> ■ -p. **> / c^> qV <■ '' / <<> ^ s ' ", ■^ ^ 'v~\ V : x #' -7*j '"V /"■ r ^ i''. ^ -r ^ ' ■*. ^ -' > **- W r v ; ;< o> ^ *« ^ "^ v " " '^o?^ ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS PRESCRIBED BY PHARMACEUTICAL STATE BOARDS. ROBERT B. LUDY, M. D., LATE ACTING ASSISTANT SURGEON U. R. A.; LECTURER ON PRACTICE OF MFDICINE IN TEMPLE COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA; AUTHOR OF "ANSWERS TO QUI-STIcblS PRESCRIBED BY MEDICAL STATE BOARDS," "ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS PRESCRIBED BY DENTAL STATE BOARDS," ETC. SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED, WITH THE ADDITION OF A CHAPTER ON PHARMACOGNOSY HEBER W. YOUNGKEN, Ph.G., A. M., M. S., Ph.D., AUTHOR OF " YOUNGKEN'S PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY " ; ACTING PROFESSOR OF BOTANT AND PHARMACOGNOSY IN THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY; FORMERLY PROFESSOR IN CHARGE OF BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY OF THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL COLLEGE; MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, BOTANICAL 60CIETY OF AMERICA, AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, ETC. PHILADELPHIA JOHN JOS. McVEY 1917 ^ 0& Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1917, Bt JOHN JOS. McVEY, In the Office of the Librarian at Washington, D. C. N £* OCT 15 1917 H y / i4 77039 \ / PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The advent of the United States Pharmacopoeia IX, the Na- tional Formulary IV, and the Harrison Law with the conse- quent new demands of State Pharmaceutical Examining Boards has made it necessary to compile a second edition of this work. A large number of questions appearing in the first edition have been retained although the answers to these in the majority of instances had to be altered to meet the new standards. To these have .been added many of the newer questions exacted from candidates by Pharmacy Boards within recent years. The introduction of pharmacognic standards into the new pharmacopoeia and the resultant emphasis placed upon the science of Pharmacognosy in all first-class pharmaceutical insti- tutions has led to increased requirements of this science by state boards of pharmacy. To meet this demand a new chapter on Pharmacognosy has been introduced. The chapter on Botany has been almost entirely re-written. Questions and answers on the Harrison law are given adequate attention in the chapter on Pharmacy. The supplement has been augmented by the addition of a number of selected formulae which have proven to be a handy asset at the average prescription counter. The task of revision was allotted to Prof. HeberW. Youngken, who has for many years been in close touch with the practical and theoretical problems of Pharmacy. Robert B. Ludy. (iii) PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The indorsement of the answers and questions prescribed by Medical and Dental State Boards, as shown by numerous expressions of approval by the profession and students at large, has induced me to prepare this book. Many persons having an adequate knowledge of the subject in which they are tested fail because of their inability to inter- pret properly the intents and purposes of the questions to be answered by themf To aid in this, as well as to afford a con- venient manual for the general preparation of pharmaceutical students in their work, is the sole object of this book. Having collected a large number of questions from different States, it was found that duplications occurred, ranging from 40 per cent, to 85 per cent., varying according to the several subjects. Thus a comprehensive knowledge of these questions and answers will serve excellently in the preparation for future examinations before such Boards. In order to secure a critical interpretation of the questions and concise, j 7 et complete, answers to the same, the author has been favored by the assistance of well-known specialists in their sev- eral lines, whose competence and experience give to the work a range and value impossible of attainment in the product of a single author. The contributors have acquired merited distinction as practi- tioners and teachers of their specialties. The author desires to express his thanks for their support and co-operation and his appreciation of their work. Robert B. Ludy. (v) CONTENTS. PA»H I. Pharmacy 1 II. Pharmacognosy 133 III. Materia Medica 170 IV. Chemistry 245 V. Botany 303 VI. Toxicology and Posology 323 VII. Supplement 845 (vii) PHARMACY. What is Pharmacy? Pharmacy is the science which treats of medicinal sub- stances. State the Latin and English titles of (a) two syrups made by solution with heat, (b) two syrups made by simple addition of medicated liquid to syrup, (c) two syrups each of which contains an organic acid, naming the acid in each case, (d) two syrups involving chemical reaction in their preparation. (a) Syrupus (Syrup) ; Syrupus Acacia (Syrup of Acacia). (b) Syrupus Senegse (Syrup of Senega; Syrupus Sennae (Syrup of Senna). (c) Syrupus Ipecacuanha? (Syrup of Ipecac) contains acetic acid; Syrupus Acidi Citrici (Syrup of Citric Acid) contains citric acid. (d) Syrupus Ferri lodidi (Syrup of Ferrous Iodide) ; Syrupus Calcii Laetophosphatis (Syrup of Calcium Lacto- phosj)hate). Ytv Three lots of opium assay respectively 7% morphine, u% morphine and 19% morphine. How much of each lot will be required to make 500 grammes of opium as= saying 12% morphine? (Put down all figures used in calculation.) (1) PHARMACY. 12 ! 7 11 i 1 19 1 7 7 5 1 Answer: 7 parts of£lot assaying 7 " " " Proof: 7*parts X 7% = 49 % 7 " X H% = 77 % 6 " X 19% =114% 7 % 11% 19 % 20) 240 % 20 40 40 (12% In terms of grammes : Required parts: 7 parts of lot assaying 7 % 7 parts of lot assaying 11 % 6 parts of lot assaying 19 % 20 = total number of parts) 500 grammes of opium (25 40 100 100 25 X 7 = 175 grammes of lot assaying 7 % 25 X 7 = 175 grammes of lot assaying 11 % 25 x6=" 150 grammes of lot assaying 19 % / Take mercury, 33 Gm., glycyrrhiza, 10 Gni., althaea, 15 Gni., glycerin,^ Gm., and honey of rose, 33 Gm. ; triturate the mercury with the honey of rose until it is extinguished and globules of mercury are no longer visible under a lens mag- nifying at least ten diameters; add the glycerin, then the glycyrrhiza and althaea gradually, and continue the tritura- tion until the mass is homogeneous. What is the official name of this preparation? It is not official, for it does not meet the requirements of the XL S. P. IX. It would be official as Massa Hydrargyri were it to contain in addition 1 Gm. of oleate of mercury and 1 Gm. less of honey of rose, and were the oleate of mercury PHARMACY. 3 triturated in a warm mortar with the mercury before incor- porating the other ingredients. What percentage of mercury does it contain? 33 per cent. What is the medicinal property and dose? Cathartic. 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). What methods of making tinctures are recognized by the U. S. P.? Percolation, maceration and solution (or dilution). Briefly describe each method. In percolation the powdered drug is placed in a suitable container and its soluble contents extracted by running a liquid through it and collecting the liquid. Maceration is that process by which the ground drug is allowed to stand in the menstruum, and finally the liquid is expressed. Solution is the process of dissolving the medicinal sub- stance in the liquid. How would you crystallize a salt? Dissolve it in the least amount of distilled water, apply heat to evaporate a little water, then set aside. On cooling, the salt will crystallize. How do resins differ from gums? Eesins are insoluble in water ; soluble in alcohol. Gums are insoluble in alcohol • soluble in water. From what is common resin (or rosin) made? Turpentine, after distilling off its volatile oil. What is destructive distillation? The process of heating dry organic matter in a distillatory apparatus until all volatile substances are driven off. ^ PHARMACY. hat is sterilization? The process of killing microorganisms and their spores by heat, chemicals or filtration. Why are tinctures not made of a uniform strength? Because of the wide variation in potency. The dose of some would be too large. Name five (5) tinctures and give the percentage, strength of each. Tincture of aconite, 10% ; tincture of belladonna, 10% ; tincture of opium, 10% ; tincture of iodine, 7% ; tincture of digitalis, 10%. What is fermentation? The phenomenon due to subjecting organic bodies to the action of warmth, air and water with the production of useful substances through the agency of enzymes. How much alcohol should be added to five (5) gallons of a liquid to make the product 20 per cent alcohol strength? Alcohol, II/4 gallons. How many grains in an avoirdupois, a troy, and a fluid ounce? Avoirdupois, 437.5. Troy, 480. Fluid ounce depends on what liquid, e. g., water is 454.6 grains, at 25° C. (77° F.). How do blue mass and blue ointment differ? Blue mass is for internal use, and contains mercury, licor- ice, althea, glycerin, and honey of rose. Blue ointment is for external use, and contains mercury, oleate of mercury, benzoinated lard, and suet. What are elixirs? Elixirs are aromatic, sweetened, alcoholic preparations con- taining a small amount of active ingredient. PHARMACY. 5 How could you make a solid extract from a fluid extract? By evaporation on a water-bath. How do you estimate the strength of a solid extract? By assay, to determine the amount of active ingredient. What causes precipitates to form in tinctures and fluid extracts? The evaporation of alcohol and the action of light on the "extractive matter," and other constituents. What is the opium strength of paregoric? Of lauda= num? Paregoric, four-tenths per cent ; laudanum, ten per cent. What weights and measures are used by physicians in writing prescriptions? Apothecaries weight and metric weight. Liquid and metric measure. Give exact outline or table of each. Apothecaries. Liquid. 20 grains = 1 scruple. 60 minims = 1 fiuidrachm. 3 scruples = 1 drachm. 8 fiuidrachms = 1 nuidounce. 8 drachms = 1 ounce. 16 fluidounces = 1 pint. 12 ounces = 1 pound. 2 pints = 1 quart. 4 quarts = 1 gallon. Metric. Solid. Liquid. 10 milligrams = 1 centigram. 10 milliliters = 1 centiliter. 10 centigrams = 1 decigram. 10 centiliters = 1 deciliter. 10 decigrams = 1 gram. 10 deciliters = 1 liter. 10 grams = 1 dekagram. 1000 liters = 1 kiloliter. 10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram. 10 hectograms = 1 kilogram. 10 kilograms == 1 myriagram. What designates the dissipation of liquids by the ap= plication of heat? Evaporation. 6 PHARMACY. Of solids? Sublimation. The formula for compound licorice powder is: Senna, 180 grams; liquorice, 236 grams; washed sulphur, 80 grams; oil of fennel, 4 grams; sugar, 500 grams. Write a formula for 5 lbs. avoirdupois of the powder. Senna 14 oz. 182 grains. Liquorice 18 oz. 400 grains. Washed sulphur 6 oz. 182 grains. Oil of fennel 146 grains. Sugar 40 oz. The formula for tincture cinchona compound is: Red cinchona, 100 grams; bitter orange peel, 80 grams; ser= pentaria, 20 grams; glycerin 75 Mils.; alcohol, water, each sufficient to make 1000 Mils. Write a formula for 8 pints of the tincture. Red cinchona « 1 2 oz. 364 grains. Bitter orange peel 10 oz. 114 grains. Serpentaria 2 oz. 255 grains. Glycerin 9 fluid oz. 3 v. 00 ° > of each sufficient to make 8 pints. Water > Give two (2) examples each of deliquescent and efflor- escent salts. t. , . . f Potassium carbonate. Deliquescent < . <- Calcium chloride. -rjira t f Sodium carbonate. Efflorescent 1 y- Ammonium carbonate. Write a formula for a troy ounce oleate of morphine, 6 per cent, and tell how you would make it. R . Morphinae gr. xxix. Acidi oleici q. s. f ^ i. Triturate the morphine in a warm mortar with a little oleie acid to a smooth paste. Then add the remainder of the oleic acid ; warm and triturate until the morphine is dissolved. PHARMACY. 7 What is the difference between Heavy Liquid Petro* latum and Light Liquid Petrolatum? Heavy Liquid Petrolatum has a viscosity of not less than 3.1, while Light Liquid Petrolatum has a viscosity of not more than 3. Which is indicated for internal administration? Heavy Liquid Petrolatum. Write a formula for 25 pills each to contain the follow= ing: Strychnia, 1 milligram; reduced iron, 60 milligrams; quinine sulphate, 100 milligrams. R . Stiychninse [025 Ferri. reducti 1 500 Quin. sulphatis 2(500 M. ft. Pilulse jSTo. xxv. How would you powder gum camphor? Add a few drops of alcohol and pound in a mortar. What is an impalpable powder? One of extreme fineness. What is the common name for liquor ammonii acetatis? How is it made? Spirit of mindererus. It is made by saturating diluted acetic acid with ammonium carbonate. What is rock candy syrup, and what contamination does it often have? An aqueous solution of sugar. It is often adulterated with glucose. What are liquors of the U. S. P.? Aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. What is the strength of pepsin U. S. P.? 1 to 3000. 8 PHARMACY. How are effervescing salts prepared? The salt is granulated and dried, then mixed with citric or tartaric acid, and then with sodium bicarbonate, placed in a warm oven until slightly moist and rubbed through a No. 6 tin sieve. What are tinctures? Tinctures are alcoholic preparations made by extracting the valuable principles from drugs by the use of appropriate menstrua or solvents. Which U. S. P. tinctures are not made by extraction? Tincture of ferric chloride and tincture of iodine. How are these made? Tincture of ferric chloride is made by adding solution of ferric chloride to alcohol. Tincture of iodine is made by dissolving potassium iodide in distilled water, adding iodine, agitating the mixture until solution is effected, and then add- ing the alcohol. How are U. S. P. resins prepared? An alcoholic extract of the drug is washed repeatedly with water and the product dried. How are fixed oils prepared? How are volatile oils prepared? Fixed oils are expressed. Volatile oils are obtained by either distillation or solution. A few by special methods. What is meant by a synonym? A word used in place of another. Applied to common names for official drugs. What is meant by solution? Solution is the mechanical separation and diffusion of the molecules of a substance, either solid, liquid or gaseous, through a liquid. PHARMACY. 9 What is a saturated solution? A solution containing its maximum of the solid in solution. Name five (5) solvents used in Pharmacy. Alcohol, water, ether, acetic acid, and chloroform. How would you test the accuracy of a 1 ounce graduate? Weigh into the graduate 454.6 grains of distilled water at 25° C. and note the capacity. This figure is the weight of 1 fluid ounee. What is the difference between carbonate of magnesia and calcined magnesia? Magnesium carbonate is deprived of its carbon-dioxide and water to form the calcined, which is an oxide of magnesia. Name three (3) tinctures made by percolation. Tincture of belladonna, aconite and capsicum. Name three (3) tinctures made by maceration. Tincture of musk, myrrh and tolu. Give the source of the following acids: Gallic = nut galls. Tannic = nut galls. Benzoic = benzoin. Lactic = milk. Malic = fruits. How many grains of morphine in 2 1=2 ounces Magen= dies' solution? 40 grains. Give the difference in grains between the avoirdupois and the Troy pound. 1240 grains. How many grains of opium are contained in 3 1=2 grains of Dover's powder? About % grain. 10 PHARMACY. What is the difference between spirits of ammonia and aqua ammonia? The spirit is an alcoholic solution of ammonia gas while the aqua is watery. What is meant by an amorphous salt? Non-crystallizable. Give two (2) examples of amorphous salts. Ferric citrate and magnesium oxide. What is meant by an official preparation? One recognized by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. Name the three (3) different processes for making offi= cial tinctures. Percolation, solution and maceration. Why has the " mil " replaced the c. c. in the U. S. P. IX? For two reasons, viz. : The United States Bureau of Stand- ards decreed that the term cubic centimeter (c.c.) was a mis- nomer, there being a slight difference between the thousandth part of a liter and the cubic centimeter. Moreover, the change promotes international uniformity in the two Pharmacopoeias published in the English language. Mil. is an abbreviation for milliliter, the thousandth part of a liter. What is the difference between a decoction and an in= fusion? A decoction is made by boiling the drug with water, while the infusion is made by pouring boiling water on the drug and allowing it to cool. Name two (2) official infusions. Infusum digitalis, infusum sennae compositum. How many milliliters in one pint imperial measure? 567. Give the U. S. P. formula for carron oil. Lime water, 500 Mils. ; linseed oil, 500 Mils. PHARMACY. 11 How much opium should there be in 25 milliliters of paregoric? 1 decigramme. What is meant by spontaneous evaporation? Dissipation of a liquid at ordinary temperature. Give the approximate measure in fluid drachms of a Wineglassful =16 Tablespoonful = 4 Dessertspoonful = 2 Teaspoonful = 1 Give the official name of chalybeate pills. Pilulae ferri carbonatis. What causes the milky appearance in liquor plumbi subacet. dil.? The presence of carbon-dioxide in the water forms lead carbonate. What Pharmacopoeial drug imparts a red color to alcohol, but not to water? Santalum rubrum. State its use. It is used as a coloring agent in tincture of lavender com- pound. Name two fluid extracts that are made with an alkaline menstruum. Fluidextract of senega; fluidextract of glycyrrhiza. What pills of U. S. P. are directed to be coated with balsam tolu? Pills of phosphorus and ferrous iodide. Why is glycerin sometimes used with the menstruum in making tinctures? To increase the coloring power of the menstruums and aid in preservation, especially where tannic acid is present. 12 PHARMACY. If not specified, what weight would you make rectal suppositories? 2 grammes. Write the following prescription in metric measure: R. Tincture aconite rnxxxjj Metric Tincture cinchonae co.. 5jjjj R. Tinct. aconiti 2 00 Elix. potass, brom 5Jv Tinct. cinchon. co .. 10 00 Elix. simplex, q. s. ad. §jj Elix. pot. brom 15.00 M. Sig. Elix. simp 60 00 M. Sig. What percentage of anhydrous morphine should pulvis opii U. S. P. contain? Not less than 10% nor more than 10.5' . How would you make Hoffman's anodyne? Simple mixture of ether, alcohol and ethereal oil. Iain the process of levigation, and of pulverization by intervention. Levigation is the process of reducing substances to fine powder by rubbing on a slab the powder previously mois: Pulverization by intervention is the process of powdering solids by the addition of volatile substances to aid in reducing. Interpret the following: Omni hora = every hour. Bis in die. = twice daily. Pro re nata = occasionally. Capiat unam post cibum = Take one after eating. Cochleare parvuni onini bihora = A teaspoonful every two hours. For what drug and its preparations does the Pharma= copoeia IX require compulsory biologic standardization^? Can: What is a fixed oil? An essential oil? A fixed oil is non-volatile. An essential oil is volatile. PHARMACY. 13 Give one example each of a fixed oil and an essential oil. Fixed = castor oil. Essential — cinnamon oil. Name the infusions of the pharmacopoeia. Infusion of digitalis, compound senna. Why are some infusions directed to be made with cold water? To save the active ingredient, which is volatile with heat. What is elutriation? The process of obtaining a substance in fine powder by sus- pending it in water, allowing the heavier particles to subside, decanting the supernatant liquid and collecting the residue. What are misturae? They are aqueous liquids for internal use containing insol- uble substances in suspension. Name two (2) official misturae. Mistura glycyrrhizae composita, mistura cretae. Explain the difference between tinctures and spirits. Spirits are alcoholic solutions of volatile substances, while tinctures are not altogether alcoholic, containing in some cases also water and glycerin; nor are the medicinal ingredients always volatile. Name four (4) official glycerites. Glyceritum amyli, boroglycerini, hydrastis, phenolis. What official ointment is made by chemical reaction? TJnguentum hydrargyri nitratis (Citrine Ointment). What are triturations? They are 10 per cent dilutions of medicinal substances in sugar of milk. Name one (1) official trituration. Trituratio elaterini. 14 PHARMACY. How many ounces in 53 milliliters? 1 23 / 30 ounces. What is ebullition? The process of boiling. Write translations of the following abbreviations: ss = one-half. m. =mix. aa = of each. ft. = make, ad = to. sig. = write. q. s. = sufficient quantity. Why are prescriptions usually written in Latin? It is more scientific, often keeps the patient in ignorance of the medicines, and, being unchanging, is not affected by idioms. The Latin is more distinctive. How is massa hydrargyri made? Mercury is triturated with honey of rose until invisible with a 10-power microscope. Add glycerin, licorice and althaea, and triturate until homogeneous. What is the standard assay for this preparation? It contains not less than 32% nor more than 34% of metal- lic mercury. Give the method of making an official medicinal water from a volatile oil. Triturate the oil with purified talc, and gradually add the water and filter. Give the common name of mistura ferri composita, and state whether it is a stable preparation. Griffith's Mixture. It is not stable. What is the percentage strength of the official solu= tions of arsenic? One per cent. PHARMACY. 15 Give the common names of the official solutions of arsenic. Solution of arsenous acid (solution of chloride of arsenic), Fowler's solution, Donovan's solution, solution of sodium arsenate (Pearson's solution). Name two official liniments that contain camphor. Linimentum saponis ; linimentum belladonnae. How would you make oleate of mercury? Give its per= centage strength in the U. S. P. Triturate yellow oxide of mercury with, alcohol, add the oleic acid, and warm until alcohol is evaporated under tri- turation. 25 per cent. When potassium iodide and mercury bichloride are combined in solution, with the addition of an alkaloidal salt, what is formed that causes the precipitation? Solution of mercuric chloride in excess of potassium iodide, known as solution of iodohydrargyrate of potassium, or " Mayer's Solution," is a very delicate precipitant, precipi- tating all alkaloids from very dilute solutions, except caffeine and theobromine. The solution should be acid or neutral — not alkaline. In preparing fluid oleates from alkaloids, why should not the salts of the alkaloids be taken? Because oleic acid will not displace the stronger acids of the Which dissolves in liquid petrolatum, the salts or the free alkaloids? The free alkaloids. What is sapo? Sapo is soap (true Castile soap) prepared from olive oil and sodium hydroxide, and which conforms to the require- ments of the U. S. P. I£. 16 PHARMACY. Explain saponification. Alkali hydroxides, in the cold, only partly decompose fats and fixed oils, forming emulsions with them; but at boiling temperature complete dissociation is effected, the fatty acids combining with the base, while glycerin is liberated. The new compounds thus obtained are known as soap, and the process is termed saponification. What is a fat=acid? Fixed oils, fats, and waxes are all ethereal salts or esters- compounds derived from various fat-acids and certain alco- hols. The fat-acids occurring in the most common fixed oils and fats are oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. What official tincture is made by first washing the drug in benzin— and why is benzin used? Tincture of lactucarium. Benzin is used to remove the fixed oil which is present in the drug. Give the formula for 16 ounces of i in 1750 solution of hydrargyri bichloride. R . Hydrarg. bichloridi g r - iy Aqusedest * s " ail sassa t'nis 21 Oil cloves 12 Oil cinnamon 2 Alcohol 600 Water 397[6 Liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus — give common name. Lead water. Explain why boiled distilled water is directed. Boiling removes any carbonic acid, which would form the insoluble carbonate of lead, and cause the formation of a cloudy solution. Liquor acidi arsenosi — state strength. Not less than 0.975% nor more than 1.025 %. What substance aids in solution? Diluted hydrochloric acid. Describe the principle of weight and measure accepted by the U. S. P. It is called the metric system, and has for its unit the meter, or the 4TrirTro""0""0"Tr part of the earth's circumference at the poles. The liter is the unit of capacity, being the cube of y-o meter, while the unit of weight is the weight of that quan- tity of water at 4° C. which fills the cube of y-^ meter. Each fraction or multiple is obtained by the use of decimals. What salt of iron does tincture of iron contain? The chloride. PHARMACY. 25 What is the objection to using fine powders in making infusions? Because of the difficulty of separating the finer particles to make a clean infusion ; also the greater time consumed. Which is lime more soluble in, syrup or water? Syrup. " Why? Because the sugar of the syrup forms a soluble compound with the lime (saccharate of lime). Why do extracts vary in strength? Because of the different potencies of the drugs used. What objection is there to using a minim measure? Loss of substance in pouring out of the measure. What would you suggest to use in place of it? A graduated minim pipette. What effect is produced by stirring an evaporating liquid? It hastens evaporation. Differentiate between higher and lower forms of salts of iron and mercury. Give an example. The -lower salts of iron have a valence of 2, as FeCo 3 == ferrous carbonate, while the higher, or "ic" salts, have a valence of 3, as FeCl 3 = ferric chloride. The "ic" salts of mercury have a valence of 2, e. g., HgCL, = mercuric chloride. The lower salts have a valence of 1, as HgCl = mercurous chloride. Give an outline of the official process for making pills of phosphorus. How much phosphorus should each pill contain? Why are these pills coated? With what are they coated? Dissolve the phosphorus in chloroform in a test-tube with 26 PHARMACY. a gentle heat. Then mix althea and acacia in a mortar, to which add the solution of phosphorus, and immediately a sufficient quantity of a mixture of glycerin and water to form a pill mass. Dissolve balsam of tolu in ether and shake the pills in this solution until coated. Then dry. Each pill contains 1 / 100 grain. They are coated to prevent oxidation of the phosphorus. The coating is balsam of tolu. Give general outline of the process for the preparation of a granular effervescent salt? Name two official ones. Powder the citric acid and mix intimately with the medic- inal ingredient and tartaric acid. Then incorporate the sod- ium bicarbonate. Place the mixed powders on a dish in an oven and heat moderately (200° F.). When the mixture is moist, rub through a sieve and dry the granules. Keep in a well-stoppered bottle. Caffeina citrata effervescens, sodii phosphas effervescens. Why is nitric acid used in manufacturing liquor ferri chloridi U. S. P.? Does the finished product contain this acid? Why does the finished product contain hydrochloric acid? Nitric acid is used as an oxidizing agent to change ferrous chloride to ferric chloride. It does not contain nitric acid. It contains hydrochloric acid to prevent the formation of the oxychloride. Give per cent of active constituent in each of the fol= lowing: (a) Tully's powder, (b) Wine of opium, (c) Oleate of mercury, {d) Prussic acid, (e) Syrup of iodide of iron. (/) Ointment of zinc oxide. (a) iy 2 %. • (b) 10%. (c) 25%. (d) 2%. \e) 5%. (/) 20%. PHARMACY. 27 For interpretation, comment and criticism: (a) R . Sodii boras 3 jj Chloralis 3 j,j Syrupi §1 Aquae q. s. ad. g jjj Misce. Sig. ^j every three hours. (b) K • Strych. sulph ►) Ss Potassii bromidi 3 jss Glycerini ^ ss Aquse q. s. ad. g jj Misce. Sig. ^j 3 times a day. (c) R. Acidi chromici ^ss Spt. vini. rect ^ j Misce. Sig. External use. (d) J£ . Potassii iodidi 9 j Liq. ferri chloridi 3 j Glycerini ^ jj M. S. External use. (A) The alkaline sod. borat. decomposes the chloral, form- ing 1 chloroform and an insoluble sod. formate. The prepara- tion would be useless therapeutically, and if dispensed would need a "shake" label. It had best not be filled. (B) The reaction between strych. sulph. and potassii bro- midi throws down the insoluble strych. bromide. As it stands, % grain is far too large a dose of the strychnine; also the two drugs are therapeutically antagonistic. It should not be filled as written. (C) This prescription would be dangerous to compound; because of the oxidizing power of the chromic acid on the alcohol, it would form an explosive compound. Water should be the solvent here. (D) Potassium iodide is incompatible with the free acid of the solution of ferric chloride, which would throw out the iodine. If dispensed, you would mix the glycerin with the liq. ferri chloridi and then the iodide of potassium, and use a "shake" label. 28 PHARMACY. Name a syrup made by maceration and one by digestion. Maceration = syrup of wild cherry. Digestion = syrup of acacia. Outline process of each. In syrup wild cherry the ground drug is macerated in a percolator, and then exhausted by percolation with water and glycerin, and the sugar dissolved in the percolate by agitation. ^ Syrup of acacia is made by adding water to the acacia and stirring it occasionally until dissolved. Then add sugar and place on water-bath and heat until it dissolves. Lastly, strain. What is the official title for lime water? Liquor calcis. How should it be prepared? Slake the lime and add water to dissolve the soluble im- purities. Then decant and discard the water. To the residue add water and filter. This is a saturated solution. What spirit is made by chemical reaction? Spiritus aetheris nitrosi. What is Spts. Mindererus? Give official name? How is it made? Liquor ammonii acetatis. It is an aqueous solution of am- monium acetate made by adding ammonium carbonate to diluted acetic acid and stirring until dissolved. How would you clean a graduate in which you had dis= pensed (a) castor oil? (b) Balsam of fir? (a) Alcohol. By washing with alcohol, then soap and water. '(b)' Ether. By washing with ether, then soap and water. What is a water=bath? Describe its uses and give the degree of temperature obtained. A water-bath is a capsule containing water in which is placed another capsule containing the article in use. Heat is PHARMACY. 29 applied to the outer vessel, which in turn keeps the second capsule at a uniform temperature, less than the water. It is used in digestion or slow evaporation. Highest tem- perature that of boiling water, 212° F. (A) What are alkaloids? (B) Name five (5), giving their properties and uses; also drugs from which derived? (C) Mow obtained? (A) Alkaloids are basic carbonaceous amines having the power of uniting with acids to form salts. Mostly crystalline, and solid and stable. Properties and Uses. ' Obtained From. (B ) Strychnine . . Spinal stimulant and tonic . . Nux vomica. Morphine . . . Sedative and anodyne Opium. Quinine .... Tonic, antiperiodic, antimar larial Cinchona. Caffeine .... Nerve tonic, cerebral Coffee, tea, stimulant guarana. Cocaine Local anesthetic and cerebral stimulant • Coca. ( C ) Obtained by extraction from the respective drugs with suitable solvents, then evaporating the solution and precipi- tating or crystallizing the alkaloid. Reduce five gallons of alcohol to 40 per cent alcohol, How much water will it take, and how many gallons will result? 40% of the mixture = 5 gal. alcohol. 60% of the mixture = iy 2 gal. water. 100% = 12y 2 gallons finished product, not allowing for the small contraction in volume, which is about 5%. What is distillation? The process of vaporization and subsequent condensation of a volatile liquid. 30 PHARMACY. Sublimation? The vaporization and condensation of a solid. Calcination? The process of separating volatile substances from inor- ganic matter, by applying heat without fusion. Oxidation? The process of the atomic combination of oxygen with any other element; and as a rule this raises the valence of the substance from a lower to a higher basis. Name an official product resulting from each. Distillation = alcohol. Sublimation = camphor. Calci- nation =a calx. Oxidation = liquor ferri chloridi. What is the dispensatory, the pharmacopoeia, the na- tional formulary; from what sources have they been ob- tained? The Dispensatory is a commentary on the Pharmacopoeia. The Pharmacopoeia is a list of medicinal substances having the sanction of authority. The National Formulary is a list of recipes of medicinal compounds not found in the Pharmacopoeia but which are in frequent use. The Dispensatory is written by specialists, who aim to comment on the entire U. S. Pharmacopoeia and also on those drugs official in other Pharmacopoeias, that are universally used. The Pharmacopoeia is written by a representative body of pharmacists and physicians, botanists and chemists, who determine what shall be admitted, and who aim to list those drugs in most frequent use throughout the country. The Na- tional Formulary is written by pharmacists (American Phar- maceutical Association) with a view to supplement other recipes to be used in the compounding room. PHARMACY. 31 Write out in Latin terms and metric system the fo!iow= ing prescription, and state for what purpose prescribed? & . Syr. wild cherry Syr. squills co of each 2 ounces. Am. mur. C. P J dram. Glycerin q. s. ad. ft. 6 ounces. M. Sig. Teaspoonful three times a day. B . Syrupi pruni virginianse. Syrupi scillse compositi . Ammonii chloridi C. P Glycerini M. Sig. f 3 j ter in die. It is used for a cough. aa 60 2 ,q. s. ad. ft. 180 Give the formula for preparing spirits camphor. Camphor, 100 Gm. ; alcohol, 1000 Mils. Give the formula for preparing tincture of opium, Dover's Powder, compound chalk powder. Tincture of Opium Dover's Powders Granulated opium . . 100 gm. Pdr. opium Alcohol. Pdr. ipecac Water. Sugar of milk Diluted alcohol of each q. s. 1000 Mils. Compound Chalk Powder. Prepared chalk 30 Powdered acacia. Powdered sugar . A customer sends an order as follows: " Please send me one bottle of Harlemensis; 5 cents worth of salts; 1 cake of Magnesia; 10 cents worth of turpentine; 4 pounds brimstone; 1 pint pine tar; 12 s=grain powders for fever, and 25 cents worth of postage stamps. Send bill with goods, bearer will pay you. Mrs. Mayberry." Make out bill and receipt same, giving^ amount of each article you would give, and price of same. 32 PHARMACY. Mrs. Maybeery, Dr. to John Smith, Druggist. January 1st, 1917. 1 bottle haarlem oil $0.10 4 oz. Epsom salts .05 1 oz. ca ke magnesia .05 fi oz. spirit turpentine .10 4 lbs. sulphur roll 25 1 pt. pine tar 25 *1 doz. 5 gr. quinine sulphate powders. .. . .25 Stamps .25 $1.30 Received payment, (Signed) John Smith. By what authority are pharmacopoeias published? In most countries by governmental authority. In the United States by an elected body of pharmacists and physi- cians from the various colleges and associations. What substances are called " official " and what " non= official "? Official substances are those recognized by the Pharma- copoeia, while non-official are those not so recognized. How is the metre obtained? By computing the ^TnrVTnnr part of the earth's circum- ference at the poles. What is it equal to in feet and inches? 3 feet 3% inches. Write and add together — Four grammes 4.00 Two dekagrams 20.00 Five decigrams 0.50 One kilogram 1000.00 Six centigrams 0.06 1024.56 *It is surmised that the druggist has had previous orders from Mrs. May- berry for fever powders, otherwise it would be his duty to investigate before sending anything. PHARMACY. 33 Convert into avoirdupois ounces and grains — 1024.56 grams 15.4 grains = 1 gram. 4098.24 51228 437.5 gr. in 1 oz )15778.224(36 oz. 282.24 grains. 102456 13125 15778.224 grains. 26532 26250 282.24 An ounce of water at 6o degrees F. is equal to how many grams? 15.4)455.7(29+ 308 1477 1386 Ans. 29 grams. How many mils in one liter? 1000. How would you take the specific gravity of (a) glycerin, (b) alcohol, (c) iron? (a) Bring glycerin to 70° F. and fill a specific gravity bottle to the mark. Then weigh it. If it is a 1000-grain bottle it should weigh 1,246 grains, showing a specific gravity of 1.246. (b) Alcohol would be estimated the same way, always pointing off three places for the decimal mark. (c) Weigh the sample in air. Then weigh it suspended by a horse-hair in water, and divide the weight in air by the loss of weigh in water. The result is its specific gravity. Explain what is meant by precipitation, crystallization, evaporation? Precipitation is the act of separating solids from a solution by the use of heat, light, or chemical reaction. Crystallization is the process of forming definite shape to 3 34 PHARMACY. a substance in solution by evaporating the solvent, whereby it is bounded by geometric surfaces. Evaporation is the process of separating a volatile liquid from a solution by heat, the non-volatile portion being the object sought. Give percentage strength of official tincture of digitalis; its dose, also what precaution necessary as to age in selection of the herb. 10 per cent. Average dose, 15 minims. The herb should be in its first or second year's growth. Give the official name for Rochelfe salt. Potassii et sodii tartras. Give the source of menthol. Oil of peppermint. Give the source of salicin. The bark of the poplar and the willow. Give the source of naphthalin. Coal tar. Give the common name for the compound mixture of glycyrrhiza. Brown mixture. Name the ingredients used in making syrup of squills compound. Fluid ext. squill, fluid ext. senega, antimony and potassium tartrate, sugar, purified talc, water. Name the ingredients used in making spirits ammonia arom. Ammonium carbonate, ammonia water, oil of lemon, oil of lavender flowers, oil of myristica, alcohol, distilled water. PHARMACY. 35 Name the ingredients used in making compound cathar- tic pills. Compound extr. of colocynth, calomel, resin of jalap, gam- boge, diluted alcohol. Name the ingredients in a seidlitz powder and how made. Tartaric acid, bicarbonate of soda and roehelle salts. The tartaric acid is wrapped in a white paper, and the two other ingredients are mixed and wrapped in a blue paper. Name the ingredients used in making camphor liniment. Camphor and cotton-seed oil. How much cocaine would you take to make three and a half fluid ounces of a three per cent aqueous solution? 47.8 grains cocaine. To make a pint of a one per cent solution of carbolic acid. How much carbolic acid would you take? 72.91 grains carbolic acid. How much mercuric chloride would you take to make two pints of a one to two thousand (1:2000) solution? 714 grains mercuric chloride. What solvent do you consider best for — Gum arabic — water. Gum mastic = alcohol. Gum opium = diluted alcohol. Cocaine alkaloid = alcohol. - Convert 20 degrees centigrade to Fahrenheit. 20 deg. C. Rule: 1.8 C.° X 1.8, then add 32 = F.°. 36\0 32 68 degrees. Ans. 68 degrees F. 36 PHARMACY. How many pills four (4) grs. each can be made out of a haJf kilogram of quinine sulphate? 500 grams quinine sulphate. 15.4 grs. 2000 25000 500 4)7700.0 1925 pills. Answer. Name the ingredients used in making syrup iodide iron. Iron wire, iodine, water, syrup, diluted hypophosphorous acid. Give the official name for diachylon plaster. Emplastrum plumbi. What would you dispense if solution of persulphate of iron were called for? Liquor ferri subsulphatis, U. S. P. What excipient is ordinarily used in making supposi= tories? Cacao butter. What is the official name for black draught? Infusum sennae composituni. How much opium does a teaspoonful of laudanum) represent? Six grains. What objection is there to making syrups by the addi- tion of tinctures or fluidextracts to syrup? A cloudy mixture results, due to precipitation of the part of the drug dissolved out by the alcohol of the tincture or fluidextract. PHARMACY. 37 What is the difference between a spirit and a tincture? A spirit is an alcoholic solution of a volatile substance, while a tincture is usually non- volatile (iodine and iron ex- cepted). What per cent of arsenic does Fowler's solution contain? About one per cent. What is Donovan's solution? Liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi. How many minims in one hundred cubic centimetres. 1623. How much opium in ten grains Dover's powder? 1 grain. What is meant by fractional distillation? The process of separating by distillation substances having different boiling-points. What is a menstruum? The liquid used to extract the soluble portions of drugs. What is maceration? The process of allowing a drug to be in contact with the menstruum previous to percolation. What is the difference between elixirs and syrups? Elixirs contain alcohol and but a small amount of medicine. Syrups do not contain alcohol, but solutions of medicinal substances in sugar and water, and are stronger medicinally. What is the difference between collodion and flexible collodion? Flexible collodion contains in addition castor oil and camphor. What should the strength of an infusion be when not directed by physician or pharmacopoeia? Five per cent. 38 PHARMACY. How are decoctions made? By boiling the drug in water for fifteen minutes, cool, ex- press and strain. Which is official, tincture colchicum seed or tincture colchicum root? Tr. colchicum seed. Criticize the following prescription, telling how you would mix the solution and what the result in any case would be: R . Spt. aetheris nit oz. i Spt. nienth. pip dr i Tr. aconite rt gtt. ii Sat. sol. magnesium sulph q. s. oz. iv. M. Sig.— f. 3 1 t. i. d. The prescription would have a precipitated magnesium sulph., due to its insolubility in the alcohol of the spt. aetheris nit. The dose of tr. aconite is useless, as it is too small. Add the tr. aconite and spt. menth. pip. to the sp. aetheris nit. and put in a four-fluid-ounce bottle, filling it with sat. sol. magnesium sulph. Use "shake" label. It is an undesirable combination. What is the weight in grains of the apothecaries and avoirdupois drachm? Apothecaries drachm equals 60 grains. No such denomi- nation in the avoirdupois system of weights. What of the ounce. Apothecaries equals 480 gr. Avoirdupois equals 437.5 gr. What of the pound? Apothecaries equals 5,760 gr. Avoirdupois equals 7,000 gr. What of the British and United States fluid ounce? British, 437.5; U. S. 456.37. PHARMACY. 39 What of the British and United States gallon? British equals 70,000 grains. United States equals 58,415% grains. What do you understand by (a) Deliquescence, (b) Efflorescence? (a) Deliquescence is the property held by some solids of absorbing moisture from the air. (b) Efflorescence is the act of giving off the water of crys- tallization at the ordinary temperature. Liniments: Define the term. Give full official title for each of the following: (a) Volatile liniment, (b) Carron oil. (c) Soap liniment, (d) Liniment of soft soap. Liniments are solutions of drugs in oily or alcoholic liquids intended for external use by rubbing. (a) Linimentum ammoniae. (b) Linimentum calcis. (c) Linimentum saponis. (d) Linimentum saponis mollis. How does an infusion differ from a decoction? The decoction is boiled fifteen minutes. The infusion is not boiled, but the boiling water is placed on the drug and cooled. What are fluidextracts? (b) Give average strength, (c) Name five official fluidextracts and give dose of each. (a) Fluidextracts are liquid alcoholic preparations of drugs made by percolation and evaporation of a portion of the percolate so that a given quantity of finished product represents a definite amount of drug. (b) The average strength is, one gram of drug equals one milliliter. (c) Fluidextraetum ergotae, 30 minims; fluidextractum cascarae sagradae, 15 minims; fluidextractum aromaticum, 15 minims ; fluidextractum digitalis, 1 minim • fluidextractum rhei, 15 minims. Name two official spirits made by simple solution. Spiritus camphorae, spiritus aetheris. 40 PHARMACY. Name an official spirit made by solution with maceration. Spiritus menthae piperitae. One by chemical reaction. Spiritus aetheris nitrosi. What is a pill mass? That soft, pliable, adhesive mass containing medicinal in- gredients to be made into pills. How much of a solution of strychnine sulphate, one in sixty, should be added to a i2=ounce mixture so that each teaspoonful would represent 1=30 gr. Ans. 3 drachms, 12 minims. How much of a triturate, one in eight, of arsenous acid is required to make 175 pills, pills of 1=25 gr. each? 56 grains. How many tinctures are official? Fifty-four. Name the process by which each of the following tinc= tures are made, (a) tr. iodine, (b) tr. opium, (c) tr. benzoin. (a) Simple solution, (b) Maceration and percolation, (c) Maceration and filtration. Name a tincture with a menstruum of alcohol. Tinctura veratri viridis. Name a tincture with a menstruum of dilute alcohol. Tinctura arnicae. Name a tincture which contains (a) glycerin, (b) an acid, (c) arm. spts. ammonia. (a) Tr. cardamomi comp. (b) Tr. sanguinariae. (e) Tr. guaiac ammoniated. PHARMACY. 41 Give process for making (a) citrine ointment, (b) Goulard's cerate. (a) Heat the lard oil and add nitric acid gradually. When reaction lessens, slowly apply heat until effervescence ceases. Cool and add the mercury dissolved in nitric acid, stirring with a wooden spatula until of a citrine color. Avoid metal (b) To the melted wool-fat in a warmed mortar gradually add the solution of lead subacetate and triturate. To this mixture add the white petrolatum and paraffine melted, and in which the camphor is dissolved ; mix thoroughly. What is the best solvent for (a) iodide of potash, (b) calomel, (c) sulph. morphine, (d) sulph. quinine, (e) sulph. strychnine? (a) Water, (b) Insoluble except in strong acids, (c) Water, (d) Alcohol, (e) Water. Give official name of (a) Monsell's solution, (b) Bas= ham's mixture, (c) Lugol's solution. (a) Liquor ferri subsulphatis. (b) Liquor ferri et am- monii acetatis. (c) Liquor iodi compositus. Define the term " Emulsion ". Emulsions are liquid preparations in which fats, oils or oleoresinous substances are suspended in water by the inter- vention of some gummy or mucilaginous substance. How is ammoniated mercury prepared? Dissolve bichloride of mercury in warmed distilled water, filter and pour under constant stirring into ammonia water. Collect and wash the precipitate, and dry. How much of each constituent is required to make five hectograms of the ointment? Ammoniated mercury, 50 grams; white petrolatum, 250 grams ; hydrous wool-fat, 200 grams. 42 PHARMACY. Why are some drugs packed firmly and others loosely? To allow a proper rate of flow in percolation so that the drug will be exhausted. A porous drug is packed firmly to prevent too rapid dropping, while a dense one is loosely packed to prevent clogging of the orifice. Define eolation. Colation or straining is the process of separating a solid from a liquid by placing the mixture on a piece of muslin, allowing the liquid to drain through, and retaining the solid. How many grams of iodine ointment can be made from 20 grams of iodine? What other materials are required? 500 grammes. Potassium iodide, glycerin and benzoinated lard. Describe the process of re=percolation. Name the class of galenicals in the preparation of which the pharma= copoeia authorizes the employment of this process. This is the process of percolating drugs with percolates. Its object is, saving alcohol by passing the weaker percolate from one portion to another portion, and again from this second to a third. It may be used in making fluidextracts. What is the effect of time and light upon tinctures, fluidextracts and essential oils? Age and light have little or no effect on tinctures and fluid- extracts, although tinctures are more permanent than fluid- extracts, some form of precipitates often containing active matter present. Essential oils are destroyed by exposure to light and time. Ozone develops, and they thicken and los^ their odor. How do you distinguish between fixed and volatile oils? Fixed oils leave a permanent stain on blotting paper. Vola- tile oils do not. Fixed oils are saponifiable, while volatile oils are not. Volatile oils are solvent for fixed oils. Ozone PHARMACY. 43 develops in volatile oils by age and light, but it does not de- velop in fixed oils. Distinguish the fixed from the volatile oils in the fol= lowing: (a) Betula, volatile. (b) Benne, fixed. (c) Chenopodium, volatile. (d) Jecoris aselli, fixed. (e) Sandal wood, volatile. (f) Fleabane, volatile. (g) Neroli, volatile, (h) Theobroma, fixed. (i) Croton, fixed. (j) Bitter almonds, volatile. Name the ingredients and the process of preparing Bas- ham's mixture. Tincture ferric chloride, diluted acetic acid, solution am- monium acetate, aromatic elixir, glycerin, water. To the solution of ammonium acetate add successively diluted acetic acid, tincture ferric chloride, aromatic elixir, and glycerin ; lastly, the water. What chemical reaction occurs in preparing the mix= ture? The ferric chloride is changed to ferric acetate by the acetic acid. What is the weight in grains of 2 fluid ounces of ether? 652 grains. Give the process for preparing liquor plumbi subace» talis. Why is distilled water used? Mix lead oxide with the solution of lead acetate and boil half an hour, occasionally stirring; when cool, filter and add distilled water up to quantity desired. Distilled water is used to exclude other metals in solution in ordinary water, and also to prevent cloudiness from carbonic acid, either of which would cause precipitation of a certain portion of the lead. 44 PHARMACY. In making Burrow's solution two parts of lead acetate and one part of alum are used to eight parts of water. When the solutions of lead acetate and alum are mixed, a heavy white precipitate is formed, which is directed to be filtered out and rejected. What is the rejected precipitate? Lead sulphate. Why is it separated from the solution? Because it is inert and unsightly. What two salts remain in solution? Aluminum acetate and potassium acetate. What is Burrow's solution used for? As an f stringent lotion. Demonstrate by chemical equation the reaction which takes place between lead acetate and alum in solution. 2Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 -f- A1K(S0J 2 = 2Pb(SOJAlK(C 2 H 3 2 ) 4 . What class of fluid preparations U. S. P. have the de- finite strength of one liter of the product to one kilo of the drug? Fluidextracts. Give the type process of making those prepared with a menstruum of alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water. Moisten 1000 grams of powdered drug with suitable men- struum and pack in a suitable percolator with enough men- struum to saturate and leave a layer above the drug. When the liquid drops, close the outlet and cover the percolator, and macerate a specified length of time. Then percolate with additional menstruum until exhausted, reserving the first 850 Mils, and evaporate the remainder to a soft extract, which is dissolved in the reserved portion and menstruum added to make 1000 Mils. Name two in which acetic acid is used and for what purpose. Fluidextracts of sanguinaria and squill. It is added to PHARMACY. 45 form soluble salts with their alkaloids and increase their effi- ciency by dissolving them. Name one in which ammonia water is used and for what purpose. Fluidextractum glycyrrhizae. It is used to develop the sweet taste by combining with the glycyrrhizin. Potassium acetate; state how it may be prepared. By adding crystals of potassium bicarbonate to acetic acid until effervescence ceases. Then acidulate with a few drops of acetic acid and evaporate to dryness cautiously in a por- celain dish on a sand-bath. Be careful not to use iron utensils. Give the Latin official name for tar. Pix liquida. Describe it pharmaceutically. A semi-liquid, viscid, black in color, empyreumatie odor, acid reaction. How is it prepared? By destructive distillation of the wood of the Pinus palus- tris or other species of Pinus. What are its medicinal properties? Expectorant internally, and locally stimulant. Used in skin diseases. Name the official preparations made from it. Syrupus picis liquidae, unguentum picis liquidae. Give the average dose of the following remedies. Diluted hydrocyanic acid 1 J M. Tincture of nux vomica 8 M. Tincture of digitalis 8 M. Tincture of belladonna 12 M. Extract of opium \ gr. Morphine sulphate \ gr. Strychnine sulphate ^ gr. Apomorphine hydrochloride (as expectorant) ^ gr. Atropine sulphate. T |, gr. Silver nitrate \ gr. 46 PHARMACY. Write a four ounce prescription in metric terms so that each teaspoonful will contain approximately two grains of quinine sulphate, i 1=2 gr. iron phosphate, 1=30 gr. strychnine sulphate and 1=20 gr. arsenious acid. R . Quinin?e sulph 4 Ferri phosphatis 3 1 Strychninse sulph 065 Arseni trioxidi 100 Elix. aromat q. s. 120 00 M.S. f3it. i. d. Dr. S. Liquor ferri chioridi; name all the materials used in its manufacture. Iron, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, distilled water. Name its official preparation. Tincture of ferric chloride. Criticize, comment and interpret the following: R. Ac. carbolic Sodii boratis aa 3 i Cocainse hydrochlor gr. xii Aquse ad. 3" ix M. Sig.— Spray. Answer: In this prescription we have the precipitation of the cocaine by the action of the sodium borate, which would make it impossible to spray without filtering it out of the preparation. R. Antipyrin 7)i Morphine sulph gr. 16 Syr. tolu 3 iv Spt. setheris nitrosi jj ii Syr. pruni virg ad • ^ ii M. Sig. f 3 1 ev. 2 hours. The dose of morphine here is one grain, which is far too much. The action of the antipyrin on spt. etheris nitrosi causes a green color, due to the formation of iso-nitroso-anti- pyrin. PHARMACY. 47 R . Hydrarg. chlorid gr. ii Tr. cinchonse comp ^ iii Spt. amnion, aromat 3 i It is indefinite which chloride of mercury is wanted, mild or corrosive. There is no dose appended and no direction, and should not be dispensed for this reason alone. Then if the bichloride is used, which is reasonable, it means precipi- tation of the cinchona alkaloids. The alkaline spt. ammon. aromat. decomposes the mercury salt, forming calomel in the presence of light. R . Menthol gr. xv Camphor gr. x Pulv. talcum. 3 i Pulv. acacia 5 iii Misce secundem artem. Sig. — Coryza powder. Use as directed. It is well known that a mixture of menthol and camphor will form a liquid; how would you compound the above without such an undesirable result? Mix the talcum and acacia, and then mix the menthol with half, and the camphor with the other half, and then mix the two. What is the meaning of secundem artem? According to art. Give a working formula for making 8 fluid ounces of emulsion of castor oil with acacia, containing 50 per cent of oil, a sufficient quantity of aromatics and sweetening material to make it palatable. R . 01. ricini % iv Pulv. acacia? 3 j Aqua; cinnamoni 3; ii 01 gaultherise 5 ss Syrupi S ii M. Ft. emulsio. 48 PHARMACY. Give a working formula for making one pint of emul* sion of cod liver oil with glycerite of yolk of egg to con= tain 50 per cent of oil, 12 1=2 per cent of Jamaica rum and sufficient aromatics and sweetening to make it palatable. R . Olei morrhua; 3 viii Glyceriti vitelli 3 iv Jamaica rum 3 u 01. gaultkerise 3 i Syrupi : 3 " M. Ft. emulsio. How would you prepare this prescription? R . Calomelan 1 Saccharum 5 D. tal dos. No. 2. Sig. — Take as directed. Triturate the calomel well with a small amount of sugar. Gradually add the remainder of the sugar and continue tri- turating until well mixed, and send two of such powders. Give the official Latin name for the first ingredient. Hydrargyri chloridum mite. Give one common name by which the first ingredient in this prescription is known in the arts? t£ . Hydrargyri sulphureti rubri 10 Sulfur sublimati 24 Petrolati 75 M. fiat ungt. ds. Use locally. Vermillion. Give official Latin name for the second ingredient. Sulphur sublimatum. Write in words the quantities of each ingredient pre- scribed. Hydrargyri sulphureti rubri, one gramme ; sulfur sublimati, twenty-four grammes; petrolati, seventy-five grammes. PHARMACY. 49 What sized jar will hold the ointment? Four ounces. What charge would you make for dispensing this pre= scription? Fifty cents. How should phosphorus be kept and why? Under water to prevent oxidation. How should bromine be kept and why? In glass-stoppered bottles in a cool place, to prevent evap- oration. How should iodine be kept and why? In glass-stoppered bottles in a cool place, to prevent evap- oration. Why are pills of ferrous iodide directed to be coated with balsam of tolu by the U. S. P.? To prevent oxidation. Why are pills of phosphorus directed to be coated in a like manner? To prevent oxidation. Why does the pharmacopoeia (in its formula for troches of potassium chlorate) direct that the sugar and the tra= gacanth shall be triturated together and then transferred to a sheet of paper and by means of a bone spatula mixed with the powdered potassium chlorate? To prevent possible explosion from oxidation of the potas- sium chlorate. Why should troches of santonin be kept in dark amber= colored bottles? The santonin is liable to discolor in free air, and also it may oxidize in the presence of light, and these means prevent this trouble. 4 50 PHARMACY. Why should a wood or porcelain spatula be used in mak= ing sodium salicylate or its solution, and why is glass wool preferred to ordinary filter paper for filtering a solution of the sodium salicylate? The slightest amount of iron will discolor the product, and the impurities in ordinary filter paper make it unfit for this purpose. Why should resordn be kept in dark amber=colored bottles? It darkens in sunlight. With what substances are pills usually coated in order to congeal odor and taste? Sugar, chocolate, gelatin, silver leaf, salol, etc. What is pearl coating and how is it done? French chalk is used in this case by placing pills moistened with an adhesive mixture in a box with a little sugar and French chalk, and rotating until coated. Describe the process for silver and gold coating. Place a drop of syrup acacia in a mortar and smear well with the finger. Now drop in pills and rotate until the sur- face is completely covered ; then drop them in the coater con- taining the gold or silver leaf and again rotate until covered. Why are some pills coated with keratin, salol, or shellac, and how is it done? This is done to prevent solution in the stomach when the pill is intended for its action in the intestines. The finished pill is rotated in a mortar with melted salol or solution of keratin until coated, then dried in air and cooled. Are pills improved by being coated? Yes. The U. S. P. gives seven formulas for pills only two PHARMACY. 51 of which it directs shall be coated; state the two excep- tions, state how they are coated and why. Pilulae ferri iodidi and pilulae phosphori. These pills are shaken in an ethereal solution of balsam of tolu until uni- formly coated and then dried. To prevent oxidation. Give the unabbreviated Latin name for the following preparations: Blaud's Pills, Pilulae ferri carbonatis. Citrine Ointment, Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis. Brown Mixture, Mistura glycyrrhizae composita. James' Powder, Pulvis antimonialis. Pulvis Purgans, Pulvis jalapae compositus. Monsell's Solution, Liquor ferri subsulphatis. Gregory's Powder, Pulvis rhei compositus. Give the Latin name and a description of the following: (a) draught, (b) drops, (c) lotion, (d) eye=water, (e) spray. (a) Haustus. An aqueous mixture of drugs to be taken at one dose. (b) Guttae. A solution of substances to be used in drop doses. Usually as an eye-water. (c) Lotio. An aqueous or semi-alcoholic mixture for ex- ternal use. (d) Aqua ophthalmicus. An aqueous solution of substances intended for local use in the eye. The term collyrium is also used. (e) Liquor vaporosus. An aqueous or oily solution of medicinal substances intended for use in a nebulizer or atom- izer. What is an emulsifying agent? That substance used to suspend the oil in the mixture. Name some of the more prominent emulsifiers. Acacia, yolk of egg, chondrus. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using condensed milk and yolk of egg as emulsifiers? These are natural emulsions, and have the advantage of 52 PHARMACY. more readily forming emulsions of oils as they act as a nucleus. The disadvantage is that they are readily decomposed and tend to spoil the emulsion. Name four official emulsions giving their emulsifying agents, where any are used, and give a reason for not using a special emulsifier in others. Emulsum amygdalae, asafcetidae, olei niorrhuae, olei tere- binthinae. The emulsifier in emulsum amygdalae is acacia; in emulsum olei terebinthinae is expressed oil of almond and tragacanth. There is no emulsifier used for emulsum asa- fcetidae, because the water unites with the gum already pres- ent and forms the emulsion. The emulsifier in emulsum olei morrhuae is acacia. The following Latin abbreviations are frequently used in writing prescriptions. Write them out in full and trans= late them into English. (1) aa: ana: of each. (2) abs. feb. : absente febre: in the absence of fever. (3) ad hib. : adhibendus: to be administered. (4) ad lib.: ad libitum:, at pleasure. (5) aq. bull.: aqua bulliens: boiling water. (6) ft. haust. : fiat haustus: make a draught. (7) ft. emp. vesc. : fiat emplastrum vesicatorum: to make a blister. (8) omn.hor. : omnihora: every hour. (9) part aeq. : partes' aequales : equal parts. (10) pro r. n. : pro re nata: occasionally. Give the important solid constituents of healthy human urine. Urea, uric acid, sulphates, phosphates, chlorides. What is the average daily quantity passed by a healthy adult? 1500 Mils. PHARMACY. 53 What quantity of total solids does that represent? 1000 grains. If the quantity of urine passed in 24 hours is much in excess of the average daily amount passed in health, what would you suspect and look for? Drinking large amounts of fluid, or diabetes, or hysteria. If considerably less than normal, what would you sus« pect and look for? Free sweat, diarrhoea, abstinence of drinking fluids, Bright 's Disease, retention, obstruction, cirrhosis of the liver. Give specific gravity of healthy urine. Ans. 1.020. Urine containing sugar? Ans. 1.050. Urine containing albumen? Ans. 1.004. Give one or more qualitative tests for the presence of either sugar or albumen. Albumen test: Heat the sample acidified with nitric acid. If a precipitate forms, insoiuble in excess, positive. Sugar test: Boil the urine with Fehling's Solution (alka- line cupric tartrate). If a red coloration and precipitation of oxide is produced, the sugar is present. Translate this prescription into English, giving the weight of the ingredients in grains. If you were about to prepare this prescription with metric weights and the smallest weight you had was that of the ten milligrams, how would you proceed to obtain the required amount of colchicin for the prescription? & . Colchicine 0005 Natri salicylati 0.6 M. ft. pulvis, tales doses, No. xv. Sig. One powder three times a day. Dr. C . . . . 54 PHARMACY. Answer : Be . Colchicine T ys gr. Sodium salicylate 9|- gr. Mix and make xv powders of such dose. Sig. — One powder three times a day. Dr. C- • • • I would weigh the ten milligrams and with a spatula sep- arate one-fourth of that, and use the other three-fourths, or 7.5 milligrams, which is the quantity required for the fifteen doses. Give the full Latin names and give the ingredients of each of the following: (i) Javelle water. (2) Labar= raque's Solution. (3) Yellow wash. (4) Black wash. (5) Lugol's Solution. (1) Liquor potassae chlorinatae, potassium carbonate, chlorinated lime, water. (2) Liquor sodae chlorinatae, monohydrated sodium car- bonate, chlorinated lime, water. (3) Lotio flava, bichloride of mercury, boiling water, lime water. (4) Lotio nigra, calomel, water, lime water. (5) Liquor iodi compositus, iodine, potassium iodide, dis- tilled water. How is the glycerite of boroglycerin prepared? Heat glycerin, and add the boric acid in several portions, stirring constantly. When all is added, continue to heat, stirring to break the film that forms. When reduced to the proper weight add glycerin and mix. What per cent of boroglyceride does it contain? Fifty per cent. Describe boroglyceride. It is in semi-transparent, flat pieces, smooth to the touch, soluble in water and glycerin. PHARMACY. 55 How is boroglyceride prepared? Heat glycerin and add the boric acid gradually under con- stant stirring. When reduced to the proper weight, it is poured on a slab having a small portion of petrolatum on it, allowed to cool and cut in pieces. What are its therapeutic properties? Boroglyceride is used only to make the boroglycerin. Anti- septic and astringent. R. L. &0 gvi Sig. — Poison. Use as directed. Dr. O . . • . How would you dispense the above prescription and what precaution would you take? Add an ounce each of tinctura opii and liq. plumhi subace- tatis dilutus to enough water to make a pint. It should be labeled "shake". B . Ungt. kali iodidi 10 p. c. Ungt. ichthyoli. 10 p. c. Ungt. natri salicyl 10 p. c. ana § ss. Misce fiat ungt. Sig. — For external use. Dr. B State how you would prepare this prescription. Trans= late all into English and give all the component parts in grains. Answer : R . Ointment potassium iodide 10 % Ointment ichthyol 10 % Ointment sodium salicylate 10 % of each 3 ss. Mix and make ointment of proper consistence. For external use. Dr. B.-.. Take 24 grs. Potassium Iodide and T 4 ff gr. Potassium Carb. dissolved in 24 gtt. water and incorporate with benzoinated Lard, q. s. § ss. Take 24 gr. Ichthyol and incorporate with Petrolatum, q. s. 5 ss Take 24 gr. Sodium Salicylate and incorporate with Petrolatum, q. s. gss. Lastly, thoroughly mix all three. From what and how is glycerin made? From fats by decomposition. 56 PHARMACY. Briefly describe its physical properties. A clear, colorless, syrupy liquid, rather thick, and smooth to the touch. It is sweet and odorless. What adulterations and impurities may be found in it? Mineral impurities, sugars and sulphuric acid. Give some tests for its purity. Its specific gravity should he not below 1.249 at 25° C. Heat to boiling on a foil of platinum, then ignite ; it should leave only a stain, no ash, and should completely disappear on further heating. This shows the absence of metals. Bar- ium chloride t. s. should form no precipitate, showing the absence of sulphates or sulphuric acid. Give its specific gravity. 1.249 at 25° C. Why is glycerin used in some fluidextracts and not in others, and why is it frequently incorporated with solid extracts? Because glycerin is found to dissolve the active ingredients of some drugs better than either alcohol alone or other men- strua, and it prevents precipitation of certain constituents, especially tannic acid. It is added to solid extracts to pre- vent drying, on account of its hygroscopic powers. What is spiritus glycerylis nitratis? An alcoholic solution of one per cent glyceryl trinitrate. What percentage of glonoin does it contain? One per cent. What is the adult dose? One minim. Give therapeutic properties. It is an antispasmodic and vasodilator. How would you prepare the following prescription, and PHARMACY. 57 what necessary precaution would you take in compound^ ing the same? & . Scale pepsin 3 iii Pancreatin g iss Spirit glonoini ... mxxiv Tinctui'Ee nucis vomicae 3 iv Ammonii chloridi - 3 i Spirit Ammonise arom 3 i Aquae dest 3 vi Elixir calisayse q. s. ad. 5 vi Mds. — A teaspoonful in water three times a day before eating. Doctor F Mix all the liquids except the water. Triturate the pepsin and water and add the other liquids. Then mix the pancrea- tin and ammonium chloride. The mixture should be dis- pensed with a "shake" label, as the alkaloids of the tincture of nux vomica would be precipitated, and the pepsin also, by the ammonium chloride. Criticize the following prescription: R . Sodii salicylat. Quininse sulphatis ana gr. xx Syrupi zingiberis 3 ii. Mds. — 5i ev - 3 hours. A chemical reaction forms quinine salicylate and sodium sulphate. The quinine salt is only partly soluble in the syrup and the remainder precipitates. The dose of the sodium sali- cylate is too small to be effective, and when changed to sul- phate defeats its object. Criticize the following prescription: B. • Tincturae opii. 3 ii Mistura cretse q. s. ad. § ii Mds. — 3 i after each bowel movement. The prescription needs a "shake" label and is correctly written, but the directions are at fault, as it is dangerous to give that dose of the tincture of opium with such freedom 58 PHARMACY. The prescriber has no idea of the quantity that may be taken. It had better be written "until effect desired". In making a saturated aqueous solution of the follow= ing salts, how much of the salt is necessary to make one troy ounce of each by weight: (i) Boric acid, (2) Car= bolic acid, (3) Potassium chlorate, (4) Potassium iodide, (5) Sodium bromide? Answer: (1) 26 grs. (2) 24 grs. (3) 28 grs. (4) 285 grs. (5) 180 grs. State how much hydrochloride of cocaine would be necessary to make one ounce troy (by weight) of the following aqueous percentage solutions of same: (1) A 2% solution. (2) A 3% solution. (3) A 4% solution. (4) A 5% solution. Answer: (1) 9.6 gr. (2) 14.4 gr. (3) 19.2 gr. (4) 24 gr. How would you proceed to make an oleaginous solution of cocaine (castor oil)? Powder the cocaine and triturate in a warm mortar with a small amount of the oil, and, lastly, add the remainder. How much cocaine would be required to make a five per cent solution weighing one ounce troy? 24 grains. Give the formula for making nitrohydrochloric acid. One volume nitric acid and four and a half volumes hydro- chloric acid, mix and stand in an open vessel until effer- vescence ceases. Why is it frequently called aqua regia? Because of its property of dissolving gold, the king of metals. Why is it directed to be kept in glass=>stoppered bottles, and then only half filled? It would decompose any other stopper and absorb moisture. PHARMACY. 59 If half filled, a certain amount of reaction may go on without danger from accumulated gases. Give the formula for making the diluted nitrohydro= chloric acid. 1 volume nitric acid, 41/2 volumes hydrochloric acid, 19 y 2 volumes distilled water. The pharmacopoeia directs both acids to be mixed first before adding the water. Why not add the nitric acid to the water and dilute the hydrochloric acid with the remainder, and then mix the two together? There would be no chemical reaction if the acids were pre- viously diluted, and hence no nitrohydrochloric acid formed. The product would be simply a mixture of diluted nitric acid and diluted hydrochloric acid. Why is ammonia used in the manufacture of fluidextract of licorice? To extract the glycyrrhizin. Why is solution of potassium hydroxide used in making fluidextract of senna? To prevent precipitation of pectin which would gelatinize the preparation. Give a reason for not making an infusion by diluting a fluidextract with water. Water would precipitate the part of the drug extracted by the alcohol in the fluidextract menstruum, and the precipitate contains active matter. State why infusions are generally incompatible with metallic and alkaloidal salts. The acids of the drug, like tannic acid, would react with these substances, causing decomposition. Also the metallic salts would precipitate ingredients dissolved by the hot water. 60 PHARMACY. In making solution of ammonium acetate it is directed that only translucent pieces of carbonate of ammonia be used. Why is this required? If it is not translucent, it denotes the formation of bicar- bonate from the action of moisture in air on the carbonate, and the preparation is then less active. Give the reason why the solution of ammonium acetate should be made fresh when wanted. Because the free carbonic acid present in the fresh solu- tion is a desirable constituent and would not be present in the old preparation. Why should the container be left unstoppered for a while after making it? To allow excess of carbonic acid to escape. Why does the solution of ammonium acetate produce) precipitates with metallic and alkaloidal salts? It is a feeble combination of acetic acid and ammonium, and readily decomposes, setting free acetic acid and ammo- nium hydroxide, which combines with the acid radical of the salts. In making Basham's Mixture a precipitate is sometimes formed on adding the tincture of iron; what is the cause of this? Because the acetic acid was not in excess and allowed the formation of hydroxide of iron instead of acetate. What terms are used to describe the effect of exposure to the air on carbonate of soda and acetate of potash? Deliquescence to acetate of potash, effervescence to carbon- ate of soda. What is the difference between emulsification and sa- ponification? Emulsification is a physical change enveloping oils in solu- tions of gums whereby the oil disappears; while in saponi- PHARMACY. 61 fieation there is a chemical reaction in which, the oil or fat unites with the alkali to form a soap. What is the difference between distillation and sub= limation? Distillation is used in reference to liquids and sublimation in reference to solids, otherwise they are identical processes. Give the ingredients of the following preparations: (i) Tr. cinchona co. (2) Soap liniment. (3) Aromatic spirits of ammonia. (4) Tr. gambir comp. (5) Infusion of digi= talis. (6) Fowler's Solution. (1) Eed cinchona, bitter orange peel, serpentaria, glycerin, alcohol, water. (2) Soap, camphor, oil of rosemary, alcohol, water. (3) Ammonium carbonate, ammonia water, oil lemon, oil lavender flowers, oil of myristica, alcohol, distilled water. (4) Gambir, saigon cinnamon, diluted alcohol. (5) Digitalis, cinnamon water, boiling water, cold water, alcohol. (6) Arsenic trioxide, potassium bicarbonate, compound tr. lavender, distilled water. What are the percentage strengths of the following: (1) 4.5 grains to 1 fl. oz. (2) 9.6 grains to 1 oz. (3) 350 grains to 1 lb. avd.? Answer: (1) 1%. (2) 2%. (3) 5%. How many minims would equal 100 drops of each of the following: Water, tr. aconite, chloroform, tr. opium? Answer : Water equals 100. Tr. aconite equals 40. Chlor- oform equals 24. Tr. opium equals 46. How many grains of sulph. morphine in a 1=8 oz. bottle? 54.7 grains. How are syrups of ipecac, rhubarb and squills prepared? Syrup of ipecac is made by diluting fluidextract of ipecac 62 PHARMACY. with water and acetic acid. Allow to stand 24 hours and filter. Then add glycerin and sugar and strain. Syrup of rhubarb is made by mixing fiuidextract of rhubarb and spirit of cinnamon. Now add the potassium carbonate previously dissolved in the water, and, lastly, the syrup to make the desired quantity. Syrup of squill is prepared by dissolving the sugar in vinegar of squill with a gentle heat, strain, and when cool add water to make the desired quantity. How is collodium prepared? Add ether to pyroxylin and allow to stand fifteen minutes. Then add the alcohol and shake the bottle until the pyroxylin is dissolved. Set the bottle aside till clear and decant the clear portion, rejecting the sediment. What are the two collodions prepared from it? Collodium cantharidatum and collodium flexile. Pepsinum: state its (a) official source, (b) solubility, (c) digestive powers. (a) Fresh stomach of the hog. (b) Soluble in fifty parts of water. More soluble if water is acidulated with hydrochloric acid. Insoluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, but soluble in glycerin. (c) Can digest three thousand times its weight of freshly coagulated and disintegrated egg albumen. Pancreatin: state (a) its official source, (b) its soIu= bility. (a) Fresh pancreas of the hog or ox. (b) Soluble in water slowly, but contains ten per cent sub- stances insoluble in this medium. More soluble if alkaline. Insoluble in alcohol. Liquor cafcis: (a) state common name, (b) substance in solution, (c) official method of maintaining strength. (a) Lime water. PHARMACY. 63 (b) Calcium hydroxide. (c) The strength is maintained by keeping an excess of calcium hydroxide in the bottle, and decanting the clear liquid when required for use. Mistura cretae: State (a) ingredients, (b) official direc= tions to secure dispensing unfermented product. (a) Compound chalk powder, cinnamon water, water. (b) This preparation should be freshly made when wanted. Compound the following: R . Potassium iodide Gr. xxx Sodium hyposulphite Gr. iii Water, q. s. Benzoinated lard q. s. 3 iv Mix and make an ointment. Compound the following: R . Hydrargyri iod. rub 50 Gm. Amyli 4 00 Gm. Zinci oxidi 2 00 Gm. Misce. Sig. — Dusting powder. R . Chloroform 4 Exp. oil almonds 6 Tragacanth 1 Water q. s. 100 Mix. Mils. Mils. 5Gm. Mils. This makes an emulsion of chloroform corresponding to U. S. P. except slight excess of tragacanth. Define the term incompatible as applied in pharmacy. Name the different kinds of incompatibility and give an example of each. Incompatibility is the term used to express the effects pro- duced in pharmaceutical mixtures when two or more sub- stances are mixed or combined, resulting either in a chemical reaction, physical difference, incomplete solution, or thera- peutic opposition. There are three kinds, namely: chemical, physical, and therapeutic. E. g., 64 PHARMACY. Chemical — K . Plunibi acetat 5 " Zinci sulphat Gr. xv Aq 5 iv. M. Physical — R. Camphora? 3 s8 Menthol 3 ss Talcum 3 ii. M. ft Pulv. Therapeutic — & . Morph. sulph gr. ii Strychnin, sulph \ gr. M. ft. cap. No. x. Define (a) elutriation, (b) diluent, (c) fusion. Give an example of each. (a) The process of obtaining a fine powder by suspending an insoluble powder in water and allowing the heavier par- ticles to subside, "and decanting the liquid containing the finer particles and allowing it to stand. Collect and dry the pre- cipitate. Example, prepared chalk. (b) The diluent is an inert powder added to a powder to increase its bulk, as sugar of milk added to calomel. (c) Fusion is the process of liquefying solids, by the ap- plication of heat, without the use of a solvent. Example, melting wax. Name three liniments containing camphor and three containing a volatile oil. (a) Linimentum belladonnae, linimentum camphorae, lini- mentum saponis. (b) Linimentum saponis, linimentum sa- ponis mollis, linimentum terebinthinae. Name an official diluted acid, the strength of which is not less than 1.9% nor more than 2.1%. Acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum. PHARMACY. 65 Give an official method for its preparation. Mix diluted hydrochloric acid with distilled water, add silver cyanide, and shake in a glass-stoppered bottle. Allow the precipitate to subside and decant the clear liquid. Name all the constituents in Lugol's Solution. Iodine, potassium iodide, distilled water. State in what essential particular it differs fromi Churchill's Tincture. In that Churchill's Tincture contains alcohol as the solvent instead of water. State how its decolorization may be accomplished. By the addition of aqua ammonia or sodium hyposulphite. Give a brief description of the process employed in de= tannating tincture of cinchona. Prepare fresh ferric hydrate by adding ammonia water to solution of ferric sulphate. Wash well with water. Then drain off the wash water. Mix fluidextract of cinchona and alcohol and add this ferric hydrate. Agitate frequently until this tincture is deprived of tannic acid, ascertain by the absence of a black color on adding a few drops of tr. ferric chloride to a sample. Now pour the mixture into a perco- lator and add diluted alcohol to make 1000 Mils. How does a medicated water differ from (a) a spirit, (b) a liquor? (a) A spirit contains alcohol but the water does not. (b) A liquor is a solution in water of a non- volatile sub- stance while the water is a solution of a volatile substance. Give two methods for preparing medicated waters. Distillation and simple solution. Name an excipient and diluent suitable for the manu- facture of potassium permanganate pills. Cacao butter and potter's clay. 5 66 PHARMACY. What menstruum is used in preparing fluidextract of sarsaparilla. Diluted alcohol. Give the specific gravity of (a) alcohol, (b) glycerin, (c) mercury. (a) equals .816. (b) equals 1.249. (c) equals 13.5. Write a prescription in the metric system for a three ounce emulsion of ol. ricini. JJ. Oleum ricini 45 Acacise. 12|0 Aqure q. s. 90i0 M. ft. Eaiulsio. When oil of bitter almond contains a precipitate what is it? Give the cause. It is cyanhydrin, caused by the union of benzaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid in old specimens. Give method of preparing tincture of digitalis. Dose and percentage of drug it should contain. Moisten the digitalis in No. 60 powder with diluted alcohol and place in a percolator without pressing. Allow it to stand six hours, then pack firmly, add menstruum to saturate the powder, and leave a layer above the powder. When the liquid begins to drop, close the lower orifice and macerate 24 hours. Cover the percolator closely. Then percolate slowly until 1000 Mils, are obtained. The dose is 8 minims, and it should contain 10% of the drug. How much prepared chalk will be needed to prepare two ounces mistura cretae? What other ingredients en- ter into it? 182 grains. Cinnamon water, water, sugar, and acacia. Classify the following fluidextracts with reference to the alcoholic strength of their menstrua: (a) F. aconiti. (b) F. ipecac, (c) F. nucis vomicae, (d) F. scillae. (e) F. senegae. PHARMACY. 67 Answer: (a, b, c) Alcohol three parts, water one part. (d) Acetic acid and water make the menstruum; no alcohol. (e) Alcohol two, water one. What is calamine? Impure zinc carbonate. Name the ingredients and manner of preparation of each of the following well known preparations: (1) Infusum digitalis. (2) Spiritus ammoniae aromaticus. (3) Mistura glycyrrhizae composita. (4) Tinctura gambir composita. (5) Unguentum aquae rosae. Answer: (1) Digitalis, alcohol, cinnamon water, boiling water. Pour boiling water on the digitalis in a suitable vessel and macerate one hour. Strain and add the alcohol and cinnamon water and enough cold water to make 1000 Mils. (2) Ammonium carbonate, ammonia water, oil of lemon, oil of lavender flowers, oil of myristica, alcohol, distilled water. Dissolve the ammonium carbonate in a mixture of distilled water and ammonia water by agitation. Allow to stand 12 hours and add gradually to the alcohol containing the oils and distilled water to make 1000 Mils. After 24 hours, filter. (3) Pure extract of glycyrrhiza, syrup, acacia, camphor- ated tr. opium, antimony and potassium tartrate, spt. of nitrous ether, water. Rub the extract of glycyrrhiza and acacia in a mortar with water until dissolved and transfer to a graduated bottle, add the antimony and potass, tartrate dissolved in hot water, then the other ingredients. Rinse the mortar with water to make 1000 Mils. (4) Gambir, saigon cinnamon, diluted alcohol. Macerate the two drugs in a warm place in a stoppered container with diluted alcohol during 48 hours. Agitate fre- quently and filter. Add enough diluted alcohol on the residue in the filter to make 1000 Mils. 68 PHARMACY. (5) Spermaceti, white wax, expressed oil almond, sodium borate, stronger rose water. Reduce the white wax and spermaceti to fine shavings and melt at a moderate heat. Add the expressed oil of almond and continue heat until uniform. Then gradually add the stronger rose water previously warmed and in which sodium borate is dissolved, and stir rapidly and continuously until the mixture is congealed. Emulsion: Copy the following formula, adding a proper quantity of each ingredient to make eight fluid=ounces of fifty per cent emulsion of codliver oil, each tabJespoonful to contain four grains each of the salts mentioned: Also state how you would proceed to make the emulsion. R. Cod-liver oil. Sugar. Powd. acacia. Calcium hypophosphite. Sodium hypophosphite. Oil of sassafras. Oil of wintergreen. Water. Answer : R. 01. morrhuae g iv Acaciae 3 i Sacchari ^ ss Calcii hypophos. Sodii hypophos aa gr. lxiv 01. sassafras. 01. gaultheriae aa gtt. ix A quae q. s. J viii. M. Ft. Emulsio et Sig. f5 ss t. i. d. Put the oil in a warmed mortar and add the acacia; when made uniform by trituration, add 2 oz. water all at once and stir rapidly until emulsified. The salts and sugar are previ- ously dissolved in the water. Add the remaining water and stir until uniform. Lastly, stir the oils in gently so as not to emulsifv them. PHARMACY. 69 If moist opium containing 10 1=2 per cent morphine loses 30 per cent of its weight by drying what percentage of morphine will it contain when dry? 15%. Give the adult dose of the following substances: (a) Fowler's Solution, (b) oil of savin, (c) santonin, (d) strychnine, (e) kino. (a) 2 to 5 minims, (b) 2 to 5 minims, (c) 1 to 4 grs. (d) V 60 gr. (e) 10 to 30 grs. Name the ingredients and proportion of each used in preparing compound powder of jalap. Powdered jalap, 35 parts ; potassium bitartrate, 65 parts. Tinctures: (a) Define the term, (b) name three pro= cesses by means of which tinctures are prepared, (c) give alkaloidal strength of tincture of nux vomica, (d) give strength of each of the following: Tincture of iodine, tinc- ture of digitalis, tincture of opium, tincture of aconite: (a) Tinctures are alcoholic solutions of medicinal sub- stances. (b) Percolation, simple solution, maceration. (c) One-tenth per cent strychnine. (d) Tincture of iodine, 7%; tincture of digitalis, 10%; tincture of opium, 10% ; tincture of aconite, 10%. State the difference between Labarraque's Solution and Javelle water. Which is official? Labarraque 's Solution is solution of chlorinated soda, while Javelle Water is solution of chlorinated potash. Labarraque's Solution is official. Give details of pharmacopoeial method of preparing deo-= dorized tincture of opium. How many grains of morphine (maximum) are contained in fifty mils of this tincture? (a) Pour boiling water on granulated opium and stir fre- quently during twenty-four hours. Put in a percolator and 70 PHARMACY. return the first percolate until it runs clear, and when it ceases to drop continue percolation with water until exhausted. Concentrate on a water-bath and mix with purified petroleum benzin by shaking for ten minutes. Separate this benzin and shake with another portion of benzin. Separate this benzin and drive off the remainder in a warm place spontaneously. Remove the last traces by cautiously heating on a water bath. Mix this liquid with water and filter, and add alcohol to the filtrate and enough water in the filter to make 950 Mils. Assay a portion of the filtrate, and, from the morphine con- tent thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount of anhydrous morphine in the remainder of the liquid and ad- just the volume of finished tincture so that each 100 Mils, contains 1 Gm. of anhydrous morphine, (b) 8 grains of morphine. Define (a) the term exsiccation, (b) name three official products obtained by the process, (c) how does it differ from desiccation? ? (a) Exsiccation is the process of depriving a solid, crystal- line substance of its water of crystallization or moisture by the use of strong heat. (b) Dried ferrous sulphate, alumen exsiccatum, exsiccated sodium phosphate. (c) In the amount of the heat applied, e. g., desiccation is by low heat; also in the character of the substance; desic- cation is mostly for vegetable drugs while exsiccation is for mineral drugs. Name the official kinds of petrolatum. Petrolatum, petrolatum album, petrolatum liquidum. Criticize the following: & . Hydrarg. protiodid 3 s8 Potassii iodidi 5 1 s8 Tr. cinchonae comp § i Syr. sarsaparillse comp. 5 nL M. et Sig. git. i. d. PHARMACY. 71 The protiodide of mercury is changed to biniodide by the potassium iodide. The alkaloids in the tr. cinchona comp. are precipitated as insoluble iodides, due to the action of the potassium iodide. It would be better to give the hydrarg, protiodide in pill form and fill the rest of the prescription as written. The dose of the protiodide is rather excessive in most cases. You have 200 C.c. of official stronger water of ammonia, Sp. Gr. 0.897; state (a) how many grammes of official water of ammonia this will yield upon proper dilution; (b) how many grammes of water are required for dilution. (a) 432.3 Gm. (b) 322.9 Gm. Translate the following into English: (a) Ejusdem. (b) Ad libitum, (e) Cochleare parvum. (d) Charta cerata. (a) Of the same, (b) At pleasure, (c) A teaspoonful. (d) Waxed paper. For interpretation, comment and criticism: No. 1. B . Potassii iodidi 3 i Tr. ferri chloridi 3 iv Aquae q. s. ad. g iv. M. ft. Mist. S.— 3 i ev. 2 hr. No. 2. B . Argenti nitratis. gr. ii Cocainse hydrochlor. gr. xx Aquae destillatae. § ii. Misce. Sig. — External use as dir. No. 3. B . Strych. sulph gr. ss Quin. sulph gr. ii Ext. taraxaci, q. s. M. Ft. Pill D. td. No. xxiv. (a) State approximately the quantity of extract you would employ. No. 4. B . Plumbi acetatis. 3 i Tincturse opii. 3 ss Glycerini g i Aquae. !§ vii. Misce. Sis. — External use. 72 PHARMACY. No. 5. & . Tr. ferri chloridi 3 hi Tr. guaiaci ammoniat 3 iv Tr. aloes. 3 iv Syrupi q. s. ad. 5 iv M. S. — 5 i tid. No. 6. R . Antipyrin 3 i Tr. aconiti. 5 iv Spt. aeth. nit. 3" ss Aq. q. s. ad. 3* iii M. Sig. — 3 ii ev. 3 hr. No. 1. This might be more palatable if glycerin or syrup were added. The 2 gr. dose of potassium iodide would act better if increased to 5 grs. and less frequent dosage. No. 2. The silver nitrate reacts with the cocaine hydro- chloride and precipitates as the useless chloride. No. 3. (a) Use 20 grains ext. taraxacum. D. t. d. Trans- lated means: Let such doses be given. The dose intended is most indefinite. If it is to be made into 24 pills and one taken, the quinine sulph. is in too small a dose to be effective. If it is intended that each pill contain that amount of strychnine, that dose is too large. No. 4. The lactic and meconic acids in tr. opii cause a pre- cipitation of the lead salt, and the prescription should be dis- pensed with a "shake" label. The plumbi acetatis should be dissolved in the water first, then mixed with glycerin and added to the tr. opii. No. 5. The tr. iron here causes a blue color with the tr. guaiac. Unsightly combination. No. 6. In this prescription the antipyrin causes a green color to appear. The dose of tr. of aconite is fatal, and even if reduced to right size is too long between doses to get a con- tinued effect. Formaldehyde: In what form is this official in the 9th revision of the U. S. P.? As an aqueous solution. PHARMACY. 73 What is its official name? Liquor formaldehydi. How much absolute formaldehyde by weight is it re- quired to contain? 37 per cent. What is it the product of? The vapor of boiling methyl alcohol is mixed with air under pressure. Describe it. A clear, colorless liquid, irritating when smelled, caustic taste, neutral reaction. What are its medicinal properties and uses? Antiseptic, antiferment, and disinfectant. Never used in- ternally. What is it often used for unlawfully? As a preservative of milk and other food products. Mention the best known antidote for its poisonous ef= fects. Solution of ammonium acetate internally. Inhalation of ammonia. Give the official Latin name for chlorinated lime (so= called chloride of lime). Calx chlorinata. How is it prepared? By exposing powdered calcium hydroxide to chlorine gas. What is it used for? As a disinfectant and externally on ulcers and in skin What gaseous element does it contain? Chlorine. 74 PHARMACY. What percentage of this gas should be available? 30 per cent. Give the Latin and common name of the official prepar- ation made from it. Liquor sodae chlorinatae — Labarraque 's Solution. Give the official Latin name for calcium chloride. Calcii chloridum. Give its chemical formula. CaCL. How may it be prepared? By the action of hydrochloric acid on calcium carbonate, evaporating to dryness and heating to redness. Sodii Indigotindisulphonas: What is it as defined by the U. S. P. Ninth Revision? Chiefly the sodium salt [C 10 H s O 2 N 2 (SO 3 Na) 2 = 466.22] of indigotindisulphonic acid. Describe it. It occurs as a blue powder or a dark purple paste. It is sparingly soluble in water, yielding a dark blue solution; almost insoluble in alcohol. Into what official preparation does it enter? Toxitabellae Hydrargyri Chloridi Corrosivi. What is its use? It is used as a coloring agent. Spiritus aetheris nitrosi. What is it as defined by the U. S. P. Ninth Revision? An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite containing not less than 3.5% nor more than 4.5% of C 2 H 5 N0 2 . How should it be kept? Keep it in small, well-stoppered, dark amber-colored bottles, in a cool and dark place, remote from fire. PHARMACY. 75 Why is the monohydrated sodium carbonate used in the process of manufacture? To remove traces of acid. Describe it and give its medicinal properties and uses. It is a clear, mobile and inflammable liquid of a pale yellow or faintly greenish-yellow color, a fragrant ethereal odor, and sharp, burning taste. Neutral to litmus paper. It is a dia- phoretic, refrigerant and diuretic, and is used in inflamma- tory diseases, fevers, acute nephritis, and cystitis. What is the specific gravity of the official preparation? Not above 0.823 at 25° C. At what temperature is it directed to be taken? 25 degrees C. Into what preparation does extractum glycyrrhizae purum enter? Mistura glycyrrhizae composita. Give the U. S. P. Latin name for Brown mixture. Mistura glycyrrhizae composita. Name all the ingredients of the 9th revision process for preparing it. Pure extract of licorice, syrup, acacia, camphorated tinc- ture of opium, antimony and potassium tartrate, spirit of nitrous ether, water. What is antimony? An elementary metal, brittle and brilliant ; rubbed between the fingers it produces an odor. Give the Latin name of tartrated antimony. Antimonii et potassii tartras. Give its medicinal properties and dose. It is emetic in % to 1 gr. dose. Alterative, diaphoretic in V20 g 1 *- doses, and expectorant in 1 / 12 gr. doses. 76 PHARMACY. Into what U. S. P. preparations does it enter? Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita, Syrupus Scillae Com- positus. What is naphthalenum? A hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar and purified by crys- tallization. From what is it obtained? Coal-tar. Briefly describe it. Colorless, shiny, transparent laminae, volatile in air and becoming dark in light, burning taste, strong tar-like odor. Give its chemical formula. (C 10 H 8 ). Give its medicinal properties and dose. Insecticide and antiseptic. In summer diarrhoea, % gr. to children, 5 gr. to adults. Suppose you receive a prescription calling for 240 grains of natural sodium salicylate to be dissolved in three ounces of peppermint water, but find that you do not have that kind of sodium salicylate in stock, but have plenty of sali= cylic acid made from oil of wintergreen; on referring to a saturated tabJe in the appendix to the Pharmacopoeia you find that 100 grains of the acid are neutralized by 61.77 grains of sodium bicarbonate and will yield 115.98 grains of sodium salicylate. Having ascertained these facts write out a prescription giving the exact quantity in grains of sodium bicarbonate and salicylic acid to conform to the above-mentioned prescription. & . Ac. salicylic 206.5 grs. Sodii bicarbonatis. 127.5 grs. How is extractum glycyrrhizae purum made? By percolating glycyrrhiza with dilute ammonia water and chloroform water, and evaporating to a pilular consistence. PHARMACY. 77 Give test for the absence of mercurous oxide in mass of mercury. If a portion of the mass be triturated in a mortar with warm acetic acid, the nitrate should not become more than slightly opalescent on the addition of a few drops of hydro- chloric acid. Give test for absence of mercuric oxide. If a portion of the mass be digested with warm diluted hydrochloric acid and a little purified animal charcoal, the nitrate should not be affected by hydrogen sulphide test solu- tion or by stannous chloride t. s. What are its medical properties and dose? Its dose is 4 grs. as an alterative and purgative. What is chloroform? A liquid consisting of no less than 99% nor more than 99.4% by wgt. of absolute chloroform, CHC1 3 , and not less than 0.6% nor more than 1% of alcohol. Give its specific gravity. 1.474 to 1.478 at 25° C. Is it inflammable? No. How is it made? By the action of chlorinated lime on acetone. What is spirit of chloroform? A 10% alcoholic solution. How is chloroform water made? By shaking distilled water and chloroform, allowing the precipitated chloroform to remain in excess and decanting when wanted. How is chloroform liniment made? By mixing 300 Mils, of chloroform with 700 Mils, soap liniment. 78 PHARMACY. Give medicinal properties and use of chloroform. It is anaesthetic by inhalation, narcotic internally, carmin- ative and sedative in small doses. It blisters when applied to the skin. Give the maximum dose for internal use. Two fluid drachms well diluted. What is the best method for reducing asafoetida to a fine powder? Dry the drug first, then powder. How would you reduce colchicum or cardamon seed to a fine powder? With mortar and pestle? Use an iron mortar and pestle and pound hard. Why should tablets and powders containing camphor be kept in a cool place? Because camphor sublimates with heat and would thus be lost. Copy the following formula, changing grammes and cubic centimeters into ounces, grains and minims; also state how 7 you would make the mass and what necessary precaution you would take in its manufacture. B . Potassium chlorate in fine powder. 30. Sugar in fine powder 1 20. Tragacanth in fine powder 6. Spirit of lemon 1 . Water q. s. to make mass and divide into 100 troches. B . Potassium chorate in fine powder 4fi2 grains Sugar in fine powder. 3 iii 3 v * gr- xlviii Tragacanth in fine powder Grs. xcii T 4 3 j Pulv. camphor 3 j. M. ft. Pul. et in Cht. xii Div. Sig. — One every four hours. When the chloral and camphor are combined they produce an oily fluid, and when remaining powders are added, a paste; so that this cannot be dispensed as written. Consult the physician. 9. Potass, bromidi. Chloral hydratis aa ^ ss Spt. ammon. arom. % j Syr. aurant. cort % jj Aq. menth. pip. ad. f ,^ vjjj. M. ft. Mist. — A tablespoonful on retiring. This prescription produces a turbid mixture on the addi- tion of the aromatic spirit of ammonia, and should be dis- pensed with a "shake" label. 9?. Potass, acet. Potass, citr aa 3 jjj Sacchar. alb Jjj. M. ft. Pulv. et in Chart xii Div. Sig. — One every three hours. The potassium acetate and citrate being very deliquescent, liquefy when mixed, and then dissolve the sugar, so that it cannot be dispensed as written. Consult physician. & . Strychninae sulph grs. iv Tr. digitalis ■■ 3 x Spt. ammon. aromat. gj Elix. simplicis ad. 3 vjjj. M. et. ft. Sol. Sig. — A teaspoonful three times a day. In the first place, the dose of strychnine, 1 / 16 grain, is too large ; only used in exceptional cases in this dosage ; therefore consult physician as to dose. 116 PHARMACY. Then the strychnine would precipitate out as an insoluble carbonate and form a dangerous compound with the aromatic spirit of ammonia, so that it is chemically incompatible, and should not be dispensed as written. Dosage should be certi- fied, and then only dispensed after careful instructions as to shaking well, and then only after explaining the above incom- patibility to the physician ordering the same. Differentiate between a dispensatory and a pharma* copoeia. A pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal substances, with descriptions, tests and formulas for prepar- ing the same, as established by recognized pharmaceutical authority. The pharmacopoeia contains only official prepara- tions. A dispensatory is a commentary on the pharmacopoeia, containing both official and non-official substances. Why are you obliged to register a sale of paris green when sold to a merchant? Because it is a poison that is destructive to human life in doses of five grains, and in this instance it would not be used as an insecticide for agricultural purposes; hence it should be registered. Name an instance in which you are not obliged to reg- ister a sale of paris green. When sold to farmers for agricultural purposes, the law does not require registration of the sale. Under what circumstances are you obliged to register the sale of rough on rats? Under all circumstances, except when used as an insecti- cide by agriculturists, owing to the large amount of arsenic in its composition. Define specific gravity. Specific gravity is the weight of one body compared with the weight of an equal bulk or volume of another body PHARMACY. 117 selected as a standard, both bodies being at the same temper- ature. What substances are taken as the standard for solids, liquids and gases? For solids and liquids, water is taken as the standard ; for gases, hydrogen is often taken as a standard, and it is also the standard for the elementary substances. Describe the method of ascertaining the specific gravity of a solid. Divide the weight of the substance in air by the loss of weight in water. (This represents the weight of the water displaced.) If powder weighs in air 105.30 grains, the bottle with powder and water weighs 1095.62 grains, the bottle filled with water only weighs 995.74 grains, what is the specific gravity of the powder? As the bottle when filled with water alone weighs 995.74 grains, and as the weight of the powder in air is 105.30 grains, both together weigh 1101.04 grains. 1101.04 grains less 1095.52 grains (weight of water, bottle and powder) gives 5.52 grains. Then apply the rule: L ° 5 5 .*/ = 19.076, the spe- cific gravity of the powder. Name the symptoms by which you would recognize poisoning by the following; mention antidote for each: (1) Antipyrin, (2) Cocaine, (3) Colchicum, (4) Colocynth, (5) Morphine. (1) Antipyrine. Symptoms: Profuse sweating, vomiting, collapse, salivation, dyspnoea and epileptiform convulsions, but most characteristic is a peculiar livid discoloration of the surface of the body, especially the extremities, which is an early symptom of intoxication. Antidote: Diffusible stimu- lants, such as ether and alcohol, heart tonics, strychnine or strophanthus, digitalis, artificial respiration, inhalation of oxygen, and heat. 118 PHARMACY. (2) Cocaine. Symptoms: Weak and rapid pulse respira- tions, labored and shallow, and oppression of the chest is often complained of, with threatening collapse, clammy skin, hallucinations, and delirium. Antidote : Ammonia and ainyl nitrite for the cardiac depression; alcohol and opium, with artificial respirations and heat. Chloral, chloroform and ether are therapeutical antagonists. (3) Colchicum. Symptoms: Violent vomiting and purg- ing (first serous, then mucous and bloody), or acute gastro- intestinal irritation. Marked symptoms of collapse super- vene: the pulse becomes small, rapid and thready; the skin cold and bedewed with sweat, respiration slow and faint. Death from collapse, the brain remaining clear to the last. Antidote : Tannic acid to retard absorption, best adminis- tered in form of strong tea or coffee. Encourage vomiting, using emetics and cathartics, morphine and atropine, and oils are of service. If collapse, heat and vascular stimulants are required. (4) Colocynth. Symptoms: Gastro-intestmal irritation, griping and purging and marked prostration, later coma and death. Antidote : Demulcents, such as flaxseed or slippery elm, bland oils, strong tea or coffee, stimulants, morphine for pain, astringents. (5) Morphine. Symptoms: Cold and clammy sweat, very slow pulse, slow and stertorous respiration, gradually becom- ing feeble and irregular. Cyanosed face, abolished reflexes, coma gradually deepening, the pupils minutely contracted, but dilating as the end approaches, and finally death by paralysis of the respiratory center. Antidote : Promptly- acting emetics in large doses, because of the stomach's insen- sitive condition, such as zinc or copper sulphate, ipecac or apomorphine hypodermatically, then a pint or two of warm coffee should be injected into the stomach and rectum. Arti- ficial respiration by Sylvester's method; application of the faradic current, one pole to the cervical region, and the other over the ensiform cartilage, strychnine and atropine for the PHARMACY. 119 vascular and respiratory systems, amyl nitrite and ammonia by inhalation. Rectal injections of tincture of capsicum §ss to j for the coma, potassium permanganate is the best anti- dote for morphine in the stomach, given in doses about one- half greater than the quantity of morphine present, and repeating in less quantity at short intervals. Keep patient awake and in motion if possible. Give the five synonyms for hydrargyri iodidum flavurn. Yellow iodide of mercury, proto-iodide of mercury, green iodide of mercury, mercurous iodide, hydrargyri iodidum viride. Name the three synonyms for hydrargyri iodidum rubrum. Mercuric iodide, biniodide of mercury, red iodide of mer- cury. Give the Latin name, medicinal use and dose of Turpeth Mineral. Hydrargyri subsulphas flavus. Used as an alterative in doses of one-fourth to one-half a grain. In larger doses, emetic. From what are the following prepared? Give medical properties of each: (i) Codeine, (2) Apomorphine, (3) Homatropine, (4) Acetanilid, (5) Salol. (1) Codeine from opium; sedative and anodyne. (2) Apo- morphine from morphine; emetic. (3) Homatropine from atropine; mydriatic. (4) Acetanilid from aniline oil and glacial acetic acid; antipyretic, diaphoretic, analgesig. (5) Salol from salicylic and carbolic acids; intestinal antiseptic. Name the principal alkaloids found in opium. Morphine; codeine; papaverine; thebaine, narcotine, nar- ceine and hydrocotarnine. Altogether nineteen alkaloids are present. Give the analytical reaction for morphine. Morphine with nitric acid gives an orange-red color. On 120 PHARMACY. shaking a small portion of morphine in a test-tube with 10 Mils, of chlorine water the latter will acquire a yellowish color. On now carefully pouring a small amount of ammonia water on the surface of the liquid a brown or reddish-brown zone will form at the line of contact. If to a neutral 1% solution of morphine a few drops of ferric chloride T. S. be added, a blue color will result, which is destroyed by acids, alcohol and heat. Give the analytical reaction for quinine. The solution of quinine in diluted sulphuric acid has a bluish fluorescence. On treating 10 Mils, of an aqueous acidulated solution of quinine with two drops of bromine water, and then an excess of ammonia water, the liquid will acquire an emerald-green color. (Thalleioquin test.) On treating an acidulated solution of quinine with a satur- ated alcoholic solution of iodine, crystals of an emerald-green color are produced. (Herapathite's test.) Quinine should not be reddened by nitric acid. Name the most important precipitants of the alkaloids. Potassio-mercuric iodide, auric chloride, tannic acid, phos- pho-molybdic acid and picric acid. In what manner may the alkaloids be separated from the tissues of animals that have been poisoned? By dialysis as the most convenient means. What is chloroform? Chloroform (CHC1 3 ) is a liquid consisting of 99 to 99.4% by weight of absolute chloroform and 1 to 0.6% of alcohol. It is a heavy, clear, colorless, mobile and diffusible non- inflammable liquid. Specific gravity 1.474 to 1.478 at 25° C. Name the substances which are required for its for- mation. It may be made from chlorinated lime, alcohol and water, or by reacting on acetone with chlorinated lime. PHARMACY. 121 Give its solubility in water and alcohol. Water, 200 parts ; alcohol, all proportions. Give its medicinal properties and dose. Used as an anesthetic by inhalation. Internally in large doses (one to two fluid drachms) it is narcotic; in small dos«s (ten to fifteen minims) it is carminative and sedative. Ex- ternally, an irritant. How should the following be dispensed? jf£. Chloroform - 5 jjj Elix. lactopeptine ad. f § jjj. M. Sig. — Teaspoonful after meals. If dispensed as written, three drachms of chloroform (by weight) should be added to sufficient elixir to make three fluid ounces. However, chloroform is usually dispensed by measure. In either case a "shake well" label should be placed on the bottle. Name the ingredients and mode of preparing each of the following: (i) Infus. Digitalis, (2) Spt. ammonia arom., (3) Mist, glycyrrhizae comp., (4) Tinct. catechu comp., (5) Unguentum aquae rosae. (1) Infusion of digitalis. Ingredients: Digitalis (bruised), alcohol, cinnamon water, boiling water, cold water. Upon the digitalis contained in a suitable vessel pour boiling water and allow it to macerate until the mixture is cold, then strain, add the alcohol and cinnamon water to the strained liquid, and pass enough cold water through the residue in the strainer to make the product measure the specified quantity. (2) Aromatic spirit of ammonia. Ingredients: Ammonium carbonate, ammonia water, oil of lemon, oil of lavender flow- ers, oil of nutmeg, alcohol, distilled water. To the ammonia water contained in a flask add a portion of the distilled water, and afterwards the ammonium carbonate reduced to a moderately fine powder, close and agitate occasionally, allow- ing to stand at least six hours, the ammonia converting the bicarbonate into the neutral carbonate and the water convert- 122 PHARMACY. ing the carbamate into the carbonate, the above time being necessary- to effect this change. Introduce the alcohol into a graduated bottle of suitable capacity, add the oils, then grad- ually add the solution of ammonium carbonate, and after- wards enough distilled water to make up the proper quan- tity. Set aside for 24 hours, then filter. (3) Compound mixture of glycyrrhiza. Ingredients: Pure extract of glycyrrhiza, camphorated tincture of opium, syrup, acacia granulated, spirit of nitrous ether, water, antimony and potassium tartrate. Rub the pure extract of glycyrrhiza and acacia in a mortar with a portion of the water until it is dissolved, transfer to a graduated vessel, add the antimony and potassium tartrate dissolved in hot water, then the other ingredients, and rinse the mortar with sufficient water to make desired volume. Mix the whole thoroughly. (4) Compound tincture of catechu. Ingredients: Catechu, cinnamon (cassia) diluted alcohol. Mix the powders, and without moistening pack the mixture firmly in a cylindrical percolator; then gradually pour diluted alcohol upon it to make desired volume of percolate. This is no longer official. (5) Ointment of rose water. Ingredients: Spermaceti white wax, expressed oil of almond, stronger rose water, sodium borate. Reduce the spermaceti and white wax to fine shavings and melt them at a moderate heat, then add the ex- pressed oil of almond, pour the mixture into a warm mortar, and add without stirring the stronger rose water in which the sodium borate had previously been dissolved, and stir rapidly and continuously until the mixture becomes uniformly soft and creamy. What are oleoresins and name the official natural oleoresins? Oleoresins are mixtures of oils and resins, and the official oleoresins are liquid preparations, consisting principally of natural oils and resins extracted from vegetable substances by percolation with ether or acetone. The official natural oleoresin is copaiba. PHARMACY. 123 Give the official Latin name of those prepared pharma= ceutically. Oleoresina aspidii, oleoresina capsici, oleoresina piperis, oleoresina zingiberis, oleoresina petroselini, oleoresina eubebae. Which oleoresin does the Pharmacopoeia direct to be agitated when it is dispensed? Oleoresina aspidii. What oleoresin should be separated from the deposit found in it? Oleoresina eubebae. Copy this formula, adding a proper quantity of each ingredient to make eight fluid ounces of a 50 per cent emulsion of codliver oil, each tablespoonful to contain eight grains of each of the salts. State how you would proceed to make the emulsion. B Cod-liver oil % jv Powd. acacia ,§ j Sugar 3 jv Calcium hypophosphite gr. cxxvjjj Sodium hypophosphite gr. cxxvjjj Oil of sassafras Oil of gaultheria aa. mvjjj Water q. s. ad. % vjjj. Place the powdered acacia in a perfectly dry mortar and add the oil, mix well ; then add two fluid ounces of water all at once; then stir constantly until the whole is emulsified; then add remainder of the water in which the hypophosphites and sugar are dissolved, and then the flavoring, and make it up to desired volume with water. Copy this formula: Change the weights into grains and state how you would make the troches. What precautions are necessary? Potassium chlorate in fine powder 30 Gm. = Gr. 462.96 Sugar in fine powder 120 Gm. = Gr. 1851.84 Tragacanth in fine powder 6 Gm. = Gr. 92. 592 Spirit of lemon one mil. = 16. 23 M. Make 100 troches. 124 PHARMACY. Mix the sugar with the tragacanth and the spirit of lemon by trituration in a mortar ; then transfer to a sheet of paper, and by means of a bone spatula mix it with the potassium chlorate, being careful to avoid trituration and pressure, so as to prevent ignition or an explosion. Add water to form the mass, then divide into troches. How would this prescription be prepared? 9 Hydrarg. chlor. mit grs jj Pulv. opii grs. jss Tr. ver. viride. Ext. grindeliae fid. , aa. gtt. xjj Tr. aeon rad gtt. xxiv Sacch. albi 3 ii. M. et ft. chart. No. xjj, dividendi. Sig. — One powder three times daily. Mix the three liquids with the sugar and evaporate gently on a water-bath, using but little heat; then add the remain- ing powder and mix well. Divide in 12 equal portions and place in powder papers. Copy the foISowing prescription, writing out the quan- tities in words without abbreviations: Quantities. Jfc. Tinct. ferri chlor twelve and one-half rails. 12.5 Sol. ammon. carb sixty mils. CO. Sol. acid acetic sixty mils. 60. Morph. sulph. . . .two hundred and forty-five milligrammes. .245 Elixir aromat sixty mils. 60. Acidi acetici four and fifteen hundredths mils. 4. 15 M. ft. mist. sec. art. Sig. — One dessertspoonful every four hours. First make your solution of ammon. carbonate by dissolv- ing 7 grammes of ammonium carbonate in a sufficient quan- tity of distilled water to make 60 Mils., then dilute the acetic acid U. S. P., taking 17% Mils, of acid, and adding sufficient water to make 60 Mils. Then mix these two solutions, and the result is the solution of ammonium acetate U. S. P. Now add the acetic acid and mix well, then the tincture of ferric chloride, and a bright red liquid is produced, due to the for- PHARMACY. 125 mation of ferric acetate in combination with ammonium ace- tate. Then add the aromatic elixir containing the dissolved morphine sulphate, and dispense with a "shake well" label. It is important that this preparation should be kept distinctly acid, this result being produced by keeping in a cool place and tightly corked. How would you prepare this prescription? R. Infus. rad. valerian 15.0 = (150.00) Syr. simplicis 30.0 Sig. — A tablespoonful every o hours. Take the valerian root in a coarse powder and place in an infusion mug, and add 150 Mils, of boiling water ; then allow to macerate for a half-hour; then strain, and add sufficient water to make 150 Mils. ; mix this with 30 Mils, of syrup. Compound syrup of white pine: White pine bark 1050 gr. Wild cherry bark 1050 gr. Balm gilead buds 140 gr. Spikenard root 140 gr. Blood root 70 gr. Morphine sulph. 6 gr. Chloroform 128 minims Alcohol 6 oz. Water 18 oz. White granulated sugar 20 oz. Proceed by making 20 fluid ounces of percolate with the menstruum of alcohol and water and the vegetable drugs; dissolve in this the morphine sulphate ; then add the chloro- form previously mixed with one fluid ounce of alcohol; then add the sugar and stir until dissolved, the whole to measure 32 fluid ounces. The vegetable drugs average 45 cents per pound; morphine sulphate $2.40 per ounce and chloroform 60 cents per pound ; alcohol $2.50 per gallon and sugar 6 cents per pound ; calculate the cost per pint of the finished product. The total powders represent 2,450 grains, f^-fi} X -45 = 15.75 cents. Six grains of morphine at $2.40 per ounce are 2.40 ~ 437.5 gr. in one oz. = .5486 X 6 = 3.29+ cents, 126 PHARMACY. cost of morphine. 128 minims of chloroform, specific gravity 1.40, at 65 cents per pound = 1.6 cents. Six oz. av. of alco- hol, specific gravity .820, = 6.676 ounces. e -\\ 6 X 2.50 — 13.03 cents. 20 oz. sugar at 6 cents per pound = iy 2 cents. 15. 75 cents cost of powders. 3.29 cents cost of morphine 1.6 cents cost of chloroform V To make 3 xxxjj. 13.03 cents cost of alcohol^. 7. 5 cents cost of sugar 41.17 cents -=- 2 = 20.585 cents per pint of finished product. $fe. Formin .5 Mitte talis. Capsules No. L. Sig. — One four times a day. How would you dispense the above prescription? Send 50 capsules of 5 decigrammes, or about 7% grains each. Define Mitte. Mitte is the imperative of mitto, to send, and means send thou. Translate talis. Talis means of such or a similar kind. Give the chemical name of formin. The chemical name is hexamethylenetetramine. Copy the following prescription, changing grammes and millimeters into ounces, grains and minims; also state how you would make the mass, and what necessary precautions you would take in its manufacture; also how much potas= sium chlorate will be contained in each lozenge. Potassium chlorate in fine powder. .... 30. Sugar in fine powder. 120. Tragacanth in fine powder 6. Spirit of lemon • 1 mil. Water q. s. to make mass and divide into 100 troches. Potassium chlorate 463 grains Sugar 4 oz. av. 102 grains Tragacanth. 93 grains. Spirit of lemon 16 minims. PHARMACY. 127 Mix the sugar with the tragacanth and spirit of lemon by trituration in a mortar; then transfer the mixture to a sheet of paper and, by means of a bone spatula, mix it with the potassium chlorate, being careful, by avoiding trituration and pressure, to prevent the mixture from igniting or ex- ploding. Lastly, with water form a mass and divide into 100 troches. Each lozenge contains about 5 grains. How would you compound the following prescription? R. Creosotum (Beechwood) 3Jj Aqua distilla § jjj M. Sig. — One teaspoonful every 2 hours, in water. How much creosote would be contained in each tea= spoonful of this mixture? This could either be dispensed as a mixture, adding some powdered acacia, about 5jj, or an emulsion could be made by the further addition of some fixed oil, or alcohol could be added until clear solution results. Each teaspoonful equals 5 minims. Calculation: (i) How many fluid ounces in 500 grammes of chloroform (spec. grav. 1.474)? One fluid ounce of water equals 29.57 Gm. X 1-49 equals 43.286 Gm., weight of one fluid ounce of chloroform. 500 divided by 43.286 equals 11.556 + fluid ounces. (2) If 500 grammes of chloroform cost $1.05, what will one fluid ounce cost? $1.05 divided by 11.551 equals 9.09 cents. (3) If a pound of chloroform (spec. grav. 1.474) costs 58 cents, what will one fluid ounce cost? 455.7 grains (weight of fluid ounce of water) X 1.474 equals 671.7, weight of chloroform. 58 cents divided by 7000 (grains in avoirdupois pound) equals .00828 cents per grain; 671 X .00828 equals 5.55 cents per fluid ounce. 128 PHARMACY. If one pound of ether (spec. grav. 0.713) costs 72 cents, what will one fluid ounce cost? 455.7 X .725 equals 324.51 grains. 72 cents divided by 7000 equals .0103 cents per grain. 324.5 X .0103 equals 2.442 cents per ounce. (5) If 200 grammes of fluidextract of ipecac cost $3.85, what will one fluid ounce cost, if the quantity measures nine fluid ounces? 3.85 divided by 9 equals .4277, or 42.77 cents, for one fluid ounce. Describe the following drugs as to their physical ap- pearance, color, odor and taste: (1) Nitromuriatic acid, (2) Diluted nitromuriatic acid, (3) Fuming nitric acid, (4) Hydrochloric acid C. P., (5) Spirit of nitrous ether, (6) Iron sulphate, (7) Litharge, (8) Calamine (native zinc carbonate), (9) Iodoform, (10) Copper sulphate. (1) Nitromuriatic acid is a golden yellow, fuming, and very corrosive liquid, having a strong odor of chlorine and a strongly acid reaction. Its taste is very sour and corrosive and highly irritant. (2) Diluted nitromuriatic acid is a colorless or faintly yel- low liquid, odorless, or having a faint odor of chlorine, and a very acid taste and reaction. (3) Fuming nitric acid is a light reddish, fuming, and very corrosive liquid, possessing a peculiar, somewhat suffocating odor, and strongly acid taste and reaction. (4) Hydrochloric acid, C. P., is a colorless, fuming liquid with a pungent, suffocating odor, intensely acid taste and reaction. (5) Spirit of nitrous ether is a clear, mobile, volatile and inflammable liquid, of a pale straw-color, inclining slightly to green. Fragrant, ethereal, pungent odor, free from acridity ; sharp, burning taste. (6) Iron sulphate occurs in long, pale bluish-green mono- clinic prisms, efflorescent in dry air and absorbing oxygen PHARMACY. 129 rapidly on exposure to air, and becoming coated with brown- ish-yellow basic ferric sulphate. They are odorless, and have a saline, styptic taste and acid reaction. (7) Litharge is a heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow pow- der or minute scales. It is odorless and tasteless. Reaction faintly alkaline. (8) Calamine is a light pinkish or reddish and somewhat gritty powder, and it is odorless and tasteless. (9) Iodoform is a fine, lemon-yellow powder or lustrous crystals, peculiar, very penetrating and persistent odor, un- pleasant, sweetish and iodine-like taste. (10) Copper sulphate occurs in large, transparent, deep blue, triclinic crystals, odorless, nauseous, metallic taste. Calculate the weight in grains of 3 pints, 4 fid. ozs. of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.4. Show all figures used in calcula* tion. 454.6 gr. — wgt. of one fid. oz. of water at 25° C. 1.4 =i sp. gr. of HN0 3 18184 4546 636.44 grs. — wgt. of 1 fid. oz. 3 pts., 4 fid. ozs. = 3 X 16 + 4 = 52 fid. Then 636.44 (weight in grs. of 1 fid. oz.) 52 127288 318220 33094.88 grains. Ans. CHANGES IN THE NEW U. S. P. AND N. F. Name five new preparations in the U. S. P. IX. Acidum Phenylcinehonieum, Emplastrum Cantharidis, Ex- tractum Aconiti, Extractum Fellis Bovis, and Extractum Hydrastis. 9 130 PHARMACY. State the new changes made in five preparations official in the U. S. P. VIII. Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purum — Working formula changed, glycerin being omitted and chloroform water added. Extractum Cascarae Sagradae — Title changed from "Ex- tractum Rhamni Purshianae"; the glycyrrhiza is omitted, and starch and magnesium oxide are added. Ceratum Cantharidis — Formula changed by increasing the amount of cantharides about 8%, adding 2y 2 % of glacial acetic acid, and 15% of oil of turpentine, and increasing the amounts of yellow wax, rosin and benzoinated lard ; the liquid petrolatum is omitted. Collodium Cantharidatum — Acetone now replaces chloro- form and glacial acetic acid is added. Collodium Flexile — Formula reconstructed and camphor replaces Canada turpentine. Name five preparations formerly official in the U. S. P. VIII which have been transferred to the N. F. IV. Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae, Tinctura Ipecacuanhae et Opii, Tinctura Vanillae, Trochisci Gambir, and Vinum Antimonii. Name five new preparations in the N. F. IV which did not appear in the N. F. III. Tinctura Cocculi Indici, Tinctura Passiflorae, Tinctura Pul- satillae, Trochisci Quininae Tannatis, and Trochisci Phenol- phthaleini. State the changes in five N. F. preparations appearing in the new edition of this work. Tinctura Antiperiodica — The prepared chalk and opium have been omitted ; quinine sulphate is replaced with an equal amount of quinine bisulphate, and extract of aloes is added. Tinctura Ferri Citrochloridi — The amount of sodium citrate has been increased and the amount of alcohol reduced. Tinctura Persionis — The amount of cudbear has been re- duced 20%. PHARMACY. 131 Virnim Carnis et Ferri — The tincture of iron eitro-chloride has been replaced with iron and ammonium citrate, and am- monia water is added to remove acidity. Vinum Pruni Virginianae — Sherry wine replaces angelica wine. THE HARRISON LAW. What as the nature of the Harrison Law? An internal revenue act of the United States government. To what does it apply? To regulations relating to the production, importation, manufacture, compounding, sale, dispensing, or giving away of opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives or prepara- tions. Since when has the law been operative? Since March 1st, 1915. To what derivatives or preparations of opium and coca is the act not applicable? To decocainized coca leaves or to preparations made there- from, or to other preparations of coca leaves not containing cocaine, or to preparations or remedies which do not contain more than 2 grains of opium, or more than % grain of mor- phine, or more than y 8 grain of heroin, or more than 1 grain of codeine, or any salt or derivative of any of them in one fluid ounce, or, if a solid or semi-solid preparation, in one avoirdupois ounce ; or to liniments, ointments, or other prep- arations which are prepared for external use only, except liniments, ointments, and other preparations which contain cocaine or any of its salts, or alpha or beta eucaine or any of their salts, or any synthetic substitute for them. What legal requirements must be observed by the phar= macist who would compound a prescription coming under the Harrison act? The prescription must have been signed by the physician, 132 PHARMACY. dentist, or veterinary surgeon who issued it ; it must be dated as of the day on which signed; it must bear the registry number of the one issuing it as well as the name and address of the person for whom it is written; the proprietor of the store in which the prescription is to be compounded must be registered under the Harrison act. The prescription must be placed on a "narcotic" file and kept for two years. What persons are required to register under the Har= rison act? Every person who produces, imports, manufactures, com- pounds, deals in, dispenses, sells, distributes or gives away opium or coca leaves or any compound, salt, derivative or preparation thereof except employees of such persons, acting within the scope of his or her employment, provided the per- son who employs them has registered and paid the special tax. With whom must the dealer in drugs or preparations coming under the Harrison act register? With the collector of internal revenue of his or her district. How often must he register? Each year. May a narcotic prescription coming under the scope of the Harrison act written and filed before this act became operative be renewed? No, except where such recipe calls for an exempt prepara- tion or remedy. Is it necessary for a dealer in drugs, coming under the scope of the Harrison act, to register separately for each place of business wherein these narcotics are kept? Yes. Can prescriptions coming within the scope of the Har= rison act be filled upon telephone orders? Can such pre* scriptions be partially filled? No. No. PHARMACOGNOSY. Define pharmacognosy. Pharmacognosy (in the broadest sense of the term) is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring the knowledge of drugs from every point of view. As taught in most colleges up to the present, it embraces the study of crude drugs and plants or animals yielding them. State the various forms in which crude drugs are found in commerce. 1. Nearly entire, as fruits, flowers, seeds, and some roots and rhizomes. 2. Cut or sliced, as in fleshy roots and rhizomes, woods and 3. More or less matted together, as in Chondrus, Digitalis, and the leaves of the Solanaceae. 4. Pressed by means of hydraulic pressure. 5. Powdered and molded into forms, as "Rhubarb Fin- gers". 6. With periderm removed, as in Ulmus, peeled Calamus, and Althaea. How may the quality of vegetable drugs be injured? By the lack of knowledge or carelessness in collecting them, carelessness in drying and keeping them, insufficient care in garbling and preparing them for the market, accidental ad- mixture in the store, inattention in storing, adulteration and substitution, carelessness in preserving them in the store. What is meant by " garbling "? The separation of foreign substances from a crude drug. 133 134 PHARMACOGNOSY. When should the following drugs be collected: (i) San- guinaria, (2) Piper, (3) Prunus Virginiana, (4) Taraxa- cum, (5) Opium? (1) After the death of the foliage. (2) While unripe. (3) In autumn. (4) Before the vegetative processes begin in the spring or 'after these cease, in the fall. (5) While the capsules are unripe. Why should Conium be gathered while still green, dried in the dark and kept unexposed in tight vessels? In their green condition Conium fruits contain the max- imum quantity of liquid alkaloid (coniine) ; when they be- come yellow the alkaloid diminishes in quantity. Conium fruits should be dried in the dark and kept unex- posed in tight vessels on account of the great volatility of its active principle, coniine. To what family does each of the following belong: (a) Asafoetida, Anisum, (b) Limonis Cortex, Auranti Amari Cortex, (c) Belladonna, Capsicum, (d) Humulus, Cannabis Indica, (e) Aconitum, Cimicifuga, (f) Rosa Gallica, Rosa Centifolia, (g) Mentha Piperita, Mentha Viridis, (h) Stil- lingia, Croton Tiglium, (i) Terebinthina, Terebinthina Canadensis, (j) Nux Vomica, Gelsemium? (a) Umbelliferae. (b) B-utaceae. (c) Solanaceae. (d) Moraceae. (e) Kanunculaceae. (f) Kosaceae. (g) Labiatae. (h) Euphorbiaceae. (i) Pinaceae. (j) Loganiaceae. EUCALYPTUS. (a) Give the name of the plant that yields the official leaves, (b) Describe the differences between the leaves which are official and those obtained from the younger portions of the tree, (c) Give the percentage of volatile oil that the drug yields and mention its constituents, (d) Are there any other species of Eucalyptus that yield an PHARMACOGNOSY. 135 oil resembling that found in the official leaves? (e) What is Eucalyptus Kino? (f) Mention several other synon^ yms by which it is known, (g) How does it differ from Malabar Kino? (a) Eucalyptus globulus. (b) The official leaves, collected from older parts of the tree, are lanceolately scythe-shaped and petiolate, the petioles being twisted because of the edge on position these leaves assume on the branches. Stomata are found on both surfaces, and palisade tissue is found beneath both ventral and dorsal epidermis. Leaves from younger parts of the tree are oblong, sessile and dorsiventral. Stomata occur only on the dorsal epidermis. (c) 3 to 6%. Eucalyptol (60%), d-pinene, resins, a neu- tral bitter principle, tannic acid, eucalyptic acid and calcium oxalate. (d) Yes. E. polyanthena, E. resinifera, E. cinerea, etc. (e) The inspissated juice of Eucalyptus rostrata and other species of Eucalyptus. (f) Red Gum, Australian Kino, Eucalyptus Gum. (g) Eucalyptus Kino occurs in fragments of a ruby or garnet-red color which are not as brittle as those of Malabar Kino. Malabar Kino occurs in reddish-black fragments. About 80% of Eucalyptus Kino is soluble in cold water, the solution having a neutral reaction. Malabar Kino is only sparingly soluble in cold water, and its solution has an acid reaction. NUX VOMICA. (a) Give two common names of the plant, (b) State its habitat, (c) Discuss the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the drug, (d) Describe the important differences between Nux Vomica and Ignatia seeds, (e) State the constituents in each of these drugs. (a) Quaker Button, Dog Button. (b) East Indies, Malabar Coast, N. Australia, Ceylon. 136 PHARMACOGNOSY. (c) Macroscopic characteristics: The seeds are orbicular, compressed, occasionally irregularly bent; outer surface grayish-yellow or grayish-green, covered with hairs giving the seed a satiny luster. The hilum is in the center of one side, and a more or less distinct ridge extends from it to the micro- pyle. The texture is very hard when dry, tough when damp. Internally the seed is whitish and exhibits a horny endosperm in two concavo-convex halves and a small embryo with two heart-shaped cotyledons, situated near the micropyle. In- odorous. Taste intensely and persistently bitter. Microscopic characteristics: The seed-coat consists of a peripheral layer of thick-walled, liquified, porous epidermal cells which are extended into long, greatly liquified hairs, and an underlying layer of dark brown, collapsed, parenchyme cells, which in the region of the raphe are swollen and enclose a fibro-vascular bundle. The endosperm, beneath, consists of thick-walled cells whose walls are composed of cellulose, and when examined in a chloral mount exhibit lamellae and a radiate porous structure. "Within these endosperm cells one finds an irregular layer of protoplasm enclosing globules of fixed oil and aleurone grains. (d) Nux Vomica seeds are orbicular, compressed and con- cavo-convex in outline and covered with liquified hairs; while Ignatia seeds are pebble-like in outline and nearly free from liquified hairs. (e) Nux Vomica contains 1.5 to 5% of alkaloids, consist- ing of strychnine and brucine, of which % to y 2 of this amount is strychnine. Ignatia contains about the same amount of total alkaloids as Nux Vomica, of which y 3 to % is strychnine. GAMBIR. (a) State what Gambir is and describe it. (b) Why was it made official? (c) From what it is obtained? (d) Give the pharmacopoeia! limit of ash after incineration, (e) Name its constituents, (f) Give its official synonym. PHARMACOGNOSY. 137 (a) A dried extract prepared from decoctions of leaves and twigs. Irregularly cubical or rectangular pieces, pale grayish brown to reddish brown externally ; the fracture dull and porous; friable; internally of a light brown or earthy color; inodorous; taste bitter and very astringent. (b) To replace Catechu, since Gambir can be obtained of a more uniform quality. (e) Ourouparia Gambir (Fam. Kubiaceae). (d) Not more than 9% of ash. (e) Catechutannic acid, catechin, a fluorescent principle, catechu red. (f) Pale Catechu. Give the botanical origin and family of each of the fol- lowing drugs: (a) Black Catechu, (b) Pleurisy Root, (c) Gold Thread, (d) Pellitory, (e) Cloves, (f) Quebracho, (g) Indian Tobacco, (h) Pomegranate, (i) Allspice, (j) Malt. (a) Acacia catechu. Leguminosae. (b) Asclepias tuberosa. Asclepiadaceae. (c) Coptis trifolia. Ranunculaceae. (d) Anacyclus pyre thrum. Compositae. (e) Eugenia aromatica. Myrtaceae. (f) Aspidosperma quebracho-blancho. Apocynaceae. (g) Lobelia inflata. Lobeliaceae. (h) Punica granatum. Punicaceae. (i) Pimenta officinalis. Myrtaceae. (j) Hordeum sativum. Gramineae. ACACIA. (i) Give the botanical origin of acacia. (2) State how it is formed in the plant. (3) What are the commercial varieties? (4) Describe the official article. (5) Mention three important tests. (6) How is acacia distinguished from mesquite gum? (7) Mention the important const it ~ uents of acacia. (1) Acacia Senega and other African species of Acacia (Fam. Leguminosae). 138 PHARMACOGNOSY. (2) By the action of a ferment on the cell contents. (3) Kordofan, "Turke}' sorts," "Trieste picked." Kor- dofan gum is considered the best. (4) In rounded tears or angular fragments of various sizes; externally whitish or yellow- white, with many minute fissures ; translucent ; very brittle, with a glass-like, sometimes iridescent fracture ; almost inodorous ; taste mucilaginous. It is insoluble in alcohol but readily soluble in cold water, the solution being adhesive and possessing an acid reaction. (5) Ten Mils, of a 10% solution does not yield a gelatinous precipitate with 0.2 Mil. of normal lead acetate solution. A cold solution does not give a bluish or reddish color with iodine. A cold solution does not give a brownish black precipitate with solutions of ferric chloride. (6) The tears or fragments of Acacia are white to yellow- ish white, while those of Mesquite gum are light yellowish- brown to dark brown. Ten Mils, of a 10% solution of acacia is precipitated by 0.1 Mil. of a test solution of ferric chloride, while a solution of the same strength of Mesquite gum is not. (7) Arabic acid in combination with calcium, magnesium and potassium. SOUTH AMERICAN DRUGS. (i) Name five organic drugs obtained from South Amer- ica. (2) State the natural origin of each of these. (3) What part of the plant or animal yields the article? (1) (a) Pilocarpus, (b) Guarana, (c) Copaiba, (d) Coca, (e) Quillaja. (2) (a) Pilocarpus jaborandi and Pilocarpus microphyllus (Fam. Rutaceae). (b) Paullinia cupana (Fam. Sapindaceae). .(c) Copaiba langsdorffi and other South American species of Copaiba (Fam. Leguminosae). (d) Erythroxylon coca and Erythroxylon truxillense (Fam. Erythroxyllaceae). (e) Quil- laja saponaria (Fam. Rosaceae). (3) (a) leaflets; (b) paste of crushed seeds; (c) oleoresdn; (d) leaves; (e) inner bark. PHARMACOGNOSY. 139 CAPSICUM. (i) Give the U. S. P. definition of capsicum. (2) State the source of the commercial supply. (3) Give standards for purity. (4) Mention the important constituents. (5) What portions of the fruit contain the extremely pungent principle? (6) State how the official drug differs from the garden or pod-pepper. (7) What is the difference between capsicum and paprika or Spanish pepper? (8) How is the presence of capsicum detected in ginger and black pepper? (1) The dried ripe fruits of Capsicum frutescens (Fam. Solanaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 2% of stems, calyxes or other foreign matter. (2) British Bast Africa. (3) It should yield not less than 15% of non-volatile ex- tractive, soluble in ether. It should yield not more than 7% of ash. (4) Capsaicin, capsacutin, a volatile alkaloid. (5) The dissepiments. (6) It is much smaller and has a thinner pericarp. A sur- face section of the epicarp of the official drug shows quadri- lateral cells arranged in distinct longitudinal rows, while a similar section of garden pepper exhibits polygonal cells not arranged in rows. The official drug shows no collenchyme tissue beneath the epicarp ; garden or pod pepper does. (7) Capsicum (Cayenne Pepper) is yielded by Capsicum frutescens, while Paprika is yielded by a variety — Capsicum annuum growing in Hungary and Spanish Paprika (Pimi- ento) by a variety of Capsicum annuum growing in Spain. (8) By the presence of the characteristic sinuous intestine cells of the outer epidermis of the seed coat. STROPHANTHUS. (1) Gave the U. S. P. definition of strophanthus. (2) Name the habitat of the plant yielding it. (3) Write a macroscopical description of the drug. (4) Write a micro- 140 PHARMACOGNOSY. scopical description of it. (5) What micro=chemical test is there for the valuation of strophantus? (6) What is its active principle? (7) What characteristic reaction does it give? (8) Where, and in what part of the drug is this principle localized? (9) Name an adulterant for strophan- tus and tell how you would determine its presence in the official article. (1) The dried, ripe seeds of Strophantus kombe, or of Strophanthus hispidus (Fam. Apocynaceae), deprived of their long awns. (2) East Africa. (3) Lance-ovoid, flattened and obtusely edged; externally of light fawn-color tinged with green, silky lustrous from a dense covering of appressed hairs (S. kombe) ; or brownish, nearly smooth and slightly hairy (S. hispidus), bearing on one side a ridge running from the center to the summit ; frac- ture short and soft, the fractured surface whitish and oily; odor heavy upon crushing and moistening; taste extremely bitter. (4) In microscopic sections, Strophanthus kombe exhibits a seed coat of several layers of somewhat collapsed, thin- walled cells from the epidermis of which arise numerous more or less bent simple, unicellular hairs, thin-walled except at their base, which is liquified ; in the raphe is found a flbro-vascular bundle having a number of spiral tracheae; endosperm of .from 9-30 rows of more or less polygonal cells containing aleurone grains, fixed oils and strophanthin ; in the center occur two large plano-convex cotyledons, having a distinct epidermal layer, a few fibro-vaseular bundles and numerous parenchyme cells containing aleurone grains, a fixed oil, and occasionally a small amount of strophanthin. (5) Sections of the seed mounted in H 2 S0 4 should become green in their endosperm and occasionally their cotyledonary regions. ( 6 ) Strophanthin ( a glucoside ) . (7) H,S0 4 imparts to it a bright green color. PHARMACOGNOSY. 141 (8) Mainly in the endosperm but occasionally in the coty- ledons. (9) The seeds of Strophanthus gratus. I would recognize it by its spindle-shaped outline, its light yellow to orange- brown color, its very few hairs, and by the cells of its endo- sperm, when treated in section on a slide with H 2 S0 4 becom- ing reddish, changing later to violet. In what kind of containers should the following be kept; give your reasons, and also state how long they should be kept and under what conditions: (i) Digitalis, (2) Ergot, (3) Taraxacum, (4) Green ginger, (5) powdered orris root, (6) Cantharides, (7) Ground flaxseed, (8) Cascara Sagrada, (9) Coriander, (10) Berberis? (1) In tight tin cans or wide-mouthed bottles protected from light on account of tendency to deteriorate. The drug should not be kept longer than a year unless there is evidence to show that it has been properly selected and dried prior to its appearance in the store. If this is the case it can be kept indefinitely. (2) Protected from light in tightly-closed containers to which a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride are added from time to time to prevent attacks by insects. The drug deteriorates wtih age, especially when powdered, and should not be kept longer than a year unless the oil is at first extracted. (3) In tightly-closed containers, to which a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride should be added, from time to time, to prevent the development of insects. Taraxa- cum is greatly susceptible to both mold and insect develop- ment. It should be kept in a well-dried condition in tight containers on account of the ubiquity of the mold spores, which germinate rapidly under the influence of moisture and warmth, producing hyphae which penetrate the tissues of the drug secreting ferments which cause its deterioration. May be kept several years under above conditions. 142 PHARMACOGNOSY. (4) In tightly-closed containers because the drug contains considerable volatile oil which later becomes changed to an alcohol insoluble rosin, and on account of attacks by insects. It should not be kept longer than a few months. (5) Powdered orris root should be kept in tightly-stoppered bottles, to which a few drops of carbon tetrachloride are added, from time to time, to prevent the development of in- sects, which cause deterioration. May be kept indefinitely. (6, 7, 8, 9, 10) In air-tight containers to which a few drops of chloroform are added, from time to time, to prevent the development of insects, which cause deterioration of these drugs. So preserved, they may be kept indefinitely. Give the Latin name and botanical origin of the follow- ing: (i) Yellow Jasmine, (2) Stavesacre, (3) Couch=grass, (4) Sweet Flag, (5) Bloodroot, (6) Saw Palmetto, (7) Bitter Apple, (8) Henbane, (9) German Chamomille, (10) Roman Chamomille. (1) Gelsemium. Gelsemium sempervirens. (2) Staphisagria. Delphinium staphisagria. (3) Triticum. Agropyron repens. (4) Calamus. Acorus calamus. (5) Sanguinaria. Sanguinaria canadensis. (6) Sabal. Serenoa serrulata. (7) Colocynthis. Citrullus colocynthis. (8) Hyoscyamus. Hyoscyamus niger. (9) Matricaria. Matricaria Chamomilla. (10) Anthemis. Anthemia nobilis. RHUBARB. (1) Give the U. S. P. definition of rhubarb. (2) Describe the plants yielding it and state where they grow. (3) How is the drug prepared for market and what are the principal commercial varieties? (4) Write a macroscop- ical description of the drug. (5) Give the characteristics of inferior rhubarb. (6) Give the important constituents PHARMACOGNOSY. 143 of rhubarb. (7) State how these constituents are related to each other. (8) How does English or Austrian rhubarb differ from the official drug? (9) What are some of the adulterants of powdered rhubarb? (1) The rhizomes and roots of Rheum officinale, Kheum palmatum, and the variety tanguticum (Fam. Polygonaceae), and probably other species of Rheum grown in China and Thibet, deprived of most of the bark tissues and carefully dried. (2) Rheum officinale of southern China is a perennial herb whose underground portion consists of a vertical fleshy rhi- zome bearing a number of fleshy roots. The rhizome gives rise to an above-ground stem which bears a long-petioled, cor- date or orbicular leaves below, having the petiole channeled on the upper surface. Upon the upper portion of this stem is borne the paniculate inflorescence. Rheum palmatum of northern China is similar in many respects to Rheum officinale but differs from it mainly by having deeply lobed or incised leaves. Rheum palmatum var. tanguticum resembles R. palmatum but exhibits a deeper lobing of the leaf-blades. All of these plants are about twice the size of our garden rhubarb. (3) The rhizomes and roots are collected in autumn from 8 to 10-year-old plants; most of the bark tissues are re- moved. They are then dried by the sun or by artificial heat. Occasionally the rhizomes are perforated and strung on ropes to facilitate drying. The principal commercial varieties are known as Canton rhubarb, Chinese rhubarb and Shensi rhubarb. (4) In subcylindrical, barrel-shaped, plano-convex, conical or irregularly formed pieces, occasionally with perforations; hard and moderately heavy; outer surfaces yellowish brown, mottled with alternating, longitudinal striae of grayish white parenehyme and reddish or reddish-brown medullary rays; small stellate groups of fibro-vascular tissue and occasionally reddish brown cork patches, smooth and sometimes covered 144 PHARMACOGNOSY. with a brownish yellow powder; fracture uneven and gran- ular, the fractured surfaces presenting a marbled appear- ance ; odor characteristic ; taste slightly bitter and astringent, gritty when chewed and tingeing the saliva yellow. (5) Inferior rhubarb consists of specimens which are either comparatively light in weight or show a hollow or dark cen- tral area; the latter constitute what is known as "black- hearted" rhubarb. (6) Chrysophanic acid, emodin, rhein. (7) These constituents are exidation products of a gluco- side or undetermined substance which yields successively chrysophanic acid (di-oxy-methyl-anthraquinone), emodin (tri-oxy-methyl-anthraquinone), and rhein (tetra-oxy-methyl- anthraquinone). (8) English or Austrian rhubarb is yielded by Rheum rhaponticum. It differs from the official drug by its frac- tured surface being distinctly radiate and by containing be- sides chrysophanic acid, a constituent called rhapontin. (9) Exhausted drug, wheat middlings, turmeric. BENZOIN. (a) Give the U. S. P. synonym, (b) How is the commer- cial article obtained? (c) What is the origin of it in the tree, (d) Why does the commercial product vary to some extent? (e) What are the two principal commercial vari- eties? (f) How do these differ in appearance and chem= ical constitution? (g) How would you prepare benzoic acid from the resin, and how does it differ from the acid made synthetically? (a) Gum Benjamin. (b) By making incisions in the bark of Styrax benzoin and probably other species of Styrax. (c) Apparenty as a pathological product due to an injury of the trees as a result of incising the bark. (d) Becaused it is obtained from trees of different ages. The youngest trees yield the best product. PHARMACOGNOSY. 145 (e) Sumatra and Siam benzoin. (f) Sumatra benzoin appears on the market in irregular masses composed of yellowish or reddish brown tears of dif- ferent sizes and a reddish brown and translucent or grayish brown and opaque matrix, while Siam benzoin appears in the form of yellowish brown or rust-brown pebble-like tears of variable size. Sumatra benzoin contains cinnamic acid and 0.1 to 1% of vanillin, while Siam benzoin does not contain cinnamic acid and contains 0.15 to 1.5% of vanillin. (g) By sublimation. It has a more pleasant odor. CARDAMON. (i) Give the U. S. P. definition of the drug. (2) State the countries in which it is grown. From what kind of plants is it obtained? (3) Describe the collection and preparation of the drug for the market. (4) What are the two principal commercial varieties and state two points of difference between them? (5) In what layer of the seeds is the volatile oil contained? (6) Name the active prin= ciple and state the amount present in the seeds and peri= carp. (7) What are Bastard Cardamoms? (8) Is starch present in Cardamomi Semen? If so, in what cells is it located? (1) The dried seeds of Elettaria cardamomum (Fam. Zin- giberaeeae), recently removed from the capsules. (2) Indo-China and Ceylon. From wild plants. (3) The capsules are gathered in autumn either by cutting the full-grown fruits from the rachis as they ripen or by re- moving the entire spike, when some of the fruits have ma- tured. They are bleached by exposure to the sun or by sulphurous acid fumes. (4) Malabar and Mysore Cardamon. The capsules of Mal- abar Cardamon are for the most part broadly ellipsoidal and contain 15 to 18 seeds, while those of Mysore Cardamon are generally ovoid and contain 9 to 12 seeds. (5) In the oil cell layer, which is the third layer of cells 10 146 PHARMACOGNOSY. passing inward from the arillus. It lies between the pigment layer and the layer of stone cells. (6) Volatile oil, 4 to 5% in seeds; about 0.2% in pericarp. (7) Bastard Cardamons are inferior fruits obtained from one or more species of Amomum. (8) Yes. In the cells of the perisperm and endosperm. ERGOTA. (i) Give the U. S. P. definition of the drug. (2) Describe its macroscopic characteristics. (3) Give the life history of Claviceps purpurea. (4) What countries supply most of the drug? (5) Name its most important constituents. (1) The carefully dried sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea (Fam. Hypocreaceae), replacing the grains of rye, Secale cereale (Fam. Graminese), without the presence or admixture of more than 5% of seeds, fruits, or other foreign matter. (2) A cylindraceous, somewhat obscurely three-angled and curved sclerotium; externally purplish- or brownish-black, longitudinally furrowed ; fracture short, exhibiting a pinkish, reddish- or grayish-white interior ; odor peculiar and disagree- able; taste oily and disagreeable. (3) Through the agency of winds or insects the spores (ascospores or conidia) of this organism are brought to the young ovaries of the rye (Secale cereale). They germinate into long filaments called hyphae, which, becoming entangled to form a mycelium, spread over the ovary, enter it super- ficially, secrete a ferment, and cause decomposition of its tissue and the resultant formation of a yellow mucus sub- stance called honey-dew, which surrounds chains of monili- form reproductive bodies known as conidia. The honey-dew attracts insects, which disseminate the disease to other heads of grain. The mycelial threads penetrate deeper into the ovary and soon form a dense tissue, which gradually consumes the en- tire substance of the ovary and hardens into a purple, some- what curved body called a sclerotium, or official ergot — the resting stage of the fungus, Claviceps. PHARMACOGNOSY. 147 The ergot falls to the ground and in the following spring sprouts, forming several heads. Each head (ascocarp) has imbedded in its surface numerous flask-shaped perithecia from the bases of which asci develop. Within each ascus eight thread-like ascospores are produced, which, upon the rupture of the ascus, are discharged and carried by winds to other fields of grain. (4) Eussia, Spain and Germany. The Eussian drug is considered the best. (5) Ergotoxine and ergotinine. GINGER. (i) Name the important commercial varieties of ginger. (2) What variety does the U. S. P. intend shall be used in making all of the official preparations excepting the oleo= resin? (3) Describe two of the official commercial varieties. (4) Describe the cells in which the active con= stituents are localized. (5) In what manner does ginger deteriorate on keeping, and to what extent can this de= terioration be seen on examining a cross section of the! drug? (6) State what is used to adulterate powdered gin- ger, and give the characteristics of the adulterants; also 1 tell how each may be detected. (7) Name the important constituents of the drug. (1) Jamaica, African, Calcutta, Calicut, Cochin, Japanese. (2) Jamaica. (3) Jamaica Ginger — Ehizomes in horizontal, laterally compressed, digitately-branehed pieces, free from the outer cortical layers; externally pale buff to light brown, longitu- dinally striate, ends of branches with depressed stem scars; fracture short-fibrous, mealy and resinous; internally yellow- ish to light brown, cortex thin, endodermis a narrow yellowish layer enclosing a large central cylinder with numerous groups of closed collateral and concentric fibro-vascular bundles and yellowish secretion sacs containing oil; odor aromatic; taste aromatic and pungent. US PHARMACOGNOSY. African Ginger — Rhizomes with cork partly removed on the flattened sides; externally of a light- to grayish-brown color ; fracture short or short fibrous ; internally lemon-yellow or dark bluish with yellow oil cells and reddish-brown resin cells ; odor strongly aromatic ; taste intensely pungent. (4) The cells in which the active principles are found are known as oil cells. These are irregularly rounded cells as viewed in cross-section and about 2y 2 times as long as broad when examined in longitudinal section. They have suberized walls and contain yellowish or yellowish-brown contents of an oily nature. (5) As the drug ages, the volatile oil in the oil cells be- comes transformed into an orange-red, resinous substance which is insoluble in 95% or absolute alcohol. The extent of deterioration can be readily seen by mounting a thin cross- section of the drug in strong alcohol and examining under a microscope for the relative number of oil cells with undis- solved, highly-colored contents. (6) Exhausted' ginger, wheat middlings, powdered capsi- cum, ground soap bark, ground endocarp of olive. Ginger exhausted by means of water may be detected in the sample by the presence of altered ginger starch grains. Wheat middlings may readily be detected by the presence of "cross cells" with beaded side walls, hairs of beard of the grain with lumen thinner than the walls and characteristic lenticular-shaped wheat starch grains. Powdered capsicum, if present, may be determined by the presence of elongated sclerenchymatous wavy-walled cells of its endocarp. Ground soap bark can be recognized by the presence of characteristic long prisms of calcium oxalate. Ground endocarp of olive, if present, may be detected by its characteristic thick-walled stone cells of numerous shapes. (7) Volatile oil, gingerol (hot pungent principle), two PHARMACOGNOSY. 149 VALERIANA. (i) Give official definition. (2) What country furnishes the best commercial supply? (3) In what cells is the volatile oil found? (4) Name the important constituents of the volatile oil. (1) The dried rhizomes and roots of Valeriana officinalis (Fam. Valerianacese). (2) England. (3) In the suberized secretion cells of the sub-epidermal layer for the most part, but also in a few of the cortical paren- chyme cells near the sub-epidermal layer. (4) Bornyl valerate, formate, acetate, butyrate, borneol, pinene. (1) Name five drugs or foods which contain caffeine. (2) Mention the botanical origin of each. (1) (a) Coffee, (b) tea, (c) guarana, (d) cacao, and (e) cola. (2) (a) Coffea arabica (Fam. Rubiaceae). (b) Thea sinen- sis viridis and Thea sinensis Bohea (Fam. Theaceae). (c) Paullinia Cupana (Fam. Sapindaceae). (d) Theobroma cacao (Fam. Sterculiaceae). (e) Cola acuminata (Fam. Sterculi- aceae). OPIUM. (1) Mention two synonyms for this drug. (2) Describe the plants that yield it. (3) In what countries is the drug cultivated for its milk juice? (4) Give the official defini«= tion of opium. (5) Why should it be collected from un- ripe capsules. (6) For what are mature poppy capsules used in pharmacy? (7) What name is applied to the seeds, and what are their uses? (8) Give a macroscopic description of opium. (9) What are the characteristics of the powdered drug? (10) Name five alkaloids found in the drug. (11) Mention five substances with which opium has been adulterated. (1) Gum Opium, Succus Thebaicus. 150 PHARMACOGNOSY. (2) Annuals, each with thick, branching, yellow root which gives rise above ground to a thick, branching stem which bears in alternate fashion along its course many clasping, oval, dull green, variously lobed and toothed leaves, and upon the summit of each branch a single flower, variously colored (Papaver somniferum) or white or silver- gray (Pap aver somniferum var. album). Each flower consists of two cadu- cous sepals, four petals, numerous stamens, and a nearly globular carpel consisting of a smooth ovary which subtends a radiate stigma. The fruit is a capsule, which dehisces by terminal pores and contains numerous very small reniform seeds. (3) Asia Minor, European Turkey, China, India, and Turkey. (4) The air-dried, milky exudation obtained by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum and its variety album (Fam. Papaveraceae), and yielding, in its normal, moist condition, not less than 9.5% of anhydrous morphine. (5) Because morphine, the most valuable active principle, is present in largest amount during the green (unripe) stage of capsule development. As the capsules ripen the morphine content diminishes, while that of narcotine and codeine in- creases. (6) For making an extract, syrup or decoction, or as a diluent by admixture with powdered opium of a higher mor- phine percentage, in order to bring it within the required limits. (7) Maw Seeds. They are used for their fixed oil, which is employed as a food; in making expressed cake for cattle; in their unexpressed condition as a food for birds. (8) In sjherical or irregular, flattened or plano-convex masses of variable size; externally grayish-brown, covered with remnants of poppy leaves and at times with some fruits of a species of Runiex adhering from the packing; more or less plastic when fresh, becoming hard and brittle on keeping ; internally dark brown, granular, somewhat lustrous; odor characteristic, narcotic ; taste bitter, characteristic. PHARMACOGNOSY. 151 (9) Light brown; KOH or glycerin mounts showing nu- merous brownish masses of protoplasm-like latex ; thick- walled polygonal cells of epidermis of capsule; fragments of epider- mis of Rumex leaves with their elliptical stomata; short, wavy- walled sclerenchyme fibers and spiral tracheae of Rumex fruits. (10) Morphine, codeine, narcotine, narceine, thebaine. (11) Sand, bullets, gum tragacanth, stones, starch. CINCHONA. (i) Give the three official synonyms for this drug. (2) What is its botanical origin and family? (3) State the habitat of plants yielding it. (4) From what countries do we get our commercial supply of the drug? (5) Name five constituents. (6) What is the difference between the; root bark and the stem bark and for what purposes is the root bark employed? (7) What is meant by (a) " mossed bark," (b) "renewed bark," (c) " Tambla bark?" (8) How would you distinguish this drug from red cinchona? (9) What characteristic elements are found in powdered cinchona? (10) To what constituent is the red color of the bark due? (1) Yellow Cinchona, Calisaya Bark, Yellow Peruvian Bark. (2) Cinchona Ledgeriana, Cinchona Calisaya, and hybrids of these with other species of Cinchona (Fam. Rubiaceae). (3) South America. (4) Java, India, Jamaica, Mexico, and the Portuguese pos- sessions of northwest Africa. (5) Quinine, quinidine, quinamine, cinchonine, cinch oni- dine. (6) The root bark is richer in quinine and other alkaloids than the stem bark. It is employed for the extraction of the alkaloids. (7) "Mossed bark" is bark removed from parts of the trunk which were previously covered with moss, leaves, or 152 PHARMACOGNOSY. other materials to shut out the sun's rays and so increase the production of quinine. "Renewed bark" is bark very rich in alkaloids, which de- veloped in areas on the trunk after they were denuded by the stripping off of the virgin bark and subsequently covered. Tainbla or "flat" bark consists of the cork and some of the cortex of the trunk, flattened out and dried under pressure. (8) Externally, Cinchona (if outer bark is present) would show numerous intersecting transverse and longitudinal fis- sures having nearly vertical sides, while Red Cinchona would show only occasionally transverse fissures which would rarely be numerous or much intersected and have their sides sloping. The color of the inner surface of Cinchona would be light cinnamon -brown ; that of Red Cinchona, reddish or orange- brown. Under the microscope very few starch grains would be found in Cinchona, while in Red Cinchona many more and larger ones would be seen. (9) Yellowish, spindle-shaped bast fibers having strongly liquefied, lamellated walls and slit-like, oblique pores, and from 0.3 to 1.35 mm. in length; parenchyme cells with red- dish-brown tannin masses; sphenoidal micro-crystals of cal- cium oxalate. (10) To an oxydase. UMBELLIFEROUS FRUITS. (i) State the kind of fruits common to the Umbelliferae. (2) Give the Latin official names and botanical origin of five of them. (3) How do the fruits of the Anise plant differ from those of the Poison Hemlock? (4) Name the important active principle found in each of five volatile oils obtained from plants of the Umbelliferae. (5) De- scribe the microscopic characteristics of Fennel " Seed." (1) Cremocarps. (2) Anisum — Pimpinella anisum. Carum — Carum carvi. Coriandrum — Coriandrum sativum. Foeniculum — Foenicu- lum vulgare. Petroselinum — Petroselinum sativum. PHARMACOGNOSY. 153 (3) The mericarps of Anisum are usually coherent, while those of the Poison Hemlock are usually separated. Anisum has short, unicellular hairs growing from the epidermis but no coniine is present, while Poison Hemlock fruits are devoid of hairs and contain coniine. In the mesocarp region of the mericarp, Anisum shows two large vittae on the commissural face and 30 to 45 vittae on the dorsal side, while Poison Hem- lock fruits are entirely devoid of vittae. (4) Anethol in oil of anise; carvol in oil of caraway; phel- landrene in oil of fennel ; coriandrol in oil of coriander ; apiol in oil of parsley fruit. (5) In transverse section passing from periphery toward the center one notes the following structures: An epicarp of colorless cells ; a mesocarp of several layers of thin-walled calls followed by several layers of thick-walled, brownish cells, within which region one notes the fibro-vascular bundles sit- uated below the ribs and the vittae between them. On the commissural side occur two vittae, while on the dorsal one a vitta is found between each of the ribs (as many as eight vittae may occur in one mericarp) ; endocarp of a layer of transversely elongated cells; seed coat firmly adherent to the endocarp, and consisting of a layer of broad outer cells and several layers of more or less collapsed cells ; endosperm large and reniform in shape, and consisting of many polygonal cells which are filled with aleurone grains containing rosette aggre- gates of calcium oxalate and a thin protoplasmic layer con- taining fixed oil. The entire section of the mericarp has a pentagonal outline. ACONITUM. (i) State the U. S. P. definition. (2) Describe the plant yielding it and state its habitat. (3) Give the macroscopic characteristics of the drug. (4) Describe its appearance! in transverse section. (5) In what part of the drug are most of its active principles found? (6) Name the active principles. (7) What kind of tubers should be rejected? 154 PHARMACOGNOSY. (8) How is the official article distinguished from Japanese and Indian aconite? (9) How do the active constituents of Japanese and Indian aconite differ from those of Aconi= turn U. S. P? (10) From what countries do we obtain our commercial supplies of aconite. (1) The dried tuberous roots of Aconitum Napellus (Fam. Eanunculaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 5% of stems or other foreign matter, and yielding not less than 0.5% of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Aconite. (2) A perennial herb indigenous to Europe, Asia and west- ern North America. Its underground portion consists of a conical, tapering, tuberous root from which arises an aerial stem bearing palmately-divided leaves and a panicle of irreg- ular blue flowers. The five sepals are the most conspicuous parts of the flower, the posterior upper ones being large and helmet-shaped. The fruit is a follicle containing numerous seeds. (3) Shape — Conical or fusiform. External appearance — Dark brown, smooth or longitudi- nally wrinkled, the summit or crown showing stem scars, a bud, or bud-scale remnants, the surface elsewhere marked at various points by whitish root scars. Fracture — Short, horny or mealy. Internal appearance — Whitish or light brown, exhibiting five- to seven-angled cambium. Odor— Slight. Taste — Sweetish, soon becoming acrid and developing a tingling sensation followed by a sensation of numbness. (4) A transverse section made through the tuberous root near its middle shows a cork region of one or more layers of blackish or brownish cells ; a broad cortex of two regions, viz. : a narrower and a wider zone. The narrow zone consists of from 8 to 15 layers of parenchyme cells, interspersed among which are numerous irregular-shaped characteristic stone cells. Separating this zone from the broader one is an endodermis of a single layer of tangentially elongated endodermal cells. PHARMACOGNOSY. 155 The wider zone consists of about 20 layers of parenchyme cells. Next, a five- to seven-angled cambium, within the angles of which occur collateral fibro-vascular bundles. In the center occurs a broad pith composed of parenchyme cells. The cells of both cortex and pith contain single or two to five compound starch grains and active principles. (5) In the cortex just outside of the angles of the cambium. (6) Aconitine, napelline, aconitic acid. (7) The shrunken, hollow, older tubers. (8) The official aconite is larger than Japanese aconite and smaller than Indian aconite. The starch grains of official aconite are smaller than the Japanese and not gelatinized as is the case with those of the Indian aconite. (9) They differ in respect to the chemical composition of their alkaloids. Japanese aconite contains japaconitine, and Indian aconite, pseudaconitine. (10) England and Germany. How does Jamaica quassia differ from Surinam quassia? Jamaica quassia occurs in commerce usually in raspings, while the Surinam variety occurs usually in small billets. In Jamaica quassia crystals of calcium oxalate are present and the medullary rays are two to five cells wide in transverse section, while in Surinam quassia crystals of calcium oxalate are wanting and the medullary rays are but one to two cells wide in similar section. How does Canadian Hemp rhizome differ from that of Dogbane? Canadian Hemp rhizome is yielded by Apocynum canna- binum ; Dogbane by Apocynum androsaemifolium. Stone cells are absent in the cortex of the former, but present in the cortex of the latter rhizome. How is the bark of Choke Cherry distinguished from that of Wild Black Cherry? Unlike Wild Black Cherry bark, Choke Cherry bark con- tains no stone cells. It is also more astringent and less aro- matic. 156 PHARMACOGNOSY. How would you determine the presence of Rhamnus Californica bark in a sample of Cascara Sagrada? I would look for pieces of bark whose inner margins were distinctly crenate or undulate. Having found these, I would test for anthraquinone derivatives by applying a little potas- sium hydroxide solution to the inner surface of these pieces. Noting a reddish coloration, I would make mounts of trans- verse and tangential-longitudinal sections and examine them under a microscope. If the medullary rays were seen in more or less parallel wavy rows in the transverse sections and appeared 1-7 cells in width in the longitudinal-tangential sec- tions, I would conclude that Rhamnus Californica bark was present. CARBO LIGNI. (i) What is the source of this drug? (2) How is it pre=- pared? (3) Give some tests for distinguishing a good article. (1) The carbonaceous residue of wood of one or more species of Salix, Quercus, Populus or Corylus. (2) By heating the soft wood of either Salix, Quercus, Populus or Corylus species without access of air and collect- ing the carbonaceous residue remaining. (3) If 1 Gm. of charcoal is boiled with 5 Mils, of a solution of one of the alkalies and filtered, the filtrate should be colorless. Upon heating a small amount of charcoal with alcohol and filtering, the filtrate should leave no residue upon evaporation. Incinerate about 1 Gm. of charcoal; not more than 7.5% of ash remains. COPAIBA. (1) What is it and from what is it derived? (2) De= scribe it and state from what countries it is chiefly ob- tained. (3) There are two principal commercial varieties — which of them is esteemed the best, and why? (4) How PHARMACOGNOSY. 157 is Copaiba formed? (5) What is resina copaiba and how is it obtained? Describe it. (6) Mention 5 adulterants for Copaiba. (1) An oleoresin from one or more South American species of Copaiba (Fam. Leguminosae). (2) A pale yellowish to yellowish-brown, more or less trans- parent and viscid liquid, sometimes fluorescent, with a pecu- liar aromatic odor and a persistent, bitter, acrid taste. From Para in Brazil, Maracaibo in Venezuela, and other South American ports. (3) Para copaiba, since it yields the larger amount of vola- tile oil (60 to 90%). (4) By a metamorphosis of the cell walls of the wood paren chyme. (5) The residue left after distilling copaiba. A yellowish or yellowish-brown, brittle resin. (6) Oil of turpentine, Gunjun balsam, castor oil, liquid paraffin, olive oil. ALOES. (1) What commercial varieties of this drug does the) pharmacopoeia recognize? (2) State the botanical origin of each variety. (3) How may the three official varieties of this drug be distinguished? (4) What percentage of Aloes is soluble in cold water and in alcohol? (5) Name the active constituent and state the percent present in the several commercial varieties. (6) How is Aloes prepared for the market? (1) Socotrine, Curasao and Cape Aloes. (2) Aloe Perryi yields Socotrine Aloes. Aloe vera yields Curasao Aloes. Aloe ferox yields Cape Aloes. (3) By powdering the drug and treating it on a white por- celain dish with nitric acid. Nitric acid imparts a yellowish- to reddish-brown color to Socotrine Aloes, a red color to Cu- rasao Aloes, and a greenish color to the Cape variety. (4) 50% of Socotrine Aloes is soluble in cold water. 60% 158 PHARMACOGNOSY. of both Curasao and Cape Aloes is soluble in cold water. Socotrine and Curagao Aloes are soluble in 60% alcohol. Cape Aloes are almost completely soluble in 60% alcohol. (5) Aloin. 4 to 10% in Socotrine Aloes; 10 to 30% in Curasao Aloes, and about 6% in Cape Aloes. (6) The leaves of the Aloe plants are cut transversely and the juice which exudes is either allowed to evaporate spon- taneously or is concentrated by boiling and then poured into gourds, nionkey-skins or boxes. CASCARA SAQRADA. (i) State the official definition of this drug. (2) What is the habitat of the plant yielding it? (3) Write a mac- roscopical description. (4) Write a microscopical descrip= lion. (5) How is it distinguished from Granatum and Northern Prickly Ash? (6) Name its important consti- tuents. (1) The dried bark of the trunk and branches of Rhamnus purshiana (Fam. Rhamnaceae). (2) Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and south- west British Columbia. (3) Flattened or transversely curved pieces or quills; outer surface dark brown to brownish-red, longitudinally ridged, often nearly covered with whitish or grayish lichens, bearing small blackish apothecia, occasionally with mosses; inner surface light yellow, light brown or reddish brown, longitudinally striate, turning red when treated with alkalies ; fracture short, with projections of bast fibers in the phloem; odor distinct ; taste bitter and slightly acrid. (4) Under the microscope, a transverse section of the drug shows an outer yellowish-brown or reddish-brown cork zone consisting of 10 to 15 or more rows of suberized cells; stone cells in cortex in elongated groups of 20 to 50 cells. The walls being very thick and finely lamellated; medullary rays 1 to 4 cells wide, 15 to 25 cells deep, the contents colored red upon the addition of an alkaline solution to the section ; bast PHARMACOGNOSY. 159 fibers in tangentially elongated groups in the inner bark, the walls being thick and strongly liquefied ; crystal fibers around the bast fibers; parenchyma with spheroidal starch grains or with rosette aggregates or prisms of calcium oxalate. (5) When an aqueous solution of an alkali is applied to the inner (cambial) surface of Granatum or Northern Prickly Ash neither of these exhibit a red coloration, as is the case when the inner surface of Cascara Sagrada is so treated. Moreover, in transverse sections as viewed under a microscope, Granatum shows stone cells in cortex much larger and in smaller groups than in Cascara Sagrada. Its phloem region is devoid of bast fibers, while that of Cascara bark shows numerous groups of these. Similar sections of Northern Prickly Ash show numerous secretory cavities containing yellowish oil globules, which are wanting in Cascara Sagrada. (6) Bmodin, isoemodin — a bitter principle. BELLADONNAE FOLIA. (i) Describe the plant yielding it and state its habitat. (2) Give the U. S. P. definition for the drug. (3) Write a macroscopic description of the leaves. (4) What other drugs are sometimes admixed with it and how are they distinguished from each other? (1) A perennial herb with fleshy tapering roots and smooth greenish to purple branching stem which bears alternate, ovate, entire brownish-green leaves and dark purple bell- shaped flowers. Its fruits are purplish-black berries about the size of cherries. Habitat — Europe, Asia Minor, Algeria. (2) The dried leaves and tops of Atropa Belladonna (Fam. Solanaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 10% of its stems or other foreign matter and yielding not less than 0.3% of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Leaves. (3) Leaves usually crumpled, twisted and matted together; when soaked in water and spreads out, the entire ones are broadly ovate with acute summits and entire margins which 160 PHARMACOGNOSY. taper into the long petioles. Their upper surfaces are brown- ish green, the lower ones grayish green. The epidermis is slightly hairy. Odor narcotic and distinct; taste bitter and acrid. (4) Poke and Scopolia leaves. Poke leaves contain raphides of calcium oxalate which are absent in Belladonna, while Belladonna leaves contain deltoid micro-crystals of calcium oxalate which are wanting in Poke leaves. Scopolia leaves possess glandular hairs with a 1-2 celled stalk and a 2-6 celled head, while those of Belladonna are of two types: (a) having a 2-3 celled stalk and a 1-celled secre- ting head; (b) having a 1-celled stalk and a 4-10 celled secre- ting head. Samples of Scopolia leaves invariably contain capsular fruits which are called pyxes. These are nearly enclosed by the calyx tube. Samples of Belladonnae Folia contain glob- ular blackish berries, the calyx in each case being basal and its lobes longer than that of Scopolia. Scopolia leaves are distinguished from Poke leaves in that the former contain micro-crystals of calcium oxalate while the calcium oxalate crystals in the latter are needle-shaped and arranged in raphides. BELLADONNAE RADIX. (i) State the U. S. P. definition for this drug. (2) What is its official synonym? Describe its macroscopic and mi= croscopic characteristics. (4) Name its important medic= inal constituents. (5) What roots should be rejected? (6) Name four drugs which have been admixed with bella= donna root and state how they differ from the genuine article. (1) The dried root of Atropa Belladonna (Fam. Solana- eeae), without the presence or admixture of more than 10% of its stem bases or other foreign matter, and yielding not less than 0.45% of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Root. PHARMACOGNOSY. 161 (2) Deadly Nightshade Eoot. (3) Cylinder-like or somewhat tapering, when in segments, usually split into longitudinal pieces; externally brownish gray, wrinkled longitudinally; fracture nearly smooth, mealy on breaking and exhibiting a puff of dust ; internally whitish, with a distinct cambium zone and yellowish wood wedges; nearly inodorous; taste sweetish, afterwards bitter and strongly acrid. Transverse sections of the root, when examined under the microscope, show the following characteristics: An outer zone of several layers of brownish cork cells beneath which is a cork cambium ; a cortex of parenchyme cells some of which contain spheroidal, plano-convex or polyhedral 2-6 or more compound starch grains and others deltoid micro-crystals of calcium oxalate, the latter filling up the cells in which they are found and giving to them a grayish-black aspect ; a phloem containing no bast fibers; a comparatively broad xylem (wood) region extending to the center, which is composed of numerous radially arranged xylem patches separated by me- dullary rays which are continued into the phloem. Each xylem patch shows several groups of tracheae which are sep- arated from each other and surrounded by wood parenchyme and wood fibers. The wood parenchyme cells and medullary rays contain starch grains or crystals of calcium oxalate sim- ilar in character to cells of the cortex. (4) Hyoscyamine, atropine and scopolamine. (5) Roots that are spongy, shrunken, dark brown and free from starch. (6) Unpeeled Althaea, Phytolacca Root, Scopola Rhizome and Inula Root. Unpeeled Althaea differs by having bast fibers in the phloem, ellipsoidal starch grains, and numerous cells contain- ing mucilage. Phytolacca Root shows bast fibers in the phloem and raphides of calcium oxalate in many of its parenchyme cells. Scopola has characteristic broad reticulate tracheae. Its 11 162 PHARMACOGNOSY. tortuous rhizome and numerous stem scars are sufficient to distinguish it in its nearly entire condition. Inula Root shows neither starch grains nor deltoid micro- crystals of calcium oxalate. Its odor is distinct. THORN APPLE. (i) Give botanical origin and family. (2) What part of the plant is employed in medicine? (3) State the diagnos= tic character of this drug. (4) Name its active consti= tuents. (1) Datura Stramonium and Datura Tatula (Fam. Sola- naceae ) . (2) Leaves. ( 3 ) Its sinuate-dentate margin and non-glandular 2-4 celled hairs, the basal cells being about 0.04 mm. in width and the hairs attaining a length of 0.5 mm. (4) Hyoscyamine, atropine and scopolamine. IPECACUANHA. (1) Name the commercial varieties of this drug recog= nized by the U. S. P. IX. (2) What part of what plants is official? (3) How are the commercial varieties distin= guished from each other? (4) How much foreign matter is permissible in the drug? (5) State the standard of assay. (6) What are the active constituents? (1) Rio and Cartagena Ipecac. (2) The roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha and Cephaelis acuminata. (3) Rio Ipecac is externally dark brown, closely annulated with thickened rings and from 2.4 to 4 mm. thick, while Car- tagena Ipecac is externally grayish brown, shows fewer annu- lations, and is from 4 to 6.5 mm. in thickness. (4) Not more than 5%. (5) Not less than 1.75% of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Ipecac. PHARMACOGNOSY. 163 (6) Emetine, cephaline, psychotrine and ipecacuanhie acid. DIGITALIS. (i) Give its official definition. (2) Describe the plant yielding it. (3) State how the drug should be kept to prevent deterioration. (4) Write a macroscopical and microscopical description of the drug. (5) Mention its important constituents. (6) Name an adulterant for the powdered drug and state how you would determine its presence in a sample sold as powdered digitalis. (1) The carefully dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea (Fam. Scrophulariaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 2% of stems, flowers or other foreign matter. (2) A biennial herb growing to the height of from two to five feet, with a succulent stem bearing alternate ovate-oblong leaves and a raceme of drooping, tubular, irregular, purplish flowers, the corollas of which are spotted on their inner sur- faces. (3) In tightly-closed containers protected from light. (4) Leaves ovate-oblong when entire, but usually more or less broken or matted together; petiole winged; lamina with obtuse or rounded apex and crenate margin; upper surface dark green, wrinkled and minutely hairy, under surface grayish green, hairy, exhibiting a prominent grayish brown, sometimes purplish, midrib from which numerous veins ema- nate toward the margin, near which they unite with one an- other and from which arise other anastomosing veins, giving a distinctly reticulate character to this surface; texture fragile, odor slight, characteristic ; taste strongly bitter. Dorso-ventral sections of the lamina show an upper undu- late epidermis devoid of stomata but possessing numerous uniseriate 2-8 celled non-glandular hairs, some of the cells of which are frequently collapsed and a few glandular hairs with a 1-2 celled stalk and 1-2 celled head; a mesophyll composed of a layer of short palisade cells and chains of rounded, 164 PHARMACOGNOSY. spongy, parenchyme cells separated by intercellular air spaces; a lower epidermis which separates in part upon mounting into two layers and which shows numerous stomata and hairs, the latter of the same character as those found on the upper epidermis but more frequent. Fibro-vascular bundles are noted in transverse oblique and longitudinal views coursing through the mesophyll. Calcium oxalate is en- tirely absent. Chloroplastids are abundant in the cells of the rnesophyll. (5) Digitalin, digitalein, digitoxin, digitonin. (6) Powdered Mullein Leaves. I would mount a small representative portion in water and examine it under a microscope. The presence of candelabra-shaped branching trichomes would indicate Mullein. HYOSCYAMUS. (i) Give the U. S. P. definition of this drug. (2) State its official synonym. (3) How may it be distinguished from belladonna and stramonium? (4) What is the most important histological distinction between it and the. leaves of Hyoscyamus muticus? (5) What is the differ= ence in the constituents of these two drugs? (1) The dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger (Fam. Solanaceae), yielding not less than 0.065% of the alkaloids of Hyoscyamus. (2) Henbane. (3) By its fruit, margin of leaf and crystals. The fruit of Hyoscyamus is a 2-celled pyxis enclosed in a large urn-shaped calyx with five acute teeth, that of Bella- donna being a 2-celled berry while that of Stramonium is a spiny capsule. The leaf margin of Hyoscyamus is coarsely 1-4 toothed or lobed, that of Belladonna is entire, and that of Stramonium is sinuate-dentate. The crystals of calcium oxalate in Hyoscyamus are 4-6 sided, isolated prisms, twin crystals, rosette aggregates and PHARMACOGNOSY. 165 deltoid micro-crystals. Those found in Belladonna are merely of the deltoid micro-crystal type, while those found in Stra- monium are rosette aggregates, deltoid micro-crystals and occasional isolated prisms. (4) The non-glandular hairs of Hyoscyamus niger are un- branehed, while those of Hyoscyamus muticus are branched. (5) Hyoscyamus U. S. P. yields 0.065-0.15% of hyoscya- mine and scopolamine, of which three-fourths is hyoscyamine, while Hyoscyamus muticus (leaves and flowering tops) yields about 1.34% of alkaloids, consisting for the most part of hyoscyamine. HYDRASTIS. (i) Describe the plant yielding the drug. (2) Where does it grow? (3) State its habitat. (4) When should the official parts be collected? (5) State its fracture, internal appearance, and taste. (6) Mention the active principles. (7) What micro=chemical test may be employed to deter= mine the presence of these alkaloids in the crude or pow= dered drug? (1) A perennial herb whose underground portion consists of a short horizontal rhizome bearing many slender roots and whose above-ground portion is represented by a short stalk bearing several palmately-lobed, reniform, long-petioled leaves. The small flowers are borne singly and are greenish white. The fruit is a head of crimson berries. (2) In the rich loamy soil of woodlands, most commonly on the slopes of hills where the ground is well drained. (3) Eastern United States and Canada. (4) In autumn. (5) Fracture short and waxy; internally deep yellow show- ing a radiate wood and central pith (rhizome) or quad- rangular wood and no pith (root) ; taste bitter. (6) Hydrastine (a colorless alkaloid) and berberine (a yellow alkaloid). (7) Under the microscope, when sections of the crude drug 166 PHARMACOGNOSY. or a small portion of the powder are first moistened with water and subsequently treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, acicular crystals or prisms of the sulphates of the alka- loids are visible. COCCUS. (i) State the English official name for the drug. (2) What is its official definition. (3) Describe its macrosco= pic characteristics. (4) Name the important commercial grades and state how they differ from each other. (5) How is the drug collected? (6) What important consti- tuent does it contain and where is this constituent found? (7) From what conutry do we get most of our com- mercial supply? (1) Cochineal. (2) The dried female insect of Coccus cacti (Fam. Cocci- dae), enclosing the young larvae. (3) A bug, somewhat ovate in outline, convex above, con- cave beneath; externally grayish purple or grayish; in the chitinous abdomen lie numerous larvae ; the mature larvae with antennae consisting of eight joints, three pairs of legs, and a beak composed of four thread-like parts which pair off into two coils. The coils are used as a piercing and sucking apparatus. . (4) Silver grain, Black grain, and Granilla. If the insects are dried in the sun, or in an oven at 65° C. for four or five hours, and later in the sun, the waxy sub- stance is not melted and the silver grain is the result. If they are dried at a higher temperature than 106° C, the melting point of the wax on hot iron plates, the black grain is the result. The ' ; ' granilla " variety consists largely of smaller females in which the larvae show but slight development. (5) The young insects are allowed to develop on the cactus (Nopalea cochenillifer) branches until the females are fecun- dated and enlarged, when they are brushed from the branches and gathered. PHARMACOGNOSY. 167 (6) Carminic acid, which, is found in the larvae. (7) Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands. CANTHARIS. (i) Give the two U. S. P. synonyms of this drug. (2) State the official definition. (3) Write a macroscopical description of the drug. (4) What are Chinese Flies and how may they be distinguished from the official article? (5) Distinguish between powdered cantharides and pow= dered Chinese flies. (6) How are the insects gathered and prepared for the market. (7) From what countries do we secure most of our commercial supplies? (8) Which in- sects should be rejected? (1) Spanish Flies; Russian Flies. (2) The dried beetles, Cantharis vesicatoria (Fam. Meloi- deae, Order Coleoptera), yielding not less than 0.6% of can- tharidin. (3) Beetle oblong; of a green or bluish-green metallic luster, changing in parts to a golden green ; head triangular ; mandibles stout and partly concealed; antennae thread-like, of 11 conical joints, the upper ones being black ; eyes small ; prothorax angulate ; legs with five tarsal joints ; wings mem- branous and brownish; elytra or wing-sheaths with two par- allel lines and finely wrinkled; odor strong, disagreeable; taste slight, afterwards acrid. (4) Chinese flies (Mylabris) are coleopterous insects, there- fore beetles, indigenous to the East Indies and China. They are distinguished from the official article by possessing black wing-sheaths with two broad brownish- or golden-yellow bands and at the anterior portion two nearly circular brownish- yellow spots; their heads are jet black, while those of Can- tharis are green. (5) Powdered Spanish flies is grayish brown and shows under the microscope shining green particles and many long- pointed, one-celled hairs. Powdered Chinese flies is dark brown, and microscopic examination reveals the presence of numerous slender, sharp-pointed, blackish hairs. 168 PHARMACOGNOSY. (6) The cantharis beetles feed upon various shrubs of the Oleaceae aud Caprifoliaceae, growing in southern and central Europe. They are gathered by shaking the shrubs or beating them with poles, and collecting the insects upon sheets spread upon the ground. They are then thrown into vessels and killed by means of chloroform or ether, after which they are dried at a temperature not exceeding 40° C. (7) Russia, Austria-Hungary and Spain. (8) Those possessing an ammoniacal odor. CAMPHOR. (i) What is Camphor? Describe it. (2) From what is it derived and how? (3) From what countries is it ob= tained? (4) With what substance has powdered camphor sometimes been adulterated and how could this adulterant be detected? (1) A dextro-rotary ketone [C 10 H 16 O] obtained from Cin- namomum Camphora (Fam. Lauraceae). It occurs in white, translucent masses or granules of a tough consistence and having a penetrating, characteristic odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. (2) The roots and lower portion of the trunk of the cam- phor tree are cut into chips and distilled. The distillate con- sists of a granular, light reddish mass called crude camphor. This is then sublimed and the product resulting is the refined article of the U. S. P. (3) Japan, Formosa and China. To a small extent from Florida and California. (4) Stearic acid. The adulterated article is incompletely soluble in 90% alcohol. PILOCARPUS. (1) What two commercial varieties are recognized by the U. S. P. and what plants yield them? (2) To what family do these plants belong? (3) What parts of these plants constitute the official article? (4) What charac- PHARMACOGNOSY. 169 teristics distinguish the two official varieties? (5) What country yields most of our supply? (6) Name the active medicinal constituent of the drug. (7) How is the drug* assayed and what is the standard of assay? (8) What is the official synonym? (1) Pernanibuco Jaborandi yielded by Pilocarpus Jabo- randi, and Maranham Jaborandi yielded by Pilocarpus micro- phyllus. (2) Eutaceae. (3) The leaflets. (4) Pernanibuco Jaborandi leaflets are elliptical or oblong- lanceolate, 6 to 12 cm. long and 1.5 to 4 cm. broad, while those of the Maranham variety are rhomboidally ovate to ob- ovate, 1.5 to 4 cm. long and 1.5 to 2.5 cm. broad. The sum- mit of the leaflets of the Pernambuco Jaborandi is more or less emarginate, while that of the Maranham variety is deeply emarginate. The texture of the former is coriaceous and its margin entire, while the summit of the latter is membranous and its margin is distinctly revolute. (5) Brazil. (6) Pilocarpine. (7) Chemically. Not less than 0.6% of the alkaloids of pilocarpus. (8) Jaborandi. CARYOPHYLLUS. (1) Give the botanical origin and family of this drug. (2) What part of the clove tree is official? (3) Name three commercial varieties and state the habitat of the plant yielding them. (4) What is the principal adulter* ant for the powder and how may it be detected? (5) What per cent of volatile oil does cloves yield and what is its chief constituent? (6) What is " mother of cloves?" (1) Eugenia aromatica (Jambosa Caryophyllus) ; Family Myrtaceae. 170 PHARMACOGNOSY. (2) The unexpanded flower buds. (3) Penan g, Amboyna and Zanzibar. Molucca Islands. (4) Powdered clove stems. It may be detected by mount- ing representative portions on slides in chloral or KOH solu- tion and examining under a microscope, when the appearance of yellow, thick-walled, nearly isodiametric and irregular stone cells would indicate its presence in the sample examined. (5) 15 to 20%. Eugenol. (6) The fruit of cloves. JALAPA. (i) Give the family of the drug and state what other official drug belongs to this family. (2) What is the char- acter of the root (official part of the plant)? (3) When should the drug be collected? (4) What specific gravity should good tuberous roots have and what should be the internal appearance of tuberous roots that conform to the U. S. P. standards? (5) Name the active constituents and what percentage of these should the drug contain? (6) What is Male Jalap and how does it differ from the official root? (1) Convolvulaceae. Scammoniae Radix. (2) A tuberous root, napiform, pyriform, fusiform or ob- long, large roots often cut into pieces externally more or less wrinkled, dark brown with lighter colored spots and short, transverse ridges; hard and compact; internally dark brown, waxy or mealy ; odor smoky ; taste sweet and acrid. (3) In autumn. (4) Not less than 1.275. Dark brown and marked by sec- ondary, concentric cambium zones. (5) Resins (jalapin and convolvulin). Not less than 7%. (6) Male Jalap is the root of Ipomoea orizabensis. It is spindle-shaped when entire, but occasionally is seen in more or less rectangular pieces. Its resin, jalapin or orizabin, is soluble in ether, while but one resin (jalapin) in the official article is ether-soluble. PHARMACOGNOSY. 171 GENTIANA. (i) Give its official definition. (2) State the geograph= ical sources of the drug and how is it prepared for the market? (3) Describe its physical characteristics. (4) What is its important active constituent? (5) What is Yellow Gentian or American Colombo and how does it differ from the official Gentian? (1) The dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea (Fam. Gentianaceae). (2) Germany, France, Spain and Switzerland. The fleshy rhizomes and roots are washed and occasionally cut into longi- tudinal pieces. They are then dried very slowly and in dry- ing develop a characteristic odor and color. (3) The rhizomes and roots come into the market in nearly cylindrical, frequently branching pieces of variable length; externally yellowish brown, the rhizome portion annulate, the roots longitudinally wrinkled; fracture short and uneven when dry, but tough and flexible when damp ; internally yel- lowish brown with a prominent dark brown cambium zone; odor strong, characteristic; taste slightly sweetish, then per- sistently bitter. (4) Gentiopicrin. (5) The root of Frasera carolinensis. It is of a lighter color, frequently occurs in disks, and contains less gentiopicrin than gentian. Give three characteristics distinguishing Mentha Pip= erita and Mentha Viridis. Mentha Piperita has purplish-green stems, its leaves are petiolate and its taste is aromatic followed by a cooling sensa- tion, the latter due to the menthol present in the volatile oil. Mentha Viridis has purple stems, its leaves are sessile and its taste is aromatic, but not followed by a cooling sensation. Where is calcium oxalate found in Podophyllum? In certain parenchyme cells of its nodes. 172 PHARMACOGNOSY. What has been the main substitute for Spigelia? Ruellia (Tennessee Pink Root) rhizome and roots. State its distinguishing characters. The rhizome of Ruellia is oblique and has the basal portions of aerial shoots usually attached. The bark of its roots is easily detached. Sections of the drug show the presence of stone cells and cystoliths. The rhizome of Spigelia is horizontal and does not usually have the basal portions of aerial shoots attached. The bark of its roots is not easily detached. Sections of Spigelia are devoid of stone cells and cystoliths. ASPIDIUM. (i) State the botanical origin and family of this drug. (2) What parts of the plants are recognized by the phar= macopoeia? (3) What quality distinguishes the freshly= gathered drug? (4) What is the important active prin= ciple? (5) Name a frequent substitute and state how it may be distinguished. (1) Dryopteris Filix-mas and Dryopteris marginalis. Fam. Polypodiaceae. (2) The rhizome and stipes. (3) The green color internally. (4) Filicic acid. (5) The rhizomes and stipes of Osmunda, which occurs in large, thick pieces with coarse, wiry roots, flattened stipes, and are free from chaffy scales. LYCOPODIUM. (1) State its official definition. (2) Describe its mi= croscopic characteristics. (3) How is it collected and prepared for the market? (4) Name its common adulter= ants. (1) The spores of Lycopodium clavatum (Fam. Lycopo- PHARMACOGNOSY. 173 diaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 2% of impurities. (2) Under the microscope, the spores are spherical tetra- hedons from 25 to 40 m. in diameter, the outer wall or exos- porium presents a reticulate appearance, the reticulations being polygonal and formed of straight sides. (3) The sporogonia (fruiting tops) of the plant are shaken and the spores are dislodged from the ripened sporophylls. The extraneous matter is then removed by sieving. (4) Pine pollen and powdered sulphur. ASAFOETIDA. (i) Give its official definition. (2) How is the drug ob= tained? (3) What are its physical characteristics? (4) Name five adulterants and state how they may be de= tected in the official article. (1) The gum resin obtained by incising the rhizomes and roots of Ferula asafoetida and Ferula foetida and of some other species of Ferula (Fam. Umbelliferae), indigenous to Persia and adjacent countries, and yielding not less than 60% (or if powdered 50%) of alcohol-soluble constituents. (2) By incising the rhizomes and roots when the gum-resin exudes ; the latter hardens and is subsequently scraped off. (3) In irregular hard or soft pliable masses, occasionally in a semi-liquid condition, composed of agglutinated tears imbedded in a brown matrix, or in loose ovoid tears, the sur- face sometimes containing streaks of violet, yellowish red or brownish red, and with a few vegetable fragments; the sur- face of the freshly fractured tears is milky-white and opaque, changing gradually on exposure to a pinkish or reddish purple or reddish brown ; on moistening with water the tears assume a milky- white color; odor alliaceous; taste bitter, garlic-like and acrid. (4) Eose-colored marble, galbanum, colophony, ammoniac, foreign resins. 174 PHARMACOGNOSY. Pieces of marble readily dissolve with effervescence in hy- drochloric acid. An emulsion of a sample containing galbanum, when treated with a drop of ammonia water, assumes a bluish fluorescence. A petroleum benzin solution of a sample containing colo- phony will give a bluish-green color upon shaking it with a solution (1 in 20) of copper acetate. If ammoniac be present, an aqueous emulsion is colored red upon the addition of a solution of sodium hypobromite. If foreign resins are present, an alcoholic solution of the sample will become olive-green upon the addition of a solu- tion of ferric chloride. MYRRHA. (i) What is it? (2) How much of the drug is soluble in alcohol? (3) Describe its physical characteristics. (4) How is it obtained? (5) Name the two commercial vari= eties of this drug and state which is considered the better. (6) How would you distinguish the official article from Bdellium? (7) Name the constituents of Myrrh and state which one gives to the drug its characteristic odor. (1) A gum-resin obtained from one or more species of Commiphora (Fam. Burseraceae). (2) Not less than 35%. (3) In rounded or irregular tears or masses, brownish yel- low or reddish brown, and covered with a brownish-yellow dust; fracture waxy, somewhat splintery, translucent on the edges, sometimes marked with nearly white lines; odor bal- samic ; taste aromatic, bitter and acrid. (4) The bark of the Myrrh tree is incised and the gum resin which exudes is of a yellowish color. It soon hardens and turns darker, when it is collected. (5) African or Somali Myrrh and Arabian or Yemen Myrrh. The African variety is considered the better. (6) Unlike Myrrh, Bdellium will not give a purplish color on being treated with nitric acid. PHARMACOGNOSY. 175 (7) A yellowish or yellowish-green volatile oil, resin, gum, and a bitter principle. The volatile oil. PHYSOST1GMA. (i) What is it? (2) Describe its macroscopic charac- teristics. (3) Give two synonyms for the drug. (4) Men- tion its medicinally active constituents. (1) The dried ripe seeds of Physostigma venenosmn (Fam. Leguminosae), yielding not less than 0.15% of the alkaloids of Physostigma. (2) Ellipsoidal, or irregularly oblong, somewhat reniform, anatropous; externally reddish or chocolate brown, smooth, somewhat wrinkled near the brownish-black groove (raphv;), the latter extending nearly the entire length of the convex edge and in which are found frequently the remains of tho white membranous funiculus (ovule stalk), the margins of the seed-coat on both sides of the groove somewhat elevated, of a yellowish-red or brownish-red color, and somewhat thickened ; embryo large, white, with short hypocotyl and two concavo- convex cotyledons ; taste at first starchy, afterwards acrid. (3) Calabar Bean; Ordeal Bean. (4) Physostigmine (eserine), isophysostigmine (eseridine), calabarine. SENNA. (1) What varieties are official? (2) State the botanical origin and habitat of each. (3) Tabulate the differences between the leaflets and pods of each variety. (4) What is American Senna? (5) Mention the active principles of the official article. (1) Alexandria and India Senna. (2) Cassia acutifolia, a wild shrub indigenous to the Nile valley of Egypt, yields Alexandria Senna. Cassia augusti- folia, a cultivated shrub of Arabia and India, yields India Senna. 176 PHARMACOGNOSY. India Senna. Leaflets 2 to 5 cm. long, 6 to 14 mm. broad ; apex more abruptly pointed ; upper surface yel- lowish-green ; under surface pale green; hairs comparatively few; hairs not appressed. Pods elliptical, more or less crescent-shaped ; 4 to 5 cm. long, shrub, indigenous to eastern (3) Alexandria Senna. Leaflets 2 to 3.5 cm. long, 6 to 10 mm. broad ; apex mucronate ; upper surface pale green ; under surface light grayish-green ; hairs compara- tively numerous ; hairs appressed. Pods broadly elliptical, somewhat kidney- shaped ; shorter. (4) Cassia marilandica, a United States and Canada. (5) Cathartic acid, anthraglucosennin and emodin. VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM. (i) Give its U. S. P. definition. (2) What are its mac= roscopic characteristics? (3) How does it differ in micro= scopic details from Viburnum Opulus? (4) What is the habit of the plant that yields it? (5) State its official synonyms. (6) Which bark is considered the best? ( 1 )• The dried bark of Viburnum Prunif olium or of Vibur- num lentago (Fam. Caprifoliaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 5% of wood or other foreign matter. (2) In transversely curved or quilled pieces of variable length; outer surface grayish brown or brownish red (where the cork has scaled off), longitudinally wrinkled; inner sur- face reddish brown, longitudinally striated; fracture short but uneven ; odor slight ; taste astringent and bitter. (3) In microscopic sections Viburnum Prunif olium shows PHARMACOGNOSY. 177 groups of stone cells in the inner cortex, and few bast fibers in phloem. Crystals of calcium oxalate occur mostly in the form of rosette aggregates, occasionally in crystal fibers and monoclinic prisms. Sections of Viburnum Opulus are devoid of stone cells but show small groups of sclerenchyme fibers in the cortex, seldom any bast fibers in the phloem. Crystals of calcium oxalate in the form of monoclinic prisms are entirely absent. Rosette aggregates, however, are numerous. (4) A shrub or small tree having ovate to elliptical, gla- brous, petiolate leaves with serrulate margins, white flowers borne in cymes, and small, oval, bluish-black drupes. (5) Black Haw; Viburnum. (6) The root bark. In what portion of the following seeds is starch found: Colchicum, Nux Vomica and Strophanthus? In the caruncle of Colchicum seed. In the tissues of the pulp which sometimes adheres to the seeds of Nux Vomica. In the endosperm of Strophanthus. 12 MATERIA MEDICA. Define cholagogue. An agent which increases the flow of bile. Name three vegetable cholagogues. Podophyllum, leptandra, euonymus. Name a mineral oholagogue. Calomel. Define galactagogue. An agent which increases the lacteal secretion. Name two galactagogues. Fennel and Goat's Rue. Name and define three official organic drugs having an- thelmintic properties. Spigelia, santoninum and quassia. The dried rhizome and roots of Spigelia marilandica (Fam. Loganiaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 10% of stems or other foreign matter. The inner anhydride or lactone of santonic acid obtained from Artemisia paucinora (Fam. Compositae). The wood of Pierasma excelsa, known commercially as Jamaica Quassia, or of Quassia amara, known commercially as Surinam Quassia (Fam. Simarubaceae). SODIUM BROMIDE. Give (a) its official definition, (b) its purity rubric, (c) its solubility in water and alcohol, (d) its therapeutic prop- erties, (e) its official dose. (a) It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than 98.5% of NaBr. 179 180 MATERIA MEDICA. (b) Same as for (a). (c) One Gm. dissolves in 1.1 Mils, of water and in 16 Mils. of alcohol at 25° C. (d) Motor-depressant. (e) One Gm. (15 grains). Give the botanical name of cardamom and its family. Elettaria repens. Family Zingiberaceae. Where does it grow and what part of the plant is official? It grows in India. The seeds are official. Name the most important constituent of cardamon and its percentage. Its volatile oil, which is present to the extent of 5%. What percentage of seed should good cardamon fruits yield, and what are its medicinal properties? About 74%. It is used as an aromatic. Give the botanical origin and family of buchu. Barosma betulina and Barosma serratifolia. Family Ruta- ceae. Give habitat, height of plants and color of flowers. Cape of Good Hope ; 3 to 4 feet high ; flowers are white. By what ordinary names are they known in commerce? Long buchu and short buchu. Name the leaves with which one variety is often mixed. Long buchu with senna. What are the chief constituents and medicinal proper^ ties of buchu? Volatile oil, resin, and a bitter principle. Buchu is diuretic. What is Levant wormseed? Describe it. The dried flower heads of Artemisia pauciflora. It has the appearance of a granular, yellow-green, shiny powder; taste, bitter-aromatic with a camphoraceous odor. MATERIA MEDICA. 181 Name the active principle and give its solubility in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and solutions of caustic alkalies. Santonin. Sparingly soluble in water. Alcohol, 34 parts ; ether, 78 parts ; chloroform and alkalies very soluble. How is the active principle affected by light? It becomes yellow. What is the dose of Levant wormseed? 15 to 50 grains. What is the dose of the active principle? One to two grains. How would you distinguish Levant from American wormseed? Rubbing the American seed between the fingers causes the small, black seeds to drop out, but simply reduces the Levant to a fine powder. What is goldenseal? The dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis (Fam. Ranunculaceae) without the presence or admixture of more than 2% of stems, leaves or other foreign matter, and yielding not less than 2.5% of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Hydrastis. Give its official Latin name. Hydrastis. Name two alkaloids derived from it and describe them. Hydrastine occurs in white, glistening prisms, permanent in the air, having a bitter taste and alkaline reaction. Berberine: Minute yellow crystals, soluble in 100 parts of water. From which of these alkaloids is an official artificial alkaloid derived and what is its name? Hydrastine. It is used in making Hydrastinine hydro- chloride. 182 MATERIA MEDICA. Give its medicinal properties and use. Hydrastinine hydrochloride is an oxytocic and is used in hemorrhages. Give the medicinal properties of goldenseal and name its official preparations. Alterative and tonic to mucous membranes. Fluidextrac- tum hydrastis, tinctura hydrastis, extractum hydrastis, and glyceritum hydrastis. What is elaterium and from what is it obtained? A substance deposited by the juice of the fruit of Ecbal- lium elaterium. Describe it. Elaterium is a yellowish-white, very fine powder, made by drying the juice of the fruit. Give the medicinal properties and dose. It is a purgative in one-eighth grain doses. What is elaterin and from what is it obtained? A neutral principle obtained from elaterium, a substance deposited by the juice of the fruit of Ecballium elaterium. Give its official Latin name and dose. Elaterinum. Dose, 0.003 Gm. (V 20 grain). Why is it preferred to elaterium? It is uniform in quality and strength and represents the drug activity. What preparation of elaterin is official? Trituratio elaterini. Of what is elaterin composed and what represents its purgative principle? Elaterin consists of a-elaterin and /3-elaterin. The /3 -ela- terin is the purgative principle. MATERIA MEDICA. 183 What is henbane? The dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger. What is its standard of assay? Not less than 0.065% of the alkaloids of Hyoscyamus. Give its official Latin name. Hyoscyamus. What two alkaloidal salts derived from it are official? Scopolamine hydrobromide, Hyoscyamine hydrobromide. Which of them is the most active? The most used? Scopolamine hydrobromide. Give its dose. 0.0003 Gm. OAoogrO. Give the medicinal properties of the salts. Narcotic and sedative. Name the official preparations of henbane. Extractum hyoscyami, fluidextractum hyoscyami, and tinc- tura hyoscyami. Give the official Latin name of wildcherry, and state what part of the plant is official. Prunus virginiana. The bark. Give the botanical name of the plant from which the official product is obtained, also the family to which it belongs. Prunus serotina. Family Rosaceae. Where does it grow and when should the official product be collected? In the United States. Should be gathered in autumn. Briefly describe the official product. In occurs in curved pieces one to two inches long by one- eighth inch thick. Has a reddish-brown color and is brittle. Has a bitter, astringent taste and aromatic odor. 184 MATERIA MEDICA. What takes place when wild cherry bark is macerated in water? The ferment emulsin acts upon the Z-mandelonitrile gluco- side present, splitting it up into hydrocyanic acid, benzalde- hyde and glucose. What is cocoanut? The seed of Cocos nucifera. What important commercial substance does it yield? Cocoanut oil. What is cacao? The roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao. What is it chiefly used for? To make chocolate, grinding the roasted seeds and mixing with sugar. What important official substance is obtained from it? Oleum theobromatis. What is coca? The leaves of Erythroxylon coca and Erythroxylon truxil- lense. State where it grows. In the Andes Mountains of South America. Name its important alkaloid. Cocaine. What is benzoin and from what is it obtained? A balsamic resin from Styrax benzoin and some other species of Styrax (Fam. Styraceae). State how the benzoin is obtained. Incisions are made in the bark and fluid exudes, which later hardens. MATERIA MEDICA. 185 Describe the familiar commercial variety, and name the official preparations into which it enters. Benzoin occurs in blocks or lumps of varying size made up of pebble-like bodies, reddish-brown in color, and about one- quarter inch long and one-eighth inch thick, which are im- bedded in a grayish-brown resinous mass. They are brittle, and the fresh surface is milk-white. Sweet odor and acrid taste, melting with heat. The official preparations are : Adeps benzoinatus, tinctura benzoini, tinctura benzoini composita. What important official chemical is derived from ben= zoin and how? Acidum benzoicum ; by sublimation. By what other method may this chemical be obtained? By treating urine of cattle with lime in excess and adding hydrochloric acid to decompose the lime hippurate formed. Further addition of hydrochloric acid forms benzoic acid. Into what pharmaceutical product does it enter? Tinctura opii comphorata. Where do the plants grow which yield the official ar= tide? In the East Indies. From what is olive oil obtained? The ripe fruit of the olive. Give the habitat and description of the plant. The northern Mediterranean coast and California. The plant is a twenty-foot tree, having lanceolate, opposite leaves, entire and green above, the under surface hoary. The fruit is a one-seeded drupe having an oily flesh and hard seed. How is the oil made? By expressing olives and clarifying the product. 186 MATERIA MEDICA. What is meant by virgin oil? It is the oil first expressed, having greater purity than subsequent oils. What is the usual percentage of oil obtained? 60 to 70 per cent. Describe the official oil and state what product of olive oil is official, and what official preparation is made from this product. A pale yellow or light greenish-yellow oily liquid. Sapo is the official product of olive oil, and is used in linimentum saponis. Into what official plaster does olive=oil enter? Emplastruin Pluinbi. Give tests for the reasonable purity of olive oil. Shake equal volumes of olive oil and nitric acid ; the liquid should not darken, and on standing six hours should form a yellow-white solid mass and an almost colorless liquid. With what is olive oil frequently adulterated? Cotton-seed oil. Give the average single dose of each of the following: Diluted hydrochloric acid M. 15 Tincture of arnica M. 15 Tincture of nux vomica M. 8 Tincture of digitalis M. 8 Tincture of belladonna M. 12 Extract of opium £ gr. Morphia sulphate. & gr. Strychnia sulphate *V gr. i expectorant ^ gr. emetic, by mouth . . • £ gr. emetic, hypodermic, y-j gr. Atropia sulphate r jjj gr. Why should anthemis be collected from cultivated plants? Because cultivation tends to form the so-called double MATERIA MEDIC A. 187 flower — an increase of ray florets which contain more of the aromatic principles. Why should the light spongy and white=coIored nut= galls be rejected for pharmaceutical purposes? Because of the small amount of tannic acid contained. Why should colchicum root (corm) be collected front second year's growth, before the sprouting forth of the fall flowers, from the newly forming corms? It then contains more of the active principle than if the corm were exhausted in the making of new plants. Name five drugs containing anthraquinone derivatives. Rheum, aloe, cascara sagrada, senna, and frangula. What is the therapeutic property of these drugs? Purgatives. State the U. S. P. dose of each. Rheum 1 Gm. (15 grains) Aloe 0.25 Gm. (4 grains) Cascara Sagrada. 1 Gm. ( 15 grains) Senna 4 Gm. (1 drachm) Frangula 1 Gm. ( 15 grains) . Define cathartic. A cathartic is an agent which increases or hastens intestinal evacuation. Name two official cathartic oils and state the average official dose of each. Castor oil, 15 Mils. (4 fluiddrachms) ; croton oil, 0.05 Mil. (1 minim). Define laxative. A laxative is a mild cathartic which excites moderate peri- stalsis, giving soft movements without irritation. Give five examples of laxatives. Magnesium oxide, tamarind, fig, manna, olive oil. 188 MATERIA MEDICA. Mention a hypodermic cathartic. Apocodeine. What are saline cathartics? Cathartics which act by virtue of their power of increasing osmosis in the intestines, causing watery stools. Mention five official saline cathartics. Magnesium sulphate, rochelle salts, solution of citrate of magnesia, sodium sulphate, and sodium phosphate. What are drastic cathartics? Cathartics which produce violent peristalsis, watery stools, griping. Mention five drastic cathartics. Colocynth, gamboge, jalap, scammony and croton oil. Name a cathartic which has a secondary astringent ac- tion. Rheum. Why should belladonna leaves be collected from two- year=old plants? Because the plant is then at its perfection and contains the most alkaloid. Black haw: Give the botanical name, part employed and name the active constituents. Viburnum prunifolium. Bark. Valeric acid and an acrid resin termed viburnin. Jalap: Give botanical name, part employed, and name the active constituents. Exogonium purga. Tuberous root. Convolvulin or jalap- ingin. Lady's slipper: Give botanical name, part employed and name active constituents. Cypripedium hirsutum and Cypripedium parviSorurn. Rhizome and root. Resin and volatile oil. MATERIA MEDICA. 189 Burdock: Give botanical name, part employed and name of active constituents. Arctium lappa and other species. Root. Bitter principle and inulin. Chestnut: Give botanical name, part employed and name of active constituents. Castanea dentata. Leaves. Tannin. Give the Latin title of three organic drugs that are astringent, two that are demulcent. Galla, hamamelis and gambir are astringent. Acacia and althaea are demulcent. From what are the following obtained: (a) Sparteine, (b) emetine, (c) daturine, (d) eserine, (e) thymol. (a) Scoparius. (b) Ipecacuanha, (c) Stramonium, (d) Physostigma. (e) A phenol occurring in the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris and other volatile oils. Give the pharmacopoeial title of five organic acids. Acidum benzoicum, acidum citricum, acidum tartaricum, acidum aceticum, acidum salicylicum. What are glycerites? Name five official. Glycerites are mixtures of medicinal substances with glycerin. Glyceritum acidi tannici, glyceritum boroglycerini, glycer- itum hydrastis, glyceritum phenolis, glyceritum amyli. To what class of substances do each of the following belong: (a) Kino, (b) myrrh, (c) tragacanth, (d) benzoin, (e) storax? (a) Inspissated juice, (b) Gum resin, (c) Gummy exu- date, (d) Balsamic resin, (e) Balsam. Cramp bark: Give (a) Family, (b) Latin national for* ulary name, (c) botanic source, (d) part official, (e) con- stituents, (f) medicinal properties, (g) medicinal uses. (a) Caprifoliacea?. (b) Viburnum Opulus. (c) Viburnum 190 MATERIA MEDICA. opulus var. americanum. (d) The bark, (e) Valeric acid and bitter, resinous principle, viburnin. (f) Nervine, tonic, diur- etic, astringent, (g) Antispasmodic, used in threatened abor- tion, dysmenorrhea and post-puerperal pains, diarrhoea and dysentery. What drug was described as Viburnum Opulus in the U. S. P. viii? Acer Spicatum bark. Give the common name of (a) Fel bovis, (b) gossypium purificatum, (c) humuius, (d) hematoxylon, (e) krameris, (f) mel, (g) sapo mollis, (h) sassafras medulla, (i) cas= tanea, (j) stillingia. (a) Ox-gall, (b) Absorbent cotton, (c) Hops, (d) Log- v.-ood. (e) Rhatany. (f) Clarified honey, (g) Green soap. (h) Sassafras pith, (i) Chestnut, (j) Queen's root. Name two drugs belonging to each of the following families: (a) Umbelliferae, (b) rutaceae, (c) solanaceae, (d) urticaceae, (e) ranunculaceae, (f) rosaceae, (g) labia= tae, (h) euphorbiaceae, (i) coniferae, (j) loganiaceae. (a) Asafcetida. anisum. (b) Limonis cortex, aurantii amari cortex, (c) Belladonna, capsicum, (d) Humuius, cannabis indica. (e) Aconitum, cimicifuga. (f) Rosa gallica, rosa centifolia. (g) Mentha piperita, mentha viridis. (h) Stil- lingia, croton tiglium. (i) Terebinthiua, terebinthina cana- densis, (j) Nux vomica, gelsemium. Give the common names for the following: (a) Rhus glabra, (b) Hyoscyamus, (c) Leptandra, (d) Frangula, (e) Pyroxylinum. (a) Sumach, (b) Henbane, (c) Culver's root, (d) Buck- thorn, (e) Gun-cotton. Give in brief mode of preparation of (a) Oil of pepper- mint, (b) styrax. (a) A volatile oil distilled from the fresh or partly dried MATERIA MEDICA. 191 leaves and flowering tops of peppermint, and rectified by steam distillation. (b) The inner bark is steeped in hot water and the melted balsam is skimmed off and expressed from the bark. Wahoo: Give botanical name, part employed and active constituents. Euonymus atropurpureus. Bark of root. Resin euonymin, euonic acid. Elecampane: Give botanical name, part employed and active constituents. Inula helenium. Root. Acrid resin, volatile oil and helenin. Mandrake: Give botanical name, part employed, and active constituents. Podophyllum peltatum. Rhizome and roots. Picropodo- phyllin, podophyllotoxin, podophyllinic acid, podophylloresin. Gambir: Give botanical name, part employed and ac= tive constituents. Ourouparia gambir. Extract prepared from decoctions of the leaves and twigs. Catechutannic acid, catechin, and cate- chol. Cubeb: Give botanical name, part employed and active constituents. Piper cubeba. Dried, unripe fruit. Volatile oil, resin, cubebin and cubebic acid. Conium: Give botanical name, part employed and active constituents. Conium maculatum. Full-grown, unripe fruit. Coniine, conhydrine, methyl coniine with volatile oil. Define and give example of eacb: (a) Sedative, (b) epispastic, (c) anthelmintic, (d) soporific, (e) hepatic. (a) A remedy that allays activity or excitement. Bella- donna. 192 MATERIA MEBICA. (b) A blistering agent. Sinapis. (c) An agent that expels or destroys worms. Santonin. (d) Soporific is an agent that produces sleep. Opium. (e) Relating to the liver. Hepatic drug is one that acts on the liver direct. Aconite: Give the pharmacopoeial title, part employed and active constituents. Aconitum. The dried, tuberous root. Aconite contains aconitine, picraconitine and aconitic acid. Digitalis: Give the pharmacopoeial title, part employed, names of active constituents, and therapeutic properties. Digitalis. The carefully-dried leaves of the first or second year's growth. Its activity resides in five glucosidal prin- ciples which differ in their solubility — digitalin, digitalein, digitoxin, digitonin, and digitin. Cardiac stimulant and diuretic. What percentage of foreign impurities may these leaves contain and still be official. Not more than 2%. Broom: Give the latin title, part employed and name the active constituents. Scoparius. The dried tops. Active constituents: Spar- teine, a liquid alkaloid, and a glucosidal principle called scoparin. Kino: Give the pharmacopoeial title, part employed and active constituents. Kino. The inspissated juice. Active constituent is kino- tannic acid. Define the following terms: (a) Anodyne, (b) styptic, (c) drastic, (d) hydragogue, (e) hypnotic. (a) An anodyne is a drug that allays pain. (b) A styptic is a drug that arrests hemorrhage when ap- plied locally. MATERIA MEDIC A. 193 (c) A drastic purgative is one that is strongly irritant to the intestines and occasions free transudation from its vessels and almost liquid stools. (d) A hydragogue cathartic removes abundant serum from the intestinal vessels and produces large, watery stools. (e) Hypnotic: This is a drug that produces sleep. What are the active principles of the following drugs: (a) Deadly nightshade, (b) fish berries, (c) quaker but- ton, (d) calabar bean? (a) Belladonna contains atropine, hyoscyamine and bella- donnine. (b) Cocculus indicus contains picrotoxin. (c) Nux vomica contains strychnine, brucine, loganin, and igasuric acid. (d) Physostigma contains physostigmine and calabarine, with a neutral principle physosterin. Give the common names of the following drugs: (a) Caulophyllum, (b) euonymus, (c) Phytolacca, (d) lappa, (e) illicium. (a) Blue cohosh, (b) Wahoo. (c) Poke root, (d) Bur- dock, (e) Star anise. Name (a) an inorganic corrosive acid, (b) an inorganic cauterizing acid, (c) an organic astringent acid, (d) an or= ganic cathartic acid, (e) an inorganic emetic. (a) Hydrochloric acid, (b) Glacial acetic acid, (c) Tan- nic acid, (d) Cathartic acid, (e) Zinc sulphate. What are volatile oils, and give examples. Volatile or essential oils are found in the various parts of the plant. They usually constitute the odorous principles, and they either pre-exist in the plant or are produced by the reaction of certain constituents when brought in contact with water. Volatile oils are sometimes formed through destructive dis- 13 194 MATERIA MEDICA. tillation, as the oil of amber; and they may also be obtained from the animal kingdom, as oil of ambergris. They may be divided into four classes: (1) Terpenes containing carbon and hydrogen, as oil of turpentine. (2) Oxygenated hydrocarbons containing oxygen, as oil of cinnamon. (3) Sulphurated, containing sulphur, as oil of mustard. (4) Nitrogenated, containing hydrocyanic acid, like true oil of bitter almonds. What arc fixed oils? and give examples. Fixed oils are obtained from both the vegetable and animal kingdom. They are greasy to the touch and leave a perma- nent greasy stain on paper. Chemically they are mixtures of olein, palmitin and stearin. Examples are cotton-seed oil, olive oil, linseed oil. Name an official mineral liquid. Liquid petrolatum. From what are the following obtained: (a) Elaterin, (b) daturine, (c) berberine, (d) brucine, (e) chrysarobin? (a) Elaterium. (b) Daturine is the active principle of stramonium, and is a mixture of atropine and hyoscyamine. (c) Berberine. This is an alkaloid found in several drugs, such as calumba, hydrastis and berberis. (d) Brucine is one of the constituents of nux vomica. (e) Chrysarobin is a neutral principle extracted from Goa powder, a substance found deposited in the wood of Voua- capoua araroba. Give the pharmacopoeial title of five official seeds. Pepo, physostigma, sinapis alba, sinapis nigra, nux vomica. Name an acid obtained from a volatile oil. Salicylic acid from oil of wintergreen. MATERIA MEDIC A. 195 What is the official part of the following plants: (a) Petroselinurn sativum, (b) Aspidosperma Quebracho bianco, (c) Zea Mays, (d) Gigartina mamiliosa, (e) Erio= dictyon californicurn? (a) The dried fruit. (b) The dried bark. (c) The starch grains separated from the fruit, (d) The entire seaweed. (e) The dried leaves. Name an official trituration. Trituratio elaterini. Iris: Give common name, part employed and active constituents. Blue flag. Rhizome and roots. It contains an acrid resin termed iridin. Rumex: Give common name, part employed and active constituents. Yellow dock. Root is used. It contains chrysophanic acid arid tannin. Crocus: Give common name, part employed and active principles. Saffron. The stigmas. It contains polychroit, a glucoside which splits into crocin, and glucose. Sanguinaria: Give common name, part employed and! active constituents. Bloodroot. The dried rhizome. It contains sanguinarine, a colorless alkaloid, which yields bright red salts. Cimicifuga: Give the common name, part employed and active constituents. Black cohosh or black snakeroot. Rhizome and roots. Its activity is due to a resin termed cimicifugin or macrotin. 196 MATERIA MEDIC A. Give the source of the following: (a) Strychnine, (b) creosote, (c) iodine, (d) citric acid, (e) tannic acid, (f) oleic acid, (g) oxalic acid, (h) gallic acid. (a) Nux vomica, (b) Beech, wood, (c) Kelp and residue from Chili saltpetre beds, (d) Limes and lemons, (e) Galls or nut-galls, (f) By-product in the manufacture of tallow candles, (g) By acting on cellulose, sugar or starch with nitric acid, (h) Nut-galls. Give the official title of five drugs that contain a vo> latile oil. Cubeba, capsicum, buchu, Valeriana, asafoetida. Ipecac: Give botanical origin, part employed and name the active constituents. Cephaelis ipecacuanha and Cephaelis acuminata. The dried root. Ipecac contains emetine, cephaeline, and psychotrine with ipecacuanhic acid. Rhubarb: Give the botanical name, part employed and name the active constituents. Rheum officinale, Rheum palmatum, and the variety Tan- guticum, with other species grown in China and Thibet. The dried rhizome and roots. Active constituents. Neutral prin- ciples are chrysophanic acid, rhein and rhubarberon; astrin- gent principles are rheotannic acid and rheumic acid. Four resins or cathartic principles: erythroretin, phaeoretin, apo- retin, and emodin. Jaborandi: Give the botanical name, part employed and name the active constituents. Pilocarpus jaborandi and Pilocarpus microphyllus. The leaflets. It contains two alkaloids, pilocarpine and jaborine, with a volatile oil. State the therapeutic property of this drug. Diaphoretic. To what class of substances do each of the following MATERIA MEDICA. 197 belong: (a) Asafoetida, (b) acacia, (c) sparteine, (d) copaiba, (e) storax. (a) Gum resin, (b) Gummy exudate, (c) Alkaloid, (d) Oleoresin. (e) Balsam. Give the pharmacopoeial title of the following: (a) Monkshood, (b) calabar bean, (c) blue flag, (d) thorn- apple, (e) bitter apple. (a) Aconitum. (b) Physostigma. (c) Iris, (d) Stramo- nium, (e) Colocynthis. Give the official title of a drug that belongs to each of the following classes: (a) Alkaloids, (b) gums, (c) oleoresin, (d) resin, (e) gum resin. (a) Strychnina. (b) Tragacantha. (e) Copaiba, (d) Guaiaeum. (e) Myrrha. Give common names of the following: (a) apocynum, (b) jasmine, (c) capsicum, (d) barosma, (e) lobelia. (a) Dog-bane or Canadian hemp, (b) Gelsemium. (c) Cayenne or African pepper, (d) Buchu. (e) Indian tobacco. Give U. S. Pharmacopoeial title of five fruits. Sabal, anisum, foeniculum, cubeba, piper. Name two official preparations containing white wax. Unguentum aquae rosae, ceratum. From what is gum benzoin obtained? Give U. S. Phar= macopoeial preparations into which it enters. A balsamic resin obtained from styrax benzoin and another unidentified species, styraceas. Adeps benzoinatus, tinctura benzoini, tinctura benzoin! composita. Name an official volatile oil obtained by (a) distillation, (b) expression, (c) maceration and subsequent disiil!a= tion, (d) from the fruit. (a) Oleum rosmarini. (b) Oleum aurantii. (e) Oleum amygdalae amarae. (d) Oleum anisi. 198 MATERIA MEDIC A. Name two official preparations of gum opium. Give percentage of morphine contained in each. Opii pulvis ; 10 to 10^ per cent morphine. Opium grauulatum ; 10 to 10i/£ per cent morphine. Name source of (a) Burgundy pitch, (b) cacao butter, (c) sassafras pith, (d) matico leaves, (e) lily of the valley. (a) The prepared resinous exudation of Abies excelsa (U. S. P. 1890). (b) A fixed oil expressed from the roasted seeds of Theo- broma cacao. (c) The dried pith of Sassafras variifolium. (d) The leaves of Piper angustifolium (U. S. P. VIII). (e) The dried rhizome and roots of Convallaria majalis (U. S. P. VIII). ALOE. (i) Give the official and botanical names, habitat, na- tural order and constituents. (2) Name all the commercial varieties. (3) In what form is aloes used in official preparations. (4) From which form is this kind prepared. (5) State medical properties and use. (6) What active principle is obtained from them and which variety yields it most abundantly? (1) Official name of both varieties is now aloe. In 1890 there were two varieties, as follows: Aloe barbadensis, Aloe socotrina. The inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe vera and Aloe Perryi, or of Aloe ferox. Eastern and Southern Curasao, Socotrina and Cape. Other varieties from India and northeastern Africa. Family or order Liliaceae. It contains aloin, emodin, a trace of volatile oil, and resin. (2) Socotrine, Curacao, Natal and Cape. <3) Purified aloes. MATERIA MEDICA. 199 (4) From the official aloe (Curagao, Cape, and Socotrine). (5) It is cathartic and emmenagogue, and used in various laxative pills combined with proper agents to prevent griping. (6) Aloin, named according to variety, thus: Socaloin, from the Socotrine; Barbaloin, from the Barbadoes or Cura- gao; and Nataloin, from the Natal variety. Barbadoes or Curasao aloes yield it most abundantly. ERGOTA. (i) Give the name of the fungus producing it and the plant upon which it grows. (2) Why is this drug used as a haemostatic and upon what organ does it principally act? (3) Why is its indiscriminate sale reprehensible? (1) Sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea (family Hypocrea- cese) replacing the grain of rye, Secale cereale (family Gram- inse). (2) On account of its power to contract unstriped muscular tissue. It acts chiefly upon the uterus. (3) It may be used for criminal purposes. BETULA. (1) State what synthetic chemical is identical with the volatile oil obtained by distillation from the bark. (2) With what other volatile oil is it nearly identical and what is the difference between them? (3) State their medicinal properties. (1) Methyl salicylate. (2) Oil of gaultheria. Oil of betula is optically inactive, while oil of gaultheria is slightly hevogyrate; otherwise they are identically the same. (3) They are used as flavoring agents, and in place of salicylic acid in rheumatism, neuralgia and kindred diseases. Define the following terms, giving an example of each: (1) Diuretic, (2) vesicant, (3) anthelmintic, (4) haemos= 200 MATERIA MEDICA. tatic, (5) anesthetic, (6) sialagogue, (7) emmenagogue, (8) cholagogue, (9) carminative, (10) diaphoretic. (1) A drug that stimulates the secretion of urine. Copaiba. (2) A drug that blisters. Cantharis. (3) A drug that expels or destroys worms. Santonin. (4) A drug that arrests hemorrhage when given internally. Ergota. ( 5 ) A drug that produces a state of unconsciousness. Ether. (6) A drug that increases salivary flow. Pilocarpus. (7) A drug that stimulates the menstrual flow. Aloe. (8) A drug that increases the flow of bile. Euonymus. (9) A drug that expels flatus. Mentha piperita. (10) A drug that produces sweating. Pulvis ipecacuanhas et opii. Name five potassium salts, giving their medicinal prop- erties and doses of each. Potassii iodidum. Alterative. 5 grains. Potassii bitartras. Diuretic. 30 grains. Potassii bicarbonas. Antacid. 15 grains. Potassii bromidum. Depressomotor. 15 grains. Potassii et sodii tartras. Purgative. 2y 2 drachms. CINCHONA. (1) Give the official and botanical names of the two official barks. (2) From whence de we now receive the best quality, and how has our source of supply been to a great extent changed? (3) State the percentage of total alkaloids required by our pharmacopoeia. (4) State the various alkaloids obtained therefrom, and which is of the most importance. (5) Name the preparations of cinchona, stating the variety used in each. (6) What are the medical properties and uses? MATERIA MEDICA. 201 (1) Cinchona. The dried bark of Cinchona ledgeriana, Cinchona calisaya, and of hybrids of these with other species of cinchona. Cinchona rubra. The dried bark of Cinchona succirubra or of its hybrids. (2) From the East Indies. Formerly from Peru and Bo- livia, but owing to crude methods formerly employed in its collection no provisions were made for its future cultivation until recently. (3) It should yield not less than 5% of total cinchona alkaloids. (4) It contains in all twenty alkaloids, only six of which are important, viz. : quinine, quinidine, quinicine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, cinchonicine. Quinine is the most important. (5) From cinchona: Fluidextractum cinchonae, tinetura cinchonae. From red cinchona: Tinetura cinchonae com- posita. (6) It is a febrifuge, tonic, antiseptic and antiperiodie. ACETANILID. (i) State its source and mode of preparation. (2) What are its characteristics? (3) What is its chief medical property, and why should its indiscriminate uses be discouraged? (4) In what class of preparations is it the principal in= gredient? (1) It is the monaeetyl derivative of aniline, and is made by heating a mixture of aniline oil and glacial acetic acid to the boiling-point; the cooled residue is purified by sublima- tion or recrystallization. (2) Colorless, shining, micaceous, crystalline laminae, or a crystalline powder, permanent in the air. (3) It is an antipyretic and a heart depressant, hence should be used with caution. (4) In various popular headache remedies. 202 MATERIA MEDICA. Give the official and common names and parts used of the drugs derived from the following sources, viz.: (i) Gadus Morrhua, (2) Physeter Macrocephalus, (3) Bos Taurus, (4) Sus Scrofa, (5) Ovis Aries. (1) Oleum morrhuae, oleum jecoris aselli. A fixed oil from the fresh livers. (2) Cetaceum, spermaceti. A peculiar concrete, fatty sub- stance obtained from the head. (3) Fel bovis, ox-gall. The fresh bile. (4) Adeps, lard. The prepared internal fat of the ab- domen. (5) Adeps lanae, or wool fat, and Sevum praeparatum, or prepared suet. The former being the purified fat of the wool, the latter the internal fat of the abdomen. DIGESTIVE FERMENTS. (1) Name two digestive ferments. (2) The animal and part of the animal from which each is derived. (3) The kinds of food upon which they act, and the part of the intestinal tract in which this action takes place. (4) What can be prescribed with each to increase its efficiency? (1) Pepsin, pancreatin. (2) Pepsin from the glandular layer of the fresh stomach of the hog (Sus scrofa, var. domesticus). Pancreatin, from the pancreas of warm-blooded animals, usually from the hog or the ox (Bos taurus). (3) Pepsin acts as a proteolytic ferment and acts in the stomach. Pancreatin digests albuminoids and converts starch into sugar, dextrin or maltose, and acts in the intestines. (4) Dilute acids with pepsin, alkalies with pancreatin. DIASTASUM. What is Diastase? A mixture containing amylolitic enzymes obtained from an MATERIA MEDICA. 203 infusion of malt. It converts not less than 50 times its weight of potato starch into sugars. Describe it. A yellowish- white, amorphous powder or in translucent scales; odorless and tasteless. State the kind of food upon which it acts and the prod= ucts resulting. It acts upon starchy food, converting it into dextrin and maltose. State the U. S. P. dose of the drug. 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). FOXGLOVE. (i) Define this drug. (2) When should it be collected? (3) What is its standard of assay? (4) What are its therapeutic properties? (5) What other drugs belong to the same therapeutic group? (6) What is its action on the heart, arteries, kidneys, and blood pressure? (7) In what conditions is it contraindicated? (8) Name its official preparations and state their aver= age doses. (1) The carefully-dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea (Fam. Scrophulariaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 2% of stems, flowers or other foreign matter. (2) Prom plants of the first years' growth or from those of the second years' growth at the commencement of flowering. (3) If made into the official tincture and assayed bio- logically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater than than 0.006 Mil. of tincture, or the equivalent in tincture of 0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body weight of frog. 204 MATERIA MEDICA. (4) Cardiac stimulant and diuretic. (5) Scilla, convallaria, strophanthus, adonis, black helle- bore. (6) It slows the heart, contracts the arteries, increases the functional activity of the kidneys, and raises the blood pres- sure. (7) In arterio-sclerosis, atheroma or aneurism. (8) Fluidextractum Digitalis, 0.05 Mil. (1 minim). In- fusum Digitalis, 4 Mils. (1 fluidrachm). Tinctura Digitalis, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Give the source of the following: (a) Strychnine, (b) creosote, (c) iodine, (d) citric acid, (e) tannic acid, (f) oleic acid, (g) oxalic acid, (h) gallic acid. (a) Nux vomica, (b) Beech wood, (c) Kelp and residue from Chili saltpetre beds, (d) Limes and lemons, (e) Galls or nut-galls, (f) By-product in the manufacture of tallow candles, (g) By acting on cellulose, sugar or starch with nitric acid, (h) Nut-galls. Name the synonyms for each of the following: (a) arnica, (b) bryonia, (c) cascara sagrada, (d) caulophyllum, (e) colchicum, (f) dulcamara, (g) euonymus, (h) grin- delia, (i) pareira, (j) Phytolacca. (a) Leopard's bane, (b) Bryony. (c) Chittem bark, Sacred bark, (d) Blue cohosh, (e) Meadow saffron, (f) Bittersweet, (g) Wahoo. (h) Gum Plant, (i) Pareira brava. (j) Poke root. Give botanical name and part of the plant used of the following: Thoroughwort, wahoo, saffron. Thoroughwort, the dried leaves and flowering tops of Eupa- torium perf oliatum. Wahoo, the dried bark of the root of Euonymus atropur- pureus. Saffron, the stigmas of Crocus sativus. MATERIA MEDICA. 205 Which contains the greater amount of digitalin, the leaves or the seeds of digitalis? Which is official? The seeds contain the most. The leaves are official. How and from what is manna obtained? Manna is the concrete saccharine exudation of Fraxinus ornus, and it is obtained by making transverse incisions in the bark, and the exuding juice is allowed to harden on the tree or on tiles. Name and describe the official products from the class pisces. Oleum morrhuae ; a pale yellow, thin, oily liquid. This is the only official product of this class. To what does cochineal owe its red color? Carminic acid. What important official substance is obtained from bladderwrack? Iodine. LYCOPODIUM. What is it, and from what obtained? What acid is found combined with it? The spores of Lycopodium clavatum. Oleic acid, C 16 H 30 O 2 . What fly found in the United States was formerly recognized by the Pharmacopoeia as a substitute for can= tharides? Cantharis vittata, or potato fly. To what family does the plant from which oil of savin is obtained belong? Name all other official products of this family. Conifers. Oleum juniperi, Oleum terebinthinae, Oleum pini pumilionis, Oleum cadinum. 206 MATERIA MEDICA. OIL OF CAJEPUT. (i) What is its official name? (2) Define it. (3) State its solubility in alcohol. (4) Describe its color, odor and taste. (5) State its therapeutic properties and average dose. (1) Oleum Cajuputi. (2) A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves and twigs of several varieties of Melaleuca Leucadendron, especially the variety Cajeputi and the variety Minor (Fam. Myrtaceae). (3) Soluble in one volume of 80% alcohol. (4) It is colorless or yellowish, has a peculiar camphor- aceous odor, and an aromatic, slightly bitter taste. (5) Stimulant, rubefacient, carminative. 0.5 Mil. (8 min- ims). BITTER APPLE. (1) Give its official Latin title. (2) Name the plant that yields it and state the family to which it belongs. (3) Where does the plant grow and what is its char* acter? (4) What part of the plant is official? (5) What kind of impurities does the Pharmacopoeia fix a limit upon and what is the percentage limit of each of these? (6) Name two official synonyms for the drug. (7) What is its dose? (8) Name its official preparation and state the name of an official pill into which one of these preparations enters. (9) What are its therapeuic properties? (10) Name its important medicinal constituents. (1) Colocynthis. (2) Citrullus Colocynthis. Family Cucurbitaceae. (3) In warm, dry regions of Africa and Asia. It is culti- MATERIA MEDICA. 207 vated in India and in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial, trailing, herbaceous vine. (4) The dried pulp of the fruit. (5) Seeds and epicarp. 5% of seeds and 2% of epicarp. (6) Colocynth Pulp, Colocynth Apple. (7) 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). (8) Extraction Colocynthidis. Pilulae Catharticae Com- positae (from the compound extract into which the extract enters). (9) Drastic purgative, hepatic stimulant, diuretic. (10) An amorphous alkaloid and resin. AGAR. (i) What is it? (2) What is its chief use? (3) State its medicinal property. (4) What is its average dose? (1) The dried mucilaginous substance extracted from Gra- cilaria lichenoides and other marine algae growing along the eastern coast of Asia, particularly several species of Gdidium, or Gloiopeltis (Class Rhodophyceae). (2) In making culture media for the growth of micro- organisms, mainly bacteria and molds. (3) Laxative. (4) 10 Gm. (2 drachms). EMETINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM. (1) What is it? (2) For what is it employed in medicine? (3) State its metric and apothecaries' dose. (4) How is it administered? (1) The hydrochloride of the alkaloid emetine, obtained from ipecac. (2) As an agent against Amoeba histolytica which causes dysentery and Amoeba buccalis which causes pyorrhoea alveolaris. 208 MATERIA MEDICA. (3) Metric., 0.02 6m.; Apothecaries, % grain. (4) Hypodermically. THEOBROMINAE SODIO=SALICYLAS. (i) Of what does it consist? (2) State its purity rubric. (3) What are its therapeutic properties? (4) What are its medicinal uses? (5) State its official dose. (1) Of approximately molecular proportions of sodium theobromine and sodium salicylate. (2) It yields, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, not less than 46.5% of theobromine. (3) Stimulant to secretory epithelium of kidneys. (4) In chronic parenchymatous nephritis and in scanty urinary secretions following surgical operations. (5) 1 Gm. (15 grains). THEOPHYLLINA. (1) What is Theophylline? (2) Where does it occur in nature? (3) What is its chemical name? (4) What are its therapeutic properties? (5) State its average U. S. P. dose. (1) An organic base isomeric with theobromine. (2) In Tea leaves. (3) Dime thy lxanthine. (4) Stimulant, diuretic. (5) 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). ACIDUM PHENYLCINCHONICUM. (1) What is phenylcinchonic acid? (2) Describe its physical characteristics. (3) What is its therapeutic property? (4) For what is it used in medicine? (5) What is its average dose? MATERIA MEDICA. 209 (1) An organic acid, 2-phenyl-quinoline-4 earboxylic acid. (2) A white or yellowish- white micro-crystalline powder or in small, colorless needles ; odorless or possessing an odor re- sembling benzoic acid and a bitter taste. (3) Analgesic. (4) For the relief of gouty or rheumatic pains and to eliminate uric acid. (5) 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Give the Latin official title and average dose of each of the following drugs: (a) dionin, (b) atophan, (c) formin, (d) trional, (e) phenazone. (a) Aethylmorphinae Hydrochloridum, 0.015 Gm. (14 gr.). (b) Acidum Phenylcinchonicum, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). (c) Hexamethylenamina, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). (d) Sulphonethylmethanum, 0.75 Gm. (12 grains). (e) Antipyrina, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). THORN APPLE. Give botanical name, part employed and 'name the active constituents. Datura stramonium and D. Tatula. The dried leaves. It contains daturine, which is a mixture of atropine and hyos- cy amine. Give the official title of a drug that belongs to each of the following classes: (a) gum resin, (b) oleo=resin, (c) gum, (d) balsam, (e) resin. (a) Myrrha. (b) Copaiba, (c) Acacia, (d) Balsamum tolutanum. (e) Guaiacum. What is guarana? A dried paste consisting chiefly of the crushed seeds of Paullinia cupana. What is gelatin? The purified, air-dried product of the hydrolysis of certain 14 210 MATERIA MEDICA. animal tissues, as skin, ligaments and bones, by treatment with boiling water. What is isinglass? The swimming bladder of Acipenser huso, class Pisces. CANNABIS. State common names, part of plants used, therapeutic properties and preparations. How is the fluidextract of this drug assayed? Indian Hemp, Guaza, Ganjah. The dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants. Analgesic. Extract, fluidextract and tincture. Biologically. What is xanthoxylum? Give the medical properties? The dried bark of Xanthoxylum americanum or of Fagara clava-herculis. Sialagogue. alterative and stimulant. CONIUM. Give common name and part used. Poison hemlock. Full-grown but unripe fruit. Give two examples each of stimulant and refrigerant? Stimulant, alcohol and ammonia; refrigerants, water and diluted acids. How would you distinguish uva ursi from buchu leaves? By odor and appearance. Buchu has crenate or serrate margin with oil glands at the base of each tooth, readily seen by holding to the light. Uva ursi has smooth margin and no oil glands. Name two vegetable astringents, giving the parts of the plant used. Quercus. The bark. Rhus glabra. The fruit. MATERIA MED1CA. 211 AURUM. What is it? What preparation of it is used and what are its medicinal properties? Aurum is the Latin name for gold. The preparation used is auri et sodii chloridum. Used as an alterative. HAEMATOXYLON. Give the common name. What acid does it contain? Logwood. Tannic acid. What is naphthalin? What are its medicinal uses? Now official as naphthalenum. Is a hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar and purified by crystallization. Used chiefly as an insecticide ; rarely internally as an intestinal antiseptic. What are the physiological properties of the salts of zinc? They are chiefly astringent. What are demulcents? Name two demulcents. Demulcents are bland substances used to protect mechan- ically the gastro-intestinal tract. Acacia, flaxseed. What is the official name of buckthorn? What is its medicinal use? Frangula. "When fresh, emetic; when old, tonic, purgative and diuretic. Name three emollients. Explain their use. Lard, glycerin, starch. They protect the surface to whieh they are applied from friction and the air. GELSEMIUM. Give common name and part used. Yellow jasmine. Rhizome and roots. 212 MATERIA MEDIGA. CHONDRUS. Where is it obtained? What are its medicinal prop- erties? Atlantic Ocean. Demulcent, nutrient. What alkaloid is obtained from scoparius? Describe it. Sparteine, a colorless liquid. Official as Sparteine sulphas in colorless, rhombokedral crystals or a crystalline powder. Name the official decoctions? Why are decoctions not desirable preparations? All decoctions were dismissed from the Pharmacopceia of 1890. They do not keep well. CETRARIA. What is it? Where is it obtained? For what is it used? It is a lichen. Cetraria islandica. Northern Hemisphere. Used as demulcent and nutrient. Give the common names of guaiacum, colchicum, vera» trum. Lignum vitae, meadow saffron, American hellebore. What are the medicinal properties of cod=liver oil? It is haematinic, tonic, nutrient, demulcent. MAY APPLE, (i) What is the official name? (2) What parts are used? (3) What are the active principles? (4) State the therapeutic properties. (5) Give the Latin official name of the preparations and state the average dose of each. (6) What is the standard of assay for the crude drug? (1) Podophyllum. (2) The dried rhizome and roots. (3) Resin consisting mainly of podophyllotoxin and picro- podophyllin ; also a purgative resin, podophylloresin. MATERIA MEDICA. 213 (4) Cholagogue cathartic. (5) Fluidextractum Podophylli, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims) ; Eesina Podophylli, 0.01 Gm. (y 6 gr.). (6) Not less than 3% of resin. From what is menthol obtained, and what is its use in medicine? A secondary alcohol obtained from the oil of Mentha piperita. It is used as a local remedy in neuralgia and headache. Give the common name and medicinal properties of sanguinaria. Bloodroot. Is alterative, sternutatory, stimulant and emetic. What are haematinics? Name two. Haematinics are drugs or agents which improve the quality and composition of the blood. Iron and manganese. SCILLA. Describe it and give the medical properties. It is the bulb deprived of its dry membranaceous outer scales, cut into thin slices and carefully ,dried, the central portions being rejected. It occurs in irregular, somewhat translucent, yellowish-white or reddish- white segments. It is an expectorant, diuretic, and cardiac stimulant. EUCALYPTUS. What is the common name and what parts are used? Blue gum tree. The dried leaves. How is benzoic acid obtained? From benzoin by sublimation or prepared artificially. Name the official preparations of aconite, lobelia and Iactucarium? Fluidextractum aconiti, fluidextraetum lobeliae, tinctura 214 MATERIA MEDICA. lactucarii, tinctura aconiti, tinctura lobeliae, syrupus lactu- carii. (i) What is gossypium? (2) What plant is it derived from and where does it grow? (3) What parts of the plant are official? (4) How is gossypium purified? (5) What is the soluble form of gossypium called and how is it prepared? (1) The hairs of the seeds from one or more of the culti- vated varieties of Gossypium herbaceum. (2) Gossypium herbaceum. Southern United States. (3) The hairs of the seed and the bark of the root and an oil from the seeds. (4) It is first freed from fatty matter by boiling in weak alkaline solution, rinsing in a weak solution of chlorinated lime to whiten it, dipping in dilute HC1, and then rinsing in water and carding. (5) Pyroxylin, prepared by treating the cotton with nitric and sulphuric acids, and then it is soluble in a mixture of one part alcohol, three parts ether. (1) What is the official hydrastis? (2) Give American name, family and habitat? (3) Give its properties and uses? (4) What official preparations are made from it? (5) What is the drug strength of each? (1) The dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis (Fam. Ranunculaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 2% of the stems, leaves or other foreign matter and yielding not less than 2.5% of the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis. (2) Goldenseal. Ranunculaceae. Eastern United States and Canada. (3) Alterative to mucous membranes, astringent. It is used internally for the treatment of chronic cystitis and dys- MATERIA MEDIC A. 215 pepsia, catarrhs of internal organs, locally in gonorrhoea, leu- corrhcea, gleet, chronic nasal catarrh, fissured nipples, etc. (5) Fluidextractum Hydrastis, 1 Gm. = 1 Mil. Tinctura Hydrastis, 20%. Glyceritum Hydrastis, 1 Gm. = 1 Mil. (i) What is a toxin? (2) What is an antitoxin? (3) Define serum? (4) What is antistreptococci serum used for and what is the dose? (1) By toxin we mean the poisonous principle which is developed as a result of the growth and development of pathogenic micro-organisms. (2) Antitoxin is the principle that develops in an animal which has received toxin in proper proportions, that neutral- izes the poisonous effect of the toxin. (3) By serum we mean the serous or liquid portions of the blood which separates from the coagulum on standing. (4) It is used in septic conditions and certain malignant growths. Dose, 5 to 30 minims injected hypodermatically, usually once daily, until reactionary effect is produced. DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN. (1) What is its Latin official name? (2) Describe it. (3) How should it be kept in the store? (4) By whom is its standard of strength established? (5) What is its average hypodermic and protective dose? (6) What sera only may be sold or dispensed? (1) Serum Antidiphthericum. (2) A fluid, having a potency of not less than 250 antitoxic units per mil., separated from the coagulated blood of the horse, Bquus Caballus (Fam. Equidae), or other large domes- tic animal, which has been properly immunized against diph- theria toxin. 216 MATERIA MEDIC A. (3) In sealed glass containers, in a dark place (refrigera- tor) , at a temperature between 4.5° and 15° C. (4) By the United States Public Health Service. (5) Hypodermic, 10,000 units. Protective, 1000 units. (6) Those that have been prepared and propagated in establishments licensed by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. ANTIDIPHTHERIC GLOBULINS, (i) State its Latin official name. (2) What is it? (3) How is it prepared? (4) Mention two other synonyms for it. (5) What is its standard of strength? (6) State the amount of phenol or cresol it may contain as a preservative. (7) What is its average hypodermic dose? (1) Serum Antidiphthericum Purificatum. (2) A solution in physiological solution of sodium chloride of certain antitoxin substances obtained from the blood serum or plasma of the horse, Equus Caballus (Fam. Equidae), or other large domestic animal, which has been properly immu- nized against diphtheria toxin. (3) The animal is first immunized against diphtheria toxin, then bled and the serum separated from the clot. The anti- toxin-bearing globulins are subsequently separated from the other constituents of the serum and dissolved in water, and sufficient sodium chloride is then added to make a solution containing from 0.6 to 0.9% of the salt. This solution of antitoxin globulins is then standardized, preserved against deterioration by the addition of a germicide and placed in glass syringes or other containers which must be sealed. (4) Diphtheric Antitoxin Globulins; Concentrated Diph- theria Antitoxin. (5) Not less than 250 antitoxic units per mil. (6) Not more than 0.5 per cent. (7) 10,000 units. MATERIA MEDIC A. 217 DRIED DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN. How is it prepared and what is its standard of strength? By the evaporation of either Antidiphtheric Serum or Puri- fied Antidiphtheritic Serum in a vacuum over sulphuric acid or other desiccating agent, or by passing over it a current of warm air freed from bacteria. Not less than 4000 units per gramme. WOOL FAT. (i) Give the Latin official names and synonyms for the two official wool fats. (2) What is the difference between the two? (3) Describe the two preparations. (4) At what temperature do they melt? (5) Wool fats form one of the ingredients of seven important pharmaceutical preparations. Mention some of them and the kind of wool fat employed in each. (1) Adeps lanae, adeps lanae hydrosus. Anhydrous Lano- lin, Lanolin. (2) The hydrous form contains not more than 30% of water added to it. (3) Wool-fat is a light yellowish, tenacious, unctuous mass. Hydrous wool-fat is a yellowish-white or nearly white oint- ment-like mass. (4) They both melt at 40° C. (5) Wool-fat is used in the ceratum plumbi subacetatis; hydrous wool-fat in emplastrum hydrargyri, unguentum belladonnae, unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati, unguentum hydrargyri oxidi fiavi, unguentum hydrargyri oxidi rubri, unguentum stramonii. AMYL NITRITE. (1) Give the official Latin name. (2) What is it chemically and what is its chemical formula? 218 MATERIA MEDICA. (3) Describe it and state how it should be kept. (4) What are its properties and uses? (5) Give the dose for internal use and for inhalations. (1) Amy lis nitris. (2) It contains not less than 80 per cent of amyl (chiefly isoamyl) nitrite (C^H^NO,,). (3) A clear, yellowish, liquid with a peculiar ethereal, fruity odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. It should be kept in hermetically-sealed glass bulbs, or in dark amber-colored, glass-stoppered vials, in a cool and dark place. (4) It is a stimulant, and it is used in asthma, angina pectoris, and similar conditions, both internally and by in- halation. (5) Internally, 3 minims; by inhalation, 5 or 10 minims. State the Latin official name for each of the following: (a) gallotannic acid, (b) dimethyl=ketone, (c) absolute al= cohol, (d) lunar caustic, (e) dermatol, (f) theine, (g) quicklime, (h) macrotys, (i) drop chalk, (j) benne oil. (a) Acidum Tannicum. (b) Acetonum. (c) Alcohol De- hydratum. (d) Argenti Nitras Fusus. (e) Bismuthi Sub- Gallas. (f) Caffeina. (g) Calx, (h) Cimicifuga. (i) Creta Praeparata. (j) Oleum Scsami. CRESOL. (1) What is cresol? (2) Describe it. (3) How should it be kept. (4) What are its medicinal properties and uses? (5) What important official antiseptic and disinfectant fluid is made from it? (6) Under what other commercial name are similar dis= infectants frequently called? (1) A mixture of the three isomeric cresols obtained from wood-tar freed from phenol hydrocarbons and water. MATERIA MEDIC A. 219 (2) A colorless or straw-colored refractive liquid turning yellowish-brown on long exposure to light. It possesses a phenol-like odor. (3) It should be kept in amber-colored bottles protected from light. (4) It is antiseptic and disinfectant, resembling phenol in its medical properties, but owing to its greater insolubility in water it is nearly always employed in combination with alkalies, associated with fatty bodies or soaps. (5) Liquor cresolis compositus. (6) Lysol, creolin, solveol, and solutol. FORMALDEHYDE. (i) In what form is this official in the 9th Revision of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia? (3) How much absolute formaldehyde by weight is it required to contain? (3) What is it the product of? Describe it. (4) What are its medicinal properties and uses? (5) What is it often used for unlawfully? (6) Mention the best known antidote for its poisonous effect? (1) Liquor formaldehydi. (2) Not less than 37%. (3) An oxidation product of methyl alcohol, a clear, color- less liquid. Its vapor acts as an irritant to the mucous mem- branes, pungent odor, caustic taste, neutral or faintly acid reaction. (4) Antiseptic and antiferment; used for disinfecting apartments after contagious diseases. (5) To preserve milk and meat and all foods liable to fer- ment on standing. (6) Solution of ammonium acetate internally. Ammonia by inhalation. 220 MATERIA MEDICA. Give the botanical names of the following drugs: (i) wormwood, (2) pleurisy root, (3) calamus, (4) blue co- hosh, (5) Irish moss, (6) Iceland moss, (7) pumpkin seed, (8) poke root, (9) wild cherry, (10) blackberry. (1) Artemisia absinthium. (2) Asclepias tuberosa. (3) Acorus calamus. (4) Caulophyllum thalictroides. (5) Gi- gartina mamillosa and Chondrus crispus. (6) Cetraria islan- dica. (7) Cucurbita pepo. (8) Phytolacca decandra. (9) Prunus serotina. (10) Eubus villosus, rubus nigrobaccus, or rubus cuneifolius. STROPHANTHUS. (1) Give the names and character of the plants from which it is derived. (2) Give its habitat. (3) Name the official preparation made from it and state its average dose. (4) What part of the plant is used? (5) Give its medicinal properties and uses. (1) The ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe and Strophan- tus hispidus deprived of their long awns. They are woody climbers, and the seeds are sent into the market deprived of the awns, bu A . are sometimes imported in the follicles, which are 20 to 30 Cm. long. (2) Tropical Africa. (3) Tinctura strophanthi, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). (4) The seed. (5) It is a cardiac stimulant and diuretic. Useful in car- diac dyspnoea, valvular heart lesions, cardiac dropsy, endo- carditis, pulmonary oedema from pneumonia, and weak heart. CANTHARIS. (1) State its zoological origin. (2) From what countries is most of the drug obtained? (3) What official preparations are made from the beetles? MATERIA MEDICA. 221 (4) What is the standard of assay for the crude drug? (5) State its therapeutic properties. (1) Cantharis vesicatoria. (2) Spain and Russia. (3) Ceratum cantharidis, collodium cantharidatum, tinc- tura cantharidis. (4) Not less than 0.6% of cantharidin. (5) Diuretic, vesicant, emmenagogue. CAMPHOR. (1) What is camphor? Describe it. (2) From what is it derived and how? (3) From what countries is it obtained? (4) Into what official preparations does it enter? (5) Give the percentage in each. (6) What are its properties and uses, and what is the dose of camphor? (1) The dextrogyrate modification of the saturated ketone from the camphor tree. It occurs in white, translucent masses of a tough consistence and a crystalline structure, penetrating characteristic odor and pungent, aromatic taste. (2) It is prepared from the crude granular camphor by sublimation. (3) Japan and China. (4) Aqua camphorae, 0.8% ; linimentum belladonnae, 5% ; linimentum camphorae, 20% ; spiritus camphorae, 10% ; tr. opii camphorata, .4. (6) It is a stimulant, carminative, and antispasmodic. Dose, 2 grains. ICHTHYOL. (1) What is it? (2) Give its synonym? (3) Describe it. (4) What are its medicinal properties? (5) Give dose for internal use. 222 MATERIA MEDICA. (1) A substance obtained from a brownish, mineral con- taining animal residue of fish, found in Sufeld and Tyrol, purified by distillation and treatment with sulphuric acid. (2) Ammonium icythyol-sulphonate. (3) A thick, brown, tarry liquid with bituminous odor. (4) Antiphlogistic, antiseptic, alterative, and used in skin diseases. (5) 10 to 15 grains. VACCINE VIRUS. (i) What is its Latin pharmacopoeial title? (2) How is it prepared? (3) Give two official synonyms for the drug. (4) What is its therapeutic use? (5) How should it be kept? (1) Virus Vaccinicum. (2) A healthy inspected calf or yearling heifer is placed on an operating table; the ventral surface of the body is shaved and cleansed, and with a curette the skin is scarified in parallel straight lines over the ventral portion of the ab- domen. The stock cowpox virus is then inoculated in the scarified areas. The animal is then released and placed in a propagating room, all possible precautions being taken dur- ing the period of vaccine propagation to avoid the introduc- tion of contaminating bacteria. In from 5 to 7 days numerous characteristic vesicles will have developed on the inoculated areas of the skin of the animal. At this time the animal is taken to the operating table, the field of operation is washed with sterile water and the contents of the vesicles are re- moved with a sterile curette. The animal is then slaughtered, a necropsy made and careful records kept. The contents of the vesicles (cow-pox exudate or vaccine) is handled under aseptic conditions and rubbed up in a mortar or passed through a special grinder, strained to remove coarse particles and made into a smooth emulsion with a glycerin solution. MATERIA MEDICA. 223 This is then subjected to tests and examination to determine its potency and freedom from pathogenic micro-organisms or their toxins, especially tetanus spores or toxin. Permanent records are kept of these tests. If found sufficiently potent and uncontaminated, the product is placed under aseptic conditions, in small, sterile, capillary tubes or upon sterile ivory points, hermetically sealed in sterile glass containers, properly labeled, dated and marketed. (3) Smallpox vaccine ; Jennerian Vaccine. (4) As a prophylactic against smallpox. (5) In a refrigerator at a temperature between 4.5° and 15° C, protected from light. COLCHICUM. (i) Give family and habitat of the plant. (2) What portions of the plant are used for official preparations? (3) Name the official preparations. (4) State when the official parts of the plant should be collected. (5) What portion of the plant represents in most con= centrated form its active principles? (6) Name the active principle and give dose of the same. (7) What are the medicinal properties of colchicum? (1) Liliaceae. Southern and central Europe. (2) The conn and seed. (3) Extractum colchici cormi, fluidextractum colchici sem- inis, tinctura colchici seminis. (4) The corm in early summer. The seed in autumn. (5) The seed. (6) Official as colchicina. Dose, 1 / 120 of a grain. (7) It is used as an alterative, chiefly in gout and rheu- matism. 224 MATERIA MEDICA. NUX VOMICA. (i) What is nux vomica? (2) Describe the seed. (3) Name the active constituents. (4) What percentage of total alkaloids should the dry or powdered extract contain? (5) What amount of total alkaloids should 100 Mils, of the fluidextract contain? (6) What amount in 100 Mils, of tincture? (7) Give the medicinal properties and dose of the pow- dered nux vomica, dry extract, fluidextract and tincture. (1) The dried ripe seed of Strychnos nux- vomica. It should contain not less than 2.5 per cent of the alkaloids of nux vomica. Family, Loganiaceae. (2) Orbicular, nearly flat, 15 to 30 Mm. in diameter, 3 to 5 Mm. thick, externally grayish or greenish gray, the surface covered with short, closely-appressed, satiny hairs, with a slight ridge extending from the center on one side to the edge. Internally whitish-gray, horny and very tough, inodorous; taste intensely bitter. (3) Strychnine, brucine, loganin, igasuric acid. (4) Not less than 15.2% nor more than 16.8%. (5) Not less than 2.37% nor more than 2.63%. (6) Not less than 0.237% nor more than 0.263%. (7) Spinal stimulant and tonic. Dose of drug, 1 grain; extract, 14 grain; fluidextract, 1 minim; tincture, 8 minims. Give the meaning of the following well-known thera- peutic terms and mention one drug, chemical and phar- maceutical product applicable to each class: (1) diapho- retic, (2) anhydrotic, (3) antiseptic, (4) disinfectant, (5) deodorant. (1) Diaphoretic is a drug that produces sweating, as sul- phur, antimony, powder of ipecac and opium. (2) Anhydrotic is a drug that dries up secretions, as bella- donna, potassium iodide, and extract of opium. MATERIA MEDICA. 225 (3) An antiseptic is a drug that acts upon pathogenic micro-organisms, preventing their growth and multiplication, such as quinine, corrosive mercuric chloride, and glycerite of phenol. (4) A disinfectant is a drug that destroys the germs of dis- ease as they exist in the atmosphere, water and discharges, as formaldehyde, phenol, or solution of chlorinated soda. (5) A deodorant is a drug that destroys foul odors, as char- coal, potassium permanganate, and solution of chlorine. OPIUM. (i) What is opium and from what is it obtained? (2) To what family does the plant belong? (3) What is the required morphine strength of moist and powdered opium according to U. S. P.? (4) State the therapeutic properties of opium, its alka= lords and preparations. (5) What is the effect of therapeutic doses on (a) the pupil, (b) the pulse, (c) peristalsis. (1) The air-dried, milky exudation obtained by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum and its variety album (Fam. Papaveraceae), and yielding, in its normal, moist con- dition, not less than 9.5 per cent of anhydrous morphine. (2) Papaveraceae. (3) Moist — not less than 9.5%. Powdered — not less than 10% nor more than 10.5%. (4) Somnifacient, sedative. (5) (a) It contracts the pupil, (b) slows the pulse, (c) diminishes peristalsis. SARSAPARILLA. (1) Give the botanical name of the official varieties. (2) What is the character of the plant from which it is derived? (3) Give the names of the four best known varieties, 15 226 MATERIA MEDICA. and state which of them belong to the mealy and which to the non=meaIy varieties. (4) Which part of the root is directed by the U. S. P. to be rejected? (5) What is the name of the active principle and its effect on the human system? (6) Name the official preparations of sarsaparilla. (1) Sniilax medica, Smilax ornata, and Smilax officinalis. (2) Perennial climber with long, creeping roots. (3) Honduras, Jamaica, and Mexican. Mealy varieties are Honduras and Rio Negro; non-mealy are Mexican and Jamaica. (4) The thick, woody, knotty rhizome, if present, should be removed. (5) A glucoside called parillin. It is an alterative. (6) Fluidextractum sarsaparillae compositum, Fluidex- tractum sarsaparillae. SENEGA. (1) Give the name of the plants from which it is de- rived and the family to which it belongs. (2) Give its habitat. (3) Give the names of the official preparations in which it is used. (4) What are its medicinal properties? (5) What is the name of its active principle, and why is ammonia used in the manufacture of its fluid prepara- tions? (1) The dried root of Polygala senega. Family, Polyga- laceae. (2) United States. (3) Fluidextractum senegae. syrupus senegae, syrupus scillae compositus. (4) Expectorant and stimulant. (5) Senegin and polygalic acid. Liquid preparations are very apt to gelatinize owing to the presence of pectin. This MATERIA MEDIC A. 227 is obviated by using some alkali to dissolve it. Formerly am- monia was used, but in the present Pharmacopoeia solution of potassium hydroxide is advised. Give the Latin titles, botanical names and family of each of the following: (i) male fern, (2) deadly nightshade, (3) sweet flag, (4) marigold, (5) Indian hemp, (6) cayenne pepper, (7) buckthorn, (8) yeilow jasmine, (9) cranesbill, (lo)boneset. (1) Aspidium. Dryopteris filix-mas and Dryopteris mar- ginalis. Family, Polypodiaeese. (2) Belladonnae folia, belladonnae radix. Atropa bella- donna. Family, Solanacese. (3) Calamus. Acorus calamus. Family, Aracese. (4) Calendula. Calendula officinalis. Family, Composite. (5) Cannabis. Cannabis sativa, or its variety indiea. Family, Moracese. (6) Capsicum. Capsicum fastigiatum. Family, Solanaceas. (7) Frangula. Ehamnus frangula. Family, RhamnaceEe. (8) Gelsemium. Gelsemium sempervirens. Family, Lo- ganiacege. ( 9 ) Geranium. Geranium maculatum. Family, Geraniaceaa. (10) Eupatorium. Eupatorium perfoliatum. Family, Com- posite. (1) What two official drugs are derived from the nat- ural order Piperaceae? (2) Give the Latin and the American official title and synonyms of each. (3) Give habitat of each. (4) Give a brief description of each. (5) Give the medicinal properties and uses of each. ' (1) Pepper and cubeb. (2) Piper; pepper; synonym, black pepper. Cubeba; cubebs. (3) Pepper: Cochin China and India. Cubeb: Java, Bor neo and Sumatra. 228 MATERIA MED1CA. (4) Pepper, fruit nearly 4 to 5 Mm. in diameter; exter- nally brownish or grayish black; odor strong, penetrating; taste aromatic and pungent. Cubeb from 10 to 13 Mhl. long, the upper portion globoidal, 4 to 5 Mm. in diameter, con- tracted at the base into a slender stem-like portion about 6 or 8 Mm. long. Blackish gray, internally light brown, smooth, one-seeded, strong aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous odor and taste. (5) Pepper is carminative and condiment. Cubeb is stim- ulant, diuretic and expectorant. Give the Latin title of the following drugs, the part of the plant used, and when they should be collected for medicinal purposes: (i) chestnut, (2) witch=hazel, (3) butternut, (4) lobelia, (5) bloodroot, (6) dandelion, (7) couch grass. (1) Castanea. The leaves. September and October, while leaves are still green. (2) Hamamelis. The leaves, bark and twigs. Collected during early summer. (3) Juglans. The inner bark of root. Collected in the autumn. (4) Lobelia. The leaves and tops. Collected after a por- tion of the capsules have become inflated. (5) Sanguinaria. The dried rhizome. Collected after the death of the foliage. (6) Taraxacum. The dried rhizome and root. Collected in autumn. (7) Triticum. The dried rhizome. Collected in spring. (1) What official drugs are the result of the sting of an insect? (2) What official drugs consist of whole insects? (3) What official drugs consist of substances secreted by the digestive organs of the Mammalia? (4) What official saccharine substance is obtained from a member of the class Mammalia? MATERIA MEDICA. 229 (5) What saccharine substance is secreted by a member of the class Insecta? (1) Galla, acidum gallicum, acidum tannicum. (2) Cantharis, coccus. (3) Pepsinum, pancreatinum, fel bovis. (4) Saccharum lactis. (5) Mel. JALAPA. (1) Give the family of the drug and state what other official crude drug belongs to this family. (2) What is the character of the root (official part of the plant) ? (3) Name the official preparations made therefrom. (4) What menstruum is necessary to extract the medi= cinal properties of this drug? (5) Give the properties and uses, as well as the dose of Jalap. (1) Convolvulacese. Scaminoniae Radix. (2) It is a tuberous root, napiform, pyriform, or oblong, 3 to 8 Cm. long and 1 to 5 Cm. in diameter. The large roots often incised, more or less wrinkled, dark brown, with light- colored spots and short, transverse ridges, internally dark brown, fracture resinous, odor slight but peculiar, taste sweet- ish and acrid. (3) Pulvis jalapas compositus, resina jalapa?. (4) Alcohol. (5) Jalap is a cathartic usually combined with other drugs. Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Give the English name and define each of the following: (1) anthemis, (2) matricaria, (3) crocus, (4) carthamus, (5) cusso, (6) kamala, (7) rhamnus purshiana, (8) fran= gula, (9) aspidium, (10) aspidosperma. (1) Anthemis. The dried flower heads of Anthemis nobilis. (2) Matricaria. The dried flower heads of Matricaria chamomilla. 230 MATERIA MEDICA. (3) Saffron. The stigmas of Crocus sativus. (4) American saffron (safflower). The tubular florets of Carthamus tinctorius. (5) Kousso. The dried panicles of the pistillate flowers of Hagenia abyssinica. (6) Kamala. The glands and hairs from the capsules of Mallotus philippinensis. (7) Cascara sagrada. The dried bark of Rhamnus pursh- iana. (8) Frangula. The dried bark of Rhamnus frangula. (9) Aspidium. The dried rhizome of Dryopteris filix-mas and Dryopteris marginalis. (10) Quebracho. The dried bark of Aspidosperma que- bracho-bianco. Name twenty=eight official drugs derived from animal sources, giving the unabbreviated official Latin names of each. Adeps, adeps benzoinatus, adeps lanae, adeps lanae hy- drosus, sevum praeparatum, gelatinum, pepsinum, cantharis, pancreatinum, suprarenalum siccum, glandulae thyroidum siccum, serum antidiphthericum, moschus, coccus, acidum lacticum, saccharum lactis, fel bovis, cetaceum, oleum mor- rhuae, cera flava, cera alba, hypophysis sicca, virus vaccini- cum, serum antidiphthericum purificatum, serum antidiph- thericum siccum, serum antitetanicum, serum antitetanicum purificatum, serum antitetanicum siccum. Give the Latin name of each of the following drugs and name the active principles of each: (i) yellow jasmine, (2) fish berries, (3) calabar beans, (4) deadly nightshade, (5) monkshood, (6) foxglove, (7) culver's root, (8) nut- galls, (9) senna, (10) willow bark. (1) Gelsemium. It contains gelsemine, gelseminine, and gelseminic acid. (2) Cocculus indicus. It contains menispermine and pic- rotoxin. MATERIA MEDIGA. 231 (3) Physostigma. It contains physostigmine, calabarine, and physosterin. (4) Belladonnae folia, belladonnae radix. They contain atropine, hyoscyamine, and belladonnine. (5) Aconitum. It contains aconitine, picraconitine, aeo- nitic acid. (6) Digitalis. It contains digitalin, digitalein, digitoxin, digitonin, and digitin. (7) Leptandra. It contans leptandrin and resin. (8) Galla. It contains tannic acid and gallic acid. (9) Senna. It contains cathartic acid, anthroglucosennin, emodin, and chrysophanic acid. (10) Salix. It contains salicin. State whether the following active principles are alka- loids, glucosides, neutral or proximate principles; also give rational adult dose of each: (i) gelsemine, (2) picro= toxin, (3) caffeine, (4) physostigmine, (5) digitalin, (6) aconitine, (7) atropine, (8) salicin, (9) sparteine, (10) veratrine. (1) Gelsemine: Alkaloid; dose, 1 / 60 grain. (2) Picrotoxin: Neutral principle; dose, 1 / co grain. (3) Caffeine: Basic proximate principle; dose, 2y 2 grains. (4) Physostigmine: Alkaloid; dose, 1 / fl4 grain. (5) Digitalin: Glucoside; dose, 1 / 10 grain; "German." Pure digitoxin is 1 / 50 grain. (6) Aconitine: Alkaloid; dose, 1 / 400 grain. (7) Atropine: Alkaloid; dose, 1 / 120 grain. (8) Salicin: Glucoside; dose, 15 grains. (9) Sparteine: Alkaloid; dose of sulphate, % grain. (10) Veratrine: A mixture of alkaloids; dose, 1 / 30 grain. From what are the following medicinal substances pre» pared? Give the medical properties of each: (1) codeine, (2) apomorphine, (3) homatropine, (4) acetaniXid, (5) salol. (1) Codeine from opium. Used as a sedative and analgesic. 232 MATERIA MEDICA. (2) Apomorphine is a derivative of morphine. Used as a nauseating expectorant and emetic. (3) Homatropine is prepared by the condensation of tro- pine and mandelic acid. Used as mydriatic. (4) Acetanilid is the monacetyl derivative of aniline. Used as antipyretic and analgesic. (5) Prepared by heating salicylic acid with phenol. Used as intestinal antiseptic and antipyretic. CINNAMON. (i) What varieties of cinnamon are official? (2) Give the official Latin and American names. (3) How would you distinguish them? (4) What variety is the official oil of cinnamon derived from? (5) What variety is used in making (a) tinctura carda= momi composita, tinctura gambir composita, and tinctura lavendulae composita, and what variety is used in making (b) pulvis aromaticus and tinctura cinnamomi? (1) Saigon and Ceylon cinnamon. (2) Cinnamomum saigonicum, cinnamomum zeylanicum. Saigon cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon. (3) In Ceylon cinnamon the outer bark has been removed by scraping, while in Saigon cinnamon it is unscraped. (4) Cassia cinnamon. (5) (a) In all three tinctures the Saigon variety is used, (b) Saigon cinnamon is used in both of these preparations also. GUARANA. (1) What is gu arana? (2) What is its botanical origin and from what country is it obtained? (3) Describe guarana as it is usually met in the market; also state how it is prepared by natives. (4) What is its chief medicinal constituent or active principle? MATERIA MEDICA. 233 (5) What other weIl=known substances contain the same active principle, and what are its medical properties and uses? (1) A dried paste consisting chiefly of the crushed seed. (2) Paullinia cupana. Northern and western Brazil. (3) Usually in cylindrical sticks, dark reddish brown, frac- ture uneven, showing numerous coarse fragments of seeds, odor slight, taste astringent, somewhat smoky and pleasantly bitter, then sweetish. The seeds are roasted, then broken, kneaded with water into a pasty mass, then formed into cakes and dried by artificial and solar heat. (4) Caffeine. (5) Coffee, tea, mate, kola, and cacao bean. It is a nerve stimulant and diuretic. NATURAL OLEORESINS. (1) Name two natural oleoresins. (2) What useful and weIl=known volatile oil is obtained from one of them? (3) How is this oil directed to be rectified for internal use by the U. S. P.? (4) What official product is obtained from the same oleoresin? (1) Copaiba, Terebinthina. (2) Oleum terebinthinae. (3) By distillation mixed with solution of sodium hydroxide. (4) Resina. OLEORESINS. (1) How many manufactured oleoresins are official? (2) Name them. (3) Give the official method of manufacture and the menstruum in each case. (4) Name the one extensively used as a remedy for tapeworm and give the adult dose of the same. (5) State which of them is used as an expectorant remedy and is an ingredient in one of the official troches; 234 MATERIA MEDICA. also name the one known as a valuable counter=irritant and forming part of one of the official plasters. (1) Six. (2) Oleoresina aspidii, oleoresina eapsici, oleoresina cu- bebae, oleoresina petroselini, oleoresina piperis, oleoresina zingiberis. (3) They are all prepared by percolation until exhausted. They are all percolated with ether except cubeb, for which alcohol is used. (4) Oleoresin of aspidium. Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). (5) The expectorant is oleoresin of cubeb; also used in troches of cubeb. Counter-irritant is oleoresin of capsicum, and used in capsicum plaster. Give the meaning or definition of the following terms applied to the action of certain drugs and mention one drug belonging to each class: (i) analgesic, (2) antispas» modic, (3) mydriatic, (4) myotic, (5) sternutatory, (6) diaphoretic, (7) galactagogue, (8) pustulant, (9) aphro= disiac, (10) anaphrodisiac. (1) Analgesic is a drug that allays pain, as acetanilid. (2) Antispasmodic is a drug that allays irregular action of the voluntary and involuntary muscles by a calmative in- fluence upon the nervous system, such as valerian. (3) Mydriatic is a drug that dilates the pupil of the eye, as atropine. (4) Myotic is a drug that contracts the pupil of the eye, as physostigmine. (5) Sternutatory is a drug that irritates the nasal mucous membrane, causing sneezing, as quillaja. (6) Diaphoretic is a drug that produces perspiration, as pilocarpus. (7) Galactagogue is a drug that increases the mammary secretion, as pilocarpus. (8) Pustulant is a drug that produces pustules on the skin, as croton oil. MATERIA MEDICA. 235 (9) Aphrodisiac is a drug that stimulates the sexual de- sire as phosphorus. (10) Anaphrodisiae is one that diminishes the sexual de- sire, as bromides. MEL. (i) Give the official American name and its specific gravity. (2) What is it the product of? (3) What is mel despumatum and how is it prepared? (4) What is mel rosae and how is it prepared? (5) How would you ascertain the presence of glucose in the first two products? (1) Honey. Specific gravity, 1.370. (2) A saccharine secretion deposited in the honeycomb by the bee, Apis mellifera. (3) Mel despumatum, now official as mel depuratum, is prepared by heating honey mixed with paper-pulp over a water-bath, removing the scum and straining, then adding 5% of its weight of glycerin as a preservative. This is known as clarified honey. (4) This is a mixture of clarified honey and fluidextract of rose by simple admixture. (5) If 2 C.c. of filtered solution of honey (1 in 4) be placed in a test-tube 1 Cm. in diameter, and 1 C.c. of abso- lute alcohol be allowed to go down the walls of the tube held in an inclined position so as to form an overlying layer, this should remain clear and the line of contact should not show more than barely noticeable opalescence, which soon disap- pears ; a permanent milky zone should not be produced. State which of the following active principles are alka= loid, neutral principles, proximate principles, or gluco- sides; also mention the plants from which they are de= rived: (1) codeine, (2) hydrastine, (3) hyoscine, (4) aloin, (5) ooniine. Which of them is a liquid alkaloid? 236 MATERIA MEDICA. (1) Codeine, an alkaloid from opium. (2) Hydrastine, an alkaloid from hydrastis. (3) Hyoscine is an alkaloid and a derivative of hyoscya- mine found in hyoscyamus. (4) Aloin is a neutral principle from aloes. (5) Coniine is an alkaloid from conium. This is a liquid alkaloid. Name six important liquid alkaloids and the drug from which they are derived. State which of these drugs or alkaloids are official. Sparteine from seoparius. The alkaloid in the form of the sulphate is alone official. Lobeline from lobelia. Lobelia being official. Nicotine from tobacco. Neither official. Coniine from conium. Neither official. Hygrine from coca. Neither official. Pilocarpine from pilocarpus. The hydrochloride and nitrate of the alkaloid are official. In the study of Materia Medica: (i) What is the use of the official title of a drug? (2) In addition to the official Latin title or name, how many other names may the official drug have? (3) What is the purpose of more than one name? (4) Give the several names and titles applied to Sabal in the U. S. P.; also its family. (5) Give the medical properties and uses. (1) This is the Latin name and is thoroughly descriptive, and is to be used in designating the drug where precision is required, as in writing prescriptions, labeling store furni- ture, specimens, etc. (2) An English name, a synonym or common name may be present, a botanical name in case of vegetable substances, and the symbolic formulas in the case of chemicals. (3) Each name has its distinctive use or field, as the offi- MATERIA MEDICA. 237 eial name in scientific work. The English name in the com- mercial transaction and the synonym by the laity in ordinary conversation. (4) Sabal, official and English name. Saw palmetto, syn- onym. Serenoa serrulata, botanical name. Family, Palmse. (5) It is used as a diuretic and tonic. ACACIA. (i) What is acacia derived from? (2) Describe it. (3) Is the reaction of the aqueous solution acid, alkaline or neutral? (a) How does solution of acacia react with basic lead acetate, (b) ferric chloride, (c) sodium borate? (4) How would you detect the presence of starch or dextrine in powdered acacia? (5) What official preparations is it a constituent of? (1) A gummy exudation from Acacia Senegal and other species. Family, Leguminosae. (2) In roundish tears of various sizes or broken into an- gular fragments, whitish or yellowish-white, translucent, very brittle, with a glass-like, sometimes iridescent fracture, nearly inodorous, taste insipid and mucilaginous. (3) Acid, (a) Gelatinous precipitate, (b) Same, (c) Same. (4) It is not colored blue by iodine (absence of starch) nor red (absence of dextrin). (5) Mucilago acaciae, syrupus acaciae, pulvis cretae com- positus, mistura glycyrrhizae composita. To what three official roots is the term " snake=root " often applied? Serpentaria, Virginia snake-root; cimicifuga, black snake- root; senega, Seneka snake-root, or rattlesnake-root. What varieties of senna are official? Alexandria and India. 238 MATERIA MEDICA. What is the difference between caffeine and citrated caffeine. Citrated caffeine is a mixture of caffeine and citric acid, the latter making it more soluble. Give the Latin names of black, white and green helle- bore? Black is helleborus niger; white is veratrum album, and green is official under the name veratrum. How do yellow, green and red iodide of mercury differ? Yellow and green are official under the name hydrargyri iodidum flavum (formerly viride), and it is mercurous iodide, whilst red iodide is hydrargyri iodidum rubrum, and is mer- curic iodide. Give the average adult dose of the above mercury salts. Yellow, % grain ; red, 1 / 20 grain. SANTONIN. Give the source and average dose for an adult. Santonin is the inner anhydride or lactone of santonic acid obtained from Artemisia pauciflora. Dose, 1 grain. What is terebene? Give its medicinal properties and dose. A liquid consisting of dipentene and other hydrocarbons obtained by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine, and subsequent rectification with steam. It is a stimulating expectorant. Dose, 4 minims. Medicinal barks are often described as in flat or quilled pieces. What is meant? Flat pieces refer to slab-like pieces almost level or only slightly curved, whilst quilled pieces are those in which the bark is rolled on itself layer after layer and shaped like a goose quill. MATERIA MEDIC A. 239 RESINS. Define resins, gum=resins and oleoresins. Resins are natural or induced, solid or semi-solid exuda- tions from plants, characterized by being insoluble in water, mostly soluble in alcohol, uncrystallizable, and melting at a moderate heat. Gum-resins are natural mixtures of gum and resin. Oleoresins are natural mixtures of oil and resin. What is May=apple root? What is its active principle and dose of its active principle? May-apple root is official as podophyllum, and the resinous substances extracted from the powdered rhizome and roots with alcohol are official as resina podophylli. Dose % grain. What is strophanthus, its medical properties and the dose of the tincture? The ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe or Strophanthus hispidus deprived of their long awns; family, Apocynaceae. Strophanthus is a cardiac stimulant and general sedative. Dose of tincture is 8 minims. Give the source and dose of picrotoxin. A neutral principle obtained from the seed of Anamirta paniculata; family, MenispermaceaB. Dose, 1 / 60 grain. Give the properties and dose of potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate is one of the most powerful oxi- dizing agents known, hence its value as a disinfectant. Chem- ically it is a volumetric test and oxidizer. It has been used as an antidote to morphine poisoning and snake bite. In the latter ease a strong solution should be injected into the parts which were bitten. Dose, 1 grain. What are glycerites and name those official? These are solutions of medicinal substances in glycerin. Glyceritum acidi tannici, glyceritum amyli, glyceritum boroglycerini, glyceritum hydrastis, glyceritum phenolis. 240 MATERIA MEDICA. What are emulsions and name a natural emulsion? Emulsions are liquid preparations in which fats, oils, or oleoresinous substances are suspended in water, usually by the intervention of some gummy or mucilaginous substance. Milk is a natural emulsion. What are enteric medicines? Medicines that act primarily and directly in the intestinal tract and not in the stomach. Give the common name of (a) fructus, (b) radix, (c) semen, (d) folia, (e) flora. (a) Fruit. (b) Root. (c) Seed, (d) Leaves. (e) Flowers. From what are the following acids obtained: (a) acetic, (b) citric, (c) carbolic, (d) lactic, (e) oxalic, (f) tartaric? (a) Ethyl alcohol and destructive distillation of wood. (b) Obtained from limes and lemons, (c) Coal-tar. (d) Milk, (e) Sawdust and cellulose, (f) Argols. STRAMONIUM. Name three official preparations. Extractum stramonii, fluidextractum stramonii, tinctura stramonii. What is the name of the alkaloid in stramonium? Daturine, which is a mixture of atropine and hyoscyamine. What is meant by the term drastic purgatives and name some? These are strongly irritant to the intestinal mucous mem- brane and occasion free transudation from its vessels and fluid stools. Jalap, colocynth, gamboge, seammony, elater- ium, podophyllum, croton oil. What is squill? (a) Give botanical name, (b) Habitat. MATERIA MEDICA. 241 (c) What are its medicinal properties? (d) Name the offi= cial preparations. (a) The bulb of Urginea maritima. Family, Liliacese. (b) Basin of the Mediterranean. (c) Expectorant, emetic, diuretic. (d) Acetum scillae, syrupus scillae, fluidextractum scillae, tinctura scillae, syrupus scillae compositus. Why would you use alcohol in making tincture of ginger and dilute alcohol in making tincture of opium? Because these are the best solvents of the active constit- uents in the respective drugs. What bitter principles are found in Columbo root? Columbin, berberine and columbic acid. Which is the stronger alkaloid, strychnine or brucine? Give dose of each. Strychnine is the stronger. Strychnine, dose, 1 / 60 to 1 / 20 grain ; brucine, dose, ^ to ^ grain. How would you distinguish creosote from carbolic acid? When cooled to low temperature creosote gelatinizes; car- bolic acid crystallizes. Creosote, with 120 parts of hot water, forms a clear liquid, which on cooling becomes turbid from the separation of minute oily drops. Carbolic acid does not. The filtrate from these separated oily drops forms a reddish- brown precipitate with bromine test solution. Carbolic acid yields a white precipitate. Creosote does not coagulate eol- lodium; carbolic acid does. If one volume of creosote be mixed with one volume of glycerin a clear mixture will result from which a creosotic layer equal or greater in volume than the creosote employed will separate on the addition of 14 volume of water. Carbolic acid remains clear. On adding to 10 C.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of creosote 1 drop of ferric chloride T. S. the liquid develops a deep violet-blue tint, which is very transient; it then clouds almost instantly and passes into a grayish-green then muddy-brown, with 16 242 MATERIA MEDICA. finally the formation of a brown precipitate. Carbolic acid produces a violet-blue color, which is permanent. (a) What is a saturated solution? (b) How much boric acid will dissolve in one fluid ounce of water to make a saturated solution? (c) How much potassium iodide? (a) A saturated solution is one in which the solvent has exercised its power to the fullest extent and cannot retain any more of the dissolved substance. (b) 25 grains at 25° C. (c) 651 grains. Why is lime used as an antidote for poisoning with oxalic acid? It forms an insoluble calcium oxalate. Give antidote for phosphorus and prussic acid. Phosphorus : Copper sulphate or old French oil of turpen- tine, no other oils; potassium permanganate. Prussic acid: Usual emetics, hydrogen peroxide, ammonia by inhalation, strong cardiac and respiratory stimulants. Cobalt nitrate is a chemical antidote. Give dose and use of the following: (a) phosphorus, (b) spirit of nitro=glycerin, (c) wine of ipecac, (d) com= pound powder of jalap, (e) antimonial powder, (f) fiuid= extract of goldenseal, (g) fluidextract of aconite, (h) castor oil, (i) tincture of digitalis, (j) Dover's Powder. ( a ) V120 grain. Alterative, nerve tonic. (b) 1 minim. Cardiac stimulant, vaso-dilator. (c) 15 minims. Expectorant, emetic. (d) 30 grains. Diuretic, purgative. (e) 3 to 5 grains. Diaphoretic. (f) 30 minims. Astringent, alterative, tonic. (g) 1 minim. Cardiac sedative, antipyretic, (h) 4 drams. Purgative. (i) 8 minims. Cardiac stimulant, (j) 8 grains. Diaphoretic. MATERIA MEDICA. 243 Define (a) laxative, (b) antiseptic, (c) emollient, (d) emmenagogue. Give an example of each. (a) Laxative. Is a drug that produces a very mild pur- gative action, causing softened stools, as figs. (b) Antiseptic. Is a drug that arrests or prevents the development of micro-organisms, such as corrosive mercuric chloride. (c) Emollient. Is a bland substance applied to the skin for a protective action, such as glycerin. (d) Emmenagogue. Is a drug that stimulates the men- strual flow, as ergot. (a) Into what four important classes are drugs of ani= mal origin divided? (b) Give examples of each. Mammalia — Adeps, adeps lanae, sevum praeparatum, gelat- inum, pepsinum, pancreatinum, glandulae suprarenales siccae, glandulae thyroidae siccae, serum antidiphthericum, moschus, acidum lacticum, saccharum lactis, fel bovis, cetaceum, hypo- physis sicca. Pisces — Oleum morrhuae. Insecta — Cera flava, cantharis, coccus, mel. Aves — No official drugs in this group. Give common name for each of the following and state what part of the plant is used: (a) absinthium, (b) rhus, toxicodendron, (c) carum, (d) asclepias, (e) lappa, (f) eupatorium. (a) Wormwood. The leaves and tops. (b) Poison ivy. Leaves. (c) Caraway. The dried fruit. (d) Pleurisy root. Eoot. (e) Burdock. Root. (f) Boneset, thoroughwort. Leaves and tops. CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. What is chemistry? Chemistry is that science which treats of the composition of matter and of the changes which this composition may undergo. What is an element? An element is a substance that has never been found to contain more than one kind of matter. How many elements are there? About 83. Name ten elements, with symbols, and atomic weights. Arsenic, As, 74.96. Bromine, Br, 79.92. Calcium, Ca, 40.07. Carbon, C, 12. Chlorine, CI, 35.46. Hydrogen, H, 1.008. Iron, Fe, 55.84. Lead, Pb, 207.10. Mercury, Hg, 200.6. Oxygen, O, 16. Define chemism. Chemism is that force which determines combination be- tween atoms. What is atomic weight? The atomic weight of an element is the relative weight of one atom of that element as compared with the weight of one atom of hydrogen. What is molecular weight? The molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule. 245 246 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. What is an ion. One of the elements that appears at the respective poles when a body is subjected to electrolysis. What do you mean by valency? What is meant by the valence (or quantivalence) of an element? Valence (valency or quantivalence) is that property of an element by virtue of which its atom can hold in combination a certain number of atoms of another kind. The valence of an element refers to the number of atoms of hydrogen with which its atom will combine, or which it can replace in a molecule. What is a symbol? An abbreviation of the Latin name for an element. Ex- ample : Hydrogen, H, from Hydrogenium. What is a formula? A formula is a group of symbols representing a chemical compound. Example : Water, H 2 0. What is an equation? An algebraic arrangement of symbols, or formulae, or both, expressing a chemical reaction. Example : Zn -f- H 2 S0 4 = ZnS0 4 -f H 2 . What is an acid? A compound containing hydrogen, part of which at least may be replaced by a metal to form a salt. What element must all acids contain? Hydrogen. What is a base? The chemical opposite of an acid; the true bases are hy- droxides of the metals and basic radicals. What is a salt? A compound formed from an acid by substituting a metal or basic radical for part or all of the replaceable hydrogen of the acid. CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 247 What is meant by a normal salt in chemistry? A salt formed from an acid by substituting a metal or basic radical for all of the replaceable hydrogen of the acid. Are normal salts neutral, acid, or alkaline to litmus paper? Generally neutral, but may be either acid or alkaline. What is the meaning of the terminations "ic" and "ous" when applied to acids made from the same element? The acid with the lesser relative amount of oxygen takes the termination "ous"; that with the greater amount of oxygen takes the termination "ic". Give the chemical formulae of sulphuric and sulphur= ous acids. H 2 S0 4 and H 2 S0 3 , respectively. Give the chemical formulae of nitric acid and nitrous acid. HN0 3 and HN0 2 , respectively. What does it mean when these terminations (ous and ic) are applied to the oxides of the same metals? The "ous" termination indicates the lower valence (real or apparent) of the metallic element, e. g., mercurous oxide, Hg 2 0, and mercuric oxide, HgO. Give the chemical formula for (a) mercuric oxide; (b) mercurous oxide; (c) ferric oxide; (d) ferrous oxide. (a) HgO. (b) Hg 2 0. (c) Fe 2 3 . (d) FeO. Distinguish between " ate " and " ite " salts. Salts with names ending in "ate" are derived from oxy- acids ending in "ic"; salts with names ending in "ite" are derived from acids with names ending in "ous". .What is a radical? f An atom or group of atoms with unsatisfied valences — in- capable of existing in the free state. 248 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. Write the official Latin name for each of the following: (i) Lime water, (2) Goulard's Extract, (3) Cold Cream, (4) White Vitriol, (5) Red Precipitate, (6) Rochelle Salts. (1) Liquor calcis. (2) Liquor plumbi subacetatis. (3) Unguentum aquae rosae. (4) Zinci sulphas. (5) Hydrar- gyri oxidum rubrum. (6) Potassii et sodii tartras. State briefly the composition and mode of formation of acids, bases, and salts. Give an example of each. Acids are compounds containing hydrogen, part of which at least may be replaced by a metal. A true base is a com- pound of a metal or basic radical with hydroxyl. Salts are compounds formed from acids by replacing part or all of the hydrogen of the acid with metals or basic radicals. Exam- ples: Acid, H 2 S0 4 . Base, Ba(OH) 2 . Salt, BaS0 4 . Define reduction, oxidation, valence, electrolysis, amor« phous, deliquescent, efflorescent. Reduction is the process of removing oxygen from a com- pound. Oxidation is the process of introducing oxygen into a compound. Valence is that property of an element by virtue of which its atom combines with a certain number of atoms of another kind. Electrolysis is the decomposition of a fluid by the electric current. Amorphous is a term ap- plied to substances without regularity of internal structure, to substances not crystalline. Deliquescent substances are those which absorb water on exposure to air. Efflorescent substances are those which lose water of crystallization on exposure to air. Define precipitant. A. precipitant is a substance which, added to a solution, will cause a precipitation of part or all of its constituents. Define indicator. A substance used to determine the completion of a chem- ical change. CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC, 249 Give the meaning of the following abbreviations adopted by the United States Pharmacopoeia: T. S., V. S., N N N N 2 „ xr F' 2* 10' TOO' N 0F 2N « Test solution, volumetric solution, normal solution, half- normal solution, tenth-normal solution, hundredth-normal solution, double normal. Give the chemical formulas and the proper chemical names of the following substances: (i) litharge, (2) sugar of lead, (3) blue vitriol, (4) green vitriol, (5) white vit- riol, (6) pearl white, (7) lunar caustic, (8) red precipi= tate, (9) calomel, (10) corrosive sublimate. (1) Lead oxide, PbO. (2) Lead acetate, Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 + 3H 2 0. (3) Copper sulphate, CuS0 4 -f 5H 2 0. (4) Ferrous sulphate, FeS0 4 -f 7H 2 0. (5) Zinc sulphate, ZnS0 4 + 7H 2 0. (6) Bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl. (7) Silver nitrate, AgN0 3 . (8) Mercuric oxide, HgO. (9) Mercurous chlor- ide, Hg 2 Cl 2 or HgCl. (10) Mercuric chloride, HgCl 2 . Chemical terms: Give the meaning of the following chemical terms: (1) dimorphous, (2) trirnorphous, (3) polymorphous, (4) isomorphism, (5) tabular, (6) laminar, (7) acicular, (8) prismatic (when applied to crystals), (9) deliquescent, (10) hygroscopic. (1) Dimorphous, that which may crystallize in two forms. (2) Trirnorphous, that which may crystallize in three forms. (3) Polymorphous, that which may crystallize in more than two forms. (4) Similarity in crystal form. (5) Tablet-like. (6) Scale-like. (7) Needle-like. (8) Long, distinctly crys- talline needles. (9) and (10) That which absorbs moisture on exposure to air. Define the following terms: (a) oxidizing agent, (b) reducing agent. Give an example of each. (a) That which will impart oxygen to another substance. Examples : Oxygen and nitric acid. (b) That which will take oxygen away from another sub- stance. Examples: Hydrogen and carbon. 250 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. Define (a) radical, (b) unsaturated molecule, (c) dia- tomic, (d) monoxide. (a) An atom or group of atoms with unsatisfied valences incapable of existing in the free state. (b) A molecule to which atoms may be added without dis- placing any already present. (c) Diatomic, consisting of two atoms. The term is gener- ally applied to the hydroxides containing two groups of OH. (d) Monoxide, an oxide with but one atom of oxygen. Write chemical formula for (a) phosphoric acid, (b) acetic acid, (c) ferric chloride, (d) ferrous carbonate. (a) H 3 P0 4 . (b) HC 2 H 3 2 . (c) Fe 2 Cl 6 , or FeCL. (d) FeC0 3 . Give the chemical formula for each of the following substances: (i) hydrogen peroxide, (2) muriatic acid, (3) oil of vitriol, (4) aqua fortis, (5) alcohol, (6) lime, (7) mercuric iodide, (8) copperas, (9) blue vitriol, (10) table salt. (1) H 2 2 . (2) HC1. (3) H 2 S0 4 . (4) HN0 3 . (5) C 2 H 5 OH. (6) CaO. (7) Hgl 2 . (8) FeS0 4 .7H 2 0. (9) CuS0 4 .5H 2 0. (10) NaCl. Give English names of each of the following: (a) K 2 Cr 2 7 , (b) HCN, (c) K 3 C 6 H 5 7 , (d) Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 . (a) Potassium dichromate. (b) Hydrocyanic acid or prus- sic acid, (c) Potassium citrate, (d) Ferric sulphate. Complete the following equations: (a) Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 + Nal = (b) NaHS0 4 +Pb(N0 3 ) 2 = (c) ZnC0 3 + HCl = (d) FeS 2 +H 2 S0 4 = (a) Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 -4JNaI = 2NaC 2 H 3 2 + PbL. (b) NaHS0 4 + Pb(N0 3 ) 2 = HN0 3 -f NaN0 3 + PbS0 4 . (c) ZnC0 3 + 2HC1 = ZnCL -f H 2 + C0 2 . (d) FeS 2 + H 2 S0 4 =, if strongly heated, H 2 S and CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 251 FeS0 4 -f- S, which burns in the air to S0 2 . In the cold no reaction takes place. Finish out the following equations: (a) K 2 C0 3 + Ca(OH) 2 = (b) CaC0 3 + H 2 S0 4 = (c) NaHC0 3 + KHC 4 H 4 6 = (d) CaO + H 2 = (e) Give the common names of the salts obtained in (c) and (d). (a) = 2KOH -f CaC0 3 . (b) =C&S0 4 .+ H 2 + C0 2 . (c) = NaKC 4 H 4 6 + H 2 + C0 2 . (d) = Ca(OH) 2 . (e) NaKC 4 H 4 6 is Bochelle salt; Ca(OH) 2 is calcium hy- droxide or slaked lime. Give the English names of the following: (a) Pb(N0 3 ) 2 , (b) Hg(CN) 2 , (c) Fe 2 (OH) 6 , (d) Asl 3 . (a) Lead nitrate, (b) Mercuric cyanide, (c) Ferric hy- droxide, (d) Arsenic tri-iodide. Complete the following equations: (a) Ba0 2 -f H 3 P0 4 ^ (b) PhCl 2 + H 2 S = (c) Mn0 2 + 4HC1 = (d) CaF 2 + H 2 S0 4 = (a) = H 2 2 + BaHP0 4 . (b) =PbS + 2HCl. (c) =MnCl 2 + 2H 2 + Cl 2 . (d) — CaS0 4 + 2HF. What percentage of iron is present in FeS0 4 .7H 2 0? At. wts.: Fe = 56, S = 32, 0=ri6, H = i. 20-(- per cent. Using the atomic weights given, the molec- ular weight of the compound is 278. 56 divided by 278 gives the amount of iron in one part of the substance — the amount in 100 parts (per cent) equals 100 times the amount in one part. %7 ST ) cose, (e) suffruticose. (a) A stolon is a prostrate branch, the end of which, on coming in contact with the soil, takes root, so giving rise to a new plant. (b) Procumbent. A term applied to stems which trail along the ground in their growth. (c) A culm is a jointed stem of a grass or sedge. (d) Frutieose. A term applied to a shrubby plant which has woody stems arising from a shorter main stem near the ground. (e) Suffruticose. A term applied to undershrubs whose stems are extremely woody only at the base. State the botanical origin of (a) Calumba, (b) Quinine, (c) Friar's Cap, (d) Levant Worm Seed, (e) Oil of Rose* mary. (a) Jateorhiza palmata. (b) Cinchona ledgeriana, C. calisaya, C. succirubra, and other species and hybrids. (c) Aconitum napellus. (d) Artemisia paucinora. (e) Rosmarinus officinalis. 21 ' TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. What is toxicology? What is a poison? Give an ex- ample of three mineral and three vegetable poisons, their doses and antidotes. Toxicology is that science which treats of poisons. A poison is a substance which when introduced into the body may cause disease or death, and this as an ordinary result and not by mechanical action. Examples : Mineral poisons : Arsenic trioxide, average dose, 0.002 Gm. (V30 grain) ; antidote, freshly prepared ferric hydroxide with magnesium oxide. Mercuric chloride, average dose, 0.003 Gm. ( x / 20 grain) ; antidote, albumen. Lead ace- tate, average dose, 0.065 Gm. (1 grain) ; antidote, sodium sulphate. Vegetable poisons: Morphine, average dose, 0.008 Gm. (y s grain) ; antidote, atropine. Atropine, average dose, 0.0005 Gm. ( 1 / 120 grain) ; antidote, pilocarpine. Digitalis, average dose, 0.065 Gm. (1 grain) ; antidote, nitroglycerin. Name two narcotic poisons. Dose and antidote for same. Narcotic poisons: Morphine, average dose, 0.008 Gm. (y s grain) ; antidote, atropine. Chloral hydrate, average dose, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains) ; antidotes, amyl nitrite and strychnine. Name two irritant poisons. Dose and antidote for same. Irritant poisons: Arsenic, average dose, 0.002 Gm. ( 1 / 30 grain) j antidote, freshly prepared ferric hydroxide with magnesium oxide. Antimony and potassium tartrate, aver- age dose, 0.005 Gm. ( 1 / 10 grain) ; antidotes, white of egg and tannic acid. (323) 324 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. What is an antidote? In giving atropia in case of poisoning by morphia, what kind of an antidote would it be; and where you give common salt in case of nitrate of silver poison, what kind of an antidote would that be? State difference between the two, if any. An antidote is a substance introduced into the body to pre- vent a poison from producing its usual deleterious effect. Atropia, in the case cited, is a physiological antidote. The salt in the second case cited is a chemical antidote. The for- mer acts by virtue of its antagonistic physiological effects; the latter by rendering the silver compound insoluble, and therefore incapable of absorption. What is an emetic? Mention five emetics that are commonly used. Why should not an emetic be used in poisoning by mineral acids? An emetic is a substance given to produce vomiting. Five emetics commonly used are apomorphine, mustard, ipecac- uanha, zinc sulphate, and copper sulphate. In poisoning by strong mineral acids the mucous membrane is often so in- jured as to render the use of an emetic dangerous. What is the antidote for sugar=of=lead, oxalic acid, tartar emetic, carbolic acid, Fowler's Solution, nitrate of silver, strychnine, laudanum, tr. belladonna? Antidotes for sugar-of-lead — sodium or magnesium sul- phate. For oxalic acid — magnesia or chalk. For tartar emetic — tannin or albumen. For carbolic acid — sodium sul- phate. For Fowler's Solution — ferric hydroxide. For nitrate of silver — sodium chloride. For strychnine — sodium bromide. For laudanum — atropine. For tr. belladonna — pilocarpine. What is a narcotic, corrosive and an irritant poison? Give an example of each, also dose, antidote and symptom of poisoning of the same. A narcotic poison is one affecting the brain nerve-centers. Example: Morphine, average dose, 0.008 Gm. (% gr.) ; anti- TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 325 dote, atropine. Symptoms: Drowsiness, stupor, coma, con- tracted pupils, congestion. A corrosive poison is one with, direct chemical action on the tissues with which it comes in contact. Example: Sul- phuric acid, average dose, dilute acid, 1 Mil. (15 minims) ; antidote, magnesia. Symptoms, great pain, vomiting and prostration. An irritant poison is one which irritates and inflames the tissues. Example : Arsenic, average dose, 0.002 Gm. ( 1 / 30 grain) ; antidote, ferric hydroxide. Symptoms : Nausea, pain, thirst, vomiting and prostration. Define posology, maximum dose, minimum dose. Posology is the science of dosage of medicines. The maxi- mum dose is the largest dose consistent with safety. The minimum dose is the smallest dose capable of exerting physio- logical action. State Young's rule for the calculation of doses for chil= dren. Divide the age at next birthday by that age plus 12; the quotient represents the fraction of the adult dose that may be administered. Thus, for a child 4 years at next birthday — 4 _ ) 4 12 = -^ = J of adult dose. This rule applies to any age up to twelve years. What is Cowling's rule for dosage? It applies to any age up to and including the twenty-fourth year, and is thus : The age at next birthday is divided by 24, and that fraction of the adult dose gives the quantity sought. For example : Child 2 years at next birthday = -fa = ^ of adult dose. Define the following: A dose, demulcent, antagonistic, lethal dose. A dose is the measured portion of medicine to be taken at one time. Demulcent — a substance, usually of a mucilaginous nature, to protect the mucous membranes. Antagonistic is a term applied to a drug that neutralizes the therapeutic effect of another. A lethal dose is one capable of producing death. 326 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. Name three vegetable and three mineral emetics, and state the emetic dose of each. Vegetable emetics: Apomorphine hypodermic (vegetable origin), 0.005 Gm. (yV grain) ; by mouth, 0.01 Gm. (£ grain) ; ipecacuanha, 1.3 Gms. (20 grains) ; mustard, 2-8 teaspoonfuls in 8 ounces of tepid water. Mineral emetics: Copper sulphate, 0.6-2.0 Gms. (10-30 grains) ; zinc sulphate, 0.6-2.0 Gms. (10-30 grains) ; tartar emetic, 0.030 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). In poisoning by an unknown substance, what emer- gency treatment would you employ? Give reason for each antidote you would use. Remove the poison from the stomach, using a stomach-tube, or give an emetic, such as ipecacuanha or apomorphine. Open the bowels by means of a purgative, such as magnesium sul- phate. Give as a chemical antidote magnesia in milk or white- of-egg in milk, or in case the vomited matter is alkaline, give instead of the magnesia a weak acid, such as acetic or citric acid. The magnesia and the albumen have a beneficial action in most cases of poisoning by irritants or corrosive. If the poison is evidently a narcotic, as judged by the symptoms, give tannin or strong, green tea, tannin being a precipitant for most alkaloids. Sustain the heart action and respiration by stimulants as seem required. Where are emetics eontraindicated? Where are oils used? Why are oils and fats eontraindicated for phos- phorus? What is the chief benefit derived from mucilage? Emetics may be eontraindicated in poisoning by corrosives where the mucous membrane is seriously damaged. Oils are used in alkali poisoning and with other corrosives for their demulcent action. Oils and fats are eontraindicated for phos- phorus because, by their solvent action, they increase the amount absorbed. Mucilage is useful chiefly for its demul- cent action in protecting the mucous membranes; it is a "mechanical antidote." TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 327 In poisoning by what substances should the use of the stomach=tube or stomach=pump be avoided? In poisoning by what substances should oils not be given? Give reasons for your answer to this question? In poisoning by corrosives the stomach- tube should not be used on account of the danger of producing injury to the already weakened mucous membrane. Oils should not be used with poisons soluble in oils, such as phosphorus, the increased solubility increasing the absorption, and therefore the toxic action. Name five poisonous substances which combine with tannin forming less dangerous compounds. How much tannin would you give as an antidote? Tartar emetic, colchicum, atropine, digitalis, eserine. Dose of tannin, 0.6-1.3 Gms. (10-20 grains). Define ptomaine, hypnotic, styptic. A ptomaine is a chemical substance, alkaloidal in character, produced by the action of bacteria on organic matter. Hypnotic is that which causes sleep. A styptic is that which when applied externally has the property of checking hemorrhage by causing vascular con- traction. Name four demulcents. Define cumulative poison. Decoction of Iceland moss, gum arabic, mucilage of sassa- fras pith and slippery-elm bark. A cumulative poison is one which suddenly exhibits a note- worthy effect after the taking of a number of apparently in- effective doses. Name the official acids of sulphur, and state the emer= gency treatment in case of poisoning by them. Should the stomach=pump or stomach=tube be used in this class of poisons? The official acids of sulphur are the acidum sulphuricum. acidum sulphuricum aromaticum, acidum sulphuricum dilu- tum. 328 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. In poisoning by the strong acids, give magnesia in water or milk, flour in milk, demulcent drinks, morphine to allay pain, and hypodermatic stimulants in collapse. When the acid taken has not been sufficiently strong to seriously damage the mucous membrane, give the usual emetics. The stomach-pump or tube are not used in these cases on account of the possibility of further damaging the weakened mucous membranes. Give the remedy and treatment for poisoning by matches, kerosene, ammonia, lye. In poisoning by matches the poison to be considered is gen- erally phosphorus. Give copper sulphate as the emetic and antidote. Wash out stomach with one per cent potassium permanganate and use magnesium sulphate as a purgative. Kerosene is not, strictly speaking, a poison; if untoward symptoms arise, give an emetic and treat physiologically. Ammonia taken internally is to be treated with plenty of water and with dilute acids, acetic (vinegar) or citric, white- of-eggs, oils, and demulcent drinks. The laryngeal symptoms may be controlled by inhaling the fumes of hot vinegar. Poisoning by lye is treated as is that by ammonia, though laryngeal symptoms are commonly absent. State antidotal treatment for poisoning by iodine. By any of the copper salts. For iodine, give emetics and boiled starch or flour paste with water. For the copper salts, give emetics, warm milk with white of egg, magnesia, and potassium ferrocyanide. What condition or symptoms would indicate poisoning by a corrosive mineral acid? What general antidotal treatment should be employed in such poisoning? A corrosive mineral acid would be suggested by extreme pain, cold skin, bloody vomiting and collapse. The vomited matter reacting strongly acid. The general antidotal treat- TOXICOLOGY AND P080L0GY. 329 ment consists in the use of magnesia, as chemical antidote, with demulcent drinks to protect the mucous membranes. Name the official antidote for poisoning by arsenic. What chemical reaction takes place? How would you identify arsenic in vomit? The official antidote for arsenic is ferric hydroxide with magnesium oxide. The ferric hydroxide of the antidote combines with the arsenic, forming an insoluble arsenate of iron. 2Fe 2 (OH) 6 + As 2 3 = Fe 3 (AsOJ 2 + Fe(OH) 2 + 5H 2 0. The most satisfactory chemical test for the detection of arsenic in vomit is the Reinsch. Acidify with pure hydro- chloric acid, introduce a strip of bright, clean copper foil, and boil. Should a gray coating form on the copper, remove the copper, dry carefully and heat in an ignition-tube; the arsenical coating will be volatilized and will deposit upon the cooler portion of the tube in the form of crystals of the trioxide. Give emergency treatment for poisoning by arsenic. How is the official antidote prepared? Use stomach-tube, administer emetics, give milk with mag- nesia or white-of-egg, keep body warm. The special antidote is ferric hydroxide with magnesium oxide, prepared as follows: 40 Mils, of the U. S. P. solution of ferric sulphate are mixed with 125 Mils, water and placed in a large flask. 10 Gms. magnesium oxide are rubbed up with cold water and placed in a second flask with about 750 Mils, of water. For use, the magnesium oxide mixture is shaken and added gradually to the diluted solution of ferric sulphate, this mixture being again shaken. What trace of poison may subnitrate of bismuth con- tain? It may contain a trace of arsenic. 330 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. Give safe and toxic doses of arsenic. Describe symp* toms of poisoning by same, and tell how and what anti- dote is to be administered. Arsenic is administered medicinally in doses of 0.001-0.004 Gm. (Veo-Vu grain). Doses of 0.065-0.130 Gm. (1-2 grains) may be fatal. The symptoms of arsenical poisoning are thirst, pain, vomiting, purging, cramps, skin cold, pulse small, collapse. The special antidote is ferric hydroxide with mag- nesium oxide, which, when prepared according to the Phar- macopceial directions, is given in doses of 120 Mils. (4 fluid ounces). Name the official solutions of arsenic. What would be the dose of each corresponding to i=io grain of arsenic? Solution of potassium arsenite, solution of arsenous acid, and solution of arsenic and mercuric iodides. In each case 10 minims would contain approximately 1 / 10 grain of arsenic. Give the official name of tartar emetic. Name an official preparation in which it is used. Give its adult doses, chemical and physiological antidote. Official name — antimonii et potassii tartras. It is used in the official preparation, syrupus scillae com- positus. Average dose: expectorant, 0.005 Gm. (-^ grain); emetic dose, 0.030 Gm. (y 2 grain). Tannic acid is the chemical antidote. There is no true physiological antidote ; morphine may be required for the pain, and stimulants for the depression. State the symptoms together with the antidote for phosphorus poison? The symptoms of phosphorus poisoning are : disagreeable taste, thirst, nausea, vomiting, purging; later a jaundiced condition and hemorrhages; sometimes neurotic symptoms, cramps, and convulsions. Antidote is copper sulphate, which also acts as an emetic TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 331 Give also animal charcoal, dilute hydrogen dioxide, inhalation of oxygen or ozone, old oil of turpentine, but no other oils. Name a mercurial preparation that is most frequently used for suicidal purposes. What is the best antidote in case of poisoning? How would you detect it in vomit? Mercuric chloride or bichloride of mercury. The best anti- dote is albumen or white-of-egg, followed by the stomach- pump. Mercuric chloride is most easily detected in the vomit by the modified Eeinsch test. Acidify with pure hydrochloric acid and introduce a strip of bright, clean copper foil. In presence of mercury a gray deposit forms upon the copper, becoming silvery-white on gentle friction. Give a chemical test for corrosive sublimate. See modified Eeinsch test in answer to preceding question ; also, in aqueous solutions, sodium hydroxide gives a yellow precipitate; ammonium hydroxide, a white precipitate, and potassium iodide, a scarlet precipitate. Give a chemical test for mercurous chloride. Mercurous chloride, a heavy, white powder, insoluble in water, is turned black on addition of ammonium hydroxide. Give test for identity of sugar=of=lead, sulphate of zinc, and calomel. Sugar-of-Lead. Test — Soluble in water. Solutions pre- cipitated by sulphuric acid, white; by potassium chromate, yellow; by hydrogen sulphide, black; by potassium iodide, yellow. To demonstrate that the salt is an acetate, add strong sulphuric acid and warm the mixture ; the odor of acetic acid is produced. Sulphate of Zinc. Test — Sodium hydroxide gives a white precipitate, soluble in excess of reagent. Ammonium sul- phide gives a grayish-white precipitate, insoluble in excess. Hydrogen sulphide gives a white precipitate, easily soluble in acids. To demonstrate that the salt is a sulphate, add 332 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. barium chloride solution; a white precipitate of barium sul- phate is formed. Calomel. Test — See answer to preceding question. Name the chemical antidote for sugar=of=!ead, nitrate of silver, iodine, oxalic acid. Antidotes — For sugar-of-lead, sodium or magnesium sul- phate; for nitrate of silver, common salt, sodium chloride; for iodine, boiled starch or flour-paste and water; for oxalic acid, magnesia or chalk. Give a chemical test for nitrate of silver. Sodium chloride solution gives a white, curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, soluble in ammonium hydroxide. Would you use one of the following in sulphuric acid poisoning: An emetic, sodium bicarbonate, magnesia, milk? Explain regarding the use of each. An emetic would be contraindicated in poisoning by strong acid on account of damage to the stomach caused by retch- ing. Sodium bicarbonate is contraindicated, except in dilute small doses, on account of the sudden evolution of carbon dioxide gas. Magnesia or magnesia and milk form the ideal antidotal treatment, the product of the chemical reaction, magnesium sulphate, being in itself advantageous. Give the antidotes for the following drugs in poisonous doses: (i) caustic soda, (2) corrosive sublimate, (3) red iodide of mercury, (4) red precipitate, (5) sugar=of=Iead, (6) nitrate of silver, (7) ammonia water, (8) phosphorus, (9) rough on rats, (10) iodine. Antidotes: (1) "Vinegar or lemon juice. (2) (3) (4) Al- bumen or white-of -egg, followed by emetics. (5) Sodium or magnesium sulphate. (6) Common salt, sodium chloride. (7) Vinegar and inhalation of fumes of hot vinegar. (8) Copper sulphate. (9) Ferric hydroxide or ferric hydroxide with magnesium oxide. (10) Boiled starch or flour-paste and water or milk. TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 333 Give the antidotes for the following poisons: (i) min= eral acids, (2) caustic alkalies, (3) tartar emetic, (4) ar- senic, (5) zinc chloride, (6) phosphorus rat paste. (1) Weak alkalies, by preference, magnesia. (2) "Weak acids, acetic or citric, as in vinegar and lemon juice. (3) Tannic acid. (4) Ferric hydroxide with magnesium oxide, (5) Albumen and milk. (6) Copper sulphate. Give symptoms and treatment in case of poisoning by sugar=of=lead. The symptoms of acute poisoning by sugar-of-lead are nausea, burning in the stomach, colic and retching. In the more chronic forms we have anaemia, colic, obstinate consti- pation, "wrist drop," and palsy. Treatment: Stomach-tube and emetics, magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, and po- tassium iodide. Describe the toxicology of alkalies, ammonia, iodine, alcohol and iodoform. The alkalies in concentrated doses produce great pain, vomiting, retching, prostration, and collapse. In treatment give plenty of water with dilute acids, acetic or citric, and olive oil, white-of-egg, etc. Give morphine for the pain, and stimulants as required. Ammonia is similar to the other alkalies, with pronounced laryngeal symptoms from the irritating vapor. Treat as for other alkalies and give inhalation of acetic acid vapor or of chloroform. Iodine produces pain, vomiting, purging, full pulse, some- times an eruption on the skin. In treatment give emetics and boiled starch or flour-paste and water or milk. Alcohol in acute poisoning produces dyspnoea, dilated pupils, stupor, convulsions, or coma. Treatment: Stomach- tube, emetics, fresh air or oxygen, warmth to body, and strychnia or other hypodermatic stimulant. Iodoform produces depression, sometimes mild delirium, rapid pulse, high temperature, and possibly collapse. Treat- 334 TOXICOLOGY AND PO SO LOGY. merit: Remove the cause and treat symptoms. There is no special antidote nor is one required. Give the antidote for the following poisons: (i) oxalic acid, (2) carbolic acid, (3) formaldehyde, (4) nux vomica, (5) resorcin, (6) stramonium, (7) opium, (8) chloroform, (9) cyanide of potassium, (10) creosote. (1) Magnesia or chalk. (2) Sodium sulphate and alco- holic drinks. (3) Solution of ammonium acetate. (4) Po- tassium bromide, tannic acid. (5) Same as for (2). (6) Pilocarpine nitrate, and morphine. (7) Potassium perman- ganate, and atropine. (8) Sodium carbonate, and stimulants. (9) Hydrogen dioxide. (10) Same as for (2). Give antidotes for the following drugs when taken in poisonous doses: (1) acetanilide, (2) aconite or aconitine, (3) antipyrine, (4) bromalhydrate, (5) brucine, (6) chloral hydrate or chloroform, (7) cocaine. (1) Strychnine, hypodermatically. (2) Atropine and nitro- glycerine. (3) Strychnine. (4) Sodium carbonate and hypo- dermatic stimulants. (5) Potassium bromide. (6) Same as for (4). (7) Amylnitrite, tannin, and strychnine. What are the symptoms and treatment in case of poi- soning by camphor, carbolic acid, nux vomica, laudanum, oxalic acid, oil pennyroyal, chloral hydrate, aconite? Camphor in sufficient dose may produce delirium and con- vulsions. Treatment: Emetics, and purgative, and brandy. Carbolic acid produces faintness, pallor, contracted pupils, feeble pulse, stertorous breathing, coma, urine which darkens on exposure. Treatment: Sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate, white-of-egg, brandy, dilute aeetic acid or vinegar, followed by emetics. Nux vomica may produce restlessness, twitching, tetanic convulsions generally with opisthotonos, followed by periods of relaxation. Treatment: Emetics, plenty of water, tannin, potassium bromide, amyl nitrite, darkened room. Laudanum produces sense of weight in limbs, drowsiness, TOXICOLOGY AND PO SO LOGY. 335 coma, pupils contracted, labored breathing, feeble pulse, skin generally warm. Treatment: Stomach-tube, emetics, potas- sium permanganate, atropine. Oxalic acid produces pain and tenderness, thirst, vomiting, and depressed heart; sometimes convulsions. Treatment: Magnesia or chalk in milk, saccharated lime, castor oil and stimulants. Oil pennyroyal produces no characteristic toxic symptoms; if required, an emetic may be administered and atropine given hypodermatically. Chloral hydrate may produce vomiting, the more serious symptoms, however, are in the heart depression and coma. Treatment : Use stomach-tube or emetics, and give stimulants of brandy, strychnine and atropine. Aconite produces numbness, tingling, depression of heart and respiratory centers, and paralysis. Treatment : Emetics, atropine or strychnine, inhalation of amyl nitrite. Keep patient in a recumbent position. What emergency treatment should be used in case of poisoning by carbolic acid? See in answer to preceding question. Name an oxidizing agent used in case of poisoning by morphine. Explain how it should be used. Potassium permanganate, about 10 grains in 8 ounces of water, repeating dose in one-half hour, or add the perman- ganate to the water used in washing the stomach. Give a chemical test of identity for morphine; for quinine. Test for Morphine : Concentrated nitric acid dissolves the alkaloid, with the production of a red color which is not turned to a purple on addition of stannous chloride. Test for Quinine: To 1 Mil. of the aqueous solution con- taining just enough sulphuric acid to effect solution add 2 Mils, bromine T. S. and 1 Mil. ammonia water; an emerald- green color will be produced. 336 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. In morphine poisoning what alkaloid may be given for its physiological effect? Name the chemical antidote for morphine? The physiological antidote is atropine. The chemical anti- dote is potassium permanganate. Describe the symptoms and state the emergency treat- ment which should be employed for poisoning by bella= donna. For poisoning by oxalic acid. By what chemical test would you distinguish oxalic acid from Epsom salts? Belladonna produces a flushed face, dilated pupils, con- traction of the throat, excitement and delirium. Treatment : Emetics, pilocarpine nitrate, and morphine. Oxalic acid produces pain and tenderness, thirst, vomiting, weak heart, and sometimes convulsions. Treatment: Mag- nesia or chalk in milk, saceharated lime, castor oil and stim- ulants. Oxalic acid is distinguished from epsom salts by its acid reaction and by effervescing with sodium carbonate. Epsom salts with sodium carbonate produces a white precipitate but no effervescence. How would you identify carbolic acid other than by the sense of smell? If one ounce of carbolic acid be diluted with a pint of water and taken at one dose, would its action be fatal? Explain. Carbolic acid may be identified by the fact that it coagu- lates albumen and collodion and gives an airethyst blue with dilute ferric chloride solution. In the diluted state de- scribed, one ounce of carbolic acid would probably not be fatal, though it might produce serious systemic effects. The action of carbolic acid is two-fold, its local action, produced by the strong solutions only, and its systemic action, pro- duced by the carbolic acid absorbed into the blood. What symptoms would lead you to suspect poisoning by strychnine? What emergency treatment would be employed? Give a chemical test for strychnine. The symptoms suggestive of strychnine poisoning are as TOXICOLOGY AND PO SO LOGY. 337 follows: Restlessness, twitching, tetanic convulsions, the body being bent backward and rigid. Muscles all set rigid, then periods of relaxation, followed by a return of the convulsions. Treatment: Emetics, with plenty of water, tannin, potas- sium bromide, amyl nitrite ; keep patient quiet and in a dark- ened room. Test: Dissolve the alkaloid in a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid on a watch-glass and drag through the solu- tion, by means of a glass rod, a small crystal of potassium dichromate. A succession of colors is produced — dark blue, purple, cherry-red, and reddish-yellow. Name the symptoms by which you would be able to recognize poisoning by the following drugs. Also give the antidotes in each case, (i) Antipyrine, (2) cocaine, (3) colchicum, (4) colocynth, (5) morphine. (1) Antipyrine presents no characteristic symptoms; in large doses it depresses the heart's action and produces a peculiar livid discoloration of the surface. Treatment: Strychnine, brandy, recumbent position. (2) Cocaine produces faintness, dizziness, weak pulse, de- lirium or coma, sometimes paralysis. Treatment: Stomach- tube, emetics, tannin, amyl nitrite, and strychnine. (3) Colchicum produces thirst, vomiting, purging, exhaus- tion. Treatment: Tannin, emetics, morphine. (4) Colocynth is similar to colchicum, with more painful colic. Treatment: Same as for colchicum. (5) Morphine produces sense of weight in limbs, drowsi- ness, increasing coma, pupils contracted, labored breathing,, feeble pulse, skin generally warm. Treatment: Stomach- tube, emetic, potassium permanganate, atropine. Describe the symptoms of poisoning by acetanilide. Name three substances which would act as physiological antidotes in poisoning by it. Pronounced weakr^ss, skin livid, heart depressed, possibly coma and collapse. Three substances acting, in part at least, 22 338 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. as physiological antidotes are brandy, strychnine, and atro- pine. Name the chemical antidote for hydrocyanic acid? Mention antidotes and tell how administered for poison= ing by arnica, by Phytolacca. The chemical antidote for hydrocyanic acid is hydrogen dioxide. For arnica poisoning give strychnine or atropine, hypodermatically. For Phytolacca poisoning give an emetic, an alcoholic stimulant by the mouth, and strychnine or atro- pine hypodermatically. Digitalis: Give the dose, part used, medicinal properties, chemical antidote and an antagonist. Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Part used, the leaves. Used as a heart stimulant and diuretic. Tannic acid acts as both chemical and physiological antidote. Saponine is the best antagonist. Morphine and aconite are antagonists to a lesser degree. What emergency treatment should be employed for poisoning by illuminating gas? Artificial respiration, fresh air, oxygen, ozone, friction, brandy hypodermatically. Give the official name and dose of (i) calabar bean, (2) dog button, (3) hemlock, (4) Indian hemp, (5) chloral hy- drate, (6) deadly nightshade, (7) arsenic, (8) colchicum seed, (9) lobelia, (10) stramonium leaves. (1) Physostigma, 0.100 Gm. (iy 2 grains). (2) Nux vom- ica, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). (3) Conium, 0.200 Gm. (3 grains) (deleted from U. S. P. IX). (4) Cannabis, no official dose. (5) Hydrated chloral, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). (6) Belladonna, leaves, dose 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). (7) Arsenic trioxide, 0.002 Gm. (V 30 grain). (8) Colchicum seed, 0.200 Gm. (3 grains). (9) Lobelia, 0.15 Gm. (2y 2 grains). (10) Stramonium, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 339 What is the dose of acetate of potash? Oil of eucalyp= tus? Menthol? Fluidextract of rhus glabra? Biacetyl«= morphine? Acetate of potash, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Oil of eucalyptus, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Menthol, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Fluid- extract of rhus glabra, 1 Mil. (15 minims). Diacetylmor- phine, 0.003 Gm. (7 20 grain). Give the average adult dose of the following drugs: (i) aspidosperma, (2) apomorphine hydrochloride, (3) argenti nitras, (4) argenti oxidum, (5) atropinae sulphas, (6) elaterin, (7) hydrocyanic acid diluted, (8) hyoscine hydro* bromide, (9) morphine acetate, (10) strychninae sulphas. (1) Aspidosperma, 4 Gm. (60 grains). (2) Apomorphine hydrochloride, hypodermic emetic dose, 0.005 Gm. (^ grain). (3) Argenti nitras, 0.010 Gm. (% grain). (4) Argenti oxi- dum, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). (5) Atropinae sulphas, 0.0005 Gm. (V120 grain). (6) Elaterin, 0.005 Gm. (7 20 grain). (7) Diluted hydrocyanic acid, 0.1 Mil. (V/ 2 minims). (8) Scopolamine hydrobromide, 0.0003 Gm. (V200 grain). (9) Morphinae sulphate, 0.008 Gm. (y 8 grain). (10) Strychninae sulphas, 0.0015 Gm. ( a / 40 grain). State the dose of Fowler's Solution, tincture of iodine, tincture of hyoscyamus, tincture of nux vomica. Fowler's Solution, 0.2 Mil. (3 minims). Tincture of iodine, 0.1 Mil. (iy 2 minims). Tincture of hyoscyamus, 2 Mils. (30 minims). Tincture of nux vomica, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Give the average adult dose of (a) Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride, (b) Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride, (c) Cotarnine Hydrochloride, (d) Creosote Carbonate, (e) Emetine Hydrochloride. (a) Hypodermic (one dose daily), 1 Gm. (15 grains), (b) 0.003 Gm. (V 20 grain), (c) 1.06 Gm. (1 grain), (d) 1 Gm. (15 grains), (e) Hypodermic, 0.02 Gm. (% grain). 340 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. What is the average dose of diastase, eugenol, mono- bromated camphor, sodium arsenate, strophanthin? Diastase, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Eugenol, 0.2 Mil. (3 minims). Monobromated Camphor, 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). Sodium Ar- senate, 0.005 Gm. (y 1 ^ grain). Strophanthin, daily, mouth, 0.001 Gm. (Veo grain) ; intravenous, 0.00075 Gm. (V 80 grain). What is the dose of corrosive sublimate, salol, salicylate of soda, infusion of digitalis? Corrosive sublimate, 0.003 Gm. (V 20 grain). Salol or phenyl salicylate, 0.300 Gm. (5 grains). Salicylate of soda, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Infusion of digitalis, 4 Mils. (1 fluid- drachm). State the average dose of (a) Desiccated Pituitary Body, (b) Donovan's Solution, (c) Milk of Bismuth, (d) Milk of Magnesia, (e) Precipitated Manganese Dioxide. (a) 0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 grain), (b) 0.1 Mil. (iy 2 minims), (c) 4 Mils. (1 fluiddrachm). (d) 10 Mils. (2y 2 fluiddraehms). (e) 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). State the dose of fluidextract of ergot, methyl salicy- late, gallic acid, podophyllin. Fluidextract of ergot, 2 Mils. (30 minims). Methyl salicy- late, 0.75 Mil. (12 minims). Gallic acid, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Podophyllin, 0.01 Gm. (l/ 6 grain). What is the dose of acetanilide, croton oil, Donovan's Solution, potassium chlorate? Acetanilide, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). Croton oil, 0.05 Mil. (1 minim). Donovan's Solution, 0.1 Mil. (IV2 minims). Potas- sium chlorate, 0.250 Gm. (4 grains). What is the dose of aconite, ammonium carbonate, ar- senous acid, atropine sulphate? Aconite, 0.03 Gm. (y 2 grain). Ammonium carbonate, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Arsenous acid, 0.002 Gm. ( 1 / 30 grain). Atropine sulphate, 0.0005 Gm. ( 1 / 120 grain). TOXICOLOGY AND PO SO LOGY. 341 What is the dose of aromatic spirits of ammonia, com- pound spirit of ether, mercurous chloride, extract of mix vomica, sodium phosphate? Aromatic spirits of ammonia, 2 Mils. (30 minims). Spirit of ether, 4 Mils. (1 fhiiddrachm). Mercurous chloride, as laxative, 0.15 Gm. (2% grains) ; as alterative, 0.015 Gm. (14 grain). Extract of nux vomica, 0.015 Gm. (14 grain). Sod- ium phosphate, 4 Gms. (1 drachm). What is the dose of ferrous sulphate, ichthyol, potas- sium bromide, wine of colchicum seed? Ferrous sulphate, 0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). Ichthyol, 0.2 Mil. (3 minims). Potassium bromide, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Wine of colchicum seed, 2 Mils. (30 minims). State the dose of benzoic acid, potassium permanganate, fluidextract of cimicifuga, spirit of chloroform. Benzoic acid, 0.500 Gm. (8 grains). Potassium perman- ganate, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Fluidextract of cimicifuga, 1 Mil. (15 minims). Spirit of chloroform, 2 Mils. (30 minims). Give the safe and toxic doses of fluidextract gelsemium, aconite, foxglove, belladonna, henbane, tincture of arnica, and strophanthus. Fluidextract of gelsemium: Average dose, 0.03 Mil. (^ minim) ; toxic dose, possibly fatal, 4 Mils. (1 fhiiddrachm) . Aconite: Average dose, 0.03 Gm. (y 2 grain); toxic, prob- ably fatal, dose, 3.8 Gms. (1 drachm). Foxglove: Average dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain); toxic dose, 0.650 Gm. (10 grains). Belladonna Leaves: Average dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain); toxic dose, 0.650 Gm. ( 10 grains) . Henbane: Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 grains) ; toxic dose, about 2.5 Gms. (40 grains), the fatal dose is not known. Tincture Arnica: Average dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains) ; toxic dose, possibly about 10 Gms. (150 minims). Strophanthus: Average dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain); toxic dose, 0.650 Gm. (10 grains). 342 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. State doses of physostigmine, iodine, prussic acid, car- bolic acid, silver nitrate. Physostigmine, 0.001 Gm. (V 60 grain). Iodine, 0.005 6m. (tV grain). Prussic acid, official, dilute, 0.1 Mil. (iy 2 min- ims). Carbolic acid, 0.06 6m. (1 grain). Silver nitrate, 0.010 Gm. (i/ 6 grain). State doses of naphthol, orphol, pyridine, euquinine, duotal. Naphthol (beta naphthol), 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Orphol, 0.30 Gm. (5 grains). Pyridine, 0.3 Mil. (5 minims). Euqui- nine, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Duotal, or Guaiacol carbonate, 1 Gm. (15 grains). What is the dose of morphine sulphate, codeine sulphate, colchicine, bismuth subnitrate, sparteine sulphate? Morphine sulphate, 0.08 Gm. (y 8 grain). Codeine sul- phate, 0.030 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). Colchicine, 0.0005 Gm. (7 120 graiu). Bismuth subnitrate, 0.500 Gm. (8 grains). Spar- teine sulphate, 0.010 Gm. (% grain). What is the dose of tincture of aconite, extract of bella- donna, extract of stramonium, fluidextract of valerian? Tincture of aconite, 0.3 Mil. (5 minims). Extract of bella- donna, 0.015 Gm. (14 grain). Extract of stramonium, 0.010 Gm. (y 6 grain). Fluidextract of valerian, 2 Mils. (30 min- ims). What is the dose of methylene blue, sulphonal, tinctura opii, sodium sulphate, tincture of capsicum, tincture of belladonna? Methylene blue, 0.15 Gm. (2y 2 grains). Sulphonal, 0.75 Gm. (12 grains). Tincture opii, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Sod- ium sulphate, 15 Gms. (240 grains). Tincture of capsicum, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Tincture of belladonna, 0.75 Mil. (12 minims) . What is the dose of tincture of colchicum seed, tincture TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 343 of ferric chloride, potassium iodide, wine of antimony, syrup of squill? Tincture of colchicum seed, 2 Mils. (30 minims). Tincture of ferric chloride, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Potassium iodide, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Wine of antimony, 1 Mil. (15 minims). Syrup of squill, 2 Mils. (30 minims). What is the dose of aloin, chloral, ammonium chloride, Lugol's Solution, mixture of rhubarb and soda? Aloin, 0.015 Gm. (y 4 grain). Chloral, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Ammonium chloride, 0.300 Gm. (5 grains). Lugol's Solu- tion, 0.2 Mil. (3 minims). Mixture of rhubarb and soda, 4 Mils. (1 fluiddrachm). Give doses of the following: Antipyrin, antikamnia, ammonol, bismuth valerianate, bismuth salicylate, orexin, papain, pyoktanin. Antipyrin, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Antikamnia, 0.320 Gm. (5 grains). Ammonol, 0.320 Gm. (5 grains). Bismuth vale- rianate, 0.032 Gm. (y 2 grain). Bismuth salicylate (bismuth subsalicylate), 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Orexin, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Papain, 0.130 Gm. (2 grains). Pyoktanin, 0.065 Gm. (1 grain). Give your own rule for doses. State difference in doses when given hypodermatically, by the mouth, and by the rectum. The Pharmacopoeia gives the average adult dose. To de- termine the dose for children, divide the age by the age plus twelve; the result represents the fraction of the adult dose suitable for the child. For hypodermatic use the dose is ordi- narily about one-half of that given by the mouth; for rectal use, about one and a half times that by the mouth. State rule for giving medicine to children and give an example. Divide the age by the age plus twelve; the result repre- sents the fraction of the adult dose suitable for the child. 344 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. Example : If the adult dose be one grain, for a child of three years of age it would be 3 = y 5 grain. In case of powerful narcotics, children will require about two-thirds of this proportion. What proportion of the adult dose of a medicine should be ordinarily given at the following ages: i, 3, 7, 10, 16, 80? Following the general rule, which, however, must be modi- fied according to the particular medicine to be administered, the proportions would be about as follows, in order named : one-thirteenth, one-fifth, one-third, one-half, four-sevenths, eight-ninths. SUPPLEMENT THE PREPARATION OF PERCENTAGE SOLUTIONS.* To make one pint of a — ■£$ per cent, solution, ^ per cent, solution, •j^ per cent, solution, \ per cent, solution, \ per cent, solution, 1 per cent, solution, 2 per cent, solution, 4 per cent, solution, 5 per cent, solution, 10 per cent, solution, tt grains. 2f grains. n grams. 18* grains. 36^ grains. 73 grains. 146 grains. 292 grains. 365 grains. 730 grains. 1 in 5000,) dissolve 1 in 2000,) dissolve 1 in 1000, ) dissolve 1 in 400,) dissolve 1 in 200, ) dissolve 1 in 100,) dissolve 1 in 50,) dissolve 1 in 25,) dissolve 1 in 20,) dissolve 1 in 10,) dissolve Examples : — To make one pint of a 1 in 2000 mercuric chlo- ride solution, dissolve 2§ grains of mercuric chloride in one pint of water. To make one pint of a 2 per cent, sodium nitrate solution, dissolve 146 grains of sodium nitrate in one pint of water. To make one quart of the same solution, dissolve 292 grains in one quart of water. To make one fluidounce of a 1 per cent, silver nitrate solu- tion, dissolve 4.5 grains (73 -*- 16) of silver nitrate in one fluid- ounce of water. To form a mixture of certain percentage from two solutions of diff- erent percentages. The difference between the percentage desired * From Piatt' s Medical Chemistry. (345) 346 SUPPLEMENT. and the percentage of one of the solutions will give the amount of the other solution to be included in the mixture. Example. — Required the proportionate amounts of two solutions, con- taining 7 and 18 per cent, respectively, to make a mixture con- taining 16 per cent. 18 — 16 = 2 parts of the 7 per cent, solution. 16 — 7 = 9 parts of the 18 per cent, solution. Dilution of Alcohol. A = percentage strength of the stronger alcohol ; B = percentage strength desired. Add to B parts of the stronger alcohol, sufficient water to make A parts of the more dilute. Example. — To make 30 per cent, alcohol from 94 per cent, alcohol, add to 30 parts of the 94 per cent. alcohol sufficient water to make in all 94 party. To make a definite quantity of the w T eaker alcohol : Multiply the required strength by the required amount and divide by the percentage of the alcohol given. The result equals the amount of stronger alcohol to be diluted. Example. — To make 100 mils of 30 per cent, alcohol from 94 per cent, alcohol : Multiply 30 by 100 and divide by 94 ; the result (31.9) equals the number of mils of the 94 per cent, alcohol to be diluted. lo convert all of a certain quantity to another percentage : Mul- tiply the quantity of alcohol by its percentage strength and divide by the required percentage. The quotient gives the quantity to which the alcohol must be diluted : Example. — To dilute 500 mils of 94 per cent, alcohol to 87 per cent. Multiply 500 by 94 and divide by 87. The quotient 540 gives the number of mils to which the alcohol is to be diluted — i. e., 40 mils of water are to be added. SELECTED FORMULAE Aromatic Castor Oil. R Olei Aurantii Olei Cassiae aa. gtt. i Olei Eicini qs. ad. 1 g i Misce. Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide. Potassium Iodide 454 grains Distilled Water 330 minims Dissolve the potassium iodide in the distilled water. This gives exactly one fluid ounce of saturated solution of potassium iodide at normal temperature. Mistura Antifebratis. (Mary J. Drexel Some Formulary) R Potassii Citratis. Gm. iv Spiriti Aetheris Mtrosi 15 mils Syrupi Limonis. 15 mils. Liq. Ammonii Acetatis Concentrati N. F 10 mils Aquae Destillatae. qs. ad. 100 mils. F. S. A. Benzoin, Glycerin and Kose Water. Tincture of Benzoin 1 % iv Glycerin. 1 £ iv Eose Water q. s. ad. Oi Mix Eose Water and Glycerin thoroughly together. By means of long pipette reaching to bottom of container introduce the Tincture of Benzoin. Tr. Benzoin is perfectly emulsified by passing up through mixed liquids. Depilatory Powder. Barium Sulphide. 1 part Calcium Oxide 2 parts Zinc Oxide 2 parts Starch 2 parts Mix. (347) 348 SELECTED FORMULAE. Violet Witch Hazel. Oil of Orris (liquid ) 1 dram Essence of Jasmine 4 ounces Distilled extract of Witch Hazel 4 pints Mix and filter through talcum until clear. It may be colored green with chlorophyll. Mistura Antidiarrhoea. Prepared Chalk 3 Gm. Tincture of Kino 5 mils Camphorated Tincture of Opium 4 mils Compound Tincture of Cardamon 10 mils Spirit of Chloroform. 5 mils Peppermint Water 40 mils Syrup of Orange. q. s. ad. 100 mils. F. S. A. Mistura Antirheumatica. Potassium Iodide 5 Gm. Sodium Salicylate 5 Gm. Wine of Colchicum Corn 15 mils Comp. Tincture of Cardamon. 15 mils Aromatic Elixir q. s. ad. 100 mils. F. S. A. Mistura Glycyrrhizae Comp. cum Ammonii Chlorido. Ammonium Chloride. 5 Gm. Mist. Glycyrrhizae Comp 100 mils Mix. Stencil Ink. Shellac 2 ounces Borax 1 J ounces Water.... 10 ounces Prussian Blue 1 ounce China Clay \ ounce Powdered Acacia \ ounce Boil together the shellac, borax and water until the volume of the solution is reduced to 10 ounces. Rub the other three ingredients together, and add the liquid. At first the liquid should be added in small portions at a time. The resultant ink may be preserved by rubbing with the three latter ingredi- ents a small portion of methyl salicylate. SELECTED FORMULAE. 349 Bordeaux Mixture. Copper sulphate. 5 pounds Quicklime 5 pounds Water 50 gallons Dissolve the copper sulphate in 10 gallons of water ; slake the lime in half a barrel of water. Dilute the copper sulphate to 20 gallons, strain in the lime mixture, and dilute to 50 gallons. Baking Powder. Acid Calcium Phosphate. 1 J pounds. Sodium Bicarbonate 1 pound Starch. 1^ pounds Mix. Embalming Fluid. (Approved by committee of the National Funeral Directors' Association of the United States). Solution of Formaldehyde 1 pound Glycerin 4 pounds Sodium Borate 1\ pounds Boric Acid 1 pound Potassium Nitrate 2£ pounds Solution of Eosin (1%) 1 ounce Water, to make 10 gallons The sodium borate, boric acid and potassium nitrate are dissolved in 6 gal- lons of water ; the glycerin is added, then the solution of formaldehyde, and lastly the solution of eosin, and the necessary amount of water. Improved Sun Cholera Mixture. Spirit of Peppermint 2 volumes Spirit of Camphor 1 volume Tincture of Capsicum 1 volume Tincture of Rhubarb 1 volume Camphorated tincture of Opium k 5 volumes F. S. A. Antiseptic Foot Powder. Powdered Alum 60 grammes Tannic Acid 5 grammes Salicylic Acid 2 grammes Powdered Orris Root 33 grammes Mix. 350 SELECTED FORMULAE. Library Paste. Powdered Tragacanth 20 parts White Dextrin 10 parts W heat Flour 60 parts Glycerin 10 parts Cold Water 40 parts Salicylic Acid 3 parts Boiling water 400 parts Over the tragacanth pour 160 parts of holing water, stir well and set aside. Mix the wheat flour and the dextrin with the cold water, stir in well, and then add the mixture to the tragacanth. Pour into the batter thus formed the rest of the boiling water, stirring constantly while doing so. Rub up the acid with the glycerin and add to the batter ; put the mixture of the fire, bring to a boil, under constant stirring, and let it cook for 5 or 6 minutes. When it has cooled the paste is ready. Druggists Flour Paste. Wheat Flour 4 ozs. Water 16 fluid ounces Nitric Acid 1 fluidrachm Oil of Cloves 5 minims Boric acid 20 grains Thoroughly mix the wheat flour, boric acid and water, and strain the mix- ture through a sieve ; add the nitric acid ; apply heat, with constant stirring, until the mixture has thickened ; when nearly cold, add the oil ; strain it through muslins, if not perfectly smooth. When required for pasting labels on tinned surface add 10% of glycerin. Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil (50%) Cod Liver Oil 8 fluid ozs. Powdered Acacia 2 ozs. ( av. ) Water 4 fluid ozs. Place the Powdered Acacia in a dry mortar, add the Cod Liver Oil and rub until smooth ; then add to the water all at once, and rub until a prefect emulsion is formed ; then add sufficient water to make 16 fluid ounces. Cream of Camphor. Soap 1 \ ounces Camphor 360 gra ins Ammonium Chloride 1£ ounces Ammonia Water 1£ fluid ounces Oil of Turpentine 6 fluidrachms Water 12 fluid ounces. Dissolve the soap in shavings in one-half of the water previously mixed SELECTED FORMULAE. 351 ■with the ammonia water, and the ammonium chloride in the other half. Mix the solutions well, and add the camphor disolved in the oil ; then agitate briskly until the liquids are united and form a perfect emulsion. Liquid Corn Remover. Salicylic Acid 15 grains. Extract of Cannabis ... 8 grains Alcohol 15 minims Ether 40 minims Flexible Collodium 75 minims Dissolve the Extract of Cannabis in the Alcohol and the Salicylic Acid in 40 minims of Flexible Collodium in a tared bottle. Then add the former solution to the latter, and finally add 35 minims of Flexible Collodium. Do bell's Solution. Phenol Liquefactum 45 minims Sodium Borate 69 grains Sodium Bicarbonate 60 grains Glycerin. 1 fluid ounce. Water, sufficient to make. 16 fluid ounces. Dissolve the Liquefied Phenol in the Glycerin and the sodium salts in 14J fid. ozs. of water. Add the former solution to the latter and agitate. Filter and pass enough water through the filter to make the product measure 16 fluid ounces. INDEX. Abbreviations, 14, 52 Adhesion, 256 Absinthium, 242 Adventitious, 319 Absolute alcohol, 218 Agar, 207 Acacia, 137, 237 Agaricus campestris, life history of, Acer spicatum, 190 304 Acetanilidum, 201, 231, 296 Agents, oxidizing, 249 Acicular, 249 reducing, 249 Acid, definition for, 246 Air, 266 Acid acetic, 240, 292 Alburnum, 312 acetic dil., use in Basham's Alcoholmeter, 256 mixture, 107 Alcohol, 112 benzoic, 9, 185, 295 Alcohols, 290 carbolic, 240 Alkalies, 80 carminic, 167 Alkaloidal precipitants, 15, 120 citric, 240 Alkaloids, definition for, 29,. 80 fuming nitric, 93 found in opium, 119 gallic, 9 liquid, 236 hydriodic, 100 Aloe, pharmacognosy of, 157 hydrochloric, 94 medicinal properties, 198 hydrocyanic, 267 constituents, 199 hydrocyanic dil., preparation of, Aloin, 199, 235 65 Alum, 277 inorganic, 19, 268 Alumen ustum, 277 corrosive, 193 Amanita muscaria, 305 cauterizing, 193 phalloides, 305 lactic, 9, 240 American wormseed, 181 malic, 9 Ammonia, 310 nitrohydrochloric, 58, 260 Ammoniated mercury, prep, of, 41 dil., 59 Ammonium bromide, 269 number, 289 carbonate, 269, 301 organic, 19 chloride, 269 oxalic, 240 valerate, 269 phenylcinchonicum, 208 Amorphous, 248 salicylic, 295 Amyl nitrate, 217 tannic, 9, 297 Amylis nitris, 217 tartaric, 90, 240 Anaesthetic, 200 Acids, 80, 257 Analytical chemistry, 283 Aconite, 192 Analgesic, 234 Aconitum, 153 Anaphrodisiac, 234 Indian, 154 Androecium, 311 Japanese, 154 Anemophilous, 314 Acrogenous, 311 Anhydrotic, 224 Adeps benzoinatus, 19 Anodyne, 192 lanae, 217 Antagonist, 325 lanae hydrosus, 217 Antidote, definition for, 324 23 (31 >3) 354 INDEX. Antidote for acetanilid, 324 aeon i tine, :;24 ammonia water, 332 arsenic, 329, : 33 belladonna, 325 brucine, 324 carbolic acid, 324 caustic alkalies, 333 caustic soda, 332 chloral hydrate, 324 chl>>rof'>rm, 324 cocaine, 324 corrosive poison. 324 sublimate, 332 creosote, 324 cyanide of potash, 324 digitalis. 338 formaldehyde. 324 hydrocyanic acid, 338 iodine, 332 irritant poison, 324 laudanum. 324 mercuric chloride, 331 mineral acids, 3. 3 narcotic poison, 324 nitrate of silver, 324, 332 mix vomica, 324 opium. 324 oxalic acid, 324, 332 phosphorous, 242, 330, 332 phosphorous rat paste, 33.1 prussic acid. 242 red iodide of mercury, 332 red precipitate, 332 resorcin, 324 rough on rats, 332 stramonium, :<24 strvchnine, 32 1 sugar of leatf, 332 sulphuric acid, 3 2 tartar emetic, 324, 330, 333 zinc chloride, 333 Aphrodisiac, 234 Apocynum, 197 Apomorphine, 119, 231, 298 Apotliecitim, : <10 Aqua ammoniae, 21 ammoniae fortior, 21 ophthalmicus, 51 regia, 58, 259 Argols, 90 Aromatic spirits of ammonia, 61, 121 dose of, 341 Aromatic waters, 82 Arnica. 204, 311 Arsenic, common names of official so- lutions, 15 official solutions, 14.330 safe and loxic doses, 330 symptoms of poisoning by, 330 Asafoetida. 173 Aspidium 172 Aspidosperma. 195 Atomic weight, 215 Atophan, L09 Auruin, 21 1 Average doses, 45, 340, 341, 342, 343 Aves, 243 Baking powder, 271 Balsam of fir, 314 Bark, 315 "mossed," 151 '• renewed." 151 " tambla," 151 Base, 246, Basham's Mixture, 16, 41, 60, 277 Basil icon ointment, 100, 110 Bastard cardamon. 145 Bayherry bark, 311 Benne oil, 218 Benzoic acid, '-95 Benzoin 144, 184 Berry. 317 Belladonnae folia. 159. 1S8 Belladonnae radix, 160 histology of, 161 Berberine, 181 Betanaphthol, 92 Bet u la. 199 Biennial, 310 Bin iodide of mercury, 10H Biologic standardization, 12 Bis in die, 12 Bismuth, 27!t Bismuth oxychloride, 249 subcarbonate, 279 subnitrate. 279 Hitter apple 197, 206, 314 Biiter root, 311 Blackberry, 220 Black catechu, 137 Black draught, 36 Black haw. 188 Black lead, 279 Black mold, 305 INDEX. 355 Black snakeroot, 314 Black wash, 54 Bladderwrack, 205 Bland's Pills. 51 Bloodroot, '213 Blue cohosh, 220, 311 Blue flag, 1-7 Blue mass, 4, 82 Blue ointment, 4 Blue vitriol, 280 Boneset, 227 Borax, 270 Boric acid. 270 Boroglvceride, 51 Bos taurus, _02 Bracteole, 315 Bromine, -49, 261, 263 Broom, 192 Brown mixture, 75, 110 Brucine, 194 Bryonia, 2)4 Buchu, 180 Buckthorn, 211 Bud, :,19 Bulb, 319 Burdock 189 Burgundy pitch, 198 Burrow's solution, 44 Cacao. 184 Cachets. 102 Cafleine, 1 19, 231 Calabar bean, lb3 Calamine, 67 Calamus. -20 Calcination, 30 Calcium, 273 oxide, 90 Calcium hypophosphite, 276 Calomel, 283 Caluruba, 321 Calx, 9 !, -73 Calx chlorinata, 73. 275 Camphor. 168. 221, 291 Camphor liniment, o5 Cannabis, 210 Cantharis, 167, 220 Cantharis vittata, 205 Capitulum. 320 Capsicum, 139 Capsule, 317 Carbohydrate, 302 Carbolic acid, 293 Carmine, 99 Carbo Ligni, 156 Carbonate of magnesia, distinction from ( alcined magnesia, 9 Carbon disulphide, 266 Carbon monoxide, 266 Cardarnon, 145. 180 Carminative, 200 Carpel, 311 Carron oil, 10 Carthamus, 229 Carum, 143 Cascara Sagrada, 158 Castanea, 228 Castor oil, 242 Catechu, black, 137 pale, 136 Cathartic, 1*7 Caulophyllum, 193 Cayenne pepper, 227 Cell, 316 Cerate, S5 Ceratum cantharidis, 98 resinae, 98 f'etraria, 212, 310 Chalybeate pills, 11 Changes in the new U. S. P. and N. F, 129 Charta sinapis, 108 Chemical equations, 250, 252, 253, 2)5, l62, 26i», 275 Chemical formulae, 247, 250, 253, 2 ,4, 276, 277, 290, 291, 292 Chemical test for ammonium chloride, 286 arsenic, 2S7 corrosive sublimate, 286 ferric chloride. 286 lead acetate, 286 mercuric salts, 287 mercurous salts, 287 Chemical terms, 249 Chemism, 245 Chemistry, 245 Chestnut. 189 Chinese flies, 167 Chlorine, 2>1 Chloride of lime, 73 Chlorinated lime, 73 Chloroform, 77, 120, 290 ( hloroform liniment, 103 Chocolate, ll*, 184 Cholagogue, 179 Chondrus, 212 Choripetalous, 311 Chrysarobin, 111, 194 356 INDEX. Cimicifuga, 195 Cirnicifugin, 195 Cinchona, 151, 200 Cinnamon, 232 Citric acid, 196, 292 Citrine ointment, 13, 51 process for making, 41 Clarified honey, 106 Claviceps purpurea, life history, 146 Cloves, 169 Coca, 184 Cocaine, 184 Cocculus indicus, 193 Coccus, 166 Cochineal, 160, 205 Cocoanut, 185 Cocoanut oil, 185 Codeine, 119, 231 Cohesion, 256 Colation, 42 Colchicum, 177, 223 Colqcynth, 206 Colorless tincture of iodine, 264 Columbo root, 211 Collenchyne, 318 Collodium, prep, of, 62 Collodium U. S. P., 98 Coltsfoot, Ml 4 Complete flower, 312, 313 Compound, binary and ternary, 255 Compound cathartic pills, 35 chalk powder, 31 licorice powder, 110 mixture of glycyrrhiza, 34 powder of jalap," 69. 242 Compositae, characteristics of, 317 Compressed tablets, 112 Confections, 18 Coniferae, 190 official products of, 205 Conium, 134, 191, 210 Consumptive's weed, 311 Containers for crude drugs, 141 Conversion of Centrigrade to Fahren- heit, 35 Fahrenheit to Centigrade, 19 Copaiba, 156 Copperas, 250 Copper oxides, 280 sulphate, 94 Corm, 303 Corn smut, X09 Corrosive sublimate, 286 Corrosive sublimate, chemical test for, 331 Corymb, 320 Cowling's rule, 325 Cox's hive svrup, 110 Cubeb, 191 " Culm, 321 Cusso, 229 Cramp bark, 189 Cranesbill, 227 Cream of tartar, 292 Cremocarp, 317 Crenate, 320 Creosote, 196, 293 test to distinguish from car- bolic acid, 17 Cresol, 218 Crocus, 195 Crude drugs, forms of, 133 Crystallization, 33, 257 Cynhydrin, 66 Daturine, 189, 194 Deadly nightshade, 193, 230 Decoction, definition of, 10 Decoctions, 38 Dehiscent, 315 Deliquescence, 39 Deliquescent, 248 Deliquescent salts, 6 Demulcent, 325 Demulcents, 211 Dentate, 320 Dermatol, 218 Desiccation, 70 Destructive distillation, 3 Detection of albuminoid ammonia, 90 ammonium sulphate, 90 calcium, 90 chlorides, 90 copper, 90 free ammonia, 90 lead, 90 organic matter, 90 Dextrogyrate, 300 Diachylon plaster, 36 Diaphoretic, 200, 234 Diastasum, 202 Diatomic, 250 Digestive ferments, 202 Digitalin, 231 Digitalis, 163, 192, 205 Diluent, 64 Di-methyl-ketone, 218 INDEX. 357 Dimorphous, 23, 249 Dionin, 209 Diphtheria antitoxin, 215 dried, 217 Disinfectant, 224 Dispensatory, 30, 116 Distillation, 29 Distilled water, 82 Distinction between Anisura and Poison Hemlock, 153 Canadian hemp and Dogbane, 155 Cascara sagrada and Granatum, 158 Cascara sagrada and northern prickly- ash, 158 Choke cherry and wild cherry, 155 Creosote and carbolic acid, 24! Jamaica and Surinam quassia, 155 Mentha piperita and mentha viridis, 171 Rhamnus California bark and cascara sagrada, m 156 Spigeliaand Ruellia, 172 Viburnum prunifolium and V. Opulus, 176 Diuretic, 199 Dodder. 307 Dog Button, 135 Donovan's solution, 15, 37 Dose, lethal, 325 maximum, 325 minimum, 3.5 Dover's powder, 9, 37, 110, 297 formula, 31 Drastic cathartic, 188 Drop chalk, 218 Drugs containing anthraquinone de- rivatives, 187 Drupe, 316 Dryopteris Filix-mas, 307 marginalis, 307 Dulcamara, 204 Duramen, 312 Ebullition, 14 Effervescing salts, preparation of, 8 Efflorescence. 39 Efflorescent, 248 Efflorescent salts, 6 Elaterin, 182 Elaterium, 182 Elecampane, 191, 311 Electrolysis, 248 Element, 245 Elements, number of, 245 Elixir of pepsin and bismuth, 99 Elixirs, 4 Elutriation, 13, 64 Emergency treatment in poisoning'by belladonna, 336 illuminating gas, 338 oxalic acid, 336 unknown substance, 326 Emetic, 324 Emetics, vegetable, 326 mineral, 326 where contra-indicated, 326 Emetinae hydrochloridum, 207 Emetine, 189 Emmenagogue, 200, 243 Emollient, 211 Emplastrum plumbi, 186 Emulsification, 60 Emulsion, definition, 17, 41, 110 of castor oil, 66 of codliver oil, 68 with glycerite of egg yolk. 48 of chloroform, 106 Emulsions, 52, 240 Endogen, 315 Endosperm, 311 Entomophilous, 314 Epispastic, 191 Equation, 246 Ergota, 146, 199 Eriodictyon, 195 Eserine, 189 Essential oil, 12, 13 Eucalyptus, 134, 193, 213, 311 Eupatorium, 243 Euphorbiaceae, 190 Evaporation, 5, 33 Exogen, 315 Exsiccation, 70 Extract of nux vomica, percent of al- kaloids present, 18 Extractum glycyrrhizae purum, 75 mode of prep. , 76 nucis vomicae, 297 Extracts, 89 Fat acid, 10 Fecula, 310 358 INDEX. Fehling's solution, 298 Fel bovis. 10 Ferraeniation, 4 Ferment, . 08 Ferments, digestive, 202 produced by yeast, 308 Ferns, 307 Ferric chloride. 250, 286 hydrate, 270 salt. "22 Ferrous salt. 22 Ferrum reductum. 20 Fertilization. 3 1 2 Fish berries, 2H0 Fixed oil definition of, 12 Fixed oils. 42. 43. 194 preparation of, 8 Flax seed. 311 Flower, definition of 312 Fluidextract containing ammonia. 45 of licorice, use of am- monia in. 59 of nux vomica, 92 of sarsaparilla, men- struum for, Ho' Fluidextracte, definition, H9 containing acetic acid, 44 effect of time and light upon, -12 made with alkaline menstruum, 1 1 not standardized to hold in solution 1 Gm. of soluble prin- ciple of the drug in each mill. 17 Foeniculum. microscopic characteris- tics of. 153 Follide. 31ti Formaldehyde, 72, 219 Formin. '209 Formula. 240 Fowler's solution, 15, 18, 37, 61, 108 Foxglove. 20 '> Fractional distillation, 37 Frasera carolinensis, 171 Friar's balsam, 100, 110 cap, oil Fruit, M5 Fruits, umbelliferous, 152 Fruticose, 321 Fuming nitric acid, 94, 128 Fusion, 64 Gadus morrbua. 202 Galactagogue, 179, 234 Gallic acid, 1''6 Gallotannic acid, l!18 Galbalus. 31(5 Gambir, 136. 191 Gamete. M0 < -ametopbyte, 315 Ganjah. 210 Garbling, 1 3 (Gaseous solutions, official, 17 Gelatin, 209 Gelsemine 2 1 Gelsemium. 211 Gentiana. 171 Gigartina mamillosa, 195 Ginger. 147 adulterants for, 148 Glonolin 56 Glucosides. 18 ulycerin, 56. 106 its use with menstruum in manuf. of tinctures, 11 source, 20 tests for purity, 20 Glvceritum boroglycerini. 54 Glvcerites 13, 189, 239 Gold, 211 chloride. 280 Goldenseal, 181, 182 Gossypium, 214 purificatum, 190 Goulard's cerate. 41 extract, 110 preparation of, 18 Granular effervescent salts, 26 Green iodide of mercury, 109 Gregory's powder. 51 Griffith's mixture, 14 Guarana. .0;), 2;2 (iuaza. 210 Gum benzoin, 197 Gum camphor, method of pulverizing, 7 opium, 198 plant. 204 Gun cotton 98 Gymnosperms, differences from angio- sperms. 303 Gynoecium, 311 Gypsum. 275 Haematinic 213 Haematoxylon, 211 Haemostatic, 199 INDEX. 359 Halogens. 261 Hamaraelis. 228 Hashish, 311 Harrison law. 131 Heat, source of. 257 Heavy liquid petrolatum, 7 Heavy magnesia, difference from light grade, 17 Hellebore, black, 238 green, 288 white. 2:i8 Henbane, 183,311 Hepatic. 191 Herb, 315 Hoffman's anodyne. 12 Homatropine. 119, 231 Hot drops, 110 Hungarian paprika, 139 Huxham's tincture, 100 Hybrid. 312 Hybridization. 314 Hydragogue. 192 Hydrargyrum. 281 . Hydrargyri iodidum flavum. 119 rubrum, 119 salicylas. 285 suhsulphas flavus, 119 Hydrastine. 181 Hydrastinine hydrochloride, 181 Hydrastis 165, 214 Hydrocarbon, 2S9 Hydrocyanic acid, 267 Hydrogen. 267 Hydrogen sulphide, 266 Hydrometer. 256 Hygrine, 236 Hyoscine. 235 Hyoscyamus, 164, 183 Hypnotic. 192 Hypodermic cathartic, 188 Ichthyol 221 Ignatia, 136 lllicimn 193 Impalpable powder, 7 Imparipinnate. 815 Incompatibility. 63, 70 examples of, 64, 115 Indicator, 248 Indian tobacco 197 Inflorescence, 315 Infusion. 10 Infusion of digitalis, 67, 121 ingredients of, 61 Infusions, incompatibility with metal- lic and alkaloidal salts, 59 of U. S. P., 13 strength of unofficial, 37 Inorganic acids, 268 Insecta. 248 Involucre. 315 Iodides of mercury. 238 Iodine. 100. 196. 261, 262 Iodine ointment. 42 Iodoform 9 i, 128, 290 Iodum, 269 Ion, 246 Ipecac. 196 Ipecacuanha, 162 lridin, 195 Iris, 19") Iron, 276 sulphate. 94 Irritant poison, 323 Isinglass. 210 Isomorphism, 249 Jaborandi. 196 •lalapa. 170. 1J-8, 229 James powder. 51 Javella water, 54, 69 Jasmine, 197 Jennerian vaccine, 223 Kentish's ointment, 108 Kino, 189, 192 Australian, 135 Encalyptus 135 Malabar, 135 Labarraque's solution, 69, 74 Labiatae, 190 Lady's slipper, 188 Laevogyrate, 300 Laminar, 249 Lappa, 193 Latin, 12, 47. 51, 52, 71, 86, 114 Laudanum, 36 opium strength of, 5 Laughing gas, 260 Laxative, 187 Lead, 278 acetate, 249, 286 water, 24 Leaf, 319 compound. 320 Leaves, coriacious, 319 deciduous, 319 pubescent, 319 360 INDEX. Leaves, sessile, 319 tomentose, 319 histological elements in, 321 Lenticels, 311 Leopard's bane, 204 Leptandra, 190 Lethal dose, 325 Levigation. 12 Levant wormseed, 180, 321 Lichens. 309 Light liquid petrolatum, 7 Lignin, 318 Lily-of-the-valley, 198 Lime, relative solubility of, 25 Lime water, 90 official table, 28 Linimentum terebinthinae, 108 Liniments, defined. 39 Liniments containing camphor, 15, 64 volatile oil, 61 Liquid alkaloids, 236 Liquid apiol, 20 Ligulate, ol9 Liquid petrolatum, heavy and light, 7 Liquor acidi arsenosi, 24 ammoniae aoetatis, 7 calcis, 62, 274 cresolis comp. . 219 ferri chloridi. 26, 46 ferri subsulphatis. 36 Liquor formaldehydi, 7M, 219 hydrogenii dioxidi, 270 hypophysis, 108 magnesii citratis, 88 plumbi sub-acetatis. 43 plumbi sub-acetatis dilutus, cause of milky appearance in, 11 vaporosus, 51 Liquors, 7 Litharge, 94, 128, 278 L-mandelonitrile glucoside, 184 Lobelia, 197 Lobeline, 236 Locule. 315 Loganiaceae, 190 Loment, 319 Lugol's solution, 100 constituents of, 65 Lunar caustic, 218 Lycopodium, 172, 205 Maceration, 37 Macro tin, 195 Macrotys, 218 Magendie's solution, 9 Magma magnesiae, 89, 273 Magnesia usta levis, 273 ponderosa, 89, 273 Magnesium, 88, 272 Male fern, 227 Male jalap, 170 Mammalia. 243 Mandrake, 191 Manna, 205 Marsh gas, 289 Marsh test, 288 Massa hydrargyi, 82 assay of, 1 4 per cent of mercury present in, 21 preparation of, 14 Matico leaves, 198 Matricaria, 2z9 May apple, 212, 311 Mayer's solution, 15 Measures, apothecaries, 5 metric, 5 Medicated waters, 82, 83 method of prepara- tion, 65 Medicinal water, preparation of, 14 Mel, 23-5 despumatum, 235 rosae, 235 Menstruum, 37 Menthol, 213, 291 source of, 34 Mercurial salts, 284, Mercuric oxide, 109 Mercurous chloride, chemical teats for, 331 Mercurous iodide, 109 Mercury, 281, 282 salts of, 283 Mericarp, 317 Meristem. 318 Metals. 270 Methyl alcohol, 109. 110 salicylate, 109 synthetic, how dis- tinguished from oil of wintergreen, 110 Metre, 32 Mil. reason for its replacing c. c. , 10 Milk of magnesia, 89 Mistletoe. 310 Mistura cretae, 63 ferri composita, 14 INDEX. 361 Mistura glycyrrhizae composita, 67 rhei et sodae. 110 Mistura, definition, 13 Mixture. 110 Mode of formation of acids. 248 bases, 248 salts, 248 Molds, black, 305 green and yellow, 306 Molecular weight, 245 Molecule, unsaturated, 250 Monkshood, 197 Monoecious. 312 Monhydrated sodium carbonate, 75 Monoxide. 250 Monsell's solution, 41 Morphine, analytical reaction for, 119 Mucronate, 319 Muriate of ammonia, 262 Mushrooms. 304 Mycelium. 310 Mydriatic, 2-J4 Myotic. 234 Myrrha, 174 Naphthalenum, 76 Napthalin, 211 source of, 34 Narcotic poisons 323 National formulary. 30 Natural oleoresins, 233 Nitrogen, 267 Nitrogenii monoxidum, 260 Nitrates, 268 Nitrohydrochloric acid, 58 diluted, 59 Non-metals, 258 Normal salts. 247 Number six. 110 Nutgalls 187 Nux vomica, 135, 177, 224 Official preparation, definition of, 10 Official substances, 32 titles, 2H6 Oil of cajeput. 206 carron. 10 olive, 185 peppermint. 190 rosemary. 321 sesame. 218 turpentine, 95 virgin, 186 vitriol, 280 Ointment, made by chemical reaction, 13 Ointments, 85, 86 Oleate of mercury, mode of prepara- tion, 15 percentage strength, 15 morphine, method of man- ufacture, 6 Oleic acid, 196 Oleoresins, 122. 233 defined. 20 natural, 122 prepared pharmaceuticr- ally, 123 Oleum olivae, 185 sesami, 218 theobromatis, 113, 184 Opii pulvis, percentage of morphine in, 21 Opium, 134, 149, 225 adulteration of. 151 essential alkaloids of, 297 Organ, 316 Organism, 316 Organic chemistry, 289 Ounce, grains in, advoirdupois, 4 fluid, 4 tro^, 4 Ovis aries, 202 Ovule, 311 angiospermous, 313 Oxalic acid, 196 Oxidation. 30, 248 Oxygen, 259 Pancreatin. 62, 202 Paprika, Hungarian, 139 Spanish, 139 Parasite, 306 Pareira, 204 Paregoric, 110 opium strength of, 5 Paris green, 116 Pearson's solutions, 15 Pearl white, 249 Peduncle. 315 Peltate. 820 Pellitory, 314 Pepsin. 7. 62. 202, 298 Percolation, 105 Percolators, 105 Perennial, 310 Pericarp, 317 Pericycle, 317 362 INDEX. Petrolatum 70 liquidura, 7 Petroselinum sativum, 195 Pharmaceutical arithmetic, problems in. 1. 2,6, 7. 29, 31, 32. : 3. 3«, 46, 78. 107. 109, 127, 128. 12', 252 Pharmaceutical Latin, 51, 125,248, 276 I harmacopoeia, . Pharmacv. detined, 1 Phelloderm. X17 Phellogen. 317 Phenazone, 209 Plienol. 84 Phenolphthalein, 294 Phloem, 3,8 Phosphoric acid. 250 Phosphorous, 2 . .#' &': w .7n^ V. ',* V" 1 ;?> % ^'~ H.. ' ^ -V .NT •'-, -> ; ^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS I III 111 I DD02bb57234