrival, he sent a flag to demand redress from^ the governor, but this was fired on from the batteries. He at once led on his men, stormed the fort, took possession of the town, and compelled the British to leave the harbor. 18. Soon after this, Gen. Jackson received news that a powerful fleet had left the West Indies, with the design of 17. What vessels arrived on the coast of Florida ? Under what government was Florida at that time ? Ans. It was under the government of Spain. What did these vessels bring? What did General Jackson do? Did the Spanish governor do right in permitting the British to furnish the Indians with arms ? Why did General Jackson take Pensacola ? 18. What force was sent against New Orleans ? What did General Jack- son now do? How did he fortify the city ? ' dred thousand dallars. On the Rth of August, while a British fleet was lyinsr off the coast of NeAV London, a brig of 18 guns was sent to bombard the village of Stonmg- ton. The people were wholly unprepared for the attack. At length two 18-pound- ers were found, and with these, so active and well-directed a ih-e was kept up on the brig, that she was greatly damaged, and compelled to cut her cables, and retire, with many killed and wounded. * Florida, at that time, was a S})ani£h province. In 1819, it was ceded by Spain to the United States, and in 1R22 it was erected into a territorial government. 240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1815. attacking New Orleans. He immediately hastened to that city, which he found in a state of confusion and alarm. He at once made every preparation for a desperate defense. His presence inspired the citizens with hope and courage, and they were ready to second every effort of a man so justly celebrated in war for activity, prudence, and good fortune. He led them forth in person, and strongly fortified every point which a vigorous foe would be hkely to assail. A long extent of breast-work, constructed of cotton bales and other impenetrable materials, was soon completed, and cannon mounted so as to sweep the whole line. 19. A small squadron of gun-boats, under Lieutenant Jones, was stationed to oppose the entrance of the enemy into Lake Borgne. After a bloody conflict this force was overpowered, and the British ar^ny advanced and took post within nine miles of the city. General Jackson, wishing to cut off all intercourse with the enemy, and knowing that a great part of the citizens were foreigners, and little attached to our institutions, placed the city under martial law. On the 23d of December, the Americans sallied forth, and made a furious assault upon the camp of the enemy, and after a severe contest retired to their intrenchments, 4 miles below the city. 20. On the 8th of January, 1815, Packenham, the British general, with an army of more than 12,000 men, commenced a determined assault upon the American lines on both sides of the river Mississippi. By this time the militia from the back country, and volunteers from Kentucky and Tennessee, most of whom were experienced riflemen, had amved in considerable numbers, and placed themselves under General Jackson. 21. The British forces advanced in two columns with the most determined bravery. When they had approached within sixty rods of the breast-works, the whole artillery 19. Why did General Jackson put the city under martial law? What took plaro on the 23d of December? 20. What on the 8lh of January? Who arrived and placed themselves undnr CTcnoral Jack.^Jon ! 21. How did the Driliiih advance? What rcccpUon did they meet with? 1815. MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 241 opened upon them a most deadly fire. Forty pieces of cannon, deeply charged with grape-shot and musket-ballsj mowed them down by hundreds. The rear ranks marching over the dead, advanced only to meet the same fate. When they came within musket-shot, a sheet of flame, hke a flash of light, burst from the American lines. Ranks were cut down, whole columns swept away, and the plain soon covered with the dead and dying. 22. General Packenham was killed as he was leading on his troops to the charge. General Gibbs fell soon after, and General Keene was borne from the field severely wounded. No troops could withstand the fire of the Ameri- U A T T L E OK N t; '.V ORLEANS. cans. It was one continued stream pouring on the enemy an unceasing tide of death. The battle continued for one hour and a quarter with undiminished fury. But the British having lost all their principal officers, now fled in confusion, leavino; more than 2,000 dead or wounded on the field. Of 22. What officers were killed ? How lon^ did the battle continue ? The res'ilt ? How many of the enemy were killed and wounded ? How many Americans 21 242 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1815. the Americans, only six men were killed, and seven wounded. 23. On the other side of the river the enemy were more successful. The batteries were carried by storm, and 48 of the Americans killed, and 178 wounded. But disheartened by the loss of the day, the British reUnquished their design, and soon after retreated to their shipping. News of this brave defense spread rapidly through the country, and in the midst of their joy, congress received inteUigence that a treaty of peace had been concluded. Commissioners of the United States had met the agents of Great Britain, and signed the treaty at Ghent, on the 25th of December, 1814. It was received in the United States, February 11, 1815, and rati- fied by the president and senate on the 17th of the same month. 24. Thus closed an eventful war of three years. The forbearance of the United States under the unjust and oppressive measures of Great Britain, had long been a mat- ter of reproach in the eyes of all Europe, and the character of the American people was fast sinking into contempt. But when they saw the proud and triumphant navy of Eng- land successfully assailed by that of the United States, and her best frigates compelled to strike to an inferior force, — when they saw thousands of British merchantmen captured by our enterprising seamen, they began to look upon us with admiration and applause. 25. Unhappily, during the war a violent party spirit had prevailed, which greatly divided the strength of the nation. The federalists, generally, had been opposed to the war from the beginning; and their opposition, instead of diminishing, continued to increase. In the eastern states, where a majority of the people belonged to that party, com- plaints were made against the general government, — that 23. When was peaco concluded? When did the news of it arrive in the United States ? When was it ratified by the president and senate ? The commissioners from the United States, that formed the treaty, were John Quincy Adams, Albert Gallatin, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, and Jonathan Rnssel. 24. How long had the war continued ? How were we looked upon by the nations of Europe at the close of the war ? 1815. MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 243 it did not afford them proper protection, — that their peculiar interests, commerce and the fisheries, were disregarded, that the war was badly managed, — and it was proposed that the militia and the revenue of these states should be retained at home and employed for their own defense and protection. In October, 1814, the legislature of Massachusetts recom- mended that a convention from the eastern states be held at some convenient place, to inquire what ought to be done. 26. This convention met at Hartford, December 15th. It consisted of delegates appointed by the legislatures of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, — and two from New Hampshire and one from Vermont, appointed by county meetings. The sittings were secret. They remained in session about three weeks, and after adjourning, published an address, charging the general government with pursuing a system of measures unfriendly to the interests of the eastern states, and recommending amendments to the federal constitution. A committee was dispatched to Wash- ington to confer with the national government ; but before it reached there, the news of peace arrived, which arrested all further proceedings. 27. A great difference of opinion has existed, with regard to the motives of the members of this convention ; but though their designs may have been perfectly pure and patriotic, their meeting in convention under circumstances of so much difficulty and excitement, has been generally re- garded as a measure highly impolitic and unwise ; and with many, to this day, " The Hartford Convention" is but a title of contempt. Although numerous evils attended the prose- cution of the war, the final result of taking up arms, was in the highest degree beneficial to the nation. Since the close of this war, the United States have enjoyed a de- 26. When did the " Hartford Convention" meet ? How many states sent delegates ? Did this state send any ? Why were their sittings, or delibera- tions, conducted with closed doors, or in secret? How long were they in session ? 27. What was the final result of our taking up arms ? What has been the condition of the United States since the close of the war ? *244 HllSTOKY OK THE HMTEl) STATKS. 181G. •;-iro of national prosperity unrqualod in the history of the Avorld. *i8. ImuuHliately after peace was estabhshed, congress reduceil the army to the nnniber of 10,000 men, and adopted other measures suited to the new. state of the country. A number of our ships were still at sea, and before the news of peace reached them, several honorable victories were ixained. The Constitution, after a severe battle with two l^ritish vessels, the Cyane and Levant, whose united forces were superior to hers, captured them both. Shortly after, in the mouth of INlarch, the British brig- Penguin was taken by the Hornet, although of superior force. 20. At this time, the Algerines were again committing dei)redations upon American connnerce. To check their aggressions, Commodore IVcatur was sent with a fleet of nine vessels into the Mediterranean. After capturing two of their armed vessels, he arrived ott' the harbor of Algiers. The Pey, or king-, terrified at the danger of losing his scat- tered navy, was obligeil to submit to any terms which the Americans should propose. Decatur demanded the imme- diate release of all American captives, and sixty thousand dollars, as a compensation for our ships which had been plundered, and that in future, no tribute should be required from the government of the United States. These terms were at once accepted, and peace was concluded. 30. hi 1810, an act was passed establishing- a bank of the United States, for twenty years, with a capital of 35,000,000 dollars, upon principles similar to those contained in the charter of the old bank. During the same year, Indiana was admitted into the Union. 'I'he earliest settle- ment in this state, was made by the French in 1694, at 'JS To what number did congress reduce the arrriy in 1815 ? Ans. In 1821, it rtiluooil it to ti.tHX) mon Wliat naval engagements took place after peace \\ as (.onohulod ? •JD. Who was s«M>t airainst the Aljrerinos ? Whore is Algiers ? How far do you suppose .Mtiiers is iVom us ' In IHlH) the Fnuieh took .\luiers. aud still nMaiu possession o( it. What was tlie result ol" Deeatur's expedition ' 30. \\ hen was the United States Hank ehartered ? For what length of time was It eliartered ? Ans. For twenty years, or until the 3d ot' Maivh. IS3G. When was Indiana adnutted into the Union? Who succeeded Mr. Rladisou in tiie presidency '? 1818. , mo.njcoe'h aumikihtkation. 245 Vincenncs. It forrnod a part of the "Tf;rritory northwest of the Ohio" until 1801, when it was oroctod into a territo- rial government. At the next presidential election, in 1817, Jarnes Monroe succeeded Mr. Madison in the presidency, Daniel D. I'ornpkins was elected vice-president. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. On the 4th of March, 1817, Mr. Monroe took the usual oath of office, and entered ujKjn the duties of the presidency. During the summer after his inauf^uration, he rnadr a tour through the northern and eastern states, for the purjxjse of giving directions respecting certain works of public interest, the fortification of the sea-coast, the increase of the navy, &c., which were unrler his superintendence. Fie was received with every demonstration of affection and respect. At the next session of congress, honorable provision was made, by goverrjrnent, for the comfortable support of all officers and soldiers of the revolution, whose circarnstances were such as to need assistance. 2. The general peace which now prevailed throughout Europe cut off many sources of profitable trade to American commerce. Our manufacturers also found it difficult to compete with the old establi.shrnents of foreign countries. In this state of affairs, thousands who had become acquaint- ed with the fertile lands of the west, emigrated to that region. People from the eastern and middle states, and from foreign countries, began to pour into the western country in vast numbers ; and new states were added to the Union in rapid succession. 3. Mississippi was admitted in 1817. The first settle- ment in this slate was made by the French, at Natchez, in 1716. In December, 1818, lUinois was acknowledged as a 1. When WAH Mr. Monroe inaugurated ? Wfiat did ha do hhortly after thiii ? For what cla«8 of personM did con^rcHS make provinion ? To what amount ^ Arui. Twenty dollars a month to oHicerH, and twelve to privates. 2. What cauHos tended tt) produce emigration ? 3. When was Mi.s«i.s«ippi admitted into the Union? 21* 246 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1818. sovereign state, and admitted as a member of the Union. It was'tirst settled by the French, at Kaskaskia, in 1686. It remained as a part of Indiana till 1809, when a separate territorial government was established over it. Since it became an independent state, its population has increased with astonishing rapidity. 4. The year 1818 was distinguished for the famous Seminole war. The Seminoles were a tribe of Indians in- habiting the northern part of Florida. For several years, disatfected Indians from neighboring tribes, negroes, and other desperate charactei-s, had made Florida a place of re- fuge. At length, great outrages were committed on the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama. The savages, influ- enced by motives of revenge and plunder, took up arms against the whites. General Gaines was tirst sent against them ; but his force being insufficient, in December, General Jackson, with a body of brave volunteers from Tennessee, marched into their territory, and in several skirmishes de- feated and dispersed them. 5. Convinced that the Spaniards were active in exciting the Indians to hostilities, and in furnishing them with sup- plies, and saiistied that the only successful method of put- ting an end to the war, would be to enter Florida, he marched thither, and took possession of St. Mark's, and soon after of Pensacola. Two Englishmen, by the names of Ambrister and Arbuthnot, were taken prisoners, tried before a court-martial " for exciting and aiding the Indians to make war against the United States," &c. Thev were found guilty of the charges, and were sentenced and ex- ecuted. Having routed the Indians in several battles, and put an eflfectual check to their hostilities, General Jackson declared the war at an end, and returned to his residence in Tennessee.* 4. Give an account of the Seminole war. What is the meaning of the ■word Seminole ? Ans. Wild. It is applied by the Creek Indians to all vaga- bonds of that nation. 5 What persons were tried and executed ? * The measures of General Jackson in the prosecution of the Seminole war, were severely censured at the time, by a portion of the American people. During the session of congress, in the winter of 1818-19, the subject was extensively debated; 1821. Monroe's administration. 247 6. A treaty of commerce was concluded with the British government in 1819, by which the citizens of the United States were allowed to fish on the banks of Newfoundland in common with the subjects of Great Britain. By the same treaty, the northern boundary of the United States, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, was established. During the same 3'ear, Alabama was ad- mitted into the Union. Formerly Alabama was claimed by Georgia. In 1800, the country between the Chatahoo- chee and Mississippi rivers, was erected into the Mississippi territorj'. In 1817, the western part of this became the state of Mississippi, as previously mentioned, and the eastern part, the territory of Alabama. The first settle- ment was made in 1703, at Mobile. Since that time the population has increased with wonderful rapidity; and from the fertility of its soil, and the value of its productions, it has become an important member of the Union. 7. In 1820, Mahie, which had hitherto been connected with Massachusetts, became an independent state, and joined the Union. The next year, Missouri was admitted. On its admission, congress, and the whole country, became highly excited on the question, whether she should be ad- mitted as a slave state. After a warm and protracted debate, it was finally settled that slavery should be allowed in Missouri, but should be entirely excluded from all the other territory of the United States, north and west of Arkansas, or nortlT of the parallel 36° 30', north latitude. 8. In 1821, Florida,* which had been hitherto under the dominion of Spain, was ceded by treaty to the United States, with all the islands adjacent, in compensation for 6. What treaty was concluded in 1819 ? What boundary was established by this treaty ? When was Alabama admitted into the Union ? 7. When did Maine join the Union? When was Missouri admitted? What question produced great excitement ? How was it finally settled ? 8. When was Florida granted to the United States ? Why ? but his conduct met the approbation of the president, and of a large majority of the representatives of the nation. ' For a long time after the discovery of Florida, by Ponce de Leon, the whole Atlantic coast of North America was known in Spanish works by the general name of Florida. At a later period, it extended west to the Mississippi, and was divided into East and West Florida. With many vicissitudes of fortune, it re- mained in the hands of the Spaniards till 1763, when it was ceded to the British 248 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1825. the spoliations committed upon our commerce by Spanish vessels during the wars of Europe. To satisfy the claims of the merchants who had suffered by these spoliations, the general government appropriated the sum of five million dollars. Florida had long been the hiding-place of hostile Indians, pirates, runaway slaves, and other desperadoes, who lived by plunder and violence — in a word, it had be- come the theatre of every species of lawless adventure. A \'igorous government was now established over the territory, under the direction of General Jackson. a. In 1824, General Lafayette arrived at New York. T^is event produced great joy throughout the nation. This distinguished personage had devoted a long life and an ample fortune to the cause of liberty. He had been the bosom friend of Washington, and a most faithful soldier in the war of the revolution ; and now, in his old age, he had crossed the ocean, to visit once more the field of his youth- ful toils and sufferings. As he passed through the several states, he was every where received with the warmest en- thusiasm, and with the highest demonstrations of affection and gratitude. He left the country about a year after his arrival. As a token of their gratitude, and as a partial compensation for his services to the country, congress voted him the sum of two hundred thousand dollars in money, and a township of land in the territory of Florida. 10. Mr. Monroe continued in the presidency till 1825, when four candidates for that office were brought forward, and a warm contest ensued. General Jackson, Mr. Craw- ford, Mr. Adams,* and Mr. Clay, each had their supporters. 9. Wliat took place in 1824? What can you say of Lafayette? What •were voted him by congress ? 10. Who were the candidates for the presidency at the next election? What was the result ? government. In 1783, it was ceded back by Great Britain to Spain. On the 22d of February, 1819, a treaty was concluded at Washington, by which East and West Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States. This treaty, after much delay, xvas ratified by Spain, October, 1820 ; by the United States, February, 1821 ; and in July of the same year, possession was formally given to GeneralJackson, as commissioner of the United States and governor of the whole territory. In March, 1822, Florida was erected into a territorial government, and in 184o, admitted into the Union as an independent state. * John Quincy Adams was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1767. Ilis life was passed almost exclusively in the public service. In 1825, he was elected president 1826, ADAMs' ADMINISTRAITON. 249 General Jackson had the highest number of votes ; but as he had not a majority of the whole, the choice was de- cided, according to the constitution, by the members of con- gress. As Mr, Clay had the least number of votes, his friends united with those of Mr. Adams, who was finally elected president. John C. Calhoun was elected vice-presi- dent. J. a. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. 1. Mr. Adams took the oath prescribed by the consti- tution, and entered upon the duties of his office on the 4th of March, 1825. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, was appointed secretary of state ; Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, secre- tary of the treasury ; and James Barbour, of Virginia, secretary of w^ar. 2. In 1825, a spirit of speculation prevailed extensively throughout this country, and also in Europe ; during which time, cotton, and other articles, were bought and sold for more than twice their ordmary value. After the rage sub- sided, thousands, both here and in other countries, who held stocks at the advanced prices, were thrown into embar- rassment and ruin. The distress in England was so great, as very sensibly to check the operations of business in the United States. 3. The 4th of July, 1826, was joyfully celebrated through- out the country, as the fiftieth anniversary of American Independence. It is remarkable that, on this very day, occurred the death of the two venerable ex-presidents, Jkfferson and Adams, whose wise counsels had, in no small degree, contributed to the independence and pros- perity of their country. Few events of great national in- 1. Who were appointed secretaries under this administration? 2. What prevailed in 1825 ? 3. What was celebrated in 1826? of the United States, and held the office for one term of four years. He still con- tinupd to take an active part in public affairs, and was soon after chosen to repre- sent his native district in congress. He was continued in that office until his death in the capitol at Washington, February 23d, 1848. 260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1832. terest occurred during Mr. Adams' administration. The spirit of internal improvement which has characterized the nation since that time, began to be manifested in different parts of the country. Peace and prosperity every where prevailed. 4. During the four years of Mr. Adams' service, a warm contest was maintained between his friends and those of General Jackson. For some time, both parties were con- fident of success. But, at the next election, the result of the contest proved to be greatly in favor of General Jackson, who was elected president by a large majority. John C. Cal- houn was re-elected vice-president. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. On the 4th of March, 1829, General Jackson took the oath of office, and entered upon his duties as president of the United States. At this time, the affairs of the nation were in a high degree prosperous. At peace with all the world, the country was enjoying every facility for advanc- ing to affluence and power. Business of all kinds was vigorously and profitably carried on, and thousands were gathering a rich harvest of wealth. 2. During the session of 1831-32, a bill was brought forward in congress for re-chartering the United States Bank. Great interest was manifested in all parts of the country, on the subject of this bill. After a very warm and protracted debate in both houses of congress, it was passed by a small majority, but was vetoed by the president ; and, as there were not two-thirds of congress in favor of its pas- sage, the bill was lost. 4. Between whom was a contest maintained during this administration? How did it result ? Ans. In the electoral colleges, General Jackson had 178 votes, and Mr. Adams 83. 1. What took place on the 4th of March, 1829? What is said of the . affairs of the nation at that time ? 2. When was the bill for re-chartering the United States Bank brought for- ward? What was the result ? When did the old charter expire ? J.rts. In 1836. What is meant by vctoins; a bill ? Can a bill be passed into a law after it has been vetoed by the president ? 1832. Jackson's administration. 251 3. In the spring of 1832, the Winnebagoes, and other Indian tribes on our northwestern frontier, commenced a war upon the neighboring inhabitants. General Scott, with a strong force, proceeded against them, and on the 27th of August captured the famous Indian chief, Black Hawk^ and soon put an end to the war. Black Hawk, and several other Indians, were conducted to Washington, and through the country, for the purpose of giving them some idea of the extent and power of the United States, and to show them the folly of making war against the whites. After this, they were permitted to return to their tribes. 4. In 1832, congress passed a new tariff \i^S\. The country had been agitated for several years with the subject of the tariff laws ; and, at length, the excitement became so great at the south, that an " ordinance" was published by a con- vention in South Carolina, nullifying^ or forbidding the operation of the tariff laws of the general government in that state. This act called forth a proclamation from Pre- sident Jackson, in which he clearly showed the supremacy of the laws of congress, and expressed his determination to enforce them. The sentiments of the proclamation met with a cordial response from every friend of the Union, and all united in support of the president. The laws regulating the tariff were soon after modified, and South Carolina made no further opposition. 5. In June of the same year, the Cholera broke out in New York. This scourge of Asia and Europe, which had swept away fifty millions of the human race in the course 3. Who commenced a war upon our northwestern frontiers ? Who pro- ceeded against them ? Whom did he capture ? Where were Black Hawk and other Indians conducted ? For what purpose ? 4. What bill was passed in 18.32? What is meant by tariff laws ? Ans. The laws which regulate the duties on foreign manufactures. As the price of labor in Europe is much less than it is in America, cloth, and other articles, can be made there and sold in this countiy much cheaper than we can afford to make them. If a yard of cloth, made in England, can be afforded for three dollars without duty, when a yard of the same quality can not be made here for less than five dollars, the tariff law imposes a duty or tax upon every yard of such cloth imported. The object of this is to enable our manufacturers to compete with those of other countries, by making the price of foreign manu- factures higher than that of domestic, or those made in the United States ? 5. What is said of the cholera ? How many died in New York ? 262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1835. of a few years, first appeared, on this side of the Atlantic, in Canada. It was imported from some of the cities in Europe, where it was then raging. A universal panic pre- vailed on its first appearance ; and the inhabitants of our large cities were seen fleeing into the country in all direc- tions, to avoid this " fell destroj^er." In New York, three thousand people died of this horrible disease in the course of a few weeks. The malady spread in all directions, but proved most destructive in the southern and western states. 6. The candidates for the presidency, supported at the next election, were General Jackson, Henrys Clay, and Wm. Wirt. Jackson was re-elected by an increased majority, and entered upon his second term of service on the 4th of March, 1833. Martin Van Buren was elected vice-presi- dent. On the 6th of June, 1833, the president started from Washington, accompanied by most of his cnbinet, to visit the northern and eastern portion of the Union. He pro- ceeded as far as Concord, New Hampshire. Throughout the whole route, at every town, village, and city, he was welcomed with livel}- demonstrations of respect, by citizens of all parties, who seemed to vie with each other in render- ing honor to the chief magistrate of a free and enlightened people. Much excitement was created in the auttunn of this 3'ear, by ;he removnl of '• -he deposites." or governmeiit funds, from the Bank of the Uniied States o the state banks. I'his measure was severely censured at the time, by !he opponents of the adminisra'.ion : and the nexi ses- sion of congress was chiefly occupied with discussions con- nected with the " Bank question." The president was sus- tained in his course by the house of representatives, and subsequently by a large majority of the American people. 7. In 1835, serious apprehensions were felt throughout the country, of a war between the United States and France. For many years our government had urged its claims upon France for spoilations upon American commerce committed 6. Who were candidates for the presidency at the next election ? General Jackson had 219 votes; Henry Clav, 49; John Floyd, 11; and William Wirt, 11. 7. What claims had our government upon France at this time? 1835. JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 253 by that naiion during the wars of Napoleon. These claims, to the amount of 25,000,000 francs, had been acknowledged by the French government, and stipulations made for a set- tlement. But for various reasons the payment was put off from time to time, till the president, considering the honor of the nation at stake, proposed certain measures, which, it was feared, would involve the two nations in war. But for- tunately the amount was paid in 1836, and all differences amicably settled. 8. The most destructive fire ever known in the United States, occurred in New York, on the 16th of December, 1835. In the evening, about nine o'clock, the fire broke out in the richest part of the city, and extended in all directions GREAT K I R E IN N K \V Y C) R K . till it had reduced to ashes several hundred of the finest stores in the world. The night was exceedingly cold, and the wind high. The flames towering up in lofty pyramids from the wide-spread conflagration, rendered the scene awfully subhme. The number of buildings destroyed, 8. What occurred in New York How much propert-y destroyed ? in 1835' How many buildings burned? 22 254 HISTORY OF THE VMTKD iSlATES. I80O. besides the Merchants' Exchangee, was over 500, and the loss of property in buildings and goods was estimated at more than serentceu 7niI/iofis of dollai^s. 9. During the winter of 1835, the Seminole Indians of Florida, who had agreed by treaty to remove west of the Mississippi,* to a territory set apart for them by our govern- ment, called the Indian Territory, became dissatislied, and refused to leave. Influenced by motives of revenge, and love of country, they opened a most cruel and desperate K M A J O R P V 1) K warfare upon the whites. Troops were immediately marched into Florida, but found the utmost difficulty and danger in 9. What war broke out in 1835 ? company ? What was the fate of Major Dade and hi * In 1833, the government of the United States set aoart an extensive region west of Arkansas and Missouri, for the residence of those luiiians who should eniicn-ate fi-om the states east of the Mississippi. It was beheved that this would conduce to their welfare and preservation, as tney would be beyond and removed h'om the set- tlement of the whites, and separated from all state authority. It is called the " Indian Territory," and is noted for its mild climate, numerous rivers, extensive forests, and abundance of same- Since that time, the Cherokees. Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles, Senecas. Shawnees. and many others have removed thither, and under the instruction of missionaries have made considerable advances toward civiUzatioa.— See map of the United States. 1835. ' Jackson's administration. 255 penetrating the swamps and forests in which the savages had taken refuge. On the morning of the 28th of Decem- ber, as Major Dade with a brave band of soldiers was marching through a wood thick-set with long grass and underbush, to the relief of General Clinch, who was besieged by the savages in Fort Drane, his whole company, consist- ing of 110 men, was suddenly surprised with a deadly fire from the surrounding thicket, and all killed, excepting four, who escaped. 10. On the 29th of February, 1836, General Gaines with a force of about 1,200 men, fell in with the main body of the Seminoles, about 1,500 in number. An assault was made by the Indians, but nothing decisive resulted. General Gaines intrenched his army, and was immediately besieged by the enemy. In this situation his men were reduced to a state of starvation, and would probably have perished, had not General Clinch arrived soon after with reinforcements. The Creeks, a neighboring tribe, early in the season joined with the Seminoles, and began their hostilities by butchering fifty families. Murders and devastations were frequent. But by vigorous exertions on the part of our government, they were finally subdued, and the principal part removed to the Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi. On the Uth of July, 1836, "The Specie Circular" was issued by the treasury department, requiring the payment of gold and silver for public lands. 11. During the year 1835, the national debt was extin- guished ; and, from the rapid sale of public lands, and from the flourishing state of the nation, a balance of several millions of surplus revenue was, at the beginning of 1836, remaining in the treasury. Soon after, " The Distribution Act" was passed, providing that the money remaining in the treasury on the Ist of January, 1837, should be distributed among the several states in proportion to the population of 10. When did General Gaines meet the enemy? Who came to his relief? What was the result of the war ? The entire removal of the Indians was not effected until 1840. What was issued July Uth ? The object of the Specie Circular was to prevent speculation in the public lands. 11. When was the national debt extinguished, or paid off? What was done with the surplus revenue ? How much was distributed ? How much 256 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 183: each.* During the session, Arkansas and Michigan were admitted into the Union as independent states, and Wiscon- sin was erected into a territorial government. At the elec- tion in 1836, Martin Van Buren was chosen president, and Richard M. Johnson, vice-president. After witnessing the inaugm-ation of his successor, on the 4th of March, 1837, General Jackson retired to his private residence at the Her- mitage, in Tennessee. MARTIN VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. Mr. Van Buren was inaugurated and entered on the duties of his office, March 4th, 1837. As was anticipated, did this state receive ? Did this state divide the money it received among the several towns ? If so, what is it called ? Ans. The Town Deposit Fund. What states were admitted into the Union ' What territory erected I When did General Jackson's term of othce expire ? What was the result of the presidential election in 1836 ? Ans. Martin Van Buron had 170 votes ; William Henry Harrison, 73 ; Hugh L. White, 26 ; Daniel Webster, 14 ; "William P. Magnum, 11. Why did the opposition support so many candi- dates ? Alls. To prevent a choice by the people, and thus throw the election into the House of Representatives. 1. W^hen was Mr. Van Buren inaugurated ' " Apportionment of the Surplus Revenue of the United States, remaining in the Treasury, January 1st, 1837, (reserving S5,(X)0,000, to meet the expenses of the government,) among the several States, agreeably to the number of electoral votes for Pre.<;ident, according to the Act of Congress, of June 23d, 1836 :— the deposits to be made in four equal pai'ts, on the 1st of January, 1st of April, 1st of July, and 1st of October, 1837. Electoral Amount to be Electoral Amount to b« Votes. depositeJ. Votes. deposited. Maine. 10 «1,274,451.02 Georgia, . . 11 $1,401,896.12 \e\v Hampshire, 7 8M. 115.71 Alabama, . 7 89-.M 15.71 Massachusetts, . 4 1,784,331.4;^ Mississippi, 4 5(H),780.41 UhcKle Island, . 14 5in),780.4I Louisiana, 5 tkl7,>J25.51 Vermont, . 7 w>.Mi.'>.:i Missouri, . 4 .509,780.43 Connecticut, 8 1.109,:.(iU.8I Kentucky, . 15 1,911,676.53 New York, 42 5,3o->.l)W.-,V8 Tennessee, 15 1.911,676.53 Xew Jersey, 8 l,01l».5tW).81 Ohio, . . iil 2.676.347.14 Pennsylvania, . 30 3,8^23,3,'i3.lH5 Indiana, 9 1,147.005.92 Oelaware, . 3 38'2,:«5.31 Illinois, 5 637.225.51 Maryland, . 10 1, '274,45 l.lhl Arkansas, . 3 382.335.31 Virginia, . North Carolina, South Carolina, 23 15 11 2,«»31,-J37.34 1.911,G7G53 l,401,S96.1-2 Michigan, . 3 382,335.31 Total, 21W §37,468,859.97 1837. VAN buren's administration. 257 no change was made in the general pohey of the govern- ment ; and it was soon evident that the measures of the new president would be but a continuation of those of his prede- cessor. 2. Hardly had the new administration come into power, before the " great money pressure" commenced, producing a state of embarrassment and distress unparalleled in the history of our country. This was caused by overaction in business, speculation, and extravagance. For several years, the facilities for borrowing on credit had greatly increased ; especially after the removal of the " Deposites" from the Bank of the United States to the state banks, in 1833. Abandon- ing the old roads of honest industry, multitudes sought to make their fortunes in an hour by speculation. Cities were planned in the wilderness, — villages laid out in marshes. — building lots were sold at enormous prices, — and the wildest schemes devised for the acquisition of wealth. But this unnatural state of things could not continue ; it reached its crisis in April, 1837. 3. Thousands, having contracted large debts, which they were unable to pay, were obliged to fail ; and suspensions and failures in business became of daily, almost of hourly occurrence. In a short time, the failures in New York alone, amounted to more than one hundred million of dollars. At length, all confidence was lost. No one dared trust his neighbor, and a general panic pervaded the whole commu- nity. On the 1 0th of May, every bank in New York sus- pended specie payments, and this was soon followed by a similar suspension on the part of the banks throughout the whole country. 4. As the public moneys were deposited in banks that refused to redeem their bills in specie, the government itself was embarrassed and unable to discharge its own obliga- 2. What happened at the very commencement of his administration ? What cau.sed the " great money pressure" ? What did multitudes seek to do ? How should men seek to make their fortunes ? 3. What did the failures in New York amount to ? When did the banks suspend specie payments, or refuse to redeem their bills in specie ? 4. As the public moneys, or funds of the general government, were deposited in banks, what was the consequence ? What bill did Mr. Van Buren wish to 22* 258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1837. tions. An extra session of congress was convened on the 4th of September, and several bills passed for the relief of the government. The most important was one for the issue of treasury notes, to the amount of ten millions of dollars. The prominent measure of the session, was " The Sub-Trea- sury," or " Independent Treasury Bill." The object of this bill was to provide for the collection, safe keeping, transfer, and disbursement of the public funds, without any connec- tion with, or dependence on banks. This passed the senate ; but after a long and animated discussion in the house of representatives, it was laid on the table. On the 16th of October, the session closed without caiTying out either the wishes of the government or people. 5. The war with the Seminole Indians in Florida, still continued. After several encounters, a number of chiefs came, on the 6th of March, to the camp of General Jessup, and signed a treaty for the immediate cessation of hostilities, and for the removal of all the Seminoles to the " Indian Ter- ritory." The war was now supposed to be at an end, but by the influence of Osceola, a noted chief, this treaty was disregarded, and the Indians again commenced their work of slaughter and devastation. In October, Osceola and seve- ral other chiefs, with about seventy warriors, came to the American camp, under a flag of truce, and w^ere taken prisoners by order of General Jessup. This act was con- demned by some, but justified by most, from the fact that Osceola was treacherous, and that no treaties could bind him. The war was finally brought to a close in 1840, when the Indians were removed west of the Mississippi. 6. During the year, serious disturbances took place in Canada, between the inhabitants and colonial government. have pgussed ? What was the object of " The Sub-Treasury Bill" ? Did con- gress pass the bill ? When did the extra session commence ? When did it close ? 5. What war still continued ? When and by whom was a treaty signed ? By whose influence was the treaty broken ? Did Gen. Jessup do right in tak- ing Osceola prisoner ? Osceola was subsequently confined in Fort Moultrie, in South Carolina, where he died of a fever the next January. When was the Seminole war terminated ? 6. What happened in Canada in 1837 ? To what government does Canada 1838. VAN buren's administration. 269 Many of our citizens on the frontier, regarding" their cause as that of hberty and human rights, and having taken part in it, the president, on the 5th of January, issued a procla- mation, forbidding an interference in the war, and enjoining a strict neutrahty. About that time, an incident occurred that excited a deep interest throughout the United States. A party of about 500 Canadians arid Americans, had made a rendezvous on May Island, in Niagara river, opposite to which, on the American side, was a small village called Fort Schlosser. The Carohne, a small steamboat, was used to ply between the island and village. Colonel McNab, the commander of the Canadian militia, suspecting the boat was used for carrying supplies to the patriots on the island, resolved to destroy her. For this purpose, with 150 men, he crossed over one night from the Canada side, to Schlos- ser, seized the boat, drove the crew ashore, set her on fire, and let her drift over the Falls of Niagara. During the affair, an American by the name of Durfee was killed. Difficulties continued, and parties secretly crossed the hues until near the end of the year, when the president issued a new proclamation, calling on our citizens in Canada to abandon their designs, declaring the protection of our country forfeited by those who invaded the British possessions with hostile intentions. This had the desired effect. 7. On the 13th of August, 1838, the banks, by previous concert, throughout the United States, generally resumed specie payments. This event was welcomed by the whole country. Credit soon began to revive, — confidence was restored, — and business again resumed its former channels. On the 18th of August, "The Exploring Expedition," under Charles Wilkes, Esq., consisting of the Vincennes, a sloop of war of 20 guns, the Peacock, of 18 guns, the Porpoise, of 10 guns, and three smaller vessels, having on board a number of distinguished and learned men in the various de- partments of natural science, sailed from Hampton Roads belong? Ans. To the British government. Did our citizens take any part in the Canadian rebellion ? What took place at Fort Schlosser ? 7. What event, important to the business of the country, took place August ]3th, 1838? What was the effect of the resumption of specie payments? 260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1840. for the southern ocean. After an absence of nearly four years, it returned in June. 1S4'2, having cu-cumnavigated the globe, discovered the coasts of an Antarctic conluient, and visited many other parts, before nearly unknown. It brought home a valuable collection of plants, and full}- accomplished the object for which it was designed. 8. A disagreement had long existed between the United States and Great Britain in regard to the boundaiy between Maine and New Brunswick. In several instances the border settlements were claimed by both nations, and frequently serious tumults ensued. In 1840, congress appropriated $■25,000 toward the expenses of surveying the disputed territory, for the purpose of obtaining correct information in regard to its topographical features and physical character. Happih', in 184'2, the ditficulty was terminated b^^ a treat}', by which the boundary question was settled, in a manner satisfactorv to both governments. 9. During the session of 1840, the Sub-Treasury Bill, the great linancial measure of Mr. Van Buren's administration, passed both houses of congress, and became a law. The presidential election of that year was the most exciting and arduous that had ever occurred in the United States. It resulted in the election of General William Henry Hamson, of Ohio, for president, and John Tyler, of Virginia, for vice- presielent, by a large majority. On the 3d of March, 1841, Mr. Van Buren's* administration terminated, and he soon after retu-ed to his private residence at Kinderhook, New York. What important expedition was fitted out ? When did it sail ? When did it return ? 8. What disagreement existed between the United States and Great Britain ? When was "The northeast boundary question" settled ! 9. When was the *' Sub-Treasury Bill" passed ! Is that bill in ibrce now ? What was the result of the presidential election ? Ans. For president. Gen. Harrison had 234 votes, luid Mr. Van Buren, 60. When did Mr. Van Buren's administration close ? * Martin Van Buren was born at Khiderhook, New York, December 5th, 1782. His parents were of Dutch i+esoent, and in humble circumstances. He received his education at the academy in his native village, and at the aire of fourteen, commenced the study of law. In 1S05, he commenced the practice of law in his native village, and by Uie a'cuteness of his mind, soon enjoyed the reputation of being one of the first 1841. Harrison's administration. 261 HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. General Harrison* was inaugurated president of the United States, on the 4th of March, 1841. The ceremony took place in the presence of a large assemblage of people, gathered from all quarters of the country. His inaugural address was a plain, clear, and comprehensive document, highly acceptable to the party which had elected him. 2. In consequence of the financial condition of the country, on the 17th of March, the president issued a proclamation, calling an extra session of congress on the 31st of May fol- lowing. Great and radical changes were now confidently expected in the measures of the administration. But Gen. Harrison was never destined to have an opportunity of real- izing his sj'stem of policy. On the 4th of April, just one month after his inauguration, he expired, surrounded by his cabinet and nearest friends. His last words were, " Sir, I wish you to understand the principles of the government. I wish them carried out, — I ask nothing more." His death, so sudden, so unexpected, produced the deepest sensation throughout the country. Party feeling was laid aside, and all classes united in paying honors to the remains of one, elevated to the first office in the gift of a free and enlight- ened people. By a provision of the constitution, Mr. Tyler now became president of the United States. 1. When was Gen. Harrison inaugurated ? 2. When did he call an extra session of congress ? When did he die ? Who became president in consequence of his death ? lawyers in the state. In 1812, he wa."? elected state senator, and in 1815, apjjointed attorney-(fen(;ral of tlie state. In 1K21, he was elected to the senate of Die United States, where he distinguished himself as an eloquent speaker and skillful states- man. In 18aS, he was chosen governor of New York. In 1829, he re.^igned this office, to fill the post of secretary of state in Gen. .Jackson's cabinet. In Is'Jl, he was sent as minister to England. In 18.33, he was elected vice-president, and in 1837, tinsident of the United .States. He discharged the duties of every office which he leld with ability, and his success and elevation are to be ascribed to his own talents, industry, and perseverance. ' William Henry Harrison was born at Berkley. Virginia, in 1773. In 1801, he was ap|)oinfed governor of Indiana Territory. In 1824, he was elected to the senate of the United States. In 1828, he was appointed mini.ster to Colombia. On his re- turn, he retired to North Bend on the Ohio, where he remained, engaged in agri- cultural pursuits, until his election lu the presidency in 1840. 262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1841, TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. Mr. Tyler* took the usual oath and entered on the duties of his otfice, as president of the United States, April 5th, 1841. The cabhiet was retained, and it was generally supposed he would carry out the measures recommended by his predecessor. 2. On the 31st of May, the extra session of congress, called by General Harrison, commenced, and continued to the 13th of September. Several important measures of exciting interest were brought forward. The sub-treasury bill was repealed, and after a lengthy discussion, a general Bankmpt Law was passed. Two separate bills, chartering a new bank of the United States, passed both houses of congress ; but both were vetoed by the president. As this was one of the favorite measures of the whig party, the conduct of the executive caused him to be denounced by them, in no measured terms. 3. In 1842, domestic difficulties commenced in Rhode Island, which at one time threatened serious consequences. For a long time a desire had existed to set aside the ancient English Charter of the state, and adopt a new constitution. Two parties were formed with reference to the proper mode of accomplishing this object. The " Suffrage Part}'," be- lieving that the people possess all political power, and have a right in their sovereign capacity, to alter, modify, and establish their fundamental laws, formed and adopted a con- 1. When was Mr. Tyler inaugurated ? 2. When did the extra congress commence ? When did it close ? WTiat was done at that session of congress '( What bills did the president veto ? Were the whig party pleased with his conduct ? 3. What took place in Rhode Island in 1842 ? Into what two parties were the people divided ? Which party was right ? * John Tyler was born in Charles City, Virginia, in 1789. He graduated at Wil- liam and Mary's college, and subsequently pursued the study of law. At the age of twenty-one," he was chosen member of tlie state legislature. He was a represen- tative iu'congress from 1810 to ISil, and distinguished himself as a bold and iluent debater. In 1825, he was elected governor of Virginia, and in 1827, to the senate of the United States. In li^O, he was chosen vice-president, and on the 5th of April, 1841, became president of the United States. 1844. Tyler's administration. 263 stiti.ition, and chose Thomas W. Dorr, governor. The " Law and Order Party," on the other hand, contended that, although the people constitute the sovereign authority, yet they had no right to set aside the ancient charter of the state, and adopt a new constitution, except in accordance with legal forms and by the constituted authorities. This party chose Samuel W. King, governor. Each party also elected a legislature. In May, both parties met at Provi- dence, and organized their respective governments. 4. Matters now came to a crisis. The " Law and Order Party," or existmg government, took active measures to put down what they considered a rebellion. Several arrests were made, and great commotion ensued. A resort was had to arms ; but Mr. Dorr, seeing the hopelessness of his enter- prise, left the state, and his men speedily dispersed. On his return, he was arrested, tried, and imprisoned, but afterward released. In the mean time, a constitution for the state was prepared by the " Law and Order Party," and adopted. 5. On the 28th of February, 1844, a tragical event occur- red on board of the U. S. steamship Princeton, Captain Stockton, during an excursion down the Potomac. The president, accompanied by his cabinet with their families, and many other distinguished persons were on board. Dur- ing the passage, one of the large guns, made of wrought iron, on berng fired the third time, burst, and the explosion instantly killed Mr. Upshur, secretary of state, Mr. Gilmer, secretary of the navy, Commodore Kennon, and several others. A treaty of annexation between the United States and Texas* was signed by the president, April 12, but rejected by the senate, June 8th, by a vote of 35 to 16. 4. Which party prevailed? What occurred on board of the Princeton? 5. When was a treaty for the annexation of Texas signed by the president ? Did the senate ratify it ? What can you say of Texas ? * Texas constituted a part of Louisiana at the time of the purchase of that vast territory Ijy Mr. Jefferson, in 180.3. Mr. Laussat, the French commissioner, who delivered the possession of Louisiana to our govenimeut, announced the Rio Grande, or Del Norte, as its true boundary. Texas remained in our possession until 1819, when, in the cession of Florida to the United States, it was ceded to Spain, and the Sabine river was made the boundary between the United States and New Spain, or Mexico. The first settlement in Texas was made by the Spaniards, at San Antonio de Bexar, 264 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1844. 6. The annexation of Texas to the United States was sU-ong-ly opposed by the whia: party, and hii::hly approved bv the democratic party thi-oiig:hout the country. During the presidential campaign of 1844, this question was warmly 6. What was Uie result of the presidential campaign in 1844 ? in 1692. La Bahia was settled in 1716, Naci>iri1oches in 17S2, and Victoria siion after. These olil Spanish settlements continued to be surrounded by savage Indians until 1S-.21. and Texas, for the most part, was an unexplored wil.ieriiess. On tl\e 17ili of .Tanuary, L^l. Moses Austin obtained {permission from the supreme piverument of tlie eaisteVn provinces of New Spain, at Monterey, to settle a colony of emigrants in Texas. In the month ot' December lollowiui:. his son, Stephen ^. Austin^ arrivtxl on the river Brazos, with the first American settlers. From that period mav be dated the American history of Texas. Colonization laws were soon at^er passed bv the Mexican srov, rnment. iuul other inducoments held out to citizens of the United States to settle within the limits of that state, inuinuityinc all the rights, liberties and immunities o\ Mexican citizens, in the nnUeclion of their persons aiul propertv. On the "Al of February, l?^^, the Federal Constitution of Mexico, similar to that of the Unitetl States, was proclaimed as the established polity of the hind : and bv a dtx-ree of the 7th oi Mav o( the siime ye.ar. the provinces of Texas and Coahuila were provisionallv united to torm one of tl\e constituent and sovereign states of tl\e Mexican confederacv. Under these enactments, the cvn-rent ol emigra- tion beff-an to flow in. .H.nd spre.nd itself over the tertile domains cf the province of Texas."^ The forest srave way to the ax of the pioneer ; the wild prairie, to the plow- share of the hus-bandman : plantations were opened, and villages sprung up on the huntiujr-srrounds of the savage. In the brief period of nine vears from the tirst set- tlement under Austin, the Americans had explort>d the whole southern portion of the province, redeemed it iVom the wilderness of the wild beast and Indian, and covered it with an industrious and hardy population. In the mean time. Mtxico was eonvnlsed by political dissensions, and the most di.s- astrous civil wai-s. Revolution lollowed upon revolution,— nothing wiis perm.onent, but disorder and misrule. The Te-xans. sii long ;\.< they were left unmolested in tlie, enjovment of their rights, took no part, and felt but little interest, in the commotions of" the Mexican government. But at length, their rapidly-growing strength ami steadv adherence to republican principles, began to .ittract the notice and excite the jealousv of the Mexican authonties ; and on the 6th of April, 1S;^>. an arbitarv law- was passed, prohibitinsr. in tutnre. the emigration of American settlere into Texas. Militurv posts were established throughout the province.— the civil authorities were trampled under toot.— and the people were subjected to the capricious tynuuiy of unrestrained milit.arv misinile. In IS^^Vi. the Texan's, in contbrmity with a decree of the 7th of May. 1S:}4, which granted and stxrured to them a separate constitution as soon as they possessed the necess.\rv elements of sell-tfovernment. assembled a general convention at S;m Felipe, which dralied an insirument. suited to the wants, peculiar character and habits of the people, and commissioned Steidun F. Austm to present it to the supreme ffovernment. with a resnectful petition that it might be s;uictioneil and granted in accordsince with said decree of the 7th of May, lS-i4. Instead of this, it was treated with disdain, and Austin thrown into a dungeon. Santa Anna, who was raised to the chief power, bv the joint etlbris of the aristocracy and priesthood, for the purpose of overihrowiuff the tree iustiintions of the country, in 183o openly declared in tavor of .^bolishins the state governments, and consolidating all power, civil luul mihtary, iu the hands of a single individual. Many of the Mexicin states h{id recoui-se to arms iu support of their sovereignty, and Santa Anna tbok the lield asrainst them. One by one, the states were crushed by the usvuper, — all. except Ttxas. With a single voire, th.e Texnns declared lor the constitution of May. IS:^, and an immediate appeal to arms. There was no alternative letl them, and they rose l»ke one nian for the prott^tion of their rights, their liberties. On the "iSth of September, 1S33. thev del'eated a detachment of Mexicans at Gonzales. On the 9«h of October, the stroiig fortress ot Goliad was taken. Numeaous battles were fought 1846. POLK 8 ADMINISTRATION. 265 discussed, and great excitement prevailed. The result showed that a large majority of the people were in favor of the measure. James K. Polk, of Tennessee, was elected president, and George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, vice- president. In accordance with the wishes of l-'resident Tyler, on the 23d of January, 1845, a joint resolution for the annexation of Texas to the United States was adopted by the house of representatives, by a vote of 118 to 101. (3n the 3d of March, Mr. Tyler proposed to submit thin to that republic as an overture on the part of our government for her admission into the Union. JAMES K. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. On the 4th of March, 1845, Mr. Polk was duly in- augurated as president of the United States. The cere- mony was witnessed by an immense concourse of people ; and in his address on the occasion, he clearly stated the principles by which he designed to administer the govern- ment during his presidential term. 1. When was Mr. Polk inaugurated ? 'luring the autumn, and the Texans were uniformly victorious. In February, 18:36,, Smita Anna, at the head of 8,(X)U men, entered San Antonio de Bexar, and the Texan f,'arrison, i.W in numb»-r, retirefl within the Alamo. After a bombardment of seve- ral days, on the 0th of March, the Alamo was taken by afisault, and Travis, Bowie, and Crockett, with their little band of heroes, were all put to the sword. On the 18th of March, near Goliad, the Tcxans, under Fannin, were surrounded and attack- ed by a much superior force of Mexicans, undir Gen. Urea, in the middle of an open prairie. At first, the Mexicans were repulsed, but receiving a strom? reinforcement, they renewed the attack, and the 'I'exans beinsj hemmed in, and entirely cut off from water, surrendered on condition of bfintr released on parole and transported to the United Htates. But these terms were basely violated, and Fannin and his brave comrades were m;issacred in cold blood. Notwitlistaiiriint: the near approach of the Mexican forces, a newly-elected conven- tion met at Wasliiiie'on, arjd on (lie 2d day of March, 1R36, made a formal and abso- lute dwlaration of " The liidepindeiice of T'-xas." 'J'hey then proceeded to frame a constitution, to be submitted to the people for adoption, and after or;:anizing a povernment " ad interim," composed of a president, vice-president, and cabinet, they arijounied in time for many of their injmber to join tiie patriot army under Gen. Houston, before his meetinff with the Mexican forces under Santa Anna. On the 21st of April, the two armies met on the field of San Jacinto, and thcrn, the Inde- pendence of Texa.s was sealed and consecrated by the blood of its enemies, by the capture of Santa Anna, the Mexicmi jri neral and president, and by the annihilation of his army. From that time, M, Texas adopted her con- stitution, under which she existed as a sovereign power, until she was annexed to the United States, in 1845. 23 266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1845. 2. On the 4th of July, 1845, Texas accepted the terms of the joint resolution passed by congress, and thus virtu- ally became a state of the American Union. Although Texas had maintained her independence more than nine years, Mexico* still continued her hostile feehngs, regarded it as a revolted province, and threatened to send an army to reduce it to submission. For the purpose of repelhng any attempt at invasion by Mexico, in August, Gen. Zachary Taylor, by orders of the government, proceeded with a small force to Corpus Christi, and there established his head-quarters. 3. The first session of the twenty-ninth congress com- menced December 1st, 1845, and continued until August 10th, 1846. On the 29th of December, 1845, an act was 2. When did Texas accept the terms of the joint resolution ? Why was Gen. Taylor sent with troops into the western part of Texas ? 3. What acts were passed by congress ? • Mexico was conquered by Cortez, in 1521. He named it New Spain. It remained subject to the Spanish government, or was governed by viceroys, until 1822, when it became independent of Spain. In 1824, a constitution was formed similar to that of the United States; but the government lias, for the most part, been administered more on the principles of a military despotism, than those of a repubhc. Immediately after Mexico had declared her independence of Spain, she commenced a series of insults and spoilalions upon the commerce of the United States. Our citizens, while engaged in lawful trade with the citizens of Mex- ico, were imprisoned, their goods, their vessels seized, and our Hag insulted in all the ports of that republic. The government of the United States frequently demand- ed redress in behalf of her plundered citizens, but it was refused, or the subject evaded, and new outrages committed. Although the United States were the first nation to acknowledge her independence, and ever treated her as a sister republic, yet in her intercourse with our citizens, she utterly disregarded all the laws of civi- lized nations. At length, ^n the 5th of April, 1831, "a treaty of amity and naviga- tion" was concluded between the two republics; yet, scarcely had two months passed away, before fresh outrages were perpetrated. In less than seven years after that treaty was concluded, the outrages became so intolerable that President Jack- son, in his message to congress, said, ''they should bg no longer endured." A mes- senger was dispatched to Mexico, in 1837, to demand redress. The Mexican govern- ment expressed a wish for the continuation of friendly feelings, and promised that the difficulties should be settled; but these assurances were never fulfilled. Mag- nanimity and moderation on the part of the United States only had the effect of in- creasing these outrages. A joint commission was organized August 11th, 1840, the Eowers of which were to terminate in February, 1842. The claim.s allowed by this oard before the commission expired, — due to our citizens,— amounted to .ft'2,026,139. The amount of unsettled claims at that time, due to our citizens, was S928,627. A second convention was concluded between the two governments, .January 30th, 1843, which decided that the interest due on the claims allowed, should be paid the 30th of April, 1843, and the principal, with the interest accruing thereon, in five years, in equal in.stalments every three months. Although the payment of these sums was secured by treaty, yet the claimants have only received the interest due on the 30lh of April, 1843. and three out of the twenty instalments. Mexico, in the repeated violations of solemn treaties, showed a want of good faith, and afforded ample cause for a war many years before the actual commencement of hostilities. 1846. folk's administration. 26Y passed for the admission of Texas as a state into the Union. Many important bills were passed, among which was the bill re-establishing the sub-treasury, the warehouse- ing bill, the bill for the estabhshment of the Smithsonian Institute. The tariff law of 1842 was repealed, and an- other substituted, which reduced, in a considerable degree, the duties on imports. About the same time, the British government made a similar change in her corn laws, and reduced many other duties. This simultaneous abandon- ment of a protective tariff by both nations, gave a new im- pulse to commerce and navigation, and opened new markets for the agricultural and other products of both countries. 4. On the 16th of June, the Oregon question, which had long been a subject of dispute between Great Britain and the United States, was settled, by making the forty-ninth degree of north latitude, and the strait of Juan de Fuca, the boundary line between Oregon and British America. In the mean time, open hostihties had been commenced by Mexico against the United States. On the 6th of March, 1846, General Taylor, by order of the president, moved his troops from Corpus Christi to Point Isabel, which he forti- fied and made his main depot for supplies and military stores for his army. He then proceeded to the Rio Grande, and on the 28th of March established himself on the east bank, opposite Matamoras, and shortly erected Fort Brown. 5. In April, Colonel Cross, United States quartermaster- general, was murdered by one of those bands of Mexicans called rancheros. This was the first life lost in the war. Soon after, a small reconnoitering party, consisting of Lieut. Porter and three otl^s, were murdered. Large parties of Mexicans now daily crossed the Rio Grande, spread them- selves between Point Isabel and Fort Brown, and thus cut off all communication between the two places. Aware of the absolute necessity of free access to his depot, on the 1st of May, General Taylor departed with the main body of his army^ leaving the river and fort in care of Major 4. When was the Oregon question settled? When did Gen. Taylor move his troops to Point Isabel? To the Rio Grande ? What fort was soon built? 5. Who was murdered by the Mexicans ? What did the Mexicans then do ? Why did Gen. Taylor return to Point Isabel ? 268 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1846. Brown. On the evening of the 2d he reaphed Point Isabel without encountering a single Mexican. 6. As soon as the Mexicans became aware of the depar- ture of Gen. Taylor, they opened a heavy cannonade upon Fort Brown, which they continued for several days. The Americans, notwithstanding the smallness of their number, returned the fire with spirit, and gallantly sustained the unequal contest. On his return from Point Isabel, on the 8th of May, at 2 p. m., Gen. Taylor met at Palo Aho about 6,000 Mexicans, drawn up in order of battle across a plain, ready to receive him. Our little army, numbering about one-third of the enemy, was soon formed in. battle array, and the action commenced. Ringgold's and Duncan's batteries opened with terrible effect, sweeping down pla- toons at every discharge. The Mexicans, confident of victory, fought bravely for hours ; but the storm from our artillery was resistless — their infantry broke in confusion, the cavalry gave way, and the whole army, at length, retreated, having lost, in killed and wounded, about 500. The Americans had nine killed and forty-two- wounded. The brave Ringgold, the leader of the light artillery, fell in the action. 7. On the following day, Gen. Taylor recommenced his march, and at 4 r. m., came up with the Mexicans, who were strongly posted at a ravine called Resaca de la Palma. The two armies at once engaged, and the action soon became general. The Mexican infantry, in a short time, gave waj^ before the resistless progress of the Ame- ricans, while their central battery checked all advances along the roads. Seeing that the wli0e battle rested here, Gen. Taylor ordered Capt. May to charge the battery with his squadron of dragoons. This he gallantly performed, driving the artillerymen from their pieces, and capturing Gen. La Vega, who remained alone at one of the guns. The enemy now fled on all sides, rapidly pursued by the Americans. Leaving baggage — every thing-*-they rushed 6. What did the Mexicans do after Gen. Taylor left ? Describe the battle of Palo Alto. 7. Describe the battle of Resaca de la Palma. 1846. POLKS ADMINISTRATION. 269 furiously toward the river, to escape to Matamoras. The victory was complete. 8. On the 15th, Barita was taken by the Americans; and on the 18th, our army crossed the Rio Grande, and took possession of Matamoras without any opposition. For want of troops and supplies. Gen. Taylor was com- pelled to remain inactive at that post the greater part of the summer. In the mean time, Mier, Reynosa, and Camarge had been occupied by the Americans without resistance. On the 5th of September, Gen. Taylor received information that Gen. Ampudia had arrived at Monterey, the capital of New Leon, with a large Mexican force, and was fortifying that place with the greatest care. 9. Gen. Taylor, having received reinforcements, on the 7th of September, proceeded with 6.600 men from Mata- moras, and on the 19th encamped at Walnut Springs, three miles from Monterey. The order of attack was formed in three divisions : the first, under Gen. Twiggs ; the second, under Gen. Worth ; and the third, under Gen. Butler. Gen. Worth was ordered to gain, by a circuitous route, the Sal- tillo road, and storm the heights above the Bishop's Palace. Generals Twiggs and Butler, were to make a movement against the center and left of the city. On the evening of the 21st the battle commenced, and for three days raged with great fury. The redouts in the rear were carried, the Bishop's Palace stormed, and the city entered at all points. The fight now became terrific. A deadly fire was poured upon our troops from every housetop, door, and window. Yet still, led on by Gluitman and Worth, they advanced, entered the houses, dug through the sidewalls, fighting hand to hand until they came within one square of the principal plaza. On the next morning the place was sur- rendered, and the Mexicans allowed to retire with their arms. .Our loss in killed and wounded was about 500 — that of the Mexicans 1,000. The capture of Monterey, de- fended by 10,000 troops, with forty-two pieces of artillery, 8. When was Barita taken ? When was Matamoras taken possession of? 9. When did Gen. Taylor leave Matamoras ? Describe the battle of Mon- terey. 23* 270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1846. ATTLK OF MONTEREY. and fortifications of immense strength, by a force so greatly inferior, was a bold and daring achievement, and forms a brilliant chapter in the pages of history. 10. Gen. Taylor now established his head-quarters at Monterey, and detached Gen. Worth, with 1,200 men, to Saltillo ; and Gen. Wool, with 2,400 men, to Parras. In the mean time, Paredes had been deposed, and Santa Anna recalled from exile in Cuba, and placed at the head of Mexican affairs. Santa Anna, the m.oment he reached the capital, set about collecting a force sufficient to resist the further advances of the victorious Americans. Before the close of the year, he had succeeded in raising an army of more than 20,000 men, and concentrating them at San Luis Potosi, which he strongly fortified, and filled with militaiy stores. 11. In the mean time, Gen. Scott had been appointed to the chief command of the army in Mexico, and had been obliged to call on Gen. Taylor for nearly all the regular troops under his command, to aid in the reduction of Vera 10. What did General Taylor now do? What took place at that time in Mexico ? 11. Who was appointed to the chief command of the army ? 184'7. folk's administration. 271 Cmz. In- Feb., 1847, however, reinforcements of volun- teers arrived, and Taylor's force amounted to about 6,000 men. Receiving information that Santa Anna designed to possess himself of the line of posts between himself and Matamoras, Taylor resolved to meet him on his own ground. 12. Accordingly he left Monterey, and on the 20th of February encamped at Agua Nueva, with a force of 5,000 men. Learning that Santa Anna, at the head of 20,000 men, was rapidlj^ approaching him, and but twenty miles distant, Taylor fell back to Buena Vista, a mountain pass of remarkable natural strength, seven miles from Saltillo. On the morning of the 22d, the Mexicans, in immense numbers, were seen advancing ; and about noon, Santa Anna sent a summons to Gen. Taylor to surrender. The old hero declined this courteous request ; and at sunrise, next morning, the ba.ttle commenced in earnest. As the enemy advanced in overwhelming numbers, Washington's, Sherman's, and Bragg's batteries poured, in fierce and rapid succession, the most destructive volleys, sweeping away whole columns, and compelling them to retreat. Again and again they renev/ed the charge, but were as often re- pulsed. At length, darkness closed the contest. Both armies rested on the field. Before morning, however, the Mexicans retired, having lost, in killed and wounded, about 2,000. The loss of the Americans was 267 killed, and 456 wounded. The victory was complete, and secured to the Americans the quiet possession of the northern provinces of Mexico. Soon after the battle, Gen. Taylor returned to Monterey, and Gen. Wool, with the main body of the army, encamped at Buena Vista. 13. Soon after, Gen. Scott commenced his brilliant career in the southern part of Mexico. On the 1st of Jan., 1847, he reached the Rio Grande, and on the 9th of March, with the assistance of Commodore Connor, of the Gulf squadron, disembarked his troops near Vera Cruz. Having planted 12. Describe the battle of Buena Vista. 13. When did Gen. Scott reach Vera Cruz? Describe the capture of that city. 212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1847. CAP TURK OF VERA CRUZ his batteries, and prepared for the siege, on the 22d he sent a summons to the Mexican commander to surrender the place. The summons was rejected, and shortly after the batteries opened on the city. From this time, with few interruptions, the cannonading continued with immense de- struction of life and property to the inhabitants, until the morning of the 26th, when Gen. Landero, the Mexican governor, opened negotiations with General Scott, which finally resulted in the surrender of the city and the castle of San Juan de Ulloa.* On the 29th, the Mexican troops marched out of Vera Cruz, laid down their arm.s, and de- parted for the interior, and our troops entered and took pos- session of the city. About 5,000 stands of arms, 400 cannon, and a large quantity of military stores, fell into the hands of the Americans. During the siege, our army lost seventeen killed and twenty-eight wounded. The Mexican loss was very great. Considered in a military point of view, this was one of the most glorious victories in the history of modern warfare. * The ca.stle of San Juan de Ulloa, is one of the strongest fortresses in the world. It is situated on an island directly opposite the city of Vera Cruz, in a. position to command the whole harbor. 1847. folk's administration. 2*73 14. Early in April, our army commenced its march for the interior of Mexico. On the 16th, it arrived at the strong mountain pass of Gerro Gordo, where Santa Anna was securely intrenched, with about 15,000 men. Along the front declivity were several powerful batteries, and on the highest peak of the precipice — more than 1,000 feet high — was the strong fortress of Cerro Gordo, which com- manded every point in the road below. Gen. Scott, per- ceiving that an attack in front would be in vain, ordered a road to be cut round the base of the mountains, directly to the rear of the Mexican forts. Heavy artillery were taken to the heights, and on the morning of the 18th, opened on the intrenchments of the enemy with deadly eiFect. Col. Harney led his men, in the midst of a destruc- tive fire, up the heights, stormed the citadel, and unfurled the stars and stripes from the tower of Cerro Gordo. The Mexicans, repulsed at all points, were put to a total rout. Santii Anna escaped on a mule, leaving his carriage, contain- ing a large amount of specie, his papers, &c., behind. Five Mexican generals and 6,000 men surrendered themselves prisoners. The loss on each side was about 500 in killed and wounded. 15. On the 19th of April, Gen. Twiggs took possession of the town of Jalapa ; and on the 22d Gen. Worth and his division occupied the strong castle* and town of Perote. On the 15th of May, Gen. Worth, with 4,000 troops, en- tered the ancient and beautiful city of Puebla, called, in the Spanish tongue, Puebla de los Angelos, " City of the Angels." Here Gen. Scott remained with his army until the 8th of August. There were two reasons for this delay. The first was : our government had been anxious for peace from the beginning — had sought every opportunity for nego- tiations, and now sent Mr. Nicholas P. Trist to Mexico, as agent, to terminate the war, if possible, by an honorable 14. When did our army leave Vera Cruz for the interior of Mexico? When did the battle of Cerro Gordo take place? 15. When was Jalapa taken? Perote.? Puebla? Why did Gen. Scott make a halt at Puebla ? * The castle of Perote is one of the strongest in Mexico. In it were 54 cannon and mortars ; 11,000 cannon balls ; 14,000 bombs, and 500 muskets. 274 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 184Y. peace. The aecond was : our little army, although " a baml of heroes," was too small to proceed further until rein- forced. 16. During- these operations of the annies under Gen- erals Scott and Taylor, our squadron had captured all the Mexican ^xirts on the Gulf of Mexico. On the 14th of Oct., 1840, Tampico, one of the most important posts to Mexico, was taken bv Commodore Connor. On the *23d, Frontiera was captured by Commodore Perry, and on the 25tli Tabasco. Soon after, Alvarado and Tlacotalpam were taken by Lieut. Hunter. On the 1 8th of April, 1846, the town and port of Tuspan was captured by Commodore Perry. 17. Our government, believing that the states of New Mexico, Chihuahua, Durango, and othei*s in the upper por- tion of jNIexico, stood ready to declare themselves mdepen- dent, fitted out an expedition thither, under Col. Kearney. He left Fort Leven worth on the 30th of June, 1846, and after an arduous march of 873 miles, amved at Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, on the 18th of August, and took possession of that state without resistance.* 18. About the same time. Col. Fremont, assisted by the squadron under Com. Stockton, in the Pacific, took* pos- session of California. They encountered but little resist- ance, and on the 13th of August, 1846, entered the - City of Angels,'' the capital of the Cahfornias. They estab- 16. What had our squadron done in the mean time .' 17. Who was sent to New Mexico .' What did Col. Kearney do ? 18. What did Col. Fremont do ? * Shortly after the conquest of New Mexico, occurred one of those military ad- ventures almost unp;ir;illeled in history. This was the march o( Col. Ponlphan's corps throuiih ihe wild and unknown regions of Northern Mexico. About the 1st of Dec. 1S46. he let\ Santa Fe with SlK) men, destined for Chihuahua. At Broziios, on the v21st ot Dec., he was suddenly attacked by a large force of Mexican lancers and infantry. A well-directed tire of his rillemen sent terror and dismay into their ranks, and put them to llisrht. Doniphan tlien pursued his march. 6n the a7th, he entered El Paso del Norte without opposition. On the ".2;^ of February, he reached Carmen, and on the "iSth his uniirress was interrupted by a large Mexican force of more than l.lXX) men. intrenched near the Ranclio Sacramento, in one of the strongest mountain passes of Mexico. A desperate action ensued. The Ame- ricans, at length, rushing up the intrenciiments, poured in such a deadly tire, that the Mexicans broke, and tied in consternation, leaving their artillery and military stores in the hands of the victorious .\mericans. The next day, Col. Doniphaii entered Chihuahua, and look formal possession, in the name of the United Slates. 1847. folk's administration. 275 lished a form of government, at the head of which was placed Col. Fremont, 19. Gen. Scott, having received reinforcements, on the 8th of August left Puebla with 10,738 men, and moved forward to the conquest of Mexico, the capital of the Spanish Aztec nation. On the 10th, they passed the Rio Frio — a place of great natural strength — and came within sight of the vast plain of Mexico. On the 15th, they reached Ayotla, fifteen miles from Mexico. From this place, the road to the city is a causeway, traversing a marsh, and is commanded by a lofty hill, called El Penon, which had been fortified with the greatest care by Santa Anna. To avoid this strong fortification, our army cut a road around Lake Chalco, and on the 18th reached San Augustine, nine miles south of Mexico. 20. On the 19th, Generals Pillow and Tv/iggs, with 4,000 men, proceeded to Contreras, three miles distant, where Gen. Valencia was strongly posted with 8,000 Mex- icans, in a position to sweep the road with his batteries. Nothing effectual was done until past midnight, when the Americans rushed forward, and charged the works. In an instant all was a mass of confusion. The enemy broke and fled, each striving to be foremost in the flight. The victory was brilliant and decisive. The Mexican loss was 700 killed, 1,000 wounded, 813 prisoners, 22 brass cannon, and an immense quantity of military stores. Our loss, in killed and wounded, did not exceed sixty. 21. On the same day, our troops proceeded to Churu- busco, a place strongly defended both by nature and art. Here Santa Anna had collected 27,000 of his choicest troops, resolved to make a desperate stand for the defense of the capital. At 1 p. m the attack commenced, and con- 19. When did Gen. Scott resume his march ? 20. Describe the battle of Contreras. 21. The battle of Churubusco. On the 25th of April, Doniphon left Chihuahua, with his little band, arrived at Monterey the 2.")th of May, and New Orleans on the 25th of June. He and his troops pursued their uncheclted career for more ttian 5,0CI0 miles, over mountain tops and sandy plains, in snow and ice, in rain and hot deserts, amid the homes of civilization and the wilds of savages— amid the fires of battle, and the sports of the camp, and the adventures of the wild wildernesB. 276 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1847. tinued for three hours, when the enemy were routed at all points, and were pursued by our troops to the very gates of the city. The Mexican loss was 600 killed and wounded, and 1,100 prisoners. Our loss in killed and wounded was 1,053. Gen. Scott might have entered the capital that evening, but hoping that the Mexicans would now be disposed to treat for peace, halted his victorious army, and an armistice was soon after proposed and agreed upon. 22. Mr. Trist, our commissioner, being unsuccessful in his attempts to negotiate a peace, and the armistice having been repeatedly violated by the Mexicans, on the 5th of September, General Scott resolved on a vigorous prosecution of the war. On the 8th, our troops attacked Mohno del Rey, or the " King's Mill" — a stone building of massive, high walls, used as a depot and foundry. The enemy had stronglj^ intrenched themselves there, and were commanded by Santa Anna in person. The battle raged with desperate fury for two hours, when the enemy were totally routed. 23. One stronghold now alone remained to the enemy. This was Chapultepec — a steep, bluff, rocky height, rising 150 feet, strongly fortified at its base and acclivities, and on its height was a strong castle and military college. This was attacked on the 12th, and was one of the most desperate actions fought during the war. Our batteries told with terrible effect upon the enemy's works. The buildings were crashed through, and the ramparts torn up, while, in return, the Mexicans rained down an incessant fire upon the assailants below. The assault continued throughout the day. The next morning. Pillow's and Worth's divisions were ordered to storm the works. They advanced over rocks, through dense woods, driving the enemy before them. On they swept in the face of a mur- derous fire, ascended the acclivities, stormed the batteries, and mounted the walls of the castle. Col. T. H. Sey- mour, of the New England regiment, tore down the Mex- ican flag, and planted the American standard in its place. 22. Describe the battle of Molino del Rey. 23. Chepultepac. 1848. folk's administration. 2Y7 With wild shouts, the troops rushed on, sweeping all before them like a whirlwind. The fortress was carried, and access to the city opened to the American army. SCOTT NTO THK CITY OF MEXICO, 24. On the 14th, oar army entered and occupied the capital of the Mexican empire. The stars and stripes floated over " the Halls of the Montezumas," and the loud, hearty cheers of our troops announced that the object of their long and eventful march had been realized. General Quitman was appointed military governor, and by prompt and energetic measures, order and confidence were restored among soldiers and citizens. The stores and public places were opened, and the city assumed a peaceful appearance. Thus the war was essentially terminated. Mexico was humbled, crushed, and incapable of further resistance. On the 2d of Feb., 1848, a treaty of peace* was concluded be- 24. When did the American army enter Mexico : peace concluded ? When was a treaty of * By this treaty the boundary between the two governments commences at the month of the Rio Grande, and proceeds up the middle of the deepest channel of that river to the southern buundnrv of New Mexico ; thence westwarcily, along the Bouthern boundary of New Mexico' to its western termination; thence northwardly, 24 27S HISTOKY OF TUK INlTKn STATHS. 1849. tween tho United States and Mexico, and soon after rati- lieti by onr i^overnment. *2rv Uy this treaty, Mexico ceded to the I'nited States more than two milhoi\ st|uaui( miles of territory. This, how- ever, was regarded by many, at the time, as of compara- tively little value, except tho bay of San Francisco, which constitutes one of the most magniticent harbors on the globe. In February, 1848, an accidental discovery of gold was made on the land of Capt. Sutter, in California. Soon after, it was ascertained that this precious metal existed in immense quantities in that extensive region. The news o\' this rapidly spread from country to country, and aston- ished the whole civilized world. Thousands upon thou- sands left their homes for this western El Dorado, or '' land o( boundless wealth."' The gold dejx^sits, or "' placers," as they are called, are mostly in the valley of the Sacramento. Millions of gold have already been gatliered, and yet tho quantity seems as inexhaustible as ever. San Francisco has become a large and important place, and seems des- tined to become one of the most populous cities in America. *20. On the 09th of May, 1848. Wisconsin was adnutted as a state into the Union. On the 14th of August. Oregon was erected into a territorial government; and on the od of March, 1849. a territorial government was established over Minesota. The pivsidential election of 1848, resulted in tho choice of (.general Zachary Taylor, of Ijouisiana, for president, and Millard Fillmore, of New York, for vice-pres- ident, (^n the 3d of March, 1849, Mr. Polk's eventful and important administration terminated, and he soon after returned to his residence iii Nashville, Tennessee.* •JJ>. What did Mexico cede to the Unittnl States ? Descril)o tho Lxnindary botwcon Mexico and \\\o ftutod Stufos f M'hat was discovonxl in Calilbrma '. Wlicn f What h;is been tho rosidt .' -t>. \\lion \vi\s Wisconsin admitted into the Union ? When was Oregon onH'tcil into a territory ; Minesota .' What wixs the result of tho pivsi- doiuial election. alons: the western line of Now Mexico, until it intersects the River Gila; thence down tlie Gila to the Colorado, and tlience in a stniight line to tl\e l\HCitic Ocean, at a point Iluee miles south ot' San l)ie»ro. * Janus Knox Polk wns lH>rn in MrcklenburJ: County. North C^vrolma, Novem- ber Cd, inxi. His father was an enterprising tarmcr. ajid thivugh life a firm aud 1840. TAVLORB AUMINLS'IKATIOX. 279 TAYLOIi'S ADMINISTRATION. I. On tho 5th of iVIarch, 1849, the inauj^^uration of Gen. Taylor* took place, and he entered on the duties of his office as president of the United States, tlis cabinet con- sisted of John M. Clayton, of Delaware, secretary of state ; William M. Meredith, of JVjnsylvani'a, secretary of the treasiary ; Thomas Ewinr:^, of (Jhio, secretary of the home department ; Geor;.^e W. Crawford," of Georgia, secretary of war; William B. Preston, of Virginia, secretary of the navy ; Jacob Collamer, of Vermont, postmaster-general ; and Ravady Johnson, of Maryland, attorney-general. 1. When was Gen. Taylor inaugurated ? The 4th of July fell on Sunday. unf]':viat,irij( fleniocrat. In IHOO, he removed with his family often children, to Ten- iiewtee, and wan one of the pioiieerH of the fertile valley of Duck river, a branch of the (lumherland, t/ien a wilrJi rneHH, but n'/in, the moHf populoiisand flourinhini^ por- tion of the Hlate. In that region Mr. Polk resided until his election to the presi- dency, in 1844. In 1815^ he entered the University of North Carolina. His career at the University wa,s distin/^uished. It is Kaid, that he never missed a recitation, nor omitted the jjunctilioiis performance of any duty. In 1818, he ^rarJuated with the reputation of beina; the first scholar in both the mathematics and classics. Prom the University he returned to Tennessee, and in 1810 commenced the study of law in the office of the Hon. Feli.v Grutidy. He was a/lmitted to the bar in 182iJ, where he at once took a distinjjui.shed po.sifion. In ]>i2?j, he was elected a repreHentative to the state IcKislature, and for two successive years waui a member of th-at body. In AujjuHt, 182.0, he w;i.s chosen to repre.sent iiis district in con^res-s. In 18.'J.5, he wa.s elected sjieaker of the house of representatives, and again chosen to that station in 18;J7. After a service of fourteen years in congress, in IS^iO. iMr. Polk declined a re- election, and was chosen governor of Tennessee. In 1844, he was elected to the presidency. At the close of his administration, which forms a brilliant and event- ful period in history, he retired to his rewdence in Tennessee, where he expired on the l.'jth of .lune, 1819. He was ever a firm, undeviating, democrat, and his pri- vate life, which had ever been upright and (ture, secured to him the re.spect and esteem of all who iiad the pleasure of his acquaintance. * Zacliary Taylor was born in Orange county, Virginia, Sept. 24, 178'1. The fol- lowing year, his father removed to Kentucky. In 1808. he received from President Jefferson a commission of f^r.^t lieutenant in the 7th regiment of United States in- fantry. On the breaking out of the war of 1812, then a captai/i, he w;i.s placed in commanrl of Fort Harrison, on the Wabash river. The gallantry and bravery he displayed, in the attricks of the Indian.^, gave promise of the military renown which he afterward achieved. In 1'-.I6, then major, he was placed by President Madison, in command of the post of Green Bay, on Lake Michigan. In 18:^2, he was appointed colonel by President .lackson, and served (rallantly unrler Oen. Sf^ott in the black Hawk war of that year. He sub.sequently held the command of Fort Crawford, at Prairie du (Jhien, where he remained until l-iJfJ. He then repaired to Florida, and took an active nart i/i the Seminole war, in which harassing duty he won a fiime only surpassed by that which he won during the Mexican campaign. On the '.ilth of Dec, J '^.'{7, he fought the battle of Okee-cho-hee, in which the In- dians were almost annihilated, and never atrain appeared in any considerable num- ber. In 1838, lie was appointed to the chid command of all the trooiJS in Florida 280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1850. 2. Hon. John C. Calhoun, a senator in congress from South CaroHna, died at Washington, March 31st, aged 68. For nearly half a century he had been engaged in the pub- lic service, and had exerted a powerful influence over the policy of the nation. He had filled almost every office in the gift of the people, and performed the duties of each with ability and stern integrity. He was a man of powerful talents and of the most unquestionable probity. The high- est honors were paid to his memory. On the 12th of May, a large crevasse, or breach, was made in the levee, or em- bankment, of the Mississippi, fourteen miles above New Orleans. For a long time every effort to close it was in- effectual. A large extent of country was overflowed, and 1,600 houses in New Orleans flooded. On the 1 7th, a ter- rible fire occurred at St. Louis, by which twenty-three steam- boats, with their cargoes, were destroyed, and nearly fifteen blocks of buildings in the business part of the city. 3. President Taylor having received information that an armed expedition was preparing to leave the United States for the invasion of Cuba, issued a proclamation, on the 1 1th of August, for its suppression. Soon after, a large party, col- lected on an island in the Gulf of Mexico, was dispersed by a naval force, and the expedition prevented. On the 31st of August, a convention of delegates met at Monterey for the purpose of framing a state constitution for California, preparatory to its admission into the Union. 4. The admission of CaUfornia, and the organization of 2. What distinguished man died, and where ? What happened on the 12th of May ? On the ITlh ? 3. What expedition was suppressed ? 4. What gave rise to the discussion of the slavery question ? When was where he remahied until April, 1840, when he was relieved by Gen. Armistead. Gen. Taylor was then appointed to the command of the southwestern division of the army, and, in 1841, was ordered to relieve Gen. Ai-buclcle, at Fort Gib.^on. He removed his family about this time to Baton Rouge, in Louisiana, where he had purchased an estate. In 1845, on the annexation of Texas, he was ordered to place his troops in such a position as to defend Texas against a threatened Mexican invasion. In August of that year, he concentrated his forces at Corpus Christi. His triumphant success in that war, and subsequent elevation to the presidency, have already been stated. He died in Washington city, July 9, 1850. He was a brave soldier, an able general, and a devoted patriot. " His deatli was universally la- mented. 1850. Fillmore's administration. 281 the territories of New Mexico and Utah, during the session of 1849-50, gave rise to an animated and lengthy discus- sion on the subject of slavery, in both houses of congress. One party insisted that slavery should be prohibited in the new states and territories, while the other contended that the subject should be left with the people of each to decide for themselves. The deepest interest was excited through- out the country, and serious apprehensions were felt by many for the safety of the Union. On the 7th of September, California was admitted as an independent state, and terri- torial governments established over New Mexico and Utah. 5. On the 9th of July, 1850, Gen. Taylor, after a short illness, expired at Washington. This mournful event deeply aifected the whole nation ; for he was regarded by all as a brave and able general, an upright statesman, and an honorable man. The chief characteristics of his adminis- tration were the desire to cultivate peaceful and friendly re- lations with foreign powers, so far as was consistent with national honor and dignity, and to maintain the union and prosperity of the states at home. Hon. Millard Fillmore now became president of the United States. FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1. On the 10th of July, 1850, Mr. Fillmore* was inaugu^ rated, and entered on the duties of his office as president of California admitted into the Union ? Wiien were New Mexico and Utah erected into territorial governments ? 5. When did Gen. Taylor expire ? What can you tell of his life ? See note. * Millard Fillmore was born at Summer Hill, Cayuga county, New York, Jan. 7th, 1800. His father was a farmer, in quite moderate circumstances, and unable to give his son more than a limited common-school education. Wlien he was fifteen, he was sent to learn the trade of clothier, at which he worked for four years, improv- ing all his spare time in reading books from a httle library in the village where he lived. At the age of nineteen, Judge Woods, of Cayuga county, detected the latent 24* 282 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1850. the United Stales. The followmg* oflicers in the executive department of the government, constituted his cabinet, viz. ; SAI.AKY. Daniel Webster, - - • - Massachusetts., - Secretary of State, - - - eti.OOO Thomas Corwin, - • - Ohio. Sec. of the Treasury, ■ tV^Xt Charles M. Conrad. - - Louisiana. - - - Secretary of War, - - • 6.lHK.t Wilham A. Grahani, - Nortli Carolina, Secretary of the Navy, 6.lX1i1 A. H. H. Stuart. • - - Virginia. Sec. of the Interior. - - 6,iXX> Nathan K. Hall, - - - - New York, - - - Postmaster-General,- - 6.(XX> John J. Crittenden, - - Kentucky, - - - Attorney -General, - • - 4,000 2. Congress, after one of the longest, most arduous, and stirring sessions, adjourned on the 30th of September. Among the numerous acts of the session, the most impor- tant were those for the admission of Cahfornia. the organi- zation of the temtories of New Mexico and Utah, the es- tabhshment of the boundary of Texas, and the suppression of the shwe trade in the District of Cohimbia — termed the compromise measures — and the fugitive slave bill. These produced, for several months, the most intense feehng in con- gress and throughout the Union. 3. The second session of the thirt3'-tirst congress com- menced on Monday, Dec. '2d, 1850. The message of the president was a sound and able document, and was gen- erally approved by all parties. His views of the veto power, of incidental protection, and his approval of the compromise measures of the former session, and his expressed determination to uphold and execute the fugitive slave law, met the general approbation of both whigs and democrats. talents of the youn? man. and induced him to study law. He took him into his olfice, where lie remained two years, studying with that industry and perseverance which have distincuished him tnrousrh Hte. During this time, however, he lauirht school in the winter months, in order to provide for his expenses as far as possible. In IS22. he entertnl a law office at ButTalo. and passed a year studying and teaching, when he w.is admitted to thebiu\ and removed to Aurora to commence the practice of his profession. In lJ5:2t). he married Miss Powers, the daughter of Rev. Lemuel Powers, He spent several vears in diligent judicial studies, and in the limited legal practice of a country town. In 1^29, he was elected to the assembly, in New York, and lor three yeai's heK^ a seat in that body. While there, he took a prominent and in- Hueutial part, and was remarkable for his devotion and unwearied industry to his duties. In the mean time, he removed to Butlalo. In L"vVJ. he was elected a mem- ber of congress, and was subsequently re-elected several times. During his con- gressional cai-eer^he manifested the same industry, ability, and efficient practical talent that had belore distinpiished him. lu 1S44, lie was fun by the whigs of New York for governor, and, in 1S47, was elected comptroller of the state. He held that office until his elevation to the vice-presideucv, in 1S49. From this brief sketch it will be seen that Mr. Fillmore tuis irradually risen, by his own talents and untiring industry, from a humble station incite, to an office higher and more honorable than that of kin^ or emperor. What a lesson is here taught to the young men of our great aud glorious republic. CONSTITUTION* OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Wb the people of the United States, in order to fomi] Year, so that one-third may be chosen every second a more perfect Union, e^ttablish Justice, insure Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resig^nation, or domestic Tranquillity, provide for the common I otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of defence, promote the general Welfare, and securefany State, the Executive thereof mav make tempo- the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and ourirary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTITO I LeKislalure, which shall then hll such Vacancies. TioN for the United States of America. i No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been ARTICLE I. |nine Years a citizen of the United States, and who ishall not, -when elected, be an Inhabitant of that Section. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted State for which he shall be chosen. shall be vested in a Congress of the^ United States,! The Vice President of the United States shall be which shall consist of a Senate and. House of Rep- President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, resentatives. | unless they be ernially divided. Skction. 2. The House of Representatives shall i The Senate shall chuse their other OfiBcers, and be composed of Members chosen every second Ycarjalso a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the by the People of the several States, and the Elec- Vice President, or wheniie shall exercise the Office tors in each State shall have the Qualifications! of President ot the United States, requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch | The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all of the State Legislature. I Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, No person shall be a Representative who shall 'they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the not have attained to the age of twentyfive Years, Ipresident of the United States is tried, the Chief and been seven Years a Citizen of ihe United States, Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be con- and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant] victed without the Concurrence of two thirds of of that State in which he shall be chosen. the Members present. ICf^prcseutatives and direct Taxes shall be appor-| Judgnaent in Cases of Impeachment shall not ex- tioned among the several States which may be in- 1 tend further than to removal from Office, and Dis- cluded within this Union, according to their resoec-Uiiialitication to hold and enjov any Office of honour, tive Numbers, which shall be determined l)y adding Trust or Profit under the United States: but the to the whole Number of free Persons, including Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and subject to Ii^dictment, Trial, Judgment and Punish- excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all|ment, accordingto Law. other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be I Section. 4. The Times, Places and Manner of made within three Years after the first Meeting of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, the Congress of the United States, and witnin shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Man- thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law ner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Representatives shall not exceed one for every places of chusing Senators. thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least The Congress shall assemble at least once in every- one Representative ; and until such enumeration Year^ and such Meeting shall be on the first Mon- shall be made, the Stale of New Hampshire shall day in December, unless they shall by Law appoint be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, a different Day. Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one,; Skction. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of Connecticut five, New-York six. New Jersey four, the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, own Members, and a Majority of each shall consti- Virginia ten. North Carolina five, South Carolina 'tute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Num- five, and Georgia three. ber m;iy adjourn from day to day, and may be When vacancies happen in the Representation 'authorized to compel the Attendance of absent from any State, the Executive Authority thereof Members, in such Manner, and under such Penal- shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies, ties as each House may provide. The House of Representatives shall chuse their Each House may determine the Rules of its Pro- Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole ceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Be- Power of Impeachment. haviour, and. with the Concurrence of two thirds. Section. 3. The Senate of the United States expel a Memner. shall be composed of two Senators from each State, Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceed- chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years ; ings, and from time to time publish the same, ex- aud each Senator shall have one Vote. cepting such Parts as may in their Judgment re- Immediately after they shall be assembled in quire .Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Mem- Consequence of the first Election, they shall be di- bers of cither House on any question shall, at the vided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered oa Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be va- the Journal. cated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the Neither House, during the Session of Congress, second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn and of the third Class at the Expiration ol the sixth for more than three days, nor to any other Place * Our readers may depend upon the accuracy of the text of the Constitution of the United States, here- •with presented. It is copied from a printed Constitution, to which is attached a certificate from the Department of State, under the official seal, attesting that "the Constitution and Amendments Ua» been critically compared with the original, and found to be correct in text. Utter, audi»uncItt«lW/J." 284 CONSTITUTION. than that in which the two Houses shall be sittin;^. I To constitute Tribunals inferior to the mpreme Section. 6. The Senators and Representatives [Court; shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to To define and punish Piracies and Felonies com- be ascertained bv Law, and paid out of the Treas- mitted on the high Seas, and Offences against the ury of the United States. They shall in :ill C;ise>-. Law of Nations ; except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Pi.ice. To declare AVar, grant Letters of Marque and be privileged from Arrest during their Atu-nlair-c Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on at the Session of their respective Houses, and in Land and Water; foing to and returning from the same ; and for any To raise and support Armies, but no Appropria- peech or Debate in either House, they shall not be (ion of Money to that Use shall be for a longer questioned in any other Place. Term than two Years ; No Senator or Representative shall, during the To provide and maintain a Navy ; Time for which he was elected, be appointed to To make Rules for the Government and ReguU- any civil Office under the Authority of^the United tion of the land and naval Forces; States, which shall have been created, or the Emol To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute xmients whereof shall have been encreascd during the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and such time ; and no Person holding any Otfice under repel Invasions ; the United States, shall be a Member of cither| To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- House during his continuance in Otlice. plining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of Skctiox. 7. All bills for raising Revenue shall them as may be employed m the Service of the originate in the House of Representatives ; but the United States, reservmg to the States respectively, Seufttc may propose or concur w-ith Amendments the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority as on other Bills. of traming the ^lilitia according to the Discipline Every Bill which shall have passed the House of prescribed by Congress ; Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it be- ' To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases come a Law, be presented to the President of the whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten United States ; It he approve he shall sign it, but Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become House in which it shall have originated, who shall the Seat of the Government of the United Stales, enter the objections at large on their Journal, and and to exercise like Authority over all Places jjur- proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsider- chased by the Consent of the Legislature ol the ation two thirds of that House shall agree to pass State in which the Same shall be, (or the Erection the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objec- of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock-Yards, and tious, to the other House, by which it shall like- other needful buildings ;-- And wise be reconsidered, and if approved by two To make all Laws which shall be necess.t,aiid th* Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Re- moval, Death, Resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be re- moved, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation — " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faith- " fully execute the Office of President of the United "States, and will, to the best of my Ability, pre- " serve, prbtect and defend the Constitution of the "United States. Section. 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States. when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive De- partments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, pro- vided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassa- dors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not hereia otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab- lished by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Va- cancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall ex- pire at the End of their next Session. Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration su»h Mea- sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagree- ment between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassa- dors and other public Ministers ; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the officers of the United States. Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be re- moved from Office on Impeachment for, and Con- viction of. Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. Section. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Contin- uance in Office. Section. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties maae, or which shall be made, under their 2S6 coxsTnxniON. Authoritr; — to »n C«s*s affvctins AinbmssMlors, tion of two or luorr 9utt^, or Parts ofSUtes, with- othfr (tfs of out the Constant of Ihe l.fcisUturvs of the St«te» mdtuiraltv ami luaruim* Jurisulictiou ;— to t'ontro couofrx>t\l as well *s of «he Conitivss. versiifs to which the Vuitisl Slatrs shall be a The ConRtx^ shall have IVwer to aisiuAse of aud Party ;-to Coutrv'versies betweeu two or w>ore make all ninslful Rules aiul Keyulatioui r«S|>eeliue States;— bet wwu a !!tate auj Cititens of another the Territory or other l^»i>erty b«lv>n«iug to the State;— WtwtHU Oiti«eus of ilittVrtut States.- Vnitevl States; aiul nothius »> «his Coustitution between Citiieiis of the same State olaxuunc l.aniU shall be so coiistrtieil as to iVeiuaioe auv Claims of untler lirants of aitfereut States, ami betwtnn a the Cnitt\l States, or of ar.y i>&rtioular jState. Stat*, or the Citiseus therw^f. ami foreiju States, Ss<-no>. -1. The VuiteU States sh^ll imarautee Citiaeus or Subjects. to every State in this Cuion a ReiniMuan Korm of In all Cases affecting Ambassavlors. other public Uovernment. ami shall i>voteot Mchof tbeni a^aiust Ministers ami Consuls, aua those ui which a State Invasion; aua on Appheatiou of the Lcsisraliirw, •hall b<- Party , the suvrrme Court shall have orijfi or of the Eveeutive iwheu the l.esislature cannot Bal Jurisaictiou. In all the other Cases before men- be conveuea) against aomestic Violence, tiouevl, the sui>reme Court shall have appellate Ju- , risaiction. both as to Law ana Fact, with such' \RTICLE. V. p;S„;^;:r';{^^L^ry^;;-'^ i^c^-^a?^^i "=-:S.o'r c:^s?si:?;;r.^'Jh/^;^ K> hai "u\he ^Ute where "the Vi Cr^n ?1 s^^ '■'*"^'" ^" «'*^ Legislatures of two th.rvls of the sev have'lteuJommln^i: C when* no. IZmit'tt!} ^."^>.?V^^;'^'.=:'^*'ir*" * ^;->-;-" «•"■:^VT^•^-^"^ ?i^^^'^^c";J^St!:r\^^::!:^?rl::;;r^ ;^':ii''in^n^amr';:!:;^|::s;;:rp^:.f'v;::s const.. *Kcru« V l^^^u ?^^L tutuMu wlun rat.fiea Vy the Lcc.sla.ur.-s of .h«ss shaU /o i^i^t oulv in WvlSt \\^^^ '■^'"'■"^* ^^'' '^"^ *'"^"^'^-J States, .xr Vy Cwxveutions iu unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the ^iT'^'rlh v r , ^ . h, ^Ll. .,H same overt Act. or on Cvuifession m open Court. ''f'^,^, "^s '^''^ 'f „,r.h Ctpt auriUK the Life of the Person attaintcU. ,P«»> *^i «>« »«» t\"*l M.rtrajce m the ^euate. ARTICLE. IV. ; ARTICLE. VI. SiscTiox. I. Full Eaith auj Cr^Hlit shall be ?iven ^.W IVbts coutracte.1 ami En^-aiirtfmeuts eutered in each Statt- to the public Acts. K«-corvU. ami" iuai- ">'*^' »^»ll ^'«" bouna thereby, any Thmc iu the Felony, or other Crime, w ho shall llee from Justice. Constitution or Laws oi any State to the t. outrary ana l^ fouua in another State, shall on Demand ol' uotwithstauainic- ^ ^ the executive Authority of the State from which ^ "'" t'lnators .^nd Representatives before men- he tlevi, be adivered up," to be removt\l to the State tione^l, and the Memliers of the several !«>tate Legis- haviue Jurisaictiou of the Crime. latures, aiul all executive ana judicial Otncens, l>oth No Person held to Service or Labour iuoae State, of the United States and of the several States^ shall wuder the Laws therev^f, escapinsc into another. *>*' bouml by Oath or Atfinnatiou. to sui>port this shall, in Consequence ixf .^ny Law or Regulation Constitution; but no reliarious Test shall ever be therein, be dischars:evl from such Service or labour, iv^uirtxl as a Qualiticatiou to any Oflice or public but shall be adiverea up on Claim of the Party to Tfwst uuaer the United States, ■whom suc-h Service or L.^bour may be due. I 4 WTirr f vit ^KCTlO.■«. 3. New Mates may I'e adniitttxl by the' ^'^ ' ^'^ ^^- * "• Cous:re>-s into this Union ; but uo new State shall bt- The Ratification ^a" the Conventions of nine States, fvimievi or erev-t»\l within the Jurisdiction of any shall be suflicieiit for the Establishment of this Cou- othex State; uor any State be form«.\l by the June- stitutwu beiweeu the Stales so ralifyiug the Same. AMENDMENTS TO THB OONSTITUtlON OF THE UNITED STATES. (ARTICLE I.) [ to assemble, ana to petition the Government for a Consress shs.ll make no law respecting .in estab 1^"^^""^ "^^ grievances, lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exer-| , iPTirr v if \ cse thereof ; or abriaging the freevlom of speech, or ( AK l it. i^ u.) 01 the press ; or the right of the people peaceably I A well regulatctl Militia. Wing necessary to the CONSTITUTION. 2Sl ht'jr.iinty of a fre<; f?Ut«, th« Hrlit '/f tb« per^U to'rii^tt, thai) aot b« fmttmtd to din>y <7r dimance ke«i» and l>«sir Aruu, »hall not ?>«; iufriujed. otnen teWmtii bjr tib« people. (AHTICI.E III., I f ARTICLE X.) No RrjJdiCT ihall, in time of peac* be m«rtered in I The powm not delegated to the United 6Ut« br any b//.i»e, without the cmwit of the Owner, unr the Con»tituti»/n, nor prohibited by it to th» Sutei Mj time of war, but in a maniier t/; be pre»eribfcd by are reserved to the SUtw rtipectiTely, or t9 Se liw. pe be »ec»jre in their per I The Jtidicial power of the L'ujted Statei ihall not fitiM, hoii«e*, paper*, and effecti, ai^aiiut uiireanon- ibe coiMtrued to ext«rnd V> any iuit m law or eouity, able »earcb»f and »ejzijre tearched, ap4 the penons or things f* be seized. (ARTICLE V.) or gul/jecU of any KoreiKn 6Ute. (ARTICLE XII.) The Elector! ihall meet in tlieir respective state*, and role by billot for President and Vice President, ^ I. If V L . . . V -x . Wie of wh/jm, at leaif, ihall not f^ an inhabitant ^ No person shall beheld to anrwerfor a capital, or the same rrtate with themtelve! ; tb«-y shall name otherwise inf=imo>er be a majority of the whole In all criminal proseoi.tions, the accused shall en- number of Electors appointed; and if no person joy the rif^ht to a speedy and public trial, by an have such majority, then from the persons Eavin|^ impartial jury of the State and di«tri';t wherein the the highest numbeni not exceeding uiree on the list crime shall nave been committed^ which district of those voted for as Preoident. the House of Rep - shall have been previously ascertaine/1 by law, and resentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu- President. But in choosing the President, the votes sation ; to be confronted with the witnesses againt t shall be taken by states, the representation from him; f> have ConipuUory process for obtaining each eUt*; having one vote; a r^uorum for thisnur- Witnesses in his favour, and to have the Assistance pose shall consist of a member or members from of Counsel for his defence. two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the ! states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the I ATtfirt V VTT \ I House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- (AKllCJ.J'- VII.) i^^„t whenever the right of choice shall devolve In Suits at common law, where the value in con- "P'J" them, before the fourth day of March next troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of ''jUowing, then the Vice-President shall act as trial l>y jury >!hall \»t preserved, and no fact tried by President, as in the case of the death or other con- a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court Btitutional disability of the President. The person of the Unit<-d States, than according to the rules of having the greatest number of votes as Vice-Presi- the common law. dent, shall be the Vice-President, if such number [be a majority of the whole number of Electors ap- / » orr-iz-r r. irtir | pointed, and if no person have a majority, then from (ARTICLE Vm.) the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate ] number shall be necessary to a choice. But no per. r ARTiri F. IX i ^"^ constitutionally ineligible to the office of Presi- ' ' dent shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain the United States. SETTLEMENT OF TPIE STATES. States. Date. Towns. Nation. 1. Florida 1565 St. Augustine Spanish . 2. Virginia . . 1607 Jamestown English . 3. New York . 1614 Albany .... Dutch . 4. Massachusetts 1620 Plymouth . English 5. N. Hampshire 1623 Dover .... English . 6. New Jersey, 1624 Bergen Danes . 7. Delaware 1627 Cape Henlopen Swedes and Finns 8. Maine . 1630 York ... English 9. Connecticut. 1633 Windsor English . 10. Maryland 1634 St. Mary's . English 11. Rhode Island 1636 Providence Roger Williams 12. N. Carolina 1650 Albemarle . English 13. Missouri 1663 St. Genevieve French . 14. S. Carolina 1670 Port Royal . English 15. Michigan 1670 Detroit .... French . 16. Pennsylvania 1682 Philadelphia William Penn , 17. Arkansas 1685 Arkansas French . 18. Illinois . 1686 Kaskaskia . French 19. Wisconsin . 1690 Green Bay French . 20. Texas 1692 San Antonia de Bexar Spanish 21. Indiana 1694 Vincennes French . 22. Louisiana 1699 Ibberville , French 23. Alabama . 1703 Mobile .... Spanish . 24. Mississippi 1716 Natchez French 25. Vermont . 1724 Fort Dummer English . 26. Georgia . 1733 Savannah . English 27. Tennessee . 1765 Nashville English . 28. California 1769 Los Angelos Spanish 20. Kentucky . 1775 Boonsboro' . Daniel Boone , 30. Ohio '. 1788 Marietta . Emigrants frm N. England! 31. Iowa . 1820 Dubuque Emigrants from 111 nois I THE PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. Battles. State Date. £i. loss. Battles. State »«.. B. loss. A. loss. Lexington. . . Bunker Hill,. . Mass April 19, 1775 88 Fort Mercer, . . N.J. Nov. 18, 1777 500 3? " June 17, 177.-; 1054 450 Monmouth, . . " June 28, 1778 400 200 Long Island, . . N. V. Aug. 12, 1776 400 2000 Rhode Island, . K.I. Aue. 28. 260 210 White Plains, . " Oct. 28, 1776 HOO .'iOO Brier Creek, . . Geo. [March 3, 1779 23 4.';o Fort Washington Nov. 16, 1776 1000 2868 Stony Point, . . N.Y.[JuIy 15 1779 600 100 Trenton, . . . N.J. Dec. 26, 1776 1020 4 Savannah, . . Geo. Oct. 9 1779 130 1000 Princeton, . . • " Jan. 3, 1777 400 ino Canuleu, . . . S.C.I Aug. 16, 1780 325 1000 Hubbardton, . . Ver. July, 7, 1777 200 800 King's Mountain, N.C.Oct. 7 1780 n.-iO 20 Bennington, . . " Aug. 16, 1777 «00 100 Cowpens, . . . Guilford, C. H., S.C. Jan. 17 1781 800 72 Brandy wine, . Del. Sept. 11, 17/7 600 1000 N. CI Mar. 15, 1781 fiOO 400 Stillwater, . . N.Y. Sept. 19, 1777 600 300 Hobkii-k's HiU, . S.C. 1 April 25, I7HI 8.50 250 German town, . Penn Oct. 4' '1777 500 1200 Eutaw Springs, . " Sept. 8, 1781 700 700 Saratoga, . . . N.Y. Oct. 7, 1777 400 80 Yorktown,t . . Va. Oct. 19; 1781 7000 Saratoga,* . . " Oct. 17, 1777 5791 1 00 Surrender of Burgoync and bis aiuiy. t Surrender of Cornwallis and his army. SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES. Stales. Date. Towns. Nation. 1 1. Florida 1565 St. Augustine Spanish . . 1 2. Virginia . 1607 Jamestown English . . 3. New York . 1614 Albany .... Dutch . 4. Massachusetts 1020 Plymouth . English 5. N. Hampshire 1623 Dover .... English . 6. New Jersey, IG24 Bergen Danes . 7. Delaware 1627 Cape Henlopen Swedes and Finns a. Maine . 1630 York .... English 9. Connecticut . 1633 Windsor English . 10. Maryland 1634 St. Mary's . English 11. Rhode Island 1636 Providence . Roger Williams 12. N. Carolina 1650 Albemarle . English 13. Missouri 1663 St. Genevieve French . 14. S. Carolina 1670 Port Royal . English . 15. Michigan 1670 Detroit .... French . 16. Pennsylvania 1682 Philadelphia William Penn . 17. Arkansas 1685 Arkansas French . 18. Illinois 1686 Kaskaskia . French 19. Wisconsin . 1690 Green Bay French . 20. Texas 1692 San Antonia de Bexar Spanish 21. Indiana 1694 Vincennes French . 22. Louisiana 1699 Ibberville . French 23. Alabama . 1703 Mobile .... Spanish . 24. Mississippi 1716 Natchez French 25. Vermont 1724 Fort Dummer English . 26. Georgia , 1733 Savannah . English 27. Tennessee . 1765 Nashville English . 28. California 1769 Los Angelos Spanish 20. Kentucky . 1775 Boonsboro' Daniel Boone . 30. Ohio ". 1788 Marietta . Emigrants frm N. England 31. Iowa . 1820 Dubuque Emigrants from Illinois THE PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. Battla. State Mass Date B. lots. I73 88 Battles. State Date. B. loss. J. lots. Lexington, . . Bunker Hill,. . April 19, \-75 Fort Mercer, . . N.J. 'Nov. 18, 1777 .500 32 "., June 17, 177.') lO-S-J 4.50 Monmouth, . . " June 28, 1778 400 200 Lone Island, . . N.V. Aug. 12, 1776 4on 2000 Rhode Island, . R.I. Aug. 28, 1778 260 210 White Plains, . " Oct. 2S. 1776 300 .'lOO Brier Creek, . . Geo. March 3 1779 23 4.50 Fort Washington " Nov. 16, 1776 1000 2S68 ^ Stony Point, . . N. ¥. July 15 1779 600 100 Trenton, . . . N.J. Dec. 2t5, 1776 1020 4 (Savannah, . . Geo. Oct. 9, 1779 m 1000 Princeton, . . . " Jan. 3^ 1777 40() 100 1 Camden, . . . S.C. Aug. 16, 17H0 325 1000 Hubbardton, . . Ver. July, 7, 1777 2(X) 800 1 King's Mountain, N. C. Oct. 7, I7«0 11,50 an Bennington, . . «< Aug. 16, 1777 BOO 100 1 Cowpens, . . . S.C. Jan. 17, 1781 800 72 Braudywine, . Del. Sept. 11, .MHI 1000 1 Guilford, C. H., N.C.Mar. 15, 1781 fiOO 400 Stillwater, . . N. V. Sept. 19, 600 300 : Hobkirk's Hill, . S.C. AprU25, 1781 250 250 Germantown, . Penn Oct. 4, 1777 5(H) 1200 Eutaw Springs, . " Sept. 8 1781 700 700 Saratoga, . . . N.Y. Oct. :, 1777 400 SO 'Yorktown,t . . Va. [Oct. 19' 1781 7000 Saratoga,* . . " Oct. 17, 1777 5791 00 1 ' J Surrender of Burgoyuc and bis army. Surrender of Comwallis and his array.