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THE ^ 
 
 HUSBANDMAN 
 
 AND 
 
 HOUSEWIFE: 
 
 A COLLECTION OF 
 
 VALUABLE RECIPES AND DIRECTIONS, 
 
 RELATING TO 
 
 AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY. 
 
 and 
 
 BY THOMAS G. FESSENDEN. 
 
 Boyle has observed, that the excellency of manufactures, 
 and the facility of labour would be much promoted if the vari- 
 ous expedients and contrivances, which lie concealed in pri- 
 vate hands, were by reciprocal communications made generally 
 known ; for there are few operations that are not performed 
 by one or other with some peculiar advantages, which though 
 singly of little importance, would, by conjunction and concur- 
 rence, open new inlets to knowledge, and give new powers to 
 diligence Johnson. """s^ 
 
 BELLOWS FALLS : 
 PRINTED BY BILL BLAKE & CO. 
 
 1820. 
 
DISTRICT OF VERMONT, TO WIT: 
 
 # vv v»-# BE it remembered, that on the twenty third day of 
 
 I Seal \ -^ a ^' * n * ne *° r ty f° urt h y ear °f ^e Independence 
 ' t of the United btates of America, Thomas G. Fes- 
 ^wv*.-# senden, esquire, of said District, hath deposited in 
 this Office the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as 
 author, in the words following, to wit : 
 
 "The Husbandman and Housewife : a collection of valuable 
 recipes and directions, relating to agriculture and domestic 
 economy. By Thomas G. Fessenden. v Boyle has observed, 
 that the excellency of manufactures, and the facility of labour 
 would tie much promoted, if the various expedients and con- 
 trivances which lie concealed in private hands, were by recip- 
 rocal communications made generally known ; for, there are 
 few operations, that are not performed by one or other with 
 some peculiar advantages, which though singly of little impor- 
 tance, would, by conjunction and concurrence, open new in- 
 lets to knowledge, and give new powers to diligence 1 . ...John- 
 son." 
 
 In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United 
 States, entitled "an act for the encouragement of learning, 
 by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books to the 
 authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times 
 therein mentioned. 1 ,' 
 
 JESSE GOVE, 
 
 Clerk of the District of Vermont. 
 
 ■I 
 
 District Clerk's Office, 
 Vermont District, to wit: 
 May 23, A. D. 1820. 
 
 I hereby certify that the preceding is a true Copy of the 
 record of the preceding title page. 
 
 J. GOVE, Clerk. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE following little work has no other claims to 
 public patronage than what may originate in its utility. 
 The author has compiled from a great number of 
 volumes, written by men of acknowledged merit and 
 standard authority, those directions and prescriptions, 
 which it appeared to him might most benefit the 
 largest proportion of mankind j and he has arranged 
 them alphabetically, that they may be the more easily 
 referred to in cases of emergency, or in the hurry of 
 business Many of the articles, however, he believes 
 have never before appeared in print, and are either 
 derived from personal observation, or been furnished 
 by the author's friends, with a view to publication. 
 Several of the contributors alluded to are medical men, 
 of regular standing, and established reputation. These 
 gentlemen could have no other motive in affording 
 their valuable assistance than what one of them has 
 expressed in a communication to the compiler, viz. "a 
 wish to contribute to the ameliorating of the condition 
 of man." The same gentleman observes, in forming 
 these recipes I have attended solely to such as would 
 be of use to the mass of the people. Therefore I 
 have avoided any composition, into which any inoredi- 
 ents entered, which were not familiar and accessible tt 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 the great body of the community ; and also any which 
 might be dangerous in the hands of persons, unac- 
 quainted with the science of medicine. 
 
 It is not our wish by the following compilation to 
 furnish weapons for quacks, or infringe upon the pro- 
 vince of the regular bred physician. But our object 
 is to suggest simple remedies, for common disorders, 
 where the symptoms admit of no doubt respecting the 
 nature of the complaint, and where the advice of a 
 medical practitioner cannot readily or immediately be 
 procured. On the contrary we would not advise any 
 person to rely upon our recipes, where the disorder 
 appears to be acute, or its symptoms equivocal, but im- 
 mediately to have recourse to a regular and professed 
 physician. The author does not pretend that his re- 
 cipes are all infallible specifics in the disorders for 
 which they are recommended. In some cases they 
 may effect a cure, in others, serve merely as pallia- 
 tives, and give temporary relief till more effectual 
 means can be employed under the direction of a regu- 
 lar practitioner. 
 
 Those articles, which relate to Agriculture and Do- 
 mistic Economy it is hoped will prove universally ac- 
 ceptable. Some of our readers may be in possession 
 of better means for effecting the ends proposed by 
 our directions. To such our suggestions can do 
 harm, and to others they may prove valuable. 
 
THE 
 
 HUSBANDMAN AND HOUSEWIFE. 
 
 rw»Avwvvv\»<ww 
 
 ANTS. 
 
 WHEN you find ants in quantities near borne pour 
 hot water on them. The farmer when he manures 
 his land, if he uses ashes, lime or salt sand, will net be 
 troubled with those insects. Dr. Rees^ Cyclopaedia 
 recommends boiling rain water with black soap, and 
 sulphur, and saturating the ground with it, which iff 
 infested with those insects. 
 
 APPLES. 
 
 TO preserve apples for winter's use let them 
 remain on the trees till perfectly ripe. Then gather 
 them by hand, about the middle of the day in clear dry 
 weather. Spread them on a floor, and let them be till 
 about the last of November, or till there is danger of 
 their being injured by the frost. And in dry weather 
 remove th< m into ca»ks or boxes, which have previ- 
 ous.jr been made free from mould or moisture and 
 place them in a cellar out of the reach of frost. They 
 may be packed in dry saw dust or shavings of pine in 
 order to ensure their preservation. 
 B 
 
6 A P P— A S T 
 
 APPLE TREE. 
 
 TO propagate apple trees sow the pumice from 
 eider mills, digging it into the earth in autumn. The 
 plants will come up in the spring following. The next 
 autumn they should be transplanted from the seed bed 
 into the nursery, in rows from two to three feet apart, 
 and one foot in the rows. The ground for a nursery 
 should not be very rich but mellow and well pulveris- 
 ed, and kept clear of weeds. The young trees, on 
 being transplanted into orchards should be put into 
 richer land than that to which they have been accus- 
 tomed. 
 
 The best mode of setting out Apple Trees and other Fruit 
 Trees on a light soil. 
 
 DIG a hole sufficiently large to prevent the root 
 «f the tree when it is to be transplanted from being 
 doubled or placed in an unnatural position, and to give 
 room for the young shoots to extend themselves. 
 Place about the roots of each tree, together with 
 the mould, about half a bushel of small stones, the size 
 of an ordinary apple, or somewhat less, which will give 
 stability to the soil., and prevent the roots from being 
 loosened by the wind. 
 
 ASTHMA. 
 
 TO cure asthma take of powdered columbo 2 
 drachms, powdered ginger 2 drachms, camomile flow- 
 ers 1 ounce. Pour a pint and an half of boiling water 
 on the above ingredients, ' Take four table spoonfuls 
 of this liquor cold in the morning and at mid-day. 
 
 Another Remedy. 
 
 MIX 4 ounces of honey, 2 ounces of flour of 
 
BAR 1 
 
 brimstone ; 1 ounce of cream of tartar, 1-4 of an ounce 
 of nitre. Take a tea spoonful often. 
 
 Another. 
 
 CUT Turkey figs in half; put a spoonful of sul- 
 phur inside and eat them in that state. 
 
 BARLEY. 
 
 TO increase a crop of barley dissolve three 
 pounds of copperas in a pail of boiling water. Add to 
 this as much dung puddle water as will cover three or 
 four bushels of barley. Stir it, and let it steej four 
 and twenty hours ; when the seed is drained and 
 spread, sift on fine lime, which fits it for sowing. 
 Steeping the seed about 24 hours in the wash of a 
 dunghill, without any mixture is said to produce a 
 very good effect. 
 
 BARN- YARD. 
 
 A BARN- YARD should have a high, close and 
 strong fence ; be lowest in the middle, and so high in. 
 all sides that the greatest rain? cannot carry away any 
 of the manure. If not properly shaped by nature it 
 may be done by art, and if the soil be too loose to re- 
 tain the manure a few loads of clay should be spread 
 over its surface. The cattle should be kept constantly 
 on the barn-yard during the foddering season, and for 
 that purpose water should be introduced. There 
 should be severaKyards where different sorts of cattle 
 are kept. The sheep should have a yard by themselves 
 at least, and the young stock another, that each kind 
 msty have their proper sort of food. 
 
8 BEA 
 
 After the yard is cleaned in the spring the farmer 
 should embrace the first leisure he has to store it with 
 materials for making manure, such as swamp mud, 
 clay, brick dust, straw, fern or brakes, weeds, leaves 
 of trees, turfs, marsh mud, eel grass, or even sand or 
 loam. 
 
 BEANS. 
 
 THE following mode of planting beans has been 
 recommended by an English writer. The rows- are 
 marked out one foot asunder, and the seed planted in 
 holes two inches apart : the lines are stretched across 
 the lands, which areibrmed about 6 feet over, so that 
 when one row is planted, the sticks to which the line 
 is fastened, are moved by a regular measurement to the 
 distance required, and the same method pursued till 
 the field is completed. The usual price for this work 
 is 9d. sterling per week, and the allowance two bushels 
 per acre." 
 
 Sir John Sinclair in his "Code of Agriculture" recom- 
 mends cutting the tops of beans in order to accelerate 
 their podding. This eminent writer informs us that 
 "it was begun about the year I8t54, and has already 
 been tried on more than 200 acres. The operation is 
 performed by means of a sharp edged instrument or 
 knife, 12 or 14 inches long exclusive of the handle ; 
 but it may be done by a sickle or reaping hook. The 
 expense has never exceeded 3s, per acre and it is 
 done by contract. At a certain stage of its growth the 
 head of the bean stalk does not seem essential to the 
 purpose of vegetation, hut by its luxuriance to exhaust 
 the strength of the plant. The proper time to cut 
 them off, is, when the first blossoms begin to drop : if 
 done sooner a fresh shoot will put forth. As soon as 
 the tops are cut off the pods rapidly increase in size, 
 ani tue period of ripening is accelerated, The tim£ 
 
B E D— B E E 9 
 
 ly removal oT these parts, where the insects chiefly 
 lodge, materially contributes to the health and vigour 
 of the plant, and probably increases the weight of the 
 crop The harvest is by this means advanced at least 
 a fortnight. In the ordinary mode of managing a bean 
 crop, their tops are green when reaped, consequently 
 they absorb and retain mois-ture and require a conside- 
 rable exposure in the field to prepare them for the 
 stack ; whereas without their tops, the crop is sooner 
 in a condition to be carried and less risk is incurred 
 from the effects of frost and wet seasons. The tops" 
 are left to rot on the ground." 
 
 BED BUGS. 
 
 TAKE a quantity of fourth proof spirits and as 
 much pearl ash as will dissolve in it ; put it in every 
 crack and hole in the bed stead and wash board ; also 
 take a clean strip of linen or muslin j wet it with the 
 liquor, and put it round the bed post close to the floor. 
 
 Or, make a decoction of sassafras bark or root, not 
 so strong as to stain the furniture, and scald the wain- 
 scoting of your rooms, once a year. 
 
 Or, dissolve camphor in strong spirits and apply the 
 solution. 
 
 Or, it has been said that the juice of cucumbers will 
 destroy bed bugs. 
 
 Or, simple clear strong lime water, it is affirmed will 
 be as effectual as any of the above. 
 
 BEEF. 
 
 Mode of preserving. See Meat* 
 b 2 
 
10 BEE 
 
 beer — Spruce, 
 
 TAKE a sufficient quantity of spruce boughs ; boil 
 them in water about half an hour, or till the outward 
 skin or rind peels off; strain the liquor, and stir in at 
 the rate of two quarts of molasses to half a barrel. 
 Work it with beer grounds or emptyings, or rather 
 with yeast. 
 
 Molasses Beer. 
 
 TAKE four quarts of molasses, half a pint of yeast, 
 and a spoonful of powdered race ginger : Put these 
 ingredients into your vessel, and pour on them two 
 gallons of scalding hot, soft clear water; — Shake it 
 till it ferments ; and add thirteen gallons of the same 
 water to fill up the cask. Let the liquor ferment for 
 about twelve hours, then bottle it off with a raisin or 
 two in each bottle. 
 
 A good Household Beer. 
 
 TAKE a heaped half peck of wheat bran, and three 
 or four ounces of hops : Boil them a quarter of an hour 
 in fifteen gallons of clear water: strain the liquor 
 through a close sieve, and sweeten it with two quarts 
 of molasses • cool it quick till it is no warmer than new- 
 milk, and fill your half barrel Warm water may be 
 used to fill up the cask if needful. Leave the bung but 
 for 24. hours, that the drink may work and throw off 
 the yeast, and it will be fit for use. About the fourth 
 or fifth day, bottle off what remains in the vessel, es- 
 pecially if the weather be hot, that it may not turn 
 sour or stale. If the cask be new, or not before used 
 for beer, apply yest or beer grounds to ferment it ; 
 otherwise it will not be necessary. 
 
 The practice which is common of fermenting our 
 small dnoks with the sediments or dregs of the same 
 
BEE 11 
 
 ou£ht to be abandoned ; for this is the foulest and 
 most unwholesome excrement ot the liquor. 
 
 To cure a butt of ropy Beer. 
 
 MTX two handfulls of bean flour with one handful 
 of wheat flour and stir it in. 
 
 To feed and give a fine flavour to a barrel of Beer. 
 
 PUT six sea biscuits into a bag of hops, and put 
 .ill into the ca^k. 
 
 Pea-pods in Bee~. 
 
 THE pods of peas, after being dried it is said are 
 excellent in beer, affording spirit to the beer. 
 
 BEES. 
 
 To preserve bees from worms or butterflies. 
 
 ABOUT the first of May, raise the hive up, and 
 strew *ome fine salt under the edge^ which will drive 
 those insects away. 
 
 A nuthod of taking the honey without destroying the 
 Bees. From the American Farmer. 
 
 IN the evening, when the bees have retired, take 
 the hive gently from the stand ; spread a talde cloth on 
 the ground ; set the hive on it, placing something un- 
 der to raise it three or four inches ; then draw up the 
 corners of the cloth, and fasten them tight around ihe 
 middle of the hive, leaving it so loose below that the 
 bees will have room sufficient between them and the 
 hive. — Then raise the lid of th* 3 hive a little, and blow 
 in the smoke from a cigar; a tew pulls of which as it 
 
12 BEL 
 
 m 
 is very disagreeable to them will drive them down. — 
 Continue raising- the lid gradually, and blowing in the 
 smoke all around, and in a few minutes it will be found 
 that they have all gone out of the hive. You may then 
 take off the lid, and cut away as much of the honey as 
 you think proper. If the operation be performed the 
 beginning of July, you may take nearly all, as there 
 wiilbe time enough to provide a sufficiency for their 
 support, during the winter. As soon as you have taken 
 the honey, put on the lid, loosen the cloth, and spread 
 it out, and in an hour or two the bees will have return- 
 ed into the hive. It may then be replaced on the stand, 
 and on the following day they will be found at work 
 as usual. 
 
 This method is very simple, and preferable to driv- 
 ing the bees into another hive ; as you get all the ho- 
 ney, and the new comb, which is still empty, and the 
 young bees, not yet out of their cells are preserved. 
 
 bees — Sting- of. 
 
 THE application of laudanum gives immediate re- 
 lief. 
 
 Another Remedy. 
 
 THE sting of a bee should be immediately extract- 
 ed with a steady hand, for if any part of it breaks in 
 remedies will in a great measure be ineffectual For 
 a remedy, the application of a strong solution of salt is 
 said to be speedy and infallible. 
 
 BELLS. 
 
 THE nearer bells are hung to the ground, othep 
 things being equal the further they can be hfard. 
 Dr. Franklin has stated that some years ago the iuhab- 
 
fe L A— B O T 13 
 
 itants of Philadelphia had a new bell imported from 
 England, and in order to judge of the sound the bell 
 was raised on a triangle in the great street of that city, 
 and struck, as it happened on a market day ; when the 
 people coming to market were surprised on hearing 
 the sound of a bell at a greater distance from the 
 city than they had ever heard any bell before. This 
 circumstance excited the attention of the curious ; and 
 it was discovered that the sound of the bell when struck 
 in the street, reached nearly double the distance it did 
 when raised in the steeple. 
 
 BLACK TONGUE, OR CANKER IN HORSES, HORNED CATTLE 
 AND SHEEP. 
 
 A VARIETY of remedies have been recommend- 
 ed for this complaint. The following is said to have 
 proved very efficacious. 
 
 Wash and cleanse the mouth with sweet oil, and get 
 as much into the horse as he will swallow, not exceed- 
 ing one pint; then rub the throat with Spirits of Tur- 
 pentine, Sweet Oii and Camphor, equal quantities, and 
 well mixed. 
 
 When this disease makes its appearance in the feet^ 
 the hoof must be pared off where it presses on the ten- 
 der parts, and the remainder of the hoof kept soft with 
 linseed oil. Hot oils are then to be used to keep 
 down the rising flesh, such as butter of antimony, vit 
 riol. aqua fortis, and continued ti'l the fungus is sup- 
 pressed ; observing to give them purges often to 
 carry off the humours. 
 
 botts — Preventive Means. 
 
 SCRAPE off the. eggs of the horse bee, when laid 
 on the horse, every eight or ten days with a sharp 
 
14 BOT 
 
 knife. This practice must be continued during" the 
 season of them. The eggsshould not be scraped off 
 where the horse can feed, as in that case the young 
 botts may be taken in. It is difficult to remove thosa 
 eggs which are laid under the throat, with a knife, but 
 they may be destroyed with a hot iron made for the 
 purpose. 
 
 Palliative Means. 
 
 BLOOD letting and the copious use of mild oils 
 will always palliate, and sometimes cure that disorder. 
 
 Cure. 
 
 A WRITER in the American Centinel gives the fol- 
 lowing recipes. 
 
 Take a table spoonful of unslacked lime, and let it 
 be given with the water or feed of a horse at night and 
 morning for three or four days, and it-*jvill comp»etelj 
 «spel the botts. 
 
 Another Cure. 
 
 MAKE a drench composed of half a pint of new 
 milk, a gill of molasses, an ounce of copperas, two ta- 
 ble spoonfuls of common salt, and half a pint of warm 
 water. Give this to the horse, once or twice a day, 
 for a few days, and it will be sure to relieve him. 
 
 But the remedy on which we should rely with the 
 most confidence is the following which we are told by 
 a gentleman of undoubted veracity is 
 
 An infallible remedy for Botts. 
 
 APPLY spirits of turpentine to the outside of the 
 breast and stomach of a horse and the botts will iov 
 
BRE 16 
 
 mediately let go their hold. Our informant assures us, 
 that he has seen hordes which seemed to be in the last 
 agonies wit-, this distressing complaint, relieved in- 
 stantly and apparently restored to full health in five 
 minutes. 
 
 BREAD. 
 
 THE carbonate of magnesia of the shops, when 
 well mixed with new flour, in the proporti<Hi of from 
 20 to 40 grains to a pound of flour materially improves 
 it for the purpose of making bread. Loaves, made 
 with the addition of the carbonate of magnesia, rise 
 well in the oven ; and after being baked the bread is 
 light and spongy, has a good taste, and keeps well. In 
 cases where the new flour is of an indifferent quality, 
 from 20 to 30 grains of the carbonate of magnesia to a 
 pound of flour will considerably improve the bread. — 
 When the flour is of the worst quality 40 grains to a 
 pound of flour, is necessary to produce the same effect. 
 As the improvement in the bread from the new flour 
 depends upon the carbonate of magnesia, it is necessa- 
 ry thai care should be taken to mix it it intimately with 
 the flour previous to making the dough. A pound of 
 carbonate of magnesia would be sufficient to mix with 
 two hundred and fifty-six pounds of new flour at the 
 rate of 30 grains to a pound. 
 
 Method of making good Bread at about half the common, 
 price. 
 
 BOIL potatoes not quite so soft as common, the* 
 turn the water out and let them hang over the fire 
 and dry a short time ; then peal and mash them as fine 
 as possible, then tako a small quantity of pearl ash, 
 which should be added to new yeast, which is working 
 briskly; add the potatoes to these ingredients, and 
 
16 BUR 
 
 knead them together ; then add as much rye meal, or 
 flour as you can possibly woik in — the whole should 
 be pounded together with a pestle or something of the 
 kind ; no water to be added at any time. After the 
 dough is thus prepared let it stand an hour and an half 
 or two hours before it is put into the oven. Be par- 
 ticular in following these directions and you may make 
 as good bread as can be made from the best rye and 
 Indian meal ; indeed many give it the preference. It 
 does not require quite so long a time to bake as com- 
 mon brown bread. 
 
 Another improvement in making Bread. 
 
 TO every five pounds of flour add one pound of rice 
 that has been previously boiled to a jelly over a slow 
 ore ; then, when lukewarm, add your usual quantity 
 of yeast, and make up vour bread. Should you judge 
 your jelly to be too thick add luke-warm water; a 
 method by which thiity pounds of flour and six of rice 
 produce eighteen loaves each four pounds and an half 
 weight. Five pound? of flour produce eight pounds 
 of bread ; but with the addition of a pound of rice 
 twelve and an half. 
 
 BURNS AND SCALDS. 
 
 PULVERISED chalk mixed with the whites of eggs 
 to the consistence of cream, kept frequently applied 
 to pr vent its congealing, is declared to be an excellent 
 remedy for burns and scalds. 
 
 Another Remedy. 
 
 A PL\STER composed of Burgundy pitch, beef 
 wav. and a little oil. Or. some say that common tar 
 is the most sovereign remedy that can be applied* 
 
B U R— fe U T. 11 
 
 Another Remedy* 
 
 TAKE a piece of the thickest coarse brown paper, 
 and dip it in the best salad oil. then set the paper on 
 fire and carefully preserve all the oil that drops for use. 
 
 burnt Clay 
 
 IS an absorbent and acts much like lime as a manure* 
 but not so powerfully. The method of burning it is 
 as follows : — Procure eight loads of clay, cut into spits 
 about as thick as a brick ; let it be pretty well dried in 
 the sun and having made a heap of brush and other 
 wood, coals or other combustibles, and laid one upon 
 another, about as large as a small bonfire, in a pyra- 
 midical form, bring the spits of clay and lay them 
 round the same two or three spits thick, leaving 
 only room to put in the fire, and light it The clay 
 will soon take fire, and as it advances outwards 
 lay on some more spits of claj', placing them in such 
 a manner that the fire may be pent up within the 
 h- j ap and not suffered to go out. After having burnt 
 up the eight loads of clay the heat within will be so 
 giejt as to fire any thing; and then you may lay on 
 V\ - cuv green as it is dug from the pit, beiny always 
 watchfuj to keep adding to it, but not so fa*t as to 
 smother the ii . The heap you may enlarge and 
 Spread out at e foot, keeping the fire constantly 
 burning night 1 day; for the. larger the heap grows 
 the easier bur the clay This is a cheap dressing for 
 all sorts of b. ^excepting perhaps light sandy soils 
 and being laid retty thick about the roots of fruit 
 tree..*, enlarges multiplies and accelerates the growth 
 *)i fruit. 
 
 butter — how madt. 
 
 'T'HK dairy house should b<> kept neat, should nevef 
 front the south, southeast or southwest. It should bg 
 C 
 
18 BU'T* 
 
 situated near a good spring or current of water. The 
 proper receptacles for miik are earthen pans not 
 lined or glazed with lead, or wooden trays in warm 
 Weather milk should remain in the pail till nearly cool 
 before it is strained, but in frosty weather it should be 
 strained immediately, and a small quantity of boiling 
 water may be mixed with it, which will cause it to 
 produce cream in great abundance, and the more so 
 if the pans 01 vats have a large surface. 
 
 In hot weather the cream should be skimmed from 
 the milk at or before sunrise, before the dairy gets 
 warm, nor should the milk, in hot weather stand in its 
 receptacles longer than twenty four hours. In winter, 
 milk may remain unskimmed thirty six or foi ty eight 
 hours. The cream should be deposited in a deep 
 pan, kept during summer in a cool place, where a 
 free air is admitted. Unless churning is performed 
 every other day the cream should be shifted daily into 
 clean pans, but churning should be performed at least 
 twice a week, in hot Weather ; and this should be done 
 in the morning before sun rise, taking care to fix the 
 churn where there is a good draught of air. If a pump 
 churn is used it may be plunged a foot deep in cold 
 water, and remain in that situation during the whole 
 time of churning, which will much harden the butter. 
 A strong rancid flavour will be given to butter if we 
 churn so near the fire as to heat the wood in the win- 
 ter season. 
 
 After the butter is churned it should immediately b© 
 washed in many different waters, till it is perfectly 
 cleansed from the milk ; and it should be worked by 
 two pieces of wood, for a warm hand will soften it, 
 and make it appear greasy. 
 
 Butter will require and endure more working in 
 Winter than m summer. 
 
BUT 19 
 
 Those who use a pump churn must keep a regular 
 stroke : nor should they permit any person to assist 
 them unless they keep nearly the same stroke ; for if 
 they churn more slowly, the butter will in the winter 
 go back, as it is called ; and if the stroke be more 
 quick, it will cause a fermenta ion, by which means 
 the butter will acquire a very disagreeable flavour. 
 
 Cows should never be suffered to drink improper 
 water; stagnated pools, water wherein frogs spawn, 
 common sewers, and ponds that receive the drainings 
 of stables are improper. 
 
 The operation of churning may be very much 
 shortened by mixing a little distilled vinegar with the 
 cream in the churn The butter being afterwards well 
 washed in t^'o or three changes of water. The whole 
 of the acid will be caried off; or if any remain it will 
 not be perceived by the taste. A table spoonful or 
 two of the vinegar to a gallon of cream. 
 
 To take the rancid taste from Butter. 
 
 WHEN fresh butter has not been salted in proper 
 time, or when salt butter has become rancid or mnstv, 
 after melting and simmering it, dip in it a crust of 
 bread well toasted on both sides ; and in a few minutes 
 the butter w ill loose its disagreeable taste. 
 
 Butter made from scalded Cream, 
 
 AS soon as the milk is taken from the cow let it be 
 placed on a steady wood fire, free as possible from 
 smoke and scalded for thirty minutes — particular care 
 must be taken not to allow it to boil. It must then be 
 placed in a cool situation, and on the following day a 
 thick rich cream will appear on the surface of the 
 milk (which is excellent also for dessert purposes) ihis 
 niav be taken off and made into butter in the common 
 
20 CAB 
 
 way. This method is practiced in England, and it is 
 iaid that a greater quantity of butter, and of a better 
 quality can be made by this than by the common mode. 
 
 Receipt for curing Butter. 
 
 TAKE two parts of the best common salt, one part 
 •f sugar and one part salt petre ; put them up together 
 •o as to blend the whole completely : take one ounce 
 cf this composition for every sixteen ounces of butter, 
 work it well into the mass and close it up for use. 
 
 CABBAGE. 
 
 MANURING with ashes and lime has a tendency to 
 preserve cabbages from insects ; and to guard against 
 the grub or black worm a little circle of quick lime is 
 said to be of service. Lice on cabbages may be de- 
 stroyed by washing the plants with strong brine. The 
 under leaves of cabbages, when they begin to decay 
 may be taken off and made food for cattle, but decayed 
 leaves should never be given to milch cows as they 
 give the milk a bad flavour. 
 
 Method of preserving Cabbages^ so as to have them good 
 in the spring. 
 
 [From the New England Farmer.] 
 
 MAKE a trench in the driest sandy ground, nine 
 inches wide, and of equal depth ; in which, place a 
 row of Cabbages, with the roots upwards, contiguous 
 to each other. Fill the cavities about them with some 
 dry straw, and then shovel the earth up to the stalks 
 on each side, almost as high as the roots, shaped like 
 the roof of a house. The Cabbages will come out in 
 Mav as sound as when tbey^were put in. an#$be outer 
 green leaves will be tu pried quite white As they are 
 »qt apt to keep well after they are taken out, two or 
 
CAN 21 
 
 three at a time may be taken as they are wanted for 
 use, and the breach immediately closed up with straw 
 and earth as before. 
 
 CANADA THISTLES. 
 
 MOW Canada thistles in the old of the moon in Au- 
 gust or any time in that month or in the begiflning of 
 September, and rake them into heaps and burn them. 
 
 CANCER. 
 
 THE herb Pipsissawa called winter green, ever 
 green, winter berry, &c. drank as a strong tea, and a 
 strong decoction applied externally has cured invete- 
 rate cancers in about a month's time. The application 
 of leaches is said to have produced a similar result. 
 
 Another. 
 
 SPREAD a plaster of shoe maker's wax on a linen 
 cloth, the size of the sore, with as much corrosive sub- 
 limate as will adhere to it. — Let this plaster be kept 
 on the sore for twelve hours — a large one is necessary 
 over the small one to keep it in its place. After this 
 wash the sore once a day with poke root. It caa 
 , afterwards be treated as a common sore. 
 
 • . Aonther, 
 
 FIRST take borax, make it a powder, and cover the 
 woutid, then take blue stone* and powder it, mix th^m 
 together, making what is called drawing salve ; the 
 sa ve will be blue. Mix hog's lard, bees wax and 
 rosin ; spread the salve with lint and lay it on the 
 wound ; let it remain for three days ; so continue it 
 till the cancer is taken out. then dust in loaf sugar, 
 
 * Slue vitriol, or »ulphate of copper, 
 c 2 
 
Z2 C A N 
 
 and every third dressing, put in some burnt alum over 
 the wound— with a soft rag every time il is dressed. 
 After the cancer is taken out make a healing salve of 
 fresh butter, elder and a little bees wax, and you will 
 find the place become quite well, and leave little or 
 no scar behind. "This evidence of cure," says the 
 Richmond Compiler, a newspaper, printed in Rich- 
 mond, Vir. 4k has been kept a secret in a family in this 
 state for a number of years, and has succeeded in a 
 number of cases. 
 
 Another. 
 
 BURN half a bushel or three pecks of green old 
 field red-oak bark to ashes, boil the ashes in three 
 gallons of water, until reduced to one, strain that gal- 
 lon off, and boil it away to a thick substance, similar 
 to butter, apply a small quantity on a piece of silk or 
 lint to the cancer, no bigger than the place or part 
 affected. The medicine must be repeated every two 
 hours, until the cancer roots are sufficiently killed, 
 then apply healing salve with a little mercurial oint- 
 ment mixed therein, and dress it twice a day until cur- 
 ed, which will surely be in a&out twenty or thirty days 
 at farthest. 
 
 CANDLES. 
 
 To purify Tallow for Candles* 
 
 TAKE 5-8 of tallow, and 3-8 of mutton suet, melt 
 them in a copper chaldron, with it mix 8 ounces of 
 brandy, one of salt of tartar, one of sal ammoniac, two 
 •f dry potash. Throw the mixture into the chaldron, 
 ns:)kr the ingredients boil a quarter of an hour then 
 ■et the whole to cool. Next day the tallow will be 
 fouud on the surface of the water in a pure cake. Take 
 it out and expose it to the air for some days on canvass. 
 
C A N— C A T 23 
 
 It will become white and almost as hard as wax. The 
 dew is favourable to its bleaching. Make your 
 wicks of fine even cotton ; give them a coat of 
 melted wax, then cast your mould candles. They 
 will have the appearance of wax in a degree, and one 
 of them (six to a pound) will burn fourteen hours and 
 not run. 
 
 canker in trees. 
 
 SIR Humphrey Davy, in his "Elements of Agri- 
 cultural Chemistry," attributes canker iu trees to an 
 "excess of alkaline and earthy matter in the descend- 
 ing sap"; and says "Perhaps tne application of a weak 
 acid to the canker might be of use ; or where the 
 tree is great, it may be watered occasionally with a very 
 diluted acid." 
 
 caterpillars. Remedy for* 
 
 THE following method of destroying caterpillars is 
 recommended in the "American Gardener's Calender. 
 "Dissolve a drachm of corrosive sublimate in a gill 
 of gin or other spirits, and when thus dissolved in- 
 corporate it with four quarts of soft water This solu- 
 tion will be found to be the most effectual remedy ever 
 applied to trees, both for the destruction of worms of 
 every species, and of the eggs of insects, deposited in 
 the bark. No danger to the tree is to be apprehended 
 from its poisonous quality, which as it respects them 
 is perfectly innocent. 
 
 Another. 
 
 THE following mode of destroying caterpillars has 
 been recommended, and would probably prove effec- 
 tual. 
 
24 CAT 
 
 Take live coals in a chafing dish; throw thereon 
 some pinches of brimstone in powder ; place the same 
 under the branches that are loaded with caterpillars. 
 The vapour of sulphur, which is mortal to these 
 insects will not only destroy all that are in the tree, 
 but prevent its being infested by them afterwards. A 
 pound of sulphur will clear as many trees as grow on 
 several acres A chafing dish, or something to contain 
 coals may be fixed on a pole, and put near the nest. 
 
 The hon. Timothy Pickering, in a letter to the cor- 
 responding secretary of the Massachusetts Agricultural 
 society has recommended an instrument, which he has 
 found simple, and more convenient than any he had 
 used for the destruction of caterpillars It is made 
 by inserting some hog's bristles between a twisted 
 wire, in such a manner as to form a cylindrical brush, 
 which will present bristles on every side. This is 
 attached to a pole of such length as the trees may re- 
 quire, and the caterpillars are brought down by it, and 
 then crushed. 
 
 It is likewise affirmed that caterpillars, and other 
 insects which infest our fruit trees, may be destroyed, 
 bv casting over the tree a few handfuls of ashes, in 
 the morning before the dew is dissipated from the 
 foliage, or after a shower 3f rain. The former is the 
 preferable time. 
 
 A strong white wash of fresh stone lirne applied by 
 the means of a mop or a sponge fixed on the end of a 
 pole is by some recommended. A little spirits of tur- 
 pentine would, probably, be still more efficacious. 
 And it is affirmed that sprinkling the leaves and shoots 
 of plants infested by those insects when wet, with fine 
 sand will cause the caterpillars to drop off in apparent 
 agony . 
 
 It is said to be a good practice to examine the trees 
 
CHE 25 
 
 in autumn, and remove the eggs which are deposited 
 for a next year's stock from the twig-, on which they 
 are fastened. Hepeat the examination in the spring. 
 If those which have escaped notice fasten on a limb it 
 is sometimes best to cut it off. A little oil of any kind 
 it is said will kill all the caterpillars that it touches. 
 
 cattle — hoven or swollen. 
 
 A PINT of lie made of wood ashes, or about an 
 ounce of pearl ash or potash turned down the throat, 
 will immediately cure cattle which have become ho- 
 ven or swollen, by eating too nv»ch green or succulent 
 food A proportionably less quantity will answer for 
 sheep. It gives instant relief by neutralizing the 
 carbonic acid gas, which causes the swelling, and other 
 symptoms of the complaint. 
 
 cheese — Method of making. 
 
 [From the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository.] 
 
 THE milk is universally set for cheese as soon as it 
 comes from the cow, 
 
 The management of the curd depends on the kind 
 of cheese: thin cheese requires the least labour and 
 attention. 
 
 Breaking the curd is done with the hand and dish. 
 The finer the curd is broken the better, particularly 
 in thick cheeses. The best colour of this kind of cheese 
 is that of bees wax, which is produced by \nnotla, rub- 
 bed into the milk after it is warmed. The dairy wo- 
 man is to judge of the quality by the colour of the 
 milk, as it differs much in strength, 'the runnel is 
 prepared by taking some whey ^nd salting till it will 
 bear an eggi it is then suffe .td to stand over night, 
 
26 CHE 
 
 and in the morning it is skimmed and racked off clear; 
 to this is added an equal quantity of water brine, 
 strong as the whev, and into this mixture, some sweet 
 briar, thyme, or some other sweet herbs, also a little 
 black pepper and saltpetre ; the herbs are kept in the 
 brine three or four days, after which it is decanted 
 clear from them Into six quarts of this liquor four 
 large calves' bags or more properly called calves' sto- 
 machs are put. No part of the preparation is heated, 
 and frequently the calves' bags are only steeped in cold 
 salt and water. Turning the milk differs in different 
 dairies, no two dairy women conduct exactly alike. 
 
 Setting the milk too hot inclines the cheese to 
 heave, and cooling it with cold water produces a simi- 
 lar effect. The degree of heat varies according to 
 the weather. The curd when formed is broken with 
 what is called a treple cheese knife. The use of this 
 is to keep the fat in the cheese ; it is drawn the depth 
 of the curd two or three times across the tub, to give 
 the whey an opportunity of running off clear; after a 
 few minutes the knife is more freely used, and the 
 curd is cut into small pieces like chequers, and is bro- 
 ken tine in the whey with the hand and a wooden dish. 
 The curd being allowed about half an hour to settle, 
 the whey is laded off with the dish, after it is pretty- 
 well separated from the curd. 
 
 It is almost an invariable practice to scald the curd. 
 The mass is first broken very fine, and then the scald- 
 ing whey is ad led to it and stirred a few minutes; 
 some make use of hot water in preference to whey r , 
 and it is in both cases heated according to the nature 
 of the curd : if it is soft, the whey or water is used 
 nearlv boiling ; but if hard, it is only used a little hot- 
 ter than the hand. After the curd is thoroughly mixed 
 with the hot stuff, it is suffered to stand a few minutes 
 to settle, and is then separated as at the first operation. 
 After the scalding liquor is separated, a vat, or what is 
 
CHE 2T 
 
 often called a cheese hoop, is laid across the cheese 
 Bolder ovW the tub, and the curd is crumbled into it 
 with the hands and pressed into the vat. to squeeze 
 out the whey. The vat being filled as full and as iirm- 
 ]y as the hand alone can fili it, and rounded up in the 
 middle, a cheese cloth is sprea i over it an<! the curd is 
 turned out of the hoop into the cloth ; the vat is then 
 washed and the inverted mass of curds, with the cloth 
 under it, is returned into the vat and put into the press ; 
 after standing" two or three hours in the press, the vat 
 is t iken out and the cloth is t ik^n off washed and put 
 round the cheese, and it isreptatfi dm the vat and in the 
 press. In about seven or eight hours it is tak^n out 
 of the pres» and salted, the cheese is placed on a I oard 
 and a handful of salt is rubbed all over it. and the edg* 
 es are pared off if necessary ; another handful of salt 
 is strewed on the upper side, and as much left as will 
 stick to it : afterwards it is turned into the hare vat 
 without a cloth, and an equal quanlitv of salt is added 
 to it, and the cheese is returned into the press ; here it 
 continues one night and the next morning- it is turned 
 in the vafe, and continues till the succeeding morning, 
 and the curd is taken out and placed on the dairy shelf: 
 here they are turned ever, day or every other day, 
 as the weather may he If it is hot and dry, the win- 
 dows and door are kept shut, hut if wet or moist, the 
 door and windows are kept open night and day. 
 
 Cleaning- the Cheese. 
 
 The cheeses having remained about ten days after 
 leaving the press, are to be washed and scraped in the 
 following manner; a large tub of coldsw°et whey is pla- 
 ced on the Moor, the cheeses are immerged in it, where 
 they continue one hour, or longer if necessary, to soft- 
 en the rind. They are then taken out and scraped 
 with a common case knife, with great care, so as not 
 to injure the tender rind, till every part of the cheese 
 tS smooth j they are after the last operation rinsed in 
 
28 CHE 
 
 the whey and wiped clean with a coarse cloth and pla- 
 ced in an airy situation to dry. after $ bich thev "re pla- 
 ced in the cheese room The floor of the cheese 
 room is generally prepared by rubbing it with bean or 
 potatoe tops or any succulent harb, ttil it appears of a 
 bla k wet colour; on this floor the cheeses are pl.o 
 ed. and turned twice a wet k, thnr edges wiped 
 
 hard with a cloth once a week, and : v e fioo i; cl ans- 
 ed and rubbed with fre-h herbs onct a for . i^rl t.~ 
 They must not lie too long or they will sticlc to the 
 floor. This preparation of the floor gives thr- cheese 
 a blue coat, which is considered of great consequence* 
 
 Stilton Cheese-— how made. 
 
 THE Stilton Cheese, which may be called the 
 Parmesan of England, is not confined to vStilton and 
 its vicinity, for man farmers in Huntingdonshire, and 
 also in Rutland and Northamtonshire make a similar 
 sort, sell them for the same price, and give them the 
 name of the Stilton Cheeses. 
 
 Take the night's cream and put it into the morning's 
 n^w milk with the rennet ; when the curd is separat- 
 ed let it not be broken as is done with other chVese, 
 bui lake it out, di.-turhing it as tittle as possible, and 
 sui;er it to dry gradual y in a sieve ; and as the whey 
 separate*, compress it gradually tiii it has acquired a 
 fi'Ui consistence then place it in a wooden hoop and 
 suffer it to dry very gradually on a hoard, taking" rare 
 at the same time to turn it daily with close binders 
 round, and which must be tightened as the cheese ac- 
 quires more solidity. 
 
 Cheese skippers in. 
 
 WR \P the cheese in thin brown paper, so tbin that 
 moisture may strike through soon— dig a hole in good 
 sweet earth about two feet deep, in which the cheese 
 
fcnnst be buried about 36 hours, and ihe skippers will 
 be found all on the outside of the cheese, brush them 
 off in mediately and you will find your cheese sound 
 and good. 
 
 To prevent Cheese having 1 # rancid nauseous flavour. 
 
 PUT about one table spoonful of salt to each gallon 
 of milk when taken from the cows in the evening-, for 
 the cheese to be made the next day ; put the salt at 
 the bottom of the vessel that is to receive the milk ; it 
 will increase the curd and prevent the milk from grow- 
 ing sour or putrid the hottest nights in the summer. 
 
 CHILLBLA1NS. 
 
 To cure Chillblains he/ore they are broken 
 
 WASH them in water as hot as you can bear, and 
 dry them with a cloth ; rub them with spirits of tur- 
 pentine before the lire and keep them warm. 
 
 Another Remedy. 
 
 . A PLASTER of common turpentine applied 't© 
 chillblains, or frosted heels, will it is said in a tew days 
 effect a cure. 
 
 china — how mended. 
 
 TAKE apiece of flint glass, beat it to a fine powder* 
 and grind it well with the white of an egg, and it joins 
 China without riveting, so that no art can break it 
 a^ain in the same place. The compostion must be 
 ground extremely fine, on a painter's stone. 
 D 
 
30 OHO 
 
 CHINTZ, WASHING OF. 
 
 How to wash Chintz so as to preserve its beauiyi 
 
 TAKE two pounds of rice and boil it in two gallons 
 of water till soft ; when done pour the whole into a 
 tub; let it stand till about the warmth you use for 
 coloured linens, then put your Chintz in and use the 
 rice instead of soap, wash it in this till the dirt ap- 
 pears to be out ; then boil the same quantity as above, 
 jbut strain the rice from the water. Wash in this till 
 quite clean: afterwards rinse it in the water yoil 
 Lave boiled your rice in, and this will answer the end 
 of starch, and no dew will affect it, as it will be stiff as 
 long as you wear it If a gown it must be taken to 
 pieces ; and when dried, be careful to hang it as smooth 
 as possible ; after it is dry rub it with a slick stone but 
 ase no iron. 
 
 CHOLERA MORBUS. 
 
 TAKE a soft cork and burn it thoroughly in the 
 fire when it ceases to blaze, mix it up on a plate with a 
 little milk and water< or any thing: more agreeable, and 
 repeat the dose till the disorder ceases ; which it com- 
 monly does in the second or third administration of the 
 remedy by correcting the acidity of the stomach. 
 
 Another Remedy, 
 
 T4#E a small handful of the leaves of either pep- 
 permint or spearmint, rather more than half as much 
 of the leaves of tansey, mix them, and put them in a 
 soft thin flannel bag, large enough to cover the stom- 
 ach and bowels; quilt the bag through in several 
 places so as to prevent the herbs from falling t© one 
 i»lace, which would be very oppressive and injurious. 
 
CID 31 
 
 then put in a sufficient quantity of hot brandy to wet 
 it through, and apply it over the stomach and bowels, 
 about blood heat ; wet the bag several times through 
 the day with warm brandy, and change the herbs every 
 evening — it must not be taken off until the patient is 
 quite recovered. The above will render the stomach 
 retentive ; then give them every morning or two a tea- 
 spoonful of the syrup of rhubarb, and in the latter 
 part of the afternoon, about eight drops of sweet 
 nitre every hour for three hours in succession. By 
 continuing the above for a few days, more or less, ac- 
 cording as the child might seem to require it, the 
 writer has had the satisfaction of seeing a great many 
 children perfectly restored, and never knew it fail — 
 but they must not eat or drink any thing the least sour, 
 such as unripe fruits, new cheese or any thing that is 
 hard of digestion ; ripe blackberries afe very good, or 
 if they should wish old cheese, fresh butter, a little 
 sweet ham or eggs, either boiled or fryed, they may 
 be indulged with safety. The quantity of rheubarb 
 and sweet spirits of nitre is for a child of one year old. 
 
 Another. 
 
 RICE-WATER, very strong, with much sugar and a 
 little laudanum in it drank plentifully. 
 
 IN making cider see that the mill, the press, and all 
 the materials be sweet and clean and the straw free 
 from must. The fruit should be ripe, hut not rotten, 
 and when the apples are ground, if the juice is left in 
 the pumice 24 hours, the cider will be richer, softer 
 and higher coloured. If the fruit be all of one kind, 
 it is generally thought that the cider will be better; as 
 the fermentation will be more regular. The juice of 
 *he fruit, as it comes from the press should be placed 
 
32 C I D 
 
 in open headed casks or vats : in this situation, it is like-- 
 ly to undergo a proper fermentation, and the person 
 attending may with great correctness ascertain when 
 the first fermentation ceases ; this is of great import- 
 ance, and must be particularly attended to. The fer- 
 rrentation is attended with a hissing noise, bubbles ris- 
 ing to the surface and there torming a soft spongy crust 
 over the liquor. When this crust begins to crack, and 
 a white froth appears in the cracks level with the sur- 
 face of the head, the fermentation is about stopping. 
 At this time the liquor is in the fine genuine clear state, 
 and must be drawn oft immediately into clean casks ; 
 and this is the time to fumigate it with sulphur. To 
 do this, take a strip of canvas or rag, about two inches 
 broad and twelve inches long, dip this into melted sul- 
 phur, and when a few pails of worked cider are put 
 into the cask, set this match on fire and hold it in the 
 ■task till it is consumed, then bung the cask and shake 
 it that the liquor may incorporate with, and retain the 
 fumes ; after this, fill the cask and bung it up This 
 cider should be racked off again the latter part of Feb- 
 ruary, or first of March ; and if not as clear as you wish 
 it, put in isinglass, to fine ; and stir it well ; then put 
 the cask in a cool place where it will not be disturbed, 
 for the finery to settle. Cider, prepared in this man- 
 ner will keep sweet for years. 
 
 Mr. Deane observes "I have found it answer well to 
 do nothing to cider till March, or the beginning of April, 
 except giving a cask a small vent hole, and keeping it 
 open till the first fermentation is over ; then draw it off 
 into good casks ; and then fine it with skim milk, eggs 
 broke up with the shells, or molasses. A quart of mo- 
 lasses will give a fine flavour to a barrel of cider, as 
 well as carry all the lees to the bottom. But lest it 
 sliould incline the liquor to prick I put in at the same 
 time a quart of rum or brandy; and it seldom fails of 
 keeping well to the end of summer. Cellars in which 
 cider is kept should have neither doors nor windows 
 
C C— C O D 3$ 
 
 kept open in the summer, and the casks should stand 
 steady and not be shaken to disturb the sediment. 
 
 The casks which contain new cider should be filled 
 perfectly full to permit the froth or pummice to dis- 
 charge itself at the bung. The pressure of the pum- 
 mice should be slow that the liquor may run the clear- 
 er. Some say that if the cider be racked off in a week 
 after it is made, ceasing the moment it becomes muddy ; 
 in ten days a second time, and in fifteen days a third 
 time, it will need no other process for fining or purify- 
 ing it. In every instance the casks should be clean, 
 and perfectly filled, and when filled for the last time 
 should be bunged up close, and placed in a deep, dry 
 cellar, never to be moved till drawn off for use. 
 
 The later the apples hang on the trees, the more 
 spirit the cider will contain. In bottling cider it is re- 
 commended to raise the proof of the cider by putting 
 in about two tea spoonfuls of French brandy to each 
 bottle, which will check fermentation, and prevent the 
 bursting of the bottles. 
 
 COCK-ROACHES, 
 
 IT is said that a few leaves of elder, strewed on the 
 floor of a room infested with cock-roaches will extir- 
 pate those insects. 
 
 COD-FISH. 
 
 DUN, or dried cod-fish ought not to be boiled to 
 have it tender ; it operates as on an egg^ an oyster or 
 a clam, the more you boil it the harder it grows. Let 
 it simmer on or near the fire, in a kettle, two or three 
 hours according as the fish is hard, and then change 
 ihe water; and before dishing, put this up to near boil* 
 
 d 2 
 
34 C O F 
 
 ing heat but not higher. This management does not 
 draw out but revives the glutinous, and enlivens the 
 nutritious substance in them, and leaves the fish ten- 
 der and delicious. 
 
 COFFEE. 
 
 Jlrt of making Coffee. 
 
 THE celebrated Count Kumford observes, "There 
 js no culinary process that is liable to so much uncer- 
 tainty in its results, as the making of Coffee ; and there 
 is certainly none, in which any small variation in the 
 mode of operation produces more sensible effects — 
 Of the various modes recommended, we believe the 
 following the most advantageous. 
 
 Take of ground coffee one ounce, to one pound or a 
 pint of water ; this proportion agrees pretty nearly 
 with that presented by the count ; — put the coffee in- 
 to a coffee pot, the shape of it cylindrical, and the 
 spout placed near the top ; pour the water upon it 
 boiling ; place the pot over a slow fire or a lamp ; 
 there will appear, upon the aurface, almost immediate- 
 ly, innumerable small bubbles ; in a few seconds these 
 will form themselves into one hemispherical bubble, 
 extending to the side of the pot ; on this bursting; eb- 
 ullition follows, and it must be taken from the fire ; 
 throw into it the white of an egg^ a smail piece of isin- 
 glass, hartshorn shavings, or any other tasteless mucil- 
 aginous substance ; and in three or four minutes the 
 giounds will be carried down, the liquor left perfectly 
 clear and fit for use. If no mucilaginous substance is 
 at hand, in two or three minutes more, the grounds 
 will subside of themselves, and the liquor be left suffi- 
 ciently cleafc 
 
 coffee — How made of Rye, 4"C. 
 SEE Rye Coffee in the following pages. 
 
COL 35 
 
 COLD. 
 
 SWEET oil and loaf sugar made «ip like a syrup is 
 recommended for a cold, especially when attended with 
 a sore throat. 
 
 An excellent vegetable balsam for soreness of the breast, 
 coughs, fyc. 
 
 DISSOLVE over the fire, one pound of white su- 
 gar candy in a quantity of white wine vinegar, &ai a- 
 bout three pints, until it is reduced by evaporation to 
 one pint ; during the operation let as much garlick as 
 possible be dissolved with it. Tbh preparation will 
 answer all the purposes of Godbolu's vegetable baisam, 
 and is probably the same. 
 
 Another Remedy for a Cold. 
 
 IF a person is attacked with unusual chilliness, pain 
 in the head and back, oppression of the breast, on the 
 first appearance of those svmptoms bathe the feet in 
 warm water for fifteen minutes, wipe them dry, draw 
 on the- stockings and immediately go to bed, and drink 
 freely of strong snake root tea. 
 
 Another. — For an ulcerated soar throat* 
 
 DROP some good brandy on a piece of refined lump 
 sugar till it has absorbed as much as it will contain, 
 which suffer to remain i ; the mouth till it be gradually 
 dissolved. — Repeat the same four or five time a day ; 
 and in the course of a few days the ulcer will wholly 
 disappear. 
 
 colic bilious. 
 TAKE one quart of hickory ashes, one tea cup full 
 
36 CO N—C R 
 
 of soot, add to it three quarts of water poured on boil- 
 ing hot, pour it into an earthen pot, cover it close and 
 let it remain twelve hours, then pour it off clear, or 
 filter it through s paper, put it into bottles and keep it 
 in a cool place and it is fit for use. For a grown per- 
 son take a wine glass full of it, and if that don't remove 
 the pain, repeat the dose every half hour until reliev- 
 ed : if the pain is not very acute, one or two doses 
 will be sufficient ; to a child a tea spoonful will do for 
 a dose. 
 
 CONSUMPTION. 
 
 TAKE a handful of the herb called Horehound, put 
 it into two quarts of water, boil it down one half- 
 after straining put in some honey or molasses ; put it 
 on the fire to incorporate ; then add a little old rum, 
 and cork it up Take half a tea-cup full filled up with 
 warm milk; if you cannot readily procure milk warm 
 from the cow?, make cold milk blood warm.— Take 
 a tea cup full before breakfast, and another about 
 noon upon an empty stomach. 
 
 Dissolve over a chaffing dish of coals in a tight room 
 an equal quantity of rosin and yellow wax. Let the 
 patient remain in the room as long as convenient, and 
 fiis strength will admit, and repeat the operation three 
 or four times a day. 
 
 corks of Wine- Bottles, how secured. 
 
 CUT the Cork off even, wipe the Cork and neck of 
 the bottle dry, dip it in a melted composition of wax 
 two ounces, rosin four ounces. 
 
 corn, musty, cure for. 
 IMMERSE it in boiling water, and let it remain till 
 
COR— C Otf 37 
 
 the water becomes cold The quantity of water should 
 be at least double the quantity of corn to be purified. 
 
 CORNS. 
 
 A remedy for corns on the feet* 
 
 ROAST a clove ofgarlick on a live coal, or in hot 
 ashes, apply it to the corn, and fasten it on with a 
 piece of cloth. This must be made use of the moment 
 of going to bed. 
 
 Some assert that if you take a little nnwrought cot- 
 ton, lay it on the part affected, and wear it a week or 
 two the corn will disappear. 
 
 It is likewise asserted that chalk formed into a paste 
 will cure corns. 
 
 Take the skin of a codfish, after it has lain in the 
 cellar, or a place where it has gathers d moisture a 
 day or two, and bind it on the corn, and keep it till it 
 is perfectly sound. 
 
 COUGH. 
 
 Whooping Cough. — THE sulphate of potass (form- 
 erly called liver of sulphur) has been extoile<i as a rem- 
 edy in this disease. Dose, six grains every four hours 
 for an adult. 
 
 Another remedy. 
 
 TAKE equal portions of new milk, and the lye 
 strained from ashes of hickory bark, of which one table 
 spoonful may be given every hour through the day to 
 a child of seven years old. 
 
38 C R A— C R O 
 
 Cough in the early stage of Consumption, 
 
 Let ten grains of crude opium be rubbed with thir- 
 ty grains of volatile alkali, two drachms volatile spirits 
 of ammonia, and one half ounce of peppermint water 
 — of this well shaken, a tea spoonful may be taken 
 three times a day in a little w r eak tea. 
 
 Gentleman'* s Magazine. 
 
 IT is said that innoculation for the cow pox will 
 arrest the whooping cough. 
 
 Another remedy for Whooping Cough. 
 
 TAKE dried colt's-foot leaves (that have not been 
 gathered more than a year) a good handful, cut them 
 small, and boil them in a pint of spring- water, till hhii 
 a pint is boiled away ; then take it off the fire, and 
 when it is almost cold, strain it through a cloth, squeez- 
 ing the herb dry as you can, and then throw it away. 
 Dissolve in the liquor an ounce of sugar candy, finely 
 powdered, and to a child three or four years old give 
 one spoonful of it, cold or warm as the season favours, 
 three or four times a day or oftener if the fits of 
 coughing come frequently, till well. For older or 
 younger person* the quantity may be increased, or di- 
 minished as thought proper. 
 
 This preparation is useful also in asthmas phthysic, 
 shortness of breath consumptions, &c. 
 
 N. B. When sugar candy cannot conveniently be 
 had, perhaps honey or good clean brown sugar would 
 answer. Sugar candy is, however to be preferred. 
 
 Another. 
 
 DISSOLVE a scruple of salt of Tartar in a gill of 
 water; add ten grains of cochineal finely powdered^ 
 
C R A— C R O 
 
 sweeten this with fine sugar. Give to an infant the 
 fourth part of a tade spoonful four times a day j and 
 from four upwards a Spoonful may be taken. The 
 relief i> immediate, and the cure in general effected 
 witmn 5 or 6 davs. 
 
 CRAMP. 
 
 RUB the part with camphor dissolved in oil. 
 
 '.ROIF. 
 
 Cure for the Croup, vulgarly called the Rattles. 
 
 IT is allowed by the best physicians in the country, 
 that the croup, formerly a very fatal disease, i? now 
 successfully treated with a weak solution of corrosive 
 sublimate, to be given in small quantities every fifteen 
 minutes till it causes puking. This medicine, though 
 a dangerous instrument in the hands of ignorance, when 
 judiciously managed has snatched many a child from 
 the jaws of death. 
 
 Another remedy for Croup. 
 
 [By Dr. John Archer of Hartford County, Maryland.] 
 
 MAKE a strong decoction of the Seneka root in the 
 following manner, viz. half an ounce of Seneka, in 
 coarse, powder boil in eight ounces of water down to 
 four. Of this give a teaspoonful every half hour, as 
 the urgency of the symytoms may require, and at inter- 
 vals a few drops to keep up the stimulus, until it either 
 acts as an emetic or cathartic. Then repeat it in sim- 
 ilar quantities, so as to preserve the stimulus of seneka 
 constantly in the mouth or throat. 
 
 
40 CUC 
 
 If the disease be 'more advanced, and the breathing 
 more difficult, give calomel frequently and freely, and 
 rub mercurial ointment on the throat and contiguous 
 parts so as to effect the glands of the throat and mouth 
 as quickly as possible, that the mercury may co-ope- 
 rate with the action or stimulus of the seneka. 
 
 CUCUMBER. 
 
 TAKE a very tight barrel tub ; fill it up to the bung 
 With stones, then a little straw, and earth enough o- 
 Ver tie straw to fill the barrel. Fill the lower ha f 
 with water, but instead of letting it s eep through the 
 earth, it should be passed through a tube, placed in the 
 earth for that purpose, as often as more water is wan- 
 ted. The bung should be left out and the water kept 
 as high as the hole by repeated waterings. The 
 plants lying so high will be kept out of the way of in- 
 sects, iror will they suffer by drought. The plants, 
 however, should once in a while be a little sprinkled 
 with water if the season be very dry. 
 
 To preserve Cucumbers and Squashes from bugs andjlies, 
 
 SPRINKLE the plants with a strong infusion of elder 
 leaves ; and that of hops is likewise recommended. 
 Or, 
 
 Suspend a diamond formed piece of white paper, 
 shingie or other piece of wood by a thread, tied to the 
 end ©f a stick stuck in the ground a small distance 
 from the hill so that the paper will hang directK over 
 the hill, and near the plants. The air by constantly 
 vibrating the paper Or shingle will have a tendency to 
 prevent insects from alighting on the plants. Or, 
 
 In the morning when the dew is on sprinkle the 
 plants with fine dust of slacked lime. 
 
CUR 4i 
 
 To render Cucumbers wholesome. 
 
 SLICE cucumbers into a basin of cool spring" water, 
 and it will render them not only more crisp and fine 
 but much more wholesome, and prevent their ris : ng in 
 the stomach. The water will completely take away 
 the pernicious juice of the cucumber; which is the 
 principal cause of its disagreeing with the stomach. 
 
 curculio. 
 
 THE curculio is a genus of insects belonging to the 
 Beetle-order. In its maggot state it is bedded in ap- 
 ples and other fruits, producing what is vulgarly called 
 Ivoimy fruit Poultry and hogs are great devourers of 
 this insect both in the beetle and maggot state. Pas- 
 turing orchards with swine sufficient to eat all the 
 apples which fall i* a good antidote to the ravages of 
 these insects. Placing little bits of board, about the 
 size of a case knife dipped in tar or turpentine in the 
 tops of fruit trees is recommended, as all terebenthinate 
 substances are very offensive to all kinds of insects. 
 From three to five bits according to the size of the 
 tree are said to be sufficient. They should be placed 
 soon after the trees are in full bloom, and the applica- 
 tion of the tar frequently renewed while the fruit hangs 
 •a the tree. 
 
 CURRANTS. 
 
 Directions for the culture of the Currant-bush. 
 
 THE currant-bush, though a shrub that grows al- 
 most spontaneously, requires nevertheless some dress- 
 ing ; in regard to whichthe following directions may b« 
 of service. 
 
 E 
 
42 CUR 
 
 Plant them round the q^rters of your garden, that 
 they may have the ^benefit of the dung and culture 
 annually bestowed 'thereon, which will consequently 
 make the berries large and the juice rich. 
 
 The red currant is preferable to the white, as yield- 
 ing richer juice and in much greater quantity. 
 
 Take the most luxuriant slips or shoots of a year's 
 growth, set them in the ground about eight inches 
 deep, and not less than twenty four distant from each 
 other ; these never fail of taking root, and generally 
 begin to bear in about two years. For the rest, let 
 them from time to time be treated as espaliers (but not 
 against a wall) observing to keep the roots, especially 
 in the spring of the year, free from suckers and grass. 
 
 CURRANT WINE. 
 
 PICK the currants clear from the stalk, put them 
 into an earthen vessel, and pour on a gallon of currants 
 one quart of hot water. Mash them together and iet 
 them stand and ferment ; cover them for twelve hours, 
 and then strain them through linnen into a cask, add a 
 little yeast and when worked and settled bottle it off, 
 In one week's time it will be fit for use. 
 
 Another Receipt, 
 
 G\THER your currants when full ripe, which will 
 commonly be about the middle ol July ; break them 
 well in a tub or vat, (some have a mill constructed for 
 the purpose, consisting of a hopper, fixed upon two 
 lififnum vitae rollers) press and measure your juice, add 
 two thirds water, and to each erallon of that mixture 
 (i e. juice and water) put three pounds of museovado 
 sugar (the clean?.r and drier the better; very coarse 
 «ugar, first clarified, will do equally as well) stir it well 4 
 
D A I— D E A— D EN 43 
 
 (ill the sugar is quite dissolved, and then turn it up. 
 If you can possibly prevent it, let not your juice stand 
 overnight, as it should not ferment before mixture. 
 
 Observe, that your casks be sweet and clean, and 
 such as have had neither beer nor cider in them, and 
 if new let them be first well seasoned. 
 
 DAIRY SECRET. 
 
 FT WE ready two pans in boiling water; and on the 
 new milk's coming to the dairy, take the hot pans out 
 of the water, put the milk into one of them, and cover 
 it with the other. This will occasion great augmenta- 
 tion in the thicknes and quality of the cream. 
 
 DEAFNESS. 
 
 PUT a table spoonful of bay salt into nearly half a, 
 pint of cold water; and after it has eteeped twenty-two 
 hours (now and then shaking the phial) cause a small 
 tea-spoonful to be p< u ed into the ear most affected 
 every night on going to bed, for eight nights succes- 
 sively. 
 
 DENTIFRICE. 
 
 TAKE of myrrh, Peruvian bark, and calicined oys- 
 ter shells, all finely powdered, each an ounce, and of 
 powdered charcoal half an ounce ; if too black you 
 may reduce the quantity of the last article to a quarter 
 at an ounce. See Teeth in the following pages. 
 
44 DIE 
 
 die— ^BlacJc for linnen, 
 
 MIX in a large bottle, with a quart of soft water, 
 two and a half ounces of common aquafortis, and, 
 adding gradually the same quantity of litharge, slightly 
 cork the bottle, occasionally shake it, and keep 
 it in a warm situation ; after a few days the liquid 
 may be poured into a deep earthen, leaden, or pewter 
 vessel, in which the linnen to be dried, being first 
 well washed, though not bleached, should be immersed 
 for ten or twelve hours ; being then taken out and 
 three times washed and rinsed in cold water, it is to be 
 dipped in a weak solution of common glue, again rin- 
 sed and hung in a shade to dry. In a quart of rain or 
 other soft water, three quarters of an ounce of well 
 bruised galls are next to be boiled for eight or ten 
 minutes, when the like quantity of common salt must 
 be added ; as soon as the salt is dissolved, the linen 
 should be boWed seven or eight minutes in the liquor, 
 after which it must be taken out, washed, wrung 
 three times as before, audo'ried in the shade. At this 
 stage of the process the linnen will receive a dark 
 gray yellowish tinge, which disposes it for the better 
 reception of the colour. It is now to be immersed for 
 eight or ten hours, in a liquid composed of three 
 quarters of an ounce each of copperas, or vitriol of 
 iron, and common salt, dissolved in a quart of hot wa- 
 ter, after which it is to be again washed, iinsed, and 
 hung to dry in the shade. For striking the black 
 colour, three quarters of an ounce of logwood is to be 
 boiled for seven or eight minutes in somewhat more 
 than half a gallon of rain or river water, when a quar- 
 ter of an ounce of white starch, previously mixed with 
 a little cold water, to prevent its rising in lumps, must 
 be added ; this being perfectly dissolved, the linnen is 
 to be boiled in the liquor for seven or eight minutes, 
 when it must again be rinsed and dried as before. It 
 will then acquire a fine black tinge ; but if the die be 
 
DRO «5 
 
 not deep enough, it is again to be dipped and treated in 
 the same manner, as often as may be necessary to eflV-ct 
 this purpose. As, however, the linen will not in this 
 state admit of being washed in lie or soap water with- 
 out losing its colour, it is to be dipped in a cold solu- 
 tion, prepared by boiling- seven or eight minutes, an 
 ounce of well bruised galls in a quart of the glue water, 
 wherein an ounce of copperas must then be dissolved. 
 The linen having remained au hour in this liquor, 
 must be pressed and dried in the shade : when it will 
 have acquired a beautiful, deep, and durable black 
 colour capable of being washed with the same security 
 as any other died colour whatever. 
 
 DROPSY, 
 
 MIX a pound of the coarsest sugar, a pint of juice 
 of pelitory of the wall, bruised in a mortar, boil it as 
 long as any scum rises, when cool bottle and cork it 
 If very bad take three spoonfuls at night and one in 
 the morning. 
 
 Another. 
 
 M.\KE a tea of the roots of dwarf elder, and after 
 every discharge of urine drink a tea cup full. 
 
 Another, 
 
 COVER the whole belly with a large new sponge s 
 dipped in strong lime water, and squeezed out This 
 bound on often cures without any evacuation of water. 
 
 Another, 
 
 TAKE a six quart jug of old hard cyder, put therein 
 a pint of mustard seed, one double handtul of lignum 
 vitae shavings, one double handful of horseradish roots ; 
 e2 
 
46 DRO 
 
 let them simmer together over a slow fire forty-eight 
 hours, when it will be fit for use. Take a teacup full 
 three times a day. 
 
 browned persons — directions for recovering. 
 
 THE following directions have been published by 
 the Dublin Humane Society: — 
 
 "What thou doest, do quickly." 
 
 1. Convey the body carefully, with the head a littU 
 raised to the nearest convenient house. 
 
 2. Stiip and dry the body; clean the mouth and 
 nostrils. 
 
 3. An adult lay the body on a bed or blanket near 
 the fire or in a warm chamber; if in the summer, ex- 
 pose it to the sun. 
 
 4. A child ; place it between two persons in a warm 
 bed. 
 
 5. Rub the body gently with flannel, sprinkled with 
 spirits. 
 
 6. Restore breathing by introducing the pipe of a bel- 
 lows (where the apparatus cannot be immediately 
 procured) into one nostril, keeping the other and the 
 mouth closed, gently inflate the lungs, alternately com- 
 press the breast, and then let the mouth and nostrils 
 Jree. 
 
 7. Apply warm bricks to the soles of the feet, and 
 warm spirits to the palms of the hands, and the pit of 
 the stomach. 
 
D Y S 47 
 
 8. Persist in these means for three hours at leasty^w 
 until life be restored. 
 
 Cautions. — 1. Never to be held up by the heels. 
 
 2. Not to be rolled on casks, or other rough usages. 
 
 3. Not to allow into the room more than six persons, 
 
 4. Not to rub the body with salt. 
 
 General Observations. — On signs of returning life, 
 and if swallowing be returned, a small quantity (often 
 repeated) of warm wine and water, or diluted spirits, 
 should be given ; the patient put into a warm bed, and 
 if disposed put to sleep. 
 
 Electricity and bleeding are never to be employed^ 
 unless by the directions of a medical gentleman. 
 
 DYSENTERY. 
 
 Dr. BoyWs remedy for Dysentery. 
 
 TAKE new churned fresh butter, melt it over a 
 clear fire, and skim off the curdy part. Give two 
 spoonfulls of the clarified remainder two or three 
 times a day. It seldom fails to effect a speedy cure. 
 
 Another remedy. 
 
 TAKE two glasses of sweet oil— two glasses West 
 India molasses — two glasses West India rum — simmer 
 well together over a fire till it becomes the thickness 
 of honey, so that the oil may not separate from the 
 rest. While on the fire keep it well stirred, and when 
 taken off, continue the same till cool. Then the pa- 
 rent, if a grown person, should take a spoonful once jit 
 
46 E A R— E E L— E L B 
 
 an hour till he finds the disease abating — then once in 
 two hours, or as the judgment may suggest until cured, 
 
 Indian cure for the Dysentery or Bloody Flux. 
 
 TAKE the root of cat-tail, (a flag) boil it mode- 
 rately in sweet milk, and take as much as you pleaso, 
 as it hurts none and will soon cure that complaint. 
 
 EAR ACHE. 
 
 PUT a clove of garlick into the ear, or apply a 
 poultice of one over it. A blister behind the ear : the 
 juice of rue, or cotton wet with laudanum and put into 
 the ear. 
 
 eels, method of roasting. 
 
 HAVING skinned and washed some of the finest 
 la»ge eels, cut them in three, four, or five pieces, ac- 
 cording to their lengths. Make a seasoning of grated 
 nutmeg, pepper and salt, with a little thyme, sage and 
 lemon peel, all well beaten or shred, and mixed plen- 
 tifully with crumbs of bread. Strew this well on the 
 eels, stick them across on skewers, tie the skewers to 
 the spit, baste them continually, and let them roast till 
 they begin to crack and appear white at the bone. 
 When taken up send them to the table with melted 
 butter and lemon juice, which will make the best sauce 
 for them, as the seasoning gives them an exquisite rel- 
 ish. They may be fried or broiled thus seasoned, 
 with very good effect, 
 
 elder juice, kills skippers in meat cheese, <$•«. 
 
 TAKE the leaves of elder and bruise them in a moi- 
 tar. Rub the leaves tjius bruised over uie meat, 
 
E G G— E L I 49 
 
 (hams, smoked beef, &c ) and if there are any holes in 
 meat in which the skippers have found their way, 
 pour in a little of the juice, and they will roll out in a 
 short time. The application of elder juice does not 
 communicate any bad taste to the meat. 
 
 EGGS 
 
 MAY be preserved by anointing them with lard or 
 any greasy or oily substance for months, and some say 
 years. The oily substance closes the pores, hinders 
 the access of air, and thus prevents putrefaction. They 
 should be anointed soon after they are laid. 
 
 Superior mode of cooking Eggs. li A boiled egg is a 
 spoiled egg.^ Apicius. 
 
 BOIL a quantity of water, sufficient, for the eggs you 
 wish to use in a saucepan. Take it off when boiling, 
 and place it a little distance from the fire Put in the 
 eggs cover them over with the lid, and let them 
 continue in the water for two, three or four minutes, 
 according as you wish them to be done. Eggs thus 
 cooked are far more delicate than those boiled in the 
 usual manner, even one half minute's boiling on the 
 fire being sufficient to destroy that delicate flavour 
 found in coddled eggs. They may be thus cooked 
 even at the table, a kettle with boiling water being 
 brought in, and the water poured from it on the eggs 
 in a basin, which being closely covered immediately, 
 will nearly answer the same purpose. 
 
 elixir — Stoug/iton''s. 
 
 PARE off the thin yellow rinds of six large Seville 
 oranges, and put them into a quart bolTJe, with an 
 ounce of gentian root scraped and sliced, and half a 
 
50 EPI— EYE 
 
 dram of cochineal. Pour to these ingredients a pint of 
 the best brandy ; shake the bottle well, several limes, 
 during that and the following day r let it stand two 
 davs more to settle ; and clear it off into bottles for use.. 
 Take one or two spoonsful morning and evening, in a 
 glass of wine, or even in a cup of tea. As a pleasant 
 and safe family medicine this elixir of Dr. Stoughton i« 
 highly recommended. 
 
 EPILEPTIC ELECTUARY, FOR THE CURE OF THE FALLING 
 SICKNESS, HYSTERICS, &C 
 
 TAKE six drams of powdered Peruvian bark, two 
 drams of pulverized Virginia snake root, and a sufficient 
 quantity of sirup of piony to make it up into a soft elec- 
 tuary. This is said, by a celebrated physician, to have 
 been experimentally found a most prevalent and most 
 certain remedy One dram of this electuary, after 
 proper evacuations having been had, being given to 
 grown persons, and a less dose to those who are young- 
 er, every morning and evening for three or four months, 
 and then repeated for three or four days before the 
 change and full of the moon, absolutely eradicates epi- 
 leptic and hysteric diseases, and also those strange en* 
 ileptic saltations called bt. Vitus's dance. 
 
 EYE-STONE. 
 
 IT is said that a grain of flax seed possesses all the 
 valuable properties of the eye stone. 
 
 EYE-WATER. 
 
 Edinburgh Eye- Water. 
 
 PUT white vitriol the bigness of a nut into two 
 gills of white rose water j with as much fine loaf w 
 
F E A— F E L 61 
 
 gar as vitriol. When it is dissolved shake the bottle, 
 an<! on going to bed wash tfce eves with it usiag a soft 
 clean cloth. 
 
 For euring weak and weeping Fyes. 
 
 MAKE a strong decoction of camomile boiled in 
 sweet cow.** milk ; with this let the patient's eyes he 
 bathed several times a day as warm as can be suffered 
 without uneasiness Persons, almost Mind, have been 
 cured by persevering in the use of this prescription. 
 It is proper, however, to observe that frequently 5 or 
 6 weeks bathing of the eyes is necessary. 
 
 For inflamed Eyes. 
 
 TO two ounces of water add two grains of lapi* 
 caliminaris, and the same quantity of white vitriol. 
 
 FEATHERS, bones. &c. — how coloured 
 
 FEATHERS, Rones, &c. may be coloured blue, red, 
 green, yellow, Sec by the following process. After 
 boiling them in allum water, steep them in an infusion 
 of red wood to form a red — in a blue pot, or juice of 
 elder berries for blue — in lime water and verdigtm, or 
 nitrate of copper for green, andm a tincture of saffron 
 for yellow. 
 
 FELL0N. 
 
 An effectual cure for a Fellon. 
 
 BATHE the part affected in ashes and water ; take 
 the yolk of an egg, six drops of the spirits of turpentine, 
 a few beet leaves cut fine, a small quantity of hard soap, 
 due teaspoonful of snuff or fine tobacco ; then add one 
 
52 FEV 
 
 table spoonful of burnt salt and one of Indian meal, and 
 it never fails to effect a cure if applied in season. 
 
 Another Cure. 
 
 VERATRUM Album, White Helebore, or Poke 
 Hoot, has been recently discovered to be an effectual 
 remedy for this complaint The finger or part affect- 
 ed should be soaked in warm milk and water, and co- 
 vered with a thin membrane: a poultice made of 
 wheat bran, and a strong decoction of this root is then 
 applied, and repeated as often as it becomes dry or the 
 pain returns. It operates as a powerful sedative, al- 
 lays the pain, procures rest and sleep, and produces 
 shortly a healthy action. 
 
 fever — Yellow. 
 
 THE following has been published in the National 
 Advocate, a New-York paper, as a preservative against 
 this disorder. 
 
 Take one pint of milk, and set it to boil, then put ia 
 a table -spoonful of cream of tartar, and, when turndd 
 into whey, drain the same through a linen cloth ; after- 
 wards set it again to boil, and put in the white ot an 
 egg^ after its being beat into a paste, and when well 
 boiled, drain it anew, which will give a beautiful clari- 
 fied whey, which is to be taken sweetened with white 
 sugar to one's taste, in two doses, one in the morning, 
 and the other in the afternoon, an hour before meals, 
 either cold or blood warm to suit fancy. 
 
 fever — Typhus. 
 
 A BELFAST newspaper give* the following as a^ure 
 for typhus fever* 
 
F E V 63 
 
 Put one table spoonful of barm (or yeast) into a nog- 
 gin, (or gill) of warm porter ; stir it well, and while 
 warm give it to the patient, repeating it every six 
 hours while any symptom of fever remains ; then re- 
 duce it to ten or twelve hours, and as the patient re- 
 covers, increase the distance of time to once a day. If 
 porter cannot be had give beer • and if neither can be 
 harl, give warm water. If barm is not to be procured, 
 ni-ike a poker red hot, and put it into half a pint of 
 fresh porter or beer, and give the draught to the pa- 
 tient as warm as he can take it. This remedy has 
 been used by Lady O Brien, in seventy two cases on 
 her estates, seventy of whom recovered ; it has also 
 been administered most successfully in the Fever Hos- 
 pital at Parson's Town, where scarcely a death has ta- 
 ken place since it was introduced. 
 
 Another Remedy. 
 
 A DUBLTN" paper savs, Take two gallons of salt 
 water — if it is not convenient take fresh ; but if it is 
 salt water it will not require any alkali Fresh water 
 two gallons; Epsom salts four ounces, tar half a pound 
 — combine those articles, stii the ingredients when- 
 ever it is used, and a tumbler full taken as occasion re- 
 quires, will extirpate the malady. 
 
 Another Remedy. 
 
 TO half a pint of boiling water put about an ounce 
 of dry pearlash, dip a flannel in it, and wet the whole 
 surface of the body. In 19 minutes prepare a new 
 wash, and repeat the application. Keep wet 'flannels 
 on painful parts, keeping them wet, until the pain is 
 removed. Give half a pint of warm water, after it has 
 been boiled with a small quantity of pearlash, every 10 
 minutes till a free perspiration is produced, which in 
 general will be in ahout two hours; th n give half a 
 pint of warm water with or without pearl ash, once ia 
 F 
 
64 F I L— F I S 
 
 20 minute?, for 2 or 3 day*. Put half a teaspoonful of 
 pear! ash in each of the two first pints, and in the fol- 
 lowing 1 1-8 of a teaspoonful to each naif pint. Wash 
 the body as above once in eight hours. 
 
 fever — Billions. 
 
 TAKE a quarter of a pound of Rochelle salts (which 
 are the best for this fever) one or two handful? of snake 
 root, to be bruised and made into tea — a Jumble r foil 
 of this tea poured on to the salts to dissolve them If 
 the indisposition is slight, a wine glass full of the snake 
 root and salts is to be taken every half hour till it op- 
 erates—if the indisposition is violent a wine glass full 
 is to be taken every quarter of an hour, care must be 
 taken against the patient's vomiting When the snake 
 roots and salts have operated freely, and the fever is 
 broken or extinguished, a wine glass full of snake root 
 tea alone mu*t be taken every half hour, till the pa- 
 tient is out of danger, or at the discretion of some pro- 
 per person. 
 
 film — Cure for 
 
 TAKE the white of a new laid egar, into which stir 
 a large teaspoonful of alum powdered ver> fine and sif- 
 ted, until it becomes a curd. Pour this upon a fine 
 Holland or cambric cloth placed over a small boul, 
 or cup, so as to receive the liquor, and to leave it to 
 filtrate of itself. The liquor thus obtained, which is 
 very limpid and clear, and is seldom more than a tt a- 
 spoonful, is to be dropped into the eye in small quanti- 
 ties, five or six times in the course of a day, or as of- 
 ten as can be borne. 
 
 FI3H SAUCE. 
 
 TAKE three well beaten yolks of egg*- two ancho- 
 vies, a quarter rf a pound of butter, with as much floor 
 
F L E— F L I— F OU 55 
 
 as will lie on the point of a case knife, two spoonsful 
 of elder vinegar, a small bunch of sweet herbs, and a 
 little pepper, salt and nutmeg. Stir these all on the 
 fire (ill the liquor is thick, but it must not be suffered 
 to boil. If it be not sufficiently sharp, squeeze in in a 
 little lemon juice, and pour it over the fish. 
 
 FLEAS. 
 
 TO keep off fleas keep in or or about your bed, a 
 sprig of penny royal, or put on }Our bed clothes a few 
 drops of the essence. 
 
 FILES. 
 
 TWO drachms of the extract of Quassia, dissolved 
 in 1-2 pint of hot water, and sweetened with sugar, 
 and set in a place frequented by flies will destroy 
 them. 
 
 FOUNDER 15 G.VTTLE. 
 
 THERE are two species of founder in cattle, that 
 >s in horses, cows and sheep, though tbe same dis- 
 ease, pass under different names i e. the /iwf, w hen re- 
 sulting from too freely feeding- on green clover, and 
 when arising from eating too much grain potatoes, 
 bran or the like, ike. founder, commonly so called. 
 
 Ca'ile have he^n known to die from all these causes; 
 disease is the same, and requires the same pro- 
 cess of cure ; which if seasonably administered is effec- 
 tual and sure. 
 
 The founder shews itself by the swelling of the bo- 
 dy, by symptoms of violent pain, by gripings, voiding 
 
$$ FOU 
 
 blood, stiffness of the limbs, trembling, groans, debility, 
 and after a time by the shedding of the hoofs and hair 
 from the effect of a burning fever. The cause of this 
 violent derangement of the animal system is repletion 
 of nutriment in the stomach. The powers of diges- 
 tion are overdone ; and acidity arises on the stomach, 
 which corrodes the coats,causes inflammation and fe\er t 
 with violent pain. The food instead of being conver- 
 ted into nutriment and assimilated, is decomposed, and 
 the carbonic acid is generated, either in gas or in union 
 with the water. In the former case the gas or wind 
 is sometimes let out with a knife, and the life of the 
 beast saved, but it is a dangerous resort, and happily a 
 less violent and more efficacious remedy is at hand, by 
 the chemical agency of which the carbonic acid is ob- 
 viated, and a complete cure is effected by neutralising 
 the acid, and thus destroying its corrosive quality. By 
 the combination of an alkali with the carbonic acid, a 
 neutral salt, called fhe carbonate of the alkali is produ- 
 ced, which is perfectly innoxious, and passes off with- 
 out detriment 
 
 Take of potash a lump of the size of an egg or ap- 
 ple, for a cow, more for a horse and in proportion for 
 a sheep ; dissolve it in water, and from a bottle pour it 
 down the throat of the beast. If necessary repeat the 
 dose in smaller quantities. An immediate effect will 
 be seen in the abatement of the symptoms. In a beast 
 of size a pound of Glauber's sails to work the whole off 
 might not be amiss but the cure is principally to be at- 
 tributed to the alkali — When potash is not at hand a 
 lie made of ashes on the occasion will answer the pur- 
 pose. Pour water on the ashes, and take the liquor 
 in larger quantities in proportion as it is of less 
 strength. 
 
F O W— F II O 67 
 
 FOWLS. 
 
 CORN given to fowls should be crushed and soaked 
 in water ; this helps digestion, and hens will lay in win- 
 ter that are so fed that would not otherwise. 
 
 Feed your fowls in winter with bones, pounded fine; 
 and they will need less corn, and will lay as plentifully 
 as at any sea«ou of the year. The bones supply the 
 carbonate of lime, which is necessary for the produc- 
 tion of the shell, and a part of the yolk of the egg. — 
 Egg shells, oyster shells, chalk or unburnt lime answer 
 a similar purpose. 
 
 Bombay method of dressing a Fowl. 
 
 THE fowl being trussed, incisions are made in every 
 part, the same as when a fowl is about to be carved, 
 but without severing the joints. The breast is cut as 
 for taking out slices, and the legs scored across. The 
 whole fowl, inside and out, is then rubbed well with 
 pepper and salt, and a little Cayenne .pepper, so as to 
 be very highly seasoned. After this, it is enclosed in 
 a good thick paste, composed of flour, milk and butter; 
 one end of which is left open to till it with water; this 
 being done, it is closed up, put into a cloth, and boiled 3 
 or 4 hours ; when it becomes a rich and most relishing 
 dish. 
 
 FROST-BITTEN FEET. 
 
 TAKE the fat of a dung-hill fowl, and rub the place 
 or places affected with it, morning and evening over a 
 warm fire ; at the same time wrapping a piece of wool- 
 len cloth, well greased with the same fat, round the 
 frost-hitten parts In two or three days they will fee| 
 no pain, and in five or six days will he quite cured* 
 
 r 1 
 
58 GAR 
 
 Note — If the inner bark of the elder, or the leaves 
 of plantain, are first simmered in said fat it will be the 
 better. 
 
 Successful treatment of Frozen Limbs in Russia. — By 
 Mr. Eaton. 
 
 THIS remedy was warm goose grease, and was not 
 applied^ as Mr. Eaton says, in the cases to which he 
 was an eye witness, until the second day after frozen ; 
 the frost bitten parts had by that time become quite 
 black and mortiified ; they were well smeared with that 
 ointment, and the operation often repeated. The di- 
 rections were never to permit the parts to be dry, but 
 always covered with the grease. The consequence 
 was, that by degrees the circulation extended lower 
 down, the blackness decreased till the toes were mere- 
 ly discoloured, and at length circulation was restored 
 to them. This is the general practice of the P.ussian 
 peasants ; but, if a part is discovered to be frozen be- 
 fore the person comes into a warm room, the frost 
 may be extracted by only plunging the part in cold 
 water, or rubbing it with snow till the circulation re- 
 turns. 
 
 GARLICK SIRUP AND OXYMEL, FOR OLD AND ASTHMATIC 
 COUGHS. 
 
 FOR the sirup, macerate one pound of sliced garlic 
 in a close vessel, containing two pounds of boiling wa- 
 ter, for twelve hours, and add four pounds of double 
 refined sugar to the strained liquor. This sirup may 
 be taken to advantage, by a teaspoonful or two at a 
 time, whenever the cough is troublesome, and it is par- 
 ticularly calculated to be used on such occasions dur- 
 ing the night. Garlic is not only a powerful expecto- 
 rant, but a^ood diu etic, and even a sudorific, provided 
 the patient be kept tolerably warm. For these pur* 
 
G E E— G L A— G LU 53 
 
 poses, however, the oxymel of garlic is still better than 
 the sirup. It is thus easily prepared : Boil a quarter 
 of an ounce each of carraway and sweet fennel seeds 
 in a glazed earthern vessel, with about half a pint of 
 vinegar; when they have boiled a short time, add an 
 ounce and a half of garlic cut in slices, cover the whole 
 closely up, and let it stand till cold ; then express the 
 liquor, and mix it with half a pound of clarified honey, 
 placing it in a boiling water-bath to dissolve. This 
 medicine, it is said, if persisted in, will not only relieve, 
 but absolutely cure an obstinate asthmatic cough. 
 
 OBESE. 
 
 IT is said that geese may be advantageously fed on 
 turnips, cut in small pieces, similar to dice, but not so 
 large, and put into a trough of water. 
 
 GLASS. 
 
 Seasoning Glass. 
 
 PLACE the glass in a vessel of cold water, and heat 
 the water gradually till it boils. Glasses of every des- 
 cription, thus prepared, will afterwards bear boiling 
 water poured into them without injury. 
 
 GLUTEN. 
 
 GLUTEN may be obtained from wheat flour by the 
 following process: the flour is to be made into a paste 
 which is to be cautiously washed, by kneading it under 
 a small stream of "/ater, till the water has carried from 
 it all the starch ; what remains is gluten. Gluten is 
 found in a great number of plants; Proust discovered 
 it in acorns, ehesnuts, applea and quinces; bar- 
 
61) G O U— G K A 
 
 ley, rye, oats, peas and beans ; likewise in the leaves of 
 rice, cabbages, cresses, hemlock, borage, saffron, in the 
 berries of the elder, and in the grape, 
 
 GOUT. 
 
 APPLY a leek poultice to the part affected. The 
 steam of hot water is said likewise to cure the com? 
 plaint by removing obstructions. 
 
 Another. 
 
 TAKE nitre, rhubarb, sulphur, and guiaccum, of 
 each half an ounce, mix the whole in a pound of trea- 
 cle, and take a teaspoonful going to bed. 
 
 Gout in the Stomach. 
 
 THIS admirable remedy of the celebrated Br. Hart- 
 ley for that dangerous malady, the gout in the stomach, 
 which often proves so fatal, is thus simply prepared s 
 take cordial confection, and aromatic spices, each one 
 dram and a half, sirup of ginger, six drams, orange-peel 
 water, two ounces, and simple cinnamon water, six 
 ounces. 
 
 Make a mixture, of which take three table spoonsful 
 occasionally. 
 
 GRAVEL. 
 
 A Remedy for the Gravel, extracted from an English 
 periodical publication. 
 
 DISSOLVE three drachms of prepared Nitre in a 
 quart of cold water, and take half of this quantity in the 
 course of the day. Continue this simple medicine for 
 
(5RE Gl 
 
 a few days, and that painful complaint (the gravel) 
 will be removed. It may be taken at am time of the 
 day — but it is best after a meal This simple remedy 
 can do no injury ; and it is certainly worth trying by 
 those afflicted with the painful disease for which it is 
 recommended. 
 
 i Another, 
 
 BOIL 36 raw coffee berries for one hour in a quart 
 of soft spring or rain water — then bruise the berries, 
 and boil them again another hour in the same water ; 
 add thereto a quarter of a teaspoonful of the dulcified 
 spirit of nitre, and take daily a half pint cup of it any 
 hour that is most convenient. 
 
 Another. 
 
 Recipe for the Gravel. 
 
 TAKE a double handful of water-melon seeds, and 
 throw them into about a half a pint of gin : let them 
 stand for a week in a warm place, being frequently 
 shaken together. When so prepared take half a wine 
 glass full two or three times a day, or as often as yotf 
 require any thing to drink, at table or otherwise. 
 
 GREASE SPOTS. 
 % 
 
 To remove Grease Spots. 
 
 APPLY powder of white tobacco pipe clay, or 
 French chalk, (that is steatite or soap stone) put 
 blotting paper over it, and apply a hot iron at a little 
 distance — This will take out much of the grease hy 
 repetition. Good ether or hot oil of turpentine will 
 take out the remainder. Where you can venture to 
 wash the place, a good washing with hot soap and wa- 
 
62 G R I— G U N 
 
 ter will answer every purpose. You may thus efface 
 grease spots from paper, should any ligrht stain remain 
 at the edges, brush it with a camel's hair pencil, dipt 
 in very strong spirits of wine, or ether. 
 
 Spots of tallow, wax, grease, &c. it is said may be 
 removed from woollen cloth by laying to the surface 
 a piece of blotting paper, and pressing it with a flat 
 iron moderately heated. 
 
 gripes in Horses er Cattle. 
 
 ON perceiving the first symptoms of the gripes in 
 a horse, ox, cow, &c. fold a large sack, or coarse sheet 
 or cloth and let it remain some time in boiling water, 
 then, conveying the vessel to the stable, clap the hot 
 sack or cloth on the animal's loins, covering it over 
 with a warm blanket The animal must be kept in a 
 close place, free from any admission of cold air. The 
 pain is usually removed in less than eight minutes, and 
 the cure is certain where the animal stools soon after 
 the application. 
 
 gun barrels, to give a beautiful brown Colour to. 
 
 SCOUR all the spots of rust carefully from your gun 
 barrel and polish it bright; then take a piece of roll 
 brimstone and lay it on some burning coals, hold tUe 
 barrel over the smoke of the brimstone for some mi- 
 nutes, carefully turning it that it may have access to 
 all parts of it. After which put it into a cellar, or some 
 damp place, where let it remain about twelve hours ; 
 on taking it out it will be found to be covered with a 
 fine efflorescence, which wipe off carefully with a fine 
 woollen cloth. If any part of the barrel has not taken 
 the colour polish the spot anew and pursue the same 
 process as befoie j when you find the barrel complete- 
 
H JE M— H A M— H A N— H A R 63 
 
 ?y covered, rub it over with oil and polish it with a 
 bard brush, or a piece of soft pine wood. 
 
 HAEMORRHAGE. 
 
 TT is said that the most violent Maemorhages may be 
 stopped by the volatile flour of aikaii. 
 
 HAMS. 
 
 Receipt for curing Hams. 
 
 FOR twenty-four hams, take six pounds of fine salt, 
 three pounds of coarse brown sugar, or two pounds of 
 molasses, and one pound of salt-petre pounded tine ; 
 mix all thfisr- together, and rub every ham with the 
 mixture and pack them down in your cask let them re- 
 remain five or six days, then unpack them, and let 
 those which were on the top, be put at the bottom of 
 the cask, and sprinkle a little salt over them; so l^t 
 them remain for five or six days, and then make a 
 pickle that will bear an egg, and pour over rill it 
 covers them; so let the whole remain for one month, 
 and they will be tit to smoke. For twelve hams, use 
 half the above ingredients. 
 
 hands numbed or trembling, 
 
 W\SH the hands so affected, in a strong decoction 
 of wormvj^jod aud mustard seed, to be strained and used 
 when cold. 
 
 harrowing grain in the spring. 
 
 WE have not room now, for an essay, if the subject 
 required it, but we must recommend the Farmer to 
 
€4 H E A 
 
 pass the harrow over his fields of small grain. We are 
 confident that it must have a fine effect, in giving it an 
 early start, and enabling it to outgrow inost of its ene- 
 mies — The reasoning is plain and obvious — It acts 
 tike a fresh ploughing of maize, just before a good rain 
 • — the surface of the ground is softened about the stalk, 
 gives it room to expand, and numerous bugs and in- 
 sects, are routed, covered over and destroyed. 
 
 At all events it is easy to make the trial. 
 
 Let a few breadths be harrowed, the same way the 
 grain was plowed in — numerous plants will be torn up, 
 and the operation will, apparently, menace universal 
 destruction; but it will be found, that what remains 
 will spread and thrive much better and more than make 
 up for the little destroyed. 
 
 Perhaps, for this operation, the common old wooden 
 tooth harrow, with blunt teeth, would answer as well 
 if not better than any other— and it is well if it can be 
 made to answer any purpose well. At all events this 
 harrowing is strenuously recommended by some of the 
 best Pennsylvania farmers, therefore, we repeat, make 
 the trial on a small scale and you will know in another 
 year.—- Ameriean Farmer. 
 
 HEART BURN 
 
 MAY be cured or relieved by Alkaline medicines 
 such as pearlash dissolved in water : Soda, Magnesia, 
 Chalk, Castile Soap. Or eat two or three meats of 
 peach stones of any kind of peach, and it will effect at 
 cure immediately. Those which are dry are prefera- 
 ble. 
 
HES— HOR &6 
 
 HESSIAN FLY. 
 
 IMMERSE the seed wheat ten or fifteen seconds in 
 boiling hot water; cool it suddenly ; dry it with lime 
 or gypsum sprinkled upon it, and sow it immediately. 
 This process will assist the growth, in addition to its 
 killing the nits of the fly, which by a good glass are 
 said to be discernable near the sprouts of the grain that 
 are infected. 
 
 HORSES. 
 
 How to shoe Horses* 
 
 LET nothing be cut from the sol«, binder or frog, 
 except the loose rotten scale No opening of heels 
 on any occasion — it infallibly causes in time the dis- 
 ease called hoof bound — No shoes to be fitted on red 
 hot. l-hoes always to be made of the best hard and 
 well wrought iron, with not a convex, but a flat and 
 even surface next the ground, so that the horse may 
 stand in a natural and easy position. No caulks for 
 either heel or toe of fore or hind feet. The web of 
 the shoe not so wide as usual, nor so thick nor strong at 
 the heel, and never to project beyond it, in order that 
 the foot may stand perfectly level, and the frog be not 
 prevented from touching the ground. It is as absurd 
 to pare down the frog as is usuallv done, as it would be 
 to pare away the thick skin, which nature has plac- 
 ed over the human heel ! \\\ the horses in England 
 are now shod according to the above directions. 
 
 For different diseases in Horses. — Hide Bound. 
 
 TO cure this, it will be necessary to put your horse 
 on aprstty liberal diet ; also every day a mash of bran 
 
m HYD 
 
 or boiled rye should be given him ; and twice a week 
 give him half an ounce of brimstone in his bran. 
 
 Scratches. 
 
 CUT the hair off close, and wash the legs with 
 strong soap-suds or urine ; put on a turnip poultice a 
 few days, mixed with hog's fat and linseed oil ; it will 
 8O0U effect the cure. 
 
 Hoof Bound, 
 
 TAKE a phlegm lancet, and open the hoof at the 
 edge of the hair, to give it liberty of spreading. Then 
 grease it daily with woodchuck, skunk or dog's grease, 
 that it may grow* 
 
 Scouring. 
 
 GIVE your horse two quarts of the liquor, wherein 
 garden rhubarb, flax seed and mallows, have been 
 boiled ; or boil white-oak bark, and white-pine togeth- 
 er ; give him one quart of this morning and evening 
 till well. 
 
 HYDROPHOBIA. 
 
 TAKE the plant called Scull Cap, gathered either 
 before dog days begin or after they are over (that ia 
 before the 30th of July, and after the 10th of Septem- 
 ber,) and cure it in the shade. Cut it fine, and bottle 
 it up close. Of this powder make a decoction as strong 
 as common tea, and give it to an adult, half a pint night 
 and morning, fasting ; to a child of three years old one 
 gill ; to a child of eight years, one and an half gill ; to 
 a child of twelve years, two gills. The patient in 
 every third day during the period of taking the decoc- 
 
IND 67 
 
 tion, must miss taking it, and instead of it must take 
 two teaspoons full of roll brimstone with molasses in 
 sufficient quantity to procure a free passage. Contin- 
 ue this course for forty days. The patient must ab-* 
 stain from butter or milk, or any thing of a greasy na- 
 ture in his diet, and wholly from spirituous liquors. 
 It is important also that he should not wet his feet. 
 
 N. Y. Evening Post, 
 
 INDIAN CORN. 
 
 E. BRACKET of Salem county, N. J. raised upon 
 one acre of ground one hundred and ten bushels of In- 
 dian Corn. The method of cultivation, which he pur- 
 sused was as follows : 
 
 1st. Ploughing and ameliorating the soil as usual. 
 
 2d. By furrowing at the distance of seven feet each 
 way. 
 
 3d. By filling, (or nearly so) those furrows with ma- 
 nure. 
 
 4th. Covering up said manure by two furrows on 
 either side. 
 
 5th. Planting the seed corn in those two latter fur- 
 rows, at the distance of 10 inches per grain asunder. 
 
 6th. Ploughing, &c. said corn all one way. 
 
 N. B. The space between the rows for the tillage 
 of the same was five feet, from which the weeds, &c. 
 were kept cleansed. 
 
 By the foregoing method the ground is fitted for a 
 succeeding crop of winter grain ; the usual mode of 
 
£8 I N F—I N K 
 
 stirring" about the manure exposes a great proportion 
 thereof to the sun's beams by which means the life of 
 the substance becomes rarified, and it looses much of 
 its virtue. 
 
 Preparation of Indian Com for planting, 
 
 DISSOLVE one ounce of ?alt petre in two and an 
 Jialf pints of warm water ; soak the seed 12 hours. It 
 will come up earlier, be sooner ripe, and the birds will 
 not destroy it. It is thought, however, by some farm- 
 ers that when seed is planted early, or the ground is 
 wet, soaking the seed is injurious by weakening the 
 germinating principle. 
 
 influenza, coughs, or colds. Cure for. 
 
 A PINT of boiling water j one ounce of rock can- 
 dy; half an ounce of Gum Arabic; when cold add one 
 ounce of Paragoric ; half an ounce of Antimonial Wine. 
 Take half a wineglass of this mixture, on going to bed 
 and whenever the cough is troublesome half that quan- 
 tity. For children a table spoonful on going to bed, 
 and when the cough is troublesome a tea spoonful, 
 
 INK. 
 
 Indelible Ink. Take nitrate of silver 2 drachms, 
 rain water 2 ounces, Tincture of galls 30 drops — the 
 linen should be first wet with a solution of Pearl ash 
 in water and suffered to dry previous to writing on it. 
 
 Another kind. 
 
 THE purple precipitate of Cassius is recommended 
 in the Italian journals as an indelible ink, much superi- 
 or to that of silver. That part of the linnen on which 
 is to be the writing is to be moistened with a solution 
 
INK— INS 69 
 
 of recently made muriate of tin, and when dry to be writ- 
 ten on with solution of gold, and then washed with 
 water. The writing, which will become black is not 
 at all affected by washing, and with great difficulty by 
 other agents, and not before the cloth is destroyed. 
 
 A good writing ink. 
 
 TAKE four ounces of Nutgalls well pulverized, two 
 ounces of Copperas and two ounces of Gum Arabic 
 and one quart rain water ; mix and shake them well 
 and often. 
 
 INK POWDER. 
 
 TAKE six ounces of gall nuts and as much Gum Ar- 
 abic and Copperas. Let them be well pulverized and 
 kept from the air. Put them into three pints of rain 
 water, and one pint of vinegar Shake the ingredients 
 well and keep them warm, and in about seven days 
 your ink will be fit for use. 
 
 insects that infest Apple Trees. 
 
 TAKE a quantity of unslacked lime, mix it with as 
 soft water as you can procure, to the consistency of a 
 very thick whitewash ; ?pply this mixture, with a soft 
 paintbrush to the apple-trees, as ^oon as it is judged 
 that the sap begins to rise, and wash the stem and large 
 boughs with it, taking care to have it done in dry wea- 
 ther, that it may adhere and withstand rain. In the 
 course of the ensuing summer this will be found to 
 have removed the moss and insects, and given to the 
 bark a fre^h <*reen appearance, and the tree wiij also 
 be perceived to shoot much new and strong wood ; at 
 least, it did so in Nova Scotia. "The trial is simple, 
 and can neither be attended with much expense, trou- 
 g2 
 
70 JRO— JAU 
 
 ble or danger." It is obvious that this whitewashing 
 of trees, for it is nothing more, though particularly re- 
 commended for appietrees, might be usefnl to trees of 
 other kinds. 
 
 iron stoves. Cracks in, how mended. 
 
 WHEN a crack is discovered in a stove, through 
 which the fire or smoke penetrates, the aperture may- 
 be completely closed in a moment with a composition 
 consisting of wood ashes and common salt, made up 
 into a paste with a little water, and plastered over the 
 crack. The good effect is equally certain, whether 
 the stove, &c. be cold or hot. 
 
 itch, cure for. See Ointment. 
 
 jaundice. Cure for. 
 
 T4KE half a pint of cinders from the back of a 
 chimney, and pulverize them; add to this an equal 
 quantity of the bark of a young white pine tree — put 
 them together in two quarts of water, and boil them 
 down to one quart, then strain it and let it settle. 
 Take a wine glass full of it three mornings in succes- 
 sion, then omit three mornings, then take it three 
 mornings, and so continue till you have taken nine 
 glasses, which generally effects a cure. 
 
 Another. 
 
 TAKE the white of an e?g, and two glasses of 
 spring water, beat well together, and drink it every 
 morning till the cure is effected. 
 
J AU 71 
 
 Another* 
 
 TAKE a large handful of the bark of black alder, 
 cut small ; boil in a quart of hard cider and drink free- 
 ly when cold. The bark of the common wild black 
 cherry tree, pulverised, and infused in cider, or spir- 
 its, is said to be efficacious in removing this disorder. 
 
 Another. 
 
 BLOOD root powdered and given in doses of 15 or 
 20 grains. 
 
 Another. 
 
 [From the New- York Medical Repository.] 
 
 TAKE salt of tartar one ounce, of castile soap, gum 
 arabic each half an ounce, of spirits or brandy one pint. 
 The ingredients should be frequently stirred with a 
 stick, and shook well together, and after standing four 
 or five days the medicine will be fit for use. The dose 
 is two thirds of a wine glass, mixed with one third of 
 a wine glass of water, every morning for three days in 
 succession, when it may be left off for two or three mor- 
 nings, and taken again in the same way, if necessary, 
 until the disease begins to disappear. Where the case 
 is bad, it should be taken every morning until relief is 
 procured. 
 
 Saponaceous draught for the Yellow Jaundice.. 
 
 TAKE from two to four scruples of Castile or Ven- 
 ice soap, according to the age and state of the patient, 
 and the disease, boil it in six ounces of milk till reduc- 
 ed to four j then add three drams of sugar, and strain 
 it for a draught. This quantity is to be taken every 
 morning and afternoon for four or five days, and is es- 
 teemed a most prevailing medicine against the jaun- 
 
72 LAM— LEA 
 
 dice. The celebrated French physician Barbette, re- 
 lates his having cured with a similar saponaceous 
 draught, a young woman of the most dreadful epilep- 
 tic fits, with which she had been afflicted nearly a year. 
 After once purging her, he gave her twice a day half 
 a dram of Venice soap, boiled in six ounces of milk till 
 reduced to three, for each dose; which, in about thir- 
 ty days completely cured her. 
 
 LAMBS. 
 
 WHEN lambs are not owned by their dams feed 
 them as follows: Boil 1-4 of a pound of tormentil 1 in a 
 gallon of water a quarter of an hour, and "train it: add 
 1-4 with the cows miik. which reduces the milk to a 
 proper thinness, and remedies the purging quality of 
 the milk. 
 
 lambs — Shearing of. 
 
 THE largest lambs should be sheared at the time of 
 the new moon, in July. Their fleeces will yield as 
 much the next year, and the wool will be better, and 
 as cold storms rarely happen at that time of the year, 
 lambs will do better without their fleeces than with 
 them. 
 
 LEATHER. 
 
 How to make Leather Water Proof. 
 
 TAKE one pint of linseed oil, six ounces of bees 
 wax, eight ounces mutton suet; melt the whole togeth- 
 er slowly, rub the composition well upon boots and 
 shoes sole leather as well as upper leather Care 
 must be taken not to use the composition^ too warm. 
 
Another. 
 
 TAKE one pint of drying oil, two ounces of bees 
 wax, two ounces of spirits of turpentine, one ounce of 
 Burgundy pitch, melt and mix them carefully over a 
 slow fire. Those to whom the smell of turpentine 
 may be disagreeable may add a few drams of some cheap 
 essential oil, as of lavender, thyme and the like. With 
 this composition new boots and shoes are rubbed ei- 
 ther in the sun or at some distance from the fire, with 
 a sponge or soft brush. The operation to be repeated 
 as often as they become dry, until they become fully- 
 saturated. The shoes and boots, thus prepaied, ought 
 not to be worn until they have become perfectly dry 
 and elastic, as in the contrary case the leather will be 
 too soft, and wear out sooner than the common kind, 
 without this preparation. 
 
 German Method <sf Blackening Leather. 
 
 TAKE two pounds of the bark of elder, and the aame 
 quantity of the filings of iron rust ; steep them in two 
 gallons of river water and put them in a cask or earth- 
 en vessel closely stopped. After it has stood two 
 months, put to the liquid, when well pressed out, one 
 pound of powdered nut galls, and' a quarter of a pound 
 ofcoppe-as; then, after stirring it over a good fire, 
 press out the liquid, with which the leather must be 
 three or four times brushed over, when it becomes of 
 an excellent and most durable black. 
 
 lice on Apple Trees. 
 
 THE lice which infest Apple and other trees issue 
 from their abodes, and appear on the body of the tree 
 as hard vegetable barnacles, and ascend to the limbs 
 early in June, when they may be easily destroyed by a 
 swab with hot water. This will destroy them more 
 
74 L I P— L O C— L U N 
 
 effectually than scraping the trees. They are almost 
 invisible to the naked eye ; but discoverable by myri- 
 ads by a magnifying glass. 
 
 Lice on Cattle. 
 
 COLLECT a quantity of dry dirt and put it in a box 
 or tub in the barn; and occasionally sift or strew some 
 of the dirt over the body of each creature. It is said 
 upon good authority, that if cattle are ever so much 
 infested with lice, this process, a few times repeated, 
 will remove them. 
 
 LIP SALVE. 
 
 TAKE a quarter of a pound of hard marrow from 
 the bone, melt it over a slow fire, as it gradually dis- 
 solves pour the liquid into an earthern pipkin ; then 
 add to it an ounce of spermaceti, twenty raisins of the 
 sun stoned, and a small portion of alkanet root, suffi- 
 cient to give it a bright vermillion colour. Simmer 
 these over a slow fire tor ten minutes ; then strain the 
 whole through muslin, and while hot stir into it a tea- 
 spoonful of the balsam of Peru. Pour it out into 
 small boxes, and as soon as it stiffens it will be fit for 
 use. 
 
 flLOCK-JAW. 
 
 BRANDY and Opium mixed have been successfully 
 administered in the Lock Jaw. 
 
 lungs, weakness of. 
 
 WEAKNESS of the lungs may be remedied by a free 
 use of Kaskarilla, and tincture of myrrh. A decoctioa 
 
-M A N 75 
 
 of Ka«karilla may be made by steeping half a pound of 
 it in two or three quarts of water. A wine glass full 
 of it may be taken two or three times a day; About 
 two tea spoonsful of the tincture of myrrh may be ta- 
 k on daily in a teacup of water, or the decoction of the 
 Kaskarilla. 
 
 mangoes, how made. 
 
 CUT a square piece out of the sides of the melons 
 or cucumbers and take out the seeds with a teaspoon. 
 Put the fruit into very strong salt and water for a 
 week, stirring them well two or three times a day* 
 Then place them in a pan, on a quantity of vine (or 
 cabbage) leaves, and cover them over with as many 
 more ; beat fine a little roche alum, put it into the salt 
 and water out of which the melons have been taken, 
 pour it over them, and set them on a slow fire for four 
 or five hours, or till they get of a good green. Take 
 them out, and drain them in a hair sieve ; and when 
 cold, fill into them horse-radish, mustard seed, garlic 
 and pepper corns. If the fruit be cucumbers, put 
 a few slices of cucumbers in the centre of this mix- 
 ed stuffing. Sew on with a thread the pieces taken 
 out, and to every gallon of vinegar for covering and 
 preserving them add an ounce each of mace and cloves ; 
 two ounces each of alspice, sliced ginger root, and 
 long an 1 black pepper; two ounces of garlic ; a large 
 stick of horseradish ; and three ounces of mustard seed 
 tied up in a bag. Boil this well together for a few 
 minutes only and pouring it on the pickles, close up 
 the jar air-tight. The confinement of the mustard 
 seed is a very good naetiiod to adopt on other occa- 
 siojis. 
 
76 1HAN 
 
 MANURE. 
 
 IT has been well remarked that "manure is the 
 great sinew of agriculture, as money is of war, and the 
 making the best of every advantage or opportunity for 
 increasing the quantity of it, is one of the most prominent 
 traits in the character of a good fanner " The follow- 
 ing extracts from that very valuable work by Sir Hum- 
 phrey Davy, entitled "Elements of Agricultural Che- 
 mistry" highly deserve the attention of every farmer* 
 
 As different manures contain different proportions of 
 the elements necessary for vegetation, so they require 
 a different treatment to enable them to produce their 
 full effects in agriculture. 
 
 All green succulent plants contain saccharine or mu- 
 cilaginous matter, with woody fibre, and readily fer- 
 ment. They cannot therefore, if intended for manure, 
 be used too soon after their death. 
 
 When green crops are to be employed for enriching 
 a soil, they should be ploughed in, if possible, when 
 in flower, or at the time the flower is beginning to 
 appear : for it is at this period that they contain the 
 largest quantity of easily soluble matter, and that their 
 leaves are most active in forming nutritive matter. 
 Green crops, pond weeds, the paring of hedges or 
 ditches, or any kind of fresh vegetable matter, re* 
 quire no preparation to fit them for manure. The de- 
 composition slowly proceeds beneath the soil ; the 
 soluble matters are gradually dissolved, and the slight 
 fermentation that goes on checked by the want ofa free 
 communication of air, tends to render the woody fibre 
 soluble without occasioning the rapid dissipation of 
 elastic matters. 
 
-MAN 77 
 
 When old pastures are broken up and made arable, 
 not only has the soil been enriched by the death and 
 slow decay of the plants which have left soluble mat- 
 ters in the soil , but the leaves and roots of the gras- 
 ses living at the time and occupying so large a part of 
 the surface, afford saccharine, mucilaginous, and 
 extractive matters, which become immediately the 
 food of the crop, and the gradual decomposition af- 
 fords a supply for successive years. 
 
 Dry Straw of wheat, oats, barley, beans, and peas, 
 and spoiled hay, or any similar kind of dry vegetable 
 matter, is in all cases, useful manure. In general such 
 substances are made to ferment before they are em- 
 ployed, though it may be doubted whether the prac- 
 tice should indiscriminately be adopted. 
 
 When straw is made to ferment it becomes a more 
 manageable manure ; but there is likewise^ on the 
 whole, a great loss of nutritive matter. More man- 
 ure is supplied for a single crop; but the land is less 
 improved than it would be, supposing the whole of the 
 vegetable matter could be finely divided and mixed 
 with the soil. 
 
 It is usual to carry straw that can be employed for 
 no other purpose, to the dunghill, to ferment and de- 
 compose ; but it is worth experiment, whether it may 
 not be more economically applied when chopped small 
 by a proper machine and kept dry till it is ploughed in 
 for the use of a crop. In this case, though it would 
 decompose much more slowly and produce less effect 
 at first, yet its influence would be much more lasting. 
 
 " Wood-ashes imperfectly formed, that is wood ashes 
 containing much charcoal, are said to have been used 
 with success as a manure. A part of their effects may 
 be owing to the slow and gradual consumption of the 
 charcoal, which seems capable under other circum- 
 H 
 
T8 MAN 
 
 stances than those of actual combustion, of absorbing 
 oxygene so as to become carbonic acid. 
 
 Manures from animal substances in general require 
 no chemical preparations to fit them for the soil. The 
 great object of the farmer is to blend them with earthy 
 constituents in a proper state of division and to pre- 
 vent their too rapid decomposition. 
 
 The entire parts of the muscles of land animals are 
 not commonly used as a manure though there are ma- 
 ny cases in which such an application might be easily 
 made. Horses, dogs, sheep, deer and other quadru- 
 peds that have died accidentally, or of disease, after 
 their skins are separated* are often suffered to remain 
 exposed to the air or immersed in water, till they are 
 destroyed by birds or beasts of prey, or entirely de- 
 composed ; and in this case most of their original mat- 
 ter is lost on the land on which they lie, and a consid- 
 erable portion of it employed in giving off noxious 
 gasses to the atmosphere. 
 
 By covering dead animals with five or six times their 
 bulk of soil, mixed with one part of lime, and suffering 
 them to remain for a few months, their decomposition 
 would impregnate the soil with soluble matters so as to 
 Tender it an excellent manure ; and by mixing a little 
 fresh quick lime with it at the time of its removal, the 
 disagreeable effluvia would be in a great measure ^de- 
 stroyed ; and it might be applied in the same way as 
 any other manure to crops. 
 
 Fish forms powerful manure in whatever state it is 
 applied : but it cannot be ploughed in too fresh, though 
 the quantity be limited. Mr. Young records an expe- 
 riment in which herrings spread over a field and 
 ploughed in for wheat, produced so rank a crop, that it 
 was entirely laid before harvest. 
 
MAP 79 
 
 It is easy to explain the operations as a manure. 
 The skin is principally gelatine ; which from its slight 
 state of cohesion is readily soluble in water, fat or oil; 
 is always found in fishes, either under the skin, or ia 
 some of the viscera; and their fibrous matter contains 
 ill the essential elements of vegetable substances. 
 
 maple stjgar — how made. 
 
 SCALD your buckets for catching sap before tap- 
 ping the trees. 
 
 The sap should be kept clean from dirt through the 
 process of boiling. 
 
 Avoid leaving your sap long in an iron kettle, as the 
 rust will give it a dark colour. 
 
 When nearly boiled down to sirup (or thin molasses) 
 a little lime thrown into the kettle will be of use. 
 
 At this stage of boiling as well as in sugaring off, 
 care should be taken tO avoid heating the top of the 
 kettle too hot, or any other way burning, as it 
 will injure the colour, as well as the flavour of the 
 sugar. 
 
 When the syrup is boiled do- >va turn it while hot, in- 
 to a clean wooden vessel, let it stand two or three days 
 and settle : then turn it carefully from the dirt at the 
 bottom and strain it. * 
 
 Hang it over a gentle fire, and when it is warm, stir 
 in one pint of milk to four or five gallons syrup, which 
 will rise as it begins to boil, ?nd roust be taken off with 
 a skimmer, 
 
80 M E A . 
 
 If you wish to make your sugar very nice, cool it 
 until one half or two thirds will grain, turn 'it hot into 
 a tight cask ; let it stand undisturbed in a cellar, or 
 
 other cool place until it is grained at the bottom 
 
 Turn off the molasses and turn the cask bottom up- 
 wards over some vessel to catch what will dram out : 
 let it stand as long as any will drop, then set your cask 
 upright, and what moisture remains will settle to 
 the bottom, leaving the top dry and of a superiour 
 quality. 
 
 If you wish to make dry sugar without draining, 
 there are various modes of ascertaining when it is 
 boiled sufficiently ; perhaps as sure a method is to drop 
 8ome on snow and let it cool, if it is brittle as rosin it 
 is done. 
 
 mead or metheglin, how made. 
 
 FOR every gallon of wine or metheglin to be made, 
 take one pound and a half of honey, half an ounce of 
 tartar or Bologna argol, and three fourths of a pound 
 of fruit. If for white wine, white argol should be used 
 with white currants, and if for red wine, red argol, 
 with red currants or raspberries. Prepare the honey, 
 by mixing it with as much water as will, when added 
 to the juice of the fruit, allowing for diminution by boil- 
 ing, &c. make the proposed quantity of wine. This 
 being well boiled and clarified, infuse it in a moderate 
 quantity of rosemary leaves, lavender, andsweetbriar; 
 and when they have remained two days, strain it to the 
 expressed juice of the fruit, put in the dissolved argol, 
 stir the whole well together, and leave it to ferment. 
 In two or three days put it in a seasoned barrel, keep 
 filling it up as the liquor flows over, and on its ceasing 
 to work sink in it a bag of Seville orange and lemon 
 p< ei, with cinnamon, cloves and nutmegs, and closely 
 bung up the cask. If kept for six months or more, in. 
 
ME A 81 
 
 the cask, Jfhd at least nine in the bottles, it will be tru- 
 ly excellent. In a similar way may be made all fruit 
 wines, by thus substituting honey for sugar, 
 
 MEASLES IN SWINE. 
 
 ABOUT once a week, mix two spoonsful of madder 
 in their food, which prevents obstructions, acting as a 
 diuretic, and at the same time an astringent. And, on 
 some other day in the week, give a spoonful or two of 
 an equal quantity of flour of sulphur, and saltpetre, well 
 pounded and mixed. 
 
 MEAT 
 
 M4Ybe preserved fresh many months, by keeping 
 it immersed in molasses. A joint of meat, or any pro- 
 vision, suspended in a flannel bag will keep sweet much 
 longer than by mo^tofthe modes commonly practised. 
 The cooler and dryer the meat is, when the flannel is 
 put round it the better, and the flannel should be per- 
 fectly clean. 
 
 Another way to preserve Meat. 
 
 , PUT fresh meat in a close vessel, containing vinegar, 
 which will preserve it a considerable time. Tainted 
 meat may be rendered good, by pickling it in pearl ash 
 water, for some time. Before it is cooked, however, 
 it should be dipped in vinegar, a short time, aad theo 
 salted in brine. 
 
 To cure Putrid Meat. 
 
 PUT the meat intended for making soup into a sauce- 
 pan full of water ; skim it when it boils ; then throw 
 into the sauce pan a burning coal, very compact and 
 
 h2 
 
.S3 M E A 
 
 destitute of smoke ; leave it there for two minutes, and 
 it will have contracted all the smell of the meat and 
 the soup. If you wish to roast a piece of meat on the 
 spit, you must put it into the water till it boils, and af- 
 ter having skimmed it, throw a burning coal into the 
 water, boiled as before — at the end of two minutes, 
 take out the meat, and having wiped it well in order to 
 dry it, put it on the spit. 
 
 Another. 
 
 WHEN meat has become tainted, after having been 
 pickled, or salted down, the following process, it is saiu 
 will cure it : Take a sufficient quantity of charcoal, 
 and after taking out the meat, and throwing away the 
 offensive pickle repack it in the barrel, lay pieces of 
 charcoal between the pieces of meat, and making a 
 new pickle, and adding a little salt petre. In about 
 five or six days the meat will become as sweet as it was 
 when first packed. 
 
 On keeping meat, 
 
 THERE are two points to be considered with re- 
 spect to meat. The longer it is kept without salt, the 
 tenderer it becomes. If it receive salt in this state it 
 will become correspondingly tender, and the smaller 
 the quantity of salt,used in its preservation, the looser, 
 sweeter and more palatable will be the meat. 
 
 Beef. Let it lie in a cool place, without freezing, 
 about a week ; use eight ounces pulverized salt petre, 
 and six quarts of fine salt to a barrel — put water to 
 these in a convenient vessel; roll the pieces of beef 
 separately in this; pack them in the cask lightly; and 
 in two or three days fill it up with water* You need 
 not be alarmed if it become a little slippery in the 
 spring, provided it is not tainted. The plate pieces of 
 
M E A 83 
 
 a fat beef are about as good as tongue, and keep as well 
 as pork. 
 
 Ham. Fof the same reason, hams impiove by lay- 
 ing a week or eight days, if the season admitsof it 
 without freezing For an average for one ham use 
 one ounce of salt petre; or if large two ounces; pul- 
 verise it, and with fine salt and water, wet the hams 
 and lay them into a barrel. Prepare immediately a 
 weak pickle, to the taste as salt as the ham is wanted, 
 and after two days cover the ham with it. In two 
 weeks broil a slice, if necessary, add a little fine salt; 
 which is better than freshening it, if too salt. In three 
 or four weeks smoke it. Six or eight pieces may be 
 smoaked in a week in a common oven- Lay them on 
 sticks of wood ; place some walnut or maple chips 
 within the lid ; raise this a little and put some coals to 
 them. The smoke thus produced is much better than 
 the smoke of a common chimney. 
 
 Russian method of salting meat. 
 
 BOIL over a gentle fire six pounds of common salt, 
 two pounds of powdered loaf sugar, three ounces of 
 saltpetre, and three gallons of spring water. Carefully 
 scum it, while boiling; and when quite cold, pour it 
 over the meat, every part of which must be covered 
 with the brine. In this pickle, it is said, the meat will 
 pot only keep for many months, but the hardest and 
 toughest beef will thus be rendered as mellow and 
 tender as the flesh of a young fowl ; while either beef, 
 pork, or even mutton, will have a fino flavonr imparted 
 by it. In warm weather, however. th*> blood mu«t be 
 expressed from the meat, and the whole wpII rubbed 
 over with fine salt, before it is immersed in the liquor. 
 Young pork should not be left longer than three or 
 four days in this pickle, as it will then hp quite suffi- 
 ciently softened ; but hams, intended for drying, ruay 
 remain a fortnight before they are hung up ; when 
 
84 ME A— MOL 
 
 they should be rubbed with pollard, and closely cover' 
 with paper bags to prevent their being flyblown. 
 
 MEAT CAKES. 
 
 AFTER separating the fat and sinews from the flesh 
 of a leg of mutton, beat it well, in a marble mortar, 
 with pepper, salt, and onion or garlic juice, or sweet 
 herbs, according to your taste. Make the meat, thus 
 prepared, into flat rakes, and keep them closely 
 pressed between two dishes for twelve hours, then fry 
 them with butter, in which they are to be served up. 
 
 MOLES. 
 
 THE Hon. Jacob Rush of Philadelphia, from some 
 experiments made is of opinion, that dried cod fish, cut 
 into small pieces and put into the earth, will drive 
 away moles from gardens. Take a small round stick 
 of about an inch in diameter, sharpened at the point, 
 and perforate the ground in the roads of the moles ; 
 drop in a small piece of fish, and cover the hole with a 
 lump of dirt and your garden will be rid of these mis- 
 chievous animals. 
 
 moths, how to preserve Furs and Woollens from, 
 
 SPRINKLE the furs or woollen stuffs, as well as the 
 drawers or boxes in which they are k*pt, with spirits 
 of turpentine ; the unpleasant scent of which v\iJI 
 speedily evaporate, on exposure of the stuffs to the air. 
 Some persons place sheets of paper, moistened with 
 spirits of turpentine, over, un^er, or between pieces of 
 cloth, Sec. and find it a very effectual method. 
 
MUR— MUS 8S 
 
 MURRAIN. 
 
 CLEANLY stables, dry sweet 3traw for litter, often 
 changed, sweet clear water, the rack staves and trough 
 annointed with tar sulphur and assafoetHa mixed ; a 
 free use of salt slightly mixed with sulphur. Should 
 one of the cattle be infected, remove him from the 
 rest. Fumigate the stable with vinegar poured on 
 hot stones, and rub the noses of the sound with the 
 above mixture, and in case of death bury the animal 
 deep with the hide on. 
 
 murrain, remedy for. 
 
 MIX a pint and a half of wine which has stood sev- 
 eral days exposed to the air, with two ounces of hens' 
 dung ; give it to the beast every evening for four times, 
 or more if needful. 
 
 This is a plain simple remedy, but it possesses great 
 powers. These ingredients abound in a volatile salt, 
 which will have great effects in this disorder as is abun- 
 dantly proved by experiment. 
 
 muslw or linnem, a composition for washing. 
 
 TAKE of water, or water saturated with lime, about 
 twelve parts, in which, assisted by heat when necessa- 
 ry, infuse from two to six parts of what is usually called 
 sub-carbonate of potash, or sub-carbonate of soda, or 
 both, according to the purposes for which the said 
 composition is intended. To this alkaline liquor when 
 hot, in the copper or otherwise, add from four to sev- 
 en or more parts of common soap, sliced or macerated, 
 or in any form b st calculated to incorporate it with the 
 mass, and afford a compound of the consistence of 
 
86 MUS 
 
 cream or butter, or even of tallow or of ordinary soap. 
 When the whole composition is sufficiently incorpora- 
 ted, if in a hot state, stir it in the copper till it becomes 
 cool, or transfer it to another vessel and do the same. 
 The composition will be stronger or weaker in propor- 
 tion to the purity of the sub-carbonate of potash, or of 
 soda made use of, or of both, when both are employed 
 together ; it will be therefore necessary to be particu- 
 larly attentive to this circumstance. It will be also bet- 
 ter to strain off the sediment of the lime water and al- 
 kali, or alkalies when mixed. 
 
 MUSQUETOES. 
 
 TO prevent the bite of musquetoes, rub the oil of 
 pennyroyal, a little weakened on the hands and face. 
 
 mustard, how mixed. 
 
 BOIL a sufficient quantity of horse radish in the best 
 white wine vinegar, add to it half as much mountain 
 or good raisin wine, and a little double refined sugar ; 
 then make it up to a proper consistency with the best 
 unadulterated Durham flour of mustard, stop it up 
 close, and it will keep for years. Mustard thus made 
 ba* an inconceivably fine spirit and flavour. Common 
 keeping mustard may be made by only substituting wa- 
 ter for the vinegar, with or without garlic, and a little 
 salt. The flour of mustard should be gradually mix- 
 ed with the boiling water or vinegar, to a proper thick- 
 ness, and rubbed perfectly smooth. 
 
 Another wayfo^ immediate use* 
 
 MIX the mustard with new milk by degrees, to be 
 quite smooth, and add a little raw cream. It is much 
 softer this way if not better, and will keep well. — A 
 
NAI— NET 87 
 
 tea spoonfull of sugar to half a pint of mustard is a 
 great improvement, and foftens it. 
 
 NAIL. 
 
 How to extract poison from a rusty Nail. ' 
 
 TAKE a bean, after splitting it apply one half (flat 
 side) to the wound, bind it on, let it remain till it comes 
 off itself, and the poison will be extracted and the 
 wound healed. 
 
 nettle, medical virtues of. 
 
 THE common stinging nettle, apparently a9 useless 
 and troublesome a plant as any that has been stigmatiz- 
 ed with the name of weed, is one of the most effica- 
 cious medicines we have in the vegetable kingdom : in 
 the form of a strong decoction or infusion taken in the 
 quantity of a pound a day, it is a most valuable strength- 
 ener of general or partial relaxation In that of a 
 weak decoction or infusion, it proves an admirable 
 alterative, and deotetruent in impurities of the blood, 
 and in obstructions of the vessels. And in that of ex- 
 pressed juices, taken by spoonfuls as the exigency of 
 the case requires — it is the most powerful styptic in 
 internal bleedings known. Externally applied as a 
 fermentation or poultice, it amazingly discusses inflam- 
 mation, resolves swellings. In the common sore 
 throat, thus applied and, internally as a gargle depen- 
 dence may safely be put on this common plant. 
 
 English Magazine, 
 
OIL 
 
 oil essential, how obtained from Flowers. 
 
 TAKE a clean earthera pipkin or deep dish, in 
 which place a layer of cotton previously steeped in 
 some inodorous oil, as pure Florence oil, or the oil of 
 the benny seed when freshraud tasteless. On this place 
 a layer of the fresh gathered leaves of the rose, tube- 
 rose, sweet pink, jasmine or other odoriferous flower 
 or plant ; over this layer place another of cotton which 
 has been steeped in oil as before directed, and thus 
 continue till you have filled the vessel with alternate 
 layers of leaves and cotton,, or you have the desired 
 quantity, when cover it up closely, and let it stand tor 
 four or five days, when the oil will be found to have 
 fully imbibed the odour of the leaves ; then take them 
 out, express the oil carefully from the cotton, and bot- 
 tle it up for use. 
 
 oil or tallow, how extracted from papers, £c. 
 
 HAVING got ready some common blotting paper, 
 gently warm the spotted part of the book or paper 
 damaged by the grease, and, as it melts, take up as 
 much as possible, by repeated applications of fresh bits 
 of the blotting paper. When no more can be thus im- 
 bibed, dip a small brush in the essential oil of well rec- 
 tified spirits of turpentine, heated almost to a boiling 
 state, and wet, with it both sides of the paper, which 
 should also be at the same time a little warm. This 
 operation must be repeated till all the grease is extrac- 
 ted ; when another brush, dipped in highly rectified 
 spirits of wine, being passed over the same part, the 
 spot or spots will entirely disappear, and the paper re- 
 assume its original whiteness, without the least de- 
 triment to the paper or the printing or writing' 
 thereop. 
 
OIL— OIN s§ 
 
 oil OF balsam of gilead, how obtained. 
 
 THIS excel!- nt family oil, which should be kept in 
 every house, is made in the following simple manner. 
 Put loosely into a bottle of any size, as many balm of 
 gilead flowers as will reach to about one third part of 
 its height, then nearly fill up the bottle with good 
 sweet oil, and after shaking it a little occasionally, and 
 letting it infuse a day or two, it is fit for use. It must 
 be very closely stopped, and will then not only keep 
 for years, but be the better for keeping. When it is 
 about half used, the bottle may again be filled up with 
 oil, and well shaken ; and, in two or three days, it will 
 be as good as at first. The most alarming cuts and 
 bruises of the skin which are so frequently rendered 
 worse by spirituous balsams, salves, &c. are completely 
 cured in a few days, and sometimes in a few hours, by 
 this incomparable oil. 
 
 OINTMENT FOR THE ITCH. 
 
 SULPHUR two ounces, crude sal ammoniac two 
 drachms, hogs' lard or butter four ounces, essence of 
 lemon half an ounce. 
 
 Another. 
 
 FRESH butter one pound, red precipitate of mer- 
 cury one ounce, burgundy pitch two ounces, spirits of 
 turpentine two ounces. 
 
 OINTMENT FOR EXCORIATIONS. 
 
 MUTTON tallow half a pound, lard half a pound* 
 bees wax one ounce, red lead one ounce. 
 
90 OPO— PAN 
 
 opodeldoc, how made. 
 
 TAKE one quart spirits of wine, half b pound white 
 soap, two ounces gum camphor, 1-4 of an ounce oil 
 Origanum ; cut the soap fine, and put altogether into a 
 tin canister, or some safe vessel, and dissolve the whole 
 on a moderate fire, stirring it often with a pine stick. 
 When nearly cool, and before it coagulates, put it into 
 proper vials. This is an excellent application for 
 v ruises, sprains, &c. in man or beast. 
 
 pancakes, of Rice, how made. 
 
 PUT three spoonsfull of the flour of rice, with * 
 grated nutmeg, into a pint of milk and a pint of cream, 
 and let them boil till they become as thick as pap ; 
 stirring in, while boiling, half a pound of butter^ 
 Then pour it into an earthen pan, and when cold put 
 in three or four spoonsfull more of rice flour, a little 
 salt some sugar, and nine eggs well beaten. Mix all 
 together and fry them, with a very little butter, in a 
 small pan, These are a very delicate pancake. 
 
 pancakes, of a pink colour, how made. 
 
 PANCAKES of a beautiful pink colour are easily 
 made by the following simple process. Boil, till ten- 
 der, a large blood beet-root, bruise it in a, marble mor- 
 tar, put to it the yolks of four eggs, two spoonsfull of 
 ilour, three of cream, half a grated nutmeg, sugar to 
 palate, and a glass of brandy. Mix them well together, 
 fry them carefully, and serve theSl up with a garnish 
 $f green sweetmeats, 
 
P A P— P LA 91 
 
 paper, how made water proof. 
 
 IMMERSE any kind of paper in a strong solution of 
 alum water — thoroughly dry it, immerse and dry it 
 again. 
 
 paper hanging, easy method of cleaning, 
 
 CUT into eight half quarters a quartern loaf of two 
 days old, it must be neither newer nor staler. After 
 having with a pair of bellows blowed all the dust from 
 the paper, begin with one of these pieces at the top of 
 the room, holding the crust in the hand, and wiping 
 lightly downward with the crumb, about a yard at each 
 stroke till the upper part is completely cleaned all 
 round. Then go around again with the like sweeping 
 stroke downward, always commencing each successive 
 course a little higher than the upper stroke had ex- 
 tended, till the bottom be finished. This operation, 
 if carefully performed, will frequent!}' make very old 
 paper look almost equal to new. Great caution must 
 be used not by any means to rub the paper hard, nor 
 to attempt cleaning it cross way or horizontally. The 
 dirty part of the bread too, must be each time cut 
 away, and the pieces renewed as soon as at all neces- 
 sary. 
 
 PLASTER OF PARI9. 
 
 ONE hundred weight of plaster of Paris is a small 
 quantity for an acre. It should be sown in a moderate 
 rain, and when the air is calm. There is no doubt of 
 its being useful in almost any soil, but on that of a light 
 and loamy kind its good effects are more readily seen. 
 The plaster should be ground as fine as flour. Indeed 
 it is impossible to make it too fi»e. 
 
•» 
 
 92 , PEA 
 
 It is recommended in order to ascertain the quality 
 of plaster to place a quantity pulverised in a kettle, 
 over a fire, and when it is heated it emits a sulphurous 
 smell. If the ebullition be consideiable it is good. If 
 sm.aU, indifferent. If it remain an inert mass it is worth- 
 less. 
 
 PEASE SPLIT. 
 
 PEASE may be split or hulled by being run through 
 a common grist mill with but a small stream of water 
 to turn the mill stones so that they may move slow. 
 The upper stone should be hoisted as high as possible 
 without letting the peas* thro' whole. The advantages 
 of splitting pease are that they will cook better, are pre- 
 served from bugs and other insects and they will fetch 
 tjtfuble price in market. The refuse peas and dust will 
 answer for hogs. They may be cleaned by a fan 
 or winnowing mill. 
 
 peas. Russian method of preserving green for winter, 
 
 PUT into a kettle of boiling hot water any quantity 
 of fresji shelled green peas ; and after just letting 
 them boil up, pour them into a colander. When the 
 liquor has drained off, pour them into a large thick 
 cloth, cover them with another, make them quite dry, 
 and set them once or twice in a cool oven, to harden a 
 little ; after which, put them into paper bags, and hang 
 them up in the kitchen for use To prepare them, 
 when wanted, they are to be first soaked well for an 
 hour or more, and then put into warm water and boil- 
 ed with a few sprigs of mint otherwise a little butter. 
 
PIC #3 
 
 pickle, Pococke's. 
 
 TAKE four gallons of good water, one pound and a 
 quarter of Muscovado sugar, two ounces of salt petre, 
 and ten pounds of salt. Put the whole into a clean pot, 
 and let it boil, taking off the scum carefully as it rises ; 
 when no more rises take it off the fire and let it stand 
 till cold. Then having put the meat you wish to keep, 
 into the vessel you wish to keep it in, pour the liquor 
 over the meat till quite covered, in which condition it 
 must be kept. Beef preserved in this manner has been, 
 as sweet after lying in the pickle ten weeks as if only 
 three days salted and as tender as a chicken. 
 
 If you intend to preserve your meat a considerable 
 time, you must once in two months boil the pickle 
 again, simmering it as before, putting in tw© ounces of 
 sugar, and two pounds of salt. This same pickle will 
 be good twelve months. 
 
 This pickle is incomparable to cure hams, tongues, 
 or beef which you intend to dry, after drying,them to 
 put them in paper bags, and then hang them in a dry 
 place. 
 
 Unless in cold weather rub the meat with fine white 
 salt, and let it lie in all the night before you put it into 
 the pickle. 
 
 pickle, Hambro. 
 
 TAKE six pounds of salt, eight ounces brown sugar, 
 six ounces salt petre : dissolve by boiling in four 
 gallons of water. When perfectly cold apply it to 
 an^ kind of fresh meat, which should be completely 
 covered with the pickle. 
 i2 
 
 * 
 
M PIC— PI L— PI M 
 
 sickling, receipt for. 
 
 AFTER cleansing your cask, put first a layer of 
 white oak leaves, and then a layer of cucumbers, or 
 whatever your pickles consist of and so on to fill 
 your cask ; intersperse between each layer dill seed, 
 mustard seed, horse-raddish, &c and to every twenty 
 cucumbers one bell of pepper. Form a composition 
 of clear salt and water, not hardly sufficiently strong 
 to bear an egg, to every gallon add one quart of good 
 vinegar, scald and skim this pickle, and after cool to a 
 degree of blood warmth, add it to your cask, and cover 
 it tight. 
 
 If rightly performed, this method will preserve 
 pickles the year round, and forms a very agreeable 
 
 sauce. 
 
 piles, cure f on 
 
 TAKE a lump of strong British alum about two 
 
 inches in length, which smooth down with a knife to 
 
 the thickness of three quarters of an inch — apply this 
 
 morning and evening, first wetting it with water. In 
 
 \ve to seven days the cure will be complete. 
 
 jpimpled face, cure for. 
 
 TAKE an ounce each of liver of sulphur, roche 
 alum and common salt, and two drams each of sugar 
 candy and spermaceti; pound and sift these articles, 
 then put the whole into a quart bottle, and add half a 
 pint of brandy, three ounces of white lily water, and the 
 same quantity of pure spring water ; shake it well 
 together, and keep it for use. With this liquid the 
 face must ]be freely and frequently bathed ; being" 
 
PLA— PLU— POI 95 
 
 always attentive first to shake the bottle ; and, on going 
 to bed lay all over the face a linen cloth which has 
 been dipped in it. In ten or twelve days, at farthest, 
 it is said, that it will effect a complete core. One 
 thing is certain, that nothing in this composition can 
 prove injurious. 
 
 plate silver, to give a lustre to. 
 
 DISSOLVE a quantity of alum in water, so as to make 
 a pretty strong brine, which you must skim very 
 carefully ; add some soap to it, and when you wish to 
 use it, dip a piece of linen rag in it and rub over your 
 pieces of plate. This process will add much to its 
 lusture. 
 
 plums, peaches, &c. how kept fresh through the year. 
 
 BEAT well up together equal quantities of honey 
 and spring water ; pour it into an earthen vessel, put 
 in the fruits all freshly gathered and cover them quite 
 close. , When any of the fruit is taken out, wash it in 
 cold water, and it is fit for immediate use. 
 
 POISONS. 
 
 THE following useful directions in cases of poison 
 are given by Dr. John Stone of Birmingham, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 1st. When the preparations of arsenic, mercury, or 
 any metal, or when any unknown sustance or matter 
 has been swallowed, and there have sppedilv ensu< d 
 heat of the mouth and throat, violent pain of the sto- 
 mach, itching and vomiting — immediately drink a plon- 
 ty of warm water, with common soap scraped or die- 
 
06 POI 
 
 solved in it. Two or three quarts of warm water, with 
 from three or four ounces of soap to half a pound will 
 not be any too much. 
 
 2d. When any of the preparations of opium, hen 
 bane, night shade, hemlock, tobacco, fox glove, or 
 stramonium, or any poisonous fungus mistaken for 
 mushrooms or spirituous liquors in excess, or any other 
 -unknown matters have been swallowed, exciting sick? 
 ness without pain of the stomach, or producing giddi- 
 ness, drowsiness or sleep — give instantly one table 
 spoonful of flour of mustard in water, and repeat it in 
 copious draughts of warm water, constantly until vom- 
 iting takes place If the person becomes ?o insensible 
 as not to be easily roused give the mustard in vinegar 
 instead of water, and rub and shake the body actively 
 and incessantly. 
 
 3d. When spirits of salt, or aqua fortis have been 
 swallowed or spilt on the skin immediately drink or 
 wash the part with large quantities of water, and as 
 soon as they can be procured, add soap, or potash or 
 chalk to the water. 
 
 Another practitioner observes that when mineral 
 poisons, technically called oxides, whether of copper 
 or arsenic are taken internally, one table spoonful of 
 powdered charcoal is a complete antidote, mixed with 
 either honey butter or treacle, taken immediately :— 
 Within two hours administer either an emetic or cathar- 
 tic : in this way the effect of the poison is prevented. 
 
 For the poison of insects take vinegar and sweet oil 
 of each one part, strong spirit three parts, mixed i ap- 
 ply it very frequently. 
 
P O L— P O M— P O T 97 
 
 poll evil, in Horses. 
 
 AT first this disorder requires no other method of 
 cure than what is common to other boils, and inflamed 
 tumours. But sometimes it degenerates to a sinuous 
 ulcer, through ill management or neglect. 
 
 There is a small sinus under the poll bone, where 
 the matter is apt to lodge, unless care be taken to keep 
 the part firm with a bandage : But instead of that the 
 farriers generally use to thrust in a long teat, which 
 raises the flesh and opens a way into the sinus. And 
 thus an ulcer is created where there needs he none- 
 All therefore that is further necessary on this head is, 
 to caution the piactitioner against such ill methods. 
 And if the tumour has a very large cavity, it is better 
 to lay it open, than to thrust foreign substances into it 
 And if it acquires an ulcerous disposition it must be 
 treated as such. (*ibson' > s Farriery. 
 
 POMATUM. 
 
 TAKE the marrow of any animals' bones, and hay- 
 ing strained it, perfume it with sweet scented oil, Rus- 
 sian or Antique, and it is fit for use ; and it is said to 
 have the power of quickening the growth of the hair, 
 perhaps by communicating a softness to the skin j and 
 opening the pores about the roots of the hair. 
 
 POTATOES. 
 
 IT is said that late potatoes, or such as are not ripe 
 make the best seed, and that planting such restores a 
 degenerated variet} r . 
 
98 POT 
 
 How to obtain new varieties of Potatoes. 
 
 TAKE the apples of potatoes, or potatoe balls, in the 
 beginning of October, before the frost has hurt them. 
 Hang them up by the foot stalks in a dry closet, where 
 they will not freeze. Let them hang till March or 
 April. Then mash the apples, wash the seeds from 
 the pulp, and dry them in a sunny window. Sow the 
 seeds in a bed about the first of May. When the plants 
 are four or five inches high, transplant them into 
 ground well prepared, one or two plants in a hill. — 
 They will produce full grown apples and some of the 
 roots will be as large as hens' eggs. English farmers 
 hold it to be absolutely necessary to renew their po- 
 tatoes from the top seed once in fourteen or fifteen 
 years. 
 
 To raise Early Potatoes. 
 
 TAKE potatoes whole, and cover them with horse 
 litter of a moderate warmth ; let them remain till they 
 put forth shoots of four or five inches in length, which 
 they will do in two or three weeks. Then take them 
 carefully from the litter, and plant them with the 
 shoots standing upright, so deep in the earth that the 
 su.oots may be ju?<t seen peeping out of the ground. — 
 They should be thus set in a dry soil, with more horse 
 dung By such means, it is said that potatoes may be 
 obtained at least four weeks earlier than by the com- 
 mon method. 
 
 A good method of Planting Potatoes. 
 
 PLOUGH a deep furrow, place a quantity of cut 
 straw, old hay, decayed leaves, or the. mould of rotten 
 leaves, or other vegetable substances, and lay the 
 seed potatoes on it, and cover as asykl. The potatoes 
 will be of the best quality, which are thus produced. 
 Large potatoes, which are planted whole, will produce 
 
POT 39 
 
 better than if they were cut before planting. Pick off 
 the blows and balls. 
 
 Harvesting Potatoes. 
 
 POTATOES may be spoiled by bad management in 
 harvesting". They should be dug in cool overcast wea- 
 ther, and picked immediately after the hoe free from 
 sun and air, and kept moist with much dirt about them. 
 If dug in fine weather, and they remain exposed to the 
 sun, they will sweat in the summer, and be soft waxy, 
 and strong. By lying to dry in the sun they generate 
 poison, operate as physic, and sometimes prove fatal. 
 
 Feeding stock with Potatoes. 
 
 IT is best to steam, boil, or bake potatoes for feed- 
 ing stock. Sir John Sinclair asserts that "there is 
 something injurious in the juices of the potatoe, in a 
 raw state, which cooking eradicates or greatly dispels. ^ 
 
 It is said that an excellent fodder for horned cattle 
 may be collected from potatoe tops. It is practiced in 
 many places in the southern states to reap about two 
 thirds the length of the potatoe tops and dry them on 
 mowing land in the usual way of haymaking. Several 
 tons may be collected from an acre, and no damage 
 to the potatoes, if taken as soon as they are ripe, and 
 before the leaf begins to fall. 
 
 3P0TATOE PUDDING. 
 
 No 1. ONE pound boiled potatoes, half a pound* of 
 sugar, four ounces of butter, one pint of flour, one 
 quart of milk and five eggs. 
 
 No. 2. ONE pound boiled potatoes, mashed, four 
 ounoes of butter, one quart of milk, the juice of om 
 
100 POT— POU— PRU 
 
 lemon, and the peal grated, half a pound of sugar, half 
 a nutmeg, seven eggs, two spoonsfull of rose water. 
 Bake one and an half hour. 
 
 POTATOE STARCH. 
 
 WASH and pare potatoes, grate them upon large tin 
 graters, and fill tubs about half full with the pulp : 
 Then fill them up with water : Stir it well once a day 
 three or four days, and take off all the scum. About 
 the fifth day take out the pulp, and put it into shallow- 
 earthen pans, such as are used for milk, as much as will 
 cover the bottom an inch thick, and put water upon it. 
 Every morning pour off the water, break up the starch 
 and add fresh water. When it has thus become very 
 white, leave it in the pans till it is quite dry, then put 
 it into paper bags, and put it into a dry place to keep. 
 # 
 
 POULTRY. 
 
 THE reason why hens do not lay in winter is the 
 want of lime to form the shell. Let them have access 
 to wheat which contains lime, or to lime itself, and 
 they will lay as well in the winter as any other time. 
 Pounded bones will answer the same purpose with 
 lime. 
 
 Corn given to fowls should be crushed or soaked in 
 water. This helps digestion, and hens will lay in the 
 winter that are thus fed that would not otherwise. 
 
 PRUNING FRUIT TREES. 
 
 THE best time for pruning fruit trees is when the 
 tree possesses the greatest quantity of sap, which is 
 about the middle of J uae. If a limb of any considers 
 
PUD iOi 
 
 ble size is cut several inches from the body in March, 
 the stump will become dry and crack open nearly to 
 the body, and before the new growth can heal over the 
 wound, the stump will rot, and this defection will soon 
 penetrate to the heart of the tree, and cause it to 
 perish. 
 
 pudding, good and cheap. 
 
 TAKE a quart of milk, four eggs, and two large 
 spoonsfull of flour, with a little salt and grated ginger; 
 beat them up into a good smooth batter, and put it into 
 a buttered baking dish. When it comes out of the 
 oven, pour over it some melted biftter and serveit up. 
 
 Baked Beef or Mutton Potatoe Picdding. 
 
 THIS economical article is thus made : Boil a suffi- 
 cient quantity of well pared mealv potatoes, till they 
 are so thoroughly done as to be ready to crumble in 
 pieces ; drain them well in a colander or sieve ; pick 
 out every speck, or hardness, and mash them as fine 
 as possible; make them up into a thickish batter, with 
 an egg or two, and some milk, and placing of steaks or 
 chops, well seasoned with salt and pepper, at the bot- 
 tom of a baking dish, cover them with a layer of the 
 batter ; and so alternately, till the dish is filled ; taking 
 care to have the batter at the top. The dish should 
 first be well buttered, to prevent sticking or burning, 
 and in that case, the bottom as well as top, may con- 
 sist of potatoe butter. This pudding, when properly 
 baked will be of a fine brown colour. 
 
 pudding, Orange. 
 
 GRATE the rind of two Seville oranges, and beat 
 it in a marble mortar, with half a pound of good fresh 
 butter, the same quantity of loaf sugar, and the yoikc 
 
102 PUM— RAD— RAT 
 
 of sixteen eggs, till the whole mass become of a like 
 colour. Then pour it into a baking dish lined with 
 puff or paste. 
 
 PUMPKIN SEEDS 
 
 AFFORD an oil with the greatest facility and abun- 
 dance. One gallon of seeds it is said will yield about 
 half a gallon of oiL They may be pressed like rape 
 seed or flax seed The oil is clear, limpid, pale, 
 scentless, and when used for sallad instead of sweet oil 
 has merely a faint insipid taste : it burns well and with- 
 out smoke. 
 
 RADISHES. 
 
 TO have a constant succession of radishes for the 
 table, the seeds should be sown once a fortnight trom 
 April to August. As they are uncertain in their 
 growth, the best method is to put the seeds between 
 rows of other plants ; and they are so easily pulled 
 that they need not incommode the plants among, which 
 they grow. 
 
 RATS. 
 
 TAKE one quart of oat meal, four drops of oil rho- 
 dium, one grain of musk, two nuts of nux vomica pow- 
 dered ; mix the whole together, and place it where 
 the rats frequent ; continue to do so while they eat it, 
 and it will soon destroy them. 
 
 Another method of destroying Rats, 
 
 TAKE equal quantities of unslacked lime* and pow- 
 dered oat meal j mix them by stirring, without adding 
 
RAT— REN 103 
 
 any liquid, and place a small quantity in any place in- 
 fested by rats. They will eagerly swallow the pre- 
 paration, become thirsty, and the water taken will 
 swell the lime and destroy them. 
 
 rattle snake, cure for the bite of 
 
 TAKE of the roots of plantane or hoarhound, (in 
 summer, roots and branches together) bruise them in 
 a mortar, and squeeze out t 1 e juice, of which give as 
 soon as possible one large spoonful ; if the patient is 
 Swelled you must force it down his throat, this will 
 generally cure ; but if he finds relief in an hour you 
 may give another spoonful, which it is said will never 
 fail. If the roots are dried they must be moistened 
 with a little water. To the wound^sjay be applied a 
 leaf of good tobacco, moistened with a little rum. 
 
 RENNET Of RUNNET. 
 
 WHEN* the rennet is to be preserved for use the 
 calf should be killed soon after he has sucked j for 
 then the curd is entire and undigested. 
 
 Dairy women usually preserve the maw and the 
 curd contained in it, alter salting them ; and then by 
 steeping this bag and curd, make a rennet to turn 
 their milk for making cheese. But a method which 
 seems to be more simple and equally good in every re- 
 spect, is, to throw away the curd, and after steeping it 
 in very strong pickle, stretch out the maw upon a 
 slender bow inserted into it, which will soon be very 
 dry, and keep well for a long time. Take an inch or 
 two of the maw, thus dried, and steep it over night in 
 a few spoonfulls of warm water; which water serves 
 full as well as if the curd had been preserved, for 
 
1 34 REN 
 
 turning the milk. It is said that one inch will serve 
 for the milk of five cows. 
 
 In the Bath papers, Mr. Hazard gives the following 
 receipt for making rennet : "when the raw skin is well 
 prepared and fit for the purpose, three pints of soft 
 water, clean and sweet, should be mixed with salt, 
 wherein should be put sweet brier, rose leaves and 
 flowers, cinnamon, mace, cloves, and almost every 
 sort of spice ; and if these are put into two quarts of 
 water, they must boil gently, till the liquor is reduced 
 to three pints, and care should be taken that this li- 
 quor is not smoked. It should be strained clear from 
 the spices, &c. and when found to be not warmer than 
 milk from the cow, it should be poured upon the caul 
 or maw ; a lemon may be sliced into it, when it may 
 remain a day or two - r after which it should be 
 strained again, and put into a bottle, where if well 
 .corked it will keep good for twelve months. It 
 will smell like a perfume ; and a small quantity of it 
 will turn the milk, and give the cheese a pleasing fla- 
 vour. He adds, "If the maw be salted and dried for a 
 week or two near the fire, it will do for the purpose 
 again a'most as well as before." Another receipt is as 
 follows; after the maw has been well cleaned and 
 salted, and dried upon sticks or splints, take boiled 
 water two quarts, made into a brine that will bear an 
 egg. Let it be blood warm, put in the maw either 
 cut or whole ; let it steep twenty four hours, and it 
 will be fit for use. About a tea cup full will turn the 
 milk of ten cows. It should t>e kept in glass bottles, 
 well corked. 
 
 Whatever kind of rennet the dairy woman chooses 
 to prepare she should keep it in mind, that this animal 
 acid is extremely apt to turn rancid and putrify, and 
 take care to apply a sufficient quantity of salt to 
 preserve it in its best state. It should be as much salted 
 
RHE 105 
 
 as possible, and the strongest kind of salt should be 
 used. 
 
 RHEUMATISM. 
 
 LIGHT infusions of ginger alone taken twice or 
 thrice a day, have been found very efficacious by the 
 French surgeons in Rheumatic affections. The pains 
 are rendered at first excruciating ; follows copious per- 
 speration, and in two or three days the symptoms 
 gradually disappear and the patient is cured, or at least 
 released for a period. 
 
 Another remedy for Rheumatism. 
 
 TAKE half a pint of spirits of turpentine, half a pint 
 of linseed oil, half a pint of strong vinegar, half a pint 
 of fine salt, mix these ingredients well together, and 
 rub the part affected with a piece of red flannel, 
 warmed and steeped in them, as hard and as long as 
 the patient can bear it, or till you find considerable ir- 
 ritation produced on the surface of the skin. This 
 operation may be repeated three days successively, 
 provided a cure is not sooner effected. 
 
 Another. 
 
 ONE ounce of camphorated soap ; one drachm of 
 tincture of cantharides one drachm of liquid ammonia 
 caustic; three drachms of oil of Thyme. Put a little in 
 the palm of your hand, and rub the part affected well 
 three or four times a day. 
 
 Another. 
 
 £ 
 TAKE one ounce of gum camphor ; one quart o 
 spirits ; add as much of the bark of the root of sassa- 
 »2 
 
J06 RIC— RIN 
 
 fras, as the spirits will cover; steep ten or twelve 
 hours ; take half a wine glass full at bed time, early in 
 the morning-, and at eleven o'clock. At the same time 
 rub the part affected, with this compound ; the dos« 
 may be increased if necessary ; the effect is a violent 
 perspiration. Kxposure to take cold must be avoided. 
 
 RICE JELLY. 
 
 THIS is one of the best and most nourishing prepa- 
 rations of rice, particularly for valetudinarians or con- 
 valescents It is thus made : Boil a quarter of a pound 
 of rice flour, with half a pound of loaf sugar, in a quart 
 of water, till the whole becomes one uniform gelatin- 
 ous mass ; then strain off the jelly and let it stand to 
 cool. A little of this salubrious food eaten at a time, 
 will be found very beneficial to those of a weakly aDd 
 infirm constitution. 
 
 ring worm — Cure for. 
 
 FINE starch reduced to powder, and kept constant- 
 ly applied on and around the parts affected with the 
 ring worm, will soon cure that teasing and infectious 
 cuticular distemper. On the head ring worms some- 
 times come to running sores, which must once or twice 
 a day be washed with soap and water, and dressed 
 •with basilicon ointment keeping the rest of the head 
 dry, and constantly covered with powdered starch. 
 The body must be kept gently open with sulphur and 
 create of tartar. 
 
 Another remedy. 
 
 COVER the part with common writing ink. 
 
ROC— ROL . 10? 
 
 rocks, blasting of. 
 
 LIEUT. Wainhager, a German, has discovered that 
 saw dust, particularly of soft wood, mixed with gun 
 powder, in equal parts, has thrice the strength of 
 powder alone, when used in blowing rocks. 
 
 ROLLERS. 
 
 THE roller is the most useful implement for break- 
 ing hard clods expeditiously, and smoothing the sur- 
 face of land when in tillage, ever yet invented. It is 
 likewise of use to gra-.s lands laid down for hay; and 
 heavy rollers would prevent those ant hit is, by which 
 so many pastures are deformed, hollers are made of 
 various substances; as wood, freestone, granite or cast 
 iron; but on the whole the two latter are to be pre- 
 ferred. It is of importance, that the weight of the rol- 
 ler should be in proportion to the surface on which it 
 is to be employed. The best plan , is that of having 
 two rollers, each about two feet and an half in length, 
 and both pjaced in one frame, so as to roll clear of 
 one another. This is the most suitable both for corn 
 crops and sown grass, as it neither tears up the tender 
 soil, nor injures the young plants. Besides the labour 
 in turning is much less severe on the frame and On the 
 cattle Every farm ought to be provided with rollers 
 of different diameters and weights, so as to suit the sev- 
 eral purposes to which they are destined ; those of a 
 small diameter are generally applied to land in tillage ; 
 and those of a large diameter, with double shafts, to 
 grass land. Heavy rollers are of great use, tor des- 
 troying worms, slugs and other vermin in the soil. 
 
 An intelligent farmer maintains, that if draining is 
 the first, manuring the second, and cultivation the 
 third, rolling ought to be considered as the fourth 
 
108 ROL 
 
 principal operation in the processes of agriculture.— 
 Its importance indeed, is every day becoming more 
 apparent, and new advantages are derived from its use 
 both on arable and on grass lands. 
 
 Wheat should always be rolled in the Spring, after 
 frosts, as it makes the soil adhere more closely to the 
 roots of the plants, encourages vegetation and strength- 
 ens the stems, and renders the grain more perfect- 
 When any crop of grain is sown with artificial grasses, 
 rolling is particularly necessary; to make an even sur- 
 face, bruising all clods, and pressing down any stones 
 it may not be thought necessary to carry off, to facili- 
 tate the future operation of the scythe. Oats in a 
 light soil, may be rolled to advantage, immediately af- 
 ter the seed is sown, unless the ground be so wet as to 
 cling to the roller After turnips are sown in drills, 
 they ought to be immediately rolled, to make the soil 
 compact, and to promote their speedy germination — 
 Not only for turnips, but for all other crops, rolling, 
 particularly during the night, is found to be an effi- 
 cient means of destroying ssugs, snails, the wire worm, 
 and other vermin, so destructive to young plants Flax 
 ought to be rolled immediately after sowing; it makes 
 the seed vegetate equally, and prevents aftergrowth; 
 the bad effects of which are visible in every step of the 
 process for dressing flax. 
 
 The other advantages of rolling arable land are, that 
 it renders a loose soil more compact and solid. This 
 encourages the growth of plants, by pressing the soil 
 to their loots. It likewise keeps in the moisture, and 
 prevents drought from penetrating. When the soil is 
 worked up lightly, moisture either filters through it 
 too quickly, or is easily evaporated. In a dry season 
 this may occasion a very material difference in the 
 crop more especially in a light soil. Rolling is exe- 
 cuted to most advantage across the direction of the 
 ridges, because more adapted to ensure full benefit to 
 
R 0— ROT 109 
 
 the furrows which otherwise may not be properly gone 
 over. 
 
 When a large field is to be rolled, a number of 
 rollers ought at once to be set at work, otherwise an 
 opportunity may be lost never to be regained. 
 
 Codt of Agriculture* 
 
 ROOFS OP HOUSES. 
 
 A material for roofing, cheap and durable is formed 
 by dipping sheets of paper, (such as button makers use) 
 in boiling tar, and nailing them on boards or laths ex- 
 actly in the same manner as slates. Afterwards the 
 whole is to be painted with a mixture of pitch and pow- 
 dered coal, chalk or brick dust. This forms a texture 
 w^ich completely resists every description of weather 
 for an unknown length of time. 
 
 ROTATION OF CROPS. 
 
 MR. DEANE recommends the following course of 
 crops. On fight warm soils the first year, Indian corn 
 well manured, pease or potatoes. The second year, 
 rye, barley or buck wheat. The third and fourth years 
 clover. The fifth year wheat. The sixth and sev- 
 enth clover. On cold and stiff soils, first year oats or 
 potatoes. Second year potatoes well manured. Third 
 year flax or wheat. Fourth year grass, and so on till 
 it needs to be broken up again. 
 
 The following has been recommended by an able 
 writer in the Albany Argus. 
 
 Medium course in sandy soils; 1st year, potatoes 
 dunged; 2d, rye, with turnips after harvest consumed 
 on the field ; 3d, oats and clover, or barley and clover ; 
 
no ROW 
 
 4th, clover ; 5th, wheat, with turnips after, harvest 
 consumed on the field; and 6th, peas or lupins. We 
 have by this course eight crops in six years, and five of 
 these ameliorating crops. 
 
 Medium course in sandy soils ; 1st year potatoes 
 dunged ; 2d year wheat with turnips as in the preced- 
 ing course ; 3d year Indian corn and pumpkins ; 4th 
 year barley and clover ; 5th year, wheat and turnips 
 as before. In this course we have nine crops in six 
 years, five of which are ameliorating crops, and 
 
 Medium course in clay soils ; 1st year oats with clo- 
 ver ; 2d, ciover ; 3d wheat ; 4th, beans, dunged ; 5th, 
 wheat. 
 
 HOWELL IN HORSES 
 
 IS a kind of issue, or artificial wound, made in ihe 
 skin of a horse, b> drawing a skein of siik thread or 
 hair, through the nape of the neck, or some other 
 part, answering to what surgeons call aseton. 
 
 Horses are rowelled for inward strains, especially 
 about the shoulders or hips, or for hard swellings that 
 are not easily dissolved. The rovvell may be mad? in 
 almost any part, and should always be not fap-from the 
 diseased part, and about a hand breadth beneath it. — 
 The two ends of the rowel should be tied together, 
 that it may not" come out, and be smeared with lard or 
 fresh butter before it is put in, and drawn backward 
 and forwards that the putrid matter may discharge it- 
 self. 
 
 What are called rowels by English farriers are made 
 as follows : An incision is made through the skin, about 
 three eighths of an inch long. Then the skin is sepa- 
 vated from the flesh with the finger, or with the end 
 
RUS ill 
 
 of a blunt horn, as far as the finger will easily reach. 
 Into this a piece of leather made very thin and round 
 shaped is introduced, about the size of a crown piece, 
 having a large hole in the middle of it. Previous to 
 introducing the leather, it is covered with lint or tow, 
 and dipped in the same digestive ointment. Also a 
 pledgit of tow, dipped in the same ointment, is put in 
 the same orifice, to keep out the cold air. 
 
 Clark's Farriery. 
 
 RUST, Or MILDEW 271 WHEAT. 
 
 THIS disease is occasioned by a minute parasitic 
 lungus or mushroom on the leaves, stems, and glumes 
 or chaff of the living plant. The roots of the fungus, 
 intercepting the sap, intended by nature for the nutri- 
 ment of the grain, render it lean and shrivelled, and in 
 some cases rob it completely of its flour; and the straw 
 becomes black and rotten, unfit for fodder. 
 
 The same fungus is generated on many other vege- 
 table substances besides wheat Those receiving the 
 infection at different seasons of the year, form, as it 
 were, conductors from one to the other, in which 
 fungi germinate effloresce, disseminate and die, dur- 
 ing the revolutions of the seasons. The fungus having 
 arrived at maturity in the spring on a few shrubs bush- 
 es or plants, its seeds are taken up the next humid at- 
 mosphere, (hence the erroneous idea that the rust or 
 mildew is caused by the fog alone) wafted into the ad- 
 joining fields, and the nearest wheat is sure to suffer 
 the most from it. In damp weather also, its seed is 
 more immediately received into the leaves of trees and 
 shrubs, or into their barks and fruits, or the stems of 
 plants, through the medium of those valves or mouths, 
 with which nature has supplied them, for the admission 
 of moisture. 
 
112 RUS 
 
 Among the causes of rust, besides those above men- 
 tioned may be reckoned, I. Having the land in too 
 Tich a state for wheat crops. 2. Where too frequent a 
 repetition of wheat crops takes place. 
 
 Remedies against Rust. 
 
 1. Cultivating hardy sorts of wheat; 2. Early sow- 
 ing; 3. Raising early varieties; 4. Thick sowing; 
 5. Changes of seed ; 6. Consolidating the soil after 
 sowing; 7. Using saline manures; 8 Improving the 
 course of crops ; 9. Extirpating all plants that are re- 
 ceptacles of rust; and 10 Protecting the ears and 
 roots of wheat by rye, tares and other crops. The 
 above remedies are enlarged upon by bir John Sin- 
 clair, in '•The Code of Agriculture," but his observa- 
 tions are too voluminous to quote in this place. His 
 10th remedy, however, is as follows : 
 
 "\ CURIOUS and most important circumstance, 
 ^connected with the rust in wheat remains to be stated. 
 In the northern counties of England, where it is the 
 practice to sow what they call meslin, (blend corn) or 
 a mixture of rye a«d wheat, it has been there remark- 
 ed, that wheat, thus raised is rarely infected by the rust. 
 It is singular that the same circumstance has been ob- 
 served in Iialy. In an account drawn up by Professor 
 Symonds, on the climate of that country, it is recorded 
 as a known but extraordinary fact, "that wheat, mixed 
 with rye or tares, escapes unhurt" It would appear 
 from tares being so useful that the seed of the fungus 
 must be taken up by the root, and that if the root be 
 protected it is sufficient. This seems to be counte- 
 nanced by other circumstances, as that by treading the 
 ground, and thick sowing of crops of wheat, the crop 
 is less liable to be affected by this disease ; the access 
 of the seeds of the fungi to the root being rendered 
 more difficult. Mr. Knight is decidedly of opinion that 
 the disease is taken up by the root, and indeed if it 
 
RYE 
 
 US 
 
 were introduced at the ear of the plant, how could 
 it descend, and infect solely the stem, which is the case 
 unless when the disease is inveterate. 
 
 If a field be evidently affected, and the progress of 
 vegetation stopped, the only way to preserve the straw 
 and the grain, if any has been formed from being en- 
 tirely lost, is to cut it down immediately, even though 
 the crop should not be ripe. The straw is thus pre- 
 served either for food or litter; and it is maintained, 
 that, any nourishment in the stem, will pass into and 
 feed the grain, and makes a greater return than could 
 well be expected. 
 
 It has been recommended to sprinkle wheat while 
 growing, which appears to be in any d jgree affected 
 with this disease with a solution of salt and water, 
 which may be applied by mean* of a mop. The' 
 sprinkling should be several times repeated, so that 
 every part ofthe plants may be wetted, and it is said 
 that wherever the brme touches the rust disappears. 
 
 RYE. 
 
 IT is said to be a good practice on a rich and heavy 
 soil to sow winter rye at the last hoeing of Indian corn 
 and hoe it m. The plants of rye in such case being 
 mostly on the corn hills, escape injury from frost.-- 
 The stubble of rye should be ploughed as soon as pos- 
 sible after reapmg so that by being buried early it 
 may answer the better purpose for manure. 
 
 Spring Ryt* 
 
 SOW a peck of oats with a bushel of spring Rye, to 
 prevent blasting. It is emsily separated by a winnow- 
 ing mill 
 
 L 
 
114 SAL 
 
 Bye Coffee. 
 
 WASH Rye in several waters to free it from dust, 
 blighted grain, &c. boil it in water until some of the 
 grain cracks open, then drain it, and dry it in an oven, 
 then burn it as other coffee. Barley is said by some 
 to be superior to rye for making coffee, and is prepared 
 in the same manner. 
 
 SALT. 
 
 SALT is highly recommended as a manure by m 
 writers on husbandry. It may be applied either by it- 
 self, or mixed and dissolved in compost. But if it be 
 applied directly to young and tender plants unmixed 
 and undissolved it often destroys them. It is said to be 
 highly beneficial to flax when spread over the ground 
 at the time of sowing the seed, at the rate of about two 
 bushels of salt to one of the seed.* A little salt plant- 
 ed in the hill with Indian corn we are told will pre- 
 serve it from worms. 
 
 When the English farmer intends to turn his land to 
 tillage in autumn he sows a double quantity of salt, in 
 order to destroy grass, rushes, weeds, fern, worms, 
 snails, &c. The whole is, by that means converted 
 into a rich manure, which supports three successive 
 crops, and leaves the soil, after all in good condition. 
 It js said to be an excellent practice to keep salt under 
 cover, in such a situation that cattle or sheep may 
 have recourse to it at pleasure. Those cattle 
 however, which have not been accustomed to so free 
 an use of salt should be brought to it by degrees. 
 
 * Some writers say that the quantity should be the same as 
 that of the seed. 
 
SAL— SAN US 
 
 SALT RHEUM. 
 
 TAKE one ounce of salts of tartar, dissolve in twen- 
 ty-six spoonsful! of fair water; then take one spoonful 
 of pure lime juice, and add a lump of loaf sugar, as large 
 as a walnut. Let it dissolve, then add a spoonful of 
 tartar liquid, dissolved as above, and give it the pa- 
 tient, before eating, twice in twenty-four hours. 
 
 Another Remedy. 
 
 TAKE tar, and (lowers of sulphur, each one part, 
 sweet cream, or fresh butter, two parts ; simmer to an 
 ointment, and apply it to the part daily, and keep the 
 air from it by dressing it with a linen cloth, besmear- 
 ed "with the same. This will likewise cure the itch. 
 
 SAND. 
 
 NO manure is so good as sand to loosen and soften a 
 clayey soil. A clay soil has more of the food of plants 
 in it than any other soil, and wants only to have iu co- 
 hesion sufficiently broker; to give a free passage to the 
 roots of vegetables. A lajner of two and an half inches 
 thick will not be too much for land in tillage if it be a 
 stiff clay. The benefit of sanding does not appear so 
 much the first year, as in a year or two afterwards. 
 For the oftener the land is tilled the more thoroughly 
 is the sand mixed with the clay. But sand, laid on clay 
 land, in grass will produce a great effect. 
 
 It h a rule, says Sir John Sinclair, in regard to san- 
 dy soils, never to pick off any small stones that maybe 
 found in them, as they contribute to prevent evapora- 
 tion, and to preserve moisture. It is another rule fre- 
 quently to renovate the strength of such soils, by lay- 
 ing them down with grass seeds, and pasturing them 
 
116 SAU— SCA 
 
 for a few years, as they are apt to be exhausted by 
 aration, if corn crops are too frequently repeated. 
 
 sausages, bologna — how made. 
 
 TAKE four pounds of lean buttock beef, cut it into 
 fine pieces, and put into it one pound of dried suet, with 
 an equal quantity of dried bacon. Season it with al- 
 spice, pepper, bay-salt, and saltpetre, adding thereto 
 a little of the powder of bay-leaves. Then, mixing 
 the whole well together, tie it up in skins about the 
 thickness of the wrist, and dry them in the same man- 
 ner as tongues. 
 
 scab in sheep — Ointment for. 
 
 RUB together in a mortar a pound of quicksilver 
 and half a pound of Venice turpentine, till the globules 
 of the quicksilver disappear, then add half a pint of 
 oil of turpentine and lour pounds of hog's lard, and 
 mix the whole into an ointment. The method of using 
 it is to begin at the head of the sheep, and proceeding 
 from between the ears along the back to the end of the 
 tail, divide the wool in a furrow till the skin can be 
 touched; in the mean time, while the furrow is mak- 
 ing, a linger slightly dipped in the ointment is to be 
 drawn along the bottom, where it will leave a blue 
 stain on the skin and the adjoining wool. From this 
 furrow, similar ones must be drawn down the shoul- 
 ders and thighs to the legs as far as they are woolly ; 
 and if the animal be much infected, two more should 
 be drawn along each side parallel to that on the back, 
 and one down each side between the fore and hind legs. 
 Immediately after being annointed it is customary to 
 turn the sheep among the other stock without fear of 
 i.he infection being communicated, and we are assured 
 by Sir Joseph Banks., that there is scarcely an instance 
 
§ CI— S CR Ut 
 
 of a sheep's suffering any injury from the application. 
 In a few days the blotches dry up, the itching ceases, 
 and the animal is completely cured. We should, how- 
 ever, recommend, on using this ointment, that the an- 
 imal should be housed for a few days from the wea- 
 ther should it prove stormy or damp, and not permit- 
 ted to get wet, ci caution requisite in all cases where 
 mercury is used. 
 
 sciatica — Remedy for. 
 
 THE following remedy has been tried with suc- 
 cess in England and much recommended in France — 
 Oil of turpentine, two gross ; honey, 4 ounces. Di- 
 vide it into three doses, and take one in the morning, 
 one at noon, and^ne at night. 
 
 Doubtless this would be much aided by a strong ca- 
 thartic, abstinence, and friction externally with oil of 
 turpentine. 
 
 Tke gross is two penny weights, six grains troy. 
 
 SCRATCHES. 
 
 SCRATCHES is a disease in horses, sometimes cal- 
 led Malanders. It is caused by corrupt blood, over 
 hard labour, &c. and appears in chops or cracks on the 
 in?ide of the fore legs against the knee, discharging si 
 red sharp humour. 
 
 To cure this disease wash the cracks with warm 
 soap suds or old urine ; then rub them twice a day with 
 an ointment of hog's lard, mixed with two drachms of 
 sublimate mercury. Or apply a poultice of the roots 
 of marsh mallows and flax seed, softened with linseed 
 oil, tying it on with a roiter. Continue that till tlje 
 
 1 2 
 
118 SOU— SEA— SEE 
 
 seeds fall off and the sores become clean. Afterwards 
 a mixture of turpentine and quicksilver will be a good 
 application, 
 
 Another Remedy. 
 
 MAKE a strong solution of copperas in water, so that 
 the water is completely saturated with it. Apply this 
 to the part affected, rubbing it gently with a cob 
 each time. A few applications of this kind will, gen- 
 erally, cure the complaint entirely. [See likewise 
 page 66 ] 
 
 3Cull cap. See Hydrophobia. 
 
 sealing wax, red — how made* 
 
 TO every ounce of shell lac, take an ounce each of 
 rosin and vermillion, all reduced to a fine powder; 
 melt them over a moderate fire, and when thoroughly 
 incorporated and sufficiently cool, form the composition 
 into rolls or sticks of any length or thickness and either 
 round or flat at your pleasure. On account of the 
 dearness of shell lac, seed lac is usually substituted, 
 even in what is denominated the best Dutch sealing 
 wax. Boiled Venice turpentine may be used with 
 good effect, instead of rosin. 
 
 seeds— how preserved. 
 
 IF seeds are intended to be sent a great distance, or 
 it is wished to preserve them a long time, they should 
 be wrapped in absorbent paper, and surrounded by 
 moist brown sugar. 
 
SHE 119 
 
 Seeds of Indian Corn, how selected. 
 
 FATHER your seed corn from such stalks only as 
 produce two ears, and the crop will be more abun- 
 dant. 
 
 SHEEP, SCAB IN. 
 
 EVERY part of a sheep's body is liable to be attack- 
 ed with this disease, which may be radically cured if 
 attended to. It is more obstinate on the lips and nose, 
 -than any where else, because the animal rubs those 
 parts while eating. The cheapest and simplest rem- 
 edy, is an ointment composed of three parts of grease 
 to one of turpentine. [See page 116.] 
 
 sheep, Fish, food for. 
 
 IT is a fact, though not generally known, that sheep 
 will greedily eat any kind of salted fish, whether dry 
 or pickled, although dry seem the most suitable for 
 them; and it is found by experience that sheep that 
 have as much fish as they can eat are always healthy, 
 have good lambs, and do not loose their wool; and re- 
 quire much less hay or other food. It is not expected 
 that farmers remote from the sea-shore can afford their 
 sheep as much fish as they would eat; but, if they ?ive 
 them fish instead of giving them salt, they will find a 
 great advantage. Smoked Alewives and Herrings are 
 most convenient for thern ; larger fish should be cut or 
 broken in small pieces. The cheaper kinds offish, such 
 as scale of all kinds, broken, refuse, and even those 
 that are partty damaged, if they are only salt, will an- 
 swer the purpose. 
 
 IT is generally the case with herring catchers that 
 they are obliged to cull out and throw away great num- 
 
120 SHE 
 
 bers, sometimes half they take, because they are to 
 bear inspection ; such might be salted and smoked or 
 dried in the sun, put up in dry casks, afforded at a low- 
 price — by which means, thousands of barrels might be 
 saved which are now suffered to rot on the shore??, 
 
 SHEEP TICKS= 
 
 HEAT one gallon of tar, and eight pounds of salted 
 butter, melted in another vessel, and mixed gradually 
 with the tar; boil it gradually a while, constantly 
 stirring it ; then pour it out to cool — part the wool, and 
 rub in the ointment, so as to affect the whole skin. 
 This should be done in October. Give sheep plenty 
 of salt. 
 
 Another remedy. 
 
 SHEEP may be dipped or washed in half hogshead 
 tubs, or other suitable vessels, filled with a decoction 
 ©f White Hellebore, Poke Weed or Skunk Cabbage, 
 (the plant has all these and several other names. The 
 ^sheep, or lamb, may be seized by the legs, and plunged 
 into the decoction, with the back downward, taking 
 care that none of the decoction enter the mouth, nose 
 or ears. On taking the sheep from the tub, squeeze 
 the fleece, gently, and suffer it to drip into the vessel. 
 
 cheep, smearing of. 
 
 IMMEDIATELY after the sheep are shorn, soak 
 the roots of the wool that remains all over with oil or 
 butter, and brimstone, and three or four days after- 
 wards wash them with salt and water. The wool of 
 the next season will not only be much finer and softer, 
 but the quantity will be in greater abundance. 
 
SHO— SHR 121 
 
 SHOE BLACKING. 
 
 TO one egg, beaten up, add a table spoonful of ivo- 
 ry black, or lamp black. See likewise the article 
 "leather," in the preceding pages. 
 
 SHRUB, WITH BRANDY OR RtJM, 
 
 PUT a quart of the finest French brandy into a large 
 bottle, with the juice of two large lemons, the outer 
 rind of one, and about a quarter of a nutmeg; let it 
 stand three days closely corked, and then add a pint and 
 a half of old mountain wine, and three quarters of a 
 pound of loaf sugar; mix them well, and strain the li- 
 quor twice through a flannel bag ; then bottle it for 
 use. Incomparable rum shrub may be made nearly in 
 the same manner, by procuring the best old Jamaica 
 rum, and substituting it for the brandy. Both might 
 perhaps be improved by* having only half the lemon 
 peel, and the like quantity of Seville orange-rind. 
 
 shrub, Currant, 
 
 IN a quart of rum or brandy, put three quarters of 
 a pint of the strained juice of red or white currants, 
 and the rind of half a Seville orange, with a little 
 nutmeg. When it has stood a day or two closely cork- 
 ed, add a pint of white wine, with three quarters of a 
 pound of loaf sugar, and straining it, as soon as the su- 
 gar is dissolved, through a flannel bag, bottle it for use. 
 Red currants will be best for the brandy, and white 
 ones for the rum Good raisin wine may be used ia-< 
 stead of mountain or sherry. 
 
222 S I C— S I R 
 
 SICK-HEADACHE, Pills for. 
 
 T4KE Castile soap one drachm and a half; rhubarb, 
 in powder, forty grains; oil of juniper twenty drops; 
 sirup of ginger a sufficient quantity to form the whole 
 into twenty pills. The dose is two or three of these 
 pills to be taken occasionally. 
 
 SIRUP OF SUGAR. 
 
 DISSOLVE one pound and three quarters of pow- 
 dered double refined sugar in a pint of water, by means 
 of what is called the water bath, or balneum marias; 
 that is, by setting the vessel which contains it in a 
 saucepan, kettle, or copper of water, over the fire, 
 till the sugar be thoroughly dissolved, and the sirup 
 properly formed. This, besides other advantages, 
 prevents the danger of the sugar's boiling over, which 
 is much to be apprehended in the common mode of 
 boiling sirup in large quantities. After it has stood a 
 few hours, take off the scum, and pour the sirup into a 
 stoae jar or bottle for use. 
 
 sirup, for Coughs, 4»c, 
 
 THIS excellent remedy cannot be made too pub 
 lie. — It is thus prepared. Take six ounces of cumfrey 
 root, and twelve handsfull of plantain feaves; cut and 
 beat them well ; strain out the juice; and, with an 
 equal weight of sugar, boil it to a sirup. 
 
 sirup, for the Scurvy and Scorbutic Eruptions. 
 
 TO four beer quarts of good rich sweet wort, add 
 half a pound of sassafras, an ounce of sarsaparilla, and 
 
S I 2 123 
 
 four ounces of dancus seed, commonlv called wild car- 
 rot. Boil them gently over the fire for three quarters 
 of an hour, frequently putting the ingredients down 
 with a ladle, then strain the same through a cloth. 
 To each beer quart of this liquor put one pound and 
 a half of good thick molasses. Boil the same geutly 
 for three quarters of an hour, scumming it all the 
 time ; put it into a pan and cover it till cold, then bot- 
 tle it for use. Be careful not to cork it too tight. 
 The dose recommended is a moderate tea cupful! in 
 the morning at rising, and the same quantity on going 
 to bed. It was continued by the communicator till he 
 had taken nineteen or twenty wine bottles of it; dur- 
 ing the period of taking it he abstained from animal 
 food, fish, greens, or high seasoned sauces. 
 
 SIZE AND FORM OF STOCK. 
 
 [By Henry Cline, Esq. Surgeon. Com. Board of Agricul- 
 ture, 1805.] 
 
 IT is the intention of this communication to ascer» 
 tain in what instances crossing the breed of cattle is 
 proper, and in what prejudicial ; and the principles 
 upon which the propriety of it depends. 
 
 It has been generally understood that the breed of 
 animals is improved by crossing with the largest males. 
 This opinion has done much mischief, and would have 
 done more if it had not been counteracted by the de- 
 sire of selecting animals of the best forms and propor- 
 tions which are rarety to be met with in those of the 
 largest size. Experience has proved that crossing has 
 only succeeded in an eminent degree in those instances 
 in which the females were larger than in the usual 
 proportion of the females to the males ; and <hat it has 
 generally failed when the males were disproportionally 
 large. 
 
124 S I Z 
 
 The external form of domestic animals has been 
 much studied, and the proportions are well ascertained. 
 But the external form is an indication of internal stiuc- 
 ture. The principles of improving it must therefore 
 be founded on a knowledge of the structure and use of 
 the internal parts. 
 
 Of these the lungs are of the first importance. It is 
 on their size and soundness that the strength and health 
 of an animal principally depends. The power of con- 
 verting food into nourishment is in proportion to their 
 
 size Jin animal with large lungs is capable of converting 
 a given quantity of food into more nourishment than one 
 nith smaller lungs; and therefore ha* a greater aptitude 
 to fatten. 
 
 Chest. The size and form of the chest indicate the 
 size of the lungs, of which the form should approach 
 to the figure of a cone having- the apex situated be- 
 tween the shoulders and its base towards the loins : a 
 circular form of cnest is preferable to One deep and 
 narrow, for though the latter may have greater girth, 
 th* 3 former will have greater internal space in propor- 
 tion. 
 
 The Pelvis. The Pelvis is the cavity formed by 
 the junction of the hip bones with the rump bone. 
 This cavity should be large in a female that she may be 
 enabled to bring forth her young with less difficulty ; 
 when this cavity is small, the life of the mother and 
 ber offspring is endangered. 
 
 The size of the pelvis is indicated by the width of 
 the hips, and the space between the thighs ; the 
 breadth of the loins is always in proportion to that of 
 the chest and pelvis. 
 
 Head. The head should be small, by which the 
 birth is facilitated to the offspring - t it also indicates the 
 
3 I Z 125 
 
 animal to be of a good breed, and occasions less 
 weight of unprofitable substance to the consumer. 
 
 Horns are useless to domestic animals, and occasion 
 a great weight of bone in the head. The skull of a 
 ram with horns weighed five times as much as that of 
 one without horns, each being four years old. A mode 
 of breeding which would prevent the produc- 
 tion of horns, would therefore afford a considerable 
 saving. 
 
 The length of the neck should be proportioned to 
 the height of the animal, that it may collect its food 
 with ease. 
 
 Muscles. The muscles a*hd tendons, which are their 
 appendages should be large, by which an animal is en- 
 abled to travel with greater facility. 
 
 Bonts. The strength of an animal does not depend 
 >on the size of the bones, but on that of the muscles ; 
 many animals with large bones are weak, their muscles 
 beingtyRmall. 
 
 Animals imperfectly nourished during growth have 
 their bones disproportionally large. If this originated 
 from a constitutional defect, they remain weak during 
 life ; large bones may therefore indicate aa imperfec- 
 tion in the organs of nutrition. 
 
 Of the improvmnent of Form. 
 
 The chief f>oint to be attended to for the improve- 
 ment of form, from Mr. Cline's principles, is the selec- 
 tion of males for breed of a proportionally smaller size 
 than the females, both being of approved forms; 
 the size of the foetus depends on the size of the 
 female, and therefore when the female is dispro- 
 portionally email, her offspring has all the <Ua- 
 M 
 
126 '3IZ 
 
 proportion of a starveling, from want of due nourish- 
 ment. 
 
 The larger female has also a greater supply of milk, 
 and her offspring is therefore more abundantly provide 
 ed with nourishment after birth. 
 
 When the female is large in proportion to the male* 
 the lungs of the offspring will also be greater ; by 
 crossing in this manner, there are produced animals 
 with remarkably large chests, as has been often notic- 
 ed : the advantage of large lungs has been already 
 pointed out. 
 
 In animals where activity is required, this practice 
 should not be extended so far as in those which are in- 
 tended for the food of man. 
 
 The size of animals is commonly adapted to the soil 
 which they inhabit ; when the produce is scanty, the 
 breed is small : the large sheep of Lincolnshire would 
 starve, where the small sheep of Wales find abundant 
 food. 
 
 Crossing may be attended with bad effects, even 
 when begun on good principles, if the above rule bfc 
 not attended to throughout ; for instance, if large ewes 
 were brought to Wales, and sent to the rams of the 
 country, the offspring would be of improved form ; 
 and, if sufficiently fed, of larger size than the native 
 animals, but the males oC this bre«d would be 
 disproportionately large to the native ewes, and 
 therefore would produce a starveling ill formed race 
 with them. 
 
 The general mistake in crossing has arisen from an 
 attempt to increase the size of a native race of animals; 
 being a fruitless effort to counteract the laws of na- 
 ture | which, from theory, from, practice, and extea- 
 
S I Z 127 
 
 r.ive observation, Mr. Cline concludes to be decidedly 
 wrong ; for in proportion to this unnatural increase of 
 size, they become worse in form, less hardy, and more 
 liable to disease. 
 
 Observations by the Editors of the Retrospect of Dis- 
 coveries. 
 
 IN this very excellent communication of Mr. Cline's, 
 which is fraught with valuable information, there is 
 one position which can be only understood in a gen- 
 eral sense, namely; that females of the largest size 
 give most milk in proportion : small cows are often 
 known to give more milk than large; the quantity of 
 milk seems to depend on the particular breed, and on 
 the supply of food. 
 
 Fatness also does not seem to be inconsistent with 
 every disease of the lungs, though no doubt it is with 
 most, at least if we may argue from the human race to 
 brute animals, as nothing is more common than for fat 
 people to be asthmatic. 
 
 The directions for breeding given by Mr. Cline are 
 certainly the best calculated to produce fine healthy 
 animals, and of course the most wholesome meat; but 
 there is some doubt whether this would be agreeable 
 to the breeders, as the exuberant fatness, which has 
 been so fashionable among them for some years past, 
 and which in all probability is inconsistent with the 
 health of the animal : a prodigious fatness is justly 
 considered as a state of disease in mankind, and there 
 is no reason why it should not be so in beasts also: as 
 a confirmation of the opinion that the excess of fat does 
 not improve the quality of the meat, it is pretty gener- 
 ally acknowledged that the average of mutton in the 
 London markets affords a much more coarse and unpal- 
 atable food than what was in general to be had some 
 years back, before the prodigiously fat breeds became 
 
ISd SLA 
 
 so prevalent. There is great reason to believe that 
 the fine flavour of the meat may not solely proceed 
 from an adequate age of the animal, but may also de- 
 pend on particularity of breed, as much as great fat- 
 ness or quality of wool; and if the breeders of sheep 
 would attend a little to this circumstance in future* 
 they would confer a singular favour on all those who 
 eat mutton, who are at least as numerous as the tallow 
 chandlers and clothiers, whose interests they have 
 hitherto chiefly studied in this matter, next to their 
 own. 
 
 SLAUGHTERING OP CATTLE. 
 
 THE practice of slaughtering cattle by puncturing 
 the medulla spinalis, or as it is now called pithing yat- 
 lle Is exlenuuT* £?£*?*?! **! ")Sf*? ?f !**<§ kingdom (Great 
 Britain) by the perseverance of the Board of Agricul- 
 ture. The want of skill in the operation, and the pre- 
 judices arising from established customs, we are sorry 
 to observe, however, render the system less general 
 than it should be. It is perfectly ascertained that the 
 spinal marrow may be . divided without immediate 
 death, should the wound be inflicted below the origin 
 of the nerves that supply the diaphragm, and allow the 
 animal the power of respiration ; but if the puncture 
 is made into the cavity of the skull, so as to divide the 
 medullary substance above the origin of these nerves, 
 death is instantaneous, and without the least apparent 
 sensation of pain. If a line be drawn across the head 
 from the root of each ear (about an inch and an half 
 from the horns) the centre of this line is the spot in 
 which the puncture should be made, an awl or 
 a common penknife is as good an instrument as can be 
 used. 
 
SMU— SNO— SNU m 
 
 smut in grain, Remedy for. 
 SEE the article "wheat," in the following pages. 
 
 snow — To preserve meat in. 
 
 MEAT that is killed in December, may be kept in 
 ^perfection if buried in snow until spring-, This is an 
 excellent method of preserving fresh and good the car- 
 cases of turkies and other fowls. 
 
 Set any open cask in a cold place, put snow and pie^ 
 ces of meat alternately : Let not the pieces touch each 
 other, nor the sides of the cask. The meat will nei- 
 ther freeze, grow dry, nor be discoloured ; but be as 
 good in all respects at the last of March as when it 
 was first put in. The surfaces of the pieces should be 
 a little frozen, before they are put into the snow, that 
 the juice of the meat may not dissolve the snow. The 
 cask should be placed in the coldest part of the house, 
 or in an out house. 
 
 snuff, cephalic — how made. 
 
 TAKE half an ounce each of sage, rosemary, lilliea 
 of the valley, and the tops of sweet marjoram, with 
 a drachm each of asarabacca root, lavender flowers, and 
 nutmeg R#duce the whole to a fine powder, and 
 take it like common snuff, as often as may be neces- 
 sary for the relief of the head, fee. There are few 
 so generally useful and innocent cephalic snuffs as tfc-e 
 above. 
 
 m 2 
 
ISO S N U— S A 
 
 snuff, collins' cephalic— ^br disorders in the Head^ 
 strengthening the Nerves^ and restoring the Spirits., 
 
 TAKE Virginia leaf tobacco, dry it well and make 
 it into a high flavoured snuff, to this add one twelfth 
 part of the finest roseate rappee, and a small quantity 
 of the real maccabaw; of betony, eye-bright, marjo- 
 ram, ihyme-syriac, flowers of marum-syriac, equal 
 quantities, dried and reduced to a fine powder; to these 
 add one twentieth part of the leaves of assari, dried 
 and powdered, also of cloves dried fully and powdered 
 one fiftieth part; the essential oils of cinnamon, nut- 
 megs, lavender, and balsam of Peru, of each a small 
 quantity j mix these well together with the snuff, and 
 put the whole into an earthern pan, pressing it very 
 close together. After it has stood four days, add there- 
 to eau de luce in the proportion of one ounce to every 
 pound of fhe above snuff, together with orange-flower, 
 lavender, and rose waters, just sufficient to make the 
 whole a little moist. Then put it into bottles for use ; 
 of this a pinch may be taken at any time for the com- 
 plaints mentioned. 
 
 «oap, Receipt for making* 
 
 FOR one leach tub of ashes, take half a bushel of 
 iime — after baving well covered the bottom of the 
 leach with straw and sticks, put first a bushel of ashes, 
 then two quarts of lime, upon which pour boiling water, 
 to slake the lime ; continue to fill the leach in this man 
 ner. For each barrel of soap, take twenty-eight 
 pounds of clean grease, and three pounds of rosin j 
 melt them together with two pails full of the lie first 
 drawn from the leach — when it has boiled half an hour, 
 pour it into the barrel atid fill it up with lie as fast as 
 it can bf drawn, stirring it well as the lie i* added. 
 
S O A— S O D— 8 O I 131 
 
 If a sufficient number of leach tubs are used, four 
 barrels can be made with ease in half a day— and if the 
 ashes are good^ with entire success. 
 
 soap, saving of. 
 
 FOR the use of private families, where linen is dir- 
 ty by perspiration or grease it will be of great service 
 towards rendering it while, to steep it for some time 
 in a clear liquor, made by mixing one quart of quick 
 lime in ten gallons of water, letting the mixture stand 
 24 hours, and then using the clear water, drawn from 
 the lima. After the linen is steeped in this liquor it 
 should be washed as usual, but it will require much 
 less soap to be used. 
 
 €ODA, in masning. 
 
 A FEW ounces of soda will soften a hogshead of the 
 hardest water. It is said to be greatly superiour in 
 washing to either potash or pearla9h. It gives a deli- 
 cate whiteness to the linen without the slightest inju- 
 ry, and never, unless excess is used in the least affects 
 the hands. To glasses, decanters, table spoons, &c. 
 it gives a lustre equal to the highest polish, without 
 labour, if washed in water, in which a small quantity 
 has been dissolved. 
 
 SOJUNGL 
 
 BY this term is meant, the feeding of stock in a 
 house, shed, or fold, with cut green food, instead of 
 making the grass into hay or pasturing the fi.*iil. 
 
 Various articles are used for that ;>«rpose, as tares 
 and lucerne ; also barley, oats, and beans, all in a greem 
 
532 SOI 
 
 <staie ; but red clover, either alone, or mixt with rye 
 grass, is the substance most commonly applied. 
 
 Soiling 1 is a great savijig of land : for one acre of x;ut 
 clover, is equal to two pastured, even of the same 
 crop, and in the same field. — It is a great saving of 
 food : for when pastured, much of the crop is destroy- 
 ed in various ways, as by trampling, dunging upon it, 
 &c — It is likewise safer for stock, for when they are 
 soiled, they are not so liable to the same accidents, as 
 when under the pasturing system — It is also the means 
 of obtaining a greater quantity of rich dung, than can 
 otherwise be obtained, (for the process can thus be car- 
 ried on in summer as well as winter) and it puts clay- 
 land farms, in that respect, more nearly on a footing 
 with those of a turnip soil. Its other advantages are, 
 that the succeeding crop, after cut clover, is uniformly 
 better than when it is pastured — that the fences are 
 not so liable to injury from the stock maintained nor 
 from the carelessness of those who are employed to 
 catch them. 
 
 Worlyng horses, or oxen, derive great advantage 
 from soiling. They are saved the trouble of collect- 
 ing their food, after their work is over; — can fill 
 themselves much sooner, and consequently have more 
 time for rest ; — and can take their repose much bet- 
 ter, in a stable or shed, with plenty of litter, than in 
 an open field, where there are so many things to annoy 
 them- 
 
 The experiments of soiling cattle have likewise 
 been successful. Yftung steers become more tracta- 
 ble for work ; nor is there any risk of cattle being ho- 
 ven, if their feed is mowed two days in advance, For 
 milch cows, in particular, it is highly expedient to soil 
 them, at least in the middle of the day, that they may 
 not be tormented with flies in the field, nor induced to 
 staed in brooks, or ponds of water, nor in the shade of" 
 
SOO 133 
 
 spreading trees or hedges, by which much valuable 
 manure is lost. The stock are thus kept in a healthier 
 State, and the milk is of superiour quality. 
 
 Pigs may be soiled on clover, with much advantage, 
 and for that purpose, there ought to be a patch of clo- 
 ver in the garden of every cottager. But green beans 
 are perhaps a still more profitable article, as pigs are 
 peculiarly fond of them. The Windsor sort are pre- 
 ferred, and the beans should be planted at different 
 timeSj to insure a regular succession. Horses also are 
 fond of green bsans, after being a little accus- 
 tomed to them ; and stall fed cattle thrive well on 
 that food. 
 
 There is certainly no mode, by which cultivated 
 grasses will pay so well as by soiling. In the neigh- 
 bourhood of towns, the same land will produce at the 
 rate of from 20 to 25/. per statute acre, cut for soiling, 
 which would be considered high at or 10/ if frt m 
 pasture. The expense of carting the cut grass, must, 
 however, be deducted. Sir John Sinclair. 
 
 SOOT. 
 
 THAT valuable article Soot, has hitherto been too 
 much neglected ; but the time has now come, that its 
 use is in some degree understood. Although for years 
 past it has been used with great success in England, 
 yet its valuable qualities have been but little known to 
 American Agriculturalists. But where experiments 
 have been made in this country, its utility has far ex- 
 ceeded our most sanguine expectations. 
 
 By my own experience, as well as by that of othera 
 much more skilled than myself in Agriculture, it is 
 found the best mode to preserve the soot perfectly dry 
 in large quantities. When the time of gardening com- 
 mences, prepare your leach or large vat ; then sift 
 
134 SOW 
 
 your soot, and all the coarse pound fine ; sift it agaie, 
 and then fill your leach or vat with soot — after this, 
 pour in as much rain or soft water as it will hold. 
 When your plants first come up is the time that insects 
 commit their depredations — draw off the ley and while 
 the dew is on in the morning, with a water pot gently 
 sprinkle plants from morning to morning till weeding 
 time. When you are sure one half of the strength of 
 the soot is extracted in ley, you may venture to strew 
 the soot lightly over the ground close to the vegetable, 
 it will be the destroyer of the fly bug, slug, wire worm 
 and all kinds of insects that destroy vegetation. But 
 this is not all, it is a most valuable manure, for it will 
 attract the dew, and will, in its rich moisture, adhere 
 to the soot and earth, as it does to gypsum or plaister 
 of Paris when used in the interior of our country — • 
 Soak your wheat and corn in this ley twenty four hours 
 before they are planted or sown, and when coming up 
 strew the leached soot gently over the ground, or ap- 
 ply it to the hills of corn, it will answer all the before 
 described purposes, and will completely prevent your 
 wheat from smutting. 
 
 It is also a defence from the birds, as the bitterness 
 of the grain is so disgusting to their taste, they are 
 obliged to have recourse toother methods of getting 
 food. Palladium. 
 
 SOWING. 
 
 THE depth at which different seeds should be bu- 
 ried in the soil is various according to the difference 
 of seeds and soils. It has been found by experiment 
 that few seeds will come up at all, when buried deep- 
 er than tine inches; that some will rise very well 
 from the depth of six inches, and that other seeds do 
 not rise at all when they are more than two inches un- 
 der the surface. And in general those seeds, the body 
 
SPA 135 
 
 af which is thrown above the surface in vegetating, 
 should have the less quantity of soil above them that 
 they may not meet with two great resistance in rising; 
 such as kidney beans and many other sorts The 
 same seeds may and ought to be buried deeper in a 
 light and dry than a heavy and moist soil When the 
 ground is rolled after sowing the seeds will vegetate 
 nearer the surface, and therefore they do not need to 
 be sowed so deep as when the rolling is omitted. 
 
 Sowing seeds with the drill has many advantages 
 over the broad cast method. No seed is wasted, they 
 all rise nearly together, each seed has proper room for 
 its growth ; no starved heads will appear, and the 
 whole will ripen together. Half a bushel of wheat, 
 or even a less quantity, in this way will seed an acre 
 sufficiently. 
 
 SPAVINS IN HORSES. 
 
 THERE are three sorts of spav'ns. First the bone 
 spavin: This is a bony excresence formed in the joint, 
 which impedes the motion of the joint, and is seldom 
 curable. Secondly, the wind spavin; it commonly 
 comes in the horse's ham. Prick the swelling with a 
 phlehm knife, but take especial care not to injure the 
 nervous cords, for this will often bring on the lock 
 jaw. Upon opening the swelling you will often find a 
 gelatinous homour to issue from the opening : apply a 
 turnip pouUice for a few days to draw out the humour* 
 thea strengthen the part, by bathing it with brandy. 
 
 Thirdly, the blood spavin. The coats of the veia 
 being ruptured, the blood extravasates, and forms a 
 protuberance in the veia. 
 
136 S P I—S P O 
 
 Cure, 
 
 TAKE up the vein with a crooked needle and tie it 
 above the swelling ; then let blood below it, atid apply 
 cow dung fried in goose grease and vinegar by way of 
 poultice. 
 
 SPITTING OF BLOOD FROM THE LUNGS. 
 
 
 A WEAK solution of nitre, or draughts of water 
 soured with lemon juice j or a table spoonful of com- 
 mon salt. 
 
 spots of oil, tallow, &c. how removedfrom Books, fyc. 
 
 TAKE five or six pieces of lighted charcoal, about 
 the size of a walnut each, wrap them in a piece of 
 very clean white linen, which has been previously 
 dipped in water, and squeezed with the hand, in order 
 to press out the superabundant liquid Lay the stuff 
 that is spotted upon a clean napkin spread over a ta- 
 ble ; then take the cloth containing the charcoal by 
 the four corners and lay it on the spot ten or twelve 
 times successively, pressing lightly upon it, and the 
 spot will wholly disappear. When the spot is consid- 
 erable, it sometimes goes through the stuff and the 
 grease is imbibed by the napkin. Rut this is certain, 
 that no spot of the nature above mentioned has ever re- 
 sisted this process. 
 
 spots, of crease, or paint — How removedfrom Woolen, 
 Cloths, Silks, or Hats, 
 
 TO two parts of tbe purest alcohol, or spirits of wine, 
 add one part of pure unadultered essential oil of lem- 
 on, (if good it will readily mix with the alcohol and be- 
 
S P O 137 
 
 come as limpid as water.) Pour a few drops of the 
 mixture on the spot which you wish to remove, and 
 rub it briskly with a piece of white fine flannel if on 
 woollen, or with silk if upon silk, and it will soon dis- 
 appear and leave no stain or darkness behind it even 
 on the most delicate colours. As it is not only absolutely 
 necessary that the oil of lemons should be pure and una- 
 dulterated, but that the spirits of wine should be of the 
 first quality, its goodness may be easily proved by fir- 
 ing a small quantity in a silver spoon, when, if really 
 good, it will burn quite dry. This latter observation 
 will apply to most of the receipts in which alcohol is 
 employed. 
 
 Another-. 
 
 IN a pint of spring water dissolve an ounce of pure 
 pearlash, adding to the solution a lemon, cut in small 
 slices ; this being properly mixed, and kept in a warm 
 state for two days, the whole mass must be strained, 
 and the clear liquid kept in a bottle for use. 
 
 spots of ink— To remove from Cotton *or Linnen, if 
 recent. 
 
 APPLY strong vinegar, lemon juice and salt, by rub- 
 bing the spot with part of a lemon, or oxy -muriatic acid, 
 or common muriatic acid, (spirit of Sea Salt) diluted— 
 washing the spot well in cold water after the stain is 
 removed* 
 
 To remove Iron moulds. 
 
 THE per oxyd of iron is very difficult to remove. 
 The bleachers remove it, bv taknig strong muriatic acid, 
 (spirit of salt; and dipping the finger in it, they dab the 
 stain with the acid, letting it rest till the spot is vemov- 
 
 N 
 
138 SPR— ST. A 
 
 ed. This sometimes answers, but if the spot has been 
 frequently washed it will be very hard to move. In 
 this case put on a little of the sail of sorrel and lemon 
 juice. Sometimes one of these methods succeeds and 
 sometimes another. 
 
 strains, cure for, 
 
 TAKE a large spoonful of honey, the same quantity 
 of salt, and the white of an egg, beat the whole up to* 
 gether incessantly for two .hours, then let it stand an 
 hour and annoint the place sprained with the oil which 
 will be produced from the mixture, keeping the part 
 "Well rolled with a good bandage. This is said, gener- 
 ally, to have enabled persons with sprained ankles to 
 walk in twenty-four hours, entirely free from pain* 
 
 staggers in horses, Remedy for, which has been found 
 effectual in repeated trials. By a gentleman in .North 
 Carolina. 
 
 THIS distemper, so fatal to that valuable animal, it 
 is asserted, from the most respectable authority, may 
 be cured by the following simple means : Take of the 
 expressed juice of garlic six spoonsful}, which pour 
 down the horse's throat by means of a horn, or give it 
 him in a drench. If the first dose should not relieve 
 him, or he should appear to be maze headed, repeat 
 it after ah intermedium of two or three hours. The 
 juice of the leek or onion given in rather a greater 
 quantity, will produce nearly the same effect As this 
 disorder is an apoplexy of the nervous .kind, it is pre- 
 sumed that the pungency of the liquid, by exciting 
 powerfully the nervous system, effects the cure of a 
 disorder hitherto considered as fatal 
 
ST A— ST I— ST. A 139 
 
 STAIN8. 
 
 To take Ink Stains out of Mahogany. 
 
 PUT a few drops of spirits of sea salt or oil of vit- 
 riol in a teaspoonful of water, and touch the stain or 
 spot with a feather; and on the ink's disappearing, rub 
 it over with a rag wetted in cold water, or there will 
 be a white mark not easily effaced. 
 
 starch, how made, 
 
 TO make staich from wheat the grain is* steeped ih 
 cold water, till it becomes soft and yields a milky juice 
 on pressure ; it is then put into sacks of linen, and 
 pressed in a vat filled with water : as long as any milky 
 juice exudes the pressure is continued ; the fluid grad- 
 ually becomes clear, and a white powder subsides, 
 which is starch. — Davy"* Elements of Agricultural Chem- 
 istry. [See likewise "potatoe starch." 
 
 STIFLE IN A HORSE, 
 
 APPLY Oil of Spike to the part affected. 
 
 st. anthony's fire — cure for, 
 
 TAKE equal parts of fine spirit or oil of turpentine, 
 and highly rectified spirits of wine, mix them well to- 
 gether, and anoint the face gently with a feather dip- 
 ped in it immediately after shaking the bottle. Do 
 this often, always first shaking the bottle, and taking 
 care never to approach the eyes, and it will generally 
 effect a cure in a day or two ; for though it seems at 
 first to inflame, it actually softens and heals. 
 
140 STE— STO 
 
 Another. 
 TAKE a sponge and anoint with mutton marrow. 
 
 steel, mode of polishing. 
 
 AFTER well oiling the rusty parts, let it remain two 
 or three days in this state ; then wipe it dry with clean 
 rags and polish it with emery or pumice stone, or 
 bard wood. A little unslacked lime finely powdered, 
 will, however, frequently be sufficient after the oil is 
 cleaned off*. Where a very great degree of polish is 
 required, it will be most effectually obtained by using 
 a paste composed of fine levigated blood-stone and 
 spirits of wine. Bright bars are, however, admirably 
 cleaned in a few minutes, by using a small portion of 
 fine corn emery, and finishing with flour of emery or 
 rotten stone. 
 
 stone — cure for. 
 
 THE expressed juice or a strong decoction of dry 
 horsemint, and of red onions, one gill of each to be 
 taken every morning and every evening till the com 
 
 plaint be removed, 
 
 Another cure. 
 
 BOIL thirty unroasted coffee berries in a quart of 
 water, till the liquid becomes of a greenish hue ; half a 
 pint of which is to be taken every morning and eve- 
 ning, with ten drops ©f the sweet spirit of nitre. It 
 will be proper, while using this medicine, occasionally 
 to open the bowels by taking a spoonful or two of cas- 
 tor-oil. This simple remedy is said to have been ad- 
 ministered with great success in this most painful dis- 
 ease. 
 
* S T R Hi 
 
 Another. 
 
 A GOOD handful of the fibres of garden leeks (not 
 the leek part, but the fibres only,) boiled in two 
 quarts of water till it is reduced to one quart ; of this 
 take half a pint twice a day, when the stomach is 
 most empty. 
 
 Another. 
 
 TAKE a large handful of the fibres or roots of the 
 garden leek, put them into two quarts of soft water, 
 cover it close and let it simmer gently over the fire, 
 till it is reduced to one quart. Pour it off clear and 
 drink a pint of it in the course of the day at morn- 
 ing, noon and night. This is the quantity requisite for 
 an adult. In the case communicated this prescription, 
 was strictly adhered to for five or six weeks, when 
 the stone was dissolved and gradually di^cnarged, and 
 in about six weeks a perfect cure was effected. 
 
 STRAIN. 
 
 WHEN an ox is strained by over drawing — Take 
 about half a pint of common soap, stir it together with 
 a quart of milk and pour it down his throat. 
 
 straw, mode of whitening. 
 
 IN 1806, a new method of whitening straw wa? dis- 
 covered in Germany. This consists of steeping it in 
 muriatic acid saturated with potash. The straw thus 
 prepared never turns yellow, is of a shining white and 
 acquires great flexibility. 
 
 N 2 
 
142 S T IT 
 
 stubble, burning of. 
 
 
 MR. W. CURTIS, of Lynn, Norfolk, found very 
 beneficial effects from burning the stubble of oats, 
 which was left eighteen inches high for this purpose, 
 on a field broken up from old pasture the same year ; 
 he afterwards sowed wheat and oats in succession on 
 the same ground, the stubble of both which was burned 
 in the same manner. The ashes were in every case 
 ploughed in to a small depth, and the verges of the 
 field mowed previous to the burning, to prevent acci- 
 dents. After the third crop of corn, all of which 
 were abundant and remarkably free from weeds, the 
 field was laid down with clover and grass seeds, and 
 the ensuing crops of both hay and grass proved 
 infinitely finer than those before the ground was bro- 
 ken up. 
 
 Another piece of land was cropped for three succes- 
 sive years, in the same manner as the first, to which 
 it was similar in every respect of soil, aspect, and 
 previous management, but in which the stubble was 
 ploughed in, instead of being burned ; the produce 
 of each crop on it was much inferiour to that of the 
 iirst experiment, and the weeds increased so greatly, 
 that on laying it down to grass, they overpowered the 
 grass seeds so much that it was necessary to re-sow 
 it ; and ever after, while Mr. Curtis held it, the grass 
 and hay produced were coarse and full of weeds, and 
 consequently inferior both in value and quantity to 
 those of the other field, on which the stubble had been 
 burned. 
 
 in burning stubble, the danger which is to be appre- 
 hended from the spreading of the rlames, may perhaps 
 be obviated by tracing a furrow round the field, and 
 setting fire to the stubWe on the inc<?r edge of the fur« 
 
S W 1 145 
 
 SWINJ 
 
 IF hogs are scurry, and inclined to manginess, a 
 little oil poured upon their backs will cause it to come 
 off. Some say a small mess of rye now and then as a 
 change of food is good against manginess, and other dis- 
 orders. 
 
 If the issues in their fore legs should chance to get 
 stopped, every attempt to fatten them will be vain. 
 These, therefore should be watched, and if found to be 
 stopped, should be rubbed open with a corn cob. Rub- 
 bing and currying their hides very frequently is of ad- 
 vantage to keep up the perspiration. It is grateful to 
 the animals, as well as conducive to the»r health and 
 growth. A proper scrubbing post in the middle of 
 their pen will not be amiss, and during the whole time 
 of their fatting they should have plenty of litter — 
 They will lie more dry and warm, and it will 
 be more than paid for by increase of good man- 
 ure. 
 
 When hogs are killed a single one should not be left 
 alone in a pen. He will pine after his former compan- 
 ions and will suffer for want of lodging so warm as he 
 has been accustomed to do. 
 
 After swine have reached a certain degree of fat- 
 ness, by feeding them on potatoes, oats, pumpkins, &c. 
 a small quantity of richer food will complete the fat- 
 tening. The change, however, from meaner to rich- 
 er keeping should be gradual. It may not be said, that 
 boiled potatoes mixed with meal will be profitable ; 
 for the mixture imparts no nutritive qualities to the 
 potatoes. They are of no more use, except in mak- 
 ing the change it is preferable to mix them with meal 
 for a season, to prevent the bad effects of too great 
 and sudden an alteration in their diet, 
 
14* TAN—TEA 
 
 The following* mode of fattening hogs has heen re- 
 commended. Wash potatoes cle'an, boil them and 
 mash them fine while hot; mix in at the same time 
 oats and peameal. Put the mixture into a large tub, 
 and let it stand till it sours thoroughly. Ke*p a quan- 
 tity of this on hand, always fermenting and give it to 
 your hogs as often as they will eat. It is said that pork 
 may be fattened in this way, and make a saving of at 
 least one third of the feed and time consumed in the 
 usual mode. 
 
 TANNING LEATHER. 
 
 THE leaves of the oak are said to be equal to the 
 bark for tanning leather, provided they are used in the 
 month of September, when they possess the bitter sap 
 which they afterwards lose. 
 
 tea, economy in the use of. 
 
 SAVE the tea leaves, dry them to a crisp, reduce them 
 to a fine powder in a mortar; a tea spoonful in a rag, 
 put into a tea pot, will be equal in quality and 
 flavour to three tea spoonfuls of the leaves when first 
 used. 
 
 tea kettles, to remove lime from, 
 
 TAKE one quarter of a pound of Spanish Whiting, 
 put it into a teakettle, when full of water, and 
 boil it for an hour, or until the lime is removed. 
 
TEE— TOO 146 
 
 TEETH. 
 
 To cleanse the Teeth and improve the breath. 
 TO four ounces of fresh prepared lime water add 
 a drachm of Peruvian bark, and wash the teeth with 
 this water in the morning before breakfast, and after 
 supper. It will effectually destroy the tartar, and 
 remove the offensive smell from those which have de-* 
 cayed. 
 
 Recipe for sore and ulcerated Gums, and a preservative 
 for the Teeth. 
 
 I 
 
 MIX an equal quantity of the tincture of Jesuit's 
 bark, and the tincture of myrrh. To a spoonful of 
 this mixture add from three to five spoonsful I of water, 
 as you wish it to be stronger or weaker, but the strong- 
 er you can use it the better. Take a table spoonfull 
 of this diluted mixture into your mouth, keeping it 
 there as long as you can, and washing the gum with it 
 as well as you are able. Repeat this operation as of- 
 ten as convenient, and you will soon perceive the ben- 
 eficial effects of it. Bo not rinse your mouth after it, 
 but let the flavour remain. 
 
 tools, hozv tempi , 
 
 MAKE the tool red hot in the fire, and when red 
 cherry colour, take it off from the fire, rub it with a 
 piece of candle, and steep it immediately in good strong 
 vinegar, in which you have diluted some soot. 
 
 Another way to temper Tools, when too bri, 
 
 PLUNGE them in boiling fat for two hours; then 
 take them out. and let them cool gradually. 
 
14$ TOO 
 
 TOOTH ACHE. 
 
 Pill for an aching hollow Tooth. 
 
 TAKE half a grain each of opium, and yellow sub- 
 sulphate of quicksilver, formerly called turpith miner- 
 al, make them into a pill, and place it in the hollow of 
 the tooth some hours before bed time ? with a small 
 piece of wax over the hole. 
 
 Another. 
 
 CAMPHOR and opium held in the mouth ; wet a 
 bit of lint, or cotton with oil of cloves and apply it to 
 the tooth ; a blister behind the ear ; a pepper corn 
 bruised with hot brandy, and applied with a linen rag ; 
 grated ginger and the white of an egg made into a plas- 
 ter and applied to the cheek. Scarify the gums, if 
 swoln, with a lancet. 
 
 Another Remedy. 
 
 [From a London Magazine for 1811.] 
 
 PREPARE an infusion of the root of the narrow 
 leafed dock, in the following manner : After washing 
 the roots clean, bruise them all, and pour boiling wa- 
 ter on them in a basin, until they are covered. Drink 
 of this freshly made a teacuplull for three morningg 
 in succession. Then, every other morning for a week 
 or ten days. After which, omit it for nine days, then 
 begin anew and proceed as before. It will usually be 
 found to succeed after the second course. It is recom- 
 mended bv Mr. Merrick, who declares that he has de* 
 sived a permanent cure from its use. 
 
TOP J47 
 
 TOP-DRESSING. 
 
 TOP dressings are used with advantage for grain, 
 grass, flax, &c. They should not be too freely given 
 to winter grata in autuoan lest they unseasonably pro- 
 duce a luxuriant growth at a time when it exposes the 
 tender, plants to be the more injured by frost. It 
 should be done early in the spring when the land is 
 sufficiently dry to bear the treading of horses, without 
 poaching; and after the manure has been applied it is 
 generally well to harrow and roll it. Soot, ashes and 
 other light manures are thus made use of. 
 
 Mr. Deane makes the following remarks on this sub- 
 ject If the application of top dressings to mowing 
 ground were generally practised in this country, and 
 yearly repeated as it ought to be instead of the gener- 
 al, or rather universal neglect of it, it would put a new 
 face upon things. A vast plenty of hay, double crops, 
 two cuttings in a year, and much increase of wealth 
 to farmers in general would soon be the happy con- 
 sequences. 
 
 Sir John Sinclair recommends top-dressing the grow- 
 ing crop, when it is suspected that the land is not rich 
 enough to bring a full crop to perfection, and says 
 "this should be done early in the spring, when the land 
 is sufficiently dry to bear the treading of a horse with- 
 out poaching; and after the manure has been applied, 
 the land should generally be harrowed or rolled. *^oot 
 ashes and other light manures, are thus most aJvanla- 
 geously made use of. 
 
14-8 TRE— TUR 
 
 TREES. 
 
 New method of inoculating Trees. 
 
 A COMMON method of inoculating is by making 1 a 
 transverse section in the back of the stock and a per- 
 pellicular slit below it ; the bud is then pushed down 
 to give it the position which it is to have. This meth- 
 is not always successful ; it is better to reverse it by 
 making the vertical slit above the transverse section, 
 and pushing the bud upwards into its position, a meth- 
 od which rarely fails of success ; because as ihe sap 
 descends by the bark as has been ascertained, and does 
 not ascend, the bud thus placed above the transverse 
 section, receives abundance, but when placed below, 
 the sap cannot reach it. 
 
 New-York Evening Post. 
 
 turkies, how to raise- 
 
 PLUNGE the young chick into a vessel of cold wa- 
 ter, the hour, or if that cannot be, the day it is hatched. 
 Force it to swallow one whole pepper corn, then re- 
 turn it to its mother. From that time it will become 
 hardy and not fear the cold. When young turkies be- 
 gin to droop, examine carefully the feathers on their 
 rumps, and you will find two or three, whose quill part 
 is filled with blood. Upon drawing these the chick re- 
 covers, and after requires no more care than is bestow- 
 ed on any other poultry. 
 
 TURNIPS. 
 
 SOW strong house or wood ashes over the ground 
 about the time the turnips are springing up. This 
 will cause the young plants to grow sooner out of the 
 
Way of insects, produce a large crop and make the 
 turnips be sweet and palatable. 
 
 To preserve Turnips from insects. 
 
 1. TO each quart of turnip-seed, add one ounce of 
 brimstone finely powdered, put both into a bottle, 
 large enough to afford room to shake them well to- 
 gether every day, for four or five days, previous to 
 sowing, keeping the bottle well corked. 
 
 2. Takp such a quantity of elder leaves, as, when 
 Druised. will yield juice sufficient to cover the turnip 
 seed you intend to sow, in which let it soak about twelve 
 hours ; thf next day mix it with the bruised leaves, and 
 sow all together. 
 
 Turnip-seed is generally covered with a brush-har- 
 row ; take elder bushes for this purpose ; if the ber- 
 ries are on, the effect will be increased. If notwith- 
 standing these precautions the fly should attack the 
 young plant, draw elder bushes gently over them. 
 
 Turnips sowed upon ground where a crop of flax 
 has been taken off, are not so likely to be injured by 
 the fly ; it is also. \\ ell to sow turnips while it rains, 
 they do not require to be harrowed in, and grow so 
 rapidly, as soon to get beyond the power of the 
 
 VINEGAR OP ROSES. 
 
 THIS fine vinegar is made by putting a quantity of 
 fresh rose lea^ • loosely into a jar or bottle, pouring 
 Upon them tbr best white wine vinegar so as to fill it 
 to the height fir ccupied by the leaves, if^ for exam- 
 ple the jar be thi apparently filled, there will be still 
 room enough for tae proper quantity of vitieenri iefc 
 
 
Ih6 V I N— W A R 
 
 it remain for two or three weeks in the sun of some 
 other warm situation, when it may be strained off. and 
 passed through a cotton or flannel bag. If it is not suf- 
 ficiently fine, after having* been strained^ to put up in- 
 to bottles, it is to be cleared in the usual way, either 
 by means of isinglass or a little alum- water. It is com- 
 monly kept in large bottles ; which should be well 
 corked and kept in a dry situation. A lump of refined 
 sugar should be put into each bottle. In this way are 
 also to be made vinegar of gilliflowers, elder flowers, 
 &c* &c. 
 
 VINEGAR OF ORANGE FLOWERS, ELDER FLOWERS, MUSK, 
 ROSES, &C. 
 
 DRY an ounce of either of the above flowers, (ex» 
 cept the orange flower-*, which must not be at all dri- 
 ed) for two days in the sun ; then, putting them into a 
 bottle, pour on them a pint of vinegar, closely stop the 
 bottle, and let them infuse fifteen days in the heat of 
 the sun. Vinegars of other flowers, tarragon, &c. may 
 be made in a similar manner. 
 
 WARTS Or CORNS. 
 
 LfGHT a brimstone match, and let a few drops fall 
 on a Wart or Corn, and it will be removed with little 
 pain. 
 
 Another Remedy, 
 
 TCAKE the inner rind of a lemon, steep it for four 
 and twenty hours in distilled vinegar, and apply it to 
 the warts, it must not be left oh the part above three 
 hours at a time'} andPis to be applied afresh every day. 
 Or divide a red onion, and rub the warts well witk 
 % or annoiat thfja niXk tkt milky juice of tlie 
 
W E £— W E N 161 
 
 herb mercury several limes, and they will gradually 
 waste away. 
 
 Another. 
 
 THE juice of a green bean, rubbed upon warts it is 
 said wilt speedily eradicate them. 
 
 WEEDS. 
 
 WEEDS are deadly foes to the farmer, but in the 
 compost heap they become friends. They should be 
 carefully eradicated and deposited in the compost heap 
 before their seeds have matured lest they should be 
 propagated by scattering the manure before the seeds 
 have become completely rotten. 
 
 wen, Indian method of cure. 
 
 FIRST, take a pound of new butter, without salt, 
 lay it in a coal oven; get a bull-frog without hurting 
 it, says the Indian ; the frog must be alive ; lay the frog 
 with the back down in the butter; bake the frog until 
 it is well dope ; take it out, pour off the butter in a ves- 
 sel anJ annoint the wen as often as you please in the 
 course of a day. This cure has been tried on a wen 
 that had been growing for thirty years, and had be- 
 come quite painful with an itching. It ceased the first 
 day this was tried, and sunk down very soon. In eight 
 or nine months, the body of the wen was squeezed out 
 without pain. The patient thinks it would have come 
 out much sooner but she neglected it as it did not hurt. 
 The application produced a curious sensation, as it 
 was searching to the roots. Any person thus affected, 
 need not hesitate to try the experiment as it is very 
 simple. Richmond Compiler. 
 
152 WHE 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 WHEAT is liable to a great number of diseases, of 
 wbich smut has hitherto proved one of the most in- 
 jurious. 
 
 Smut, however, may be prevented by any applica- 
 tion, which completely frees the seed of smutty pow- 
 der (the source of the infection) or that destroys it by 
 acrid, corrosive or poisonous substances. 
 
 In steeping or washing seed wheat as a remedy for 
 smut, Sir John Sinclair observes "that as a safeguard it 
 is an excellent practice, when the wheat seed is first 
 put into any liquid, to run it very gently through a rid- 
 dle, when not only the smut balls, but the imperfect 
 grains, and the seeds of weeds will float and may be 
 skimmed off at pleasure, which is not the case when 
 the seed is put hastily into the water." "Pure cold 
 \vater and lime,** observes the same author, "may be 
 effectual, provided the seed be washed in several wa- 
 ters, repeatedly changed, until it be perfectly clean, 
 and then dried by quick lime, slacked either with sea, 
 or with boiling water." He recommends salt water as 
 being more effectual than even boiling watvir and lime. 
 The water should be so impregnated with salt that an 
 egg will float in it, or if sea water with such a quantity 
 of salt dissolved in it, as to be equally strong, by which 
 its specific gravity will be so increased that all unsound 
 grains will swim in the pickle. About a bushel of 
 wheat at a time is put into a sufficient quantity of this 
 pickle, in which when stirred all the light or diseased 
 grains will rise to the top, and may be skimmed off. 
 The seed wheat is .then separated from the pickle, 
 spread upon the floor, and a sufficient quantity of new 
 slacked lime to dry th^ whole sifted upon it. 
 
WHE 153 
 
 The following receipt is likewise from the same au- 
 thor. Dissolve three ounces of blue vitriol in three 
 English gallons of water (wine measure) for every 
 three bushels of grain to be prepared. Let the liquid 
 be put into a vessel capable of holding from sixty to 
 eighty gallons, in such a quantity, that when three or 
 four Winchester bushels of wheat shall be poured into 
 the prepared liquor, it will rise five or six inches above 
 the corn. The grain should be frequently stirred, and 
 all that swims on the surface carefully removed. Af- 
 ter the wheat has remained half an hour in the prepa- 
 ration it should be taken out of the vessel, and thrown 
 into a basket, which shall allow the water but not the 
 grain to escape. It should then be immediately wash- 
 ed in rain, or pure water, which prevents any risk of 
 its injuring the grain. The seed ought afterwards to 
 be dried, either with or without lime, before it is 
 sown It is proper to observe that the grain should 
 not be put into the prepared liquor, unless it has been 
 well dressed, and w thoroughly dry. It may be kept 
 without injury. 
 
 The following miscellaneous particulars respecting 
 smut, and the means of preventing it merit attention. 
 1. The same water should never be used but once in 
 washing wheat; even when brine is employed, it is 
 safest to have fresh liquor to each parcel. 2. Lime is 
 not only of service to dry the seed, but by its caustic 
 and antiseptic qualities, it tends to destroy putridity, 
 and animalculae of every description. $. If smutty 
 grain is not threshed till the June or July succeeding 
 the year it was reaped, the dust, it is said will become 
 too volatile to attach itself to the grain when threshed, 
 particularly by a mill ; nor is old seed wheat so liable 
 to occasion smut, which by age loses the power of re- 
 production. 4. Notwithstanding the violence of thresh- 
 ing mills they do not bruise the smut balls so much as, 
 the flail. 5 Great care must be taken, not to thresh 
 .wheat on a floor where smutty wheat has been thresh 
 
 o % 
 
154 WHE 
 
 ed, nor to convey the seed, in a sack in which smutty 
 wheat had been formerly put. 
 
 On the subject of steeping" it may be proper to add 
 that it would be well to extend that operation to other 
 grains besides wheat. Every sort of seed should be 
 steeped enough to promote a quick vegetation, and to 
 secure a more uniform growth, which would greatly 
 improve both the quantity and quality of the grain; 
 and if the seed of barley and oats, as well as of wheat 
 were clothed with saline and caustic particles, it would 
 either preserve it entirely from the attacks of vermin, 
 or destroy such as may venture to eat of it. 
 
 We have been informed that unslacked lime answers 
 an excellent purpose for preparing wheat for seed. 
 A gentleman states that he put about 4 or 5 pounds of 
 quick lime into a sufficient quantity of water to soak a 
 bushel of wheat, then added the wheat, and permitted 
 it to remain about twelve hours. The lime by slack- 
 ing raised the temperature of the water to about blood 
 heat, and the wheat became soft and parboiled. On 
 sowing it, however, it sprouted much sooner than usu- 
 al, flourished remarkably, and produced an excellent 
 crop, entirely free from any appearance of smut. 
 
 The following has been recommended by a farmer 
 in Vermont. 
 
 "My method is this — I take three quarts of slacked 
 lime to each bushel of wheat, put them into a barrel, 
 a layer of lime, alternately. Then pour in water till 
 it is all covered. In this condition let it stand from 
 two to four days, as the case may require; and the 
 morning before sowing the wheat tap the barrel and 
 draw off the liquor. 
 
 In preparing wheat for grinding it is often made too 
 dry, especially after it has been washed to free it from 
 
WHE— WHO— W 1 N 155 
 
 smut and other impurities. When the wheat is dried 
 too much the outside of the kernel, which should be 
 separated from the flour by the boult, is ground so 
 iine that it passes through the boult, with the flour. 
 An experienced miller advises to moisten wheat which 
 is in this situation by sprinkling it with a little water 
 about 10 or 12 hours before grinding". But if this is 
 neglected a slight sprinkling of the wheat in the hop- 
 per during the time of grinding it will be of service ; 
 taking care not to wet it too much, and by stirring the 
 grain to distribute the moisture as equally as possible 
 among the whole mass. 
 
 WHEEZING IN HORSES. 
 
 TO cure this disorder let the horse have good nou- 
 rishment, much corn and little hay; and let the wa- 
 ter given him every day be impregnated with half an 
 ounce of saltpetre, and two drachms of Sal Ammo- 
 niac. 
 
 WHOOPING-COUGH. 
 
 SEE "cough," page 37. 
 
 WIND-GALLS. 
 
 ON the first appearance of wind-galls their cure 
 should be attempted by restringents and bandages, for 
 which purposes let the swelling be bathed twice a day 
 with vinegar, or verjuice alone, or let the part be fer- 
 mented with a decoction of oak bark, pomegranates 
 and alum boiled in verjuice, binding over it with a rol- 
 ler, a woollen cloth, soaked in the same. Some for this 
 purpose use red wine lees, others curriers' shavings 
 
160 WIN 
 
 wetted with the same, bracing the part up with a firm 
 bandage. 
 
 If this method, after proper trial, should not be found 
 to succeed, authors have advised that the swelling be 
 pierced with an awl, or opened with a knife ; but mild 
 blistering is in general preferred to these methods ; 
 the included fluids being thereby drawn off, the im- 
 pacted air dispersed, and the tumour gradually dimin- 
 ished. A little of the blistering ointment should be 
 laid on every other day for a week, which brings on a 
 plentiful discharge, but generally in a few days is dried 
 up, when the horse may be put to his usual work, and 
 fche blistering ointment renewed in that manner once a 
 month or oftener as the horse can be spared from bu- 
 siness, till the cure is completed. This is the only 
 method to prevent scars, which firing of course leaves 
 behind and unless skillfully executed, too often like- 
 wisp a fulness of the joint, with stiffness. The mild 
 blistering ointment, where the sublimate is left out is 
 ihe properest for this purpose. 
 
 BartletVs Farriery. 
 
 WINE, WHITE CURRANT. 
 
 BOIL in six gallons of water eighteen pounds of ei- 
 ther white Havana or loaf sugar, for half an hour, care- 
 fully taking off the scum as it rises, and pour it boiling 
 hot over two gallons of fine large white currants, pick- 
 ed from the stalks, but not bruised. On the liquor's 
 becoming near the temperature of new milk, ferment 
 it with some good ale y est; and after suffering it to 
 work for two days, strain it through a flannel bag into a 
 barrel, which it should completely fill with half an 
 ounce of well bruised isinglass. On its ceasing to fer- 
 ment, immediately bottle it off, and put in each bottle a 
 lump of double refined sugar. 
 
WOO— WO R 157 
 
 wood, new mode of preserving, 
 
 TAKE three parts of air slacked lime, two parts of 
 wood ashes, and one part of fine sand ; sift the whole 
 and add as much linseed oil as will be necessary to form 
 a mass which can be laid on with a painter's brush. 
 To make this mixture perfect and more durable, it 
 will be well to grind it on a marble — Two coats of it 
 are all that are necessary ; the first should be rather 
 light, but the second must be put on as thick as the 
 brush will permit. This composition thus prepared 
 is impenetrable to water; resists both the influence of 
 the weather and the action of the sun, which hardens 
 and renders it more durable. The government of 
 France has ordered that all gun carriages should be 
 washed with this composition. 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 DRESSINGS of sea manure, wetting the ground 
 with sea water, soot, lime and ashes sprinkled on the 
 ground, the refuse brine of salted meat, water in which 
 walnut leaves have been steeped for two or three 
 weeks are all antidotes to the ravages of worms. Wa- 
 ter in which fresh cow dung has been steeped it is said 
 is likewise useful for the same purpose. Water im- 
 pregnated with tar or turpentine sprinkled on plants, 
 would probably preserve them from all sorts of in- 
 sects, as they are known to have a great aversion to all 
 kinds of terebinthinate substances. Beds in gardens 
 may be scalded with hot water, previous to seeds be- 
 ing sowed, or plants set out in them, which will destroy 
 worms and their nits, and if they are then inclosed 
 with boards, barks or any thing which will prevent 
 the access of worms from other ground the plants will 
 be secure. The ground where cabbage plants or any 
 other plaats are set may be previously well dug, sift- 
 
»5» WOR 
 
 ed and examined, the worms destroyed, and the plants 
 defended by slips of birch bark, or little wooden frames, 
 which may be covered over the top with gauze to pre- 
 serve the plants from flies. It is said that the water in 
 which potatoes have been boiled will destroy worms 
 and other insects. 
 
 Indian ^orn may be preserved from worms by soak- 
 ing it from 36 to 48 hours in a solution of salt and 
 water or salt petre. 
 
 WORMS IN THE HUMAN SPECIES. 
 
 TAKE the spiky tops of wormwood, the flowers of 
 tansy, and the root of wake-roblin,* of each one ounce; 
 mix and pulverize. Take the bright scales of iron 
 from a smith's forge, two ounces, and white chrystal 
 glass, one ounce ; mix, and make them into a moder- 
 ately fine powder, but not impalpable. Then mix the 
 whole together accurately for use t Dose for an adult 
 from 30 to 40 gra : ns, or about a moderate tea-spoonful 
 in molasses. For children, the dose must be propor- 
 tioned to their age. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 TAKE a dose morning and night, on an empty sto- 
 mach, for three days ; and on the fourth, purge off with 
 jalap, or any convenient physic. Repeat the course 
 as the case may require. One and two courses in the 
 common worm cases will suffice. There is rarely 
 
 * Dragon root, as it is sometimes called. 
 
 t The leaves of wormwood and tansy will answer if need 
 be ; and instead of wake-robin, the bark of the root of sas- 
 safras. 
 
WO 51- WOtf— YEL !5S 
 
 occasion for more than three, even in the tape worm* 
 In alterative cases, the physic should be omitted. 
 
 WORMS IN THE HEAt) OF SHEEP. 
 
 THIS complaint makes its appearance by (heir lop- 
 ping their ears, shaking their heads, stupidity and loss 
 of appetite, which at length ends in consumption and 
 death. 
 
 Cure. 
 
 FORCE vinegar by a squirt gun or syringe throngit 
 the nostrils into the head of the sheep affected, winch 
 will produce convulsions and sneezing of the sheep by 
 which the worths witl be discharged. 
 
 wounds, a remedy for, and preventative of the Lock 
 Jaw, 
 
 TO any'wound, either bruise or cut, apply lint wet 
 with spirits of turpentine. If the wound should be 
 "painful, make a weak lie, by putting some hot embers 
 into water; soak the part in it ten or fifteen minutes 
 several times in a day; keeping it about blood warm. 
 If this does not remove the pain, put some embers, wet 
 with chamber-lie into a thin bag and place it on the 
 part affected. 
 
 yellows. 
 
 TFlIS disease in horses is similar to the Jaundice in 
 tn^n: it arises from Obstructions formed in the bilia*y 
 ducts, which prevents the bile fro n flowing into the 
 circulation, which gives that yellow appearance in the 
 
J60 Y E L— Y 8 IS 
 
 white of the eyes and urine, and a sense of weariness 
 to the limbs in the animal diseased. 
 
 Cure. 
 
 TAKE aloes, Venetian soap and honey equal quanti- 
 ties, to be made into pills, and let half an ounce be giv- 
 en daily for a week. If this does not effect a cure^ 
 steep celandine and saffron in cider to be given one 
 quart a day. It is often necessary in this disease to let 
 blood. 
 
 YELLOW, PATENT. 
 
 PATENT Yellow is composed of Semi vitrified 
 oxyd of lead (litharge) and muriate of ammbnia (sal 
 ammoniac) in the proportion of one ounce of the for- 
 mer to one drachm of the latter Submitted in the form 
 of a powder to a red heat. 
 
 test, how made with Peas in Persia* 
 
 TAKE a small teacup or wine glass full of split or 
 bruised peas, pour on them a pint 01 boiling water, and 
 set the whole in a vessel all night on the hearth, or in 
 any other warm place ; this water will be a good yestj 
 and have a froth on its top the next morning. In this 
 cold climate, especially in a bold season, it should stand 
 longer to ferment ; perhaps tw< nty-fcur or forty-eight 
 hours, and the quantity of^-as should be greater. — 
 The above quantity, says Mr. Kafnn. made for me as 
 much bread as a half quarlern loa r . the qualitv of which 
 was very good and light. !t may be necessary that in 
 this country in winter it should be put to ferment m a 
 cool oven. 
 
THE greater part of the following articles 
 having come to hand since the preceding 
 pages were printed, we have thought it best 
 to place them in an 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 •wwvwvwww 
 
 apple jelly, for preserving Sweetmeats. 
 
 PARE, quarter and core winter pippins, or almost 
 any other kind of apples, and put them into a stew pan, 
 with water barely sufficient to cover them When the 
 fruit is boiled to a pap add a quart of water, boil it half 
 an hour longer, run it hot through a flannel bag, put 
 it up id a jar, and keep it covered for use. A little lem- 
 on peel boiled with the apple, and a pound of pow- 
 dered loaf sugar added to each pint of the pulp, and 
 boiled up, will make a very good apple jelly for the 
 table, or to eat with cream. 
 
 apples, an excellent sintp of. 
 
 GRIND a quantity of sweet apples, those for exam- 
 ple generally known by the different names of sweet- 
 ings. Express the juice immediately upon their being 
 ground, and strain it as clear as possible, before any 
 fermentation has commenced. Put it into a large 
 boi er and boil it down to a sirup, which in taste 
 
 wl.f?r i ° ^ P leasanrer than common 
 West India molasses, and as little subject to ferraenta- 
 
162 APO— ASC— ASP 
 
 tion. Four gallons of rich svvqet apple juice will yield 
 one of sirup ; by boiling it longer and reducing the 
 quantity, it may be made of any consistence required, 
 
 APOPLEXY. 
 
 A LADY about 40 years of age, who lived at the cor- 
 ner of one of the streets in Paris, was struck early in 
 the month with apoplexy. M. V alette, the physician 
 was called in, and he restored her instantly to life, by 
 bleeding in a jugular vein, and by stimulating the blood 
 to flow abundantly by the application of a common 
 needle to the exterior part of the vein and the adjoin- 
 ing nerves. It is thus shewn that the mechanical stim- 
 ulant is able to revive nervous sensibility, and by crea- 
 ting a kind of peristaltic motion to deduce from the 
 arteries a great quantity of blood. — There is also ano- 
 ther instance of the efficacy of this application in the 
 case of a M. Chatelin, a linen merchant, who had also 
 been restored to existence under similar circumstan- 
 ces. It is trusted that this discovery will be generally 
 beneficial. 
 
 ascarides, or pin worms, to remove from Children* 
 
 MILK one gill, Camphorated spirits one drachm, mix 
 and use for an injection. Or 
 
 A drachm or two of Camphor may be dissolved in 
 half a pint of milk, and used in the same way. Either 
 of these will seldom fail. 
 
 ASPARAGUS. 
 
 TO cultivate Asparagus in the best manner, open a 
 trench, three feet wide and twelve inches deep. If it 
 be close to the south side of a garden wall it will be 
 up the earlier in the spring. Fill the trench half full 
 of good dung j make it levelj and sprinkle a little rich 
 
AST 163 
 
 earth over it, and lay on the roots in their natural pos- 
 ture ; eight or nine inches apart. Or, if you cannot 
 get roots, place the seeds at half the distance from 
 each other. Cover them by filling up the trench with 
 the blackest of the earth which was taken out If you 
 plant root3, the shoots may be cut the second year af- 
 ter, ; if seeds they will not be fit to cut till the third 
 year. All the shoots, which come up before the mid- 
 dle of June may be cut off without injury to the roots; 
 After which time the late shoots should be left to run 
 up and seed ; otherwise the roots will be weakened. 
 The seeds may be well preserved on the branches 
 through the winter, hung up in a dry situation. 
 
 "This plant grows well on ground that is shaded. 
 The plants will be large and tender; but they will not 
 be so early. It is not amiss to have one bed in a shady 
 place, to supply the table after the season is over for 
 cutting the first. In autumn, after the tops are become 
 white by the frost, they should be cleared off, and a 
 layer of dung, or rich soil, an inch thick laid over the 
 bed. This should be done yearly, and the bed kept 
 clear of weeds. If the bed should be too high by this 
 management, the suiface may be taken off with a spade 
 early in the spring to the depth of two inches, before 
 the young shoots are in the way. But, when this is 
 done, a thin dressing of rotten dung, or compost 
 should be laid on." Aew- England Farmer. 
 
 ASTHMA. 
 
 SPIRITS of Tobacco two or three drops in a spoon- 
 ful of water gruel, or the same quantity of Skunk's 
 musk, on sugar; or three or four drops of Lobelia. 
 Either of the above will, generally, give immediate, 
 relief. 
 
164 BEE— BEV— BLA 
 
 beef, Receipt for Pickling and Curing. 
 
 For an hundred pounds of beef take sixteen pounds 
 of Bay or fine Salt, two pounds brown Sugar, four and 
 an half gallons water and six ounces Salt Petre. 
 
 The Salt, Sugar, and Water should be put into a 
 brass or copper kettle over a fire. Stir the salt often, 
 and continue stirring it until the salt has all dissolved, 
 and the scum done rising. Take off the scum as it 
 rises. After this add the Salt Petre. Let the pickle 
 stand till it is about cold, or blood warm. Have the 
 beef cut in smallish pieces and packed pretty close, 
 free from any bloody pieces. Add the pickle, and 
 cover it tight from the air. Should there be any ap- 
 pearance of mould on the surface of the pickle, at any 
 time, add a handful or two of fresh salt. 
 
 beverage for a weak Constitution. 
 
 BOIL as much pearl or Scotch barley, in pure water, 
 as will make about three pints, then straining it off, and 
 having in the mean time dissolved an ounce of gum 
 arabic in a little water, mix them, and just boil the 
 whole up together. The barley water need not be 
 thick, as the gum will give it sufficient consistence. 
 When used, take it milk warm, the good effect will 
 soon appear. It must be substituted as a common 
 beverage in place of beer, ale, &c. at meals. 
 
 BLACK BALL. . 
 
 TAKE of Bees wax and Bayberry tallow equal parts; 
 of Lamp Black and Ivory black at discretion. Add to 
 every six pounds of the composition two drachms of 
 Pearl ash. 
 
B L A— B R E— B R U— B UL 165 
 
 blacking, Shining German. 
 
 ■s 
 
 BREAK a cake of white wax into small pieces and 
 put it into an earthen vessel. Pour over it as much 
 oil of turpentine as will quite cover it, and leave it for 
 twenty-four hours closely covered up, in this time the 
 wax will he dissolved to a paste ; which is then to be 
 mixed with as much real ivory black, in fine powder 
 as it is necessary to give the whole of it a very black 
 colour. When it is wanted for use take a little of it 
 out on the point of a knife, and rub it into the leather 
 of the boots or shoes, with a brush which will leave 
 the wax on the surface of the leather quite firm, 
 black and glossy. Should the composition get dry, it 
 may at any time be moistened by stirring in a little 
 fresh oil of turpentine. 
 
 breath, shortness of. 
 
 MIX three quarters of an ounce of finely powdered 
 Senna, half an ounce of Sulphur, and a quarter of an 
 ounce of pounded Ginger in four ounces of clarified 
 Honey. Take the bigness of a nutmeg every night 
 and morning for five days successively, afterwards 
 once a week for some time, and finally once a fortnght 
 
 BRUISE. 
 
 IT has been affirmed that common salted butter is an 
 excellent application for a bruise. 
 
 BULL. 
 
 A BULL may be first used at fourteen or eighteen 
 months. He then shews most vigour, and more ener- 
 gy may be expected in his produce. At two or three 
 years old, they frequently become ungovernable, and 
 are killed. Sir John Sinclair. 
 
 p 2 
 
*66 3UN~ BUR— CAK— CAN 
 
 BUNNS. 
 
 ONE pint of Milk, five Eggs, one tea cup of Sugar, 
 four table Spoonfulls of yeast, a piece of butter as big 
 as the bowl of a large Spoon. Thicken with flour to a 
 batter of suitable thickness. 
 
 BURNS AND SCALDS. 
 
 ANOINT with Lime Water, or Proof Spirit and 
 Lime Water. Then cover the part with a soft linnen 
 rag, and cotton wool. 
 
 BURNT TONGUE, BLACK TONGUE, OR SCALDED MOUTH IN 
 HORSES. 
 
 WASH and cleanse the mouth with Sweet Oil, and 
 get into the horse as much as he will swallow, not ex- 
 ceeding one pint ; then rub the throat with Spirits of 
 Turpentine, Sweet Oil and Camphor, equal quantities, 
 and well mixed. 
 
 The gentleman, who has furnished the ab*ove has had 
 a number of horses in his stable sick with the above 
 distemper, and after trying the various recipes has 
 found this to be the most efficacious. 
 
 Salem Gazette. 
 
 CAKE, SPONGE 
 
 TAKE ten egsrs, one pound of Sugar, one half pound 
 of flour, beat tne yolks, sugar and flour together. 
 
 CANCER. 
 
 TAKE leaves of Plantain and White Hoarhound, 
 boil it in white wine — add a little salt, wash three or 
 four times a day ; 
 
CAN—CAT— CH A 167 
 
 Take snails, or earthworms. Bake them, and you 
 obtain an oint w . ? TT *e U three or four times a day. 
 To ease the pain apply Iresh meat, 
 
 cancers, a Beer for, 
 
 TAKE Sarsaparilla roots, the tops and roots of the 
 Whortle berry bush, and Hop roots, of each one pound ; 
 Blood root and Unicorn root, of each three ounces ; 
 Barley malt, half a peck. Make of these ingredients 
 seven gallons of beer. Dose, from half a gill to a 
 whole one three times a day. 
 
 caterpillars, best mode af destroying. 
 
 TAKE a long pole with a sponge at the end of it 
 Dip this sponge in spirits of turpentine, and touch it 
 thus charged to the nest. A small quantity of this pun- 
 gent substance will diffuse itself over a large nest and 
 destroy a great number of these troublesome and nau- 
 seous insects. 
 
 CATHARTIC PILL, MILD. 
 
 MANDRAKE root, finely powdered, Extract of 
 Butternut bark of each equal quantities ; beat into a 
 mass with a solution of Gum Arabic, an 1 make it into 
 pills of a moderate size ; from two to six will operate 
 gently as physic The extract of butternut is prepar- 
 ed by evaporating the water in which the bark has 
 been boiled to a consistence fit for making pills, taking 
 care not to burn it. 
 
 CHANGE OF SEEDS. 
 
 THOSE plants, which are the natural growth of a 
 country are not so liable to grow worse. The best 
 countries and soils to procure seeds from for sowing are 
 those, to which they are natural. Those seeds which 
 
163 CHE 
 
 are so quick in their growth that their plants come to 
 maturity eariy will answer well, whefl carried from a 
 southern to a northern climate, such as flax, turnips, 
 &c. But Indian corn, it is said, will not answer, if car- 
 ried far north or south of its native place. 1 have 
 known, says Mr. Deane, seed of Indian corn carried 
 as much as two whole degrees south from its native 
 place, which was so much scorched by the greater heat 
 of the sun as to produce little or nothing. And it is a 
 fact well known that the species of maize, called Vir- 
 ginia corn, will not come to maturity in New-England. 
 
 An English writer observes that the practice of 
 changing seeds is of little service, and recommends to 
 cultivators, a few days before harvest to walk through 
 their fields and gather the prime samples of every 
 species of seed, and ever afterwards to continue the 
 same practice, by repeating the operation of collect- 
 ing the most perfect grain from the crops produced by 
 such selected seed. The same observations apply to 
 «very variety of cultivated crops. 
 
 It may, however, sometimes prove useful to sow 
 early seeds on cold backward lands, and the later sorts 
 on dry and warm soils. 
 
 cheese sage, best method of making, 
 
 TAKE the tops of young red sage, and having 
 pressed the juice from them by beating in a mortar ; 
 tlo the same with the leaves of spinach, and then mix 
 the two juices together. After putting the rennet to 
 the milk, ptur in some of this juice, regulating the 
 quantity by the degree of colour and taste it is intend- 
 ed to give to the cheese. As the curd appears break 
 it gently, and in an equal manner; then emptying it 
 into the cheese vat, let it be a little pressed in order 
 to make it mellow. Having stood for, about seven 
 hours, salt and turn it daily for four or five weeks, when 
 
CHO— COL— COO 169 
 
 it will be fit to eat. The spinach, besides improving 
 the flavour and correcting" the bitterness of the sage, 
 will give it a much finer colour than can be obtained 
 from sage alone. 
 
 CHOLERA MORBUS. 
 
 TAKE a little fresh lime juice, loaf sugar, and rum 
 or brandy, (the latter is best ) Pu! them into a vessel, 
 pour on them boiling* water, and give a spoonful as hot 
 as possible after each turn of puking. 
 
 cold water, how to prevent the bad effects of drinking 
 Cold Water, or Cold liquors of any kind in warm 
 
 weather. 
 
 1. Avoid drinking whilst you are warm ; or 
 
 2. Drink only a small quantity at once, and let it 
 remain only a short time in your mouth before you 
 swallow it; or 
 
 3. Wash your hands and face and rinse your mouth 
 with cold water before you drink If these precau- 
 tions have b«en neglected, and the disorder incident to 
 drinking cold water has been produced, the first, and 
 in most instances, the only remedy to be administered 
 is sixty drops of liquid laudanum, in spirit and water, or 
 warm drink of any kind. 
 
 When laudanum cannot be obtained, rum and water 
 should be given. Vomits and bleeding should not be 
 used without consulting a physician. 
 
 COOKIES. 
 
 BEAT eight ounces of butter, and mix with two 
 well beaten eggs, eight ounces of dried flour, and the 
 same of lump sugar, and a grated rind of lemon peel. 
 
170 00 S— C T— C U~C W- 
 
 Add the whole together, and beat half an hour with a 
 silver spoon. Butter small pans and half fill them. 
 Bake 20 minutes in a quick oven. 
 
 cosmetic, elegant, from a London Publication^ 
 
 TAKE a pound of white soft soap and two ounces of 
 Spermaceti pounded, and a quarter of an ounce of 
 pounded camphor, two table spoonfulls of sweet oil, 
 three of the best brandy, and a tea cup full white 
 sand. Dissolve and mix the whole over the fire, and 
 when nearly cold, suit it to your taste with essence of 
 foergamot, lavender or other perfume. 
 
 cotton, how dyed with Madder, an practiced in Smyrna, 
 From Mr, Eaton. 
 
 BOIL the cotton in common olive oil, or in some 
 other pure vegetable oil, and afterwards in mild alkali, 
 when it is thus cleansed, it will take the madder die ,* 
 and this is the fine colour which is so much admired in 
 the Smyrna cotton yarn. 
 
 cough and protracted coLi>,when no symptoms of inflam- 
 mation are present. 
 
 BLOOD Root, Extract of Liquorice, Anniseed, of 
 each one ounce ; pulverize them, and put them into a 
 quart of water. Simmer to one pint, then strain and 
 add four ounces of boney, and one half pint of old rum. 
 Of this take a table spoonful three or four times a 
 day. 
 
 cow. 
 
 THE principal distinguishing marks of a good Cow 
 are said to be these : wide horns, a thin head and neck, 
 dew lap large, full breast, broad back, large deep bel- 
 ly ; the udder capacious but not too fleshy j the milch 
 
CUD 171 
 
 veins prominent, and the bag tending far behind ; teats 
 long and large ; buttocks broad and fleshy ; tail long 
 pliable and small in proportion to the size of the 
 the carcase, and the joints short. To these outward 
 marks may be added a gentle disposition, a temper free 
 from any vicious tricks, and perfectly manageable on 
 every occasion. On the other hand, a cow with a 
 thick head and short neck, prominent back bone, slen- 
 der chest, belly tucked up, small udder, or a fleshy bag 
 short teats, and thin buttocks is to be avoided, as total- 
 ly unfit for the purposes either of the dairy, the 
 suckler or the grazier." 
 
 The milch cow is generally in her prime at five 
 years old, and will continue in a good milking state till 
 ten years of age or upwards. Cows should be milked 
 regularly, morning and evening, and always as nearly 
 at the same hours as may be. Some have recommen* 
 ded milking them three times a day, at five, one and 
 eight ; and it is said if they are full fed they will give 
 half as much again milk if milked thrice as if only 
 twice a day. Those farmers who would make the 
 most of their cows should provide a bull to run in the 
 herd. 
 
 "If the cleaning of a cow, after calving, be delayed, 
 it may be promoted by giving her a pail of warm water, 
 with some ashes in it."* 
 
 cud lost by an ox or cow, Remedy for. 
 
 MIX together an equal quantity of sour leaven and 
 common salt, then add a piece of loam or brick clay, 
 equal in weight to the whole : break and mix all these 
 well together, and then add as much urine as will 
 serve to beat it up into a paste. Make this into two 
 or three balls as big as the creature can swallow^force 
 
 ^Rees* Cyclopaedia. 
 
172 C U S— I) R O— D Y S 
 
 one of these down his throat every three days and it is 
 said it will effect a cure. 
 
 custard, cheap mid excellent. 
 
 BOIL, in a quart of milk, a little lemon peel, a srrali 
 stick of cinnamon^ and a couple of peach leavi s ; 
 sweeten it with a few lumps of sugar, and rubbing 
 down smoothly two tablf-spoonfnlls of rice flour in a 
 fmall basin of cold milk, mix it with the beaten yolk of 
 a single eggr, then take a basin of boi'mg milk, and 
 well mixing it with fhe contents of the olher basin, 
 pour the whole into the remainder of the boiling miik, 
 and ke^p stirring it a.U one way till it begins to thicken, 
 end is about to boil ; it must then instantly be taken off 
 ?nd put into a pan, stirred a little together, -and it may 
 be served up either together in a dish, or in custard 
 cups to be eaten hot or cold. 
 
 DROPSY. 
 
 PYROLA fcTmbellata, Winter Green, or Pipsissiwa 
 has been found useful in dropsical cases. A table 
 spoonful of a strong infusion of the herb is to be taken 
 every hour, with a little sirup. In disorders of the kid- 
 nies it has been found serviceable. Its efficacy in can- 
 cer has by some been questioned. 
 
 DYSENTERY. 
 
 TAKE a quantity of black elder berries, when per- 
 fectly ripe ; press the juice ; set it over a slow fire ; 
 add as much brown sugar as will make it palatable, let 
 it simmer until it becomes a thin sirup. Then add 
 one third the quantity of brandy, and cork it up for use. 
 A wine glass full is the dose for a grown person, and 
 in the same proportion for a child It may be taken 
 three or four times a day. This medicine has proved 
 efficacious in many cases, when almost every thing else 
 had failed. 
 
E Y E—F E L— F L A 173 
 
 eyes inflamed, a Collyrium for, 
 
 WHITE Vitriol 12 grains, Sugar of Lead 16 grains, 
 water 8 ounces. Mix, and when the white powder 
 has settled to the bottom, carefully decant so that no 
 particle of the sediment may remain in the collyrium. 
 
 fellon, cure for, 
 
 TAKE a piece of rock salt about the size of a but- 
 ternut or English walnut, and wrap it up closely in a 
 green cabbage leaf, but if not to be had, in a piece of 
 brown paper well moistened with water. Lay it on 
 embers, and cover it up so as to roast; when it has 
 been about twenty minutes take it out and powder it as 
 fine as possible. Then take some hard soap and mix 
 the powdered salt with it so as to make a salve. If 
 the soap should contain but little turpentine, which 
 its smell will determine, add some more, but if it smells 
 pretty strongly of it none need be added. Apply the 
 salve to the part affected, and in a short time it will 
 totally destroy it and remove the pain. 
 
 flax, how to dress to look like Silk. 
 
 TAKE one part lime, and between two and three 
 parts of wood ashes ; pour over them a due proportion 
 of water to make a strong lie, after they have stood to- 
 gether all night, which must be poured off when 
 quite clear. Tie handfulls of Flax at both ends to pre- 
 vent its entangling, but let the middle of each be spread 
 open, and put into a kettle, on the bottom of which 
 has been first placed a little straw with a cloth over it, 
 then put another cloth over the flax, and so continue 
 covering each layer of flax with a layer of cloth till 
 the kettle is nearly full. Pour over the whole the 
 clear lie and after boiling it for some hours, take it out, 
 and throw it in cold water. This boiling &c. may be 
 repeated it requisite. The flax must be each time dri- 
 
in FRU 
 
 ed, hackled, beaten and rubbed fine ; and at last, dres- 
 sed through a large comb, and through a very fine one. 
 By this process the flax acquires a bright and soft 
 thread. The tow which is off, when papered up and 
 combed like cotton, is not only used for many of the 
 same purposes, but makes lint for veterinary surgeons- 
 
 fruit trees, how forced to bear. 
 
 WITH a sharp knife cut the bark of the branch, 
 which you mean to force to bear, not far from the place 
 where it is connected with the stem ; or if a small 
 branch or shoot, near where it is joined with the lar- 
 ger bough ; the cut is to be made round the branch 
 so as to encircle it, and penetrate to the wood. A quar- 
 ter of an inch from the first cut, make a second cut like 
 the first, so that by both encircling the branch, you 
 have marked a ring upon the branch a quarter of an 
 inch broad between the two cuts — then with a knife 
 separate the bark from the wood, removing even the 
 &ne inner bark whichlies immediately upon the wood, 
 ao that no connexion whatever remains between the 
 two parts of the bark, leaving the wood naked, white 
 and smooth. 
 
 This operation must be performed when the buds 
 are strongly swelling, or breaking out into blossoms ; 
 the same year a callous is formed on at each edge of 
 the ring, and the bark is again restored without detri- 
 ment to the tree or the branch operated upon. 
 
 This operation seems calculated to force those trees 
 to bear, which put out a proportion of blossoms, -and 
 yet bear no fruit ; or if they bear, the fruit often drops 
 from the tree before ripe. The fruit from trees so 
 operated upon will be larger, more fair, and ripe seve- 
 ral weeks earlier than the other fruit upon the same 
 itr«e. It is weil known to botanists that the sap ascends 
 
G I N— G R A—G R E— I N F 175 
 
 in the wood, but descends by the bark : and the above 
 operation prevents its return. 
 
 GINGER BREAD, Molasses. 
 
 TWO pounds of flour, four ounces of Butter, two 
 r.unces of Ginger, a tea-cup full of Cream, a tea-spoon- 
 iul of Pear] ash, and one pint Molasses. Spice to your 
 taste, and knead it till very light. 
 
 GINGER BREAD. Sugar. 
 
 THREE pounds of Flour, a grated Nutmeg-, two 
 ounces of Ginger, one pound sugar, two spoonfuls of 
 pearl ash, dissolved in cream, one pound butter, four 
 eggs. Let it be kneaded stiff. 
 
 GRAFE TINES. 
 
 A POTATOE, placed upon the ends of such vines 
 as have been cut, will effectually check their bleeding, 
 
 GREEN DRESSING. 
 
 BUCK- WHEAT, rye, pease or oats may be sowed 
 in the spring, and in June ploughed in, when they are 
 fullest of sap, and most easily rotted. The ground 
 should be again ploughed in the fall, sowed with winter 
 grain and well harrowed. 
 
 Where a green crop is thus ploughed in, it has been 
 recommended to pass a roller over it, which lays it flat 
 in the same direction in which the plough is to pass. 
 
 infected air, how purified, and the smell occasioned by 
 a dead rat or other animal removed. 
 
 TAKE a small earthen vessel or gallipot, into whic, 
 put a little saltpetre, more or less according to the siz 
 
 
176 1 N K—I T C 
 
 of the room; pour upon this a sufficient quantity of the 
 oil of vitriol so as completely to saturate it, and shut 
 the room up closely for an hour, in which time it will- 
 be found to be perfectly free from the offensive 
 smell 
 
 INK. 
 
 NUTGALLS, in powder 4 ounces, Logwood 2 oun- 
 ces. These are to be boiled for an hour in six pounds, 
 (three quarts) of water, or until one half is evaporated, 
 It is then percolated through a hair sieve, and to the 
 liquid are added, copperas 2 ounces, gum Arabic half 
 an ounce, Blue Vitriol half an ounce, Sugar Candy half 
 an ounce. It should be sufficiently warmed to dissolve 
 these ingredients. It is then to be well stirred, and 
 suffered to stand 24 hours* It is then poured from the 
 sediment, and should be preserved in well stopped 
 glass or stone jars. 
 
 It is fit for immediate use. This composition was 
 the formation of Mr. Ribancourt. It is unquestionably 
 the best writing ink in use. Dr. Cox of Philadelphia 
 says he has tried a great variety of recipes for the for- 
 mation of ink, and has found none equal to this. 
 
 ITCH OINTMENT. 
 
 HOGS' fat or fresh butter one pound. Salt, black 
 pepper, ginger, and proof spirit of each one ounce, 
 Let those which require pulverizing be finely powder-, 
 ed. Then mix the ingredients and simmer them over 
 a slow fire one hour. Remove it and let it cool, so that 
 no scent will be produced by the addition of flour of 
 sulphur, of which add one half ounce, and spiritsof tur- 
 pentine about two common table spoonfulls. It should 
 be constantly stirred until it cools. One ounce of this 
 ointment is sufficient to cure a person. On commenc- 
 ing the use o/ it the clothes should be changed, and a 
 
JfAU—MOT 177 
 
 iittle sulphur be taken daily A little of the ointment 
 should be rubbed on where there are pimples (without 
 any roasting) every night, for about a week, when the 
 itch will be cured. In the preparation of this oint- 
 ment, if table spoonfulis be uskd, in lieu of ounces, it 
 will answer every purpose. 
 
 This ointment is to be preferred to most others int© 
 which sulphur enters, because it produces little or no 
 sulphurous scent, and compared with mercurial oint* 
 ments of every kind it is equally certain ; and, it is fiee 
 from every danger, which is always great in the use 
 of those ointments. 
 
 Another. 
 
 TAKE Hog's- Lard and Sulphuric Acid, and simmer 
 them together. Also, 
 
 Poke root and Hog's Lard. 
 
 jaundice, Cathartic sirup for. 
 
 White Ash Bark, Black Cherry Tree Bark, Butter- 
 nut Tree Bark, White Poplar Bark, of each one pound. 
 Let them be finely cut into chips, and put into three 
 gallons of water ; boil till one half is evaporated. 
 Strain and simmer till there remains only one quart. 
 Then add of proof Spirits and Molasses of each one 
 half pint. Take from a table spoonful to a glass two 
 or three times a day or sufficient to keep the bowels 
 open. 
 
 MOTHS. 
 
 TO prevent moths from attacking woolen clothes, 
 or worms from destroying books, place in the drawers 
 or corners of the shelves some of the roots or blade of 
 of the Sweet Flag. A decoction of the same will pre- 
 
 *2 
 
178 GIN— PAN 
 
 vent their"attacking buffalo skins, by sprinkling it over 
 them. This is not only effectual for the above men- 
 tioned purposes, but is a pleasant aromatic. 
 
 OINTMENT FOR ULCERS, OR OLD SORES. 
 
 RESIN and Hogs Fat of each one ounce, Verdigris 
 finely powdered one ounce. Simmer over a slow fire 
 till the resin and the lard be melted. Then add the 
 verdigris, and gently stir till it cools. 
 
 This ointment has been found useful in indolent 
 sores of all kinds. When melted a little of it should 
 be poured into the sore, and a salve, made as follows 
 be spread and laid overit. 
 
 Hogs Fat, Bees Wax, Resin, Bayberry Wax, of each 
 one pound. Melt them together, and set aside for use. 
 Both the salve, and the ointment ought to be prepared 
 in earthen vessels. 
 
 OINTMENT FOR WEAK JOINTS, 
 
 BOIL together White Oak and Sweet Apple Tree 
 bark till you obtain an extract, and spread a plaster of 
 it, and wear on the part affected. 
 
 PANADA. 
 
 f 
 
 BOIL for not more than two minutes some slices or 
 crumbs of bread, with a blade of mace in a quart of 
 water; then taking out the bread; and finely bruising 
 it in a basin, mix as much water as will make it a prop- 
 er consistence. Put in a bit of fresh butter, grate a 
 little nutmeg, and sweeten it to the palate. If wine 
 be required, though it is much best without, by no 
 means boil it with the water and bread. This is a del- 
 icate diet for a weak stomach. 
 
P 1 1—P L U— P O I— P UD 178 
 
 tiles, ointment for, 
 
 TAKE Nutgalls finely powdered, and Hog's Lard, 
 and stir them together when the lard is cooling or 
 nearly cold ; or 
 
 Take the inner bark of the sweet elder, and simmer 
 it with fresh butter. Use it night and morning. 
 
 PLUM- CAKE. 
 
 MIX ten ounces of butter in six pounds of dry flour 
 and ten ounces of Sugar, twelve of Currants, and five 
 of powdered Pimento. Six spoonfulls of yeast to a pint 
 of milk warmed. 
 
 poisons. Remedy for. 
 
 SPRINKLE flour over the part and cover it witb 
 green leaves. 
 
 pudding, Boiled Bread. 
 
 GRATE with bread, pour boiling milk over it, and 
 cover close. When soaked an hour or two beat it 
 fine and mix it with two or three eggs well beaten. 
 Put it into a basin that will just hold it ; tie a floured 
 cloth over it, and put it into boiling water. Serve it 
 up with melted butter poured over it. It may be 
 eaten with salt or sugar. 
 
 pudding, Yorkshire. 
 
 MIX five spoonsfull of flour with one quart of 
 milk and three eggs, well beaten. Butter the pan and 
 bake it. 
 
180 PUD— RAT— RHE- Rf N— ROL 
 
 PUDDING, BAKED APPLE. 
 
 Pare and quarter 4 large apples ; boil them tender* 
 with the rind of a lemon, in so little water, that when 
 done, none may remain ; beat them fine, add the 
 crumbs of a small roll, 4 ounces of butter, melted, the 
 yolks of five, and the whites of three eggs, the juice of 
 one half a lemon, and sugar to your taste. Break all 
 together, and lay it in a dish to turn out. 
 
 PRATTLES Or CROUF. 
 
 OIL of Olives and Honey, of each half an ounce, 
 Urine one and an half ounce, Vinegar two drachms. 
 Warm so as to melt the honey, and stir it well when 
 given. Dose, a spoonful once in an hour or two. 
 
 Chrcnic. 
 
 TAKE Spirits of Turpentine, and Sal Ammoniac, 
 and rub on the pained part, till a burning sensation is 
 produced. Then cover the part with flannels, or 
 some moist leaf as burdock, &c. 
 
 ring worms. Cure for. 
 
 TAKE white vitriol 10 grains. Put it in an ounce 
 of water, and an ounce of laudanum. Wash the part 
 frequently. 
 
 rolls, good and easy method of making. 
 
 TAKE a quart of flour, three table spoonfulls of 
 yest, a bit of butter the size of a large walnut, as much 
 warm water as will wet the flour, a little salt, and an 
 egg. Mix the wiiole up light, make it in rolls, put 
 them in tins, place the tins before the fire for the rolls 
 to raise a little, then put them in the oven, and be care 
 ful not to burn them black. 
 
S H A—S H E— S A— S P E 18! 
 
 shad, to fry without Butter or Lard. 
 
 FIRST warm your pan, then lay in the fish (after 
 wiping it with a cloth) with the skin downward over a 
 moderate fire — it will give out sufficient fat to fry 
 itself. Shad, cooked in this manner, eats much better 
 than in the common way. 
 
 sheep, the Foot rot in, Cure for. 
 
 PARE the hoofs of the sheep thus affected, letting 
 no hollow remain, which may collect the dirt ; if mat- 
 ter is formed be particularly careful to let it out — Af- 
 ter which take some stale urine and wash their feet 
 quite clean, and wipe them with a sponge. Put then 
 the sheep into a house or shed, the floor of which has 
 been previously covered about two inches thick with 
 quick lime reduced to a powder by means of a small 
 quantity of water, the newer the lime the better. Let 
 the sheep stand upon it six or seven hours and the cure 
 will be effected. 
 
 SOAP HARD. 
 
 TO make hard soap Soda should be dissolved and 
 leached through quick lime. Six times as much olive 
 oil or tallow are to be add?d as the quantity of Soda 
 used. The lie is then to be gently boiled, and 
 the ingredients will unite into a bard white Soap, 
 if the carbonic acid be properly taken from the Soda. 
 If a quantity of rosin be added it will form the common 
 yellow bar Soap. To make the soap marbled, soap- 
 makers add coperas, cinnabar, &c. to it before it is 
 made into cakes. 
 
 SPECTACLES. 
 
 GREEN glasses have been by occulists, as well as 
 opticians almost invariably recommended to preserve 
 
BZ" S T 
 
 the sight in cases of weak eyes. It is indeed universal- 
 ly admitted that a green colour is highly grateful to 
 the eye* There is a very essential difference, howe- 
 ver, between looking at, and through green. A greater 
 exertion of the organ of vision is unquestionabty re- 
 quired in using green than white glasses, on account of 
 their opacity. By using green Spectacles, especially 
 those of a deep tint, the eye is subject to frequent, 
 and not inconsiderable variations in respect to the de- 
 grees of light ; and every such sudden and violent 
 change, must of necessity be detrimental to the organ 
 of vision, Green glasses can be considered as serving 
 the purpose of a shade only, which can more conven- 
 iently be afforded by other contrivances, calculated to 
 protect the eye from the vivid rays of light. They 
 should, therefore, be reversed for urgent occasions, 
 and only as a relief to the eye, when it feels uneasy, 
 from excessive irritation, and unusual exertion. At 
 other times plain white speetacles should be be pre- 
 ferred. 
 
 STOCK, 
 
 THE following general rules with regard to 
 size and management of stock are given by Sir John 
 Sinclair, and are worthy of a general attention. 
 
 1. Animals intended for the butcher should be kept 
 in a state of regular improvement. The finer breeds* 
 are highly fed from their birth, and are almost always 
 fat. With other breeds, and on pastures of inferiour 
 quality, this i^ neither necessary nor practicable. But 
 in every case the same principle of improvement should 
 be adhered to, and such animals ought never to be al- 
 lowed to lose flesh, in the hope of afterwards restoring 
 it by better feeding. 
 
 2. The size should never be above that which the 
 pasture can support in a thriving condition. The at- 
 
 71 
 
 rsal- 
 
 
T H R— T I N 
 
 183 
 
 tempt to raise them to an undue size, by crossing has 
 been already censured. In regard to size, the stock of 
 *very kind, and of all the various breeds should be 
 proportioned to the quantity, and the quality of their 
 intended food. 
 
 3. The best pasture should be allotted to that por- 
 tion of the stock, which goes first to market; the next 
 in quality to the breeders ; and the coarse pasture to 
 the inferiour or growing stock. 
 
 4. Great care should be taken not to overstock pasture 
 which is attended with great loss to the farmer, and 
 the community. This ought to be particularly avoid- 
 ed in regard to young and growing animals. If they 
 are kept poor during one part of the year they will 
 scarcely thrive during the remainder; and when ill fed 
 will never attain to their proper size and proportion. ' 
 
 Lastly, the food, whatever it may be should not be 
 too suddenly changed. It is seldom profitable, to bring- 
 lean animals immediately from coarse to rich pastures • 
 and a change from dry to succulent food, and vice ver- 
 sa, should be gradually effected. A change of pasture 
 however of the same quality, tends to produce a ore at! 
 er accumulation of fat. ° 
 
 THROAT, SORE. 
 
 LET the throat be steamed with hot water in 
 which hops are infused, and apply the hops after hav- 
 ing been scalded for some time externally to the dis'eas 
 ed part of the throat. 
 
 TINCTURE OP PERUVIAN BARK, - 
 
 TAKE of Peruvian bark two ounees, Seville orange 
 peel and cinnamon of each half an ounce. Infuse the 
 whole in a pmt and an half of brandy for five or six 
 
184 VAR— WEN—WO R 
 
 days, in a clear vessel, afterwards strain off the tine* 
 ture. 
 
 TINCTURE OP RHUBARB. 
 
 TAKE half an ounce each of powdered rhubarb 
 myrrh, and hiera picra, with a little cochineal, and put 
 them into a bottle with one quart of the best anise 
 seed water. When it has stood four days it is fit for 
 use, and may be taken, a small wine-glass full at a time 
 for any pains in the stomach or bowels. 
 
 TARNISH FOR BOOTS AND SHOES. 
 
 ALCOHOL one pint, Gum Shell Lac two ounces, 
 Venice Turpentine two ounces. The shell lac is to be 
 finely powdered and put into a flask or glass bottle, 
 with the other articles, and kept moderately warm a 
 number of days. It should be occasionally shaken. 
 When the shell lac is dissolved, add a table spoonful of 
 lamp black, and it will be fit for use. Before using, 
 the boots should be cleaned with a brush and the var- 
 nish is then to be applied with a sponge. 
 
 WEN. 
 
 ANNOINTING the afflicted part with rattlesnake's 
 oil is said to be of great service. 
 
 WEN IN CATTLE. 
 
 RUB the part affected with an Indigo bag, which hal 
 been some time in use in a dye-pot. 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 SMALL doses of spirits of turpentine are said to be 
 sovereign in curing worms. 
 
A *ts, how (W PrtT , 5 \ method of taking 
 
 Apple Jelh ° ye ' 161 hone y **** U 
 
 A Ppies,how-r' 3erved 5 \ sting of,how cured 12 
 
 Apples &■ * of 161 I BelIs i how h "og /6 
 
 Anplr^ee^otvpro- | Beverage, for a weak 
 'dgated 
 
 Apple Trees, best mode 
 of setting out lb 
 
 Apoplexy, remedy for 162 
 
 Ascarides,or PinWorms, 
 remedy for lb 
 
 Asparagus, how to cul- 
 tivate lb 
 
 constitution 
 
 164 
 
 Black Ball, how made lb 
 Blacking, shining 165 
 Black Tongue, or Burnt 
 tongue,remedy fori 3, J 86 
 Botts, remedies for 13, 14 
 Bread, improvements in 
 making 15, 16 
 
 -*"■ r iuci;.\ nit: 
 
 Asthma, remedies 6.7, 163 I Breath, shortness of 1 65 
 Barley, to increase a | Bruise, application for lb 
 cro P of 7 1 Bull, when used lb 
 
 Barn-Yard, how con 
 structed lb 
 
 Beans, how cultivated 8 
 
 Bed bugs, how destroy- 
 ed lb 
 
 Beef, mode of preserv- 
 ing, See Meat. 
 
 — receipt for pick- 
 ling and curing, 164 
 
 Beer. Spruce 10 
 
 MoJasses lb 
 
 ■ Household lb | - application to a 
 
 Kopy, how cured 1 1 | bruise 165 
 
 — - to feed and give a i Cabbages, how cultivat- 
 fine flavour to lb | e d 20 
 
 Pea pods in lb\- met hod of 
 
 .Bees, how preserved J preserving lb 
 
 from worms or butter- \ Cake, Sponge, how 
 flies lb \ made; \§% 
 
 Bunns, how made 166 
 Burns and Scalds, reme- 
 dies for 16, 17, 166 
 Burnt Clay, how made 17 
 Butter, how made lb 
 
 to take the rancid 
 
 taste from 19 
 made from scald- 
 ed cream n 
 
 - receipt for cur- 
 
 in S 20 
 
 ::\ 
 
186 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Canada Thistes,how u 
 
 stroyed a Corks of wine bottles, 
 
 Cancer, remedies for * how secured 6 
 
 21, 22, 166, 167 [ Co, musty cure tor 
 Candles, to purify tal- \ Cosmtemedies tor 
 
 low for 22 | Cotton, filegaut 
 
 Canker, in trees 23 \ madder tUed wl Ib 
 
 Caterpillars, remedies 5 Cough, Whoopn., 
 
 for 23,24, 167 J edies for 
 
 37 
 170 
 
 •em- 
 
 Cathartic pill, mild 167 | 
 Cattle, hoven or swol- s 
 
 len 25 i 
 
 Change of Seeds 167 | 
 
 Cheese, method of mak- $ 
 
 ing 25 1 
 
 sage,howmade 168 f 
 
 . Stilton, how | 
 
 made 28 \ 
 
 . skippers in,how | 
 
 destroyed lb \ 
 to prevent its 5 
 
 having a rancid fla- \ 
 
 vour 29 1 
 
 Chilblains, remedies for lb \ 
 China, how mended Ib \ 
 Chintz,mode|of washing 30 \ 
 Cholera Morbus, reme- < 
 
 dies for 30,31, 169 1 
 31 i 
 33 
 33 I 
 
 in the early stage 
 
 of consumption 38 
 
 Cow, marks of a good 
 one, &c. 170 
 
 Cramp, remedy for 3d 
 
 Cream, quantity & qual- 
 ity of augmented 19,43 
 
 Croup,remedies for39, 1 80 
 
 Cucumber, how raised 40 
 
 — and squashes 
 
 how preserved a- 
 gainst bugs and flies lb 
 
 to render 
 
 wholesome 41 
 
 Cud, lost by an ox or 
 cow remedy for 171 
 
 Curculio, how to pre- 
 serve fruit trees from 4 1 
 
 Cider, how made 
 Cock-Roaches 
 Cod fish, how cooked 
 Cookies, how made 
 Coffee, art of making 
 * of Rye, 
 
 169 
 
 34 
 
 Currants, 
 vate 
 
 made 
 
 how to culti- 
 
 Ib 
 Wine, how 
 
 42 
 Shrub how 
 
 121 
 
 made 
 how I Custard, cheap and ex- 
 made 114 1 cellent 172 
 Cold, remedies for 35, 68 $ Dairy secret 43 
 Cholic Bilious lb i Deafness, cure for 43 
 Consumption 36, 38 1 Dentifrice lb 
 
INDEX, 187 
 
 Die, black 44 | Fowl, Bombay method 
 
 Dropsy, remedies for i of dressing 57 
 
 45, 172 J Frost-bitten feet lb 
 
 Drowned persons,direc- \ Frozen limbs, treatment 
 
 tions for recovering 4C I of 58 
 
 Dysentery, remedies f Fruit trees, how forced 
 
 for 47, 48, 172 1 to bear 174 
 
 Ear ache, remedy for 48 I Garlic sirup and oxymel 
 Eels,meihod of roasting lb 5 for cold and Asthmat- 
 Elder juice kills skip- < ic Cough 59 
 
 pers, &c. lb \ Geese, how fed lb 
 
 Eggs, how preserved lb j Gingerbread 175 
 
 mode of boiling 49 j Glass seasoning 59 
 
 Elixir, Sloughton's lb ; Gluten lb 
 
 Epileptic electuary, for j Gout, recipes for 60 
 
 the cure of falling j Grape vines 175 
 
 sickness 50 S Gravel remedies for 60, 61 
 
 Eyes inflamed, cure * Green Dressing 175 
 
 for 50, 51, 173 I Grease spots,to remove 61 
 weak and weeping 5 1 I Gripes in Horses or Cat- 
 Feathers, bones, &c. | tie 62 
 
 how coloured lb ] Gun barrels, to give a 
 
 Feilon, cure for 5 !, 52,173 \ beautiful brown to lb 
 Fever, yellow remedy * Hemorrhage remedy 
 
 fol? 52 1 for 63 
 
 — typhus, remedy 5 Hams, receipt for cur- 
 tor 52, 53 \ ing lb 
 
 bilious remedy \ Hands numbed or trem- 
 
 ' for 54, \ bling lb 
 
 Film, cure for lb i Harrowing grain in the 
 
 Fish sauce lb J spring 63 
 
 Flax, how to dress to j Heart-burn, remedy for 64 
 
 look hke silk 173 | Hessian Fly, remedy 
 Fleas, to keep off 55 $ for 65 
 
 Flies, to destroy lb j Morses, how to shoe lb 
 Founder in Cattle, rem- \ diseases in 65, 66, 
 
 edyfor j /& 135, 133,139,155, 159 
 
 lb owls how fed 57 I Hvdrophobia 68 
 
188 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Indian $orn, to raise a 
 great crop of 67 
 
 -_. preparation 
 
 for planting 68 
 
 — seeds of how 
 
 selected 119 
 
 Infected air, how purifi- 
 ed, &c. 175 
 
 Influenza, Coughs or 
 Colds, cure for 68 
 
 Ink, indelible > lb 
 
 a good writing 69, 1 76 
 
 Ink Powder 69 
 
 Insects that infest apple 
 trees lb 
 
 Iron Stoves, cracks in, 
 hew mended 70 
 
 Itch, cure for 176, 177 
 
 See likewise, Ointment. 
 
 Jaundice, cures for 
 
 I Mead or metheglin,how 
 \ made 80 
 
 j Measles in swine, how 
 | cured 81 
 
 > Meat, how preserved, 
 i pickled, &c. 81,82 
 
 \ when putrid how 
 
 < cured 81 
 
 I Russian mode of 
 
 I salting 83 
 
 < preserved in 
 
 | snow 129 
 
 j cakes, how made 84 
 
 I Mildew, or rust in 
 
 * wheat 1 1 1 
 I Moles, how guarded a- 
 
 l gainst 84 
 
 * Moths, to preserve furs 
 
 I & woolens from 84, 177 
 \ Murrain, remedies for 85 
 
 Lamhs not, owned by 
 their dams, how fed 72 
 
 shearing of lb 
 
 Leather, how made wa- 
 
 70, 71, 177 I Muslin, a composition 
 
 \ for washing lb 
 
 \ Musquetoes, to prevent 
 I the bite of 86 
 
 $ Mustard, how mixed lb 
 ter proof 72, 73 \ Nail, to extract poison 
 
 German mode < from 87 
 
 73 \ Nettle, virtues of lb 
 
 Oil essential, how ob- 
 tained from flowers 88 
 Oil or Tallow, how ex- 
 tracted from papers, 
 &c. lb 
 
 Oil of balsam ofGilead, 
 
 how obtained 89 
 
 Ointment for Itch 89, 17t> 
 
 sugar, how \ for excoriations 86 
 
 of blacking 
 Lice on Apple Trees 
 
 on Cattle 
 
 Lip Salve 
 
 Lock Jaw 
 
 Lungs, weakness of 
 
 Mangoes, how made 
 
 Manure, on the different 
 
 kinds, &c. 76 
 
 lb I 
 74 I 
 Jb\ 
 
 Ib\ 
 
 Ib \ 
 75? 
 
 Maple 
 made 
 
 79 | _ for ulcers, &c. 178 
 
INDEX. 
 
 189 
 
 Ointment for weak i 
 joints 178 1 
 
 for the piles 1 79 J 
 
 — for Scab in 
 
 sheep 116 < 
 
 Opodeldoc, how made 90 ? 
 Panada 178 1 
 
 Pancakes, of Rice 90 < 
 
 of a pink colour lb I 
 
 Paper, water proof 91 5 
 
 hangings, to clean lb i 
 
 Ib\ 
 9tl 
 
 of 
 
 lb I 
 
 Ib \ 
 94 I 
 
 Plaster of Paris 
 
 Pease Split 
 
 Peas, Russian mode 
 
 preserving green 
 Pickle, Pococke's 
 
 Hambro 
 
 Pickling, receipt for 
 Piles, cure for 04, 179 \ 
 Pimpled face cure for 94 \ 
 Plate, silver, togtve lus- I 
 
 tre to 95 ] 
 
 Plum cake, how made 179 j 
 Plums peaches, &c. how < 
 
 kept fresh 95 $ 
 
 Poisons, remedies 95, 179 \ 
 Poll evil, in horses 97 < 
 Pomatum, how made lb I 
 Potatoes, late make the I 
 
 best seed lb i 
 how to obtain | 
 
 new varieties 98 I 
 
 to raise early lb 5 
 
 a good method | 
 
 of planting lb \ 
 
 harvesting 99 5 
 
 feeding stock i 
 
 with lb \ 
 
 Potatoe Pudding 99 
 
 Starch 100 
 
 Poultry, on feeding lb 
 Pruning fruit trees lb 
 Puddings, various kinds 
 
 101, 179, 180 
 Pumpkin seeds, oil from 
 
 102 
 Radishes, lb 
 
 Rattles, or Croup, 39, 180 
 Rats, modes of destroy- 
 ing 102 
 Rattle snake, cure for 
 
 the bite of 103 
 
 Rennet how made lb 
 
 Rheum, Salt, remedies 
 
 for 115 
 
 Rheumatism, remedies 
 
 for 105,180 
 
 Rice Jelly 106 
 
 Ring worm, cure for 
 
 106, 180 
 Rocks, blasting of 107 
 Rollers, use of lb 
 Rolls, how made 180 
 Roofs of houses, mate- 
 rials for 109 
 Rotation of crops lb 
 Howell in horses 1 10 
 Rust in wheat 1 1 1 
 Rye mode of sowing 1 13 
 spring, h©w to pre- 
 vent its blasting Jb 
 Rye Coffee 1 1 4 
 Salt for manure lb 
 Salt Rheum, remedies 
 
 for lis 
 
 Sand, uses of lb 
 
190 INDEX. 
 
 Sausages, Bologna, how J Snuff, Cephalic, how- 
 made 116 \ made 129 
 
 Scab in sheep, ointment \ Collins* .Cephalic 
 
 for 116, 119 | how made 130 
 
 Sciatica, remedy for 1 17 I Soap, receipt for mak- 
 Scouring in Horses 66 1 ing lb 
 
 Scratches in Horses | hard, how made 181 
 
 66, 117, 118 \- saving of 131 
 
 Scurvy, sirup for 122 I Soda, in washing lb 
 
 Sealing wax, how made I Soiling lb 
 
 118? Soot, its uses in Agricul- 
 Seeds, how preserved lb > ture 133 
 
 - of Indian corn 5 Sowing, directions con- 
 how selected 119 5 cerning 134 
 
 Shad, how fried with- * Spavins in Horses 135 
 
 out butter or lard 181 ij Spectacles, directions 
 Sheep, scab in 115, 119 J relating to 181 
 
 — foot rot in, cure ' Spitting of blood from 
 for 181 \ the lungs 136 
 
 — fish, food for 1 19 \ Spots of oil removed 
 
 Ticks, remedies I from books, &c. lb 
 
 for 1 20 f — how removed from 
 
 - smearing of lb \ woollen cloths &c. 
 
 Shoeblackingl21,164,165^ 136, 137 
 
 Shoeing horses 65 £ of Ink, how remo- 
 
 Shrub, with brandy or I ved 137 
 
 rum 121 e iron mould, how 
 
 — — Currant lb 5 removed lb 
 
 Sick head ache, pills \ Sprains, cure for 138 
 
 for 122 < Staggers in horses lb 
 
 Sirup for coughs Lb * Stains, ink, how taken 
 
 — of sugar lb \ from mahogany 139 
 
 ■^ — for scurvy lb ; Starch, how made lb 
 
 jyize and form of stock 123 | Steel, mode of polish- 
 Slaughtering of cattle 128 y ing 140 
 Smut in grain 162 S Stifle in a horse 139 
 Snow, to preserve meat | St. Anthony's fire, cure 
 
 in* * 129| for 139,140 
 
INDEX. 
 
 191 
 
 Stock, rules for manag- 5 Vinegar of orange flow- 
 ing 182? ers 
 Stone, cures for 140, 141 \ 
 Strain, in an ox by over- \ 
 drawing, cure for 141 j 
 Straw, mode of whiten- f 
 insr lb \ 
 142 \ 
 1431 
 
 144 I in cattle, remedy 
 
 lb 
 
 Stubble, burning of 
 Swine, fatting of 
 Tanning leather 
 Tea, economy 
 
 e rs 1 50 
 
 Warts or Corns reme- 
 dies for 1 50, 1 5 1 
 Weeds, how destroyed lb 
 Wen, Indian mode of 
 curing lb 
 
 another remedy 
 
 for 184 
 
 for lb 
 
 Tea kettles, to remove $ Wheat, disorders in 152 
 
 lime from lb I Wheezing in horses 155 
 
 Teeth, to cleanse 145 
 
 t to preserve lb | 
 
 Throat, sore 35, 183 | 
 
 Tincture of Peruvian S 
 
 bark lb \ 
 
 of rhubarb 1 8 4 | 
 
 Tools, ho.v tempered 145 1 
 Tooth ache, remedies * 
 
 for 146 1 
 
 Top dressing 1 47 S 
 
 Trees, new method of i 
 
 inoculating 1 48 | 
 
 Turkies, how raised 76 5 
 Turnips, how preserv- | 
 
 ed from insects 149$ 
 Varnish for boots and $ 
 
 shoes 184J 
 
 Vinegar of roses 149 \ 
 
 Whooping Cough 37 
 
 Windgalls, remedies for 
 
 155 
 Wine, white currant 1 56 
 Wood, new mode of 
 
 preserving 157 
 
 Worms in agriculture lb 
 
 in the human 
 
 species i58, 184 
 
 in the head of 
 
 sheep 159 
 
 Wounds, a remedy for 
 and preventative of 
 lock jaw lb 
 
 Yellows in horses lb 
 
 Yellow, patent 160 
 
 Yest, how made in Per- 
 sia lb 
 
 * 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 8, line 17 from the top, for "week" read 
 peck. 
 
 Page 101, line 6 from the bottom, for "butter" read 
 hatter. 
 
 Page 148, line 4 from the top, for "J>acfc" read bark. 
 
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