h I fill: "fir. ■ ■ H ■ ■ ■ H I ■ ■ •<,» n ■ I ■MB tllHJ I ■ ui: itiwtujii flm M.^Jfwij'i I ■ Book • I & q Copyright^ . . COPHUGHT DEPOSIT. . A GROUP OF- GREAT-AMERICAN- ORATORS The International Speaker ^ Entertainer RECITATIONS, READINGS, PLAYS, DRILLS, TABLEAUX, Etc., Etc. Together with Rules for Physical Culture and for the Training of the Voice and the Use of Gesture, according to the Delsarte System -by- S FRANCES FUTNAM F0GLE, B.E., Cumnock School of Oratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, III. ALSO New and Original Musical Compositions for Special Entertainments, etc., with many Old Favorites Compiled and written —by— GEORGE M. VICKERS, A.M., Author of "Guard the Hag." "Ballads of the Occident," Etc. A Complete Hand-Book of Entertainment for All Ages and Occasions ILLUSTRATED WITH Attitudes, Special Poses, etc., of some of the World's most Noted Impersonators, Elocutionists and Actors. INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING CO. CHICAGO, ILL. 32013 Put •••• 59 Ridicule 52 Revenge 53 Rejection 56 Secrecy 56 Scorn — Independence 58 Salutation 63 Sauciness 64 Silence . 62 Supplication . . . „ 54 Uncertainty ; 60 Vanity o 61 Watching 49 Welcome — Delight 5° Part I PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT By FRANCES PUTNAM POGLE What do we mean by " Physical Development ? " It is the training of the bodily organs and powers with a view to the promotion of health and vigor, or strength. Too much stress cannot be laid upon physical development when one begins to study Elocution. To begin with, the first requirement for public speaking is " physical strength." Because in order to become a successful public speaker one must be strong enough to withstand not only the nervous strain un- der which such an one is constantly labor- ing, but also the physical strain which of necessity must come to the body from long standing and constant activity in changing from one character to another during an evening's program. Besides, one cannot possibly lose himself in a selection unless the body is free from pain, and perfectly at ease. The least pain or awkwardness in any part of the body, the mind concentrates itself upon that one part to the exclusion of all else, and, instead of decreasing, the pain or awkwardness increases by much thinking on, until the infection spreads over the whole body and finally takes entire possession of the mind as well. The result is a failure, in which the reci- tation has degenerated into mere " Words words, words !" as Hamlet says. What was the cause of the failure ? One little part of the body which was not up to the standard ! Nothing to speak of — but enough to spoil the good effect of all the stronger parts. As a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, so the human body is only as strong, and, shall we say as graceful? as its weakest part. Shakespeare has it — " So, oft it chances in particular men, Carrying, I say, the stamp of one defect, Their virtues else — be they as pure as grace, Shall in the general censure take corruption From that particular fault." The Doctor's Test. After looking at a rather dyspeptic patient a moment, an eccentric physician said very abruptly, " Where is your stomach ? ' ' "Here!" said the patient, promptly, though looking bewildered by the question. ' ' How do you know ? ' ' said he. " Why, because that's where the pain is whenever I swallow anything." " Then my supposition was correct," de- clared the doctor. I thought you had dys- pepsia the moment I laid eyes on you, but thought I'd test you to make sure." As the patient looked puzzled, he con- tinued : ' ' You see, a person who has a good stomach oughtn't to know that he has one, much less where it is." The doctor's rule for a good stomach is my rule for a good body. On getting up to recite, if you feel that you have a body, then there is something wrong with it. When your body has reached the state where it is not a subject of consid- eration to you, then and not until then, will you be able to do your best work. After all, the body is merely the veil through which the soul shines, or the glass 27 28 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT through which the sun shines, If the veil is marred in any way, the attention of the outsider is drawn to the mar, while the soul which shines through is unnoticed ; or, if the pane is blemished, the beautiful sun- shine comes through but dimly, and then in distorted shadows. Is it possible ever to attain to the state where one is unconscious of the body ? Yes ; but only after long and careful work. In order to reach that condition you must pass through one of extreme and pain- ful self-consciousness, but it will pay in the end. In order to reach heaven, one must pass through ' ' the valley of the shadow of death ! ' ' Most of the things worth having on earth are only the result of great and painful effort. Ask any one who has ever seen it, if the view from the top of Mt. Blanc is not worth the struggle up its side. So do not be discouraged, but as Emerson says : ' ' Hitch your wagon to a star ! ' ' All great orators and actors have had physical defects to overcome. Look at Demosthenes ! Who does not know the story of his patient and successful efforts to overcome his life-long habit of car- rying one shoulder lower than the other ? One of my earliest recollections is the pic- ture of that great orator reciting in front of his mirror with the sharp -edged sword placed so that it would cut into the flesh every time his shoulder should sink to its old level. Abraham Lincoln, with his loose-jointed frame and homely face, was by nature the embodiment of awkwardness ; but when roused to the pitch of eloquence the beauty of his soul transfigured him, until his every move was strength, grace and dignity ! And so I might go down the long line of famous speakers, pointing out some fault or faults in each, which had to be overcome be- fore greatness was attained. For the sake of illustration let us liken the body to a garden. What does the ex- pert gardener do before planting his seed ? He begins by pulling out or cutting down the weeds, which, if allowed to grow, would soon overrun the whole garden, choking out the seed which he intends to plant in the future. Then he plows or spades the earth in order to loosen it ; after which it is ready for the planting. How does he plant his seeds ? By simply throwing them upon the surface of the soil, and then paying no more attention to them ? No, he plants them carefully, seeing that they are covered with earth ; and then he tends them day after day, until the fruit ripens under his care into perfect growth and sym- metry, and is ready for use. To one who would be an effective speaker the mental faculties are the gardeners, the body is the garden ; the weeds are the faults of carriage and bad habits formed in years of thoughtlessness ; the instruments with which he loosens the soil are the relaxing exercises ; the loosened soil is the body when it has become free of faults ; the seeds are the principles for obtaining strength, ease and grace, without which nothing can be truly beautiful ; the careful planting is the putting in of these principles by steady practicing of exercises which will take root in the body ; the careful tending after the seeds have taken root, is the watchfulness of the mind to see that the body does not break the laws of nature ; and the ripened fruit is the body which has become so thoroughly developed and perfected under long and care- ful training that it is no longer an impedi- ment, but the instrument through which the soul works its will. To quote from a former figure, the blem- ish in the glass, the mar in the veil, are gone, and now we see the sublime spectacle of the workings of a human soul. Following the wise leading of the gar- dener, I will begin by trying to weed out your faults and bad habits of carriage. In the first place, have you any bad habits or peculiarities which need to be corrected ? Let me tell you right here that not one in a hundred is free from some, and, in most cases, many, defects of carriage. Some- times it is one thing, sometimes another, but usually the fault lies with the hands, feet, head, abdomen, shoulders, or the plac- ing of the weight. By watching yourself you can soon tell if you have any faults to overcome. When you enter your friend's parlor, if you feel as if you do not know what to do with your hands or feet, then the trouble lies with them. If any other part feels too promi- nent or heavy, then the trouble lies there. PHYSICAL DEVEL0PMEN7 29 To relieve stiffness and awkwardness of any part of the body, I should advise thorough practice in the following relaxing exercices. I shall frequently use the term ' ' Military Position." By it, I mean — {Military Position. ) i. Heels together, with toes at an angle of forty -five degrees. 2. Head erect. 3. Shoulders well up. 4. Arms close at sides. 5 . Knees stiff. 6. Weight on the balls of the feet. 7. Abdomen back in place. 8. Chest up. Relaxing Exercises for the Hand. 1 . Military position. 2. Clasp the left wrist firmly with the right hand, at the same time letting the left hand hang as if dead or relaxed. 3 . By moving right hand and arm, shake left hand violently up and dow r n, round and round in every direction, until it feels numb, or, as if all the blood in the body were in it. (Be sure that the right hand and arm are doing all the work.) 4. Reverse the movement, making left hand do the work and right hand hang relaxed, etc. {Repeat ten times.') II. 1. Military position. 2. Lean the body forward and dip the tips of the fingers into an imaginary basin of water. 3. Shake the water off violently. {Repeat twenty times.') III. 1. Military position. 2. Clench hands tightly at sides, arms being tense and strained. 3. Hold strained position while count- ing twenty. 4. Relax arms and hands. {Repeat fifteen times.) Relaxing Exercises for the Foot. I. 1 . Military positioh. 2. Right foot forward. 3. Lift right foot off the floor, bending the leg at the knee. 4. Relax right foot. 5 . Shake right foot violently as if shak- ing off water. 6. Right foot back to place. 7. Reverse the movement, putting left foot forward, etc. {Repeat eight times.) II. 1. Military position. 2. Place hands on hips. 3. Lift right leg, bending it at knee, and letting lower leg hang relaxed. 4. By quickly raising and depressing upper leg, swing the relaxed lower leg backward and forward in a movement resembling the pawing of a horse. 5. Reverse the movement. {Repeat five times.) Relaxing Exercises for the Head. I. 1 . Military position . 2 . Press the head back as far as possible until the muscles under the chin and at the back of the neck feel strained. 3. Relax those muscles, letting the head hang back, relaxed. 4. Bring the head to place. 5 . Press the head as far as possible to the right until the muscles at the left and right sides of the neck feel strained. 6. Relax the muscles. 7 . Reverse this movement , pressing head to left, etc. 8. Press head forward as far as possible, and relax. 9.. Press head straight up as far as pos- sible, and relax. {Repeat this movement all the way through four times.) 3o PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT II. i. Feet in military position, hands on hips. 2. Close eyes and slowly relax the head, letting it fall forward on the breast. 3. Imagine life cut off at the neck, and the head simply attached with a string. 4. By moving the trunk in a circular direction, let the head roll around of itself, making several circuits of the body. Be sure that the head does ?ione of the work. Relaxing Exercises of the Whole Arm. 1 . Stand with left foot at walking step in advance of right, letting right arm hang relaxed at side, and placing left hand on hip. 2. Move the body forward and back, shifting the weight first to forward foot and then to back, and bending the knees more and more each time. If the arm is perfectly relaxed it will swing forward and back, going a little higher each time, until at last it moves clear around in a circle parallel to the body. 3. Reverse the movement, placing right foot forward, and relaxing left arm. 4. Double the movement, letting both arms hang relaxed, etc. {Repeat this movement five times.') II. 1 . Military position . 2. Keeping body perfectly rigid, raise while counting arms straight over head. 3. Hold arms erect twenty. 4. Let them drop relaxed at sides. {Repeat this movement five times.') Relaxing Exercises for the Whole Leg. 1 . Stand with the left foot on a thick book or a small elevation. Balance weight carefully on it. 2. Let right leg hang relaxed. (If it is entirely relaxed, the toe will point down- ward.) 3. Move the body forward and backward bending slightly at hips. This action of the upper body ought to swing the leg, if it is relaxed, very gradually higher and higher until it moves like a pendulum. 4. Reverse the movement. {Repeat five times.) II. 1 . Military position. 2. Lift right leg straight out in front, having whole leg and foot te?ise, with toe pointing away from the body. 3. Hold this position while counting four. 4. Let the leg drop relaxed. 5. Reverse this movement, lifting left leg, etc. {Repeat this eight times.) III. 1 . Lie flat on the floor. 2. Lift right foot up as far as possible. 3 . Hold strained attitude while counting twenty -five. 4. Let it drop relaxed. 5. Reverse the movement, using left foot. {Repeat ten times.) Relaxing Exercises for Trunk and Arms. (To be taken without tight or stiff clothing.) i . Take a rather wide base, letting arms hang relaxed at sides. 2. Slowly relax face, letting eyes close and chin drop. 3. Slowly relax head, letting it drop forward on the breast. 4. Slowly relax shoulders and spine, letting the head, arms and trunk sink grad- ually until the whole upper body hangs lifelessly to the hips. 5. Hold this position while you can count thirty. 6. Shift weight from right to left and back, repeating the movement until the relaxed trunk, arms and head swing from side to side. 7. Slowly energize, letting the life steal upward through the spine, then shoulders, then head, then face ; and lifting the body PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 3i into correct position, i. e., hips and abdo- men back in place, and shoulders well drawn up, instead of being thrown back. This movement, especially, is often given by prominent nerve specialists to their patients as being fine for the nerves of the back, which are the most delicate of the body. Relaxing Exercises for the whole Body. {All tight or stiff clothing should be removed for this move- ment.) i. Lie flat on the back on the floor, with arms at sides, and eyes closed. 2. Lift the head and hold it off the floor while you count ten. 3. Let it drop, relaxed. 4. Lift right leg and hold aloft while counting twenty. 5. Let it drop relaxed. 6. Lift left leg, and hold aloft while counting twenty. 7. Let it drop relaxed. 8. Lift right arm straight up while you count thirty. 9. Let it drop, relaxed. 10. Lift left arm straight up while you count thirty. 11. Let it drop, relaxed. 12. Lie quietly five minutes until thor- oughly relaxed. This exercise is often given to produce sleep, and is much more restful to the body and mind than two hours of unre- laxed sleep. If you are at all nervous, lie down quietly and relax yourself. It will soothe you more than any amount of rest- less turning and twisting in trying to get to sleep. Before giving a recital I always go through with the relaxing exercises, and then lie down quietly for thirty minutes. It makes me feel delightfully refreshed. This completes the first of relazing exer- cises. Remember that unless you practice them faithfully, you will continue in your old faults. This is the only way to cure them. As you cannot build a symmetrical house without a foundation, so you cannot build a symmetrical body without the relax- ing exercises. In fact, they are the foun- dation of the house of strength, ease and grace. No teacher of elocution could com- mit a greater crime toward a pupil than to give him gesture work before curing him of his faults of carriage ! Such teachers bring ridicule upon our art, which is the oldest in the world, — the art of expression. Now that we have laid the foundation, let us put up the framework. For what does the framework stand ? Beauty ? No ! Grace ? No ! For what, then ? For strength. If the reader has access to a gymnasium, I should advise the use of the Indian clubs, dumb-bells, parallel bars, chest bars, vault- ing pole, punch-bag, rings and turning pole, for developing physical strength. I might say right here that this advice is to women and girls as well as to men and boys. All of the above-mentioned appara- tus can be used as well and as profitably by the one sex as by the other, if the women are properly dressed and do not go to an excess. One of the greatest pleasures I have ever known was in conquering the different appa- ratus until I could use them as well as any boy in the gymnasium. If you have not access to a gymnasium, you can do a great deal to develop your strength by using the following exercises : Exercises for Strengthening the Arms. Caution.— Every move of tbe following exercises must be made wtih energy. a. 1. Military position and hands closed firmly at sides. 2. Right hand at chest. Right hand back at side. Repeat. Left hand the same. Both hands the same. b. 1 . Both hands clenched on chest. 2. Right hand shoot straight out in front at shoulder. 3. Back to chest. 4. Repeat. 5. Left hand the same. 6. Both hands the same. 32 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT c. i. Both clenched hands on shoulders. 2. Right hand straight up. 3. Back to shoulder. 4 . Repeat. 5. Left hand same. 6. Both hands same. II. ' ' Anvil Movement . ' ' 1 . Place clenched fists one on top of the other at arm's length in front, about on a level with the waist line, so that the thumb of the right hand touches the little finger of the left. 2. Drop the right hand in a circular movement, bringing it around with all its force and striking the clenched left hand on top, send it round to come back and strike the right, which repeats the movement as before. This must be done in such a way that anyone looking at you from the side sees each arm perform a perfect circle. III. (To be practiced with care, being sure to keep the back rigid.) i. Military position. 2. Taking a chair by the top of back in the right hand, raise it slowly at full arm till on a level with the shoulder. 3. Lower it slowly to ground. 4. Use the left hand and arm. 5. Put the chair in front of you, and lift it with both hands, being careful not to bend at the waist line. Suggestion. — A pail may be used, beginning at first with only a little water in it, and increasing amonnt slowly. IV. 1. Take hold of anything from which you can hang, a short distance from the ground. 2. Try to draw your chin up to your hands. {Repeat this five times.} Exercises for Strengthening the Legs. 1. Feet in military position, hands on hips. 2. Right foot forward in a diagonal line, putting weight onto it at same time. 3. Back to place. 4. Repeat. 5. Left foot same. 6. Right foot forward and back. 7. Left foot forward and back. 8. Right foot forward and back. 9. Left foot forward and back. In this movement be sure to shift the weight with each move of the feet, II. 1 Place hands on hips. 2 . Run on toes round and round a iarge room or out of doors, being sure to touch merely the ball of the foot. III. 1 . Heels together, body erect and lightly poised over the balls of the feet, and hands held out in balancing attitude. 2. Bend the knees slightly. 3. Jump straight up into the air, coming down on toes with heels still together. 4. Sink heels slowly to ground, but keep weight poised over balls of the feet. {Repeat ten times.) IV. 1 . Place your back against a flat surface, say a door, being sure to see that your head and heels also touch the door, and that your hands are flat at sides. 2. Without removing head from door, drop straight down as far as possible, bend- ing the body nowhere except at knees. 3. Raise the body in same way. {Repeat four times.) (This movement, as you will find upon trial, is very difficult, and takes much practice before satisfactorily performed.) V. 1. Military position. 2. Raise right foot and kick violently. 3. Right foot back to place. 4. Raise left foot and kick violently. 5 . Left foot back to place. {Repeat ten times.) VI. 1 . Feet in military position, hands on hips. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 33 2. Right foot forward. 3. Shift weight to it. 4. Bend right knee, sinking almost to floor, and keeping body perfectly erect. 5. Rise slowly, keeping weight on the ball of the front foot. 6. Shift weight to back foot. 7. Right foot back to place. 8. Reverse the movement, placing left foot forward, etc. {Repeat five ti?nes.) Exercises for Making the Feet Strong and Pliable. I might remark here that it is very im- portant to use the joints of the feet, if one desires to become a graceful walker. Noth- ing is more ungraceful than that flat-footed walk which one so often sees on the street. Siddons' Opinion. It is said of the great Siddons that at one time a young actor who had taken the peo- ple of England by storm, came to her to ask for her patronage. She put him upon the stage , watched him go through one scene of Hamlet, and then told him quietly but firmly that she had no place for him in her com- pany. When asked her reason for this deci- sion, she remarked: "My dear young sir, you walk as if your feet had no j oints . Every time your foot falls flatly on the plank, it sends a cold shiver all over me. Could I, think thee, fall in love with a flat-footed Hamlet? Godzooks, no ! I prithee, go limber up thy joints ! " We cannot afford to slight the opinion of so great an artist as Siddons, therefore let us come to the point. 1. Heels together, hand on hips, weight on balls of feet. 2. Rise on toes slowly, counting one, two, three. 3. Hold position, counting one, two, three. 4. Sink slowly to first position, counting one, two, three. {Repeat five times, being sure to see that your body rises and sinks gradually but firmly , not in an uncertain manner.) Exercises to Stengthen the Hand. 1 . Clench and open hand forcibly as if grasping and unwillingly releasing some- thing with which you do not wish to part. 2. Do this first with one hand and then the other. (Repeal twenty times.) II. 1 . Beginning at the centre of the palm, make the life and force flow gradually out- ward to the tips of the fingers and thumb, opening the hand slowly and forcibly at the same time. 2. Close the hand in the same way, let- ting the life slowly flow from the finger-tips back to the centre of the palm. 3. Work on this movement until the hands are so thoroughly under the control of the will that the movement resembles the opening and closing of the petals of a flower. Exercises for Strengthening the Back. There is a warning I should give, and perhaps this is the best place for it. It is : Women, be careful of your backs ! The most delicate and most easily injured part of a woman's body is the region around the waist line, just at the middle of the back. Why is it delicate? Because it is so terribly abused. Every time a woman puts on her hat, or ties her veil, or combs her hair, I will venture she misuses her back ! How do women stand when they per- form those functions ? They stand, as a rule, with their shoulders bent back, their abdomens pro tuding and their weight thrown way back on their heels. How should they stand ? They should stand with their shoul- ders erect, their backs either perfectly straight or bent slightly to the front, their abdomens back in place, and their weight always on the balls of the feet. My dear reader, if you are a woman, try to do these things properly next time, and see how much easier it is to do them with the correct than with the incorrect poise. Also remember that it is just as important to 34 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT carry yourself properly in your home as it is on the streets, and, indeed, I might say more important, for more of your time is spent at home than on the streets. Have you ever known a woman who didn't care anything about her appearance at home, and who went around the house with her should- ers and abdomen entirely out of place, but who straightened up considerabty and made a fairly good appearance on the street ? I am sure you will not have to look far to find such a one. Very likely that woman was continually complaining of headaches and backaches. No wonder I With such treatment the wonder is that she was ever free from them. Half of the nervous disorders come, not so much from overwork, as from carelessness in the use of the body. Whenever I see a man or woman pounding along down the street, with the body all out of poise and the weight on the heels, it makes me shudder ; for I think how every step jars the delicate spine which, in turn, jars the base of the brain. What wonder that headache is the result ! Professor Paine, of astronomical fame, always walks on the tips of his toes- It looks rather peculiar to see a tall, thin person like the professor tiptoeing down the street, and the first time I saw him I was decidedly amused, though I instantly knew why he was doing it. His nervous system is very delicate, and he walks in this way in order to save his spine and brain from jarring. If he had only known, he could have accom- plished the same result without making him- self so conspicuous . One can walk with the entire weight on the balls of the feet just as well when the heels are touching the ground, as when they are not. In fact, that is ex- actly where one should always carry the weight. All of the movements I have given, work toward strengthening the back, inasmuch as the spine is to be held rigidly through most of them, and this very rigidity is of itself strength-giving. The relaxing move- ment for the trunk, head and arms is espe- cially good for that purpose, as, when the body is relaxed, the back is rested, and, when the spine is slowly energized, the back is made to use each vertebra separately. Therefore the back is made pliable and yet strong ; for it does all the work of lifting the heavy and apparently lifeless trunk, head and arms. (Before beginning this movement all stays and tight garments must be removed.) i. Place the feet a slight distance apart. 2. Without bending the knees, bow the body forward, and very slowly down, down, with hands extended as if pressing some- thing to the floor. 3. When you have reached your limit, rise slowly with palms turned upward as if pressing something toward the ceiling. 4. When your hands are on a level with your shoulders, turn the palms down and repeat the movement. {Repeat ten times.') II. 1 . Military position. 2. Raise arms straight over head. 3 . Quickly sway the body forward at the hips, and swing arms forcibly in a circular movement downward, trying to touch the floor. 4. Raising the body quickly, repeat the movement. {Repeat ten times.) III. 1. Military position! 2. Place right foot forward and shift weight to it. 3. Rise on tiptoe, and at the same time lift the arms, reaching up as far as possible, being certain not to bend back, but to reach forward and upward. 4. Sink back to place, letting arms fall relaxed at sides. {Repeat ten times.) (This is one of the best exercises of which I know, for length- ening the waist line. If properly done, it is one of the best for strengthening the back. If improperly done it is one of the worst.) exercises for putting the shoulders in their Proper Place. 1. Military position. 2. Place the tips of the fingers on the tops of the shoulders. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 35 3. Keeping the fingers in their places, revolve the elbows slowly toward the front, making them perform circles of which the shoulders are the centres, and which are as nearly parallel to the sides of the body as possible. Suggestion — This movement -will be more easily arrived at if you imagine yourself standing between two black boards which are very close to you. Then imagine that the point of each elbow is a piece of crayon, and try to perform the largest and most perfect circles possible, using your shoulders as the centres. {Repeat the movement ten times.} Reverse the movement, making the elbows start over and toward the back. {Repeat the movement ten times.} The idea in this movement is to make the elbows come as nearly as possible together 'in the back II. 1 . Place yourself in the corner of a room so that you are a foot and a-half from and facing the angle. 2. Place the palms of your hands so that they are on the two surfaces forming the angle, at about a foot and a half from the line of intersection, and so that they (the hands) are on an exact level with the shoulders, and with the fingers pointing up. 3. Keeping the whole body (with the exception of the arms) perfectly rigid, and making the elbows move on a level with the shoulders, press your face forward until it rests in the angle formed by the intersect- ing walls. {Repeat ten times?) (This exercise is not only good for properly placing the should- ders, but also for strengthening theback and arms, and for widen- ing the chest line across the front while narrowing it across the back. At first it is apt to lame the muscles of the arms, chest, and back ; but if continued for several days, the lameness will vanish.) III. i. Military position. 2. Raise the arms straight up in front till the palms of the hands touch on a level with the shoulders. 3. Keeping the body perfectly rigid and erect, swing the arms quickly around to the same relative position in the back, making the backs of the hands meet on a level with the shoulders. {Repeat the movement ten times?) (This movement is always impossible to a beginner, but after three or four days' practice, comes very easily.) IV. 1. Place your back firmly against a door, so that your shoulders and head touch the door. 2. Interlace your fingers behind your neck, being sure to see that neither your head nor shoulders leave the door. 3. While in this position make your elbows touch the same surface which your head and shoulders touch. 4. When your shoulder-blades are per- fectly flat keep the same position, only walk about for five minutes. (This movement, if practiced faithfully, will entirely do away witn protruding or prominent shoulder-blades.) Now that I have given exercises to strengthen each of the separate parts of the body, I shall give one which will test and develop the strength of the body as a whole or unit. Exercises to Strengthen the Body as a Whole. 1 . Stand erect, with your feet a very lit- tle distance apart. 2. Bend over until the palms of the hand are flat on the floor, and then, by mov- ing one hand before the other (keeping the feet where they are), advance your body along the floor until it is extended at full length, the weight resting entirely upon the toes and hands, and the whole body as rigid as a bar of iron. 3. Still keeping the body rigid, slowly bend the arms at the elbows until the face touches the floor between the hands. 4. Raise the body slowly until the arms are straight. 5 . Repeat the raising and lowering pro- cess three times. 6. Slowly move the hands toward the feet, the body having meantime bent itself double. 7. Rise to upright position. In our house of beauty we have laid the foundation by means of the relaxing exer- cises, and built the framework by means of the strengthening exercises ; so we must now begin to put up the walls and build the roof, or, in other words, teach you to stand, to walk, and to do many other ordinary 36 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT things, properly and gracefully, for there is Remember that you are being judged a good and a bad way to do everything. at all times and in all places. You may Those who are acquainted with the de- hand a beggar a penny and he will know lightful little story, " The Birds' Christmas you are a lady, while your next door Carol," by Kate Douglas Wiggin, will neighbor may throw him a dollar and be doubtless remember Mrs. Ruggles' saying judged just what he is, — a commoner, to the children before they started for their Not that the dollar isn't appreciated, but — Christmas party, " I wish I could git it into " 'taint so much what you do, as the way yer heads that 'taint so much what yer say, you do it !" as the way yer say it ! ' ' Mrs. Ruggles was The exercises which are to follow, though a philosopher ! She had discovered the they oome under the head of Physical Cul- secret of society ' ture, are classified under the more specific I say to you, " It isn't so much what you branch called " Delsarte." {See next di- do, as the way you do it." vision.} Part II DELSARTE TRAINING and ELOCUTION By FRANCES PUTNAM POGLE I NEVER hear that name that I do not feel reverence for the man who bore it. Sketch of Delsarte. Many years ago, in the early part of the nineteenth century, there was born in a little village in France, a child who was destined to become one of the most famous men of his times — Francois Delsarte. As is almost always the case with men of genius, his early life was anything but plea- sant. His father, a physician, was posses- sed of a proud, hard nature, which was not improved by constant worrying over money matters. Whenever anything went wrong, the father's spite was vented on his wife and sons. In fact, matters went from bad to worse, until one day the mother, feeling that anything was preferable to her past life, took her two small children and went to reside in Paris. Madame Delsarte was a woman of marked abilities, and, had she lived, would, doubt- less, have done much to encourage her elder son in his struggles to develop his talents ; but shortly after reaching her desti- nation, her sad career was brought to an abrupt close, and her two children were left shelterless in the streets of Paris. The younger child, a frail little fellow, was not long in following his mother, and thus we find Francois, at the age of ten, alone and penniless. A poor old rag-picker, finding the little fellow numbed with cold and weak from hunger, took him to his miserable home and cared for him. The next two years of Delsarte 's life were spent in helping his pro- tector to gain a meagre livelihood. Not much chance to develop genius here! So it seems, but, nevertheless, it was during these two years that Delsarte' s great passion for music began to show itself. Many a night, after a hard day's work, the poor lit- tle rag-picker would be seen following some favorite street band from place to place, sit- ting with rapt face until the music ceased, and then trudging patiently behind the musicians until they played again. One day Bambini, the great teacher, found a small ragged boy making peculiar marks upon the sand in the gardens of the Tuile- ries. ' ' What are you doing my child ? ' ' said the old professor, interested to know what was meant by the figures. ' ' Writing down the music that band is playing," somewhat impatiently replied the youngster, not knowing to whom he was speaking, and being anxious not to lose any of the tune. " Who taught you ? " said Bambini. " Nobody, sir ; I taught myself." Thus it was that Bambini discovered Delsarte. The kind-hearted master took the child home and taught him until the pupil outstripped the teacher. At 14, Delsarte entered the Conservatory, where he developed a style entirely different from that of his instructors. Malibran, the great singer, encouraged him in bis methods, and later on, by sheer pluck and indomitable will, Delsarte gained a position as principal singer in the Opera Comique. 37 38 DELSARTE TRAINING AND ELOCUTION After four years of almost unprecedented success on the stage, he had the greatest sorrow of his life — he lost his voice. Though terribly shaken by this calamity, he cour- ageously went to work at something which had always interested him — the study of the human body and its capabilities of expres- sion. His manner had always been distin- guished for its courtliness, and, in fact, dur- ing his operatic career, people had been attracted to him as much by his imperial gestures and wonderful grace of person, as by his magnificent voice; so, now that the one was gone, he decided to make use of the other. The first thing that he did was to make a thorough study of anatomy and physiology in order that he might know all of the uses and capabilities of the muscles. Then he began to study the effect of the different emotions upon the body; and, in seeking his subjects for experiment and study, he went through the whole gamut of the social scale, from the highest to the lowest. In order to make his deductions, not from one class of individuals, but from all classes, he studied his friends, who were among the highest in rank, and also spent a great deal of time visiting the hospitals and prisons. Among his pupils were the great Rachel, Sontag and Macready on the stage ; and Pere Hyacinthe in the pulpit, besides mem- bers of most of the royal families of Europe, who sought his instruction in order to make themselves more attractive. Many persons are under the impression that Delsarte taught a new way to stand, sit, walk, and so forth ; but he did no such thing. He taught the best way to do these things in order to obtain the most ease and grace. Surely no one would be better able to do this than the man who made the art of expression his life study. What do we mean by ' ' Delsarte ' ' when we speak of it in the abstract ? Delsarte is the study of the human body with a view to making it respond easily and gracefully to the promptings of the soul, or, in other words, Delsarte is the art of expres- sion. Is it positively necessary to study Del- sarte in order to become expressive ? Look about you and see for yourself. Does your mother have any difficulty in expressing her anger ? Do you feel at a loss to express your indignation when you see any one stoning a poor dog ? Does the baby stop to wonder how it can let you know that it has cut its finger ? Not a bit of it. The diffi- culty lies in controlling your expression, so as to make yourself understood. The ques- tion is not, can you express your feelings, but — are you able to express them easily and gracefully. Emotions are expressed in different ways by different people, as, for instance, anger. Some express anger by tapping the floor with the foot, others by protruding the lower lip, and others in still different ways ; but there are certain general characteristics which always appear in an angry person, such as the clenching of the hands, the straightening of the figure to its full height, the terseness of all the muscles, the disten- tion of the nostrils, and the widening of the eyes. So it is with all emotions, and it is the study of these general characteristics that enables one to sink the individual in the type, a feat which is absolutely necessary in order to become a good elocutionist. There is nothing more detrimental to a pub- lic reader than to have mannerisms which he carries into his character sketches. He must absolutely lose himself in the charac- ter which he wishes to represent. Another thing to remember is this — in expressing a sentiment, you must do it in such a way that it will appeal to the instincts of every one in your audience as being the right expression. The only way to do this is to make use of the general characteristics. " But," you say, " How shall we know what are the general characteristics ? ' My answer is, " By keeping your eyes open, and by comparing the effects of the same emotion upon different people." In order to become a good impersonator, you must learn to notice everything that goes on around you. If you see a peculiar expres- sion on any face, go home and try to- imitate it. It is very seldom that I leave a street car, or return home from down-town with- out two or three examples which I mean to imitate as soon as I reach my room. In DELS ARTE TRAINING AND ELOCUTION 39 time, you will find that the study of faces is one of the most interesting occupations you have. There is a great pleasure in con- quering a set of unruly muscles and making them do as you wish. However, before trying to take on other people's characters and carriage, you must be perfectly sure of your own. Your body must be so thoroughly trained that it is under control, and will respond instantly and gracefully to the slightest emotion or volition. It must be so perfectly trained that an ungraceful or unsympathetic action would be impossible to it. How can you accomplish this result ? By constantly watching yourself and cor- recting every mistake immediately after it is made. We are mere creatures of habit, and if you never let a faulty action pass, by- and-by your body will form the habit of do- ing these things correctly, and then you will do them without thinking. You must be so sure of it that it never causes you a qualm ; or, in other words, you must be thoroughly master of your body before you can become unconscious of it. Have you never visited a reading class when you have thought to yourself, " How awkward these children are ! " Yet, ten to one, if you had seen these same children on the playground during the recess period, you would have thought exactly the oppo- site. Why is it ? Because the moment the child had a book put into his hand, and was told to "stand up and read," he became self-conscious. What is ' ' stage- fright ' ' ? It is merely another form of self-con- sciousness, — uncertainty as to appearance and correctness of poise. Therefore it is very important that you should know exactly how to poise yourself so that when you get up to recite, you will not be bothered by such questions as, " Am I standing right ? " or " Is my position graceful ? ' ' but you will know that it is all right. The Correct Position for Reciting. Stand easily, with one foot in advance of the other about the distance of a walking step, with the arms, relaxed at sides and the hands falling naturally slightly in front of the hips. Let the head and shoulders be held easily erect, being careful to avoid all appearance of stiffness or angularity. The weight must be kept over the balls of the feet, and shifted easily from one foot to the other, according to the emotion or character represented. There are three principal positions to be used in recitations — the objective, the nor- mal or neutral and the subjective. The ob- jective is with the weight poised over the front foot, and is used in all descriptive reading and in the emotions that are di- rected against things outside of your own body. The normal or neutral is with the weight poised over both feet, and is used to express uncertainty or doubt. The subjec- tive position is with the weight poised over the back foot, and denotes deep thought or meditation, fear and all emotions directed toward self. Unless you change your position with an object in view, avoid unnecessary shifting of weight, as it indicates nervousness. Be sure to keep a narrow base, as nothing will spoil your appearance on the platform more than standing with a broad base. There is a saying of Delsarte's that runs something like this : " A wide base indicates conscious weakness ; a narrow base, con- scious strength." For examples to prove this rule , we need not seek far . For instance , notice a child just beginning to walk. It is weak and uncertain of itself, and there- fore takes wide base. So does an intoxicated person, or one who is old and feeble. For an example of conscious strength and a narrow base, take the runner, or the statue, " Flying Mercury." In both cases the weight of the whole body rests upon the toe of one foot. Another suggestion which should always be heeded is this : Do not let the front knee be bent when your weight is on the back foot. Whenever this happens it gives an awkward, humpish appearance to the whole body. The chest should be held well up, but not to the extent of giving a conceited look to the reader. Walking. An easy, graceful walk is so great a charm to one's personal appearance that no one 4° DELS ARTE TRAINING AND ELOCUTION can afford to slight it. Nothing gives one a greater appearance of good breeding or self-possession. Have you ever seen a woman stumble into a room as if dumped out of a bag ? Contrast this entrance with the easy, digni- fied entrance of some other guest, and the force of this suggestion will come home to you. One should never hurry into a room as if afraid the door would be shut if not there in time ; nor should one slink into a room as if wishing to get in without being seen ; but walk in easily and naturally, as if entering your own parlor. The same caution should be observed in taking the floor for reciting. Walk to your place naturally, forgetting none of the little courtesies of polite society, as if you were going to take a chair or do any other ordi- nary thing. Nothing is more ridiculous than a stilted or conceited manner, and nothing more to be avoided than a fright- ened, flurried appearance. This easy manner can be cultivated and acquired in time by perseverance. I shall never forget an experience that I had at a temperance entertainment. It was given in a friend's parlors for the benefit of the W. C. T. U. When the programme was about half finished, a number was announced, and, sailing up the centre aisle, came a girl of about twenty. Her face had on it an expression of sneering contempt which plainly said, "I know I am foolish to recite at this place. None of you are capable of entering into my high sentiments." She was followed by a chorus of very audible groans. Imagine the sympathy felt by the audi- ence for her when she began to recite, that beautiful, humble old poem of John Knox, "Why should the spirit of mortal be proud." I echoed the sentiments of a young fellow who sat in the same row with me. Turn- ing to one of his neighbors he said rather forcibly, — "Well — if that's elocution, — excuse me ! ' ' You cannot afford to lose the sympathy of your audience as did this young woman, so beware ! Correct position in walking is the same as in standing ; but there are some suggestions which are important to remember. i. In walking, swing the leg as a unit from the hip, and never bend the knee of the forward foot. 2 . Dignity is added to the walk by keep- ing the toe of the back foot on the ground as long as possible. This is what is called the " stage walk." 3. The arms should never swing beyond the draperies, and, if relaxed, they will not do so. 4. Be very careful not to break at the waist line, as that gives a slouchy appear- ance. The trunk from the hips up, should be perfectly rigid. 5. Walk so that if you should strike a wall, your chest would strike first. In other words, your chest should always lead, and the head, feet and rest of the body should follow. 6. Avoid walking with a jerk. The movement should be continuous and even. 7. Do not swing the hips from side to side, as it gives an extremely vulgar effect. 8. If you are going in one direction, and want to turn suddenly about, do not take three or four steps to turn yourself, but pivot. Exercises for Poise and to Properly Place the Weight. 1. Military position. 2. Rise slowly on toes, counting one, two, three. 3. Sink slowly back until heels touch floor, counting one, two, three, as before, and keeping weight on the balls of the feet. (Repeat twenty times.') II. " Flying Mercury " Movement. 1. Military position. 2. Right foot forward at an angle of forty-five degrees from the front. 3. Shift weight to right foot. 4. Rise with weight poised upon the toe of the right foot, at the same time lifting the left foot off the floor, and raising right arm diagonally at front and just over the DELSARTE TRAINING AND ELOCUTION 4i right foot, till on a level with the shoulder, while at the same time left arm rises diago- nally at back. 5. L,ower heels and arms to place, and bring right foot back to military position. Reverse the movement, putting left foot forward, etc. {Repeat five times with each foot.*) the head following the direction of the weight and the trunk taking the opposite direction. 3. Reverse the movement, gradually withdrawing the weight from the right leg, give it over to the left, the head and trunk moving in opposition as before. {Repeat twenty times.) III. 1. Stand in position, the heels a few inches apart, the toes pointing outward. 2. With a springy, dancing movement of the body, take a step forw'ard and back to place first with the right foot, then with the left springing lightly on the balls of the feet as in waltzing and marking time rhythmically, one, two forward and back to place on the right foot ; three, four forward and back to place on the left. 3. Repeat the movement backwards, — one, two, backward and forward to place on the right foot ; three, four, backward and forward to place on the left foot. 4. Continue the movement to the right and to the left, pointing the toes of the foot on which the step is taken, obliquely from the body, and marking time as before. {Repeat five times.) IV. ' ' Pendulum ' ' Movement. i. Stand with the feet slightly apart, the weight resting equally on both feet. 2. Slowly sway the body forward until its weight rests entirely on the balls of the feet, but without lifting the heels from the floor. 3. In the same manner sway backward as far as possible with the weight entirely on the heels. Avoid over-balancing in the movement, and bend no part of the body except the ankle joints. V. 1. Stand with the feet slightly apart, the weight resting equally on both feet. 2. Withdraw the weight gradually from the left leg , giving it entirely to the right, Exercise to Acquire a Narrow Base. 1 . Select either a crack in the floor or a seam in a carpet. 2. Stand in military position directly over this line so that it runs between the two feet and touches the heels exactly at the line where they meet, and divides the angle between the two feet in halves. 3. Keeping the feet in the same rela- tive position to the line, walk slowly for- ward, being sure to see that the heels do not cross the line but just touch it each time. Exercise to Avoid Bending the Front Knee. 1. Military position, hands on hips. 2. Shift weight to left foot. 3. Without bending the right leg at the knee, swing it forward as a unit from the hip, counting one. 4. Then swing it back as far as it will go, counting two. 5. Repeat this three times and on the fourth, take a step putting weight into right foot and leaving left foot free. 6. Reverse the first movement, swing- ing left leg forward and back three times, and stepping on the fourth swing. {Repeat this movement, walking slowly all around the room?) Pivoting Exercises, I. 1. Feet a slight distance apart, weight on the balls of the feet. 2. Put weight on left foot. 3. Pivot from left to right at same time shifting the weight to right foot and lifting left foot from floor. 4 2 DELSARTE TRAINING AND ELOCUTION 4. Pivot from right to left, at same time shifting weight to left foot and raising right foot from the floor. {Repeat twenty times.') Suggestion : — Of course all pivoting is to be done on the toes, not on the heels. II. 1. Military position. 2. Right foot diagonally forward. 3. Shift weight to right foot. 4. Pivot from forward foot to back foot, shifting weight at same time and taking right foot off the floor. (If you have done this correctly, you ought to be facing diago- nally opposite to' where you first faced). 5. Pivot from left foot to right foot, shifting weight to right foot at same time and lifting left foot off the ground. {Repea't twenty times.) III. Walk from one side of the room to the other, and when you have reached the other side, pivot on the forward foot and walk back, pivoting when reaching the opposite wall, etc. Exercises to Give Lightness to Body. I. 1. Military position, hands on hips. 2. Cross right foot in front of left, touching merely the toe of the right foot to the floor. 3. Rise on toes and pivot clear around to left, coming back with right foot crossed behind left foot. 4. Right foot back to military position. 5. Reverse the movement, crossing left foot over right and pivoting to right. {Repeat twenty times.) II. 1. Military position. 2. Right foot diagonally forward. 3. Shift weight to it. 4. Pivot from right to left foot and kneel at same time over the strong {or left) foot. 5. Rise on left foot, keeping all the weight on it. 6. When erect, pivot and shift weight from left back to right foot, kneeling at same time over right foot. 7. Rise on right foot, keeping all the weight on it. 8 . When erect , pivot and shift weight , etc . {Repeat this movement ten times with each foot.) Exercise to Add Dignity to Walk, or " Stage Walk." {During this exercise count one, two, three.) 1. Military position. 2 . Swing right foot forward from the hip about the distance of a walking step. 3 . Shift weight to right foot, keeping the toe of the left foot on the floor and giving a forward impetus with it. 4. Swing left foot forward from the hip the distance of a walking step. 5. Shift weight to left foot, keeping the toe of the right foot on the floor and giving a forward impetus with it. {Repeat forty times.) Note. — In standing and walking one adds dignity to the ap- pearance by keeping as tall as possible. Along with walking should be considered what I think is very important — bowing. The old ceremonious bow is now out of vogue, and in its place we have a much more graceful substitute. The proper bow at the present time is a slight incli- nation of the whole body from the ankle upward. A nod of the nead is ill-bred . The side bow should be made over the weak foot (z . e. , the foot on which the weight does not rest). The front bow {which is also the stage bow) should be made over the strong foot. Exercises for Bowing. Front, Street Bow and Stage Bow. I. 1. Military position. 2 . Put right foot forward, shifting weight to it, and, at same time, bowing over it to some imaginary approaching person. DELS ARTE TRAINING AND ELOCUTION 43 3. Reverse trie movement, bowing over left foot, etc. 4. Take it in connection with the walk- ing exercises. Notb. — In this exercise when the climax of the bow is reached, the body should have the form of a crescent, with the feet and chest as its tips, and the head held back in opposition to the trunk. When bowing to a person the courteous thing is to look in his eyes. Side, Street-Bow. (To be used when passing a person at close quarters.) i. Military position. 2. Right foot forward, putting weight into it at same time. 3. Bow from the ankle to the left over the left foot {which is also the weak foot) . 4. Reverse the movement, bowing over the right foot. 5. Take this in connection with the walking exercises, being careful not to im- pede the progress by the bow. The Comedy Bow. This is frequently made on the stage after one has made a particularly good hit in some funny selection, and is loudly ap- plauded. It consists simply in a nod of the head with the face looking jauntily over the shoulder, which is turned toward the audience. All that the audience sees in this bow is the back with the face peeping over its shoulder. Exercise in Walking Backwards. Notb. — Often after bowing at the end of a selection, one has to go back a number of paces in order to reach the stairs leading from the rostrum or stage. In this case one should never turn the back ro the audience, but should walk backwards till on a line with the steps and then walk off. i. Military position. 2. Place right foot back, touching the toe to the floor, at the same time bowing the body forward from the ankle over the left foot, which is also the strong foot. 3. Shift weight slowly to the back foot, at the same time lifting the heel of the front foot and straightening the body back until it forms a straight line from the crown of the head to the toe of the front foot, which just touches the floor. 4. Place left foot back and repeat the movement. Keep on walking backward until the movement comes easily. Remember that in these movements the head moves with the weight, and in opposition to the trunk, the same as in the bows. . How to Pick Up Anything. Often I have seen people make themselves ridiculons, if not positively vulgar, by bending over to pick up something, when they might have done it gracefully and much more easily, if they had only known how. Never bend over from the hips to pick anything up ; but always keep the trunk straight and bend the knees. This is so very important that I have decided to give special exercises for it. I. 1. Military position. 2. Place your left foot forward and put the weight on it. 3. Drop your handkerchief on the floor at your right side. 4. Without bending at the hips or waist, quickly drop straight down, keeping the weight still on the left foot, using the right foot merely to steady yourself ; and, picking up the handkerchief in the right hand, rise quickly to first position. In this way the left leg does all the work, and none of the vulgar parts of the body are brought into prominence. 5. Reverse the movement putting the right foot forward and dropping handker- chief to the left. {Repeat ten limes.) II. 1. Repeat the last movement, only throwing your handkerchief to a distance and then walking up to it, managing your steps so that the weak foot will always be next to the handkerchief. 2. Practice this with someone else, having her drop her handkerchief, and you pick it up for her. In this exercise, in order to get the best effect you should be standing at a distance when the handker- chief is dropped. Be sure, after rising, in handing the handkerchief to the owner, to bow slightly and act as if it were a pleasure, 44 DELSARTE TRAINING AND ELOCUTION saying "Allow me," "Permit me," or something to that effect. The rcceipient of the handkerchief should also bow slightly and render thanks. Our reason for introducing details which pertain to social life, in connection with a talk on Delsarte, consists in the fact that Delsarte is not applicable to the stage or rostrum alone, but to everyday life as well. Besides, if one does not perform these little offices correctly in everyday life, he will be certain to do them incorrectly before the public, when subject to a nervous strain. How to Sit. Suggestions on this subject are important, inasmuch as, not more than one person in a hundred takes a chair gracefully. The other ninety-nine either flounce, plump or bounce into it. Settle into your chair slowly and steadily. If there are arms to the chair, one hand may rest lightly on one of them. In other words, bow into the chair, or, as Delsarte says, melt into it. Always sit well back into the chair so that the back will not be bent, and keep the weight poised over the forward part of the lap, or toward the knees so that the trunk may be easily revolved in any direction, and the sitter may rise without giving a jerk at the start. I have seen people take hold of the arms of a chair and actually pull themselves up by the strength of their arms. That is very wrong. The arms should do none of the work in sitting or rising. It should be done by the trunk and legs. Never cross the legs, nor let the knees fall far apart. This gives as vulgar an effect to the body in sitting as a wide base does in standing. I^et the knees fall close together with one foot in advance of the other. Never show the soles of the feet. The toe of the advanced foot should always touch the floor. The same caution about the waist line should be observed in sitting as in standing and walking. Be careful not to break at the waist line. Doing so, throws the circles out of position, The Circles of the Body. Delsarte says we are to imagine that there are circles drawn around the body at the ears, at the neck, at the chest, at the waist, at the hips and at the ankles. These circles are always to be kept parallel. The moment one dips towards another, the body is out of poise. For instance, suppose that you are in the habit of walking with your head bent forward. Then the circle around your ears dips toward the circle around your neck. If you are in the habit of standing with your abdomen thrust forward, the circle around your hips slants upward in front towards the circle around the waist. This idea of the circles is a great help in keeping the correct poise. The circles may change their relative positions in any way, just so they do not lose their parallel posi- tion, i. e., one circle may go in front of another, or back of another, as in sitting, when the circle around the ankles goes in front of the other circles : or, as in lying down, when the circles may all be perpen- dicular but still parallel. Exercise in Sitting. i . Stand about six inches from a chair with your back towards it, and your hands clasped loosely, about on a level with the hips. 2 . Weight on the left foot ; right foot back till it touches the chair. 3. Shift weight to back foot, and at same time bend at hips and sink slowly into the chair, letting the body bow forward with the head moving in opposition to the trunk. 4. When the body touches the chair, the back begins slowly at waist-line to touch the chair-back, the movement flowing slowly upward through the spine till it reaches the head, which is the last to touch. How to Rise. As you bowed yourself into your chair, so you must bow yourself out of it. The chest should be the first part to intimate the desire to rise. It bows forward, while the DELSARTE TRAINING AND ELOCUTION 45 head moves back . Then , without j erkiness , the weight of the whole body is put onto the back leg, which rests against the chair, and the body lingeringly leaves the chair, gradually shifting weight to the front foot and bringing the body erect, lightly poised over the front foot. Exercise for Rising. i . Sit with the right leg touching the rungs of the chair, and hands loosely clasped in lap with every part of the back touching the chair-back. 2. Advance the chest, letting the head follow slowly. 3. Putting entire weight of the body on the back foot, rise slowly and steadily, let- ting the chest and head come to place just as the hips and knees become straight. 4. Gradually shift the weight to the front foot, making the body as tall as possible, with merely the toe of the back foot touch- ing the floor. {Repeat^ How to Go Up and Down Stairs. (The following suggestions are important, not only for grace, but for health. No wonder people have back- and headache from running up and down stairs !) In the first place, one should never run up or down stairs, Don't go faster than a walk. The following exercises give the best ad- vice so far discovered by physical culturists and physicians : Exercise for Going Up Stairs. Note. — The body should be kept perfectly erect throughout the entire exercise. i . Stand with, the weight on the balls of the feet. 2. Place right foot flat upon the step above, keeping the weight opon the left foot. 3. Rise upon the toe of the left foot, at same time giving a little upward impetus with it which elevates the body and shifts the weight to the right foot, while the left foot goes up two steps to the next step above the right. 4. Rise upon the toe of the right foot, at same time giving a little upward impetus with it which elevates the body and shifts the weight to the left foot, while the right foot goes up two steps to the next step above the left. In this way, the calf of the leg, the ankle, and the foot, do all the work. Exercise for Going Down Stairs. Note. — The body should be held easily erect during this en- tire exercise. i. Standing on the top step, bend the right knee till the toe of the left foot touches the next step below, then shift weight grad- ually to it, at same time gradually lowering the left heel to step. 2. In the same way bend the left knee till the toe of the right foot touches the next step below, then gradually shift weight to it, at same time gradually lower right heel to step. Gesture. Gesture is the language of nature. Before the little child can speak, it reaches out for anything that it wants, or shoves away anything that it does not want. On consideration, you will find that the nearer a people live to the heart of nature, the more expressive become their bodies and the less expressive become their tongues. Their language is more one of signs and less one of speech, as, for instance, in the case of the Indians. Then, again, gesture varies with climate and race. In the colder climates the ges- tures are more the result of mental ef- fort, and, therefore, are slower and calmer, while in the warmer climates they are the result of emotion, and, therefore, are quicker and more passionate. The French, as a class, gesture a great deal. They belong to the Latin Race. Their next-door neighbors, the Germans, are, as a rule, very undemonstrative. They belong to the Teutonic Race. However, gesture belongs, more or less, to all peoples, and, hence, is very important to one who desires to impersonate characters. There are some general rules in regard to gesture which it is well to remember. 1. In the first place, let your gestures spring out of the thought or feeling. 4 6 DELSARTE TRAINING AND ELOCUTION Never make a meaningless gesture. None at all is better than that. 2. In a recitation in which more than one person is talking, make each talk in a different direction ; but never straight to the front. Your own character reserves that direction for use in the descriptive parts. 3. In a descriptive reading, always place the thing or action, described, on one side or the other, at an angle of about forty-five degrees from the front, and then look from it to the audience, making them see it as you do. 4. If you are representing the conversa- tion between a child and a grown person, make the child look up in one direction, and the grown person look down in the other direction, just as in real life, and assume the character each time before you make it speak. 5. Be careful not to make your gestures too realistic. Remember that elocution and Delsarte are the arts of expression ; and that the word ' ' art ' ' means the thing idealized or made attractive. To illustrate, take the attitude of prayer. The realistic representation would be the kneeling pos- ture ; but the idealistis or artistic repre- sentation would be with the head bowed in a humble attitude with hands crossed or folded on breast, and with the whole figure drooping, but not kneeling. You must always leave something to the imagination of your audience. 6. Unless you see what you are describ ing or pointing out, you can never make your audience see it. First see the thing yourself and then make them see it. 7. Before making any character gesture, be sure that your whole body has taken on that character. 8. Gestures should always have the appearance of being unstudied and spon- taneous. In order to accomplish this result, you must become so accustomed to them beforehand that they will come without forethought whenever you recite that selec- tion. "A little learning is a dangerous thing," you know. 9. Remember that in good gestures, the whole body must act in harnony. No matter how graceful one part may be, if the other parts are awkward, then the whole gesture is spoiled. 10. Make your gestures speak so plainly that they can be understood without lan- guage. 1 1 . Every gesture has three parts to it, and one is as important as another. They are the approach, the climax and the finish. To illustrate what is meant by these terms, look at the poses in connection with this article. Bach picture represents the climax of that particular gesture. The movement necessary to reach that attitude was ' ' the approach ; ' ' and the movement necessary to bring the body back to its normal poise, was "the finish." In the approach and finish of a gesture, the arms and hands should always move in curves. The climax is denoted by an acceleration of movement followed by an abrupt stop. 12. Let your strong and artistic gestures be full-armed, with the elbow either per- fectly straight or else slightly curved, but never angular. 13. In comic gestures it is frequently allowable to use only the forearm and hand. 14. In all gesture the wrist should lead, and the hand, trail. Delsarte's Laws of Gesture. 1 . " The velocity of any agent is in proportion to the mass moved and the force moving." By this Delsarte means that all weighty ideas or grave emotions require slow gestures moving through large space, while all lighter sentiments are expressed by rapid movements through short space. 2. "All gesture must have direction." Unless they have, they will be wavering and, therefore, weak. 3. "Movements in the same direction should be successive." This applies to such poses as ' ' Longing, " " Supplication, ' ' etc, where the head, body and arms move in the same general direction . In such cases, the movement should always be suc- cessive, i. HpHis department has for its object the introduction of such selections as contain sentiments calculated to inspire and foster patriotism of that true character which is the foundation of good citizenship from a new world standpoint. For this reason the extracts are mainly American in character. Self-love is in alliance with the principle which endears home, kindred and native land to every human heart, and the love of a child for his home, parents, brothers and sisters should find its counterpart in the love of the man for his country and illus- trious countrymen. It is not possible or intended, however, in this department to do more than intro- duce representative selections, varied in character, suitable for recitation and enter- tainment, and in a general way calculated to inspire and foster in youthful hearts the love of country. only our citizens but our lawmakers : Re- member your responsibilities, and, remem- bering, prepare for them. As the great universe is order and har- mony only through the perfection of its laws, so in life and human government, the happiness and prosperity of a people depend on the orderly subservience of act and thought to the good of the whole. Be great, therefore, in small things. If it is your ambition to be a citizen rever- enced for his virtues, remember that nothing is more admirable than devotion to duty, and the more admirable as that duty leads to self-sacrifice in others' behalf. In whatever position in life you are placed be true to the trust reposed in you ; then the Republic is safe. Go forth, with a heart glowing, not with the fires of a lordly ambition, to ride to power over opposition and against the wishes of your fellow-men , but with the flame of an honest purpose to be a good citizen and an ornament to the state that gave you birth. Then indeed, shall you be great. D.N. Sheltey. THE LOVE OF COUNTRY. BREATHES there a man with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said, " This is my own, my native land ?" Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned, As home his footsteps he hath turned, From wandering on a foreign shore ? If such there breathe, go, mark him well For him no minstrel raptures swell ! High though his titles, proud his name, Boundless his wealth as wish can claim ; Despite those titles, power, and pelf, The wretch, concentred all in self Living, shall forfeit fair renown, And, doubly dying, shall go down To the vile dust, from whence he sprung, Unwept, unhonored, and unsung. Sir Walter Scott. Y DEVOTION TO PATRIOTIC DUTY. oung men of America ! You on whom rests the future of the Repub- lic ! You, who are to become not 65 66 PATRIOTISM AND WAR M AMERICA. y country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing ; Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From every mountain-side Let freedom ring. My native country, thee, Land of the noble free , Thy name I love ; I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills ; My heart with rapture thrills Like that above. Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom's song ; Let mortal tongues awake, Let all that breathe partake, Let rocks their silence break, The sound prolong. Our fathers' God, to Thee, Author of liberty, To Thee we sing ; Long may our land be bright With freedom's holy light : Protect us by Thy might, Great God, our King. Samuel Francis Smith. TRUE PATRIOTISM IS UNSELFISH. Right and wrong, justice and crime, exist independently of our country. A public wrong is not a private right for any citizen . The citizen is a man bound to know and do the right, and the nation is but an aggregation of citizens. If a man should shout, "My country, by whatever means extended and bounded ; my country, right or wrong!" he merely repeats the words of the thief who steals in the street, or of the trader who swears falsely at the customhouse, both of them chuckling, " My fortune ; however acquired." Thus, gentlemen, we see that a man's country is not a certain area of land — of mountains, rivers and woods — but it is principle ; and patriotism is loyalty to that principle. In poetic minds and in popular enthusi- asm, this feeling becomes closely associated with the soil and symbols of the country. But the secret sanctificatiou of the soil and the symbol, is the idea which they repre- sent; and this idea, the patriot worships, through the name and the symbol, as a lover kisses with rapture the glove of his mistress and wears a lock of her hair upon his heart. So, with passionate heroism, of which tradition is never weary of tenderly telling, Arnold von Winkelried gathers into his bosom the sheaf of foreign spears, that his death may give life to his country. So Nathan Hale, disdaining no service that his country demands, perishes untimely, with no other friend than God and the satisfied sense of duty. So George Washington, at once comprehending the scope of the destiny to which his country was devoted, with one hand puts aside the crown, and with the other sets his slaves free. So, through all history from the beginning, a noble army of martyrs has fought fiercely and fallen bravely for that unseen mistress, their country. So, through all history to the end, as long as men believe in God, that army must still march and fight and fall, — recruited only from the flower of mankind, cheered only by their own hope of humanity, strong only in their confidence in their cause. George William Curtis. PATRIOTISM ASSURES PUBLIC- FAiTH. a^o expatiate on the value of public faith, may pass , with some men , for decla- mation ; to such men I have nothing to say. To others I will urge, can any circumstance mark upon a people more turpitude and debasement, than the w T ant of it ? Can anything tend more to make men think themselves mean, or degrade to a lower point their estimation of virtue, than such a standard of action ? It would not merely demoralize mankind ; it tends to break all the ligaments of society, to dissolve that mysterious charm which attracts individuals to the nation, and to inspire, in its stead, a repulsive sense of shame and disgust. PATRIOTISM AND WAR 6 7 What is patriotism ? Is it a narrow affection for the spot where a man was born ? Are the very clods where we tread entitled to this ardent preference because they are greener? No, sir, this is not the character of the virtue ; and it soars higher for its object. It is an extended self-love, mingling with all the enjoyments of life and twisting itself with the minutest filaments of the heart. It is thus we obey the laws of society, because they are the laws of virtue. In their authority we see, not the array of force and terror, but the vener- able image of our country's honor. Every good citizen makes that honor his own, and cherishes it not only as precious, but as sacred. He is willing to risk his life in its defence, and is conscious that he gains protection while he gives it. For what rights of a citizen will be deemed inviolable, when a state renounces the principles that constitute their security ? Or if his life should not be invaded, what would its enjoyments be, in a country odious in the eyes of strangers and dishon- ored in his own ? Could he look with affec- tion and veneration to such a country, as his parent ? The sense of having one would die within him ; he would blush for his patriotism, if he retained any, and justly, for it would be a vice. He would be a banished man in his native land. I see no exception to the respect that is paid among nations to the law of good faith. If there are cases in this enlightened period, when it is violated, there are none when it is decried. It is observed by bar- barians ; a whiff of tobacco-smoke, or a string of beads, gives not merely binding force, but sanctity, to treaties. Even in Algiers, a truce may be bought for money ; but when ratified, even Algiers is too wise, or too just, to disown and annul its obliga- tion. Thus we see, neither the ignorance of savages, nor the principles of an association for piracy and rapine, permit a nation to despise its engagements. If, sir, there conld be a resurrection from the foot of the gallows, if the victims of justice could live again, collect together, and form a society, they would, however loath, soon find themselves obliged to make justice, that justice under which they fell, the funda- mental law of their state. They would per- ceive it was their interest to make others respect, and they would therefore soon pay some respect themselves to the obligations of good faith. It is painful, I hope it is superfluous, to make even the supposition that America should furnish the occasion of this oppro- brium. No, let me not even imagine that a republican government sprung, as our own is, from a people enlightened and uncor- rupted, a government whose origin is right, and whose daily discipline is duty, can, upon solemn debate, make its option to be faithless, can dare to act what despots dare not avow, what our own example evinces the states of Barbary are unsuspected of. No ; let me rather make the supposition that Great Britain refuses to execute the treaty after we have done everything to carry it into effect. Is there any language of reproach pungent enough to express your commentary on the fact ? What would you say, or rather what would you not say? Would you not tell them, wherever an Eng- lishman might travel, shame would stick to him, he would disown his country? You would exclaim, England, proud of your wealth and arrogant in the possession of power, blush for these distinctions, which become the vehicles of your dishonor. Such a nation might truly say to corruption, Thou art my father, and to the worm, Thou art my mother and my sister. We should say of such a race of men, their name is a heavier burden than their debt. Fisher Ames. PATRIOTISn INCULCATES PUBLIC VIRTUE. THERE is a sort of courage to which — I frankly confess it — I do not lay claim; a boldness to which I dare not aspire; a valor which I cannot covet. I cannot lay myself down in the way of the welfare and happiness of my country. That, I can- not, I have not the courage to do. I cannot interpose the power with which I may be invested — a power conferred, not for my personal benefit or aggrandizement, but for my country's good — to check her onward march to greatness and glory. I have not courage enough ; I am too cowardly for that ! 68 PATRIOTISM AND WAR I would not, I dare not, lie down and place my body across the path that leads my country to prosperity and happiness. This is a sort of courage widely different from that which a man may display in his private conduct and personal relations. Personal or private courage is totally dis- tinct from that higher and nobler courage which prompts the patriot to offer himself a voluntary sacrifice to his country's good. Apprehensions of the imputation of the want of firmness sometimes impel us to perform rash and inconsiderate acts. It is the greatest courage to be able to bear the imputation of the want of courage. But pride, vanity, egotism, so unamiable and offensive in private life, are vices which partake of the character of crimes, in the conduct of public affairs. The unfortunate victim of these passions cannot see beyond the little, petty, contemptible circle of his own personal interests. All his thoughts are withdrawn from his country and con- centrated on his consistency, his firmness, himself ! The high, the exalted, the sublime emo- tions of a patriotism which, soaring towards heaven, rises far above all mean, low, or selfish things, and is absorbed by one soul- transporting thought of the good and glory of one's country, are never felt in his impene- trable bosom. That patriotism which, catching its inspiration from on high, and leaving at an immeasurable distance below all lesser, grovelling, personal interests and feelings, animates and prompts to deeds of self-sacrifice, of valor, of devotion, and of death itself, — that is public virtue ; that is the noblest, the sublimest of all public vir- tues ! Henry Clay. PATRIOTISM BROAD AS HUflANITY. IT is the opinion of many, that self-love is the grand impelling spring in the human machine. This sentiment is either utterly false, or the principle, as dis- tinguished in some actions, becomes so exceedingly refined, as to merit a more engaging name. If the man who weeps in secret for the miseries of others and pri- vately tenders relief, who sacrifices ease, property, health, and even life, to save his country, be actuated by self-love, it is a principle only inferior to that which prompted the Saviour of the world to die for man, and is but another name for per- fect disinterestedness. Patriotism, whether we reflect upon the benevolence which gives it birth, the mag- nitude of its object, the happy effect which it produces, or the height to which it exalts human character, by the glorious action of which it is the cause, must be considered as the noblest of all the social virtues. The patriot is influenced by love for his fellow-men and an ardent desire to preserve sacred and inviolate their natural rights. His philanthropic views, not confined to the small circle of his private friends, are so extensive, as to embrace the liberty and happiness of a whole nation. That he may be instrumental, under heaven, to maintain and secure these invaluable blessings to his country, he devotes his wealth, his fame, his life, his all. Glorious sacrifice ! What more noble ! To the honor of humanity, the histories of almost every age and nation are replete with examples of this elevated character. Every period of the world has afforded its heroes and its patriots ; men who could soar above the narrow views and grovelling principles which actuate so great a part of the human species, and drown every selfish consideration in the love of their country. But we need not advert to the annals of other ages and nations, as the history of our own country points with so much pleasure, veneration, and gratitude to the illustrious Washington. Before him the heroes of antiquity, shorn of their beams, like stars before the rising sun, hide their heads with shame. Uniting in his char- acter the enterprising spirit of Hannibal, the prudent wisdom of Fabius, the disin- terestedness of Cincinnatus, and the mili- tary talents of the Scipios, he could not fail to succeed in the glorious undertaking of giving liberty and happiness to a people who dared to be free. Whilst he lived, he proved a rich blessing to his country, a bright example to the dawning patriotism of the Old World, the terror of despotism, and the delight and admiration of all man- kind. Increase Cook. (1796.) lr> »." o S - T ; yi n it (j) 111 it n m c JO 3 "I g s> £»£ ^ _ a a" ■■c - H a- g. — n a _i (70) THE SOLDIER'S PROPOSAL Tableau, "Love and Patriotism" PATRIOTISM AND WAR 7i HEROIC EXAMPLE HAS POWER. WE must not forget the specific and invaluable influence exerted on the spirit of a people by those examples of signal heroism and chivalrous devotion for which a magnanimous war gives occa- sion, and which it exalts, as peace cannot, before men's minds. Almost five centuries ago, under the tumbling walls of Sempach, where Leopold stood with four thousand Austrians to crush the fourteen hundred Swiss who dared to confront him, one, springing upon the foe with wide-spread arms, gathered into his breast a sheaf of spears, and made a way above his body for that triumphant valor which pierced and broke the horria ranks, and set a new and bloody seal to the right- ful autonomy of the mountain republic. The hardy Svvitzers will not forget the daring deed and magic name of Arnold von Winkelried ! Before Herodotus wrote his history, be- fore Nehemiah rebuilt Jerusalem, before Cincinnatus was dictator at Rome, under the shadow of Mount iEtna, a thousand men, Spartans and Thespians, fell, to a man, unwilling to retreat before the in- vader. It is not even irreverent to say, that, save one cross, beneath which Earth herself did shiver, no other hath lifted its head so high, or flung its arms so wide abroad to scatter inspiring influence, as did that cross on which the Persian nailed, in fury, the dead Leonidas ! * * * Such examples as these become powers in civilization. History hurries from the drier details, and is touched with enthusi- asm as she draws near to them. Eloquence delights to rehearse and impress them ! The songs of a nation repeat their story, and make their triumph sound again through the silver cymbals of speech. Legends prolong and art commemorates them. Language itself takes new images from them ; and words, that are themselves " half battles," are suddenly born at their recital. The very household life is exalted ; and the humblest feels his position higher, and expresses his sense of it in a more dauntless bearing, as he sees that heroism still lives in the world ; that men of his own race and stuff, perhaps of his own neighborhood, even, have faced, so calmly, such vast perils. Richard Salter Storrs, Jr. (1863.) INTERNATIONAL SYMPATHIES ON THE INCREASE. In many respects, the nations of Chris- tendom, collectively, are becoming somewhat analogous to our own Fed- eral republic. Antiquated distinctions are breaking away, and local animosities are subsiding. The common people of differ- ent countries are knowing each other better, esteeming each other more, and attaching themselves to each other, by various mani- festations of reciprocal good will. It is true, every nation has still its separate boundaries and its individual interests ; but the freedom of commercial intercourse is allowing those interests to adjust them- selves to each other, and thus rendering the causes of collision of vastly less frequent occurrence. Local questions are becoming of less, and general questions of greater, importance. Thanks be to God, men have at last begun to understand the rights, and feel for the wrongs, of each other ! Moun- tains interposed, do not so much make enemies of nations. Let the trumpet of alarm be sounded, and its notes are now heard by every nation, whether of Europe or America. Let a voice borne on the feeblest breeze tell that the rights of man are in danger, and it floats over valley and mountain, across continent and ocean, until it has vibrated on the ear of the remotest dweller in Christendom. Let the arm of Oppression be raised to crush the feeblest nation on earth, and there will be heard everywhere, if not the shout of defiance, at least the deep-toned murmur of implacable displeasure. It is the cry of aggrieved, insulted, much-abused man. It is human nature waking in her might from the slum- ber of ages, shaking herself from the dust of antiquated institutions, girding herself for the combat, and going forth conquering and to conquer; and woe unto the man, woe unto the dynasty, woe unto the party, and woe unto the policy, on whom shall fall the scath of her blighting indignation ! Francis Wayland, 7 2 PATRIOTISM AND WAR COLUMBIA, THE LAND OF THE BRAVE. O Columbia, the gem of the ocean, The home of the brave and the free, The shrine of each patriot's devotion, A world offers homage to thee. Thy mandates make heroes assemble, When liberty's form stands in view, Thy banners make tyranny tremble, When borne by the Red, White and Blue. Chorus: When borne by the Red, White and Blue, When borne by the Red, White and Blue, Thy banners make tyranny tremble, When borne by the Red, White and Blue. W T hen war winged its wide desolation, And threatened the land to deform, The ark then of freedom's foundation, Columbia, rode safe through the storm, With the garlands of victory around her, When so proudly she bore her brave crew, With her flag proudly floating before her, The boast of the Red, White, and Blue. Chorus. The wine-cup, the wine-cup bring hither, And fill you it true to the brim. May the wreaths they have won never wither, Nor the stars of their glory grow dim. May the service united ne'er sever, But they to their colors prove true ! The Army and Navy forever ! Three cheers for the Red, White, and Blue ! David T. Shaw. HAIL, COLUMBIA, HAPPY LAND. Hail, Columbia, happy land ! Hail, ye heroes, heaven-born band, Who fought and bled in freedom's cause, Who fought and bled in freedom's cause, And, when the storm of war was gone, Enjoyed the peace your valor won : Let independence be your boast ; Ever mindful what it cost, Ever grateful for the prize, Let its altars reach the skies. Chorus : Firm, united, let us be, Rallying round our liberty, As a band of brothers joined, Peace and safety we shall find. Immortal patriots ! rise once more ! Defend your rights, defend your shore ; Let no rude foe, with impious hands, Let no rude foe, with impious hands, Invade the shrine where sacred lies, Of toil and blood the well-earned prize ; While offering peace, sincere and just, In Heaven we place a manly trust, That truth and justice may prevail, And every scheme of bondage fail. — Chorus. Sound, sound the trump of fame ! Let Washington's great name Ring through the world with loud applause i Ring through the world with loud applause ! Let every clime to freedom dear Listen with a joyful ear ; With equal skill, with steady power, He governs in the fearful hour Of horrid war, or guides with ease The happier time of honest peace. — Chorus. Behold the chief who now commands, Once more to serve his country stands, The rock on which the storm will beat, The rock on which the storm will beat. But, armed in virtue, firm and true, His hopes are fixed on Heaven and you ; When hope was sinking in dismay, When gloom obscured Columbia's day, His steady mind, from changes free, Resolved on death or Liberty. — Chorus. Joseph Hopkinson. ON TAXING AMERICA. My Lords, you have no right to tax America. I have searched the mat- ter ; — I repeat it, 3^ou have no right to tax America. The natural rights of man and the immu- table laws of nature are all with that people. Much stress is laid upon the supreme legis- lative authority of Great Britain, and so far as the doctrine is directed to its proper object I accede to it. But it is equally true, according to all approved writers upon government, that no man, agreeably to the principles of natural or civil liberty, can be divested of any part of his property without his consent. But some gentlemen tell us, seriously, that administration must reduce the Ameri- cans to obedience and submission ; that is, PATRIOTISM AND WAR 73 you must make them absolute and infamous slaves, and then — what ? — we will, say they, give them full liberty. Ay, is this the nature of man r No, my lords ; I would not trust myself, American as I am, in this situation. I do not think I should, in that case, be myself for giving them their liberty. No ; if they submitted to uch unjust, such cruel, such degrading slavery, I should think they were made for slaves, that ser- vility was suited to their nature and genius. I should think they would best, serve this country as our slaves — that their servility would be for the benefit of Great Britain ; and I should be for keeping such Cappado- cians in a state of servitude, such as was suited to their constitution, and such as might redound much to our advantage. My lords, some noble lords talk much of resistance to acts of Parliament. King, lords, and commons, are fine-sounding names ; but, my lords, acts of Parliament have been resisted in all ages. King, lords, and commons, may become tyrants as well as others. Tyranny in one or more is the same ; it is as lawful to resist the tyranny of many as of one. Somebody once asked the great Mr. Selden in what law-book, in what records, or archives of state, you might find the law for resisting tyranny. " I don't know," said Mr. Selden, "whether it is worth your while to look deeply into the books upon this matter ; but I'll tell you what is most certain, that it has always been the ' custom of England, ' and the ' cus- tom of England ' is the law of the land. ' ' I end, my lords, as I began ; you have no right to tax America ; — the natural rights of man, and the immutable laws of nature, are all with that people. Lord Camden (Jan. 20, 1775). RESISTANCE TO BRITISH AGGRESSION. The Virginia Convention having before them resolutions of a temporizing character towards Great Britain, March 23, 1775, Mr. Henry introduced counter resolutions which he supported in the following memorable speech. When Mr. Henry took his seat, at its close, " no murmur of applause was heard. The. impression was too deep. After the trance of a moment, the cry loarms ! seemed to quiver on every lip, and gleam from every eye. Their souls were on fire for action." Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of Hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a. painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren, till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty ? Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly con- cern our temporal salvation ? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth, — to know the worst, and to provide for it ! I have but one lamp, by which my feet are guided ; and that is the lamp of ex- perience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And, judg- ing by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British min- istry, lor the last ten years, to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the House ? Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? Trust it not, sir ; it will prove a snare to your feet ! Suffer not yourselves to be betra}-ed with a kiss ! Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition com- ports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation ? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled, that force must be called in to win back our love ? Eet us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and subjuga- tion, — the last arguments to which Kings resort. I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its purpose be not to force us to submission ? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it ? Has Great Britain any enemy in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us ; they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to them ? — Shall we try argument ? Sir, we have been trying that, for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable ; but it has been all in vain. PATRIOTISM AND WAR Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication ? What terms shall we find which have not already been exhausted ? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive our- selves longer. Sir, we have done every- thing that could be done, to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have peti- tioned, we have remonstrated, we have supplicated, we have prostrated ourselves before the Throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the Ministry and Parliament. Our peti- tions have been slighted, our remonstrances have produced additional violence and in- sult, our supplications have been dis- regarded, and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot 6f the Throne. In vain, after these things, may we in- dulge the fond hope of peace and recon- ciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free, — if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privi- leges for which we have been so long con- tending, — if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained, — we must fight ; I repeat it, sir, we must fight ! An appeal to arms, and to the God of Hosts, is all that is left us ! THE WAR INEVITABLE, March, 1775. They - tell us, sir, that we are weak, — unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger ? Will it be the next week, or the next year ? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and in- action ? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone ; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery ! Our chains are forged ! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston ! The war is inevitable ; and let it come ! I repeat it, sir, let it come ! It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace ! — but there is no peace. The war is actually begun ! The next gale that sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms ! Our brethren are already in the field ! Why stand we here idle ? What is it that gentlemen wish ? What would they have ? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery ? Forbid it, Almighty God ! I know not what course others may take ; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death ! Patrick Henry. A REVOLUTIONARY SERMON. Preached on the eve of the battle of Brandywine, Septem- ber 30, '777. in the presence of Washington and his army, at Chadd's Ford. Soediers and countrymen : We have met this evening perhaps for the last time. We have shared the toil of the march, the peril of the fight, the dismay of the retreat ; alike we have endured toil and hunger, the contumely of the internal foe, the outrage of the foreign oppressor. We have sat night after night beside the same camp-fire, shared the same rough soldier's fare ; we have together heard the rol 1 of the reveille which called us to duty, or the beat of the tattoo which gave the signal for the hardy sleep of the soldier, with the earth for his bed, and a knapsack for his pillow. And now, soldiers and brethren, we have met in this peaceful valley, on the eve of battle, while the sunlight is dying away beyond yonder heights, the sunlight that to-morrow morn will glimmer on scenes PATRIOTISM AND WAR 75 of blood. We have met amid the whiten- ing tents of our encampment ; in times of terror and gloom have we gathered together — God grant it may not be for the last time ! It is a solemn time. It was but a day since our land slept in the light of peace. War wasuothere, wrongwasnot here. Fraud, and woe, and misery, and want, dwelt not among us. From the eternal solitude of the green woods, arose the blue smoke of the settler's cabin, and golden fields of corn peered forth from amid the waste of the wilderness, and the glad music of human voices awoke the silence of the forest. Now, God of mercy, behold the change ! Under the shadow of a pretext, under the sanctity of the name of God, invoking the Redeemer to their aid, do these foreign hirelings slay our people ! They throng our towns, they darken our plains, and now they encompass our posts on the lonely plain of Chadd's Ford. " They that take the sword shall perish by the sword." Brethren, think me not unworthy of belief when I tell you that the doom of the Britisher is near ! Think me not vain when I tell you that beyond that cloud that now enshrouds us, I see gathering, thick and fast, the darker cloud and the blacker storm of a Divine retribution ! They may conquer us to-morrow ! Might and wrong may prevail, and we may be driven from this field, but the hour of God's own ven- geance will come ! Aye, if in the vast solitudes of eternal space, if in the heart of the boundless uni- verse, there throbs the being of an awful God, quick to avenge, and sure to punish guilt, then will the man, George of Bruns- wick, called King, feel in his brain and in his heart, the vengeance of the Eternal Jehovah ! A blight will be upon his life, — a withered brain, an accursed intellect; a blight will be upon his children, and on his people. Great God ! how dread the pun- ishment ! A crowded populace, peopling the dense towns where the man of money thrives, while the laborer starves ; want striding among the people in all his forms of terror ; an ignorant and God-defying priesthood, chuckling over the miseries of millions ; a proud and merciless nobility, adding wrong to wrong, and heaping insult upon robbery and fraud ; royalty corrupt to the very heart, aristocracy rotten to the core ; crime and want linked hand in hand, and tempt- ing men to deeds of woe and death, — these are a part of the doom and retribution that shall come upon the English throne and people. Soldiers, I look around among your familiar faces with a strange interest ! To-morrow morning we will all go forth to battle — for need I tell you that your unworthy minister will go with you, invok- ing God's aid in the fight ? We will march forth to battle. Need I exhort you to fight — to fight for your homesteads, for your wives and your children ? My friends, I might urge you to fight by the galling memories of British wrong ! Walton, I might tell you of your father, butchered in the silence of midnight, on the plains of Trenton ; I might picture his gray hairs, dabbled in blood ; I might ring his death shriek in your ears. Shelmire, I might tell you of a mother butchered, and a sister out- raged ; the lonely farm-house, the night assault, the roof in flames, the shouts of the troopers as they despatched their victims, the cries for mercy, the pleadings of inno- cence for pity. I might paint this all again, in the terri- ble colors of vivid reality, if I thought vour courage needed such wild excitement. But I know you are strong in the might of the Lord. You will go forth to battle to-mor- row with light hearts and determined spirits, though the solemn duty, the duty of aveng- ing the dead, may rest heavy on your souls. And in tbe hour of battle when all around is darkness, lit by the lurid cannon-glare and the piercing musket-flash, when the wounded strew the ground, and the dead litter your path, remember, soldiers, that God is with you. The Eternal God fights for you ; He rides on the battle cloud, He sweeps onward with the march of the hur- ricane charge. The Awful and the Infinite fights for you, and you will triumph. " They that take the sword shall perish by the sword." You have taken the sword, but not in the spirit of wrong and ravage. You have taken the sword for your homes, for your wives, for your little ones. You have taken the 76 PATRIOTISM AND WAR sword for truth, for justice and right, and to you the promise is, be of good cheer ; for your foes have taken the sword, in defiance of all that man holds dear, in blasphemy of God ; they shall perish by the sword. And now, brethren and soldiers, Ibid you all farewell. Many of us may fall in the fight of to-morrow, — God rest the souls of the fallen ! — man3 r of us may live to tell the story of the fight of to-morrow, and in the memory of all, will ever rest and linger the quiet scene of this autumnal night. When we meet again, may the long shadows of twilight be flung over a peaceful land. God in heaven grant it ! Hugh Henry Breckenridge. THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER. OH, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there : Oh, say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam ot the morning's first beam ; In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream : • 'Tis the star-spangled banner; oh, long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! And where is the band who so vauntingly swore, 'Mid the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country they'd leave us no more ? Their blood hath washed out their foul footsteps' pollution : No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the glome of the grave ; And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. Oh, thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved home and the war's desolation ! Blest with victory and peace, may the Heaven- rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must, for our cause it is just; And this be our motto, " In God is our trust ; ' ' And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. Francis Scott Key. THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE ADVERSE TO WAR. War will yet cease from the whole earth, for God himself has said it shall. As an infidel I might doubt this, but as a Christian I cannot. If God has taught anything in the Bible, he has taught peace ; if he has promised anything there, he has promised peace, ultimate peace, to the whole world ; and unless the night of a godless scepticism should settle on my soul, I must believe on, and hope on, and work on, until the nations, from pole to pole, shall beat their swords into plough- shares, their spears into pruning-hooks, and learn war no more. I see, or think I see, the dawn of that coming day ! I see it in the new and better spirit of the age ! PATRIOTISM AND WAR 77 I see it in the press, the pulpit, and the school ! I see it in every factory, and steam- ship, and rail-car ! I see it in every enter- prise of Christian benevolence and reform ! I see it in all the means of general improve- ment, in all the good influences of tne age, now at work over the whole earth ! Yes, there is a spirit abroad that can never rest until the war-demon is hunted from the habitations of men, — the spirit that is now pushing its enterprises and improvements in every direction ; the spirit that is unfurl- ing the white flag of commerce on every sea and bartering its commodities in every port ; the spirit that is laying every power of nature, as well as the utmost resources of human ingenuity, under the largest con- tributions possible for the general welfare of mankind ; the spirit that hunts out from your cities' darkest alleys the outcasts of poverty and crime, for relief and reform, — nay, goes down into the barred and bolted dungeons of penal vengeance and brings up its callous, haggard victims into the sunlight of a love that pities even while it smites ; the spirit that is everywhere rear- ing hospitals for the sick, retreats for the insane, and schools that all but teach the dumb to speak, the deaf to hear, and the blind to see ; the spirit that harnesses the fire-horse in his iron gear, and sends him, panting with hot but unwearied breath, across empires, and continents, and seas ; the spirit that catches the very lightning of heaven and makes it bear messages, swift almost as thought, from city to city, from country to country, round the globe; the spirit that subsidizes all these to the godlike work of a world's salvation, and employs them to scatter the blessed truths of the gospel, thick as leaves of autumn or dew-drops of morning, all over the earth ; the spirit that is, at length, weaving the sympathies and interests of our whole race into the web of one vast fraternity, and stamping upon it, or writing over it, in characters bright as sunbeams, these simple yet glorious truths : the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man ! Is it possible for such a spirit to rest, until it shall have swept war from the earth forever ? John Watrous Bkckwith. THE REIQN OF PEACE FORESHADOWED. THAT future which filled the lofty visions of sages and bards of Greece and Rome, which was foretold by the pro- phets and heralded by the evangelists, when man, in happy isles or in a new paradise, shall confess the loveliness of peace, may be secured by your care, if not for your- selves, at least for your children. Believe that you can do it, and you can do it ! The true golden age is before you , and not behind you. If man has been driven once from paradise, while an angel with flaming sword forbade his return, there is another paradise, even on earth, which he may form for him- self by the cultivation of knowledge, reli- gion, and the kindly virtues of life ; where the confusion of tongues shall be dissolved in the union of hearts, and joyous nature, borrowing prolific charau from the prevail- ing harmony, shall spread her lap with unimagined bounty, and there shall be a perpetual jocund spring, and sweet strains borne on " odoriferous wing of gentle gales," through valleys of delight more pleasant than the vale of Tempe, richer than the garden of the Hesperides, with no dragon to guard its golden fruit. Let it not be said that the age does not demand this work. The robber conquerors of the past, from their fiery sepulchres, demand it ; the precious blood of millions unjustly shed in war, crying from the ground, demands it; the voices of all good men demand it ; and the conscience, even of the soldier, whispers, " Peace." There are considerations springing from our situation and condition, which fervently invite us to take the lead in this work. Here, should bend the patriotic ardor of the land, the ambition of the statesman, the efforts of the scholar, the persuasive influ- ence of the press, the mild persuasion of the sanctuary, the early teachings of the school. Here, in ampler ether and diviner air, are untried fields for exalted triumphs, more truly worthy the American name than any snatched from rivers of blood. War is known as the last reason of kings. Let it be no reason of our republic. Let us renounce and throw off, forever, the yoke of a tyranny more oppressive than any in the annals of the world. As those standing 78 PATRIOTISM AND WAR on the mountain tops discern the coming beams of morning, let its, from the vantage- ground of liberal institutions, first recognize the ascending sun of the new era. Lift high the gates and let the king of glory in, and the king of true glory — of peace ! Chas. Sumner. A PLEA FOR UNIVERSAL PEACE. IT is a beautiful picture in Grecian story, that there was at least one spot, the small island of Delos, dedicated to the gods, and kept at all times sacred from war. No hostile foot ever sought to press this kindly soil, and the citizens of all countries here met in common worship beneath the segis of inviolable peace. So let us dedicate our beloved country, and may the blessed consecration be felt in all its parts, every- where throughout its ample domain ! The Temple of Honor shall be surrounded here, at last, by the Temple of Concord, that it may never more be entered through any portal of war ; the horn of abundance shall overflow at its gates ; the angel of religion shall be the guide over its flashing steps of adamant ; while within its enraptured courts, purged of violence and wrong, Jus- tice, returned to the earth from her long exile in the skies, with mighty scales for nations, as well as for men, shall rear her serene and majestic front ; and by her side, greatest of all, Charity, sublime in meek- ness, hoping all and enduring all, shall divinely temper every righteous decree, and with words of infinite cheer shall inspire those good works that cannot vanish away. And the future chiefs of the republic, des- tined to uphold the glories of a new era, unspotted by human blood, shall be "the first in peace, and the first in the hearts of their countrymen . ' ' But while seeking these blissful glories for ourselves, let us strive to tender them to other lands. Let the bugles sound the truce of God to the whole world, forever. Let the selfish boast of the Spartan women become the grand chorus of mankind, — that they have never seen the smoke of an enemy's camp. Let the iron belt of martial music which now encompasses the earth be exchanged for the golden cestus of peace, clothed with all celestial beauty. History dwells with fondness on the reverent homage that was bestowed by massacring soldiers upon the spot occupied by the sepulchre of our Lord. Vain man ! to restrain his regard to a few feet of sacred mould. The whole earth is the sepulchre of the Lord ; nor can any righteous man profane any part thereof. Let us recognize the truth, and now, on this Sabbath of our country, lay a new stone in the grand temple of universal peace, whose dome shall be as lofty as the firma- ment of heaven, as broad and comprensive as the earth itself. Charles Sumner. A REPUBLIC THE STRONGEST GOVERN- MENT. (Extract from Thomas Jefferson's first inaugural address after the bitter presidential canvass in which he had been successful.) THE contest being now decided by the voice of the nation, and announced according to the rules of the Consti- tution, all will, of course, arrange them- selves under the will of the law, and unite in the common efforts for the common good. Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind ; let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affec- tion without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which man- kind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little, if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecu- tions. During the throes and convulsions of the ancient world, during the agonizing spasms of infuriated man, seeking, through blood and slaughter, his long-lost liberty, it was not wonderful that the agitation of the billows should reach even this distant and peaceful shore; that this should be more felt and feared by some, and less by others, and should divide opinions as to measures of safety ; but, every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle- We have called, by different names, brethren of the same principle. We are all republicans ; we are all federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to >- g < 5 I- I- _ it .5 O = U. c o n < s It s Q : ui I H DC 6 — p. 03 u 2 0. u Ul o _J - Ul g h ° Ul | i § PATRIOTISM AND WAR 81 dissolve this Union, or to change its repub- lican form, let them stand, undisturbed, as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a republican government cannot be strong, — that this government is not strong enough. But would the honest patriot, in the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a govern- ment which has, so far, kept us free and firm, on the theoretic and visionary fear that this government, the world's best hope, may, by possibility, want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. I believe this, on the contrary, to be the strongest govern- ment on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it is said that man cannot be trusted with the government of himself. Can he, then, be trusted with the government of others ? Let history answer this question. Thomas Jefferson. AMERICA AN AGGREGATE OF NATIONS. Giant aggregate of nations, glorious whole, of glorious parts, Unto endless generations live united, hands and hearts ! Be it storm or summer weather, peaceful calm or battle jar, Stand in beauteous strength together, sister States, as now ye are ! Every petty class-dissension, heal it up as quick as thought ; Every paltry place-pretension, crush it as a thing of naught ; Let no narrow private treason your great onward progress bar, But remain, in right and reason, sister States, as now ye are! Fling away absurd ambition ! people, leave that toy to kings ; Envy, jealousy, suspicion, — be above such grovelling things : In each other's joys delighted, all your hate be — joys of war, And by all means keep united, sister States, as now ye are ! Were I but some scornful stranger, still my counsel would be just ; Break the band and all is danger, mutual fear and dark distrust ; But you know me for a brother, and a friend who speaks from far, Be as one, then, with each other, sister States, as now ye are ! If it seems a thing unholy, freedom's soil by slaves to till, Yet be just ! and sagely, slowly, nobly cure that ancient ill : Slowly,- — haste is fatal ever; nobly, — lest good faith ye mar ; Sagely, — not in wrath, to sever, sister States, as now ye are ! Charmed with your commingled beauty, England sends the signal round, ' ' Every man must do his duty ' ' to redeem from bonds the bound ! Then, indeed, your banner's brightness, shining clear from every star, Shall proclaim your uprightness, sister States, as now ye are ! So a peerless constellation may those stars forever blaze ! Three-and-ten times threefold nation, go ahead in power and praise ! Eike the many -breasted goddess, throned on her Ephesian car, Be — one heart, in many bodies ! sister States, as now ye are ! Martin Farouhar Tupper. THE AMERICAN UNION A GEOGRAPHICAL NECESSITY. Extract from Address at Randolph Macon College. Virginia, at Commencement, 1854 The name " American," itself, is suffi- cient to inspire within the bosom of every one, who so proudly claims it, a holy zeal to preserve forever the endearing epithet. This Union must and will be pre- served ! Division is impossible ! Mind has never conceived of the man equal to the task ! Geographical lines can never sepa- rate the interests of the American people, can never dissever the ties which unite them. Each claims the beautiful lakes and flourishing cities of the North. Each claims 82 PATRIOTISM AND WAR the extended prairies of the West and the rich productions of the sunny South. Each claims Massachusetts' patriot. Each claims Kentucky's sage. Who has not an inherit- ance in the ashes of Vernon's tomb ? New England as loudly and affectionately pro- claims him Father of his country, as does Virginia. New England never will relin- quish her claim ; Virginia, never, never suf- fer those ashes to be touched ! The Divine Architect of Nature, Himself, has said in His lofty mountains and majes- tic rivers, "Be united!" Observe their ranges and courses. The Blue Ridge, the Alleghany, and the Rocky Mountains all run north and south ; the great .Mississippi with her vast tributaries, parallel with them, waters the whole extent. There must be design in all this. The ancient poets and philosophers pictured a far-off land, across the waters, a fairer abode, a land of equal rights and a happy people. This, surely, is that land ; and through this people the Supreme Legislators has decreed that the true principles of government shall be taught all mankind. And as the blue arch, above, is in beauty shown us, so surely will it span the mightiest domain that ever shook earth. As surely as art and labor are now adorning, and science exalting, a land which religion has sanctified and patriot- ism redeemed, so surely will the Goddess of Liberty yet walk abroad in the gardens of Europe, and to our country shall belong all the honor. Then, no longer will be obscure our resplendent and glorious Con- stitution ! No more will our bright escut- cheon be tarnished ! No more will our banner droop ; but, in his original strength and pride, the American eagle, pluming himself for loftier flights and brighter climes, shall, fearlessly, while gazing on the beauties and splendors of his country's flag, shriek the downfall of tyranny ; and the longest, loudest, proudest shout of freedom's sons, in honor of freedom's triumph, shall be, — " The star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! '• Alexander Hogg. UNION LINKED WITH LIBERTY. From Inauguraj Address 1833. Without union, our independence and liberty would never have been achieved ; without union they can never be maintained. The time at which I stand before you is full of interest. The eyes of all nations are fixed on our republic. The event of the existing crisis will be decisive, in the opin- ion of mankind , of the practicability of our federal system of government. Great is the stake placed in our hands ; great is the responsibility which must rest upon the people of the United States. Let us realize the importance of the attitude in which we stand before the world. Let us exercise for- bearance and firmness. Let us extricate our country from the dangers which surround it, and learn wisdom from the lessons they inculcate. Deeply impressed with the truth of these observations, and under the obliga- tion of that solemn oath which I am about to take, I shall continue to exert all my faculties to maintain the just powers of the Constitution, and to transmit unimpaired to posterity the blessings of our Federal Union. At the same time, it will be my aim to inculcate, by my official acts, the necessity of exercising, by the General Government, those powers only that are clearly delegated ; to encourage simplicity and economy in the expenditures of the Government ; to raise no more money from the people than ma}' be requisite for these objects, and in a man- ner that will best promote the interests of all classes of the community, and of all por- tions of the Union. Constantly bearing in mind that, in entering into societ}*, indivi- duals must give up a share of liberty to pre- serve the rest, it will be my desire so to discharge my duties as to foster with our brethren, in all parts of the country, a spirit of liberal concession and compromise ; and by reconciling our fellow-citizens to those partial sacrifices which they must unavoid- ably make, for the preservation of a greater good, to recommend our invaluable Govern- ment and Union to the confidence and affec- tions of the American people. Finally, it is my most fervent prayer to that Almighty Being before whom now I stand, and who PATRIOTISM AND WAR 83 has kept us in his hands from the infancy of our republic to the present day, that He will so overrule all my intentions and actions, and inspire the hearts of my fellow- citizens, that we may be preserved from dangers of all kinds and continue forever a united and happy people. Andrew Jackson. LIBERTY AND UNION ONE AND INSEPA- RABLE. I PROFESS, sir, in my career hitherto, to have kept steadily in view the prosper- ity and honor of the whole country, and the preservation of our Federal Union. It is to that Union that we owe our safety at home, and our consideration and dignity abroad. It is to that Union that we are chiefly indebted for whatever makes us most proud of our country. That Union we reached only by the discipline of our virtues, in the severe school of adversity. It had its origin in the necessities of disordered finance, prostrate commerce, and ruined credit. Under its benign influences these great interests immediately awoke, as from the dead, and sprang forth with newness of life. Every year of its duration has teemed with fresh proofs of its utility and its bless- ings ; and, although our territory has stretched out wider and wider, and our population spread farther and farther, they have not outrun its protection or its bene- fits. It has been to us a copious foun- tain, of national, social, and personal hap- piness. I have not allowed myself, sir, to look beyond the Union, to see what might lie hidden in the dark recess behind. I have not coolly weighed the chances of preserving liberty, when the bonds that unite us together shall be broken asunder. I have not accustomed myself to hang over the precipice of disunion, to see whether, with my short short sight, I can fathom the depth of the abyss below ; nor could I regard him as a safe counsellor in the affairs of this government, whose thoughts should be mainly bent on considering, not how the Union may be best preserved, but how tol- erable might be the condition of the people when it should be broken up and destroyed. While the Union lasts, we have high, exciting, gratifying prospects spread out before us, for us and our children. Beyond that I seek not to penetrate the veil. God grant that in my day, at least, that curtain may not rise ! God grant that on my vision never may be opened what lies behind ! When my eyes shall be turned to behold, for the last time, the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dis- honored fragments of a once glorious Union; on States dissevered, discordant, belliger- ent ; on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood ! L,et their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the republic, now known and honored through- out the earth, still full high advanced, its arms and trophies streaming in their original lustre, not a stripe erased or pol- luted, not a single star obscured ; bearing for its motto no such miserable interroga- tory as , What is all this worth f nor those other words of delusion and folly, — Liberty first and Union afterwards ; but everywhere, spread all over in characters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds as they float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the whole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true American heart, — Liberty and Union , now and for- ever, one and inseparable ! Danied Webster. THE BATTLE-HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC. Sung to the tune of "John Brown's Body." Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the L,ord ; He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored ; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of his terrible swift sword : His truth is marching on. I have seen him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps ; They have builded him an altar in the evening dews and damps ; I can read his righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps : His day is marching on. «4 PATRIOTISM AND WAR I have read a fiery gospel, writ in burnished rows of steel : "As ye deal with my contemners, so with you my grace shall deal ; Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with his heel, Since God is marching on." He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat ; He is sifting out the hearts of men before his judgment-seat ; Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer him ! be jubilant, my feet ! Our God is marching on. In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea, With a glory in his bosom that transfigures you and me ; As he died to make men holy, let us die to make men free, While God is marching on. Julia Ward Howe. MARSEILLES HYMN. The French National Hymn. YE sons of France, awake to glory. Hark, hark, what myriads bid rise ! Your children, wives, and grandsires hoary, — Behold their tears and hear their cries. Shall hateful tyrants mischiefs breeding, With hireling hosts, a ruffian band, Affright and desolate the land, While peace and liberty lie bleeding ? Chorus. To arms, to arms, ye brave ! Th' avenging sword unsheathe ! March on, march on, all hearts resolved On victory or death ! Now, now the dangerous storm is rolling Which treacherous kings confederate raise ; The dogs of war, let loose, are howling, And lo, our walls and cities blaze. And shall we basely view the ruin, While lawless force, with guilty stride, Spreads desolation far and wide, With crimes and blood his hands imbruing ? Chorus. With luxury and pride surrounded, The vile, insatiate despots dare, Their thirst of gold and power unbounded, To mete and vend the light and air. Like beasts of burden would they load us, Like gods, would bid their slaves adore ; But man is man, and who is more ? Then, shall they longer lash and goad us ? Chorus. O Liberty, can man resign thee, Once having felt thy generous flame ? Can dungeons, bolts, or bars confine thee ? Or whips thy noble spirit tame ? Too long the world has wept, bewailing That falsehood's dagger tyrants wield, — But freedom is our sword and shield, And all their arts are unavailing. Chorus. Rouget de Lisle. THE SPANISH PATRIOTS' SONG. Hark ! hear ye the sounds that the winds, on their pinions, Exultingly roll from the shore to the sea, With a voice that resounds through her boundless dominions ? 'Tis Columbia calls on her sons to be free! Behold, on yon summits, where Heaven has throned her, How she starts from her proud, innacces- sible seat, With nature's impregnable ramparts around her, And the cataract's thunder and foam at her feet ! In the breeze of her mountains her loose locks are shaken , While the soul-stirring notes of her warrior-song, From the rock to the valley, re-echo, "Awaken ! Awaken, ye hearts that have slumbered too long ! ' ' Yes, despots ! too long did your tyranny hold us In a vassalage vile, ere its weakness was known, — PATRIOTISM AND WAR 85 Till we learned that the links of the chain Are stretched in our aid ? — Be the combat that controlled vis our own ! Were forged by the fears of its captive And we'll perish or conquer more proudly alone. That spell is destroyed, and no longer availing. Despised as detested, pause well ere ye dare To cope with a people whose spirits and feeling Are roused by remembrance and steeled by despair. Go, tame the wild torrent, or stem with a straw The proud surges that sweep o'er the strand that confined them ; But presume not again to give freemen a law, Nor think with the chains they have broken to bind them. To heights by the beacons of liberty lightened, They're a scorn who come up her young eagles to tame ; And to swords, that her sons for the battle have brightened, The hosts of a king are as flax to a flame. Anonymous. SONG OF THE GREEKS. (1822.) Again to the battle, A.chaians ! Our hearts bid the tyrants defiance ; Our land, the first garden of liberty's tree — It has been, and shall yet be, the land of the free ; For the cross of our faith is replanted, The pale dying crescent is daunted, And we march that the footprints of Mahomet's slaves May be washed out in blood from our forefathers' graves. Their spirits are hovering o'er us, And the sword shall to glory restore us. Ah ! what though no succor advances, Nor Christendom's chivalrous lances alone : For we've sworn, by our country's assaulters, By the virgins they've dragged from our altars, By our massacred patriots, our children in chains, By our heroes of old, and their blood in our veins, That, living, we shall be victorious, Or that, dying, our deaths shall be glorious . A breath of submission we breathe not : The sword that we've drawn we will sheathe not ; Its scabbard is left where our martyrs are laid, And the vengeance of ages has whetted its blade. Earth may hide, waves engulf, fire consume us, But they shall not to slavery doom us : If they rule, it shall be o'er our ashes and graves : But we've smote them already with fire on the waves, And new triumphs on land are before us. To the charge ! — Heaven's banner is o'er us. This day — shall ye blush for its story ? Or brighten your lives with its glory ? — Our women — oh, say, shall they shriek in despair, Or embrace us from conquest with wreaths in their hair ? Accursed may his memory blacken, If a coward there be that would slacken, Till we've trampled the turban, and shown ourselves worth Being sprung from, and named for, the godlike of earth. Strike home ! — and the world will revere us As heroes descended from heroes. Old Greece lightens up with emotion ; Her inlands, her isles of the ocean, Fanes rebuilt, and fair towns, shall with jubilee ring, 86 PATRIOTISM AND WAR And the Nine shall new-hallow their Helicon's spring. Our hearths shall be kindled in giadness, That were cold and extinguished in sadness, Whilst our maidens shall dance with their white waving arms, Singing joy to the brave that delivered their charms, When the blood of yon Mussulman cravens Shall have purpled the beaks of our ravens. Thomas Campbell,. HIGHLAND WAR SONG. *A Pibroch (pronounced P/'brok) is a martial air played with the bagpipe. Donuil, pronounce jDon'nil, Pibroch* of Donuil Dhu, pibroch of Donuil, Wake thy wild voice anew, summon Clan-Conuil. Come away, come away, hark to the summons ! Come in your war array, gentles and commons ! Come from deep glen, and from mountain so rocky, The war-pipe and pennon are at Inverlochy ; Come every hill-plaid, and true heart that wears one, Come every steel-blade, and strong hand that bears one. Leave un tended the herd, the flock without shelter ; Leave the corpse uninterred, the bride at the altar ; Leave the deer, leave the steer, leave nets and barges ; Come with your fighting gear, broadswords and targes. Come as the winds come, when forests are rended ; Come as the waves come, when navies are stranded ; Faster come, faster come, faster and faster, Chief, vassal, page and groom, tenant and master. Fast they come, fast they come; see how they gather ! Wide waves the eagle-plume, blended with heather, Cast your plaids, draw your blades, forward each man set ! Pibroch of Donuil Dhu, knell for the onset ! Sir Walter Scott. THE WATCH BY THE RHINE. German National War Song — Translated by H. W. Duckxen. A cry bursts forth like thunder-sound, Like swords' fierce clash, like waves' rebound, — To the Rhine, the Rhine, the German Rhine ! To guard the river, who'll combine? Dear Fatherland, good trust be thine, — Fast stands, and true, the watch by the Rhine. From myriad mouths the summons flies, And brightly flash a myriad e} 7 es ; Brave, honest, true, the Germans come, To guard the sacred bounds of home. Dear Fatherland, good trust be thine, — Fast stands, and true, the watch by the Rhine. And though the strife bring death to me, No foreign river shalt thou be ; Exhaustless as thy watery flood Is German land in hero-blood. Dear Fatherland, good trust be thine — Fast stands, and true, the watch by the Rhine. If upward he his glance doth send, There hero-fathers downward bend. He sweareth, proud to fight his part, Thou Rhine, be German, like my heart. Dear Fatherland, good trust be thine, — Fast stands, and true, the watch by the Rhine. While yet one drop of blood thou It yield, While yet one hand the sword can wield, While grasps the rifle one bold hand, No foe shall tread thy sacred strand. Dear Fatherland, good trust be thine, — Fast stands, and true, the watch by the Rhine. PATRIOTISM AND WAR 87 The oath peals forth, the wave runs by, Our flags, unfurled, are waving high. To the Rhine, the Rhine, the German Rhine ! To keep thee free we'll all combine. Dear Fatherland, good trust be thine, — Fast stands, and true, the watch by the Rhine. Max Schneckenburger. THE GERHAN'S FATHERLAND. What is the German's. fatherland ? — Is't Prussian land, or Swabian land ? Where the grape-vine glows on the Rhenish strand ? Whe"re the sea-gull flies o'er the Baltic sand ? Ah, no ! ah, no ! His fatherland must greater be, I trow. What is the German's fatherland ?- — Bavarian land, or Styrian land? Now Austria it needs must be, So rich in fame and victory. Ah, no ! ah, no ! His fatherland must greater be, I trow. What is the German's fatherland ? — Pomeranian land, Westphalia land ? Where o'er the sea-fiats the sand is blown? Where the mighty Danube rushes on ? Ah, no ! ah, no ! His fatherland must greater be, I trow. What is the German's fatherland ? — Say thou the name of the mighty land. Is't Switzerland, or Tyrol, tell : — The land and the people pleased me well. Ah, no ! ah, no ! His fatherland must greater be, I trow. What is the German's fatherland ? — Name thou at length to me the land. Wherever in the German tongue To God in heaven hymns are sung ! — That shall it be,— that shall it be ; That, gallant German, is for thee ! That is the German's fatherland Where binds like an oath the grasped hand, Where from men's eyes truth flashes forth, Where in men's hearts are love and worth! — That shall it be, — that shall it be ; That, gallant German, is for thee ! It is the whole of Germany. Look, Lord, thereon, we pray to Thee. Let German spirit in us dwell, That we may love it true and well. That shall it be, — that shall it be ; The whole, the whole of Germany ! Ernst Moritz Arndt. GERMAN BATTLE PRAYER. Father, I cry to Thee. Cannon-smoke rolleth in clouds o'er me roaring, War's jetted lightnings around me are pouring : Lord of the battle, I cry to Thee. Father, oh, lead Thou me. Father, oh, lead Thou me, Lead me as victor, by death when I'm riven, Lord, I acknowledge the law Thou hast given ; E'en as Thou wilt, Lord, so lead Thou me, — God, I acknowledge Thee. God, I acknowledge Thee. So when the autumn leaves rustle around me, So when the thunders of battle surround me, Fountain of grace, I acknowledge Thee, — Father, oh, bless Thou me. Father, oh, bless Thou me. Into Thy care commend I my spirit ; Thou canst reclaim what from Thee I inherit ; Living or dying, still bless Thou me, — Father, I worship Thee. Father, I worship Thee. Not for earth's riches Thy servants are fighting, _ Holiest cause with our swords we are righting ; Conquering or falling, I worship Thee — God, I submit to Thee. God, I submit to Thee. When all the terrors of death are assailing, When in my veins e'en the life-blood is failing, Lord, unto Thee will I bow the knee. — Father, I cry to Thee. Kari, Theodor K'orner. ss PATRIOTISM AND WAR GOD SAVE THE KING. The national anthem of Great Britain has become so closely identified with the hymn "America" that they seem insepar- able, — the music being common to both. Neither Henry nor George S. Carey can be credited, clearly, with its origin. George S. Carey claimed that his father was the author. The following words by Rev. W. D. Tattersall, harmonized by T. S. Dupuis, Doctor of Music, were used in London in January, 1793, three of the verses being nearly the same as those used about the year 1745, in the reign uf George II. Version of 1793. God save great George our King, Long live our noble King, God save the King, Send him victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to reign over us, God save the King ! Let discord's lawless train Know their vile arts are vain, Britain is free ; Confound their politics, Frustrate their knavish tricks. With equal laws we mix True liberty. England's stanch soldiery, Proof against treachery, Bravely unite ; Firm in his country's cause, His sword each hero draws, To guard our King and laws From factious might. When insults rise to wars, Oak-hearted British tars Scorn to be slaves ; Ranged in our wooden walls, Ready when duty calls To send their cannon-balls O'er Ocean's waves. O Lord our God, arise, Scatter our enemies, And make them fall. Cause civil broils to cease, Commerce and trade t' increase; With plenty, joy, and peace, God bless us all. Gracious to this famed isle, On our loved Monarch smile, With mildest rays ; Oh, let thy light divine On Brunswick's royal line With cheering influence shine To latest days. GOD SAVE THE QUEEN, Present Version. God save our gracious Queen, Long live our noble Queen. God save the Queen ! Send her victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to reign over us ! God save the Queen ! O Lord our God, arise, Scatter her enemies, And make them fall. Confound their politics, Frustrate their knavish tricks, On Thee our hopes we fix, Oh, save us all. Thy choicest gifts in store On her be pleased to pour. Long may she reign ! May she defend our laws, And ever give us cause To sing with heart and voice, God save the Oueen ! THE "RECESSIONAL.' God of our fathers, known of old — Lord of our far-flung battle-line — Beneath Whose awful Hand we hold Dominion over palm and pine — Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we forget — lest we forget ! The tumult and the shouting dies — The captains and the kings depart — Still stands Thine ancient Sacrifice, An humble and a contrite heart. Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we forget — lest we forget ! Far-called our navies melt away — On dune and headland sinks the fire — Lo, all our pomp of yesterda}'- Is one with Nineveh and Tyre ! Judge of the Nations, spare us yet, Lest we forget — lest we forget ! If, drunk with sight of power, we loose Wild tongues that have not Thee in awe; — Such boasting as the Gentiles use PATRIOTISM AND WAR 89 Or lesser breeds without the law — Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we forget — lest we forget ! For heathen heart that puts her trust In reeking tube and iron shard — All valiant dust that builds on dust, And guarding calls not Thee to guard- For frantic boast and foolish word, Thy mercy on Thy people, Lord ! Amen. Rudyard Kipling. MARCHING TO CUBA. Melody of "-Marching through Georgia." This selection may be used as a recitation without the chorus. This may be made quite a pleasing feature of an entertain- ment if buys be dressed in Cuban war uniforms and march back and forth on the stage singing the words to the tune of " March- ing through Georgia." WE'RE going down to Cuba, boys, to battle for the right. We're going to show those Spaniards that we Yankee boys can fight, And when thej, see us coming they'll scatter left and right, When we march into Cuba. Chorus. Hurrah, hurrah, we'll sound the jubilee, Hurrah, hurrah, boys, Cuba shall be free ; And so we'll sing the chorus, from Mt. Gretna to the sea, While we are marching to Cuba. "Twas in Manila Bay, boys, our ships the foe did meet, We didn't need a hurricane to wreck the Spanish fleet, But just one Dewey morning and our vict'ry was complete, As we were marching to Cuba. — Chorus. In Santiago harbor Sampson has them bottled tight. Hobson put the cork in, and we think he did it right : And when they find they can't get out they'll have to stand and fight, When we march into Cuba. — Chorus. With Dewey, Schley and Sampson we need not have a fear, For they will guard the harbors while we attack the rear ; We'll plant our flag on Morro, and give one mighty cheer, When we march into Cuba. — Chorus. W. Gilbert Kayser. THE " MAINE " RED, WHITE AND BLUE. Air — "Red, White and Blue. ' ' LET us honor the dead of our nation, the sailors so brave and so true ; The lads who now sleep in the ocean, who died for the red, white and blue. The battleship "Maine" is their casket, their souls are with God in review, And widows and orphans are mourning the loss to the red, white and blue. Chorus. Three cheers for the red, white and blue ! Three cheers for the sailor boys true ! Three cheers for our loyal White Squad- ron, And three for the red, white and blue ! The ironclad "Maine" at Havana, like a monarch of absolute rule,- Undreaming of woe or disaster, undream- ing of knave or of tool, Lay at rest and at peace in the harbor, the stars watching o'er her brave crew, When death and destruction o'ertook her, and sullied the red, white and blue. Chorus. Then honor the dead of her crew, Then honor the living so true ; Then honor the loyal White Squadron, And cheer for the red, white and blue ! If treachery's hand held the missile that shattered our noble ship " Maine," America's grieved population will discover it, even in Spain ; And the God of our Fathers in justice to the cause of the brave and the true, Will guide us in wiping dishonor from our beautiful red, white and blue. Joseph Kerr. go PATRIOTISM AND WAR Air: — " Tramp, OUR HEROES. Tramp, Tramp, Marchinz" the boys are IN the battle front you stood When the fierce onslaught was made, From the trenches on San Juan hill ; But before the Spanish knew Our gallant boys in blue Were upon them in the trenches, brave and true. Chorus. Welcome home, ye gallant heroes, Welcome home — yes, one and all Who went forth, like gallant men, to fight our battles again, In the cause of humanity. While encamped upon the field, Ready to fight and not to yield To any foreign foe or Spanish Don ; For our Yankee boys will fight In a cause that's just and right, And they're in it to a man with all their might. Some had fallen on the plain , Others with fevers they were slain, But their heart were ever brave and true ; In mem'ry they shall last, Though their time on earth is passed, For they've gone to join the God of battles in heaven anew. And our starry banner free Shall float o'er America, For our government has no conquest in its plan : Puerto Rico we shall keep , As indemnity Spain can't meet, To pay for lessons taught by Uncle Sam. YANKEE DEWEY. Among the hundreds of poems and songs written on Admiral Dewey we find the following, a happy parody on '* Yankee Doodle," and may be sung to the air of that famous song. Yankee Dewey went to sea, Sailing on a cruiser, He took along a company, Of men and guns, a few, sir. Chorus. With men and guns and cruisers, too, You're certainly quite handy. He sailed away to the Philippines, With orders for to snatch them, And thrash the Spaniards right and left, Wherever he could catch them. — Chorus And Yankee Dewey did it, too, He did it so complete, sir. That not a blooming ship is left, Of all that Spanish fleet, sir. — Chorus. Oh, Yankee Dewey, you're a peach, A noble, gallant tar, sir ; You're ' ' out of sight, " you're out of reach, We hail you from afar, sir. — Chorus. We greet you with three rousing cheers, For 3 r ou and your brave crews, sir ; For the deeds you've done and the victory won, For Yankee Doodle Doo, sir. — Chorus. Yankee Dewey, keep it up, You certainly are handy, With men and guns and cruisers, too, Oh, Dewey, you're a dandy. — Chorus. O. H. Cole. Yankee Dewey ; Ha ! Ha ! Dewey you're a dandy ; Ha! '« DIXIE " UP=TO=DATE. Song of ike Southern Volunteers. Tune oj Dixie. I wish I were in the far, far North To cheer my comrades starting forth ; Hurrah, hurah, hurah, hurah ! Their fathers were of ours the foes — But that's forgot like last year's snows. Hurrah, hurrah, hurrah, hurrah ! Chorus. O Yankeeland and Dixie ! Hurrah ! Hurrah ! In Yankeeland and Dixieland We're linked together, heart and hand ; Hurrah ! hurrah ! for Yankeeland and Dixie. They fought in blue, we fought in gray — But that's a tale of yesterday ; Hurrah, hurrah, hurrah, hurrah ! And now we don the blue again To down with them the Dons of Spain, Hurrah, hurrah, hurrah, hurrah ! — Cho, PATRIOTISM AND WAR 01 We're going to drive from Cuba's isle Starvation, tyranny and guile ; Hurrah, hurrah, hurrah, hurrah ! And when we've downed those Dons of Spain, Why, then we're coming home again. Hurrah, hurrah, hurrah, hurrah ! — Cho. John Hall Ingham. THE BLACK REGIHENT. The following song, sung by the colored soldiers as they marched to the front, is a fair specimen of many composed by the negro troops and their friends during the Spanish War. It is inserted because of its faithfulness to the rude, yet metrical style of untutored negro composition. D E cullud troops, dey marchin' — De regiments gwine pas' ; "En whar did de Guv'ment sen' you " ' ' ' We gwine ter de Tortu-gas ! ' ' Oh, my wife en chillin' ! Make way en lemnie pass ! De Guv'ment sen' me fur frum home ! I gwine to the Tortu-gas ! De cullud troops, dey marchin' — Dey trompin' down de grass ; " Kn whar is de Guv'ment sen' you ? " ' ' We gwine ter de Tortu-gas ! ' ' Oh, my wife en chillin' ! Make way en lemme pass ! De Guv'ment sen' me fur frum home — I gwine ter de Tortu-gas. THE BOER SWAN SONQ. One of the best poems called forth by the Boer-British War of 1899-1900, was published in the Capetown Telephone, and bears the above title. In the song, the old Boer rifleman is represented as hearing (he advance of the British forces with a consciousness that the dream of a Boer empire in South Africa is at an end. YES, the red-coats are returning ; I can hear the steady tramp, After twenty years of waiting, lulled to sleep. Since rank and file at Potchefstroom we hemmed them in their camp . And cut them up at Bronkerspruit like sheep. They shelled us at Ingogo, but we galloped into range, And we shot the British gunners where they showed. I guessed they would return to us — I knew the chance must change — Hark ! the rooi-baatje singing on the road ! But now from snow-swept Canada, from India's torrid plains, From lone Australian outposts, hither led; Obeying their commando, as they heard the bugle's strains. The men in brown have joined the men in red. They come to find the colors at Majuba left and lost, They come to pay us back the debt they owed ; And I hear new voices lifted, and I see strange colors tossed, 'Mid the rooi-baatje singing on the road. The old, old faiths must falter, the old, old creeds must fail — I hear it in that distant murmur low — The old, old order changes, and 'tis vain for us to rail ; The great world does not want us — we must go. And veldt, and spruit, and kopje to the stranger will belong, No more to trek before him we shall load ; Too well, too well I know it, for I hear it in the song Of the rooi-baatje singing on the road. S. J. O. B. THE BOER NATIONAL HYMN. Sung in camp almost every morning, and also at Sabbath worship during the Boer-British War, 1899 and 1900, in South Africa. Right nobly gave, voortrekkers brave, Their blood, their lives, their all For freedom's right, in death's despite, They fought at duty's call. Ho, burghers ! High our banner waveth, The standard of the free, No foreign yoke our land enslaveth, Here reigneth liberty. 'Tis Heaven's command, here we should stand, And aye defend the volk and land. 92 PATRIOTISM AND WAR What realm so fair, so richly fraught, With treasures ever new, Where nature hath her wonders wrought, And freely spread to view ! Ho, burghers old ! Be up and singing, God save the Yolk and land, This, burghers new, your anthem ringing, O'er veldt, o'er hill, o'er strand. And burghers all, stand ye or fall, For hearths and homes at country's call. With wisdom, Lord, our rulers guide, And these Thy people bless ; May we with nations all abide In peace and righteousness. To Thee, whose mighty arm hath shielded Thy volk in by-gone days, To Thee alone be humbly yielded All glory, honor, praise. God guard our land, our own dear land, Our children's home, their Fatherland. A PARODY ON " AULD LANG SYNE." Special Cable to The North American. At a concert given at Bloemfoatein, Orange Free State, April 18, 1900. in aid of the widows and orphans fund, organized by the war correspondents, where the leaders of the army were present. Kipling's rtew poem was sung to the music of " Auld Lang Syne." The poem follows : We welcome to our hearts to-night Our kinsmen from afar, Brothers in an empire's fight And comrades of our war. For " Auld Lang Syne," my lads, And the fights of " Auld Lang Syne ;" We drink our cup of fellowship To the fights of " Auld Lang Syne." The shamrock, thistle, leek and rose, With hearts and wattle twine, And maple from Canadian snows For the sake of " Auld Lang Syne." For ' ' Auld Lang Syne ' ' take hands From London to the line ; Good luck to these that toiled with us Since the days of "Auld Lang Syne." Again to all we hold most dear In life we left behind, The wives we won, the bairnes we kissed And the loves of " Auld Lang Syne ; " For surely you have your sweetheart, And surely I have mine ; We toast her name in silence here And the girls of " Auld Lang Syne, " And last to him, the little man, Who led our fighting line From Cabul on to Kandahar In the days of ' ' Auld Lang Syne ; ' For " Auld Lang Syne " and " Bobs, Our chief of " Auld Lang Syne," We're here to do his work again As we did in " Auld Lang Syne." CAMP CALLS. The reciter of the following lines should imitate the tones and time of the bugle calls they represent. If some military friend with a bugle or cornet be available the lines should be practised with his accompaniment to train the voice proficiently. The words should be spoken distinctly. I can't git 'em up I can't git 'em up ! I can't git 'em up in the morning. I can't git 'em up, I can't git 'em up, I can't git 'em up at all ! The corporal's worse than the sergeant, The sergeant's worse than lieutenant, And the captain's the worst of all ! Go to the stable, All ye that are able, And give your horses some corn, For if you don't do it, The captain will know it, And give you the devil As sure as } T ou're born ! Oh, where has that cook gone, Cook gone, Cook gone. Where has that cook gone ? Where the aitch is he-e-e ? Twenty years till dinner time. Dinner time, Dinner time, Twenty years till dinner time. So it seems to me-e-e ! Come and git your quinine, Quinine, quinine, quinine ! Come and git your quinine, And 3-our pills ! Soupy, soupy, soup — Without any beans ! An' coffee, coffee, coffee — The meanest ever seen ! PATRIOTISM AND WAR 93 REVEILLE. The effect of the following recitation will be greatly enhanced if the speaker dress in soldier uniform and carry a rifle as if on sentinel duty, and the words in italics be spoken to the accom- paniment of a bugle or cornet sounding the notes softly behind a curtain or in adjoining room. THE morning is cheery my boys, arouse ! Trie dew shines bright on the chestnut boughs, And the sleepy mist on the river lies, Though the east is flushing with crimson dyes. Awake I awake ! awake ! O'er field and wood and brake, With glories newly born, Comes on the blushing morn, Awake ! awake ! You have dreamed of your homes and your friends all night ; You have basked in your sweethearts ' smiles so bright : Come, part with them all for a while again — Be lovers in dreams ; when awake, be men. Turn out ! turn out ! turn oict ! You have dreamed full long I know, Turn out ! turn out ! turn out ! The east is all aglow. Turn out ! turn out ! From every valley and hill there come The clamoring voices of fife and drum ; And out on the fresh, cool morning air The soldiers are swarming everywhere. Fall in ! fall in ! fall in ! Kvery man in his place. Fall in ! fall in ! fall in ! Each with a cheerful face. Fall in ! fall in ! Michael O'Connor. DIRGE OF THE DRUMS. In pronouncing these words imitate in deep measured tones the sound of the drum-beat. DEAD ! Dead ! Dead, dead, dead ! To the solemn beat of the last retreat That falls like lead, Bear the hero now to his honored rest With the badge of courage upon his breast , While the sun sinks down in the gleaming West- Dead ! Dead ! Dead ! Dead ! Dead ! Mourn the dead ! While the mournful notes of the bugles float Across his bed, And the guns shall toll on the vibrant air The knell of the victor lying there — 'Tis a fitting sound for a soldier's prayer — ■ Dead ! Dead ! Dead ! Dead ! Dead ! Dead, dead, dead ! To the muffled beat of the lone retreat And speeding lead, I,ay the hero low to his well-earned rest, In the land he loved, on her mother breast, While the sunlight dies in the darkening West- Dead ! Dead ! Dead ! Ralph Alton. A MOTHER'S LAMENT. Suitable for Decoration Day entertainment. If the reciter be dressed in the garb of a bereaved mother the effect will be better. " In Rama was there a voice heard, Rachel weeping for her children." am but one of the many — the mothers who weep and who mourn For the dear sons slain in the battle ! Oh ! burden of sorrow borne At the thought of their needed comforts, their hardships along the way ! But we prayed to Thee, loving Father, to sustain them day by day ; Now our hearts are dumb in our anguish, and our lips refuse to pray. They are slain in the cruel battle, the pitiless chance of war ! From the homes that they were the light of, from those that they loved afar, With no mother-kisses to soothe them, no ministry of loving hand ! But 'tis well with them, now and forever, for they live in the " better land," Where Thy peace shall abide forever, and never an armed band. For they were Thy heroes, dear Father ; they fell as Thy heroes fall, And loyal, and true, and undaunted, they answered their country's call ; They laid their young lives on her altar, for her will their blood was shed ; 94 PATRIOTISM AND WAR And now there is naught that can comfort the mothers whose hearts have bled For the sons who went to the battle, by the chance of the battle dead. ! God, Thou hast tender pity, and love for the broken in heart, But not even Thou can'st comfort, for there is no comfort apart From the son who went out from my cling- ing : O God, I cry to Thee ! 1 grope in the darkness to clasp him — that darkness that hides from me The sight of Thy hand, dear Father ! though outstretched to comfor it be. Isidor D. French. SAUL BEFORE HIS LAST BATTLE. Warriors and chiefs ! should the shaft or the sword Pierce me in leading the hosts of the L,ord, Heed not the corse, though a king's, in your path : Bury your steel in the bosoms of Gath ! Thou who art bearing my buckler and bow, Should the soldiers of Saul look away from the foe, Stretch me that moment in blood at thy feet! Mine be the doom, which they dared not to meet. Farewell to others, but never we part, Heir to my royalty, son of my heart ! Bright is the diadem, boundless the sway, Or kingly the death, which awaits us to-day ! Byron. WASHINGTON TO HIS SOLDIERS. An address delivered by the father of his country to his army before they began the battle of Long Island, 1776. The time is now near at hand which must probably determine whether Ameri- cans are to be freemen or slaves ; whether they are to have any property they can call their own ; whether their houses and farms are to be pillaged and destroyed, and themselves consigned to a state of wretchedness from which no human efforts will deliver them. The fate of unborn mill- ions will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army. Our cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of a brave resistance, or the most abject submission. We have, therefore, to resolve to conquer or to die. Our own, our country's honor, calls upon us for a vigorous and manly exertion ; and if we now shamefully fail, we shall become infamous to the whole world. Let us, then, rely on the goodness of our cause, and the aid of the Supreme Being, in whose hands victory is, to animate and encourage us to great and noble actions . The eyes of all our countrymen are now upon us ; and we shall have their blessings and praises, if happily we are the instruments of saving them from the tyranny meditated against them. Let us, therefore, animate and encourage each other, and show the whole world that a free- man contending for liberty on his own ground is superior to any slavish mercenary on earth. Liberty, property, life and honor, are all at stake. Upon your courage and conduct rest the hopes of our bleeding and insulted country. Our wives, children and parents, expect safety from us only ; and they have every reason to believe that Heaven will crown with success so just a cause. The enemy will endeavor to intimidate by show and appearance ; but remember they have been repulsed on various occasions by a few brave Americans. Their cause is bad, — their men are conscious of it ; and, if opposed with firmness and coolness on their first onset, with our advantage of works, and knowl- edge of the ground, the victory is most assuredly ours. Every good soldier will be silent and attentive, wait for orders, and reserve his fire until he is sure of doing exe- cution. THE FOURTH OF JULY. To the sages who spoke, to the heroes who bled, To the day and the deed, strike the harp- strings of glory ! Let the song of the ransomed remember the dead, And the tongue of the eloquent hallow the story ! PATRIOTISM AND WAR 95 O'er the bones of the bold Be that story long told, And on fame's golden tablets their tri- umphs enrolled, Who on freedom's green hills freedom's banner unfurled, And the beacon fire raised that gave light to the world ! They are gone — mighty men ! — and they sleep in their fame ; Shall we ever forget them ? O, never ! no, never! Let our sous learn from us to embalm each great name, And the anthem send down, — " Inde- pendence forever ! ' ' Wake, wake, heart and tongue ? Keep the theme ever young ; Let their deeds through the long line of ages be sung, Who on freedom's green hills freedom's banner unfurled, And the beacon-fire raised that gave light to the world ! CHARLES SPRAGUE THE HERO OF THE COMMUNE. The hero of this poem became the greatest general in Napol- eon's army. i i /~a arcon ! You, you vT Snared along with this cursed crew ? (Only a child, and yet so bold, Scarcely as much as ten years old !) Do you hear ? do you know Why the gens d'armes put you there, in the row, You with those Commune wretches tall, With your face to the wall ? " Know ? To be sure I know ! Why not ? We're here to be shot ; And there by the pillar's the very spot, Fighting for France, my father fell. Ah, well !— That's just the way / would choose to fall, With my back to the wall ! ' ' " (Sacre ! Fair, open fight I say, Is something right gallant in its way, And fine for warming the blood ; but who Wants wolfish work like this to do ? Bah ! 'tis a butcher's business !) How? (The boy is beckoning to me now : I knew that this poor child's heart would fail, Yet his cheek's not pale :) Quick ! say your say, for don't you see When the church-clock yonder tolls out Three, You are all to be shot ? — What? ' Excuse you one moment?' O, ho, ho ! Do you think to fool a gen d'armes so ? " " But, sir, here's a watch that a friend, one day, (My father's friend) just over the way, Lent me ; and if you let me free — It still lacks seven minutes of Three — I'll come on the word of a soldier's son, Straight back into line, when my errand's done." " Ha, ha ! No doubt of it ! Off! Begone ! (Now, good St. Dennis, speed him on ! The work will be easier since he's saved ; For I hardly see how I could have braved The ardor of that innocent eye, As he stood and heard, While I gave the word, Dooming him like a dog to die.) " "In time ? Well, thanks, that my desire Was granted ; and now I'm ready ; — Fire One word ! — that's all ! — You'll let me turn my back to the wall ? " " Parbleu ! Come out of the line, I say, Come out ! (Who said that his name was Ney?) Ha ! France will hear of him yet, one day!" Margaret J. Preston. HEN ALWAYS FIT FOR FREEDOM. THERE is only one cure for the evils which newly-acquired freedom produces, — and that cure is freedom ! When a pris- oner leaves his cell, he cannot bear the light of day ; he is unable to discriminate colors, or recognize faces ; but the remedy is not to 9 6 PATRIOTISM AND WAR remand him into his dungeon, but to accus- tom him to the rays of the sun. The blaze of truth and liberty may at first dazzle and bewilder nations which have become half blind in the house of bondage ; but let them gaze on, and they will soon be able to bear it. In a few years men learn to reason ; the extreme violence of opinion subsides ; hos- tile theories correct each other ; the scat- tered elements of truth cease to conflict, and begin to coalesce ; and, at length, a system of justice and order is educed out of the chaos. Many politicians of our time are in the habit of laying it down as a self-evident proposition, that no people ought to be free till they are fit to use their freedom. The maxim is worthy of the fool in the old story, who resolved not to go into the water till he had learned to swim ! If men are to wait for tiberty till they become wise and good in slavery they may, indeed, wait for- ever ! T. B. Macauly. NAPOLEON'S FAREWELL TO HIS ARMY AT FONTAINEBLEAU, 1814. Soldiers ! receive my adieu. During twenty years that we have lived together, I am satisfied with you. I have always found you in the paths of glory. All the powers of Europe have armed against me. Some of my generals have betrayed their trust and France. My country herself has wished another destiny : with you, and the other brave men who have remained true to me, I could have maintained a civil war : but France would have been unhappy. Be faithful to your new king. Be sub- missive to your new generals ; and do not abandon our dear country. Mourn not my fortunes . I shall be happy while I am sure of your happiness. I might have died ; but if I have consented to live, it is still to serve your glory ; I shall record now the great deeds which we have done together. Bring me the eagle standard ; let me press it to my heart . Farewell , my chil dren , my hearty wishes go with you. Preserve me in your memories. Napoleon Bonaparte, INCIDENT OF THE FRENCH CAMP. You know we French stormed Ratisbon ; A mile or so away, On a little mound, Napoleon Stood on our storming-day ; With neck out- thrust, you fancy how, Legs wide, arms locked behind, As if to balance the prone "brow, Oppressive with its mind . Just as perhaps he mused, " My plans That soar, to earth may fall, Let once my army-leader Lannes Waver at yonder wall ' ' — Out 'twixt the battery-smokes there flew A rider, bound on bound Full galloping ; nor bridle drew Until he reached the mound . Then off there flung in smiling joy, And held himself erect By just his horse's mane, a boy : You hardly could suspect (So tight he kept his lips compressed, Scarce any blood came through), You looked twice ere you saw his breast Was all but shot in two. "Well," cried he, "Emperor, by God's grace, We've got you Ratsibon ! The marshal's in the market place, And you'll be there anon To see your flag-bird flap his vans Where I, to heart's desire, Perched him ! ' ' The chief's eye flashed ; his plans Soared up again like fire. The chief's eye flashed ; but presently Softened itself, as sheathes A film the mother eagle's eye When her bruised eaglet breathes : ' ' You're wounded ! " " Nay, ' ' his soldier's pride Touched to the quick, he said : "I'm killed, sire ! " And, his chief beside, Smiling, the boy fell dead. Robert Browning . PATRIOTISM AND WAR 97 THE QUEEN OF PRUSSIA'S RIDE. Should be spoken with rapidity. The speaker in excited manner indicates by gesture and attitude the flight of the Queen. The circumstance m history may be referred to by the speaker before reciting the poem as follows : The Queen of Prussia was present when her army was routed by Napoleon at the Battle of Jena, 1807. She was mounted on a superb charger attended by three or four escorts, when a band of hussars seeing her, rushed forward to capture the royal lady, pursuing her all the way to Weimar. Had not the charger which she rode possessed a lleet- ness unequalled by any in the pursuing band, the fair Queen would have been made a prisoner. Fair Queen, away ! To thy charger speak— A band of hussars they capture seek. Oh, haste ! escape ! they are riding this way. Speak — speak to thy charger without delay ; They're nigh. Behold ! They come at a break-neck pace, A smile triumphant illumes each face. Queen of the Prussians, now for a race, To Weimar for safety — fly ! She turned, and her steed with a furious dash — Over the fields like the lightning's flash- fled. Away, like an arrow from steel cross-bow, Over hill and dale in the sun's fierce glow, The Queen and her enemies thundering go, On toward Weimar they sped. The royal courser is swift and brave, And his royal rider he strives to save — But no ! " Vive Vempereur /" rings sharp and clear; She turns and is startled to see them so near, Then softly speaks in her charger's ear And away he bounds like a roe. He speeds as though on the wings of the wind, The Queen's pursuers are left behind. No more She fears, though each trooper grasps his reins, Stands up in his stirrups, strikes spurs and strains, For ride as they may, her steed still gains And Weimar is just before. Safe ! The clatter now fainter grows ; She sees in the distance her laboring foes, The gates of the fortress stand open wide To welcome the German nation's bride so dear. With gallop and dash, into Weimar she goes, And the gates at once on her enemies close. Give thanks, give thanks ! She is safe with those Who hail her with cheer on cheer ! A. L,. A. Smith. MARCO BOZZARIS. This poem has been pronounced the best martial lyric in the language. Marco Bozzaris (pronounced Bot-zah-ri) fell in his attack upon the Turkish camp at Lapsi, August 20. 1821, and expired in the moment of victory. I'itz-Green Halleck, the author of this famous poem, is an American. AT midnight, in his guarded tent, The Turk was dreaming of the hour When Greece, her knee in suppliance bent, Should tremble at his power : In dreams, through camp and court he bore The trophies of a conqueror ; In dreams, his song of triumph heard ; Then wore his monarch's signet ring : Then pressed that monarch's throne — a king; As wild his thoughts, and gay of wing, As Eden's garden bird. At midnight, in the forest shades, Bozzaris ranged his Suliote band, True as the steel of their tried blades, Heroes in heart and hand. There had the Persian's thousands stood, There had the glad earth drunk their blood On old Plataea's day ; And now there breathed that haunted air The sons of sires who conquered there, With arm to strike, and soul to dare, As quick, as far as they. An hour passed on — the Turk awoke ; That bright dream was his last ; He woke to hear his sentries shriek, ' ' To arms ! they come ! the Greek ! the Greek!" He woke — to die midst flame, and smoke, And shout, and groan, and sabre-stroke, And death-shots falling thick and fast As lightnings from the mountain-cloud ; And heard, with voice as trumpet loud, Bozzaris cheer his band : ' ' Strike — till the last armed foe expires ; Strike — for your altars and your fires ; Strike — for the green graves of yonr sires: God, and your native land ! " 9 8 PATRIOTISM AND WAR They fought, — like brave men, long and well ; They piled that ground with Moslem slain ; They conquered — but Bozzaris fell, Bleeding at every vein. His few surviving comrades saw His smile when rang their proud hurrah, And the red field was won : Then saw in death his eyelids close Calmly, as to a night's repose, Like flowers at set of sun. Bozzaris ! with the storied brave, Greece nurtured in her glory's time, Rest thee — there is no prouder grave, Even in her own proud clime. She wore no funeral weeds for thee, Nor bade the dark hearse wave its plume, Like torn branch from death's leafless tree, In sorrow's pomp and pageantry, The heartless luxury of the tomb : But she remembers thee as one Long loved and for a season gone. For thee her poets' lyre is wreathed, Her marble wrought, her music breathed : For thee she rings the birthday bells ; Of thee her babes' first lisping tells : For thine her evening prayer is said At palace couch, and cottage bed ; Her soldier, closing with the foe, Gives for thy sake a deadlier blow ; His plighted maiden, when she fears For him, the joy of her young years, Thinks of thy fate, and checks her tears. And she, the mother of thy boys, Though in her eye and faded cheek Is read the grief she will not speak, The memory of her buried joys, And even she who gave thee birth, Will, by their pilgrim-circled hearth, Talk of thy doom without a sigh : For thou art freedom's now, and fame's, One of the few, the immortal names That were not born to die. Fitz-Green Haixeck. CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE. Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of death Rode the six hundred. " Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns ! " he said. Into the valley of death, Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade !' Was there a man dismayed ? Not though the soldiers knew Some one had blundered : Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die ; Into the valley of death, Rode the six hundred. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them, Volleyed and thundered : Stormed at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well : Into the jaws of death, Into the mouth of hell, Rode the six hundred. Flashed all their sabres bare, Flashed as they turned in air, Sab 'ring the gunners there, Charging an army, while All the world wondered : Plunged in the battery smoke, Right through the line they broke Cossack and Russian Reeled from the sabre-stroke, Shattered and sundered. Then they rode back — but not, Not the six hundred. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon behind them, Volleyed and thundered. Stormed at with shot and shell, While horse and hero fell, They that had fought so well, Came through the jaws of death. Back from the mouth of hell , All that was left of them, Left of six hundred. When can their glory fade ? O, the wild charge they made ! All the world wondered. Honor the charge they made ! Honor the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred ! Alfred Tennyson. PATRIOTISM AND WAR 99 OBJECTION TO THE MEXICAN WAR. In opposing ihe Mexican War Daniel Webster uttered the following words against expansion of territory: Sir, to speak more seriously, this war was waged for the object of creating new States on the southern frontier of the United States out of Mexican territory, and with such population as could be found resi- dent thereupon. I have opposed this object. I am against all accessions of territory to form new States. And this is no matter of sentimentality, which I am to parade before mass-meetings or before my constituents at home. It is not a matter with me of declama- tion or of regret, or of expressed repugnance. It is a matter of firm unchangeable purpose. I yield nothing to the force of circumstances that have occurred, or that I can consider as likely to occur. And therefore I say, sir, that if I were asked to-day whether, for the sake of peace, I would take a treaty for adding two new states to the Union on our southern border, I would say No ! — distinctly, No ! And I wish every man in the United States to understand that to be my judgment and my purpose. I said upon our southern border, because the present proposition takes that locality. I would say the same of the western, the northeastern, or of any other border. I resist to-day, and for ever, and to the end, any proposition to add any foreign territory, south or west, north or east, to the States of this Union as they are constituted and held together under the constitution. Sir, I see well enough all the adverse indica- tions. But I am sustained by a deep and a conscientious sense of duty ; and while supported by that feeling, and while such great interests are at stake, I defy auguries, and ask no omen but my country's cause. D. Webster. GUSTAVUS VASA TO THE DALECARLIANS. Christian II.. King of Denmark, having made himself master of Sweden, confined Gustavus at Copenhagen ; but he, making his escape, contrived to reach the Dalecarlian mountains, where he was for sometime hidden. Having seized a favorable oppor- tunity, he declared himself to the peasants, whom he incited to join his cause. Fortune befriended him, and in the year 1523 he gained the throne of Sweden. SWEDES ! countrymen ! behold at last, after a thousand dangers past, your chief, Gustavus, here. L,ong have I sighed 'mid foreign bands, long have I roamed in foreign lands; — at length 'mid LrfGf Swedish hearts and hands, I grasp a Swedish spear! Yet, looking forth, although I see none but the fearless and the free, sad thoughts the sight inspires ; for where, I thiuk, on Swedish ground, save where these mountains frown around, can that best heritage be found — the freedom of our sires ? — Yes, Sweden pines beneath the yoke ; the galling chain our fathers broke is round our country now ! On perjured craft and ruthless guilt his power a tyrant Dane has built, and Sweden's crown, all blood-bespilt rests on a foreign brow. On you your country turns her eyes — on you, on you, for aid relies, scions of noblest stem ! The foremost place in rolls of fame, by right your fearless fathers claim ; yours is the glory of their name — 'tis yours to equal them. — As rushing down, when winter reigns, resistless to the shak- ing plains, the torrent tears its way, and all that bars its onward course sweeps to the sea with headlong force, — so swept your sires the Danes and Norse : — can ye do less than they ? Rise ! re-assert your ancient pride, and down the hills a living tide of fiery valor pour. Let but the storm of battle lower, back to his den the foe will cower ; — then, then shall Freedom's glorious hour strike for our land once more ! What ! silent — motionless, ye stand ? Gleams not an eye ? Moves not a hand ? Think ye to fly your fate? Or till some better cause be given, wait ye? — Then wait! till, banished, driven, ye fear to meet the face of Heaven , till ye are slaughtered, wait ! But no ! your kindling hearts gainsay the thought. Hark ! Hear that blood- hound's bay ! Yon blazing village see ! Rise, countrymen ! Awake ! Defy the haughty Dane ! Your battle cry be Free- dom ! We will do or die ! On ! Death or victory ! THE BABY AND THE SOLDIERS. From time immemorial the fondness of the soldier for chil- dren has been marked. The following incident is but one of thousands embalmed in literatur. Rough and ready the troopers ride, Great bearded men, with swords by side ; They have ridden long, they have ridden hard, IOO PATRIOTISM AND WAR They are travel-stained and battle-scarred ; The hard ground shakes with their martial tramp, And coarse is the laugh of the men in camp. They reach the spot where the mother stands With a baby clapping its little hands, Laughing aloud at the gallant sight Of the mounted soldiers fresh from the fight. The Captain laughs out: "I'll give you this, A handful of gold, your baby to kiss." Smiles the mother : "A kiss can 't be sold , But gladly he'll kiss a soldier bold." He lifts the baby with manly grace And covers with kisses its smiling face, Its rosy lips and its dimpled charms, And it crows with delight in the soldier's arms. ' ' Not all for the Captain , ' ' the soldiers call ; " The baby, we know, has one for all." To the soldiers' breasts the baby is pressed By the strong, rough men, and by turns caressed, And louder it laughs, and the mother fair, Smiles with mute joy as the kisses they share. "Just such a kiss," cries one trooper grim, ' ' When I left n^ boy I gave to him ; ' ' "And just such a kiss on the parting day I gave to my girl as asleep she lay." Such were the words of the soldiers brave, And their eyes were moist as the kiss they gave. ON THE FORCE BILL. For what purpose is the unlimited control of the purse and of the sword to be placed at the disposition of the execu- tive ? To make war against one of the free and sovereign members of this confedera- tion, which the bill proposes to deal with, not as a State, but as a collection of banditti or outlaws ; thus exhibiting the impious spectacle of this government, the creature of the States, making war against the power to which it owes its existence. Do I say that the bill declares war against South Carolina? No! It decrees a massa- cre of her citizens ! War has something ennobling about it, and, with all its horrors, brings into action the highest qualities, intellectual and moral. It was, perhaps, in the order of Providence, that it should be permitted for that very purpose. But this bill declares no war, except, indeed, it be that which savages wage; a war, not against the community, but the citizens of whom that community is composed. But I regard it as worse than savage warfare — as an attempt to take away life, under the color of law, without the trial by jury, or any other safeguard which the constitution has thrown around the life of the citizen ! It authorizes the President, or even his depu- ties, when they may suppose the law to be violated, without the intervention of a court or jury, to kill without mercy or discrimi- nation. It has been said, by the senator from Tennessee, to be a measure of peace ! Yes, such peace as the wolf gives to the lamb, the kite to the dove ! Such peace as Russia gives to Poland, or death to its victim ! A peace by extinguishing the political existence of the State, by awing her into an abandonment of the exercise of every power which constitutes her a sovereign community ! It is to South Carolina a question of self-preservation ; and I pro- claim it, that, should this bill pass, nd an attempt be made to enforce it, it will be resisted at every hazard — even that of death itself ! Death is not the greatest calamity ; there are others, still more terrible to the free and brave, and among them may be placed the loss of liberty and honor. There are thousands of her brave sons who, if need be, are prepared cheerfully to lay down their lives in defense of the State, and the great principles of constitutional liberty for which she is contending. God forbid that this should become necessary ! It never can be, unless this government is resolved to bring the question to extremity ; when her gallant sons will stand prepared to per- form the last duty — to die nobly ! John C. Calhoun. PATRIOTISM AND WAR I or PEACEABLE SECESSION IMPOSSIBLE. This eloquent and prophetic passage from a speech delivered by Daniel Webster many years before the great Civil War, was fulfilled with fearful accuracy. Mr. President, I should much prefer to have heard from every member on this floor declarations of opinion that this Union could never be dissolved, than the declaration of opinion by any body that, in any case, under the pressure of any cir- cumstances, such a dissolution was possible. I hear with distress and anguish the word "secession," especially when it falls from the lips of those who are patriotic, and known to the country, and known all over the world for their political services. Secession ! Peaceable secession ! Sir, your eyes and mine are never destined to see that miracle. The dismemberment of this vast country without convulsion ! The breaking up of the fountains of the great deep without ruffling the surface ! Who is so foolish — I beg everybody's pardon — as to expect to see any such thing ? Sir, he who sees these States now revolv- ing in harmony around a common center, ;ind expects to see them quit their places and fly off without convulsion, may look the next hour to see the heavenly bodies rush from their spheres, and jostle against each other in the realms of space, with- out causing the crush of the universe. There can be no such thing as a peace- able secession. Peaceable secession is an utter impossibility. Is the great consti- tution under which we live, covering this whole country, is it to be thawed and melted away by secession, as the snows on the mountain melt under the influence of a ver- nal sun, disappear almost unobserved, and run off? No, sir ! No, sir ! I will not state what might produce the disruption of the Union ; but, sir, I see as plainly as I see the sun in heaven, what that disruption itself must produce ; I see that it must produce war, and such a war as I will not describe, in its two-fold character. D. WEBSTER. erty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedi- cate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hal- low this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have conse- crated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little uote, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us : that from the same honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion ; that we here highly resolve that these dead should not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of free- dom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abraham Lincoln. LINCOLN'S ADDRESS AT GETTYSBURG. The War Department appropriated $5,000 to cast this speech in bronze and set it up on the battle-fietld atGettysburg. our score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this con- tinent a new nation, conceived in lib- F THE RIFLEMAN'S FANCY SHOT. The following touching incident had its counterpart in many happenings during the great Civil War in which often brothers, divided in sentiment, joined the opposing armies and fought against each other. Rifleman, shoot me a fancy shot Straight at the heart of yon prowling vedette ; Ring me a ball in the glittering spot That shines on his breast like an amulet ! ' ' "Ah, captain! here goes for a fine-drawn bead, There's music around when my barrel's in tune! " Crack ! went the rifle, the messenger sped, And dead from his horse fell the ringing dragoon. IOJ PATRIOTISM AND WAR "Now, rifleman, steal through the bushes and snatch From j'our victim some trinket to handsel fust blood ; A button, a loop, or that luminous patch That gleams in the moon like a diamond stud ! ' ' " Oh captain ! I staggered, and sunk on my track , When I gazed on the face of that fallen vedette, For he looked so like you, as he lay on his back, That my heart rose upon me, and masters me yet. ' ' But I snatched off the trinket, — this locket of gold ; An inch from the centre my lead broke its way, Scarce grazing the picture, so fair to behold, Of a beautiful lady in bridal array." "Ha! rifleman, fling me the locket! — 'tis she, My brother's young bride, — and the fallen dragoon Was her husband — Hush ! soldier, 'twas Heaven's decree, We must bury him there, by the light of the moon ! ' ' But hark ! the far bugles their warnings unite ; War is a virtue, — weakness a sin ; There's a lurking and loping around us to-night ; — Load again, rifleman, keep your hand in ! " AN INCIDENT OF THE WAR. (Sing the verses in Italics. ) Down the placid river gliding, 'Twixt the banks of waving life, Sailed a steamboat heavy laden 'Mid the scenes of former strife. On the deck a throng of trav'lers Listened to a singer's voice, As it sung that song of pleading, — Song that makes the sad rejoice. — "Jesus, lover of my soul, Let vie to thy bosom fly, While the nearer waters roll, While the tempest still is high : Hide me, O, my Saviour, hide, 'Till the storm of life is past, Safe into the haven guide, Oh, receive my soul at last. ' ' In the throng an aged soldier Heard the voice with ears intent, And his quickened memory speeding O'er the lapse of years was sent. And he thought of hard-fought battles. Of the carnage and the gore, And the lonely picket guarding On the low Potomac's shore. Of the clash and roar of cannon, And the cry of wounded men, Of the sick'ning sights of slaughter In some Southern prison pen. And that voice was old, familiar, And he'd heard it long ago. While his lonely picket guarding With a measured beat, and slow. When it ceased and all was silent, Thus the aged soldier cried : ' ' Sir, were you a Union Soldier, Did you fight against our side ? ' ' " Stranger, 'neath yon stany pennon Fought I for the shackled slave, For my country and her freedom, And her sacred name to save. ' ' ' ' Were you near the calm Potomac On a frosty autumn night ? Did you guard your lonely picket As the stars were shining bright ? " Did you sing that song so grandly, Filling all the silent air ? Did you sing to your Redeemer As you paced so lonely there ? ' ' Thus the aged soldier questioned, And his eyes were filled with tears As he heard the singer answer, At his tale of hopes and fears : PATRIOTISM AND WAR 103 " Yes, I well recall that evening On the low Potomac's shore, As I paced my lonely station, And re-paced it o'er and o'er. "And I thought of home and household, Of my wife and children three, And my darling baby Bessie, Dearest in the world to me. " Thinking thus, my heart was troubled With a dread, foreboding ill ; And I listened, but the midnight All around was calm and still. " Then I sang the song my mother Taught me, bending at her knee ; And all fear of coming trouble Quickly passed away from me." Thus the singer told his story ; Then the aged soldier said, — As his heart was stirred with feeling, And his thoughts were backward led,— " And I, too, my lonely station Paced and re-paced o'er and o'er, Where the blazing camp-fires flashing, Lighted up the other shore. "On the banks, across the river, There I saw your coat of blue, And my hand was on the trigger, As I aimed my gun at you ; ' ' When across the silent water Came the song you've sung to-day, And my heart was touched and softened By that sweet, melodious lay : ' ' ' Other refuge have I none, Hangs my helpless soul on Thee; Leave, oh, leave me not alone, Still support a?id comfort me. All my trust on Thee is stayed, All my help from Thee I bring, Cover my defenceless head With the shadow of Thy wing.'' ' ' And I brought my gun to carry, For I could not shoot you then ; And your humble prayer was answered By our God, the Lord of men." Then they clasped their hands as brothers, While the steamboat glided on As they talked of hard-fought battles, And of deeds long past and gone, — How Jehovah had been o'er them, Shielded from the fiery wave, While they, beneath their banners, Fought the battles of the brave. Harry W. Kimbaix. SHERIDAN'S RIDE. This is one of the most famous poem's of the Civil War. It recounts with dramatic power Sheridans famous ride of Oct, 19, 1864, to Cedar Creek, where General Early was driving back the Union forces. Up from the South at break of day, Bringing to Winchester fresh dismay, The affrighted air with a shudder bore, Like a herald in haste to the chieftain's door, The terrible grumble arid rumble and roar, Telling the battle was on once more, And Sheridan twenty miles away. And wider still those billows of war Thundered along the horizon's bar; And louder yet into Winchester rolled The roar of that red sea uncontrolled, Making the blood of the listener cold, As he thought of the stake in that fiery fray, And Sheridan twenty miles away. But there is a road from Winchester town, A good, broad highway leading down ; And there, through the flush of the morn- ing light, A steed as black as the steeds of night Was seen to pass, as with eagle flight, As if he knew the terrible need : He stretched away with his utmost speed ; Hills rose and fell ; but his heart was gay, With Sheridan fifteen miles away. Still sprung from those swift hoofs, thunder- ing South, The dust, like smoke from the cannon's mouth, Or the trail of a comet, sweeping faster and faster, Foreboding to traitors the doom of disaster, The heart of the steed and the heart of the master io4 PATRIOTISM AND WAR Were beating like prisoners assaulting their walls, Impatient to be where the battlefield calls ; Every nerve of the charger was strained to full play, With Sheridan only ten miles away. Under his spurning feet the road L,ike an arrowy Alpine river flowed, And the landscape sped away behind Like an ocean flying before the wind ; And the stead, like a bark fed with furnace ire, Swept on, with his wild eyes full of fire. But lo ! he is nearing his heart's desire ; He is snuffing the smoke of the roaring fray, With Sheridan only five miles away. The first that the general saw were the groups Of stragglers, and then the retreating troops ; What was done ? what to do ? a glance told him both. Then, striking his spurs, with a terrible oath, He dashed down the line, 'mid a storm of huzzahs, And the wave of retreat checked its course there, because The sight of the master compelled it to pause. With foam and with dust the black charger was gray ; By the flash of his eye, and the red nostril's play, He seemed to the whole great army to say, ' ' I have brought you Sheridan all the way From Winchester, down to save the day." Hurrah ! hurrah for Sheridan ! Hurrah ! hurrah for horse and man ! And when their statues are placed on high, Under the dome of the Union sky — The American soldier's temple of fame — There, with the glorious general's name, Be it said, in letters both bold and bright, "Here's the steed that saved the day, By carrying Sheridan into the fight From Winchester, twenty miles away ! " Thos. B. Read. WRAP THE FLAG AROUND HE, BOYS. This scene may be enacted on the stage in tableau, while an invisible speaker recites the words, and an invisible chorus sings the refrain, Owrap the flag around me, boys, to ^ die were far more sweet With freedom's starry emblem, boys, to be my winding sheet. In life I loved to see it wave, and follow where it led, And now my eyes grow dim, my hands would clasp its last bright shred. Refrain. Then wrap the flag around me, boys, To die were far more sweet, With freedom's starry emblem, boys, To be my winding sheet. O, I had thought to greet you, boys, on many a well won field, When to our starry banner, boys, the trait 'rous foe should yield. But now, alas, I am denied my dearest earthly prayer ; You'll follow and you'll meet the foe, but I shall not be there. But though my body moulders, boys, my spirit will be free, And every comrade's honor, boys, will still be dear to me. There in the thick and bloody fight ne\ r er let your ardor lag, For I'll be there still hovering near, above the dear old flag. THE BLUE AND THE GRAY. One of the first marks of reconciliation between North and South was shown by the women of Columbus, Mississippi, who, animated by noble sentiments, made impartial offerings to the memory of the dead. They strewed flowers alike on the graves of the Confederate and of the National soldiers. B Y the flow of the inland river, Whence the fleets of iron have fled, Where the blades of the grave-grass quiver, Asleep on the ranks of the dead : — Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day ; Under the one, the Blue, Under the other, the Gray. OLD LOVE LETTERS (Suggestion for Tableau) (105) — o Q-S 3B 0. g is! 311 I. M