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AGRICULTURE OP THS UNITES STATES, 
 
 ou, 
 AN ESSAY CONCERNIXr; 
 
 SHEWING TILEIR INSEPERABLE CONNECTION WYTll 
 THE BUSINESS AND INTERESTS OF AGRICUXsTURS, 
 
 In the establishment of a home-market for breail-stufts and meats, woo!, cotton, flax, hemp, &c. as well 
 as the supplies that tJiey will funiibh in aid of the foreign coiunierce of the United Slates. 
 
 BIT H. NEI.es, or BiLil.TiaiOS.15. 
 
 ,,„„,„„ — , .,.ii„.i. .n —iTTTigMiTriJ^ri ' '^ 
 
 Fir?it imhlished in Allies'' Register, of March 24, 1827. 
 
 WITH ADD1TI0K3. 
 
 After considerable reflection on the subject and careful references to some of the important 
 statistical facts that bear upon it, we have reached the conclusion — that, at no previous time, 
 during the period of our national existence, has the state of our agriculture more imperiously 
 demanded tlie serious reflection and care of a wise and paternal government, than at the present 
 moment. Though there is, perhaps, less of actual suffering in the United States than in any 
 other country under hearen, a great degree of pecuniary distress and private embarrassment 
 prevails, and "the prospect before us" is, unless the profound attention of our statesmen shall be 
 excited and exerted to relieve the people, that we cannot advance, to those high destinies to which 
 our republic seems called, so certainly and rapidly as we ought. We totally disavow any desire 
 to build up a forced or artificial system, for the benefit of any class of individuals, even for the 
 agricultural, though they make up about three-fourths of our wiiole population — but hold it to be 
 expedient and proper, at all times, and in behalf even of an individual citizen, to profit by all 
 the advantages which God and nature have given, to promote "the general welfare," by securing 
 happiness and prosperity to all, and each, through wholesome employment and reasonable 
 compensation for labor. Foreign commerce, as to many of our late most valuable commodities, 
 fails to produce its former efifects, and men have been compelled to turn their attention to new 
 articles; and the mighty changes which have taken place in the condition of our country, 
 in various and important respects, should inspire us with deep and solemn considerations as to the 
 future; and indignantly forbid a yielding to temporary or political-party purposes, whatever may 
 impede the march of prosperity or cause abandonments of immutable principles of right. It is 
 the gift of Providence, that these United States should be free, independent and happy — and 
 it depends upon ourselves whetlier we shall retain or castaway the blessings bestowed. The po- 
 licy of this republic, whether it regards agriculture, manufactures or commerce, interior or 
 exterior, must not be subjected to the caprices of transient parties, or made a matter for politi- 
 cal bargaining — as has been partially the case heretofore, and, as it appears probable, may be at- 
 tempted again. 
 
 These general remarks naturally occurred when v/e sat down to make some observations oa 
 the past, present and probable state of our agriculturalists — in which we hope to adduce some 
 facts and opinions that will lead many to a serious consideration as to that policy which ought 
 to be steadily pursued. We have no manner of reference to local circumstances or peculiar 
 things, except as they shall appear to aft'ect the well-being of the community at large — and, let 
 factions and parties draw their political or geographical lines as they may, we never yet have believ- 
 ed that there is any material diversity of interest among the widely scattered people of the Unit- 
 ed States; and that, in matters of bunness, the same amicable compromises do, or may, exist, 
 which have been established in our political constitution, under which we have had "peace, liber- 
 ty and safety," however much we have been agiluted by political feelings — and the jarrings be- 
 tween ins and outs, with the intrigues of those who, in the language of De Witt Clinton, have 
 seemed as if they would "rather reign in h — 1 than serve in heaven." 
 
 The chief products of our agriculture are vegetable and animal food and wool, tobacco and 
 cotton, with considerable quantities of sugar, flax and hemp, &c. but we shall principally confine 
 our remarks to articles of the first class. 
 
 Vegetable and animal food (except rice), are the main agricultural products, for export, from 
 the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New 
 York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware. Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, UUnois^aad partly sr> 
 
.'I i\farylanti, Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri. We shall take the three first and the three ?ast 
 
 Years inserted in the valuable table given in the ilSth vol. of this Register, page 329, to see whai 
 
 progress we have made as to the export of vegetable and animal food: 
 
 Flour, lilds. 
 
 1791 619,681 
 
 1792 82-1,464 
 
 1793 1,074,639 
 
 1791 
 
 Beef. 
 62,771 
 
 2,518,784 
 Porlc. 
 27.781 
 
 1792 
 T793 
 
 74,033 
 75,106 
 
 38,098 
 33,563 
 
 
 2^,615 
 
 104,442 
 
 
 104,442 
 
 
 
 Flour, 
 
 hbls. 
 
 1823 
 
 
 877,865 
 
 1823 
 
 
 756,702 
 
 1824 
 
 2 
 
 996, 
 
 702 
 
 
 ;,581,269 
 
 
 Beef. 
 
 
 Pork. 
 
 1822 
 
 97,610 
 
 
 68,352 
 
 1823 
 
 61,418 
 
 
 55,529 
 
 1824 
 
 66,074 
 
 
 67,229 
 
 
 225,102 
 
 
 191,110 
 
 
 191,110 
 
 
 
 316,657 416,212 
 
 Shewing an increase in thirty-fire years, during which the population of the producing states 
 has been almost trebled, of only 62,485 bbls. of flour and 99,255 barrels of beef and pork in 
 J/frre years, or a yearly increased export of 21,000 bbls. of flour and 33,000 barrels of beef and 
 pork. And, in the years 1791, 1792 and 1793 we exported 373,352 tierces of rice, and only 301, 6Si 
 in the years 1822, 1S23 and 1824. 
 
 It is the iiuantUy that establishes the capacity to produce, or the amount of the foreign demand, 
 but if the viuney-vulue of these articles is regarded, it is probable that those exported in the three 
 first years was, nearly, twice as large as that of those exported in the three last. Such value was 
 not given in the otlicial papers until the year laOo, aud, referring again to the table, we have the 
 following items: 
 
 F'Mir— dollars. Bafi^- Pork— dollars. 
 
 1803 9,310,000 4,135,000 
 
 1804 7,100,090 4,300,000 
 1803 8,325,000 4,141,000 
 
 Tozelh 
 
 1822 
 1823 
 1824 
 
 24,735,000 
 12,576,000 
 
 $37,311,000 
 
 Flour — dollars. 
 
 5,103,000 
 
 4,962.000 
 
 5!769,000 
 
 12,570,000 
 
 15,824,000 
 7.618,000 
 
 fitJf/iV Pork — dollars. 
 2,529,000 
 2,461,000 
 2,628,000 
 
 7,618,000 
 
 Together $23,442,000 
 
 So we see that the money-value of the chief auricuUural products exported from the many 
 slates named, was fourteen millions of dollars and considerably exceeding one half more in 1803^ 
 1804 and 1805, than in 1822, 1823 and 182 1. The value of the rice exported bears fully the same 
 proportion in favor of the earliest years. There are no spiciaiuies in these selections — for the 
 earliest and the latest years given in the table are otlered, and almost any one of the early years 
 compared with another of the later, will shew the same generul fact. 
 
 With these results before us, it is perfectly plain, or, indeed, self-evident, that the numerous 
 people of the grain-growing and grazing stales enumerated above, and containing about three- 
 fourths of all the people of the United States, could not possibly depend upon the foreign demand 
 for their surplus productions: hence it was indispensable to their existence, perhaps— at least, 
 to tlieir reasonable comfort, (which co human laws can rightfuily deprive them of), that they 
 should turn their attention to other matters — and they have vested, probably, about 300 millions 
 of dollars in manufacturing establishments, in the breeding of sheep, and in commerce and navi- 
 gation, and the fisheries, to employ their surplus population, and give bread to the hungry. The 
 present annual value of the products of sheep, because of their wooi ani/sA:ijiso5i^i/, is about /luice 
 or thrice as lars:e as that of all Ihejhmr or tobacco at present exported,, however much the latter ar- 
 ticles engage the national legislation and public care, because we have been accustomed to look 
 at things abroad and disregard those at heme. We do not speak wildly. There are about fifteen 
 millionsof sheep— and then ;?UTt«se,i(!oo/ and s/cins may surely be estimated at fifteen millions of 
 dollars, which h considerably more than the average value of all our flour and tobacco annually ex- 
 ported for the last three years. Ought not this matter, this '^ivool-^alhering^^ idea, as in derision 
 -t may be called, iu respect to t!ie Acme trade and home supply, to sink deep ia our minds, wiieu 
 
3 
 
 we compare it with the two oreat staples of our foreign trade and foreign demand, for the 
 protection of which latter, or either of them, we always stand as prepared even to contend in 
 battle? It would be well for every person to enquire, in the secret of his own heart, why these 
 things are — why it is that we despise, or neglect, that which we have within ourselves, while 
 we support ministers abroad and maintain fleets of men-of-war in the most distant seas, to de- 
 fend by argument and arms, interests that yield so small a comparative profit, when we have 
 reference to the amount received for flour or tobacco exported? We complain not of this defence — 
 we wish it continued and extended as the case shall require; but we cannot see why property 
 and products at home should not have the same fostering care as property and products abroad! 
 If a tariff, which shall protect the growers and manufacturers of wool, and the scores of mil- 
 lions of dollars vested by them,* may operate as a tax on other parts of the community (which, 
 however, we do not admit that it would), shall not these say also, and with certainty, that they 
 are taxed to keep up fleets in the Mediterranean, West Indian, South Atlantic and Great South 
 seas, to protect articles exported of much less annual value than those which they produce and 
 possess within our own land — and ask why, peculiar privileges or advantages have been granted, 
 or are continued? If they so ask, what answer must be given? 
 
 Further— much fear is expressed of a loss of the British West India trade, — and a shutting of 
 the por*s of Cuba would throw us into great alarm, because of a restricted demand for our flour — 
 and yei .he Aew England states receive from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, a 
 much greater quantity of flour than we export to all the West India Islands. Those states import, 
 from their sister states, more than 625,000 barrels a year, besides large quantities of corn — the 
 whole foreign export of flour was only 813,000 barrels in 1825, and 858,000 in 1826. New Eng- 
 land is enabled to receive and consume this great quantity because of her manufactures — more 
 than 281,000 barrels were received at the single port of Boston, of which 72,000 were exported, 
 leaving 209,000 for consumption, chiefly from Maryland and Virginia, in the last year; and the lat- 
 ter, of itself, is almost equal to the whole export of the U. States to the British West Indies and 
 Cuba — which, in 1825, was no more than 223,000 barrels How small then, is the foreign de- 
 mand compared with the home market, for the growei 5 of grain? And if we allow to the 
 people of the United States a quantity of bread stuffs equal only to "a peck of corn per Wfefc," for 
 each individual, the whole consumption will be about 150 millions of bushels a year, equal to 
 30 millions of barrels of flour, (allowing five bushels of grain as equal to one barrel of flour), 
 while the export is less than one milion of barrels. Why, the horses and hogs in the United 
 States annually consume more than five times as much grain as would be equivalent to the quan- 
 tity of flour exported! The foreign demand, however, even for so small a proportion of our 
 bread-stuffs produced, is exceedingly important, because of its effect to establish a selling-value 
 for all the rest. But we have not time to descant upon the operations of scarcity and supply; and 
 besides, their principle has often been shewn in this work. The surplus, or want, of a small 
 quantity, every body knows, has effect on the value of a whole quantity in market, to diminish or 
 increase its price. And if we compare the amount of the animal food exported to that which is 
 consumed at home, how will the account stand? Admit, that half a pound is used or wasted, 
 for an individual, per day, the aggregate is 2,160 millions of pounds annually — whereas the quan- 
 tity of beef and pork exported is only about 28 millions of pounds; thus, the vegetable food 
 consumed at home, by man and beast, is thirty-five times greater than the amount exported, and 
 of animal food, also the product of agriculture, eighty times greater, under the most reasona- 
 ble allowances that it is possible to make; and which are advanced not as being the real amounts, 
 but as reasonable dicta, to assist in forming general and important opinions. It is perfectly 
 evident then, that the grain growing and grazing states must establish and keep up a home- 
 market for the commodities of their agriculturalistsf — for tl^ie amount which the foreign market 
 will receive is, in bread stuffs and meats, together, less than a hundredth part of their aggregate 
 products, and, to our whole free population, would yield not much more than one dollar, a year, 
 for each person. Can Ihe farmer, the man who cultivates his own field, depend upon this for all 
 the supplies which he has to purchase, for the payment of his work-people and taxes? Pshaw! 
 
 *The property vested in the wool-growing business has been thus estimated: 
 
 For land, $20,000,000 
 
 sheep, -.-.. 20,000,000 
 
 40,000,000 
 which is much under the real amount; and the annual product is $15,000,000 a year, as stated in the 
 text. 
 
 tit is very probable that the starch used in our manufacturing establishments consumes a great= 
 er value of the products of agriculture, than the amount of all such articles consumed, (cotton 
 and tobacco, excepted), in Great Bniain and Ireland, Russia, Prussia, Holland, SfC. We are not 
 joking. We see it stated that five factories near Springfield, Mass. annually use 40,000 lbs of 
 starch. It is ascertained that at one factory in Massachusetts, employing 260 hands, 300 barrels 
 of Jloitr were consumed last year. Mr. Mallary stated the latter in his masterly speech, on the 
 woollens bill. 
 
1 
 
 — the fiirecdy opcrating/orf/jfn business of a whole year, would iiardiy supply him with necessa- 
 ry money for the business of a week. Let this be looked into. Nothing more than a momen- 
 tary application of the self-evident facts which we have suggested, is needful to convince any 
 one as to what is the real state of things. 
 
 There is another point of view, however, in which this subject should be considered. At pre- 
 sent, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, consumes of a/Zthe agricultural products 
 oi all the states north of the Potomac and Ohio, a less value than 500 dollars a year! though the 
 people of these states consume or purchase of her manufacturers to the value of about twenty- 
 eight millions of dollars a year, according to the returns of 1825, and allowing 14 millions for the 
 consumption of the rest of the slates, which we presume is about a fair proportion.* But suppose 
 there was a little of re«/i/!y in the pretensions of Mr. Huskisson as to "free trade," and that the 
 British ports were opened only for the admission of bread-stuifs. It is reasonable to believe 
 that such proceeding might advance the price of flour one dollar per barrel. This increase of 
 price would be laid, of course, on the u'/jo/e (jwajiJi/i/soW 61/ the q:roivei-s of grain — which is pretty 
 nearly equal to 15,000,000 barrels — Iheiv prpjils would, therefore, be increased in the sum of fif- 
 teen millions of dollars. I beseech the farmers to look at this — the proposition is, in its own na- 
 ture, as sure as any that can be drawn from "holy writ." And are they to be gulled and cheated 
 thus, by British agents and others, about British "free trade?" There is a degree of impudence in 
 the proceedings of these men that is intoUerable. And can the farmers support a trade which, 
 (directly), does nothing to support them — which stands as ficc InmdrFd dollars exported and con- 
 sumed t'j twenty eightmillions imported? I have hardly patience when 1 think of those who gravely 
 resist whatever may tend to remove this outrageous inequality. 
 
 In statistical subjects, it is especially necessery that the writer should be assisted by the conside- 
 ralio7i of the reader; indeed, he must measurably rely upon it, else the details would be tedious 
 and dry beyond all bearing. But some captious person may ask — how do the grain-growing states 
 bear this inequality in their trade with Great Britain? The answer is easy: by the invaluable 
 trade which they have with one another, and with the rest of the states, and they with them, 
 and by that enjoyed with other nations than the British. What sea is not vexed with our indus- 
 try, what port which is opened to iis is not frequented, if thereat we can dispose of any commodity, 
 tbe avails whereof will enable us to pay Britain for her goods? We go over all the world to 
 gather profit, and cast it into Britain's lap. Cut we shall at some future period, shew these 
 things from oSicial documents. The facts, however, are as stated and cannot be denied. 
 
 The growth of wool, hemp and (lax, and of other articles, must be resorleti to by the farmers, 
 and the manufacture of them be encouraged and supported, else the greatest and most important 
 branch of business, the agricultural, will fail to produce a reasonable profit to land owners and 
 those who till the soil; and a comparative state of want, (in the present condition of society), be- 
 come the portion of this chosen and peculiarly valuable people — tli,s free cxdlivators of then- o?r>i 
 lands — the best depository of the morals, the rights and the liberty of their country — the. class 
 which must mainly defend our institutions at arms— the bone and the sinew of every nation in 
 the world. And besides, are their /o)f5<s and their mines, the gifts of Gon for the benefit of bis 
 creatures, to remain useless and vaiuele?s, because their products, in a rude state, are not re- 
 quired for FOREIGN exportation^ No — no, they have a "natural and unalienable right" to make 
 
 *That distinguished member of the Pennsylvania delegation in congress, Mr. Stewart, in bis 
 excellent speech on what is called the "woolbill," siid— 
 
 "The plain question is now, shall we abandon our manufactures and our agriculture, and im- 
 port agricultural productions — wool and woollens, from Great Britain, whose policy now compels 
 her people so starve before they dare consume a mouthful of American bread or American meat, 
 though it were offered to them for nothing?— it is made by their laws a penal offence to do so. 
 This is the question. We are told that we must buy from Great Britain, that she might buy from 
 us! Ho'.v isthis? Great Britain buy from us? What does she buy from the middle and northern 
 states? Nothing. Great Britain from whom we bought in IS25, upwards of 42 millions of mer- 
 chandise— $10,682,000 of it wool and woolens, took" in exchange of the agricultural produce of 
 all tne states north of the Potomac and Ohio, an amount less than ^200! and yet we are told by 
 American statesmen, gentlemen representing these states, that we must purchase wool, (and why 
 Dot flour too?) from Great Britain, to induce her to purchase from us! 1 repeat it, and I defy 
 contradiction, for it is proved uy our records, that in 1825, the whole esportations into England, 
 Scotland, Ireland, from this country, to feed and support their manufacturers, did not amount to 
 $200! Sir, only 151! Of flour, rye, corn, wheat, oats, pulse — and every other species of grain, 
 $88! Of all kinds of animal food— beef, pork, Sec. $34! And of all kinds of drink— whiskey, 
 gin, beer, cider, &.c. ^29! With these facts staring him in the face, tlie British minister himself 
 would blush to ask the grain-growing states of the union to "buy from them, that they may buy 
 from us." Sir, I would say when Grea: Britain resorts to prohibition, 1 will countervail her policy 
 by a like resort to prohibition. If she prohibits our flour and provisions, i will prohibit her wool 
 and woollens. We can live as independently of her as she can of us. It she will take but §151 
 worth of our bread and meat to feed lier manufacturers, I will take but $151 worth of her wool 
 and woollens. I will go to New England or Sleubenville, and buy from those who will buy from 
 me, and who will gladly give us cloth in exchange for ou.r provi^!')ns and wool. [Sec note A.] 
 
such products useful and valuable, and they must and will have manufudures of them at home, 
 ; i h ZtZ canals for the supply of the 'domestic market, seeing that otherwise Jey wUl be 
 considered as rejecting the bounties of heaven, to the.r own misery, degradation and shame. That 
 Stork the mprovement of the navigation of the Schuykili, in Pennsylvania will yield a 
 Lrenter annual money-profit, for coal and iron brought into use by it, than the who e foreign export 
 ff.': state affords to the incalculably valuable body of freemen and farmers in that powerful 
 comp-.onwealth. Those great works, the New York canals, by opening ways to the market, are, 
 o? s^n wnTbe, in the actual production of more profit to the !and holders and farmers of New 
 YoS and Vermont, &c. than thi whole value of the products of agriculture exported from a 1 be 
 states east «nd west, located north of the Potomac, and containing a large majority of all he 
 BPOD'e of the Uni'ed States. The trade which quietly passes down the busquehannah in the 
 products and property of farmers and other land owners on the shores of that river, and its tri- 
 Eries and^which chieflv centers at Baltimore, though the navigation is hazardous, is of itself 
 equal to' about one-half of -the whole value of domestic articles exported from Baltimore to fo- 
 rei" n places which includes nearly all the Maryland tobacco, with a considerable quantity from 
 Ohfo and TarVe sunplies of flour, &c. brought by land from the adjacent parts of Pennsylvania, 
 vSnia fee." These things are seriously asserted, and we are sure that they are substantially 
 S Simiiar cases might be multiplied without end, to shew what is the home market compared 
 wh the foreign one, Tnd how insignificant the last is, except as a regulator of he other to about 
 revenelhths perhaps, of the people of the United States who personally till their own fields— 
 ¥he/nief of 'their cat le, when manufactured into leather, are worth much more than the part 
 Ti ch tVhave in the irnmediate foreign trade oi the U^i^^iStates'-and yet ./..prare of h^^^^^ 
 nenses of the'naw and foreign missions, &c. incurred for the immediale defence of the interests ol 
 tCt trade I nretfv nearly, or about, two millions of dpllars a year. But they pay this /«x cheer- 
 fX-as;veirS pat folic principles as from self-interest, well, knowing that whatever gives 
 profitable employment to any portion of their countrymeu is beneficial m making a market for 
 
 '' wrsSloi'^^oSt^pcak of the cultivation of tobacco-wbich is chiefly an article for 
 export and of two very different qualities, 'Maryland" and "Virginia," as thty are commonly 
 denominated thoueh made in smaller parcels in several other states. ,„^« .r 
 
 'Theproduce of tSs article was greafer before the revolution than '^ i^^^^^/, ^ven in 1758 Ma- 
 rvland and Virginia alone, exported 70,000 hhds. and in the three years 1791, 1792 and 179^ 
 se^tt tablelTe CxpS 273,647, but in the three years 1822, IS23, and 1824, only 266,061, 
 Lotw thstandii^^^^^ increase of laborers. But the foreign market will not receive more 
 
 tharrcSn quantity-- the avera.^c of the Maryland quality, used for smoking, being short of 
 SO 000 hhds and that of the Virgin'ia, chiefly used for chewing, less than 50 000; and such is the 
 peculiar condition of this commodity, that 00,000 hhds. exported will produce no more money 
 Sn an average, than 80,000! This is a curious example of the eflect of scarcity and svppJy. and 
 we'speak u^nderstandingly, as will be seen by a reference to the table, made up from oihciai 
 documents— take the following examples of succeeding years: 
 
 ~^ttle. The last census of N.York, shews that, more than a year ago, there were 1,513 421 neat 
 cattle in the state-the like of Ohio gives 252,544-together for these states 1,/ 65,965. Such 
 S" iistfy us in believing that these amount to 7,000,000 in the grain-grow.ng and grazing 
 states already recapitulated. Pennsylvania had 612,998, returned m 1810-seventeen years ago; 
 S ''herareVerrnumerous in the New England states. But the preceding are all the official 
 statemeL that we rrolect to have seen, and, while it is hardly possible that either coud have 
 SSed the rlumount every probability is that each fell short not less than a fourth. So 
 ^ualculat on appears to be a's'afe one-'and far within the actual amount. Supposing that 
 cafL are included the whole stock is renewed about every two years. The "manufacture of 
 hide and skins "as stated in 1810, were valued at $17,935,477-and the value returned of busi- 
 ness done n the tanneries of the states referred to in the same year, (1810,) was about seven 
 millions of dollars-mMonss/ior(o/i/.e«/^m«cto/ amount. The returns are so imperfect as any 
 Ze will perceive on inspecting them, that, though they keep us from going too low in our estimates, 
 they only partially, indeed, assist us in riseing to the ve^l sunis^ We hope better return herenfter. 
 See Register vol. VI, page 323, &c. for those of ISlO.-Those of 1820 we have not published and 
 hS?dlyeier refer to-fSr the act of congress so stinted the allowance for this service, that the 
 facts stated are altogether useless for general purposes. 
 
 iWe meet with the following paragraph in the newspapers— ,,.,».... , , 
 
 '•A mT. Wimrael, of Berlin, Prussia, (a brewer),has discovered a method of obtaining twenty 
 roun/of good chr/stalized sugar, from a Prussian bushel, (about 93 pounds), of wheat The 
 Paris pape^rs consider the discovery of immense importance. Mr. Wimmel has applied to the 
 French covernment for a patent." ., .• e c^ ■ 
 
 Now, if this is true, and the process be not very expensive, a considerable source of profit is 
 offered to numerous wheat-growers of the interior of our country in which four bushels of wheat, 
 or ^40 lbs. will not pay for twenty pounds of sugar; and the residuum, after the saccharine mat- 
 ter is extracted, would feed and fatten cattle and hogs, which might be made their "own car- 
 riers to market." 1 
 
■years. Ilhds. Dollars- 
 
 1802 « - = - - 17,721 . - . . = 6,220,000 
 
 1803 ------ 86,291 6,209,000 
 
 1815 85,337 8,235,000 
 
 1816 ------ 69,241 12,809,000 
 
 1822 ----- 82,169 6,222,000 
 
 1823 ------ 99,009 ------ 6,282,000 
 
 Virginia, which, more than any other state in the union, deserves to be called the "land of 
 steady habits," may long extensively continue the cultivation of tobacco, though cotton is rapidly 
 superseding it in the eastern part of that commonwealth, of which we shall more particularly 
 speak below. The product of tobacco has declined in Kentucky, the Carolinas, Georgia and 
 Louisiana, not being found so profitable as other agricultural pursuits; and, perhaps, when the 
 labor and capital employed are considered, it is the least profitable of any other business in the 
 United States, as it is carried on in Maryland and Virginia, because of the costly labor of slaves; 
 and it has also powerfully tended to retard the progress of population and wealth in these 
 states, by exhausting the soil and driving away free laborers. Virginia, late in the Arst rank of 
 the states, stands the fourth in effective population, and, by the census of 1840, will probably be 
 thrown into the sixth grade; and in regard to actually operating wealth (which begets wealth), 
 much further behind than that, unless her policy is changed, though her territory is so very 
 extensive and much of her land isef the best quality. But truths like these are offensive; and we 
 wish to appeal to the reason of persons without exciting their passions; and, after one or two fur- 
 ther remarks on the cultivation of tobacco, we shall immediately speak of Maryland, our own slate. 
 
 The following shews the value of tobacco exported in the years given: 
 
 1822 .-----.--.-- j^6,222,000 
 
 1824 ----.-----.-. 4,855,000 
 1826 ---..-----... 6,215,000 
 
 The annual average value for the last five years was about $5,500,000 — a less sum than that of 
 thei manufactured articles exported in the year just ended.* The first is stationary or declining, 
 the latter rapidly advancing, and very soon to become, after cotton, much the largest ite7n in our fo- 
 reign trade. The simple mention of theee facts, exposes the fallacy of the arguments made against 
 the protective system, which, after suppyingthe demand at home, as to its chief amount for such 
 goods as are protected, has, already, a worth in like articles exported, (to meet the competition of 
 all nations), surpassing that of one of our great staple commodities, and of which, by soil and 
 climate, and through custom, we have something like a monopoly! 
 
 But it is to the planters and people of Maryland that we would now directly address ourselves. 
 In 1790, vvc had 319,000 inhabitar>ts and one eleventh of the whole population of the United 
 States; in 1820 we had 407,000, and a twenty-fourth part of the whole population — in 1830 we shall 
 not shew a i/iirtiet/t part of such population, unless because of the increase in Baltimore and the 
 other manufacturing districts. Indeed, if these be left out, our population is probably decreas- 
 ing. In the first congress we had six members out of 65— now we have nine out of 215; and, if 
 the present whole number of members is preserved after the next census, we shall have but seven ; 
 and so, from the possession of one eleventh part of the power of representation, we have passed 
 to a iiventyfourth part, and are just passing into a thirtieth. [The same operation has taken placo 
 and will act upon our neighbor Virginia — though her western grain-growing and grazing and 
 manufacturing district is doing much, indeed, to keep up her standing, and would have a mighty 
 effect, if less restricted opinions prevailed, and a really representative government were allowed ] 
 Truth thus speaks to us "trumpet tongued" — yet we seem neither to hear or heed it; and what has 
 been our chief commodity for export, and furnished the chief means of purchasing foreign goods, 
 (which we have so much preferred, and which the people still blindly wish to see introduced), 
 is about to fail us altogether! Ohio has already materially interfered with our tobacco, and, 
 raised by free labor, can afford to transport it 300 miles by land, and yet undersell our planters 
 in Baltimore, their own local and natural market! See the article from the "American Farmer" 
 which is annexed The fact is, that most of our intelligent planters regard the cultivation of to- 
 bacco in Maryland as no longer profitable, and would almost universally abandon it, if they knew 
 , what to do with their slaves, for many reject the idea of selling them: others, however, are less 
 scrupulous, and the consequence is, that great numbers of this unfortunate class are exported to 
 other states, the cost of their subsistence being nearly or about equal to the whole value of their 
 production in this. But Maryland is abundant in resources, if casting away her prejudices, "the 
 old man and his deeds," she will profit by her natural advantages. We have good lands, and 
 
 *Thev are thus stated— in 
 
 1821 
 
 $2,754,000 
 
 1822 
 
 3,120,000 
 
 1823 
 
 3,139,000 
 
 1824 
 
 4,480,000 
 
 1825 
 
 6,700,000 
 
 IHtC 
 
 C .000,000 
 
aiach waler power on the western shore.* The last is considerably improved in Cecil, BaUimorp., 
 Frederick and Washington counties, and manufacturing establishments are pretty numerous 
 and respectable; in all these the population is increasing — the farmers have large barns and weli 
 tilled granaries, and with markets at their doors, as it were, forthe chief part of their surplus pro- 
 ducts, including butter, eggs, vegetables — the hundred little things which the good farmer and 
 prudent housewife collects and saves, and in many cases they, alone, because of the market for 
 them, sell for more money in a year than the whole surplus crops of wheat and corn raised on 
 plantations cultivated by eight or ten slaves, for they themselves eat much, waste more and work 
 little. The whole crop of Maryland tobacco may have an average annual value of $1,500,000 — 
 and this is below the c/earpro(!ucf o/in'jor employed in Ihe/ndorifs of Baltimore alone! We do not 
 include the employment of mec/ia»iics, properly so called; and thus, aided by some foreign commerce 
 and navigation and a large home trade, we have, in this small spot, collected and subsisted mores 
 th-an one sixth part of the gross population, or about a fifth of the whole people of the state — and 
 created a market for the products of the farmers, daily extending in the quantity required and prices 
 given, and to go on as our manufacturing establishments prosper and persons are gathered together 
 to consume the products of the earth. But to the success of these, and the consequent well-being 
 of our farmers, a liberal encouragement of them, and a manly support of internal improvements, 
 must be afforded. Whoever stands opposed to them, is opposed to the best interests of Maryland 
 — for increased attention to both is the only means that we have to prevent ourselves from sinking 
 yet lower in the scale of the states. Maryland, without any sort of interference with other pursuits, 
 might subsist two millions, or more, of sheep, and the product of these would compensate any loss 
 to be caused by ceasing to cultivate tobacco; and besides, and what is more important, most impor- 
 tant, indeed, it would prevent the actual or comparative decrease of our people, keep the free la- 
 boring classes at the homes of their fathers, and mightily advance the price of lands and add to 
 the general wealth of the state. Real property, of every description, except in the districts 
 spoken of, has exceedingly declined in value, and, indeed, in some parts of the state, is seemingly 
 "without price." If slavo-Jabor ever was profitable with us, it no longer is so — it does not yield 
 more than 3 or 4 per cent, for the capital ;)er capita employed, if even that — this is clearly proved 
 by the export of slaves to the more southern states; a cruel practice, and which we hope may be 
 arrested by the introduction of new articles of agriculture, such as the breeding of sheep, and the 
 cultivation of flax and cotton, and the rearing of the silk worm. These would afford employ- 
 ment to many thousands, and employment begets employment, and money begets money, for 
 prosperity begets prosperity. 
 
 But let us further, and for a moment, regard Baltimore as a market for the farmers of Maryland 
 — for we wish the home market clearly understoood; most persons know no more of its real value 
 than they do of what is happening in the interior of the earth — and it is the interest of others to 
 prevent inquiry or mystify facts. We are about 70,000. Allow to each person vegetable food 
 equal only to "a peck of corn per week," and we shall appear to consume 910,000 bushels of 
 grain; if we add what is required for the support of horses used for draft, £tc. the whole may 
 be moderately estimated as equal to one million of bushels of wheat, per annum. Then suppose 
 we admit that each person wastes or consumes half a pound of animal food per day, as we think 
 that they do and more, and we shall have 25 millions of pounds a year. We also annually re- 
 quire for our families, work shops and factories, more than 100,000 cords of wood. Let us see 
 what these three articles, these three only, will amount to — 
 
 1,000,000 bushels grain at 1 dollar 1,000,000 
 
 26,000,000 lbs. of animal food at 4 cents. 1,000,000 
 
 iOO.OOO cords of wood (sold at) p 23 225,000 
 
 2,225,000 
 
 And, at these very low estimates, it appears that the Baltimore market, because of the bread- 
 stuffs, animal food and fuel consumed therein, annually amounts to more than two millions and a 
 quarter of dollars; or one fourth of the whole value of all the bread stuffs and meats exported from, 
 all the United States. 
 
 Previous to entering upon a more general and particular examination of our great staple for 
 export, cotton, we shall notice one product of agriculture which has a most extraordinary charac- 
 ter and operation, indeed — not on exports, but on consumption; we mean sugar. 
 
 We see it lately stated in the papers that col. Dumraett, of Florida, has made thirty hhds, of 
 sugar from cane raised on thirty five acres of land — say, only 30,000 lbs. The duty, or tax, upoa 
 which, if imported, would be $900; and this a Pen7isylvania farmer would, of itself, esteem a neat 
 little profit on the cultivation of a whole farm, for a year- But such are not so favored by soil 
 and climate, and the bounty of the general government. 
 
 The sugar crop of Louisiana is about 40,000 hhds. (less than 10,000 in 1810), or, say 44,000,000 
 lbs. the duly on which, if imported, in exchange for bread-stuffs, &c. would be one million three 
 
 *We have also many valuable mines and minerals, which, though rapidly coming into use, are 
 yet only partially worked. Large quantities of iron ore are carried from the neighborhood of 
 Baltimore to the New England states, there manufactured, and probably brought back again and 
 sold here to purchase or pay for more ore! 
 
8 
 
 Jiuiuired and twerily thousand dollars, and (his is probably divided between less tlian two hundred 
 persons — or, if we allow it to benefit all the people of Louisiana, is more than sixteen dollars per 
 head, for every man, woman, and child, of the state, as a " bounlij .'''' Now, a tax equal to this on 
 all the people of the United States, would produce a revenue of nearly one hundred and sixty 
 millions of dollars a year! Verily, verily, this is "taxing the many for the benefit of the few" — 
 and yet, wonderful to be told, Louisiana is opposed to the tariff and the protection of other 
 branches of domestic industry, as called for by the farmers and others, who make up nearly 
 three fourths of the whole people of the United States. But this is not all. 
 
 Sugar has become almost a necessary of life — it certainly is one of its comforts, desired and 
 used by the rich and the poor. The whole amount consumed in the United States may be about 
 120,000,000lb3. say TG imported and 44 of domestic production. The duty on the former is S 
 cents per lb. and amounts to 2,280,000 dollars, on what costs about five millions in the foreiga 
 islands and places wherein it is obtained; so that the tax is very nearly Jifly per cent, ad valorem, 
 which is actualh) collected on two thirds of the whole quantity used, to the benefit of those of our 
 own countrymen who produce the other third. And yet Louisiana declaims against "monopolies" 
 and the tariff, which supplies her with such cotton goods for \2\ cents per yard, as lately cost her 
 20 or 25 cents per yard! 
 
 The duly on sugar is loo lnp;h, and it would have been reduced but for the encouragement of the 
 agriculture of Louisiana — and that which is for her peculiar and selfsh advantage, if the term may 
 be allowed, while it deprives the treasury of 1,320,000 doHars a year, taxes the people in the sum 
 of LI 40,000 dollars annually, more than they would pay, if t!ie duty was reduced only to two 
 cents 7)e?-/6. which would still heahigh one. As it is, the poor black wood-sawyer, purchasing only 
 two pounds per week for f'is family, pays a lax of three dollars and ten cents a year on this soli- 
 tary article. It is the most onerous tax that we have, and bears particularly hard upon the la- 
 boring classes, especially the farmers, mechanics and manufacturers. VVc ourselves use as 
 much of it, in proportion to the number of our family, as the richest persons among us, in the 
 ordinary v/ay." It is true, we might dispense with it — the lax paid is "voluntary," in the impudent 
 T.ant of purse-proud dealers in foreign merchandize, who are daily, using cur nioney, obtained 
 through credits at the custom house for the support of their trade! So, as the Indians dispense 
 with the use of shirts, might we~and it is "voluntary" to prefer the snug and comfortable clothes 
 ihat we wear to tlie sheep-skin dresses of the Hottentots — it is "voluntary" even that we live and 
 pay taxes at all, for we might escape them by suicide! But the freeman who labors industriously 
 and attends to business faithfully, has a iught to be enabled to use sugar, wear shirts, have decent 
 clothing and enjoy life, the gift of the common Creator of us all; aye, and such will defend that 
 light: and, what i:i worth a whole volume of spcciiiations, they have tiie means of doing it! The 
 time being fitted for it, we will confidently make it known to the sugar planters and ship-owners, 
 that, if the tariff bill of 1824 had not passed, tiic tax upon imported sugar would have been re- 
 duced to two cents per lb. and that any deficiency in the revenue which might have arisen from 
 that proceeding, (though we belicv'c that it might have increased the revenue by increasing the con- 
 sumption of sugar), would have been more than compensated for by withdrawing the fleets of 
 men-of-war (hat arc kept abroad for the proiection of property in ships and their cargoes. These 
 things would not have taken place wholly on the retaliatory principle, though the very worm that 
 IS trodden upon is allowed to turn, but because of the special rightfulness of them, circumstanced 
 33 tlic grain growing and rnanufactujiug interests were. If refused the means of paying taxes, t it 
 was their bounden duty to reduce the amount of taxes demanded. There is a quid pro quo which 
 operates in every condition of life; and, as the saying is, every prudent man will "cut his coat ac- 
 cording to his cloth." Look at it! — here was Louisiana receiving a "hot-bed protection" of 
 L320. 000 dollars a year, ii"! a bounty paid by the people on her sugar, and there were the shipown- 
 ers defended at the cannon's mouth, at the cost to the people of a much larger sum — the whole 
 trade to the Mediterranean, for example, not taking off so much of gross value in our products as 
 the costof the fleet amounts to; and yet both these were against the tariff bill of 1824, intended 
 for the encouragement of our /o?)»iers and manulacturers, and supported by their representatives 
 .n congress, as the votes will yet shew! We would not either "razee" the duty on sugar, or "toma- 
 hawk" the navy — but those who "live should let live." No state in the union profits like Louisiana 
 hy the tariff — the price of her cotton is assisted by it, as we shall shew when we speak about 
 ihat article, thoii?:h sii? is supplied v/ith cotton goods at from 40 to 50 per cent, cheaper than be- 
 fore the act of 1S24 was passed; but the direct and actual protection or bounty which she receives, 
 is equal to sixteen dollars per head for every one of her people — and were all the people of the 
 United States so protected, the amount of protection would be in the sum of one hundred and 
 sixty millions of dollars a year! as before stated, and repeated that it may not be forgotten. No one 
 can dispute this. And further, is a "monopoly" because of climate in the south, less odious thaa 
 
 *The family of the writer of this, consisting of nine persons, consumes not less than 450 lbs. 
 a year. The tax that he pays then on sugar is thirteen dollars and a half a year. 
 
 fit is a noloriou.s fact, that every profitable manufacturing establishment increases the con* 
 sumption of foreign luxuries or comforts. A manufacturing village of 3 or 400 people, con- 
 Kumes more coffee, tea, sugar, silts, £c.r. than five times as many persocs of the same class, em- 
 jdoyed in agricul'"'-*'- 
 
9 
 
 a "monopoly" because of cilmate in the north, or the west, or the east? What is the sugar- 
 planter better than the wool-grower? Is it not quite as necessary to have clothes to shield us 
 from the cold of our winters, as sugar to sweeten our coffee? But we desire both, and only ask, 
 while the production of the last is protected, that the growth and manufacture of wool for the 
 other may be encouraged; and Louisiana, who recewes so liberally, should instruct her senators 
 and representatives to give a little. It is by mutual concessions and accommodations that the 
 peace of families and societies is maintained; but there is a disposition \risely implanted in the 
 human mind, to require such concessions and accommodations between persons possessing equal 
 rights, and it operates in great things as the writer of this really put it into practice about two years 
 ago in a small affair: in returniog from my dinner, I was accustomed, almost every day, to meet a 
 dandy Englishman just imported, (or eloped, as the case might be ), who majestically strutted along 
 the middle of the pavement. I gave way, and went unthinkingly to the right or the left, for a consid- 
 erable time; but, at last, was satisfied that he demanded this homage to his puppyism. The next 
 time when we were about to pass, / kept the middle of the pavement — he came on rapidly as usual, 
 with his head up and eyes raised, and wholiy unprepared to receive my elboiv, which he run 
 (tfoul of, (having turned myself half-round to accommodate him with it), and he nearly fell down 
 in consequence — being a lighter man than myself He looked wildly for a moment at me, I look- 
 ed calmly at him, but not a word was said — we passed, and ever after that he conceded a part 
 of the pavement to me, as I had been quite willing to yield a part of it to him, or any other person, 
 though black and a slave. This familiar case, will serve as well as the most elaborate one that 
 could be stated, to shew the principle on which society is sustained. 
 
 We shall now present some facts and opinions bearing upon the present great staple of our 
 country, cotton; whatever belongs to it is full of interest and highly important to every section 
 of our country and all descriptions of persons. And on this occasion, it may be proper to express 
 our serious belief, that, if the doctrines which we have supported for so many years, have been be- 
 neficial to any one class of the people more than another, that class is the cuiilvators of cotton. It 
 is with much satisfaction, indeed, we observe that many of iho planters begin to discover this, 
 and that a radical change of opinion may be speedily hoped for. A little v/hile ago, or three or 
 four years since, the people of the eastern states, devoted to commerce and navigation, were as 
 much opposed to a tariff for the encouragement and protection of domestic manufactures as those 
 of the southern states now are. It has been demonstrated, that success in manufactures has in- 
 creased the commerce and navigation of the east, and ivas, also, adding powerfully to the wealth 
 and population of these states. But with how much more reason may it be expected that they 
 will assist the southern states, seeing that they even now and already consume one-fourth of the 
 whole crop of cotton raised in them! 
 
 We have been lately honored with many letters containing sentiments similar. to those in the 
 extract we are about to introduce, which is from one of the most highly honored and worthy 
 gentlemen of the south, and which came to hand since this article was in preparation for the 
 press. He says — 
 
 '■'There is a perfect coincidence of opinion bet-veen us on the subject of protecting home mannfac- 
 liu'cs. Bad as tlie times are for the cotton planters, (of -whom lam one in a small -uayj, thoij would be 
 much -worse, but for the demand of our mcinufactorias forihe raw article. I should like to see more rfft v- 
 tual protection extended to ilie growth and manufacture of wool. These and such Wee measures will in 
 time make us independent." 
 
 The preceding is a literal extract, and the particular words are marked as by the writer himself: 
 and such, we repeat it, is a rapidly growing opinion among the people of the south. The time ivill 
 come, when cotton planters shall be many times more anxious for a protective tariff than the cottoa 
 spinners! To the last, indeed, it is noxo of little importance, except to maintain steadiness in the 
 home market; for they meet the British in fair and manly competition abroad, and undersell them 
 in every market which is equally free to our fabricks and their's.* This is ^'confirmation strong 
 as proofs from holy lorit,^^ that, while they consume so large a portion of the products of our plan- 
 ters, they neither demand or receive any advance from the said planters on the manufactured 
 article, over and above what would be paid to foreigners, whether the cotton was of American 
 pr nluct or not; but furnish them Vv'ith cotton goods at much reduced prices. 
 
 The progress of the cultivation of cotton in the United States, is, every way, wonderful. If 
 any person had predicted, 35 years ago, that the crop of 1826 would have amounted to 720,000 
 bales, or about 250 millions of pounds, we should have put him down for a madman or a fool — say- 
 ing "go to the hospital, go:" if any one had asserted only fifteen years ago, that North Carolina. 
 Tennessee, Alabama, &c. should now produce what they do, we could not have believed him; if 
 it had been said only five years ago, that Virginia would cultivate and send into the market 
 nearly 40,000 bales in 1826, wc should have laughed at the proposition and if it had been sug- 
 
 *A commercial letter from Lima dated Oct. 1, 1826, says — "Our unbleached 3-4 and 7-8 domes- 
 tics are gaining ground here daily, and in all cases prefered to English or India cottons. They 
 generally command a living profit at least. There have been samples of them sent to England for 
 imitation, but whether they have succeeded we are jiot able to say." 
 
 Many like letters might be quoted from other parts. But what a volume of instruction is obtain= 
 sd in the few lines we have given! 
 
40 
 
 ^stP(J, tfial a rrnp of cotton should t)e madfi in Maryland in the last ycarj aiany would have smil- 
 cJ at the "notion " How much further ?i«57/j the cultivation will go — no one can v&nture to as- 
 sert; but Marjianff, Delaware, New Jpr«ey, and Illinois and Missouri, and perhaps, other states, 
 may, very pos.-,ita!y, furnish considerable sujiplics of cotton: and Arkansas and Florida wili 
 certainly cultirate tlie plant n^ extensively as it is c«]llivated any where, if profitable. The cot- 
 ton-producing region of the iJnited States thus cmbrac^ea a vast tract of land — capable, in itself, 
 if cultivated as it easily may be, sutileicnt to supply the ivhole world with that valuable com- 
 inodity. Of this, and of the progress of its cultivation, the planters should take most serious no- 
 tice. Egypt IS pouring out nac ond large supplies for the European market, and that country and 
 Greece and the Greek islands, are capable, in themselves, of supplying all Europe — and probably 
 will doit, should the latter be emancipated and have peace. Labor is mitc/i cheaper in those 
 countries than in our southern states. A freeman may be hired for a little more than the an- 
 nual interest on the money vested in the person of a slave in tliis country; and it is cost of labor 
 and subsistence, with the requisitions of government, that must forever establish the compara- 
 tive prices of commodities, not confined to the production of peculiar climates. The immense 
 island, or continent, of New Holland, also begins to furnish supplies — and the land on this 
 globe filled to the growth of cotton, is competent to furnish a thousand times more than its peo- 
 ple can consume; and besides, the cotton of many countries (except as to the small quantity of 
 "sea island" which we raise) is better than our own. It is impossible then, that we can have and 
 preserve a "monopoly" in the production or sale of this staple. Our cidtivntion he's alraady passed 
 beyond the. prnjiiahle d.mnnd. Tiie crop of 1S26, compared with that of 1825, shews an .nrrease 
 of 1W),000 bales, or more than one fourth of the whole quantity produced in 1825' Caji this 
 increa'ie cMitinuef No — no— no — indeed, no! 
 
 Cuiton first began to be raised in ITS;) or 1700, except as agar.ffuproduct. In 1701, we export- 
 ed lS9,slfi lbs. 1 GOI,OiiO in \1'H, 20,911,000 in 1801, a part of which was of foreign growth, for 
 ;t was not till J802 that a discrimination was made as to its origin. And out of these small begin- 
 ing*; we have riser' up to the production of 250 millions of pounds in 182G. The quantity and value 
 of cotton exportefl has exceedingly fluctuated, and the remarks which are applied above to tobac- 
 co are also applicable to it, respecting scarcity and supply. The following items are interesting. 
 
 COTTON EXPORTED. 
 
 Yettra. Pminds. Value — Dollars. 
 
 179! 189,000 
 
 1796 6,100,000 
 
 1800 17,789,000 
 
 ISO'i 27,501,000 5,250,000 
 
 1807 66,212,000 14,332,000 
 
 18IC» 93,874,000 15,108,000 
 
 ^ 1815 82.998,000 17,529,000 
 
 I 1816 81,747,000 24,106,000 
 
 < 1819 87,937,000 21,031,fe00 
 
 I 1820 127,860,000 22,308,000 
 
 \ 1823 173,723,000 20,445,000 
 
 ^ 1824 142,369,000 21,947,000 
 
 The year.s connected with a brace ( — — ^)and several other pnics of years that might be offered 
 
 from the tabic, shew that quanlily and value have no certain relation one with the other: 87 
 
 Fjiillions of pounds, esoorted in lbl9, were nearly as valuable as 127 millions in 1820; and 173 
 
 millions in 1823, proiliieed 1,500,000 dollars less than 142 millions in 1824. These facts cer- 
 
 tjinly shew Ihut the foreign demand may be exceeded — or rattier, that an excess quantity cannot 
 
 be sold rxct'pi nt a reduced price. 
 
 Tii^ '.vLofc croo of 1S26 is Ci-lima'ed at 
 
 1825 720 027 bales. 660,249 
 
 /nc-MW ;>» cnc year 150,778 
 
 f)flho 720.000 baips, we suppose that about 175,000 will be consumed in the United States, and 
 ftiit 185 millions of pounds may be left for exportation, if t!ie foreign market will receive it; but 
 when the annual commercial tables are published from the treasury department, we shall be 
 able to speili more fully on this interesting point. It is well known that our own manufacturers 
 were the chirf pinr.haftr's in tlie early part of last season. We may expect that they will require 
 4'70,000 baie=, in from six to ten years, unless destroyed by some suicidtil policy. When they shall 
 reacti that quantity, aiiout 150,000 bales will he made into goods for Ihc foreign, market; for it is 
 just as certain to our mind as any almost every other future event can be, that the British manu- 
 facture of cotton must decline, and many people will depend upon tin;, instead of that country, 
 for theirsupniies of cotton ^ncnh. Some of the reasons for tliis belief we set forth in the article 
 jiyliJished in the ItKtrisTF.R of the 27lh January, uU.* Let us however look to the present only. — 
 
 •We have since md with tlie following, from a London paper, which is not less applicable tc 
 t}\v relation in which I'ncjland stands to our country than to France, 
 Mr. .Macdonncll, la iui "treatise ojj I'rte Trade," gives a comparative sfalement of the expen- 
 
11 
 
 Can any one fail to suppose that the domestic demand for one fourth of the whole quaitlily pro- 
 duced, has no effect on the price? We think that every reflecting calculating merchant or dealer, 
 every one who has thought of what belongs to scarcity and supply, production and demand, would 
 estimate this demand as equal to 10, Y 5 ov 20 per cent advance. Indeed, the price of cotton ex- 
 ported in 1S22, 1823 and 1824 shew this — for in these years our manufacturers were exr^eedingly 
 depressed, and many of them absobUely mined. Stop their mills and looms noir, and cotton, 
 if worth eight cents, would tumble down to six; and the price of cotton goods would as suddenly 
 rise, at the same or a greater ratio, and thus make a double loss to the ^9merican people, and a 
 double gain to foreigners. No business-man will contest the principle of this proposition — it rests 
 upon the natural and unavoidable rules of trade, and is applicable to all sorts of commodities. But 
 admit that the present domestic demand has effect to raise the price of cotton only half a cent per 
 lb. or five per cent, on its value, and this we think that the most obstinate and resolutely blind op- 
 ponent of the tariff will be compelled to allow as being very reasonable: then, if the crop be 
 250 millions of pounds, the gain to the planters, because of this demand, is p, 250,000. This item 
 we wish especially recollected — for it will be referred to below. 
 
 These results, simple as they are, will not fail to excite surprise in many persons. "Who 
 would have thought it? '^ But such is the result of almost every investigation, or comparison, of 
 things at home with things abi-oad. Let us usefully shew this, in a case that is exactly in point. 
 If the importations of the United States amount to about 75 or SO millions, (which may be ta- 
 ken as an average official value of them), the uwollcn, cotton, flaxen and hempen goods, including 
 ALL manufactured articles of these, used for the clothing of persons, and for all family or other 
 purposes in which such goods are required, will make up 21 or 22 millions of the ainoMnt. 
 Now, if these cloths and cassimeres, worsteds and stuHs, blankets and riigzs, cotton piece goods, 
 printed, colored or white, nankeens, woollen and cotton hose, flaxen and hempen goods — worth, 
 in the whole 22 millions of dollars, be divided among the people of the United States, each persoQ 
 might receive almost fjyo dollars worth of such goods in a year — some of which, however, are not con- 
 sumed, being exported. Who cannot "draw an inference" from this? — that our people would 
 be "clothedwith nakedness,^^ if they depended on the foreign supply? The probable value of such 
 goods consumed cannot be less in the whole, than 120 millions, which is about ten dollars 
 only for every person, including what is required for family and other purposes, never excepting 
 cotton bagging!.'! But such is the effect of scarcity and supply, as befire several times alluded 
 to, that the small value imported interferes with the whole quantity consumed- -and ten millions 
 worth thrown into the market over the amount of the needful supply, will •;fect that supply more 
 than the ten millions, extra, are worth in themselves, and paraiize the v:hi.le business. "Every 
 good rule ivorks both jyai/s" — if this foreign excess in articles maniifactuted produces such imposing 
 effects on ourselves, what would be the state of the European market for our cotton, if we export- 
 ed one-fourth more than we now do? Let cotton planters calculate it! Again, and further to de- 
 monstrate this operation, and shew the importance of activity in the market — when the late 
 news arrived as to the transportation of British troops to Portugal, flour momentarily advanced one 
 dollar per barrel. Now, we could not expect to send to Portugal more than 2 or 300,000 bar- 
 rels, in the present year, under any probable circumstances. The difierence of value would 
 have been only 300,000 dollars; but that difference might have affected the whole value of all the 
 bread stuffs in all the United States — the annual consumption of which, we are morally certain, 
 is equal to 30,000,000 barrelsof flour; so there would have been a generally increased value on every 
 barrel of flour or bushel of grain which yet remained in the United States for consumption, had 
 the rise caused by the expected demand in Portugal been maintained, which was only in the sum 
 of $300,000! "He that runs may read" and understand this; no proposition in Euclid is more ca- 
 pable of unerring solution. And who would regret this advance in price to the farmers? Sup- 
 posing they consume one half of all which they produce, it would have added several millions of 
 dollars to Ihe active circulating medium of Ihe country, and every man, because of the increased 
 facility with which he might obtain money, would very gladly pay his own advance on the 
 cost of a barrel of flour. The cash would all be among ourselves — not a cent would be lost by'it. 
 For our own part, we are perfectly satisfied that we can well afford to pay 10 dollars for a bar- 
 rel of flour (that being the common selling price), better than fire, and fifiy cents per lb. for 
 the cotton used in the goods which we purchase better than ten, unless the appreciated prices 
 shall grow out of actual scarcity in the domestic production. Either would make money "plen- 
 ty," and, in the general stir of it, we should pick up extra sums, and receive extra subscribers, 
 ^he extra profits by which would pay our own advances on the articles named an hundred times 
 over. And thus it is with every person engaged in business. Our draymen would be glad of it, 
 and make a large profit out of such a state of things. 
 
 But further — we assert, and |C5^ appeal to the documents* that the whole value of all the 
 
 ditureof a London mechanic, with a wife and four children, and that of a Parisian mechanic 
 with the same family. That of the one he estimates at ISl per annum, and of the latter at 451. 
 10s. Of the excess of expenditure in the case of the English laborer, (viz: 32^ IPs ) he attri- 
 butes one eigth, (or 41. Is. Sd ) to the greater amount of taxation which is paid, directly or in- 
 directly, by the English mechanic, as compared with the taxation borne by the French srtizan, 
 'Referring to those of IS'23— the year preceding the adoption of the nre<"pQt larifr. 
 
woollen, cotton, flasen, or hempen goods, imported, and of all the mixtures of them, of all sorts, 
 
 sizes, shapes, colors — from the dimensions of the finest thread, to carpets many yards svide, 
 
 has an average annual value of about twenty two millions a year. Well — by the census of 1820 
 
 there were, say, 8,000,000 of the people and 10,000,000 persons in the United States. We shall, 
 
 however, use tlie latter number to avoid the shadow of offence on any account whatever. The 
 
 whole population of the cotton growina; slates and districts, (without reference to the amount of 
 
 persons employed in the cultivation of the plant), may be thus roughly shewn: 
 
 One eighth of Virginia 133,000 
 
 One fourth North Carolina 160.000 
 
 All South Carolina 490,000 
 
 All Georgia 340,000 .^ 
 
 All Alabama 127,000 "" 
 
 All Louisiana 153,000 
 
 All Mis-sissippi 75,000 
 
 Half Tennessee 221,000 
 
 1,699 000 
 
 "All told" 1, "00,000 persons, or 1,000,000 of the ;)fo/)?fi of the United States. Now let us 
 suppose that the duties levied on the goods above described are really [ves, reallu] paid to the 
 amount of thirty percent, on the reported cost, and it will appear that the whole revenue derived 
 from them may be G, 600,000 dollars; and then, U" wc admit the 1 700.000 })er ins to pay their 
 full and eqiiifabie share of the whole, (wliich is admitted only for the sake of the ars;ument, *'or 
 slaves arc not made to contribute, through their masters, as freemen do), we have 1 122,000 
 dollars paid by the cotton 2;rowing states and districts, on nil the goods above describedl and, 
 if we allow that one fourth of tiie duties collected is more for the profccl'on of our manufac- 
 tures than the general revenue of government, the amount will be 2Si,5;)0 dollars a year, one 
 fourth only of tlie increased value on cotton because of the tariff, at the esfeedingly moderate 
 rate supposed above, and one fifth ou]y of what Louisiana directly and certainiy obtain? on her 
 sugar, through the tariff — "the accursed tariff" — or an eighth part of the duties paid on that 
 article imported and consumed by tlie people of the United States, which is about the sum 
 of $2,280,000 and would be ^,3,600,000 were not the sugar of the state just nanied duty free'. 
 Who is not surprised at these results? The subject might be further pursued, and we shall pro- 
 bably hereafter publish a statement to shew the operation of the new tariff, and the extra amount 
 ArPARENTLY paid under it, on all sorts of articles It will am.oiint to a small sura, indeed; but the 
 REALITY is, taking all the articles together, that those which have been protected are cheaper 
 because of tliat protection. So much for the law which an "honorable gent!ema:i" ia his place in 
 congress, swore "fty Heaven, Georgia iconld never submit to!''' 
 
 We shall now hasten to bring this essay to a conclusion. 
 
 The cultivation of cotton is not now at all a profitable business— the capital vested is 
 large, and the product, in money, comparatively small. A Ilunlsvillc paper of the 26th .January 
 szys, ^'the planters of J\''orlh .'ilabanm iriU readily agree that the present price of cotton vnll not defray 
 the expense of cultivation, rent free." Another paper of the same place, of the 19Ui, speaking of the 
 prospects of the cotton planters, says — 
 
 "These ore gloumy beyond all former example, and the price is depressed below the wishes 
 or expectations of our worst enemies.* No sensible man Wduid have ventured, five years ago, to 
 predict, that upland cotton of fair quality, would ever full belov/ sis cents per pound; but this 
 sad reverse we have witnessed and fell to our astonishment and mortificatioM. It is well un- 
 derstood, in cotton growing countries, that the article cannot be grown and yield a reasonable 
 interest on the capital employed, at less than eight cents per pound,"and that the actual disburse- 
 ments, independent of the interest on l;ic capital employed, nearly equal the present price of cot- 
 ion."! 
 
 *\Viio are those "enemies.'" They who predicted the present sfate of t!)ings, and warned the 
 planters against it? — who exhorted a consumption at home, to present so great a glut in the mar- 
 ket abroad? Ed, Reg, 
 
 |The following is from the same paper: 
 
 The leading agricidluralists of South Carolina are awake to the importance and necessity of 
 adopting some new culture in that state. The different agricultural societies have formed a Un|i- 
 tcd Agricultural Society for the state, composed of delegates from the local societies. At a re- 
 cent meeting, the following resolutions were adopted: 
 
 ^'Resolved, That it be recommended to every member of this society, to use his best efforts for 
 promoting, in his respective district, the culture of some staple, suited to our climate, and which 
 may dircrt the attention of planters from the culture of cotton, noic pr')duced in eaxess. 
 
 iiesolvcd, That a premium of forty dollars bo awarded to any e.^perimenlalist who shall succeed 
 in introducing such new culture, on a space of ground not less than one acre." 
 
 'J his last resolution is evidently intended to encourage esperiments with the vine and the mul- 
 berry. 
 
 l! 1- stated, that superior specimens of domestic wines and of homespun osnaburg=;, were pre- 
 
13 
 
 Then follow some exeellent remarks on the fluctuations in the price of cotton, and the excess 
 
 of quantity raised, which, if much more aug-mented, it is stated, will cause plantations and 
 slaves to be a tax on proprietors, for that "the proceeds will not defray the disbursements," &c. 
 all which is very probable or very true, and we, indeed, exceedingiy regret it: but "bad as the 
 business of growing cotton may be at the present time, it would be much worse" except for 
 the home manufacture of it — it would not yield so much by one cent per lb. though we have only 
 supposed half a cent in the preceding speculations on this point of our subject. We feel confident 
 of this, and so the difference to the cotton-growers would amount to §-',500,000 in the year! 
 Examine it — it is so. The home-market too, is extending. A steam boat arrived at Pittsburg, a 
 few days since from Nashville, laden with six hundred and thirteen bales! The home consump- 
 tion is about 175,000 bales — or one fourth of the whole product. The whoVc amount of domes- 
 tic cottons sold in Philadelphia, in the years 1804, '5 and '6, were valued at only $^",6'0: those 
 sold the last year were worlh four millions. We as sincerely sympathise with our brethren, the 
 cotton growers, as with the grain groovers and wool growers. Whatever depresses either, injures 
 the whole country. There is no incompatibility in the prosperity of all these interests and of 
 the manufacturing and commercial, for all operate to a common object. But I repeat it — except 
 the sugar planting interest, there is no other interest in the country more benefitted by the tariff 
 than the cotton planting. The duty is three cents per lb. which several times has, and in future 
 will be, a protection, notwithstanding the export of that article, because of the very inferior quali- 
 ties that might be imported and interfere with those grown by us. And to terminate this long 
 essay, with observing, that the time is close at hand when the cotton planters of the United States 
 ( will be no less the open and avowed friends of the "American system" than are the manufac- 
 turers of cotton, of wool, or iron: and expressing a hope, that the three hundred subscribers 
 in the south which we lost, within a few years past, because of our perseverance in respect to 
 that system, (though our list is still respectable and now on tlie increase in that part of our coun- 
 try), will produce the gain of six hundred, because of the good that we honestly endeavored to 
 do, and sincerely believed that we were doing, to our fellow ciltizens ef the south; to whom, as 
 to all others, we wish peace and prosperity — and shall always esteem ourselves happy, indeed, if, 
 while suffering what at a certain period appeared like a persecution, we can benefit those who have 
 persecuted us, even in the least degree, through our humble, exertions in behalf of domestic in- 
 dustry, as the chief agent to render these United States really independent of the old world, 
 and to knit them together in the bonds of a common interest and feeling, for the accomplish- 
 ment of great national purpostis, and the advancement of individual enjoyment, personal security, 
 and the— "general welfare!" 
 
 NOTE — TOBACCO. 
 
 [It will be observed that this article was written before our rail-road project was on foot. The 
 books were opened on Tuesday last, and though not to be closed for ten days, and subscriptions 
 were received at other places, the amount of shares taken, (and by those who will pay for them, 
 and generally keep them), already much exceeds the number allowed in the cliarter. Ed. Reg. 
 In a late number of the "American Farmer," the intelligent editor, speaking of tobacco, says — 
 Little or none of the article, the growth of ISL'6, has has yet come to this market, except from 
 Ohio. From that slate several crops have been inspected, and sold for high prices. One lot of 
 six hogsheads sold yesterday for from 12 to 13 dollars round, and the whole crop of the same 
 planter, eighteen hogsheads in number, has passed inspection in the finest order, and has aver- 
 aged nearly, if not quite, 14 dollars per hundred. The perfection to which the Ohio planters, 
 have already attained, in what has been deemed difBcult in the culture, and yet more in the pro- 
 cess of preparing for market, is a remarkable proof of the superiority to be expected in every 
 case where the actual produce is under the constant influence of self-interest and t!ie prospect of 
 immediate personal profit. That influence, united with the fertility of the soil, and the extraor- 
 dinary adaptation of their new lands to tobacco of the finest quality, is raising up a competition 
 to which the planter of the seaboard, slave-labor district, will have to yield, notwithstanding his 
 greater facilities of transportation to markets; and if this transnicutane rivalry be at this time so 
 formidable, how much more irresistible when, by means of the Oliio and Chesapeake canal, the 
 only advantage in favor of the slave-holding planter, shall have been removed, and upon how many 
 more articles will that rivalry bear? The Ohio planters, who visit our market, aver that whilst 
 they can get four dollars per hundred on their farms, or v.'hat is the same thing, clear of expenses 
 in this market, they will regard it as a profitable object for the employment of theii labor and ca- 
 pital. The particular crops of which we have spoken were transported from more than fifty 
 miles beyond Wheeling, for^,l 75 per cwt, and it may probably be assumed that the average cost 
 of transportation from the state of Ohio not now more than $2 50, or $25 per 1,000 lbs. When the 
 canal shall have been finished, the cost, according to the anticipations of its friends, will not ex- 
 ceed five, perhaps three dollars per hogshead. May it not, then, be predicted, that Ohio tobacco, 
 of the finest qualihj, wWl be brought here and sold for less than we can make ?tlaryland of the 
 worst.? And what must be the eliect of this upon the price of Maryland lands? This side of 
 
 sented to the society. The planters of Alabama should follow this examplP; for surely in no 
 part of the union is cotton such a drug as in this stale. 
 
14 
 
 the picture wears truly a gloomy aspect in the eyes of Maryland planters: but are there not 
 countervailing advantages in store for Ihem? And, were there not, do they not find in their pub- 
 lie spirit, and their devotion to the general good, an unfailing snluo for any personal sacrifice? It 
 is known, in proof of their patriotism, that the planters of Prince George's have disputed for 
 nothing bat the honor of who should be the first to break ground in this great national work. 
 
 From .Aiye.?' Heg-istfr, of .Jinw 2, 1 S'27. 
 The following account of curlaiu flannel manufactoi-it-s is added, to shew their effect upon the agi-icul- 
 
 tural intei'csts of the countrj'. 
 "Retween Salisbury and Amesbury, and about three miles above Xewburyport, (says the N. York 
 American), the river I'owow disc.harijes itself into the jNIerrimack. On the Salisbury side of this stream 
 is a flannel factory that employs 80 hands, and manufactures weekly 100 pieces flannel, and (lays yearly 
 ■jio,!)! 10 for labor. f)n the Amesbury side of the Powow is a factory that employs ISO workmen, ma- 
 nufactmvs 200 pieces of flannel per week, and pays annually $40,000 tor labor. A ne« building is erect- 
 ing; which will contain K»,GOO spindles, and manufacture 400 pieces of flannel per week." 
 I'Vom the diita thus tjiven we gather, or assume, the following facts: 
 
 'I'lie persons employed . . J\ o. 020 
 
 \Va,i;es paid ". dollars. 140,000 
 
 to rack person, per annum ,, 'i?.?* 
 
 Pieces of flannel, w eekly J\'o. 700 
 
 ditto annually ,, 3G,4<30 
 
 Yards made annually, (40 each piece), ,, 1,674,400 
 
 W li(desale price, averai^e oCi cts.peryard, dollars. 5SO,00() 
 
 "Wool conMimed* ." pounds. <JOO,000 
 
 Value of « ool, at 1 8 cents per 11) dollars 10'2,000 
 
 'V^Tlie preceding, we believe, may he acct'jjted as a tolerably corirct statement of the operations of 
 thi; t/im; flannel factories alluded to, on tlie data furnished. The wages paid shew that a large part of the 
 persons employed must be adults, and these are always numerous in and about woollen factories. INIany 
 must be heads otfaniilies, and it seems not unreasonable to conclude that their subsistence, fuel, &c. the 
 products or projierty ot farmers, may amount to 100,000 dollars a year.f The wool is -worth about 
 100,000 dollars, and the miscellaneous articles consumed in or at the factories, such as fuel, food for 
 liorses, 8k,c. must amount to many tliousantl dollars more. At any rate, it is quite safe to conclude, it 
 our information be at all woithy of reliance as to (|uantities, and our averages ai-e pretty nearly right, that 
 these three factoi-ies furui.-.b a direct market for the annual consumption of agricultui'al pi'oducls to the 
 \alu(! of 200,000 dollars a year. 'I'heu, there are sup])liesof brick, stone and lime, timber, glass, kc. kc. 
 for the factory-houses and the many otlier neiv buildings necessary to accommodate so many peojde- 
 — then come the masons and carpenters, &i;. to erect and furnish tlii/m, the iron makers, &c. to supply 
 materials, and the workers in metal and wood to make the machinei'v; and all these, and their families, are 
 fed, and enabled to jiay for ai-ticles consumed liv them, through the capital invented and employment 
 snp|)lied at these establishments. Further, the trans[)ortof the various necessaries for these peopleaiid the 
 materials used by them, with that of the goods maimtiictured, must constantly employ many tons of ship- 
 ping and many wagoners, wagonsand horses, &c. and these again must be supported and subsisted, and are 
 so by means of these factories, for whicli it will appear there must he sullicient resources, because the 
 work-people and wool-growers being paid, theie will yet remain 282,000 dollars a year for other expenses 
 and profit on capital. J-?ut it would recpiire a minuteness of detail that might he tedious, (if we felt able 
 t.o give it), lo shfiu the rohole extent of the business and jirofit accruing- on account of these works: sufli- 
 cient, however, has been said to .assist those wlio are pleased to thi/ik on sul>jecls of this sort, to discerij 
 what a range of business grows out of such establishments. Now , if those flannels were made in Old 
 Eiisrland instead of New I>n<;land, this wbcde business wiudd be lost tons, and we should have to pay to 
 Englishmen the whole value ot the goods iu cash, while losing the vhole value of them at honii — 
 as, because of this operation, England would not recci\e of us one dollar's worth more of «w// of the jiro- 
 ducthns of our country, not even of cotton, than she now does — for she tikes nothing which actual un- 
 disguised necessity does not impose upon her; no one thing that she can make or procure within herseb'. 
 though at nmcb higher prices than we could and gladly v.otdd supply it at. 
 
 \Ve think it probable that the three factories' spoken of subsist in wages paid, compensations al- 
 lowed for services variouslv rendered, or interest on capital, more that) tuo thousand persons; and the 
 whole ])roduct, (aSO,000 dollars), m ill allow for each of the 200n, adults and children, an avei-age sum 
 of 2'.>3 dollars: ami we conclude th.at at least one half o( the whole simiunuld not havi- been earniui 
 but because of these factories, as numbers tiiat ai-e made jiroducei's ^(ould linve remained among the- 
 consuming classes, ;uid the value of many of the niaterials used would not othi-rvisc have been ascertain- , 
 ed. Mines of gold or of coal, ;u-e both and equally valueless without labor — which is the first principle of I 
 all creations, save by Almk;hty Po wi;it; by whom things are commanded into existence, and they exists. 
 
 *Purnished in the roiM^h, or but partially cleaned. AV'e do not pretend that this item, or that w hich fob- 
 Sows, is entirely accurate, not having practical men to considt — but they :u e sufliciently near it, for ge- 
 neral purposes. The ditterence between the -.ueiglit of parcels of wool purchased ot the farmers and ot 
 the cloth made out of it, is \ery hirge. The waste, we are told, often exceeds ,^/?^ /;<'/• cent. 
 
 IThe people employed in tliise works would he subsisted though the works themselves were not— 
 but not so plentifully; and the benefits derived from the circulation of the moiu-y earned and expended 
 by tbcni would be nyiterially idfected. liesides, and which is most important in the special consideration 
 ot'tbis subject, but, for this employment, many of them would be engaged in the production of agricultu- 
 ral articles, and incre.ase instead of consume tlie tuipluSses «;u)t!i)g a market, and reduce Uie value o1 
 'he \vbole of them. 
 
15 
 
 From J^'ili^s'' Rrgi.stn\ of June 9, 1827, 
 
 Virginia versus Pennsylvania The great cause of "Virginia dodrines'^ vs. "Pennsylvama 
 practicesC is again to be argued before the people of the United Stales By adhering to the for- 
 mer, Virginia has advanced the number of her ■people 160,000 in 30 years, from 1790 to 1820; 
 and by the latter, Pennsylvania has increased her people 625,000 in the same time, or more thaa 
 all Virginia contains; and the wealth* of the latter has proportionabiy advanced. Thus — 
 
 1790. 1S20. 1830. 
 
 People. People. ■ ( Calculated ) 
 
 Virginia 442,117 602,974 690,000 
 
 Pennsylvania 429,099 1,049,398 1,340,000 
 
 The first period shews a difference in favor of Virginia of 13,000 — the second in favor of 
 Pennsylvania of 447,000; and the next census will increase this balance to 660,000, or more — 
 and the people of the United States, located in Pennsylvania, will be more than twice as numer- 
 ous as those who shall be located in Virginia — yet the latter has fifty per cent, more territory, 
 and a much larger quantity of good land than the former, and is, in every respect, as well 
 fitted by ProviiJenre for the comfortable subsistence of a dense population of industrious and 
 enlightened citizens. Cut our present intention is only to mention these things. AVe design 
 soon to publish certain tables to bring out the statistics of the two states in bold relief — that 
 "he who runs may read'" the difference between ''Virginia doctrines" and "Pennsylvania prac- 
 tices." We are not, however, disposed to rjuarrel with Virginia because her great men prefer 
 ivords to loorks — l>e''ng more willing lo make a long speech than dig a long canal, or make a long 
 road — !o argue about '.he thickness of a hair, and prove that a vunority ought to rule the state to 
 preserve its "republican'''' character, instead of ptodueing any thing of the value of a hair, or ia 
 any wise shewing what good the minority dues in virtue of the sovereign power possessed: but 
 we arc not content that these "doctrines" shall be forced on others, and that Pennsylvania shall 
 give up her 'practices" to them; for, with her adlies'ion to the "ru/es of the Virginia school," 
 misery will abound every where, and free laborers be compelled to go supperless to bed, because 
 of Ihe disposition rather to encourage the importation of British goods than to protect the man«- 
 facture of like goods at home, though the British people will not consume of all the products of la- 
 bor in Pennsylvania the value of one hundred dollars a year. 
 
 The docliiiies of one stale and the practices of tbe other, are well manifested in the foSlowiDg 
 resolutions, which we ofler in contrast. 
 The third resolution of the series offered by Air. The foUmving pveamble ami re^iobition -were adopt- 
 
 Giles, now governor of Virginia, and passed at ed in the k'gi'ilatwe of J'enn.'<ylvania iu the sen - 
 
 the last session oftlie legislature, runs as follo~Ms: sion '-;/' 1 S'2,i-4, and intended to have effect in ob- 
 
 Resolved, In like manner' [that is, "in behalf laluiiii; the passage of tlic act of May, ISi-i, which 
 of the people and government" of Virginia], is])iuUi,u-d a.^ainstas "i NKiNsrsTLTioNAL, uk- 
 that this general assembly does most solemnly wisr,, unjvst, r.NKavAi. and orpui:ssivi:." 
 protest against the claim or exercise of any pow- "Whereas manufactures have been establish- 
 er, whatever, on the part of the general govern- ed in Pennsylvania, by the enterprising patri- 
 ment, to protect domestic manufactures, the olic and laudable spirit of individuals and com- 
 protection of manufactures not being amongst panics, at a vast sacrifice of money and timej 
 the grants of power to that government, specj- as they are in a suffering condition, and as cow- 
 lied in the constitution of the Uniied States;— g''«5S can alone apjdy the remedy; and as their en- 
 and also, againstthe operation of the act of con- couragement would facilitate the employment 
 gress, passed May 22d, 1S24, entitled, "an act, of the indigent, and aH'oni a market for the sur- 
 to amend the several acts imposing duties on P'us produce of the farmer; and it being the in- 
 imposts," generally called the tariff law, which 'erest of Pennsylvania that domestic manufac- 
 vary the distributions of the proceeds of the la- ^uf^s should be cherished and fostered: there, 
 bor of the communitv, in such a manner as to fore, 
 
 transfer propsrty from one portion of Ihe U. ^"^ '* resoh-ed, by the senate and house of re- 
 States to another; and to take private property preseatatives of Pennsylvania, that the senators 
 from the owner for the benefit of another per- of the United States, be and they are hereby 
 son, not rendering public service,— as unconsli- requested, to advocate, su[>port and procure 
 tutional, unwise, unjust, unequal and oppres- '^e adoption of any measures having a ter=deK- 
 sive. ^y *o increase, foster or protect the manufac- 
 
 turing establishments of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Other like opposing proceedings might be shewn in regard to internal iinprovemev.t: and as thai 
 subject together with the protection of domestic industry, are, indeed, the only great matters now at 
 issue before the American people, it remains to be seen whether Pennsylvania will adopt the 
 "rfoc/rines" of Virginia or continue stedfast to fier own pr'inciples and practices. The policy of 
 the two staies are at variance as much as light is ^vith darkrle^s; ami it isi^npom'ole Ihc.t both ean S'j 
 gratified. One must give v^ay to the «(/(//rss or power of the other. There is no middle ground; u» 
 "combination" can reconcile the existing diiferences of opinion, in matters of j:'olitJca}/<ii.'/i ani 
 practice, as prevailing in them. The policy of Virginia, as it was in the last war with Englanii, 
 would deny, even to our soldiers and sailors a sutiiciency of clothing to defend them from the 
 inclemency of the seasons when fighting our battles; but that of Pennsylvania will furni;h X'hsir. 
 
 *0f oQeof the war Joans, Pennsylvania had $2,340,000-- and Virgin:? 30 22'=. 
 
16 
 
 abundantly, and every where cause '^'tlic wilderness to blossom as the rogc, " and rear a horns- 
 made standard of saucy independence! 
 
 VVc shall only add the following extract of a letter lately received from a correspondent in 
 Virginia, who had had a conversation with the present "head man"* of the learned interpreters 
 of the constitution in that state. This distinguished individual asserted, that, "if the the wool 
 bill had passed, or any further restrictions shall be made on foreign goods, that Virginia and al! 
 the southern states would [or will] prohibit Xew England goods, or lay a duty on them equal to 
 that laid by the United Slates on the foreign." We believe this, for we have personally heard the 
 same thing said, by a Virginian, and laughed heartily at it, three or four years ago; except that 
 the disciple then went further, and swore most lustily, that Virginia would forbid the introduc- 
 tion of any article manufactured north 0/ tlie Potomac! This is literally the truth. Virginia make 
 a law to "regulate commerce" between the states, because of a law of the United States'. What 
 a "construction of the constitution" would that be! It is too ridiculous for serious reprehen- 
 sion. !t is the frog blowing itself to equal the size of the ox. 
 
 *"llend man." We use this appellation in a serious manner, and with reference to the cbar- 
 actgr it iiriplies, because of the effect that would follow the policy supported. We speak with au- 
 thorilij before us. In Dec. 1816, that late excellent whig, Benjamin .■lustin, addressed a letter to 
 TiioMAs .Ikpferson, requesting his opinions on the propriety and necessity of encouraging do- 
 me-lie manufactures. The latter, under date of Jan. 9, lSi6, fully and frankly replied to his 
 friend, and, after revoking the opinions he had expressed in his "Notes on Virginia," in 1785, 
 said — 
 
 "We have experienced what we did not then believe, that there exists both proflig-acy and 
 power enough to exclude us from the field of interchange with other nations; thai to be indepen- 
 dent fo7- Ike comfort'! oJUJe ice invsl fabricate them ourselves. We must now place the manufacturer by 
 the side of the agriculmralist. The former (juestion is suppressed, or rather assumes a new form. 
 The grand ensjuiry now is, shall we make onr own comforts or go without them al the icill of aforeii^n 
 nation'./ lie, therefore, who is now agaiml domestic manvfactures, must be for reducing us either 
 to a dependence on that natioyi, or be clothed in skins, and to, live like wild beasts in dens and 
 caverns. I am proud to say, I am not one of these. Experience has taught me that manufac- 
 itures are nov,f as necessary to our independence as to our comfort — and if those who quote me 
 us of a diBerent opinion, will keep pace with me in purchasing nothing foreign, where an cijuiva- 
 lent of domestic fabric can be obtained, without regard to dilj'ercnce ofjirice, it will not be our fatilt 
 if we do not have a supply al home equal to our demand, and wrest that weapon of distress from 
 theliund which has so long wantonly wielded it." 
 
 ICj^livcry word in this extract "tells " It is the voice of him who drafted that "fanfaronade 
 of nonsense," as John Randolph calls the declaration of independence, pleading to tiie people 
 that independence may be preserved! Rather tlian be a SAVAGE — "live like a wild beast in dens 
 and caverns," he would purchase home-made goods, ^'■without regard to difference of price.''^ What 
 would he then not have done wlion tlie fact is manifested to the American people, that protected 
 MANUF.^CTur.F.s arc all «{ less trice than the foreign ones were before thai protection icas extended.' 
 This IS the truth. Even Mr. Cambreleng will not deny it. 
 
 (A.) The reader will please bear in mind that the amount of onr agricultural productions 
 consumed by the people of Great Britain and Ireland, is always regarded. In the year staled, we 
 s'xported io that country jj,IOS,14"J worth of iiour, Ji3G4 worth of corn, and some other arti- 
 cles of small amounts— but the British people were not allowed to eat even these little things, 
 which must have been bonded for "exportation," if exceeding the quantities required for ship 
 stores. Flaxseed, however, to the value of about 310,000 dollars was exported and used in the 
 United Kingdom — which returns to us again in the shape of linens, which we ought to make for 
 ourselves. 
 
 (B ) It is estimated that the value of the property which descended t!ie Susquebannah to the 
 tide, in the last year was 6,430,000 dollars: a value greater than that of «// the flour exported to 
 foreign places during the year — nearly equal to that of all the tobacco — great.jr than that of all 
 the beef and pork, butter, lard, cheese, horses, mules and sheep — equal to that of the ichole pro- 
 duct of the forest, and three times as large as that of tliu product of the sea. Who would have 
 ihouaht this? And yet iris so. 
 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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