PR 4963 .07 1907 Copy 1 OF ANCIENT ROAVE Book ._AX.. GoffyrightN". vl^. ^""" -Cora •: CENTRAL ITALY ^1^ \^,^ i u M : TTITH MAP OF ' Rome and Vicinity ^^^^^^^'- *• « Fortress^ > L J oLake Regillus Tusculum • Alban Lale^ •Alba Longa NOTES EXPLANATORY OF THE TEXT GENERAL INTRODUCTION To be read carefully by students After the expulsion of the kings from Rome, the government was in the hands of the people, the patricians of high birth taking precedence of the lower classes, or plebeians. Two consuls, usually chosen from among the patricians, were the highest officers, and they presided over the more important administrative assemblies. The senate, composed of the Conscript Fathers, numbered about three hundred patrician heads of families. Three popular assemblies were recognized : the comitia curiata, patrician ; the comitia centuriata, a military organiza- tion both patrician and plebeian ; the comitia tributa, plebeian. The plebeians were allowed to elect tribunes, whose duty was to guard the interests of the common people. The religious beliefs of the Latins were very closely connected with those of the Greeks. Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Ares, were represented in Rome by the deities Jupiter, Juno, Venus, and Mars. Other deities were worshiped in addition to these mentioned, and the spirits of wind, water, air, and the inhabitants of the lower world were all objects of devotion. A definite system of priesthood was known in early Rome, for the Romans placed great stress upon religious cere- monial, being much more observant of outward form than were the Greeks. The Lays of Ancient Rome deal with legends, not with facts. Readers of Virgil know that according to tradition yEneas after his flight from Troy landed in Italy and built a city named Lavinium, His son Ascanius founded Alba Longa, and his descendants, Romulus and Remus, founded Rome, which became in later days the chief city of Italy, the center of a magnificent empire. Rome, of the period de- scribed by Macaulay, was a well-organized city. It was located upon 85 86 NOTES seven hills: the Palatine Hill, where the first homes were built; the Capitoline, where Jupiter's temple stood; the Esquiline, Cselian, Aven- tine, Quirinal, and Viminal. Below the Capitoline Hill was the Forum, a place somewhat resembling a modern city square. There were shops; there stood temples to the gods, the senate house, and an open space for the gathering of people together for discussion of public or private affairs. Macaulay's many references to history, mythology, and geography of ancient times were introduced chiefly for the sake of reproducing as far as possible the atmosphere, the setting, of past life. Readers should look with special care and pleasure for all the concrete and specific touches which make very vivid the civilization of two thousand years ago. In justice to the poet the lays should be read aloud, for he dis- tinctly emphasized the fact that they were supposed to be recited in public by old Roman ballad makers. The spirit of the poetry will be more fully appreciated in an oral reading, and it will be seen that the swing and resonance of the proper names add much to the power of the lines, Reading aloud will solve the problem of the pronunciation of the names, for the meter will show where each is to be accented. Students are advised to read the lays through three times. The first time they should seek to understand the text, using the explana- tory notes ; the second time they should search for the beauties of style, according to suggestions on pages 106-IIO ; the third time they should reread for pure enjoyment. HORATIUS Macaulay in this lay makes a plebeian recite the story of one of Rome's greatest legendary heroes. The date of recitation was one hundred and twenty years after the events described. The traditional date of the founding of Rome is 754 B.C. and the year of the city CCCLX would be 394 B.C. Wicked King Tarquin had been expelled from Rome, and in his efforts to regain his throne, he appealed to Porsena, king of Clusium, in Etruria. The story begins at this point. Page 1, Stanza I. Lars. This honorary title was usually given to the oldest son in an Etruscan family, while Aruns was the title of a younger son. Lars is our lord. NOTES 87 Nine Gods. The most important Etruscan deities were probably nine in number, although scholars are not all agreed upon that point. House of Tarquin. The family of Tarquin is meant. This figura- tive expression, Jioiise of, is still in use to-day. Trysting day. Tryst is a Scandinavian vi^ord related to trust and to true. Originally it meant a pledge. A trysting day is a day sol- emnly appointed for meeting. Array. Troops. To array is to place in order, and what is thus arrayed may be persons or things, according to the context. II. Tower and town and cottage. Note in this stanza and the following, how vividly Macaulay suggests from what diverse regions and homes the allies of Porsena come. Page 2, III. Amain. Main is an Old English word meaning strength, power ; the prefix a, like that in afoot, is the same as on or in. With strength would be the modern phrase. We still say "with might and main." See Virginia, line 270. Milton used amain in Lycidas : — " Two massy keys he bore of metals twain, (The golden opes, the iron shuts amain)." Hamlet. A home-let, or small village. Let is a diminutive. IV. Hold. Stronghold. V. Mart. A shorter form of market, a place devoted to the buying and selling of goods of various sorts. Pisa was a prosperous commer- cial town and was frequented by merchants. Triremes. Vessels with three banks of oars to propel them. Corn. Not our American corn, but grain of different kinds. Page 3, VI. Champ. A Scandinavian word which means chew noisily. Why does Macaulay prefer it to " eat " or " chew " ? Mere. An Old English word meaning lake. It is now seldom used except in poetry. VIII. Must. The juice of the grape. In Italy, then, as now, wine was commonly made by " trampling out the vintage " by foot, in huge vats. Macaulay had probably seen the highly picturesque groups of barefooted Italian girls talking and laughing as they worked. Page 4, IX. Verses . . . traced from the right. In the ancient Phoenician system of writing, from which ours was developed later, it 88 NOTES was customary to go from right to left on the page. These Etruscan manuscripts, written in the most archaic fashion, represent a very early stage, when the European races imitated the Phoenicians. Certain Oriental nations, such as the Persians, write in this way to-day. Seers of yore. Seer, from see, means prophet, one able to foresee. Yore is the old genitive plural of year, a.nd has come to Vi\Q.-3.x\. formerly, or possessed of years. X. Royal dome. Royal house, from Latin domus. This is not a very common use of the word dome, which ordinarily signifies merely the cupola-like portion of a large building. Nurscia. The Etruscan goddess of fortune. Golden shields of Rome. During the reign of Numa, according to tradition, a golden shield fell from heaven. The soothsayers asserted that the loss of the shield would betoken the destruction of Rome and consequently every effort was made to preserve it. Eleven duplicates were fashioned, and the twelve shields were carefully guarded in the temple of Mars. XI. Tale of men. Number of men. Tale is from tell, meaning count, and signifies that which is counted. Cf. Milton's U Allegro : — " And every shepherd tells his tale," a verse which the best critics interpret as meaning " counts the number (of his sheep)." Page 5, XII. Tusculan Mamilius. Tusculum was a powerful hill town, about a dozen miles from Rome. It has always been a famous spot to students of literature, for Cicero, Cato, and other distinguished men had villas there. XIII. In the following stanzas note the contrast between the splen- did picture of the rallying of Porsena's troops and the account of the frightened refugees. Yellow Tiber. The Tiber, as well as other Italian rivers, is muddy in appearance, having an odd, dull yellow color. Champaign. A plain, Latin campum. The Campagna (cam- pan'ya) is the open country outside any Italian town. The Roman Campagna is especially famous for its beauty. XIV. Litters. Portable low beds. Staves. Plural of staff. NOTES 89 Page 6, XV. Skins of wine. The earliest method of carrying hquicls was to place them in bottles made of skins sewed firmly into shape. Kine. The old plural of cow, formed by a change in the vowel. Cf. other plurals, such as 7nice, Jiien, and teeth. Waggons. This word is still spelled with two g's in England. XVI. Rock Tarpeian. A rock in Rome on the Capitoline Hill, associated with the legend of Tarpeia, a young girl who betrayed her country to the Sabines, on condition that she should be given what they wore on their arms. Instead of receiving their golden bracelets, as she had expected, she was slain by the shower of heavy shields hurled upon her. Burghers. Citizens of a btirg, or borough, a term denoting a town. Fathers. Senators. See General Introduction, page 85. Page 7, XVIII. I wis. / believe. Properly spelled ywis, and really meaning certainly. Macaulay followed the old erroneous belief that there was a verb wis^ meaning believe. Sore. Sorely, or sadly. Girded up their gowns. The long robes worn by senators made it impossible for them to move quickly unless they belted or girded up their gowns. Hied them. Hastened ; an Old English word used now only in poetry. Cf. Shakespeare's Macbeth, I, 5, 26, " Hie thee hither." Page 8, XXI. Note how Macaulay makes the confused " cloud " gradually become distinct color, and form, and sound. XXIII. Port and vest. Port, from Latin portare, carry, means carriage, bearing. Vest is the same as Latin vestis and our vestment or vesture. Lucumo. Etruscan ; the word originally meant priest and later was synonymous with prince. Four-fold shield. A shield with wooden frame, covered with four thicknesses of leather. Brand. Sword, a common term in early heroic poetry. The devel- opment in meaning irom. firebrand \.o something flashing like a fire- brand is easily seen. Scott used the word freely. Cf. The Lady of the Lake, Canto II, stanza XXXII : — 90 NOTES " 'Twas I that taught his youthful hand To rein a steed and wield a brand ; " and Tennyson's y)/(?;Y^ D' Arthur, "Take my brand, Excalibur." Thrasymene. The lake made famous in later times by the victory of Hannibal over the Romans, in a battle fought on its shores. Page 9, XXIV. False Sextus. The Tatquin whose infamous at- tack on Lucretia, the noble Roman matron, caused her to take her own life. Page 10, XXVI. Van. Vanguard, the front of an army. XXVII. Brave Horatius. Horatius was surnamed Codes, or one- eyed, although he was doubtless not blind. Macaulay makes him a patrician and is here extolling the spirit of the early patricians. Note the simplicity and nobility of Horatius's speech, ringing with patriotic fervor. How does Horatius compare with other epic heroes? Seethe Study of Heroic Poetry, page XI, and the epics mentioned in the bibliography, page 113. XXVIII. Maidens who feed the eternal flame. There were six priestesses whose duty it was to keep burning the flame on the altar of Vesta, goddess of the hearth. It was believed that disaster would be- fall the city if the fire were extinguished. Page 11, XXIX. Yon strait path. Yon is a short, poetic form of yonder. Strait, from Latin strictuni, means strict, narrow. It is an entirely different word from straight. Cf. Gospel of Matthew vii. 13, " Enter ye in at the strait gate." XXX. Spurius Lartius and Herminius. These men, too, were patricians. Page 12, XXXII. Spoils. Loot, or booty, captured in war. Some- times very valuable jewels, gold, and other precious things were taken. XXXIII. Tribunes beard the high. The officers representing the plebeians often made themselves dislike! by patricians because of their arrogant demands. See Shakespeare's Coriolanus. To beard is to seize contemptuously by the beard, then, by figurative use, to attack or oppose a person very boldly. XXXIV. Harness. Trappings of war, armor. The word is kin to iron. Cf. Shakespeare's Macbeth,^, 5, 52, "At least we'll die with harness on our back; " and Milton's Hymn on the Nativity, XXVII : — NOTES 91 " And all about the courtly stable Bright-harnessed angels sit in order serviceable." Commons. Plebeians. Note in the following stanzas the rapidity of Macaulay's narrative and also the specific names of warriors and the kind of blows they gave. Page 14, XXXIX. Fen. Bog, or marsh. Cf. the Fens, in Bos- ton. XL. Fell pirate. Fell is an old word signifying cruel, grim. Hinds. Country laborers, from an old word meaning dojuestic. Page 16, XLIII. The she-wolf's litter. The descendants of Romulus and of Remus, fabled founders of Rome, who were nursed by a wolf. See The Prophecy of Capys. Page 17, XLVI. Augurs. Priests who interpreted the omens, or auguries, observed in the flight of birds and other such natural phe- nomena. XLVIII. Prowess. Bravery, from an Old French word. Page 20, LV. Turret-tops. Tu7'rets are small towers rising above the line of wall. Page 21, LIX. Father Tiber. The river god, represented in later Roman statuary as an old man reclining, surrounded by little children, who represented the sources and tributaries of the river. Page 22, LXII. I ween. / think; from an Old English verb meaning imagine, expect. Page 24, LXVI. Comitium. That part of the Forum where the assemblies, or comiticE met. See General Introduction, page 85. Page 25, LXIX. For other pictures of rustic life among the ancients, see Idylls V and VIII of Theocritus, the Greek poet, trans- lated by Andrew Lang. THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS This lay is supposed to be recited by a Roman poet, about ninety years after Horatius. Some of the persons mentioned in Horatius appear here also. Macaulay says, "The principal distinction between the lay of Horatitis and the lay of the Lake Regillus is that the former is meant to be purely Roman, while the latter, though national in its general spirit, has a slight tincture of Greek learning and of Greek 92 NOTES superstition. ... In the following poem, therefore, images and in- cidents have been borrowed, not merely without scruple, but on principle, from the incomparable battle pieces of Homer." Page 26, Title. The feast of Castor and Pollux. The twin sons of Jove were famous for their brotherly love as well as for their " manly virtues." Stanza I. Lictors. Officers whose duty it was to attend the Roman magistrates and act as bodyguard. A lictor bore fasces, a bundle of rods from which an axe projected. Knights. The eguites, who ranked below the senate and above the plebeians, were knights. The knight as we generally think of him, a representative of chivalry, was not known until many centuries after this. See Sir Gazvain and the Green Knight and other romances of chivalry mentioned on page 114. Castor in the Forum. The temple of the god. Mars without the wall. The temple of Mars, outside the city walls. Purple. Purple robes were worn by those holding high official position. Olive. The olive has always been a symbol of peace. Cf. the opening lines of stanza III of Milton's Hymn on the Nativity ; — " But he, her fears to cease, Sent down the meek-eyed Peace : She, crowned with olive green," etc. Yellow River. See above, page 88. Sacred Hill. Mons Sacer, outside the city. The plebeians bao often held consultations on this hill. It was here that Menenius Agrippa told the fable of the stomach and the limbs. Ides of Quintilis. The fifteenth day of July. According to the Roman calendar the days of the month were reckoned with reference to calends (ka'-lendz), nones (nonz), and ides (idz). The first day of each month was known as the calends (Latin calare = call), probably because on this day the priests were accustomed to call, or proclaim, the approaching nones, which fell on the seventh of March, May, July, and October, and on the fifth day of the other months. The nones (Latin nontis = ninth) marked the ninth day before the ides. Accord- NOTES 93 ingly, the ides of March, May, July, and October fell on the fifteenth and the ides of other months on the thirteenth day. The derivation of ides is very uncertain. It may come from a Greek word meaning see, and may indicate the day on which the full moon might be seen. Martian Kalends. The first day of March. December's Nones. The fifth day of December. Squadron. A body of cavalry. The word meant, originally, a square of men. To-day it is applied to a body of cavalry, or of in- fantry, or to a fleet of ships. Rome's whitest day. White was considered representative of all that is propitious. Candidate (Latin candidatus = clothed in white) was the name applied to one seeking office, who was required by law to wear white. Page 27, II. The city of two kings. Lacedaemon always was governed by two kings who held office at the same time. II. From the East. From Greece. III. Cots. Cottages. The word remains in cotter and in sheepcote. In a slightly different sense we have cot, meaning a bed of a size suited to a cottage. Angle. An Old English word meaning first hook and then fishhook. Angler is still often used instead oi fisherman by people who like to speak a somewhat old-fashioned language. The Thirty Cities. An important Latin league. Page 29, V. Consul first in place. "Consul Major, one who had the largest number of votes, or with whom the forces were, or one who was oldest or had most children." (Andrews.) The Herald of the Latines. The Latins here meant are those inhabitants of Latium outside of Rome. They sent a herald, or officer, empowered to carry a formal challenge of war. Page 30, VII. Eyrie. An eyrie is a nest built by a bird of prey, usually in some high place difficult of access. The proper spelling is aery, for the word is derived from Latin area. Page 31, VIII. Dictator. In times of extreme danger to the nation it was customary to name a dictator, or executive, who should have almost absolute power. Axes twenty-four. Twenty-four lictors. See above, page 92. 94 NOTES Page 32, X. Note the rapidity with which Macaulay characterizes the various towns and gives them some distinctively picturesque attribute. Ghastly priest. Human sacrifices were anciently offered, in the shadow of Aricia's trees, to Diana. Page 33, XI. Charger. A charger is a strong horse used to carry- ing a heavy burden or charge. The word is ordinarily used to desig- nate a spirited war horse. Note the use of charger in the old romances mentioned on page 114. Cf. Lowell's The Vision of Sir Laimfal, Part First, stanza III : — " The drawbridge dropped with a surly clang, And through the dark arch a charger sprang." Page 34, XII. A woman fair and stately. Lucretia. See above, page 90. Page 36, XIV. Note how Macaulay makes the battle vivid by de- scribing not the actual blows given but the sights and sounds which show how furiously men fought. Targe. Target, a small shield. XV. Corselet. From French corselet meaning a little body and hence armor for the body. Note the materials used and compare with the medieval plate armor and chain armor. Helm. A poetical form of helmet. Brake. A growth of ferns or of low bushes. Page 38, XVI. Bucklers. Shields. The word is derived from Latin bocula = the boss or knob in the center of a shield. Frequently shields in ancient times were several feet long and could well form a wall if placed edge to edge. The word is used often in the Bible. Cf. Psalm xci. 4, "His truth shall be thy shield and buckler." Pruning among his elms. Pruning grape-vines trained upon elm trees. Clients. Men under the protection of a wealthy landowner who guarded their interests and who expected them to render him assist- ance in time of war. Page 40, XVII. Weal and woe. Prosperity and disaster. Note the alliteration in this and in similar phrases such as " make or mar," " sink or swim." NOTES 95 Bestrode. Stood over for protection. Span deep. A span is the distance from the tip of the thumb to that of the little finger when the hand is open, usually considered nine inches. Yeomen. The sturdy soldiers of the plebeian order. The deriva- tion is uncertain, but probably the word meant, originally, villager. Page 41, XIX. Note the appeals made here to the reader's eye and ear. Wist. See above, page 89. A Consular. Of consular rank. Valerius had been consul. Page 42, XXII. Amain. See above, page 87. Page 44, XXV. Auster. The south wind for which the horse was named is characterized by violent heat and by swift, tempestuous movement. Page 45, XXVII. Lay on. Give valiant blows. XXIX. How does this wild journey compare with that taken by Paul Revere and with that in Browning's poem, How They brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix ? Page 46, XXX. Carnage. Massacre attended by fearful bloodshed. Furies of thy brother. The Furies, or Eumenides of the Greek mythology, pursued murderers with unabating zeal. The brother is the guilty Tarquin who caused the death of Lucretia. See above, page 90. Capuan's hall. Capua was famous for its luxuriousness. Page 48, XXXIV. Note how successfully Macaulay suggests the widespread worship of Castor and Pollux by mentioning cities in different regions : one in Greece, one in Africa, one in Italy, and one in Sicily. Mast of Syracuse. Syracuse, a sea town, built on an elevation, has had a powerful position. It is one of the most interesting of Sicihan towns at the present day. Page 49, XXXV. Couched low his spear. To couch a spear is to place it, in a position for speedy action, low over the saddle. Page 50, XXXVI. Adrian main. The Adriatic Sea. Main is used in poetry for both sea and land, meaning the main part of either as opposed to small portions. 96 NOTES Page 52, XXXVII. High Pontiff. Pontifex Alaximus, the head of the system of priests, or pontiffs. He was a person of great impor- tance. See General Introduction, page 85. Etruria's colleges. Not colleges in our modern sense, but assem- blies of men devoted to the study of religious rites. XXXVII. Pricking. Spurring. Page 53, XXXVIII. Asylum. Romulus, according to legend, founded a place of refuge on the Capitoline Hill, where fugitives from other nations were received and protected on condition that they would become citizens of Rome. Fire that burns for aye. See above, page 90. Shield that fell from Heaven. See above, page 88. Page 53, XXXIX. Durst. Dared, an archaic form frequently used by poets. XL. Dorians. Inhabitants of Doris, in Greece, famous for their force of character. Sit shining on the sails. The twin brothers were identified with the constellation Gemini, and were guides to mariners. VIRGINIA In this lay the cause of the plebeians is celebrated. Macaulay makes tlje poet recite his story seventy years after the events mentioned had taken place. Wc are to imagine him addressing a gathering of ple- beians who have just reelected their tribunes and are rejoicing over the rights and privileges they have gained. Page 56, Line 6. Maids with snaky tresses. An allusion to the story of Medusa, the Gorgon, whose head was wreathed with snakes. The Furies, also, were maids with snaky tresses. Sailors turned to swine. An allusion to the story in the Odyssey, where the companions of Ulysses are turned to swine by the enchant- ress, Circe. 10. Wicked Ten. The Decemvirs, who had been appointed to draw up laws satisfactory to both patricians and plebeians, and to take charge of the government for one year. They were patricians. At first the decemvirs proved highly efficient, but in the second year they became insolent and unjust, rousing the anger of the plebeians. NOTES 97 Page 57, 15. Eyed askance. Looked obliquely, or crookedly; with suspicion. 23. Such varlets, etc. Such rascals perform shameful deeds for the sake of money. Varlet is the same as vassal and valet, and has a suggestion of servility. The lying Greeks. This is an expression of Roman prejudice. There was great rivalry between the two nations. 24. Licinius. The newly elected tribune. See title of the poem. 31. Tablets. Pieces of wood, or ivory, overlaid with wax, upon which a person wrote by means of a sharp-pointed instrument called a stylus. Our style is derived from this word. Page 58, 35. Sacred street. The Via Sacra leading from a city gate, through various windings, up to the Capitoline Hill, where Jupi- ter's temple stood. 36. Good old song. A reference to Lucretia, the model matron, who was found employed at household tasks at a time when other women were usually idle. See above, page 94. 45. Alban mountains. A beautiful range of hills not far from Rome. 47. Note the concrete pictures of everyday life in the Forum. See General Introduction, page 85. Page 59, 50. Panniers. Bread baskets, ox\gu\?^y {xovc\.\.2Xva panis meaning bread. Panniers are carried at the sides of a horse's saddle. 64. Punic wares. Carthaginian. The Pcsni, or* Carthaginians, made very artistic and sumptuous articles for household use, which were imported by Roman merchants just as we to-day import Parisian wares. 66. Flesher. Butcher. Properly speaking, a butcher slays only goats, but we have broadened the meaning of the word. Page 60, 70. Caitiff. A base rascal, from Latin captivus = a captive wretch. This word appears often in the old romances. 74. Year of the sore sickness. The plague, which devastated the country. 76, Augurs. See above, page 91. 81. Note here, and later, how the word tribune is repeated in order to emphasize the cause celebrated by the poet. 98 NOTES 87. Icilius. Betrothed to Virginia. Page 61, 89. That column. A column erected in memory of Horatius, who was victor in the fight between the three Roman Horatii and the three Alban Curiatii. This is not the hero of Macaulay's lay, Horatius. 94. Quirites. Roman citizens. The word is derived from Cures, a Sabine town, whose inhabitants were called Quirites. " After the Sabines and the Romans had united themselves into one community, under Romulus, the name of Quirites was taken in addition to that of Romani, the Romans calling themselves, in a civil capacity, Quirites, while in a political and military capacity they retained the name of Romani." (Andrews.) 95. Servius. Servius TuUius, one of the legendary kings of Rome, was loved by the commons, partly because he was a wise lawgiver, and partly because he was, by birth, of their rank. His mother was a ser- vant in the household of King Tarquinius ; his father was a god. The supernatural attributes of the child led Tarquinius to adopt him and in time to marry him to his daughter, thus making him heir to the throne. 96. Tarquin's evil seed. See above, page 90. 97. Those false sons. The sons of Lucius Junius Brutus, traitors to their country, were slain by their father. 98. Scaevola. A noble Roman named Mucius went as spy into the camp of Porsena during the war that continued after the exploit of Horatius, who -kept the bridge. When Mucius was discovered and threatened with death, he won his freedom by showing his enemies how great was his fortitude and his scorn of physical suffering ; he thrust his right hand into the fire and allowed it to be burned, thus winning the admiration of his enemies. Thenceforth he was called SccEvola, meaning left-handed. 99. Fox-earth. The fox's hole in the earth, meaning here, figura- tively, the fox. 100. Brook. Endure, from an Old English word meaning enjoy. 102. Sacred Hill. See above, page 92. 104. Marcian fury. Caius Marcius, later Coriolanus, opposed the plebeians bitterly, and roused their anger to such an extent that they caused him to be exiled. See Shakespeare's Coriolanus. NOTES 99 Fabian Pride. The Fabii were patricians who, shamed by dis- asters in war where patrician leaders were defeated, took sides with the plebeians, and worked for plebeian causes. The legend of the war of the Fabii with the Veii is to be found in any history of Rome. 105. Fiercest Quinctius. The name Quinctius belonged by right to three families — the Cincinnati, Capitohni, and Flaminii. Caeso, son of the famous Cincinnatus, was banished for his opposition to the plebeians. Haughtiest Claudius. Grandfather of the Appius Claudius of the story. 106. Fasces. The bundles of rods bound up with an axe, borne by lictors. See above, page 92. Page 62, iii. Note the attitude of the plebeians toward the patri- cians and the specific complaints of abuses. Polling. The registering of votes. 115. Fillets. Small bands, passing about the head, used to confine the hair. They were a symbol of priesthood and also of patrician rank, since plebeians were not admitted to the priesthood. 116. Curule chair. This chair, inlaid with ivory and possessing neither arms nor back, was used by important officers of state. Prob- ably airule is derived from ciiri-us, meaning a car, since the chair was frequently placed in a car to be drawn through the streets on important occasions. Press. Impress, force to serve. 117. Cohorts. A group of about five hundred soldiers, part of a legion. 1 1 8. Garners. Granaries. 119. Leech-craft. Medicine. Leech is the Old English word for physician. Cf. Spenser's Faerie Qiieene, Book I, Canto V, stanza XVII : — " Home is he brought, and layd in sumptous bed, Where many skilfull leaches him abide To salve his hurts." 120. Usance. Usury ^ the demanding of an exorbitant rate of interest on money lent by the rich to the poor. Cf. Shakespeare's MercJimit of Venice, I, 3, 45-46 : — LOfC. lOO NOTES " He lends out money gratis and brings down The rate of usance here with us in Venice." 122. Noisome. Evil smelling and dangerous to health. The same as noxious. 123. Dog-star heat. Sirius, the Dog Star, was supposed to be influential in bringing heat in July and August. 124. Holes for free-born feet. Stocks, wooden frames, where the feet were imprisoned. A picture of stocks may be found in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary . 127. Shades. Departed spirits. Page 63, 133. Corinthian mirrors. Corinth, in Greece, was famous for its bronze. Mirrors were, in olden times, made of highly polished metal. Page 64, 148. Great sewer. The Cloaca Maxima, the huge drain of Rome. 150. Whittle. A butcher's knife. 152. Note the tender beauty of this picture of family life. 157. Civic crown. A crown of oak leaves, given to a man who had saved another's life. 162. Urn. The small jar in which the ashes of the dead were sacredly preserved. Page 66, 193. Nether gloom. Nether is derived from a word meaning downward, lower. Cf. Coleridge's Ancient Mariner, Part III : — " The horned moon, with one bright star Within the nether tip." The dwellers in the nether gloom are the inhabitants of the lower world. Here, evidently, Macaulay refers particularly to the Furies, who pursued murderers. Page 67, 213. Cypress crown. The cypress tree is associated w-ith death. Italian cemeteries are, to-day, full of cypresses. 216. Rabble. From a word meaning to chatter ; now a noisy, violent crowd. Cf. Shakespeare's Macbeth, V, 5, 29, " To be baited with the rabble's curse." 217. Crafts Occupations. The Old English word means skill, force. NOTES loi Page 68, 228. Pincian Hill. One of the lesser Roman hills. Latin Gate. The Porta Latina, on the road leading to Capua, was on the opposite side of Rome from the Pincian. Page 69, 244. Potsherds. Pot-shards, pieces of broken pots. 248. Note the tribute paid to the really patriotic patricians. 249. Caius of Corioli. The patrician mentioned in line 104 above, who won an important victory over the Volscians at Corioli, and was thenceforth called Coriolanus. 251. Beneath the yoke of Furius. Camillus, victor over the Gauls in their war with Rome about 389 B.C. The conquered were made to pass under a yoke formed by making one spear rest horizontally upon two other spears driven into the ground. 257. Cossus. See Battle of Lake Regillus, stanza XXIII. 258. Fabius. See above, page 99. 259. Claudian litter. The Claudian family, referred to contemp- tuously by the term applied to a family of young puppies or other animals. Page 70, 277. Sea-marks. The various landmarks on the coast of Calabria, in southeastern Italy, were guides to mariners. Spume. From Latin spuma, meaning yc»«w. 278. Thunder Cape. The promontory in Greece, opposite Cala- bria. Page 71, 283. Retainers. Dependents holding a higher position than m.ere servants. THE PROPHECY OF CAPYS Macaulay tells us that this lay was recited in honor of the victory of the Romans over King Pyrrhus of Greece, about 275 B.C. Represent- ing a later period of Roman history than any of the other lays. The Prophecy of Capys " shows a much wider acquaintance with the geography, manners, and productions of remote nations." Page 72, Stanza I. After Alba Tonga had been founded on the mountainous side of the Alban lake by Ascanius, son of yEneas, it was ruled prosperously until the days of Amulius, who, in his desire to be sole potentate, attempted to destroy all the heirs to the throne. When the two children of his sister, Rhea Silvia, and the god Mars, were 102 NOTES born, he ordered that the mother be killed and the children drowned. However, through care of the gods, the children were preserved by a wolf, who nursed them until a shepherd found them, and under the shepherd's roof Romulus and Remus grew to manhood. Tradition says that Rome was founded by them about 754 B.C. Sylvian line. Sylvius, or Silvius, was a descendant of ^neas. Throne of Aventine. Aventinus was one of the descendants of ^neas, coming later than Silvius. Page 73, III. Burgher. See above, page 89. Poplar crown. The poplar was sacred to Hercules, who wore a poplar crown after his return from Hades. Page 75, VIII. Holy fillets. See above, page 99. Page 76, XL Note that the prophet addresses Romulus, for whom Rome was named. XII. Our vines clasp many a tree. Note the concrete way of suggesting what was wealth. The vines, made to trail from one tree to another near by, instead of over a trellis, were luxuriant in growth and extended their tendrils widely. Large vineyards were a sign of prosperity. XIII. Note the very specific references to places and things. Ma- caulay intended to show how wealthy and effeminate people gathered objects of luxury from distant lands, often at great expense. Spain, Africa, Arabia, and Phcenicia yielded their treasures for the pleasure of idle Romans. The contrasts between the soldier and the mere citizen are emphasized constantly in these stanzas. Arabia shall not steep thy locks. The " perfumes of Arabia " were used lavishly in Roman toilets. Cf. Shakespeare's Macbeth, V, I, 57, " All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand." Sidon. Tyre, and its neighbor Sidon, were famous for gorgeous purple dyes. Page 77, XIV. Myrrh. A transparent gum used chiefly for perfumes. Thou wast not made for lucre. Not destined to engage in aff'airs connected with mere money and gain. XV. Note how this stanza serves as " topic sentence," explained and amplified by details in the following stanzas. NOTES 103 From sunrise unto sunset. From east to west. Page 78, XVIII. Pomona. The goddess of fruits and fruit trees. Liber. An old Italian god, who presided over planting. Pales. The goddess of shepherds and of flocks. Venus. The familiar goddess of love. XIX. Thy father. Mars, the war god. Reeks. Runs, steaming with vapor. The word comes from an Old English word meaning vapor. Page 79. XX. Soft Campanian. The inhabitants of southern Italy were famous for their effeminateness. Tyre. See above, page 102. Scrolls of wordy lore. In ancient times books were not bound up in pages as are ours to-day, but were made by fastening leaves together lengthwise until a sheet often many feet long was prepared. This was then carefully rolled on a staff and in order to get the learning, or lore, contained, the reader slowly unrolled the book. Scroll meant, originally, shred. XXI. Pilum. A heavy javelin. Legion. A body of soldiers, numbering perhaps five thousand. Wheels of triumph. Military conquerors held triumphal proces- sions, in which they exhibited the spoils of war, — armor, gold, jewels, and captives. Study closely Macaulay's description of a triumph, both here and in the following stanzas. Cf. the opening scene of Shake- speare's Julius CcBsar. Laurelled train. Procession of people crowned with the victor's laurel. Fane. Temple, from YjsXva. fanum meaning a place dedicated. XXII. Volscian. Referring to the wars in which Coriolanus was victor. See above, page loi. Vail. From a French word meaning lower. Capua's revellers. The effeminate Capuans were obliged to ask military aid from Rome in wars against the Samnites. Lucumoes of Arnus. Originally Etruscan priests, later warriors. The Arnus, the chief river of Etruria, is the modern Arno on which Florence is built. I04 NOTES Samnite's. An inhabitant of Samnium, a district southeast of Latium. Rome conducted three wars against the Samnites. Page 80, XXIII. Gaul. The Gauls were old enemies of the Romans. Macaulay refers here, probably, to the war with Brennus, when the cackling of the geese saved Rome. XXIV. Greek. Pyrrhus, one of the most successful Greek generals. He came against Rome in response to an appeal from the Tarentines, who wished his help in fighting their battles with the Romans. Huge earth-shaking beast. The elephant, used by the Eastern nations in battle. The presence of the elephants usually brought dis- may to the opposing armies. Epirotes. Citizens of Epirus, in northern Greece, over which Pyrrhus was king. False Tarentum. The Tarentines had grossly insulted a Roman ambassador, and had even descended to personal abuse, soiling his senatorial gown. Macaulay, in telling the story, in his introduction to this lay, pictures the ambassador saying, " Men of Tarentum, it will take not a little blood to wash this gown." Page 81, XXVI. Note how the prophet, becoming more and more frenzied, bursts out into exclamation and tumultuous acclaim. Serried shields. Shields closely locked together by their bearers, in order to present an impenetrable front. Series comes from the same root as serried. XXVII. Wan. Colorless, originally ; now suggestive of paleness and fatigue. Red King. Pyrrhus ; the name, in Greek., mezrvs, Jlame-colored. Gown washed white. See above, note to " False Tarentum." Page 82, XXVIII. Pheasant. The pheasant was a land bird found commonly in Greece. Indian kings. Potentates, possessing fabulous wealth, defeated and despoiled by the Greeks. Many-coloured tablets. Set with various jewels. Stone . . . brass. Statuary and artistic ornaments of metal, carved or chased with subtle skill. Cunning. From the verb can meaning know. The knowledge of the Greeks had a certain element of our modern cunning, or dexterity. NOTES 105 XXIX. Manius Curius. Manius Curius Dentatus defeated Pyrrhus in a fierce battle near Beneventum, in Samnium. Third embroidered gown. An embroidered gown was worn by a triumphant general. Curius had already won two triumphs. Steeds of Rosea. Rosea was noted for its fertility and for its fine horses. Mevania's bull. Mevania, in Umbria, was famous for its snow- white cattle. At the fairs in Umbria to-day one may see the splendid white oxen, decorated with red ribbons. Page 83, XXX. The Suppliant's Grove. The Asylum of Romu- lus. See above, page 96. XXXI. Note how Macaulay concludes with a suggestion of the infinite distances traversed by the glory of Rome. Greece, Syria, Egypt, Carthage, the remote north, the east, the African mountains, in the south, all tremble at the name of Rome. This stanza, the last in the series of four lays, is intended to sum up the position of Ancient Rome and to give a magnificent tribute to the fame of the Eternal City. Towers of Corinth. Corinth was built on the isthmus that connects the Peloponnesus with the mainland of Greece. It had a command- ing position for trade by land and by sea, and was one of the greatest and most prosperous Greek cities. Gigantic King of Day. The Colossus of Rhodes, the huge statue dedicated to the sun, was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Dark red colonnades. Long avenues of columns made out of porphyry, a red stone harder than granite. NOTES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF THE POETRY OF THE LAYS Note. One or two pages of text may profitably be assigned to each student, and he may be held responsible for the material included there. This course may be followed in class, or out, according to the teacher's, preference. I. Macaulay's Use of the Concrete and the Specific Collect as many definite references as possible to trees, flowers, colors,! sounds, articles of dress, different kinds of weapons, articles of food, occupations, and amusements. Where did Macaulay gain all this information in regard to everyday life and surroundings in Rome in ancient days ? II. The Descriptive Element 1. What is the most vivid account of a combat between two war- riors ? How much time does the combat seem to occupy? How many lines does Macaulay devote to it? 2. What is the best description of a battle? How does Macaulay's description compare with that of Shakespeare in the fifth act of Mac- beth ? With that of Scott in the sixth canto of Marmion ? With that of Homer in the fifth, sixteenth, and seventeenth books of the Iliad? 3. What is the best description of the personal appearance of a warrior? 4. What is the best description of the appearance of an approachmg army? 5. What is the best description of a landscape? 6. What is the best description of a town? 7. What is the best description of a river? 8. What stanza would give a painter the best suggestions for a picture? 1 Cf. stanza XXI of The Battle of the Lake Regillus. 106 NOTES • • 107 III. Style and Diction 1. Did Macaulay prefer to use long words, of two or more syllables, or short words? Count the number of each kind on one page. 2. Did he prefer simple words, or compound? 3. Make a list of the archaic words he used, such as " wist," " amain." 4. Compare the following passages : — " Quickly the twin brothers came, from their home in Greece, across mountains, cities, and the sea." " Swift, swift, the Great Twin Brethren Came spurring from the east. They came o'er wild Parthenius Tossing in waves of pine, O'er Cirrha's dome, o'er Adria's foam, O'er purple Apennine, From where with flutes and dances Their ancient mansion rings, In lordly Lacedaemon, The City of two kings." Decide why Macaulay chose — " Swift, swift " instead of " quickly " or " swift." " Brethren " instead of " brothers." " Came spurring " instead of " came." " From the east " instead of " from Greece." " Parthenius " instead of " mountain." " Tossing in waves of pine " instead of " covered with trees." " O'er " instead of " over." " Cirrha's dome " instead of " a high city." " Adria's foam " instead of " Adriatic sea." " Purple Apennine " instead of " colored Apennine." "Flutes and dances" instead of " music and festivity." " Rings" instead of " resounds." " Lordly Lacedsmon" instead of "royal Lacedaemon." 5. Decide how much Macaulay depended upon figures of speech for his vividness and beauty of expression, by collecting examples of the following figures. Note in each case whether the figure helps you to understand or makes the passage obscure. io8 NOTES Repetition. Ex. : " Brave champion on brave steed." Simile. Ex. : " Upon his head a hehnet Of red gold shone like flame." Metaphor. Ex. : " The proud Samnite's heart of steel Shall yield to only thee." Personification. Ex. : " Camerium knows how deeply The sword of Aulus bites." Synecdoche. Ex. : "Arabia shall not steep thy locks." Antithesis. Ex. : " As we wax hot in faction In battle we wax cold." Epithet. Ex.: "False Sextus;" " Proud Ides." Onomatopoeia. Ex. : " The braying of the war-horns, The clang of sword and shield. " A little reflection will show how to answer these questions, and then it will be possible to state the more important diff"eFences between poetry and prose, in music of words, in concrete, vivid images, in figurative language, and in general richness of style. 6. Special study may be given to the following stanzas, which con- tain particularly suggestive beauties. Adjective by adjective, verb by verb, the verses may be discussed, and pupils may compare Macaulay's words with various synonyms, and so learn to appreciate the care with which he chose his language. Horatius. Stanzas IV, XXI, XXVII, XXXV, XXXVI, LIX. The Battle of the Lake Regillus. Stanzas X, XI, XIV, XIX, XXIX. Virginia. Lines 93-128. The Prophecy of Capys. Stanzas XVIII, XIX, XXVIII, XXXI. IV. Versification 1. Discover, by scanning, what is the meter of each lay. 2. Why is there no division into stanzas in Virginia ? 3. Why are the stanzas of the other lays of varying length? 4. Collect examples of middle, or internal rime, such as : — " From the green steeps, whence Anio leapsP What do they add to the music of the verse? 5. Collect examples of alliteration, such as : — NOTES 109 " IVhen he was aware of a/rincely/air Fast /ricking i'owards the /own." What does alliteration add to the music of the verse? 6. Read aloud stanza XXIX of The Battle o'f the Lake Regilhis, and then read a dozen lines from Milton's Lycidas. What are the chief differences in sound between the two? V. The Structure of the Narrative 1. Make a list of the most important actors in each lay, and note how many unimportant actors are mentioned also. 2. Transform these four narratives into brief dramas by selecting the following material : — a. All descriptions which would help to give the scenery and the background for the stage setting. b. All descriptions which would help to decide questions in regard to the costumes worn by actors. c. All passages which would show what each actor must do m playing his part upon the stage. d. All passages which would show what each actor must say in playing his part. Note the monologues and the dia- logues. 3. In how many different places would the scene of action be in each lay? 4. Is it easy to find out where each scene would end, or has Macaulay told his story in such a way as to keep one actor continuously before us? 5. What would have to be omitted if the lays were dramatized ? Why? 6. What scenes would be most dramatic, i.e. most full of action and most uncertain as to outcome ? VI. Comparison of the Lays with Other Poetry of Similar Style 1. What suggestions of incident, or of description, or of diction did Macaulay find in the works of Sir W^alter Scott ? 2. What epithets and similes has Macaulay imitated from Homer ? 3. What names of armor or of battle line has Macaulay taken from older heroic poetry? no NOTES 4. How does Macaulay's ideal of bravery compare with that of other writers of epic poetry ? (See works mentioned on page 113.) 5. Compare Macaulay's knowledge of the Greek and of the Latin classics with that of Milton. What differences are there in their allusions ? 6. Compare Macaulay's knowledge of Roman life and history with that of Shakespeare in Julius Ccesar. 7. How does Macaulay's imitation of ballad style compare with that of Coleridge in The Ancient Mariner ? 8. How does Macaulay's narrative style compare in vividness and interest with that of Tennyson in The Idylls of the King? INDEX OF PROPER NAMES H. = Horatius ; R. = Battle of the Lake Regillus ; V. = Virginia ; C. = Prophecy of Capys J. Adria (A-dree-a). The Adriatic sea, east of Italy. -ffibutius Elva (E-bu-shus El-va). Master of the Knights in R. Alba Longa (Al-ba Lon-ga). The mother city of Rome, founded by Ascanius on the Alban Lake. Algidus (Al-ji-dus). A mountain in Latium. Amulius (A-mu-li-us). Uncle of Romulus and Remus. C. I. Anio (Ah-nee-6). An important tributary of the Tiber, in Latium. Arretium ( Ar-ree-shum) . A city in Etruria. Bandusia (Ban-du-zha). A fountain near the birthplace of Horace. Caeso (See-z6). A warrior in R. Castor. One of the Great Twin Brethren. R. II. Clusium (Clu-zhum). A city in Etruria, ruled by Lars Porsena. Comitium (C6-mf-shum). See page 91. Corinth. A powerful Greek city. See page 105. Cyrene (Sy-ree-ne). A city in Africa. Etruria (E-tru-ri-a). A district in northwestern Italy, modern Tus- cany. Fidenas (Fi-dee-nee). A city near Rome. Forum. The center of Roman public life, a place crowded with temples and shops, where citizens assembled. Furies. The goddesses of vengeance who pursued murderers. Gabii (Ga-bi-I). A city in Latium. Herminius. One of the " dauntless three " who held the bridge in Horatius. Mentioned also in The Battle of the Lake Regillus. Horatius (Ho-ra-shus). The hero of the first lay. See also page 98. Janiculum (Ja-nic-ii-lum). A hill beyond the Tiber, taken by Lars Porsena in Horatius. Ill 112 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES LacedSBmon (Las-e-dee-mon). A Greek city. Lars Porsena (Por-sen-a). King of Clusium. See page 86. Latium. An important district in central Italy, inhabited by Romans, Latins, and Volscians. Lucrece (Lu-crees). Lucretia, a virtuous Roman matron who took her own life because she was dishonored by Sextus Tarquinius. H. XXIV, R. XII, V. 38. Lucumo (Lu-cu-mo). Etruscan. Mamilius. A warrior fighting against the Romans. R. XI. Manius Curius. The general who defeated Pyrrhus. C. XXIX. Nurscia (Nur-sha). An Etruscan goddess of fortune. Ostia (Os-ti-a). The port of Rome. Pincian (Pin-shan). A hill of Rome. Pollux. One of the Great Twin Brethren. R. II. Pjnrrhus (Pir-riis). A famous Greek general. See page 104. Regillus (Re-jil-lus). A small lake in Latium, where the Romans .defeated the Latins. Remus (Re-mus). One of the legendary founders of Rome. C. VIII. Rhea Sylvia (Ree-a Sil-vi-a). Mother of Romulus and Remus, sister of Amulius. Romulus (R6m-u-lus). One of the legendary founders of Rome. C. VII. Sacred Hill. Mons Sacer. See page 92. Sacred Street. See page 97. Samnites (Sam-nits). See page 104. ScaBvola (See-vo-la). See page 98. Sextus. Sextus Tarquinius. The wretch who dishonored Lucretia and caused her death. H. XXIV, R. XII. Soracte (So-rac-tee). A famous snow-capped mountain in Etruria. Spurius Lartius. One of the " dauntless three " who held the bridge, in Horatiiis. Suppliant's Grove. See page 96. Syracuse (Syr-a-cus). A city in Sicily. Tarentum. A powerful city in Calabria. R. XXXIV, C. XXIV. Tarpeian (Tar-pee-an). See page 89. Tarquin. See Sextus and Titus. The family, once kings of Rome, BIBLIOGRAPHY 113 who were exiled by the Romans, and hated for their crimes and their pride. Thrasymene (Thraz-i-meen). A lake in eastern Etruria. See page 90. Titus. One of the Tarquins, a brave warrior fighting in the battle of Lake Regillus. R. XIII. Tusculum (Tus-cu-lum). See page S8. Tyre. An important city in Phoenicia, famous for its purple dyes. Umbria (Um-bri-a). One of the districts in Italy, east of Etruria. Vesta. Goddess of the hearth. See page 90. Virginia. The young girl, daughter of Virginius, who was the heroine of the third lay. Volscians (V61-shans). A tribe of central Italy, enemies of the Romans. BIBLIOGRAPHY • I EPICS AND ROMANCES Homer : I/iad. Translated by Lang, Leaf, and Myers. Macmillan, New York. Virgil : ^neid. Translated by J. Conington. Macmillan, New York. /^neid. Translated by Lonsdale and Lee. Macmillan, New York. Beowulf. Translated by C. B. Tinker. Newson, New York. The Cid. Translated by J. Ormsby. Longmans, London. The Lay of the Niebelungs. Translated by A. Horton. Bohn Library. Macmillan, New York. The Song of Roland. Translated by I. Butler. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. Ctuhulain of Muirthemne. Translated by Lady Gregory. Scribner, New York. — Gods and Fighting Men. Translated and arranged by Lady Gregory. Scribner, New York. Volsunga Saga. Translated by Magndsson and Morris. Camelot Series. Scott, London. 114 BIBLIOGRAPHY Virgil : The Story of Grettir the Strong. Translated by Magndsson and Morris. London. Tasso, T. : Jerusalem Delivered. Translated by J. H. Wiffen. Bohn Library. Macmillan, New York. Ariosto, L. : The Mad Orlando. Translated by W. S. Rose. Bohn Library. Macmillan, New York. Spenser, E. : The Faerie Queene. Globe Edition. Macmillan, New York. Scott, Sir W. : Poetical Works. Macmillan, New York. Malory, Sir T. : Le Morte U Arthur (the greatest English prose version of the Arthur story). Globe Edition. Macmillan, New York. Temple Edition, 4 vols. Macmillan, New York. II BALLADS AND SHORTER NARRATIVES Cook, A. S., and Tinker, C. B. : Select Translations from Old English Poetry (contains Battle of Brunanburh, Battle of Maiden., and selections from other heroic poems). Ginn, Boston. Ellis, G. : Specimens of Early English Metrical Rotfiances. Bohn, London. Macmillan, New York. Weston, J.: Translator. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Scrib- ner, New York. Child, F. J. : Editor. English and Scottish Popular Ballads (one- volume edition, by H. C. Sargent and G. L. Kittredge). Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. Bates, K. L. : Editor. A Ballad Book. Leach, Boston. Lockhart, J. G. : Translator. Ancient Spanish Ballads. Murray, London. Weston, J. : Translator. Three Lays of Marie de France. Scribner, New York. RiCKERT, E. : Translator. Seven Lays of Marie de France. Scrib- ner, New York. Ill BOOKS RELATING TO THE HISTORY OF ROME BoTSFORD, G. W. : A Llistory of Pome. Macmillan, New York. Ihne, W. : Early Rome. Scribner, New York. BIBLIOGRAPHY 115 SCHREIBER, T. : Atlas of Classical Antiquities. Macmillan, New York. Hare, A. J. C. : Walks in Rome. London. Mackail, J. : Latin Literature. Scribner, New York. Hill, G. F. : Illustrations of School Classics. Macmillan, New York. Smith, W. : Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Smith, W. : Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. Little, Brown, & Co., Boston. Smith, W. : Dictionary of Classical Biography and Mythology. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. MuNRO, D. C. : A Source Book of Roman History. Heath, Boston. Shumway, E. S. : ^ Day in Ancient Rome. Heath, Boston. IV BOOKS RELATING TO MACAULAY Trevelyan, G. O. : The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay. Harper, New York, Morrison, J. C. : Macaulay. English Men of Letters Series. Mac- millan, New York. MiNTO, W. : Macatday (in Manual of English Prose) . Ginn & Co., Boston. Macaulay, T. B. : Essays. Published in various editions. Students should read Milton, Addison, Johnson, Hastings, Madame D''Arblay, and Bunyan. The essays on Milton, Addison, and Johnson are published by D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. -^uo no j^Qy Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: April 2009 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN COLLECTIONS PRESERVATION 111 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724) 779-2111