THE STATE OF MISSOURI Book _, /\A^Vll OKFH:lAI. r>ONA'riOI>f. THE STATE OF MISSOURI i ^'■■^.■:,/S-./-, .,*<.A^. .;*.,. ^^.f^ i < Jl_>\JfVICl-H I ^ THE STATE OF MISSOURI AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY EDITED FOR M. T. DAVIS, F. J. MOSS, B. H. BONFOEY, W. H. MARSHALL, J. H. HAWTHORNE, J. O. ALLISON, L. F. PARKER, N. H. GENTRY, D. P. STROUP, THE MISSOURI COMMISSION TO THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION BY Walter Williams "A good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; a land of wheat and barley and vines; a land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness; thou shalt not lack anvthing in it." — The Book. 1904 JAN 7 1905 D.ofD, Press of E. W. Stephens, Columbia, Missouri, 1904. Engravings bv N:i::haeus Engraving Company, St. Joseph, Missouf « ^^^ TO THOSE WHO ARE MISSOURIANS AND TO THOSE WHO SHOULD BE CHAPTERS THIS BOOK CONTAINS I. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. II. THE STORY OF THE STATE. Jonas Viles, A. M., Ph. D., Instructor in History, University of Mis- souri. in. MISSOURI CHRONOLOGY. H. E. Robinson, President of State Historical Society of Missouri. IV. HOW THE COMMONWEALTH IS GOVERNED. IsiDOB LoiiB, LL. B., Ph. D., Professor of Political Science and Public Laio, University of Missouri. V. CLIMATE. A. E. Hackett, Director Missouri Weather Service. VI. GEOLOGY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY. C. F. Makbut, B. S.. a. M., Professor of Geology, University of Mis- souri. VII. AGRICULTURE. H. J. Waters, B. S. A., Dean of the Missouri College of Agriculture and Superintendent of Agriculture, Missouri Commission. VIII. LIVE STOCK. F. B. MuivrFORD, B. S., M. S., Acting Dean Missouri Agricultural Col- lege and Professor of Animal Husbandry. IX. HORTICULTURE. L. A. Goodman, Superintendent of Horticulture, Missouri Commission. X. DAIRYING. W. W. Makple, Superintendent of Dairying, Missouri Commission. XI. POULTRY. XII. MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. W. L. Thomas, Sometime Editor St. Louis Journal of Commerce. XIII. MINING. G. E. Laoi), a. B., Ph. D., Director, School of Mines and Metallurgy, University of Missouri, and Superintendent of Mines and Metal- lurgy, Missouri Commission. XIV. TRANSPORTATION. XV. EDUCATION. G. V. Buchanan, Superintendent of Education, Missouri Commission. XVI. CHURCH, ART, AND THE PRESS. Art by Johx S. Ankeney, Jr., Instructor in Freehand Drawing. Uni- versity of Missouri. XVII. FAUNA. George Lefevre, A. B., Ph. D., Professor of Zoology, University of Missouri. XVIII. PLANT LIFE. B. M. DuGGAR, M. S., A. M., Ph. D., Professor of Botany, University of Missouri. XIX. THE GREAT CITIES. St. Louis: Prepared by Ripley D. Saunders, and William Flewellyn Saunders, under the direction of the Business Men's League. Kansas City: W. C. Winsbokough, for Commercial Organizations. St. Joseph: M. E. Mayer and John L. Bittixger, for Commercial Club. Joplin: Joel T. Limngstox. for Joplin Club. Springfield: Wm. Johnston, for Commercial Club. Sedalia: Charles E. Yeater. Hannibal: S. J. Roy, for Mer^hants' Association and Business Men's Association. Jefferson City: Hugh Stephens, for Commercial Club. Carthage: H. L. Bright, for Commercial Club. Webb City: H. A. Gardner, tor Commercial Club. Other Cities over 5,000 Population. XX. THE STATE BY COUNTIES. Roy a. Hockensmith. XXI. THE STATISTICS OF THE STATE. XXII. MISSOURI AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. XXIII. INDEX. MAPS OF MISSOURI: Geological, Soil, Transportation, Mining. FOREWORD HIS volume, which is the story of Missouri told by Missouri — the State's autobiography — is made possibleby the liberality of the taxpayers of the State in voting permission to the General Assembly to appropriate one million dollars for a Missouri exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and, as a result of that appropriation, it is a part of that exhibit. Every care has been taken to secure accuracy of statement. Much of value has of necessity been omitted. "As it is the commendation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood, so it is no imputation if he hath not caught all." It is believed, however, that the chief re- sources and advantages of the great State are fairly and comprehen- sively set out in the pages that follow. It is impossible to mention all who have aided in the preparation. In addition to those whose names appear in the table of contents, special thanks for assistance in gathering material are also due A. M. Dockery, Governor; Sam B. Cook, Secretary of State; Albert O. Allen, State Auditor; George B. Ellis, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture; W. T. Carrington, State Superintendent of Public Instruction; F. A. Sampson, Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri; J. C. Whitten, Professor of Horticulture in the University of Missouri; Thomas M. Bradbury, Secretary of the Board of Railway and Warehouse Commissioners; R. G.Yates, Insurance Commissioner; R. C. Home, Chief Clerk to the Labor Commissioner; Independence Mann, Chief Clerk to the Adjutant-General; Professor E. M. Shepard, of Drury College; John H. Bothwell, of Sedalia; Allen V. Cockrell, of Washington, D. C, and J. W. Marstellar, Chief Clerk in the Bureau of Mines and Mine Inspection. The zeal, energy, and ability of Roy A. Hockensmith, who has been assistant in this work, is remembered with appreciation. The book is sent out from the Department of Publication of the Missouri Commission, of which Department F. J. Moss is the Commissioner in charge, in the confident expectation that it will result in large and lasting good in acquainting the world with the possibilities of Missouri to the end these possibilities may be realized in the fullest measure. For the interest of the members of the Com- mission, under whose direction the volume is issued, and for their uni- form courtesy to those in immediate charge thereof, it may not be inappropriate here to express the personal gratitude of The Editor. MISSOURI^ — pronounced Miz-zoo-iy — is fifth of the United States in present population and material wealth, easily first in potential resource. Geographically, it is the central commonwealth of the federal union. When it entered the union seventy-three years ago it was the twenty-fourth state in rank. In the space of three score years and ten, the Psalmist's span of human life, it has passed all other states in the race for primacy, save four. Within less space of years to come, in the group of the republic's then greatest States — New York, Pennsyl- vania, Texas, California, Missouri — central and supreme will be the imperial State of Missouri. New York and California will be strong in commerce, Pennsylvania in manufacture, Texas for its tremendous agricultural area, while Missouri, in commerce, manufacture, agriculture in all its branches, will have no superior even among the giants. The present day situation gives foundation for proph- ecy and its fulfillment. In the pages of this volume are told in pen and pencil the resources of the state in some of its many lines. Naught is exaggerated. The plain unvarnished truth about Missouri is superlative. At this point let the merest summary suffice. A State is the product of its people. In field and mine and forest are found the tools. The character of the population who use these tools decides. In this is Missouri finely fortunate. Three gates opened wide to the Missouri ter- ritory in the early days. The Spanish came by the lower water gate in search of gold; the French by the upper water gate in quest of adventure or led by Marquette's noble missionary zeal; through the mountain gate from the east- ward came the Virginians, their children of Kentucky and in later times the Scotch-Irish descendants, the men and women from north and east and from beyond the sea, all seeking homes, where there was blue sky and elbow-room and Missouri Chronology I 541 The first white men ( under DeSoto) set feet on the soil of Missouri. 1 542 Louis de Mos- coso, successor to DeSoto, explored the southwestern part of Missouri. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1673 Marquette and Joliet discov- ered the Missouri 680 Hennepin explored eastern Missouri. 1682 La Salle named the Mis- souri river "St. Philip." 1697 French Can- adians explored Missouri. freedom. The Spanish are re- membered by an occasional name of town or river and the French in the same wise or by some ancient family tree. The colonists from east of the Appalachians seeking homes were the real founders of the early State. They builded homes. They consti- tuted a brave, intelligent, pa- triotic citizenship. They founded a state in the wilder- ness and equipped it with all the machinery of government a year before the congress of the United States could make up its mind to admit the stur- dy youngster to sit full-privi- leged at the republic's coun- cil table. They were of genu- ine pioneer stock. Some peoples will not bear trans- planting; even in the wilder- ness others are architects of States. Of the latter were the settlers in Mis- souri, hardy, dominant and daring. Missouri, a very Titan for strength, is the product of their handiwork, while every State from the Father of Waters to the Golden Gate shows their skill in commonwealth-construction. In struggles with savage beast and untamed man the pioneer Missourian showed persistent heroism and hardihood. They were his children who in the strife be- tween the States enlisted to the number of beyond 100,000 in the Union army and more than 50,000 in the Confederate service, keeping the State's quota full, without draft or enforced enlistment, not merely in one but in both armies, a record unexampled among the States north or south. They were church-going and school-encouraging. They had respect for law. No vigilance committee was needed to preserve order even in the most primitive community. In the earliest constitution Missourians recognized the providence of God, provided for the es- tablishment of free schools and planned for a State seminary of learning. One interior county, with population of a scant few hundred, gave, nearly seventy years ago, by subscription, $117,000 for the founding of a college, a farmer, who could neither read nor write heading the voluntary subscription list with $3,000, a gift, considering time and circumstance, more princely than that of modern millionaire. It is not strange that with such ancestry, the Missourians of to-day MISSOURI was admitted as a territory June 4, 1812. James Madison, President. Act recorded in volume 2, page 743, United States Statutes; the sixth territory to be admitted. Territory covered what is now Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota weft of the Mississippi, the In- dian Territory, Oklahoma, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, and most of Kansas, Colorado and Wyoming. Admitted as a state conditionally March 2, 1820, James Monroe, President. Act recorded in volume 3, page 645, of United States Statutes. The thirteenth in order of admission after the original thirteen colonies. Ap- plications made to Congress tor a State government March 16, 1818, and December 18, 1818; a bill to admit was defeated in Congress, which was introduced February 15, 1 8 19; application made to Congress for an enabling act December 29, 1819; enabling act (known as the Missouri compromise) passed by Congress March 6, 1820; first State constitution formed July 19, 1 820; resolution to admit as a State passed Senate December 12, 1820; rejected by the House February 14, 1 82 1; conditional resolution to admit approved March 2, 1821; condition accepted by the legislature of Missouri and approved by the governor June 26, 1821; by proclamation of the President, formally ad- mitted as a state August 10, 1821; President Monroe's proclamation is recorded in volume 3, appendix No. 2, United States Statutes. A facsimile reproduction appears as frontispiece to this volume. MISSOURI FARM SCEA'E. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 3 ^X THE GREAT MISSOURIAN, "OLD BULLION." THIRTY YEARS IN UNITED STATES SENATE. BORN MARCH 14, 1782. DIED APRIL 10, 1858. should Lave the largest permanent school fund of any State, give eleven million dollars yearly to education, set apart one-third of the entire state revenue to the support of the public schools, have two per cent more children in school than the average for the United States, more than four per cent fewer illiterates and a church-bell within earshot of every citizen. The population has had admixture of foreign elements in the more recent years. This admixture has been of thrifty, easily assimilated rather than of thriftless, unhomogeneous kind. Of the foreign-born citizens of Missouri — only 7 per cent of the total population— there are 124,000 Teutons, 27,000 Irish, 14,000 Slavs. In the first State to the eastward, Illinois, where the foreign-born popu- lation constitutes 20 per cent of the whole, 385,000 are Teutons, 130,000 Irish and 140,000 Slavs. Seventy per cent of Missouri's population was born in Missouri, a striking commentary as to the value placed upon the State by those who know it best. The population of Missouri has steadily grown. In 1900 it was 149 times as large as in 1810, when the first census of the then territory was taken. During the last ten years the population grew from 2,679,184 to 3,106,665, or 16 per cent. During the present decade there is every indication that it will be augmented by as large or by a larger percentage. Such a population might well be expected to own their homes. There are, for 3,106,665 people in this State, 646,872 homes. Nor is the expectation con- trary to the census facts. In homes owned free of encumbrance Missouri out- ranks Illinois, Alabama, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, and New Jersey. Missouri outranks all its neighbor- ing States in farm homes owned free of encumbrance. Texas, Kansas, Illinois, Nebraska, Iowa, each has a larger percentage of mortgage-encumbered farms than Missouri. Missourians are home-builders and home-owners. This is the people which has made Missouri, a people fearing God and hon- oring man, of sane not stagnant conservatism, jealous of religious, political and industrial freedom, building home and church and school house, felling the forest, tilling the soil, digging the mine, toiling in factory, and holding to high ideals of citizenship in public and in private life. These are the handlers of the tools. But what of the tools with which these architects of the State have worked, of those with which they labor? Missouri Chronology I 70 1 French under Count de Fron- tenac built a fort and started settle- ments in south- eastern Missouri. I 705 French as- cended the Mis- souri river to the mouth of the Kansas river. 1 712 Mining priv- ileges in Missouri granted to An- thony Crozat. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. FATHER OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY. BORN APRIL 19, 1812. DIED JANUARY 9, 1888. Missouri Chronology 1 71 8 The Missis- sippi Company established settle- ments in south- eastern Missouri. I 719 Sieur de Lochon dug lead on the Meramec, M. de la Motte, near Frederick- town and Renault north of Potosi. MISSISSIPPI COUNTY COURT HOUSE Missouri is a State of many interests. Other States lead in one or two in- dustries, Missouri is in front rank in all. The figures are from the census re- turns of the federal government. Take tw^enty leading products of the United States and note a group of the six States which excel in each of the twenty. Missouri appears in every one of the twenty groups while the next State appears in only eleven of the groups. Missouri is an agricultural State. Outside of the three cities of St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph, only 7.6 per cent of the population live in towns of over 4,000 inhabitants. Farming is the basis of all wealth. Taking Jefferson City, the capital of the State, as a center, within 250 miles is the center of the area of farm values of the United States, the center of the total number of farms, the center of oat production, the center of corn production, the center of wheat production, the center of gross farm income, the center of improved farm acre- age, the center of the production of the six leading cereals. One-tenth of the corn grown in the world is grown in Missouri and one-twelfth of the wheat. The per capita production of corn in the United States is 10.8 bushels, in Missouri it is 67 bushels. Canada is a wheat country, yet the State of Missouri grows two- thirds as m.uch wheat as all the province of Canada. The per capita production of all cereals in the United States is 57.1 bushels, in Missouri it is 81.3 bushels. Agriculture is profitable in every Missouri township. Missouri is a live stock State. It has more live stock farmers than any other State. Its live stock are worth $200,000,000. The quality of the Missouri A live stock is shown when it is recalled S that while in the State are only 41.1. per cent of all the live stock of the United States it represents 5 per cent of the value. It has more finely-bred stock than any other State. The per capita ownership of domestic animals in the United States is $39, in Missouri it is $49.06. There is one dairy cow for every five inhabitants of the United States while Missouri has one for every four inhabitants. In poultry Missouri excels by 200 per cent the average production for the United States. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri leads in laorticulture as in agriculture and live stock. In the lab- oratory of a university in Germany analysis was made of the fin- est fruit soils from all the world. The best two specimens were from the loess lands of Missouri. There are a third more apple trees in Missouri than in any other State. Missouri's fruit crop will excel that of any other State. It is the center of the apple, the peach, the berry region of the world. Within its borders are the largest nurseries and the largest orchards known. Its apples are of international reputation. Two bushels of apples for every inhabitant of Missouri is the annual product and four quarts of strawberries. There is no county in the State where fruit is not a paying crop. Missoui-i is a mining State. It produces eighty per cent of all the zinc mined in the United States, ninety per cent of all the typical bakx nickle, and a large per cent of the lead. Half the State is under- carthage. laid by coal, a greater extent than in any other State in the federal union. There is estimated to be, at present prices, tour hundred billion dollars worth of unmined coal in Missouri. The building stone exceeds that of any other State. Nearly $700,000,000 worth of mineral wealth has been taken out of the mines of Missouri and the development has hardly begun. Its mineral output exceeds that of California while its yield of lead and zinc alone is greater than the total of the silver pro- duct of Colorado. In manufactures and commerce Missouri is a leading State. Cheap fuel and proximity to great and growing mar- kets will increase the rank of the State in this regard. Three- fifths of its surplus products are consumed at home. The home market is unsurpassed. Transportation facilities are widespread and adequate. Steam railways, electric lines, macadam and dirt roads extend in all directions. In one Missouri county, Jackson, are more macadamized roads than in any other county in the United States. Diverse industries, an extended crop sea- son and unexampled fertility of soil make, be- cause of the skill, intelligence and energy of the people, a prosperous community. The Mis- souri river bottom land is like the Nile land for area and richness. The prairies afford abundant harvests. The uplands are unex- celled for fruit. Missouri is an agricultural State, but it supports three cities of over 100,- 000 people, a lai-ger number than any other State save four. It leads in general agricul- ture but it also ranks foremost or in the front rank in all other industries. In consequence its people are prosperous. On the first day of May they had on deposit in banks an average of $136 for every man, woman and child in Missouri, a larger amount than in any neigh- boring State. There has never been a general crop failure in Missouri. There are no lean years to eat up the years of fatness. Labor has its due. The hours of labor for the aver- age toiler have decreased in a year from 9.5 to AAU SILO- A GLIMPSE AT THE STATE UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC HALL, CHEMISTRY BUILDING AND MUSEUM. 6 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology I 720 Spanish ex- pedition from Santa Fe, massa- cred by the Mis- souri Indians near Boonville. I 72 1 Fort Orleans built by M. Burg- mont above the mouth ot the Osage. 1724 Fort Orleans destroyed and the garrison massa- cred by the In- dians. 9.26 while his wage has grown from $25.39 to $27.77. The wealth in home anci bank is evidence of material prosperity. The Missourian does not, however, neg- lect those things that malie for the higher life. School, church, the press, are en- couraged. The largest circulation in proportion to population of any newspaper in any city in the world is that of a Missouri newspaper in a Missouri town. Massachusetts is properly regarded as a center of literary culture. There are more magazines and other periodicals circulated in proportion to population in Missouri than in Massachusetts and more books used from the public library in Kansas City than in Boston. The government of Missouri is well administered. The State has an assessed valuation of $1,327,962,237, and a tax rate of 17 cents on the $100. This is the lowest of any State. In 1902 the tax rate in Nebraska was 63 cents, in Kansas 54 cents, in Iowa 40 cents, and in Illinois 40 cents. Despite this phenomenally low tax rate Missouri supports its State institutions liberally. Its laws are en- forced, property rights held sacred and administration of State affairs conducted with economy. Missouri is sometimes called a so,uthern State and again a western State. It is not a southern State nor a western State. Though it extends further south than Virginia, it extends further north than Kansas. Geographically it is at the very center of continental United States. It is politically well-nigh equally di- vided between the two great parties. Though it has voted with one exception the democratic ticket by varying majorities for twenty-five years, Missouri casts more republican ballots than any other state except New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. Its negro population is small, only 5 per cent of the total. There are more negroes in Topeka, capital of Kansas, than in any Missouri city. The colored population of Missouri is decreasing while it is in- creasing in Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. There are more negroes to the total population in the capital city of any State from Missouri to the Atlantic than are to be found in any Missouri city with a single exception. Though an original slave State, Missouri abolished slavery by its own act, the only State in the American Union so doing. Missouri sent SUNSET ON THE MISSOURI KIVER AT BOONVILLE. Photo h\j Max Schmidt, Boonville THE STATE OF MISSOURI. GOVERNOR. LEADER OF CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS. BORN SEPTEMBER 11, 1809. DIED SEPTEMBER 29, 1867. more soldiers to the Union army in proportion to population than any of its neighbors and more northern States. It may properly he classed not as a north- ern or southern, eastern or western, but as a central State, a State in a class to itself with the best qualities of all. Located between the 36th and 41st parallels of north latitude and between the 89th and 96th meridian of west longitude, Missouri is a part of the temperate zone in which the work of the world is done. Its climate conduces to health and physical strength. The Bureau of Ethnology of the federal government has pointed out that native Missourians are stronger and taller than the native citi- zens of any other State. The average mean temperature of Missouri, 54 degrees, is higher than the average mean temperature in any State of the same latitude eastward. Health in Missouri is promoted by the pure air and bright sunshine and by the good water with which the state is abundantly supplied. Vital statis- tics taken from the judicial and carefully compiled figures of the federal census— as are all the figures in this volume where not otherwise expressly stated— make plain that the claim for the health feature of Missouri is not an idle boast. The annual death rate in the United States per thousand population is 16.3 while in Missouri the annual death rate is only 12.2. To express it differently: One-third more deaths occur annually in the other States of the Union in proportion to population than in Missouri. While the annual birth rate in the United States exceeds the annual death rate 11.2 per cent, the excess in Missouri is 13.8 per cent. Missourians are born more numerously and die less rapidly than the citi- zens of the other States. If Missouri, which is capable of supporting as large a population in propor- tion to area as Egypt, equalled that land in population there would be 64,000,000 people in this State instead of less than 3,500,000. God forbid that that time should ever come. Let us always live far enough apart to be neighborly. But there is room enough without crowding for several million more inhabitants of Missouri— and unfeigned welcome! The state is 328 miles in extreme length from north to south and contains 69,415 square miles. Its entire population could be placed, allowing to each a space of six square feet, upon less than a third of a square mile. In area Missouri is slightly larger than England and Wales, which have 32,526,075 population while Missouri has 3,106,665. It is more than four times as large as the mountain republic of Switzerland which has about the same population. There are 588 persons to the square mile in Belgium, 558 Missouri Chronology 1732 The country thrown open by the King of France to all his subjects and the lead mines much developed. 1735 St. Genevieve established. 1762 Francis Bur- ton discovered rich mines at Potosi. 1761 St. Charles established. 8 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1762 Louisiana ceded to Spain by France. 1764 St. Louis es- tablished by Laclede Liguest. 1767 Carondelet established. 1765 St. Ange de Bellerive estab- lished the capital of Upper Louisi- ana at St. Louis. in England, 409 in Holland, and 725.7 in Saxony. In Missouri there are only 45.2 persons to the square mile. The soil of Missouri is capable of yielding varied pi'oducts more largely than the soil of any country in the world. Here is space and to spare for millions upon millions of intelligent, thrifty, industrious citizens. Missouri has had an interesting and important history. At least three times within the three-quarters of a century of its life as a sovereign State has it been the central figure of national political alfairs swaying the policies of the republic. The great Grecian mathematician asked for a spot upon which to rest the lever with which he would move the world. In Missouri may be found a broad area, filled with every help to material prosperity, blessed with noble citizenship, whose sons and daughters are to aid in moving the world nearer to the ideal of human life. The State has given great men to the nation, the chief product of any State. Four hundred Missourians were asked to name the leaders of the State's thought, the men who had done the most for Missouri and through Mis- sourians for the world. The majority named Thomas Hart Benton, Frank P. Blair, John S. Phelps, B. Gratz Brown, R. P. Bland, Hamilton R. Gamble, James S. Green, and Edward Bates, statesmen; James S. Rollins, the father of the State University; Sterling Price and A. W. Doniphan, soldiers; James B. Eads, engin- eer; E. M. Marvin, preacher; Eugene Field, poet; and George C. Bingham, artist. The spirit of Missouri is the spirit of progress, tempered by conservatism. It rejects not the old because of its age, nor refuses the new because it is not old. It is the spirit of a community, conscious of its own secure position, somewhat too careless at times of the world's opinion, hospitable, generous, brave. The dream of the greatest statesman is a nation of useful citizens dwelling in happy homes. In Missouri the dream finds realization. The noble Latin motto of the State has ever expressed — and does — the spirit of the united citizenship: "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law." Nobler motto there could not be for commonwealth or citizen. It is the State of iMissouri, its autobiography in this volume set down, that bids the wide world welcome. UNITED STATES SENATOR. LEADER OK UNIONISTS AT OPENIN^G OF WAR. BORN FEIJRUARY 19, 1821. DIED JULY 8, 1875. THEr STAT0 ■f—iriiii 1 - iiiirrmir— "-' •■'■•"■" -T-Mr~-inm-MiTi iiM»iiiTrriMrr«lMBriiMMiriMiTi MISSOURI has a unique place among the States of the union; broadly speaking, other States are northern or southern, eastern or western, while Missouri is both western and southern, with much of the energy and con- servatism characteristic of the north. This exception 1o any hard and fast classification should be a source of pride to every Missourian. Other sections have each their distinctive attributes; Missouri to a large degree unites the strong points of all. The peculiar development of the State is due primar- ily to her control of the Missouri river. She is the nat- ural gateway to the west and southwest, and the natural meeting place of the two great streams of emigration from the east. Hence her population is of a varied origin, drawn from all sections of the east, and from many Euro- rean nations. The tremendous natural resources of the State have made her, economically speaking, the most in- dependent in the Union, and for this reason she has maintained her freedom from positive identification with any section. By geographical position and natural wealtli Missouri has a place all her own. 1 The present territory of Missouri was originally part of the French province of Louisiana, but prior to the ces- sion of the western bank of the Mississippi to Spain in [1762, it was almost unexplored and unoccupied. There [was one settlement, the oldest in the State, at St. Gene- 10 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology I 770 Pontiac visit- ed St. Louis, and was murdered on the Illinois side of the Mississippi. 1770 The country surrendered to the Spanish. 1776 Florissant es- tablished. 1780 St. Louis at- tacked by the Indians and many inhabitants killed. 1785 Mississippi river flood, "The year of the great waters. 1787 Called "the year of the ten boats," ten barges having arrived in company at St. Louis from New Orleans. HOUSE IN ST. CHARLES WHEKE THE FIRST LEGISLATUKE MET. vieve; across the river there was a flourishing community of perhaps fifteen hun- dred Canadians al30ut Kaskaskia and Fort Chartres; the Missouri river and the southeastern portion of the present State had been very imperfectly explored by trappers and miners. The separate history of Missouri begins Mrith the founding of St. Louis in 1764. The first house in St. Louis was erected by Pierre Laclede Li- guest, of the firm of Maxent, Laclede & Co., merchants of New Or- leans, who held a license for the fur trade on the Missouri. After a win- ter at Fort Chartres, Laclede fixed his trad- ing post at St. Louis in February, 1764. In the following year an En- glish garrison arrived at Fort Chartres and the exodus of the French began. In three years St. Louis was a thriving town of over five hun- dred inhabitants, the largest settlement in the valley north of New Orleans. After the Spanish took formal possession in 1770, that portion of Louisiana north of the Arkansas river was known as the Illinois country and ruled by a succession of Spanish lieutenant-governors at St. Louis. These governors, however, identified themselves with the province; French remained the official language, even of official documents, and the trans- fer of allegiance brought no break in the continuity of the history of the district. The Spanish lieutenant-governor was an absolute ruler, save for orders from New Orleans; he controlled the troops and militia, acted as chief justice under a code that did not recognize trial by jury, and was quite unrestrained by any popular assembly. Until the Louisiana Purchase the district had little part in the changes going on about her, and little history beyond the usual chronicles of a frontier settle- ment. There was a steady and healthy growth in population, at first of French from Canada, Kaskaskia, or New Orleans, reinforced after 1790 by the Ameri- cans from Kentucky, until, at the time of the Purchase, the population of the district was somewhat over six thousand. There were commandants, subordi- nate to the governor at St. Louis, at New Madrid, St. Genevieve, New Bourbon, St. Charles, and St. Andrev.s. That is, the towns were strung along the Missis- sippi south of the Missouri, with two settlements, St. Charles and St. Andrews, near the mouth of the Missouri. New Madrid and Cape Girardeau contained a large number of Kentuckians, but the great majority of the newcomers settled on detached farms along the rivers and creeks between St. Louis and St. Gene- vieve and about St. Charles. As yet they were content with the toleration freely granted them by the Spanish, and the province, although three-fifths of the white population were of American birth, remained essentially French. The upper Illi- nois country was primarily an agricultural community, with few distinctions of rank or wealth. The richer men were the merchants, the wholesale dealers or middlemen, who sent the products of the colony to New Orleans or Montreal, and distributed among the people the manufactured goods they received in return. THE STORY OF THE STATE. 11 GOVERNOR, 1876 TO 1880. BOR.\ DECEMDEB 22, 1814. DIED NOVEMBER 20, 1886. The younger men spent the winters with the professional trappers on the upper Missouri or Mississippi, collecting the furs which were still one of the staple exports. In the southeast the lead mines gave an opportunity for enterprising spirits. Besides the fur and lead, the picturesque flat-bottomed barges carried down the river salt from the numerous saline springs, and beef and wheat from the fertile fields around St. Louis. In the long and tedious return voyage against the current, the boats were laden with the few articles of luxury required by the colonists, such as sugar and spices, and manufactured articles of all descriptions. The artisans were few and incompetent, so that practically all the implements except the rudest, were imported. Even the spinning wheel was a rarity in the homes of the French, and butter a special luxury. The Kentuckians were a more enterprising and ingenious people, but their influence on their easy-going neighbors was slight. The merchants, however, were energetic and successful. Much to the disgust of the English, they succeeded in centering the trade of the Mississippi valley at St. Louis and in diverting the fur trade from Montreal to the East and to New Orleans. The intellectual life of the colony was not of a striking character. There was absolutely no provision for education and illiteracy was prevalent. Few books were to be found, and those chiefly in the libraries of the priests. The re- ligion was of course the Roman Catholic, established by the government, but the Protestant Kentuckians, although never granted any official toleration, were not molested as long as they worshipped quietly. There was no political life, no town meetings, no elections. The forms of trial were simple and judgment di- rect and expeditious. Taxation Vv'as light; land was freely granted for nominal fees, and the Spanish governors were lenient and tolerant. Altogether life seems to have been very pleasant in old St. Louis. There was rude abundance and solid comfort; a gentle, easy-going, care-free people, and a refreshing absence of nervous unrest of the western American. Perhaps the content of the people was founded on a purely material prosperity, and their happiness was a rather self-satisfied complacency in existing conditions, yet one almost regrets that this simple mode of life had to yield to the more strenuous American ideals, if Mis- souri was to take full advantage of her commanding position. Such was the upper Illinois country at the date of the Purchase. The Pur- chase itself, however, and the later history of Missouri were consequent to the great westward movement of population that ranks with the barbarian invasions and the colonization of America in the great migrations of mankind. There were Missouri Chronology 1788 Manuel Perez Commandant at St. Louis. I 793 Zenon Tru- deau Command- ant at St. Louis. 1798 Dehault De- lassus Command- ant at St. Louis. I 799 "The year ot the hard winter." 12 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1800 Louisiana retroceded to France by Spain. 1802 Formal change of pos- session made. ^03 Louisiana Purchase from France to the United States completed April 30. 1804 Upper Louis- iana transferred to the United States, March 10. I 804 Lewis and Clarke Expedition started up the Missouri river, May 14. four great highways from the Atlantic to the Ohio, all following river valleys as lines of the least resistance. The northern and easiest, passage, now followed by the Erie canal, was barred by the Iroquois Indians until the new century began. So the earlier pioneers crossed Pennsylvania to Pittsburg, or followed the Poto- mac or the Yadkin into the Shenandoah valley and crossed the western range by one of several passes, of which the Cumberland Gap is the most famous. In any case the early settlers planned to reach the Ohio, or the Tennessee, or the Cumberland. The wanderings of Daniel Boone in eastern Kentucky in 1769-71 mark the beginning of the migration. That typical frontiersman, so endeared to all Americans by his bravery and his simple heart, saw in the fertile fields of Kentucky the opportunity of the poor man with no capital but his bare hands and his courage. He was followed by a constantly increasing stream of settlers from the back country of Virginia and the Carolinas. They were of quite a different type from the great planters of the tide-water plantations. In their veins was a liberal infusion of Scotch and Irish blood. They were restless, ad- venturous, enterprising, and brave to a fault; the ideal people to win the first struggle with the wilderness in the battle for the West. The prosperous settlements in eastern Kentucky welcomed the Declaration of Independence and struck an important blow in the Revolutionary war. George Rogers Clarke, a leading Kentuck- ian, led an expe- dition of Virginia militia and Ken- tucky volunteers against the Brit- ish forts at Kas- kaskia and Vin- cennes, in order to forestall a threatened Indian attack under En- glish leadership. The forts surren- dered, and their possession by the Americans some- what strengthen- ed their case in the negotiation of the treaty of peace. That treaty yielded to the United States all the district between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi. The settlers now poured into Kentucky by the thousands. Men, ruined by the war or the universal stagnation that followed it, soldiers and officers whose only reward for their sacrifices were land grants in the west, and less desirable elements at- tracted by the speculation in land, covered Kentucky and northern Tennessee with scattered settlements. The fertile soil soon provided a surplus of food stuffs for export. But transportation over the rude roads to the seaboard was extremely difficult and expensive; the natural outlet, the only practicable one, was down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans. And here Spain blocked the way. Holding both banks of the Mississippi at its mouth, she claimed the right to close it to all but Spanish commerce. This Mississippi question was one of life and death to the men of Ken- tucky and Tennessee. It threatened to detach them from the Union and necessi- tated the Louisiana Purchase. The pioneers, with a characteristic directness, argued that it was a violation of natural justice that Spain, because she chanced CABIN IN ST. CHARLES COUNTl WHEEE DANIEL BOONE LIVED. THE STORY OF THE STATE. 13 UNITED STATES SENATOR. BORN FEBRUARY 28, 1817, DIED JANUARY 9, 1870. to own the two banks of the river at New Orleans, should be able to throttle their trade. In considerations of diplomacy and of international law they saw only technical subtleties with which Spain and the eastern States sought to ob- scure the justice of their case. The inherent divergence between the more con- servative manufacturing and commercial east and the simpler, more direct agri- cultural west is as old as the west itself. The Congress of the Confederation sought long and in vain for a solution of the Mississippi question. Spain's at- titude was consistent throughout; she would grant to the United States liberal commercial privileges with Spain and her colonies, but the United States must abandon, at least for a term of years, her claims to the navigation of the Mis- sissippi. Spain hoped, if the commercial States accepted the bait, to detach the west and southwest from the Union. More than once the northern and eastern States were on the point of abandoning the Mississippi, in fact Jay ne- gotiated a treaty accepting Spain's terms, but the resistance of the south and the discontent of Kentucky saved Congress from such a fatal concession. The danger in those years that the western settlements would take matters into their own hands was a very real one. Added to their resentment of the hesitancy of Congress was the entirely insufficient protection afforded them from the Indians. Spanish governors of New Orleans did their best to fan the smouldering discontent into open revolt, that Kentucky might become inde- pendent and join Spain in confederation or alliance. Some of the leaders high- est in the confidence of the people, notably Wilkinson and Sebastien, were the paid agents of Spain. But the sober sense of the Kentuckians prevailed and Missouri Chronology 1804 First English School established in St. Louis. 1805 Territory of Louisiana estab- lished with Gen. James Wilkinson as Governor, March 3. 1806 Ft. Bellefon- taine established on the south bank of the Missouri river, a few miles above its mouth. MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILROAD \AUli8 A 1' JEFFERSON CITY. 14 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 4 1806 Settlements founded on the Loutre. SKULL OF MOUNDBUILDKK. INHABITED MISSOURI PREVIOUS TO INDIAN OCCUPATION 1806 Bethel Bap- tist church estab- lished near Jack- son, Cape Girar- deau county. I 806 John Travis appointed to the Missouri circuit, Methodist Epis- copal church. thwarted the efforts of the conspirators. Wayne's victory over the Indians and the admission of Kentucky to the Union relieved the tension somewhat and finally, in 1795-6, the United States forced Spain to yield. She surrendered her claims to Natchez and the south, opened the Missis- sippi to American trade, and provided a port of de- posit at its mouth. Meanwhile hundreds of Kentuckians had been solving the Mississippi problem by quietly moving across the Mississippi. The Spanish could offer cheap lands, light taxation, and an easy tolerance. In some cases great tracts of land were granted to one man, as to General Morgan at New Madrid. The Americans in the main left to themselves, either on their scattered farms or at New Madrid and Cape Girardeau. The famous Northwest Ordinance, forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory, retarded settlement north of the Ohio. Moreover, Ken- tucky was filling up with tremendous i-apidity, the best lands were occupied, and obscure and conflicting land claims discouraged the later comers. And many of the original pioneers followed Daniel Boone once more to a newer country. So at the time of the purchase the majority of the inhabitants of Missouri were of English speaking ancestry from Virginia and Kentucky. The Mississippi question was in abeyance until in 1802 the Spanish in- tendant at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit. Two years before, how- ever, Spain had retroceded Louisiana to France by the secret treaty of San Ildefonso, in return for an Italian principality to be granted to the son-in-law of the King of Spain. Napoleon was just then dreaming of the restoration of the colonial empire of France, but his activity in America forced Jefferson into a vigorous foreign policy. The slumbering discontent in Kentucky awoke with re- newed intensity, the whole country was convinced at last of the importance of the free navigation of the Mississippi and Monroe went to France in 1803 as the representative of a truly national policy. He was instructed to purchase New Orleans and the Floridas, or at least to secure a port of deposit or a similar concession. When Monroe reached Paris, he discovered that Livingston, the resident minister, had completed the preliminaries of the purchase, not of New Orleans, but of the whole district of Louisiana. Napoleon's sudden abandonment of his colonial schemes was due to the unexpected obstacles he encountered. The heroic resistance of Toussaint L'Ouverture in San Domingo was draining France of men and treasure; indeed she had been unable to take possession of Louisiana. Again, the continental policy of Napoleon made war with England almost inevi- table. Colonial expansion and war with England, at the same time, were too heavy a burden for France; with her command of the sea, England could promptly seize Louisiana. Napoleon, therefore, with the remorseless disregard for sentiment that made and ruined him, met Livingston's demand for conces- sions on the Mississippi with the proposal to sell all of Louisiana to the United States. Before the latter had recovered from his astonishment Monroe arrived, and together they resolved to exceed their instructions and accept the bargain Napoleon "tossed into their laps." For $15,000,000 the United States secured all THE STORY OF THE STATE. 15 APOSTLE OF FREE SILVER. REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS 1873 TO 1895. AND 1897 TO HIS DEATH. BORN AUGUST 10, 1835. DIED JUNE 15, 1899. the claims of France to New Orleans and the watershed of the Mississippi on its western bank. Thus began the colonial expansion of the United States. The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the national domain, settled forever the Mississippi question, and hastened the inevitable advance to the Pacific. Early in ]804 Major Amos Stoddard raised the American flag in St. Louis, and for a few months remained as governor with the same powers as his Spanish predecessors. Congress then organized that part of the Purchase north of the thirty-third parallel as the District of Louisiana in the Territory of Indiana. Indiana was governed under the Northwest Ordinance by a governor. General W. H. Harrison, and by three judges, without a legislature. Congress at the same time refused to confirm by law the land grants made since 1800. The illiberal form of government and the uncertainty as to land titles evoked a formal pi'otest from the people. In the next year Congress changed the dis- trict to the Territory of Louisiana and Jefferson appointed Wilkinson its first governor. Both Lewis and Clarke later held this office, the latter being in office when the state was admitted. The territory obtained in 1812 a legislature of two houses, the upper house, or Council appointed by the President, and a delegate to Congress; in 1816 it elected its own Council. Two years later the territory applied for admission to the Union. The governors and legislatures introduced the American law and judicial procedure, and a system of local government. Until 1812 the original five districts of the Spanish regime were retained with a simple administrative and judicial machinery. When the ter- ritory was granted a legislature, the districts became counties, with the right of representation according to population. New counties were organized as the population increased until at the date of admission the State was divided into 25 counties. The administration of the counties was developed, new courts organized and a supreme court of appeal established at St. Louis. The transfer to the United States stimulated the western movement through Kentucky. Here and there might be found an enterprising Yankee, or a stolid German from Pennsylvania, but the immigrants were still of the sturdy old English and Scotch-Irish stock of Virginia and the Carolinas. The population was essentially agricultural and settled for the most part on de- tached farms or in little hamlets. The existing towns increased in inhabi- tants, but comparatively few new ones were founded. As in the early daya, Missouri Chronology 1807 Frederick Bates acting gov- ernor. 1808 Merriwether Lewis appointed governor. I 808 The Missouri Gazette, the first paper west ot the Mississippi river, established in July by Jos. Charless. 16 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE HARNEY MANSION. Missouri Chronology 1808 The Missouri Fur Company es- tablished. 810 Boon's Lick settlements made (now Howard county). I 8 10 Benjamin Howard gover- nor. 181 1 New Madrid destroyed by an earthquake, December 16. settlement followed the rivers and creeks. The inhabited strip along the Mis- sissippi, before the Purchase perhaps twenty miles wide, in 1821 was more than doubled in width and was divided into two tiers of counties. Another stream of colonists ascended the Missouri to the Boon's Lick country, on the Missouri river. A flourishing set- tlement grew up there in the early days and three counties were oi'ganized lefore 1821. Franklin was the chief town of the dis- trict and the centre of the western trade. It was the headquarters of the hun- ters and trappers and of the traders who followed the old Santa Fe trail to New Mexico. Both banks of the Missouri were oc- cupied and organized as counties and a beginning made along the Missis- sippi to the northward. Altogether there were some 60,000 inhabitants in the territory when it became a State. During the territorial period Missouri became American in government and in character. The French influences pei'sisted longer in the older Missis- sippi towns; French merchants in St. Louis controlled much of the trade; individual Frenchmen were prominent in society and politics; but the coming of the newspapers and the steamboats ended the old regime. St. Louis with its fire engine and two newspapers was a bustling western town, while the Boon's Lick settlements reproduced the early days of Kentucky. The boisterous bullies of the river, the reckless adventurers so inevitable in a frontier settle- ment, with their feuds and duels, gave a false impression of lawlessness of those early days. The Missourians were a buoyant, optimistic people, quick to take offense, and preferring a rude and ready justice; indeed, they had the faults and virtues of the frontiersman everywhere, but they kept the Anglo- Saxon reverence for law and order. They were an agricultural people even more than in the earlier days, for the fur trade was already past its zenith. Somewhat less than a sixth of the population were slaves, to be found in the older Mississippi country, but on the whole the plantation system of the South was unsuited to Missouri. Wheat, corn, and beef with salt and lead, were the chief productions of the territory. The trade still followed the rivers, and received a great stimulus from the coming of the steamboats, which made the rivers highways in both directions. The greater part of the ex- ports, however, were still floated down to New Orleans in the clumsy barges, which were commonly sold as lumber with the cargo. The petition of this flour- ishing territory for admission to the Union began the long polit- ical contest over slavery and and for the first the country by a line into a North- Southern section, had viewed with the admission of Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Mississippi as slave states. Why then did she demand that Missouri should be free; why did the inevitable opposition of the two sections break out on on the classic hinkson creek. State rights, time divided geographical ern and a The North complacency THE STORY OF THE STATE. 17 ATTORMEY-GEXERAL IN LINCOLN'S CADINET. BORN SEPTEMBER 4, 1793. DIED MARCH 25, 1869. the admission of Missouri? Kentuckj' and Tennessee were admitted when the jest men, north and south, were united in a philosophical condemnation of slavery, and a hope of its ultimate extinction. Louisiana and Mississippi, and Alabama, which was admitted as a slave State in 1819, were all far to the southward and surrounded by slave territory. Missouri, however, was on the border line, and was not a great slaveholding community — slavery was not the foundation of its social and economic structure. Moreover, it was the first state to be formed from the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. But the political question of the balance of power between the sections was the imme- diate cause of the struggle. At the adoption of the Constitution, North and South were nearly equal in population and representation, but in thirty years the free States had developed much more rapidly and gained a preponderance in the House of Representatives. In the Senate with its representation by States the relation of the sections had remained unchanged. Up to 1818, the new States, had been admitted in pairs, a free State with a slave State, but in that year both Missouri and Alabama were clamoring for admission. If both came in as slave States, the existing balance in the Senate would be destroyed. Alabama was by geographical position, inevitably slave. So the North was determined that Missouri should be free. As soon as the debates in Congress began, the difference of opinion was seen to go much deeper than any political question of balance of power. The divergence in the development of political and social ideals in the two sec- tions appeared so plainly as to appall the nation. On the question of slavery the older philosophical disapproval of the North had broadened into a growing conviction that slavery was a moral and an economic wrong. Almost all of the northern States had abolished slavery and believed that its further exten- sion should be resisted. The South had moved even further in the opposite direction. Instead of the earlier theoretical condemnation of slavery, the South now regarded it as indispensable to its present mode of existence. No one thing had done as much to bring about this change as the invention of the cotton gin and the enormous development of the cotton culture, which had in- creased threefold the value of slaves and promised the South an era of unex- ampled prosperity. Intimately connected with this developing difference of opinion on slavery, was a more serious divergence in political ideals, a radically Mo.~2. .Missouri Chronology 1 8 12 Territory ot Louisiana chang- ed to Territory of Missouri, January 4, with William Clarke governor. i8i2 Bank of St. Louis incorpor- ated. 1813 First bricK house in St. Louis built by Wm. C Carr. ' I 8 14 Many Indian massacres oc- curred in Mis- souri. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1817 Charles Lucas killed in a duel with Thomas H. Benton. ?I7 The General Fike, the first steamer to land at St. Louis. different conception of the relation of the States to the general government. The South held that the powers of the general government should be limited by a strict and literal interpretation of the Constitution, and that the Constitu- tion was a compact between the States. In the North, however, the older par- ticularistic theories of the powers of the States were yielding to a devotion to the Union, and a desire to extend the general powers of the government. This divergence had been growing silently for years, almost unsuspected; now it startled North and South alike. In Congress the struggle over Mis- souri was a contest between the House and the Senate. In 1819 the House, by its adoption of the Tallmadge resolution that the further introduction of slavery into Missouri should be prohibited, and that all children born of slaves should be free at twenty-five years of age, committed itself to the theory that Congress might compel a State to abolish slavery as a condition of admission. The Senate refused to concur. Arkansas territory was set off from Missouri, however, with no restrictions as to slavery. When Congress reassembled in December, the Missouri question was complicated by the application of Maine for admission as a free State. The Senate was resolved that the two States must be admitted together or not at all. The House was equally determined that Mis- souri should not be admitted as a slave State. The debates which followed showed the country how far it had drifted toward disunion. The arguments on the one hand were that Congress had no right to impose conditions on the admis- sion of a State; that the restriction urged by the House violated the guarantees of the Treaty of Purchase, and that slavery was necessary to the prosperity of the South and the best thing for the negro. These propositions were denied in toto by the North. Moderate men of both sections sought some compromise, and finally united on the proposal of Senator Thomas, of Illi- nois. This first Missouri compromise satisfied neither party, but finally passed both Houses in 1820 by small majorities. By it Maine was admitted, as a free State of course, and no restriction as to slavery was introduced into the permission to Missouri to form a State constitution. But from all the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes, the southern boundary of Missouri, slavery was forever excluded. Missouri acted at once on this permission. A convention met at St. Louis and drew up a State constitution, which bore few traces of the excitement of the time, and remained the fun- damental law of the State until after the war. In its main out- lines it bore a close resemblance to the Constitution of Kentucky. The democratic character of the inhabitants was reflected in the MONUMENT TO THOMAS JEKFEKSON, ORIGINALLY ERECTED AT MONTICELLO FROM DESIGNS LEFT BY MR. JEFFERSON; NOW ON STATE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS AT COLUMBIA. THE STORY OF THE STATE. 19 UNITED STATES SENATOR, 1863 TO 1867. GOVERNOR, 1871 TO 1873. BORN MAY 28, 1826. DIED DECEMBER 13, 1885. provision for universal suffrage; the disqualification of clergymen for the higher offices, and the prohibition of the Legislature to charter more than one bank, re- flected unpleasant incidents in the previous history of the territory. But the clauses as to slavery attracted the most attention and had an unforeseen result. Before the debates in Congress there was a respectable minority in favor of the prohibition of slavery, but the natural resentment which swept over the State at the attempt of the North to impose conditions on her admission, destroyed its in- fluence. The Convention seems to have been unanimous against the restriction of slavery. The Constitution declared that the Legislature had no power to emancipate slaves without the consent of their owners, a clause which Benton has claimed to originate to take slavery out of State politics. The Legislature could provide for emancipation with the consent of the masters, and it was its duty to secure humane treatment for the slaves. Finally, the Legislature was to see to it, by suitable legislation, that all free negroes and mulattoes be ex- cluded from the State. The decision of the State was in no sense determined by the attempted dictation of the North. Missouri was not a great slaveholding community, frontier settlements never are; nor were conditions favorable in general, for the plantation system. Less than one-sixth of the population were negroes in 1820 and the ratio steadily decreased. But slavery had always existed in the territory, the great mass of the population were familiar with the system, were descendants of slaveholders and bound by ties of sympathy and blood to the South. The Constitution was declared in force by the Convention, and, as every one believed that the admission was a mere formality, the people elected a governor and legislature and organized a State government. Mis- souri for a time was practically, if not legally, a State without the Union. Congress, however, did not admit Missouri to the Union until after months of flerce and acrimonious debates. The extremists, North and South, were dissatisfied with the first compromise, and in the House of Representatives refused to accept Missouri's Constitution on the grounds that the clauses as to free negroes were unconstitutional. The Senate, as before, was on the side of Missouri. Neither would yield, the excitement in Congress and in the country threatened the very existence of the Union, when Henry Clay, by his Missouri Chronology I 8 1 8 Congress ask- ed to authorize a state government for Missouri. I 8 19 The Inde- pendence, the first steamer to ascend the Missouri river, went to Old Franklin in May. I 8 1 9 The Tall- madge anti- slavery resolution affecting the ad- mission of Mis- souri as a state, passed by the United States House of Repre- sentatives. 20 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology personal influence and eloquence, induced Congress to accept the second Mis- souri compromise. Missouri was to be admitted under her Constitution, when she pledged herself, by a solemn public act, never to construe certain specified clauses of it so as to au- thorize any law abridging the rights of citizens of any other State. Missouri, with her State government [820 Bill providing for the establish- ment of the state fully organized, and her of Missouri passed senators and representa- both houses of , . . „, , . tives m Washington wait- Congress in March. 1820 Foity-one members oi a Constitutional Convention elected in May. ST. CHARLES COUNTY RESIDENCE VV^HERE DANIEL BOONE DIED IN 1832. 1820 The Consti- tutional Conven- tion met in St. Louis June 12, and adjourned July 19. 1820 Alexander McNair elected governor of Mis- souri in August. ing for recognition, re- sented this seemingly treacherous delay of Con- gress. But the Legislature passed a resolution which Monroe recognized as ful- filling the conditions, and Missouri entered the Union. And, curiously enough, the articles of the Constitution enumerated in the act of Congress and the resolution of the Leg- islature can not by any human ingenuity be identified with the clauses exclud- ing free negroes! The first State elections resulted in the choice of Alexander McNair as Governor, and John Scott, the old territorial delegate, as representative. The Legislature was nearly unanimous in favor of Barton as senator, and after a protracted contest chose Thomas Hart Benton as his colleague. Barton served continuously until 1831, and Benton until 1851. All in all, Benton is the greatest man xMissouri has produced. At Washington he stood in the front rank in the Senate which included Clay, Webster and Calhoun. He was the intimate and trusted friend of Jackson. At home he dominated the democratic party until his retii-ement, and was one of the best types of the rugged western democracy. His strength lay rather in his unwearied industry, and his natural sound sense than in eloquence or learning. Throughout his long career he was the steadfast advocate of specie currency and a liberal land policy — both essential to the development of his State' — and went down in defeat on his opposition to the extension of slavery. Political parties, however, did not emerge until the presidential election of 1828, when Missouri then cast her vote for Jackson. Probably opposition to the national bank and the money power influenced the votes in 1828, but Missouri was naturally demo- cratic; Jackson, the man of the people, represented the ideals and aspirations of the majority of Mis- sourians. Slavery and her southern sympathies kept the State in the demo- cratic party until the stirring times be- fore the war. The influence of slavery on Missouri's polit- ical history must not be overestimated, however. The proportion of negroes to the total population steadily diminished, and these ON A COUNTRY KOAIJSIDE THE STORY OF THE STATE. 21 BUILDER OF THE ST. LOUIS BRIDGE AND MISSISSIPPI RIVER JETTIES. BORN MAY 23, 1820. DIED MARCH 8, 1887. negroes were found chiefly in the fertile lands along the great rivers, and in the older portions of the State. Throughout the State free labor was the rule. The anti-slavery minority revived after the admission of the State. Many of her ablest men, Benton in particular, disliked slavery, were opposed to its extension, and longed for its disappearance. The leaders, drawn from all political parties, met in 1828 in secret conference, and planned a campaign for gradual emancipation, and the prospect for success seemed excellent, when the excesses of a New York abolitionist raised the spectre of social equality between the races, and the whole scheme was abandoned before it was disclosed. Resentment at the extreme views of the abolitionists created an insurmount- able obstacle to any successful agitation later and, perhaps, prevented gradual emancipation in both Kentucky and Missouri. The general legislation up to 1849 does not call for any extended comment. The Legislature devoted much of its time to providing for the increase in popu- lation by the organization of new counties and perfecting the local government. The laws of the State were carefully revised in the session of 1824-5, and again at the end of the succeeding decades. Several minor amendments to the Con- stitution were adopted from time to time, but the attempt to remodel the instru- ment by the Convention of 1845 was rejected by the people. The chief concern of the Missourians was in the battle with the wilderness. The population, which doubled every ten years until the war, was still drawn in the main from Kentucky, but the population was losing its earlier homo- geneity. The northern stream of immigration through the Mohawk valley and the old Northwest reached the Mississippi and joined the earlier movement in Missouri, and the men from Illinois and the northeast began to form an impor- tant element in the State. The Germans, the first foreign born immigrants to the State, were settling in large numbers about St. Louis and to the northeast. They were a frugal, industrious, and law-abiding people, and, except for their tendency to retain their own language and customs, a thoroughly desirable acquisition. The older districts were soon fully occupied, so the bulk of these later immigrations followed up the tributaries of the Missouri and the Missis- sippi and settled in the back country. Many of them settled in or near the Missouri Chronology ?2o The first Legislature of Missouri met in St. Louis the 3d Monday in Sep- tember, with 14 senators and 43 representatives. 1820 Legislature adjourned Sep- tember 26, in honor of Daniel Boone, who died that day. 820 An act of Legislature passed November 28, fixed the seat of government at St. Charles until October i, 1826, at which date it was to be removed to Jef- ferson Cit)'. 22 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1 82 1 The admission of Missouri as a state was refused by Congress on on February 1 1 , account of the State Constitution requiring free ne- groes and mulat- toes to be exclud- ed from settling in the state. I 821 The Clay formula, making the condition that the "restrictive section" of the constitution of Missouri should not be construed to affect any citi- zen of any state, was passed by Congress on February 26. 1821 June 4 a special session of the Missouri leg- islature was held at St. Charles which passed the required act ot Congress. ^?f®*:5 KEPRESENTATIVE MISSOUEI HOME — CASS COUNTY. large towns. The whole State was subdivided into counties of reasonable size. It was losing, also, somewhat of its distinc- tively southern character. Missouri was still pri- m a r i 1 y an agricultural State. Manufactures were in their infancy, and com- m e r c e , outside of food stuffs, was confined to furs and the Mexican trade. The former had diminished greatly in amount and impor- tance, but the Mexican trade which followed the picturesque old Santa Fe trail, became sufficiently important for the United States to survey the easiest route in 1825. Roads were built throughout the State, as the density of population warranted the expense, but the steamboats on the Mississippi were still the easiest means of transportation. The towns increased in number and in wealth and St. Louis became one of the important cities of the Union. The wild speculation in public lands which followed the deposits of the United States in the State banks and the distribution of the surplus stimulated a feverish and fictitious prospei'ity, and the collapse brought ruin to many indi- viduals. The healthy growth in population and wealth continued; meanwhile, the State wisely refrained from a ruinous system of public improvements, and Missouri recovered quickly from the financial depression. One result of the demand for land was the acquisition of the triangle be- tween the western boundary and the Missouri river — the Platte Purchase of 1836. There were two obstacles to the consent of Congress to this increase in territory, the existence of an Indian reservation there, and the violation of the letter of the Compromise of 1820. The Missouri senators, Benton and Linn, secured this fertile region, now one of the richest in the State. The first settlers in the extreme west, however, were the Mormons, fresh from their trials in the east. They were a thrifty people and prospered in their new homes, but their peculiar moral and religious views aroused the dislike of their neighbors; they were accused of horse stealing and much petty dishonesty, and were soon attacked and retaliated in kind. The militia finally broke up the Mormon settlements, forced them to abandon their property and leave the State. Missouri was no longer merely a frontier settlement. In 1839 the Legis- lature applied the proceeds from the public lands donated in 1820 to the foundation of a State University, which was located in Columbia. After a long period of slow but solid growth, the University has of late entered on a period of phenomenal develop- ment and now ranks with the best of the State uni- versities. St. Louis was a city of sufficient impor- tance to attract Lafayette in his triumphal progress and to induce Webster to journey from New En- gland to see the growing Empire of the West. Mis- souri never had a serious AK EVENING MEAL. Indian question of her THE STORY OF THE STATE. 23 LEADER OF THE MARCH TO MEXICO, THE GREATEST IN HISTORY. BORN JULY 9, 1808. DIED AUGUST 8, 1887. own, but she sent her militia to crush the Blaclv Hawlv rising in the North, and to destroy the Seminoles in Florida. Her senators and representatives at Washington were heard in every important discussion, and Missouri in gen- eral took an intelligent and active part in national affairs. The revolt of Texas, with its consequent annexation and war with Mexico, aroused more interest in Missouri than in any other State, perhaps. A very large number of the Americans who appropriated Texas when it was still a Mexican State, were Missouriaus, many more took part in the Texan war of Independence, so that ties of blood reinforced the characteristic land hunger which aroused the West in favor of annexation. The extension of slave ter- ritory, which appealed to the disciples of Calhoun, had only a secondary interest for Missouri. At the very outset of the war, a regiment of Missouri volunteers hastened to New Orleans to defend Louisiana. Her most striking service, how- ever, was in the conquest of New Mexico. General Kearney, of the regular army, organized an expedition at Fort Leavenworth, composed of a small number of regular troops and the famous "Doniphan's Brigade" of Missourians. This little army, a thousand strong, traveled the Santa Fe trail for nine hundred miles in fifty days, and captured Santa Fe without a struggle. The expedition was absolutely without any base of supplies from the day it left Fort Leaven- worth; the march lay through uninhabited wilderness and desert. General Don- iphan passed on into Mexico, did valiant service against Mexicans and Indians, and returned by sea to New Orleans. A second regiment followed Doniphan down the trail and policed New Mexico until the end of the war. A third regiment was ready to start out when peace was made. The question of slavery in the regions acquired from Mexico revived the geographical division of political parties, and opened the struggle which cul- minated in the Civil War. In Congress Henry Clay put through the last and greatest of his compromises; in Missouri, however, there was no compromise. Ben- ton had been the unquestioned leader of the demo- early home of gov. charles crats for twenty-five years, but now the majority of h. hardin, Columbia, first them revolted against him and his steadfast resis- brick house in centr.4l mis- tance to the extension of slavery in the territories. souri. Missouri Chronology I 821 On August 10, a copy of the actof the Missouri legislature was delivered to the president of the United States, and he immedi- ately proclaimed the admission of Missouri as a state. ?2i Banking Loan Offices were es- tablished which proved disastrous financially to the people. 1 821 The first di- rectory of St. Louis was pub- lished, giving the population as 5,500. 24 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology I 8z2 St. Louis was incorporated by the legislature. 1823 Joshua Barton killed in a duel with Thomas C. Rector. 1824 Frederick Bates elected governor. CONFEDERATE MONUMENT — SPRINGFIELD. Moreover, his imperious and ill-controlled temper had made him many enemies, and his autocratic will alienated the younger men. His opponents accordingly at- tacked him through the Jackson resolutions passed by the Missouri legislature in 1849. These resolutions, denied in the strongest terms the power of Congress to interfere with slavery in the territories and hint not obscurely at the pos- sibility and legality of secession. They were, and were intended to be, a direct censure on Benton. His reply was characteristic. On the floor of the Senate he denounced the I'esolutions as unwise, unsound, and disloyal; he denied that they represented the real opinion of his State; he continued his fight against the extension of slavery until the Compromise was passed, and then went back to Missouri to face his opponents. The principles put forward in the Jackson resolutions served as a political platform, to the pro-slavery democrats until the war. Benton in 1850 appealed from the Legislature to the people and conducted a vigorous campaign through- out the State in the election of the next Legislature. His speeches were a curious mixture of sound political sense and a wealth of personal invective and denunciation characteristic of the man. The democratic majority in the Legislature of 1851 was divided into two factions, for and against Benton, so that the whigs were holding the balance of power. The anti-Benton democrats joined the whigs and elected a whig to succeed Benton. The latter returned to Congress as a representative in 1852, where he was out-spoken in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska bill. His friends in the Legislature prevented any choice of United States senator in 1854 and brought his tname forward as a candidate in 185G. in which year he was also a candidate for governor, stand- ** ing third on the list, but his vote combined with that of the American candidate far outnumbered that of the regular democratic ticket. Benton himself died soon afterward; his supporters were divided among the Americans, the union demo- crats, and the republicans. The other wing of the democratic party was more than ever com- mitted to slavery and the South. The opposition to it did not take effective form until the presi- dential election of 1860. Meanwhile, in Congress, Douglas with his Kansas-Nebraska act had repealed the Mis- souri Compromise and established his prin- ciple of "squatter sovereignty." The exist- ence of slavery in the territories was to be left to the people of the territories. The doc- trine proved a dangerous one in its practical operation, for there was no agreement as to when the people should make their decision, whether under the territorial government or at admission as a State. In the specific a?t organizing Kansas and Nebraska, Missouri was directly interested in the status of Kan- sas. If Kansas decided against slavery, slavery in western Missouri, sur- rounded as it would be on two sides by free territory, would be in a precarious position. Moreover, the South in general believ- ed that it was the in- tention, unexpressed it is true, that Kansas should be slave, and Nebraska THE STORY OF THE STATE. 25 WAl! (JOVKRXOK 1861-1864. BORN NOVEMUEK 29, 1798. DIED JANUARY 31, 1864. free. Thus the Missourians would resent any interference with slavery in Kansas as prejudicial to their welfare and as a violation of natural justice. When Kansas territory was organized in 1854, there were a number of Missourians in the district, who at once were reinforced by settlers from the western counties. But certain energetic New England opponents of slavery were determined that Kansas should be free, even under popular sovereignty, and through their "Emigrant Aid Societies" they aided hundreds of northern men to emigrate to Kansas. The earliest of these settlers seem to have been "bona fide" emigrants interested primarily in bettering their fortunes. But the coloni- zation scheme seemed to the Missourians a quite unjustifiable interference; they retaliated with the formation of Blue Lodges whose purpose was to aid the southerners in Kansas to maintain their political superiority. They appealed to the South for aid in money and for settlers. So far, the efforts of either section were equally legitimate or illegitimate. But the South was hopelessly handicapped by the system of slavery in the race to occupy Kansas. There was no large class available for emigration. The whites were either slaveholders and owners of plantations who could not easily convert their property into cash, or poor whites, while the north could send out an army of mechanics, artisans, petty merchants, or small farmers. Only one band from the South of any size answered the call of Missouri. She by herself could not cope with the natural immigration from Illinois and Iowa, reinforced by the surplus population of New England sent on by the Emigrant Aid Socie- ties. Within a year it was evident that Kansas was slipping out of the grasp of the South. It was over two years before President Buchanan found a governor firm enough to establish order with the help of the federal troops. A desultory warfare continued on the Missouri border until the war, and was a training school for the guerrillas and bush-whackers in the later contest. This struggle for Kansas re-acted on Missouri politics and strengthened the pro-slavery democrats. The old whig party disappeared and was replaced by the Americans and the union democrats. The republican party made little head- way outside of St. Louis. James S. Rollins, an old-line whig, secured the sup- port of these elements of opposition to the regular democracy and in 1857 was defeated for governor by 334 votes only. The national parties, also, were in a chaotic condition at the presidential election in 1860. There were four candi- dates and four platforms on the slavery question before the people. The demo- MlSSOURI Chronology 1825 Governor Bates died and was succeeded by Abraham J. Williams, presi- dent of the State Senate. 1825 John Miller elected governor. 1825 Lafayette vis- ited St. Louis. 1826 The fourth annual session of the Missouri leg- islature was the first one to meet at Jefferson City. 26 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology AN AFTERNOON IN HARVESTING DAYS. ^27 The Kansas, Shawnees and Iowa tribes of Indians removed from the state of Missouri. 1828 John Miller re-elected gov- ernor. 829 A battle be- tween the Whites and Indians oc- curred in Ran- dolph county in July, 3 of the former and 1 2 of the latter being killed. 1830 Spencer Pet tis and Major Biddle fight a duel and each is killed. 1831 The Mor- mons first settled in Jackson coun- ty. cratic party was rent in twain; the southern delegates nominated Breclvenridge and denied the power of Congress or the territorial government to exclude slavery; the northern delegates chose Douglas, with a platform reaffirming the doctrine of "popular sovereignty." The republicans nominated Lincoln and de- clared their absolute opposi- tion to the further extension of slavery. A convention of the older whigs and Ameri- cans, calling themselves un- ion democrats, tried to elimi- nate slavery from the cam- paign by proclaiming "the Constitution, the Union, and the enforcement of the laws" their platform. Bell was their candidate. In Missouri the contest lay between the various dem- ocratic candidates. The union democrats attracted the conservatives and drew heavily from both sec- tions of the democratic party. In the State election the factions patched up a truce and elected as governor a Douglas democrat. In the national election, however, the Douglas ticket was successful, with a majority over the union dem- ocrats of but 429. The Breckenridge ticket was 27,000 votes behind that of Bell, and the republican electors at the bottom of the poll. Missouri had repudiated the extreme doctrines on slavery, both northern and southern, and cast her vote for a conservative policy and mutual concessions. Such was her attitude until civil war made it no longer tenable. The decade before the war was one of great prosperity to the State. Popu- lation still increased at about the same rate, but the political troubles in Europe and the Irish famine sent over large numbers of Germans and Irish, so that the foreign born comprised one-seventh of the population. The first railroad was begun in 1850, followed by many others, all liberally aided by State guarantee of their loans. The first general grant of State funds to the public schools was made in 1852-3. Twenty per cent of the revenue of the State was to be divided among the counties for public instruction. This policy, changed in detail in 1875, has been continued ever since. The governor elected in 1860, Claiborne F. Jackson, was the sponsor for the Jackson resolutions of 1849. The Legislature was hopelessly divided. The Breckenridge democrats were the most numerous, but were outnumbered by the combined vote of the Douglas and Bell adherents, while the republicans were few but active. The Legislature had not been long in session when the Governor called upon them to take action on the question of secession. He recommended that a convention be summoned to ascertain the will of the people. The repub- licans were almost alone in opposition, but the moderate members forestalled any precipitate action by inserting a proviso that the convention submit any act or resolution that changed or dissolved the political relations of the State to the Union, to a popular vote. In the election of delegates to the convention, secession was presented to the people as a political issue for the first time. The result was a surprise to all and a disappointment to the extreme Southern sympathizers. The convention did not include a single avowed champion of secession. The people regarded the seces- sion of South Carolina and the Cotton States as hasty and unjustified by any act of the federal government. The vote, however, was not a condemnation of se- cession as unrighteous or unconstitutional; it did not mean that the majority were uncompromisingly Union. Missouri called for delay and compromise, for the preservation of the Union if possible. That this was the real sentiment of the State appears in the appointment, by the Legislature, of delegates to the THE STORY OF THE STATE. 27 GEORGE-C BINGHAM AKTIST. BORN MARCH 20, 1811. DIED JULY 7, 1879. THE PICTURE REPRODUCES HIS FAMOUS County Election, now in mercantile library, st. louis. Peace Conference in Virginia, and, by the convention, to the Border States Con- gress of Kentucky, and especially in the resolutions of the convention. These resolutions declared that, at present, there was no adequate reason for Missouri to leave the Union; that Missouri favored any fair compromise, endorsed the Crittenden Compromise, and desired a national convention; and that, as coer- cion of the seceding States would inevitably lead to civil war, Missouri entreated the national government not to employ force. The convention then adjourned, after empowering a committee to call it together again if necessary. The decision of the convention was a crushing blow to the Southern sympa- thizers, and paralyzed their efforts for a time, although Jackson and the chief officials of the State were with them. They needed arms for their adherents and had already secured the pledge of the commander of the arsenal at St. Louis that he would surrender it to the State. Now they were forced to bide their time. Meanwhile Francis F. Blair, the leader of the Missouri republicans, was organizing a force to protect the arsenal. The Germans at St. Louis had formed marching clubs during the presidential campaign; these Blair quietly but openly transformed into military organizations. The Germans were quite untouched by the perplexing problem of State sovereignty, and were moved only by their opposition to slavery and their attachment to the Union. Lincoln acted on the advice of Blair and sent Captain Lyon, an uncompromising Union man, to com- mand the increased garrison at the arsenal. The guns were safe from any sudden attack. Governor Jackson and his party recovered some of their lost ground when Lincoln called for State troops after the attack on Fort Sumter. Jackson re- fused to obey the call of the President on the ground that Lincoln's purpose was "unconstitutional and diabolical." The neutrality of the State, which was perhaps the wish of a majority, was no longer possible, and Missouri had to cast her lot with the North or South. For a few weeks it was uncertain whether the people would be influenced most by their loyalty to the Union or their re- sentment at the attack on the seceding States. In the Legislature the Southern sympathizers revived a militia bill to place the State on a war footing, and Gov- ernor Jackson established a practice camp for militia on the outskirts of St. Louis. He succeeded in smuggling in guns and ammunition from the South. Missouri Chronology I 83 1 The first steamboat from St. Louis went to the head waters of the Missouri river. 1832 During the Black Hawk War, Major General Gentry of Columbia es- tablished fortifica- tions in northeast Missouri. 1832 Daniel Dunk- lin elected gov- ernor. 1832 Asiatic chol- era killed over 400 people in St. Louis. 28 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. M1S80UU1AA OF TlIK KAKLY DAYS. Photo 1)1/ Joe L. Douglass, Columbia Missouri Chronology 1833 Mormons driven from Jackson county. ^33 Over 100 people die from cholera at St. Charles. 1834 Lewis F. Linn elected U. S. Senator. [835 A destructive fire at St. Louis destroyed the Cathedral and many other buildings. Blair offered his Germans to Lincoln as Missouri's quota of militia, and five regiments were mustered into the United States service. The two parties were now armed and face to face at St. Louis. Through the spring of 1861 Mis- souri and the border slave States were the greatest source of anxiety to Lin- coln. Their support was absolutely necessary to the South, if secession was to be successful; if they seceded, the success of the North was doubtful. Maryland and Delaware, from geo- graphical position, Lincoln was obliged to secure at all costs. Virginia, on the other hand, in spite of her reluctance, was certain to join the South the mo- ment war broke out. But Kentucky and Missouri hung in the balance. Lin- coln knew that open interference here might drive these States from the Un- ion and give to the South a wealth of men and treasure. These border States for a time di'eamed of a position of neutrality and Lincoln waited with patience until they should see that this was impossible. Missouri was the more doubtful State; indeed, at this critical period, she once more played a decisive part in the na- tion's history. Lincoln was particularly fortunate in that two Missourians of undoubted honesty and ability, Montgomery Blair and Edward Bates, were in his cabinet. Through them he kept in touch with Francis Blair and the repub- licans in St. Louis. He relied on Lyon and the German regiments to thwart Jackson and the secessionists, and refused as yet to send Federal troops into the State. When the Governor began to mobilize the militia at Camp Jackson, Lyon felt it was time to strike. The Governor was evidently planning to override the decision of the convention and refuse obedience to the President. His militia, although insignificant as yet, were certainly a nucleus for a revolution- ary force. So Lyon surrounded Camp Jackson with his Germans and regulars, and forced the militia to surrender without a blow. They were so outnumbered that resistance was impossible. Indeed, they were not an immediate danger to the republicans and Lyon's attack must be regarded as a precautionary measui'e. Most unfortunately, the soldiers, who were roughly handled by the crowd of Southern sympathizers, fired upon the people, and killed and wounded a number of innocent spectators. For a few days it seemed that this vigorous action of Lyon would defeat its own purpose and drive the State into secession. A grossly exaggerated report of the brutality of the German troops sent a wave of resentment through the State and carried the unfortunate militia bill through the Legislature. This diverted most of the revenue to the organization of me militia, whom the gov- ernor was empowered to enlist to the number of 50,000. But the excitement died down as the real facts became known, and the Federal troops remained in- active at St. Louis. For a month Governor Jackson and General Price were reorganizing the State militia, and seeking a recognition of neutrality from Gen- eral Harney. When he was superseded by Lyon, the crisis came. Jackson and Price met Lyon at St. Louis in conference, and the latter demanded that the new militia be disbanded and absolutely refused to pledge himself not to occupy the State with Federal troops. His terms were refused, and two days later he moved his troops by water to Jefferson City. The State militia lacked arms and THE STORY OF THE STATE. 29 THE children's POET. BORN SEPTEMBER 2, 1850. DIED NOVEMBER 4, 1895. organization, they were scattered in a brief engagement at Boonville, and the Governor and the Southern members of the Legislature fled to the southwest. Here the fragment of the Legislature met somewhat later and passed an act of secession. The Governor and General Price retired to Arkansas to organize an army with the Confederate General McCullough. None of the battles of the campaigns in Missouri had in any sense of the word a decisive influence in the Civil War. At the outset, the Confederates under Price and McCullough held the southwestern part of the State. Lyon met his death in an effort to dislodge them with an insufficient force, but in 1862 they were forced to evacuate the State. In 1864 Price made a brilliant raid across the State up the Missouri valley, but accomplished nothing beyond the destruction of public property. Missouri, however, suffered severely throughout the war from a cruel and destructive guerrilla warfare. Almost every county had its band of Southern sympathizers who were forced to abandon their homes and take to "bush-whacking" or slip south to join the Confederates. The worst elements in the old border warfare reappeared in organized bands of outlaws or as irregular troops under the Federal flag. The Union commanders placed the State under martial law, and maintained an army of occupation. Some of them indeed, seemed to have forgotten that Missouri was not in rebellion. Still, in spite of the hard feeling thus engendered, Missouri sent over 109,000 men to the Union armies, more in proportion to her population than any other State in the Union, beside perhaps 30,000 more who enlisted under the Confederate flag. The flight of Governor Jackson and the dispersal of the Legislature in 1861 left the State without an organized government. The convention re-assembled at Jefferson City and assumed control of the State. By what purported to be amendments to the Constitution, it vacated the offices of Governor, of Lieutenant- Governor, and of Secretary of State, and appointed Hamilton R. Gamble provis- ional governor. At a later meeting in the same year the convention abolished minor ofticers, cut down salaries, organized the militia, and issued State Defence bonds. It required also an oath of allegiance to the Union from every State officer. In the following year it expelled all of its members who had joined the Confederates, and tabled Lincoln's proposal for gradual emancipation. It adopted, also, a more stringent test oath to be taken by every voter. Finally, in 1863, it adopted a plan of gradual emancipation, and dissolved itself. Al- 'MlSSOURI Chronology 1836 Lilburn W. Boggs elected governor. 1836 Stephen F. Austin, born at Potosi, with oth- ers, went to Texas to aid in the fight for independence, and established Austin the capital of that state. 1836 The state penitentiary at Jefferson City opened with one inmate. 1836 Railroad from St. Louis to the Iron Mountain chartered. THE STORY OF THE STATE. 31 lUSlIOr E. M. MAKVIN. rKEACHEK. BORN JUNE 12, 1823. DIED DECEMBER 3, 1877. though a new Legislature was elected in 1862, the convention and its Governor were the paramount political power in Missouri for over two years. It certainly put the most liberal of interpretations on its powers, yet it is due to it that Mis- souri had a continuous State government throughout the war and escaped the horrors of reconstruction. In the election of the Legislature in 1862 the voters called for emancipation of the slaves and the conven- tion in 1863 passed its emancipation ordinance. The radical republicans were much disappointed with its gradual character, and with the moderate policy of Gov- ernor Gamble. Thoy tried in vain to secure the interfer- ence of Lincoln in State politics. In the next year, how- ever, they gained control of the State government, and of the new Constitutional Convention. This convention, which met in 1865, drafted an entire new Constitution, which was adopted by the people. Its provisions on certain questions, notably education and finance, were a distinct advance on the original Constitution, but its real purpose w^as to put in force the programme of the radical republicans. Slavery was at once and forever abolished. The conditions required of all voters were so drastic that every man who had not been from the beginning uncompromising in his support of the Union was disfranchised. Every voter was to be registered, was to take the famous "Iron Clad" oath, that he had never committed any of a long catalogue of acts, in- cluding every conceivable display of sympathy with the South, and, moreover, must convince the registration officers that he swore truly. The oath was demanded from every State or county officer, every teacher, attorney, or minister, and from every man who voted on the ratification of the Constitution. Yet the Con- stitution was adopted only by a small majority. The radicals controlled the government until 1870. Although the supreme court of the United States declared the "Iron Clad" oath unconstitutional, the MARK TWAIN AT HIS OLD HOME IN HANNIBAL. Missouri Chronology 1836 Great floods throughout Mis- souri. 1837 Ex-Senator David Barton died September 26, at Boonville. 1837 The state house at Jefferson City burned No- vember 17, with all the early records. 1837 Col. Richard Gentry killed in Florida during the Seminole War, on December i . 32 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. FKUIT EXPEjUJIEA T STATIOX, MOUMTAIX GROVE. Missouri Chronology 1838 The contest as to the state line between Missouri and Iowa began. 1838 Mormons expelled from Missouri. 1838 Ex-Governor William Clarke died. 1839 State Univer- sity established at Columbia. 1839 Heavy immi- gration into Mis- souri, estimated at 50,000. I 840 Thomas Reynolds elected governor. Legislature passed a more stringent registration law and reduced the democrats to a helpless minority. The more moderate republicans, B. Gratz Brown, Blair, and Carl Schurz, were opposed to any such wholesale disfranchisement. The attempt to extort the oath from professional men occasioned much petty perse- cution and popular reaction against the radicals. A large number of the re- publicans were quite out of sympathy with the dominant faction in their party, and organized a movement for the repeal of the obnoxious suffrage clauses in the Constitution. The first proposed amendment, however, was to extend the right of suffrage to the negro. It was defeated. The negro received his right to vote from the Fifteenth Amendment, adopted in Missouri in 1870. In the State election of 1870, the republican party split on the question of the repeal of the "Iron Clad Oath." Both factions nominated candidates for Governor. The democrats refused to place a ticket in the field, and threw their sLrength to B. Gratz Brown, liberal republican. He was elected and a majority of the Legislature were opposed to the radical programme. At the same elec- tion the oath of loyalty for voters was abolished by Constitutional amendment and all the citizens once more possessed the right to register their will at the polls. During the next few years, the new democracy, loyal to the Union, stead- ily gained ground and attracted the moderate republicans. A coalition of the two divided the State ticket between them in 1872; Horace Greely as an inde- pendent candidate opposed to the republican policy of reconstruction, carried Missouri in the presidential election. Four years later the democrats had gained a supremacy in the State they have been able to maintain ever since. Missouri has developed farther and faster in the last quarter of a century than in all her previous history. But her achievements belong rather to the writer of economic and social history — many of the movements are not yet com- plete—so that it seems best to close this brief sketch at this point when the war and its results ceased to affect directly the political history of the State. During these last years the wealth and material prosperity of the State have increased enormously. The march of westward settlement has left her far behind, so that she has lost entirely her earlier chai'acter of a frontier State. The genius of Eads bridged the Mississippi, and the railroads now cover her territory and join her to the Atlantic, the Lakes, the Pacific and the Gulf. She has become the center of trade of the new Southwest. Although agriculture is still the solid foundation of her prosperity, she is now a great manufacturing State as well. Emigrants from the Old World, Illinois, Iowa and Kansas are still seeking homes within her borders, and she is herself a colonizing State and has filled Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, and the Pacific coast with her people. And yet the sentiment of every Missourian, and of every student of her history is, that the real development of the State has hardly begun. m t'iJ ^ ; 1 is'' 1 1 Vr r F OR an adequate appre- ciation of tlie true na- ture and significance | of political institu- tions reference must be made to their historical de- velopment. The limits of this j article do not permit a de- tailed discussion of institutional growth in Missouri. In another' part of this volume the develop- ment of Missouri has been traced from its position as a colonial district under French and Spanish rule through the several phases of territorial gov- ernment to its admission as a State into the Union. Missouri has had three Constitutions, the first adopted in 1820, the second in 1N(i5, and the present one in 1875. It is the purpose of this article to describe the machin- ery of government as it exists under the present Constitution. The Constitution of 1875 was framed by a convention which met at Jefferson City, was adopted by a vote of the people on October 30, 1875, and went into effect on November 30, 1875. It consists of fifteen Articles, dealing with Boundaries, Bill of Rights, Distribution of Powers, jM-? R:r..,Tv.<'i -sTj 34 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology ?42 J. .B. C. • Lucas,, a leading citizen of St. Louis,, died. I 843 Senatror Linn died, 'smd David R. A'tchison was appointed to fill the vacancy. [844 GeVerndV^--.^ Reynolds com- mitted suicide by shooting himself in the/fiead, and was succeeded by Lieut:-Gov. M. M. rCl'armaduke. I 844 John C. Ed- wards elected 1 844 I'A'-Governc Dunklin died July 2:;. I 844 (Jreat floods on tjie Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Legislative Department, Executive Department, Judicial Department, Impeach- ments, Suffrage and Elections, Counties, Cities and Towns, Revenue and Taxa- tion, Education, Corporations, Militia, Miscellaneous Provisions, and Mode of Amending the Constitution. Eighteen amendments to the Constitution have been adopted as follows: one in 1884, one in 1890, one in 1892, seven in 1900, eight in 1902; five additional amendments have been proposed by the present General Assembly and will be voted on at the general election in November of this year. These numerous amendments are indicative of a desire for a general revision of the Constitution which has been strongly urged in recent years. The Bill of Rights contains thirty-two sections defining in general those rights and immunities in respect to person and property which were gained by Englishmen during their long constitutional struggle from Magna Charta to the Bill of Rights, and embracing those which were added by Americans during the colonial period. They include the right of trial by jury and other privileges re- specting civil and criminal procedure and prohibit ex post facto laws, and im- prisonment for debt. It is also provided that freedom of speech, press, and re- ligion shall exist and "that no money shall ever be taken from the public treas- ury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect or denomination of re- ligion." -~ In Missouri the grant of the elective franchise is extremely liberal. The right to vote is possessed by every male citizen of the United States and every male alien who has legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United Stales not less than one year nor more than five years before he offers to vote, who is over twenty-one years of age and has resided in the State one year and in the county, city or town where he votes at least sixty days, but no member "of the military or naval forces of the United States, nor any person kept in any public poorhouse, asylum, or prison, nor any one convicted of certain crimes is allowed to vote. In 1900, the total number of votes cast for governor was 684,- 294, or twenty-two per cent of the total population. This is larger than the av- erage of other States in the Union, and shows that the people manifest a keen interest in the selection of their officials and that parties are well organized. These parties have their State and local committees, conventions, primaries, etc. Laws exist which are designed to prevent fraud at such primaries and special provisions are made for St. Louis and Kansas City. In all cities containing 25,000 or more inhabitants the law requires the registration of voters but in other parts of the State no system of registration is provided. The Australian ballot system of voting is provided for all except minor elec- tions. All nominations for State offices must be certified by the Secretary of State. Aside from this, however, the administration of the election laws is left to the local authorities except in St. Louis and Kansas City, each of which has a board of election commissioners consisting of three members ap- pointed by the Governor. The members of the St. Louis board serve for a term of four years and their appointment must be approved by the Senate. One of the members must belong to the leading party politically opposed to the Governor. The members of the Kansas City board serve for a term of three years, and one must be a member of the leading party politically opposed to that to which the other two members belong. The powers of government in Missouri are divided between the central and ;ocal governments. In the central government there is further sub-division of powers "into three distinct departments — the legislative, the executive and the judicial." The Legislature, which is styled The General Assembly of the State of Mis- souri, consists of two Houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate consists of thirty-four members. After each decennial census the State is divided into thirty-four districts as nearly equal in population as may be and ?ach district elects one senator. Senators are chosen for a period of four years, HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 35 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS but are rlivided into two classes so that only one-half of the total number retire every two years. Representatives are chosen for a term of two years and the number varies with the population. After each decennial census a ratio is established by dividing the total popu- V lation of the State by 200. The present ratio is 15,553. Counties having one ratio of population or less are entitled to one representative; those having two and a half times said ratio, to two rep- resentatives; those having four times said ratio, to three representatives; those having six times said ratio, to four representatives; and those hav- ing more than this number are entitled to one ad- ditional representative for every two and a half additional ratios. This method of apportionment gives a relatively greater representation to the smaller counties. Under the census of 1900, the apportionment of representatives is as follows: St. Louis city, sixteen; Jackson county, six; Buchanan county, four; Jasper county, three; Greene and St. Louis counties, two each; and the remaining one hundred and nine counties, one each, making a total of one hundred and forty-two representatives. Counties are divided into as many districts as they have representatives and the voters of each district elect one representative. If, however, a county is entitled to more than ten rep- MlSSOURI Chronology A- -1 r* '^ 5 1845 State line troubles between Iowa and Mis- souri cause blood- shed. ODAWAY COUNTY COURT [OUSE, MARYVII.LE. 1845 Constitution- al Convention met at Jefferson Citv. 36 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 29-30 Missouri Chronology 1846 Regiments for the Mexican War raised in Missouri, com- manded by Cols. A. W. Doniphan and Sterling Price. 1 846 New Consti- tution rejected by popular vote. 1848 Austin A. King elected governor. 1848 State bound- ary contest be- tween Iowa and Missouri settled by the U. S. Supreme Court in favor of Iowa. resentatives each district must be given not less than two nor more than four representatives. This applies at present only to the city of St. Louis, which has six districts, four of which are each entitled to three representatives, while the other two each elect two representatives. No person is eligible as senator until he is thirty years of age and has been a qualified voter for three years; nor as representative until he is twenty-four years of age and has been a qualified voter for two years; nor to either position unless he is a male citizen of the United States, has been a resident of the dis- trict from which he may be chosen for one year next preceding his election and has paid a State and county tax within said period. Senators and representa- tives receive an allowance for traveling expenses and $30 for stationery. They are also entitled to a compensation of $5 a day for the first 70 days of the session and after that to $1 a day for the remainder of the session. The statutes of the State are revised once in every ten years and at the session in which such revis- ion is made, the period during which members of the Assembly may receive the full compensation of $5 is 120 days. The General Assembly meets at the State capitol at Jefferson City. A reg- ular session is held once in every two years and begins on the first Wednesday after the first day of January. No limit is fixed to the length of the session but the reduction of the compensation of members after 70 days of an ordinary ses- sion and 120 days of a revising session tends to limit the session to those periods. Thus the session of the Fortieth General Assembly, which was a revising ses- sion, continued 139 days and the present General Assembly was in session 76 days. The Governor, on extraordinary occasions, may convene the General As- HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 37 rulUJ.A.MJ i'l.ACE, A.N hXC LUSIVE KESIDE>'CE DISTRICT, ST. LOUIS. sembly for a consideration of such special matters as he shall submit to them. The provisions for reducing the compensation after a certain period do not apply to extra sessions. The sessions of each house are generally public, but if neces- sary, they may be held with closed doors. Each house appoints its own officers, except that in the Senate the position of President devolves upon the Lieutenant-Governor by virtue of his office. The presiding officer in each house appoints the committees to which all bills must be referred and which exercise a great influence upon the course and character of legislation. In the ordinary course of legislation a bill must be read on three different days in each house, be passed by a majority of the members of each house and be approved by the Governor. If the Governor disapproves of the measure, it must be returned to the house in which it originated and in order to become a law, it must be agreed to by two-thirds of all the members of each house. The general appropriation act takes effect from the date of its enactment, but other acts do not go into force until ninety days after the adjournment of the session, unless in case of an emergency, the General Assembly shall, by a vote of two- thirds of the members of each house, otherwise direct. The General Assembly has complete power of legislation except where it has been limited by the Constitution. The Constitution of 1820 contained few re- strictions upon the legislature though these were increased by the adoption of amendments to the Constitution. The tendency has been to increase the limita- tions upon legislative power and in the Constitution of 1875 they have become quite numerous and extensive. In general, the restrictions are placed upon the financial powers of the General Assembly and upon its power to pass local and special acts with reference to a large number of matters. In addition to legislative powers the House of Representatives has the power of impeachment in the case of the principal State officers, including judges, who are charged with high crimes and misdemeanors or with misconduct, habits of drunkenness or oppression in office. All impeachments are tried by the Senate. Conviction requires the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators present. Judg- ment can extend no further than removal from office and disqualification to hold any other office under the State. The person impeached, however, is liable to prosecution and punishment by the ordinary courts, according to law. The Executive Department includes those officials who supervise the exe- cution of the laws and administer the affairs of the commonwealth. The Con- stitution provides that it shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Sec- retary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer, Attorney-General, and Superin- tendent of Public Schools, all of whom are elected by the people for terms of four years and are eligible to re-election except the Governor and State Treas- urer, who can not be re-elected as their own successors. The Governor must be at least thirty-five years old and must have been a citizen of the United States ten years and a resident of Missouri seven years next before his election. He Missouri Chronology ?49 Fire at St. Louis in May destroyed over 400 buildings, causing a loss of over three millions. 1849 Cholera was very fatal this summer, over 4,000 people dying in St. Louis. 1850 Benton and anti-Benton con- test over the State attracted great attention, Benton losing. I 85 I Henry S. Geyer, Whig, elected Senator by a coalition of Whigs and anti- Benton Demo- crats. 1852 Sterling Price elected governor. 38 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 1853 The Hanni- bal and St. Joseph and St. Louis and Pacific railroads under construc- tion. 1855 Lieut. -Gov. Wilson Brown died at Cape Girardeau, August 27. 1855 The Gascon- ade river bridge on the Missouri Pacific railroad collapsed under a heavy excursion train on Novem- ber I, and some 30 people were killed and over 70 injured. 1856 TrustenPolk elected governor. 1857 Gov. Polk elected to the U. S. Senate and succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. Hancock Jack- son. INDUSTRIAL HOME FOB GIRLS, CHILLICOTHE. receives an annual salary of $5,000 and the use of a furnished residence at the capital. The Lieutenant-Governor must possess the same qualifications as the Governor. He receives an annual salary of $1,000 and $7 additional per day during the session of the Senate. No person is eligible to any of the other executive offices indicated above unless he is a male citizen of the United States, at least twenty-five years old, and has been a res- ident of the State at least five years next before his election. Kach of such officials receives an annual salary of $3,000. In addition to these officials the statutes provide for a large number of officers, boards, and com- missions, all of whom are appointive officials or hold their positions ex officio except the three railroad and warehouse commissioners, who are elected by the people. The chief executive power is vested in the Governor. It is the Governor's duty to see that the laws are faithfully executed. He is commander-in-chief of the militia and may call out the same to execute the laws. He has the power to grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons for all offenses except treason and cases of impeachment. He appoints a large number of officials, in some cases with the consent of the Senate, and fills all offices which become vacant unless other provision is made by law. He also has a limited power of removal. In addition to his executive powers, the Governor has considerable influ- ence upon legislation. As has been indicated above, he can call the Legislature in extraordinary session. He gives the General Assembly information relative to the condition and needs of the State, and recommends such measures as he deems expedient. He possesses the veto power which includes the right to veto specific items in appropriation bills. In case of death, impeachment or conviction, failure to qualify, resignation, absence from the State, or other disability of the Governor, the powers, duties and emoluments of the office devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor until the disability is removed or the term expires. He is also, ex officio, president of the Senate. In case the Lieutenant-Governor is under any disability, the president pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the House of Representatives suc- ceed in regular order to the office of Governor. Missouri differs from the national government in the method of organizing the administrative activities. Instead of grouping all such matters under a few executive departments the plan has been followed in many cases of organizing a separate and practically independent division for each individual field of activity. An official or board, either elective or appointive, is placed at the head of each division, and as a rule is not responsible to any superior authority for the character of the administration. In considering this administrative organization, however, it will be of advantage to group these divisions according to their nature under certain general heads. The Treasury Department is administered by the State Auditor, State Treasurer, and Board of Fund Commissioners. The State Auditor has general supervision over the financial operations of the State; he keeps the public ac- counts, audits the accounts of county collectors and other holders of public money, enforces the payment of all amounts due the State, audits all claims against the State and grants all warrants or payment of money out of the State Treasury, save in exceptional cases where the law may make other provision. He makes a report to each General Assembly, setting forth the financial opera- HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 39 STATE GEOLOCICAL SUltVEY, SCHOOL OF MINES, KOLLA. tions for the preceding two years and estimates of revenue and expenditui'es for the ensuing biennial period, with such recommendations as he may deem expe- dient. He gives a bond of $50,000. The State Treasurer receives and keeps the moneys of the State and dis- burses the same upon warrants drawn upon the treasury. He is required to give a bond of $500,000. The Board of Fund Commissioners consists of the Governor, State Auditor, State Treasurer, and Attorney-General, the first two being president and secre- tary respectively. The board has supervisory control over the treasury de- partment and administers the public debt. During the years 1851-1857, Missouri incurred a debt of $23,701,000 for the pur- pose of aiding the construction of rail- roads in the State. It was expected that this debt would be liquidated by the rail- road companies, but all of them with the exception of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Co. defaulted in the payment of interest and principal. This was largely due to the breaking out of the Civil War, though some of the roads defaulted in the payment of interest as early as 1859. By 1865 military expenses and unpaid inter- est had increased the debt of the State to more than $36,000,000. During the next four years this debt was reduced by more than $14,000,000, this amount being ob- tained chiefly through the sale of stock of the State in the bank of the State of Mis- souri, from payments for railroads sold by the State and from reimbursements by the United States government for war expenditures. In 1869 the bonded debt amounted to $21,675,000. It was re- duced to $16,518,000 in 1883, to $9,711,000 in 1893, and it was entirely extin- guished in 1903. There still exist, however. State certificates of indebtedness amounting to $4,398,839.42. These were issued in exchange for money and securities which were taken from the State public schools and seminary (University of Mia- Fouri) funds and applied to the reduction of the bonded debt of the State. The certificates of indebtedness are non-negotiable and are intended to be a perma- nent obligation upon the State. They bear interest at the rate of five or six per cent per annum, and represent a large part of the public school endowment and the entire interest bearing endowment of the University of Missouri. The amount of certificates held to the credit of each fund and the annual income received therefrom are: Amount. Annual Int. Public School Fund $3,159,000 00 $187,040 00 Seminary Fund 1,239,839 42 63,211 96 The total bonded indebtedness of counties and townships on July 1, 1902, was $8,066,878. The total bonded indebtedness of cities and towns on the same date was $31,193,870. The bonded indetbedness of the city of St. Louis repre- sents nearly four-fifths of the latter figure. The liberality of the State in loaning its credit for the promotion of railroads, contributed in large measure to the development of the magnificent system of railroads in Missouri, and thereby to the increase of the wealth of the State. The fact, however, that the State treasury never received any direct compen- sation for the greater part of the loan led to distrust on the part of the people and this is manifested in the present Constitution by the existence of stringent restrictions upon the power of incurring indebtedness. The General Assembly is forbidden to give or pledge the credit of the State in aid of any individual Missouri . Chron()lo(;v 1857 Robert M. Stewart elected governor. 858 Serious troubles between Western Mis- souri anid Kan- sas. 1859 Southwestern E.xpedition sent - out by Go\-^rnor Stewart. i^8_6o Claiborne F. Jackson elected governor. 40 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology I 86 1 Convention to which was given control of all relations be- tween the States assembled Febru- ary 28. 1 861 Camp Jack- son at St. Louis captured by Gen- eral Lyon on May 10. 1 861 Governor Jackson called for 50,000 mili- tia on June 12. or corporation. The only case in which any one is permitted to incur a debt on behalf of the State is on the occurring of an unforeseen emergency or casual deficiency of the revenue, when, upon the recommendation of the Governor, the General Assembly may incur a debt not to exceed $250,000 in any one year, and provision must be made for its repayment in not more than two years. in all other cases the proposition for the debt must be submitted to the qualified voters and ratified by a two-thirds majority. Similar provisions limit the debt- creating power of counties, cities, and other local subdivisions of the State. The general property tax is the chief source of revenue. All property, real or personal, with limited exemptions for religious, educational, and charit- able purposes is subject to direct taxation for State, county, city and other local purposes. Property is assessed for taxation by assessors elected in each county or in each township in counties having township organization. A county Board of Equalization consisting of the county judges, surveyor, and assessor, reviews and equalizes valuations within the county and assesses any property that may have been omitted from the assessor's books. In St. Louis city the assessment is made by the Board of Assessors, consisting of a President elected by the voters of the city and of one assessor appointed by the mayor, with the consent of the council, for each assessment district into which the city is divided. The Board of Equalization of the city of St. Louis consists of the President of the Board of Assessors and four real estate owners, resident in the city at least ten years, who are appointed by the circuit judges of St. Louis The State Board of Equalization, consisting of the Governor, State audi- tor, State treasurei-, secretary of State, and attorney-general, adjusts and equalizes valuations among the several counties of the State. In addition such Board assesses the property of railroad, bridge, telegraph, and telephone com- panies. The law requires that property shall be assessed at its cash value, but it is well known that it is assessed at much less. Under the system of valua- tion by local assessors great lack of uniformity exists with respect to the pro- portion of actual cash value which is taken as the basis of assessed value. Statistics collected by the State Revenue Commis- sion in 1902, show that this varies all the way from thirty per cent to one hundred per cent, with a probable average of from forty per cent to fifty per cent. Missouri is distin- guished on account of the stringent restrictions which the Constitution places upon the rate of taxation. It is provided that the State tax upon property, exclusive of the tax necessary to pay the debt of the State, shall not exceed fifteen cents on each one hundred dollars valuation. Restrictions also exist upon the rates for local purposes. These provisions are likewise due to the feeling of dis- l.N TIIK S( UOOI. FOU TIIK ULl.M), ST. LOUIS. HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 41 trust engendered by the era of public aid to railroads during which period pub- lic debt and taxation were greatly increased. These conditions, however, can not be repeated, and there is a growing feeling that the present limitations are too restrictive to enable the State and its local subdivisions to provide ade- quately for their legitimate needs. The following tabular exhibit shows the assessed valuation of real and personal property and railroad, bridge, tele- graph, and telephone property, and the rate of taxation for State purposes for the years 1872, 1882, 1892, 1902 and 1903: Missouri Chronology i8 1872 1882 1892 1902 1903 ASSESSED VALUATION OF REAL AND PERSON- AL PROPERTY .$ 572,293,377 . 015,260,539 . 853,754,205 . 1,052,716,812 . 1,117,170,229 ASSESSED VALUATION OF RAILROAD, BRIDGE, TELEGRAPH AND TEL- EPHONE PROPERTY $ 20,867,895 | 35,626,524 63,884,057 120,869,198 125,427,191 TOTAL ASSESSED VALUE 593,161,272 650,887,563 917.638,262 1,173,586,010 1,242,594,420 RATE OF TAXATION FOR STATE PUR- POSES ON EACH $IOO VALUATION 45 cents 40 cents 25 cents 25 cents 18 cents 6 1 Federal troops occupied JetTerson City on June 15. This does not include the assessed valuation of merchants and manufac- turers' stock and machinery which for 1903 amounted to $85,367,817, making the total assessed valua- 1861 The battle of Boonville, the first on Missouri soil, on June 17. tion of the taxable wealth of Missouri for 1903, $1,- 327,962,237. It will be noted that while the total assessed valuation has largely increased the tax rate has steadily decreased so that the total amount of taxes collected from this source in 1903 is lit- tle if any larger than that received in 1872. For 1904, the tax levy for State purposes is 17 cents on each one hun- dred dollars valuation, of which 2 cents provides for the payment of in- terest on the State public school and seminary certificates of indebtedness. The constitution provides that at STATE HOSPITAL FOR INSANE, NUMBER FOUR, FARMIXGTON. least twenty-five per cent of the gen- eral revenue of the State shall be applied to the support of public schools. As a matter of fact the General Assembly regularly appropriates thirty-three and one-third per cent for such purposes, leaving only 10 cents on each one hun- dred dollars valuation as the rate for general State purposes. A collector elected in each county or in each township in counties having township 01-ganization, collects the general property tax and pays into the State treasury the amount of State taxes collected. In addition to the general property tax the State levies a number of special taxes and fees of which the most productive are those on beer, dramshop licenses, collateral inheritances, foreign insurance companies, and incorporation of companies. The accompanying tables of the receipts into and the disburse- ments from the State treasury during the biennial period ending December 31, 1902, show the amounts received from the different taxes, etc., and the general purposes for which expenditures were made. I 86 1 The battle of Cole Camp on June 18. 1861 The battle of Carthage on July 5. 42 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. iir nr p^ ^i^f^v--' STATE HOSPITAL FOR INSAXE, NUMBER TWO, ST. JOSEm. Missouri Chronology ^6 1 The'Con- vention declared all State offices vacant, and chose Hamilton R. Gamble pro- visional governor on July 30. ^61 Battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10. I 861 Lexington surrendered by Col. Mulligan to General Price, September 21. ?6i Battle of Springfield, Sep- tember 25. 1861 Battle of Belmont, No- vember 7. RECEIPTS EXPENDITURES General Property Tax $5 ,672,164.11 Public Debt, Principal $1 ,400,012.05 License Taxes (Chiefly on Public Debt, Interest 92,747.20 Dramshops ) 858,042. 15 Legislative Department 173,889.16 Beer Inspection 770,613.78 Judiciary 383,403.27 Collateral Inheritance Tax 443,139-12 General Administrative De- Incorporation Tax 334>475-oo partments 310,620.34 Tax on Foreign Insurance Agriculture, Commerce and Companies 312,298.97 Industry 326,396. 1 1 Earnings of Penitentiary 500,051.26 Assessing and Collecting Income of Eleemosynary Revenue 371,717.50 Institutions 987,663.52 Militia 44,962.67 Fees of State Officers 152,127.12 Printing and Publishing 132,444.62 Excise Commissioner's Fees 51,278.20 Criminal Costs 617,801.07 Interest on Deposits 76,162.30 Penitentiary 498,507,36 Miscellaneous 80,568.28 Eleemosynary Institutions i ,911,856.78 Public Schools 2 ,275,326.26 Total $10 ,238,583.81 State University 602,763.84 Normal Schools 207,057.37 Miscellaneous 24,096.00 Total $9 ,373,601.60 It will be noted that the most considerable item of expenditure is for pub- lic education. In addition to this sum, however, public schools derive revenue from county, township and district school funds, aggregating $8,396,434, and from taxes levied in the several school districts. Some of the special taxes are collected by the county and township collec- tors, but beer inspection fees are collected by the beer inspector, and taxes on foreign insurance companies and incorporation fees are paid directly into the State treasury. The granting of dramshop licenses is under the control of local authorities except in St. Louis, where there is an Excise Commissioner appointed by and holding office during the pleasure of the Governor. He has authority to charge fees, aggregating $9 semi-annually for each license issued. He retains forty per cent of the total fees collected for his compensation and the expenses of his office, the balance being paid into the State treasury. The State tax on dramshop licenses is collected by the city collector in St. Louis and by county or township collectors in the counties. The Secretary of State is the custodian of the seal of the State and of all public records and actions of the General Assembly; he countersigns official acts of the Governor and preserves a register of the same; he superintends the printing and distribution of the laws and of the journals of the General Assem- bly and of the Official Manual of the State; he issues certificates of incorpora- tion and registers trade-marks. All certificates of nomination of candidates for State offices must be filed in his office and he certifies the same to the author- ities of the several counties of the State; he performs the duty of registrar of lands and has charge of the examination of State banks and trust companies. The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and prosecuting attorney of the State. It is his duty to give his opinion whenever requested upon ques- tions of law to the General Assembly, principal executive officers and to the HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 43 STATE HOSPITAL FOR INSANE. NUMBER ONE, FULTON. prosecuting attorneys of the counties. He is required to appear in the Supreme Court to prosecute or defend all cases to which the State is a party. He is empowered to institute and prosecute in the name of the State all legal pro- ceedings necessary to protect its rights and to enforce its claims against all persons and when directed by the Governor he is required to aid any prosecuting attorney in the discharge of his duties. A prosecuting attorney is elected in each county of the State for a period of two years, to represent the State in his county and in all criminal cases in the courts of appeals. He is also the legal adviser and prosecuting attorney of his county. In the city of St. Louis the term is four years and a circuit attorney is also elected for the same period, the functions of the prosecuting attorney being restricted to the court of criminal cori'ection whose jurisdiction is lim- ited to misdemeanors. A sheriff elected in each county, a constable elected in each township and police officers elected in small towns and appointed in larger cities are the administrative officers of the courts in their respective jurisdictions. The ap- pointment and control of police officers is in charge of the city authorities except in St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph, each of which has a Board of Police Commissioners appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate. The St. Louis Board consists of the mayor, ex officio, and four commissioners appointed for terms of four years. In Kansas City the Board consists of the mayor, ex officio, and two commissioners appointed for terms of three years. In St. Joseph there are three commissioners serving for terms of three years. The Adjutant-General is the chief administrative officer of the National Guard of Missouri. He is appointed by and holds office during the pleasure of the Governor who is commander-in-chief. The National Guard of Missouri is at present organized in one brigade consisting of four regiments, one battalion, and two unattached companies of infantry and one battery of artillery. The battalion of cadets of the Missouri Military School, a department of the Uni- versity of Missouri, is also a part of the National Guard of the State. CARNEGIE LIBRARY, .TOPLIN. Missouri Chronology I 86 1 Warsaw burned, Novem- ber 22. 36 1 Battle at Salem, Decem- ber 3. 861 Battles at Shawnee Mound and Mil- ford, December 18. I 861 Ordinance of secession passed at Neosho bv a minority gather- ing of the legis- lature. 1862 Execution of eight men at Pal- myra by General McNeil in Feb- ruary. 1862 Battle at Kirksville, August 6. 44 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 562 Battle of Lone Jack, August 15. The State Superintendent of Public Scliools has the duty of promoting the efficiency of the public school system of the State. He exercises supervision over the educational funds; has authority to grant teachers' certificates; he is required to spend annually at least five days in each congressional district, conferring with and advising the local boards of education and other school authorities. He makes an annual report of the condition of education in the State. The State Board of Education consists of the Governor, Secretary ^ --.^^ of State, Attorney- General and the Sup y^ ^\ erintendent of Pub- lic schools. The / \ board is required to exercise gen / \ era! supervision over the en- t i r e educa- tional interests of the State. A State Li- brary Board, consisting of the State Su- perintendent of Public Schools, TRAINliNG SCHOOL FOB BOYS, BOOA'VILLE. 1862 Battle of Nevvtonia in Sep- tember. 1863 Battle of Springfield. 1863 Emancipation Ordinance passed. 1863 John B. Henderson and B. Gratz Brown elected United States Senators. ex officio, and four members appointed by the State Board of Education for terms of four years, recommends lists of books for school libraries and fixes by contract with publishers a stipulated piice at which such books shall be fur- nished to school district boards of education. The University of Missouri is the State institution of higher education. Its government is vested in a board of nine curators appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of six years each. It embraces the following departments: graduate, academic, education, law, medical, military, agriculture, engineering, experiment station — all located at Columbia, and the school of mines and metallurgy located at Rolla. In addition to the Department of Education or Teachers College of the Uni- versity of Missouri, normal instruction is provided for by three State Normal Schools, located at Kirksville, Warrensburg, and Cape Girardeau respectively. Lincoln Institute at Jefferson City is a State institution for the normal, industrial and collegiate instruction of colored students. The government of each of these institutions is vested in a board of seven regents, six of whom are appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of six years, the sevenlii being the State Superintendent of Public Schools, ex officio. A Bureau of Geology and Mines is located at the School of Mines at Rolla. Its government is vested in a board of managers, consisting of the Governor, ex officio, and four members appointed by him with the consent of the Senate for terms of four years. The board appoints the State Geologist and superin- HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 45 AT THE MISSOURI STATE FAIR, SEDALIA AGRICULTURAL. HORTICULTURAL, SHEEP, SWINE AND POULTRY BUILDINGS. tends the geological survey of the State. The State Historical Society of Missouri is located at the University of Missouri at Columbia. Its duty is to collect and preserve material pertaining to the history of the State and to conduct a library of historical reference. It is a trustee of and holds all of its property for the State. Its government is vested in an executive committee, consisting of the Governor, Secretary of State, President of the State University, president and secretary of the society, ex of- ficio, and twenty-six trustees elected by the society. The State Library is located at the State Capital. It is chiefly a library of legal reference and is under the supervision of the Supreme Court, which appoints a librarian who holds office during its pleasure. The Missouri State Board of Agriculture consists of the Governor, Dean of the College of Agriculture of the University of Missouri, and the Superin- tendent of Public Schools, ex officio, and of one member from each congres- sional district appointed by the Governor for a term of three years. It has supervision over the agricultural interests of the State and is charged in partic- ular with the enforcement of the laws regulating the sale of imitation butter and skim-milk cheese. The board appoints a salaried secretary whose office is located at the College of Agriculture of the University of Missouri. A State Veterinary Surgeon is appointed by the board of agriculture. He investigates dangerous, infectious diseases among live stock, and takes measures to eradicate the same. His office is also at the College of Agriculture. The State Board of Missouri Chronology 1864 Price's Raid through Mis- souri. 1S64 Battle of Pilot Knob. I 864 Massacre of Union soldiers at Centralia by guerrillas. 46 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. COLONY FOR FKEBLE MINDED, MARSHALL. Missouri Chronology 1864 Thomas C. Fletcher elected ?6i; Constitution- al Convention held in St. Louis. 1865 Agricultural Department of the State Univer- sity established. [867 Charles D. Drake elected U. S. Senator. i6j Asiatic chol- era prevailed along the Mis- souri river. 867 Missouri Press Association organized May 17, at St. Louis. Agriculture is, ex officio, Board of Directors of the State Fair, which is held annually at Sedalia. The Missouri Slate Horticultural Society and the Missouri State Poultry Association are organized for the purpose of promoting the advancement of the interests of the State in their respective fields. The affairs of each organization are administered by an executive board consisting of the Governor, ex officio, and of the president, vice-president, second vice-president, secretary and treas- urer, elected by the members of each organization. A Fruit Experiment Station is located at Mountain Grove. Its government is vested in a board of three trustees appointed by the Governor with the con- sent of the Senate for terms of six years. The Agricultural Experiment Station, located at Columbia, is a part of the College of Agriculture of the University of Missouri. The Fish Commission of Missouri consists of five members appointed by the Governor for terms of four years. It is their duty to take measures for stock- ing the waters of the State with edible fish. A Game and Fish Warden is ap- pointed by the Governor for a term of two years and is charged with the enforce- ment of the game and fish laws of the State. The Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners consists of three members elected for terms of six years. They are charged with the administra- tion of the laws regulating railroads and public warehouses. The board appoints a chief inspector of grain. A Beer Inspector is appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Sen- ate for a term of four years. It is his duty to inspect all beer manufactured or sold in the State and to determine whether the materials from which it has been brewed are such as are authorized by law. A fee is charged of one cent for each gallon, and two cents additional for each package inspected, the revenue, which amounts to a considerable sum, going into the State treasury. Inspectors of Petroleum are appointed by the Governor for St. Louis, Kan- sas City, St. Joseph, Hannibal and for such other cities and townships as have petitioned therefor. The term of office is two years. The inspector retains the fees collected for such inspection except in St. Louis where he is required to pay annually into the State treasury all fees collected over the sum of $7,000 which he is allowed to retain for his compensation and for the expenses of his office. The inspection of commercial fertilizers and the enforcement of the laws governing the same are placed under the charge of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Columbia. Inspection of imitation butter and skim-milk cheese is under the supervision of the Board of Agriculture. Inspection of bakeries is under the charge of the labor commissioner. The Bureau of Labor Statistics and Inspection of Factories, Mines and Workshops is under the charge of a commissioner of labor and inspection ap- HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 47 pointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for the term of two years. It is his duty, in addition to collecting and reporting respecting the condition of labor and industries of the State to inspect all manufacturing estab- lishments and enforce the laws relating thereto, and to organize and maintain in each city containing more than 100,000 inhabitants a free public employment bureau. A Factory Inspector is appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for a term of four years. It is his duty to secure the inspection of factories and to enforce all the laws relating to the same. The Bureau of Mines, Mining and Mining Inspection is under the charge of three mine inspectors appointed by the Governor. It is their duty to see to the enforcement of the laws enacted for the health and safety of men in the mines, and to report statistics of the mines of the State. The State Board of Coal Mining consists of three members appointed by the Governor for terms of two years. It is the duty of the board to examine and pass upon the qualifi- cations of persons seeking certificates of competency as mine managers, fore- men, engineers, etc. The State Board of Mediation and Arbitration consists of three members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of three years. It is the duty of the board to effect settlements by mediation or arbitra- tion of all controvei'sies between an employer and ten or more employees. The State Board of Health consists of seven members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of four years. The board has general supervision over the health and sanitary interests of the State, and may quarantine infected districts. It conducts examinations for all persons desiring to practice medicine, surgery or mid-wifery and issues licenses to such as possess the requisite qualifications. Other boards for the examination, licens- ing and registration of persons practicing professions or engaged in occupa- tions, are the Board of Osteopathic Registration and Examination, the State Board of Dental Examination, the State Board of Embalming, State Board of Pharmacy and State Board of Examiners for Barbers. The first three boards consist each of five members appointed by the Governor for terms of five years; the latter two boards consist each of three members appointed by the Governor for terms of three years, the consent of the Senate be- ing necessary for the ap- pointment of members of the Board of Pharmacy. Persons are licensed to practice law by the Su- prem_e Court, Courts of Appeals, and circuit courts, and upon gradua- tion from the law depart- ment of the University of Missouri or from one of several other law schoo's in St. Louis and Kansas City. Persons are licensed to teach in the public schools upon graduation from the department of education of the Univer- sity of Missouri or from either of the State Normal Schools or after examination by the State Superintendent of Public Schools or the County Commissioner of Schools. The State Board of Charities and Corrections consists of the Governor. Missouri Chronology 1868 Joseph W. McClurg elected governor. 1868 Monument to Thomas H. Benton unveiled in Lafayette Park, St. Louis. 1869 Carl Schurz elected U. S. Senator. 1869 Foundation ot Eads bridge laid at St. Louis. CONFEDERATE HOjME. HIGGIXSVILI.E. 48 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. IP'^ 4I> .:^ L ^ r *4 ^^v^ S > ■ " '' ■ku* .-.»««■ L JB ■^i^?-! i^^W .jl --^^- ■ - .' ^ >..u,. ■" ■ •'■'; •. \ -'f '■'^ m&id fcWf i^ ■r^'^TT ^''--^JH - --g— -; .p SCHOOL FOK THE DKAF AM) l/lMli. 1 II.TOX. Missouri Chronology 1870 B. Gratz Brown elected governor. 1870 Ex-Governor King died. ^71 Francis P. Blair elected senator in place of Charles D. Drake, resigned. 1871 Ex-Governor R. M. Stewart died in St. Joseph. ex officio, and of six members appoinced by him witii tlie consent of ttie Senate for terms of six years. It is cliarged with the investigation of the whole system of public charities and correction and the collection and publication of infor- mation relating thereto. The eleemosynary institutions of the State are the four State hospitals for insane persons, located at Fulton, St. Joseph, Nevada and Farmington respec- tively; the Missouri Colony for the Feeble Minded and Epileptic at Marshall; Missouri School for the Deaf at Fulton; Missouri School for the Blind at St. Louis; Confederate Soldiers' Home at Higginsville; Federal Soldiers' Home at St. James; the Missouri Training School for Boys at Boonville; and the Indus- trial Home for Girls at Chillicothe. The management of each of these institu- tions is vested in a board of managers consisting of five members appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for terms of four years. The State Penitentiary is located at Jefferson City and is under the general control of a warden appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate. The State Treasurer, State Auditor, and Attorney-Genei-al are ex officio inspec- tors of the Penitentiary and are required to visit and examine the same, and to enact and enforce rules for its management. The Superintendent of the Insurance Department is appointed by the Gov- ernor with the consent of the Senate for a term of four years. It is his duty to examine the condition of insurance companies, authorize them to transact business in the State, and see to the enforcement of laws in relation to in- surance. The Bureau of Building and Loan Supervision is in charge of a supervisor appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate for a term of four years. He is charged with the examination of building and loan associations and the enforcement of the laws relating to the same. The examination of State banks and trust companies is under the charge of the Secretary of State. The Commissioners of Public Printing are the Secretary of State, State Auditor, and State Treasurer. They let contracts and exercise a supervision over the printing and binding for the State. The Board of Permanent Seat of Government consists of the Governor, Sec- retary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer and Attorney-General. It has general supervision and charge of the public property of the State at the Capital. The board appoints a commissioner of the permanent seat of government who exercises control over the public property under the direction of the board. Special boards and commis- sioners are created from time to time for the administration of particular matters of a tempo- rary nature. Examples of such commissions are the State Tax ^'^^^^HBHH^HHBBiiBJBiri- •• Commission and the Board of Commissioners for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. a biissouri corx crib. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, two Courts of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Criminal Courts, Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts, Mu- nicipal Courts and Justices of the Peace. HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 49 The Supreme Court is the highest court of the State. It consists of seven judges, elected for terms of ten years each, the mem- bers choosing one of their number as Chief Jus- tice. The court is di- vided into two divis- MlSSOURI Chronology COURTHOUSE, POSTOFFICE, CITY HALL- KANSAS CITY. ions, one consisting of four judges and the other of three. The latter division has exclusive jurisdiction over all criminal cases, but in all other cases their jurisdiction is concurrent and provision exists for transferring cases to the court as a whole. The jurisdiction of the court is chiefly appellate. The counties of the State are divided into two districts, over one of which jurisdiction is possessed by the St. Louis Court of Appeals, and over the other by the Kansas City Court of Appeals. Each court consists of three judges elected by the voters of the respective districts for terms of twelve years each. These courts were established for the purpose of relieving the Supreme Court, and they have exclusive appellate jurisdiction, except in cases where the amount involved exceeds $4,500; in cases involving the construction of the Constitution of the United States, or of Missouri; in cases where the validity of a treaty or statute of an authority exercised under the United States is called in question; in cases involving the construc- tion of the revenue laws of Missouri; in cases in- volving the title of any office under the State or the title of real es- tate; in cases where a county or other polit- ical subdivision of the State is a party, and in all cases of felony. The excepted cases go di- rectly from the Circuit to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court and the courts of appeals each appoint a clerk and a marshal. jiethooist episcopal church, south, savannah. I 872 The Gunn City tragedy in Cass county. 1872 Silas Wood- son elected gov- error. ^73 Lewis V. Bogv elected U. S. Senator. 1874 Charles H. Hardin elected governor. 50 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 1875 Centennial Historical sketches of many counties publish- ed. Missouri The State is divid- Chronology ed into thirty-two cir- cuits, in each of which there is elected a cir- cuit judge for a term of six years. In a circuit composed of a single county or city, more than one judge may be elected, but in such event each judge sits separately for the trial of cases. A t present Buchanan and Jasper counties elect two, Jack- son county five, and St. Louis county eleven cir- cuit judges. In St. Louis eight are judges of the civil division, two of the criminal and one of the juvenile court. A clerk of the circuit court is elected in each county for the term of four years. The circuit courts have original jurisdic- tion over all civil and criminal cases not oth- erwise provided for and appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals except where it is ex- pressly prohibited from exercising the same. A special criminal court is provided for the 15th judicial circuit and for each of the on the gasconade river. counties of Buchanan, Photo by Joe L. Douylass, Columbia. Greene and Jackson. Each of these courts possesses the criminal jurisdiction of circuit courts and is presided over by a judge elected by the voters of the circuit or county. Courts of common pleas are established at Louisiana, Hannibal, Sturgeon, and Cape Girardeau, and are presided over by the judges of the circuits in which they are located, except in Cape Girardeau, where a special judge is elected by the voters of the county. A court of criminal correction exists in the city of St. Louis with jurisdiction over misdemeanors. It is presided over by a judge elected for a term of four years. A probate court exists in every county and in St. Louis City. It is presided 1876 John S. over by a judge of probate elected by the county or city for a term of four years. Phelps elected In some of the cities of the State police courts are established with juris- governor. diction over the violation of municipal ordinances. Two or more justices of the peace are elected for terms of four years each in every township of the State. They are examining magistrates and have juris- diction to try misdemeanors. They also have jurisdiction over all actions against 1875 Francis M. Cockrell elected U. S. Senator. 1875 Constitution- al Convention held in Jefferson City. HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 51 KANSAS CITY PUBLIC LTBKARY railroad companies to recover damages for live stock killed or injured, and over all civil actions where the sum or value of the thing in dispute is limited in amount. One or more notaries public are appointed by the Governor for a term of four years in each county and city of the State. A notary public has authority to administer oaths, attest signatures, and to take depositions and acknowledg- ment of documents which shall be received as legal evidence. The Governor may appoint in any other State or territory of the United States, and in any foreign countries, one or more commissioner'-^ to hold office during his pleasure, who are authorized to attest signatures and to take acknowl- edgments of documents to be used as legal evidence in this State. The principle of local self-government is firmly established in Missouri. The constitution provides several local subdivisions of the government and citizens within the respective areas are permitted to manage their own affairs, through their own officials except as regards a few matters that are of general interest to the people of the entire State. In many cases, however, as has been indicated above, local authorities attend to matters of general concern as well as to those of purely local interest. The local units of government are counties, townships, cities, towns and villages, and school districts. Missouri is divided into 114 counties and one city. The city of St. Louis occupies the unique position of being distinct from any county, whereas all other cities form parts of the counties in which they are situated. Matters which in other cities are attended to by county officials, are provided for in St. Louis by officials of the city. The chief administrative authority of the county is the county court, con- sisting of three judges. The county is divided into two districts, each of which elects a county court judge for a term of two years. The voters of the entire county elect a presiding judge who serves for four years. The other county officers are a judge of probate, clerk of the circuit court, recorder of deeds, clerk of the county court, assessor, public administrator, and surveyor, each elected for a term of four years, and a prosecuting attorney, sheriff, collector, treasurer, coroner, and school commissioner or county school superintendent, each elected for a term of two years. Counties having special Missouri Chronolo3y ?79 George G. Vest elected U. S. Senator. ?8o Thomas T. Crittenden elect- ed governor. 52 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. criminal courts and courts of common pleas generally elect clerks of such courts. Buchanan county also elects a county auditor, while Jackson coun- MlSSOURI Chronology 1882. Ex-Governor Willard P. Hall died at St. Joseph. 1884 John S. Marmaduke elected governor. 1887 Governor Marmaduke died and was succeed- ed by Lieut. - Governor Albert P. Morehouse. COURT HOUSE, FEDERAL BUILDING, GARTH MEMORIAL Lir.RARY HANNIBAL. ty has a county marshal. The clerk of the circuit court is, ex officio, recorder of deeds, but in counties having more than 10,000 population the county court may separate the offices, and it is required to do so if the assessed valuation of property in the county exceeds $15,000,000. Counties having "township organ- ization" do not elect a county assessor or county collector. There also exists a county board of education, consisting of the county com- missioner, one member appointed by the county court and one member appointed by the State board of education, who serve for terms of two years. In counties having county supervision of schools the county school superintendent possesses the functions of the county board of education. There are two kinds of townships in Missouri. The "municipal" township and the "incorporated" township. The municipal township exists in those coun- ties which have not adopted township organization. The county is divided into townships by the county court. In each township there are elected at least two justices of the peace for terms of four years, and one constable for a term of two years. The municipal township has no corporate powers, and is merely an area of administration. Provision exists for the organization of a county into incorporated town- ships, when a majority of voters favor such proposition. Townships so organ- ized are granted certain corporate powers. The officers of such townships are a trustee who is, ex officio, treasurer; collector, clerk who is, ex officio, assessor; constable, two members of the township board of directors, at least two justices of the peace, and as many road overseers as there are road districts in the town- ship. All of these officers are elected for terms of two years. The principle of township organization has not been well received throughout the State, and only 17 out of the 114 counties are at present organized in this manner. The State is divided into small districts for school purposes. The districts are either common school districts or city, town or village districts. The af- fairs of the common school districts are managed by a board of education, con- sisting of three directors elected, one each year, by the qualified voters at the annual meeting held on the first Tuesday in April. At this meeting the voters have power to determine various matters applying to schools. In the city, town or village districts, the governing authority is a board of education, consisting of six directors elected, two each year, for a term of six years. A superintendent may be elected by the board to assist it in the school administration. Special provisions exist for the organization of school districts in cities containing more than 50,000 inhabitants. The Slate and county school authorities are expected to promote the inter- ests of education in the school districts. A few counties are organized under what is known as "county supervision." In such cases the county school super- HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 53 DOWX BY THE DUSKY ROADSIDE." intendent, who takes the place of the county school commissioner, has an effective supervisory con- trol over the educational ad- ministration of the county. Under the constitu- tions of 1820 and 1865, it was the custom of the legislature to in- corporate cities and towns by special acts. General laws were en- acted for the regulation of such incorporations, but the localities, as a rule, preferred special charters. This led to an un- due interference by the legis lature in local affairs, and the constitution of 1875 seeks to pre- vent this by providing that the General Assembly shall not pass any special law "incorporat- ing cities, towns or villages, or changing their charters." The General Assembly was permitted, however, to establish classes of cities not ex- ceeding four and to enact general laws for the organization of the different classes. The legislature has, accordingly, established four classes, the popula- tions of the cities being the basis of the division, as follows; first class, 100,000 inhabitants or more; second class, 30,000 and less than 100,000 inhabitants; third class, 3,000 and less than 30,000 inhabitants; fourth class, 500 and less than 3,000 inhabitants, and towns with special charters even if they have less than 500 inhabitants. In addition a class of villages is provided for, including all places with less than 500 population, except those incorporated under special charters. The organization and powers of each class are different, but each city elects a mayor as its chief executive officer, and a legislative body for the enactment of local ordinances, etc. This body is known as the municipal assembly in cities of the first class, and consists of two chambers, a council and a house of dele- gates. In other cities it consists of one chamber only, and is known as the com- mon council, in cities of the second class; council, in cities of the third class, and board of aldermen in cities of the fourth class. In villages the functions of the council and mayor are performed by the board of trustees and its chairman. Other administrative officers exist in cities, the number and kind depending chiefly upon the population of the city. Some of these are elected and others ai'e appointed by the mayor and heads of departments. The constitution specially provides that the city of St. Louis or any other city having a population of more than 100,000 may frame and adopt a charter for its own government. Such charter must be in harmony with the constitu- tion and laws of the State. Under the constitution it is necessary that the charter shall provide for a chief executive officer and two houses of legislation, but this provision so far as it affects St. Louis, has been recently changed by an amendment of the constitution, under which the charter could provide for only one house of legislation. St. Louis has not yet taken advantage of this pro- vision and its municipal assembly consists at present of two chambers. Kansas City is the only city besides St. Louis which has framed its own charter under the provisions of the constitution, though St. Joseph has sufficient population to enable it to do so. Missouri Chronology i88 David R. Francis elected governor. 1 89 1 Ex-Governor Morehouse com- mitted suicide by shooting himself in the head at his home in Marv- ville. 54 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology 392 William J. Stone elected governor. It is necessary to note, however, that cities and towns which were incor- porated under special charters before 1875, are not obliged to surrender the same, and some cities are under such charters to-day. Moreover, cities organ- ized under general laws, do not necessarily come under a new class by reason of the in- crease of their population to the requisite figure. In all cases it is necessary that a majority of the voters shall declare in favor of such act. Thus St. Joseph, which has more than 100,000 population, is still organized as a city of the second class. Missouri is entitled to two senators and sixteen repre- sentatives in Congress. The General Assembly has divided the State into sixteen congressional districts, each of which elects one representative. St. Louis City contains two congressional districts and part of a third, the balance being made up of St. Louis county. Jackson county constitutes one congressional district, and the other districts are made up of a number of counties. CARNEGIE LIBRARY, CARTHAGE. JUDICIAI, CIRCUITS BY COUNTIES HOW IT IS GOVERNED. 55 li-EDERAL SOLDIERS HOME, ST. JAMES, PHELPS COUNTY. Missouri is in the Eighth Judicial Circuit of the United States and an annual session of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals is held at St. Louis. The counties of the State are divided into an Eastern and Western district, for each of which a United States district judge is appointed. The Eastern District is divided into an Eastern and Northern Division, and the Western District into the Western, St. Joseph, Central, Southern, and Southwestern divisions. Two sessions of the circuit and district courts are held annually in each division. A United States district attorney, assistant district attorney, and a United States marshal are appointed for each judicial district, and clerks of the circuit and district courts are appointed for the respective divisions. A sub-treasury of the United States is located at St. Louis under the charge of an assistant treasurer. Three customs districts are established in the State, at St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph respectively, each of which is under the charge of a sur- veyor of customs. Missouri is divided into two internal revenue districts, with headquarters, one at St. Louis and the other at Kansas City. A collector of internal revenue is appointed for each district and deputy collectors are appointed with offices at various ports of the State. An assay office is located at St. Louis under the charge of the United States Assayor. Custodians of public building and property are appointed for St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Springfield, Hannibal, Sedalia, and Jefferson City. Provision has been made by Congress for public buildings at Joplin, Co- lumbia, Moberly, Kirksville, Louisiana, and Nevada. The State is divided into three United States land districts, with head- quarters at Boonville, Ironton, and Springfield respectively. A register and a receiver are appointed for each district. The vacant public lands in Missouri in 1903, amounted to 422,526 acres. Two of the twelve inspectors in charge of the Post-Office Inspection Service of the United States have headquarters in Missouri — at St. Louis and Kansas City, respectively. One of the six divisions of the rural free delivery service has its headquarters at St. Louis, and is under the charge of a division superin- tendent. Missouri Chronology 895 Pertle Springs Democratic Con- vention, on August 6, made free coinage ot silver a national issue. ^96 Ex-Governor Silas Woodson died in St.Joseph. 1896 Lon V. Stephens elected governor. 56 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri Chronology ^99 Convention at St. Louii, called by Gov. Lon V. Stephens proposes the holding of a Louisiana Pur- chase World's Fair. 1899 State Histori- cal Society ot Missouri organ- ized at Columbia. 1900 A M. Dockery elected governor. ^fT1 FEDERAL BUILDIA'G, JEFFERSON CITY. The Northern Division of the United States Army, embracing the depart- ments of tlie Lakes, Missouri and Dal^ota, has its lieadquarters at St. Louis and is under tlie command of a major-general. Jefferson Barraclvs, a military reserva- tion of the United States, is located near St. Louis. The Mississippi River Commission, which has con- trol of the improvement of the Mississippi river, has its chief office in St. Louis, under the charge of the Secretary of the Commission. The Supervising Inspector of the Fourth Steamboat Inspection District of the United States, has his office in St. Louis. Stations of the Weather Bureau are located at St. Louis, Kansas City, Columbia, Hannibal, and Springfield, and a Fish Culture Station of the United Slates Bureau of Fisheries, is located at Neosho. The great seal of Missouri consists of a representation of the coat of arms of the State. The latter device was adopted by the First General Assembly after the admission of Missouri into the Union, and has not been modified since that time. The seal is in circular form and is two and a half inches in diameter. It consists of a circular shield, divided into two equal parts by a perpendicular line; on the right is a grizzly bear of Missouri in a red field, a,bove which is a silver crescent in an azure field; on the left, In a white field, are the arms of the United States. Around the shield is a circular band on which are the words: "UNITED WE STAND, DIVIDED WE FALL." For the crest, over a full-faced helmet giated with six golden bars, i.s a silver star, and above it a constellation of twenty-three smaller stars, representing respectively, Missouri and the twenty- three other States which formed the Union at the time this State was admitted. The supporters are a grizzly bear of Missouri on each side of the shield standing on a scroll, in- scribed with the motto of the State, Sahis Populi SupjTina Lex Esto. Under the scroll are the nu- meral letters "MDCCCXX," representing the year in which the first constitution of the State was adopted. Around all is a circular scroll, inscribed with the words: "THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI." The political institutions of Missouri, which had their origin in the results of the experiences of the older commonwealths, have been gradually developed in accordance with the needs of the peo- ple of the State, and serve to-day for the govern- ment of a population of nearly 3,500,000. Under this government the equality of all persons before the law has been established, the personal and property rights of every individual have been ren- dered secure, educational and charitable institu- tions have been promoted and the agricultural in- dustry and commercial interests of the State have achieved a development which is equalled by few of the States of the Union. While mistakes have not always been avoided, the thoughtful citizen may reflect with pride that the history of his gov- ernment, during the eighty-three years in which Missouri has been a member of the Union, marks a dis- tinct approach towards the realization of the motto of the State: — Let the tvelfare of the people he the supreme laic. AN EXCELSIOR SPRINGS PARK SCENE. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. A. M. DocKEHY, Governor. T. L. RuBEY, Lieutenant-Governor. E. C. Crow. Attorney-General. Sam B. Cook, Secretary of State. R. P. Williams, State Treasurer. Albert O. Allen, State Auditor. W. T. Carringtox, Superintendent of Public Instruction. ^- - 01 Q} ISSOURI, from its inland location, lias climate essentially continental. While extremes of heat and cold are marked, they are not so great as are found in the more northerly States. The annual mean temperature ranges from 50 degrees in the northwestern to 60 degrees in the southwestern counties, the average for the State being 54 degrees. The average temperature for July, the warmest month, ranges from 75 degrees in the northwest to 80 degrees in the southeast; the mean temperature in January is 23 degrees in the northwest, 30 degrees in the cen- tral counties and 38 degrees in the southeast. The mean temperature for January in Missouri is 30 degrees; in Kansas 28.9; Nebraska 20.7; Iowa 17.1; Minnesota 10.9; Wisconsin 14.4; Ohio 28.2; No extremes of heat and cold. Temperature varies only slightly in different counties. werage annual crop season (march to september, inclusive) precipitation fop. ten years by counties, in inches. 60 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Average mean temperature for the year, 54 degrees. AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR TEN i'EARS CY COUNTIES IN INCHES. Five inches greater rain fall than Kansas Precipitation general throughout State. Illinois 26.5. It will be noticed that the .January temperatui'e in Missouri is higher than in any of its neighboring states or in the states in the same lati- tude to the eastward. The annual mean temperature is also higher In Missouri than in any of these States. Where in Iowa it is 47.2 and in Illinois 51.9, in Missouri it is 54.3 degrees. The average temperature for the State for each month in the year is as follows: January 30; February 30; March 41.8; April 55.4; May G5.1; June 73.8; July 77.5; August 76.2; September G8.6; October 57.5; November 43.3 and De- cember 33. Periods of extreme cold are of short duration and the temperature seldom falls lower than 5 to 10 degrees below zero. During the summer months the temperature occasionally reaches 90 to 95 degrees, but the average number of days with maximum tempera- ture over 90 degrees is only 34 for the entire Stale Hot winds, such as are occasionally experienced in Kansas and Texas, are unknown. The average date of the last killing frost in spring varies from March 30, in the south- ern section of the State to April 16, in the northern, the first kill- ing frost in autumn from October 29 to Oc- tober 13. The length of the seasons in days varies from 179 to 210 in the various counties. The average annual precipitation, computed from the federal government records for the last ten years, ranges from 34 inches in the northwestern to 46 inches in the southeastern counties, the average for the State being 39.05. In J/.SZ /2.12 S^7 6-^9 Z>^5^n^ulio/^ (^/?ai/i/a// zn J?ZiJJouri d^Jeasons. CLIMATE. 61 r:.T.;r"L _ _ i """■ i ' ■ .-..«o7' jj ' ^■'* i L— L L-, i ^' "''-.-L js ,"n _>- ,... I I 36 Periods of cold of short duration. NORMAL JANUARY TEMPERATURE FOR TEN YEARS BY COUNTIES. twenty years the precipitation has never exceeded or been less than the normal 5 inches except three years each. The distribution of rainfall throughout the year is highly favoi'able to the farmer, the average for the State for the different seasons being as follows: Long crop season. Distribution of rain fall highly favorable. NORMAL JULY TEMPERATURE FOB TEN YEARS BY COUNTIES. 62 THE STATE OF MISSOURI Snow rarely earlier than November fifteenth. Tfeezino Prevailing south- erly winds. Zezv 32. 30. Missouri c'd.£> A^a/isas 26.3 /i^inois. 20.7 Jfebraska. /7.7 /oiva. J^ea/i Jemperafure of January /OO. 90. 70. 60: 50. 4-0 /Yeezinff.JZ 20. M. Zero. 77.5 Julif 76.Z August. 738 June. 686 Septemder 65.7 Mai/. 515 Oclober. 55 -f- April Spring 11.97 inches; summer 12.12; autumn 8.47; winter 6.49. The wettest months are May 4.95 and June 4.78 while the driest are December 2.23, January 2.04, and February 2.22 inches. The average crop season precipitation — March to September, inclusive — is 27.65 inches. This is three inches greater than that of Illinois; five inches greater than that of Kansas; seven inches greater than that of Minnesota and eight inches greater than that of Nebraska. From November to March inclusive, the precipita- tion is usually general in character, but during the summer months the greater part occurs as local showers. Rainfalls of from 2 to 3 inches in twenty- four consecutive hours occur in some portion of the State nearly every month but falls of more than 4 inches in twenty-four hours are rare. The average number of rainy days, in which a tenth of an inch or more of precipitation occurs is — 8 in January, 9 in February, 10 in March, 11 in April, 12 in May, 11 in June, 9 in July, 7 in August, 9 in September, 8 in November and 9 in December. The prevailing winds are southerly, a 1 - though during -f3.3 JTbt/ember ■^70 Marc/i 33.7 December. 30.0 Januari/--rel/riiarij. J77i5sourisJKirm/!l Temperature 3^ ^nthj. the winter months north- westerly winds prevail a consid- erable part of the time. The aver- age hourly wind velocity ranges from 5 to 10 miles during the summer and from 8 to 10 miles during the win- ter months. Snow rarely falls earlier than November 15 nor later than April 15. The average seasonal snow fall ranges from 8 inches in the southeastern por- tion of the State to 30 inches in the northwest. r\ 700 90. 70 60 JO. M JO 20. 70 Zero. 77.J 77i^7i&;7. Jixly J^.3 Annual JTlean. 30. lauiesl.Janiiari/. ATLssouri's Jbrmai 7emperalure M I S S O U R I has within her boundaries a great- er variety of natural features than any of the adjoining States oxc'ei)t Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas. These features vary not only in detail but in general character. The accompanying map shows two topographic divisions — sometimes called the Ozark and the prairie region — more prominent than the others. The northern and western parts of the State are mainly smooth, the southern part mainly rough. The roughness or smoothness is the expres- sion of the depth and width of valleys cut into a plain. The depth of a valley depends upon the eleva- tion of the country in which it has been cut, and its width compared with that of other valleys in the same region depends upon the size of the stream that has made it, the time the stream lias been at work and the hardness of the rocks in which it has been cut. In the southern part of the State— the Ozark region— the valleys are all cut in limestones, which are rather hard rocks, while in the northern part the valleys are cut in soft shale. The southern part of the State was higher also when the streams began to cut their valleys than the northern part. The valleys in the southern part of the State, at least those in the Ozark region, are relatively narrow and deep; those in the prairie region are broad and shallow. Occasional limestone beds in the north and occasional softer rock in the south produce small areas of smooth country in the rough region and small areas of rough country in the smooth region. There is no sharp line separating these two regions from each other. In a general way the dividing line follows the Missouri river from its mouth to the vicinity of Miami; thence it runs south- ward to Windsor and thence southwestward to where General character- istics of Missouri topogra- phy. Features of the Ozark region. 64 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ATCHISO>^ COUNTY LANDSCAPE. Valleys of the Ozark region. ON A MISSOUKI RIVER BLUFF. Spring river crosses the State line. South and east of this line lies the Ozark region, north and west of it the prairie region. The general shape of the Ozark region is that of an elliptical dome, being highest along the central line, reaching a maximum height at one locality and sloping downward in all directions from this, more rapidly at right angles to the axis of The ellipse and less rapidly along the axis. The axis of this ellipse runs from the Mississippi river in Ste. Genevieve county southwestward to the State line near the southwestern corner of Stone county. The elevation of the country around the foot of the Ozark region is about 800 feet above sea level. The elevation of the top along the central part of the axis varies from 1,400 to 1,700 feet. From the line of greatest elevation the drainage runs north- ward to the Osage and Missouri rivers, which flow parallel to the axis of the Ozark region on one side and southward to White river on the other. All the streams have cut valleys of greater or less depth. Toward the heads of the streams that flow northward, i. e., just north of the central axis, the valleys are shallow and usually rather wide on account of the small size of the streams and the great distance they flow before reaching a large river. The same characteristic is true of the streams flowing southeastward on the south side of the axis — those east of the central part of Howell county. The streams that flow southward from the western part of the Ozark region have cut deep, narrow gorges from their heads. All the Ozark valleys reach a maximum depth in the region about midway between the central axis N GEOLOGY 65 ^.''.K ^ . -# ."^^ Main features of the prairie region. BELIEF MAP OF THE UNITED STATES SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI. and the border of the region. So far as ruggedness of the country is concerned, the central part of the Ozarks is not extremely rugged, though it is rather high. Around this is a region that is much more rugged; the valleys are deeper and narrowed; the country is completely cut up with an innumerable number of deep ravines, though the general elevations are not so high as in the central region. Around this intermediate belt of rough country is a belt that is both less rugged and lower than the preceding one. This is the border of the region and it slopes down to the prairies. The prairie region is lowest along the border line between it and the Ozark region and rises gradually westward, or slightly northwestward. Along the southern and southeastern border of the region the elevation varies from 600 to 800 feet above sea level. In the northwestern part of the State the ele- vation is about 1,200 feet. There are two divisions of the prairie region, both of which rise northwest- wardly. In one of tliem, the southerly area, the rise is not uniform. It takes place in a series of steps which are successively higher west- ward, with a slight gradual rise between each step. The trend of the steps is northeastward and southwestward. In the part of the prairie region lying south of the Missouri river there are two of these steps, one of which does not ex- tend into north Missouri. North of the river there is only one of these steps that is prominent, but there are several minor ones. This region is also cut up into valleys by the rivers that drain it. Excepting, however, a belt of country a few miles wide along the edges of the steps, the valleys are not deep and narrow, and even here they do not reach the depth attained by the valleys of the Ozark region. In the other division the country rises nearly uniformly northwestward. The terraces or steps which characterize the southerly area are here buried deep beneath a MISSOURI S OLDEST INHABITANT. Valleys of the prairie region. GENERALIZED CROSS SECTION ACROSS MISSOURI FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST. J/0.- 66 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Soils of Missouri. superficial layer of clay, gravel and sand, so they are not recognizable factors in the topography of this division. The map shows the areas of those divisions. The rivers of north Missouri flow either into the Missouri or the Mississippi. Those flowing into the Missouri have a southerly course, usu- ally almost due south, while those flowing into the Mississippi flow southeastwardly. The val- leys of the larger streams are often five miles or more in width, with flat, meadow-like floors over which the stream channels wander in me- andering courses. The intermediate country is undulating and rarely too steep for cultivation. The soils of Missouri, considered from the point of view of their origin, are of two general kinds. The south- ern part of the State is covered with a residuary soil, or a soil that has re- sulted from the decomposition of the native rocks, while the northern part of the State is covered with a trans- ported soil, one that was brought from elsewhere, of glacial origin. The di- viding line runs a few miles south of the Missouri river, from the western line of the State to the vicinity of Boon- ville; thence eastward the river may be considered, in a general way, as a di- viding line. \ I.LMl' ( MISSOU COA I'UTXA COUNT iSllINi; M'l;I.Mi, .M'.Alt ;>11:;ELV1LLE GEOLOGY 67 HA HA TONKA LAKE, CAMDEN COUNTY. Soil and rock affect the stability and quality of the water supply. In the Ozark region water is obtained from wells and excellent springs; shallow wells in the loess soils and deeper ones in the clay soils furnish abundant water sup- ply. Stock water is plentiful and can be readily stored in surface basins. The Plentiful water supply. SKETCH MAP OF MISSOURI SHOWING AREAS OF PRINCIPAL PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS. 68 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Pleistocene - ?gj?ggg'^ y:gg^?iRg]ggay Devonian Archaean ^2r-Vh^.i-rT^ w^^m w^m ^ L , I ,: — r ^v: Lower Car- boniferous Jefterson City r Limestone Roubidoux Sandstone I Gasconade Limestone St. Joseph Limestone La Motte Sandstone Porphyry Granite GENERALIZED SECTION OF MISSOURI STRATA. rocks in Missouri nowhere contain any considera- ble quantity of matter tending to mal\e ttie water unwholesome. Using the word rock in its geological sense, the Missouri rocks are mainly sedimentary, formed by the settling into beds of masses of sed- iment, and igneous, formed by solidification from a molten condition. The igneous rocks are of two kinds, granites and porphyries. Enough granite, usually pinkish in color, is exposed for an inexhaustible supply for commercial purposes. It has been quarried for years for building and ornamental stones and pav- ing. Porphyry of varying colors, equal to that in the ancient Roman temples, exists in large quantities. The sedimentary rocks are of two main groups. One is composed of limestone formed while Missouri was not only covered by water, but was far from any land area. Four-fifths of the State south of the Missouri river and mucli of it north of the river, is underlaid with these lime- stones. The other groups of rocks were formed when Missouri was either part of a continent or covered by a shallow sea near land. The rocks of the earth's surface mav also be classified according to age. Three of the four general ages, Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Palaeozoic and Azoic, are represented in Missouri, and eight or nine of the subdivisions of the ages. If all of these formations were superimposed at any one place they would build a column 3,500 feet high from the top of the granites. The thickness of the lower layer is unknown. The rocks do not all underlie the whole State, but by the bowing up of beds or by cutting through of streams they are brought to the surface at various places. The oldest rocks are in Iron and surrounding coun- ties. The center of the rock beds which underlie the larger part of Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Illinois, and Iowa, which contain the natural re- sources from which these States draw their wealth, is in Iron county, Missouri. A geological map divides the rocks into groups, each group usually including more than one kind of rock or more than one formation. On the geological map of the State, the granites and porphyries are shown in solid red color. They are found in south and southeastern Missouri. A long period later with the coming of the sea over the Missouri area brought first the La Motte sand- stone. Gradually the land sank beneath the sea and extensive St. Joseph limestone was formed on the shallow bottoms. This limestone is usually gray and of rather coarse crystalline texture. It is comparatively free from flint and decomposes readily to a fertile and easily-tilled red clay soil. GEOLOGY. 69 Great deposits of disseminated lead liave been found in tliis formation. Ttie Gunter sandstone, the Gasconade limestone, and Roubideaux sandstone were formed sub- subsequently. Passing outward from the Archaean core of Missouri is next found the Jefferson City limestone. Its predominant rocks are the thickly-bedded, soft, white, non-crystalline "cotton rock" and the heavily-bedded, slightly-crystalline gray limestone called "spotted rock." Along the eastern side of the Ozark re- gion is the Crystal City sandstone, a bank of pure white sand extensively quar- ried for glass-making and foundry purposes. The Marshfield sandstone in the southwest and the Eureka limestone in the eastern and northeastern Ozark re- gion decompose to a pale-reddish or yellowish soil. Younger formations are the Trenton limestone; the thin De- vonian rocks around the Ozark region; the Louisiana limestone, fine grained and nearly 98 per cent pure carbonate of lime; the Hannibal shale, usually yellow- ish drab or greenish, with a small per centage of fine sand; the St. Louis, Keokuk, Burling- ton and Chouteau limestones, forming a bank around the Ozark I'egion from Perry county to the extreme southwest; the Auxvasse sandstone, the Kaskas- kia limestone and the Chester shales, found in a restricted area on the eastern side of the Ozark region, which close the deposits up to the period of the coal. I After this deposition the area of Missouri closed its ma- rine history. It was under the sea at various times thereafter, but for short periods only, and the later stratified rocks of Mis- souri are made up of land mate- rial. The first formation was a series of sand and clay beds, called the Cherokee shales. This was probably deposited around an Ozark island. The coal beds of practically all the central and southwestern coal-producing counties are in this formation. Above the Cherokee shale is the Clear Creek formation which includes all the workable coal beds not found in the Cherokee shales. The Pleasanton shales, the Kansas City group, the Rockport shales, complete the coal measure forma- tions and this general group. The Tertiary rocks were deposited long after the Rockport shales. These are found in the southeast, and include the Idalia shales, the Benton sands with its notable watermelon belt, and the Piketon gravels. This represents the last phase of the Tertiary submergence of southeastern Missouri. The sub- mergence at no time extended far north of Cape Girardeau. Follov/ing close upon the Tertiary submergence is the coming of the glacial deposits, three in number. Along the Missouri river, which was approximately the southern border of the ice, and in a narrow belt down the Mississippi river Physical character of some Missouri rocks. ENTRANCE TO MARK TWAIN's CAVE NEAR HANNIBAL. Formation of the coal-bearing rocks. The Tertiary rocks. Glacial deposits. 70 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. is a deposit of a porous, brownisli, coarse clay loam, and narrowest along the high bluffy portion of the Missouri river between Jefferson City and Washington. It forms the basis of the most fertile large body of soil in the State of Missouri. Just north of the belt of loess is a belt or area of fine-grained bluish clay, with occasional beds and pockets of sand, especially in the lower part. It may be considered to extend over all the northern part of the State except the area of the loess and a small area of gravelly clay in Harrison, Gentry and Worth coun- ties. The third phase of the glacial deposits is of the same character as the second, with a considerable proportion of gravel bowlders and sand. The three kinds, of deposits grade insensibly into each other so there is no sharp line of demarcation between them. Since the disappearance of the glacial sheet the area of the State of Mis- souri has been continuously a land surface and its physical history has been and still is continuous and one of erosion. The beds of rock that have been de- posited during the long ages in the past are now being worn away by the forces which attack all land surfaces. The duration of this continental period may be looked upon, however, in the light of the history of the past. At several times during the long geological history of the State it has been part of the land area and was later submerged again. The present continental period is probably not exceptional. At some time in the far distant future it may again go be- neath the sea and receive another coating of material. The world is not yet finished. World-making forces are at work now as vigorously, probably, as at any time in the past. We live in the midst of these changes but on account of the extreme shortness of our time-measuring units the long periods of geolog- ical time have no end and the changes going on around us marking the prog- ress of that time are unnoticed. / '^'!'S-^^ rv "J^ THE STATE OF MISSOUlll IN KELlEi' riJOTOUKArillC KEl'KODLCTIO.X OE MAP BY PROF. C. F. MARBUT. ^y^ "W;; i.9^j ■2t«*K- Kc'W JSt " V '^1 ^?M 7 ^ / I W'-'S?' .'^-' y^. ISSOURI produced last year one-eighth of all the corn of the United States and more than one-tenth of all the corn of the world. One county in Missouri grows more corn than is produced by all the new England States com- bined. One man in Missouri grew on his farm this year more corn than is reported by the last ceDfus from the nine States of Utah. Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Rhode Island, Wy- oming and Nevada combined. Three counties in Missouri grow more corn than these nine- teen States combined: Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Colorado, North Dakota, Florida, California, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, Utah, Ari- zona, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Nevada. This is more corn than is reported by the census for either New York, Maryland, or West Virginia; more than either Spain, Poriugal, or Austria grows; is twice as much as is grown in Australasia, including Australia and Tas- ,,. • mania and two-thirds as much as is grown in Egypt. / (t The least productive county in Missouri grows i/f *.,- more corn than the States of Nevada, Wyoming, Mon- i//. ' «_"' tana, and Idaho, combined. Missouri grows nearly three times as much corn as Canada and Mexico com- bined; three times as much as all South America; three-fifths as much as all Eu- rope, and nearly one-half as much as is produced in the whole world outside of the United States. Missouri's corn crop last year is esti- TW^ !*a^Mv«s.,^,..u^^;^y^^_^ * At the time this article was prepared the Government and State statistics tor 1903 were not complete. Therefore the statistics are for 1902 e.xcept those taken from the Twelfth Census which are for 1900. 72 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. M Missouri grows one-tenth of all the corn of the world. Highest average yield of corn per acre of any State in the Union. THREE MISSOURI COUNTIES ■••.••• \ y--' GROW MORE CORN THAN "■'•. .{ NINETEEN STATES. ''••..,.,:; mated by the State Board of Agriculture at 314,073,985 bushels, worth, on the farm, $100,000,000. This was the largest yield of any State in the Union, with possibly one exception, and was the highest average yield per acre of any State in the Union. Missouri's corn crop exceeded the combined production of thirty States and Territories, as follows: Maine, New Hampshire, "Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama. Mississippi, Louisiana, North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Washington, Oregon, California. Missouri produced last year, accord- ing to the State Board of Agriculture, 62,000,000 bushels of wheat, which was '^ one-twelfth of the entire wheat crop of ^} ^j^ ^^ the United States; the largest yield accredited to any winter wheat State, and the largest average yield per acre of any State, either winter or spring. The Missouri wheat crop exceeded the combined production of twenty- two States, including New York, Penn- sylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and all the New England States. This is more wheat than is grown by the United Kingdom of Great Britain, including England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; more than is pro- ■'*»i«53''' duced by either Ontario or Manitoba, and two-thirds as much as the whole of Canada. This exceeds the combined wheat crop of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Neth- erlands, Belgium, Portugal, and Switzerland, and it is four-fifths as much as is grown in the whole of South America. This is more than is grown in Austria or Roumania; more than Bulgaria and Servia combined; exceeds the total production of Australasia, including AGRICULTURE. 73 THE MOKJN'ING START. Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and New Zealand. This exceeds the combined wheat crops of Siberia and Central Asia; is more than is produced in Africa, including Egypt, Algeria, Tunis, and Cape Colony, and is more than three times the wheat production of Japan. Missouri's aggregate annual production of the six chief cereals (corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and buck- wheat) exceeds the combined pro- duction of the following twenty- four States: Kentucky, Massachu- setts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Maine, Vermont, Delaware, New Jersey, Georgia, Alabama, Mary- land, Louisiana, West Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, and Nevada. The average produc- duction per State of corn last year for the eleven States: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Michigan, Min- nesota, Wisconsin, New York, and Pennsylvania, was 147,220,343 bushels. Missouri's corn crop was 314,073,985 bushels, or more than double the State average of these leading States. The State average production of wheat for these States was 32,603,042 bush- els. Missouri's wheat crop was 62,000,000 bushels, or almost double the average production of these leading States. In oat production the State average of the eleven States listed above was 20,546,281 bushels, while Missouri's crop was 23,967,170 bushels. The average production of hay in these States is 3,495,272 tons, and Mis- souri's hay crop was 4,828,005 tons, or one-third more than the State avei'age of these eleven leading hay States. In the production of the six leading cereals (corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and buck- wheat), the average of the eleven States was 399,086,155 bushels, or nearly fifty per cent more than the State average of these eleven leading States. The center of Total Acre- age in Farms in the United haymaking, daviess county States is in Missouri. The center of Improved Farm Acreage is at the eastern border of the State. The center of Farm Values of the United States was at the edge of Missouri in 1899, and may be safely said to lie within the State at this time. The center of Corn Production of the United States is at the eastern edge of Missouri. The center of production 434 23,867,169 bu. 6,374,795 Hay 2,940,600 4,828,005 tons 29,428,870 Forage 370,725 462,070 tons 2,310,350 Flax 85,402 366,849 bu. 380,940 Rve 25,550 459,900 bu. 329,950 Buckwheat 2,500 40,000 bu. 24,000 Barlev 1,820 45,500 bu. 15,835 Broom Corn 8,765 4,661,600 lbs. 129,532 Clover Seed 58,737 bu. 394,698 Grass Seed 219,760 bu. 454,4^5 Cotton 67,658 23,916,840 lbs. 1,788,960 Tobacco 4,361 3,356,460 lbs. 324,040 Potatoes 93,915 11,510,451 bu. 3,870,435 Vegetables 114,853 5,153,958 Pastures Total 7,511,346 15,022,692 20,900,043 $200,110,775 1 AGRICULTURE. 77 A MISSOURI FARM HOME, MACON COUNTY. The figures of Missouri's annual liarvest place the State in the very front rank of agricultural States. At the same time no other State is developing as rapidly and adding to her agricultural wealth at the same rate. It is obvious that the future is secure of any State that grows successfully and profitably in every county, every year, corn, wheat, oats, timothy, clover and blue grass. In addition to these staple crops Missouri grows commercially a larger A^ariety of valuable crops than any other similar area in America, or the world. No state is less afflicted with drouths, floods, insect pests, blighting winds or crop failures. The Missouri farmer has more time in which to plant, cultivate, harvest and market his crops than has his northern neighbor. The mild climate affords more working days in the year and a longer growing season so that the efficiency of the workman is increased. The plow may be kept going in almost every month of the year. The soil is thus prepared without haste and at a minimum expense. In the East high-priced land and costly fertilizers reduce the margin of profit. In the West expensive irrigating plantii and high-priced water affect seriously the cost of production. Missouri's soils are productive without arti- ficial fertilization and her rainfall is sufficient to insure large crops without irrigation. Missouri's soils have stood the test of more than a half centui'y and will not wear out, burn out or leach out. When the population becomes so dense as to demand the highest possible production, Missouri's farms may be brought under artificial irrigation at far less expense and with greater assurances of an abundant and regular supply of water and with a far greater variety of valuable crops to grow than any country now under irrigation. Largest yield of cot- ton per acre of any State. Missouri grows every valuable grass known to Soils permanently productive with- out fertilization. yii/era^e Production of J^^ea^ in ^(^ei/'e/i JleadinyAStfaies i^^HiB^^^^^^^ 32. 603. 0^2 3u^hels. J^rooi£z,ciio7z gf/i^eat in J^Zissourl 6/.045.000^u^?zelj. 78 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Ten principal classes of soils. The soils of Missouri may be divided into ten principal classes as shown by the accompanying map and represent: 1. Alluvium; 2. loess; 3. limestone clay loam (black prairie); 4. clay loam, slightly gravelly (rolling prairie); 5. clay loam (level prairie); 6. limestone shale loam; 7. sandy loam; 8. red limestone clay (slightly flinty); 9. limestone clay (flinty); 10. red limestone clay. Alluvium soil 20o feet deep. MISSOURI'S CORN CROP EXCEEDS THE COMBINED PRODUCTION OF THIRTY STATES. Alfalfa more pro- ductive and more easily grown than anywhere else. Large bodies of loess, a soil which supports the world's dens- est populations. Alluvium occurs along all rivers and creeks in the State, and varies in depth from 6 to 200 feet. The large bodies shown on the accompanying soil map are along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and in the southeastern corner of the State. The large body of alluvial soil in southeastern Missouri covers the counties of Mississippi, New Madrid, Scott, Stoddard, Pemiscot and Dunklin, the eastern half of Butler, the southeastern corner of Ripley and a narrow strip on the south side of Wayne and Cape Girardeau. This repre- sents two separate belts divided by a band of loess known locally as Crowley's Ridge. The western belt is alluvium mixed with clay overlying a white sand at a depth of from G to 18 feet. The eastern half is a mixture of silt and fine sand forming a typical alluvium deposit. Large areas of this very productive soil have not yet been brought into cultivation and are covered with a dense growth of valuable cypress, tupelo and sweet gum, cottonwood, elm, ash, and oak. Until recently much of this land has been too subject to overflow to be brought into cultivation. It has been abundantly demonstrated, however, that all of this land may be rendered arable and productive at a relatively slight expense by means of large open ditches. There are already in New Madrid county alone 233 miles of these ditches made at cost of from $2 to $3 per acre. In other counties of this district, ditches are being constructed so as to reclaim in a short time the whole of this valuable area. Underlying all of this land at a depth of from 10 feet to 12 feet is a porous stratum of sand through which the water readily flows so that the ditches will drain the land effectively for a distance of one-half mile. This means that a ditch along each section line will remove every obstacle in the way of cultivating this land, which is so well adapted to the production of all classes of farm crops, particularly corn, wheat, cotton, cowpeas, clover, alfalfa, timothy, bermuda grass, watermelons, canta- loupes, potatoes and tomatoes. Alfalfa is perhaps more productive and more easily grown in southeast Missouri than anywhere else in the country. Land that AGRICULTURE, 79 in a few years will be worth from $50 to $75 per acre may be purchased at from $10 to $15 per acre. Smaller areas of very productive alluvium are found along the Osage, Grand, Chariton, Platte, Salt, Crooked Loutre, One Hundred and Two, Fabius, Meri- mac, White, James, Bourbase, Black, St. Francois, Current and Elevenpoint rivers. In many localities this class of soil is selling at from $50 to $60 per acre while similar land in other States sells for from $100 to $150 per acre. The value of loess is well known all over the world. Wherever it occurs a highly developed agriculture is found. The densest agricultural population in the world is supported by the loess soils of Asia. It is friable and easily worked, of texture coarse enough to drain well and yet fine enough to withstand drouths and yields its moisture readily and fully to growing crops. It varies in depth in this State from 20 feet to 200 feet, and will produce large crops without artificial rertilization for an indefinite period of time. This soil occurs chiefly along the Missouri river forming a belt beginning at the mouth of the Osage river and widening westward to a maximum of 60 miles in Saline and Carroll counties. Here it begins narrowing and is reduced to a width of about 12 miles at Kansas City, then extends to the north line of the State with a width of about forty miles. Smaller areas occur along the Mississippi river in the counties of St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Perry, and Cape Girardeau, and a narrow belt in south- east Missouri extends across New Mad- rid, Scott and Dunklin counties. The timber growth is elm, linden, black wal- nut, backberry, red oak, burr oak and pawpaw. All crops of this latitude such as corn, wheat, oats, alfalfa, timothy, Mue grass, red and white clover and all classes of fruits and vegetables reach the highest development and produce maximum yields on this soil. The surface is rolling, but level enough to be prac- tically all cultivated. On this soil corn is planted with the lister, thus dispensing with the cost of plowing the land before planting. Alfalfa thrive? as well as in any portion of the United States. Limestone clay loam (black prairie) is an admixture of clay, silt, sand and limestone clay, resulting from a mix- ture of glacial soil with the decompo- sition product of the limestone bed rock. It is black in color, owing to the large amount of vegetable matter it contains, and varies in depth from four feet to twelve feet. The surface is undulating and is for the most part prairie, forming the high plain of northwest Missouri, and embracing the northern parts of Ray and Clay coun- ties, the whole of Caldwell and Clin- ton, eastern Nodaway, northern Car- A MISSOURI FARM HOME, LAFAYETTE COUNTY. Black prairie soil of unlimited fer- tility. Rolling prairie that will not wear out. Limestone shale loam — rich friable soil. rOTTON AND CORN, DUNKLIN COUNTY. 80 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. CULTIVATORS AT WORK ON A NORTHWEST MISSOURI FARM. Sandy loam — deep and productive. Red limestone clay, on which is grown the world's prize wheat. Flinty limestone clay, the grazing and orchard lands. roll and southwestern Livingston. The timber growtli. in fringes along the water courses, is elm, black walnut, cottonwood and mulberry. This land pro- duces all crops adapted to this climate, but it is especially suited to corn and grass, has great drouth-resisting powers and will be highly productive without artificial fertilization for an indefinite period of time. The clay loam slightly gravelly (rolling prairie) is a triangular area with a maximum width at the northern line of the State, where it extends from the Chariton river on the east to the western line of Worth county on the west — a distance of nearly 100 miles. In the valleys the soil is similar to that of the black prairie region. The upland is a black soil varying from two feet to five feet in depth, and is composed of clay with sufficient sand to make it friable, easily cultivated, warm and quick. It contains somewhat more water courses than the black prairie region and the surface is somewhat more rolling. Along these water courses are splendid bodies of alluvium. All crops thrive well on this soil, but it is especially adapted to corn, wheat, blue grass and clover. The land stands heavy cropping for a long time and recuperates with great rapidity when allowed to rest, or when changed to grass or clover. The timber growth is hazel, sumach, elm and white oak. The section embraces the coun- ties of Putnam, Sullivan, Linn and Mercer, eastern Grundy, northern Harri- son, northeastern Gentry, Worth and Chariton; western Randolph, Macon, Adair and Schuyler. The clay loam comprises the portion of northeast Missouri drained into the Mississippi river by the smaller streams and rivers, and embraces the fol- lowing counties: Scotland, Clark, Lewis, Knox, Marion, Shelby. Ralls, Monroe and Audrain; the southern portions of Boone, Callaway, Montgomery and War- ren; the eastern portions of Randolph, Macon, Adair, and Schuyler; western Lincoln and Pike. The upland is a gently undulating prai- rie with a clay lime- stone soil, varying in depth from one foot to five feet and is dark in color. It is productive, drouth - resistant and comparatively easy to cultivate. This soil is well adapted to corn, oats, timothy, blue grass, clover, broom corn and wheat. Like the other classes of Missouri soil, experience has demonstrated that it remains productive for a long period of time even under excessive grain cropping and recuperates quickly when grown in grass or clover. The surface is such as to enable this land to be cultivated conveniently and cheaply in large bodies. Large areas of very rich bottom land are found along all the rivers and creeks. The limestone shale loam is a rich friable soil, dark in color with an undu- lating surface, was originally prairie and covers the following counties: All ON A LIVINGSTON COUNTY FARJI. AGRICULTURE. 81 FARM SCENE, ATCHISON COUNTY. of Cass, the south half of Jackson, southwestern quarter of Lafayette, south- western two-thirds of Johnson, the southwestern portion of Henry and northern Bates. It is well adapted to corn, all varieties of grass, wheat, clover, flax and castor beans, and can he made to grow alfalfa successfully. Sandy loam is a clay ameliorated by a mixture of sand, dark in color, deep and productive. It covers the counties of Barton, Vernon, southern Bates, eastern Henry and .Johnson; the western portion of Pettis, St. Clair and Cedar; northwestern Dade and northern Jasper. It is well adapted to corn, wheat, timothy, flax, broom corn, orchard grass, blue grass and alfalfa. Red limestone clay is the border of the Ozark region and covers the coun- ties of Cole, Moniteau, Lawrence, Polk, Newton and Greene, nearly all of Dade; the eastern portions of Cape Girardeau, Perry, Ste. Genevieve, Jefferson, St. Clair, Pettis, Miller and Cedar; the western part of St. Louis, Franklin, Gas- conade, Osage, Hickory and Dallas; northern Crawford, McDonald, Christian and Stone; southern Cooper, Laclede, and Morgan; northwestern Barry and Douglas; southwestern Webster; southeastern Maries; northeastern Phelps and a small portion of Wright, Ripley, and Butler. It is a limestone clay soil with a slight admixture of flint, red in color and varies in depth from one foot to four feet. In the river and creek valleys occur large bodies of alluvium. The surface is rolling, but is for the most part level enough to be divided into large, regularly shaped fields on which the most improved machinery is operated. This section is especially adapted to wheat, producing a plump berry of fine color and very high milling quality. In addition to wheat it is adapted to the production of corn, clover, blue grass, orchard grass, tall fescue, English blue grass, timothy, all classes of fruits and vegetables, cotton in the southmost parts and on a considerable portion of this soil alfalfa will succeed. Limestone clay (fiinty) is the Ozark plateau. It is a clay limestone soil with an admixture of flint, is red or gray in color and varies in depth from one to three feet. The area comprises the counties of Texas, Shannon, Dent, Reynolds, Howell, Oregon, Carter, Ozark, Taney, Wayne, Iron and Washington; nearly all of Camden and Pulaski; the southern part of Stone, Phelps and Crawford; southeastern Barry and Benton; southern McDonald and Morgan; southwestern Jefferson and St. Francois; northeastern Webster; eastern Dal- las; western Ste. Genevieve, Perry and Cape Girardeau; northern Ripley and Butler. The surface is hilly with narrow valleys. A relatively small proportion of the upland is well developed, excepting in the southern and western parts. The valleys of the streams contain a rich alluvial soil, already in a high state Mo. — 6. 400,000 acres of unentered gov- ernment land. Corn the world's greatest cereal. 82 thp: state of Missouri. Thife Missouri boys earned $41 54. 52 in one summer in the corn field. The largest corn farm in the world is in Missouri. of cultivation. This is the timber reserve of the State and comprises the v^^hole area of Missouri that is capable of growing pine. The undeveloped parts, wher- ever the timber is thin enough, are covered with blue stem grass and Japan clover, furnishing excellent grazing for all classes of live stock. When cleared, nearly all of this land will grow red and white clover, cowpeas, orchard grass, tall meadow oat grass, tall fescue, red top, and timothy. On much of this land it will be possible to grow alfalfa successfully. With the rich valleys for the production of corn and considering the mild cli mate and the very few months in which it is necessary to feed stock, the whole of c uKisrhVN THREE MISSOURI LADS AND THEIR CHECK FOR A SUMMER'S CORN CROP GROWN ON SHARES. JAMES CHRISTIAN. HARRY CHRISTIAN the section will in the near future be converted into pastures, or live stock farms. Much of this land may now be purchased at from $1.25 to $2.50 per acre. Red limestone clay, flint free: A comparatively small body of exceedingly productive soil described as a red limestone clay, free from gravel, occurs in Iron, Madison, St. Francois, and Washington counties. This soil is deep red in color, varies in depth from one and one-half to three feet and is adapted to all crops grown in the State. It is especially suited to MISSISSIPPI COUNTY CORN FIELD. AGRICULTURE. Hli THIRTY-FIVE TWO-ROW CULTIVATORS AT WORK. the production of wheat, clover, corn, fruits and vegetables of all classes and all kinds of grasses and forage plants. The surface is rolling, affording ex- cellent natural drainage but level enough to be cultivated cheaply. UNITE!) STATES LANDS. There remain in Missouri subject to homestead or cash entry about 422,000 acres of F'ederal Government land, thus located: A Missouri farmer is the real corn king. SPRINGFIELD DISTRICT. BOONVILLE DISTRICT. IRONTON DISTRICI. COUNTIES ACRES COUNTIES ACRES COUNTIES ACRES Barry 9,484 Benton 1,1500 Bollinger 1,521 Christian 2S6 Camden 18,316 Butler 801 Dallas 2,827 Cedar 40 Carter 480 Douglas 6,74'; Crawford 560 Crawford 2,533 Laclede 4,744 Dallas 1 1,800 Dent 4,209 McDonald 7,970 Hickory 5,760 Howell 3,545 Ozark ^•,94' Laclede 8,600 Iron 8,242 Pulaski 1,876 Maries 2,120 Madison 6,187 Stone 13,044 Miller 5,420 Oregon 5,249 Taney 12,787 Phelps 1,480 I'erry 461 Texas 2,074 l^olk 40 Phelps 12,052 Webster 268 Pulaski 13,470 Pulaski 4,53« Wright 2,540 .St. Clair 2,000 Reynolds 6,522 Washington 560 Ripley 5,268 Total 1 16,5<;6 St. Francois 200 Total 67,266 Ste. Genevieve Shannon Texas 2,092 4,779 12,789 1,882 Washington Wayne Total 4,369 85,719 Free Government land. ^i/era^eProducizon ofCor/i in ^/^ei/e/z Zeaazn^ Corn States. Pro£iu.ciLon qf6brn in J/Tissouri. J/^.073.S^S^u^helj M THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Wheat grown cheaper in Mis- souri than else- where. BUILDING LEVEE, PEMISCOT COUNTY. Two valuable crops grown on the same land. Homestead entriei may be made for 160 acres and an additional 160 acres may be secured under casli entry. The homestead entry fees and commissions on lands not within two and one-half miles of a railroad are $14 for 160 acres, $1.3 for 120 acres, $7 for 80 acres, and $6 for 40 acres. On lands within two and one-half miles of a railroad the fees are $18 for 160 acres, $16 for 120 acres, $9 for 80 acres, and $7 for 40 acres. Under each entry the land costs $2.50 per acre within railroad limits and $1.25 per acre outside of the railroad limits. * United States land offices are located at Boonville, Ironton, and Springfield. Corn is the world's greatest cereal. No other crop is to be compared with it in the quan- tity and quality of feed that may be grown per acre. In cheapness of produc- tion and convenience in handling it surpasses all other crops to even a greater extent. A State well adapted to corn will always have a prosperous and pi'Ogressive agriculture. Such a State becomes a great feed yard and from it is drawn the world's supply of high class horses, mules, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, butter, cheese, milk, etc. These are the highest types of farming and attract the most intelligent classes of people. Missoui'i grew last year 314,093,985 bushels of corn on 7,746,- 214 acres. This crop was worth on the farm approximately $100,000,000. This was practically one-eighth of all the corn produced in the United States and more than one-tenth of the corn produced in the whole world. The rivalry between the States of Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa for per- manent supremacy in corn growing will ultimately result in Missouri's favor on account of the large area of new land that is being rapidly brought into cultivation. In no other country can corn be grown more cheaply than on the undu- lating prairies and the level and extensive river bottoms of Missouri. In portions of the State one man with six horses does the work required in planting and cultivating IGO acres of corn. One man with a tv/o-row lister will plow and plant 20 acres per day. By means of a double-row cultivator the same LiMjiiiiiy AGRICULTURE. 85 SfOTT COUNTY WIIEx\T FIELD. area may be tilled each day. This reduces Ihe cost of growing corn to a point never before attempted, and marks a new epoch in the applicalion of machinery to modern agricultural practice. Another advantage in favor of Missouri is the fact that corn is ordinarily maiure enough to store in large quantities by the middle of October in southern Missouri and by the first to the tenth of November in the northern part of the State. This gives the farmer the crisp, pleasant Indian Summer months in which to harvest and store his crop, and obviates the necessity of hiring help to garner what he has been able to grow. As an illustration of the possibilities in this direction on the deep, rich, loamy soil of Missouri three boys, aged 9, 16 and 18 years respectively, prepared the gi'ound, planted and cultivated 540 acres in corn in 1902, from which they sold 34,621 bushels of shelled corn. Under the contract with the owner of the land they were to receive 12 cents per bushel for their crop and the crop brought $4,154.52. This return for one season's work was enough to give to each of these boys a Univei'sity education. This crop at 35 cents per bushel would have brought $12,057.35, or an average of $4,019.11 for each boy. The largest corn farm in the world is in Missouri. Here an estate covering over forty square miles and containing nearly 30,000 acres is owned and operated by David Rankin, of Atchison county, whose start in life was a yoke of oxen and a rudely-shaped plow. Missouri corn and cattle have made him a million- aire. On this farm this year more than a million and a half bushels of corn were grown. This equals the combined corn crop of the states of Utah, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Rhode Island, Wyoming and Nevada. This crop is annually augmented by the purchase of from one-half to three- fourths of a million bushels, all of which is fed to live stock on this farm. Twenty-five hundred bushels are required for seed to plant this great corn field. Here oftentimes more than $100 worth of corn is fed to stock every hour. Four thousand bushels are fed daily to 6,000 cattle and 20,000 hogs. Often ten to fifteen thousand cattle are purchased at a time and made in a single shipment to this farm on which the freight alone amounts to as much as $25,000. To plant and cultivate this crop requires an investment of nearly $50,000 in machinery. In every operation each man cares for two rows at a time. The lister under the operation of one man plows and plants two rows and covers ^ 20 acres per day. The cultivators till two rows at a time and average from 16 to 20 acres daily per man. On this farm 1,000 acres of land are often plowed and planted to corn in a single day. During the cultivating season from 1,000 to 1,200 acres are cultivated daily. Each man does the work connected with the planting and cultivating of from 160 to 180 acres, even including the shelling of the seed corn. Here corn is grown cheaper than it can be harvested even with the most modern harvesting machinery. So called "Kings of the corn pit" are made and unmade in a single day, but a modest Missouri farmer is the real Corn King, whether the "Bulls or Bears" are in the ascendency, producing more corn than any other farmer in the world and feeding the largest number of cattle and hogs of any individual. Henry Senden, of St. Charles, grew last year 132 2-5 bushels of s^helled corn One man feeds $loo worth of corn every hour. Corn grows tall as trees in Shelby county. 86 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. FARM SCENE, MONROE COUNTY. per acre on 12 acres of land. One third of this crop, the annual rental paid, amounted to $18.24 per acre. This year the same land produced 90 bushels per acre, yielding a rental of $12 per acre to the owner. Land similar to this and convenient to trunk lines of railways may be purchased at from $40 to $75 per acre in central and northern, and in southeastern Missouri at from $10 to $50 per acre. R. B. Wright, of Mt. Leonard, Saline county, has made an average of 75 bushels of corn per acre for the last ten years on his entire crop, which ranged Largest acreages of from 75 to 200 acres per year. blue grass of any Frank Stafford, of Tarkio, Atchison county, reports an average of 118 ^^^^^- bushels per acre on 50 acres and 142.5 bushels from one acre. This land has been in cultivation for 20 years and no artificial fertilization of any sort was used. U. M. Randolph, of Eminence, Shannon county, reports a yield of 81 bushels per acre. Missouri's wheat crop last year was 61,045,000 bushels, grown on 3,166,900 acres — an average of 19 9-10 bushels per acre. Every county in the State grows wheat of high quality and in sufficient quantities to require the use of the mod- ern labor-saving machinery. Missouri's wheat crop last year exceeded the com- bined product of the following twenty-two States and Territories: Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, Delaware, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, New Mexico, Arizona and Nevada. The above States expend annually for commercial fertilizers with which to grow their crops, according to the United States census, the sum of $44,555,000. In other words, it required practically all the wheat grown by farm- ers of these States to pay this fertilizer bill. Missouri's soil is rich enough to grow as much wheat, and practically as much corn, as all of these States without the use of artificial fertilizer. The land in Missouri is plowed for wheat during the leisure of mid-summer and early fall and the seeding is done before the rush of corn harvesting. By reason of the friableness of the soil, the work of preparing the land is reduced to minimum. Another special advantage not offered by the sections farther north is the very satisfactory result from sowing wheat after corn with- out plowing. This effects a saving of from $2 to $3 per acre, or from eight to twelve cents per bushel. The tillage given the corn provides an ideal seed-bed and the soil is rich enough to grow a maximum crop of wheat even immediately following so exhaustive a crop as corn. Another advantage over the eastern method of handling wheat is the prac- tice of threshing directly from the shock, thus saving the expense and waste of stacking the wheat. The threshed grain is left in the field in sacks until ready to be delivered to the elevator or railway station, thus avoiding the necessity of expensive granaries and double handling. In most sections wheat grows rank Blue grass grown successfully in every county. AGRICULTURE. 87 Timothy, the lead- ing hay grass, grown every- where. IIAV .STACKl.Mi, AUUKAIN tOUA'TY. enough on the rich Missouri soil to furnisli valuable pasturage during the fall, winter and early spring without affecting adversely the yield of grain. This pasturage is often worth enough to defray the cost of preparing the land and seeding. A further advantage which none of the wheat growers north of Missouri enjoy is the opportunity of growing a valuable hay and renovating crop, such as cowpeas. After a crop of wheat has been harvested, the land is plowed and sown to cowpeas. This crop matures in time to permit the land to be again sown to wheat the same season, without plowing. In short, to grow two valuable crops on the land the same season — one of which restores, in a large measure, the fertility removed by the other. To illustrate the possibilities in this direction the Missouri Agricultural Col- lege, at Columbia, has grown wheat and cowpeas continually in the same field tor the past four years, and reports the following yield of wheat: In 1900, 26.9 bushels; 1901, 40.2 bushels; 1902, 45.3 bushels, and 1903, 30.7 bushels. This makes a total yield per acre of wheat in four years, 143.1 bushels, or an average yield of 35.6 bushels per acre. After each crop of wheat a crop of cowpea hay, varying from one and a half to two and a half tons per acre was grown. No manure or fertilizer of any sort was used on this land. Here two valuable crops were grown each year with but one plowing and at practically the same cost as is ordinarily required for one crop excepting the actual expense of* seeding and harvesting the additional crop. In south Missouri this practice is very common and exceedingly profitable. One man grew this year 1,300 acres in cowpeas after wheat. B. F. Marshall, of Blodgett, reports from eighty acres of wheat and cow- peas the following financial result: Twenty-four bushels of wheat per acre at 70 cents, $1,344; 725 bushels of cowpeas at $1.50, $1,087; 102 tons cowpea hay at $7, $714; average per acre, $39.20; total, $3,136. W. H. Hagerdorn, of Rhineland, Montgomery county, presents an authenti- cated report of a yield of 604 bushels of wheat from eight acres, or an average of 75.5 bushels per acre. This wheat, when standing, was so heavy that the binder could cut a swath of only two feet in width and the shocks stood so thick on the ground that a wagon could not be driven through the field without opening a road. James L. Hammett, of Hunts- ville, Randolph countj , reports an average yield of 49 bushels per acre on 30 acres. Practically every valuable grass known to the Avorld grows well in Missouri. The acreage of blue grass pastures in Missouri, en a consei'vative estimate , is placed at 7,511,346 acres; the larg- est of any State in the Union. In the amount of hay pro- ^^^ ^.^^^^^^ lafayette county. More clover hay than all New England, Iowa, New York and Minnesota. Six crops ot altalta per year from the same field. 88 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. FAIIM SCENE, CALLAWAY COUNTY. Alfalfa yields ^104 per acre. Clover and cow- peas supplement corn and wheat. duced from domestic grasses Missouri is exceeded by only two States. During the last decade Missouri's production of hay increased 13.9 per cent, while there was a decline in the hay production of New York of 5.3 per cent, Illinois 19.6 per cent, Iowa 9.1 per cent, Pennsylvania 13 per cent and Ohio 8.8 per cent. The following grasses, clovers and forage plants are grown successfully in this State: Timothy, Kentucky blue grass, Canadian (Virginia) blue grass, blue stem, orchard grass, English blue grass, tall fescue, brome grass, tall oat grass, bermuda grass, red clover, white clover, alfalfa, alsike clover, .lapan clover, cowpeas, soy beans, winter and spring vetches, sorghum, kafir corn, millet, hungarian, milo maize, teosinte, and rape. Blue grass is the peer of all pasture grasses, and is the domestic grass of Missouri. It may be grown successfully in every county, but it reaches its high- est development in the northern two-thirds of the State. The moment the land is cleared or grazed closely, the wild grasses yield to blue grass without artificial seeding, without cost, and without effort on the part of the farmer. It furnishes the most valuable and nutritious pasturage from the middle of April until the first of January, and may be depended upon to yield a valuable return every year without reseeding and without care or cost. It will support a steer to two acres and produce in the grazing season of six months three hundred pounds of gain in weight. When brought to its highest development a steer per acre is possible. In addition to the value of this crop as a feed, in many sections of the State the seed is harvested and yields from 10 to 40 bushels per acre, worth from GO cents to 75 cents a bushel at home. The only cost involved is that of stripping and curing, for which a return of from $6 to $25 per acre in addition to the pas- turage is secured. Timothy is the leading hay grass of America and reaches its highest devel- opment in Missouri, and grows successfully in every portion of the State. A crop, from one and a half to three tons of hay per acre is ctit in July and the af- termath will almost sustain a steer per acre for three months as pasture. This crop is in many places h a r - vested for seed, yield- ing from 6 to 10 bushels per acre, HAYMAKING, CARROTX COTTNTY. ». ^^ . worth from $1.50 to $2.50 per bushel. In addition to this the hay crop is almost as large as if the seed had not been harvested separately. Little or no difficulty is experienced In securing a stand which lasts almost indefinitely under ordinary care. AGRICULTURE. 89 ALFALFA, PEMISCOT COUXTY. White clover grows luxuriantly on all soils. Red clover is, all things considered, one of the most valuable crops grown in th>3 country and succeeds well in all parts of Missouri, and on all classes of soil. Missouri is excelled at the present tinoe in clover production by only two States and at the present rate of increase will soon rank first. Missouri produced as much clover hay in 1900, according to the census, as all of the New England States, Iowa, New York and Minnesota, combined. A soil that grows clover profitably may be kept in a high state of productiveness indefinitely. A soil that will not grow clover or some similar renovating crop will require in a short time the purchase of costly commercial fertilizers. No one thing so clearly indi- cates the intelligence of the farmers or reflects so creditably upon their system of farming as the area devoted to this crop. The productive value of the corn as a feed is enhanced fully twenty per cent by combining with it clover, cowpeas, or alfalfa. The State, therefore, that is pre-eminately adapted to both corn and clover is particularly fortunate, indeed, in the distribution of its resources. The yield in this State varies from two to four tons of hay per acre, and in the ordi- nary season from three to six bushels of seed worth from $12 to $24 per acre is obtained as a second crop the same season at the cost of cutting and threshing. In portions of the State where clover has been grown the longest the soil has become so filled with seed that a good stand may be secured without the expense of seeding, in many cases. Second in importance, as a forage plant, only to clover, is alfalfa. It has already been proven that it succeeds on all the loess soils of the State, and prac- tically all of the alluvial soils, and may be made to thrive, under proper care and management, on the rolling timbered area of the State. From four to six cuttings are made each year, aggregating from three to six tons of hay. In 1901, J. P. Davis, Fortesque, Holt county, sold $80 worth of hay and seed per acre from twelve acres of alfalfa. Charles L. Cunningham, of Caruthersville, who has more than three hundred acres in alfalfa, reports an average yield of six tons per acre in 1902, for which he received $18 per ton on board cars at the local shipping station; an average of $104 per acre. In 1903 S. P. Reynolds, of Ca- ruthersville, paid $100 per acre for a farm seeded to alfalfa and sold from it within six months after its purchase $50 worth of hay per acre. G H. Sly, of Missouri the lead- ing clover State of the I'nion. Tobacco yield I 500 pounds per acre. 90 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. One county's annual cotton crop worth i '4 million dollars. Bm '^-m^^:^^^:^^ A THOUSAND ACKES OF COWPEAS ON ONE FAKM, SCOTT COUNTY. Watermelons from two Mis- souri counties make a train 55 miles long. Ozark lands will grow alfalfa. Rockport, reports a yield of five tons of alfalfa hay per acre on nireteen acres from four cuttings. The rich alluvial soils of southeast Missouri grow alfalfa with greater cer- tainty and with less risk and difficulty in securing the stand than perhaps any other section of the United States. The seeding there is usually done in March or April on growing wheat and after the wheat crop is removed a fair crop of hay is cut the same season. In this district are fields of alfalfa twelve years old that are producing as large yields as ever and show no signs of deterioration. Land that will produce five to six tons of this hay per acre without the usual risks and difficulties of securing a stand may be purchased at from $20 to $50 per acre. Owing to its geographical location this section is peculiarly adapted to profitable hay production inasmuch as it has both river and rail transportation and is at the very southern edge of extensive hay growing and has the benefit of the best hay market in the world, the cotton growing States of the South. Here the farmer secures St. Louis, Kansas City or Chicago prices, plus freight and commission, whereas the farmers of the northern and western states are obliged to accept these prices with the freight and commission deducted. This makes a difference of from $2 to $5 per ton, and when it is considered that a larger yield may be obtained on land that is less costly than that of the north and west, the advantages of this country for this purpose are apparent. On the gravelly soils of the Ozark border particular- ly in Benton county, alfalfa has shown itself to be partic- ularly well adapted. There is no reason why it may not be grown with equal success over the whole of this Ozark border, and perhaps on a ma- jority of the Ozark plateau. In this event land that may be purchased now at from $0 to $7 an acre may be made as productive and valuable as land that in other States is selling at from $50 to $100. The possibilities of alfalfa- growing in Missouri are just beginning to be appreciated, and there is perhaps greater opportunity for profitable investment in Missouri lands that are adapted to this crop than in KAUM KESIDENCE, PUTNAM COUNTY. AGRICULTURE. 91 SWEET POTATOES, NEWTON COUNTY. any other direction. In most countries where alfalfa succeeds, corn is not a success, and either the alfalfa must be shipped to the corn or the corn brought to the alfalfa. In Missouri both of these crops are grown on the same farm. If to these be added rich "*" " blue grass pastures, the ideal conditions for suc- cessful stock raising are realized. Fortunate indeed is the State that is able to grow on all classes of soil at least two such renovating crops as clo- ver and cowpeas. This insures an abundant supply of material to properly balance and supplement the corn and corn fodder crop; at the same time that the soil is kept in a high state of fertility and in the best possible mechanical condition for the growing of other crops. The Missouri season is long enough to mature cowpeas profitably. From the latitude of Kansas City south, a crop of hay can be grown after wheat harvest or after a crop of early potatoes, or after a crop of timothy hay has been cut. The pea hay may be removed and the land sown to wheat, timothy, or any other fall crop without further cultivation. The yield is from two to four tons per acre, and in feeding value the hay is about the same as alfalfa or clover. In the southern third of the State, in addition to this hay crop, from 8 to 15 bushels of seed per acre, worth from $1 to $1.50, or from $8 to $22.50 per acre, are harvested. For pasture purposes in connection with blue grass, white clover is one of the most valuable plants in the State. It is perennial and does not require to be seeded and grows most luxuriantly on all classes of our soils. Fortunately its maximum growth occurs the latter part of June and early July, at the time when the blue grass is usually dormant. It is particularly adapted to the gravelly and flinty soils of the Ozark region although it thrives everywhere and on all classes of Missouri soils. Japan clover is one of the most nutritious of the clovers, and has now spread over prac- tically the whole of the Ozark region. It thrives well in the timber as well as in open land, and furnishes valuable grazing through the latter half of the sum- mer and early winter. Bermuda grass is rapidly spreading over southeast Missouri, covering all waste places and open fields that are grazed. When it is well established it will BLUE GKA.->ta us .\U.>.-iuLKi AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE FARM. Cowpeas — the clover of the South — thrive in Missouri. Japan clover has covered South Missouri. Bermuda grass covering South Missouri. 92 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. HAY ON HOLT COUNTY FARM. Sorghum and Kafir corn grow in every county. Twenty-seven counties grow cotton. live indefinitely, and in value closely rivals blue grass, and in the portions of the State that are adapted to it, will solve satisfactorily the pasture problem. There is no reason why it may not be made to cover the Ozark plateau and convert this region into a rich pasture. In capacity to produce large yields of valuable forage at a minimum expense, sorghum and kafir corn are second only to corn, and thrive well in every county in the State. The only reason they are not grown more extensively is that our soils and climate are so well adapted to corn that it is a more profitable crop. Tobacco may be grown successfully in every county in the State. St. Louis is the leading tobacco market in the United States, and there is no reason why this industry should not be developed until Missouri is the leading tobacco pro- ducing state in the Union. The cost of producing an acre of tobacco in Mis- souri, including rent of land, cultivation, cutting, curing, stripping and deliver- ing to market, is about $32 per acre. The yield varies from 750 to 1,500 pounds per acre. In Platte and Schuyler counties the fai-mers often sell their tobacco crop for more than $100 per acre. Missouri leads all other States in the Union, according to the last census, in the yield of cotton per acre. Twenty-seven counties report cotton as a crop with 67,658 acres and an aggregate yield of 23,916,840 pounds, worth at the gin, $1,788,960. The bulk of this cotton is grown in Dunklin, Pemiscot, New Madrid, and Ozark counties. Dunklin county produced last year 13,858,200 pounds, worth $1,390,365. Unimproved land in southeast Missouri that will produce a bale of cotton per acre, and other crops in proportion, may be bought for from $9 to $15 per acre. Improved cotton lands that ai-e commanding an annual cash rental of from $3.50 to $5 per acre, may be bought in this region, convenient to gins and trunk lines of railway at from $25 to $45 per acre. On account of the ravages of insects in the southern cotton States it is probable that the cotton industry will be rapidly enlarged in this State. The leading watermelon county in the United States, according to the last census, is Scott county, Missouri. The second most important watermelon county is Dunklin county, Missouri. These two counties alone produce more than one-fourth as many watermelons as the entire State of Georgia, and more AGRICULTURE. 93 CORN PLANTING, NORTH MISSOURI. than either Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Indiana, Florida, or Arkansas, and as many as are grown by New Jersey and California combined. Scott county reports 7,000 acres devoted to watermelons, from which are shipped over three thousand cars, and 550 acres of cantaloupes, yielding 13,000 baskets. It is estimated that southeast Missouri ships to the markets of the United States and Canada each year, approximately, 10,000,000 melons, representing an aggregate weight of 250,000,000 pounds. This is practically one melon to the head of every family in the United States. Allowing 40 feet to a car, this would make a solid melon train fifty-five miles long. The melons from southeast Mis- souri come into market about the middle of July — the season at which they are in the greatest demand — after the Georgia and Texas crops are exhausted, and before the crops of any other section of the country are ready. The cost of growing melons in southeast Missouri up to the time of harvest is about the same as corn, and the average return per acre is between $25 to $40. Albert Stocks, of Kennett, made a net profit on 100 acres of melons of $2,800, or an average of $28 per acre, after deducting $4 per acre for rental, and all ex- pense of labor, seed, freight and commissions. This crop required his attention from March to July only. B. F. Marshall, of Blodgett, reports nineteen cars of melons which brought, on track at local shipping point, $1,745 on 38 cars, or $46 per acre. To buy Missouri farm lands or engage in farming in this State is in no sense an experiment. The large outlay for drainage, irrigation or artificial fer- Missouri farm lands not an experiment. F,VKM SCENE, STODDARD COUNTY. 94 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Land worth ^loo p^r acre may be h ) 'ght for $50 in Missouri. tilizers required in other regions is unnecessary here. The conditions are all favorable for a bountiful harvest and rich returns. In the older States the best lands, with good improvements, in the best com- munities, with good markets, good trans- portation facilities, good roads, churches, schools, sell for from $125 to $200 per acre. In Missouri these conditions may be ex- actly duplicated and land equally produc- tive may be purchased at from $40 to $75 per acre. Farm iands have advanced more than a third in Missouri dur- ing the last three years. In many portions of the State they have doubled in value Compared with prices in other States, Missouri lands are still too low and are certain to advance. WATEHMELON.S, SCOTT COUNTY. iian^-- -^^^ ■^.■^^^ ■--^-■^■^ .--/:^-. --'*::^i^-'-^ jjp^i^ :r^^£^. .fy - , /^'. ^^^1 m- Missouri's farm land the best investment, says United States Secretary of Agriculture. WHEAT FIELD, RAY COUNTY. The Missouri farmer has no lean years. Feast does not alternate with famine. Hon. James Wilson, United States Secretary of Agriculture, said in a recent address "in my judgment the best investment in the country is Missouri farm land." COKN HARVESTING, NORTHWEST MISSOURI. aH M ISSOURI could not^ be better situated so far as climate and lo- cation are concerned for the development of the highest types of the domesticated animals. Be- tween the severe rigors of the northern climate and the vi^arm suns of the semi-tropical region, she possesses in a marked degree conditions which are favorable for the eco- nomical production of all classes of animals. Far enough north to escape the blistering suns of the southern lowlands, ', she escapes many of the serious diseases common to those re- gions; the insidious splenetic fever does not intrude itself on Mis- souri pastures. Missouri's grazing lands are still far enough south that animals may be maintained exclusively on them for ten months in the year. The State has thus an unusual advantage over those sections of the country where the animals must be wholly supported for six months of the year on crops grown expressly for their winter sustenance. Missouri summers are never so hot nor Missouri winters so cold that expensive shelters are required for protection. Sixty-five per cent of all the cattle fattened in the State are fattened practically without shelter. A nation or a state that reaches distinction for its live stock must not only have a favoring climate, a fertile soil, and intelligent people, but it must have available markets, and here Missouri stands without a rival. In the midst of a large population, with large cities north, south, east and west, she has at her doors a market for all the surplus animal products of the farm. All the surplus breeding animals are quickly absorbed by the great ranges of the West and Southwest. These favoring circumstan- ces have conspired to make Missouri one of the greatest live stock localities in the world. The value of the live stock industry in Missouri in 1903 was $200,000,000. This does not include the value of farms, barns, and other equipment employed in the live stock industry. In total valuation she is ex- ceeded only by Texas, Illinois, Iowa, and Kan- sas. There is no other single industry in the State that can compare with this in total value. S Il'J oil ivitlilSf.'^ 96 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. HEKEFORDS. W. 1?. WADDELL, LEXINGTON; (.•. Q. CO-MSTOCK AND SON, AI-UANY. One-third Missouri's popu- lation dependent on the stock farm. Stock farm the stable dement. More than one-third of the entire population of the State is dependent directly or in- directly u p o n the bvisiness of producing the domestic a n i - mals. Not only is there an m a 1 pro d u c is also large, animal prod The stock culture. The live stock own home ; he growth mean (Quality ahead of the average. enormous investment in animals, but the ani- tion, as compared with other State industries, In 1899 the farmers' income from animals and ucts was $97,000,000. farm represents the stable element in all agri- tenant farmer is invariably a grain farmer. The farmer owns his farm; he builds and owns his lives upon his own farm; his succss and his rural development, good rural schools and healthy rural social conditions. In the United States in 1899 were approximately 68,000,000 head of neat cattle, valued at $1,477,000,000. Of this number Missouri possessed 2,978,000 head, valued at $75,657,000. Missouri had four and one-half per cent of the number of animals in the United States, but this four and one-half per cent represented five per cent of the total value. The quality of the live stock in Missouri, therefore, is much above the average of the quality throughout the United States. By the census valuation, one hundred Missouri cattle are worth as much as one hundred and eigh- teen cattle taken from the country as a whole. There are only four States in the Union that have a lar.^rer number of cattle than Missouri. Four million and si.\ hundred thousand swine are found within ciUEi-' u. V. 22445 — ». i". kisk, weston LIVE STOCK. 97 :/00 or over JO to :^oo JKone. DISTRIBUTION OF REGISTERED HEREFORD CATTLE. FROM THE AMERICAN HEREFORD HERD BOOK. .„.,_ .-^y- -I'-— '^^-^ Mapla.dm^^^S<'0.000 ^ ■^O'0 3 000(^00 Vrtder DISTRIBUTION AND VALUE OF ALL DOMESTIC ANIMALS. FROM THE CENSUS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 1904. Mo. — 7 98 THE STATE OF JNIISSOURI. IIOHSKS OWiNKI) |:Y .1. II. I'AKKKI!, U ,N |()\ V ll.l.K. More sliccp lli.m any liordcring State. More live stock tliiin anv othci- St.itc Willie ot' .1 liv Stock farm. the borders ol" Missouri. Tiiis is sevcMi ])or ceul of I lie total in (lie entire llnited Slates. Only two States, Iowa and Illinois, have a larger number of hogs than Missouri. Missouri is not generally eredited with li(>ing a sheep Stale, but she has more sheep than any bordering Slate exeept Kentucky. The number of sheep has rapidly increased in Missouri during the past ten years. She now has 1,090,000 head. One-ninlh of the value of Missouri live stock is represented by her mules. Missouri has 2'.»().(>00 mules. This is nine per cent of the total live stock valua- tion. The live stock industry of Missouri is the principal source of profit to a million of its most stable citizens. There is no State in the Union whose farm- ers are so largely engaged in live stock production as are the farmers of Mis- .souri. In the United States as a whole, only thirty-three per cent reported their principal income as coming from live stock and dairying; in Missouri 55.3 per cent. Missouri has more live stock farms than any State in the Union; one hundred and fifty-seven thousand, four hundred and seventy-two in number. This is evidence unimiieachable of a prosi)erous, contented and happy rural population. The social, economic and agricultural aspects of such a widespread interest in improved live stock are of the highest interest. The strictly grain farmer requi'-es but a small investment of capital for the necessary tools to carry on his business. The liv(^ stock laruuM'. on the oIIkm" ham', must not only possess the same tools but he must have a much larger amount invested in anima];v, in feed and in barns and sheds. Live stock farms have a higher value titan grain farms, and this higher value is directly traceable lo the pro- duction of live slock on such farms. The ty])ical live slock farm (including equipment) is worth $4,101.08, \vliili> the hay and grain farm is worth only $:'.,(;;M.1S or a difference of $5(;(;.!Mi. li is. therefore, an economic advantage to \\;\\o ili(> farmers of any given loralily iulcrc^sli'd in \\\o hauilling of cattle. LIVE STOCK. 99 ZOO or 01/ er :/00^o200. JO to TOO. M 2^ to SO. / -to25. DISTRIBUTIOX OF REGISTERED SHORTHORN CATTLE. FROM THE AJIERICAX vSHOKTHORN HERD BOOK. DISTRIBUTIOX OF REGISTERED ABERDEEN-ANGUS CATTLE. FROM THE OFFICIAL HERD BOOK. Lof 100 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri at the head in number of stock farms. Larger area of stock farms than the total area of seven States. One-fourteenth of the live stock in cattle. LADY LEE L. 33469 N. II. GEXTRY, SEDALIA. DOUBLE MARY W. P. HARNED, VERMONT horses, sheep and swine. That which is an advantage to the local community, must be equally advantageous to the State. Missouri stands at the head of all other States in the Union in number of stock farms. Eighty per cent of all the available ele- ments of plant food re- moved from the soil are returned in the ex- crement of the animals. Attention to live stock husbandry explains . at once the wonderful fer- tility of Missouri's cul- tivable area. There is scarcely a State in the Union whose annual production is so con- stant and unchanging from year to year as Missouri. The accumulated fertility of Missouri's farming lands continues to produce under all circumstances of wind or weather. The 157,000 stock farms of Missouri represent a total area of 20,720,000 acres. This is an area larger than that comprised within the borders of the States of Connecti- cut, Massachusetts, Ver- mont and New Hamp- shire. There are seven other States in the Un- ion each of which has a total area less than that devoted to live stock farming alone in Mis- souri. The total amount of money invested in live stock farms and the necessary equipment for the carrying on of live stock operations in the State of Missouri is $646,380,516. The total amount of money devoted to the animal industry in Missouri is more than is invested in the same industry in the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Ala- bama, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Dakota, Arizona and Nevada combined. These States have an area nine and one-half times as large as Missouri. With one-fifty-second the area of the United States (including Alaska) she has one-four- teenth of the wealth invested in live stock farming. The largest manufacturing industry in the great manufacturing State of Massachu- setts is the textile industry. The amount of money invested in this industry in Massachu- setts is only $274,332,000, a little over one- third the amount invested in live stock and dairy farming in Missouri. vtftf0^^ MISSOURI CHIEF 2653 M. E. MUORE, CAMERON. LIVE STOCK. 101 Of $219,000,000 received from farm products of Missouri, $142,000,000 came from the sale of products from live stock farms. This is 65 per cent of the total Income from the sale of farm products from 50 per cent of the farms and 61 per cent of the total farm area. This income represents $6.86 per acre. All other farms, exclusive of live stock and dairy farms, produce at the rate of $5.81 per acre. Thus the live stock farm of Missouri produced at the rate of $1.05 per acre more than the grain farms. Tf all the live stock farms of Mis- souri had for a single year been turned into u'ain farms, the diminished income to the State would have been $22,000,000. It is to the advantage of any State or Nation to have its farming lands owned by the tillers of the soil. Sixty per cent of the stock farms of Missouri are owned by the men who till them. The equipment on the average Missouri stock farm includes fifteen neat cattle, four horses, one mule, twenty-six hogs, five sheep and a fraction of a goat. ' The investment in live stock for each of these farms is $6.96 per acre or $915 for the whole farm. The total value of the farm is $4,101. The productive power of Missouri farming lands can be illustrated in no better way than by the an- nual returns per acre. The live stock and dairy farms of the United States produce at the rate of $5.12 for each acre. The same class of farms in Missouri yield $6.86 per acre. The report also states that the Missouri farmer spends twenty-nine cents per acre for labor and fertilizer, while the same farmer throughout the United States expends thirty-eight cents per acre for labor and fertilizer. The net difference in favor of the Missouri farm per acre is $1.82. It is often stated that the produce from an acre of New England land is far greater than from the same area of the western farm. Census reports do not in- dicate that there is any such dif- ference notwithstanding the careful intensive methods em- ployed by the eastern farmer and the much higher price re- ceived for farm products. A comparison of the income per acre from Missouri live stock farms with the similar in- come in the Atlantic States shows that in spite of the in- tense culture and nearness to markets, the Mis- souri live stock farmer receives a greater in- come per acre than the eastern farmer. The Missouri live stock farm yields a gross income of $6.86 per acre, the eastern farm of this class yields $6.22 per acre. But this is not all the story, for on account of a more fertile soil and a long pasturing period the Missouri farmer spends less for labor and fertilizer. While the live stock farmer Sixty per cent of Missouri stock farms owned by the men who till them. JUDGE C. M. DALBY AND JACK GROVER CLEVELAND. LIMESTONE 102 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THIN RIND HOGS HERD OF W. F. DAVIS. Annual returns acre. per Every important breed represented in the State. Registered Cattle. of the Atlantic States spends sixty cents per acre for this item, the Missouri farmer spends only twenty-nine cents. Thus the Missouri live stock farm is yielding a net profit of ninety-five cents per acre more each year than the same class of farm on the Atlantic Coast. The average Missouri live stock farm is yielding $124.93 more than the live stock farm of the same size in the Atlantic States. Every important breed of cattle, horses, sheep and swine is represented in the Slate. The cattle breeds found here are Shorthorn, Hereford, Aberdeen- Angus, Galloway, Jersey, Holstein, Red Polled, Polled Durham, Polled Hereford, Brown Swiss, Devon and Guernsey. The breeds of hogs are Poland-China, Duroc- Jersey, Berkshire, Chester Whites, Essex, O. I. C, Tamworth, and Large York- shires. The dii3l:erent breeds of horses in Missouri are American Saddle Horses, Standard Bred Trotter, Percheron, English Shire, Belgian, Clydesdale, Cleveland Bay, Shetland Pony, German Coach, French Coach, Thoroughbred and Morgan. Sheep are represented by Shropshires, Hampshires, Southdown, Rambouillet, Merino, Cheviot, Suffolk, Dorsets, Hornless Merino and Persian Sheep. Angora goats are also common. There are more than 50,000 head of pure bred registered cattle in the State. There are 4,000 bulls in the State which are registered. This means that ten per cent of the bulls are pure bred and registered. The number of registered cat- tle are approximately: Short- horn, 25,000; Herefords, 18,- 000; Aberdeen-Angus, 3,000; Galloways, 1,500; Jerseys, all other breeds every market of Missouri cattle and their excel- universally a d - i£^>^ WITH TRIPLET CALVES — HAMP B. WATTS, FAYETTE. 1,500 and 1,500. In the world are known 1 e n c e is mitted. If the Forty-three head averaging $2,200. sale records for the past ten years are evi- dence of high quality, then Missouri must be given a high place among the most famous breeding localities in the world. The results of the ef- forts of Missouri's skillful cat- tle breeders have been appreciated. The records of sales show that forty-three head of Missouri cattle have sold for $95,4()0. The name of the owner, name of the animal and the breed, together with the price received are shown in the accompanying table: LIVE STOCK. 103 FEEDING CATTLE — • TURNER MCBAINE, BOONE COUNTY. GALLOWAYS C. N. MOODY, ATLANTA. SHORTHORNS, C. D. BELLOWS, MARY\ ILLE PRICES RECEIVED FOR MISSOURI ANIMALS. ANIMAL OWNER PRICE BREED Thickset T. F. B. Sotham 55,100 Hereford Sir Biedwell T. F. B. Sotham 5,000 Hereford Columbus 17th Benton Gabbert 5,050 Hereford Betty 2d Overton Harris 4,500 Hereford Good Cross T. F. B. Sotham 4,000 Hereford Lucia Estill 'Wallace Estill 2,800 Aberdeen Angus Glaucus G. R. Rennolds 2, 500 Hereford Armour rose C. W. Armour 2,500 Hereford Highland Maid 7th L. W. Towne 3,600 Shorthorn London Duchess of B. J. H. Kissinger 2,700 Shorthorn Knightly Belle J. H. Kissinger 2,275 Shorthorn Kissinger's Breastplate J. H. Kissinger 2,200 Shorthorn Caroline Cochrane J. H. Kissinger 2,100 Shorthorn Black Knight of Estill Wallace Estill 2,100 Aberdeen Angns Illustrious 3d J. H. Kissinger 2,050 Shorthorn Blackbird of Woodland Wallace Estill 2,000 Aberdeen Angus Premier Overton Harris 2,000 Hereford Alice's Prince A. A. Wallace 2,000 Shorthorn Locomotive Jeft" Bridgeford 2,000 Shorthorn Loudon Duke 6th J. G. Cowan 1,950 Shorthorn Highland Maid i;th L. W. Towne 1,900 Shorthorn 2nd Louan of Linwood J. H. Kissinger 1,850 Shorthorn Mattie Richardson J. H. Kissinger 1,805 Shorthorn Caroline Airdrie J. H. Kissinger 1,800 Shorthorn Nonpareil of C. B. Geo. P. Bothwell 1,710 Shorthorn Bride i 5 th J. H. Kissinger 1,675 Shorthorn Orphan Gwynee J. H. Kissinger 1,650 Shorthorn Galetea T. F. B. Sotham 1,650 Hereford Nonpareil Hero George Bothwell 1,610 Shorthorn Mazurke of Linwood J. H. Kissinger 1,600 Shorthorn Highland Maid 8th L. W. Towne 1 ,600 Shorthorn Lady Hester 3d L. W. Towne 1,600 Shorthorn Excellent T. F. B. Sotham 1,575 Hereford FullfiUer T. F. B. Sotham 1,510 Hereford Red Beauty J. H. Kissinger 1,500 Shorthorn Grandee T. F. B. Sotham 1,500 Hereford Troublesome 0. Harris 1,500 Hereford Lucy Estill Wallace Estill 1,500 Aberdeen Angus Muscovite Jeff Bridgeford 1,500 Shorthorn Jennie June T. J. Wornall 1,500 Shorthorn Phoebe f. H. Kissinger 1,500 Shorthorn Viscount of Anoka T. J. Wornall 1,500 Shorthorn McDougall 4 of Tarbreuck C. N. Moody 1, 500 Galloway 104 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Forty-three head sold for a total of $95,460 or an average of $2,220. Each of the 43 head sold for more than $1,500, while 19 sold for more than $2,000. Of these 13 were Herefords, 1 Galloway, 4 Aberdeen-Angus, and 25 Shorthorns. Shorthorn Cuttle. Main development in Missouri. Shorthorn sometimes call Family in the I n Missouri popular breed its highest de ble specimens ers' art, devel f u 1 feeders, in every State. On there are evi power of this breed to im mon stock of The Short cattle is a the i n t e 11 i British farmer, tures and fa mate which horns enjoyed CORRECTOR. cattle are ed the Royal cattle world, this old and has attained velopment. No- of the breed- oped by skill- may be found county in the every hand dences of the prepo tent prove the com- t h e country, horn breed of monument to gence of the The rich pas- V r a b 1 e cli- these Short- in their native country is nowhere so well imitated as in the mild and equable climate and broad pastures of Missouri. Missouri is one of the favored localities and the Missouri breeders of Shorthorns do not hesitate to maintain that there is no quality nor excellence that the nutritious herbage of this great commonwealth together with her equable climate can not duplicate. OW.NEK 1!Y C. 1). BELLOWS, MAUYVILLE. LIVE STOCK. 105 SECTIONAL VIKW OF ST. JOSKPII STOCK YARDS. The first Shorthorn cattle ever taken west of the Mississippi river were First Shorthorn those taken to Cooper county, Missouri, by the late Nathaniel Leonard. In cattle. 1839 this pioneer established the Ravenswood Herd of Shorthorn cattle which to this day is successfully breeding high class Shorthorns. It is said that his Shorthorn bull was pure white. Mr. Leonard purchased at the same time a heifer. These two animals together cost $1,100. From these two animals many fine Shorthorns were produced which were shown at the early Missouri fairs. Some famous breeders of Shorthorns in the early times were Hutchinson, War- field, Brand, Castleman and Wilson, of Cooper county; Larimore, of Callaway county; Hughes, Pettis county; Brown, Saline county; Doneghy, Jackson county; Hubbell, Ray county; Bryan. Ray county; Talley and Pilman, St. Charles county; cotswold sheep — hopsox glascock, oakwood McDonald, Grundy county; McHatton and Phillips, St. Louis county; Richard and William Gentry, Pettis county; Block, Pike county. At a little later time the names of C. E. Leonard, Jeff Bridgeford, John G. Cowan, the Duncans and J. H. Kissinger became prominent in Shorthorn history. The missionary work of these pioneer breeders has resulted in distributing Shorthorn cattle through- out every portion of the State. There are at the present time 2,340 breeders of Shorthorn cattle in Missouri. If'H'V^: ^^■^HB,-' <,f''''^ "3^^H|:^^ % i . I WHtS .r-.-rT^T'-.H- iwCrirr-a %*-'-^^itl^t*»rjf^^^gi^ -^ ,*** High prices paid for good cattle. 106 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. From June, 1902, to June, 1903, 5,610 calves were recorded from Missouri. This is one-eighth of the total number of animals recorded in the American Shorthorn Herd Book from the entire United States. There are five Short- horn bulls in the State of Missouri that have together produced 1,000 calves and these calves are valued at $115,000. Non- pareil Victor and Grand Victor, two Mis- souri bulls owned by Bothwell, have to- gether produced 450 calves which are valued at $60,000. Missouri breeders of IMPERIAL WANDEEEr"S LASS 158478 AND NONPARIEL OF CLOVER BLOSSOM — GEO. D. BOTHWELL, NETTLETON. Breeders of Short- horns. Shorthorns report ten Shorthorn cows owned by T. J. Wornall, J. H. Novlnger, June K. King, E. P. Wilkerson, Jeff Bridgeford, Purdy Brothers, John Harrison, and George Bothwell, as having produced 81 calves valued at $28,725. The prices which experienced breeders are willing to pay for highly improved cattle represents to a certain extent their actual value. The Missouri Shorthorn breeders, Kissinger, Wallace, Bridgeford, Cowan, Towne, Bothwell and Wor- nall, have sold 13 Missouri Shorthorns for $27,840; this is an average of more than $2,000 per head. C. D. Bellows reports that his sales of Shorthorn cat- tle from his own herd for thirty- six months immediately preced- ing November, 1903, averaged $1,000 per month. The supreme test of quality comes when cat- tle contest in the show ring against the best bred animals of the world. Here Missouri Short- horns hold a high place. Other breeders of Short- horns are W. P. Harned, Mrs. J. H. McGinniss, W. A. Mustain, W. W. Brown, Robert Blurton, B. L. Willeford, A. G. Odell & Son, A. H. Williams, R. W. Musgrove, Judge Lafayette Torrey, S. T. Davis, Melvin Gregg, W. L. Nixon, Z. P. Higginbotham & Son, C. C. Carpenter, B. H. Hurt & Son, Hallwood Stock Farm, J. F. Taylor, John H. Burrus, OWXIl) BY WILLIAM DICK, .MAVS\1I,LK LIVE STOCK. 107 Hereford cattle. T. A. Martin, William Lee Harris, W. H. Richter, J. A. McLanier, Willis Knox, W. H. Berry, J. W. Zimmerman, Sanford Smith, H. L. Shidler, Albert Camp, C. C. Creswell, August King and Missouri Agricultural College. The breeding of pure-bred cattle is a profitable business. Seven Missouri breeders, Wornall, Burruss, Novinger, King, Wallace, Bridgeford and Purdy Brothers, report having sold 2,618 animals for $344,950. To this list can be added the names of Bothwell, Leonard, Gentry, Harned, Bellows, Casey and hundreds of others. Not only the large firsi pkizb; herd, state faik, 1903 — t. j. wok>.all & son, eii;eiity breeders who invest thousands of dollars and advertise extensively, but the smaller dealers also find the breeding of Shorthorn cattle a profitable venture. Mr. T. J. Payne, of Sweet Springs, Missouri, purchased the Shorthorn cow Woodford Belle III in 1888 for $32.50. He has sold ten of her offspring for $1,100 and has now on hand ten head worth $1,100. Missouri possesses more registered Herefords than any other State in the Union. She has, in fact, nearly twice as many representatives of this popular breed of cattle as Iowa, Illinois, Kansas or Nebraska. One-fifth of all the registered Herefords in America are owned in Missouri. Five of the ten highest priced Herefords ever sold in the world were produced and sold by Missouri breeders. The breeders of Missouri Herefords have easily distanced all com- petitors in the production of high class cattle. Whether we measure their successes by show yard victories, or from the standpoint of the prices received at the great auction sales, Missouri must be given a high rank among Here- ford cattle breeders. The breeders of this State occupy a strategic position in reference to the markets of this country. They are almost in the center of the great corn grow- ing and cattle feeding district. They are located at the very gateway of the great western range country. They are also within easy reach of the southwest cattle country which absorbs thousands of our best breeding animals. The Missouri Hereford breeder has been quick to take advantage of this favorable circumstance. Missouri Herefords are scattered all over the west and south- west. The attractive white faces of this wonderfully prepotent breed of beef Strategic position cattle are found in thousands of feed lots in the great Middle West. The enterprise of the Hereford breeders of this State has made them formidable rivals of the Shorthorn, Aberdeen-An- gus, and Galloway breeds. Seven Here- fords sold by Armour, Gabbert, Harris, Twice as many reg- istered as any other State. of the breeders. ISAAC 177880 AND MISS POLLY 177881, AGED EIGHT WEEKS — MRS. G. C. MOSHER, KANSAS CITY. CATTLE FRED B. PAKSOXS, KNOX COUNTY. 108 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ON FARM OF T. J. WUK.XALL & SON, CLAY COUNTY. Fine record of Missouri animals. Prices received by breeders. Rennolds and Sothara brought $28,- 650, an average of more than $4,000 each. In addition to those men- tioned above. Armour, Funkhouser, Gabbert, Harris, Spelman and Sotham sold 15 other animals for $20,000, an average of over $1,300 each. Seven Hereford bulls in the State of Missouri have produced to- gether 1,453 calves worth $439,010. Funkhouser's bull March On VI has produced 437 calves valued at $88,000. Gabbert's bull Columbus has produced 113 calves valued at $61,170. Sotham's bull Corrector has to his credit 189 calves valued at $78,440. Harris' best bull Benjamin Wilton has sired 200 calves with a total value of $75,000. Other breeders in the State who have made good records are Wehrman, Dette Brothers, Flock, Boney, Lamb, Spelman, Shirkey, Baskett, Swinney and Taylor. Many of the best Hereford breeders in the State have begun with one cow. It is interesting to know what some of the larger _ breeders of the State have received from the produce of some of their best cows. Armour, Gabbert, Harris, Sotham and Funkhouser report that nine cows owned by them produced a total of 85 calves^ and these 8 5 calves were valued at $72,620— each of these breeders having owned a cow whose pro- duce brought more than $5,000. The amount of money paid for highly bred Here- ford cattle in the State of Missouri is very large. The combined sales of seven Missouri Hereford breeders represent a total of $1,073,283, and six of the breeders report having sold 5,525 animals. EXILE OF SPRING LAWN 46304, SHELPMAN & HEADLEY, SPRINGFIELD. NUMBER OF REGISTERED IIEREFORDS SOLD WITH AMOUNT RECEIVED. Some high-priced Herefords. No. of Animals. Am't Re&d. Charles W. Armour 120 $ 276,383 00 H. C. Taylor & Son 700 90,000 00 Benton Gabbert 200 46,345 00 Overton Harris 500 125,000 00 T. F. B. Sotham 185 131,000 00 Scott & March 1,800 265,000 00 James A. Funkhouser 720 139,555 00 $1,073,283 00 LIVE STOCK. 109 Pr.EPAI!I>;G MULES FOK MARKET CLARK & HOUSEHOLDER, AUDRAIN COUNTY. It must not be supposed that success in breeding high class cattle is at- tained only by the large breeders. Many men have started with one or two animals and have achieved very satisfactory results. J. C. Hartzler, of East Lynne, bought twin Hereford heifers nine years ago. He has sold during the time $3,145 worth of stock and has now on hand sixty head of cattle. George Ess, of Clark, Missouri, bought one cow eight years ago and has since sold twelve animals for $1,250. No other breed of cattle ever handled in the State of Missouri has had a more successful show yard career than the Hereford breed. In every great stock show of recent years, Missouri Herefords have won the lion's share of prizes. At the International and State Fairs for the last fifteen years Missouri Herefords have won 563 first and champion prizes. No other State in America has ever won so many prizes on Hereford cattle in the same length of time. During the first four years the existence of the great International Live Stock Show at Chicago, Missouri breeders made 251 entries in the Hereford classes. This is more than one-third of all the entries made at the same show by all the States and Canada combined. It is twice as many as were en- tered by Illinois; it is twice the number shown by Indiana, and six times as many as entered by Iowa. The records of the Here- ford Association show that Kan- sas stands next to Missouri in the registration o f Hei-eford calves, but Missouri has successfully exhibited eight times as many cattle at Chicago. Not only has Missouri been largely represented in the Hereford classes at Chicago, but she has taken more first and champion prizes than all the States and Canada combined. With a little more than one-third of the cattle exhibited she has won more than half of all the first and championship prizes. During the whole history of the International Show, Missouri has car- ried off 50 of the 84 first and championship prizes given to Hereford cattle. At the same show for the same period Missouri took exactly half of all the second prizes offered. She has, therefore, won more championship, first and second prizes than all the rest of the North American Continent combined. It is, therefore, no cause for surprise that five of the ten highest priced Herefords in America were Missouri Herefords. Gudgell & Simpson, of Independence, Missouri, maintain one of the largest breeding establishments in the world. These gentlemen were successful ex- hibitors at the World's Fair in Chicago and have sold perhaps a larger number JACK FROST, YOUNGEST MISSOURI BREEDER, WITH KING TOM, FIRST PRIZE BERKSHIRE UNDER SIX MONTHS, STATE FAIR. Prizes for Missouri Herefords. No other State so successful. More than one- half of all prizes. 110 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Aberdeen-Angus cactle. Half of the market- topping cattle. Victorious show career unequalled. IJROWN SWISS CATTLE HARRY JICCULLOUGH, FAYETTE. of registered Herefords than any other one firm. This firm lias exliibited more pure-bred and grade Herefords in the fat classes at the great national shows than any other in Missouri. Other large Hereford breeders are Sheridan Henry, J. R. Law, J. M. Har- man, Yates Brothers, S. L. Standish, W. S. Grubbs, J. M. Rennolds, C. B. Smith, S. L. Brock and Missouri Agricultural College. The breeders of Aberdeen-Angus cattle in Missouri claim that their cattle have succeeded in topping the Christmas market oftener than any other breed. In the fourteen years ending with 1903, Abei'- d e e n - Angus cattle topped the Christmas market 13 times. The feeders and breeders of Angus cattle in Mis- souri furnished six of these market-topping loads. The men who fed these cattle were Hudson, Brandon, AV h i t e and Eubank. Thus, Missouri has fur- nished practically half of the market-topping cattle of the United States for the last fourteen years. It is interesting to note in this connection that five of the market-topping loads of fat cattle from Missouri were fed by Carroll county feeders at Carrollton, Missouri. It is also significant that nearly all of these high selling cattle were sired by Imported Kabul, a well-bred "Pride" bull by Young Viscount. Among the sons of Kabul was the Erica bull El Key, who was so long at the head of W. H. Elliot's herd. The dam of Paragon of Estill, the Junior Champion bull of 1890, was also a daughter of Im- ported Kabul. In the show ring the Mis- s o u r i Aberdeen-Angus enjoys the reputation of having suc- cessfully won the best prizes more continuously than any other breed in this State. The victorious show yard career of Wallace Estill in competition with the world has perhaps sel- dom been equalled. For five years he was never defeated by any other Angus herd. At the World's Fair in Chicago he won nine out of thirteen first prizes offered. At the dispersion sale of this herd 72 head of cattle sold for an average of $579.32. This is the highest average price ever recorded for Angus cattle in America. Black Knight, of Estill and Lucia Estill sold for $2,100 and $2,800 respectively. These two are among the six highest priced Aberdeen-Angus cattle ever sold in this country. JEFF BRIDGEFORD, AGED 84 YEARS, ON ARTIST MONTROSE — WON FIRST PRIZE AS GENTLEMAN RIDER AT CHICAGO world's FAIR, AT AGE OF 70 YEARS LIVE STOCK. Ill ABEKDEEX-ANGUS W. J. TUKPIX, CAKIiOLLTOX. The produce from five Aberdeen-Angus cows owned by Rea, Andrews, England, Hadley and Orear, sold for $9,750, an average of nearly $2,000 per cow. James H. Rea reports having sold 308 head of cattle for $38,500. Some breeders have found High prices for Angus. the breeding of Aber- deen-Angus cattle a very profitable venture. L. F. Hadley, of Ford City, bought $400 worth of Aberdeen-An- gus foundation stock in February, 1897. In December of the same year he sold all but two of the calves produced from these animals for $450. That Aberdeen-Angus cattle have not lost their great fecundity may be seen from the following I'eports of some of her best breeders. Joseph H. Rea reports having owned a cow that produced 14 calves which were valued at $2,500. A cow owned by W. M. England dropped 10 calves valued at $1,500. Reports from George W. Hadley's best cow produced 13 calves valued at $1,500. John P. Greer at one time possessed an Angus cow that in her lifetime gave birth to 14 calves which were valued at $3,000. The prices that have been received for Missouri Aberdeen-Angus cattle show that there is profit in this hardy and early maturing breed. Cul- ver, Rea^ Andrews and Had- ley sold 19 head of Angus cat- tle for $5,000. Some noted Angus bulls that have been owned in Missouri are Im- ported Bush Ranger and Es- till Eric, both owned by El- liott and Estill. Polar Star, a bull owned by H. W. Elliott has sired more recorded calves than any Angus bull in America for the same period. Among the herd headers produced from this bull were Bunco, Lengthy Duke, He's a Hero, He's a Star, and Ermoor. The Angus cattle have ever been favorites in the feed yard, owing to their vigor, thrift and early maturing qualities, and while they do not exist in such large numbers in the State as some of the other beef animals, they have ever been popular with the handlers of beef cattle everywhere. Other noted breeders of Angus cattle in Missouri are W. J. Turpin, Joseph E. Withers, John F. Coulter, Omer Catterson, Berry Lucas, R. S. Williams, E. E. Axline, N. R. Tracy, J. E. Creel, W. M. England and Elm Park Cattle Company. The wonderful adaptability of Missouri's soil and climate to the production of all kinds of live stock is nowhere better illustrated than in the successful breeding and handling of the sturdy Galloway breed. This hardy and vigorous breed of cattle from the l)leak climate of Scot- land has thrived won- drously on our rich pas- tures and generous feed. The first Galloways ever imported into Missouri were brought here by A. B. Matthews. According to the Secretary of the Galloway Association there were recorded in the United States in the year ending June 1, FIRST PRIZE IIEREFORDS S. J.. ia;()(^K, -M.^CUX. Gall )\v.iv cattle. 'h^ ^ AVi Hardv and vigorous breed. UAT.I.OWAYS — W. jr. DKOWX it SON, CARROLLTOX. 112 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Dairy Cattle. 1903, 2,006 Galloway cattle. Of these 343 were recorded from Missouri. In other words, Missouri owns one-sixth of all the Galloways in America. At a conserv- ative estimate there are 1,500 head of registered Galloway cattle in the State. One of the largest and most successful breeders of these good cattle in the United States is C. N. Moody, of Atlanta, Missouri. During the last seven years Mr. Moody has sold 300 registered Galloways for approximately $30,000; two of these sold for $2,615, and six sold for a total of $5,240. The prizes won by this breeder in three years amount to $3,800. One cow in this herd produced 5 calves valued at $2,100. The owner of this herd bought McDougal, the highest priced Galloway bull ever sold in the world. Some of the leading breeders in the State not mentioned above are W. M. Brown & Son, H. H. Harris, J. M. Lowe, M. R. Piatt, L. M. Winslow, P. P. Wild, I. C. Huntington, J. B. Thompson, and Philo Lasher. The development of dairy breeds of cattle is naturally co-extensive with the highest development of the dairy industry. In the eastern and northern States IIEREFORDS GUDGELL & SIMPSON, INDEPENDENCE. Great record of a Missouri exhibitor. where dairying is the principal industry, we should expect to find the dairy breeds flourishing and numerous. In Missouri, where the production of beef is of primary importance, we would expect to find the highest types of beef breeds. This is in fact the case, but while Missouri does not rank with some other States in extent of her dairy industry, yet in the production of dairy cattle she has been unusually successful. One of the largest and most successful exhibitors of dairy cattle is M. E. Moore, of Cameron, Missouri, a breeder of Holstein- Friesian cattle. This gentleman has for twenty years been breeding, handling and showing this highly efficient dairy breed, producing in that time 544 ani- mals. The total sum received for these animals was $67,485. The total sum received for the five best animals was $5,000. But the most remarkable success perhaps of this breeder was in competition with the best cattle of this breed at the leading national and international shows of America. This successful exhibitor has won 800 first prizes and $16,755 in money premiums. In the year 1890 he won $2,000 in premiums. His best bull produced 150 animals that were valued at $3,250. The best cow produced 8 young which were valued at $3,000. In addition to the above, this famous herd has won seven silver cups and thirty medals. One of his most widely known cows is Shady Brook Gerben whose official butter test was 23.07 pounds in seven days. This cow made four pounds of butter in one day, and wherever shown won every first prize offered for butter test at every Western State Fair, also at St. Louis and Atlanta, Georgia. LIVE STOCK. 113 PKIZE IIEKEFOr.DS TUUXER MCBAINE, BOONE COUNTY. Holstein-Friesians are also bred in Missouri by the Missouri Agricultural College, John Clancy, Joseph Barmann and William McWilliams. The popular Jersey breed of cattle is well represented in the State. E. J. Sheloman, a breeder of Springfield, Missouri, has sold 210 Jerseys in 15 years for a total sum of $42,000. Five of his best animals sold for $3,200. Five of his best cows produced 35,000 pounds of milk and 1,900 pounds of butter in one year. The best milk record from a member of this herd is 8,500 pounds. One of the best producing Jersey herds is owned by S. W. Coleman, of Se- dalia. Missouri. He maintains a herd of from 6 to 10 cows, half of which are two years old, and this herd produces an average of 400 pounds of butter per year, every pound of which sells readily at 25 cents the year around, thus mak- ine an average of $100 to the cow. The best cow in this herd produced 9,600 Dounds of milk which made 500 pounds of butter in one year. Another herd of Jerseys is owned by Dr. T. A. Still, of Kirksville, Missouri. This is an excellent herd of highly bred cattle. The Missouri Agricultural College maintains an excellent herd of pure bred Jerseys and Holstein cattle. Eight cows in this fine herd produce more than 400 pounds each per annum. One, May Bates 108674 A. J. C. C, produced 500 DOunds of butter in 1903. The annual income from each of 15 cows in this herd is $125. Other Missouri men who breed Jerseys are: D. L. Bartlett, Michel Hilgert, Rolla Oliver. H. G. Lewelling and T. E. Wardell. Every important breed of cattle is represented in the State. Red Polled cattle are successfully bred by L. T. Henry, of Bolla, Missouri, T. N. Floui'noy, Shannon Staten, David Cady, and D. D. Updyke. The latter breeder has sold thirty-six animals in eight years for a total of $3,840. Missouri fat cattle have sold for the highest price on the Christmas mar- ket six out of fourteen times in the past few years. If it were possible to deter- mine the best loads of cattle sold throughout the year, Missouri would undoubt- Jersey cattle. Fine herds. Other important breeds. MULES AND CATTLE W. A. ELGIN, PLATTE CITY. Mo. — 8 114 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. How cattle are fed. Grain rations used. The Missouri Experiment Station. Missouri Colle Agriculture. edly have a larger proportion of high priced cattle than any State in the Union. This State has ever been foremost in the finishing of higl-i class cattle for the fat stock markets. The enormous areas of corn, blue grass pasture and hay have made it possible to place on the market highly finished products. The methods by which cattle are fed and ultimately finished for the con- sumer, are well illustrated in Missouri. The most important class of cattle feeders are those who buy thin cattle or stockers, feed them for a short period on grain and hay or pasture, and sell them on the market. A careful investiga- tion of the methods employed by this class of feeders show that forty per cent of all the cattle thus purchased for fattening are two years old. Thirty-four per cent of the remainder are from two to three years old. The average number of days during which these cattle are fed a full ration of corn is 180. The weight of the cattle at the beginning of the feeding period is 1,367. The .grain ration fed in a great majority of cases is shelled corn. In cer- tain districts cottonseed meal is used to supplement the corn. Timothy hay, wheat straw, oat straw, flax ■ straw, corn stover, millet, sorg- hum, and clover hay are all used as roughness. These methods have been greatly influenced in recent years by investigations carried on at the Missouri "Kxperiment Station. Under the efliicient direction of HAMPSHIRE RAM AND FAT LAMBS OWNED AND FED BY MISSOURI EXPERIMENT ^^^^^^^ STATION. Dr. H. J. Waters these cattle feed- ing experiments have been con- ducted for eight years. These experiments have included a care- ful test of all the principal feed- ing methods employed in the State together with more profitable meth- ods which have been determined b> the Station. That this Station has been successful in the production of well finished beef cattle can be seen from the fact that the highest priced load of beef cattle sold in the Chicago market in the year 1903 was fed at the Missouri Experiment Station. Some of the experiments con- ducted at this Station are of the greatest economic importance. In one experi- ment in feeding cattle in the winter it was found that with a ration of six pounds of corn and sixteen pounds of timothy hay each animal gained one pound per day. Another lot of cattle of the same age and condition gained exactly two pounds per day on exactly six pounds of corn and seventeen pounds of clover hay. In general it has been found that any nitrogenous roughness like clover hay, cow- pea hay, or alfalfa hay has increased very materially the efficiency of the ration fed, and in every case has increased the profit. The State has not neglected to provide splendid facilities for instruction and investigation in Animal Husbandry. The Missouri College of Agriculture main- tains a farm of 600 acres, well stocked with cattle, sheep, and swine. Typical specimens of Shorthorn, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Jersey, and Holstein cattle of LIVE STOCK. 115 " ? h'-wmd "- '.^5srfiii. JACKS AT STATE FAIK SEUALIA. are continually maintained for purposes of instruction. Thorough instruction is offered by this institution in Stock Breeding, in the history and development of breeds, and in feeds and feeding. Much attention is given to the judging of investigation of in- animals for the selection of profitable types. All students in Animal Husbandry calculable benefit. receive a course in Veterinary Science which treats of the common diseases and methods of treatment of the domes- tic animals. The investigations conducted by the Missouri Experi- ment Station have been of incalcu- lable benefit to the farmers of the State. The experiments in cattle feeding have attracted wide atten- tion and have had much to do with fixing many of the profitable feeding methods in the State. The discovery of Dr. J. W. Con- naway, of this Station, that by a simple method of inoculation, cattle could be made iix^mune to the Texas or splenetic fever, has opened up a large and profitable market for Missouri cattle. The Live Stock Laboratory, located on the College Farm is a stone building devoted to instruction in Veterinary Science and in- vestigations in Animal Breed- ing. It contains also a large and well-lighted judging pavilion in which the stock judging exercises are conducted. Saddle horses. The records of the American Saddle Horse Association show that there are 3,028 saddle horses recorded in the United States. Of this number 686 are reg- JERSEY CALF L. E. SHATTUCK, STANBERRY. AXGORA GOATS ELMER FRAZER, MARYVILLE. 116 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. CATTLE, LIVINGSTON COUNTY. istered from Missouri. Tliis is 23 per cent of all the registered saddle horses in America. Exclusive of Kentucky, Missouri has more registered saddle horses than all the other States combined. Of the original foundation of the American 35 or over 30to3S ^0 to30 UISTKIBUTION OF REGISTERED SADDLE HORSES. FROM THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE REGISTER. LIVE STOCK. 117 PKIZE KEREFOKDS O. HAKEXS, SULLIVAN COUNTY. saddle horse breed, Missouri furnished some of the most important sires. Two Missouri horses, especially, appear frequently in the pedigrees of the best saddle horses. These are Vernon's Roebuck and Pat Cleburne. From these two noted animals, and a large number of lesser fame, have sprung the Missouri saddle horses. An event of unusual importance to the saddle horse breeding industry in Missouri happened in 1886 when L. D. Morris, Clark Potts, R. W. Edmondson, Jack Harrison, and G. Tom King brought four great saddle stallions from Ken- tucky. These animals, Black Squirrel, Moss Rose, Artist Montrose, and Mark Diamond, have left an ineffaceable impress upon the saddle horse stock of the State. These great sires have given Missouri an enviable reputation for high class saddle animals throughout the United States. Another horse whose value it is impossible to measure, was Old Montrose, who was used in the State for breeding purposes from 1880 to 1893, inclusive. Some of the men who have sold animals of high merit at large prices are Jeff Bridgeford, H. T. McElroy, T. H. Jones, Dr. S. Maddox, George Nicholson, and John Harrison. One of the most successful breeders of saddle horses in the State is John Harrison, of Auxvasse. He has sold 800 saddle horses — an average of forty a year. Some of the great horses that he has sold were Rex Denmark, $1,6G5; Montrose, $1,450; Red Rose, $1,250; Star Rose, $1,100, and Chimes, $1,125. In his twenty years' experience as an exhibitor of saddle horses, he has won 1,600 prizes and $20,000 in prize money. In the year 1890 he won 250 first prizes and $5,300 in prize money. It is believed that this breeder, during the years of 1886 to 1893, had the largest herd of brood mares of the American Saddle Horse breed of any breeder in the world. Another gentleman whose successful career as a sad- dle horse breeder hars perhaps been unexcelled in any State or country is that of Jeff Bridgeford. This gentle- man has sold 250 head of saddle horses for $100,000. George Nicholson, of Fulton, has been a breeder of saddle horses for twenty-five years. Two horses, La Rose and King La Rose, owned by this gentleman, sold for $1,500 and $1,250, respectively. La Rose took first and King La Rose took second at the World's Fair i n Chicago for three-year-old sad- dle horses. One M SSOU ND ANA NOIS I II 1 . I Ijl F IOWA Saddle horse records Event of unusual importance. Breeders of saddle horses. Successful for years. KANSAS NUMBER OF HEREFORD CATTLE EXHIBITED BY FIVE LEADING STATES AT ALL INTERNATIONAL SHOWS. 118 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. CATTLE FROM THE MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE FARM. World's Fair prizes. of his mares has produced thirteen colts, valued at $4,000. This mare is still (1904) alive. Another successful breeder is Dr. S. Maddox, of Ely. A very successful handler of horses, especially saddle horses, is Ben R. Middleton, of Mexico, a picture of vv^hose horses accompany this article. At the World's Fair in Chicago there were 37 saddle horses entered for com- petition. Fourteen of these were from Missouri, fifteen from Kentucky, and eight from all other States. Of the five herds entered^ two were from Missouri. The saddle horse breeders who won important prizes in this event were J. A. Potts, who won first on stallion four-years-old and under five; E. L. Parrish, of St. Louis, first on three-year-old stallion; T. S. Harrison, of Auxvasse, first on three-year-old mare; and A. F. Wychoff, of Appleton City, first and sweepstakes on stallion, any age. Besides this, a large number of second and smaller prizes were awarded to Missouri breeders. The special premium for gentleman dis- playing the best horsemanship in the saddle was awarded to Jeff Bridgeford, of Paris, Missouri. Summing up all the prizes taken by Missouri at the Chicago World's Fair, we find that she won three firsts, one first and sweepstakes and seven seconds, a total of eleven first and second prizes. Kentucky at the same Til'^iPlW!*"'"^" CATI'LK KKKDl.NG W. K. MIMI!. (AM.AWAY COUNTY. LIVE STOCK. 119 COOl'EU (OUNTY CATTLE SCENE. I'holoj/iaiili bii Mux Huhmidt, BooiiviUe. iili^ i '::^ 1 UfHMi'iiliiii.tl i? it- MIS^OI RI ,')() .\ I \ll;i.K()l I I i;,ST AND CHAM- PION PRIZES WON BY MISSOURI HEREFORDS AT ALL INTERNA- TIONAL SHOWS IN COMPETI- TION WITH THE WORLD. |}§«jffia|tpp*| NORTH AMhPKA ^II^SOl KM ^i^d fair won four firsts and two seconds, a total of six first and second prizes. At the St. Louis Fair, wliich has always been a Mecca for the saddle horse exhib- itors of the south and west, Missouri won first and sweepstakes prizes, 12 out of 14 times. Some of the horses that helped to win these honors for Missouri were Mark Dia- mond, Old Montrose, Moss Rose, Rex Diamona, Miss Rex, and Rex McDonald. Rex McDonald is one of the greatest living saddle horses. He was bred by Joseph McDonald, of Mexico, Missouri. His sire was Rex Denmark. He has won first and sweepstakes every year shown at St. Louis from 1894 to 1903. Other breeders of saddle horses are, A. B. Hughes, W. B. Cone, Hanson J. Marks, R. P. Moore, W. E. Cheatham, C. F. Clark, G. Tom King, L. M. Monsees & Son, A. F. Wykoff, D. P. Ewing, S. W. Roberts, Moss A. Robertson, E. S. Stewart, A. F. Styles, Thomas Bass, J. A. Potts. Missouri has long enjoyed an enviable reputation as an impoi tant source of light horses. Many of the substantial citizens of the State were pioneers from the blue grass regions of Kentucky. These early settlers brought with them the Kentuckian's love for good horses and his skill in breeding fine stock. Thus we find nowhere else better specimens of the American saddle horse, the standard- bred horse, and the thoroughbred, than in Missouri. Two of the four purchasing stations for government horses are in Missouri, one at St. Louis and one at Kansas City. The hard dense bone which is necessary for the successful trials of speed is characteristic of the horses pastured on the limestone soils of Mis- souri. There are some very large breeders of standard-bred horses in the State who have been unusually successful. One of the oldest and most distinguished of these is Col. Ryland Todhunter, of Greystone Park, Lexington, Missouri. Some of the great horses. Roadster horses. 120 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. HOLSTEINS, FIRST PRIZE, STATE FAIR. M. E. MOORE, CAMERON, MISSOURI. Standard-bred horses. Good trotters. This gentleman has been breeding standard-bred horses for fifty years and has sold in that time animals to the value of more than $100,000. Some of the fa- mous horses sold by this breeder are Star Wilkes, $6,000; Idol, $5,000; Lady Thorn $5,000; Merchant, $2,500, and Ashland Chief, $2,500. This breeder's famous stallion. Star Wilkes, in one year produced colts valued at $33,000. At the Kansas City Fair in 1877, horses from this farm won first premium on stal- lion over all ages and breeds, first premium for best mare and first premium for best weanling colt. Another farm that has produced good trotting horses for twenty years is Spring Lawn Farm, owned by E. J. Shelpman. This farm has sold 95 registered horses for $28,500. Two horses bred on this farm. Trumpeter and Gilberd's Sprague, sold for $1,200 and $1,050, respectively. This establishment has won $12,500 in premiums at the various State and local fairs. It is estimated that the best stallion owned by this farm produced 500 colts which, at a conservative estimate, are valued at $125,000. Another Missouri breeder of note is B. F. Swaggard, of Sweet Springs, Mis- souri. This gentleman has had eighteen years' experience and has sold trotting horses to the value of $10,000. Some of his best sales were Dillon Boy, $10,000; Andrew Allison, $3,300; Lady Glenn, $2,000, Maud, $1,500, and Mambrino Bee, $1,500. The trotting record for Missouri stallions is held by Dillon Boy, 2:09 1-4. This horse was bred and owned by Mr. Swaggard. Other good breeders of standard-bred horses are John Burruss, Henry T. Mc- Elroy, S. M. Finley, W. H. Stephenson, E. T. Letton & Son, H. D. Renter, G. E. Chinn, N. J. Coleman, J. R. Gentry, E. Knell, R. L. McDonald, J. F. Robinson, J. D. Shewalter, H. D. Ayers, D. L. Bourn, G. M. Catron, and D. A Colyer. The mule is an indispensable draft animal in southern agriculture. The draft breeds of horses are as naught compared with him for continuous labor in the cotton and the corn. No modern war can be successfully carried forward without the mule. Large-sized, well-pro- portioned and strongly-built mules are characteristic of Missouri. For this rea- 1)R. cox, OWNED BY J. C. CLAKK, BUTLER. son, when the British army sent its agents to the Western continent to buy Tlie Missouri Mule, mules, they established their distributing center at Lathrop, Missouri, and from this point were sent out 115,000 mules. These mules, after serving with dis- LIVE STOCK. 121 MULE, VALLEY VIEW JACK FARM; 8 YEAItS OLD, VJ IIA.XUS HIGH, 1,'JOU roU.NDS. tinction throughout the Boer war, are now one of the most important factors in developing the agriculture of that region. At the beginning of the war in the far East between Russia and Japan, a large consignment of mules was pur- chased m Missouri for the Russian army. In the production of good mules the Missouri farmers have found out that large-sized and well-formed parents must be selected. The diminutive mules so often seen in certain parts of the south are not a profitable sort to produce. The high quality maintained in Missouri mules is due to the extreme care exercised by the breeders of this class of ani- mals. The average Missouri mule breeder is as careful in the selection of his mares for the production of mules as for any other class of horses. Guyton & Harrington, Lathrop, maintained the largest horse-distributing barn in the world during the Boer war. During this war the company furnished 115,000 Missouri mules and 65,000 horses to the British Government. The census for 1900 gives the number of swine in Missouri at 4,524,664. Secretary George B. Ellis, of the Board of Agriculture, values these at $45,216,760. Only two classes of animals, cattle and horses, have a higher total valuation than have doire?,ti3 s~in9. The domestic hog is a stable product of the western farm. Its ability to grow rapidly and econom- ically have made it one of the most profitable animals for the small and large farmer alike. The ordinary pig will produce from ten to fourteen pounds of pork for every bushel of corn fed. He will gain so rapidly that he can be sold at the maximum price at six months of age. Thus, money invested in hogs is rapidly returned. While every important breed of hog is represented within the borders of the State, the great majority of hogs belong to one of the three great breeds — the Poland-China, Berkshire, and Duroc-Jersey. There are probably more representatives of the Poland-China breed than all of the others combined. THE GUARDLA.N OF THE FLOCK. Missouri furnishes mules for South Africa. Missouri swine. 122 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Breeders of fine hogs. This early-maturing breed has been in high favor for a very long period. They are distinctly a product of the corn belt of America. One of the most successful bi'eeders in the State is F. M. Lail, of Marshall. I'olaiid-China swine . ANGUS CATTLE AND This gentleman h a s POLAND-CHINA HOGS- been engaged in breed- HOMEB CATTERSON, ing Polaud-China hogs :\fARYViLLE. 23 years, producing in that time more than 2,000 hogs. The total sum received for these animals is $40,000. One sow, Sally S., owned by this breeder has farrow- ed 100 pigs and these have been sold for $4,- 000. Five hogs sold by Mr. Lail brought $4,645. Another well-known breeder of Poland-Chi- nas who has had over 20 years' experience, is E. E. Axline, of Oak Grove. This herd has produced over 4,000 animals which have sold for over $75,000. Four animals sold by this breeder brought $2,475. Another breeder who has been in the business ten years is J. W. Breedlove, of LaBelle. This gentleman has produced 400 hogs which have sold for $8,000. J. R. Young, of Richards, Missouri, has produced 350 hogs in seven years which have brought him $22,000. Five of his best hogs sold for $5,135. Other successful breeders of Poland- China swine in Missouri are, T. W. Herbst, A. T. Grimes, E. W. Wallen, E. C. Branch, Sensintaffer Brothers, C. A. Gries- enauer, Samuel Taylor, I. A. Novinger, E. E. Faires, E. H. Rodgers, W. B. Windsor, E. A. Hofstatler, D. D. Updike, R. W. Tay- lor, Burks & Brothers, Walter J. Sims, D. W. B. Kurtz, C. W. Stewart, T. G. Phelps, D. F. Risk, L. W. Monsees & Sons, Nelson Cole and J. E. Summers. The famous blue-grass pastures of Berkshire swine. Missouri have ci-eated a demand for a grazing hog. Breeders of Berkshires claim that their favorites are the most successful grazing animals among all the breeds of domestic swine. Certain it is that wherever they have been tried they have given great satisfaction to their own- ers. Missouri enjoys the distinction of having one of the most famous Berkshire breeders in America. N. H. Gentry, of Se- dalia, has successfully shown at the great- est fairs in the world and has perhaps sold more high-priced Berkshire hogs than any contemporary breeder. At the ex MCDONALD, KING SADDLE STALLIONS. LIVE STOCK. 123 Columbian Exposition Mr. Gentry won ten of the eighteen first prizes offered. Two other first prizes were won by a boar of Mr. Gentry's breeding, and five other firsts were won by this distinguished breeder. At the World's Fair at New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1885, the Gentry Berk- shires won all the first prizes offered on Berk- shires, and also a $250 gold medal for the best herd of any age or breed. In 1903, 102 Berkshires were sold from this herd for $9,- 915. Stock from this JEKSEYS— KOLLo OLIVER, DEARBORN. herd has been used in nearly every Berkshire held of prominence in the United States and Canada. Shipments at different times have been made to foreign countries, including British West Indies, Cuba, and South America. It is generally conceded that Mr. Gentry has better bred Berkshires than have ever been imported from the old country. The Breeders' Gazette some years ago said that the history of the breed afforded no parallel to the success accomplished by this breeder in the improvement of the Berkshire breed. Lord Premier, for which $1,500 has been refused, is the greatest Berk- shire boar living. He, his sire, his grandsire (the great Longfellow) were all bred at Wood Dale, the Gentry farm. Other good breeders of Berkshires are Harris & McMahan, .June K. King, John Morris, Evon Davies, E. C. Larch, James Price, Joseph Quesollo, P. A. Scott, William Brisky, and J. H. Riley. No breed of hogs has increased so rap- idly in favor among Missouri stockmen as the Duroc- Jersey. This breed is prized particu- larly because of its great hardiness and prolificacy. Ten years ago the Duroc-Jersey was rarely found in the State. To-day there are more than 100 breeders, thus ranking next to Poland-Chinas in num bers in the State. S. Y. Thornton hab been breeding Duroc- Jerseys for nine years. In that time 602 ani- mals have been sold for $13,000. During the three years 412 head have sold for $9,312. The picture accompa- nying this article shows four of Mr. Thornton's sows which together produced sixty-five pigs. J. D. Stephenson has sold $10,000 worth of Duroc-Jerseys in nine years. Other men who breed Duroc-Jerseys are W. L. Addy, J. D. Stevenson, Harry Sneed, E. McFarland Bros., W. A. Mustain, C. Folgate, T. F. Johnston, A. F. SADDLE IIOKSE B. R. MIDDLETON, MEXICO. Has won the prizes. first Duroc-Jersev swine. 124 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Sheep. Climate, soil and water adapt Missouri to sheep raising. The State's well- deserved fame. SHOKTHOKNS SAM'OKU SMITH, CAKTIIAGE. Russell, J. C. Woodburn, D. L. Zumbro, S. G. Richards, Joseph Gibson and J. L. Condron. The business of breeding and feeding sheep is rapidly growing in this State. At the present time Missouri has a larger number of sheep than any adjoining State except Kentucky. Some of the most famous breeders of Merino sheep in America are located in Missouri. At the Columbian Exposition, L. E. Shattuclv, of Stanberry, took more first prizes than any other breeder. The Shattuck flock is now owned and successfully bred by E. B. Wilson, of Stanberry. The Bothwells, of Breckenridge, have been remarkably successful in the production of high-class Rambouillet sheep. Shropshire sheep are bred by S. F. Huntsman, of Cairo; W. L. Smithy, Strother; Joseph Miller, of Granger; J. W. Boles, of Auxvasse; A. A. Alexander, Houstonia; I. H. Blood, Peru; E. C. Crouch, Blue Springs; L. N. Callison, Jamesport; H. Nance, Civil Bend; F. P. Paradise, Brook- field; M. P. DeWitt, Reger; E. W. Garrett, Sutherland; Grimes & Wilson, Monroe City; and H. C. Taylor, of Coping. Approximately 200 men in this State own registered Shropshire rams. Cotswold sheep have been successfully handled for twenty years by Hopson Glasscock, of Oakwood. W. E. McFarland breeds Ram- bouillet sheep at Paris. The climate, soil and good water render Missouri particularly adapted for the production of high-class sheep and, with the present rapidly increasing num- bers, it will be but a short time when Missouri will rank with the best sheep States in the Union. There are large areas of land in south Missouri that can be successfully used for the pro- duction of sheep. Much interest has been shown in the past two years in the breeding of goats. There are now in the State more than 31,000 head. These goats have been used on land where other live stock could not subsist. In many cases they have been successfully employed for the destruction of brush and weeds on pas- tures otherwise worthless. Missouri has won fame for her fiocks and herds. Her people are by nature and training lovers of good stock. The State is located admirably for live stock growing. No other state surpasses it now and the splendid showing of its pure- bred animals points to its continued pre-eminence. KUSK HJLL IIEKU OF DUKOC-JERSEY SWINE- S. Y. THORNTON, BLACKWATER. ISSOURI leads all the United States in horticulture. During the last fifteen years there has been an increase of 300 per cent in the number of apple trees in Missouri. The State now has 25,000,000 apple trees, a third more than any other State in the federal union. The Missouri apple has international renown. In peaches as in apples Missouri is first. The greatest acreage of peach orchards of any State is possessed by Mis- souri. A full crop yields $4,500,000. The center of the strawberry region is in Missouri. Two thousand car loads of strawberries are shipped annually from the State. In a single year the berry crop aggregates $3,500,000. The largest orchard in the world is in Missouri. The largest nurseries in the world are in Missouri. No other State has so large a fruit acreage. Twenty million dollars is the value of the State's fruit crop. The best fruit land in the world, the loess formation, is in Missouri. The red lands of the Ozarks, ideal subsoil, are scarcely second in value. The fruit lands are inexhaustible. There is an apple tree in Mis- souri 90 years old, 10 1-2 feet in circumference. There is a peach tree in Missouri 54 years old, 7 1-2 feet in circumference. There is a grape vine in Missouri 120 years old, 2 1-2 feet in circumference. All are bear- ing fruit. The largest variety of wild crab apple in the world is in Missouri, 9 inches in circumference. Missouri has raised apples weighing 30 120 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. A thira move ,ipi> than .iiiv State. f trees >tlier AIMM.I-; TKKKS T.Y COUNTIKS, EXPRESSEO IN THOUSANDS. ounces and measuring IS 1-4 inches, peaches 13 1-2 inches in circumference, pears weighing two pounds and strawberries S 1-4 inches in circumference, and the quality is in proportion to the size. The fruit yield is unexcelled. From one tree in a single year have come 110 bushels of apples, from one tree 610 boxes of cherries, from one tree 35 bushels of peaches, from one wild grape vine 1,000 pounds of grapes. J?ia^ra.?7t jkou/m^ i/ie nic/nder of Frud Trees m rke 5laie. /ru^ Trees in Millions ye /90O my fi^ez ,VP3 ■/ff(V 26 Z^ ^ 2Z ^ 20 / ^ ■/9 / / i6 / ^ i4- / ■fZ ^ "^ -fO y 8 ^^ y The largest number of varieties of good winter apples and the largest num- li^r of varieties of grapes have originated in Missouri. Forty dollars an acre every year for twenty years is the average of a Holt county orchanl. Two hundred dollars an acre from 5-year-old trees is the re- turn from a McDonald county orchard. Jackson county strawberry yi'^ld was $1,210 an acre and from Buchanan county raspberries $470 an acre. TlOin K ULTUUK. T27 Provision for tlio teaching of horli(Millin(> Ims kciil pace with llie ,s;rovvlli of the fruit industry. The Missouri Stale HorlicuKural Society is the largest FAHM AND OKCJIAUl), GASCOXAniC (OUiNTY. and bosi in Aniorica. I^ocal societies are numerous and llourishine-. The Mis- (jicatcst acreage ot peach trees ot souri IJotanical Garden in SI. iiOiiis, founded by Henry Shaw, is of world-wide ,„^, 5^.,^^. fame. The department of liorliculture in the Missouri Agricultural College is of MISSOUIU MOTANICAI, (iAi;i>i:N ( SIIAW'S (lAHDlON), ST. LOUIS. 128 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Center of the strawberry region of the world. Best truit land on earth. PEACH lliLtS Ul' tOUiNTli,S, EXPilhSSi-D IN THOUSANDS. the highest excellence while at Mountain Grove is maintained by the Stale the Originates many Only exclusive Fruit Experiment Station in the federal union. Thirty thousand varieties of fruit, fruit growers are to be found in Missouri and fruit is profitably produced in every county in the commonwealth. The natural resources of Missouri favor great horticultural development, undulating surface, variety of soil formation, medium climate, well distributed rainfall and cen- tral geographical location all contribute toward unsurpassed horticultural advantages. The Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri which in- tersects the State from the northwest to its east central border, together with their trib- utaries afford unexcelled facili- ties for both water drainage and atmospheric drainage. Horticul- tural products thrive only upon soils which have good water drainage, so they will work easily in spi'ing and in which the plants may root deeply. Atmos- pheric drainage is of equal im- NURSERY. portance, so the cool, heavy at- mosphere may drain off at night, leaving the plants free from danger of frosts. From the Missouri river northward the land is of glacial formation, being rich clay loam, which is for the most part sufficiently undulating to be adapted HORTICULTURE. 129 1 -m mm^MMnMM [_^,^jM^ ^^#g^ wk^^M &*-„,^ AI'PLES KEADY FOR COLD STORAGE, LACLEDE COUNTY. to a great variety of crops. In the southern half of the State the Ozark uplift presents an immense area, nearly all of which is adapted to fruit growing. Along the two great rivers are fringes of the loess soil, a silt- like deposit, which lies in a strip from one to twenty miles wide. This latter formation is the finest fruit soil in the world. While usually of broken and forbidding surface, it is ex- ceedingly fertile, remarkably homo- geneous to a great depth, perfectly drained and adapted to the growth of all kinds of horticultural plants. In it the forest trees often root to a depth of twenty to thirty feet. Orchard trees partake of this same habit of growth and are remarkably produc- tive in this soil. In the southeast there is an extensive alluvial de- posit which, where well drained, produces im- mense crops of small fruits and vegetables. The moderate cli- mate of the State fa- vors the growth of a great diversity o f horticultural products. The native flora em- braces both northern and southern plants as well as both eastern and western species. In this central position, with a large variety of soil, the State combines conditions that favor the natural growth of plant families of other sections of the country. Here the wild flora of the different sections seems to blend together and overlap. The na- tive wild crab and June berry, capable of en- during the rigors of a northern winter, flour- ish here in the same woods with the more southern pawpaw and persimmon. Among grapes, the northern, southern, eastern and western species and their cultivated varieties thrive. Missouri vineyards are planted to the qj^ the Missouri horticultural various varieties that have sprung from the grounds, Columbia. native species of other sections as well as from those that are indigenous to the central west. The Soulard crab, the most promising native American apple (which is possibly a hybrid between our native wild crab and the apple introduced from Europe) was brought to hortimltural ON A fruit farm, WEBSTER COUNTY. Forty dollars an acre from one orchard annually for twenty years. Horticulture taught by the State. 130 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Natural resources favor great horticultural development. Excellent drainage everywhere. Formation of the land conduces to fruit culture. Loess soil une- qualled in the world. Moderate climate favors growth of great diversity of fruit. PACKING PEACHES, WKIUUT COUNTY. notice in Missouri. Among our native plums, the northern American species and Che southern Chickasaw plums blend together in our woods and cultivated representatives of both species are of importance in the Missouri orchards. The sand plum and the sand cherry, both natives to the semi-arid section of the west, also thrive with luxuriance in this State. The wide range of adapta- tion of Missouri soil and climate to varied groups of native plants is of horticultural significance, not so much on account of the economic value of some of these native spe- cies, but because it proves that the State is adapted to the growth of a great variety of horticultural products. Rainfall is sufficient and well distributed for the best orcharding. The average, approximately forty inches, is abundant and the distribution through- out the growing season is unusually favorable. The months of April, May, June and July show the most abundant rainfall, an average of five inches for each of these four months. This is the season of the most abundant wood and leaf growth of fruit trees and conse- quently the time when they re- quire the greatest amount of water. The months of August, September and October show a de- crease in the amount of the rain- fall which is favorable to the ripening and maturing of the wood of the trees so as to ena- ble them to withstand the coming winter. While the rainfall is ample and well distributed the percentage of sunny days is high. During August, September and October especially, when most of the fruit is maturing, the aver- age amount of bright sunlight is considera- bly higher than in other fruit States. The intense sunlight and the proximity to airy prairies are important factors o f Missouri fruit growing and may also account in part at least, for the compara- tive freedom from many of the fungous diseases which are known to thrive best in a moist, cloudy atmos- phere. Missouri's central position is favorable to the marketing of her horticultural products. Perishable fruits like berries and peaches are sent to almost all of the princiiial markets oast of I ho Rocljy Mountains while the Missouri apple is PEACH ORCHARD, OZARK COUNTY. CLEARING FOR PLANTING IN THE OZARKS. HORTICULTURE. 131 BOX OF MISSOURI STRAWBERRIES. capable of reaching practically all the great markets of the world. This ability to ship in all directions is of especial advantage in disposing of perishable products. It not only gives easy access to a larger number of markets but it affords opportunity for a choice of market, providing there is an over supply in any section. Perishable fruits go west to Denver, Omaha and Sioux City; north to Minne- apolis, St. Paul and Detroit; east to Buffalo, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore; and south to Birmingham, Mobile, New Orleans and Gal- veston, as well as to all in- tervening cities of impor- tance. The strawberry, for example, is first sent north, east or west, depending upon the best demand, and toward the close of the season it is shipped south, after the southern crop has passed. The State also lies just at the eastern gateway to the grain-growing, grazing and mining districts of the west and northwest. Many of these districts, while rich in other interests, do not produce fruit enough for home consumption and they offer a growing market for Missouri products. The apple, which is less perishable, is shipped wherever there is a scarcity of this fruit. Easy railroad connection with the Gulf ports affords convenient ship- ment to the populous European countries, where there is a rapidly growing demand for American apples. In population and wealth Missouri is the fifth State in the Union. She has numerous large cities, which are - -r—-^- , rapidly growing. Her mining interests, especially in coal, iron, lead and zinc, are large. Her fertile soil and other natural resources maintain a large, and will maintain a larger popula- tion. This gives an unexcelled local market for all horticultural products. N o more wonderful yet easily explainable growth in the imperial west can be shown than in the progress of horticul- ture in Missouri. In 1880 Missouri was the tenth fruit State, in 1890 the fifth and now the first. In Missouri orchards in 1900, were over 20,- 000,000 apple trees. Now there are 25,000,000. New York stands next with about 15,000,000, Illinois third, having over 1.3,000,000 trees. Ohio comes fourth with nearly 13,000,000. Missouri's enormous apple or- chard area is for the most part of comparatively recent plant- ing. In 1890 this State had only Fruits from north and south flourish. Rainfldl sufficient and well distrib- uted. Percentage of sunny days high. RALI.S COITNTV APPLKS .T. O. ALLISON. 132 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Sun and rain bring great fruit crops. Central position favorable to marketing. Enormous growth of fruit tree acreage in recent years. Most successful varieties of apples. STARK BROTHERS NURSERY, PIKE COUNTY- LARGEST IN THE WORLD. two-fifths of its present number of apple trees in orchard, or about 8,000,000. This shows an increase of 12,000,000 trees or 150 per cent for the decade, a growth in this industry such as has not been approached by any other State. The States which, next to Mis- souri, show the largest increase in apple or- chards for the decade, are Illinois, Kansas, and Arkansas, in the order named. This shows that Missouri is now the center of ac- tivity in apple growing which is shifting from the older States to the middle west. Since 1900 apple planting in Missouri has continued to increase with acceler- ating rapidity; well trained business men are planting apple orchards as a com- mercial investment; professional men are investing their savings in apple orchards; large companies are being formed and immense areas are being planted out, under the su- pervision of salaried su- perintendents; farmers are planting large apple or- chards as one of the most important phases of gen- eral agriculture. Orchards numbering thousands of acres are not uncommon in the State and those numbering hundreds of acres are of frequent oc- currence. Yet not one hundredth part of the land adapted to apple growing is utilized. The most successful apples in Missouri are: Early — Yellow Transparent, Early Harvest, Red June, Benoni, Early Pennock, Duchess, Lowell; Fall — Maiden Blush, Wealthy, Jefferies, Grimes Golden, Jonathan, Rome Beauty; "Winter — Gano, \Vinesap, York, Black Twig, Ingram, White Winter Pippin, Huntsman, Ben Davis. Missouri has not yet reached the highest mark in apple production. This is because her orchards are young. Less than half the apple trees in the State ?ERRY COUNTY VINEYARD. Leads the world in apples. Center of activity in apple growing. HOWELL COUNTY VINEYARD. are old enough to bear fruit and only a small proportion of them have reached full bearing age. When the trees now planted rome into full bearing Missouri HORTICULTURE. 133 IJS A COOPEE COUNTY OBCHARD — W. H. H. STEPHENS. will undoubtedly take first rank in apple production which rank she has already taken in the number of her trees. Among Missouri fruits the peach ranks next to the apple in importance. The Ozark region particularly is famous the country over for its peaches, and Mis- souri is the leading State in peach grow- ing. Peach orchards comprising hundreds of acres are common in the southern part of the State. The red clay soil, mixed with gravel, in the Ozarks and the loess soil along the two great rivers are the principal peach soils of the State. Missouri peach orchards are re- markably free from se- rious diseases, such as yellows, rosette and lit- tle peach, which have often been so disastrous to the industry in some of the older States. The best varieties of peaches in Missouri are the Mountain Rose, Champion, Carmen, Family Favorite, Elberta, Old Mlxon freestone and clingstone, Pickett's Late, Wheatland, Salway, Wilkins, Bonanza and Henrietta. The berries rank third in horticultural importance. Berry growing is most extensively developed in the vicinity of the large cities and in special localities from which the product is shipped to other States. For local consumption, how- ever, berries are successfully grown in every county in the State. Missouri berries are shipped to all the principal markets east of the Rocky Mountains. Southwest Missouri is one of the largest berry-grow- ing districts in the United States. A number of towns ship several hundred car loads each season. Among these are Neosho, Sarcoxie, Pierce City, Monett, Ma- rionville. West Plains and Olden. Each car load makes about 600 crates and sells at $600 to $1,000 a car. In some instances sales from Missouri berry apple orchard ten years old, saline couni plantations amount to $300 to $500 an acre, but $100 to $200 is a. good average yield. Among the best varieties are the Crescent, Warfield, Aroma, Parker Earle, Bubach and Haviland strawberries; the Hopkins, Ohio, Kansas, Evans and Cumberland black raspberries; the Cuthbert, Thwack, Lowden and Miller red raspberries; the Early Harvest, Snyder and Taylor blackberries; and the Lucretia dewberry. Grape growing is developed to an impor- tant degree along the river hills and in many Apple growing as a business invest- Peach growing next in importance to apple growing. Young orchards and their future. Best varieties of peaches. TRAIN LOAD OF PEACHES ON FRISCO RAILROAD. 134 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Cherries a most profitable crop. HAULING PEACHES TO THE RAILROAD. sections of the Ozark region. Hermann, on tlie Missouri river, is noted for extensive wine malving. Grape growing No better grape soil can be found than the loess hills of the Missouri river, important. Missourl occupies an enviable position with regard to the introduction of new varieties of berries and grapes. Among those who have added to the world's wealth of fruit in this way are Herman Jeager, of Neosho; Jacob Rommell, of Morrison; Samuel Miller, of Bluff ton; J. C. Evans, of Harlem, and the late George Hussman, of Columbia. The cherry, though not as yet largely grown in Missouri, is a most profitable crop from the Missouri rivsr northward. Among the best varieties are the Richmond, Ostheim, English Morello, Dyhouse, Montmorency and Wragg. The nursery interests of the State are developed in keeping with the large fruit-growing industry. The most extensive nursery in the United States has Its headquarters in this State, with branches in the east and south. Millions of young trees are annually grown by this firm alone and sent to various parts of the world. One of the important interests is growing stocks, re- sistant of some of the diseases that are pre- valent In some of the older fruit-growing countries. The growing of cut flowers near the large cities, has reached important proportions in recent years. The rose, carnation, violet and bulbous plants take An acre of berries *^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ industry. The large percentage of sunny days in winter, com- yielding five bined With the mild climate, give the State an important advantage over the hundred dollars. Atlantic states for growing winter-forced plants under glass. St. Louis is one of the leading centers of the country for growing and distributing greenhouse and hot-bed plants. The vegetable growing industry is of importance, especially in the vicinity of the large cities and in special localities. South- Vegetable growing east Missouri ships im- a large industry. .... . , ^ ' mense quantities of mel- ons. Tomatoes are largely APPLE ORCHARD SIX YEARS OLD, LAWRENCE COUNTY. PICKING STRAWBERRIES, NEWTON COUNTY. grown for shipping and for canning, especially in southwest Missouri. This is an important auxiliary to peach growing, the tomato often being grown between young peach trees, where it pays for the cul- tivation of the orchard until it comes into bearing. The value of Missouri orchards reaches $30,000,000 for apples, $10,000,000 for peaches, $3,000,000 for other fruits, and at least $5,000,000 for the berry and HORTICULTURE. 135 APPLE ORCIIAP.U !■ JVE YEARS OLD, DENT COUNTY. grape plantations. A full crop is worth $20,- 000,000. In three years this will be increased 50 per cent because the younger trees will have come into bearing. The floral and greenhouse interests aggregate $2,- 000,000, the vegetable truck gardens $3,000,- 000, and the nursery in- terests $4,000,000. The widespread ex- tension of cold storage takes care of apple and other fruit crops, keeping prices uniform. Canning factories, evaporators, and cider mills are being built in many towns. The Missouri State Horticultural Society was organized forty-six years ago, for the promotion of horticultural work in the State. Its influence has been far- reaching in developing Missouri horticulture. Some of the largest fruit growers and most prominent horticultur- ists of the country have from time to time beeen identifled w it h the work of this organiza- tion. Its annual re- ports contain the most strawhekry fields at logan, lawrence county. valuable data extant, concerning the history and development of the fruit-grow- ing industry of Missouri. The Missouri Botanical Garden, at St. Louis, being of international influence and importance, can not fail, with its splendid equipment, to lend an especially strengthening influence to the horticulture of the State in which it is located. The State University, at Colum- bia, maintains a college ot agriculture and agricultural experiment station in which horticultural instruction and horticultural investiga- tions are carried on. Some of the departments of pure science, particularly botany, entomology, and chemistry, carry on investigations hav- ing a direct horticultural bearing. The State Fruit Experiment Sta- tion, at Mountain Grove, is located in one of the representative fruit sections of the Ozark region. Its work deals with the practical and scientific problems that confront the fruit grower and horticulturist. On account of the scope and quality of the work done in this station, the horticultural interests of the State are greatly strengthened. The Normal Schools of the State main- tain departments of agriculture. In these departments the teachers of the PICKING PEACHES, TEXAS COUNTY. Largest nurseries in the world. Missouri State Horticultural Society and its splendid work. 136 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Fruit experiment station only one in the United States. Va'ue of Missouri's investment in fruit. Abundant oppor- tunity for large horticultural development. Al'l'LE UKCllAKl) I- L\ L VKAl.s OLD, iJULLiLAS LUUMV. State receive i n - struction in nature study and school gardening as well as in general agricul- ture. This is a unique feature in normal school work. Many teachers in the public schools of the State give in- struction in agriculture, which bears more or less directly upon horticultural interests. While horticulture is already one of the leading industries of Missouri, the limit of the possibili- ties of the State in that direction has not as yet been even ap- proached. Only a small part of the area natur- ally well adapted to fruit growing and gar- dening has as yet been developed. Lands that apple okchakd, i>ALLAh cul.mv. are adapted to fruit growing are cheaper in proportion to their intrinsic value than in most other fruit sections. In recent years, however, steps in advance are rapidly being taken along horticultural lines. The best growers no longer cling to ancient traditions and obsolete practices, but are evolving methods adapted to the new con- ■ <^^t^fS^^^^g^^-'^'' ditions of the west. Capitalists of exten- sive business training are investing in orch- ards and their business ability, combined with the skill of the prac- tical grower, is result- ing in better marketing and in better manage- ment of the industry. New varieties, better adapted to local conditions, are being originated. The horticultural interests of the State, already large, bid fair to assume enormous proportions. BUTTEKFIELU iNUKSLKV, !• AKAlliMjlU.N , OA Iii£. iKUi\' MOUNTAIN BAILKOAD. HOME OF A MISSOURI HORTICULTURIST. ISSOURI is a dai- ry State. Its cli- mate, soil, situa- tion with refer- ence to the great markets, give proof that it will be even greater as a dairy State. In no State in the Federal Union are natural conditions so favorable for dai- rying. The most valuable or highest-priced ingredient in milk is butter fat. A cow, highly organized and sensitive, is readily affected by physical conditions. A cold, disagreeable climate and a warm enervating climate are alike hurtful. In neither can dairying succeed as well as in a more temperate region. Missouri is a dairy State because of its favorable 'climate. During its long summers and its short winters, a cow requires less reserve force to protect her, consequently can use her energy to the manu- facture of milk. Missouri is well calculated for dairying because of its abun- dance of good water at all seasons of the year. In many sections of the State there are springs that furnish water and at the same time are valuable in handling milk by reducing temperature. In connection and in addition to cli- mate and water is the question of feed. Here Missouri occupies an enviable position. There is no cow feed raised that can not be produced in this State. All of those products of the soil that go to make a large quantity and a good quality of milk are either being produced now or can be if desired. The luxuri- ant growth of grass is the finest in the world, more especially blue grass, which is of the greatest abundance all over the State, and makes an early pasture and lasts until late in the season, providing the dairy cow with such food as she needs for an abundant production of good rich milk. Large quantities of alfalfa are grown. This is valuable not only for its merit as cow feed, but because of the immense quantity that can be produced in one season. Two or three crops can be grown in one year and a large quantity per acre. Cowpeas grow luxuri- 137 Missouri State. dair Because of its favorable climate Because of its abundance of good water. Because of its variety of cow feed. 138 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. DAIRY BARN, MARSHALL GORDON, COLUMBIA. Well located with reference to profitable mar- kets. In itself a great market for dairy products. Fifteen million dollars of dairy product. antly. Kafir corn and sugar cane are products of this State. All are valuable as cow feed. The most valuable and high-priced butter is June butter, butter with a grass flavor, a fresh taste and a good rich color. The long-continued grass season in Missouri, including the rich fall pastures, enables Missouri to make more of the June butter than other States. The State is well located with reference to dairy markets. In the southwest dairying is impracticable. Missouri is near to this great and growing market. The south, southwest and portions of the west, where conditions are unfavor- able to profitable dairying, are nearest to the Missouri market. This gives ad- vantage in cost of ti'ansportation and in quickness of delivery. Missouri is in itself a great market for its dairy products. A much larger output, if available, of dairy products would be consumed within the State. Mis- souri had in 1899, according to the federal census, 755,336 cows. The value of their output was $15,420,300 or an average of $19.66 a head. To-day there are at least 800,000 cows in Missouri with an average production of $21.00 a head. These cows would produce in milk 320,000,000 gallons and in butter 32,000,000 pounds. Missouri consumes 112,500,000 pounds of butter and 4,000,000 pounds of cheese annually. These figures show how large a market yet unsupplied there exists for Missouri butter in Missouri. Of Che $15,000,000 of dairy product produced in 1899 on Missouri farms, nearly $10,000,000 was consumed on the farm, leaving little over $5,000,000 to be sold. This shows prominently the local market advantage. The dairyman of SKIM MILK CALVES, HENRY LOGAN, PETTIS COUNTY. DAIRYING. 139 Missouri has the inestimable advantage of being close to a market that will consume all his output. He may sell all his dairy product at his barn door. Much has been done of late to develop interest in dairying in this State. The Missouri State Dairy Association, probably the largest association of its kind in the United States, the creameries recently established and the dairy work in the Missouri Agricultural College have stimulated dairying. In addition there is no question but the plan of handling milk on the farm, through the medium of hand separators, is bringing to bear a strong pressure towards the Missouri State Dairy Association largest in the United States. DAIRY BARN, E. C. UAMEKOA, CLAKKSVILLE, I'lKE COUNTY. rapid development of dairying in Missouri. By the use of a hand separator not only much expense and labor is eliminated but a decided increase in value is given to that part of the milk which is left at home. The butter fat can be sold at a good price and the skimmed milk fed to calves and pigs. More money is thus made at less trouble. The dairymen need not patronize any particular creamery or skimming station or cheese factory for it is possible, un- der this new plan, to ship cream to any of a dozen mar- kets. This profitable change has been the cause of a trans- formation in the business and a strong increase of sen- timent for dairying. The Blue Valley Cream- ery in St. Joseph, which was uutter iiAKi.Nc in a city plant. established in 1901, manufactures only pure creamery butter and is the only one of the large factories probably, in the west, that does not handle some other prod- uct in connection with the manufacture of butter. It is supposed to be the larg- est exclusive pure creamery butter factory in the world, and although only two years old, has an annual output of about six and a fourth million pounds, sold largely direct to the consumer. The butter is made of separated cream prepared Transformation the business. Largest exclusive pure creamery butter factory. 140 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. cheese factories in operation. Records of individual cows. JERSEY HERD, SETTLES & SETTLES, PALMYRA. on the farm and shipped from ten to four hundred miles. This butter grades as extras when shipped to the New York market and stands high in markets where it is sold. The number of patrons of this creamery is about 4,500. Tee Appleton City Cheese Company, at Appleton City, established in 1885, operates all year, has sixty patrons, and handles 1,713,082 pounds of milk. Out of this was made 164,614 pounds of cheese, one-third shipped out of the State. L. H. Smith, at Ravenna, has a cheese factory which was established in 1897. He operates it seven months each year. He had last year forty patrons; bought 407,889 pounds of milk, made 42,071 pounds of cheese, and sold about one-eighth of the amount locally. The Model Cheese Company, in Caldwell county, south of Cameron, was es- tablished in 1900; oper- ates the entire year; had twenty-three pat- rons last year; handled 739,670 pounds of milk and made 71,931 pounds of cheese, 1,200 pounds of which was sold local- ly and the remaining amount shipped to Kan- sas City. John Hiatt, of Polo, owns and operates a cheese factory that was established in 1901. He operates it the entire year; had last year thirty-five patrons and bought 270,000 pounds of milk; made about 7,900 pounds of cheese; sold 2,400 pounds of it locally, the rest in different parts of the State, except about 600 pounds which was sold outside. R. T. McCaskey, at Altamont, has a cheese factory, established in 1897, and operated twelve months in the year. Last year he had fifty-two patrons; handled 1,080,000 pounds of milk, and made 108,000 pounds of cheese. There are in active operation in Missouri fifty creameries, twenty-nine cheese factories, and twenty skimming stations, which are ad- juncts to the creameries in operation. There are some remarkable records of in- dividual cows and herds of cows in the State of Missouri. No better evidence of the adapta- bility of this country for doing a dairy busi- ness exists than these records. The figures refer to a single year's product. C. J. Oswald, of Asbury, reports that he has a cow in his herd, which is a mixed herd of, what he regards, the ordinary scrub cow, that during the flush, or for several months after lactation, gave from 45 to 50 pounds of milk a day that tested six per cent butter fat. This is a remarkable record and would do justice to a special dairy cow, thoroughbred, and intended for dairying alone. D. P. Daniels & Son, of Vandalia, have twelve cows, mixed Guernsey and Jersey, which produced $828 worth of material. With the exception of a little used at home, this was made into butter and sold. W. W. Belford, of 1826 Wall street, Joplin, reports nine cows, mixed breed, that were milked on an average of eleven months during the year, and milk was sold from these cows for $1,000. SKIMMING STATION, LINN CO. DAIRYING. 141 THE SEPARATOR THAT MAKES DAIBYINQ DIFFERENT. J. A. Humphrey, of Marshall, milked from 50 to 63 cows and sold the product for $4,876.50. E. & E. J. Hosmer, of Marshfield, milked 71 cows, mixture Shorthorn and Jersey. These cows averaged over 340 pounds of butter which was sold for 23 cents a pound. One cow produced over 560 pounds. A. J. Girdner, of Princeton, who milks thirty cows, sold his calves, which were fed on separator skimmed milk, for $22 a head. As an evidence of the value of skimmed milk to feed pigs, G. E. Taylor, of Wheeling, states that nine pigs, from the time they were three weeks old, fed exclusively warm milk from the separator, when 105 days old averaged 1041A pounds a head. He had fed them in connec- tion with this milk during that time, 15 bushels of corn and sold them for five and a half cents a pound, or $51.18. The corn he fed them cost $6.20; the rest was made out of something that is too apt to be con- sidered worthless. J. M. Smith, of Brook- field, milks 40 cows, mixed breed, and he sold their product for $2,400. 'Squire Innis, of Ne- vada, milked 22 cows, mix- ed breed, and sold 11,000 gallons of milk; 480 gal- lons of cream; used 350 gallons of milk at home, 25 gallons of cream, and 100 pounds of butter, and fed 50 gallons of new milk to his calves. Figuring the milk, cream and butter used at home the same as that sold, he realized from these cows $119.50 each. William Riehl, o f Potosi, milked 15 Grade Jerseys, 6 of them heif- ers and realized for the butter, at 23 cents a pound, $800. F. D. Hersey, o f Trenton, milked 12 Short- horns and realized for the product, $844.53. E. B. Cooper, o f Trenton, milked 25 reg- istered Jerseys, realizing for the product, $2,050. Charles A. Foster, of Trenton, milked six registered Jerseys and sold their product for an average of $113 from each cow. S. W. Coleman, of Sedalia, milked seven cows, registered Jerseys. He av- eraged 400 pounds of butter for each, sold it at 25 cents a pound, and the Sis LJ^^fe-- A MODERN DAIRY WAGON, CARTHAGE. Value of skimmed milk to feed pigs. Some Jersey records. 142 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. skimmed milk fed to calves and pigs. One-half of the herd were two-year-old heifers. In addition to the $100 average realized for butter made from the cows, LEAVING CREAM AT CITY STATION. Figures that prove the story. he sold $850 worth of hogs. The amount of feed he bought for cows and hogs cost $700, which left a net profit of $850. He does this on ten acres of land, what is called the ideal ten-acre farm. George W. Koontz, of Carthage, has 31 Jersey cows, which brought $3,161.70 for butter, most at 25 cents a pound, the remainder at 30 cents. The average production of these cows was 352 pounds. They realized about $102 a head, which is the largest average he has ever realized, although the year previous he made more butter per cow. In addition he had the usual profit from calves and pigs, which were fed on the warm, sweet skimmed milk from the separator. He had from this herd in 1903, 23 calves. J. W. Chapman, of Joplin, milked 143 cows and sold their product for $18,190, making an average of $127.13. A large proportion of this was sold as milk and the rest of it as cream. L. P. Dix, of Jeffer- son City, milked eight cows, Grade Jerseys, and averaged from their product $97.50. Mrs. Lizzie McKee- ver, of Richmond, has a herd of 12 cows, Hol- stein and Jersey. She realized from them an average of $87.58 each. M. L. Brooks, of Dawn, milked 24 cows. Grade Jerseys, and re- alized from them an av- erage of $69.70. This was for butter at an av- erage price of 23 cents LOADING CREAM AT IRON MOUNTAIN RAILWAY STATION. a pOIind. DAIRYING 143 l« t 8 « I BLUE VALLEY CREAMERY COMPANY, ST. JOSEPH. A strict accounting and what it shows. H. ,C. Goodrich, of Calhoun, milked 32 cows. He churned 331 pounds of but- ter per cow and used in cream and milk for the family about seven pounds per cow, making an average production from his entire herd of 338 pounds of butter. Deducting the expense of pack- ing and marketing, he realized 23 4-5 cents a pound, which amounted to $80.44 per head. He fed these cows $426.05 worth of bran, $54 worth of corn, $100 worth of silage, $270.72 worth of hay and fodder, $25 worth of soy beans, $105 worth of pasture, making in all $986, or $33.83 per head. He charged three cents a pound for making the butter, which amounted to $10.44 for each cow, and estimated 15 per cent on the money invested in cows to pay interest, insurance and keeping up the herd, which amounted to $7.50 a cow. This estimate was made on $50 each, which was a good strong price. He figured that the calves, skim milk and fertilizer would pay for keeping the lierd. This makes a total of all ex- penses connected with the business of $48.17 per head. This pays for every thing they ate, making the butter, and interest on the invest- ment and leaves a net balance of $31.90 per head. Could there be stronger ar- gument for dairying in Missouri than actual rec- ords? Fred Manley, of War- rensburg, fed ten hogs on skimmed milk and corn, and made them weigh 204 pounds at 6 months and 27 days. He fed ten others on corn and ground wheat and they only weighed 184 pounds at 9 months and 15 days. E. T. Shelpman, of Springfield, has 15 regis- JEREY — OWNED BY PER swAiNsoN, VERNON COUNTY. tered Jersey cows. He milked, last year, twelve. He sold from those twelve cows, $1,077.55 worth of cream and butter, and consumed $155.30, which made the total output from those twelve cows, $1,232.85. Mr. Shelpman e s t i - mates that, counting the returns from skimmed milk and calves, each cow be- longing to him brings him every twelve months, gross, $150. Thomas P. Em- mons, of Thayer, Ore- gon county, reports as a result from 20 cows last year, $2,054 worth of milk, from a mixed herd of cows. C. H. Dunlap, of Sedalia, reports $5,050 as the value of products from 40 head of cows last year, which is an average of a little over $125 each. To this may be added the story of Jerry, owned by Per Swainson. of Nevada, whose existence dales from January, 1885. This cow was a wedding present to How dairying pays. RECEIVING MILK AT ST. LOUIS DAIRY COMPANY'S PLANT. The record ofjerry. 144 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Two large cream- eries in Kansas City. Skimming stations and their output. Tlie future of Missouri dairying. Mr. Swainson, and valued highly on that account as well as for the returns from her all these years. She is a thoroughbred Jersey. She had her first calf in 1887; has had seventeen calves and produced 93,125 pounds of milk. The most of this milk has been sold in town at 20 cents a gallon; figured at this price, her product has been worth $2,330.40. In addition to this Mr. Swainson has sold $6G5 worth of calves and has nine head now, which he values at $265, which would make a total product of $3,260. The first year she was milked continu- ously; after that time she was allowed to go dry about six weeks each year. He made a special test of this cow for one week on ordinary feed and got about five gallons of milk a day that tested five per cent; figuring his milk on this basis, if it had been made into butter, he would have had nearly 8,000 pounds of butter which, at 25 cents a pound, would have brought him about $2,000. There are two large creameries in Kansas City, the Meriden Creamery Com- pany and the 0. F. Chandler & Co., which manufacture respectively probably about two million and a CHEESE MAKING, half, and a million pounds FRANK MOULTON, of butter. From thirteen cowGiLL. creameries are reported 1,213 patrons, an average of 93. These creameries manufactured 1,211,- 445 pounds of butter, an average of 93,188 pounds. These are probably a little over the average cream- eries. For the rest of the W •* 50 that are counted in the State, about 730,000 pounds of butter is reported; 25,- 000 pounds having been shipped out of the State, which probably is an average for all the creameries, materially increases the deficit for supplying the demand for home consumption. These factories were operated the entire year and the average price paid was probably about 22 cents a pound for butter fat. This is a very good price and will compare favor- ably with the price paid in the east, where dairying is carried on more ex- tensively. Twelve skimming stations report 713 patrons for last year, and have handled 6,968,817 pounds of milk, making an average of 580,734 pounds. A portion of this was shipped to be manufactured into butter and the remainder used for sweet cream trade in the cities and for making ice cream. These are some of the reasons why Missouri has a bright future as a dairy State. The conditions of the soil, and climate, are favorable. The market is at the very door. Modern methods have been introduced and there is a growing interest in dairying throughout the commonwealth. SKIM MILK PIGS. aOMMMMIIMl MMJ^'^^J^' ' ^-^M^:^^^M-^^"^^ ^ POULTRY 1 M I SSOURI which, i n 1900, was the third State among the United States in poultry production, is now the first. Illinois and Iowa, which surpassed Missou- ri at the time of taking the last census, have been equalled and sur- passed by Missouri. Poultry raising is general throughout the State, the climatic conditions and the accessible markets combining to make it profitable. The Missouri mule is famous. Last year the surplus products of the Missouri hen exceeded by $2,000,- 000 the value of mules shipped out of the State. Over 60,000.000 dozen eggs were shipped from Missouri. If this be counted as two-fifths of the entire product — the other three-fifths being consumed in the State — over 150,000,000 dozen eggs constitute the annual product of the Missouri hen. Estimating the eggs at 10 cents a dozen, the egg product alone of the Missouri poultry yard aggregates $15,000,000. No other product of the farm brings so much cash to the farmer or the farmer's wife. In addition to the eggs, there were shipped from Missouri during the last year, 85,835,750 pounds of poultry, valued at $1,285,870. Estimat- ing this as two-fifths of the poultry grown, this would amount to over 210,000,000 pounds, valued at exceeding $3,200,000. County for county, Marion leads. Not including fancy poultry, eggs for hatching, nor what was consumed at home, the ship- ments from that county amount to $886,- 237.45 a year, with Pettis a close second. Franklin county is second in egg shipments with a total of 2,437,650 dozen eggs, and Lincoln is third, with a total of 2,117,920 dozen. The first seventeen counties in poul- try shipments are Marion, Pettis, Greene, Henry, Lincoln, Franklin, Boone, Carroll, Sullivan, Daviess, Nodaway, Grundy, Polk, Vernon, Macon, Ray, and Cass. 145 Mo. — 10 Missouri first State in poultry pro- duction. Has surpassed Illinois and Iowa. Sixty million" dozen eggs shipped from the State. Nearly a million dollars in one year a single county's profit; from poultry. fe ANJ> «;k3ieiiai. advertiser. I'MMMIX, iMISSdl Itl.i >A'irKIJAV. AIGISl :l, js;>;i. •;^Mi ■■ i.i 1 ; ■ ; ' -. 1M. ti"-. J,!». V ■ •i''-- pfe:; fe FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF FIRST PAGE OF ONE CF THE OLDEST MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS. 146 LEADERSHIP in manufactures depends upon the possession of raw materials in economic proximity, cheap and abundant fuel and food supply. All these Missouri has in pre-eminent degree. The raw mate- rial furnished by mine and field and forest, coal for fuel and the most fertile soil for food products combine in this commonwealth. Twenty-six thousand square miles of Missouri soil are underlaid with coal, a larger area than the coal fields of England which made that little island fore- most for commerce and manufacture. At the border of the State are the coal fields of Illinois and Arkansas. Within easy reach are the anthracite mines of the east. Transportation facilities are large and increasing. New coal fields arc being opened up. Manufacturing is an urban industry. The most populous Missouri city, St. Louis, is also its largest manufacturing center, the fourth in the United States, and in some branches of manufacture the first. In the manufacturing and mechanical industries St. Louis employed, in 1900, $162,179,331, paying $38,191,076 in wages to 82,672 wage-earners, and producing $233,629,733 worth of goods, including custom work and repairing, making busy 6,732 establishments. Twenty-five trunk lines of railway comprising nearly 6,000 miles of track and 6,000 miles of river navigation, with five bridges spanning the Mississippi and Missouri rivers indicate the importance of the city's commerce. Kansas City had some 1,500 manufacturing establishments with an annual output of $35,000,- 000. In 1900 St. Joseph had 440 manufacturing establishments with an annual product of $31,000,000. The further localization of manufacturing labor is illustrated in the accom- panying table which shows the number of manufacturing establishments in 147 Upon what leader- ship in manu- factures depends. Larger area of coal fields than has England. 148 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. St. Louis fourth largest manufac- turing city in America. R. C. STONE MILLING COMPANY, SPRINGFIELD. twenty-five of the leading cities of Missouri. The total number in the State is 18,754, while in the twenty-five cities named there are 11,017 or 58.7 per cent of the total. The cities had 32.2 per cent of the State's population. The total num- ber of wage-earners employed was 117,179. The total of the product of the manufacturing and mechanical industries of St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph and Springfield, by the census of 1890 and the census of 1900 are thus reported: -S^. Louis. Kansas City. St. Joseph. Springfield. 1890 $229,157,343 $31,936,366 $11,916,141 $3,062,095 1900 233,629,733 36,527,392 31,690,736 4,126,871 Per cent of in- crease 2.0 14.4 165.9 34.8 What is manufactured in Missouri? What position does the State occupy with reference to manufacturing industry and commercial activity? What use ATLAS PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURES. 149 W. S. DICKEY CLAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, DEEPWATER, HENRY COUNTY. has she made of the talents she is known to possess? And in what way can her great and growing prominence along lines of material prosperity be most instruc- tively and entertainingly presented? There were, in 1900, 18,754 manufacturing and mechanical industrial estab- lishments in the State. They employed a capital of $249,888,581. This capital was represented by: (1) Buildings valued at $36,748,766; (2) land worth $26,757,573; (3) machinery, tools, etc., that cost $70,040,656; and (4) cash and sundries aggregating $116,341,586. An army of proprietors and firm members numbering 20,659 directed 13,900 salaried officials, clerks, etc., to whom they paid $14,569,606. They also dis- bursed the princely sum of $60,719,428 to another and larger army of wage- earners which mustered, 134,975 men, women and some children. Of this amount there was paid to 106,782 men, 16 years of age and over the vast sum of $53,321,296; to 23,686 women, 16 years of age and over, $6,041,960; and to 4,510 children under 16 years of age $756,172. Invested in manu- facturing in Missouri. COMPANY, RALLS COUNTY. 150 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. KOBERTS COTTON COMPANY, KENNETT, DUNKLIN COUNTY. What is manufac- tured in Missouri? In addition to disbursements, Missouri manufacturing enterprise was sub- ject to miscellaneous expenses involved in the rent of works, taxes (not includ- ing internal revenue), rent of offices, interest and contract work, aggregating $41,396,905; besides paying a bill of $214,988,018 for materials, and the inci- dentals needed to carry on its gigantic operations. As a reward for its skillful, energetic and sagacious use of its brains and cash, it rejoiced in a production valued at $385,492,784. The statement of these figures suggests the comforts, the luxuries of life to thousands. As one reads he may in fancy hear the rumble of ponderous JOHN DEEEE PLOW COMPANY', KANSAS CITY. MANUFACTURES. 151 ARMOUK rACKlAG COMPANY, KAiNSAS CITY. machinery in the mill, the rattle and clatter of the factory and the workshop, and see the molten metal in the fiery furnaces. His mind will insensibly revert to comparisons of this with the olden time, as he thinks of Missouri's present and prospective production and trade. Missouri leads the world in the manufacture of street cars and tobacco. Missouri among the States ranks second in babbit metal, sixth in printing and publishing and seventh in gross value of manufactures. St. Louis is first in tobacco manufacture and street car construction, fourth as a manufacturing city and fifth in boots and shoes made and sold. Missouri is sixth in the manufacture of flour, St. Louis being fifth among the great cities of the United States. There are 593 merchant mills in the State Leads the world in certain manufac- tures. i-^-., AMERICAN BANK BUILDING. Ilf rr! GEO. B. PECK l)i;V GOODS CO. ■ i. ^ If -";»=' EMERY, BIRD, THAYER & CO. SOME KANSAS CITT BUSINESS BLOCKS. r.OARD OF TRADE I'.IHLDING. 152 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. High rank in production ot flour. with an annual product of $17,800,204. The mills of the State have established a high standard of flour production and have a wide market. In pork packing Missouri holds a prominent place. Kansas City ranks second and St. Louis fourth among the great packing cities. In the dressed beef trade the State is gaining in facilities and enlargement of plants. It handled in 1902, 683,827 cattle and 103,893 calves in St. Louis alone and shipped in that year a total of 318,387,455 pounds of dressed beef and veal. St. Louis manufactures more tobacco than any other city in the world. Nearly all the leaf tobacco manufactured comes from Kentucky and Missouri except that imported. The output of cigars was 48,131,634 in a single year. SECTIONAL VIEW OF KANSAS CITY STOCK YARDS. One-third the white lead out- put of the Unit- ed States. The tobacco mani.;actured aggregated 32,603,965 pounds. The total for Missouri was 318,891,391 p>iinds. The lumber ;idustry of the State has grown from a product of $5,265,617 in 1880 to $8,359,926 in 1890 and $11,177,529 in 1900. The receipts of lumber in St. Louis in 1902 were 1,500,000,000 feet. One-third of the white lead output of the United States is made in Missouri. The shipments alone in 1902 amounted to 70,000,000 pounds. St. Louis leads the cities of the world in the amount of shelf hardware handled, selling annually about $35,000,000. The amount of beer manufactured in St. Louis in 1902 was 2,707,508 bar- rels or 83,932,738 gallons, valued at $18,000,000. The largest brewery in the world is in St. Louis. MANUFACTURES. 153 As a wholesale shoe market of a product largely locally manufactured Mis- souri is growing in trade supremacy. The total shipments show a gain in one year, 1902 over 1901 of 8 per cent. The rapid increase is due largely to the phenomenal growth in manufacturing facilities, particularly in St. Louis. There has been a corresponding decrease in receipts from Boston, which has been a large seller of shoes to this part of the country, and several new manufacturing centers are also now competing with the Boston district. St. Louis makes large shipments of shoes to foreign points, espe- cially to Mexico, the "West Indies and Central America. As a jobber of shoes St. Louis now holds first place. Fully one-half of the goods sold are made in St. Louis factories and are of the better grades. St. Louis has been a noted cen- ter of boot and shoe manufacture for many years and its jobbing trade in these articles footed u p $43,500,000 i n 1901. In the decade from 1890 to 1900 St. Louis nearly doubled the value of its shoe product, being in the latter year $8,286,156. The largest drug market in the world is St. Louis. The trade has entered the manufacturing field also and now put out their own pharmaceutical and proprietary goods in addition to which many of the heavy chemicals are manu- factured, resulting altogether in aggregate sales of $40,000,000. Missouri manufactures may be classified under some 250 heads, covering all branches of manufacturing industry. St. Louis manu- factures more tobacco than any city in the world. ST. CHAKLES CAR MANUFACTUKING SHOPS. Lumber industry important. HYDRAtTLIC PRESS BRICK COMPANY, ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 154 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURES FROM 1850 TO 1900, WITH Result of the factory output. Year 1900 1890 1880 *i870 i860 Establishments Capital Cost of Material used Value of Products Total Wages 18,754 ^249,888,581 214,988,018 385,492,784 60,719,428 14,052 $189,558,546 177,582,382 324,561,993 59,643,429 8,592 $ 72,507,844 110,798,392 165,386,205 24,309,716 11,871 $ 80,257,244 115,533,269 206,213,429 31,055,445 3,157 $ 20,034,220 23,849,941 41,782,731 6,669,916 Record of Missouri manu- factures. COTTOiN SEED OIL MILL, KEKNETT, DUiNKLIN COUNTY. *The Census for 1870 was defective. The agricultural implement factories manufactured in 1902 goods worth $1,321,785; those making awnings, tents and flags, $1,015,350; bakeries, $6,319,- 521; badges and regalia, $26,000; bags and bagging, $4,110,901; boilers and tanks, $1,252,557; paper boxes, $491,724; boxes, wood, $1,807,820; brick and tile fac- tories, $3,604,900; boots and shoes, $11,668,392; bar and store fixtures, $1,035,412; brooms and brushes, $194,105; candy and confectionery, $3,503,974; carriages and wagons, $5,252,803; coffins and burial cases, $1,080,207; copper and brass goods, $2,161,272; cooperage, $3,264,- 015; car works, $11,487,441; cigar factories, $1,447,316; men's cloth- ing, $7,859,614; women's clothing, $1,959,399; cotton factories, $305,- 852; drugs, chemicals and drug- gists' sundries, $6,674,151; electrical apparatus, $1,002,931; flouring mills, $19,816,268; foundry and machine shop products, $12,939,938; furniture factories, $4,327,565; gro- cers' sundries, $4,110,039; glass factories, $1,856,871; harness and saddle factories, $2,681,283; hats and caps, $379,720; iron (structural and architectural), $1,835,470; liquors, distilled, $172,- 716; liquor, malt, $17,755,288; leather factories, $868,689; lumber sawed, $3,598,340; lime and cement, $1,131,961; oils and grease, $1,872,771; pipe fac- tories, $335,415; printing and bind- ing, $7,140,288; pack- ing houses, $48,859,- 056; paints and var- nish, $5,649,818; planing mills, $3,- 347,534; rubber goods, $715,457; roll- ing mills, $1,760,746; stoves and ranges, $6,820,657; stone and marble works, $909,- 959; soap, candle and glue factories, $2,697,616; smelters, $5,744,376; surgical and optical goods. COBWEB IN STOEE OF J. H. BABCLAY DBY GOODS COMPANY, MACON. MANUFACTURES. 155 PER CENT OF INCREASE FOR EACH DECADE 1850 Per Cent of Increase by Decades 1890- 1880- 1870- i860- 1850 1900 1890 1880 1870 i860 2,923 8,576,607 12,798,351 24,324,418 4,692,648 33-5 63.5 -27.6 276.0 8. 31.8 161. 4 -9-7 3001.6 133. 21. 1 60. 3 -4.1 384-4 86. 18.8 96.2 -19.8 393-5 71- 1.8 145-3 -3.0 365.6 42. $49,000; tinware, sheet iron and galvanized ironware, $3,930,442; trunk and valise factories, $992,- 214; tobacco factories, $19,139,- 286; wire goods, $1,296,106; woolen mills, $393,174; miscel- laneous, $4,853,529; prison fac- tories (seven in all, including one saddle tree, four boot and shoe, one broom, and one men's working clothing), $2,692,934. The banker is a necessary part of the success of industrial interests. Mis- souri leads in number of State banks and is thirteenth among the States in num- ber of national banks. These banks have resources of nearly $300,000,000. The per capita bank deposit of Missourians is $136.81, scarcely exceeded by'any other State. The present State banking law was enacted in 1877. It provides for publi- cation of statements, and makes it a felony to receive deposits after it is known As a wholesale shoe market. St. Louis largest drug market i the world. MANUFACTURES OF TWENTY-FIVE LEADING CITIES OF MISSOURI. WATERWORKS TOWER, CARUTHERS- VILLE. ?3 > Cities Capital Wages earn'd Value of 1^ I Product St. Louis ^162,179,331 ^38,191,076 ^233,629,733 2 Kansas City 2'6,437,307 7,783,652 36,527,392 3 St. Joseph 11,068,825 3,109,647 31,690,736 4 Springfield 2,1 11,048 1,017,345 4,126,871 5 Jefferson City 1,627,434 169,124 3,361,998 6 St. Charles 1,940,719 601,987 3,145,662 7 Hannibal 1,890,718 61 1,859 3,025,349 8 Joplin 1,411,495 516,080 2,961,793 9 Sedalia 1,293,053 463,787 1,599,326 10 Carthage 859,385 217,237 1,176,981 II Nevada 437,924 190,232 1 ,046,616 12 Moberly 551,453 353,641 950,664 13 Louisiana 453,470 90,531 908,088 14 Independence 505,645 100,982 886,354 15 Cape Girardeau 431,170 105,009 612,259 16 Chilliccthe 323,685 114,007 608,767 17 Boonville 299,128 89,426 473,455 18 Trenton 205,715 113,508 • 459,748 19 Webb City 21 1,090 79,294 425,763 20 Mexico 261,617 68,230 415,894 21 Clinton 333,364 69,099 372,194 22 Maryville 180,075 66,789 333,883 23 Brookfield 101,293 89,698 329,889 24 Carrollton 215,760 41,445 311,368 25 Rich Hill 224,609 42,659 255,132 *Rank in value of products. Manufactures of twenty-five leading cities. that a bank is in a failing condition. A revision of the banking law in 1899 authorizes the Secretary of State, before any banking corporation, individual banker or trust company shall commence business, to cause an examination to be made, in order to ascertain whether the requisite capital of such bank, banker State banking law. or trust company has been paid in in cash. This is construed to mean that at least 50 per cent of each share of the capital stock must be paid, and be ready for use in transaction of business, over and above the amount invested in banking 156 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. COMPARATlV^l'; SUMMARY OF THE FOURTEEN LEADING INDUSTRIES OF THE STATE. liulustrii's ^^■ar No. ot Estab- lish 'ts Capital Invested Cost of the Materials Used Value of the Product Total Wages Paid per Year Average No Wage Earners Per Year Totals for the 14 Industries Act. inc. '90-00 Per cent of inc. Boots and Shoes Carriages and Wagons Car Construc- tion by R.R. Car Cons, by other concerns Men's clothing, fact'ry prod. Coffee and spice (roasting etc. ) Confectionery Flouring, grist mill products Foundry and mach'shop Malt Liquors Lumber and Timber Printing and Publishing Slaughtering and Packing Tobacco 1900 1890 5,139 3,667 i,47i 40.1 1900 1890 5° 29 1900 1890 377 425 1900 1890 43 27 1900 1890 1900 1890 4 5 148 59 1900 1890 27 15 1900 1890 99 75 1900 1890 1,145 710 1900 1890 261 186 1900 1890 49 30 1900 1890 1,197 830 1900 1890 1,100 778 1900 1890 1900 37 68 602 1890 430 -"3,3^6,395 85,918,067 ^7,408, 328 31.9 4,183,979 3,712,915 4,019,087 3,963,675 3,645,260 1,394,974 4,^30,982 1,442,927 4,651,882 4,966,073 2,517,482 1,089,088 2,842,164 1,440,173 1 1,402,827 12,630,645 1 1,606,445 11,708,878 25, 73', 930 16,689,575 1 1,089,799 8,245,425 1 1 ,149,288 8,052,275 7,944,033 4,986,780 8,01 1,237 5,594,664 #122,972 93,055 29,916 7,993 2,521 2,733 2,441 3,019 2,082 5,101 2,655 5,095 4,566 4,303 3,290 3,476 2,120 21,937 29,210 6,732 5,819 3,073 6,563 6,410 4,328 2,167 1,439 39,108 15,142 9,282 8,809 261 297 964 32.1 026 027 960 925 574 326 335 320 156 017 097 476 1 12 762 507 639 008 009 01 1 536 216 903 852 861 137 352 <203, 494,824 155,920,549 47,574,275 30.5 11,253,202 4,841,004 5,583,364 5,233,324 6,524,121 3,890,542 7,722,768 3,974,173 8,925,088 8,113,852 5,266,264 3,892,792 5,554,384 3,584,953 26,393,928 34,486,795 15,073,005 13,680,773 13,776,905 16,954,137 11,177,529 8,359,925 4,706,287 3,503,733 43,040,885 18,320,193 27,847,432 17,583,646 26,401 ,101 23,144,690 3,256,411 14. 1 2,052,1 14 1,119,370 1,310,560 1,499,133 3,182,753 1,737,771 1,373,353 1,147,604 1,693,725 1,772,799 176,420 113,551 662,513 520,767 851,377 1,249,091 3,882,749 3,807,974 1,890,100 1,847,195 2,012,659 1,930,504 3,774,832 4,050,989 1,446,742 645,322 2,097,204 1 ,702,600 59,057 50,674 8,383 16.5 5,9'5 2,716 2,503 3,026 5,581 2,859 2,772 1,854 6,129 6,113 499 252 2,058 1,454 1,654 3,011 7,084 6,754 3,150 2,834 6,043 6,703 7,256 7,423 3,102 1,264 5,231 4,411 Banking in Missouri. house furniture and fixtures. All sums collected In connection with the execu- tion of this law are credited to the State bank examination fund. Any derelic- prrrsuuKG plate glass company, crystal crrY, jei'FEuson county. tion from the law of the State binding upon corporations or bankers results in the institution of proceedings duly authorized by the laws of 1897 against insolv- ent banks. MANUFACTURES. 157 FIRST NATIONAL BANK, CARTHAGE. The growth of banks organized under the State law is shown in the follow- ing comparison of their deposits at various periods since 1882: 1882 $ 52,980,358 1893 61,705,242 1903 136,649,641 An official statement of the financial condi- tion of Missouri State banks, issued by the Sec- retary of State on September 9, 1903, tabulates statements from 704 State banks and 22 trust companies. It gives the resources of incorpor- ated banks, outside of St. Louis and Kansas City, as totaling $107,018,736. The resources of St. Louis banks, $58,629,457; those of Kansas City, $5,837,618; the private banks had $8,865,150, and the trust companies $124,654,728 in resources. The grand total of resources of the banks of the State footed up $180,350,962, not including the trust companies. The aggregate capital stock of the banks on September 9, 1903, was $21,068,- 600. In February, 1904, a gain of $683,400 was reported, due to the incorporation of new banks, $473,000; increases of capitalization, $210,400. The aggregate capital stock of the 22 trust com- panies on September 9, 1903, was $21,712,900. Since then, by February, 1904, the capital stock in the trust companies has been increased to $22,112,900. This gain of $400,000 was caused by the organization of two new trust companies, one capitalized at $150,000, the other at $100,000, and by an increase in the original capitalization of another one from $150,000 to $300,000. The trust companies are classified, according to their capitalization, as follows: Five at $50,000; one at $55,000; one at $63,700; two at $75,000; one at $80,000; one at $100,000; one at $150,000; one at $187,500; one at $226,000; one at $250,000; one at $300,000; two at $1,000,000; two at $2,000,000; three at $3,000,000; one at $5,000,000. A classification of the State banks by their capitalization, made in February, 1904, shows the folow- ing: Two hundred and thirty-five at $10,000; two at $10,500; two at $11,000; fifteen at $12,- 000; five at $12,500; one at $13,000; one at $14,- 000; sixty-six at $15,- 000; seven at $16,000; one at $16,500; one at $17,000; one at $18,000; ninety-two at $20,000; two at $21,000; one at $21,500; two at $22,000; seventy-one at $25,000; one at $26,000; one at $26,500; one at $28,000; twenty-seven at $30,000; one at $33,000; three at $35,500; sixteen at $40,000; sixty-six at $50,000; one at $55,000; two at $60,000; one at $70,000; five at $75,000; twenty-seven at $100,000; one at $125,000; two at $150,000; seven at $200,000; three at $500,000; one at $600,000; one t $2,000,000. ItAOCLIFFE MAiNUFACTUKI.NG COMPA.NY, AGENCY LARGEST ESTAULISIIMENT OF ITS KIND IN THE WORLD. Growth of banks. Resources of bank- ing institutions. 1 wy 1 . ^"^w/% >-X ■ ^ 1 - .1! 1 Mr '^ \y^ ^ni' i^^^B ■■ri||iii^ s¥ ^HyfKi ' wW*S gf ■ J J Mum ^^ifl ■ pHliii F m ^11 m 158 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. HUTTIG-MOSS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, ST. JOSEPH. Classification of banks. Private banks are those which receive money on deposit, with or without in- terest, buy and sell exchange, notes, current and uncurrent money bonds, stocks, etc., and loan money without being incorporated. There are 93 private banks, with a capitalization of $840,000. HIGH AND LOW BUILDINGS, ST. LOUIS — HOLLAND BUILDING, REPUBLIC BUILDING, MISSOURI TRUST BUILDING, CHEMICAL BUILDING. MANUFACTURES. 159 HARNESS FACTORY OF WILLIAM HECK, CALIFORNIA, MONITEAU COUNTY. Missouri lias 84 national banks, divided by counties, tlius: St. Louis (city), 7; Jasper, 8; Jaclcson, 7; Boone, Buchanan, Clinton, Nodaway, Pettis, 3 each; Adair, Caldwell, Gentry, Greene, Livingstone, Marion, Putnam, 2 each, and the following counties, one each: Andrew, Atchison, Audrain, Barry, Barton, Bates, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Cass, Chariton, Clay, Cole, Cooper, Daviess, De Kalb, Dunklin, Franklin, Grundy, Harrison, Howell, Johnson, Lawrence, Macon, Moniteau, Monroe, Newton, Phelps, Scotland, St. Charles, St. Clair, Sullivan, Vernon, and Worth. National Banks in Missouri. ST. LOUIS WASHINGTON AVENUE, LOOKING WEST FROM THIRD STREET. 160 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. This official statement shows the domestic corporations incorporated in the State of Missouri; also foreign corporations licensed to do business in this State, Domestic corpora- ^^^ ^ period commencing July 1, 1902, and ending June 30, 1903, the capital tions in the State. "^ =. ^ . . = stock of each class of corporation being set forth in the aggregate: DOMESTIC CORPORATIONS. Manufacturing and business, total number 1,259; capital $79,433,200 Railroads, total number 25 ; capital 20,935,000 Trust companies, total number 6; capital 2,150,000 Banks, total number 73; capital 1,167,000 Telegraphs and Telephones, total number 28; capital 953,100 Street railways, total number 6; capital 240,000 Total, domestic 1,397 $104,878,310 FOREIGN CORPORATIONS. .$200,631,000 Foreign corpora- Total number, 119; total capital dons. Grand total $305,509,310 The growth of the value of Missouri commerce is vitally shown by these figures. HORSE AND MULE DEPOT. FINE STOCK BUILDING. KANSAS CITY STOCK YARDS. KANSAS CITY A GREAT LIVE STOCK CE.NTRE. MANUFACTURES. 161 MACON SHEAll 1 AL TUUY AND BLEES CARRIAGE COMPANY, MACON. Insurance companies wrote in 1903 about $20,000,000 of premiums, fire and life in Missouri. There are licensed to do business in the State: three Missouri stock fire insurance companies, one insurance, Lloyds, 94 insurance stock fire companies of other states, 25 insurance companies of foreign countries, 9 Mis- souri regular mutual fire companies, 4 regular mutual fire insurance companies from other States, 10 town mutual companies, two Missouri life companies, and 46 life companies from other States. There are 12 Missouri trust companies and 38 trust companies from other States licensed to do fidelity and surety business. There are 91 fraternal beneficiary associations from Missouri and other States doing business in Missouri. The laws of Mis- souri require that all stock fii-e insurance companies which are organized in the State shall have a paid up capital stock of at least $100,000, and companies admitted from other States must have a paid up capital of $200,- 000, unlv^ss the compa- ny's home State will license a Missouri com- pany having a capital of $100,000 in which event companies from that State having $100,- 000 capital will be admitted to Missouri. All foreign fire insurance companies must have a deposit capital of $200,000 with some State officer of the United States before the company will be licensed in Missouri. Life insurance com- panies of other States and countries, before being admitted to Missouri, must file a certificate showing the company has deposited with some other State the sum of $100,000 for the benefit and jirotection of all policy holders. Companies doing personal accident, plate glass and employers' liability insurance before being Mo. — 11. Insurance companies. CHABLE8 MEIEBHOFFEB SAND PLANT, BOONVILLE. Missouri's insur- ance law. 162 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. «__^ ^^^^ ^M ■i gj^MMMM^ . ..^. <.jJim^if^ Hk ^^^^ ^^SP 1^ ^B- . '^1 ^^"', HHK" • -'i'' ^ .uS ^■k^^^^^ ^kyOI^ m ' '"'"''"WjiiBi CHAECOAL KILN AT NOEL, MCDONALD COUNTY. The Missouri reciprocal law. Large revenue turned into the State. admitted to Missouri, must file a certificate showing the company has $100,000 on deposit with some State officer. Companies doing fidelity and surety business in Missouri must file a certificate of deposit showing $200,000 deposited with some State officer. The Missouri reciprocal law pro- vides that whenever any State or county prescribes restrictions or increased fees or requirements upon Missouri companies, the Missouri Department shall enforce the same retaliatory provisions against companies of that State or county doing business in Mis- ^I^C^^^^^ij^'^^' "^ souri. The business of insurance in Mis- '"'^**^"^"^^~^^"^' souri has grown to such large proportions that the Insurance Department takes rank IS one of the important departments of the State Government, and one of the chief rev- enue producers of the State. Under the law, one-half of the sum derived from the tax on insurance premiums received by in- surance companies in Missouri, is distri- IN YARD OF OZARK LAND buted by the State treasurer to the revenue AND LUMBER COMPANY, WINONA, fund of the city of St. Louis and the various counties of the State. More detailed accounts of the manufacturing and commercial interests of the large cities may be found in another chapter. Sufficient is here said, how- ever, to show the potential supremacy of Missouri along lines of industrial ac- tivity. PERRY COUNTY LUMBER CAMP. ISSOURI'S mineral output to the close of 1903, conservatively es- timated, amounts to the enor- mous sum of $675,000,000. The coal fields of the State cover, approximately 25,000 square miles and have produced coal sold at more than $100,000,- 000. A two-foot seam of coal for 25,000 square miles, at $1.25 a ton, the average price for fif- teen years at Missouri mines, would aggre- gate the almost inconceivable amount of $50,- 000,000,000, yet in many Missouri coal fields the seams are three or four feet thick or thicker. In numerous cases there are two or more beds. Iron ore, aggregating in value over $35,000,- 000 has been produced and large deposits re- main untouched. The clay deposits are everywhere varied and valuable, exceeding in importance any other source of the State's mineral wealth. The deposits of high grade brick clays, fire clays, kaolin, sewer pipe, terra cotta and potter's clays are, as yet practically untouched. Building stones are as varied and inexhaustible as the clays, granite, lime- stone, sandstone and marble, occurring in many parts of the State in unlim- ited quantities and of excellent quality. Lead ore is found in nearly every county in the south and central parts of the State. Four billion pounds of lead, valued at considerably over $100,- 000,000 have been produced, one-half within the last fifteen years. Zinc ore is mined in commercial quantities in fifteen counties, nearly all of which are also producers of lead. Missouri furnishes 80 per cent of the zinc produced in the United States. In Missouri are also great deposits of the purest plate-glass sands; quan- tities of nickle and cobalt ore — in the dump at one mine lies $600,000 worth waiting milling; large variety of mineral waters; asphalt and asphaltic gravel; road metal and road materials; the world's largest tripoli deposit; copper and 163 Missouri's mineral output nearly seven hundred million dollars. Fifty billion dollars worth of coal undeveloped. Clay deposits, yet untouched, of inexhaustible value. Lead and zinc ore in great quantity. 164 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SCENES IN JOPLIN MINING DISTRICT — LEAD FURNACES AND AT WORK UNDERGROUND. Schoolcraft's remarkable prophecy and its fulfillment. extensive barite deposits, the latter a minor product which has yielded $2,000,- 000 in southeast Missouri. Added to these great mineral resources Missouri has inexhaustible supplies of the purest lime rock and material suitable for the manufacture of hydraulic cement. The cement factories being constructed in Missouri are the greatest in the world. There has been fulfilled the remarkable prophecy of the explorer and scien- tist, Henry R. Schoolcraft, made in 1819: "There should be a mineralogical school located in the mine country (Missouri) Any one who is cognizant of the advantages which various parts of Germany and particularly Saxony, have derived from such a school, will not deny the utility of a similar one in the United States, and as to its location there can be no question, for, com- pared with any other part of the Union this will be found the land of ores — the country of minerals. The earth has not been penetrated over eighty feet. There is reason to believe that the main bodies of ore have not yet been hit. They lie deeper and we have thus far only been engaged upon the spurs and detached masses. There is also reason to believe that large bodies of the ores of zinc exist in the district of the mines. Every day is developing to us the vast resources of this country in minerals, particularly in lead, and we can not resist the belief that in riches and extent the mines of Missouri are paralleled by no other mineral district in the world." Since the publication of Schoolcraft's predictions Missouri has produced far more than $600,000,000 worth of mineral and her annual mineral product nas become greater than that of California. MINING. 165 .2yccc^zraZ2Z- iS^oizyzzz^ die CoccZjoz-ocZzzcSfcozz czzzc^i^ 'yecczrs /SaS ^o^303 tzzcZzzsii/s. 7V« >es. /esi teaz real ,s.. /09S ,ss. rss. rase >es9 r.co ,sor y90Z r»oj -t.io^.o.o / > 1 .46 / f*-* ll fs-*^ / 1 . A-/0 / 1 i.3 8 // f.ss- \ \ J ',?-f 3 a o a.o oo \ \ / 1 t.3 2 ■"" "A / ,' r.3o \ / / / 23 3. So o.o o o ,' f Z6 S,4- o o.o o o --- \ / / 1 /■.2<« \ 1 f,ZZ ' 3 Z o o.o oo , Ij /.z o 3 f o o.o o o A \ A 1 1 r.f m 3.0 ii o.o o o / \ \ / f.fS 2.9 O o.o oo / \ ' X 1 / /. f 4 2.B 0.0 oo / \ \ ■ ; t f Z / / ,. f.fo 2.S OOJ3 OO / \ ;/ f OS Z.S oop oo 1 / \ > / foe 2.-^0 0.0 o o / v / /.o 4- Z,3 O O.OIf.O /■ \ s / / foz 2^,0 0.0 / f.OO MISSOURI'S COAL HARVEST Coal, the chief reliance in modern times for fuel, is found in exactly one- half of the 114 counties of Missouri. The coal fields underlay nearly 25,000 square miles, more than one-third of the surface of the State. Coal mining, though extensively carried on, is hardly begun as far as opening up the enormous stores of coal wealth. But 38 counties are now furnishing a commercial output yet coal is found underlying the widely extended surface indicated on the mineral map plate. On the assumption that a two- foot seam of coal will produce 2,500 tons of available coal to the acre, and worth $1.25 per ton at the mine (which is the average price of the past fifteen years) the value of the coal per acre will equal $3,125, or $2,000,000 per square mile, or for 25,000 square miles, a sum amounting to $50,- 000,000,000. This is an immense value and yet it represents but one bed two feet thick while in YEAR TONS PRICE PER TON VALUE 1889 i, 223, 477 $ 1.36 $ 3,030,414 1890 2,437,399 1.32 3,234,351 189I 2,650,018 I-3I 3,480,867 1892 3,017,285 1.26 3,825,828 '893 3,190,442 1.25 3,999,681 1894 2,383,322 1.26 3,013,075 1895 2,283,081 1. 17 2,675,690 1896 2,420,147 1. 13 2,741,711 1897 2,429,388 1. 10 2,684,757 1898 2,838,152 1. 10 3,148,862 1899 3,191,811 1. 12 3,582,111 1900 2,995,022 1. 21 3,643,975 I9OI 3,813,527 1.24 4,716,331 1902 4,063,572 I-3I 5,325,832 1903 4,600,000 1.46 6,716,000 Total 44,536,643 $ 1.25 $ 55,819,485 Coal production and average prices. One-half the State underlaid by coal. Innmense values in the coal beds. 166 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Location and use of Missouri coal. Location favorable to coal production. fact Missouri has large areas where the coal beds measure three, four and five feet in thickness. The coals of Missouri are bituminous, except in the case of numerous pocket deposits which are largely composed of cannel coal. The latter are found in Cole, Cooper, Miller and Morgan counties. Some of these coal pockets reach a thickness of ninety feet, and many range from forty to seventy-five feet in thickness; but the area which they cover is small. The crevices in the cannel coal are usually filled with "sheet" lead and zinc ores and frequently, one or the other of these ores occurs in considerable quantity. Missouri coal is used almost exclusively for the generation of steam and for domestic purposes. But little has been used in the making of gas, or coke. The railroads consume, as fuel for locomotives, the greater part of the coal output and manufactories are second to them in amount of consumption. The coal not devoted to these industries is consumed for domestic purposes. The demand for coal as a fuel for stove and furnaces in residences, in place of wood has grown within the past few years and will continue to grow. Missouri is surrounded on all sides by large coal-producing States, hav- ing Illinois on the east, Iowa on the north, Kansas on the west, and Arkansas Coal fields easily worked. IN A CARTHAGE STONE QUAKBY. on the south, with their coal fields close to our borders. This practically con- fines, at the present time, the sale of our coal to the home market. We can justly infer from this fact, however, a rapid improvement in industrial condi- tions within the State, for we produced 536,428 more tons of coal in 1903 than in 1902, and there was an increase in value of the product of $1,390,168, or over 26 per cent. The coal fields of Missouri are not located in rough or mountainous re- gions, but lie on elevated plains having a gently undulating surface covered with fertile soil, much of which is in a high state of cultivation. The whole area is thickly settled and supports many thriving towns and villages which are closely connected with the mines by a net work of railways penetrating the coal fields in all directions. There is always a considerable local demand for coal, and there are, therefore, many small operators who work their mines only during the winter season. The organization of large companies to control extensive bodies of coal lands Is occurring more frequently with each succeeding year. There is, at present, however, opportunity for excellent investments in coal lands in Mis- souri, and there is perhaps promise of better and surer returns from such in- vestments than in any mining proposition open to the public. The cost of "coal rights" which give possession of the coal and authority to sink shafts, erect MINING. 167 buildings and to construct and operate rail or other roads, on the surface, to- gether with all privileges necessary for the transaction of a coal mining busi- ness, varies in Missouri from $8 to $15 per acre, where the coal runs between three and four feet in thickness. Referring to the diagram and statistical table, it should be stated that the Missouri coal trade did not begin with 1889; statistics have been Statistics regarding given only for the period between 1889 and 1903, because prior to 1889 J'^^^jg^^"'""""' ''°^' the work of gathering statistics was not systematically done. The price ($1.36 per ton at the mine) received in this State fifteen years ago for coal was better than since realized, except for 1903, when it reached the record- breaking sum of $1.46 per ton. The value of the Missouri coal product for 1889, was $3,030,414; for 1895, $2,675,690; for 1902, $5,325,832; and for 1903, $6,716,000. This shows an in- PIG LEAD SMELTERS AT HERCULANEUM, JEFFERSON COUNTY. crease over 1889, of $3,685,586, or 121.02 per cent; over the year 1895, of $4,040,- 310, or 151 per cent; and over 1902, of $1,390,168, or 26.10 pec cent. The future promises even better results than the year just closed; first, because of the number of new mines which have been opened, their great capacity and splendid equipment, and the excellent quality of coal and thick beds, in newly devel- oped fields; second, because in years past, no such perfect understanding has existed between employer and employe, as is found at present, there having been but one strike in 1903, among the coal miners of the State. The coal mines of Missouri are in fine condition viewed from any standpoint, especially those of safety, sanitation and equipment, and so far as mine accidents are concerned, no State can show a better record. The earliest mining in Missouri was for lead. M. La Motte discovered the Future of the coal industry in Missouri. 168 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Lead mining the oldest in the State. Lead and zinc associated. Varieties of zinc and lead ore commonly found. AMERICAN TRIPOLI COM- PANY MINES, AT SENECA, NEWTON COUNTY. lead deposits in southeast Missouri in 1720 which bear his name, and which have been since worked almost continuously. In 1869 the diamond drill was first used in southeast Missouri by the St. Joseph Lead Company with the result that large bodies of disseminated ores were discovered at the depth of about 120 feet and underground mining proper was begun. In the same year as the result of the establishment in St. Louis of zinc works, zinc ores be- came valuable. The ores of lead and zinc are almost invariably found associated except in the southeastern district, where the ores are generally lead, and where zinc is rarely found in commercial quantities. Three prominent districts are found in the State. The southwestern district, including the southwestern corner of the State, has an area of about 125 by 75 miles. The second district is south and west of St. Louis, and includes a territory of about 80 by 85 miles. The third district is the central part of the State, south and west of Jefferson City, with an area of about 75 by 85 miles. The ores of zinc are sphalerite, or zinc sulphide, locally called "jack," "rosin jack." "black jack" and "blende;" smithsonite, or zinc carbonate, locally called "zinc drybone" and "car- bonate;" calamine, or zinc sili- cate, locally called "silicate;" and hydro-zincite, or hydrous zinc sil- icate, not found commercially. Of the lead ores, there are found galena, or lead sulphide, locally called "blue mineral;" or lead cerussite, or lead carbonate, locally called "drybone" or "car- bonate;" pyromorphite, or lead phosphate, sometimes called "green lead;" and anglesite, or lead sulphate. Of these lead ores, galena is the main source of the metal in all the districts. Cerus- site was much more abundant than galena in the early days of lead mining in Missouri, because it is secondary ore, and is always found near the surface. Pyro- YEAR TONS PRICE PER TON VALUE 1889 44,321 $ 44-55 $ 1,974,500 1890 47,761 45-49 2,172,647 189I 44,281 49.10 2,174,197 1892 49,626 44.21 2,193,965 1893 40,297 39-34 1,585,569 1894 52,003 37.48 1,949,568 1895 61,618 30.06 1,852,400 1896 65,504 30-33 1,987,155 1897 67,404 27.62 1,862,122 1898 73,687 40.86 3,0", 05s 1899 70,829 44.10 3,146,237 1900 80,478 46.30 3,726,202 I90I 109,842 44-15 4,849,595 1902 126,831 42.01 5,367,065 1903 142,547 49.12 7,002,936 Total 1,077,029 $44,855,213 MINING. 169 morphite and anglesite are of rare occurrence, and are of no commercial value. The zinc ores are relatively hard and light, having an average hardness of about 4.5, and an average specific gravity of about 4 while the lead ores are relatively soft and heavy, having an average hardness of about 3 and an average specific gravity of about 6.5. These ores are always associated in the ore-body with other minerals, which are usually called the gangue. These are as follows: Calcite, or lime carbonate, locally called "tiff;" dolomite, or magnesian lime carbonate, locally Association of lead called "mundic," and white iron pyrites; pyrite, or iron bisulphide; chalcopy- and zinc ores, rite, a copper and iron bisulphide usually found in small tetrahedrons; chert, an impure flint; jasperite, a secondary deposit of dark silicious material occa- sionally cementing the ores and gangue; greenockite, or cadmium sulphide; tal- low clay, sometimes called "gouge;" limonite, or hydrated sesqui-oxide of iron; and bitumen, or mineral pitch. These ores occur in four different ways. First, as "float" or "drop" mineral, on or near the surface — rounded or water-worn, weathered chunks of ore which have originated from broken down crevices in superincumbent beds, or have been segregated by the action of running water. Second, as disseminated ore. Here the ore, usually galena, occurs in fine grains, or minute crystals, dis- seminated in masses, or beds, generally more or less intimately mixed with Four different formations. CARTEKVILLE, JASPER COUXTY, MINING VIEW. dolomitic grains, often called "spar" rock. This is characteristic of the south- eastern disseminated lead district. Third, segregated ore. In the upper por- tion of crevices, or veins, the ores and gangue are more or less disturbed from their original position, and are frequently mixed with residual clays, the "tal- low" clay of the miners. Here the softer rock, usually lime, of the ore-body has been washed away by subterranean drainage, and the ores and gangues, mixed with the broken down wall-rock and insoluble cherts form a brecciated mass irregularly mixed together and the ore is concentrated. Fourth, the crevice, or ore-body proper. Here the wall-rocks are more or less well defined, particularly in the magnesian limestone, though they are frequently broken into irregular, more or less horizontal flat openings, where the ore and gangue have penetrated for some distance. In this case the ore-body is more massive and solid, more or less completely filling up the shattered crevice. The flat openings are the so-called ore runs, or ore horizons. The crevices are usually vertical, penetrating to unknown depths, and they frequently follow fault lines. They vary in width and thickness in different formations and even in the same How lead and are located. 170 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Commercial production of lead in Missouri. formation. The trend of these crevices, or veins, is usually more or less par- allel with folds of the strata. Tlie commercial production of lead in extensive quantities in Missouri dates practically only to 1870. From 1870 to 1889 the production grew, averag- ing for the twenty years an annual output of 29,131 tons; from 1889 to 1903, a period of fifteen years — shown graphically on the accompanying tables: Prices received for the annual output. Constant and rapid increase. -f^rva^szc^ :yecz2-jr /383 iin ;^303 rii?vV>^,rii^. AicVS in /gas /gsc fsai fSSZ /es3 fS9-f /eas /e96 fa 97 rasa /S9S ^SOO rsof rsoz rso3 Z^ozi . / 4-0, oo o / ■^ <^o o o * z s,o o o / -43.0 ?• Z o,o o o I \ 1 \ / i 43.00 f f S,o o o ' \ 1 / 4 7.0 f r o^o o a \ A / 46. oo r o j-.oo J I \ / \ y 4S.OO f o o,o oo y \ / k / ■4 .ft. o o \ / 1 \ 43. oo 3 o.o 9 o \ 1 \ \^' 42. oo 8S.O oo , 4/.00 ao.ooo \ \ -4o oo Y S.o o o 1 1 / 33.00 7 O.o oo \ ^/ 3a oo 6 ^.o a o \ <^ k 3 Too 6 O.o o o 1 I / / 3S o o ^<^.o o o \ \ / ( 3^.oo / 34 o a ■4>S,o o o A / 1 3 3.0 ■4-0.0 o o y' V 1 1 32 OO 1 — \ 3-f oo 3 Coo o \ 3o oa ZS.OOo ^ Z900 \( zaoo r^,za^ram, j/iomnf ^/le praducfion. o/ Zinc Ores and ike a.i/era^e prices receii/ed from a^lc/'rades of i^ sa?7ie. Prodi^ct Vearj r889 to ^903. inclusi'^/ 7nce Torv in TOTZS. /S89 ■fS90 f89f 789i 7893 789^ 7S'9S 7896 7897 7S98 7899 7900 7907 7902 7903 Z^O 000 1 1 3^.00 Z 30.000 A 1 33.00 Z 20.000 /) \ 32. 00 z^o.ooo 1 1 \ 3/ .00 Z 00-900 r J 1 1 30.00 ■/90.000 '"V / 1 Z9.00 f 80.000 y' \ 1 28.0 / 70 000 : \ 27.00 / 60 000 1 : 1 1 26 00 fSO.OOO 1 1 1 \ 1 \ 1 2S.00 ^4-0.000 1 1 \l Z-f 00 f 30000 A 1 1 'w 23.00 /ZOO 00 ..-^ / \ 1 2 2. 00 ■fi 0.000 y 1 '-\ \ 1 1 1 Z /.OO 90000 / \ \ \ 1 Zo.oo 9o 000 y ^ \ \ V / \ J J 79.00 80.000 / '' / -/ 78. 00 7 000 \ / 7 7 00 60.000 I ' 76. 00 SO.OOO \ / 1/ 7S.00 .Price. . Product Production of zinc ores and prices received. }fears ^S89 to -fSOJ Z7zc^iisii/e. eTTziraceJiical- ifearj eTidm^ JuTie 30^^ The prices given are average prices and embrace those paid for all grades, including the silicates, which bring only about half the amount paid for good "jack." During the year 1899, the price for zinc ore reached the surprising sum of $52 per ton. This was but temporary, however, although it continued long enough to attract the attention o f speculators from all sections of the country, with the result that many "fake" enterprises deceived the unini- tiated, and many worthless proper- ties were sold for fabulous sums. The coal mine, putnam county. Result of temporary high prices. /^^ Hk^^cc ' -^^HHH Ril^ f^ h ,'- 1 f jBHHf^wiP*^^*^^*^ felH iL. ^II9HHB i^^ 174 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. WEBB CITY, JOPLIN AND CARTERVILLE SCENES. Estimate of zinc output of State. Deeper mines and better equipped plants. ZINC PRODUCTION Joplin district suffered for a time as a result of this wild speculation, but tlie foundation for a great and paying industry was there and stable conditions were soon restored. During 1903 the price of ore reached $42.50 per ton, but it should be remembered that the highest figures refer to the very highest grade, averag- ing between $33 and $37 per ton for many months during the year. For the year as a whole, the data at hand justifies an estimate of two hundred and twelve thousand two hundred and fifty-seven tons, at $34, which makes the output worth $7,216,736. The product of Mis- souri zinc mines from 1873 to the present, unlike the price received from the ore, has made a continu- ous increase with but one excep- tion, which naturally followed the great business depression of 1893 and 1894. Although the expenditure of more time and money in develop- ment work is necessary, as deeper mining is undertaken and there is the slight added cost of handling more water and hoisting material from greater depths, the cost of producing zinc ore has advanced but little. In fact, the improved methods for handling and clean- ing and saving ore which are prac- ticed by the best equipped plants more than offsets the greater cost of working deeper mines. Many tracts of land that were worked years ago to shallow depths and abandoned as worked out, have been reopened at greater depths, where are found extensive ore bodies which promise much better results than were obtained in the former shallow mines. YEAR TONS PRICE PER TON VALUE 1889 82,357 $ 21.44 $ 1,765,744 1890 100,248 22.51 2,256,582 189I 123,752 21.60 2,673,043 1892 131,488 21 .76 2,861,178 1893 108,591 20.57 2,245,028 1894 89,150 15.00 1,337,910 1895 101,294 16.86 1,707,665 1896 92,754 19-75 1,831,856 1897 93,148 18.32 1,706,947 1898 139,668 20.96 2,927,321 1899 181,430 34-3 3 5,974,624 1900 186,290 30.65 5,711,631 I9OI 224,074 23.70 5,308,671 1902 234,903 30.84 7,052,819 1903 212,257 34.00 7,216,736 Total 2,101,404 $ 25.02 $ 52,577,755 MINING. 175 #v LAFAYETTE COUNTY COAL MINE. Missouri was the first State west of Ohio to produce and smelt iron ore. Iron ores are found in nearly every county in south Missouri and in a few counties north of the Missouri river. They are chiefly confined to the Silurian rocks, probably ninety-five per cent of the six hundred and thirty-six iron ore localities, which have been mapped out in the State, occurring in this formation. Some, however, are found in the lower carboniferous rocks, and some immense deposits (now largely worked out) occurred in the Algonkian rocks and the Archean porphyries of southeast Missouri. A few carbonate and unimportant limonite deposits lie in the coal measures of the extreme west and northwestern portion of the State. The most extensive deposits now known are in Phelps, Crawford, Franklin, Dent, Iron, St. Francois, Bollinger, Wayne, Butler, Ripley, Carter, Oregon, Shannon, Ozark, Howell, Miller, Camden, Morgan, Benton, and St. Clair counties. The total product of the State, to date, is between eight and nine million tons, the leading producing counties having been in the order of importance; St. Francois, with nearly three and three-quarter million tons; Ii'on, with one and three-quarter million tons; Crawford, with nearly one million tons; and Phelps, with three-quarters of a million tons. Fifty, or nearly half of the counties of the State, have important iron ore deposits. Iron ore easily mined in Missouri. Where the iron ore is found. RAY COUNTY COAL MINE AND FARM SCENE. 176 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri has produced iron ore aggregating $35,000,000. Character and product of some Missouri iron mines. Charcoal used for fuel. ZINC MINING PLANTS ON MINOR & ROGERS LAND, AURORA. Missouri has produced in the neighborhood of $35,000,000 worth of iron ore, her largest output having been previous to the decline in production at the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob mines. In 1887 Missouri produced about four hundred and thirty thousand tons of iron ore, but the product gradually diminished until 1900, after which, owing to better prices and an increased demand, the industry has revived in the State, and the annual output is again increasing. The important ores from which iron is produced in Missouri are hematite and limonite, the former producing about two hundred pounds more iron to the ton than the latter. The Cherry Valley Mine, in Crawford county, has produced over a half mil- lion tons of ore; the Simmons Mountain Mine, in Dent county, over one quarter million tons, and the Meramec Mine, in Phelps county, three hundred and seven- ty-flve thousand tons. The quality of this class of ore is excellent, it is very high in metallic iron and very low in sulphur and phosphorous, and is also easily smelt- ed. In the past two or three years a number of new and important ore bodies have been found, and it may be safely pre- dicted that new discoveries will be made in the years to come, and that in this dis- trict, especially in Shannon, Phelps, Dent and Crawford counties, the iron industry will thrive far into the future. A large modern smelter has recently been com- pleted at Sligo, in Dent county, for the smelting of these ores. Charcoal is used for a fuel, and, in burning it, by-products are saved, including large quantities of wood alcohol. While limonites occur wherever the Silurian limestones, or Cambrian forma- Catherine lead co., madison county. MINING. 177 JIG BOOM, CONSOLIDATED LEAD COMPANY, DESUKJE, ST. FRANCOIS COUNTV. tions, exist in the State, and to some extent in the younger formations, they are principally distributed along the southeastern slope of the Ozarks and on the western slope, up the valley of the Osage river and its tributaries. The limonite ores of Missouri, even the more silicious ones, carry a higher percentage of iron than the red hematite ores of Alabama, or the limonites of Pennsylvania. Many of them are comparatively free from phosphorus, and it is possible that large bodies will be found sufficiently free from this element to render the ore useful for Bessemer processes. The red hematite ores of Missouri occur as dis- tinct beds in the coal measure and Lower Car- boniferous rocks, and, un- like the other iron ores of the State, their geo- logical age Is definitely fixed. Inaccessibility and comparative cost of min- ing have hindered the production of these ores, but with the extension of railroads, many of the red hematite deposits of the State will become ex- tremely valuable. Mo. — 12 Higher percentage of iron ore than the limonites (,f Pennsylvania. I;ijK l{i;.\ LEAD (OiirA.NV, fLAT KIVER, 87. I KANXOIS COC.NTT. 178 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain. First furnace erected in the State. History of Iron Mountain. -f^ IN A MORGAN COUNTY COAL MINE; IIUHBARD & MOOKE. ore in 1836, but mining changed hands several times. Local smelting was continued un- til the year 1877, at which time over one hundred and ninety-two thousand tons of pig iron had been produced. After this date the ore was shipped to other points for smelting. Two classes of ore occur here: first, vein de- posits, the largest of which origi- nally had a maximum thickness at the surface of sixty feet or more, but which rapidly nar- row in depth, and ultimately di- vide into two separate veins, va- rying in width from twelve to Specular ores of the porphyry district occur princi- pally at Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, and in their immediate vicinity. The Pilot Knob district has produced nearly two million tons of ore, the Iron Mountain, over three and one half million tons. At both of these points the richer ores have apparently been exhausted, and only "clean up" work is at present in progress. It is claimed that by recent drill work, the main veins have been dis- covered at small distances from the point where they were lost or thinned out in the original work- ings. If this is true Missouri can expect in the im- mediate future to regain her prominence as an iron producing State, but the assertion must at present be looked upon with grave doubt. In 1815 the first iron furnace was erected in the State at a point near Ironton, where ores from Shepard Mountain, a short distance from Pilot Knob, were used. The ore from Pilot Knob proper was first mined in 1835. The Pilot Knob ores are fine grained and massive with often slated struc- ture. They are very low in phosphorous and in general make a high grade Bessemer product; but with rich and pure ore there is also associated a great deal of lean and impure material. The cross-section, made by Prof. W. B. Potter, shows in a graphic way, the manner in which the ore occurs. Iron Mountain came into the possession of a company organized for the purpose of mining iron was only begun in 1844, after the property had The first smelting was done in 1846. LIVINGSTONE MINE, ZINC ON WAGON, HOWELL COUNTY. ■3t I- - /? ero35-^eef/on f'fyrough P/M/i THE PIKE, MARION COUNTY. ISSOURI has the largest permanent productive school fund of any State in the Union. In the United States, in 1900, 13,385,628 children attended school, or 17.5 per cent of the population. In Missouri in the same year, 604,111 children attended school, or 19.4 per cent of the popu- lation. The school attendance for Missouri was above that for the United States at every age period. From 5 to 7 years, the at- tendance in Missouri was 50.3 per cent, while in the United States it was 48.1 per cent. From 10 to 14 years, the attend- ance in Missouri was 83.4 per cent, and in the United States only 79.8 per cent. From 15 to 20 years, the attendance in Missouri was 31.2 per cent, while in the United States it was 26.8 per cent. The effect of education upon illiteracy is shown by the census figures of three decades. Here again Missouri leads. In 1880 the percentage of illiterates in Missouri was 13.4, while in the United States it was 17. In 1890 it had fallen for the United States to 13.3 per cent, while in Missouri it had de- creased to 9.1 per cent. In 1900 the percentage for the United States was 10.7, while in Missouri it had fallen to the very low percentage of 6.4. The decrease in illiteracy in Missouri has been absolute as well as relative. The actual number of illiterates in 1880 was 208,754, while in 1900 there were only 152,844. During the same period the actual number of illit- erates in the United States, outside of Missouri had in- creased. Missouri school attend- higher than that tor United States. Missouri leads in 197 198 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Eleven million dollars annually for schools. One-third the State revenue for public schools. Average rate of school tax. School enrollment. Missouri has school property valued at $42,600,117. Nearly eleven million dollars are annually expended for schools. There is a total enrollment i n Mis- souri schools of 780,- 541 pupils, with 20,166 teachers There are in the State 283 public high schools, with 23,880 pupils; 9,119 rural and 623 city and town districts. Over 25 per cent of the total amount spent for Missouri public schools comes from State taxation and interest on public funds. The Missouri school idea is a mean between entire local control and local taxation on the one hand, and large State control and State taxation upon the other. The Missouri constitution requires that at least one-fourth of the State revenue be set apart for the public schools. The legislature, however, has for years, set apart one-third for the purpose, not including amounts for the State University and normal schools. This is unexcelled by any other State in the Union. Missouri expends in a single year for schools, public, private and denominational, $10,959,828. This is nearly ten per cent of the entire assessed valuation of the State. It is more than four times as much as is expended upon all the branches of the State government, legislative, judicial, and execu- tive, excepting schools. Missouri expends annually for schools more than the entire cost of the State governments of Iowa and Kansas, or of Illinois and Nebraska com- bined. The average rate of school tax is 57 cents on the $100 valuation. The enumeration shows a grand total of 974,923 chil- dren of school age, 6 to 20 years; white — male, 471,522; female, 454,949; total, 926,471; colored— male, 24,543; fe- male, 23,909; total, 48,452. The total permanent school funds. State school, semi- nary, county school, township school, and special district, aggregate $13,023,997. Private and church schools have an endowment of $8,988,322. The school enrollment is 704,193; divided as follows: White— male, 338,927; female, 334,009; total, 672,936. Col- ored—male, 14,700; female, 16,497; total, 31,259. There are 10,101 school houses for white children in Missouri, and 450 for colored children. The two races have separate schools. The general average for teachers' wages in the district schools is $308.52. There are 350,000 volumes in the district school libraries of Missouri. By the time Missouri came into the Union, educational sentiment had become quite general within her borders. The liberal grants of land from the Federal Government for educational purposes had the double effect of emphasizing the EDUCATION. 199 kindekoahti:n, ST. LOUIS. M IS.SOll'.l CHlLDHEiS IX SIX .SCHOOL GRADES. SECOXI) (iKADi; MEXICO. oducational needs of the new country and of lightening the burdens of the people i n meeting them. T h e original constitution o f the State, adopte;! in 1820, made pro vision for free schools and called the attention of the legislature to the im- portance of a State University. In the language of the revised constitution of 18C5, "A general diffusion of knowledge and intelligence being essential to the preservation of the rights and liber- ties of the people, the General Assem- bly shall establish and maintain free schools for the gratuitous instruction of all persons in this Slate between the KOURTH GRADE. COLUMBIA. •200 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SEVENTH GUADE, MONTGOMERY CITY. EIGHTH GRADE, PARIS. Larger investment in schools in last ten years than any other State. Great growth of public high school. Public scho statistics. ages of five and twenty-one years." The revision of 1875 changed the period of free schooling to that between the ages of six and twenty years. The early legisla- tures took up the important matter of pro- viding free schools and following ses- sions have revised and added to existing laws. With the decadence of the old sentiments which brought the private schools into existence the public school took on new life and power. Support came more cheerfully, better equipment resulted and teachers of higher qualifications were in de- mand. A united pride in the public school and its willing support gave it a growth and popularity which few States have known. Within the last decade Missouri has per- haps invested a larger per cent of her wealth in public school property than has any other State in the same period. This is espe- cially true of MISSOURI CHILDREN IN TOUR SCHOOL GRADES. the P U b 1 i C high school. Only a generation ago the primary schools of this class which were respectably housed could be enumerated in numbers of one figure; to-day they are numbered by scores, and the growth in efficiency seems to have been commen- surate with that of physical equipment. As late as 1890 only 23 high schools were accredited by the State University, now 122 are so accredited — a growth of over 450 per cent — nothwithstanding the requirements for such honor have been increased within the period. The popularity of the public high school, as marked by this increased equipment and greater scholarship, is well founded and will endure. A much larger percentage of Missouri children are now in school, a larger percentage of the entire school enrollment are now in the public high school, and a larger percentage of the population are now in higher institutions of learning than at any previous time. These facts need no comment further than the statement that they are the result of a growth in educational sentiment rather than merely an expression of our increased wealth. The public school statistics of Missouri show these interesting figures: school districts — rural, 9,119; city and town, G23; teachers — rural, 10,393; city and town, 6,530; enumeration— rural, 482,284; city and town, 492,639; enroll- ment — rural, 402,495; city and town, 301,248; average length of term in days — rural, 12G; city and town, 171. Three and three-fourths per cent of the pupils en- rolled are in the high schools. The high school graduates numbered last year 7,143. EDUCATION. 201 Early in the history of this State when there were no fre.^ scliools of the secondary grade the churches came to the front and provided acade mies which were the worthy forerunners of the present system of high schools. The academies did almost nothing with the higher branches of knowledge until the wonderful development of th public school system provided the high school for the field occupied by the academy. To avoid competition with the free school and to meet a new demand, that for higher education, these academies took up the advanced work and more nearly occupied the sphere of the college. The importance of these transitional institutions which came in our day of need and which have changed their sphere of activity from time to time as the varying needs of the community dictated, can not be overestimated. Founded by the churches, their facul- ties were composed of Christian men and women whose ster- ling worth was an important factor in fostering high charac- ter and noble ideals among our people. The academy or col- lege, as frequently called and sometimes properly, at once be- came the center of influence for culture in its community and as its students went out into the surrounding country to teach or preach or build homes, the culture of the college life went with them. A remarked by an observing citizen of the State: "One can easil detect the influence of the college life whenever he comes within fifty miles of one of these institutions." The product of these modest forerunners of the present high school and the modern college became the patrons and champions of our institutions of broader culture, thus bringing to this and future generations a rich heritage in consequence of the wisdom, self-sacrifice and earnest labors of the pioneers. Many of these academies passed out of existence when the public high school came to occupy their sphere of activity. Others moved up to a higher plane and continue to serve an important purpose by giving an opportunity for higher work preparing for a University. In these institutions many boys and girls who have graduated fi'om the high school, but are yet young and immature, may pursue their college work near home and in an atmosphere more congenial to their present needs than that of a larger and higher institution. Whatever may be said concerning the present need of the advanced academy and small college, all thoughtful people must acknowledge a debt of gratitude to them for the important service they rendered during the formative period of our publ: school system and of the State University. In all the schools of Missouri are employed 20,106 teachers. C these 16,923 are in the public schools, 185 in the State University and Normal schools, 90 in other State institutions, 1,417 in pri- vate colleges and academies, and 1,551 in parochial and other private elementary schools. The number of pupils enrolled is 780,541, divided thus: public, elementary, and high schools, 704,193; State University and normal schools, 5,086; State institutions for defectives, 954; private colleges and acad- emies, 22,072; parochial and other private elementary schools, 48,236. The annual expenditure of $10,959,828 for Missouri schools is thus divided: public, elementary and high schools, $8,363,128; State institutions, University and normal schools, $080,000; State institutions for defectives, $274,000; pri vate colleges and academies, $1,307,700; parochial and other pri- vate elementary schools, $335,000. There is a school in easy reach of every child in Missouri. 202 THE STATE OF MISSOUKl. CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, COLUillilA. The estimated value of school property is divided as follows: public, elementary and high schools, $23,339,117; State University and normals, $2,475,000; State institu- tions for defectives, $1,295,000; private colleges and acad- emies, $11,531,000; parochial and other private elemen- tary schools, $3,960,000; total, $42,600,117. Missouri's first normal school was a private enter- prise, founded by a man whose educational enthusiasm HOWARD-PAYiNE COLLEGE, FAYETTE. amounted almost to inspiration. The founder's ambition was to prepare teachers in mind and spirit for the duty of teaching the youth of the land, a service which he re- garded as sacred. The nature of Doctor Joseph Baldwin's work gave the community a high idea of the teacher's calling. It turned the public thought from the school master to the school teacher — from the stern commander to the sympathetic leader. Public sentiment rapidly crystallized in favor of making this useful school a State institution. The legislature responded to this desire in 1871, and also established the normal school at War- rensburg, dedicating both schools to the preparation of ClIKIS I 1 A.\ I .\ l\ I.USl 1 "I , lA\r(>\. EDUCATION. 203 teachers for the public schools of the State. In 1873 the legislature placed its seal of approval upon the State normal school by pro- FIRST YEAR, viding for one in the southeast district, locat- ing it at Cape Girardeau. The attendance upon these schools has always shown public confidence in their usefulness. About 3,000 prospectivt teachers are instructeo in these schools annually. The faculties are com- posed of men and women of superior training and exceptional skill. Missouri has looked well to the educational oppoi'tunities of the chil- dren of her colored peo- ple, and has provided, in Lincoln Institute at Jef- ferson City, one of the best schools in the coun- some missouki iikjii school pupils. try for the preparation of colored teachers. The nature of the work of this nor- mal school differs from that of the others only as the different needs and aptitude of the race seem to require. The courses of instruction are broad, the management is liberal, and the faculty consists of the best colored educators the State can procure. Perhaps the most marked feature of this insti- tution is its department of agricultui'e and manual industries, in which it takes high rank. Separate schools in Missouri for white and colored children, sup- ported by equal taxation, do not imply any less privilege for the children of the colored race. Indeed the colored children are, by statute, given advantage. The white child has free tuition in the district of his residence, but must pay tuition if he goes to another district. The colored child, on the contrary, if the district in which he resides is too small to maintain a colored school, may go, at the ex- pense of the taxpayers of the district, to school in any other district. No institution in Missouri has had a more interesting and inspiring career than has the State University. Interesting because the race has always viewed with lively concern the struggle of an individual or institution for a recognized place to live and work out a destiny. Inspiring because its energetic career has imparted a quickening impulse to every phase of educational work in the State. The University was founded in 1839, in Columbia, whose citizens, together with others of Boone county, offered a bonus. Some of the donors subscribed and afterwards paid more than their entire estates were worth at the time the sub- Education of tlie colored cliildren. The State University. 204 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SO.ME L!UlLl)lA(iS OK THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT COLUMBIA. LATUROP HALL. ACADEMIC HALL. The beginnings of the State University. PRESIDENT S RESIDENCE. AGRICULTURAL BUHjDI^G. agricultural dean's residence. THE OLD COLUMNS. scripiions were made, and Switzler's His- tory of the citizens of ever r e m e ni - ever repudi- priated to the vided in the stone of the main buildin,, \. 4, 1843; the corner stone of University, says: ' Boone county let To the honor of these it be said and for- bered, that not one dollar of this sum was ated, hut the whole collected and appro- Ijenefit of the public school fund as pro- Constitution of the State." The corner is laid July 4, 1840; the University dedicated July the building for "The College of Agriculture and Seven departments at Columbia and one at Rolla. Mechanic Arts," laid June 28, 1871; and the re-dedication of the University, as enlarged and improved, was on June 4, 1885. The University at Columbia has seven well equipped departments: Academic, Law, Medicine, Teachers College, Agriculture, including Engineering, Graduate, Military, and one, the School of Mines and Metallurgy, at Rolla. The Agricul- tural College is one of the besi: in the United States. The federal government has, in connection with the college, located an experiment station, which is doing ex- cellent work. The Parker Memorial Hospital, on the University campus, is a valuable addition to its medical school as well as of value in caring for the health of the students. It is the result of the gift of William L. Parker. The University was conceived and has been maintained from the first as co- ordinate with the common schools in forming the State school system. Espec- ially in late years has its influence been exerted toward the articulation of all EDUCATION. 205 LAW BUILDING. the public schools, and it is easy to believe that this influence, aided by county supervision so much longed for by nearly all school people, would give a thor- oughly articulated system of schools extending to every county of the State. New departments of instruction have been added from time to time until its courses ^^^ present of and equipment now offer all the opportunities of a high grade State University. t^g state The attendance has grown until now 1,654 students are enrolled. The faculty University. has, almost without exception been presided over by successful leaders of teach- ers. The cura- tors have gen- erally avoided an error quite common to the direction o f large e d u c a - tional institu- tions, that is, the selection of heads o f de- partments and instructors on their scholar- ship alone. No institution ever became s o pros- perous o r popular that it could afford to employ any but good teachers, and a good teacher p o s - sesses other quali- ties fully as essen- tial as scholarship. With its present high standing in the confidence of the peo- ple, and consequent strong financial sup- port, the University tinue to increase its most indefinitely. The average cit- izen is proud of the State University and it is a satisfaction to predict that in the not distant future every Mis- souri child, as he looks along the vista of free public education, the common heritage of all, will see the State University at the farther end; entirely free and as inviting as the rural and village schools. Besides the State University there are a score of institutions doing excel- lent work in the field of higher education. Washington University, St. Louis, which will move into its new home in the vicinity of Forest Park at the close of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, will be one of the best equipped universi- ties in the country. This institution has long been known for its good organiza- tion and efficient work. With its present strong financial backing it takes rank with the few great universities of America. The St. Louis University had its modest beginning in 1824 as a school for Indian boys. The founders and teachers were Jesuit Fathers, whose devotion to the cause of Christian education, aroused the admiration of the community, cre- ating a general desire for a broader opportunity for the school. A new and beau- tiful aitp was douatpd iu what was then thp opntpr of the city, and the legisla BENTON HALL. should con- usefulness al- GEEEX- HOUSE. SOME BUILDINGS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT COLUMBIA Its future. Otlier institutions for higher education. 2()() THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ENGINEERING BUILDING. LAWS OUSERVATORY. I'AKKER MEMORIAL HOSPITAL. MEDICAL LABORATORY. HORTICUL- TURAL BUILDING. DAIRY LABORATORY. LIVE STOCK JUDGING BUILDING. POWER HOUSE AND MECHANIC ARTS BUILDING. SOME BUILDINGS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT COLUMBIA. Washington University. Central College. William Jewell College. ture of 1832 granted a liberal charter and gave the school its present name. This university has never received any large bequests, has no endowment fund, but depends for support upon the tuition and board of its students. Its growth has thus been slow but sfiire. The instructors have always been devoted scholars who were not attracted by large salaries but by the opportunities for noble serv- ice in behalf of the youth of the church. Its record is such as brings satisfaction to its friends and patrons, over whom it has a profound influence. Central College i& the outgrowth of the Howard county high school, which was opened at Fayette when opportunities for secondary education in Missouri were all but unknown. In 1847 it was converted into a college of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and has held an important place among the colleges of the State. It is the alma mater of many thousands who have become cultured citizens of perhaps every State in the Union. William Jewell College was founded in 1849, and located at Liberty by the Missouri Baptist General Association to promote the preaching of the gosviel within the bounds of the State. Its chief promoter was Dr. William Jewell, of Columbia, in whose honor the college was named. Its work has always been of EDUCATION. 207 a high order, giving it an honorable standing among our institutions of higher education. Fulton becanie the home of Westminster College, which was established in Westminster 1853 by the Presbyterian church of the State to influence and fit young men for College. the ministry. The college has recently added new buildings and considerable endowment. Christian Brothers College was opened in St. Louis in 1850, and chartered in 1885. Its found- ers and teachers were the Chris- tian Brothers of the Catholic church, whose devotion to the cause of Christian education has given this institution a secure place in the affections patrons and t h e respect of the com- m u n i t y at large. ORIGINAL BUILDIKG. IMKCHAMCAL HAT.l SOME BUILDINGS OF THE SCHOOL OF MIXES A DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT ROLLA. St. Vincent's College is an off-shoot from St. Mary's Seminary, the first insti- tution of higher education established in Missouri, if not indeed, the first west of the Mississippi. The college was opened at Cape Girardeau in 1843 by the Catholic church, and is the focal point of the higher educational interests of that church for a large territory. Drury College represents the zeal and devotion of the ministry of the Con- gregational church of this State, who under the leadership of the Rev. John C. Learned, brought to realization a resolution of their body to establish an insti- tution "where men might be thoroughly trained for leadership in the growing southwest." This college was located at Springfield and its career began in 1873. The record of the Drury graduates indicates that the college is following successfully the spirit of the above quoted purpose of its founders. In the year 1875 a new college came into existence at Parkville with a special and most useful mission. From its inception Park College has been industrial as well as intellectual. Its students cultivate a farm of 1,200 acres and do much other work of an industrial character by which they are trained to habits of usefulness, led to see the various industries from an intelligent standpoint MINES AND METALLURGY BUILDING. St. Vincent's College. Dnirv College. Park College. 208 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. and permitted, in many cases, to meet the expense institution is housed in a group of neat commodious erected and equipped largely by student labor. SOME OF THE COLLEGES OF THE STATE FOR BOTH SEXES IN WHICH DEGREES ARE CONFERRED, THE NAME 'location, CONTROL AND YEAR OF OPENING: Pres- Avalon Colleg-e, United Brethren, Trenton, 1869. Buchanan College, Troy, nonsectarian. Garleton College, Farmington, Methodist Episcopal. Central College, Fayette, Methodist Episcopal South, 1S57 Central Wesleyan College, Warrenton, Methodist Epis- copal, 1864. inr-l Christian Brothers College, St. Louis, Catholic, 1851. Christian University, Canton, Christian, 1855. Clarksburg College, Clarksburg, Baptist, 1876. Drury College, Springtteld. Congregational, 1873. Evangelical Lutheran, Altenburg. Lutheran. Grand River Christian Union College, Edinburg, Chris- tian. 1850. ^ ^. ^ ^^^^ La Grange College, La Grange, Baptist, 1858. Missouri Bible College, Columbia, Christian, 1896. Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Cumberland byterian, 1889. ,^ ^, ^. ^ ^ . Missouri Wesleyan College, Cameron, Methodist Epis- copal. 1887. ,. . -r. • , Morrisville College, Morrisville, Methodist Episcopal South, 1872. ,^ ^, .,. ^ T^ • Northwest Missouri College, Albany, Methodist Episco- pal South, 1893. Odessa College, Odessa, nonsectarian, 1883. Park College, Parkville, Presbyterian, 1875. Pike College, Bowling Green, nonsectarian, 1882. Pritchett Institute, Glasgow, nonsectarian, 1866. Southwest Baptist College, Bolivar, Baptist, 1878. St. Louis University, St. Louis, Catholic, 1829. St Vincent's College, Cape Girardeau, Catholic, 184o. Tarkio College, Tarkio, United Presbyterian, 1883. University of the State of Missouri, Columbia, state, 1841. , . ,„^„ Washington University, St. Louis, nonsectarian, 1859. Westminster College, Fulton, Presbyterian, 1853. William Jewell College, Liberty, Baptist, 1849. In addition, there are among the degree-conferring col- leges for women, the following: Baird College, Clinton, nonsectarian. 1890. Baptist Female College, Lexington, Baptist, 1855. Central Female College, Lexington, Methodist Episco- pal South, 1869. . ^^^^ Christian College. Columbia. Christian, 1851. Cottey College, Nevada, Methodist Episcopal South. 1884 Forest Park University, St. Louis, 1861. Hardin College, Mexico, Baptist, 1873. Howard-Payne College, Fayette, Methodist Episcopal South, 1844. Liberty Ladies' College, Liberty, 1890. Lindenwood College. St. Charles, Presbyterian, 1830. Stephens College, Columbia, Baptist, 1856. St. Louis Seminary, Jennings, 1871. William Woods College, Fulton. of their college life. The buildings which have been The youngest of this group is Missouri Valley College, founded by the Cumberland Presbyterian church in 1889 and located at Marshall. The especial vigor by which its ca- reer has been marked and the exalted purpose which has inspired its management give i t high rank among our institutions of learn- ing. Several other schools in the State are doing more or less work of college grade. These are noted in other chapters of this volume. The private and church schools of Missouri are thus tab- ulated: Colleges — male and co-educational, 21; teachers, 540; pupils, 6,808; colleges — female, 18; teachers, 2G0; pu- pils, 3,071; business and normal schools, 20; teachers, 142; pu- pils, 4,056; military academies, 7; teachers, 48; pupils, 561; special, medical, dental, etc., 25; teachers, 224; pu- pils, 2,989; academies, 47; teachers, 215; pu- pils, 5,047; parochial (Catholic), 199; teach- ers, 746; pupils, 31,732; BUILDINGS AND CiROUNnS OF I.TNCOT-N INSTITTTK. .TKKFKltSON CITY. EDUCATION. 209 STATE .\OI!J[AL SCHOOL, SO. 2, W ARRENSOUKG. parochial (Lutheran), 180; teachers, 211; pupils. 9.493; private and other church, 45; teachers, SO; pupils, 2,516. The Manual Training School for Boys at Boonville, and the Industrial Home for Girls at Chillicothe are industrial and reformatory. The State also supports in St. Louis, a school for the hlind, and in F'ulton a school for the deaf and dumb. All these insti- tutions rank high for efficiency. With all our advancement in wealth and institutions and ma- chinery of government there is danger everywhere o f losing sight of some of the cardinal principles underlying all good education and useful culture. Great buildings and fine equip- ment are good only when well used. There Is danger that a splendid school plant will come to be reckoned as a great school and small equipment as indica- tive of a poor school. In fact false distinctions are but natural to the person of casual observa- tion. He can see the indication of greatness in the fine building 11 li \'alue ot equ pnu-iit tor school-s. STA ! K .XOC.MAL SCHOOL, NO. .1/.,.- /', CAIMC CIRAKDKAU. 210 THE STATE OF ]\riSSOITRT. Missouri fditun.itf in school support. The result of education. 'ffH ■'^^g^ "" -il but is too short sighted to trace its truer signification in the sound characters and genuine culture of the men and women a school has educated. With all our progress in modern l)uildings and expensive apparatus we can not afford to lose sight of the fact that this equipment is as far from being a school, as a modern city mansion is from being a home. Missouri is fortunate mat the spirit prevalent in many places has not developed to any marked extent here. The quality oi the school must always be found rather in its spirit, and we must not. as people, allow ourselves to fall into a passive state of mind caused by the greatness and richness of " y J ' our modern «^- school c o n v e n - iences and forget that we must be ^ as w a t c h f u 1 as f^ ■ .^^ ..ibMK^M Missouri ever to foster In i~- * ' ..-.1 'JiH^^^B imilitary our schools the .%•. , . ■ " 5^ -^^^^^H academy. sterling qualities '^^' 7MMpM|p ! me\ro. wkmwoktii military ACADEMY. LEXINGTON. ULEES JIILITARY ACADEMY. TVrACON. heart and mind that have ever distinguished the peoples of real culture and true great- ness. The buildings which housed the great school at Rugby had small effect upon the character of its pupils. It was the spirit of the immortal Dr. Arnold which inspired them and all who loved the history of that old school. So has it been with all schools which live in the hearts and lives o f their pupils and of us all. So it is with count- less city, village and rural schools all over the land. The spirit of some great teacher overshadows a 1 1 material things characters more enduring SIA'I'K NOH.MAL SCHOOL, NO. 1, KIRKSVILLE. and moulds than time. Thus it must ever be if we are to have a great and splendid race of noble men and true women. ISSOURI has ever encouraged those things which make for the higher life. Religion has been fostered by the people of the State; art has been generously supported and the productions of the press, in newspaper and book form, have indicated the developed literary taste of the people. The oldest religious denomination i n Missouri is the Catho- lic church. Its establishment was synchronous with the commencement of the settlement of that part of the Louisiana Purchase which after- ward became the Territory and then the State of Missouri. The earliest settlers were all Catholics, as witness the names of their colonies: Ste. Genevieve, St. Charles, St. Louis. The first named, the oldest town in the State, also enjoyed what was, so far as historical records go, the first religious service ever held in Missouri. It was conducted by a Jesuit Father, on February 29, 1760. The first Catholic, and therefore also the first Christian church, was built in St. Louis, in 1770. As early as 1818 the Right Rev. William Louis Dubourg, bishop of New Orleans, transferred his episcopal residence to St. Louis. The church now has in the State, besides maintaining an archiepiscopal see at St. Louis, three dioceses, with 591 priests, 806 churches, and 181 stations and chapels, with a Catholic population of 292,000 souls. In 1799, thirty-nine years after the first Catholic service of which history tells, probably the first Protestant preacher who ever set foot west of the Mississippi visited what is now Cape Girardeau county and preached the gospel, "though contrary to law." This was the Rev. Thomas Johnson, of the Baptist denomination. In 1806 the first Protest- ant "meeting house" west of the great river was dedicated. Bethel Bap- tist church, now the Baptist church of Jackson, Missouri. In 1816 the first Baptist Association, of seven churches, was formed. The "General Association of Missouri Baptists" was organized in 1834, in Providence church, Callaway county. 211 For the higher life in Missouri. Catholic the oldest religious denom- ination. First pro- testa nt preacher. There are now in •2 1-2 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. KIRST SISTERS OF INIEKCY BAPTIST. HOSPITAL. FIRST COXGREGATIONAL. CHRISTIAN. FIRST FIRST PRESBYTERIAN. ]\I ETHODIST. Presbyterians, enter the Si GROUP OF JOPLIN CHURCHES. affiliation witli this body 78 local associations, with 1,837 churches with a total membership of over 150,000. Their property is valued at $2,700,000. Col- ored Baptists in Missouri have 110 ministers, 195 churches, and lo,154 members. In 1814, Sunday, November 6, the first regular Protestant services were held in St. Louis, by the Revs. S. T. Mills and Daniel Smith, ministers of the Presby- terian church. On August 2, 1816, the Rev. Salmon Giddings, who had ridden 1,200 miles on horseback to reach his field of labor, organized the first Presby- terian church west of the Father of Waters, at Bellevue, with thirty members. On November 23, the following year, he organized the First Presbyterian church of St. Louis, the first Protestant church in the city. The first presbytery was organized in 1817, with four ministers and four churches. A synod was estab- lished soon, in 1838 a division rent the Presbyterian church throughout the United States into old and new school branches. In 1866 the old school synod in Missouri was again divided, on war issues. An independent synod was organ- CHURCH, ART AND TRESS 213 C AI.\ A1;Y i'HESLIYTliKlA.X. MKTHOUIST EPISCOPAL. a confer- Methodist Greene ized, which in 1874, be- (iUACE micthoih.st episcopal. came orgauically con- nected with what is popularly known as the Southern church. I n 1870 the old and new school synods became one body, in affiliation with the Northern church. In 1903 this synod had 200 minis- ters, 240 churches, and 24,000 members. Con- tributions for all pur- poses amounted t o $435,000. The Southern synod had 90 minis- ters, 163 churches, and 12,800 members. The total contributions were $155,000. In 1806 e n c e of preachers in county, Tennessee, ap- pointed one Jno. Travis to the Missouri "cir- cuit," to do what he could for the spreading and upbuilding of the gospel. At the close of his conference year he reported two circuits and 106 members. In 1816 the Missouri An- nual Conference was formed, with no western boundary. In 1820 this conference numbered fifteen preachers and 2,079 communicants. The decade between 1840 and 1850 witnessed the division of the church in the State by the organization of the M. E. church south. The M. E. church now has three annual conferences, two white and one colored, with 700 white chui'ches and 60,000 members. Church property is valued at $2,000,000. The colored churches number 126, with a membership of 6,300. Their property is valued at $175,000. The M. B. church, south, has three confer- ences, about 400 minis- ters, 1,100 churches and 110,000 members. The value of the church property is above $2,- 500,000. riiinsTiAN cinMini, maryvii.le. Presbyterian church statis- tics. SOME SPIUNGFIELD CEIUKCIIES Methodists in Missouri. 214 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. I'lpiscopalian church in Mis- Tlie African M. E. church iu Missouri has lOG ministers, 144 churches, and 8,000 members. The first service of the Protestant Episcopal church in the Territory of Mis- souri was held October 24, 1819, in the city of St. Louis. Christ church was organized in November of that year. In 1831 efforts were made in the Interior of the State, but as late as 1835 there was but one organized parish, one church building, and not a single clergyman in the entire State. In 1836, with the arrival of the Right Rev. Jackson Kemper, missionary bishop, a favorable change occurred. At the end of that year five clergymen were at work. The diocese was CATHOLIC CATIIEORAL. GRACE EPISCOPAL. Disciples in the State. METHODIST ^^^^^ EPISCOPAL. organized in 1840. In 1889 the diocese of west Mis- souri was set off. The de- nomination now has 100 churches, with 11,93 members. The contribu- tions for a 1 1 purposes amounted, in 19 3, to $159,000. The church property is valued at $920,000. some kaasas city churches. The first preachers of the Disciples, or Christian church, in Missouri, were Elders Thomas McBride and Samuel Rogers. They entered the State about 1820. During the following ten years many pioneer preachers arrived and did effective work in different portions of the State. The first churches were organ- ized in Callaway, Boone, and Howard counties, between 1825 and 1830. The first church in St. Louis was not organized till 183G, with about a dozen members. From these beginnings the denomination has rapidly grown until it now num- bers 690 ministers, 1,700 churches, and 175,500 members. CHURCH, ART AND PRESS 215 Luthe Congregatioii- alists. INTERIOR CATHOLIC CIIUUI'II, COA'CKI'TIO.N. Cu nbeiland Frfsbvterians. The first Presbytery of the Cumberland Presbyterian church west of the Mississippi was erected in Pike county, in 1820, with four ministers, all who then lived in Missouri, Arkansas, and western Illinois. There are now 398 churches, 186 ministers, and 28,SGS members. The contributions in 1903, for all causes, summed up $119,751. The church property is valued at $694,220. In 1839 a colony of some 600 persons arrived in St. Louis, direct from Bremen, Germany, under the direction of Martin Stephan, a Dresden preacher. A tract of land was purchased in Perry county, and the emigrants went into camp and began to build up a number of German colonies. Here, under the controlling influence o f Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm Walther, the real father of the Lutheran faith in America, the foundations of this church were laid broad and deep in the new world. In 1847 "The German Evangelical Luth- eran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other States" was organized, with twelve congregations and twenty- two ministers. It now has 125 ministers, 140 churches, nearly all with parsonages and parochial schools, and 30,000 com- municants. The Congregationalists, by a curious irony of Provi- dence, did not secure a intebiob primary department room, Sunday school, conqbe- footing in Missouri until gational church, piebce city •21 () THE STATE OF MISSOUKI HOJIE OF WILLIAJM R. NELSON, PKOI'KIETOR KANSAS CITY STAR. G-'rman Ev;in- eelical. Other denomi- nations. some time during tlie latter part of tlie first lialf of the nineteenth century, about 1855, although m.ost of the early Presbyterian missionaries were sent to Missouri by the New England Congregational Associations. Compared with some of the older churches the growth, however, has been rapid. The denomination now numbers, in the State, 79 ministers, 76 churches, and 10,419 members. The contributions for all causes, in 1903, amounted to $171,651. The German Evangelical church, in Missouri, is to the manor born. It was in the neighborhood of St. Louis that the first German Evangelical missionaries began their work in this country, and it was at Gravois, on the fifteenth of Octo- ber, 1840, that the first German Evangelical Association of the west was or- ganized, with seven ministeis. The denomination now numbers, in the State, 103 ministers, 107 churches, 84 parochial schools, and 85 parsonages, and has a list of over 20,000 communicants. In addition to these larger bodies, there are about 30 smaller denominations represented in Missouri. The latest available statistics supply the following in- formation about them: There are seven Baptist bodies — Seventh Day, with one organization and 13 members; Free Will, 108 churches, 4,752 members; Primi- tive, 129 churches, 3,763 members; General, 166 churches, 6,654 members; Two- Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian, 32 churches, 668 members; United, 45 churches, 2,738 members; Church of Christ, four churches, 185 members. The Plymouth Brethren have 10 organizations and 398 members. Christadelphians, two churches, 20 members. Christian Scientists, 12 organizations and about 6(J0 members. The Independent Churches of Christ in Christian Union is a denomi- nation with 56 churches and 3,926 members. The Church of God has seven or- ganizations and 221 members. The Church Triumphant has one organization with 20 members. The Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) has five organizations, with 309 members. The Altruists, a native Missouri organization, boasts one church and 25 members. The Dunkards have 44 churches and 2,090 members. The Evangelical Association has 26 churches and 1,102 members. The Friends (Quakers) have five organizations and 615 members. The German Evangelical Protestants have only two churches, but 1,700 members. The Men- nonites number 15 churches and 748 communicants. The United Presbyterians have 14 churches, 1,068 members. The Reformed church has 11 organizations and CHURCH, ART AND PRESS •ilT •^ 58ij members. '1 he Universalists have 111 churches and 711 members. Spiritualists have five organizations and 853 members. The United Brethren in Christ have 105 churches and 4,361 members. Unitarians haxe six churches, with 1,135 members. The Ethical Society has one organization, with 150 mem- bers. Jews have 17 synagogues and 4,450 members. Latter Day Saints have 42 organi- zations, with 3,189 members. Tlie extent of the Sunday School work for the children and youth of Missouri is re- vealed by the following figures, taken from the reports of the Missouri Sunday School Association: In 1903 there were 6,718 Sun- day Schools in the State, with 66,344 officers and teachers, and 507,097 scholars. In the Home Department 64,369 more were enrolled, making a grand total of 571,466. In the year 1902, out of a Sunday School population of 969,482 in the State, 560,352, or 57.7 per cent, were enrolled as pupils in the schools. The thoroughness with which this work is carried on, the completeness of State and county or- ganization, is shown by the fact that in a number of counties in 1902 — to be accurate, 11 of them, Adair, Audrain, Clinton, DeKalb, Holt, Livingston, Moniteau, Nodaway, Polk, Scotland, and Shelby — there were more pu- pils in the Sunday Schools than school pop- ulation in the counties. Nodaway county, for instance, with a school population of only 10,034, had 11,555 pupils in its Sunday schools. Livingston county, with a school population of 6,386, had 7,485 enrolled. In other words, not only the chiluren, but many adults, were gathered together for systematic Bible study. The most thoroughly organized county in the United States along Sunday School lines is Lawrence county, Mis- souri. The largest Bible class in the United States, in proportion to the popula- tion of the town is in Missouri. One would naturally think the west too new for an art, but the truth is Mis- souri had artists years ago. She has been particularly fortunate in possessing at least one man, George C. Bingham, who has preserved her types of his day on canvas. As time goes on the works of Bingham will be of more value as records not only of former cus- toms but of the old time hospitable Missourian himself. Though living at a time when Ameri- can art was very poor in technical equipment, Bingham managed to acquire sufficient skill to portray, in a fairly powerful manner, the spirit of his age. An intelligent and keen, as well as a sympathetic observer of the life around him, CHRISTIAN CHURCH. KiRKSviLLE. ]^q j^as left souic pricelcss contributions to Amer- ican art and history. On canvas after canvas he painted the portraits of his contemporaries but it is for his original compositions that we of today are especially indebted to Bingham. These compositions having as subjects the The Sunday School work in the State. MONUMENT TO RICHARD P. BLAND, LEBANON. Modern art. 218 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Ol'F SCHEVEiXGEN IIAKKY CIIASK S MOST KAJMOUS MAIUNE PICTURE. St. Louib Art School. Missouri rich private art galleries. various public events of tlie day — tlie "County Election," etc., are remarkably faithful delineations of life in early Missouri. Among the pioneer art schools of the west a prominent place must be given the St. Louis Museum of Art School, founded by Halsey Ives and at present splendidly housed — thanks to the efforts of the founder. It was the starting point for many artists who have continued their studies in the east or in Europe. Some of America's best art workers call this school their alma mater. The Art Club of Kansas City maintained a successful school of art in that city for a number of years until a fire destroyed their collection and disbanded the school. Since then private enterprise has kept one or two schools of art going. The University of Missouri at Columbia, has offered courses in the history of art for sometime and has recently opened a department of drawing and painting with free tuition. Missouri is rich in art collections for a western State, and, besides both public and private galleries of modern work in her cities, possesses reproduc- tions of the great art of the past. Such collections of reproductions are invalua- ble for the general dissemination of art knowledge as well as to those studying art, whether art student, child, or club member. Fortunately the various collec- tions in the State do not simply repeat each other. The St. Louis collection of casts from Greek and Roman sculpture contains many not found in the Uni- versity of Missouri col- lection and vice versa. The painting of the Re- naissance is illustrated by the collection of pho- tographs and the gal- lery of copies in color presented to the West- ern Art Gallery, Kansas City, by Mr. Nelson and by the photographs and large collection of lan- tern slides at the Uni- versity of Missouri. What the art of any country is, however, C. A. BUILDI JOPLIN. CHURCH, ART AND PRESS 219 Artists born in Missouri. M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, MOBEKLY. must depend chiefly on her artists. Missouri has many more artists than might seem probable on first thought and some of them are pro- ducing valuable and interesting work. If we take account also of the men born in Missouri who now live elsewhere, spending, perhaps, a part of their time in their native State, the list would receive the addi- tion of some of the best known names in New York and even Paris art circles. At St. Louis, among a number of good men, two at least are painting nature in a very individual and poetic manner while another is doing successful mural work. Flourishing art societies are maintained and exhibitions given regularly. Kansas City has one of the strongest draughtsmen in the west be- sides several good painters. Its art club is a very successful organization, giving yearly exhibitions from which the club purchases at least one canvas destined for Kansas City's permanent gallery. In various parts of the State, sometimes in the most unexpected places, are scattered painters or sculp- tors who have given years of study to their work and whose influence will tell for great good in the end. It is perhaps a misfortune that the people of Missouri are very much like other Americans in that one still finds those who willingly spend liberally for floor coverings and furniture but hang chromos on their walls. Some day it will be realized thac serious studies by the State's best artists make splendid wall hangings and then the art workers of Missouri will be sustained by an impetus to produce their best that only such practical recognition can supply. To produce a great national or State art there must be not only artists and museums but an art loving public as well. In this respect Missouri is acting wisely in placing art as one of the every day studies in her great school sys- tem from which must come her future citizens. In city and country school the importance of drawing is at last realized and the child is brought face to face with nature, taught to observe carefully, and then to reproduce what he sees. The model may be a little flower or some fruit or even a boy or girl and the child uses pencil or color as the case may demand. The children are also encouraged to pi'O- duce original work that by doing so they may ,, learn the characteris- tics of good art and so have their own taste cultivated. It is ex- tremely necessary for our State and national growth that the taste of our children should be developed for that which is strong, sim- ple and forceful rather than for that which is extravagant and ornate. The collections of the art of the past can be made of great benefit in this regard, especially when the child can be introduced to them by an intelligent sympathetic and patient interpreter such as one finds, for example, in Mrs. Helen Parsons, the curator of Kansas City's gallery. Fortunately the art work of the schools has not stopped in the gram- piar grades but has reached a natural and splendid development in the better An air-loving public. M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, KIRKSVUJ.E. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, KIRKSVILLE. 22() THE STATE OF JMISSOITRI GERMAN LUTHERAN IMMACULATE CONCEPTION. Some Missouri authors. The newspapers of the State. hiyh si-hools ot" Uie Slate. Many of Missouri's best ail workers are now giving part of their time to instructing the pupils of the secondary schools with results that well repay their efforts. Taken all in all Missouri has a good foundation on which to build a noble, distinguished art if each one does his share toward the whole — only so can anything last- ing be accomplished. The writings of Missouri authors have more than a State or national rep- utation. The greatest American humor- ist, Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) was born in Monroe county, Missouri, and grew to manhood in this State. In Missouri was born and educated the children's poet, Eugene Field, and here he did his first literary work. The most popular historical novel of recent years is by a Missourian, Winston Churchill, and has its scene laid in Mis- The "Little Book of Missouri Verse," by J. S. Snoddy and "Missouri Litera- ture," edited by President R. H. Jesse and Dr. E. A. Allen, contain the names and extracts from the excellent works of Missouri authors in verse and prose. The Missouri Bibliography, compiled by P. A. Sampson, of Columbia, secre- tary of the State Historical Society, contains the titles of one thousand five hundred volumes by Missourians. Among them are William Vin- cent Byars, William Marion Reedy, Henry M Blossom, George W. Ferrel, E. R. Taylor, John T. Hughes, Col. William F. Switzler, J. M. Green- wood, John D. Lawson, Frank Thilly, W. V. N. Bay, John F. Darby, Alexander Majors, R. E. Lee Gibson, John N. Edwards, Raymond Weeks, Hugh A. Garland, Constance Faunt Le Roy Runcie, W. R. Hei'eford, C. L. Phifer, Lee Merriwether, W. P. King. Thomas L. Snead, Robertus Love, Claude H. Wetmore, F. H. Sosey, L. W. Allen, Champ Clark, Kate Field, SOME HANNIBAL CHURCHES. James K. Hosmer. John R. Musick, James Newton Baskett, W. T. Moore, J. H. Garrison, E. A. Allen, R. M. Field, W. R. Hollister, Harry Norman, D. C. Allen, N. C. Kouns, J. W. Buel, C. M. Woodward, Henry Tudor, D. R. McAnally, E. R. Hendrix, Ernest McGaffey, and Denton J. Snider. Missouri newspapers are well-edited, widely- circulated and influential. There is no county without a daily or weekly newspaper. Every shade of political, social, and religious thought is represented. In 426 cities, towns and vil- lages are published the 992 newspapers and magazines of the State. Of these, 87 are daily. 14 semi-weekly, 746 weekly, 4 fortnightly, 10 semi-monthly, 119 monthly, 3 bi-monthly, and 9 quarterly. The Missouri Gazette — now the St. Louis Republic — is the oldest Missouri news- paper. Its publication dates to 1808. The Palmyra Spectator is the oldest weekly newspaper continuously in one family. BAPTIST CHURCH, KIRKSVILLE. WITH its extensive watei' frontage, washed as tlie State is along the entire stretch of its eastern bor- der by the Mississippi river, traversed from west to east by the Missouri and furrowed by innumerable lesser streams, the fisheries of Missouri demand first considei'ation in an exami- nation of the fauna of the State and its economic value. The Mississippi river and its tribu- taries constitute the most extensive river system in the United States and embrace many large streams which are not only of value as water highways but are of the ut- most importance on account of their fisheries. In recent years the fisheries of this great system have developed to such a degree that they now exceed in quantity and nearly equal in value the en- tire yield of the remaining interior waters of the United States, with the exception of the Great Lakes. The most important products are buf- 221 •>•>•> THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Where the fisheries are conducted. Investment in fisheries. Output from fisheries. falo fish, catfish, and German carp, while mussel shells, which are used quite extensively in the manufacture of pearl buttons, furnish an item of no small value. The fisheries of Missouri are conducted chiefly in the Mississippi river, although fishing for the market is carried on to a considerable extent in the Missouri river. St. Francis river, Little river, Big Lake and in various other waters, especially the lakes and streams of the southeast. In the year 1899 according to the United States Fish Commission there were employed in their fisheries 1,531 persons, and the value of the total invest- ment represented b y boats, apparatus for catching fish, or seines, nets of all kinds, lines, traps, etc., shore prop- erty and capital used in the fisheries, amounted to $645,671. The total product of the fisheries for that year was 7,551,442 pounds, the value of which was $211,301. More than half of this quantity was obtained from the Mississippi river alone. The va- rious kinds of appara- tus commonly used, and the quantity and value of the products obtained with each were as follows: Seines yielding 1,655,514 pounds, $52,302; fyke nets, 1,530,103 pounds, $49,189; trammel nets, 843,686 pounds, $25,420; and set and drift lines, 888,977 pounds, $35,831. The species of fish and other animals which contribute most extensively to this result were buffalo fish, 1,862,226 pounds, $44,743; catfish, 875,050 pounds, $40,755; frogs, 237,600 pounds, $29,313; black bass, 394,336 pounds, $20,362; crappie, 358,913 pounds, $18,310; and suckers, 495,307 pounds, $14,181. The remainder was made up of German carp, mussel shells, fresh-water drum fish, paddle fish, sturgeon, sunfish, otter skins, pike perch, turtles, white and rock bass, pike and pickerel, lake sturgeon, eels, and mooneys, in the order of their value. ON THE NIANGUA RIVER. TABLE SHOWING, BY WATERS, THE NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN THE FISHERIES OF MISSOURI. FISHERIES IN WHICH EMPLOYED > M X w S M •z -A li n Z r c < WATERS n 3 w H so > M r •z M H M H r 5 w > z 2 a :;5 ■K > I 3 > « a r 5 m > c: 2: H H w H 50 > •n c •z a 2: n H 5 > Mississippi River Missouri River St. Francis River Little River, Big Lake Swamps and Lakes Total i6i I II 3 38 69 382 2! 14 42 39 116 207 145 20 24 10 162 161 34 60 59 36 42 66 4 148 88 106 80 S8 80 3S 46 8 121 2 359 47 814 334 97 100 186 406 476 274 194 81 8 121 2 406 1,531 The entire investment in the fisheries, amounting to $645,671, is distributed among the waters of the State as follows: FAUNA AND I ISHEKIKS. 223 Mississippi river $508,695 Missouri river 115,859 St. Francis river 6.224 Little river and Big Lake 8,513 Swamps and Lal\es 6,380 Total $645,671 It will be seen from this comparison that by far the greater part of the money invested in the fisheries is to be found in the industries along the Mis- sissippi river, and although this is chiefly due to the greater value of the store- property, amounting to $261,639, belonging to the mussel fisheries, it also indi- cates that the other waters of Missouri have not been exploited as fully in respect to their fisheries as the Mississippi river which alone yields more than half of the products obtained in the entire State. It can not be doubted a valuable field lies open for the extension of fisheries into other waters which are as yet but poorly developed. An examination of the yield of the more important waters with respect to the products of the fisheries is of especial interest as indicating the relative distribution throughout the State of those species of animals on which the fisheries mainly rely. M ussel-fishing of largest value. TABLE— YEAR'S YIELD OF MISSOURI FISHERIES, WITH RESPECT TO WATERS. BLACK BASS BUFFALO FISH GERMAN CARP CATFISH CRAPPIE WATERS lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs Mississippi River 4,246 763 ,386 417,980 347,479 9,091 114,255 Missouri River 1,210 235 ,220 171,845 8,487 70,040 St. Francis River 105,000 160 ,600 1,000 1 1 1,300 79,000 985 Little Riv., Big Lake 262,000 584 ,000 6,220 189,400 239,300 4,625 Swamps and Lakes 21,180 119 020 28,050 55,026 1 23,035 7,460 Total 394,336 1,862 226 453,250 875,050 1 358,913 197,365 PADDLE EELS HICKORY SHAD MOONEYE FISH PIKE PERCH Mississippi River 3,256 450 4,19s 106,576 4,491 Missouri River 855 57,875 1,900 10,090 St. Francis River 800 700 2,350 615 Little Riv., Big Lake 2,900 6,100 13,900 2,442 Swamps and Lakes 19,680 1,150 195 Total 7,811 450 4,195 190,931 19,300 17,833 STURGEON. STURGEON, SUCKERS SUNFISH LAKE SHOVELNOSE BASS Mississippi River 3,560 7 269 75,810 67,652 1,840 760 Missouri River I 950 74,720 77,055 440 St F"rancis River 2,025 12,000 31,000 Little Riv., Big Lake 9,070 77,930 93,830 Swamps and Lakes 1,170 260,670 4,850 Total 15,825 9 219 150,530 495,307 131,5-0 I ,200 OTTER TOTAL B'i FROOS MUSSEL SHELLS SKINS lbs V.ALUE Mississippi River 32,219 2,084,000 4,048,515 S 67,527 Missouri River 711,687 32,110 St. Francis River 1,300 72, 300 394 581,369 26,753 Little Riv., Big Lake 10,300 91, 104 368 1,594,189 57,372 Swamps and Lakes 74, 196 615,682 27,539 Total 43,819 237, 600 2,084,090 762 7,551,442 2! 1,301 Year's yield of Missouri waters. 224 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Comparison ot various streams. With proper protection a greater develop- ment. Mussel shells. Several facts of interest are apparent after an examination of the above statistics. All of the pi'oducts given with two or three exceptions were obtained in the Mississippi river, while some for example, the buffalo fish, German carp and mussel shells were caught in very large quantities. The yield of the St. Francis river was not far behind that of the Missouri in bulk, but it represented a greater diversity of forms. The fisheries products of Little river and Big Lake exceeded in quality and nearly equalled in value the total output of the St. Francis and Missouri rivers combined, while miscellaneous lakes contrib- uted a not considera- ble amount to the en- "" tire world. It is also worthy of notice that the mussel fisheries are confined to the Missis- sippi river, in part at least due to the greater accessibility Ol the mussel beds of that stream to the market. The result of the comparison of the wa- ters of the State shows clearly that as con- trasted with the Mis- sissippi the other rivers are not yielding their proportionate share of the products of the fisheries, and undoubt- edly these streams, with proper protection, are capable of a much greater development. There are eight wholesale fish establishments in St. Louis with an aggregate business of $1,450,363, and seven in Kansas City with a business of $436,597. The Missouri Fish Commission, with hatcheries at St. Joseph and St. Louis and the United States Fish Commission with hatchery at Neosho have done much to keep Missouri waters well stocked with fish. The mussel fisheries of Missouri produced in a single year, 2,084,000 pounds of shells. The value of these shells, which were landed principally at Hannibal, Canton, and La Grange was $9,217, although this figure includes two pearls ON THE OSAGE RIVER. rx swri'T nivER (amp. valued at $135. which were found in the shells. Tlio shipment of shells from Hannibal alone amounted to thirty car loads of 50,000 pounds each, its shells boin.t;' sold at from 10 to 75 cents i)or pound, accordin.i;- to the variety. FAUNA AND FISHERIES. 225 The manufacture of pearl buttons from the shells of our native fresh-water mussels taken in the Mississippi river is of comparatively recent date, having Pearl button factories. A VIEW ON THE BEAUTIFUL MERAMEC RIVEB. been first undertaken in 1891 at Muscatine, Iowa. During the next four years the business developed into an industry of considerable proportions in several Industry of consid- States. erable impor- tance. FLOATING FISHING ON THE BIG PINEY RHER. Mo. — 15 220 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SHOOTING FROM "DUGOUT" ON ST. FRANCIS RIVER. Utilization of mussels ot various kinds. Common forms which are used for button- making. Diversified fauna. There are six factorie.- in Missouri, employing 121 persons in 1899, and pro- ducing 50,000 gross of buttons and 164,400 gross of button blanks. Although there are some 400 species of mussels living in the Mississippi river and its tributaries, very few can be utilized in the manufacture of but- tons, because not all by any means possess the necessary qualifications. Only those shells are serviceable which after the waste of grinding a considerable amount are still of the requisite thickness for buttons. The shells of many species are too soft or too brittle and will crack and split in the process of cutting and grinding; and, again, the shells must present a uniform color, which is preferably white, since the pink, purple and other colors are liable to fade. Dead shells which have lain a long time exposed to air or water become useless for button making. The species in most common use on the Mississippi river is the so-called "niggerhead," Quadmtla ehena, which has a very thick shell and is uniformly glistening white on the interior. A few other species pass muster at the hands of the button-makers, and ranking next to the "niggerhead" among the commoner forms ai-e those known along the Mississippi as "sand shells," which, however, include several different species of mussels, as, for example Lampsilis anaclontoides, L. rectna, and L. fallaciosus. The popular name arises from the fact that these forms are found chiefly on sandy bottoms. Several additional species yield good buttons, but they are generally scarce, and in Missouri nearly all of the shells obtained in the mussel fishery are "niggerhead" and "sand shells." The habitat of the mussel is of course not confined to the Mississippi river and many of the tributaries contain good button varieties, but owing chiefly to the absence of local demand, beds in these streams are rarely fished. Missouri with its rolling prairies, its belts of timber and its varied waters, has all the natural prerequisites of a most diversified fauna, and as a home for fauna could be surpassed by no State in the middle west. But, as a result of the sure extermination that follows upon the heel of civilization, much of the game that once so abounded in the State, has passed into history. FAUNA AND FISHERIES. 227 FISHING ON WHITE BIVEB, TANEY COUNTY. The Virginia deer, our most conspicuous game mammal, once common in many parts of the State, is now confined to a few of the southern and south- eastern counties, when it occurs in relative abundance, and in favorable locali- ties is said to be increasing. The forests of this region are free from under- growth and, therefore, afford little natural shelter for the larger mammals, but the deer have in recent years been securing an artificial means of conceal- ment in districts where lumbermen have left masses of tree tops and branches on the ground after cutting out timber. It is quite possible that the reputed increase of deer is mainly due to this fact, which is proba- bly also responsible for the growing invasion of similar regions by wolves from the farther-west. In the extreme south- eastern counties the black bear appears as an occasional straggler from Arkansas, and on the streams and lakes of the same section the beaver may still be found in small numbers. The cougar, va- riously called mountain lion, puma or panther, is found now but very rarely even in the wildest and most unset- tled districts. This is also true of the wild cat, or cata- mount, once so common, but sections. The red fox, that prince of cunning, is quite numerous gray fox is found in smaller numbers. The raccoon and opossum are familiar inhabitants, and the rabbit or cotton- tail, in spite of the enormous destruction which yearly takes place in its ranks, is astonishingly abundant. The gray squirrel, and the woodchuck, or groundhog, famous for his long winter sleep, are numerous. The muskrat. Deer increasing in some sections. Black bear almost extinct. A GROUP OF MISSOURI 'POSSUMS. now restricted by civilization to thinly settled The less shrewd Foxes, raccoons and 'possums. 228 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Rich bird fauna. Prairie chicken, snipe and plover. Game laws. A MOENING CATCH, HOLT COUNTY. whose fur when dyed is frequently sold under the name of "electric seal," is in evidence whenever water occurs. Among the carnivora, or flesh-eating mammals, which have not already been mentioned, are the otter, not infrequently found on certain streams. Situated immediately in the tract of the great migrations which annually take place through the Mississippi valley, it is not surprising to find that Mis- souri possesses a won- derfully rich bird fauna. In addition to the residents, thou- sands of birds pass through the State in their journeys to and from the more northern latitudes. Geese and ducks, as visitors, are numerous and afford excellent shooting on the more favorable wa- ters, but the game bird par excellence is our American quail or bob- white. The wild turkey is still found in the southwestern counties, and the ruffed grouse, known as the partridge or pheasant, occurs in less disturbed wooded districts. The prairie chicken, abundant at an earlier day in the northern section of the State, is here as elsewhere practically a bird of the past, so carefully has the market hunter performed his exterminating work. Snipe, plover, woodcock and other minor game birds are plentiful in suitable localities. Missouri possesses a rich and diversified fauna, diminished of course through the progress of civilization and the absolute slaughter by the market hunter, but susceptible of preservation by care and wisdom. The future of the game and food animals and fish of Missouri depends in the main upon the interest which can be aroused throughout the State in the efforts to stay the destruction by the enactment of rational fish and game laws and the securing of adequate means for their enforcement. Game Laws. — Unlawful to kill deer between January 1 and October 1, to kill any wild song bird or insectivorous bird at any season of the year, or to disturb the nests of such birds, or take therefrom any eggs. Unlawful to kill any turkey, Chinese pheasant, pinnated grouse (prairie chicken) or ruffed grouse (commonly called pheasant or partridge) or any quail (sometimes called Vir- ginia partridge) between January 1 and November 1, or any woodcock, turtle dove, meadow lark or plover between January 1 and August 1. Unlawful at any time or season to catch, take or injure by means of nets, traps, pens or pits or other device any kind of game as herein described, and any person who shall kill any wild duck between April 1 and October 1 or who shall ensnare, trap or kill by means of any explosives any wild goose or turkey, or who shall shoot or kill the same between sunset and sunrise by means of gunpowder or other explosives of other kind shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. This does not apply to any person who shall ensnare, trap or net wild geese or ducks on his own premises for his own use. Unlawful for nonresidents to kill or trap game. Shipment of same outside of State not allowed. PLAN ^nr^ VI al0 ^*»«^^ w HEN the plant life of Mis- souri shall have been well studied the State will be ranked among the first of the fields for close botanical research, and particularly for that kind of botanical research which may be applied to the interests of agriculture, forestry, and other industrial pursuits. It is true that the plant life of Missouri does not represent so many highly specialized or peculiar plant forms as that characterizing many sections of the country which happen to be more peculiarly situated. An extraordinary variety of ordinary types is to be found; and this variety of types and the effects of the local conditions upon these ;ive rise to the problems which make botanical studies l)articularly profitable. At first glance it seems strange that a great variety of forms should characterize a region in which the conditions of temperature do not vary from those Alpine to those temperate. Moreover, within the State there are included no such diverse plant habitats as those rep- resented by cold, wet peat bogs or dry and shifting sand plains. Nevertheless, it seems very probable that Missouri, in proportion to her area, includes within her borders as great a variety of plant life (reckoned in number of species) as any other State; hence a much greater variety than the majority of the States 229 State fine field for botanical research. Extraordinary variety of types. 230 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri flora made up of many elements. As to climatic conditions. Change of the general flora. even with more varied conditions. In order to properly understand the plant life with relation to the environment, it is necessary to recall the important factors of the environment. All general physiographic and climatic factors must be taken into consideration in analyzing plant adaptations. Missouri lies south of the great prairies of Iowa, and east of those of Kansas. She is, therefore, most fortunately situated to receive additions to the flora through the migration or seed dissemination of the typical prairie plants. The Mississippi river, forming her eastern border, brings the State in touch with the whole Northern central basin which this river drains. Crossing the State from the northwest to the central east, the Missouri river brings down from the prairies and plains, from the northwestern woodlands, and even from the west- ern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, the plants characteristic of those regions. The Ohio River becomes confluent with the Mississippi opposite a point about thirty-flve miles north of the southern boundary of the State; and thus a bond of union is effected with the whole Ohio Valley, the western slopes of the eastern mountains, and also through the Tennessee River with the States as far south as Alabama. This brings to the southeastern border plants of practically the whole Appalachian system. Through the Ozark Hills direct connection is had with the mountain vegetation of Arkansas and with a certain ridge vegetation in Tennessee and Alabama. Lastly, there is indirect connection through per- sistent winds, with the great southwest and its typical prairie and arid vegeta- tion. From these brief references to the general position of the State, physi- ographically and geographically, it will be very evident that the native flora of Missouri must be made up in part of elements representing an unusual stretch of country, as well as a great variety of floral covering. Moreover, these various elements in the flora ai'e constantly strengthened, and may not be annihilated by accidental conditions. The climatic conditions in Missouri are different north, east, south, and west. More or less local conditions may be said to prevail in the northwest, southwest and southeast. The rainfall is greatest throughout the southern portion of the State, and somewhat less rain falls in the southeast than in the southwest. This is particularly true with reference to the growing period, and, therefore, the dif- ference is emphasized. From year to year the date of the last killing frost does not seem to vary within very wide limits in different parts of the State, although the northwest is often a week later than the central portion. The first frosts in autumn are also earlier in the northwest as a rule. Aside from these conditions of temperature and rainfall, two others of less importance may be mentioned, those of light and wind. The light factor, while absolutely essential for the growth of green plants, does not need special consideration with reference to Missouri conditions, since, in general, the conditions conform to those chai-acter- istic of the whole country. Light-loving, heliophilous, and shade-loving, umbro- philous, plants are, of course, characteristic of our flora, and naturally seek ex- posure or shelter as their needs demand. The wind factor is also comparatively unimportant. Composite plants, however, whose seeds are for the most part so light and feathery as to be blown great distances, flnd an easy method of dissem- ination through the State and the impress of the southwest Is strongly felt throughout western and central Missouri. Entering the State from the northwest and traveling southeastward to the border, one passes through successive regions in which the general floral covering changes several times. The true prairie vegetation of the northwest grades into a central region of unusual heterogeneity where, indeed, northern, western, southern and southwestern plants contend constantly among themselves for the mastery. In the Ozark plateau the flora seems to be of a type with some dis- tinctly Appalachian elements, but with many peculiarities common to that of the extension of this ridge into Arkansas, Tennessee, and Alabama; and, fin- ally, in the southwest there is a flora more closely resembling that of the south- ern alluvial formations. PLANT LIFE. 231 THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION l^ROM WOODED HILLSIDE TO BLUE GRASS PASTURE. In order to view the general floral features from the point of view of the economist, one may for the moment leave out of consideration all minor charac- ters of the plant associations in order to fix the attention upon the two great popular floral sub-divisions, forests and prairies— sylvan and campestral types. The general forest vegetation of the State is to be found in the region characterized by a soil of residuary limestone, and, in addition, along the val- leys of nearly all streams. These are the typical forest regions, yet changes which are now being wrought by the pursuits of men serve in the main to en- croach upon the territory of the forests and further to expand those areas with campestral affinities. It must not be supposed that soil features alone separate the plant life into prairie and forest vegetation. As a matter of fact, any exposed or high area, if of considerable extent, may become a prairie. In such areas, forest fires find nothing to check them when once they have begun to make headway, and any such exposed piece of land of sufficient area may, after being burned over, grow up as a typical prairie. It is thus that in certain sections of the true Ozark re- gions distinctive prairies have arisen, and in due course of time these have again been supplanted by forests. The North American continent is divided into three main regions, a boreal or northern, an austral or great central, and a tropical, or far southern. The lines marking these regions are all deflected, of course, by the positions of moun- tain ranges. The central portion of this austral region, known as the upper austral zone, occupies much of the central portion of the country. The eastern humid section of this zone, known as the Carolinian area, skirts the Alleghenies on the east and south, cutting through many States on the Atlantic border, and it extends westward from West Virginia and Kentucky to the one hundredth me- ridian. This area includes besides (1) small section of many of the Atlantic and Gulf States, (2) nearly the whole of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas, a large portion of Nebraska, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, and (3) small areas in other bordering States throughout this gen- eral region. This would mean that so far as temperature is concerned we might predicate the successful growth in Missouri of any plant species of this whole area, as well as of many plants common to several areas; for, as a matter of fact, some plants are quite independent of mean daily temperatures, and are not con- formable to such a single-factor category. Aside from the heat or temperature factor, there are other important climatic relations of the plant, relations as to rainfall, light and wind. General forest vegetation. Prairies and forests. The upper austral zone. 232 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE CYPRESS (TAXODIUM DISTICIIUM ) , THE DOMINANT GKOWTH IN THE CYPRESS SWAMPS. Importance of moisture in plant distribu- tion. Missouri plants as to formations. More important, however, to the life of a plant is usually the relation to the soil, or the substratum, the so-called edaphic relation. This latter i-elation is three fold, and may refer in special cases to the moisture content of the soil, and always refers to the physical constitution and to the chemical content of the soil. Of these various relations the former is perhaps the most important of all factors governing the distribution of plants within any region. It is often largely de- pendent upon rainfall, and then becomes, for all practical purposes, a climatic factor. In recent times the above fact relating to the importance of moisture in the distribution of plants has been well recognized, and those who have in our time done most for the study of plants in their envii'onments have made use of this important relation to water content in arranging plants in groups according to their natural preferences of habitat. These groups, with more or less common and constant affinities, are termed plant formations. In applying these group- ings to a study of the vegetation of this State, the plants of Missouri may be divided into the following formations: First. Hydrophytes, consisting of aquatic or sub-aquatic plants, that is, those whose habitat is either the water or water-soaked substrata. Second. Mesophytes, those requiring or electing a medium degree of soil moisture and a medium humidity, this group making up the great bulk of our species. Third. Xerophytes, are those plants which prefer to grow or may grow in a dry atmosphere, and in a soil or situation furnishing but little moisture. In this State, moreover, it is well to distinguish at least one other: Fourth. Rupestrine, including those plants growing upon cliffs and ledges under a great variety of conditions of moisture. The above subdivisions refer largely to the flowering plants and to the ferns and fern allies, not attempting to include, except in a general way, the lower cryptogams. Our typical aquatic flowering plants are few, and this is doubtless due to the scarcity of lakes and ponds in the State. For the most part, the ponds are arti- ficial, and the plants which are found in these habitats are generally species of very wide distribution, such, for instance, as a few species of the small floating duckweeds (Lemna and Spirodela) , pondweeds (Potamogeton) , the common horn- wort (Ceratophyllum), the Chinquapin water lily (Nelumbo), and the water- weed (Philotria). As characteristic amphibious plants we have a large number, such, for instance, as the water plantain (Alisma), ari'owhead (Sigittarria), cat- PLANT LIFE. 233 tail (Typha), bur reed (Sparganium), wild rice (Zizania), and other grasses and sedges. On the mud flats of our streams, in wet woods, swamps, and in other in the cypress such situations are to be found numerous other species of sedges, such compo- swamps, sites as certain tickseeds (Coreopsis), also water peppers (Polygonum), rag weeds, etc. As a truly amphibious plant, confined, however, to the southeastern portion of the State, might be mentioned the well known cypress (Taxodium dis- tichum), a tree of great scientific and economic interest. This tree is the domi- nant growth in the true cypress swamps. Its wonderful "knees" and thickened trunk bases have long afforded interesting topics for physiological speculation. Again, along (he borders of streams, are to be found as typical riparian plants, a few willows (Salix) and birches (Betula), the plant tree (Platanus), as well as many herbaceous plants. On the whole, it is noticeable that Missouri streams do not commonly abound with aquatic plants, although the willow weed (Dianthera) is fairly common as a stream-bed plant throughout at least a portion of the State. The water cress (Nasturtium) is also found filling those streams carrying more or less clear or spring water in many portions of the State. Without special reference to the moisture content of the soil, the mesophytic flora may be divided into two types — the sylvan or forest type, and the campa- nal, or grass-herbaceous type of prairies and clearings. These two types include innumerable plant associations and so many species that very little can be said of them in detail. The forest vegetation throughout the State may be divided into upland and lowland types. The upland type includes, as most common rep- resentatives in the northern and central portions of the State, a considerable variety of oaks and hickories, the black walnut, once so common throughout our State, the pine in a limited area, and in some sections many species of Crataegus certain species of plum and other shrubby plants. This forest type in southern Missouri is much richer in species than the forests situated back from the streams in the northern portion of the States. In the south, the upland forest type may be divided into several regions, governed by soil and exposure, each of which regions has its characteristic dominant forest trees. From this it may be said in general, that the white oak is found on the ridges in the southeast, thence throughout a large portion of the pine area sub- Aquatic plants. Upb.nd forest type. a '^^T£iit^~^*m^kiii^ms^ii^iiM^iti^^^iMf«a^:fe A TYPICAL HAEDWOOD FOBEST IN SOUTHEBN MISSOURI. 234 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. '-^ r'^^^rl^^.^r/rP-' # ^ • 'mi^^smimmm^,j'^- Ka'mt IIIK YELLOW PINE (PINUS ECIIINATA) IN SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI. Pine and oak. Grasses and farms. sequently referred to, and finally it serves also to give the stamp of an oak forest to nearly all wooded uplands throughout the middle and northern portion of the State. The pine (Pinus echinata) at one time covered, or at least dominated the region south and southwest of the Archaean outcrops in the southeastern part of the State. It found favorable conditions for growth upon the silicious outcrops and flinty hills of the I'egion, growing as far down the northern hillsides as the silicious soil obtained. In some sections this pine has rapidly disappeared, with the common methods of lumbering, and in the absence of all methods of for- esting. In some places it has been superseded by orchards of peaches and plums; but with proper methods of forestry it could yet be made to do a most important forest duty. Occupying a considerable belt west of the region of pine and white oak, there is found the Black- Jack scrub-oak associations. As an economic forest area this is a belt of less importance, and it may be looked upon as marking the bor- der land of forest and prairie. The upland and south hillside clearings, which require much time in order to be converted into pasture or culturable land, represent a fierce struggle for occupation between many naturalized and native weeds on the one hand and the second growth, or shoot-growth, of the forest trees on the other. Throughout much of the year the hei'baceous growth, or forest vegetation, in this region, is characterized by grasses and a few ferns, with a liberal number of rosaceous plants. This type of forest also shields, particularly on the hillsides, many of our most common and much sought spring plants, as well as the "flow- ers" of later seasons. Among the very earliest of the former one must mention, without attempting to group them in their exact associations, the dog-tooth violet (Erythronium), the spring beauty (Claytonia), bloodroot (Sanguinaria), violets (Viola), and in rich woods, Isopyrim in abundance, and many others. These are followed by such of the open woods plants as phlox, verbena, and qua- masia, and several species of Astragalus. The early summer flora of herbaceous plants in upland and fairly moist woods, is dominated by such plants as Phacelia, Podophyllum, Galium, and Geranium. The species of middle and late summer, in the upland woods, at least, show a proportionately greater number of leguminous and rosaceous PLANT LIFE. 235 plants, as well as many mints (Labiatae) and composites (Compositae). The herbaceous autumn flora of the wooded uplands coalesces more than any other with the campestral and open glade covering. As in many other parts of the country, the flowers of the woodland borders are at this season largely composites, such as asters, goldenrods, coneflowers, and the like. In the number of individuals the composite families stand easily first in almost any region, although the subdominant growth in the pine lands consists largely of beard grasses (sometimes termed broomsedges) and hardy legumes. In spite of the fact, however, that the upland forest type includes the great forest regions of Missouri, yet the river valleys and alluvial plains, when in forest, afford a heavy growth of timber, and owing to the numerous associations of her- baceous plants which are to be found throughout the lowland forests, the latter give every indica- tion of much greater density of shade and luxur- iance of growth. The lowland forests include our elms, certain maples, the basswood, and many oaks from the upland associations. It also merges gradually into the true riparian formation, includ- ing the poplars, sycamores, willows, and others. In the southeastern portion of .he State the black- gum abounds, three species of hackberry are com- mon, and the sweetgum is not infrequent. The above, indeed, gives but a faint idea of the lowland forest type, for numerous shrubs and vines, as well as trees less frequently found, are generally distributed, although they may not be pointed to as constituting usually a dominant element in the general type. The herbaceous growth or forest floor vegetation characteristic of this type, includes also numerous plants of our vernal aestival and serotinal floras. While the general forest floor growth characteristic of this type includes numerous rosaceous plants, some members of the nettle family, as well as some ferns and sedges, we find very commonly many interesting herbaceous associa- tions, with such herbs as members of the waterleaf family (Hydrophylaceae), the jewel weed (Impatiens), certain crucifers (Cruciferae), and many others, including violets and mints, bed-straws and com- posites. Very little need be said of the planl associations forming the prairie and cam- pestral type; but under this should be included the vegetation of the prairies, of pastures, and of abandoned fields. In the true prairies the grass floor is of course the most distinctive feature; and composing the latter the grasses are quite various, depending upon the soil and other conditions. Along with these are to be found many species of composites and some mints. Many of our hillsides, which were formerly wooded, have been denuded of practically all trees and the cultivation of fields has broken up the native grass flora. Under such condi- tions blue grass has usually established itself and has spread, often through its Flowers of the woodland. THE EDIBLE MOKEL (MOECHELLA ESCULENTA) ABUNDANT IN SHADY PLACES EARLY IN MAY. Heavy growth of timber. Frairie and campestral types. A WOOD-DESTROYING FUNGUS (LENTINUS QUERCINUS). 236 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE RELATION OF PASTURAGE TO FOREST VEGETATION AND UNDERBRUSH. THE WORK OF A WEEK BY A FLOCK OF GOATS. Few instances of a live xero- phytic formation. own initiative, to a most remarkable extent. Growing withi this tliere are to be found several weeds of general distribution, notably, the ironweeds and the milk- weeds. Along the edges of fields and wherever the cultivator is negligent, there are to be found some native, numerous cosmopolitan introduced species and many fugitive weeds. These last seem to gain strength by the presence of man, and they are so important as a factor in the plant life and in denoting the worth of the soil that one should look with suspicion upon any cultivated field which would not soon grow up to them if neglected. In some sections of the State the prairie vegetation has been so nearly annihilated that in order to find any true associations belonging to it one must look to the borders of railroads, fence- corners, and roadsides. Fortunately for the industrial development of the State, but detracting somewhat from the botanist's pleasure, perhaps, is the fact that very few in- stances of a true xerophytic formation are to be found. Nevertheless one finds occasionally breaking the monotony of the general mesophytic formations, ex- posed clay hills and barren outcrops which are characterized by such modifica- tions in the plant covering as to justify a differentiation of these plants as of xerophytic tendency. It is sometimes difficult to clearly distinguish this xero- phytic formation from that which would be properly classified as the extremest in the cliff summit subdivision of the rupestrine flora. The chief woody growth consists of scrub oaks and some dwarf species of Crataegus, with a few suffru- tescent plants of several families; such herbaceous plants abound as certain mem- bers of the rockrose family, a few grasses, and the plantain-leaved everlasting (Antennaria) ; and finally there are found a few dense tufts of several species of moss, including also the common lichen, popularly known as the reindeer moss. PLANT LIFE. 237 Perhaps the most interesting formation of the State is the rupestrine, which name is applied to the whole vegetation to be found upon rocks and cliffs. This formation is made up of types of vegetation varying from those which are to be found in situations under ledges, subject to the constant drip of seepage waters, to that type which is characteristic of the high expos- ed rocky summits. In the former situations there is found the true fontinal type of mosses and hepatics, and it is this last which at times closely resembles and grades into the xerophytic form- ation previously described. Be- sides the fontinal and the ex- posed types, portions of the cliff may, of course, be covered with vegetable mould or turf, and here a variety of plants of the general mesophytic type (which may require special conditions of shelter) find refuge and flour- ish. On these cliffs, moreover, are to be found several species of our most interesting ferns, and with the increasing expos- ure the vegetation is at times completely monopolized by asso- ciations of lichens and mosses. Poison ivy and Virginia creeper also find here an opportunity to grow and spread themselves un- interruptedly over considerable areas. On those cliff summits of considerable extent, especially on those where occur also shrubby plants of the barren hill types, one notes a peculiar and interesting fact. Some of the plants whose normal habitats are the prairies or the plains have here sought refuge, and upon these exposures they seem to find those conditions well adapted to their maintenance. In fact, throughout the central portions of Missouri, particu- larly in the vicinity of the Missouri river one searches in such situations alone for many characteristic plants of the more arid west. In the same situations one finds the one mem- ber of the heath fam- ily whose range is far westward and northward i n this State, namely the low h u c k 1 e b erry (Vaccinium vacil- lans). It is the compo- site family which in Missouri dominates all others in number THE VEGETATION OF CLIFFS AND OF MOIST WOODS. Rupestrine, a most interesting vegetation. Rivers and waters. Ivv and creepers. AA "IMv cap" (CAPRINUS PICACEUS ) , A FUNGUS OF EARLY SPRING. 238 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri domin- ates in the connposite family. No red cedar in Missouri. Beautiful wild flowers. Algae, and less conspicuous flora. Fungous collec- tions. of species, and perhaps in individuals as well. The most striking differences obtain when one compares the orchid and heath-rhododendron elements in our flora with the same elements in eastern floras. In central and southern Mis- souri orchids are almost totally lacking, and in the same region there is found, for the most part, but a single representative of the heath family. In the southeastern portion of the State these plant species become somewhat more abundant — the impress of the far southern flora being more strongly felt. What has been said of the Eri- caceae and Orchidaceae holds true, in large part for those two geolog- ically old subdivisions of our flora, the Gymnosperms (with us conifers only) and the Pteridophytes (fern and fern allies). North, west and northwest of the pine lands of the State (where only one species of the pine is native) our only coniferous plant is the red cedar which, if it is the same species as the red cedar of the east, is much altered in form and reduced in stature. In central, northern and western Missouri a score of ferns are to be found, which number is nearly doubled by the species of the northeast. The traveler, the layman trav- eler, from the east will ask in vain for some of the delicate vernal rep- resentatives of his home flora, yet for these he can find in our flora many substitutes. With these sub- stitutes and with many species com- mon to both sections, with the spring beauty, the flowering sumac and the red-bud, followed by the luxuriance of phlox and verbena, he should be able to compensate himself abundantly for the trailing arbutus, rho- dodendron and orchids until the time of full fruitage of mints and composites. If he is keen in economic appreciation, as well as in aestheticism, he will certainly realize that the prairies which produce such mats of grasses and such "weed" as- sociations, or the stream flats which support a growth of horseweed and other herbs of almost shrubby proportions, are capable of blossoming in a vari- ety of important ways. Aside from the cryptogams, or seedless plants, already referred to under the name Pteridophytes, various representatives of the Bryohpytes (mosses and hepatics) and of the Thallophytes (algae and fungi) are to be found abundantly, but these, of course, form a much less conspicuous part of the general landscape. The moss flora is varied and interesting. Algae are very common in ponds and on damp soils, but they are not so abundant in our streams as in many other parts of the country. The lower orders are most abundant, notably members of the blue-green algal families, and the lowest families of the green algae. The fungous flora of Missouri is very interesting. In the vicinity of Colum- bia, during a single year, certain collections have yielded more than five hun- dred species. This number may be taken to represent about one-half, perhaps, of the fungi which may be readily found in the vicinity. It seems probable that approximately the usual proportion of saprophytic and parasitic forms will be found to obtain. Many of the commoner parasitic species of the East are not so well represented in our flora. This is particularly true of those species which THE ALMOND-FLAVOBED MUSHBOOM (AQABICUS PABACEUS.) PLANT LIFE. 239 A COMMON MUSHROOM OF LAWNS AND MEADOWS (AMANITOPSIS VAGINATA). require for their best development and spread a constantly moist atmosphere and a temperature with extremes not so great as that of this latitude in the West. On the other hand, the saprophytic forms are found in great abundance, and »THE OYSTER PLEUEOTUS (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS), AN EDIBLE FUNGUS PRODUCED IN ' GREAT QUANTITY ON DECAYING LOGS IN MOIST SITUATIONS. 240 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Many edible mushrooms. But few poison- ous varieties. Number of species of plants in the State. most of the commoner species of the East are undoubtedly also native or intro- duced into our State. Many edible species grow luxuriantly. One finds in lawns and pastures during the early summer the esculent species of Coprinus (ink caps), and later in the season, Lepiota naucinoides, Amanitopsis vaginata (the meadow Amanitopsis), Agaricus campestris (the cultivated agaric), Calvatia cyathiforme (the cup-shaped puff-ball), C. craniformis (the puff-ball of pastures, as well as woodland borders), Calvatia gigantia (the giant puff-ball), and many others. In the wooded areas there are to be found in the early summer, Mor- chella esculenta (the edible morel) in great quantity, and this is a plant too little appreciated by the layman. In addition, the giant gyromitra (Gyromltra esculenta), several species of Lactarius, etc., are not uncommon. Decaying elm and willow logs of the low woods furnish a profuse growth of the oyster Pleuro- tus (Pleurotus ostreatus). During the late summer and early autumn several large species of Clitocybe are found on roots of decaying stumps in lawns almost ev- erywhere, together with some smaller species of related ge- nera. In the early autumn the most abundant edible fungus is Armillaria mellea (the honey colored Armillaria). The latter fungus occurs in such abundance in the moist forest, and in locations where pasture succeeds forest, that is, where decaying roots crop up through the sod, that it is often possible to collect it by the wagon load. Of the pois- onous or suspicious mush- rooms, only a few have as yet been found in the vicinity of Columbia. A variety of the fly Amanita (Amanita musca^ ria) is known to be poisonous, and among those looked upon with suspicion may be men- tioned one or two other spe- cies of Amanita and certain members of the genus Rus- sula, and the suspicious Cli- tocybe (C. illudens). Concerning the number of plants (reckoned by species) in the State, no definite accurate statements can be made. Professor Tracy, twenty years ago, published a list of eighteen hundred, with many regions not covered. Lists of Jackson county and Boone county flora add at least seven hundred to the list, so it can be safely assumed that the flora of Missouri includes more than twenty- five hundred species of these higher plants. Its interest to the botanist and its economic value are suggested by this general discussion of the character and extent of the flora of Missouri. THE LEATHERY FUNGUS STEKEUM FASCIATUM, A FACTOR IN THE DESTRUCTION OF FALLEN OAKS. M ISSOURI is rightly regarded as an agricultural State. Yet in Mis- souri are three cities of over 100,000 inhabitants, a larger num- ber than in any other State except five. St. Louis, the metropolis of Missouri, is the only city in the United States which by special constitutional enactment is a city without a county organization. Of the total population of Missouri 34.9 per cent reside in towns and cities. There are forty municipalities in the State with a population of over 3,000. There are 107 towns with a population between 1,000 and 3,000. Missouri cities, towns and villages are organized under the general State law as of the first, second, third or fourth class or, in some instances, under special charters granted CITIES OF 3,ooo AND OVER, WITH RANK IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN THE STATE, TOGETHER WITH THE POPULATION IN 1890 AND 1900. > z 5 > 7. 5 y > 5 > Z c > H M 00 c > Aurora 712 16 3,482 — 6,191 Louisiana 858 22 5,071 5,131 Boonville 987 3' 4,132. 4,377 Macon 1 ,072 34 3,350 4,068 Brookfield 802 20 4,534 5,484 Marshall 865 24 4,258 5,086 Butler 1,352 3« 2,812 3,158 Maryville 958 29 4,017 4,577 Cape Girardeau 909 2"^ 4,288 4,815 Mexico 863 23 4,789 5,090 Carrollton I , I 22 36 3,858 3,854 Moberly 543 1 1 8,213 8,012 Carterville 981 30 2,884 4,445 Monett 1,367 39 1,699 3,115 Carthage 470 9 7,962 9,416 Nevada 590 13 7,262 7,461 Chillicothe 63s 15 5,699 6,905 Poplar Bluff 1,003 32 2,187 4,321 Clinton 871 ^t; 4,689 5,061 Rich Hill 1,074 35 4,008 4,053 Columbia 777 18 3,985 5,651 Richmond 1,234 37 2,895 3,478 DeSoto 784 19 3,960 5,61 1 St Charles 545 12 6,161 7,982 Fulton 897 26 4,289 4,883 St Joseph 34 3 52,811 102,979 Hannibal 344 7 12,816 12,780 St Louis 4 I 460,357 575,238 Independence 631 14 6,373 6,974 Sedalia 281 6 •3,994 15,231 Jefferson City 450 8 6,732 9,664 Springfield 181 5 21,842 23,267 Joplin iSS 4 9,909 26,023 Trenton 817 ;2i 5,039 5,396 Kansas City 22 2 132,416 163,752 Warrensburg 920 28 4,682 4,724 Kirksville 737 17 3,491 5,966 Washington 1 ,407 40 2,725 3,015 Lexington 1 ,041 ''^ 4,53s 4,190 Webb City 483 10 5,043 9,201 Mo. 241 242 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. by the legislature. The cities are, in the main, well improved, with good streets and light, water, and sewerage systems. The larger cities are described in separate chapters while those of smaller population are described under the counties in which they are located. THE FOLLOWING GIVES A LIST OF THE CITIES WITH POPULATION BETWEEN i ,000 AND 3,000 AND THE RANK OF EACH IN THE STATE. RANK POP. RANK POP. RANK POP. RANK POP. IN STATE 1900 INSTATE 1900 IN STATE 1900 IN STATE 1900 Albany 66 2,025 Ferguson 145 1,0 1 5 Lee's Summit 106 1,453 Princeton 96 1,575 Appleton 129 1,133 Festus 116 1,256 Liberty 51 2,407 Rockport 133 1,080 Ash Grove 141 1,039 Fredericktowr 95 1,577 Maiden 105 1,462 Rolla 94 1,600 Belton 147 1,005 Gallatin 84 1,780 Marceline 49 2,630 Salem 103 1,481 Bethany 62 ^,093 Glasgow 91 1,672 Marionville 114 1,290 Salisbury 78 1,847 Bevier 81 1,808 Granby 54 2,3i5 Memphis 56 2,195 Sarcoxie 131 1,126 Bloomfield 104 i>475 Grant City 108 1,400 Milan 86 1,757 Savannah 73 1,886 Bolivar 76 1,869 Greenfield 109 1,406 Monroe City 68 1,929 Seneca 140 1,043 Bowling Green 69 1,902 Greenville 139 1,051 MontgomeryCi ty65 2,026 Shelbina 87 1,733 Breckenridge 146 1,012 Hamilton 83 1,804 Mound City 90 1,681 Sikeston 136 1,077 Brunswick 1 10 1,403 Harrisonville 79 1,844 MountainGrove 148 1,004 Slater 50 2,504 California 57 2,181 Hermann 97 1,575 Mount Vernon 119 1,206 Stanberry 48 2,652 Cameron 41 2,979 Higbee 128 1,151 Neosho 46 2,725 Ste. Genevieve 89 1,707 Canton 5^ 2,365 Higginsville 44 2,791 New Franklin 126 1,156 Sweet Springs 134 1,080 Carl Junction 123 1,177 Holden 60 2,126 New Madrid 102 1,489 Tarkio 70 1,901 Caruthersville 55 2,315 Huntsville 82 1,805 Norborne 121 1,189 Thayer "5 1,276 Centralia 88 1,722 Humansville 138 1,055 Odessa 107 1,445 Tipton 113 1,337 Charleston 72 1,893 Jackson 92 1,658 Oregon 143 1,032 Troy 127 1,153 Clarence 122 1,184 Kahoka 80 1,818 Oronogo 63 2,073 Unionville 64 2,050 Deepwater 120 1,201 Kennett 98 1,509 Osceola 142 1,037 Vandalia 124 1,168 Dexter 77 1,862 Keytesville 130 1,127 Pacific 118 1,213 Versailles 1 17 1,240 Doniphan 99 1,508 Kirkwood 43 2,825 Palmyra 53 2,323 Webster Groves 71 1,895 Edina 93 1,605 La Grange 100 1,507 Paris I II 1,397 Wellsville 125 1,160 Eldorado Spgs. 59 2,137 Lamar 45 2,737 Pattonsburg 137 1,065 Weston 144 1,019 Excelsior Spgs. 74 1,881 La Plata 1 12 1,345 Pierce City 58 2,151 West Plains 42 2,902 Farmington 85 1,778 Lathrop 132 1,118 Plattsburg 75 1,878 Willow Springs 135 1,078 Fayette ^^ 47 2,717 Lebanon 61 2,125 Pleasant Hill 67 2,002 Windsor lOI 1,502 sx. L/Ouis r To MINDS not given to an indolent acceptance of the merely super- ficial aspect of recorded facts, the history of St. Louis, culminating in the World's Fair period, resolves itself consistently into seven great illuminative epochs. Each of these is significant and typical of the city's distinctive life and especial destiny, yet, singly, each has many points in common with certain phases of the history of other American cities. As a historical whole, however, in which character alone may they be contemplated as furnishing a genuinely enlightening story of St. Louis, they are without a parallel in American annals. These seven great epochs in the history of St. Louis may be set down as follows: The foundation, settlement, and occupation of St. Louis by the French col- onists under Laclede and Chouteau, extending from 1764 to 1803. The Americanizing of St. Louis, dating from the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and accomplished by the influx of Virginia, Tennessee, Carolina, and New Eng- land blood, and later by an additional incoming from Kentucky. This was the work of the generation from 1803 to 1836. The development of the growing town of St. Louis into one of the most im- portant Mississippi valley commercial points of that day. This was due to the amazing growth of steamboat traffic on the Mississippi river and its tributaries, which first secured and then maintained St. Louis' control of the trade of the Mississippi valley, a period extending from 1836 to 1860. The Civil War period in St. Louis, a time of feverish commercial condi- tions and bitter political animosities. During this period St. Louis took its place in history as the American city that kept its State in the Union against the will of a majority of the State's people. This epoch extends from 1861 to 1865. The reaction period following the close of the Civil War, the only era of apparent stagnation or retrogression in the history of St. Louis. This lasted from 1865 to 1878. The renewal of St. Louis' progress along the lines of its true destiny, a period sometimes mistakenly alluded to as "the birth of the new St. Louis." Within this period the city made notable gains in trade and industry, in popu- lation and area, and took its rightful place among the great cities of the Union. 1878 to 1898. The World's Fair Period in St. Louis. This epoch constitutes the crowning glory of the city's history to date and has a tremendous significance as bearing Photo in heading; Laclede, Founder of St. Louis; Union Station. 24.S 244 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. LANDING OF LACLEDE ON THE SITE OF ST. LOUIS. upon its future. The commanding position occupied by St. Louis, the entire adequateness of its preparation for the Fair, the vast extent of its municipal improvements, the consequent prestige gained in the world's eye, render this period singularly vital with meaning of St. Louis' future greatness as based upon results already attained. 1898 to 1904. With these seven logical divisions of the history of St. Louis kept in mind, the story of the city's 140 years of existence assumes a coherent completeness as convincing in its teaching of destiny as a Greek drama. The city was preor- dained to good fortune from the very day when Pierre Ligueste Laclede founded it as a trading post and predicted the greatness which it was to attain. There has been no permanent or inherent obstruction to the fulfillment of this pro- phetic utterance. The little band of Frenchmen who, under Laclede and Chouteau, built the primitive cabins that constituted the material St. Louis of 1764, were adventurous and enterprising souls. They represented, indeed, the stanchest blood that France has ever sent out for colonizing achievement. The genuine pioneer spirit animated them, a spirit vital with the instinct for exploration, steadfast to overcome difficulties and endure hardships, keen to benefit from the results of their labors and sufferings in a new country. They were not only venturesome pathfinders in this virgin land, but shrewd traders as well, driving close bargains and possessed of a distinct and superior talent for commerce. Thrifty and in- dustrious, these Frenchmen and their families laid a sound foundation for the St. Louis of to-day. This foundation finds its bed-rock substance in the fur trade then so profit- ably followed along the western frontiers of the white man's progress across the continent. The early fur trade of the American west offered powerful induce- ments to enterprising souls. The skins taken from the wild animals of prairie, mountain and river valley were more easily convertible into money than was any other commodity. They were almost the sole article of export, the tobacco of the older settlements alone, perhaps, equaling them in commercial importance from this point of view. They furnished the material for the clothing worn by ST. T.OUIS. 245 SOME BUILDINGS OF ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OI' DIVINITY. MARION-Sms UEAUMONT COLLEGE. a large proportion of the population, so that there was a strong do- mestic demand. They could be purchased of the Indian hunters of suring a great profit, or individual skill and and rifle. To men with with executive and returns from this exceptionally sure, the western fur trade the commercial basis SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY. the west at figures in plentifully gained by proficiency with trap money at command and organizing genius, the trade were large and Therefore it was that of those days furnished upon which the S t . half of the eighteenth Louis of the latter century stood and prospered. Under the healthful stimulus of this" tra"de he httle settlement of French folk-French always, and leaving the impress of their nationality upon St. Louis in stubborn disregard of the one-time fact of Spanish sovereignty over the entire territory-grew steadily in numbers and consequence. French hunters and trappers pushed farther and farther into the west and northwest, returning to St. Louis once each year with the furs of their own securing, or those obtained from the Indians in barter. French boatmen voyaged the Mississippi river with shipments of furs consigned by the Chouteaus and other great traders to New Orleans. Within the settlement itself there was a steady improvement of conditions. Bigger warehouses were built, stores be- came more numerous, more pretentious residences took the place of the rude cabins of earlier days, the life of the little community widened and assumed an attractiveness impossible to the virgin colony that had followed Laclede ana 246 THE STATE OF MISSOURI DOWN TOWN IN ST. LOUIS, OLIVE STREET AT BROADWAY. Chouteau to the founding of St. Louis. This growth of the town as a French settlement was so continuous and healthful as to contain proof, even at that early stage of St. Louis' history, of the natural advantages operating for the future greatness of the city. But there was to be little more than a generation of what may be called the distinctively French shaping of St. Louis' destiny. With the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France by the United States in 1803, began the Amer- icanization of St. Louis. It is true that the influence of the original French settlers was potent for some years thereafter, but it is equally true that by sure degrees the Anglo-Saxon element grew stronger and stronger until finally it be- came the dominant force, and St. Louis was French in name only. Exactly as France had contributed her sturdiest pioneer blood to the found- ing of St. Louis, so did this encroaching element represent the best Anglo-Saxon stock that the world has ever seen. From Virginia, from Ten- nessee, and from the two Carolinas came the Americans who succeeded the French as the dominant fac- tors in shaping local history. A little later they were followed by stanch men and women from New England, and the combination militat- ed to produce a sing- ularly masterful force. In almost ev- ST. JOHN'S METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH SOUTH, ST. LOUIS. ery instance the new ST. LOUIS. 247 KXCUBSION BOAT ON THE MISSISSIPPI KIVER. citizens of St. Louis stood for tlie best of the older communities wlience they came. In many instances they were people of exceptional education and gentle breeding. They had shared to the full the advantages of that republican free- dom which their immediate ancestors had won from England as the result of the American revolution. They were vital with the splendid stimulus of popular liberty and democratic institutions and form of government. As had been their French predecessors, they were alert in commerce, and they possessed superior constructive and administrative talent. When the era of the Americanization of St. Louis dawned in 1803, the town had a population of something less than 1,000 souls. When it reached its noonday of completed achievement in 1835, allowing one generation of time for this achievement, St. Louis had a popula- tion of over 8,000, and five years later this was doubled. The first public school had been established, the first waterworks put in operation, the first banking institution incorporated; and St. Louis itself became a corporate city during this period. During the greater part of the distinctively French era the city limits never extended beyond Biddle street on the north, Seventh street on the west, and Cerre street on the south, the Mississippi river, of course, being the eastern boundary. In 1822, when American influence was making itself felt, the city limits were extended to Ashley street on the north and to Convent and Labbadie streets on the siouth. In 1839 and in 1841 the limits were again extended, the latter increase of territ- ry giving the little city a total area of 2,630 acres. It was during the transit. on period, when St. Louis was slowly changing from French to American, that the early French names of the streets were abandoned and English substituted. By 1835, at the latest, the change was superficially complete, though the French still remained important factors in the city's de- velopment. But the subordination of French to American influence had been in marked evidence since the city's incorporation and the election, in 1822, of William Carr Lane, as the first mayor of St. Louis. The early French settlers and their sons had performed their part in fulfilling the city's destiny. It had been a most worthy and beneficent performance of pioneer duty. It had been followed by a singularly aggressive and forceful American administration, thus making the history of St. Louis during its first half-century or more a fine illus- tration of the best results possible to the best endeavor of two of the most vigor- ous breeds of men the world has ever known. 248 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. When the steamboat "Pike," commanded by Captain Jacob Reed, made a landing at the foot of Market street on August 2, 1815, being the first steamboat to reach St. Louis, a prophetic vision would have caused the people of the city to indulge in general rejoicing and especial thanksgiving. For in reality the "Pike" was the herald of a traffic that secured and long maintained for St. Louis that control of the trade of the Mississippi valley which first placed the city in the front rank of American municipalities. It is true that the development of steamboating was not at first notable, it being four year's after the "Pike's" arrival that the first steamboat to ascend the Missouri, the "Independence," left her St. Louis landing, but it was a steady growth and, finally, the steamboat traffic to and from St. Louis assumed vast proportions. Its golden age may, perhaps, be stated as extending from 1845 to 1875, a period of thirty years, dur- ing which time it accomplished marvelous things for St. Louis. The commerce of the city flourished and its trade territory widened to an amazing extent. The river front was one of the famous American scenes of the times, the St. Louis levee being lined with steamboats, three or four deep, receiving and discharging cargoes. The commission houses doing a southern supply business became great and wealthy. The up-river trade was also tremendously profitable and en- riched many St. Louis concerns. The influence of St. Louis as a great supply and distributing point, as well as the chief market for the sale of Mississippi valley products, was then fully recognized and her prestige permanently estab- lished. During this period the Merchants' Exchange of St. Louis was organized, in 1836, and came to be recognized as one of the most important American com- mercial bodies. But it was while the river traffic was at its height, and with twenty-five prosperous years still ahead of it, that ground was broken for the Pacific railroad, the first railway system extending west of St. Louis. From that year, 1851, until the present time, the development of St. Louis as a railway center was so steady, consistent and healthy that the city now stands among the first in the Union in the extent of its shipping and passenger traffic facilities. The river trade took a secondary place about 1875, but there is little doubt that its revival will constitute one of the inevitable developments of the not remote future. It exerted a powerful influence over the upbuilding of St. Louis, and ST. LOUIS. 249 the great figures of its history should be held in appreciative remembrance by the city which they served with signal distinction. In 1860, when the Civil War became imminent, the steamboat traffic of St. Louis probably had attained its fullest volume, and the city's popula- tion had reached a total of 160,773. At the very close of the steamboat era, the Eads Bridge across the river was finished and opened for traffic, and the original St. Louis union depot was es- tablished. These two events graphi- cally indicated the truth that the rail- way had supplanted the steamboat for the further development of St. Louis as the greatest inland commercial city of the United States. The Civil War benefited St. Louis trade in a sense, but those business houses employed in supplying the south with needed products suffered severely. The trade stimulus of the war period came from government con- tracts for army supplies, and was of a feverish character, experiencing a re- action after the Civil War closed, which caused a marked depression un- til the city once more renewed its legitimate trade connections and again moved forward in the paths of its log- ical destiny. Then, too, the naturally disturbed state of the popular mind had its inevitable effect in checking trade progress. The situation in St. Louis at the outbreak of the Civil War was remarkable. The city boasted a daviu k. fkaacis, pkesh.e.nt Louisiana purchasi: exposition. blended population, potent for commercial and civic development, but differ- ing radically on the issues of the Civil War. In the course of years, Kentucky had joined Virginia, Tennessee and the Carolinas in contributing to the influx of strong blood for the city's upbuild- ing. There had been a heavy acces- sion of Germans, due to national discontent culminating in the revo- lution of 1848 in Germany, and re- sulting in the emigration of Ger- mans by thousands These people were thrifty, home-making people, commercially acute to a marked de- gree, and of admirable citizenship material. The increase of Irish cit- 'zens was also notable, constituting an element that has lent its best ef- fort to the service of St. Louis. The New England contingent had been materially strengthened, an enter- prising, resolute and valuable com- ponent part of tlie local population. Widely speaking, the alignment of the several elements on Civil WALTER B. STEVENh, SECRETARY, War issues placed the Southerners, LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. the French and the Irish in the cat- WM. H. THOMPSON, LOUISIANA PURCHASE TREASURER, EXPOSITION. 250 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. THE WHOLESALE BUSINESS OF ST. LOUIS— SALES FOR 1903. egory of Confederate sympathizers, with the New Englauders and the Germans as Unionists in opposition to them. Missouri itself was southern in sentiment, but the federal government was so quick to recognize the crucial importance of the situation in St. Louis, and so prompt to support the New England and German local effort against the movement to carry Missouri out of the Union, that.it was successful in holding this great border State in line, although the Missouri con- tribution to the Confederacy was notable in extent and quality. The besit blood of the State so divided, however, was enlisted under both flags, brother against brother, and it took years to allay the resultant bitterness of spirit. During the Civil War period, St. Louis was a very hotbed of political intrigue, with Unionists and Confederate sympathizers in daily antagonism at close range, and its inti- mate history is peculiarly colorful and romantic in consequence. St. Louis lives in the larger annals of the time as the American city which held its State in the Union against the will of the majority of the people in that State. The same feverish commercial activity that had prevailed in St. Louis under the stimulus of war contracts, marked the first few years following the close of the war. It was followed, however, by the inevitable reaction, and this period of reaction is notable as constituting the only era of non-progression known in the history of St. Louis. It was as if the city, torn and bleeding from war's rude grasp, had sunk breathless into a temporary stupor, too wearied to resume the normal activities necessary to its advancement in the avocations of peace. But this was only temporary, as stated, and in 1878 St. Louis once more be- gan to assert its influence as the leading interior city of the Union. This re- vival of energy and commercial enterprise has been mistakenly described as "the birth of the New St. Louis." Such a characterization is a grievous error. The "New St. Louis" had but one birthday, and that was in 1764, when Auguste Chou- teau, with thirty Frenchmen at his back, landed at the foot of what is now Wal- nut street and, acting under Laclede's orders, founded the new settlement which Laclede christened St. Louis. At that time Laclede himself foresaw and pre- dicted the greatness of St. Louis and the city moved straight onward to its des- ST. LOUIS. 2.51 **•, ^'^*J BUILDING THE ST. LOUIS, COLOKAUO AND KANSAS CITY EAILEOAD. tiny. Its progress was checked by the Civil War, but when, in 1878, its masterful business men once more regained their aggressive and compelling spirit, the city again moved forward along its appointed course. It was the Old St. Louis re- asserting itself and advancing to its preordained greatness. At this time the population of the city ^ was close to $350,000. But this resumption of St. Louis' progress in the path of destiny was equivalent to a new birth. It began about 1878. In 187 6 the scheme and charter were adopted, making St. Louis an independ- ent city without either county government or taxation. In 1878 the first Veiled Prophet's pageant was held, to be repeated annually there- after, drawing vast crowds to St. Louis. In 1881 the Mercantile and Commercial clubs were organized, each intend- ed to further the city's business interests. In 1882 the Cotton Exchange building was opened, the Expo- sition building was begun, the first extensive street illuminations, as a feature of the fall festivities, were seen, and the successful movement for the paving of the down-town streets with granite was begun. In 1884 the first Exposition was held, being the beginning of the most successful permanent exposition known in American history. In this year also the local movement for rapid transit street railway facilities was inaugurated, culminating ultimately in securing for St. Louis what is confessedly the most perfect, complete and comprehensive electric street railway service in this country. Indeed, the record of the period from 1878 to the present time in St. Louis is a marvelous record of the modernizing of a city. It is a record made by young men, the indomitable generation that has come to the front since the Civil War period. They were the inheritors o f splendid opportuni- ties and they have rendered a splendid accounting of their inheritance. Mention has just been made of some of their achievements, bring- ing the record up to 1884. Here are other notable instances of the progress accom- plished: In 1885, with the breaking of ground for the first great fire-proof office building in St. Louis, began the "sky-scraper" era of architectural construction which has transformed the physical appearance MISSOURI PACIFIC DEPOT, JEFFERSON BARRACKS. 252 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. of the business section of St. Louis. Lofty buildings succeeded one another with an almost bewildering rapidity. Local capital, reinforced by outside invest- ments attracted equally to the industrial and commercial fields in St. Louis, found that these fire-proof "sky-scraper" office buildings made most profitable returns on an exceptionally safe employment of money. They were filled with occupants as soon as com- pleted, and there was still a •THE RELATIVE MANUrACTURING- ■ IMPORTANCE orTtiC fC:'U15GT?EAT •CITIEOOrTiiE UHITCDOTATPOV BY THE LAST CENSUS i MEW ^■c'^^\ es S- CHICA&O 3 PHILADELPHIA 4 iAlHT uooie. 3 1,317,295396 H 8 88,9+.'5,3l 1 —"■""' I 603,466,626 3 233,629,733 demand for more. Coinci- dently, there was a marked increase in the number of large industrial plants estab- lished in St. Louis. There was also a vast increase in the capitalization and in- fluence of local banks, and the organization of trust com- panies was an accompanying feature of the time. In addi- tion, and as a singularly helpful force, the development of St. Louis as a great railway center went for- ward with giant strides. In 1886 the first cable street railway was put in opera- tion, the Union Depot Company was formed and a memorable period of activity in building associations was begun. In 1887 the city streets were first sprinkled by municipal contract, a charter was obtained for a second bridge, the Mer- chants, across the Mississippi, and St. Louis was made a central reserve city for the national banks of other cities. In 1888 work was begun on the new waterworks, having a capacity of 100,000,000 gallons daily, and a movement was begun to build freight depots on this side of the river for eastern roads. In 1889 the Merchants bridge across the Mississippi was constructed, the first electric street cars were operated and the largest electric arc-light works in the world were constructed in St. Louis. In 1890 the Merchants bridge was opened for traffic, the foundation-stone of the new city hall was laid, and the city streets and alleys were lighted by electricity. In 1891 the first county electric road was built, the new Mercantile Club building was commenced, the St. Louis Traffic Commis- sion was organized, work was commenced on the new union station (pho- tograph in chapter head- ing), and the Autumnal Festivities Association was formed, with more than $500,000 subscribed to its support in advancing the interests of St. Louis. In 1892 work was begun on I h e new Planters' Hotel, to cost $2,000,000.00, Congress was induced to appropriate $16,000,000 for the improvement of the Mississippi river, the firsit postal street railroad car to be run in the United States was operated over a XRU/SKS GLASS /».ND C1.A5SWARE COHFCC-riOMERV PROOUCX.S FOUMORY OII_S F URN ITURE. B^EFe- "TO BACCO COMPARISON OF ST. LOUIS MANUFACTURES. St. Louis electric road, new buildings with a total frontage of 39 miles were erected, the grand Columbian street illumination took place and the Smoke ST. LOUIS. 253 MISSISSIPPI RIVER SCENE AT ST. LOUIS. Abatement Association was formed. In 1893 the electric street car system was completed, prosecutions under the smoke-abatement ordinance were instituted, St. Louis gained the title of the "solid city" because none of its banks or busi- ness houses failed in the panic of this year, St. Louis city four-per-cent renewal bonds were placed in London at par, and the St. Louis union station, the largest in the world, was completed. Thus, approaching now the World's Fair period in St. Louis' history, the city swiftly and steadily progressed, distancing all competitors and, under its destiny, plainly preparing itself adequately to meet the international expectation in 1904. The five years intervening between 1893 and 1898, when the movement for the Louisiana Purchase Centennial Cel- ebration began, were years of marked progress, bringing the city to the most important stage of its history. But, before entering upon a consideration of the World's Fair period, it will be well to make a brief study of other than the material aspect of the city. The character of a community is more accurately to be estimated by the character of its people than by the mere extent of its commercial and industrial enterprise and the totals of its wealth in dollars and cents. This character is best revealed by the community's development along the higher levels of life. The religious phase of St. Louis' history is found in a record of steady growth in the number of churches which places St. Louis in the foremost rank of American cities in this essential requirement. There are more than 300 churches in St. Louis, many of them among the most imposing in the United States. The congregations and parishes are large, zealous and potently help- ful in general as well as special fields of good work. Catholics and Protestants stand shoulder to shoulder in many movements for the public welfare. Some of the most distinguished divines in this country are members of the local clergy and the average of ability is exceptionally high. Among the more famous churches are the old Catholic Cathedral, on Walnut street, between Second and Third streets; the Episcopal Cathedral (Christ church) on Thir- teenth and Locust streets; the Pilgrim Congregational, Washington and Ewing; the First Presbyterian church, on Washington avenue and Sarah street; the Centenary Methodist church, on Sixteenth and Pine; the Second Presbyterian church, Taylor avenue and Westminster Place; the Second Baptist church, on 254 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Locust and Beaumont; the Rock church (St. Alphonsus), on Grand and Finney avenues; The Episcopal church of St. Mark's; the Jewish congregations of the United Hebrew, Temple Israel and Shaare Emeth, and the Church of the Mes- siah (Unitarian). This is but a brief mention, however, and is not intended to ignore the claims of other local churches to deserved distinction. Of late years the trend of the churches has been to the westward section of the city, but the old northern and southern religious landmarks still stand in active serv- ice and the central and down-town sections are provided for by missions and chapels. Among the local charitable organizations the St. Louis Provident Asso- ciation, the St. Vincent de Paul Society and the Associated Hebrew Charities are the most prominent. St. Louis is exceptionally well supplied with hospitals, both public and private, and the new city hospital, built on the approved modern separate pavilion plan, is now almost completed. Of the educational institutions of St. Louis it is impossible to treat in such detail as they deserve. The local public school system is confessedly one of the best in the Union, and a non-partisan school board admirably administers its affairs along the most advanced educational lines. The Washington Univer- sity, one of the leading institutions of learning in this country, is now admirably equipped for its high work. Its new buildings, used by the World's Fair Com- pany as administration headquarters, but now reverting to the University, are singularly beautiful, commodious and correct in their adaptation to University needs. Among the effective branches of Washing- ton University are the St. Louis Medical School, the St. Louis Law School, the School of Botany, the Manual Training School, the Mary Institute, for girls, the School of Fine Arts Washington tory. The University and the Observa- St. Louis (Catholic) has been identified with local history for more than seventy years and has done teaching of the highest order. The Christian Brothers Col- lege was established in St. Louis over fifty years ago and has been a potent educational factor. The Catholic parochial schools are numerous and excellent and there are many pri- vate schools admirably equipped and managed. The leading libraries in St. Louis are the Mer- cantile, now over fifty years old, the public library, made a free library in 1894, and with a history covering thirty-five years, the St. Louis Law Library, an old and well sustained institution, and the Book-Lovers' Library, but recently estab- ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BELOW ST. LOUIS — RIVER AND RAIL. ST. LOUIS. 255 ON A ST. LOUJs COUAii POULTRY FARM. lished. The local libraries are famous for efficiency and completeness and com- pare favorably with those of eastern cities. Mr. Carnegie has been so impressed with the public library system of St. Louis that he has given one million dollars to the purpose of bringing the advantages of this library nearer the people. Half of this amount is to be spent in erecting a building on a site covering half a block, which has been obtained by the library through the city, and the other half is to be spent in establishing branch libra- ries in different parts of the city. The parks of St. Louis are beautiful, spacious and well- maintained. The largest, Forest Park, con- tains 1,371 acres, and fur- nishes a large part of the World's Fair site. Tower Grove Park, comprising 266 acres, is renowned for its beauty and for the magnificent statues adorning it. It adjoins the Missouri Botanical Gardens, the most famous of their kind in this country, which were presented to the city by the late Henry Shaw. Among the remaining city parks are the Lafayette, the O'Fallon and the Carondelet Parks, but there are many smaller public playgrounds of much attractiveness. A great boulevard and driveway system, to cost many millions of dollars, is now under course of con- struction, and will, when completed, connect all the larger parks in one con- tinuous chain. The club life of St. Louis is active and widely varied in its scope. The St. Louis Club is the richest and best appointed in the city and has a magnificent home on Lindell boulevard just west of Grand avenue. The University Club appeals to lettered men and exercises a strong social influence. The Mercantile Club and the Noonday Club are more nearly representative of the city's commer- cial interests, and from them has sprung the Business Men's League, one of the most powerful commercial influence in this country and a pillar of strength for St. Louis. The Harmonie, the Union and the Lieder- kranz are among the local clubs that have lived and prospered on a basis of de- serving. Of theatres, St. Louis has many, with an excel- lent record of manage- ment. The Olympic, the Century, the Columbia, the Grand Opera House, the Imperial, Havlin's, the Crawford are among the number already well estab- lished, and the demands of the World's Fair have added materially to the list. This is true also of the hotels of St. Louis, which now compare favorably, in number and quality, with those of any other city in the United States. The musical development of St. Louis has been marked of late years, the Choral-Symphony Society being the leading musical organization. Reverting briefly to the distinctive educational ON THE MEKAMEC AT PACIFIC ON MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILWAY. 256 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. institutions of St. Louis, it may be stated tliat tliis city is unsurpassed in the number and high standing of its medical colleges. Almost every known school of medicine is represented, and the work in this educational field is admirably done. The newspapers of St. Louis wield a national influence and are con- trolled by men of great enterprise and ability. The morning field is covered by the Globe-Democrat and Republic, with the St. Louis World as a newcomer, and the afternoon field by the Post-Dispatch, the Star and the Chronicle. The local German press comprises the Westliche Post, the Mississippi Blaetter and the Amerika. The magazine press is represented by the St. Louis Mirror, the Censor, and the Valley Magazine. The news service of the leading papers of AT PLANT or jriSSOUKI TIE AND TIMBER COMPANY, TRADE TERRITORY. GRANDIN, IN ST. LOUIS St. Louis is abreast of that of any in the world and their editorial utterances are recognized as potential to an unusual degree. In the field of journalistic enterprise they occupy a leading place. On the occasion of its twenty-fifth birth- day anniversary the Post-Dispatch recently broke the world's record by issuing a 160-page paper, the largest in the history of journalism. A salient character- istic of the local press is its devotion to St. Louis interests and zealous willing- ness to serve the city in every helpful way possible. This spirit has been finely manifested in co-operation with World's Fair work, and the newspapers of St. Louis deserve high praise for their service in this field. St. Louis also has many trade papers and publications devoted to special interests. What is destined to be known in St. Louis history as the World's Fair period began in 1898. In that year the first organized action was taken by the Mis- souri Historical Society in urging a celebration of the centennial anniversary the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France by the United States, con- ST. LOUIS. 257 MISSOURI GROWS MORE WHEAT THAN GREAT BRITAIN summated by the transfer of the territory on April 30, 1803. Governor Lon V. Stephens, of Missouri, called a convention of delegates from the twelve States and two territories included in the Louisiana Purchase to assemble in St. Louis on January 10, 1899. This convention was attended by 93 delegates and it was voted to hold the Lou- isiana Purchase Expo- sition in St. Louis. It was also decided that the United States Gov- ernment be invited to assist in this World's Fair celebration of the Louisiana Purchase centennial. The con- vention appointed a n executive committee, with David R. Francis as chairman, and this body appointed a com- mittee of fifty promi- nent citizens to co-op- erate in the movement. It was decided that the amount to be raised to defray the cost of the making of the World's Fair should be placed at $15,000,000, the exact sum paid to France by the United States for the Louisiana Territory. Of this amount, one-third was to be raised by private subscription, one-third by the city of St. Louis and one-third was to come from the Federal Government. The World's Fair Executive Committee was increased to 200. On June 4, 1900, the National Congress passed a bill providing for a national appropriation of $5,000,000 on condition that the sum of $10,000,000 was raised in St. Louis. The local popular subscription of $5,000,000 was completed January 12, 1901. On January 30, 1901, the Municipal Assembly of St. Louis passed an ordinance authorizing the issu- ing of $5,000,000 in city bonds for World's Fair use. Whereupon the National House of Representatives, on February 9, 1901, and the United States Senate on March 3, 1901, passed the bill appropriating from the National Treasury, for the World's Fair, the sum of $5,000,- 000, and this bill was signed im- mediately by the late President McKinley. On March 12, 1901, President McKinley appointed a World's Fair National Commis- sion of nine members. On Au- gust 20, 1901, he formally in- vited all foreign nations to par- ticipate in the World's Fair. Congress later appropriated $1,500,000 for a Government ex- hibit at the World's Fair, and the State of Missouri appropri- ated $1,000,000 for a State ex- hibit. Many other states came Size of J?U€ rage jTZiSSOurz /arm. rapidly into line, and it was "^ soon made certain that a total of $50,000,000 would be expended for the World's Fair commemorating the cen- tennial anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. This outline-sketch of the World's Fair movement up to a .^rtain point is necessary to a proper considera- tion of St. Louis history during the World's Fair period. Mo.—TI ,_ ^ , ^ .; /20 Jlcre^. 258 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. St. Louis enters upon this period as the fourth city in population in the United States, having a population of 700,000. It covers an area of 62 1-2 square miles. It has 20 miles of river frontage. Over 8,000 factories testify to its importance as an industrial center. It takes rank as the fourth manufacturing city in the world. It has two great bridges, the Eads and the Merchants, span- ning the Mississippi river. It is the terminal point of 24 railway lines. It has the largest railway union station in the world. Within 500 miles of St. Louis there is a population of 37,000,000, and there are 80,000 miles of railroads. It has one of the most beautiful residence sections in the world. It is construct- ing a boulevard, driveway and viaduct system that will be without an equal in the world. It leads the world in the manufacture of boots and shoes, as a pri- mary fur market, in the manufacture of tobacco, as a great hardware distribut- ing point, and in many other important lines of commerce and manufacture. Its banks and other financial institutions are renowned for stability and con- fessedly among the solidest in the Union. It is financially independent of New York City, the money center of this country, and at times its banks loan money A MISSISSIPPI RIVEB STEAMBOAT. in New York on New York security. It has the largest legitimate trade terri- tory of any city in the world and is steadily increasing that territory. Its credit, both in the United States and in foreign money markets, is unsurpassed by that of any other city in the world. Its citizens pay the lowest tax-rate of any city in the Union. It is one of the healthiest cities on this continent, its annual death-rate being among the lowest of all the great American municipalities. In the extent of its municipal- improvements, tremendously stimulated by the World's Fair, it is not surpassed by any other American city. Its water-supply, drawn from the Mississippi river, is pure and healthful. Its sewerage system is acknowledged by experts to be among the finest in the world. Its street rail- way rapid-transit service is unequalled in this country or Europe. As a great railroad center it has no American superior. In the matter of hotel accommo- dations, again thanks to the World's Fair, it stands comparison with any other city in the world. It has the most beautiful suburbs and surrounding country of any American city. Its importance as a great central supply and distributing point has just received official proof in its elevation to the dignity of an army headquarters post by the United States government. ST. LOUIS. 259 The one foremost logical deduction to be drawn from the foregoing facts is that the destinies of St. Louis are just now in strong hands. The men who in comparatively a few years have brought St. Louis to a position so command- ing must of necessity be exceptionally forceful and compelling men. The only way to judge the ability of men of action is by results. Upon this basis of judgment the present generation of St. Louis men of affairs is far above the average in masterful competency. It is these men, also, who have made the World's Fair. They brought to its making the same energy, enterprise and prac- tical common-sense which had been so effectively exerted for their own success in life and which accounted for the high station held by St. Louis at the dawn- ing of the World's Fair period. Led by David R. Francis, pre-eminently the type of their cla&.LICOTHE SPECIMENS OF HORSEFLESH. KANSAS CITY, on its western border where the waters of the Kansas and Missouri rivers meet, is the second city in size and commercial importance in the State. It is the third city in size in the domain comprised in the Louisiana Purchase, and the largest city, except San Francisco, west of the World's Fair City. Kansas City is located on the south bank of the Missouri river and on the east bank of the Kansas river, at the confluence of the two. After nearly two thousand miles southward in its course, the Missouri river here turns abruptly and runs almost due east across the State. Within the city limits, the Kansas river, after a course nearly due east throughout its length, turns abruptly Horth, emptying into the Missouri immediately at the elbow of the big bend. The one brings its waters from Yellowstone Park, and by its tributaries from the Lara- mie mountains and Cheyenne, and by Denver from the foot of Pikes Peak; the other from eastern Colorado, much of the southern portion of Nebraska and all of the northern portion of Kansas, a water shed of immense proportions. These water courses are for miles outlined on one or the other of their banks by high hills, locally called bluffs, in some places precipitous and often over two hundred feet high. In this immediate region, it is seldom that the hills are found imme- diately on both banks of the river. The country on one side is usually level, ex- tending away from the river some distance, and in places a mile or more, to the hills or high plateau-like lands. In the acute angle formed by the junction of these rivers, the bluff is immediately next to the river only for a distance of about half of a mile along the north side of the city where the old town was built and where the steamboats had their landing. Elsewhere about the city the bluffs are some distance from the rivers. This gives a level flat tract in the western part of the city known as the west bottoms, through which the Kansas or Kaw river flows. In this region is located many railway tracks, yards and freight houses, also the union depot, large wholesale and manufacturing inter- ests, the stock yards, and the great packing houses. In the northeastern part of the city there is also a wide level section, several square miles in area, running out to the Missouri river. While this is also chiefly occupied by railways and manufacturing interests, it contains many homes of employes and one amuse- ment park of about ten acres. The greater portion of the city, many of the wholesale houses, all the retail district, the oiTice buildings, the financial institutions, the residences, churches and schools, in fact the city proper, is Photo in heading : Convention Hall. 263 264 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ARMOUR BOULEVARD, LOOKING EAST FROJI MAIN ' STREET. PASEO, LOOKING SOUTH FROM TWELFTH. STREET. located upon the hills or bluffs stretching to the east and south five to seven miles. It was only the lowlands or bottoms that suffered from the flood of 1903, and city. State, and national authorities are now engaged on plans to prevent a repe- tition of the inundation. While the flood was severe and disastrous in loss of property, perhaps more destructive than any city other than Galveston ever suf- fered, it did not cause a tremor of financial fear, nor were the greatest sufferers in the least disheartened. All buildings and improvements contemplated before the flood were constructed as if it had never occurred. Many of the oldest and most prosperous firms have built new buildings or enlarged their old plants in the flood district since the disaster. This shows the utmost confidence, first in the belief that a like flood will never occur, and second, in the fact that the pre- cautionary measures now under consideration will be adequate to meet all emer- gencies should another deluge come down the valley of the Kaw. To write adequately the early history of Kansas City, would be to write the story of the development of all that country west of it, once known as the great plain, for the growth of Kansas City in population, its commercial and industrial expansion, and its financial prestige have been coincident and cotemporaneous with the settling and development of the vast region. In 1826, a branch of the American Fur Company was established by M. Chou- teau on the site of the present Kansas City. The Santa Fe trade began in 1831. In 1838 Kansas City, until then known as West Port Landing, received its name. It was, by the way, not named for the State of Kansas. It has a prior claim to the name it took from the Kansas river. In 1846 a public sale of lots stimulated the city's growth. The business of all the border ports was increased by the war with Mexico. On February 22, 1853, the City of Kansas was incorporated by the Missouri legislature. Commercial prosperity for the next decade was remark- able. In 1870 the city had 32,260 inhabitants, and every one bought and sold real estate. The boom burst, as all booms do, and many suffered financial loss, at least for a time. The city and its people have since adjusted themselves to KANSAS CITY. 265 W. A. RULE. W. J. SMITH. K. X. VA.NUUK.X. SOME KANSAS CITY RESIDENCES the new conditions and notwithstanding the individual misfortunes suffered in the "boom days" they gave form and shape to the city. Because of the activity of that time Kansas City is a city of homes, not concentrated and crowded but dispersed. The population grew each year. Manufacturing increased and — there is the Kansas city of to-day. Kansas City is the gateway to the west. Through Kansas City run the railways that traverse in every direction this mighty domain, in area greater than all of Europe outside of Russia, containing 60 per cent of the area of the United States, but only 14.7 per cent of its population. The greatest part of this area is comparatively undeveloped. The region from Manitoba to the Gulf of Mexico and from the mouth of the Kansas river to the Salt Lake basin is the newest of the United States and, in possibility, the richest. This is the trade territory of Kansas City geographically and by right of commercial con- quest. To the inhabitants of all this region she sells her wares and from them buys their products. To her markets are brought the cattle, the sheep and the hogs; and to her mills and elevators the wheat and corn and rye and barley and oats and rice from fifteen states and territories. Kansas City is situated on the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude. The Lake of the Woods on the northern border of the United States is on the forty-ninth parallel, ten degrees north. Galveston on the Gulf of Mexico near the twenty- ninth parallel is ten degrees south and an imaginary line drawn through the Lake of the Woods to Galveston, bisects Kansas City. She sits exactly midway between the northern and southern boundaries, and nearly midway throughout the greatest length of the United States from east to west. St. Louis is 240 miles to the eastward. The magnitude of Kansas City's trade territory will be more fully realized when it is understood that it extends to the west over an area contained in a 266 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. semi-circle drawn on a radius as great as the distance from Cincinnati to Kansas City, that is a radius of nearly six hundred miles. Not only does she purchase the products of the people of this area, and sell them her goods and wares, but she buys from and sells to the people outside of and beyond it. Her trade ter- ritory outside of this area to the east is Missouri and Iowa, to the south, Arkan- sas, Louisiana, Tennessee and the Gulf States; to the southwest, Arizona and New Mexico and the rest of Texas; to the west, Utah and to the northwest. NINTH STREET, EAST FROM WYANDOTTE. Montana and Wyoming. A statistician has recently calculated that her trade territory embraces 30.7 per cent of the area of the United States and contains 17.67 per cent of the population, 12.95 per cent of the assessed wealth, 35.16 per cent of the horses and mules, 39.5 per cent of the cattle, 38.73 per cent of the hogs, 32.12 per cent of the sheep, and its usual wheat crop is 20.46 per cent, its corn 51.46 per cent, its oats 43.25 per cent and its railway mileage 28.82 per cent. The resources of her immediate trade territory are varied and exceptional. Describe about her a circle on a radius of 150 miles, a very limited area, and look at the situation, see how she is located with regard to other cities and examine the resources at her immediate command in this circumscribed area in which a merchant from the farthest point can reach the city within five hours, or from it receive a shipment of goods within the same time. Within this circle described on a radius of 150 miles is located a total of 119 county seats, 60 in Missouri, 39 in Kansas, 14 in Iowa and 6 in Nebraska. The total population within this area according to the census of 1900, is 2,836,474. In Missouri, 1,579,863; in Kansas, 883,717; in Iowa, 252,708; in Nebraska, 120,186. In natural products this area contains the great coal fields of Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas, elsewhere described in this article; the world famed zinc and lead district known as the Joplin region which is third largest mining camp in annual value of product in the United States; the clay and shales of Missouri and Kansas from which brick, terra cotta, tile, sewer pipe and pottery are made; the granite, limestone and litholite of Missouri and cement rock of Kan- sas, all supporting large industries; the lime of Ash Grove, Missouri, and Fort Scott, Kansas; the rich lumber region of the Ozarks, and the wonderful oil and gas region of Kansas. The agricultural wealth contained within the limited area KANSAS CITY. 267 of the circle outlined above, all within one hundred and fifty miles of Kansas City, is beyond the conception of one who has not actually lived amid it. In this area there were in 1900, over three hundred thousand farms, the land and improvements of which, other than buildings were valued at more than nine hundred and ninety-one million dollars. The buildings on these farms were valued at nearly two hundred million dollars. The farms, together with all improvements and buildings, were worth the enormous sum of one billion, one hundred and ninety million dollars. The average value of each farm was nearly four thousand dollars. The wealth of Such a region as this is the reason of Kansas City's commercial prosperity, and this is only the inner circle of its vast trade territory; to the northwest, the west and southwest, it stretches beyond this half a thousand miles. Kansas City's government is administered under charter voted 1889, which superseded all laws of the State then enforced pertaining to cities of more than ON TUE PASEO — LOOKING NORTH FROM SEVENTEENTH STREET. 100,000 inhabitants. The debt-making capacity of the city is carefully restricted by the charter; practically no debt can be incurred except by the issue of bonds; no bonds can be issued unless favored by two-thirds of the voters at a special election. In no event can bonded indebtedness exceed 5 per cent of the value of the taxable property, except that the waterworks purchase bonds amounting to $2,902,000, are not included for the purpose of such calculation. The total bonded indebtedness including the waterworks purchase bonds, and less the cash in sinking fund was on January 1, 1904, $3,116,740.44. There has been a gain in assessed valuation of taxed property in the last three years of over $10,700,000, and a gain of 250 per cent in the last 20 years. During this time tax levy has been reduced from 16 mills to 12 1-2 mills on the dollar. The 268 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. assessed valuation at present is $93,541,808. At the special election in September, 1903, the voters authoi'ized the issue of public improvement bonds as follows: Waterworks, $1,100,000; fire department, $100,000; hospital, $225,000; market house, $250,000; beautifying parks, $500,000. The financial credit of Kansas City LI^'WOOD BOULEVABD. is unsurpassed. Of the bonds so voted, $500,000 of the waterworks bonds have been sold at a good premium. The issue of the bonds by the hospital and a por- tion of the park bonds have been authorized by the council. The other bonds will be issued as occasion may require. A non-partisan commission composed of representatives selected by a civic, professional and commercial organization assists the municipal government in wisely and economically appropriating the fund arising from the sale of the bonds. The city owns its waterworks system. Its fire department has an interna- tional reputation for efficiency. In lieu of all taxes, the Street Railway Company pays the city nearly 8 per cent of its gross receipts, less State and county taxes. The Gas Company can not charge more than $1.00 per thousand feet for gas, and pays into the city treasury 2 per cent of its gross earnings. The city has always been progressive in the improvement of its streets and the building of sewers. These have been paid for by special tax bills issued against the property benefited. Kansas City has nearly 200 miles of paved streets, mainly asphalt. The drainage is well nigh perfect. Among the public buildings are the city hall, costing $300,000; market house, city hospital, and a public bath house, the latter erected by contributions of public spirited citizens inspired by the Kansas City Star. The federal custom house and the county courthouse are fine public buildings. Kansas City has outstripped all of its neighbors in population. If the popu- lation of Kansas City, Kansas, is included with that of Kansas City, Missouri, KANSAS CITY. 269 SOME STUDENTS OF TUE MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL. as should be done, the city has 37.4 per cent of the population of St. Louis, or 215,170. While in 1870 Kansas City stood thirty-eighth among the cities of the United States, in 1880 it had risen to the twenty-ninth place and in 1900 to twenty-second place. In these twenty years her population has nearly doubled. Including Kansas City, Kansas, she occupies seventeenth place. Only the acci- dent of a State line separates the two cities, which commei'cially are one. In the census of 1900 only two cities of 100,000 or more had a greater proportion than Kansas City of native whites of native parents. They are St. Joseph, Mis- souri, with 67 per cent and Columbus, Ohio, with 60 per cent; Kansas City rank- ing third with 58 per cent. Foreigners constitute only 11.2 per cent of the popu- lation and negroes 10.8 per cent; only three other cities in 1900 had a less per cent of foreign population, St. Joseph, Missouri, Washington, D. C, and Mem- phis, Tennessee. Kansas City is an American city of the highest type. Its peo- ple are thrifty, law-abiding and home-loving. There is little destitution, little squalor. The tenement house has not become a menace. The record of no development in Kansas City is more interesting than its growth in building operation. Strangers are astonished at the residences built and those under construction. During the last five years the estimated cost of structures for which building permits have been issued was twenty- six million dollars. These permits included 1,160 brick residences and 4,987 frame residences, aggregating in value fourteen and one-half million dollars. It is estimated that twenty million dollars has been expended in the last five years for the erection of residences in Kansas City, and for all structures during this period more than thirty-three million dollars. In the census of 1900 Kansas City stood seventh among American cities in aggregate building operations, yet the total for the last fiscal year was nearly twice as much as for the census year. The extraordinary growth in building has made profitable business in all building material lines. Incident to it has been a development of the brick industry. Six large firms manufacture brick with an annual out put of seventy-six million bricks, the largest west of Chicago and St.. Louia 270 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. The parent plant, one of the largest manufactories of stove pipe, is in Kansas City. This firm has filled exceptionally large contracts; one in particular for the City of Mexico. The postal receipts are a reliable index to a city's business prosperity. In gross postofl5ce receipts, Kansas City ranks thirteenth among the American cities, though twenty-second in population. Her receipts are more than those of New Orleans and Memphis combined, or Omaha and Denver, or Louisville and Nash- ville combined, or Hartford and New Haven, Bridgeport, Waterbury and Memphis all combined. Postal receipts of Kansas City exceed the postal receipts from presidential postoflices of the ten States of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina and West Virginia. In the main office of the thirty-five sub-stations, 440 people are employed. The gross receipts are $1,101,837.91. The amount of revenue of the office for the fiscal year was $784,013.42 with a smaller per cent of expense to the receipts than shown by any oflSce above it in population. Kansas City is to-day the second largest rail- way center of America. No city anywhere can offer the merchants or manufacturers better ship- ping facilities. It is the point from which the railroads can gather the largest tonnage over the greatest area. Of all inducements held out to locate in Kansas City, and "" they are numerous, none is of greater value than its superior transportation facil- ities. Of the total 57,023 miles of track laid in the United States in 1903, over 30 per cent was laid in Okla- •i H 1 1 _ 11 II H tfl? tfWM' homa, Indian Territory, Texas MANUAL TBAINING HIGH SCHOOL. CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL. FRANKLIN WARD SCHOOL. and MissoTiri. These roads all open new territory that pays tribute to Kansas City merchants and manufacturers. Thirty-nine lines of railway run into Kansas City, with a mileage of fifty-five thousand miles, nearly one-fourth of the United States. These lines traverse thirty-one states and territories. The cap- itals of sixteen states and three territories can be reached from Kansas City without change of cars. Kansas City merchants and manufacturers have seven trunk lines from Chicago, six from St. Louis, seven from Nebraska and the great northwest, five to Colorado and beyond, eleven to Kansas, seven to Indian Territory, Oklahoma, Texas and the southwest and fourteen to Missouri. These lines reach nearly 12,000 cities and towns direct. The trackage of the railways, including switches, within the city is over 500 miles. More than three hundred freight trains in and out daily handle on the average 12,000 cars a day. More than two hundred passenger trains enter and disappear from the union depot daily and five of the roads do not enter the union depot. The railways have recently announced plans for a $5,000,000 station. Two new railroad enterprises rapidly reaching consummation, the building of the Kansas City, Mexico & KANSAS CITY. 271 Orient, and the development of the Union Depot Bridge and Terminal Railway Company promise much for Kansas City. The former line, 1,629 miles long, is the most important railway project undertaken in the United States for years. It brings the city 500 miles nearer to the coast and opens up a country now almost entirely undeveloped, marvelously rich in many resources. The undertaking of the Union Depot Bridge and Terminal Railway is both a transportation and indus- trial development. The completion of its plans will add much to the wealth and importance of the city. The railway companies in Kansas City's territories have ever prospered. With the completion of plans now underway pointing to greater growth and greater prosperity, Kansas City will enjoy the distinction of having the largest and best transportation facilities of any city in the United States of America. The live stock business of Kansas City is the most important, the most char- acteristic and the most rapidly developing phase of its commercial life. Kansas City's live stock business is the second largest in the world and is growing as none other. Its stock yards are the most convenient and the most thoroughly equipped in the country, and the output of its packing plant is exceeded only by those of Chicago. Slaughtering and meat packing in the United States ranks first among the industries in net value of products and second in gross value. In this industry ranking at the top of all the great industries in the United BUENHAM, HANNA, MUNGEB & CO., WHOLESALE DBY GOODS. States, Kansas City to-day occupies the second place among the American cities. The magnitude of the live stock business astonishes all who have given it no direct attention. It is the largest item in the commerce of the city. More cap- ital is invested in it than in any other; the annual volume of business in dollars is greater than any other; it employs more people; it furnishes greater railroad tonnage, it draws its supplies from a larger territory and sells its products throughout a greater area. Kansas City is the outdoor to the great stock and 272 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. PABK COLLEGE, PARKVILLE, PLATTE COUNTY, NEAR KANSAS CITY. HORSES CATTLE HOGS SHEEP AND MULES I87I 120,827 41,036 4,527 809 I88I 285,863 1,614,304 79,924 12,592 I89I 1,347,487 2,599,109 386,760 31,740 I90I 2,126,575 3,716,404 980,078 96,657 1902 2,279,166 2,279,337 1,154,084 76,844 1903 2,137,112 1,969,381 1,151,730 67,274 cattle market of the world. Since the stock yards were established in 1871, they have been again and again enlarged, growing from 26 acres to 200 acres. They are paved throughout with vitrified brick, and have every facility for transacting business. The Live Stock Exchange building is the finest of its kind in the world. A more adequate idea of the remarkable growth of the live stock industry may be gathered from a comparison of the receipts of live stock for various years as follows: The growth of the pack- receipts of live stock at kansas city. ing industry is shown in the increased number of animals slaughtered. The increase in the percentage of the receipts consumed by the six local packing houses is more im- portant and significant than the increase in receipts, at the yards. In 1903 the pack- ing houses consumed 525 per cent of all the cattle received during the year, 95.5 per cent of the hogs and 67.2 of all the sheep. A new packing plant costing two million dollars is being built. The value of the products of the Kansas City packing houses for the cen- sus year was $73,205,027. This amount is larger than the value of the entire output of bituminous coal of Iowa, Illinois, Ohio and West Virginia combined. With the increase of business it is estimated that the annual output of the six packing houses is to-day nearly ninety million dollars. The following table shows the number of cattle, hogs and sheep slaughtered by the packing houses in various years since 1886: The cattle received during 1901 placed in line one behind another would reach from New York to San Francisco. The hogs similarly placed would reach from San Francisco to New York and back to Pittsburg. Facilities have been provided to encourage breeders to make the Kansas City stock yards the auc- tion market for the stock products. Annually the great American Royal Show and sale is held here, the greatest exhibition of breeding stock the world has ever seen. Kansas City has become the center of the pure bred cattle industry. One-third of the cattle of the United States are in the states directly tributary to Kansas City. The number has increased more than 30 per cent in eight years. The increased sale is equal to the number of cattle in Great Britain. The possibilities of Kansas City as a live stock market would seem to know no limit short of cessation of increase of population. Kansas City leads all other cities in the world as a distributing point for agricultural implements and vehicles. That portion of the Louisiana Purchase AT THE KANSAS CITY PACKING HOUSES. CATTLE HOGS SHEEP 1886 100,335 1,688,283 89,163 1890 581,520 2,348,073 199,000 1895 912,245 2,145,131 575,806 1900 1,139,246 2,854,281 629,918 1903 1,123,918 1,881,018 773,982 KANSAS CITY. 273 FABM SCENE, IN KANSAS CITY'S TKADE TEBEITOET. that comprises Kansas City trade territory in the implement and vehicle line contains appi'oximately 200,000 square miles, the greater portion of which is rich in farm lands, with a soil that is inexhaustible. Every implement factory of any importance in the United States is represented in Kansas City. The annual sales aggregate twenty-five million dollars, one-fourth of all the agri- cultural implements manufactured in the United States. The Kansas City Imple- ment Vehicle and Hardware Club is the largest organization of jobbers in one line to be found anywhere, and the Western Retail Implement and Vehicle Dealers' Association is the largest state or interstate organization of retail dealers in any line. Its annual convention brings to Kansas City from three to four thousand retail dealers to Kansas City's retail territory. The annual shipments of implements and vehicles from this point, if bunched in car loads, would approximate eighteen thousand cars or two train loads each working day in the year. With the increased agricultural production from the territory tributary to Kansas City, it may be safely asserted that Kansas City's growth in the imple- ment business, phenomenal as it has been, has only begun. Located at the very heart of the grain growing section of the continent, with railroads running throughout in every direction, giving it the best transporta- tion facilities, Kansas City has annually become one of the most important grain and milling centers of the United States. Tributary to her mills and elevators there is almost an unlimited supply of grain. Bach year the Kansas City eleva- tors handle more and more of this yield and its mills convert an ever increasing portion of it into flour, corn meal, cereals, products and feed stuffs for long demand and exportation. The grain interest of the city is conducted by the Board of Trade, the sole organization of business men in the city. Each year the receipts of grain of Kansas City have been larger than for the previous year. In 1903 the receipts and shipments aggre- gating sixty-two million bushels were the largest known. In 1900 the census placed Kansas City ninth in flouring and grist mill products, to-day she would stand above this. Her milling capacity has been increased, and two new mills are being built. One of the mills with a daily capac- ity of 5,000 barrels, shipped this month twenty-five car loads of flour to South Africa. This mill grinds for export trade only. There are twenty-eight elevators in Kansas City with a storage capacity of 6,320,000 bushels and a handling capacity Mo. — /8 BUNCH OF JACKSON COUNTY GRAPES. 274 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SCENE ON STOCK FABM, DE KALB COUNTY. of 1,518,000 bushels. Other elevators under construction will add a third to the storage capacity. That there is only one cereal mill of large proportions in the city is somewhat astonishing, the bulk of its product being oatmeal, much of which is exported. Kansas City should be the center of the cereal food business of the United States and doubtless will be. As a wholesale fruit and produce market, Kansas City ranks in importance with cities triple and quadruple her size. Its location makes it the great market place for the fruit and garden products of the west and southwest. A record of the value of last years' business shows: Butter, 10,000,000 pounds, valued at $2,000,000; eggs, 306,000 cases, $1,530,000; cheese, $782,400; poultry, 16,000,000 pounds, $1,500,000. Fruits combining all classes except berries, $2,100,000; ber- ries, $264,000. Vegetables, $1,500,000; the special lines including dried fruits, game, honey, wax and sundry items, $1,000,000. No fruit and vegetable market in the United States has promise of a brighter future. The lumber industry of the United States ranks fourth in the gross value of products. In this important industry Kansas City stands among the first. It is one of the leading lumber centers of the country, and in the sale of yellow pine probably leads. Its manufacturers are among the most prominent in the country. Their mills are located in the yellow pine timber lands of Mis- souri, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, and a daily output of their mill plants ranges from 50,000 to 400,000 feet. A fair estimate of the yellow pine lumber sold in Kansas City in 1903 would be one billion feet. The cypress which is supplanting the white pine is furnishing a large volume of business in Kansas City. The Pacific Coast lum- ber is handled in an increasing amount. As a hardwood market Kan- sas City holds a responsible place. There are four large hardwood yards in the city, and one of the largest wal- nut lumber plants in the world. Prac- tically all of the walnut lumber out- put is consumed in Europe. In the sash and door line, Kansas City shows a large business over an extensive territory. The Southwestern Lumbermen's Association maintains its headquarters at Kansas City. Its organ- ization has a membership of 16,050. There are upwards of 100 lumber compa- nies in Kansas City. These companies employ a combined capital conservatively estimated at $40,000,000. JUDGE THOMAS B. HUDSPETH, JACKSON COUNTY, AND HIS FOX HOUNDS. KANSAS CITY. 275 Coal is the alchemy of commerce. It is the first essential in manufacturing, the first essential in transportation. If it can be obtained regularly in large quan- tities at a reasonable price, and a great variety of raw materials is at hand, two of the chief factors for industrial success exist. Kansas City is especially fortunate in its coal supply. Twenty coal mining companies having an aggregate capital of $10,000,000, have headquarters here. In addi- tion to the companies operating their own mines there are twenty-five wholesale coal dealers employ- ing at least $1,000,000, which handle the product from mines not operated by Kansas City capital. Over 125 coal mines employing 15,000 operatives are owned and operated by the Kansas City Company. There are over 100 other mines in the Kansas City field employing 8,000 operatives. These mines have a total an- nual output of 14,000,000 tons. Four mil- lion tons of coal are sold in Kansas City. Two and one-half million are consumed by the railroads, and the remainder for com- mercial and domestic purposes. Geo- graphically, Kansas City is the center of one of the greatest coal districts in North America. The city is underlaid with two veins of coal, mined within the city limits; twenty-seven miles up the river are the large producing mines of Leaven- worth, Kansas; fifty miles to the east are the Lexington and Richmond fields; ninety miles farther east are the Bevier and Huntsville fields giving two of the thickest veins of coal west of the Mississippi river, averag- ing four and a half feet, and underlying a large portion of Randolph and Macon counties; to the southwest within the dis- tance of one hundred and forty miles are the Kansas fields, which produce one of the strongest steam-producing coals in the United States. On every side are extensive coal fields, those of Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Indian Territory and Colorado, and all chiefly controlled by Kansas City capital. Among the cities of the Union, greater Kan- sas City, as an industrial community occupied, according to the census of 1900 the fifteenth place. At that time Kansas City had 22,089 factories with an aggregate capital of over $45,000,000. There were employed 25,925 operatives to whom wages amounting to $12,669,911 were paid. The raw material used cost $88.- 600,689, and the value of the output was $119,296,335. This was larger than the total manufactured product of twenty- seven states. While the gain in population in the decade in Kansas City was only 25.7 per cent, the increase in value of factory output was nearly 57 per cent greater than enjoyed by any other city except Pittsburg, pro- ducing an equal or greater output. Twenty years ago Kansas City was known as a jobbing and wholesale city, to-day it is known also as a manufacturing city. To-day there are more manu- facturing and wholesale concerns, and the manufacturing interests greatly ex- ceed the jobbing interests in capital invested, annual sales, number of employes and annual pay roll. The industrial growth is indicated by the Manufacturers MISSOURI GROWS THREE TIMES AS MUCH CORN AS MEXICO AND CANADA COMBINED. 276 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. p.iliiliE^^^ A HEED OF MISSOURI CATTLE FOR FUTURE KAiNSAS CITY MARKET. and Merchants Association with a membership of nearly 400 of the largest man- ufacturing firms representing a great variety of industries. Nowhere is a new concern more heartily welcomed. The people of this territory are intelligent and prosperous; anything that will supply their wants can be successfully and profitably manufactured in Kansas City. The most significant and important phase of the commercial life of Kansas City is the great variety of its interest. It is not a one line city. Other than interests already considered, the more important are dry goods, hats, caps, boots and shoes, millinery and notions, groceries, teas and coffees, drugs, liquor, hardware, machinery supplies, heavy iron, building material, paper, house and electrical supplies. Kansas City stands first as a dry goods market west of St. Louis. The wholesale grocer business is represented by very strong houses. The wholesale hardware business in all its branches is well represented. In the drug business is large capital which has grown rmarkably. Kansas City is the western depot for saddles and harness. Not only the live stock, grain and agricul- tural implement businesses have grown more rap- idly or more substantially, but Kansas City has become one of the best millinery markets in the country. One coffee house roasts its own product, grown on its own plantation in Mexico. The de- velopment in its electrical supply has been very great. The increase in the manufacture and sale of paints, oil and varnish has been large. The seed business is one of the largest west of the Mis- sissippi. Ten houses are engaged extensively in jobbing jewelry and watch supplies, making the city stand fourth in the United States in this regard. The wholesale crockery and queensware business is represented virtually by one house, established over forty years ago, which has pros- pered ever since, and ships entirely to the Coast. A Kansas City music house is the second largest in the United States. Almost every line is represented in the wholesale field. In 1880 the bank clearings of Kansas City for the year amounted to one hundred and one million dol- lars. In 1903 they amounted to ten hundred and seventy-four million dollars. Nothing better indi- cates the commercial growth and importance of Kansas City than these figures. Kansas City's financial pi'estige is very great. No city in the Union any- where near her in size can in any way compare with her in financial importance. LADY BBITON 16tH 90715, SWEEPSTAKES cow AT THE PAN AMERICAN EXPOSITION, C. G. COMSTOCK & SON, GENTRY COUNTY. KANSAS CITY. 277 IN FEED LOT OF CLARK & HOUSEHOLDER, AUDRAIN COUNTY. Y - Twenty-second in population, slie is eighth in bank clearings and oftentimes seventh. Only New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston and San Francisco stand regularly ahead of her in bank clearings. The combined capital and surplus of Kansas City's eighteen banks amount to ten million dollars. They have a deposit of eighty million dollars. The clearings for 1903 were the largest in the history of the clearing house. One of the banks is the largest west of Chicago with one exception. Great deposits held by the Kansas City banks have made them compar- atively free of the eastern money makers. Yet in banking as in commerce, the city has only fairly begun to grow. While Kansas City is great in commerce and industry and her development as a factor in the business world has been surpassingly interesting, the growth of all phases of her higher life has been more rapid, more astonishing and more advanced. Early in the history of the city, an exceptional sys- tem of public schools was established, the growth and expansion of which has demon- strated the wisdom of its founders. The board of education, in which the two great political parties have been for thirty years equally represented, has been notable for the charac- ter, ability and public spirit of its members. The schools have a na- tional and interna- tional reputation for efficiency. The Manual Training School has be- come a model. Kansas City has more high school scholars in proportion to its population than any city in the federal union. Liberality has ever been manifested by the tax payers in voting bonds for school purposes. The school tax is nine mills on the assessed valuation of eighty-six million dollai's. The school buildings are of model school architecture. The public library, which is part and parcel of the school system, is a masterpiece RIVER AM) KAILWAY, NKAK KANSAS CITY. 278 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. SCENE IN SOUTHWEST MISSOURI MINING of school architecture. The four high schools are especially noteworthy. The citizens are prouder of nothing than of Kansas City's public school system. Aside from her public schools, Kansas City offers other unusual educational ad- vantages in professional, parochial and private schools. Kansas City's public library, administered by the board of education, has for its home a classic and well-appointed building. The library contains about 50,000 volumes, is free to all residents of Kansas City, and is used by a greater percentage of the popula- tion than any library in the United States. To add to its practical use seven substations are maintained in the more distant schools, and a branch in a hand- some building at Westport. The school and the church go hand in hand and no less characteristic than the development of the Kansas City schools has been that of her religious life. One of the most interesting phases of the religious life of Kansas City is the building of so many churches in the outlying residence districts. All de- nominations are represented and all religious organizations. One hundred and eighty church edifices are to be found within the city limits. The buildings are models of church architecture, ornaments to the city, and evidence of the liber- ality of their membership. The establishment of the elaborate park and boulevard system is the most signal exam- ple of the Kansas City spirit. The park system under the man- agement of the Park Board comprises 1,874 acres of parks, 215 acres of park- ways, and twenty-six miles of boulevards, one of the most beautiful and har- monious park and boulevard systems in the United States. The system is com- prehensive; each portion has been planned with relation to every other and the whole to give embellishment to all the city and to serve all of its inhabitants. Throughout the center of the residence portion of the city from north to south runs the Paseo, a magnificent parkway, while the Parade, the central play- ground of the city adjoins the Paseo about midway of its length. The parks are beautiful and picturesque, with lakes, fountains, forest trees, winding drives and open playgrounds. The elaborate system of boulevards encircles the city »nd connects nearly all the parks. The boulevards are most modern in coij- POxNTlAC C. STAIK AGiJlCULiUKA.L COLLEGE FARM. KANSAS CITY. 279 DISTRICT IN KANSAS CITY TRADE TERRITORY. struction, are wide, well paved, bordered with wide walks and rows of trees on either side, and along those in the newer sections of the city, costly houses are being rapidly erected. The total cost of the park system exceeds six million dollars. To-day in Kansas City exceptional, but for her not unusual conditions pre- vail in all lines of business. The number of real estate transfers have increased from year to year. The rapid extension of the street railway system has been responsible for the great demand for residence property in outlying districts. Great retail branches of business are not less well represented in the city than the wholesale manufacturing interests. Many are moving into new and better stores. The humanitites of life are cultivated. Chas. Dudley Warner has written: "I can only express my admiration of the indomitable energy and spirit of that portion of the west which Kansas City represents, and congratulate it upon so many indications of attention to the higher civilization without which its material progress would be wonderful but not attractive." Kansas City has always been fortunate by being served by able and clean newspapers. One has the largest circulation of any paper published in a city with no more inhabitants. The Star, with its morning edition, the Times, the Journal and the Evening World, are vigorous and influential. Kansas City has grown marvelously in newspaper and periodical publishing, and in book and job printing. A prosperous people build commodious and beautiful houses. Nothing in Kansas City will more forcibly impress the visitor with the prosperity of the city than its great number of elegant homes. Every facility is offered for social enjoyment. Large theaters, attractive clubs and prosperous library, social and musical organizations. Business and professional organizations are prominent. The Priests of Pallas week is a notable harvest home occasion. A city can not be greater than her citizens. Kansas City is the outcome of the Kansas City spirit. Within half a century, the people of Kansas City have reared upon an uncouth and unattractive spot a wonderful and in many respects, a model city, clean politically, beautiful materially, aggressive commercially, and stable financially. Nothing has ever been too good for the citizen of Kansas City, either in his own home or for his own city. The audacity and pluck and comradeship of the people have made the Kan- sas City spirit. Since the early days, all questions have been approached by organized effort. The building and rebuilding of Convention Hall is evidence of what Kansas City means. This building 198 by 314 feet in size was built by popular subscriptions. It was the building of all the people, for all the people, to be conducted for the benefit of all the city without hope of gain. The National 280 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Democratic Convention of 1900 had been secured for the city, to meet in Con- vention Hall. It was to convene on July 4. Midday April 4 the hall burned. Before the sun went down upon the day, contract for rebuilding and making it fire proof in time for the National Democratic Convention was let and subscrip- tions began pouring in. The convention was held in it on time. The magnitude of the performance can be comprehended, when it is known that the original subscriptions had to be more than duplicated and that the building is steel con- struction, with a truss roof, without pillar or post to obstruct the vision, or mar the sound. It was estimated that during the National Convention 30,000 people were in it at one time. It is adapted to almost every conceivable entertainment or gathering, such as grand opera, horse shows, balls, band concerts, industrial expositions, bench and poultry shows, flower shows, bicycle races, all of which have taken place in it. It is a great auditorium and stands a monument to a people great in civic pride, great in determination, and great in ability to exe- cute their plans. A photograph of Convention Hall is in the heading to this chapter. When it is remembered that 60 per cent of the total area of the United States is west of Kansas City, and that it contains only 14.7 per cent of the population, a faint conception is had of what development may still be expected in this region, and how Kansas City will grow as a result thereof. Kansas City's lines of communication cover this section like a gridiron. All lines of railway to EEGISTERED ABEEDEEN-ANGUS OF W. E. & UAMILTON CONE, SCOTLAND COUNTY. the west converge here. From here they diverge, and like the ribs of an open fan spread out over all this region to every nook and corner, evei'y prairie set- tlement and mining camp, every stock ranch and lumber mill, every cotton plan- tation and wheat and corn field, bringing the wealth of them all to Kansas City, here to be turned into the finished product or retransported to the east and north and south, or across the seas. When this domain knows the development the region east of Kansas City now enjoys; when its fields are tilled as are the fields of Ohio; when its mines of coal and iron are worked as are the mines of Pennsylvania; when the cotton of its plantations is manufactured into the finished fabric where grown, as it now is in the south; when its slaughter houses have still increased until their Capacity consumes the entire supply of live stock; when the ore of its lead and zinc and copper mines is converted at home into the finally finished product and not transported across the continent, or exported, to be reduced to the ultimate article; when its lumber before bearing transportation charges is made into articles of utility and beauty; when its natural gas lights the fires of its own furnaces and mills and shops, it will be as great in industry as it is to-day in agriculture and stock raising. It will be an industrial and commercial domain greater and more prosperous than modern history has known, and Kansas City will be as it is to-day, its commercial, industrial and financial metropolis. b ST. JOSEPH ST. JOSEPH is the third city in the State in population, in commerce and in wealth. It is the county seat of Buchanan county, and the metrop- olis of "The Platte Purchase." For a distance of one hundred miles, the Missouri river is the boundary line between Missouri and Kansas, and then it cuts its way through the central counties of Missouri and unites with the Mississippi river twenty miles above St. Louis. St Joseph is located on the great east bend of the Missouri river, 300 miles by rail above St. Louis; by river 556 miles to the northwest. From Jefferson City, the State capital, St. Joseph is by rail 245 miles. The first settler at the foot of the Black Snake Hills, now the site of St. Joseph, was Joseph Robidoux, of St. I^ouis, a trader with the Indians. A treaty negotiated with the Sac. Fox and Iowa tribes brought what is known and in- cluded in the territory now embraced by the counties of Platte, Buchanan, An- drew, Holt, Nodoway and Atchison into Missouri as a conclusion of "The Platte Purchase" in 1838. Joseph Robidoux pre-empted the 160 acres of land on which he had located, and on which the main business portion of St. Joseph was builded. In 1843 the town of St. Joseph was laid out. A special charter was granted in 1851. California emigrants made St. Joseph their outfitting point and the city was fairly launched on its commercial growth. In 1861, William A. Davis, who had been in the postal service for more than 30 years, conceived a scheme to distribute the mail bound west of the Missouri river, on the cars between Hannibal and St. Joseph. He placed his scheme and drawings for distributing cars in the hands of Major J. L. Bit- tinger, then postmaster, who, having examined the plans, forwarded them with his recommendation, to Postmaster General Blair. A special agent was sent to Photo in heading : Live Stock Exchange; Library Building. 281 282 THE STATE OF MISSOURI C. D. SMITH DRUG COMPANY LETTS- SPENCER GROCERY COMPANY St. Joseph with orders to confer with Mr. Da- vis, and inaugurate the business of dis- tributing the overland mail on the cars. It proved to be the great- est improvement ever made in the postal ser- vice. Mail is now dis- tributed i n special mail cars all over the country, and the rail- w a y postal service been adopted in many foreign lands. In 1871, a company was organized t o bridge the Missouri river at St. Joseph. The city voted $500,- 000, and bonds were issued to the amount of $500,000. The bridge was completed early in 1873. At this time new lines of railroad were projected. In a few years several additional lines were completed, until now there are fourteen leading lines which connect St. Joseph with every section of the United States, Can- ada and Mexico. No city has bet- NATioNAL BISCUIT t^r transportation facilities for COMPANY. trade. The city has made enor- mous strides in growth, commerce and manufacturing within the last ten years. Fourteen hundred traveling men, representing St. Joseph business houses, cover the territory west to the Pacific Ocean, north to the Canadian line, south to Mexico, and east as far as Ohio. The business men of St. Joseph are possessed of great foresight and enter- prise, but are not of the speculative character. They are energetic, but con- servative. They have a strong, stubborn way of doing things. They have in- sisted upon a clean, honest city government, and have generally succeeded in obtaining it. Few cities are so free from municipal corruption. The affairs of the city are economically administered. No oflBcial has ever been charged with corruption. The population of St. Joseph in 1846 was 936. In 1850 it was 8,932. In 1860 it was estimated at 12,000. In 1870 the United States census gave it as 19,565. PANORAMA OF ST. JOSEPH ST. JOSEPH. 283 In 1880 it was 32.431. In 1890 it was 52,324. In 1900 the United States census stiowed that the city had nearly doubled its population — 102,979. It is now estimated at 105,000. Thus it is shown that only one city in the United States — Los Angeles, California — has equalled it in growth during the ten years from 1890 to 1900. The natural advantages of St. Joseph as a commercial and manufacturing city are unsurpassed. It is in the heart of the most fertile section on earth, famous for its varied and wonderful r e - sources and prolific production. The per- manence and prosper- ity of the city is founded upon fortu- nate location, estab- lished institutions, ac- cumulated wealth, merited prestige and successful achieve- ments. The stability and prosperity of no city in the west is better assured than that of St. Joseph. In the span of one life- time it has grown from a trading point to an eminent commercial city, an im- portant railroad and financial center, and an established market in every way, of national prominence. It is a city where the majority of the resi- dents own their homes. The mer- chants, manufacturers, and most peo- ple in business own the buildings in which they trade. There is hardly a vacant house in the city, business or residence, and in nearly every case new buildings command tenants before their completion. Prices for real es- tate are no higher than those prevail- ing ten years ago, while in the mean- time the population of the city has doubled, and the real value, when compared with other cities of the same popu- lation, is much above present prices. As a distinguishing feature, the people of St. Joseph are permanent, contented, steady and reliable, as compared with the transient^ restless and nomadic elements that seem to concentrate in other large commercial centers. TOOTLE, WHEELEB & MOTTEB. RICHABDSON-EOBEETS DBY GOODS CO. BBITTAIN DBY GOODS CO. FBOM THE WEST BANK OF THE MISSOUKl BIVEB. 284 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. From the highest point in St. Joseph there is a magnificent landscape view west over the Kansas valley and the highland prairie. To the south lies the valley of the Missouri river, so rich that it has produced unfailing crops of wheat, rye, oats, corn and hemp. The hills bordering the valley rise 200 feet, wooded from foot to top, while the prairie spreads out like the billows of a gently rolling sea. It is one of the great fruit growing sections of the world. The timber in the woodlands is varied and ample. The climate is mild and pleasant. There is no healthier region. Nowhere on earth in a like area is there grown as many horses, mules, cattle and hogs. Nowhere as much wheat, rye, oats, and corn. Nowhere as much fruit. The vast prairie region tributary to St. Joseph is wide, grand, open, not dull nor flat, but rising and sloping — a landscape scene of width comparable with naught but itself. Prairiesi there are in other lands with far-spread arid grasses and brackish lakes, but here are the fertile prairie lands of America, bountifully watered by rivers, creeks and streams. St. Joseph was incorporated as a town under special charter, in 1845; as a city, under charter, in 1851. It includes within its incorporated limits an area of nine and one-half square miles. It has 152 miles of streets, of which sixty are paved with asphalt, brick, macadam or granite; has six miles of main sewers and sixty miles of district sewer. Its government is vested in a mayor and a council. Its bonded debt, less cash in the treasury January 1, 1904, was $925,000, bearing interest at 3 1-2 and 4 per cent. It has no floating indebted- ness. Its assessed valuation is $30,000,000, which is from 35 to 50 per cent of actual value. On this basis, a tax of $1.45 is levied. The State, school and county tax levied on the same basis, are $1.30. Five city parks furnish pleasure grounds for the people. The various departmentsi of the city government, pub- lic works, police, fire and heat and light, building, board of health and others are conducted upon modern lines. Free public library, established in 1890, now INTERIOR OF NATIONAL BANK OF ST. JOSEPH. contains 29,000 volumes. It is housed in a beautiful building provided by the school district at a cost of $107,000. The Carnegie Branch, erected from a gift of $25,000 from Andrew Carnegie, is in South St. Joseph. The city hall and public market house, the United States government postoflice, the county courthouse, the Home for Little Wanderers, the Memorial Home for Aged People, the State Insane Asylum No. 2, the county asylum for ST. JOSEPH. 285 the poor, the union station, the Young Men's Christian Association building, the Y. W. C. A. home, are excellent public buildings. There are two splendid hospitals — the Sisters and the Ensworth. The first is equal to any in the State, and the latter is also excellent. The public schools of St. Joseph are supported with an annual expenditure of $250,000. They are among the best in the west. The school district embraces fifteen square miles of territory, owns thirty-two buildings, operates thirty-five schools, employs two hundred and seventy-eight teachers. At the last school census there was an enrollment of 11,054 pupils in the public schools. There are numerous and excellent private and parochial schools, among them: Antoine Kindergarten, Robidoux Kindergarten, Y. M. C. A. Evening Scliool, St. Peter's German- English Lutheran School, St. Paul's Evangel- ical I/utheran Parochial School, Cathedral Parochial School, School of the Immaculate Conception, St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, St. Mary's Catholic School, St. Patrick's Girls' Parochial School, St. Peter's and Paul's Cath- olic School, Christian Brothers College, Con- vent of the Sacred Heart. Piatt's Commercial College, St. Joseph Business University, Ens- worth Medical College, Central Medical College. There is no wholesale market west of St. Louis equal to St. Joseph. Other enterprising cities on the Missouri river have grown up, but in commerce none have been able to compete with St. Joseph. It Is to-day the fourth largest wholesale dry goods market on the continent. There are four large houses in this line, using a capital of $3,000,000, employing over 200 traveling men, and making annual sales to the amount of $20,000,000. Their trade extends over the whole territory west of the Missouri river, the British possessions, Alaska, Mexico and the Pacific Islands. The immense dry goods business of St. Joseph has at- tracted many other interests to locate here, among which are wholesale groceries, hardware, boots and shoes, hats and caps, queensware, and also manufactories of various kinds. Over one million dollars worth of millinery goods are sold at wholesale by the jobbing millinery houses of St. Joseph. These houses give employment to over five hundred people in the manufacture and distribution of their goods. Thirty-eight salesmen cover the territory west of the Missouri river to the coast. The wholesale millinery business is steadily increasing and keeping pace with the other large jobbing interests. St. Joseph is a great market for paint specialties, covering the entire United States on some of these manufactured specialties. In the wholesale paper trade, St. Joseph has one firm, Sheridan-Clayton Paper Company, that is the largest handlers of tablets, and one of the largest supply houses in America. In the wholesale drug business, C. D. Smith Drug Company and the Van Natta-Lynds Drug Company embrace seven states and territories in their trade, with a volume of business approximating $2,000,000. The receipts of produce in St. Joseph indi- cate the extent of the city as a produce market. For a single year these approx- imated a million dollars of poultry; $1,500,000, of eggs; $2,500,000 of butter and ST. JOSEPH RESIDENCES. 286 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. $6,000,000 of fruits and vegetables. An interesting comparison shows that the receipts of produce in 1868 were $150,000, and they had grown to nearly $9,000,- 000 in 1903. Manufacturing industries of St. Joseph have increased immensely in the past twenty years. There is no more desirable location for manufacturing. Transportation facili- ties and the vast extent of territory drawing its supplies from here make St. Joseph an at- tractive manufacturing point. The Buell Man- ufacturing Company, said to be the largest in the United States, manufactures blankets, robes . and flannels, which are shipped di- rect from the mills to almost every State in the Union. The two largest manufacturers in the world of duck and denim clothing are located here. Seven firms are engaged in woollen man- ufacturing with four thousand operatives. There are five large boot and shoe factories. Wyeth Company manufactures a great amount of tinware, saddlery and harness, and have a large trade in Mexico. The Perfection Pump Company ships its products in car load lots all over the United States. The National Bis- cuit Company, with three large flour mills, the St. Joseph Plow Manufactory, the Mokaska Manufacturing Company, manufacturing roasted coffees, spices and baking powder, are large and growing institutions. The manufacture of cigars is a large industry. The manufacture of confectionery, jellies, fruit, butters and mince meat is larger than any other city in the west. The furniture and coop- erage works have long been established. The manufacture of carriages, buggies and wagons is a prosperous business. The hominy mills use hundreds of thou- sands of bushels of white corn grown especially for them. Of foundry and machine shops there are a number, and more needed. There are a half dozen steam laundries. The St. Joseph Skirt and Waist Company employs forty people. There are three large breweries, the annual product of which is 60,000 barrels. Altogether, the manufacturing industries number nearly 200, and over 8,000 em- BENTON CLUB HOUSE, ST. JOSEPH. BIBDS' EYE VIEW OF ST. JOSEPH. 287 ployes. The aggregate value of manufactured products is estimated at over $30,000,000, and is growing at a rapid rate year by year. There is probably no city in the Union, of the same size, as noted for pure milk as St. Joseph. Most of the milk siipplied is furnished by nearby dairies, and is delivered twice a day from the farm. A large proportion of this milk is handled through milk dealers, who do a wholesale as well as a retail business. Prominent among these are the American, , the Lewis, Electric and Western Dairy Companies. The Western Dairy Com- pany is the largest. It handles in addi- tion to milk, a large quantity of cream and make a special feature of the manu- facture of ice cream, a great deal of which is shipped to outside towns and the rest sold locally. It is estimated that St. Joseph uses about 13,000 gallons of milk daily, and as the demand increases the territory from which this milk is brought is extended. About one-eighth of the amount used is shipped in on the rail- roads now. The largest dealers in cream and exclusive manufacturers of pure creamery butter are the Blue Valley Creamery Company. They buy cream ex- clusively and make during the flush, a car load of butter a day and pay out one- half a million dollars a year for the raw material. Although less than three years old, this is the largest creamery in the world. The retail business of St. Joseph has kept pace with its other industries. In all lines of commercial activity there has been progress and advancement. The result has been not only a city of business, but a city of homes. As a grain market St. Joseph has made wonderful Advancements during the past year, and perhaps the largest gains of any other c2 y in the great central valley, it being so favorably located at the corners of the four greatest grain pro- ducing States in America, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska, and on the Missouri river, and with ample railroad facilities both in and out, and three large independent grain elevators and others being now contracted for, and also four large mills with elevators connected. The St. Joseph Board of Trade was organized about one year ago, and has already since its organization increased the COMMERCIAL CLUB nuiLDING, ST. JOSEPH. I ■ ..:a- r M li a ti >< ft I .„ «» iis -♦ *b» ' ST. JOSEPH STOCK YAKDS. 288 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. UNION STATION, ST. JOSEPH, BUCHANAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. grain business of St. Joseph to such an extent that it has gone beyond this conti- nent for an outlet. St. Joseph is now one of the foremost inland markets of the country on exports, and will continue to grow in importance and business, be- cause of its natural advantages and its geographical position. St. Joseph is one of the important seed markets of the United States. Among the leading firms are the Chesmore-Eastlake Company, The Faber Seed Company, Mitchellhill & Company, and the Missouri Valley Seed Company. St. Joseph is in the center of the best agricultural territory in the world, and the seed market will continue to grow as the territory develops. An infallible index to the commercial importance of any city or section is afforded by the transportation facilities which it enjoys and which are indis- pensable for its development. The following lines constitute the present railroad facilities of St. Joseph: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway, Burlington & Missouri River railroad, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad, Chicago Great Western railway, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railway, Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad, Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs railroad, Missouri Pacific railway, and St. Joseph & Grand Island railway. These lines and sys- tems of which they form a part have a total mileage of 61,114 miles, and traverse the States of Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Ala- bama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, California, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Arizona territories, the Dominion of Canada and the Republic of Mexico. Situated on one of the main waterways of the continent, at an elevation which precludes the possibility of danger from flood, in the center of a fertile section producing an abundance of grain, live stock, coal and timber, having man- ufactories, wholesale jobbing houses in all of the principal lines, extensive mod- ern stock yards and packing houses, great railroad systems whose lines reach the great lakes, the tide waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Gulf of Mexico, St. Joseph is a natural distributing point for a vast territory. This fact having been recognized by the railroads at an early date, the city has been for ST. JOSEPH. 289 JOHN S. BRITTAIN. W. W. WHEELER. VAN NATTA. A. J. AUGUST. SOME ST. JOSEPH RESIDENCES. years a basing point for freight rates between the Mississippi valley and the west, which has materially aided in the development of its industries, and, thereby, renders its commercial supremacy unassailable, and assures St. Joseph's continued advancement. The street railway system of St. Joseph has been largely improved within the past year. The company has twenty-four miles of street railway, has erected new power house, car barns and shops. The extension to Lake Contrary has brought about the building up of one of the finest and most extensive pleasure resorts in the west. The Lotus Club, located at Lake Contrary, is considered one of the finest institutions of its kind west of Chicago. The St. Joseph Railway, Light, Heat and Power Company is building a new station costing over $250,000, with a capacity to supply electric light many yearsi The St. Joseph Gas Com- pany has in use fifty-six miles of main pipe, and has a capacity of furnishing two million cubic feet of gas every twenty-four hours. The city owns an electric street lighting plant costing over $100,000, operating 421 arc street lights, which plant will soon be enlarged to twice its capacity. The St. Joseph Water Company has over 100 miles of mains and 801 fire hydrants. The water supply is from the Missouri river, and is free from sewage contamination, being at all seasons of the year pure and healthy. St. Joseph has never been a boom town. It has no cheaply constructed buildings, no city lots gone back to farming purposes. St. Joseph has always been noted for its steady and solid growth. The charge of over conservatism might almost rest against its first forty years. Built up by men of wealth and rapidly increasing fortunes, it became known and respected for its solidity, credit, and uninflated values. The enterprise injected during the last ten years by younger men on the foundations of sound values already established, has made St. Joseph not only the envy of its neighbors, but a model for much older and larger cities. During the year 1903, buildings aggregating $1,949,457 were built in St. Joseph, and yet there is need for hundreds of dwellings and flat build- ings for the steady influx of new people into the city. Several new office buildings have recently been built, and yet there is such a demand for oflSce rooms that all can not be suitably supplied. St. Joseph has a real estate board of thirty members, always alive to the best interest of the city. St. Joseph needs more flat buildings, more office buildings, more store buildings, more dwellings. No better place in the west for a profltable investment than right in hustling, bustling, enterprising St. Joseph. Mo. — 19 290 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ST. JOSEPH HOSPITAL ENSWOBTH HOSPITAL St. Joseph is the wealthiest city of like population in the United States. There are nine incorporated banks, three national and six organized under the State banking laws. All of them are solid institutions, carefully and prudently managed. Their capital and re- sources of directors and stock- holders, give them a first class standing in the financial world. The city has many splendid residences. In architectural de- sign, in furnishings, and in at- tached well laid out grounds they are not equalled in any western city. These residences are outside the business district and are located on the most attractive heights, from which the finest views can be had of the surrounding country. St. Joseph has several well-planned places of amusement : The Tootle theatre, Lyceum theatre. Lyric theatre. Crystal theatre, and Lake Casino. All reli- gious denominations are represented in St. Joseph. It is plain to those conversant with the religious and moral situation, that it can not be excelled in this country by any other large city in the west. St. Joseph ranks as one of the great Catholic centers of the United States. The Methodist Epis- copal church, Presbyterian, Christian, Baptist and Methodist Episcopal South; Episcopal, Jewish Synagogue, Cumberland Presbyterian, Congregational, Lu- theran, Seventh Day Adventists, Christian Scientists, Evangelical Synod, The Reformed Church. They are largely represented with buildings of fine modern architecture and congregations of large membership. The Salvation Army and the Young Men's Christian Association are well supported. The Aged People's Home and the Home for Little Wanderers are benevolent works sustained by the Ladies Union Benevolent Association. The latter was a gift of Charles W. Noyes, which institution he has also liberally endowed. There are now three daily news^japers in St. Joseph — the Gazette, issued every morning of the year; the News and Press, issued every evening except Sunday; the Volksblatt, an evening publication in the German language. The Stock Yards Journal, issued every evening except Sunday, is devoted to the live stock market, and the Courier, issued in the morning, is devoted to court pro- ceedings, filings in the county record office and legal publications. Both the morning and evening English newspapers are members of the Associated Press. Both are vigorous, progressive and highly creditable publications, equipped with every feature necessary to modern newspaper making. They circulate exten- sively in northern Missouri, southern Iowa, southern and western Nebraska, northern and western Kansas. Of the weekly publications, the more important are the Catholic Tribune, The Journal of Commerce, The Union, The Unionist, The Spectator, The Post and The Lance. There are several high class monthly publications, the oldest of which is the Medical Herald^ under the editorship of Dr. Charles Wood Fassett, who also publishes the Medical Fortnightly. Others are the Western Fruit Grower and the Modern Farmer and Busy Bee, the Home and School Journal, and the Diocesan Messenger, and the Messenger of Peace. The greatest industry of St. Joseph and of most importance to her trade and territory is the live stock and packing industry. The city ranks fourth in the list of great packing centers of the world. The complete work of the builders of the packing houses is pronounced well nigh perfect by practical men from every live stock center. No improvement is contemplated at less favored markets without a pilgrimage to St. Joseph for the purpose of absorbing new ideas and up-to-date knowledge of stock yards and packing house construction. ST. JOSEPH. 291 ;^a^aHwaatt! ON LAKE CONTBAET. Millions have already been expended in these substantial improvements, and vast sums will be expended in the future for additional packing houses and en- largement of yardage capacity, which assures the future of St. Joseph's packing and stock yards inter- est. The great packers who have sustained the market in such a magnificent manner and made it possible for St. Joseph to as- sume the fourth posi- tion among the great markets in the coun- try are. Swift & Company, Nelson-Mor- ris & Company. The Hammond Packing Company, and the Krug Packing Com- pany. Wherever Amer- ican meats are con- sumed, the products manufactured by these famous packers are a synonym of all that is good, pure and wholesome. The establishment of this great industry in St. Joseph has been the means of the building of a minature city of homes in the southern por- tion of the old city. The district adjacent to the stock yards and packing hoiises now possesses a population exceeding 12,000, and the residence and business portion, which six years ago was practically farm land, now represents a valuation of more than $2,145,000, and the demand for residences is greater than the supply. The post- ofiice of south St. Joseph is also a barometer of the importance of the live stock and packing industry to the city. The gross receipts for 1899 totaled $10,389.18, whereas the gross receipts for 1903 aggregated $22,456.92, or an increase of 111.6 per cent. Nearly all trains stop at the South St. Joseph union station for mail, and in addition there is a street car service to the transfer station at St. Joseph union depot, to which are dispatched eleven closed pouches dailv. There is also a rural free delivery from this office, on which was delivered and col- lected 11,108 pieces of mail during the month of December, 1903. The St. Joseph Live Stock Exchange Building is the handsomest and most convenient structure of its kind ever erected for the convenience of the live stock trade. Upon this structure $125,000 was expended. It contains offices of the St. Joseph Stock Yards Company, the St. Joseph Stock Yards Bank, the St. Joseph Cattle Loan Company; all commission merchants, packers and others in- terested in the live stock business. As the packing houses of St. Joseph are the most modern, the cattle yards are also conceded to be without a parallel. In construction, sanitation and facil- ities for handling business, they have no equal. It is properly so when the rank of St. Joseph as a live stock market is considered. From an inconsequential position in the packing world in 1898, St. Joseph, in 1904, has risen to the fourth largest packing center in the world. In cattle, hogs, sheep and lambs, horses and mules, the growth of St. Joseph stock markets has been phenomenal. The Stock Yards Company has a capital of $1,650,000; employs 275 men. It has a daily capacity of 15,000 cattle, 20,000 hogs, 15,000 sheep, and 2,000 horses and mules. In the last five years the receipts of live stock have increased 107.7 per cent, and the shipments 92 per cent. The packing houses have a floor space of 65.25 acres. The daily slaughtering capacity is 7,950 cattle, 19,500 hogs; 5,500 sheep, and 10,000 poultry. The cost of plant and equipment, $2,635,000. The packing houses show an increase of 84 per cent in five years in the pay roll; 84 per cent in amount paid for live stock; 98 per cent in the number of cars of 292 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. product shipped, and as equally large or larger percentage of growth in other directions. During the last year 624,979 cattle and 599,189 sheep were received at the yards. The growth of St. Joseph's stock yards industry is shown geo- graphically when it is noted that in five years the number of cattle received has increased 169 per cent; the number of hogs 64 per cent; the number of sheep 393 per cent, and the number of horses and mules 94 per cent. During the last year there was received at the stock yards, cattle aggregating in value $21,874,267; hogs, $20,406,768; sheep, $2,995,945; horses and mules, $2,058,000. The growth and importance of St. Joseph is indicated in striking fashion by the very simplicity of these statements regarding the past and present business of the city. It is solid and substantial with a large and hopeful future. Its trade territory covers sections unequaled for fertility and resource. Its people are in- telligent, energetic and alert, and, under the leadership of the Commercial Club and other organizations and individuals, St. Joseph promises to continue and increase the marvelous prosperity which it has known in the last few years. lit ^ ^ * ST, - ' 11 ,,. n '-\\ ''-11 '"tf^^^ 'i * GERMAN AMERICAN BANK. I.„. >,■,...... ,1 , i„„ ,. '::■■» JOPLIN, the mining metropolis of southwest Missouri, is the commercial center of the great lead and zinc district, which produces four-fifths of the entire zinc output of the United States. It is the fourth city of the State, having a population of 30,000, as shown by an unofficial cen- sus taken by the school enumerators. May, 1903. The history of Joplin dates from August, 1870, when E. R. Moffitt and John B. Sergeant struck a rich body of mineral in the Joplin creek valley, and mining commenced in real earnest. Joplin has had three booms, or periods of great business activity, but has never experienced a set-back, such as sometimes follow a great wave of prosperity. Her growth has been steady, every one of the censuses showing an increase in population, and her business, educational, religious and social side of life have kept pace with her rapid growth and development. During the year 1872, five lead smelters were built, and by 1876 the number of furnaces had grown to seventeen, all of which were run at full blast both day and night. In 1873 it was discovered that the lands contained deposits of zinc ore far greater in value than the lead, and the production of this mineral is the leading industry of the district. The lands in and around Joplin have only been partially developed, there being yet hundred of acres yet unprospected, and it is believed that the richest ore deposits have not yet been discovered. P. L. Cross- man, deep driller, who has sunk several drill holes 2,000 feet or more deep, says that at depths of from 400 to 600 feet there are still richer deposits than have yet been developed, and it is probable that millions of dollars worth of zinc will be taken from old mines when the surface minerals have been mined and turned into money. The output of Joplin mines for the year 1903 amounted to $2,876,590, and the grand total of the entire district, including the mines of within twenty-five miles of Joplin, was $9,471,840, being an increase of $40,505 over the year 1902. There are two kinds of marketable zinc, the sulphide of zinc and the silicate of zinc. The first kind of zinc ore is commonly called jack, and is shipped away from Joplin to zinc factories where fuel is within easy reach, as it is cheaper to transport the zinc than ship coal. The silicate of zinc is used in Joplin and re- duced at the Ozark Zinc Oxide Company's works. Silicate of zinc is manu- factured into zinc-white and is used as a base for paint. A trifle over a seventh of the mineral mined in Joplin is lead, most of which is consumed by the Picher Lead Company in the manufacture of white lead. This is the only plant in the world producing "Sublimed White Lead," so called because it is made by sublima- tion under the patent process invented by E. O. Bartlett, the general manager of Photos in heading : Street Scene; Mininp Scene. 293 294 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. the company. This pigment is a uniformly fine white amoi'phous lead oxysul- phate, which, heing made direct from the ore by high heat under proper condi- tions, is free from all the acid effects of corrosion, does not crack or peel, and has a stability which is unequalled. Use and test for many years have demon- strated its superiority to all white leads. The Picher Company now makes and sells 7,000 tons annually, with an increasing demand. The works are modern, especially equipped, and represent an investment of $250,000. , Besides the above production of white lead the company makes I 10,000 tons annually of "Missouri Soft" pig lead. 1 Joplin is a city of self-made men, nearly every one of the A moneyed citizens having made his fortune there. They are ^^ largely American born and American educated. For thirty years ^^k there has never been a strike or labor disturbance to mar the ^^^% natives' good name. Mining, though the leading occupation of the people of Joplin, is not the only one. In addition to the many and varied trades and business, there are ten wholesale houses, eleven large foundries and machine shops (one covering over three blocks of ground), six factories, including a bak- ing plant covering four blocks, a coffee roasting works, a 200-barrel flouring mill, and numerous other commercial institutions. Six banks, one building and loan association and a trust com- pany represent the financial interests of the city. The capital of the banks amounts to $340,000 and the deposits aggregate $2,624,584.73. The loans, discounts, bonds and stocks of these insti- tutions amount to over $2,050,000, and the undi- vided profits and surplus January 1, 1904 foot up $528,351.40. The financial stability of Joplin can best be told by the statement that there is not a dollar's worth of bank stock on the market. A block of $20,- 000 worth of stock of one of the banks recently sold for 185. One of the banks is a United States depository. Saturday night in Joplin is a sight worth going miles to see. All the banks of the city are kept open from 7 until 8, and over $100,000 is paid out from the several counting rooms. Then the operators receive pay for the week's turn in, and miners and other laborers are paid their week's wages. From 8 o'clock until midnight the stores are crowded with people making purchases, paying the week's grocery bill, laying in supplies for the next week, and "swapping experi- ences." Fully one-fourth of the week's business in the stores is transacted on Saturday night. Joplin has splendid telephone service; the Home Telephone Company has 1,100 'phones in the city and 1,650 free connections in the neighboring towns, and the M., K. & T. Company has 900 city 'phones and connections all over Mis- souri, Kansas and the Indian Territory. Both companies have long distance connections. The city maintains a splendid system of public instruction. There are fifteen well-built and thoroughly-equipped school buildings, presided over by a competent corps of 116 teachers. Graduates from the high school are admitted to the State University, Harvard, Yale, Columbia and other institutions of learn- ing without examination. In addition to the public school system, Joplin sup- ports a college and ladies' seminary, the latter being under the supervision of the Sisters of Mercy. There are seven ladies' clubs which devote the hours of meet- ing to literary pursuits. The religious sentiment of the city is very pronounced, there being twenty- five churches of various denominations. The Y. M. C. A. of the city also accom- plishes much good. It maintains a club building costing $20,000, and has in connection therewith a well equipped gymnasium, library and auditorium. JOPLIN CLUB. JOPLIN. 295 Zmc MINED IH THE UniTED STATES 1903 OUTPUT OF zmc, FROM JOPLIH AHD VICIMITY $12500 000 0-0 $ 10000000.°-" In the fraternal way and socially Joplin ranks high. Each of the great fra- ternities has strong organization. The Scottish Rite Masons have a commodious and elegantly appointed cathedral, and degrees up to and including the thirty- second degree are conferred in this beautiful rite. The Odd Fellows number over 1,100 members and are building a $30,000 hall for the use of their several bodies. The Elks are building a handsome $25,000 club building. When finished it will be the most complete in detail and appointments of any building of the kind in southwest Missouri. The Eagles and Knights of Pythias both have formulated plans for building. Fraternal insurance societies number over 4,000. The Jop- lin Club, an organization of business men, has been a powerful agency for good in the building up of the city. Joplin is well supplied with transportation facilities. The Frisco- Memphis system, the Missouri Pacific, Kansas City Southern and the Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas all have lines running into the city, with a total of forty regular passenger trains a day and a freight business of over 400 cars own h- t- ^- CO 03 CC 1876 O CO 2 o 0) CO o 0) o o 2 ra o 0) V ■ 30,O00 / 26.023 J 13,452 / 9,991 7,890 ^00*^^ 7,554 / 4.200 4 / 2,707 / - - O GROWTH OF JOPLIN SINCE THE FOUNDATION OF THE CITY. 296 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. wHiiJlii_ml!iii||r!iii l.llllf ^^jff MINERS BANK. each week. Joplin has also a splendid electric railway service, with lines run- ning to all the neighboring cities and towns and to the important mining camps in the district. Joplin is particularly fortunate in the stability and excellence of its streets, roads and highways. They have been builded under the Hud- son special road law. The waste material from the mines is used for road making and railroad bal- last. During the past ten years the streets and roads have been built in a sys- tematic way. In the city there are in addition to three and one-half miles of brick and asphalt streets, one hun- dred and twenty miles of gravel macadamized roadways, smoothed and compacted by a fifteen-ton roller, and since 1896, the special road district of Joplin has spent $103,000 in building and repairing the suburban roads leading into the city. During the past five years over fifty miles of new roads in the neigh- borhood of Joplin have been built. The Cunningham Park, a bower of beauty in the southwest portion of the city, a gift to the people by the mayor, T. W. Cunningham, is a popular pleasure resort. This plot of ground, covered with trees and shrubs, comprises fifty-six lots and is in easy reach of the street car line. It is contemplated soon to expend a considerable sum of money on this resort by the construction of a lagoon and also an auditorium for the use of summer Chautauquas and lodge celebrations and conventions. Joplin has a good system of waterworks. There are in the city forty-eight miles of water mains, and the daily consumption is over 2,000,000 gallons. The filtering plant has a capacity of 5,000,000 gallons daily, and as the city grows the supply can be increased. A recent chemical analysis of the water of the city showed it to be 97.5 pure. The city owns its electric light plant, which is managed by a non- political board of public works. The gas works has a plant which cost $300,000, and has a capacity of manufacturing 5,000,000 cubic feet daily. On account of its location and natural resources, Joplin is destined to be one of the great cities of the State. It is es- pecially fitted for a distributing point, be- ing the center of the great mining district of southwest Missouri and southeast Kan- sas. In a radius of ten miles from Joplin there are eleven towns and cities ranging from 500 to 2,000 inhabitants and making a population in the aggregate of over 80,- 000. All of these cities and towns are connected by electric railway lines. One of the old-time Joplin miners re- cently described to a visitor from the east to the Joplin district: "We make a living on both sides of the land, on top and be- low; we raise fifty-three crops a year, one of garden truck, berries and fruit from the land, and fifty-two crops a year from below the surface, a turn in of lead and zinc each week." SCOTTISH RITE CATHEDRAL, JOPLIN. s PRINGFIELD is the Queen City of the Ozarks. Its his- tory dates from the year 1830, though it was not un- til 1870, in which year the St. Louis & San Francisco railway reached Springfield that the city began its remarkable growth. While in 1870 the population of Springfield was 7,500, it was in 1900 23,267, and there are now fully 33.000 inhabitants I" I in Springfield, including the compactly settled territory directly adjoining the incorporated lands. Springfield's commercial position can best be judged by what she is and by the character of the tributary territory. The city is 238 miles from St. Louis, 202 from Kansas City, 282 from Memphis and 177 from Fort Smith. Its wholesale trade covers at least one half of an area 350 miles east and west by 150 miles north and south, and amounts to over ten million dollars a year. Add to this the output of the factories, most of which is shipped out, the sum is $17,500,000. A significant feature of this section is its steady and rapid development. The new residences erected in 1900 were not less than 400. and most of these were fine buildings. Many new manufacturing enterprises were started last year, and others will be established this World's Fair year. The best feature, after all about Springfield is the beautiful homes of her people. These Spring- field homes are placed in large lots with grounds shaded with maple, oak and elm trees. Altitude has an important bearing upon the healthfulness and the products of a country. Official figures give the altitude of Springfield at 1,345 feet. As the surrounding country is also high, here is nature's sanitarium. Unquestiona- bly, there is no more desirable all the year round climate, or a section of greater diversity for the production of fruit, vegetables, grain and grass than the country surrounding Springfield. The city is fortunate in having good natural drainage, and having added thereto 32 miles of excellent sewers. It has 25 miles of brick paved, macadam and gravel streets, and 100 of brick sidewalks. The city is noted for its healthfulness; diseases especially fatal to children have never pre- vailed; malaria is unknown. Springfield rates fourth among the Missouri cities in postal receipts, which have increased nearly $25,000 in six years. One thousand one hundred families surrounding Springfield are served with daily mail delivery from the federal government's $150,000 postoffice building. The city has eight banks with deposits more than twice as large as any other city in the State except St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph. The amount of deposits in the St. Joseph and the Springfield banks was at the last report over $5,600,000. Springfield is a railroad center. The Frisco, one of the greatest systems in America now allied with the Rock Island operating together 15,000 miles, have seven lines into Springfield with sixty-four freight and passenger trains daily. The city is division headquarters of the Frisco. The main shops are located here. The Frisco Hospital is in Springfield, and the annual pay roll of the Photos in hiading : Street Scene; Commercial Cluh Building. 297 298 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 2,000 railway employes aggregate $2,500,000. Nearly $1,500,000 is received at the Springfield railway stations, passenger and freight business yearly. The arrival and departure of trains are so arranged that citizens can leave in the morning, ride 150 miles, more or less as business may require, have plenty of time for their work, and return home the same day. The city is within six hours by rail of St. Louis, the same of Kansas City, eight hours of Memphis, ten hours of Oklahoma City and eighteen hours of Chicago. It is estimated that 400 trav- eling men reside in Springfield. The people of Springfield, Greene county, of which Springfield is the county seat, are strong supporters of their public schools which are in excellent work- ing order. It is the fourth city in Missouri in the number of pupils enrolled, having 7,465. Drury College is a notable educational institution. The college grounds comprise 35 acres. The nine buildings cost for erection $200,000. The college has a productive endow- ment of $250,000, and at present an enrollment of 415 students. There are two Catholic schools; the Loretto Academy and St. Joseph School. The Springfield Nor- mal School, the Queen City Business College, Clark's Shorthand Business College, have large enrollments. The Carnegie Library constructed in 1903 at a cost of $50,000 is maintained from the public funds. Springfield has churches of all denominations; the aggre- gate value of the church edifices exceeds $500,000 with a membership of nearly 8,000. Springfield Club House, costing $30,000, is one of the treasures of the city. The building is delightfully located, and its membership reaches the strongest and most progressive citizens. The Baldwin Theater costing $100,000 is the best arranged and most beautiful theater in any city in Missouri outside of the three great cities. Doling Park is a favorite and beautifully kept summer resort. There are several country lodges near the city in the neighborhood abounding in rare and beautiful scenery. St. John's Hospital is a beneficent institution. There are two daily newspapers in Springfield, the Leader-Democrat and the Republican. The Express and Sunday Tradesman are weekly, while the Practical Fruit Grower, the Sunny South, the Policy Holder, the Opportunity and the Baptist News are monthly. Springfield is well supplied with telephone systems. The Home Telephone Company, has 1,555 telephones in operation. The Missouri and Kansas Telephone SPRINGFIELD. 299 Company, a branch of the Bell Telephone has in operation about a thousand telephones. The Springfield Waterworks Company, a private corporation, takes its supply from deep springs three miles from the city, and furnishes pure and abundant water. Its present capacity aggre- gates 100 gallons per capita. The Gas and Electric Company has its plant equipped with modern apparatus, and is giving unexcelled service. There are two street railways in Springfield. The Springfield Traction Com- pany, with sixteen miles, and the Kickapoo Electric Line, with two and one-half miles of operated track. The total assessed valuation of the city of Springfield is $7,107,110, with an indebtedness of but $156,000, provided for by sinking funds, with a city tax of 90 cents on the $100 valuation. Fruit growing is the leading interest of the Ozark country. Spring- field is practically the center of the great Ozark district. In orch- ards and berry planta- tions hundreds of thou- sands of dollars are in- vested in this region and much more will be invested within the im- mediate future. Train loads of apples are ex- ported direct from Springfield to Europe. Buyers from all the leading markets of the United States, England and Germany come to Springfield for information and supplies. Two cold storage houses, holding 65,000 barrels of apples, and numerous canning factories and fruit evaporators have been erected in Springfield and the neighboring region. There are three LOVAN SADDLERY COMPANY. extensive wholesale poultry farms in Springfield, doing an annual business of three quarters of a million dollars. There is no better section for raising poultry. Springfield ob- tains her coal from eastern Kansas, and semi-anthracite from Arkansas. The wood supply comes from the immediate coun- try Surrounding the city. The headquar- ters of the Armour R e f r i g erator car lines for all the BALDWIN THEATRE. YOUNG men's CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING. 300 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ox EAST WALNUT STREET, SPKINGFIELD. southwest country are in Springfield. The Springfield Furniture Company em- ploys ninety men, with an annual business of $150,000. In the manu- facture of lime, Springfield leads the State. The Marblehead Lime Company had an output last year of $85,000, and employed sixty men. Springfield is a great market for hay and grain. It is a natural distributing point. The prosperity rests largely upon the manufacturing and wholesale busi- ness. The wholesale dealers include: Springfield Grocer Company, $150,000; McGregor-Noe Hardware Company, $300,000; Upham-Gordon Company, $100,000; Rogers-Baldwin Hardware Company, $150,000; Springfield Hat Company, $40,000; Crighton Provision Company, $50,000; Keet-Rountree Dry Goods Company, $200,- 000; Swift and Company, Poultry, $25,000; Simmons-Burks Clothing Company, $60,000; Blain-Seamans Grocer Company, $40,000; Springfield Seed Company, $20,000; Stewart Produce Company, $10,000; M. Scharff and Brother, $40,000; G. D. Milligan Grocer Company, $250,000; J. Altchul, Jr., and Company, $75,000; Hobert Lee Tie and Lumber Company, $100,000; Springfield Candy Company, $15,000; Springfield Produce Company, $7,500; International Harvester Company, Springfield Paper Company, $10,000; Southwestern Paper Company, $20,000; Martin Brothers, Pianos, $75,000; Hall-Pipkin Drug Company, $50,000; Armour Packing Company; A. Rebori Fruit Company, $35,000; total, $1,822,500. Tele- graph and telephone companies, $6,000. The leading manufactories are: Spring- field Wagon Company, $75,000; Springfield Furniture Company, $75,000; United Iron Works, $650,000; John F. Myers and Son Milling Company, $150,000; Wun- derlich Cooperage Company, $10,000; Link Milling Company, $50,000; Stone Milling Company, $350,000; Springfield Ice and Refrigerator Company, $150,000 Springfield Brewing Company, $75,000; Queen City Ice and Refrigerator Com' pany, $40,000; Marble Lead Lime Co., $100,000; Anchor Room Works, $3,000 Eismayer-Sanford Saddlery Company, $60,000; Lovan Saddlery Company, $150, 000; Springfield Crystallized Egg Company, $50,000; H. D. Silsby Stove Works Jess & Sturdy Carriage Makers, $12,000; Woods-Evertz Stove Company, $50,000 Jewell Publishing Company, $10,000; Springfield Bottling Works, $12,000 Moore Manufacturing Company, $25,000; Young, Nayne and Kearby Mf'g Com- pany, $6,000; Davis Planing Mill Company, $15,000; Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company; total, $220,000; grand total, $2,049,300. With a progressive population and splendid natural facilities, Springfield's future as the metropolis of the Ozark region is assured. SEDALIA, the sixth city in size in Missouri, is the county seat of Pettis county. It is essentially a railroad shop and manufacturing city, with the advantages which accrue in addition as a result of being located in one of the richest agricultural districts in the west. Named for a daughter of General George R. Smith, Sedalia was in- corporated by act of Legislature, February 15, 1864. It is located about two and one-half miles from a point where lines! from the opposite corners of the State intersect. The city covers about six square miles and its site was a high rolling prairie, now covered with thousands of trees. The population by the census of 1900 was 15,231. The growth since the census has been steady at the rate of about 1,000 each year. Notable among the attractive features of Sedalia are the beauty and finished condition of its 80 miles of streets, avenues and boulevards. The municipal policy adopted in the early history of the city of planting trees on all streets has resulted in giving the appearance of its being located in a forest. Over thirteen miles of paved streets have been laid. The business streets which carry the main traffic and heavy trucking are paved with vitrified brick on a concrete foundation. The residence streets are generally paved with either Trinidad rock, or California asphalt. The municipality owns a public park, well located, beau- tifully ornamented, with assembly hall, speed-ways and baseball grounds. Forest Park with large refreshment hall, band stand and every convenience has been recently opened in the southern limits of the city. Sedalia draws its water supply from the Lamine river. The water is pumped from settling reservoirs which hold sixty-five million gallons of water, and forced through filters. The city has constructed a complete system of sewerage at an expense of nearly $125,000. The natural drainage of Sedalia is admirable. The fire department, equipped with modern means of fighting fire, affords adequate protection. The Pettis county courthouse, costing $100,000, paid for in twelve years, is a magnificent stone building situated in the center of the entire square in the heart of Sedalia. The city hall is a handsome two-story brick building, costing $40,000. The government postoffice building is a fine pressed brick and cost $50,000. The public library building is a beautiful structure of white terra cotta and Carthage marble in the pure Greek style of architecture. It was erected in 1900 as a gift of Andrew Carnegie. The library is supported by a tax upon the assessed wealth of the city. The total assessed valuation of Sedalia is $5,000,000. The city hospital is a substantial structure. The Missouri, Kan- sas & Texas railway system maintains a large well-equipped hospital in Sedalia. Twenty-four church buildings, representing the leading denominations, are found in the city. Photo in heading : Pettis County Courthouse. 301 302 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. BUSINESS BLOCK. SEDALIA POSTOBFICE. The public school system of Sedalia stands high and has met with the praise and approval of those competent to judge. There are ten school buildings. The high school has a four years' course, and is articulated with every academic course at the State University. The George R. Smith College for colored people, and two large and flourishing business colleges have large at- tendance. The daily press is repre- sented at Sedalia by the Capital, a morning republican paper, and by two evening papers, the Dem- ocrat and the Sentinel, both democratic. Besides there is a German weekly paper and a weekly social paper, and the daily papers each publish a weekly newspaper. There are three electric plants in Sedalia selling light and power, and light- ing the streets, also a steam heating plant, which from a central station fur- nishes steam heat through underground pipes laid in the streets to most of the buildings in the business part of the city and a large part of the residence dis- trict. Four electric street car lines radiate from the business section to every part of the city, and have aggregate length of twelve miles. There are two tele- phone systems in the city, the Bell and the Queen City, and both have long dis- tance connections. The main line of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company runs through the city and it has a line from Sedalia to Kansas City also by way of Lexington. The main line of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Company from St. Louis to Galveston, Texas, also goes through Sedalia, and it has two branch lines from Sedalia, one to Hannibal and one to Kansas City and Paola, Kansas. The Sedalia, Warsaw and Southwestern Railway runs from Sedalia south to Warsaw and will eventually be extended to Springfield and Arkansas. The coach shops of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad and the repair shops of the Missouri Pacific Railroad are both located at Sedalia, and at each are employed about 300 men. The Missouri Pacific Railway Company has just located its general shops at Sedalia, which will soon be built at an expense of a million and a half dollars and will employ over two thousand employees. These shops will increase the population of the city within two years 10,000. With railroad lines radiating from Sedalia in eight directions it is naturally becoming a jobbing point of considerable importance. About thirty firms engaged in wholesale business are doing a business of over two million dollars per annum. For the same reasons manufacturing has begun in the past few years, and 35 factories employing about 600 operatives with an aggregate in- vestment in plants of $1,564,000 are marketing an annual output of over one million dollars, and paying wages to the amount of about $15,000 per month. The prominent characteristics of Sedalia and Sedalians are civic pride, pub- lic spirit, liberality and progressiveness. Under an original system, peculiar to this locality, all the city officers and members of the school board are divided equally between the two great parties, the nominations of either party, however, not being effective until ratified by the opposing party, the conventions of both parties meeting separately at the same time in the same building for this pur- pose. Every indication points to Sedalia's phenomenal growth. HANNIBAL, the metropolis of northeast Missouri, is a substantial and beautiful city of 16,000 inhabitants. Here in 1846 was held the first public meeting west of the Mississippi river to promote the building of a railroad between that great river and the Pacific ocean. In 1855 the Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad was opened for through traffic, and Hannibal began its continual growth. In 1870 the Wa- bash railroad was built to Buffalo. In 1871 a bridge across the Mississippi river was finished, and the same year the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railway was completed, thus giving to Hannibal a through line to the east, to central Missouri, to Texas, and the Gulf of Mexico. In 1878 the St. Louis and Hannibal railway was opened to traffic, giving to the city two independent passenger and freight lines to St. Louis and the south. The site of Hannibal was not selected by accident. It is located along the river, and on the north slope of a fertile valley and the surrounding hills. The neighboring farming counties are reached from Hannibal by extensive systems of free rock and gravel roads. The drives in the city are famous. One, over- looking the Mississippi river and the great valley beyond, leads to the famous "Mark Twain" cave in which "Tom Sawyer" lost his way. Another to the north, one-half way between the water and the hill top, brings into view the noble river, here and there studded with green isles, with the Illinois heights rising from its opposite shore. The city was a pioneer in municipal ownership of public utilities. In 1887, it established the first municipal electric light and power plant in Missouri. Cheap electric power is supplied to manufacturers, and all comers are offered this remarkable inducement. The tax rate is low in Hannibal, being for city purposes but 60 cents on the one hundred dollars valuation. The United States Circuit Court, and the United States District Court for the Eastern Judicial District of Missouri, hold each two terms a year in Hannibal. The city is well organized municipally with a non-partisan board of public works and the machin- ery necessary to good government. Its postoffice receipts indicate its commer- cial expansion. In four years they have grown over thirty per cent. Withii: four years, four important mail trains, two rural free delivery routes, and two sub-stations have been added to the postoffice facilities. Hannibal is strong financially, not having had a bank failure in twenty years. Her four banks have a capital stock of $230,000, have gained in surplus Photos in heading: Two views of city; Mississippi River Bridge. 303 304 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. LOVEBS* LEAP, and undivided profits over 45 per cent in fourteen months, and over 18 per cent in deposits. Hannibal citizens, as a rule, own their own homes. Four prosperous building and loan associations have helped to this good end. The assessed valuation of four million dollars, or an actual valuation of ten million dollars, in- dicate the worth of Hannibal property. In 1900, according to the federal census, the city had a population of 12,790; while in June, 1903, the population is shown by actual count to be 16,529, a gain of over 30 per cent in two years. The topography of the site is such as to afford the best pos- sible natural surface drainage, which has been aided by a com- plete system of sewerage, that drains into the Mississippi river, and insures freedom from accumulating refuse. There are many miles of splendidly paved streets and avenues, in the construc- tion of which the natural drainage has been systematically aided, insuring at all times a remarkably clean city. To the exceedingly favorable climatic conditions prevailing at Hannibal, the abund- ant supply of good water and good drainage, is attributable the exceedingly low death rate and the almost total absence of typhoid fever and similar diseases. The water supply at Hannibal is taken from the Mississippi river, the water plant being owned and operated by a private corporation. The pump station is located on the river but one mile above the city, with filtering appliances and storage reservoirs. The plant has a pumping capacity of eight mil- lion gallons daily, and a storage capacity of seventeen and one-half million gallons. There are 21 miles of delivery pipes and 160 miles of double fire hydrants. The water as delivered to the consumer is clear and wholesome and the water rates reasonable. The Hannibal gas plant is owned by a private corporation. The gas which it furnishes for fuel and light is at the ordinary rate in cities comparatively situated. The Hannibal Railway and Electric Company, a private corporation, operates four and one-half miles of electric road, affording rapid transit for all principal parts of the city, and enabling men of moderate means to occupy homes in the suburbs. Hannibal has the advantage of being located on the Mississippi river, that great regulator of freight rates, and enjoys the distinction and the benefits of having more railroads and better passenger and freight traffic facilities than any other city located on the Mississippi river between St. Louis and St. Paul. Hannibal, as a railway center, possesses numerous advantages not enjoyed by any other city of equal size and importance in the west. With the exception of St. Louis, there is not a city of 10,000 inhabitants and upwards, that is anything like so favorably located. This city is practically on the same rate basis to all points as St. Louis. It has the same rates as St. Louis, to all points in the east and northeast, to the north and northwest, to the west and southwest, and prac- tically the same to the lower Mississippi valley and the southeast. There are four different systems entering the city, with five trunk lines (see map) leading in every direction. The river transportation is an important factor, boats plying regularly be- tween Hannibal and St. Louis, and Hannibal and all river towns and cities north, to and including St. Paul. On account of the river grade of the St. Louis, Kan- sas and Northwesdern, it is possible to haul longer trains and with less expense than is possible on any other railroad in the State. For this reason, the freight rates between St. Louis and Hannibal are the lowest in the State and consid- erably less than that fixed by the Missouri statutes. There are one hundred and twelve factories in Hannibal, besides the great Burlington and other railroad shops, which are factories of a most profitable and desirable character. The employes of these concerns number over four thousand, and are paid in wages annually a sum in excess of three and a half HANNIBAL. 305 million dollars. The wonderfully rapid growth in the number of factories in Hannibal, the capital invested in them, the value of the annual output, the number of employes and the annual pay roll was over one hundred per cent dur- ing 1902 and 1903, yet the growth has been of a substantial and permanent character, and the year 1904 promises even greater gains, as is indicated by the new buildings and extensions already un- der way. The business men of Hannibal, antic- ipating the growth of manufacturing in the central west, and especially in the cities on the Mississippi river, and fur- ther anticipating the rise in value of Han- residence of j. j. cruikshanks. nibal real estate, took advantage of a liberal offer to sell, made by the owners, and purchased a tract of land of 33 acres, situated within six blocks of the Union Station, for the purpose of giving it away as sites for factories desiring to locate in Hannibal. The tract of land has a frontage of 2,000 feet on the main line of the great Burlington railway system, and 4,000 feet on the main line of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas rail- way, and is accessible to the Wabash and other roads. Splendid switching facilities, in connection with these great railways, can be had. Several large manufacturing plants have recently located on this tract of land and are pros- pering. The board of directors of the Business Men's Association, holding the title to the land, will be glad to entertain a proposition from any firms or indi- viduals desiring to locate a new factory, or contemplating moving factories now in operation elsewhere, to the city. Among the notable manufactories of Hannibal are flour, boots and shoes, cigars, lime, and cement. Hannibal has long been famous for the rare quality of its flour. The Roberts, Johnson & Rand Shoe Company, The Bluff City Shoe Company, and the Hannibal Shoe Company sent out last year 1,500,000 pairs of shoes. The first named, with the addition under construction, will be the largest shoe factory in the west outside of St. Louis, having an annual ca- pacity of 2,000,000 pairs of shoes. There are 12 cigar factories, employing 125 men. The Duffey-Trowbridge Stove Foundry manufactures over 53,000 stoves annually, valued at $350,000; has a yearly pay roll of $120,000 for 225 men. The larger part of the tonnage of the Burlington railway system is carried on car wheels made by the C. A. Treat Manufacturing Company of Hannibal. The Bear Creek White Lime is of marvelous purity. Three firms have a capacity of 50,000 barrels of lime annually. The city is a wholesale center for lumber. There are three large planing mills. The Atlas Portland Cement Company of Pennsylvania has erected at Hannibal the largest and most complete Portland cement plant in the world, with a capacity of from eight to nine thousand barrels of Portland cement daily, which means that the outgoing freight from this im- mense industry alone is seventy car loads daily, while the freight received by it, which is mostly coal, will average thirty cars daily. The company employed 1,600 men during 1903 and paid them in wages the sum in excess of $850,000. On account of the central location and superior shipping facilities which Hannibal enjoj^s, the wholesale business in many staple lines has long been profitable, and there are now twenty-one firms doing a wholesale inter-state com- merce business. The following lines are represented: Groceries, drugs, paints, oils, furniture, lime and cement, lumber, stationery and blank books, stoves and hardware, produce, cigars, tobacco and liquor. The retail interests of Hannibal are in a fiourishing condition. There are now 523 firms doing business in the city; an increase of 53 in two years. Cold storage is a comparatively new vent- ure. A plant recently constructed has a capacity of 50,000 barrels of apples. The churches, schools, and various public buildings at Hannibal are of the highest order of excellence and efficiency. There are ten well furnished and Mo — 20 306 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. MAP SHOWING CENTRAL LOCATION OF HANNIBAL AND ITS SHIPPING FACILITIES. well equipped public school buildings. The new high school under construction is to be the pride of the city. The Evangelical Lutheran Parochial School, The St. Joseph Academy, Catholic, and Hannibal Commercial College, are doing much for education. Hannibal's Free Public Library was one of the first in the State to be established and maintained from public revenue. The John H. Garth Memo- rial Library building recently donated to the city, is one of the most complete in the west. All religious denominations are represented by large and aggressive churches or congregations. There are two daily newspapers in Hannibal: the Morning Journal and the Evening Courier-Post. The Standard Printing Com- pany has a large business extending into several States. Hannibal is particularly rich in fine public buildings. The county court house, which is constructed of unexcelled limestone; Levering Hospital, donated by A. R. Levering, is maintained from public funds; the John H. Garth Memorial Library building is a gem of architecture; the United States Government build- ing was one of the first built in the west. The Park theater is an admirable place of amusement. There are two commercial clubs in Hannibal, working harmoniously for the promotion of the commercial interests of the city: the Business Men's Associa- tion and Merchants' Association. The Country Club is a generous patron of ama- teur out-door athletics. The Labinnah or "Hannibal Club," is purely social in character, owns a splendid building, and is influential in the city's social affairs. Hannibal is now an important city of manufacturing and industrial activity, having been made so by those who appreciated her superior advantages. In the immediate future, as the great manufacturing institutions of the east move to the center of population and wealth, which is along the Mississippi river, a move- ment which is now on, and which will grow in importance in the near future, Hannibal will expand by leaps and bounds as she has never done before. With her natural advantages as a commercial and industrial center, with the spirit of enterprise which permeates and dominates all classes of her citizens, her expan- sion in the next few years will be on a scale calculated to amaze those who are not familiar with the trend of industrial development in the Mississippi valley, and especially the peculiarly favorable conditions which surround the railway and commercial center called Hannibal. r ' ._^pf ' -_J JEFFERSON CITY JEFFERSON CITY, the capital of Missouri, also the county seat of Cole- county, is situated in the geographical center of the State. It is upon the south bank of the Missouri river, which is here spanned by a bridge. It is a city of 12,000 people (census figures, 9,664) and has a large and growing manufacturing business. Within the city are located the State capitol, the penitentiary, the supreme court. The Missouri Pacific railway has large interests, which contribute directly to the city's importance as a wholesale manufacturing point and indirectly to the retail trade of the town. Manufactur- ing of shoes is a prominent commercial feature. Ten thousand pairs daily is the combined output of the five factories. Overalls, beer, wine, brick, fiour, are made, and one of the largest saddle-tree factories in the world is here located. The Tribune Printing Company gives employment to fifty people and does printing for several States. As the capital city of its State, biennial sessions of the General Assembly are held in Jefferson City. Matters of State: and of courts bring a large transient business to the hotels, of which there are sev- eral of first class character. A notable feature of the city is its schools and libraries. The high school is one of the best in Missouri, and in connection there- with is a well selected reference library. The law library, maintained at the ex- pense of the State is frequented by lawyers from all over Missouri. It is one of the best of its kind to be found in the United States. Carnegie library has recently been established. It is a city institution with open doors. Lincoln In- stitute, State school for negroes, has a strong library in connection. There are also several valuable private libraries. Jefferson City is located upon the bluff side of the river. Its main street lies upon the summit of the bluff paralleling the stream. The business streets are nearly all paved with vitrified brick. All the streets have wide asphalt or brick sidewalks, and in the residence portion, large trees line the drives one either side. The city has a thorough system of waterworks, electric lights and gas. Few towns have better system of drainage- There are many fine homes. The newspapers of Jefferson City are: Missouri State Tribune, Cole County Democrat, Jefferson City Press, Missouri Volksfreund, Republican, Jefferson City Post and Missouri School Journal. There are five banks with $3,000,000 in deposits. The federal government has constructed a handsome building for postoffice and courts. An act of Congress, passed March 6, 1820, authorized the organization of Missouri as a State and made a grant of four undesignated sections of public land as a capital site. The first State legislature, elected in anticipation of the admission of Missouri to the Union, convened in St. Louis on September 20, Photo in heading : State Capitol. 307 - fn ' ' ; ' 7-y-^ 308 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. and appointed as commissioners to make the capital location, John Thornton, of Howard county; Robert G. Watson, of New Madrid; John G. White, of Pike county; James Logan, of Wayne county and Jesse B. Boone, of Montgomery county; the latter named died soon afterward and was succeeded by Daniel M. Boone, of Gasconade. The commissioners met in May, 1821, at Cote Sans Dessein (now Barkersville), Callaway county, which place contested with the new town of Marion, in Cole county, for the location. The rival claims were disregarded and the present site was chosen. St. Charles was the seat of the State government until the completion of the State House at Jefferson City in 1826. This building was erected by Daniel Colgan at a contract price of $25,000. It was rectangular, of brick, two stories high, without ornamentation and stood on the site of the present executive mansion. It was burned in 1837 and a new edifice was begun the same year and completed in 1842 at a cost of $350,000. Much of the stone used in its construction was taken from the bluffs overlooking the river and the massive pillars were from the Callaway county quarries. In 1887-8 it was enlarged and made practically a new building at a cost of $250,- 000. It has a frontage of 310 feet and varies in width from 80 to 110 feet, the least of these dimensions being of the old central portion and the greater that of the newly added wings. The center sustains a dome of 130 feet above the roof. Other State buildings are the executive mansion, erected in 1872, at a cost of $75,000; the supreme court building; the armory; the penitentiary, afford- ing room for 2,500 convicts. This institution is self-supporting and is noted for its excellent discipline. At various times the question of capital removal has been agitated, and in 1896, the legislature submitted to the people an amendment to the constitution, providing for the establishment of the seat of government at Sedalia. At the election in November, 1896, however, the proposition was de- feated by a vote of 334,819 against it to 181,258 in its favor. The municipal history of Jefferson City begins four years later than its designation as the seat of State government. It was incorporated November 7, 1825, its territory being defined identically with that of the government site. This organization was not made effective and later in the same month, it was incorporated as the town of Jefferson City with Elias Bancroft, Samuel L. Hart, Thomas Miller, Reuben Garrett and Henry Shields, as trustees. In 1839 a city organization was effected with Thomas L. Price as the first mayor. The Cole county courthouse is of handsome architecture, built of Jefferson City limestone for foundations and Carthage stone walls. It is 78 by 118 feet in size and its dome is 137 feet above the street level. The city hall was the gift of Major J. M. Clark. St. Peter's School (Catholic) has a substantial build- ing. The German Evangelical and German Lutheran schools each have fine buildings. Jefferson City was named for the great statesman, then living, who wrote the Declaration of Independence and acquired the Louisiana territory for the United States. It is 125 miles west of St. Louis, stands 123 feet above high water mark of the Missouri river, in most picturesque situation with a splendid view of the stream and the country beyond. ■r ■■ ■■ 7 i£}T . , life' E? f ■ ^ I ' CARNEGIE LIBRARY. CARTHAGE, the county seat of Jasper county, with its surpassing nat- ural attractiveness, handsome residences, stately business blocks, shady avenues, magnificent court house, pretty lavi^ns, and enchanting park, is the most beautiful city of its size in America. Its population in 1890 was 7,981; in 1900, 9,416. It now has 12,000 inhabitants, and is the seventh city in Missouri in population. The cli- mate is particularly delightful. The death rate is 8.61 pen cent, the lowest of any city in the United States. The exceptional healthfulness is due to the high altitude of Carthage, its clear atmosphere, fine natural drainage, perfect sewer- age, pure water, and rigid enforcement of sanitary laws. It is located on a woodland eminence in the geographic center of Jasper county, and is 150 miles south of Kansas City and 300 miles southwest of St. Louis. It is 1,200 feet above the level of the sea. Carthage is in the heart of the great lead and zinc district of southwest Mis- souri, and the growth and prosperity of the city are due largely to the mining development of the district. The richest deposits of mineral and some of the best producing mines in the district are at Carthage. Near Carthage are twenty producing mines, employing 300 men. In the production of apples, peaches, and pears, the Carthage district is equal to any in the Ozark uplift, while in the production of berries, it is without a peer. Carthage is an important railway center. It has the Missouri Pacific, St. Louis and San Francisco, Carthage and Western, and the White River branch of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern. These lines afford quick freight and passenger traffic with Kansas City, St. Louis, and other points north and east and open to Carthage merchants and manufacturers markets in Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and the Indian Territory. The Frisco system operates an inter-urban pa&senger service between Carthage and other cities of the southwest Missouri mining district. The White River railroad is a direct route from Carthage to Memphis, Tennessee. The division of this road is located in Carthage. Hun- dreds of railway employes make Carthage their home and the vast amount of money they receive each month contributes to the prosperity of the city. Car- thage is the eastern terminus of the Southwest Missouri Elctric Railway. This cheap and rapid transit system brings the people of the southwest mining dis- trict into close commercial relationship. The chief product of Carthage is building stone. It is a crystalline white limestone of superior durability and matchless beauty. For building purposes, either rough or dressed, it has no equal, and it is specially adapted for trim- Photo in heading : Jasper County Courthouse. 309 310 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. mings, pavements, and monuments. Seven companies are engaged in quarry- ing and finishing Carthage stone, employing 300 men, with a monthly pay roll of $15,000. Carthage has well-paved, well-kept streets. Its side- walks are of brick and sawed stone. The municipality owns and operates an elec- tric plant which lights the streets of the city and fur- nishes light to private con- sumers. A private corpora- tion manufactures gas. Car- thage has a complete and perfect sewer system and a thoroughly equipped, paid fire depart- ment. 1 1 re- 'ceives its wa- ter supply :f r m Spring driver, a never- jfailing, crystal stream flowing Iby the city. TIhe water is freed from all impurities by perfect filtration. In the center of the public square of Carthage is the Jasper county court house, of Carthage stone, and costing $100,000. In architectural symmetry and stately beauty it has few equals. Central Park, a ten-acre tract in the heart of the city, and Chautauqua Park, Carter's Park, and the Carthage Driving Park, picturesque woodlands embellished by art, in the suburbs of Carthage, are de- lightful places for recreation. Carthage has a $15,000 modern hospital, a monument to the untiring efforts of the P'aithful (Carthage) Circle of the King's Daughters; a $25,000 public library, the gift of Andrew Carnegie; two daily newspapers, the Morning Dem- ocrat, democratic, and the Evening Pi-ess, republican. Carthage has four mills with a daily capacity of 1,200 barrels; ice and cold storage plant; factories, machine shops and wagon, furniture, canning, mattress, bedsprings, and other factories. Twenty-two church buildings are in Carthage. The city maintains five ward schools; a central school, a high school, and a school for colored children. It is now erecting a $75,000 high school building. The Carthage Institute, under Presbyterian control, with building and grounds valued at $40,000, does collegiate work. The city also has a prosperous commer- cial college and a conservatory of music. In Carthage exists the pioneer Amer- ican Civic Improvement Association. The Carthage Chautauqua is a permanent and successful institution. The Carthage Commercial Club is a strong and potent commercial organization. The Carthage lodge of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks has a club house costing $20,000. Neither intoxicating drinks or games of chance are allowed on the premises. Free use of the buildings is granted the Commercial Club for meeting, and the Woman s Club for receptions. Few cities in America offer so many advantages for home building as the beautiful, progressive, hospitable city of Carthage. WEBB CITY lies in the center of a fertile agricultural district in the midst of the Missouri-Kansas zinc and lead fields. Two main trunk lines, the Missouri Pacific, and the San Francisco systems enter the city, which, at the present time, is the most important freight center on these two systems in the entire State, with the exception of St. Louis and Kansas City, more freight being handled by these railroads at this point than at any other city in the State with the exceptions mentioned. Webb City has fine educational facilities. In addition to good public schools, the Great Western Business and Normal School is located here. This institu- tion is one of ten of its kind in the United States. The public road system of Webb City is unexcelled. Webb City has the largest and most complete retail establishment in the State south of Kansas City and St. Louis. There are twelve church edifices within the city limits. The city is modern; well lighted with electricity, has excellent water and sewerage system and efficient fire department. It is headquarters of the Southwestern Missouri Electric Railway, which has a plant valued at $300,000, and a local salary list of more than $125,000. Immense deposits of white limestone of excellent quality for building are found within the city limits. Two banks with total deposits of more than $750,000 afford banking facilities. There are two daily newspapers in Webb City, the Sentinel and the Register. The city is a fine field for factories and other business invest- ments. The Webb City and Carterville mining districts' sales during the last ten years have amounted to $23,000,000. The miners are Americans (recruited from the farms, the offices and the colleges), a foreigner being almost unknown in the zinc fields; and, as the "miner" of to-day may be the "operator" of to-morrow, miners' unions are not found here. The zinc and lead ores being found at such shallow depths (from ten to two hundred feet) this district has long been known as the "poor man's mining country." The oldest mining company, the Center Creek Mining Company, has mined and sold zinc and lead ore to the value of almost $7,000,000 since it began operation, from less than 100 hundred acres of land. The life of mining in this district is not limited to a few years, as the history of the production amply shows. The companies which have been for years in existence are still among the largest producers, and promise to continue so for years to come. photo in headiny : Wehb City Mining Scene. 311 312 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Webb City is in Jasper county, 16 5 miles south of Kan- sas City and 318 miles southwest of St. Louis. It immediately adjoins Carterville; attempts have been made to consolidate the two cities but without success. Its water mains, c o m - pleted in 1890, at a cost of $120,000, take water from Center creek, two miles north POWERHOUSE AT LAKESIDE SOUTHWEST MlSSOUIil ELECTRIC RAILWAY. Of the city. The city officials are in the city hall, a commodious two-story building. The high school is articulated with the State University. The Com mercial Club is an active and influential organization. The plat of the city was recorded September 11, 1875, by John C. Webb, owner of the land upon which it was located. Nu- merous additions were made and the town was incorpor- ated December 8, 1876, as a city of the fourth class; the first permanent organ- ization was effected Decem- ber 15, following. In April, 1890, it became a city of the third class with Thomas J. Herrington as the first mayor. In 1873 John C. Webb discovered lead while plowing on the site of the present city and in 1877 systematic mining was be- gun. WEBB CITY BUSINESS BLOCK. i i Nij l glijH il ,jMily i ,1 J ii jj ' CT liOVER3.000 ■^ ■u^m&^y^'mam&mB' "-^■■-'--- 1 MOBERLY (population 8,012), county seat of Randolpli county, is a busy railroad center. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas, and the Wabash railroads intersect here. The main shops of the Wabash west of the Mississippi are located in Moberly. Randolph is the leading coal county. In Moberly are large manufactories of paving and building brick. St. Charles (population, 7,982), county seat of St. Charles county, is twenty- three miles west of St. Louis, on the Wabash and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railways, and on the Missouri river, which is here crossed by two bridges. Here are extensive car and bridge works, manufactories of car materials and tobacco. Lindenwood College (for women), Sacred Heart Convent and St. Charles College are located here. Nevada (population, 7,461), county seat of Vernon county, 107 miles south of Kansas City, is located on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas and the Missouri Pacific railroads. It is surrounded by fine agricultural country. Mining in vi- cinity and State Hospital for the Insane is here. Independence (population, 6,373), county seat of Jackson county, is ten miles east of Kansas City, with which city it is connected by the electric railway and the main lines of the Chicago & Alton, and Missouri Pacific railroads. It is a beautiful residence city, has extensive business interests and is surrounded by a fertile and highly improved country. Chillicothe (population, 6,905), county seat of Livingston county, 95 miles northeast of Kansas City, is an important railroad center. It is on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Hannibal & St. Joseph, and Wabash railroads. The sur- rounding county is a fine stock and general farming region. The State Industrial School for Girls is located here. Aurora (population, 1900, 6,191), is a thriving city in Lawrence county, in the southwest, on the St. Louis & San Francisco railroad. It has large and grow- ing business interests. The locality is favorable to fruit. Important lead and zinc mines are in the vicinity. Kirksville (population, 5,966), county seat of Adair county, is on the Wabash and Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City railroads. It has manufactories of wagons, buggies, and handles, is situated in a fertile grain and fruit section. Productive coal mines in vicinity. Tl^e State Normal School is located here. Carterville, incorporated as a city in 1882, lies in the richest lead and zinc mining district in the world. It is a modern progressive city of nearly 6,000 inhabitants, with property of an assessed valuation of $2,145,000. It is on the Frisco line, Missouri Pacific railway, and the Granby Extension, and the South- west Missouri Electric Street railway. It has fine schools, modern churches, a 313 314 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. a bank with a capital of $50,000; i-epresentative business houses, electric lights, waterworks, and electric street railway, and two telephone systems. The Carter- ville special road district, comprising six miles square, maintains well graded and macadamized roads leading into the city from every direction. The Carter- ville lead and zinc mining district embraces about five miles square, and has pro- duced more ore per square mile than any like territory in the world. In the Carterville district there are 66 thoroughly equipped steam concentrating mills, each employing an average of twenty-five men, besides numerous hand-jig opera- tors and prospecting outfits. Columbia (population, 5,651), county seat of Boone county, in center of State, on spurs of Wabash and Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads. It is center of fine stock, orchard and general agricultural section. Its interests are chiefly educational. The State University, two large female colleges, the Mis- souri Bible College, and two academies are located here. De Soto (population, 5,611), is in Jefferson county, 43 miles south of St. Louis, on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern railroad, which has its main repair shops here. Manufactories of flour and agricultural implements are located here. Brookfield (population, 5,484), on the Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad, in Linn county. This railroad has its repair shops here. There are also important fac- tories. In the neighborhood are large coal mines, and the region is excellent agriculturally. Trenton (population, 5,396), county seat of Grundy county, 98 miles north- east of Kansas City, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City railroads, has leading interests, mercantile and manufacturing. Here are railroad repair shops. Louisiana (population, 5,131), in Pike county, 94 miles northwest of St. Louis, on the Chicago & Alton (which crosses the Mississippi river on a bridge here), the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy, and the St. Louis, Keokuk & North- western. Leading manufactories are tobacco, sash, doors, lumber, lime, stone quarries. Extensive nurseries and one of the largest cement plants in the United States are here. Mexico (population, 5,099), county seat of Audrain county, on the Chicago & Alton and Wa- bash railroads, is an important busiiness center; has a large trade in fine horses and cattle. residence w. a. daughekty, cartekviixe. Manufacture of fire brick, stove linings, carriages, and flour. Hardin College for young women, and Missouri Military Academy, for young men, are located here. Marshall (population, 5,086) county seat of Saline county, on the Chicago & Alton and Missouri Pacific railroads, is in the center of an extremely rich and well Improved agricultural section. The Missouri Colony for the Feeble Minded and the Missouri Valley College (under the control of the Cumberland Presby- terians) are located here. Clinton (population, 5,061), county seat of Henry county, 87 miles southeast of Kansas City, on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, St. Louis & San Francisco, and Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield railroads, has thriving business interests, especially flouring mills. Coal is produced in vicinity and agriculture is a lead- ing industry. Baird College, for young women, is here. THE State of Missouri is divided into 114 counties and the city of St. Louis, which city is counted for purposes of administration as a county. The statistics on the following pages refer, in text as in table, to the total 1902 products of the county and to the aggregate number and value of the county's live stock. Where the text makes these figures refer only to exports instead of total products and value it is incorrect. The tables were prepared by Hon. G. B. Ellis, Secretary of the State Board of Agri- culture. COUNTY, COUNTY SEAT AREA COUNTY, COUNTY SEAT AREA Adair, Kirksville ' 561 Andrew, Savannah 420 Atchison, Rockport 532 Audrain, Mexico 680 Barry, Cassville 790 Barton, Lamar 590 Bates, Butler 874 Benton, Warsaw 820 Bollinger, Marble Hill 610 Boone, Columbia 680 Buchanan, St. Joseph 417 Butler, Poplar Bluff 702 Caldwell, Kingston 426 Callaway, Fulton 830 Camden, Linncreek 702 Cape Girardeau, (same) 570 Carroll, Carrollton 686 Carter, Van Buren 506 Cass, Harrisonville 712 Cedar, Stockton 491 Chariton, FCeytesville 740 Christian, Ozark 551 Clark, Kahoka 404 Clay, Liberty 407 Clinton, Plattsburg 417 Cole, Jefferson City 390 Cooper, Boonville 562 Crawford, Steelville 747 Dade, Greenfield 493 Dallas, Buffalo 530 Daviess, Gallatin 531 DeKalb, Mayville 420 Dent, Salem 768 Douglas, Ava 809 Dunklin, Kennett 531 Franklin, Union 880 Gasconade, Hermann 518 Gentry, Albany 492 Greene, Springfield 668 21 728 17 332 16 SOI 21 160 ^5 532 18 253 10 141 16 556 14 650 28 642 121 838 16 7'^9 16 6s6 25 984 13 113 24 315 26 4'!'; 6 706 23 636 16 923 26 826 16 939 I-; 3«3 18 903 17 362 20 57« 22 532 12 959 18 I2S 13 903 21 32'; 14 418 12 986 16 802 21 706 30 ,581 12 ,298 20 .554 5^ ,713 Grundy, Trenton 432 Harrison, Bethany 730 Henry, Clinton 740 Hickory, Hermitage 408 Holt, Oregon 460 Howard, Fayette 450 Howell, West Plain 907 Iron, Graniteville 555 Jackson, Independence 607 Jasper, Carthage 632 Jefferson, Hillsboro 687 Johnson, Warrensburg 835 Knox, Edina 504 Laclede, Lebanon 729 Layfayette, Lexington 604 Lawrence, Mt. Vernon 612 Lewis, Monticello 500 Lincoln, Troy 613 Linn, Linneus 620 Livingston, Chillicothe 532 McDonald, Pineville 523 Macon, (same) 828 Madison, Fredericktown 495 Maries, Vienna 530 Marion, Palmyra 432 Mercer, Princeton 451 Miller, Tuscumbia 597 Mississippi, Charleston 417 Moniteau, California 410 Monroe, Paris 666 Montgomery, Danville 514 Morgan, Versailles 612 New Madrid, (same) 654 Newton, Neosho 629 Nodaway, Maryville 864 Oregon, Alton 787 Osage, Linn 606 Ozark, Gainesville 747 SU 17,832 24,898 28,055 9,985 17,083 18,337 1,834 8,716 195,193 84,018 25,712 27,843 13,479 16,523 31,679 31 ,662 16,724 18,352 25,503 22,302 13,574 43,018 9,975 9,616 26,331 i4;7o6 15,187 11,837 15,931 19,716 16,571 12,175 1 1,280 27,001 32,938 13,906 14,096 12,145 COUNTY, COUNTY SEAT AREA Pemiscot, Caruthersville 509 12,115 Perry, Perry ville 468 15,134 Pettis, Sedalia 685 32,438 Phelps, Rolla 677 14,194 Pike, Bowling Green 620 25,744 Platte, Platte City 410 16,193 Polk, Bolivar 633 23,255 Pulaski, Waynesville 532 10,394 Putnam, Unionville 518 16,688 Ralls, New London 480 12,287 Randolph, Huntsville 489 24,442 Ray, Richmond 561 24,805 Reynolds, Centerville 830 8,161 Ripley, Doniphan 623 13,186 St. Charles, (same) 456 44,474 St. Clair, Osceola 705 17,907 Ste. Genevieve, (same) 493 10,359 St. Francois, Farmington 460 24,051 St. Louis, Clayton 483 50,040 St. Louis city 61 555,238 Saline, Marshall 820 33,703 Schuyley, Lancaster 302 10,840 Scotland, Memphis 453 13,232 Scott, Benton 416 13,092 Shannon, Eminence 993 11,247 Shelby, Shelbyville 509 16,167 Stoddard, Bloomfield 833 24,669 Stone, Galena 509 9,892 Sullivan, Milan 648 20,282 Taney, Forsythe 648 10,127 Texas, Houston ii57 19, 192 Vernon, Nevada 839 31,619 Warren, Warrenton 410 9,919 Washington, Potosi 744 14,263 Wayne, Greenville 770 15,309 Webster, Marshfield 579 16,640 Worth, Grant City 264 9,832 Wright, Hartville 673 17,519 l3^^IFi_^ THE county of Adair is distinguislied for the Missouri State Normal School; Dr. Still's American School of Osteopathy; live stock; coal. It lies twenty miles south of Iowa and forty miles west of the Mississippi river. First District Normal School was founded at Kirksville in 1870. Purpose: to fit teachers for public schools. Academic course offers five years each in English Language and Literature; Latin, Mathematics; four years in Ancient, Mediaeval, Modern, English, and American History, and in German Language and Literature; two years in Biology; one year each in Physical Geogra- phy, Agriculture, Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Experimental Organic Chemistry, General Inorganic Chemistry, Experimental Physics and General Descriptive Physics. Average at- tendance, 750. Twelve thousand volumes have recently been added to the well-equipped, modern library. Manual Training, Shop Work and Di-awing, Art, Music and Physical Culture, School Management, Pedagogics and History, and Philosophy of Education supplement academic work. Twenty-six teachers. Osteopathy had its birth in the American School of Osteopathy, estab- lished 1892, which now has 1,651 graduates, in every State, Canada, Honolulu, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Enrollment averages 575; average patients at hospital, 400. Cattle lead in total value; corn, horses and mules, hay and hogs next in order. Coal output, 312,403 tons. Land: — Square miles, 570; acres, 364,800; improved farms, 240,892 acres; number of farms, 2,696; average size, 118.4 acres; total valuation, $6,352,850. One-half — the west — was once covered with oak, hickory, elm, ash, hackberry. More than half was oak. A stationary saw mill at Kirksville and twelve portable mills have cleared more than half this land. West of a line north to south to Kirksville, thence swinging southwest- wardly to a point two miles east of Chariton river, where it crosses the south line, the surface is rough and even bluffy in places, extending thus, with some few excep- tional ridges of prairie between the streams in the southwest, to the west line of the county. Scattering tracts of the roughest land are here found at $15 an acre. The average price per acre of the west half is $40. Photos in heading ; Courthouse ; Normal School No. 2, Kirksville. 316 ADAIR COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT | VALl'E Corn 76,645 2,906,080* !? 886,355 Wheat 2,190 47,085 * 28,250 Oats 4,'; 33 160,932* 411,230 Hav 59,110 83,755 t 4.55,155 Forage 7,535 8.350 t 41,750 Broom Corn 21 15,300 i 495 Grass Seed 6,417* 8,985 Tobacco £4 15,640 + 1 ,565 Potatoes 929 139,350 * 34,840 Vegetables 840 35.360 Total 1 1 1 $ l,.5:«,985 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 36.539 1 1.105,455 Horses 11,713 780,865 Mules 1,334 79,440 Asses and Jennets 101 9,360 Sheep 6,361 18,785 Swine 36,3.51 363,510 Chickens 143.7731 Turkeys Geese 5,187 1 3,650 r 108,415 Ducks 2,995J Swarms of Bees 2,4t;5 7.395 Honey 7.-,850 t 9,170 Wool 35,234 t 4,040 Milk 2,431.068 ( § 177,216 Butter 485,494 i t Eggs 761,330 II 95,165 Total 1 1 8 2,762,836 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Dozen. t Tons. § Gallons. ADAIR COUNTY. 317 Farms are not as well improved as in the east half. The east por- tion is prairie, gently rolling, uniform in productive value. Or- dinarily land sells at $30 to $50. Within four miles of Kirksville $50 is the average until within a mile of town, where prices reach $80 to $100. Minerals: — There are three veins of coal, ranging in depth from surface to 175 feet, and in thickness from thirty-six t o forty-three inches. Active mines are at Novinger, Danforth, Con- nellsville, Fegley, Stahl and Cas- tle. Men employed, winter, 1,038; summer, 788. Limestone is found along the Chariton. Fire clay underlies coal in veins of four feet. Manufactories: — Wagon factory, handle factory, hay-stacker factory, two cigar factories, and two flouring mills at Kirksville; flouring mills at Stahl and Gibbs; grist mill at Brashear. - Dairying: — Patterson's Dairy, eight miles east of Kirksville, has 100 cows. This industry is rapidly increasing among farmers. Butter brings 17 to 25 cents per pound. Transportation: — Direct railroads to St. Joseph, Kansas City, St. Louis. Mileage within the county: Wabash, 23.73; Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, 31.94; Santa Fe, 10.28; Iowa & St. Louis, 23. County makes special appropriations for dirt road improvement; this is largely supplemented by private subscription. Schools: — State Normal School, American School of Osteopathy, Kirksville Business College, Kirksville High School, and four ward schools, at Kirksville, approved by the University of Missouri. Towns:— Kirksville, county seat, has electric lights, waterworks, sewerage, telephone connections with surrounding country. Supported by schools and farm- ing. Western county towns, Novinger, Danforth, Stahl, are mining places. Bra- shear, Gibbs, Millard, Bullion are farming centers. Livestock: — Fine blooded Shorthorn, Hereford, Polled-Angus, and Galloway cattle; all kinds of horses; Berkshire, Poland-China, and Jersey hogs; Cotswold and Merino sheep are raised. Population and Finance: — White, 21,412; colored, 316; American born, 21,- 233; foreign born, 495; total, 21,728. Farm homes owned, 1,887; rented, 762; town homes owned, 1,026; rented, 1,004; total, 4,679. County tax. 50 cents; school tax: from 10 cents to $1.30; average, 41; total assessed valuation, $5,550,000; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40 per cent. No county nor town- ship debt. Newspapers: — Kirksville Democrat, Express, Journal, Graphic, Theocrat. Journal of Osteopathy; Brashear News. ANDREW ANDREW COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels, t Pounds. t Tons. § Gallons. VARIETY in agricultural and horticultural production and situation with reference to markets, are the leavening of Andrew county. The first gives account for its vanguard position in corn, vegetables, fruit and live stocli. Proximity to wholesale and retail markets makes its towns desirable factory locations and encourages fancy farm production. Savannah, county seat, is twelve miles north of St. Joseph. County embraces 420 square miles, 268,800 acres of land surface, of which 222,- 664 acres are in high state of cultivation. Number of farms, 2,562; average size, 104.5 acres; of total valuation, $9,584,235. Corn production exceeds one and a jthird million dollars a year, and cattle value is in slight ascendency to this. Hogs amount in value to almost a million dollars. Horses and mules, and dairy products are considerable. Population: — White, 17,112; colored, 220; Ameri- can born, 16,575; foreign born, 757; total, 17,332. Farm homes owned, 1,750; rented, 762; other homes owned, 720; rented, 528; total families, 3,760. Finance:' — County tax, 53 cents; school tax, 56 cents; total assessed valuation, $7,318,123; assessed val- uation per cent of actual valuation, 25; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — One-half of the surface was primevally timbered with black oak, white oak, walnut, cotton- wood, elm and hickory. Five-sixths of this one-half has been cleared. Portable saw mills furnish hardwood lumber at $16 to $20 per thousand. Cordwood, $4 to $4.50. Minerals: — Limestone for foundation purposes is found two and one-half miles northeast of Savannah. Land: — Twenty per cent of the land is bottom, ad- joining the Nodaway, One Hundred and Two, and Platte rivers, which flow southwardly through the county, the first forming the western border until it empties into the Missouri; and along the Missouri river west of the bluff which is marked by Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs railroad. Bottom along the Missouri river overflows once in six or eight years, and may be had for $40 an acre. High bottom land, which almost wholly includes that along the small streams, will average $70 an acre. One-third of it sells at $50, and the remaining ACRES 1 TRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 97,342 4,-375,890 * $ 1,378,405 Wheat 5,400 1 10,700 ♦ 63,650 Oats 7,864 216,160* 56,300 Hay 2.5,830 38,745 t 193,735 Forage 4,640 6,185 t 30,925 Flax m 15* 15 Clover Seed 735* 3,990 Grass Seed 2,800 * 4,340 Tobacco 5 4,500 t 4.50 Potatoes 1,978 296,700 * 71,210 Vegetables l,28o 52,150 I $ 1,855,060 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Cattle 43,889 1 1,393,890 Horses 11,168 744,535 Mules 2,244 168,300 Asses and Jennets 104 10,400 Sheep 4,784 15,947 Swine 79,308 793,080 Chickens 152.0631 Turkeys Geese 3,364 [ 3,877 r 139,405 Ducks 1,925 J Swarms of Bees 3,135 8,545 Honey 104,500 t 13,065 Wool 22,760 t 3,795 Milk 3,399,558 1 § 329,005 Butter 603,433 \ t Eggs 967,560 II 120,945 I $ 3,640,912 Dozen. Photos in heading : Factory. Farm Scene on Missouri River; Stoce, Product of Savannah 318 ANDREW COUNTY. 819 i-COUNTY COUNTY I one-sixth at $100. Soil is three to six feet deep, black loam of varying atomic weights. Drawing a line east and west three miles north of Savannah, strips of land north and south trend, meas- uring east and west, a total of twenty-two miles, are high rolling prairie, strips being divided by the three rivers and their branches, which are centers of bottom strips lined with bluffs. Farms on these strips are finely improved, and levelest portions bring $95 an acre. One-half of this land may be bought at $65 an acre; one-fourth of it at $50. Soil is black prairie loam, two or three feet deep. On the roughest, along the rivers, soil thins from eight to fourteen inches through erosion. South of the dividing line and west of One Hundred and Two river, the land is of a bluffy nature, but sells on an average with the balance. It is finely improved. Farms are smaller than elsewhere, and a great deal of fruit is raised for St. Joseph and Kansas City fresh and cold storage markets. In proof of its superior producing value, this section, in hand of our Kentucky forefathers, was once practically one large field of hemp. East of One Hundi-ed and Two river the surface is more even. Land sells at a price equal with the balance. Soil is more shallow, but proximity to St. Joseph makes up therefor. Manufactures: — Stoves, farm harrows, wagons, canning factory products, flour, cigars, and brick are manufactured. Howard Stove and Manufacturing Company, at Savannah, established three years, manufactures a smoke consum- ing heater. Seventy-five men are employed. St. Joseph freight rating is had. Roller mills are located at Savannah, Bolckow, Whitesville, Rosendale. Bolckow has a tile plant, and Flag Springs a distillery. Transportation:— Three lines into St. Joseph and Kansas City. Miles of roadbed taxed: Chicago & Great Western, 23; Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs, 18.44; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 12. Schools: — High school at Savannah, is upheld by graded school system. New $30,000 modern building erected this year. Towns: — Savannah, electric lights, waterworks, $85,000 court house; churches costing from $12,000 to $18,000; twenty-two acre park; two railroads to St. Joseph. Bolckow, tile factory; Rosendale, Whitesville, Fillmore, Rea, and Amazonia, all farming centers. Newspapers: — Savannah Democrat, Reporter, Republican; Rosendale Sig- nal; Whitesville Banner; Fillmore Lever. ANDREW COUNTY APIABY. ATCHISON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ATCHISON is the extreme northwestern county. It is a leader in agri- culture and stock raising. It is the land of big barns and bulging granaries, and large, sleek herds; of fine homes both in country and town; of good schools and churches. The county area is 560 square miles, or 358,400 acres, of which 302,117 acres are included in im- proved farms. There are 2,149 farms, of an average size of 156.6 acres, and an es- timated actual value of $14,572,275. Timber: — Timber amounting to one-eighth of the county area originally grew upon the Missouri river bluffs and in thin strips along the other streams. This timber has been removed, but owing to artificial culture of groves, the tim- ber acreage is as great as primevally. Then it was walnut; red, white and black oak; crab apple, elm, maple, cottonwood, wild cherry. Now it is maple and elm and walnut. Minerals: — A sandbank near Rockport supplies local trade. Coal has been found near Fairfax. The Missouri river bluffs are not generally outcropping with stone, but are clay surfaced and even. Land:^ — Almost one-third of Atchison county is Missouri river bottom land. This soil is alluvial to endless depth, adapted to corn, wheat, oats, rye; to any and all vegetables and cereals. The bulk of these level- lying farms are available at $45 to $55 per acre; one- fifth, second bottoms, bordering the boundary hills, $80; a less amount, subject to overflow, $30. Rounding the bottoms is a strip of loess knob lands, varying in width from one to two miles. These hills sometimes rise from all sides at a sixty degree angle — veritable mountain peaks in miniature — to 150 or 250 feet above the adjacent land. This character of land is porous to great depth and is, therefore, especially adapted to fruit tree growth. Little improved, it can now be had at from $20 to $30 per acre. Still eastwardly the hills recede to billowy prairie, broken only occasionally by small streams of a southward flow. One-half of the prairie farms bring $75; three-tenths can be bought at $60; and one-fifth, in proximity to Tarkio and Rockport, are worth $100. There are numerous $5,000 farm resi- dences, and several have been erected at a cost of $10,- 000. Corn is the staple product. The most extensive farmer in Missouri lives at Tarkio, in Atchison county. He owns 35,000 acres of high prairie land. Last year this farmer grew more bushels of corn than did seven American States. Manufactures: — The unusually large agricultural interests of Atchison and surrounding counties call for a local farm implement factory. Hence the loca- Plioto in headiny : Corn CitUivation on D. Rankin's Farm. 320 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 184,100 8,384,500 * % 2,609,620 Wheat 9,517 199,860* 114,920 Oals 21,5.53 .538,835 * 140,100 Hay 15,456 30 010 t 170,005 Forage 2.425 3,235 t 16,175 Broom Corn 1 550 t 15 Clover Seed 200* 1,100 Grass Seed 2,575 * 3,'.i90 Tobacco 3 2,700 t 370 Potatoes 1,033 151,9.50 * 37,190 Vegetables 640 30,705 Total 1 3,124,175 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle 52,345 $ 1,701,210 Horses 11,760 784,000 Mules 3,757 281,775 Asses and Jennets 92 9.200 Sheep 3,626 12,085 Swine 119,960 1,199,600 Chickens 131 ,896') 2,586 1 1,677 r Turkeys Geese 101,110* Ducks 4,991 J Swarms of Bees 2,261 5,335 Honey 75,467 t 9,435 Wool 19,019 X 3,170 Milk Butter 2,321,517 (.§ 400,928 \ I 151,900 Eggs 739,690 II 92,460 Total $ 4,351,280 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. ATCHISON COUNTY. 321 lion at Tarkio of the Midland Manufacturing Company, making plows, windmills and, as a specialty, a two-row disc or shovel cultivator. It employs 70 mechanics, and has contracted for Wagon roads cross all streams of importance 5,000 implements for the spring of 1904. At Tarkio is located also a 100-barrel flouring mill, a foundry, creamery, a cheese factory, and a brick and tile plant. At Rockport are located a canning factory, a flour- ing mill, a creamery, a book bindery. Railro.\ds: — Three railroads take care of the transportation: the Tarkio Valley Branch of the K. C, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs has 23.58 miles; main line of same, 24.74 miles; and the Rockport, Langdon and Northern, 5.53 miles, within the county confines on steel bridges. Churches and Schools: — The United Presbyterian and the Methodist churches at Tarkio, compare favorably with any, save costliest city structures. Tarkio has seven churches; Rockport six; Fairfax and Watson four each; and Westboro two. Tarkio College is one of the State's leading educa- tional institutions. It has buildings costing $85,000, and an endowment of $93,203.85. It comprises departments of collegiate, preparatory, normal, com- mercial and music. It is supported by the United Presbyterian church, and was founded in 1883. It has a twenty-acre campus, a main hall, library, chemical and biological laboratories, gymnasium, recitation rooms, dormitory for young women, and one for young men. Last year's enrollment was 258. Tarkio and Rockport are the seats of high schools approved by the University of Missouri. Water: — The principal streams are the Missouri river, Nishnabotna, Big Tarkio, Little Tarkio, and Rock ci-eeks. The county is splendidly watered by these and tributary creeks and perennial springs. Tarkio has an artesian well 200 feet in depth. On the Nishnabotna is a club house at Shandy's. Fine fishing is enjoyed in summer at Langdon, where is a summer hotel of some pretension. Crappie, bass and catfish are plentiful. Towns: — The towns of Atchison are robust, enterprising, farming centers, cleanly and healthful. Tarkio, with electric lights, waterworks, sewerage, two telephone exchanges, and the college, is the largest. Rockport is the county seat, a town of electric lights, waterworks, and other modern improvements. Its spirit is shown in the building of a railroad costing $100,000, owned and operated for fifteen years by the city. Fairfax, Westboro, Watson, Phelps City and Lang- don are good farming towns of enterprise and good citizenship. Population: — White, 16,470; colored, 31; American born, 15,743; foreign born, 758; total, 16.- 501. Families: owning farm homes, 1,245; renting, 802; owning town homes, 707; renting, 616; total, 3,370. The newspapers are: Fairfax Forum; Rock- port Journal, Rockport Mail; Tarkio Avalanche, Independent, World; Westboro Enterprise. Finance: — County tax, 55 cents; school tax average, 42 cents; no indebtedness. Mo. — 21 ]\rinLAND MANUFACTI RING COJIPANY. TARKIO. AUDRAIN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACRES I PKODUCT Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses anil Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of I'ecs Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs "Total * Bushel; t Tons. ORSES, cattle and corn are the chief products of Audrain county. All towns are horse markets and every farm a stock farm. Live stock is high bred, and surplus sales represent an income of nearly four million dollars a year. Audrain has taken more horse prem- iums than any other county in Missouri, if not more than any other county in the United States. It is the home of many well reputed stables, in- cluding one formerly at the heels of Rex McDonald, king of saddle stallions. To- pographically, Audrain county is high, undulating prairie, almost without inter- ruption by streams or wooded strips. It lies twenty miles away from the Mis- souri river on the south, and about the same distance west of the Mississippi, where it marks the eastern boundary of Pike county. Churches and schools are worthy of mention among the prime elements contributory to the county's great- ness. Hardin College for young women, Mexico Military Academy and Mexico High School, all located at Mexico, and the Vandal ia High School are among the best institutions of their respective kinds in Missouri. Population: — White, 19,530; colored, 1,630; American born, 20,597; foreign born, 563; total, 21,160. Farm, homes owned, 1,882; rented, 876; other homes owned, 1,053; rented, 839; total families, 4,650. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on the one hun- dred dollars' valuation; school tax averages 38 cents; total assessed valuation, $9,691,342; assessment based upon one-third actual valuation. No county or town- ship indebtedness. Timber: — No commercial timber. Hickory, walnut, birch, cherry, linwood, sycamore, white oak, burr oak, elm, ash, hackberry, in small quantity. Minerals: — Coal and fire clay. The county is sit- uated on the eastern border of the coal belt and the coal formation underlies the whole county. The prin- cipal mines are located at Farber, Martinsburg, Benton City, Laddonia, and Vandalia. Annual production ap- proximates 33,435 tons. Vein is about thirty inches thick, and is found at thirty-five to one hundred and twenty feet below the surface. Large deposits of fire clay are located at many points within the county. It is utilized in a small way at Mexico. Land: — Extent in area, 680 square miles, equal to 435,200 acres, of which 372,861 acres are in a high state of improvement. Blue grass is everywhere of sponta- neous growth. There are 2,770 farms, averaging 149.9 acres of arable, pasture, and land of other purposes. Upon the basis of present selling prices, estimated that the farms are worth $11,406,368. Each year the income from live stock and cereals sold amounts to half the total worth of land. To put it otherwise: the Audrain county farm sells sufficient surplus product to pay for itself in two years. Ninety per cent of the land is high, undulating prairie. Soil Photos In heading: Yearling Miilrs. /,'. «. luirkncr^ Mexico; tSdddIc Stiillion, Ed Hamilton, Mexico: Premium Mules and Road M(i,c, IS. li. Middlckdi, 322 Corn 131 .128 4,851,550 * $ 1,479.725 Wheat 1,2.51 17,5.55 * 10,5:^.4 Oats 27 ,.5-19 7S5.145* 196,285 Hay 51,260 81,890 t 406,9:0 Fora>,'e 3,f.85 4, .300 t 21, mo Flax 369 2.706 * 2,8; Broom Corn 190 95,000 X 3,615 Clover Seed 15* 100 Grass Seed 13,,300 * 18,620 Tobacco 13 12,350 X 1.110 Potatoes 750 102,465 * 25,615 Vegetables 846 40,690 I $ 2,206,614 IJVE STOCK .■\NiJ l-RODUiTh I NUMBEK I VAl.l'E 39. 7-5 13,601 4,743 212 ,3.3,51 '■ 50,823 163,0061 6.049 1 6,513 r 1,631 J 3,';28 124,967 t 131,3(0 J !. 345,427 | § 410,375 \t 799,610 II ? 1,291, .385 814.065 355,725 21,20(1 100,5.50 508,230 156,525 8,235 1.=.,.535 2I,89,j 171,180 99,955 "$^,.594 470 t I'ounds § Galloi s Dozen. AUDRAIN COUNTY. 523 is prairie loam of depth and diira- b i 1 i t y . Prairie farms are selling at $45 to $50 an acre. Ten p e r cent are rough in comparison with the prairie. $25 to $30. Farms are well fenced, with good outbuildings and residences, costing from $500 to $5,000. Water is obtained at depths ranging from fifty to one hundred feet. Along the banks of South Fork of Salt river and West Fork of Cuivre river are frequent springs of perennial flow which supply water for live stock. In towns and for farm house use cisterns are most common. Manufactures: — These are small in Individual extent. The chief manufac- turing interests are those of fire brick making and the moulding of stove linings. Transportation:— One of the leading advantages offered by the county is transportation facility. Four divisions of railroads operate within the border. Wabash, St. Louis to Kansas City, and to Omaha; Chicago & Alton, Kansas City to St. Louis and Chicago; Chicago & Alton branch to Jefferson City. Mexico is a common point to all these divisions. Schools: — One of the largest, oldest and best boarding schools for young women in Missouri is Hardin College, under Baptist auspices. Mexico Military Academy is a strong institution for boys. The high schools of Mexico and Van- dalia are pursuing a course of study approved by the State University. Towns: — Mexico, population, 5,099, modern improvements; Vandalia, popu- lation, 1,168; Laddo- nia, 6 19; Martins- burg, 345; Farber, 247; Rush Hill, 181; Benton City, 116; are the incorporated towns, all supported by live stock and farming. Newspapers : — Mexico: Ledger, In- telligencer, Message, Regular Baptist, Farm and Orchard, Modern Woodcraft: Vandalia Leader, Vandalia Mail and Express; Laddonia Herald; Farber Fo- rum ; Martinsburg Enterprise. AUDRAIN COUNTY THRESHING SCENE. ^^^S^^^^^^^Mf^fP^^^^m HARRY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 56,27? 1,406,925* $ 443,180 Wheat (;5,610 1,082,565* 593,410 O^ts 6.273 188,190* 49,870 Hay 10,077 15,510 t 116,325 Foragre 2,8t;5 3,S20 t 19.100 Broom Corn 28 15,400 t 425 Clover Seed 1,300 * 7,280 Grass Seed 30* 50 Cotton 55 17,875 t 1,250 Tobacco r.» 41,600 t 4,160 Potatoes 1,092 109,200 * 38,2-20 Vegetables 930 38,975 Total I $1,307,245 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 19,742 $ 493,550 Horses 8,435 506,100 Mules 2,518 176,200 Asses and Jennets 108 9,720 Sheep 7,926 23.780 Swine 28,188 281,880 Chickens 118,344 1 Turkevs 2,689 ,' Geese 4,720 1" Ducks 3,422 J Swarms of Bees 1,425 4.005 Honey 47,500 t 5,985 Wool 26,035 + 4,340 Milk 2,143.390 ^ I 178,375 Butter 451,327 + i Eggs 692,860 II 80,605 Total .859.365 * Bushels. t Tons. t Pounds. § Gallons. o F those Missouri counties that border Arkan- sas, Barry is among the foremost. It is twenty miles east of Indian Territory. Cli- mate, soil, and land-lay make it a leading horticultural county and lend it agricultural claim; relative situation gives it a prominent railroad division point, making it important in that regard; Roaring river, picturesque and powerful, and White river, wonderful for clarity and rapidity of current, are destinations of railroad excursions in summer; and lead and zinc secure it mineral possession. Roaring River Spring, besides having the qualities of a summer resort, supplies a stream of water in force sufficient to propel a woolen mill, a flouring mill, and a saw mill at one and the same place. Half a million dollars worth of wheat is exported annually, and flour shipments ap- proximate 4,875,000 pounds; notwithstanding but 202,- 178 of its 518,400 acres are under cultivation. Barry is in the Ozark mountains, but embraces, mostly, plateau land. In square miles the county measures 810, includ- ing 3,709 farms of 91.5 acres average, under fence. Es- timated actual value of farms lands, $4,716,214. Population:— White, 25,523; colored, 9; American born, 24,736; foreign born, 796; total, 25,532. Farm homes owned, 2,670; rented, 1,033; other homes owned, 781; rented, 734; total families, 5,218. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on the one hun- dred dollars' valuation; school tax from 20 cents to total assessed valuation, $4,287,104; assessed valuation $1.65, average 62 cents per cent of actual valuation, 33; no county debt; no township debt. Photo in heading Apple Orchard near the Frisco Railroad. 324 BARRY COUNTY 325 Timber: — In the aggre- gate, there is approximate- ly 60 per cent of Barry county under timber, gen- erally of small, second growth. Black oak accounts for three-fifths of this, post oak another fifth, and the balance is black-jack, syca- more, elm, maple, and lin- den. Minerals: — Northern and northwestern portions are promising of mineral. Lead and zinc mines are at Purdy, Pioneer, and Mc- Dowell. Limestone is abun- dant everywhere along streams. It is said to be of high grade, in fact, similar to that found at Carthage, in an adjoining county. Sandstone is found in cen- tral eastern sections. Land: — Generally well adapted to agricultural purposes, being compara- tively level and free from stones. County is rough in the central eastern section and in the southeastern part, except at Hickam prairie south of the river in the extreme southeastern corner. In the north and west are prairies, the northern portion being rolling. Except among the hills the soil is fertile and will produce satisfactory grain, grass, and fruit crops. A gravelly clay loam of desirable depth with porous red clay subsoil is of predominating extent, outside of creek and river bottoms. Along the streams the soil is of alluvial fertility. Land sells as follows: improved prairie, $20 to $40; river and creek bottoms, $25 to $50; ridges, $5 to $15; unimproved, $1.25 to $5 an acre. Acres of government land, 9,484; available to homestead at $1.25 an acre. Fruit and Fruit Lands: — In vicinity of Monett strawberries are extensively grown. In the north and northwest, commercial apple orchards are taking up the land. There are also important planting of apples, peaches, and strawberries centering at Seligman, Purdy, Exeter, and Washburn. Fifty thousand crates of strawberries were exported last year. Manufactories: — Ice plant, cutlery factory, several flouring mills, saw mills, woolen mills, spoke and canning factories. Transportation: — Frisco north and south through county, and also north edge, the lines con- necting at Monett, an important i-ailroad town. St. Louis & Northern Arkansas branches off from Frisco at Seligman. Cassville & Western connects Cassville with the main line at Exeter. Towns: — Monett, population, 3,115, Frisco railroad division point and junction. Cassville, population, 702, county seat; Exeter, 438, canning and drying factory. Purdy, 434, nurseries. Wash- burn, 169; Seligman, Eagle Rock, Pioneer, Corsi- cana, McDowell, Jenkins, Golden, Shell Knob and Scholten. Farming is the chief support of all towns excepting Monett. Newspapers: — Cassville Democrat, Republican; Monett Times, Daily Star, Eagle; Purdy News. LAND OF THE LUSCIOUS APPLE. BA«.TON H ARTON COUNTY'S IWii CROP Toial KINP Nl'MHKR 1 Catile 30,875 ! Horses 10,(!1'> Mules ••i,rx*s Asses anil lomu-is 83 Sheep S.X"^*? 1 Swine w,6r>.< Chickens i;u,rt:>5i 1 Tiirkevs 5,4->0 ! licese 0,-108 1 Ducks ■1,018 1 : Sw.irms vif Hces i.riHi Honev .•iO,6Ch» J Wool U».i4,'> J Milk x\T(ii!,;u>.? ? \ Mmter 000,443 i I ] Krss 94T,5SW II Total I * Bushels. J I'ounds t Tons. § (,>allons BAKTON io the lit'th oouuly south of Kansas City in tho extreme western tier of eonnties. As a whole it is a high. umliUating prairie, and its ehiel' industrial and oommeroial aetivities are based upon farming, stoelv raising, and ooal mining. Of the G12 square miles, or o91.liS0 acres of land. 311,024 are improved farms. Including land of cultivable, pasture and yet uncultivated, the 2,590 farms average 134.2 acres, actual value of which is $7,G45,110. Population: white, 18,205; colored, 4S; American born, 17,- G75>; foreign born, 574: total, 18,233. Farm homes owned. 1.47G: rented, 989; town homes owned, 785; rented. 75(!; total families. 4.00i>. MiNKUAi.s: — Coal is mined in nearly every township. 200.433 tons being the amount of last annual produvtion. Indications are that the mineral underlies the entire county, and coal production has increased annually since its discovery. :\h>stly the veins lie close to the surface, varying to 120 feel in depth, and in thickness twenty-five to forty inches. Chief mines are at Minden, Burgess, Liberal, Oskaloosa, Barton City, and lantha. Farmers do sur- face mining for local markets, where wagon loads of coal are always to be had at $2.50 to $3 a ton. White and red sandstone are mined at Liberal and I-iamar. Both qualities are found in abundance along the streams. Asphaltum is found in northeast corner of county. Industry is of infant proportions but the future is promising. Land: — Prairie, broken only by small streams. Originally twenty per cent along Spring river and lesser streams bore black and white oak. hickory, cottonwood. ash. linwood, walnut, and elm. Nine-tenths has been removed. A ton of coal is as cheap as a cord of wood. Soil is dark sandy loam, usually eighteen inches to two feet deep, of uniform producing quality. A representa- tive Barton county farm grows corn, hay, wheat, and oats, and frequently flax, castor beans, sugar cane, millet or broom corn. Hay is the most profitable crop. In further type, this farm would be less than one hour from a good town: dwelling to cost |1.000; the tract worth $40 an acre. Bulk of farms sell at $35 to $45. Close to Lamar they advance to $i>0 or $75. a few finely improved homes adjoining town valued at $100 an acre. Near Liberal and Golden City land sells at $40 to $50. Coal lands ii\ the west tier of townships, sell at $75 to $150. The small per cent of timbered land along the streams, too rough for cultivation, is worth $10 to $20. No land overflows. A high prairie ridge crosses east and west through center. Photo ill hcadiiii] : .1 Itiixiinsn Slirct in l.oiiiai: ACUKS 1 I'KOlll'CT 1 VALl'li Corn 109.0 Ifi 3,818.110 * $1,313,185 Wheat lO.-iOl) -.MO.lXW » 11. ^..WO Oats 11,0 IS ;«U,lxM * 101.440 Hay 2:i,3Sn a"),t)85 t X^OS.lWS Koraije 6,3(>5 8,185 t 4C,4->.-. Kla.\ 10,-i83 4l,l;!e* 4->.r75 UrvHim Corn sr.'. soti.\.v^o i 5,oro Clover Seed 10* 5,"! lirass Seed 4.0lH> * (5,400 Tobacco 6 3.000 t SOO Potatoes 5^1 81,000 • 38,370 Vegetables l.Ol.'S 30,01.'i §1,805,880 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS V.VI,l!K $ 840,005 lOO.OtiO 8..SIX) 15,800 060,700 101 ..V>0 4,135 7,085 3,210 150,710 118,450 I f0,;i54,8,\5 Dozen BARTON COUNTY. 32: causing slivains on (lu^ north side to How north- wardly and those sonth of the divide to flow in oi)i)o- site direction. Thansi'outation : — Mis- souri Pacific, Joplin to Ivansas City and St. Louis, lias tliree i)assens;or trains each way daily. Mileajit*, ;)().2,^): Kansas City South- ern, 8.72; St. Louis & San- la Fo. 7.01; Kansas City, C 1 i n t o n & Sprinsifiold. :!I.7I. S( iiooi.s; — Lamar has a fourtoon-rooni modern liriclv huildinti,' erected in 1894, at a cost of $2r>,()(M); Colden City High School of eight rooms, costing $11,- 000; Liheral, an eight-room stone and frame building; Lamar College. 125 stu- dents, non-sectarian, established 18!)7. With regard to schools the county has always ranked especially high and within the past ten years educational senti- ment has lar.gely increased, in pace with the stride set by the Slate as a whole. Ciiuiu'iiKs: — Lanuir has Methodist, Presbyterian, I5ai)tist, Christian, Congre- gational, Ei)iscopal, and Catholic denominations. Liberal has Christian, Metho- dist, and Baptist; lantha, Presbyterian and Baptist; Milford, Presbyterian and Christian. Country churches are numerous and well improved. Watku: — Both soft and hard are found. In towns cisterns predominate; in country, wells at forty-foot depth. Slock water is supplied from deei) wells by wind mill means. Towns: — Lamar, situated around court house suuare. has tw(>lve miles of broad, shaded, gravelled streets; walerworlleiMric liglils. firt> (l(>parlment. Cloves and overalls, twine and sack holder, machine castings, cigars, wagons and flour are the factory pro- ducts. Golden City, substan- tial farm town, gravelled streets, telephone, and mill. Liberal, Milford. lantha, and Boston are farming towns, and Minden is a coal mining camp. Pinanck: — County tax. 50 cents; school tax. from 20 cents to $1.25; avera,ge, 00 cents; assessed valuation one half of real valuation; county debt. $2:^.000. No township tlobt. I'Alt.M SCKNI.; M.:AU I.AMAK. TIIK COrNTY .SKAT. Nkwsi'ai'kus: — Lamar Democrat. Leader, Sentinel. Republican; T^iberal ]<]n- terprise, Independent; Golden City Herald, Free Press. BATES COUN FY'S 1902 CROP I ACRES I I'KODUCT Total Total * Hushcls t Tons. BATES is situated upon the Kansas border, forty miles south of Kansas City. It is one of those counties which lend mighty force to bring far west, even to our own door, the corn growing center of the United States. Notwithstanding the county grows and finishes annually an excess of four millions of dollars worth of cattle, horses, mules and hogs, it exports over two million dollars worth of corn, and more than one-half million dollars worth of hay. In physical size. Bates is the fourth county in Missouri, containing 873 square miles. In coal production it is fourth. The far- famed Rich Hill district, and other mines in the county, account for an output of 359, OGl tons a year. The pride of the county is its fine blooded live stock. All leading beef and dairy breeds of cattle, light harness, draft and saddle horses, fine mules, improved swine and sheep are found, and in large extent. Population: — White, 29,834; colored, 307; Ameri- can born, 29,047; foreign born, 1,094; total, 30,141. Farm homes owned, 2,357; rented, 1,529; other homes owned, 1,563; rented, 1,207; total families, 6,656. Finance: — County tax, 35 cents on the one hundred dollars; school tax averages 50 cents; total assessed valuation, $10,642,363; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40; no county debt; township debt, $128,000. Timber: — Oak, white and black; hickory, elm and walnut for home use only. Not of commercial conse- quence. Minerals: — Most of county is underlaid with good quality of bituminous coal. Miners employed, 509. Thirty mines operated; six shafts, five slopes, four drifts and fifteen strip-pits. The Rich Hill Mining Dis- trict is largest in county. Other mines are at Foster, Hume and Worland. Black mineral oil and natural gas are found in northwest part of county; both are util- ized in small way. Good building stone is found all along the streams. Land: — Everywhere the land is prairie excepting along streams. It is generally of the undulating type, though adjoining the rough stream-abutting strips the land is rolling, receding Photo in hcudimj : Farm of W . /'. ■Duvul, near liutlcr. 328 Corn 17:5,373 6,5S8,l::5 *, $2,075,26h Wheat 17,480 349. 72U*, 192,345 Oats 11,519 322,530 * 85,470 Hay 61,714 98,740 t 543,070 Horace 15,875 7.835 t 39,175 F.ax 14,677 58,708 »| 61,055 Broom Corn 698 383,900 t' 10,555 Clover Seed 2,825 *, 15,820 Grass Seed 7,985 », 12.775 Tobacco i; 3,900 t 390 Potatoes 1,121 145,730 *| 51,005 Vegetables 1,1.55 1 63,560 i;3, 150,485 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 48,443 $ 1,574,500 Horses 17,770 1,184,665 Mules 4,073 305,475 Asses and Jennets 140 14,000 Sheep 6,477 21 ,455 Swine 88,621 836.210 Chickens 271,3111 Turkt-ys 8,013 1 194 310 Geese 3,978 ; Ducks 5,556 J .Swarms of Bees 3.064 6,'.i05 Honey 102,133 i 13,770 Wool 23,604 t 3,935 Milk Mutter 3,826,288 § ) 688,428 t ; 225,035 EgKS 1,414,130 11 180,515 $4,.559,7i0 % Pounds. 5 Gallons. Dozen. BATES COUNTY 329 gradually into the level ly- ing sort. Soil is dark clay loam, as a rule, well drain- ed, and fertile. Soil of lands adjacent to Grand river on the north, Osage river in the south, and their numerous tributa- ries, is alluvial — deposits of overflows which occur, on the average, semi-annu- ally, to the enrichment of the lands and with no seri- ous effects to improve- ments. Price of land is the most striking matter in the county's connection. Farm- ing land sells at $35 to $40 an acre; only a few select locations being in advance of this. All farms have small orchards for individ- ual use. Number of apple trees average per farm, 48; peach trees, 6. Manufactures: — Are of local importance only. Liberal inducements are offered for new factories. Coal is an item of favor to their location here. Transportation: — County is well supplied. Kansas City, St. Louis & San Francisco, Kansas City Southern, Missouri, Kansas & Texas, and the Missouri Pacific intersect the county. Schools: — There are 137 independent school districts which employ 191 teachers at an annual expenditure of $73,895. Total enumeration, 9,246; average daily attendance, 5,286. Total value of school property, $278,700. Average length of terms, 140 days. High schools cap-sheaf systems at Butler, Rich Hill, Adrian, Hume, Rockville, and Amsterdam. Towns: — Rich Hill, population, 4,053, center of mining district and conven- ient to agricultural trade; Missouri Pacific and Frisco Railroads. Butler, popu- lation, 3,158, county seat, live stock breeding and feed- ing and farming. Adrian, population, 629; Rockville, pop- ulation, 580; Hume, population, 5 4 0; Merwin, Foster, Am- oret, Sprague, Am- sterdam, P a p i n s - ville, W o r 1 a n d , Johnstown and Al- tona are all largely supported by farm- GETTING BEADY FOK Till: All! I I K. ing interests, and Hume and Foster have additional support of mining. Towns are characterized by substantial buildings, and the several largest have the cus- tomary modern improvements. Newspapers:- — Butler Democrat, Times, Record, Central "West, Republican Press; Rich Hill Mining Review, Western Enterprise, Tribune. Coming Nation; Hume Telephone; Amsterdam Enterprise; Adrian Journal; Foster Times. BENTON is an inland-border county. Inland, in that it is three counties east of Kansas and three south of the Missouri river; border, in that it lies at the point where prairie lands adjoin the foothills of the Ozark mountains. Osage river divides it in tv^^ain. North of the river lies land in prairie stretches or long sloping hills; south of the river in pre- cipitous bluffs, timber covered hills and mountain flatwoods. There are 744 square miles of surface, 476,1(J0 acres, of which 190,928 are in cultivation. Farms number 2,575 of 142.8 acres, average size, containing ai-able, pasture and firewood lands. Estimated real value of farm lands, $5,096,940. Corn, cattle, and horses and mules are leading exports. Timber: — More than two-thirds of county area was formerly timbered with white oak, black oak, post oak, hickory, elm, cedar, walnut, black-jack and scrub oak. Saw mills of less than twenty thousand feet daily ca- pacity are located at Warsaw and Hastain; there are many portable mills. Rough hardwood lumber is plen- tiful at $1G a thousand feet. Cordwood, $2.50 per cord. Minerals: — Zinc and lead mines center at Ray- mond, where one mine employs thirty-five men. Out- put has continued two years; mine operated on eastern capital. Results have been small. Limestone and sandstone deposits along river reveal excellent quality of mineral; undeveloped. Barite, for white paint adul- teration, is plentiful and untouched. Iron ore is picked up on surface; has never been shipped. Land: — Between one-third and one-fourth is prai- rie, in lay from undulating to rolling. It lays mainly in the northwest corner, bounded by the railroad on the east and the breaks of the Osage river on the south. Farms are well improved; roads follow section lines. Soil is black and mulatto prairie loam, one to three feet deep. Prices range from $30 to $40, with an occa- sional $25, and a few $50 farms. Cereals and hays of all kinds thrive herein. Little over one-half of the county is hill land, timbered, unimproved, worth $5 an acre. Surface is generally Hint rock bearing. Sul)soil Mill saw, on the Osiujc Rirvr. 330 BENTON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACKES 1 PRODUCT VAI.IE Corn 7^,172 2,707,364 * $ 798,675 Wheat 10.70.5 214,100* 117,775 Oats 7,515 263,025 * 69,700 Hay 31,348 33.995 t 169,975 Forage 5,8.55 7,330 t 36.600 Flax 1,192 10,752 * 10,965 Broom Corn 418 209,000 t 5,750 Clover Seed 240* 1,345 Grass Seed 790* 1,420 Tobacco 40 28,000 t 2,660 Potatoes 608 93,520 * 29,925 Vegetables 848 31,225 Total 1 1 1 SI, 276,015 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMIiER | VAIUE Cattle 28.:^38 $ 779,295 Horses 8,752 525,120 Mules 2,442 170 940 Asses and Jennets 97 8,730 Sheep 11,3:^.8 .34,015 Swine 38,487 284,870 Chickens 140,963 1 Turkeys 4,152 1 81,510 Geese 4,.50(i \ Ducks 1,4:«J Swarms of Bees 1,001 1 ,895 Honey 33.367 t 4,170 Wool 38,03a •: 6,335 Milk Butter 1,878,405 §/ 3.59,772 + ( 126,.565 Kggs 909,380 II 113,670 Total 1 1 .'SV237,115 « Bushels. t Pounds. || Doz en. t Tons. § Gallons. I'lioto in hiailinij : BENTON COUNTY. 331 is clay; top soil is some- times thick black vegeta- ble mould, more often gravelly clay. Hill and val- ley farms embrace one- fifth. They are less well improved than are prairie farms. Best half bring $25 to $35; one-fourth are available at $15 to $20, and remaining one-fourth at $10 or $15. Ordinarily the hill farm has one-third in cultivation. Manufactured P r o - ducts: — Flour, and zinc monuments are manufac- tured. At Warsaw a com- pany manufactures thir- teen different styles of zinc grave monuments, shipped to nearly every western State. Tkansportation : — Mis- souri Pacific branch to Se- dalia, 29 miles, taxed road- bed; Rock Island, St. Louis to Kansas City, intersects Missouri Pacific at Cole Camp. Osage river, second in size to the Missouri river, furnishes timber, trans- portation and excursion boating. Water: — Main streams are Osage and Grand rivers. Deer Creek, Tebo, Pomme de Terre, Turkey, Cole Camp, and Williams Creeks. Well water is hard and soft, containing sulphur, at one place, Clark's. On the prairie clear lime- stone-filtered water is to be had at twenty to thirty feet. In the mountains springs abound, and there are few wells. Fishing: — Cat, buffalo, carp, jack salmon, bass, sun perch, suckers, and stur- geon are caught with the hook. Catfish weighing fifty pounds was caught at Warsaw. Many parties from central Missouri spend summer days upon the Osage river. Towns: — Warsaw, county seat; Cole Camp, railroad junction town; Lincoln, Fairfield, Edwards and Hastain; all deriving most support from agriculture and stock raising. Population:— White, 16,366; colored, 190; American born, 15,909; foreign born, 647; total, 16,556. Farm homes owned, 1,994; rented, 604; other homes owned, 462; rented, 319; total, 3,382. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax. from — cents to $1.15; aver- age, 50 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,689,207; forty per cent of real valua- tion; county debt, $260,000. No town- ^ f n ^^K^^m ^^iP debt. Population of German descent in- habits northeastern portion of county, but not in majority. zixNc monument works, t. d. white. BOLLINGER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 31,710 872,035 * $ 327,010 Wheat 31,509 347,560 * 205,060 Oats 6,105 164,835 * 54,945 Hay 9,529 9,5a0 t 81,005 Forage 1,795 2,090 t 10,450 Broom Corn 4 2,000 t 55 Clover Seeil 115* 635 Grass Seed CO* 130 Cotton 65 21,450 • 1,610 Tobacco 31 22,010 ■: 2,300 Potatoes 435 36.975 * 17,750 Vegetables 660 33,070 Total BOLLINGER is situated twenty miles west of the Mississippi river, at a point one liundred miles down stream from St. Louis. One-third of its acreage — 129,470 acres out of 394,240 — is devoted to culture of cereals. Two-thirds of the county is unimproved and bears timber. Hardwood timber interests, large in no one place, but forming, with agriculture, the support of several small towns, will be in evidence for many years. Marble of high grade is found at Marble Hill, county seat. But- ter and milk constitute a relatively important item in farm production. Fruit growing is on the increase. Land and climate are especially favorable to strawber- ries. There are 2,298 farms, averaging in size, 119.4 acres, of a total actual valuation of $2,923,996. Surface is generally rough, bordering mountainous, and at the southern edge is land of low, level type. Population: — White, 14,636; colored, 14; American born, 14,414; foreign born, 236; total, 14,650. Farm homes owned, 1,802; rented, 479; other homes owned, 248; rented, 320; total families, 2,849. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax 5 cents to $1.30, average, 45 cents; assessed valuation, $2,575,343; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation: on farms, 50; town lots 66 2-3; personal property 40. Timber: — Black oak, white oak, post oak, and hick- ory predominate in uplands. Red gumwood and cy- press are chief in lowlands. White oak has been largely removed in railroad ties. Some walnut once grew on river sides. Minerals: — Indications of lead, zinc, copper, iron, kaolin, marble, and granite. First three are mainly in northern half of county; iron occurs between central line and swamps. Kaolin is in central western part, near Glen Allen. Limestone is common everywhere. Land: — North half of county is often rough and broken, though in places it is only rolling. This region Fertile Vallcii Farm on Castor River. 332 I % 733,920 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Photo in hcadiny BOLLINGER COUNTY. 333 embraces farms scattered, and a large acreage of wild lands suscepti- ble of cultivation. Streams have generous bottoms, location of best /arm lands. Southern one-fifth of the county is low land, in the south side, water-soaked. These flat lands contain much good farming soil. Best improv- I perry a county ed bottom lands are valued at $20 an acre; unimproved, $10 to $12.50. Im- proved upland plateaus average $7 an acre; unimproved ridges, $1 to $5. There are 1,521 acres belonging to the government, which may be taken up at $1.25 an acre. The latter embraces both lowland and bluffs. Fruit: — North of a point five miles south of Lutesville is found land emi- nently adapted to fruit growing. Strawberries and pears may be grown to profit in the central and southern portions. North thereof the land is rougher and bears more stone upon its surface. Apples and peaches thrive herein. Fruit land, within a few hours of market may be had in Bollinger county at $5 to $10 an acre. Manufactoriks : — Small saw mills are numerous, stave factories, flouring mills, distilleries, wool carding mill, soda water factory and fruit evapor- ator. There is also a nursery supply- ing a trade in this and adjoining coun- ties. Transportation : — Belmont Branch of St. Louis. Iron Mountain & South- ern; St. Louis & San Francisco; branch of the Frisco, connects Brownwood and Zalma. Towns: — Lutesville, population, 525, is chief railroad town, located just across a small creek from Marble Hill, county seat mill, stave factory and wagon shops, and is a leading shipping point for gravel. Marble Hill has a population of 295. Zalma has a flouring and a stave mill. Its inhabitants are engaged in shipment of lumber and railroad ties. Pat- ton has a flouring mill and stave factory. Hahn, Scopus, Green- brier, Sturdivant, Buch- anan, Dongola, Glen Al- representative Missouri farm scene. len, and Laflin have saw mills and timber interests. Sedgewickville is a leading trading point in the northeast. Schools:— Will Mayfield Academy, Marble Hill and a training school at Sedgewickville, are the foremost. Marble Hill and Lutesville have good graded school systems. Newspapers: — Marble Hill Press; Lutesville Banner. It supports a large flourin§ BOONE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACRES I NUMHER Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. BEYOND being among the foremost counties in live stoclv and in the cul- tivation of corn, Boone has been called to the cultivation of mind and heart. A million dollars a year are expended in a Boone county town for education. The State of Missouri provides here for the higher edu- cation of her sons and daughters, and sixteen hundred annually ac- cept the invitation to attend the University of Missouri, located at Columbia. Instruction is given in the academic, and graduate departments and in the de- partments of law, engineering, medicine, agriculture, horticulture, militai-y science and tactics, and education. Instruction is with- out charge. In addition to the State University, there are the Missouri Bible College, Christian Female Col- lege, Stephens Female College, Columbia Normal Acad- emy and the University Academy. Approved High Schools are located at Centralia and at Columbia. Population: — White, 24,078; colored, 4,564; Amer- ican born, 28,366; foreign born, 276; total, 28,642. Farm homes owned, 2,604; rented, 864; other homes owned, 1,291; rented, 1,462; total families, 6,221. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax average, 42i/{. cents; total assessed valuation, $10,028,403; assessment based upon one-half of actual valuation. No indebtedness. Timber: — Three-fourths of the area was originally timbered. Scarcely one-fourth is in that condition now. Hickory, ash, elm, wild cherry, hackberry, walnut, oak and maple were the chief trees. Sugar maple, once numerous, is well nigh extinct. There are but two or three groves in the county. Land:— County contains 680 square miles of land, 435,200 acres, of which 301,732 acres are in a high state of cultivation. There are 3,540 farms, averaging 115.3 acres, worth an aggregate of $10,444,541. The land may be divided into 100,000 acres of undulating prairie, worth $45 an. acre; ten thousand 9,cres of river bottom, selling at $50 an acre; something over 200,000 acres of rolling upland, selling at $30 an acre, and 100,000 acres Academic Hall and the Old Culumvs, University of Missouri. 334 Corn 90,.586 4,539,300 * 1 1,363,145 Wheat ■23,404 526,590 * 289,625 Oats 7,169 2ti6,.580 * 70.645 Hay ■15,848 72,555 t 471,610 Forage 3,36.5 4,205 t 21,025 Broom Corn 9:! 46,500 % 1,380 Clover Seed 3,470 * 19,430 Grass Seed 70* 135 Tobacco VI 49.700 • 4,735 Potatoes 755 105,700* 33,825 Vegetables 870 44,470 I S2,319,905 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER VALUE Cattle 35,965 $1,168,865 Horses 12,088 805,865 Mules 5,465 409.875 Asses and Jennets 262 31 ,440 Sheep 19,765 65,885 Swine 51,208 512,080 Chickens 175.971 1 Turkeys Geese 9,260 1 7,738 f 164,580 Ducks 1,518 J Swarms of Bees 2.296 5,520 Honey 76,533 % 9,565 Wool 76,316 % 12,720 Milk Butter 2,970,921 S I 500,906 5; f 219,090 Eggs 910,200 II 113,775 I 13,619,260 % Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photos In heading : BOONE COUNTY. 335 of rough white oak land which may be bought at an acre. Near the towns of Columbia, Centralia and Sturgeon are farms held at $90 an acre, and imme- diately adjoining these towns are small tracts held as high as $200 an acre. Soil is of three kinds: alluvium next to the Missouri river; brown loam of loess type immediately adjoining the allu- vium,, in a strip a mile wide; and prairie loam soil, embracing three-fourths of the county. Minerals: — Coai; building stone, sand. Coal is mined near Brown's Station, Colum- bia, Harrisburg and Rucker. It is said that the coal area underlies fiO.OOO acres of mineable land with the seam found from within a few feet of the surface to a depth of 150 feet. Reliable estimate places the coal tonnage of the county at 360,000,000, showing a resource worth, at low estimate, $540,000,000. The vein is the same as that found in Macon and Randolph counties. It averages four feet thick. Transportation: — Main lines: Wabash, Missouri, Kansas & Texas, Chicago & Alton, all giving direct passage to Kansas City and St. Louis. The Wabash operates a branch fi'om Cen- tralia to Columbia, and the M., K. & T. gives Columbia main line service by running passenger trains over branch from McBaine to Columbia and return. PuiiLic Schools: — There are 107 districts; 8,554 chil- dren of school age. The county has a permanent county school fund of $41,442.70, and a permanent township school fund of $35,484.38. Average school term is 139 days. Churches: — There are in the county 7,500 church members, owning 76 church edifices. Every Christian denomination is repre- sented. Counting the adult population, one in every two persons is a church member. There are 66 Sunday Schools in Boone county, with 5,600 officers, teachers and pupils. Publishing House: — Largest commercial es- tablishment is the E. W. Stephens Publishing House, employing 100 people, doing business in every State and territory; prints supreme court reports, digests or statutes for the States of Mis- souri, New Mexico, Iowa, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ari- zona, Utah. Towns:' — Columbia, county seat, population 5,651, school town; Cen- tralia, 1,722, live commercial and shipping point. Both these towns have modern improvements, and private properties are kept in ex- cellent condition. Sturgeon, 708, one of the wealthiest towns in Mis- souri; Rocheport, 593; Ashland, 401; Hallsville, 157. Each the cen- ter of rich farming community. Newspapers: — Weekly: Herald, Statesman, M. S. U. Independent; Centralia Guard, Courier; Hallsville Eagle; Sturgeon Leader; Rocheport Democrat; Ash- land Bugle; Hartsburg Truth. Columbia Daily Tribune. COLUMBIA MISSOURI HERALD BUILDING. BUGHANAN OUTSIDE the wholesale and manufacturing interests of its chief city, St. Joseph, Buchanan county's maintaining element is agriculture. St. Joseph is the largest wholesale dry goods mart west of St. Louis. It is a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, a city of amassed wealth and mass employment, and thus affords enhanced reward to agricultural pursuits within the county. Adjacent the city limits are small truck farms, and farther out fine old homesteads with large acreages, devoted to live stock breed- ing and feeding. Horticulture, by reason of special fitness of soil and proximity of market, is an important industrial asset. Fully one- half of the soil is brown loam loess, peculiarly favorable to orchards. Population: — White, 115,322; colored, 6,516; American born, 112,363; foreign born, 9,475; total, 121,- 838. Farm homes owned, 1,538; rented, 1,038; other homes owned, 6,099; rented, 11,599; total families, 20,- 274. Finance: — County tax. 42 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 10 cents to $1.10, av- erage, 40 cents; tax valuation, $41,028,056; estimated to be one-half actual valuation. County indebtedness, $220,000; township debt, $15,000. Timber: — All excepting a prairie strip of two to six miles upon the eastern edge, the county was origi- nally a forest of walnut, maple, cottonwood, elm, syca- more, hackberry, and hickory. It is nearly all removed, excepting along the rougher places of Platte river and the Missouri river bluffs. Trees were of enormous size. Minerals: — Limestone is found along all the streams. It is used only locally. Some sand is taken from the Missouri river to serve building needs. Land: — Number of square miles, 420; acres, 268,- 800, of which 177,312 are included in improved farms. There are 2,584 farms of an average size of 90.3 acres, valued at $16,123,380. Buchanan county comprises three soils and four topographies. Along the river is a wide stretch of alluvium, black, endless in depth. Photos in licading: Butluimui County Farm Scene; Residence of John Tootle. 33G BUCHANAN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn -4.470 3,574.560 * ?1,125,985 Wheal 32,218 628.250 * 361,245 Oats 6,591 2.30,685 * 59.980 Hay Forage 18,657 32,650 t 228,550 1,<)50 2,600 t 13,000 Broom Corn 58 31,900 X 875 Clover Seed 680* 3,740 Grass Seed 400* 620 Tobacco n 13,500 X 1,350 Potatoes 2,715 407,250 * 97,740 Vegetables j 1,545 75,610 Total 1 1 1 $1.1)68,695 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 28,346 $ 921 .245 Horses 9,208 613,865 Mules 2,826 211,950 Asses and Jennets 125 12,500 Sheep 3,202 10,675 Swine 47,831 478,310 Chickens 135,928 ■•, Turkeys Geese 3,878 ; 3,241 r 117,630 Ducks 2,429 J Swarms of Bees 1,900 5,440 Honev 63,333:: 13,080 :: 7,915 Wool 2,180 Milk 3,514,524 § 1 353 225 Butter 463,994 X t Eggs 758,800 II 91,850 Total 1 1 $2,829,785 * Bushels. X Pounds. || Dc zen. t Tons. § Gallons. BUCHANAN COUNTY. 337 inexhaustible as grain land, and level. Bordering this is a high bluff, some- times 250 feet above the valley, which graduates on the east into long rolling hill land and finally into prairie. Bluffs and hills are brown loam silt land, porous to great depth. This land is noted for drought resistance. It covers more than one- half of the county. On the east edge is the black prairie. Soil is two and one- half to five feet deep and very fertile. The average price of farms through- out the county is $50 to $70 an acre. In the immediate vicinity df St. Joseph, land for truck farming reaches an average of $200 an acre. Land held principally by speculators ranges from $150 to an acre. Manufactories : — Are generally confined to St. Joseph. They in- clude: woolen mills, harness and saddle factories, pump facto- ries, flouring mills, wagon and buggy shops, cigar factories, roasted coffee and spice houses, baking powder, furniture and cooperage interests, hominy mills, clothing making estab- lishments, creamery products, and meat packing houses. TRANsrouTATioN: — Being adjacent to St. Joseph and within thirty miles of Kansas City, transportation is necessarily advanced. Leading into St. Joseph are miles of first class rock and gravel roads. Schools: — The county system is one of the best organized in Missouri. An- nual terms average seven to eight months. In St. Joseph schools are fostered with a favor characteristic of high class citizenship. Be- sides the public system are seventeen educational insti- tutions, embracing kindergar- tens, academies, evening academic schools, parochial schools, commercial colleges, two medical colleges, a busi- ness university, and Christian Brothers College. Summer Resorts: — Su- burban to the city of St. Joseph are five parks, with lakes and summer theatres and hotels. Lake Contrary is far-famed. Cities and Towns: — St. Joseph; Rushville, popula- tion 412; Agency, 380; De- Kalb, 362; Easton, 227. Small towns are supported by agri- culture. Newspapers: — Dailies: St. Joseph Gazette, News and Press, Volksblatt, Stock Yards Journal (Weeklies listed under St. Joseph) ; DeKalb Tribune. Mo — 22 TllRO THE LEAFY LANE. MANUFACTURING of hardwood timber products is of chief account in Butler county. It is situated upon Arkansas border, three counties west of the Mississippi river. Poplar Bluff, center of the county commercially and physically, is located upon the edge of the bluff which extends diagonally across Butler from northeast to south- west making division between hill land northwest and lowlands southeast. Originally there was pine in the hills. In lowlands first operations began in 188G New life was added in 1899, and to-day one company owns 93,000 acres of swamp lands, from which it is cutting oak, hickory, and gum wood. The last is largely exported in log and lumber; oak and hickory are locally consumed in the manufacture of barrels, oil well sucker rods, mine timbers, hubs, spokes, and tool handles. One-half commercial timber is removed. As timber disappears lowlands become ready for irrigation and farming. The county contains 716 square miles, 450,240 acres, quite one-half of which is low, water-formed land. Improved farms, chiefly in hills, include 55,664 acres. Num- ber of farms, 1,577, averaging 97.7 acres each; aggregate, actual value, $2,745,914. Land:— Subject to homestead entry, 801 acres, in hills. One hundrel and forty thousand acres of low- lands held for timber by mill men. Thousands of acres of this are "cut over" lands for sale at $5 to $9 an acre. Fifteen thousand acres of this character adjacent to Neelyville and Poplar Bluff are improved and bring $20 to $30. Forty acres cotton land adjacent Neelyville re- cently sold at $50. Soil is of wide variance in produc- tive quality. Hill land is deep cut with numerous creeks and by St. Francis and Black rivers. Valleys are cultivated; improved, they are worth $15 to $25 an acre. Four-fifths of hill land is rock covered. Seventy- five thousand acres may be bought at 50 cents an acre. Hill lands, best improved, bring $20, largely in north- west quarter. Conservative estimate upon hill land is: five-eighths susceptible of farming; three-eighths too rough for plow, but good for other purposes Finance: — Poplar Bluff real property assessment basis, $884,800; county tax, 75 cents; school tax, 25 cents to $1.25; average, 75 cents; total assessed valua- tion, $3,888,000; sixty per cent of real valuation; county debt, $47,500; no township debt. Population:— White, 15,241; colored, 1,528; Amer- ican born, 16,512; foreign born, 257; total, 15,769. Farm homes owned, 6,358; rented, 626; other homes 1 owned, 636, rented, 1,196; total families, 8,816. Manufactoriks:— Those interests in Poplar Bluff amount to one-sixth of land values in Butler county. Photos i» hcadiuo: liimcl-Asluroft M.„n,fnctnri„g Co.; II. D. WiUiams Cooperage Conipanv, Poplar Bluff. 338 BUTLER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 NUMUKR I VALUE ( orii 24,80b 708,986 * ?-'88,370 Wheal 2,109 43,6.35 * 25,745 Oats 1 ,248 31 ,200 * 10,400 Hav 5,501 8,250 t 90,7.50 1.101 1,285 t 6,425 Cotton 1,715 565,9.50 X 42,445 11 11,: 60 X 1,135 Poiatoes 49C 49,000 * 23,520 Vcfiecables 42C Total 1 1 1 ^^^^-^^ livh: stock and products KIND 1 FKOUUCT | VALUE 9,166 $ 206,235 Horses 3,265 195,900 Mules 1,180 70,800 Asses and Jennets 19 1,710 Sheep l,3ai Swine 20,910 209,100 Chickens ,55,637 1 Turkeys 907 ! 30,665 Geese Ducks 2.2 J7 J Swa' ms of Bees 1,101 2,0;i0 Honey 36,700:; 3,630 :: 4,588 Wool 605 Milk hutter 982,630 § 1 193,025 t i 99,515 Eggs 273,080 11 34,135 Total 1 1 $859,iio.. * Bushels. t Pounds. || Dozen. t Tons. § Gallons. BUTLER COUNTY. 339 Among the large individual interests are H. D. Wil- liams Cooperage Co.; L. M. Palmer Lumbering Plant; Hargrove & Ruth Lumber Co.; Bimel-Ashcroft Manu- facturing Co. ; Hartzell Light & Mill Co., and a new handle factory. Cooperage company employing four hundred men, has daily capacity of 3,000 tight barrels. Operates line of cars and small steamboat line of Black river; mills in Missouri and Arkansas. Exports: custom is largely distilleries and cotton seed oil mills. Palmer plant em- ploys 25 men, making coffee box and sugar barrel materials. Oak is quarter sawed; gumwood three- plied; operates log camps, over 90,- 000 acres in Butler county, Missouri, and 70,000 adjoining acres in Arkan- sas. Mill capacity, 150,000 feet daily. Hargrove & Ruth saw and plane hard- wood timber. Men employed, 150; plant covers 16 acres; sawing capacity 30,000 feet daily, piling and railroad ties extensively. Bimel-Ashcroft Manu- facturing Co. makes spokes, six millions a year; employs 60 men; owns 20,000 acres of land. A handle factory has just been established, employing 35 men; small iron castings foundry; cold storage plant; bottling works; typewriter and adding machine factory; oil well supply factory, and patent lath plant make Poplar Bluff a manufacturing center. Hartzel Light & Mill Co. has a capacity of 175 barrels of flour, 125 barrels meal, and 1,000 sacks of corn chop daily. At Fisk a lumber company is located. Transportation: — Iron Mountain, St. Louis to Arkansas, 35.31; Cairo, Ar- kansas & Texas, 11.28; Doniphan Branch, 4.07; St. Louis, Memphis & Southeastern, 22.96. High School: — Poplar Bluff; articulated with the University of Missouri; new, modern building with costly laboratories for physics and chemistry, and library. Gun and Rod: — Deer, a few black bears, abund- ance of wild turkey and ducks, quail and squirrels. Black river and St. Fran- cis river afford bass, crap- pie, cat fishing. A club house on St. Francis. Towns :^ — Poplar Bluff, the "Miniature Pittsburg:" electric lights, water- works, sewerage, $8,000 city hall, fire department, Iron Mountain division point; Neelyville, Fisk. Newspapers: — Poplar Bluff Citizen, Journal, Republican. POPLAR BLUFF, ON BLACK RIVER. OALDWBfcL CALDWELL is forty miles east of St. Joseph and sixty miles south of Iowa. Farming and live stock raising are characterizing indus- tries, dairying and sheep raising being leading detail features. Chief exports are corn, beef cattle, horses, hogs, hay and farm-made butter. Year by year live stock exportation increases as the corn and hay surplus figures decrease. County area is 430 square miles, 275,200 acres, of which the improved farms embrace 246,077. Farms number 2,329, averaging 118.9 acres, actually worth $7,084,650. Population: — White, 16,226; colored, 430; American born, 16,184; foreign born, 472; total, 16,656. Farm homes owned, 1,628; rented, 644; other homes owned, 901; rented, 562; total families, 3,735. Coal and Oil: — Coal underlies the entire count.y. Two miles east of Ham- ilton, two veins, one at 300 feet and the second seven- teen inches thick at 507 feet depth, are yielding an oily, bituminous coal, highly inflammable and produc- ing intense heat, used largely by Burlington passenger engines. Seventy-five men are employed. Oil drops from mine roofs. Bonanza Basin, embracing one-half, the central portion, of the county, bears striking oil prospects. Here and at Braymer, many acres of pros- pective oil land are now leased by local capitalists. Blue limestone of special firmness, near Kingston and Nettleton; sandstone, and a fire clay shale underlying coal, are important minerals, used only locally. Character and Price of Land: — One-third of Cald- well was originally timbered with large growth oaks, sycamore, cottonwood, elm, black walnut, and less im- portant species. Its location was upon Shoal creek and tributaries and in the southwest one-twelfth part. Enough remains for local firewood and rough plank purposes. The little rough land is along the streams. It is seldom precipitous and never brings less than $35 an acre. The two-thirds is high, rolling prairie. Within two miles of Hamilton best improved farms are selling at $70 to $80 an acre. Outside this district, not spec- ially influenced by location, the values range from $40 to $65. Soil is invariably black, vegetable mould, fif- teen to forty inches deep, with porous subsoil of clay. Products are widely diversified. Every farm has an orchard corresponding to family requirements. Photo in heading: A Culdipcll County Dairy Farm. 340 CALDWELL COUNTY'S 190 J CROP 1 ACRES 1 PKODUCT VALUE Corn 94,644 4,826,84- * $1,529,4.55 Wheat 2,405 02,520 * 85,950 Oats 3,436 120,260 * 31,360 Hay 34,142 64 MO t 305,980 Forage 10,915 14, .555 t 72,775 Broom Corn 98 53,900 t 1,480 Clover Seed 4.50* 2,475 Grass Seed 3,200 * 4,960 Tobacco 14 12,600 t 1,260 Potatoes 68" 89,311 * 21.390 Vegetables 515 28,110 Total 1 1 *2,026,145 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBEK | VALUE Cattle 37,312 *1,212,640 Horses 11,013 734,200 Mules 1,662 124,6.^0 Asses and Jennets 63 6,200 Sheep 26,811 89,370 Swine 67,990 679,900 Chickens 145,561 1 Turkeys Geese 4,333 1 2,303 I 132,410 Ducks 1,688 J Swarms of Bees 2,115 5,435 Honey 70,500 t 138,.510 l 8.815 Wool 23,085 Milk i,5.38,359 § ( 212,490 Butter :371,B57 t \ Eggs 826,500 II 103,315 Total 1 1 $3,332,510 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do '.en. t Tons. § Gallons. CALDWELL COUNTY. 341 Dairying: — Dairy products are marketed in St. Joseph and Kansas City. Daily shipments are made from Hamilton, Kidder, Breckenridge, Nettleton, Braymer, Cowgill, and Polo, which are centers of as many districts. At Hamil- ton the dairy pay roll last year averaged $2,- 306 a month. One farm- er, owning 160 acres near Hamilton, receives $80 a month for milk and cream. Cheese fac- tory at Kidder and at Cowgill; flouring mills at Hamilton, Braymer, Breckenridge and Mir- able; canning factory at Hamilton; furniture factory at Brecken- ridge; brick and tile factory at Breckenridge and Braymer, are lead- ing manufacturing in- terests. Than SPORT ATiow : — St. Joseph, Kansas City, St. Louis and Chicago are easily accessible. Track mileage is: Hannibal & St. Joseph, 30; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, 25. Both main lines, and touching fifteen of eighteen town- ships. Schools : — Hamilton High School is approved by the Univei-- sity of Missouri. Its library em- braces a thousand volumes. There are 79 school districts in the county, eight of which have modern brick buildings. Kidder Institute, with 167 enrolled, is a co-educational preparatory school, at Kidder. The water is hard, filtered over limestone. Shoal Creek and its tributaries comprise the streams. Towns: — Hamilton, largest town, has electric lights and tele- phone; Kingston, county seat; Braymer, Breckenridge, Polo, Cow- gill, Kidder and Nettleton, are agricultural towns. Newspapers:' — Hamilton Ham- iltonian, Farmers' Advocate; Bray- mer Bee, Comet; Breckenridge Bul- letin; Cowgill Chief; Polo Vindica- tor, News. A MISSOURI MULBERRY. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax, from 10 cents to $1.15; average, 47 cents; total assessed valuation, $6,931,924; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 35; no county debt; no township debt. leAtvL^WW CALLAWAY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES Corn 87,770 Wheat 26,650 Oats 10,653 Hay 49,005 Forage 2,430 Flax 24 Broom Corn 19 Clover Seed Grass Seen Tobacco 139 Potatoes 9s -i Vegetables 1,460 Total * Bushels. t Tons. CALLAWAY is a county of schools and of general agriculture and live stock breeding. It is long established and far advanced in the devel- opment of church, school and farm. It is upon the north side of the Missouri river, four counties west of the Mississippi. At Fulton, county seat, is Westminster College, one of the first colleges of the West, Synodical College for young women, William Woods College for young women, Missouri School for the Deaf, and a high school of approved grade. Big mules are a notable production of Callaway county farms. Nineteen thousand horses and mules are sold every year, to the worth of one and one-fifth million dollars. This means a surplus annually of a fraction over five horses and mules for every farm in the county. The greatest export item is corn, $1,201,035 a year. Cattle surplus is second in amount. Callaway county contains 760 square miles __ of land. Population: — White, 21,880; colored, 4,104; Ameri- can born, 25,431; foreign born, 553; total, 25,984. Farm homes owned, 2,699; rented, 831; other homes owned, 743; rented, 882; total families, 5,155. Finance: — County tax, 60 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax average, 49 cents; total assessed valuation, $7,301,814; assessed valuation is equal to forty per cent of actual valuation. County debt is $55,000. No township indebtedness. Timber: — There are twenty thousand acres of tim- bered land at present, scattered along the streams, and mainly in the southern half of the county. It consists of black oak, white oak, elm, sycamore, cottonwood, poplar, soft maple. Minerals: — Coal, fire clay and white sand are com- mercially utilized. The first two minerals are mined in the vicinity of Fulton. Coal formation underlies the entire county. The vein is thirty inches thick and is found at surface to thirty-foot depth. Annual output is 23,483 tons. About one hundred miners are employed in winter season. One mile south of Fulton fire clay and coal are taken from the same shaft, which is thirty feet deep. Land:— There are 486,400 acres, of which 340,989 are in a high state of agricultural development. Num- ber of farms, 3,585; average size, 135 acres; valued at $9,0X7,251. There are four characters of soil: level Photo ill heading: I'rcixiriii!/ Calhiuay Mules for the Morlicts. 342 4,171,305* 609,251 i * 383,510 * 78,410 t 3.040 t 144* g.-ooo X 1,350* 90* 97,300 X 115,960* SI .201, 035 366,4 40 101,630 501,825 J 5,200 145 260 r,.560 160 9,245 37,105 66,615 !p2,307,220 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NU.MBEK VALUE Cattle 32,913 $1,069,675 Horses 12,554 836,935 Mules 6,3:4 473,550 Asses and linnets 335 41,s75 Sheep 40,191 1:^3,970 Swine 47,567 476,670 Chickens 202,2761 Turkeys 8,464 1 177,300 Geese 9,3)6 1 Ducks 1,486 1 Swarms of Bees 2,943 6,000 Honey 98,900 : 150,560:: 12,260 Wool 25,090 Milk 2,854,182 § / 211,270 Butter 464.202 X S Eggs 1,075,860 II 134,480 $3,599,135 X Pounds. § Gallons CALLAWAY COUNTY. 343 prairie loam, common to northeast Missouri; brown loam loess, of the kind which characterizes the bluffs of the Missouri river; alluvial scil, the deposit of the river; red limestone clay, moderately flinty, as found in the Ozark mountain border. The first soil is common to three- fourths of the county. The alluvium borders the river. Loess bluffs join the bottom land at all points except in the southeast corner, where is a small strip of clay. In the latter place white oak grows, and the land is rough; farms are selling at from $5 to $20. Elsewhere timbered farms sell at $20 to $40 an acre, and orig- inal prairie farms are avail- able at $35 to $50 an acre. Manufactures: — Fire clay and kaolin products are man- ufactured extensively. There is an iron foundry at Fulton, and flouring and feed mills operate in a small way in dif- ferent points of the county. Schools: — Westminster College, for men, established 1853, now under joint care of Southern and North- ern Presbyterian Synods of Missouri; campus of eighteen acres; main buildings, Westminster Hall, the Chapel, Science Hall, and Reunion Hall. Libraries are among the best. Athletics, literary work, and Y. M. C. A. fostered. Synodical College, for women, under Presbyterian auspices, and William Woods College for young women, under auspices of the Christian church, are first grade boarding schools. Tsansportation:— Chicago & Alton, main line and branch, 41.20; Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 35.40 miles. Churches:— There are eighty-three in the county. T^j^vj^.g. —Fulton, population 4,883; besides three colleges, it has State hos- pital for Insane Number 1, and Missouri School for Deaf. This town has macad- amized streets, waterworks, sewerage sys- tem, electric lights. Monthly stock sales are a feature of commercial importance. They are attended widely. Mokane, pop- ulation 331; Cedar City, 287; and Aux- vasse, population, 337, are the other incor- porated towns. All are live stock centers, live stock shipping points, and are sup- ported by agricultural interests of their respective localities. Newspapers: — Fulton Missouri Tele- graph, Sun, Gazette, Twentieth Century, Journal; Cedar City Reporter-Chronicle; Mokane Herald-Post; Auxvasse Review; New Bloomfield News. g\^^ ? QAMDBN CAMDEN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACKES I IKOUUCT | VALUE Tota Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs Total * Bushels. t Tons. AMDBN is lo- cated in south- central Mis- souri, 40 miles southwest o f Jefferson City. It is concerned chiefly in production of railroad ties. In quantity produced it leads the State. Originally ninety- seven per cent of its 692 square miles of mountainous surface was a dense forest, from which but one-third commercial white oak has been removed. Ha Ha Tonka Springs, seven miles south of Linn Creek, on Niangua river, is a second feature of character. Of 442,880 acres ot laud, 1)111 N_',,s."37 is in a state of cultivation. There are 2,069 farms, embrac- ing, in lands for cereal production, pasture and firewood purposes, an average of 137.4 acres. Cattle, horses, mules, and hogs, raised largely upon free range, net in an aggregate income of one million dollars annually. Population: — White, 13,018; colored, 95; American born, 12,973; foreign born, 140; total, 13,113. Farm homes owned, 1,458; rented, 615; other homes owned, 181; rented, 333; total families, 2,587. Finance : — County tax, 47 cents; school tax, aver- age, 39 cents; assessed valuation, $2,048,189; sixty-six and two-thirds per cent of actual valuation. No county debt. No township debt. Timber: — Comprises white oak, post oak, hickory, black-jack, and, along streams, scattering elm, linwood, ash, sycamore, and hackberry varieties. White oak rail- road ties bring twenty-eight cents. Every farmer is en- gaged in their manufacture, cut mainly from land adja- cent Osage and Niangua rivers, rafted to Bagnell and there loaded upon railroad cars. Minerals: — Iron abounds. Kaolin deposits are large. A crystalline substance resembling onyx exists in large quantities in caves near Ha Ha Tonka Springs and near Barnumton. No mines. Land — Topography and Price: — Wholly mountain- ous. The main range is five hundred to seven hundred feet above corresponding valleys. Four-fifths is wild land, which can be bought for $3 to $10 an acre. The Osage river winds about through the entire northern part for sixty miles. Main tributaries are Niangua, Little Niangua, and Grand Auglaise rivers. Bordering all streams, upon one side, is the inevitable valley, less Pliotos in heading: Near Ha Ha Tonka Springs; Stalagmite in River Cave. 344 Corn 34,283 1,303,754* $ 384.310 Wheat 9.055 172,045* 94,625 Odts 3,51? .05,510* 27,950 Hay 10,250 15,:-'.85 t 100,005 h orage 1,140 1,4-J5 t 7,125 Flax 10 60* 00 Broom Corn 26 13,000 t 27,300 I 360 Tobacco 39 2,595 Potatoes 489 61,125* 19,560 Vegetables 810 35,305 $671,895 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER 14,225 $ 391,190 4,953 297,180 1,207 78,4.-^5 33 2,970 10,275 30,825 21,753 217,530 53,6261 1,181 j 2,967 { 39,510 1.467 1 447 1,255 14,900 : 27,830: ],8(;5 4.640 1,295,400 § ( 277,802 t i 79,880 383,510 II 47,940 $1,193,240 t Pounds. § Gallons, Dozen. CAMDEN COUNTY. 345 than half a mile in width, location of the best farms. These usually sell at $25 to $35 an acre, carrying with them gener- ally twice hill land, in addition to the perquisite of free live stock of limitless dimension. Entin are a rarity. The few are to Half hill, half creek bottom, $20 per acre. Residents own nearly all the land. Soil varies from first class black, water deposit compo- sition in the river bottoms, to rocky clay in the hills. Blue stem grass grows wild. The Frisco railroad cuts across southeast corner, and has six miles of track therein. Wagon roads follow ridges or valleys, and profit from Nature's gravel- ing. Small boats occasionally ply the Osage and Niangua rivers and afford trans- portation for railroad ties. Sunday Schools: — Total number, forty-two. Linn Creek has Methodist and Christian churches, each supporting its Sunday School. In rural districts relig- ious services are held in school houses. Concrete School Houses: — Rural district school buildings are frequently concrete construction. Floors are of hardwood and roofs of slieetiron or rough boards. Material is at hand; labor contributed. Concrete proves warm in winter and cool in summer. Ha Ha Tonka Springs: — Reached by overland drive from Lebanon, on the Frisco; or from Bagnell, on the Missouri Pacific railroad; is a summer resort of some consequence. Spring of clear water flows from ground in volume sufficient to supply St. Louis. A summer hotel accommodates less than fifty guests, and many parties camp at the spring, or upon the Niangua river, which affords the angler striped and black bass, jack salmon, buffalo, catfish, carp, and other fish. Arnhold's Mill and Climax Springs are other favorite camping places for summer visitors. Wild tur- raising angora goats is profitable. keys, squirrels, deer, quail and, occasionally, beavers are killed. Mountain scenery is further enchantment. Linn Creek is county seat. Newspapers: — Linn Creek Reveille, News; Mack's Creek Rustic. '^-^^m. CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. CAPE GIRARDEAU is one hundred miles south of St. Louis. It is one of tlie old settled, wealthy counties of southeast Missouri, and owes its prestige to agriculture, schools and to the fact that it has long been the freight distributing point for a large area. It borders Mis- souri's delta lands on the south and the Mississippi river on the east. Heretofore freight has come chiefly by boat to the landing at Cape Girardeau, the largest town. Within the present year the St. Louis and San Francisco railroad has finished a line which parallels the Mississippi river from St. Louis to Cape Girardeau, adding further freight importance to the latter city, which has also been made the railroad division point. Wheat is the leading agricultural product. Corn, horses and mules, cattle, hogs, a high grade flour, railroad rock ballast and stone for the United States government river im- provement are important sources of revenue. Land sur- face measures 540 square miles, 340,600 acres, of which 211,544 acres, are in improved farms to the number of 2,576. Farms average in total acreage of tillable, pas- ture, and other lands, 135.5; actual aggregate value $6,041,725. Timber: — Originally a heavy growth of tim- ber, in great variety, grew. White, red, black, post, and burr oak; gumwood, yellow poplar, black walnut, sycamore, ash, hickory, sassafras, and mulberry were prominent varieties. Sixty-flve per cent is now re- moved, leaving only red gum, or satin walnut, ash and white oak in commercial quantity. Minerals: — Kaolin, crystal sand and limestone. Two mines of kaolin, one at Jackson and the second be- tween Jackson and Cape Girardeau are worked to profit. Crushed rock for railroad and river work is a large industry base. Crushers are at work along the giant limestone bluffs, which guard against the Missis- sippi's encroachment. Sand is imbedded in rock form. It easily disintegrates. Sand lands are available at $15 to $30 per acre. Land: — Chiefly hill land, though embracing thirty Photo in hcddinn : Slate Normal School, Caiic (liranlcaii. Dinlrict \o, 3. .■^46 ACRES I'ROniXT \A1.UE Corn :W,220 1,242,150* $ 465,805 Wheat 71,610 1,074,12.5* 633,680 Oats 7,956 230.725 * 76,910 Hay 18.024 27,035 t 324,420 Forage 2,,515 2.926 t 14,675 Hroom Corn 14 7,000 t 195 Clover Seed 730 * 4,015 Grass Si-ed 75* 165 Tobacco 19 1.3,490 t 1,.3.'J0 Potatoes CIO 64,050* 30,745 Vegetables 720 .37,615 I 11,589,605 LIVESTOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NL'MliER VALUE Cattle 15,770 $ 394,259 Horses 6,875 413,500 Mules 3,205 208,325 Asses and Jennets 70 0,300 Sheep 9,221 27,663 Swine 35,691 356,910 Chickens 101,9 i3 1 1 urkeys Geese 4,910 ', . 6,t;l6 f 97,913 Ducks l;D09 1 Swarms of Bees > ' 2,073 3,620 Honev 69,100 t 45,!t90 I 8,638 Wool' 7,665 Milk Butler 2,009,604 § j 389,150 X \ 180,115 Eggs 488,210 II 61,025 11,764,951 J Pounds. II Gallons. Dozen. CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. 347 thousand acres of Mississippi river bottom and nineteen thousand acres of lowlands, the latter lying south of the old Cape Girardeau-Bloomfield rock road, which marks the border- ing bluffs. Twenty-six thousand acres of bottom lie in one body, a few miles down the river from the city of Cape Girardeau. The soil is Mississippi river deposit black and fertile of age. One-third of this is second, im- proved bottom land, worth $35 to $45; remainder is unimproved, worth $20 to $30. Four thousand acres of same lie in one body upon the river at a point due east of Jackson; prices are same. Strip of lowlands de- scribed average $20 an acre in price. Soil is a mixture of black loam and clay marl to endless depth. Land is generally unimproved. Sawmills are rapidly converting these forests into farms. Uplands are light clay loam where thrive yellow poplar, pawpaw and mulberry. Eight per cent are to be had at $15; twenty-five per cent at $15 to $30; fifty per cent at $35 to $40; fifteen per cent at $50 to $60; and the remaining two per cent, ad- jacent to Jackson and Cape Girar- deau, average $60 to $70 per acre. Land tracts in lowlands are much larger than elsewhere. Limestone bluffs are frequently 300 to 400 feet high along the Mississippi and bordering the low- lands. Estimated 6,000 acres bluff land herein bearing stone at four cents per cubic foot. Population:— White, 22,327; colored, 1,988; American born, 22,977; foreign born, 1,338; total, 24,315. Estimated German and German descent, fifty per cent. Cape Girardeau wasi originally a French settlement. Farm homes owned, 2,032; rented, 603; town homes owned, 1,101; rented, 1,163; total families, 4,899. Finance: — County tax, 35 cents; school tax, from 10 cents to $1; avei'age, 44; total assessed valuation, $6,427,056; assessed valuation per cent of real valua- tion, 40 per cent. No county debt; township debt, $108,000. Manufactures: — Flour, rock ballast, pressed brick, staves, barrel headings, hardwood lumber, wagon spokes and hubs, bent wood products, ice, kaolin pow- der and shirts are made. Nine flour mills are located here; two at Jackson; two at Cape Girardeau; one each at Oak Ridge, Bufordsville, Pocahontas, Millers- ville and Arnsberg. Railroads, Steamboats and Turnpike Roads: — Iron Mountain and Frisco, main lines and branches, afford outlet to main towns, the latter making Cape Girardeau a leading railroad and distributing point. Three lines of steamboats give freight service. Turnpike roads connect Cape Girardeau, Jackson, and Bufordsville; and Cape Girardeau and Scott county, a total of thirty miles. Schools: — State Normal School, for teachers, established 1873, at Cape Gi- rardeau; free tuition; psychology and pedagogy, mathematics, sciences, history, languages, manual training, elocution, vocal music, political economy; library of three thousand volumes; students, 363. Jackson and Cape Girardeau have high schools approved by University of Missouri. A military academy at Jackson, for boys, and St. Vincent's School, for girls, are at Cape Girardeau. Newspapers: — Cape Girardeau Progress, Democrat, Republican; Jackson Cash Book, Herald, Volksfreund. apanese WALNUTS. CARROLL has a larger acreage of Missouri river bottom land than any other county in the State; and Missouri river bottom is as famous for fertility as the "Valley of the Nile. Naturally does it follow, then, that after feeding four million dollars worth of live stock each year, Carroll county farmers sell a surplus of $2,710,200 worth of corn. North of the alluvial soil lies a belt of brown loam loess land ideally adapted to fruit growth. Barrels of apples grown here are shipped to Europe. The balance of the land is prairie, soil of blackest hue, where are located many of the fine livestock farms, for which the county is also noted. Some coal is mined within che county. Manufacturing is carried on to considerable extent, and a manufac- turers' aid association at Carrollton offers inducement to further manufacturing. Pofulation: — White, 25,123; colored, 1,332; Amer- ican born, 25,657; foreign born, 798; total, 26,455. Farm homes owned, 2,407; rented, 1,165; other homes owned, 1,204; rented, 907; total families, 5,683. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax averages 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $10,111,364; farms are assessed at 25 per cent of actual valuation, and town lots upon a basis of one-third. No indebtedness. Timbers — Formerly there was an abundance of Cottonwood, elm, black oak, hazel, walnut, hickory and sugar tree timbers. There is now no commercial quan- tity of any kind. Minerals: — Annual production of coal amounts to approximately two thousand tons. It is locally con- sumed. It is the same seam worked in Ray county, overlaid with a roof which avoids the necessity of timbering, but lack of railroad facilities at the partic- ular locality, retards in this regard the development of the section. Land:^ — Three topographies; three soils; three prices. Along the Missouri and Grand rivers are broad belts of alluvial lands, embracing almost one-third of the county. This land is devoted chiefly to the pro- duction of corn and other cereals. Soil is inex- haustible, known to be in some places fifty feet thick. Generally it contains sand in desirable proportion anri Cijirroll County Farm Views. 348 CARROLL COUNTY'S 190: CROP 1 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 148,.342 8,603,836 * $2,710,200 Wheat 24.657 (;41,080* ?68,620 Oats 9,0.53 298,750 * 77,675 Hay 44,224 88,450 t 495,320 Forage 4,855 6,475 t 33,375 Flax 24 240* 250 Broom Corn 23 13,650 t 3.50 Clover Seed 560* 3,080 Grass Seed 10,500 * 16,275 Tobacco 248 283,200 t 22,320 Potatoes 1,544 185,280 * 44,470 Vegetables 1,125 52,060 Total 1 1 1 $3,822,995 LIVE STOCK / LND PROD UCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 39,614 $1,287,455 Horses 14,.325 955.0(10 Mules 5,227 392,025 Asses and Jennets 96 9,600 Sheep 9, .50 4 31,680 Swine 78,831 788.310 Chickens 214,8631 Turkeys Geese 5,598 ', 4.732 r 185,100 Ducks 3,596 J Swarms of Bees • 2,748 5,770 Honey 91,600 t 44,475 t, 11.4.50 Wool 7,410 Milk 3,- 109.164 § I 185,580 Butter 525,994 t \ Kggs 1,181,600 II 147,700 Total 1 1 $4,007,080 * Bushels. t Pour Ids. II Do zen. t Tons. § Gall ons. Photos in heading : CARROLL COUNTY. 349 sfells at $85 an acre. A small acreage lacking sand and therefore less productive, may be bought at $40 an acre. Something over one-third of the county is em- braced in the character of land which is next encountered from the rivers. It is land of silt formation, porous to great depths and sustaining a top soil of splendid fertility. This upland, together with 100,000 acres of black soil prairie in the northwest corner of the county, comprises the balance of the county. Its farms are finely improved and are largely devoted to the breeding of live stock. Carroll county embraces 690 square miles of land surface, 441,600 acres, of which 371,073 acres are included in improved farms. Farms number 3,692, of an aver- age size of 113.6 acres. The aggregate valuation of the farms is, according to present selling price, $12,769,029. Manufactures: — Farm wagons and buggies, haying machinery, brick and tiling and cigars are manufactured. There are two wagon factories which sell well-built jobs throughout Missouri and southern Iowa. Two brick and tile fac- tories employ a large number of men and sell tile in markets adjoining the rivers of the State. Creamery products are made in a small way. Transportation:— Wabash main line, Kansas City to St. Louis, crosses the county at the south side; Santa Fe parallels the Wabash; and Chicago, Burling- ton & Kansas City leaves Carrollton in a northerly direction. Schools: — Public school system of eminently high grade. Norborne and Carrollton high schools are approved by the State University. Towns: — Carrollton, county seat, population, 3,854; Norborne, 1,189; De- Witt, 550; Hale, 665; Bosworth, 401; Tina, 368; Wakenda, 329; Bogard, 276, are the incorporated towns. Mineral Springs: — Two near Car- rollton. GATIIEriJTG THE GOLDEN GRAIN. Newspapers: — Carrollton: Democrat, Republican-Record; Norborne Demo- crat, Leader, Jeffersonian; Tina Herald; Bosworth Star-Sentinel; Hale Hustler, Leader; DeWitt Farmers' Herald; Bogard Dispatch. CARTER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACKES PRODUCT VALUE Cori. 10,756 268,900 * $100,825 Wheat 1,511 21,i55* 12,480 Oats t)73 20,190 * 6.730 Hay 1,602 2,405 t 28,860 Forage 720 840 t 4,200 Tobacco 13 9,230 t 925 Potatoes 173 15,916* 7,640 Vegetables 130 8,395 4; American Farm homes owned, 216; Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turlceys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Hutter Eggs Total * Bushe t Tons. TIMBER and natural scenery command in Carter county. The surface is mountainous, at one time covered by unbrolven forests of pine and hardwoods. County is situated second above the Arlcansas border and is the fifth west of the Mississippi river. One of the largest yellow pine mills in Missouri is located at Grandin, within the county. Railroad ties of white oak are shipped to the extent of 350,000 a year. Current river, flowing south through center of county, furnishes tie transporta- tion, and gives rise to Carter's just claim to picturesqueness. Club houses are located along this stream. Fishing, hunting, cave ex- ploring, boating and bathing attract summer camping parties. Commercial orcharding is to come. One orch- ard at Hunter has two hundred and fifty acres, and one at Elsinore a hundred. Population: — White, 6,702; colored, born, 6,651; foreign born, 55; total, 6,706 owned, 373; rented, 182; other homes rented, 514; total families, 1,285. Finance: — County tax, 45 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax, from 30 cents to $1.35; assessed valuation, $1,648,483; assessed valuation per cent of actual value, improved lands, 40; wild lands are as- sessed at $1.25 an acre; no county debt; no township debt. Timber:- — Mainly pine, white oak, black oak, hick- ory. Pine lands cut an average of 4,000 feet per acre. They are largely cut over. There are ten sawmills, largest at Grandin. Minerals: — Iron ore exists in eastern and western border strips of six miles width east. Near Elsinor, Chilton and McDonald it is most evident. Lead and copper traces have been found. Land: — County area, 500 square miles, equal to 320,000 acres, of which 22,873 acres are cultivated. Number of farms, 554, average size, 115.7 acres, in- cluding land of various characters. Actual aggregate value, $1,793,959. Surface embraces three distinct types Photos in heading: On Current River; Yclloiv Pine Mills at Qrandin. $170,055 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS NUMBER I VALUE 4,698 1,000 630 10 630 11,440 15,7891 190 I 688 f 662 J 416 13,867 1 1 ,990 } 402,410 § ) 77,225 t S 10,'S,200 II I 105,705 60,000 37,800 900 1,890 114,400 9,260 931 1,733 332 32,030 13.150 378.121 X Pounds. § Gallons, Dozen. 350 CARTER COUNTY. 351 of land: first, hill land, in many places mountainous; second, flatwoods; third, river and creek bottoms. Of the first class seventy- five per cent is rocky. It is estimated that more than one-half of entire county is thus too rough for the plow. Soil is clay. Eighty- seven thousand acres of this land sold within the past year for $1 an acre, pine timber having been removed. Much of it may be had at 25 cents an acre. It is adapted to fruit tree growth. Hills are less steep in eastern part of county, growing larger to the northwest. Second division includes one hundred square miles of high flat pine woodland around Hunter; wheat and hay land. Thirdly, the river bottom land is black loam, corn soil. Here are found the farms, worth $10 to $15 an acre, when improved; unimproved, $5 an acre. Farm improvements are best near Van Buren and Hunter. Cleared land within one mile of Van Buren may be bought for $10. It is in good state of cultivation. Manufactories:^ — At Grandin, a lumber company operates a mill with 285,- 000 feet sawing and 200,000 feet daily planing capacity; 1,211 men employed in woods and various mill departments; annual production^ 75,000,000 feet; 110,000 acres uncut land; 14 drying sheds; 40 acres piled with stock lumber; electric lights, hospital, hotel, store, library, depot, sixty miles company telephone. Van Buren has two small sawmills and grist mill; Elsinore a sawmill. Transportation: — St. Louis, Memphis and Southeastern, 11.80; Frisco (Cur- rent river route), 35.67 miles taxed road. Churches: — Grandin has Baptist, Methodist, Congregational, Unitarian and Catholic; Van Buren, Baptist and Methodist. Elsinore, two church organizations. Churches: — Grandin has Baptist, Metho- dist, Congregational, Unitarian and Catholic; Van Buren, Baptist and Methodist. Elsinore, two church organizations. Fishing and Hunting: — Two permanent club houses have been erected upon Current river. One of these places is open the year 'round, proving Carter county both a summer and a winter resort. A number of caves filled with Missouri onyx are found along Current river. Bass, salmon and game fish of other kinds are gigged and hook-caught from clear water of Current river. Deer, wild turkeys, and small game killed in mountains. Towns: — Grandin, purely a sawmill town, entire population employed in local mill. Van Buren, county seat, situated in Current river valley, surrounded on two sides by high moun- tains, is farming center; Elsinore, sawmill town and fruit market; Hunter, junction for railroads. Newspapers: — Van Buren Current Local. ^«^ shavings are carried away by machinery and later are burned. CASS Is great in the production of corn and hay, in cattle, horses, mules and hogs. Its proximity to Kansas City makes it also prominent in dairying. Commercially it is a double-centered county. Pleasant Hill, towards the northeastern part of Cass county, is the largest town, draws from a large territory and has important commercial Interests among which is a nursery and greenhouse, one of the most extensive in Missouri. At the center of the county is Harrisonville, county seat, almost as large as Pleasant Hill, with the advantages of a first class railroad center. Rail- roads approach this city from eight different directions. Cass is twenty miles south of Kansas City, and is upon the ir:;nsas line. Corn and cattle exports amount annually to more than $1,0' ,) for every farm in the county. Corn sur- plus exceeds the two million dollar mark, and more than one-third million dol- lars worth of cattle are sold. Horses and mules also rise above the million dollar mark. County embraces 688 square miles of land surface, mostly undulating prairie. Population: — "White, 23,044; colored, 592; American born, 23,229; foreign born, 407; total, 23,636. Fai'm honips owned, 2,007; rented, 1,164; other homes owned, 1,293; rented, 833; total families, 5,297. Finance: — County tax, 30 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 20 cents to $1.70, av- erage, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $9,735,198; as- sessed valuation is estimated at one-third the actual valuation. County debt, $570,000; township debt, $364,000. Timber: — Timber was confined to the streams. It consisted of oak, elm, walnut, hickory, sycamore. Com- mercial timbe-. exhausted. Minerals:— At Creighton, in the south central part of the county, a coal mine was opened in 1896 and mined one thousand tons that year. The output grad- ually increased until 1900 when, because of refusal to comply with State regulations, the mine was ordered closed. The quality of product is good. Shaft is 156 feet deep. A tram road half a mile in length connects it with railroads. Clays of various compositions are found throughout the county, and limestone of a good quality is quarried on a small scale. Land: — The acreage of the county is 440,320, of which 363,474 acres are in a high state of cultivation. There are 3.225 farms of an average size of 127.7 acres. According to present selling prices, farm lands would aggregate a valuation of $13,767,132. These farms are devoted to live stock raising and cereal growing. The soil is generally a limestone shale clay of dark color and splendid fertility. As a whole the county topo- CASS COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 142,127 6,395,715 * |2,014,6.'i0 Wheat 18,824 423,540 * 232 .945 Oais 7.280 233,150 * 61 785 Hay 57,013 96,920 t 581,520 F"orage 4,135 5,515 t 27,575 Flax 11,534 46,L36 * 47,980 Broom Corn 22 12,100 t 335 Clover Seed 5,000 * 28,000 Grass Seed 6.810 * 10,890 Tobacco 20 13.000 t 1,300 Potatoes 1,074 150,:^60 * 52,625 Veget.ibles 1,000 58,370 Total 1 1 1 $3,117,975 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | V.'\LUE Cattle ii,i:3o §1,336,850 Horses 14,702 984,135 Mules 3,502 262,650 Asses and Jennets lOG 10,600 Sheep 8,800 26,420 Swine 85,758 857,580 Chickens 205, 94 n Turkeys Geese 7,098 1 3,:j01 c 104,190 Ducks 2,70Sj Swarms of Bees 3,171 9.0,^0 Honey 103,700 t 13,210 Wool 33,0(10 t 3,510 Milk 3,700,220 § ) 053,300 t i 227,445 Butter Eggs 1,061,750 11 132,720 Total 1 1 $4,028,360 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Doi en. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in leading: Cass County Corn. Kellogg Orecnhouse at Pleasant Hill — 3Z5,000 Square Feet of Glass; CASS COUNTY 353 graphically Is one gently rolling prairie, with small streams intersecting at in- frequent intervals. Farms are well improved with good fencing, large stock barns, windmill wells and comfort- able dwellings. These may be bought at $40 to $.50 an acre. The broken, stream- bordering land is available at $30 an acre. Manufactures : — These are of local importance only. Brick and flour are chief, manufactured at the princi- pal towns. Transportation : — These facilities are excellent, af- fording train service into Kansas City at every hour of the day. Through service is had also to St. Louis. Railroads centering in the county are Missouri Pacific, Missouri, Kansas & Texas, Kansas City Southern, St. Louis & San Francisco, Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield, main lines and various branches. Schools: — There are three high schools, one at Harrisonville, Pleasant Hill and Belton. Towns:— Pleasant Hill, population 2,002; Harrisonville, population 1,844, county seat; and Belton, population 1,005, are the largest towns, supported by live stock, farming, railroads and manufacturing. Garden City, population 574; Drexel, 453; East Lynne, 353; Creighton, 360; Archie, 285; Freeman, 260; Ray- more, 271; Gunn City, 147; Westline, 131; Peculiar, 104, are the incorporated towns. Bach is the trading point and livestock center of its respective locality. Newspapers: — Harrisonville: Cass County Democrat, Retort, Cass County Leader, Cass News; Pleasant Hill: Local, Times; Belton Herald; Garden City: The Garden City Views, Enterprise; Drexel Star; Creighton News. PANORAMA OF HARRISONVILLE. Mo. — 23 CEDAR COUNTY'S 190^ CROP I ACRES I PRODUCT I VALrP. Total * Bushels. t Tons. GEDAR is the second county east of Kansas and the fourth north of Arkansas. It lies upon the northern slope of the Ozark mountains, although its surface is seldom mountainous. The county is a farm plat. Of its 317,440 acres, 185,840 are in cultivation. Corn, wheat, oats, timothy, blue grass, red and white clover, vegetables, apples, strawberries, and live stock are the products of farms. Surplus farm products amount to three and one-half million dollars a year, more than $200 for each man, woman and child in the county. A special feature of Cedar is its water- ing places. Eldorado Springs, in the northwest corner of the county, has a population of 2,137, and is the home of as many more people during the warm summer months. Population: — White, 16,878; colored, 45; American born, 16,756; foreign born, 167; total, 16,923. Farm homes owned, 1,880; rented, 916; other homes owned, 468; rented, 411; total families, 3,675. The principal foreign population is German, in vicinity of Jerico Springs. Finance: — County tax, 55 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, from ten cents to $1.25; average, 50 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,847,753; assessed valuation per cent of actual value, sixty-six and two-thirds; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Originally oak, hickory, sycamore, wal- nut, maple, ash and pecan grew upon three-fifths of the county surface. Two-thirds of entire acreage of county is now timber ridden. On flats trees were smaller than elsewhere. In bottoms growth was one to three feet through. Large tracts no more exist; largest are in north end, in extent 2,000 to 3,000 acres. Hardwood lumber, $1 to $1.50 per hundred; cordwood, $1.50. MfNERALs: — Coal is found near Jerico, Eldorado Springs, Caplinger Mills and Claud. Seventy-five men are employed periodically. Iron traces are not worked. Claysvof all types are used only locally. Land: — County area, 496 square miles; improved farms, 2,765; average size, 101 acres; estimated actual value, $4,301,936. Surface is widely diversified, ofttimes level, sometimes rough and precipitous along streams, but little mountainous. Big Sac river, Little Sac, Ce- dar, Bear, and Horse creeks traverse county and define broad, fertile valleys, bounded with blulTs. East side of Corn 66,830 2,405,880 * I 757,850 Wheat 27,738 485,415 * 266,980 Oats 7,529 180,695 * 47,885 Hay 44,819 66,480 t ,332,400 Forage 2, .535 3,380 t 16,900 Flax 1,573 6,292 * 6,545 Brootn Corn 4 2,200 t 60 Clover Seed 30* 170 Grass Seed 87.S* 1,400 Tobacco 56 36,400 t 3.640 Potatoes 730 73.000 * 25,550 Vegetables 935 40,520 $l,4ii9,900 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KI ND NUMBER VALUE Cattle 19,903 .1! 497,575 Horses 8.274 551,600 W ules 2,013 140,910 Asses an 1 Jennets 57 5,130 Sheep 5,1V 3 15, .520 Swine .30,080 300,800 Chickens 149,6891 Turkeys Geese 4,688 1 3,645 f 106,055 Ducks 3,885 J Swarms of Bees 1.434 3,705 Honey 47,800 t 5,975 Wool 17,350 t 2,890 Milk 2,417,404 § 1 124,440 Butter 510,112 n Eggs 1,077,41011 134.675 t Pounds § Gallons Dozen. I'hoto in heading: liinl's Eye View, Stockton. 354 CEDAR COUNTY. 355 county is broken, with the hills reaching 200 feet above valleys adjacent. Up- lands therein are of deep red clay soil adapted best to wheat. This character of country extends to the north and northeast, where it is more broken. Western one-fourth is largely gently rolling prairie. In addition to this, there is a small prairie east of Eldorado. Prai- rie soil varies in color from deep black to ashy and red. Farms are well improved. Prices range as fol- lows: Best improved farms, includ- ing bottom farms, prairie farms and levelest hill farms of red soil, amounting to three-eighths of county, $25 to $35 an acre; one-eighth of same, $35 to $40. Uplands, embrac- ing three-eighths addition, $15 to $25 an acre; bluff land, timbered and un- improved, embracing one-eighth, $5 to $15 an acre. Manufactured Products : — Flour, tiling, axe handles, brooms, are made in quantities equal to local demand. Flouring mills are located at Jerico, Stockton, Eldorado, and Caplinger. Transportation : — Missouri, Kan- sas & Texas railroad touches north- west corner, at Eldorado Springs, having two miles of track within county. A road is proposed thence to Stockton. There are fifteen steel wagon bridges in county. Schools: — Six to nine months in each of eighty-seven school districts. High schools at Eldorado and Stockton. Springs and Caves: — Cedar is noted for its springs and caves of large size and unusual beauty. Eldorado Springs, with a population of 1,543 is builded upon patronage attracted by the heal- ing properties of several springs at that point. Here is located a park, the resort of two thou- sand people each sum- mer. Stockton, county «oats are money makers. seat, is situated above a great cave, from which flows a never-ceasing stream of clear, cool water. Jerico Springs, Arnica Springs, Cedar Springs and Sulphur Springs near Caplinger Mills, are also fav- orite watering places of lesser magnitude. Fishing: — Good fishing is afforded at each of the Springs. Gigging is a favorite pastime. Bass, catfish, trout and jacksalmon are caught. Newspapers: — Stockton Republican, Journal; Jerico Optic; Eldorado Springs Sun, News. a cedar county sample. UNEXCELLED in fertility, Chariton county gives its life and useful- ness to stock raising and general farming. The county is bounded on the south by the Missouri river and by the Chariton on the west. Its live stock surplus attains the elevation of four millions of dol- lars worth a year, and in addition to feeding this large amount of live stock, more than two million dollars worth of corn and hay are sold. Dis- tinctive productions of the agricultural department of the county are tobacco, sugar cane, and potatoes. Small sorghum molasses mills and creameries are found throughout the county. The physical area is 740 square miles, equivalent to 473,600 acres. In cultivation are 350,567 acres. Farms number 3,805, with an average acreage of 118.4, worth, by actual present price figures, $9,513,228. Blue grass is native to all soils. Population: — White, 23,580; colored, 3,246; American born, 25,830; foreign born, 996; total, 26,826. Fai'm homes owned, 2,519; rented, 1,247; other homes owned, 916; rented, 808; total families, 5,490. Finance :^ — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, from seven cents to $1.25; average, 45 cents; total assessed valuation, $9,362,042; assessment based upon 40 per cent valuation; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Formerly all varieties of oak, walnut, mulberry, hickory, ash, linden, hackberry, cottonwood, sycamore, and maple were found. One-tenth of the land was of scrub oak covering in this respect, and the bal- ance bore large growth timbers, especially so in the bottoms. Timber originally covered slightly more than one-half of the land acreage. One-half of this amount has been clean-cut and put into cultivable shape; the remainder yet remains timbered with part of the larg- est size trees removed. There is yet considerable tim- ber of commercial size. Minerals: — Coal mines are now, as for many years, worked only during the fall and winter months to supply the local demand. At Salisbury, at a depth of 150 feet, coal is found. A vein near the surface is worked in a small way at Brunswick, Indian Grove, Guthridge Mills, Keytesville, Newcomer, and Salisbury. Vein is from 18 to 42 inches thick. Land: — All the various land lays are presented, from high rolling prairie to low overflow bottom. One- half of the county lying in the north side is high rolling prairie and readily sells at $60 an acre. The soil is a Sol Smith Russell and his old home; I'louhuj by Steam, CHARITON COUNTY'S 1002 CROP 1 ACRK.S 1 FRODUCT VALUE Corn 94,016 5,170 880 * $1 ,.525,4 10 Wheat 26.980 674,600* 370,975 Oats 5,947 225.985 * 59,885 Hay 48,1.37 96,175 1 481,375 Forage 7,460 9,325 t 46,6-.'5 Flax 14 84* 85 Broom Corn .5 2,500 t 70 Clover Seed 320* 1,790 Grass Seed 11,700* :il,0li() Tobacco 750 525,700 t 4U,'t42 Potatoes 2,047 396,815 * 94,980 Vegetables 1,250 — .55,895 Total 1 1 1 i?2.708,09-2 LIVESTOCK AND PRODUCTS KI.ND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 47,433 »1,4J2.990 Horses 14,890 992,065 Mules 4,853 363,975 Asses and Jennets 111 11,100 Sheep 9,285 2T,855 Swine 55,007 550.070 Chickens 241,743 ■> Turkeys 5,736 1 1.57 490 Geese 4,426 j Ducks 3,SH5 J Swarms of Bees 4,010 10,375 Honey l;i0,9()7 1 38,500 t 16,745 Wool 6,415 Milk 3,384,070 § ( (530,156 t f 184,935 Butter Eggs 1,457,210 II 182,1.50 Total 1 1 $3,925,865 * Bushels. 1 Pounds. || Do sen. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in heading: CHARITON COUNTY. 357 deep, black vegetable loam of fine fertility. In depth it averages 32 inches. Much of this land is pastured and as a result has long ago become substantially set in blue grass, which is indigenous. The Missouri river bottoms embrace an acreage equal to one-tenth of the county's area. Usually the land is above overflow. The soil is that alluvium which leads the world in cereal production. Bottom farms sell at $60 an acre. Northwest from Keytesville to the county line lies a brown loam soil of loess char- acter, wherein fruit, hay and wheat are grown to eminent ad- vantage. It is rolling, was originally timbered and sells at $40 an acre. One-tenth of the county is scrub oak land, worth $25 to $30 an acre. Lastly, there is a one- tenth portion of un- drained creek bottoms which may be had at $15 to $20 an acre. Won- ders have been worked with some of this land drained. Manufactories : — Flour- ing mills, tiling plant, sorghum mills, and small creameries consti tute the manufactories. The tile mat ing factory is located at Brunswick. Clay of splendid properties for this purpose is found here. The product finds sale in Missouri markets, including a local market of considerable extent. Transportation: — Three main railroads: Wabash, Burlington and Santa Fe routes. The last named trunk line from Kansas City to Chicago: Wabash operates the main Kansas City-St. Louis, and Omaha-St. Louis lines through the south and west parts of Chariton county. The Burlington, Kansas City to Chicago, crosses the northwest corner. Fishing: — Grand river, Chariton river and the Missouri afford fishing. There is also a lake near Sumner, in the northwest corner of the county which is the resort of many camping parties in summer. Towns: — Brunswick, population 1,403, is junction of the Wabash lines; Salisbury, population 1,847, is termi- nal for a branch line connecting Glas- gow with the main line Wabash: Keytesville, 1,127, is the county seat: Triplett, 342; Mendon, 252; Dal ton, 223; Cunningham, 160; and Sumnei- are the leading towns, all supported in the main by live stock and general agriculture. Newspapers : — Brunswick Bruns wicker; Keytesville Courier, Signal Mendon Salisbury Press-Spectator; Triplett Tribune; Sumner Star. POULTRY raising IS PROFITABLE. Citizen: Salisbury Democrat; CHRX^XI>^rN CHRISTIAN COUNTY'S m-i CHOP ACRES 1 Corn 42,579 Wheat 36,458 Oius 5,89:? Hay 12,150 Forage 1,630 Broom Coi n 9 Clover Seed Grass Seed Cotton 10 Tobacco 4G Potatoes 554 Vegetables 880 PROnUCT I VALUE 1,490,265* 674,475 * 104,470* 18,225 t 2,175 t 1,950 X 1,750* 40* 3,350 t 29,900 t 55,400 * Total S 469,435 360,960 51,535 109,350 10,875 135 9,800 05 2;-10 2,990 19,390 34,835 $1,069,600 Total * Bushels. t Tons. CHRISTIAN is situated in the Ozark mountains of southwest Missouri, ten miles south of Springfield. Its surface in the north and west comprises considerable plateau land, high laying and level, and else- where is characterized by deep mountain gorges and corresponding cliffs. Proximity to market and the advantages of a railroad have made timber resources count for considerable in the past. And the same forces are now developing the county in that to which soil and climate are best suited, namely, fruit growing. Mineral deposits of the county are of conse- quence. Lead and zinc mines are operated near Ozark, county seat, and location of a mineral reduction plant. Mineral waters are here meritorious. Springs are located at Reno and Baudevie. Farms of the county are estimated to be worth, according to present market price, $3,112,266. They number 2,648, of an average size of 97.5 acres. County contains 5.56 square miles, 355,840 acres, of which 149,140 acres are in cultivation. Last year sur- plus products amounted to $1,000 for each farm. All grains, vegetables, and fruits of this latitude are raised. Tobacco, strawberries, and tomatoes are of the fancy, as distinguished from staple, production. Railroad ties have long supplied ready money to farmers who choose to employ otherwise idle time. Population: — White, 16,822; colored, 117: Ameri- can born, 16,522; foreign born, 417; total, 16,939. Farm homes owned, 2,050; rented. 645; other homes owned, 338; rented, 422; total families, 3,455. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax, aver- age, 64 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,315,010; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, sixty-six and two-thirds; county debt, $28,450; no township debt. Timber: — Originally there was an unbroken forest of white oak, black oak, post oak, black-jack, and a few other species, but easily accessible commercial growth has been removed. Acreage timbered is 206.700, most of which is second, small growth. In eastern and south- ern sections, however, are white oak and black oak of marketable size. Creek bluffs are often crowned with cedar thickets, timbers of fence-post size. Minerals: — One-fifth of county shows mineral pros- pects, but a comparatively small portion has been devel- oped. Lead and zinc are mined at Ozark. One mine output for last year was 180 tons of lead. Iron evi- dences are abundant; no active mines. Fire and A Christian County Cave, near Ozark, 358 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND N U M li E R 1 VALUE Cattle 15,885 *' S 397,125 Horses 0,396 377,760 Mules 1,601 112,070 Asses and Jennets 55 4,950 Sheep 5,8.53 17,560 Swine 27,910 279,100 Chickens 100,898 1 Turkeys 3,7.53 1 71 730 Geese :i.0.50 r Ducks 3,823 1 Swarms of Bees 588 1 ,085 Honey 19,000 I 2,450 Wool 18.SL'5 t 3,155 Milk Butter 1,080,068 § 1 374,743 t \ 101,515 Eggs 691 ,720 II 86,465 *l,458,.'i95 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. I'IkiIo in heading: CHRISTIAN COUNTY 359 pottery clay are found; lime- stone is every- where. Land: — In char acter the most of the soils consist of clay loam of varying depths underlaid by a bright red clay sub- soil. Creek and river bottom lands are of a deep, sandy loam soil, rich in or- ganic matter and will support annual grain crops for years without use of fer- tilizers. Uplands are fertile according to depth of soil. In west end there is land very valuable for general agricultural purposes; also in vicinity of Nixa and between that town and Highlandville. Southern and extreme eastern parts are more broken; some level or undulating land is found in central eastern part. All upland soils are gravel-laden and in places very stony. Grain and grass thrive. Large areas of upland soils seem well adapted to tobacco growing. Price of lands range from $5 to $50 an acre. Maximum price is paid for best bottoms, which range from $30 to $50, depending upon situation with reference to market. Table lands in west end between Ozark and Sparta, in central dis- trict, and the prairie near Nixa, are priced at $25 to $35. Best ridge lands, im- proved, are selling at $20 to $25. Hill lands, improved, $5 to $15. Unimproved land sells at $3 to $15, depending upon timber growth or soil. Transportation: — St. Louis & San Franscisco main line crosses northwest corner. Chadwick branch opens center of county. MiiVERAL Springs : — At Reno and Eau- devie, in south part of county. These waters possess medicinal properties and the towns are popular local resorts. Fish- and hunting are additional attractions of ciiRi.sTiAX torxTY I ,\i!\i s( KXK. thcse vicinities. Towns: — Ozark, county seat, population 830, has two flouring mills, can- ning factory and mineral reduction works. Billings, population 702, flouring mill, grain elevator, canning factory, creamery, and iron foundry; center of fruit and dairying region. Sparta, 300, flouring mill, and farming center. Nixa, Chad- wick, Kenton, Riverdale, Griffin, Highlandville, McCracken, and Clever. Newspapers: — Ozark Democrat; Christian County Republican; Sparta Leader; Billings Times, Post; Nixa News. peach orchard IN THE OZARKS. A,><*X-~^. .^■-^'^. 15,233; colored, 150; American born, 14,94G; foreign Farm homes owned, 1,652; rented, 797; other homes German population is chiefly im- CLARK COUNTY'S l'.i02 CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons, CLARK is a county of agriculture; of grain elevators; of cattle and horses and hogs and hay. Vinegar factories and pickle plants are feature lending. Staves are made. Agricultural surpluses mean four million and a half dollars a year. Clark county occupies the northeast corner of Missouri. Its farm lands are valued at $7,246,- 020. County area is 510 square miles, equal to 326,400 acres, 224,651 of which are in a high state of cultivation. Farms number 2,514, embracing in average 122.3 acres each of land of different descriptions. Every farmer has a small orchard. PoptJLATioN : — White, born, 437; total, 15,383. owned, 707; rented, 392; total families, 3,548. mediately southwest of Kahoka. Finaxce: — County tax, 65 cents; school tax, average, 40 cents; total as- sessed valuation, $4,698,627; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation 40; county debt, $218,500; township indebtedness. $6,500. TmBER: — Originally upon two-thirds of surface, along streams and extending well out into interior where prairie stretches parallel the streams. Oak, elm, hickory, walnut, maple, birch, willow, cottonwood, syca- more, and linden. One-tenth is still timbered, along streams. Minerals: — Coal is mined in northeast corner, near Dumas. Croppings found on streams as far south as Kahoka. Limestone is plentiful along stream bluffs. La?;d: — River bottom, prairie, and hill lands are the three main divisions in topography. Bottom land ap- proximates 45,000 acres, three-fourths of which may be bought for $40 or less per acre. From Alexandria to St. Francisville is a well-kept levee, behind which land reaches $65. Second bottom farms in southern part of county are known to have sold at $75 an acre. Small acreage of land unprotected from Mississippi river may be bought for $10 an acre. Soil is black accretion, fertile in extreme. Prairie land occupies the center of spaces between streams and have a common general direction northwest and southeast. Soil is rich black loam with clay subsoil. Best of this prairie is had at $50; down to $35. Bluff land which is of little extent, may be bought at $15 an acre. It is usually timbered. Land is black soil over clay except where clay crops out through erosion. Farm improvements are best on LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle .32,47.3 $1,055,372 Horses 11,104 740,265 Mules 1,300 97,500 Asses and Jenntis 30 3.000 Sheep 10,348 31,045 Swine 3T,898 378,980 Chickens 167,824 1 Turkeys Geese 4.999 1 4,012,'' 113.435 Ducks 3,465 J Swarms of Bees 2,407 5.51 Honey 80,2.S3 t 10,030 Wool 43,000 t 7,176 Milk 1.634,336 §1 129,930 Butter 324.131 t ( Eggs 824.900 II 103.475 $2,675,723 t Pounds. i Gallons Dozen. Photo in heading: Grain Elevator at Wayland. 360 CLARK COUNTY. 361 prairies, along second bottom lands at edge of Mississippi river bluffs, two to seven miles back from the river, and behind the levee. Within half a mile of Ka- hoka, because of location, land has sold at $75 an acre. Forty-five dollars an acre will buy land un- surpassed in fertility, six miles from town. Manufactories : — Vinegar and pickle works, flouring mills, and small wagon factories. Alexandria supports a barrel stave factory. Graix Elevators : — Clark probably has more grain elevators than any other Missouri county. There are twelve, holding from ten thousand to forty thousand bushels of corn, wheat, or oats, the principal cereals handled. Way- land elevators ship over 1,000,000 bushels of corn on an avera,ge year. Transportation: — Three railroads: to Keokuk, Fort Madison, Chicago, Kan- sas City and St. Louis direct. Lines: Santa Fe Route, St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern; Keokuk & Western. Schools: — Kahoka High School is approved by the University of Missouri. Alexandria, Wyaconda, and Luray have graded school system. Kahoka Business College. Mineral Water: — Sulphur water springs dot the Mississippi river bluffs. Luray also is location of sulphur springs. Towns: — Kahoka, county seat, city ownership of electric lights and waterworks; two telephone systems. Court meets April and October. Business streets macadam; vinegar factory, grist and saw mill, roller mills, two grain elevators, wagon factory, canning and pickle factory. Wyaconda, flouring mill, axe handle factory, elevator, grist mill. Alex- andria, stave factory, canning fac- tory, pickle works. Gregory, Re- vere, Wayland, Aston and Luray are elevator towns. All supported by agriculture. Newspapers: — Kahoka Gazette-Herald, Courier, Review; Wyaconda News; Wayland Old Homestead. KAHOKA CANNING COMPANY. A NOKTU MISSOLKI OAT 1 IKLD. Cj rc^sox3 Total * Bushels. t Tons. HE southern line of Clay is marked by the Missouri river, _ which separates it from Kansas City. It is best known I for its blue grass pastures, fine blooded cattle, William M Jewell College at Liberty, and the Excelsior Springs mineral waters. In square miles its measurement is 415; in acreage, 265,600, of which 197,550 are included in improved farms, to the number of 2,203, worth $9,466,395. Average farm 107 acres. PoPLLATiox: — White, 17,784; colored, 1,119; American born, 18,- 484; foreign born, 419; total 18,903. Farm homes owned, 1,468; rented, 725; other homes owned, 944; rented, 1,117; total families, 4,254. Timber: — Originally a dense forest of burr, black and white oak, walnut, hickory and elm covered six-sevenths of the county. For thirty years walnut logs yielded an immense income. Near Cooley's Lake, one 400-acre tract still stands. Elsewhere only shade trees are preserved. Coal: — At a great depth underlies the whole county. It is mined at Mis- souri City. Character and Price of Land: — The Missouri river bottom land is a narrow strip defined by the Wabash railroad, which follows the bluffs. The widest part of this strip is at the Ray county border, where it is three miles. Price here varies widely, owing to its proximity to Kansas City. Harlem bottom averages $200 per acre, li" ranges from $150 to $1,000, held by speculators, occu- pied by truck gardeners. Once in ten years it over- flows. East from Kansas City, the land gradually de- creases in figure, down to $50. East of Missouri City, the bottoms are higher, well improved, inhabited by people who make it home, and land brings $50 to $100, averaging $60. Bounding this bottom is a half-mile strip of bluff land, exceeding rough and rocky. Beyond this lies blue grass hill land, long gentle slopes with foot fringes of small timbered streams. Around Lib- erty land sells at $60 to $100, the same being true of a twenty-five square mile strip bounded by Prathersville, Missouri City and Liberty, and of the land near Excel- sior Springs, the latter strip being more hilly, but profiting by its location. In the northwestern half of the county extends, in a direction northeast and south- west, a strip embracing one-seventh of the county, orig- inal prairie, selling at $50 to $75 an acre. It is undu- lating. A strip south of Paradise embraces farms from $60 to $70. Forty to fifty dollar land is found north of Barry, east of Holt, and southwest of Greenville, in smaller tracts. Outside the Harlem or north Kansas City bottoms, farm improvements are as good as the best in Missouri. Corn and cattle are far in the lead among county export products; hogs and horses next in order. Photos in heading: Cattle on Blue Orass Pasture; Excelsior Sijriugs Scene; William Jcirell College, Liberty. 362 CLAY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACHES PRODUCT VALfE 79.037 3,79:3,77(> * *1, 195,040 Wheat 9,918 228.115* 131,165 Oats 2,^m ;3.490 * 19,105 Hay 18,475 32,3:^0 t 226.310 Forage 1,990 2,055 t 13,275 Broom Corn 5 2,':50 t 75 Clover Seed 540* 2,970 Grass Seed 1,760* 2,730 Tobacco 24 21 ,600 t 2,160 Potatoes 754 109,330 * 26,240 Vegetables 1,065 48,520 Total i 1 1 SI, 667,590 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NfMBER Cattle 31.374 $ Horses 9,367 Mules 2,oa5 Asses and Jennets 1.58 Sheep 15,4.55 Swine 77.440 Chickens 133,.5361 Turkeys 6,022 1 2,864 r Geese Ducks 1,477 J Swarms of Bees 1,244 Honey 41,467 t 63.000 I Wool Milk 2,0l;^,694 § / Butter 403.390 t S Eggs 753,400 II $1,117,155 604,065 151,875 15,800 51,515 774.400 131.385 3,075 3,185 10..')00 149,890 94,175 $3,109,020 \ Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. CLAY COUNTY. 363 Manufactories: — Brick yards at Birming- ton and Holt; mineral water bottling at Ex- celsior Springs; flouring mills at Liberty, Kearney, Holt and Smithville. Transportation: — All roads lead to Kan- sas City, forty-five minutes from the county seat. Through lines are also available to St. Louis, St. Joseph, and Chicago. Following are mileages taxed: Wabash, main line, 23.41; branch, 9.48. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, 28.30. Burlington, 34.31. Pittsburg & Gulf, 23.90. Santa Fe, St. Joseph branch, 1.50. Un- ion Depot Bridge & Terminal, 3.62. Churches and Schools: — William Jewell College was founded in 1849 and since main- tained by the Baptists of Missouri. Enroll- ment, 350; endowment-producing fund, $425,- 000; funds and equipment, $600,000; faculty members, 30; 10 buildings. Liberty Ladies College, a boarding school for young women, with academic and music departments, is a private institution founded in 1890, with a teaching corps of sixteen. Haynes Academy, at Excelsior Springs, is a co-educational preparatory school, established 1896. High schools are located at Liberty, Excelsior Springs, Kearney, Smithville. Water :^ — Missouri river drains the south end; Fishing river the east and northeast; Big Shoal Creek the west. Cooley's Lake, eight miles south of Excel- sior Springs, embraces 700 acres. Chick's Lake, 10 acres, and Cooper's Lake, 5 acres, are both within a mile of Excelsior Springs. They provide Ashing for the thousands that spend the summer here. Mineral Springs: — Siloam, alkaline bicarbonate; Regent, alkaline bicarbon- ate and iron; Sulpho-Saline; Salt-Sulphur; Steck's Iron Spring, Excelsior Springs, Lithia, Saratoga, Superior, and the Excelsior Springs are of undoubted medicinal value. Upon their merits stands the prosperous city of Excelsior Springs, 25 miles fram Kansas City. Last year one railroad sold 110,000 round trip tickets from Kansas City to Excelsior Springs. People from all over the United States summer here. Bathing, boating, and fishing are attractions. Reed's Springs, seat of Odd Fellows' Home of Missouri, where live 100 women and children; and Thornton's Chalybeate Spring, both near Liberty, are less fre- quented springs. Towns: — Liberty, county seat, is a school town; Excelsior Springs a summer resort; Kearney, Holt, Smithville, and Missouri City are small farming centers. The people are chiefly descendants of Virginians, Marylanders and North and South Carolinians. Newspapers: — Liberty Tribune, Advance, Democrat; Excelsior Springs Standard, Journal, Daily Call; Smithville Herald, Star; Kearney Clipper; Holt Rustler. Finance: — County tax, 30 cents; school tax average, 44 cents; taxation based on one-third actual valuation; assessed valuation, $8,690,346. No debts. CLINTON is one of the leading live stock counlies of Missouri. It is the home of several of the best herds of Hereford and Shorthorn cattle, and within its borders is Lathrop, internationally known to be the greatest mule market in the world. During the British-Boer war it was the center of the mule industry in the United States. Between May 9 and December 30, 1901, 47,939 horses and mules were shipped through Lathrop barns. Daily average on hand, 5,000; largest number at one time, 8,127; largest number shipped out in one day, 3,500. One month the grain consumption was: corn, 45,000 bushels; oats, 25,000 bushels, and hay, 800 tons. Clinton is located by rail one and one-half hours north of Kansas City and one hour east of St. Joseph. Contains 440 square miles, in acres, 281,600, of which 251,250 are highly improved. Number of farms, 2,024. of an average size of 135.2 acres, valued at $9,883,089. Population: — White, 16,290; colored, 1,073; American born, 16,926; foreign born, 437; total, 17,363. Farm homes owned, 1,353; rented, 595; other homes owned, 1,157; rented, 798; total families, 3,903. Land: — Topographically, Clinton is undulating prairie; never flat; seldom billowy. In portions of township 56, ranges 30 and 32, and in narrow confines near Haynesville, Bainbridge, and Mecca there is some broken, tim- bered land. Within three miles of Cameron, Plattsburg and Lathrop farms reach $100 an acre. The cheapest land in the county is $40. General average price, $50 to $70, depending upon im- provements and individual lay of land. Soil is black prairie loam of a depth of two to four feet, over sub- soil of porous clay. Blue grass grows wild. Cattle and corn exportations amount to nearly three millions of dollars annually. A limestone is found along the small streams sufficient for foundation work. Timber exists in quantity sufficient for local firewood and rough board use. Originally there were 30,000 acres of black oak, post oak, black walnut, elm, hickory, sycamore, Cottonwood and ash along the streams and upon the lesser level places. Manufacturing is limited to flouring mills, of which two are at Plattsburg; one each at Cameron, Lathrop and Turney. Transportation: — Two railroads into St. Joseph and two into Kansas City provide suburban privileges. Railroad mileage taxed is: Hannibal & St. .Joseph, main line, 13.11; branch, 22.72; Kansas City, Peoria & Chi- cago, 24.78; Leavenworth branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 28.09; Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, St. Joseph branch, 25.95; Kansas City, Peoria & Chi- cago, Gower branch, 10.20. Colleges and High Schools: — Missouri Wesleyan College, at Cameron, is co-educational academic insti- tution, founded in 1883, now under the Missouri Con- ference of Methodist Episcopal church. Has thirteen Lathrop Mule B(ini;A P'attshuyj Animal; Miilc^ Airailing Kj-portation. 364 CLINTON COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT | VALUE Corn 104,693 4,397,106' * f 1 ,385,090 Wheat 3.29C 55,780 • 1= 37,825 0:ns 6,285 257,603 •= 66,975 Hay 33,79S .57,'450 315,975 Forage 3,245 4,325 21,625 Broom Corn 60 36,o00 : 1,000 Clover Seed l,.5O0 * 8,350 Grass Seed 3,500 * 5,425 Tobacco 1( 9,000 * 900 Potatoes 68- 102,600 * 24,625 Vegetables 795 31,150 Total 1 1 1 *1,901,840 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KliND 1 NUMBER | VALUB Cattle 43,206 $1,-101, li)5 Horses 10,41§ 694 ,.535 Mules 2,292 171,900 Asses and Jennets 58 5,800 Sheep Swine 7,098 74.775 23,660 747,750 Chickens 114,919 1 Turkeys 4.485 ', 2,506 f 117,150 Geese Ducks 1,646 1 Swarms of Bees 1.860 4.925 Honoy 62,000 :; 31.300 :: 7.750 Wool 5,250 Milk Butter i,307,750 § 1 396,107 § r 140,190 Eggs 714,56011 89,325 Total 1 1 $3,402,430 * Bushels. X Pounds. || Dozen. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in heading: CLINTON COUNTY 365 instructors. Preparatory, collegiate, normal, music departments. Endowment, $22,000. High schools conforming to course of study prescribed by the University of Missouri are located at Cameron, Plattsburg, and Lathrop. Smith's Fork of Platte river crosses the center of the county from east to west; Shoal creek and Castile creek are in the east and northwest portions respectively. These con- tribute to stock water, which is, however, furnished mainly by windmill wells and ponds. One mineral spring, two miles south of Platts;burg, gives basis to a small summer resort. A hotel and private residences accom- modate seventy-five visitors during the season. Towns: — Cameron, Plattsburg and La- throp are the principal towns, each distinctive as to commercial features. The first is a Bur- lington railroad division town; Plattsburg, county seat, is a fine-blooded cattle center; and Lathrop is a horse and mule market. All derive large income from agri- culture and stock raising. All are lighted with electricity and are telephone centers for surrounding country. All have main streets paved or macadamized, and Cameron has waterworks system. Cameron, Turney and Gower are impor- tant dairy produce shipping points. Trim- ble, Converse, Osborn are live railroad towns. Roads: — King dragging system is be- ing used, proving highly efficient in mak- ing them among the best of the State. Feuit: — There are many orchards. One commercial orchard of ninety acres in township 54, section 31; other than MULES AND HORSES, CLINTON COUNTY, this they are of acreages corresponding to private needs. Newspapers: — Cameron Sun, Ob- server; Plattsburg Leader, Democrat- Lever; Lathrop Monitor, Herald; Tur- ney Times; Gower Epitomist. Finance: — County tax, 70 cents; school tax up to $1.20; average, 40 cents; total assessed valuation, $7,- 923,521; assessed valuation per cent of real value, 40; county debt, $25,000; no township debt. Sanitariums : — Clinton county poor house is known for its model character. It has no superior in the State, among the county institutions. Recently the Plattsburg Osteopathic Sanitarium has been established at Plattsburg. Stock Sai£s: — Periodical sales of pure-bred cattle are held at Plattsburg. county INFIRMARY'. COLE COUNTY'S 1903 CROP Total Total * Bushels. 1 Tons. SITUATED near the geographical center of the State is Cole county, upon the south bank of the Missouri river. Jefferson City, its county seat, is the capital of Missouri. To this fact is due its liveliest commercial in- terests and its widest renown. At Jefferson City are the chief offices of the machinery of the State, Supreme Court and penitentiary. Aside from its State interests, Cole is engaged in manufacturing, stock raising, rail- roading, fruit growing and general farming. There are five shoe factories in Jefferson City, producing ten thousand pairs daily; an overall factory, brewery, one of the largest publishing houses and binderies in the State and the largest saddle-tree factory in the world. In a live stock way, cattle, horses and mules, hogs and sheep lead. Four miles east of Jefferson City are relay stock yards, where 300,000 sheep are fed annually for St. Louis and Kansas City markets. Physically the size of Cole county is 390 square miles. PoPULATIo^": — White, 18,317; colored, 2,261; American born, 18,863; foreign born, 1,715; total, 20,578. Farm homes owned, 1,324; rented, 362; other homes owned, 998; rented, 1,005; total families, 3,689. The foreign born are practically all German. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, from five cents to $1.20; average, 40 cents; total as- sessed valuation, $5,593,294; assessed valuation is one- third of actual value of property; county debt, $70,000; no township indebtedness. Timber: — Approximate area, 75,000 acres; 50,000 acres hoop-pole size, and 2,500 acres marketable timber Fifteen thousand acres bear white oak of tie timber value. Ninety thousand ties are shipped out annually. Originally the entire county was timbered with white oak, black oak, post oak, black-jack, walnut, sycamore, elm, Cottonwood. Minerals: — Coal is deposited in pockets. Annual output is 1,000 tons. Two principal mines are south of Elston. One shaft 66 feet deep is working a coal de- posit 27 feet deep. Another shaft 50 feet deep has coal 18 feet in thickness. Limestone, lead and zinc are taken from the ground. Land: — Being a river county and intersected by numerous streams of irregular courses. Cole is rather broken in topography. Excepting narrow strips of bottom land at several points along the Missouri, wide bottoms alongside the Osage and upon the Moreau creeks, the county is hilly with red limestone clay soil, of Ozark border complexion and character. This is especially favorable to fruit and wheat. There are five thousand acres planted in bearing orchards of apples, peaches, plums and pears. Farm lands sell at $20 to $60 an acre, according to the acreage of bottom land 1 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 2r,46.S 1,1 80,009* $348,370 Wheat 35.069 666,310 * 366,470 Oats <),711 1. -0,750 * 39,050 Hay 16,T!)6 28, .555 t 228,440 Forage 490 610 1 3,050 Broom Corn 1 .500 J 15 Clover Seed 2,890 * 16,185 Grass Seed 25* 45 Tobacco 2> 15,400 t 1,465 Potatoes 8-^1 114,940* .36,780 Vegetables 645 40,910 I $1,081,680 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KINIj NUMBER VALUE Cattle 1.2,470 $ 374,100 Horses 4,rw4 295,360 Mules 1,681 117,670 Asses and Jennets 33 3,300 Sheep 5,472 14,415 Swine 20,079 200,790 Chickens 90,876- Turkeys 3,246 66,385 Geese 3,392 '' Ducks 616 1 Swarms o F Bees 469 1,375 Honey 15,633 t 20,250 I 1,955 Wool 3,375 Milk 1.638,215 § ( 154,895 Butler 293,828 t ' Eggs 511,760 II 67,720 $l,:^01,24O t Pounds. $ (lallons. Photo in hending: Mctv of Jiffcrson City. 366 COLE COUNTY. 367 embraced in the particular piece and the character of improvements. There are 119,476 acres of this land. The larger portion, 249,600 acres, is at present uncultivated and may be bought at $5 to $15 an acre. There are 1,700 farms, of an average size of 132.2 acres. The aggregate, act- ual valuation is put at $3,827,925. Farm production each year equals the land valuation. Manufactures: — Shoes, over- alls, beer, wine, saddle trees, and book bindery products are the man- ufacturing output. A contributing element to the large manufactur- ing of Jefferson City is its transpor- tation advantage. Freight and ex- press consignments are called for and delivered without charge for drayage. Tkaxspoktation : — Railroads: Missouri Pacific, main line, Bagnell Branch and River Route; Missouri, Kansas & Texas, and Chicago & Alton. There are forty passenger trains daily. Schools: — Enumeration, 6,300; terms six to nine months. Over eighty thousand dollars have been spent recently to this end in Jefferson City alone. Schools have libraries and in addition thereto is the free circulation library, recent gift to the city by Andrew Carnegie. Lincoln Institute, State normal school for colored, is here. Banks: — There are five banks, with a total deposit of three million dollars. Churches :' — Thirty-one, representing eleven Christian denominations, with a total membership of 10,000. Wagon Roads: — From the vai'ious di- rections into Jefferson City are turnpike wagon roads, footing a total of 30 miles. In addition are 200 miles of dirt roads. Towns: — The incorporated towns are: Jefferson City, 9,664, elsewhere noted; Rus- sellville, population 295, on the Bagnell branch of the Missouri Pacific railroad. Newspapers: — Jefferson City State Tri- bune, Cole County Democrat, Missouri Volksfreund, Republican, Missouri School Journal, Post; Russellville Rustler; Cen- tertown: Central Missouri Leader. MISSOURI IS FIRST IN FRUIT. >^.^ 7r-f_-- COOPER ~^r COOPER is upon the south bank of the Missouri nver, half way across tlie State. Both vast and varied are its resources. It is long settled. Its history antedates the history of the State. Education is fostered. Academies and colleges are grounded firm and deep upon oarly years. In agriculture and live stock breeding the county is of leading im- portance. The first Shorthorn cattle in Missouri were imported to Cooper county. This breed of cattle now forms a large share of almost one million dol- lars worth of cattle shipped out annually. Horses are a large item of export, and corn shipments exceed a million dollars a year. Manufactures are active. Earth- enware, leather and flour are made. Boonville flouring mills are of the largest in the State. Clay for earthen- ware work, coal and some lead are mined. Sand taken from the Missouri river at Boonville is shipped widely. A model State institution located at Boonville is the reformatory — Missouri Training School for Boys. Population: — White, 18,999; colored, 3,533; Amer- ican born, 21,445; foreign born, 1,087; total, 22,532. Farm homes owned, 2,009; rented, G44; other homes owned, 983; rented, 1,029; total families, 4,665. Finance: — County tax, 65 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 15 cents to $1.05; average, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $8,485,816; assessments based upon one-third actual valuation of property. No indebtedness. Timijer: — Appeared upon the Missouri and Lamine rivers, small creeks and their tributaries. The growth was large, indicating fertility of soil. Species em- braced oaks, walnut, elm, sycamore, linwood, sugar tree and Cottonwood. The most of the commercial timber has been removed, though an occasional strip is found. Minerals: — Clays constitute the main mineral. They range in composition from that suitable for pressed brick to kaolin. Coal has been mined within the county. A few small mines now operate through Turn in the liond ; M. K. d T. It'iiilioiid Hiidge Across the 368 COOPER COUNTY'S 190-3 CROP ] ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 85,195 4,046,763 * ¥1,193,695 Wheat 60.951 1.. 340,920* 737,505 Oats 9,7:^8 301,880* 80,000 Hay 23,46:5 311,885 t 299,140 Forage l.l.iS 1 ,44.S t 7,2'.i5 Broom Corn 27 13,500 t 370 Clover Seed 2,515* 11,085 Grass Seed 300* 540 Tobacco 27 18,900 t 1,795 Potatoes 871 113,230 * 36,235 Vegetables 865 49,565 Total 1 1 1 $2,420,155 LIVE STOCK AND PROD UCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 29,995 * 999,835 Horses 9,173 61 1 ,535 Mules 4,9,-)0 371,250 Asses and Jennets 111 13,320 Sheep 12,083 36,250 Swine 57,225 572,2.-0 Chickens 198,229 1 Turkeys 10,108 ; 14-' 015 Geese 5.678 r Ducks 2,352 J Swaims of Bees 2,089 4,415 Honey 69,633 :; .55,515 :; 8,705 Wool 9,250 Milk 2,044,476 § 1 158,650 Butter 360,560 1 1 Eggs 494,594 II 99,325 Total 1 1 $3,026,800 * Bushels. t Pounds. I| Do iten. t Tons. § Gallons. PJwtos in heading: The Missouri River at lioonrillc. COOPER COUNTY. 369 the winter season. Building stone of limestone qualities is quarried for purposes local. Boonville is one of the largest sand shipping points in Mis- souri. The product is depos- ited by the river. Small quan- tities of lead ore have been found in the southern half of the county. Land: — Number of square miles, 562; acreage, 359,680, of which 264,760 acres are in a high state of cultivation. Number of farms, 2,664; aver- age size, 127 acres; actual val- uation, $10,849,350. There are three kinds of soil: alluvium, adjoining In a narrow strip the river; brown loam of loess character, most extensive of the three kinds; and red limestone clay, bearing flint substance, found in the south half of the county. The bottom land farms are finely improved and sell at $70 an acre. Hill and prairie farms range generally in price from $45 to $50. Rough, timbered lands, $25 to $30 an acre. Fruit Lands: — Cooper and St. Louis counties stand alone in combining in considerable quantity the two kinds of soil which have made Missouri renowned as a fruit State. The red limestone clay is the soil upon which the Louisiana nurseries and the Ozark bordering orchards are founded. The brown loam loess is the soil which has made northwest Missouri excel in apple production. Manufactures: — Earthenware, leather and flour are the principal manu- factured products. Some native lumber is sawed by portable mills, and ship- stuff and other feed is ground by small mills, found in nearly every town. Transportation: — Four railroads touch the county: Missouri, Kansas & Texas crosses northeast to southwest; Missouri Pacific River Route from Kansas City to St. Louis crosses east to west; a branch of the Missouri Pacific runs south from Boonville to Versailles, in Morgan county; and the Missouri Pacific main line skirts the southern border. Schools: — One of the strongest features of the county. Boonville High School is approved by the State University. Kemper Family School for boys, at Boonville. At Boonville is also Megquier Seminary for young women, and at Pilot Grove is the Pilot Grove Collegiate Institute. Towns: — Boonville, population, 4,377, county seat, old river town, supported by farming, manu- ufacturing, mineral working, shipping interests. Has brick paved streets, electric lights, water- works, gas and other modern improvements. Bunceton, population 856; Pilot Grove, 631, and Otterville, 384, are other towns with modern im- provements. Blackwater, 285; Prairie Home, 196. All towns are most largely indebted to agriculture for support. Newspapers: — Boonville Advertiser, Missouri Democrat, Central Missouri Republican, Western Christian Union, Central Missourier, Advance, Wasp; Pilot Grove Enterprise; Bunceton Eagle, Tribune; Otterville Mail; Blackwater News. Mo. — 2i MISSOURI RIVER BLUFF. CRAWFORD COUNTVS 1902 CROP Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey \'.'ool Milk Butter Eggs Total * Bushels. t Tons. RAWFORD is located seventy-five miles southwest of St. Louis, upon the Frisco railroad, and in the second tier of counties south of the Missouri river. Commercially, its leading interests are mineral. It ships more iron pyrites than any other county in the State. Land surface is broken and rock bearing and embraces 710 square miles, 4.54,400 acres, of which but 100.04.5 acres are cultivated. These together with contingent grazing lands are estimated to be worth $3,387,290. Population: — White, 12,911: colored, 48; American born, 12,472: foreign born, 487; total, 12,959. Farm homes owned, 1,376; rented, 548; town homes owned, 304; rented, 340; total families, 2,568. TniBER AXD Rallroad Ties: — White oak, post oak, burr oak, black-jack, in the main, with scattering hickory and walnut. White oaks were of large size, giving rise to the railroad tie industry, which has for many years been a lead- ing source of income. Other timbers were of small individual size. Land cut twenty to thirty cords of wood per acre, worth $1.75 to $2 for firewood. MixER.^Ls:— Iron pyrites, coal, lead, fire clay, kaolin, limestone, sandstone and granite are found. Cherry Valley Iron mine, four miles south of Steelville, and one two miles west of Steelville, are in active operation. Outputs are hauled to Sligo Smelter, in Dent county. Coal at a depth of sixty feet is found at Cook's Station and at Bourbon. Vein is said to be in places eight feet through. Lead is mined near Bourbon and Sullivan. Near Butts' Postofllce a lead bowlder containing 576 cubic feet has been located at forty-five feet depth. Granite deposits exist near Ber- ryman. Laxd: — One-fourth is fenced. The balance is free stock range. Farms are located chiefly in the northern one-half, though they occupy valleys throughout the southern portion. Soil in the bottoms of Meramec river, Huzzah, Courtois, Dry, Crooked, Little Bourbeuse, Brazil and Brush creeks is black alluvial formation; hill land soil is clay and the surface of the latter bears flint rock. Improved farms are selling at $8 to $40 in these proportions: one-fifth, $8 to $15; three-fifths, $15 to $25; one-fifth $25 to $40. Highest priced land is represented by 16,000 acres of Meramec river bottoms, and a lesser strip of upland north of Cuba. Three- fourths, wild land, approaches mountainous. Its value lies in mineral prospects, timber for firewood, and graz- ing purposes. It can be had in any quantity at $2 to $5 an acre, an occasional piece with promising mineral findings being held at $10. One-fourth of this is held ~ by non-resident speculators. Flour and staves are manufactured. Flouring mills 1 ACRES PKODICT VALIE Corn 28.347 992,145 * S 372,055 Wheat 17,759 284.145 * 167.045 Oats 2,624 65,600 * 21,865 Hay 12.567 18,850 t 141,375 Forage 430 500 t 2.500 Broom Corn 53 26,.=i00 t 780 Tobacco 41 29,100 t 2,910 Potatoes 391 37,145 * lT,8:iO Vegetables 4S0 18,575 §745,485 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I Nl'MBER I VALlE 15.605 4,015 1,840 80 8,270 20,790 66,518 I 785' 2,208 [ 1,477 J 6:« 21,067 1 a4,950 t 1,220,864 § ( 2.37,621 t ( 365,180 II S 390,125 240,900 119.600 7,200 24„>0 Asses and Jennets 20 1 ,800 Sheep 615 1,845 Swine 39,180 391,800 Chickens 78,1861 Turkeys Geese 890', 5,808 { 49.400 Ducks 6,046 J Swarms of i^ees 1,877 3,.541 Honey 62,.567 X 7,821 Wool 1,975 t 329 Milk 1,557,150 §j 99,235 Butter 300.829 X \ Kggs 474,910 II 59,365 $1,370,421 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photo in heading: Cotton Field Near Kennett. 384 DUNKLIN COUNTY. 385 Churches and Schools: — In Kennett, Maiden and Camp- bell there are a total of fourteen churches, representing the leading Protestant denominations. Each of the towns has a graded school system. Water: — Wells in Dunklin county cost $2 each. They can also be removed to suit the immediate needs of the owner. Most of them are driven, the supply of water be- ing, therefore, inexhaustible. Water is slightly tinged with iron. Fish and Game: — Subsequent to the regular spring rise of the St. Francis river, fishing is a means of ready money to the farmers. When the waters have subsided, car loads of all Mississippi varieties are stranded. These are caught by hand and shipped to St. Louis. As a game reserve, this section has long been the hunters' paradise. Duck shooting is equal to the ideal on canvas. A few black bears, deer, coons, 'possums and mink are yet to be found. The fur industry is yet of some im- portance. Towns: — Not one has a saloon. Kennett, county seat, has held an annual fair success- fully for twelve years; it has a baseball park, electric lights, and in commercial industries, a slack barrel factory, buggy spoke factory, broom factory, cottonseed oil mills, machine shop, ice plant, bottling works and cold storage, three cotton gins and two planing mills. Maiden has electric lights and wa- terworks, machine works, heading fac- tory, ice plant, bottling works, shingle and saw mill, cottonseed oil mill, six cot- ton gins, and is the location of the freight transfer sheds of the Cotton Belt railroad. Campbell is an important rail- road junction. The town's enterprises are a saw mill and dry kiln of 30,000 feet ca- pacity; planing mill, hoop mill; handle factory, shingle mill, stave mill, axe handle factory, a cotton gin, roller mills and brick yard. Senath has four cotton gins and a saw mill; Cardwell is the location of egg case and box manufacturing; Holcomb has two cotton gins; Hornersville two gins, saw mill and grist mill; Caruth, White Oak, and Clarkton are saw mill towns. Newspapers : — Ken- nett: Dunklin Demo- crat, Dunklin County Mail; Maiden: Dunklin County News; Campbell Citizen; Senath Star. Finance: — County tax, 70 cents; school tax, 75 cents; assessed valuation, $4,298,074; 30 per cent actual valu- ation; no debts. SOME PUMPKINS, DUNKLIN COUNTY. Mo— 85 rR^r^LirN F Total ,RANKLIN is the nativity of the Missouri meerschaum cob pipe, home of the New Haven nurseries, location of white sand deposits and center of German zither manufac- ture. It is also a leading wheat pro- ducing county. It is located upon the south bank of the Missouri river, thirty miles west of the city of St. Louis. It embraces 866 square miles, 544,240 acres of land, 263,711 acres of of which are improved farms. These number 3,853, and average 121.8 acres, in- cluding land of cultivable, pasture and timber character. Actual value of farm lands, $9,919,500. Population: — White, 28,756; colored, 1,825; native born, 27,730; foreign born, 2,851; total, 30,581. Native born of foreign parentage, one-third. In some communities German is spoken. Farm homes owned, 2,875; rented, 961; other homes owned, 1,095; rented, 1,139; total families, 6,069. I Finance: — County tax: general revenue, 30 cents; road, 10 cents; special road and bridge, 10 cents; school, tax, five cents to $1.15; average, 49 cents; assessed val- uation one-half real value; no county nor township debt. Commercial Timbeu: — Oak, hickory, walnut, cedar. White Sand: — Of ninety-nine per cent silica exists in form of solid bed of sand rock along Meramec river bluffs at Grays Summit and in a mountain at Pacific. Disintegrates readily. Three thousand cars annually are prepared and shipped from Pacific. It is used in manufacture of glass, for moulding purposes in iron and steel, fire brick and sewer pipe manufacture, saw- ing stone, and in making mineral paint. Land: — Excepting two pieces of prairie, one four miles southeast of Union, embracing 4,500 acres, the other eight miles south of New Haven, containing three square miles, and the river bottom land, Franklin is of frequent hills, rising one hundred and fifty feet in FRANKLIN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 59,401 2,376.040 * $ 887,265 Wheat 86,734 1,734,480 * 1,023,345 Oats 10,645 319,380 * 106,460 Hay 32,693 36,310 t 363,100 Forage 1,105 1,.395 t 6,975 Broom Corn 36 18,000 t 495 Clover Seed 2,850 * 15,675 Grass Seed 35* 55 Tobacco 60 42,600 t 4,260 Potatoes 1,716 171,600 * 82,370 Vegetables 1,080 71,095 I $2,561,095 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMHER VALUE Cattle 25,.3,^5 f 697,262 Horses 9,060 543,600 Mules 3,340 233,800 .'\sses and Jennets 70 6,300 Sheep 7,070 23.010 Swine 48,715 487,150 Chickens 27,316-1 Turkeys Geese 2,339 1 4,54!) I 144,350 Ducks 2,212J Swarms of Bees 830 2,132 Honey 27,.333 1 31,075 t 3,417 Wocl 5,179 Milk Butter 2,834.431 § \ .517.245 t f 308,280 Eggs 1,683,860 II 210,300 Total * Bushels. t Tons. $2,564,840 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading: Panorama of Franklin Count]/; Along the Meramec River Bluff. S86 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 387 extreme above complement valleys of generous extent. Hills rise gradually, of long slant, rather than precipitous inclination. Immediately bordering Mis- souri, Meramec and Bourbeuse rivers are steep bluffs. Missouri bottom land ex- tends along the river with varying liberal width, from Labaddie to Boles, and from Etlah to the northwest corner. Along Meramec and Boui'beuse rivers are also valleys alluvial. Hill lands are clay. No government land; estimated 35, 000 acres waste land. Entire county adapted to fruit growing, river hills pre- eminently so. Missouri river bottom well improved within a few miles of town sells at $70 an acre, and down to $30, in rare instances. It seldom overflows — on an average of once in ten years. Excepting the northeast thirty square miles, the land north of an east and west line through Union, is above described. South thereof, some bottom land, prospective mining lots or town-bordering property, brings $30 an acre. The average is $20. In the southeast land is found as low as $10; and in the southwest as low as $5 an acre. South-county land is covered with first growth commercial size hardwood timber. Manufactures: — Cob pipes are made to extent of one and one-third millions of pounds annually from cobs of corn grown especially therefor. Washington is the location of these factories, a brewery, and the Franz Schwarzer Zither fac- tory, only one of its kind in America. New Haven Nurseries: — Among the largest of the world. Located in loess lands bordering Missouri river. Transportation: — From St. Louis, it is less than one hour's ride via Mis- souri Pacific, the Frisco or Rock Island railroads. Turnpike mileage, 35. Churches: — Presbyterian, Cumberland Presl)yterian, Baptist, Methodist, German Lutheran, German Evangelist, Christian and Catholic denominations. Newspapers: — Union Tribune; Pacific Transcript; New Haven Leader; Washington Observer; Sullivan Sentinel, and Washington Post (German). GASCONADE is situated upon the south side of the Missouri river, seventy miles west of St. Louis. It is horticultural and agricultural. It produces more wine than any other Missouri county. People are largely German. Along the Missouri river loess lands favor fruit raising; every farmer grows grapes suflBcient for home wine, and Hermann, county seat, is location of Stone Hill wine cellars, largest east of Cali- fornia. But one-third of the county is in cultivation — 109,491 acres of the 326,- 400; in square miles, 510. There are 1,799 farms of 164 acres average size, in- cluding cultivable, pasture, and timber lands, worth in total, $3,877,796. Wheat, cattle, corn are leading products. Population: — White, 12,230; colored, 68; American born, 10,585; foreign born, 1,713; total, 12,298. Farm homes owned, 1,518; rented, 260; other homes owned, 375; rented, 281; total families, 2,434. Finance: — County tax, 35 cents; road tax, 25 cents; school tax, 38 cents on one hundred dollars; assessed valuation, $4,084,651; fifty per cent of real valua- tion; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Originally the county was wholly tim- bered. Species are white oak, black oak, hickory mainly; along streams were walnut, cottonwood, elm, sycamore. One-third has been cleared. Small saw mills operate at Hermann, Morrison, Fredericksburg, Bay, Drake, Bland, Owensville. Kaolin: — Pits operated for thi'ee years along the route of Rock Island railroad. Supply is first quality and endless quantity. Saltpetre caves exist along Gas- conade river; iron and limestone are found, latter in vast quantities. Character and Price of Lands — Adjoining the Missouri river are great bluffs measuring in instances five hundred feet high. Back of these for fifteen miles are hills averaging three hundred feet above sharp val- leys. The la.nd to explored depth is porous clay, techni- cally silt land, lending drought resistance to trees Timber is largest here and forests more dense. Along the Bourbeuse river in the south are likewise high bluffs Between the two sets of bluffs the land is less abrupt though hilly with deep-set streams. In this section a representative farm is 160 acres, with fifty acres in cultivation, five room house, stone or brick, land worth $20 an acre. Bordering the Missouri river are two thousand acres of bottom land selling at $65 to $75; Gasconade and Bourbeuse river bottoms amount to twenty thousand acres, worth $45 to $55. Hill land, Photos in heading: Stone Hill Wine Ccllurs and Vineyard : }fhs()iiri Pacific Into Hermann; Gasconade County Courthouse. 3S8 GASCONADE COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 24.705 891,450* $ 334,295 Wheat 41,201 782,820 * 461,865 Oats 4,573 128,04.5 * 42,680 Hay 11,991 17,985 t 152,875 Forage 465 540 t 2,700 Broom Corn 3 1.500 t 40 Clover Seed 1,300* 7,150 Grass Seed 10* .0 Tobacco 9 6,390 X 640 Potatoes 755 94,375 * 45,300 Vegetables 415 26,410 Total 1 i 9 1,073,975 LIVE STOCK AND PROD UCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 14,820 1 407,550 Horses 3,835 229,500 Mules 2,7.30 191,100 Asses and Jennets 80 2,700 Sheep 7,1.55 21,465 Swine 20 587 205,870 Chickens 127,043 1 2,400 1 4,3»!7 ^ Turkeys Geese 57,210 Ducks 1,191 J Swarms of Bees 445 955 Honey 14,833 1 24,900 i 1 ,854 Wool 4,150 Milk 1,187.024 §1 Butter 180.242 t ( Eggs 733,000 II 91,635 Total 1 1 $1,382,224 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do ^en. tTons. § Gallons. GASCONADE COUNTY. 389 MONTGOMERY improved or connected with improved farms, 100,000 acres worth $17.50 to $25. The balance is unimproved, wild timbered hills, worth $3 to $10 an acre. A few tracts measure 1,000 acres, though generally below 400 and practically all owned by residents. Manufactured Products: — Wine, shoes, flour, brick and beer are manufactured. Eight wine cellars of Stone Hill Company at Hermann contain 750,000 gallons made from grapes. Here was made the wine wherewith the battleship Missouri was christened. Transportation: — Main line Missouri Pacific, Kan- sas City to St. Louis, 16.28; Rock Island, main line be- tween same points, 17.35. The first has four passenger trains each way daily. Three steam boat companies op- erate boats from Rocheport to St. Louis stopping at Hermann. Sixty-five miles of gravel roads across county; built thirty years, repaired annually. Churches: — Catholic, Evangelical, German Metho- dist, Presbyterian and Baptists are represented. High Schools: — Hermann and Owensville support same. Streams supply stock water; for family use cisterns are largely in ascendency. Water is limestone or sand- stone seepage. Three miles from Bland is a sulphur spring. Fish and Game: — All the Missouri river varieties and game fish are caught in the Gasconade and Bour- beuse, along which many picnic parties find sport in summer. There are some deer, more wild turkey, plen- tiful quail, squirrels and rabbits. Towns: — Hermann, location of $50,000 county court- house donated by Charles D. Eitzen, a citizen deceased. Incorporated under special State charter providing for board of five trustees instead of mayor. These and col- lector are elected; former appoint treasurer and clerk. Established 1845; houses are mostly brick and stone, built German fashion, with eaves to drip on sidewalk; Owensville; Leduc; Morrison; all farming towns. Newspapers: — Hermann Volksblatt, Advertiser Courier; Owensville Ban- ner, Argus. WARREN IN THE VALLET OF THE GASCONADE. GENTRY COUNTY'S 1002 CROP Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses anil Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs Total * Bushels. t Tons. GENTRY is known for blue grass and live stock. That it is one of the foremost blue grass counties of Missouri; that it stands even first in blue grass product, largely indicates the reason for the further fact that at the Columbian Exposition thirty prizes went to Gentry county live stock. Premiums were won with cattle, jacks, sheep and hogs. Monarch 190, a jack owned by Captain Charles G. Comstock, took first prize at the Chicago Exposition as best jack under three years in America. County products, in point of importance, are cattle, corn, horses, mules and jacks, hogs and blue grass hay. There are 450 square miles of land, < 288,000 acres, of which 227,449 acres are improved farms. Two thousand six hundred and ninety-nine farms, averaging 111.4 acres each, aggregate an actual worth of $9,384,435. Topography: — Grand river flows through the county north to south. It has three main contributing forks and many minor tributaries. Inevitably upon the streams is a wide bottom. The soil is a black sandy loam, overflows with infrequency according to varying altitudes which largely determine as to whether the price is $40 or $50 an acre. Gumbo is rare. Along Grand river and the streams especially in the northeast and northwest townships there is bluff land which can be bought at $30, usually, however, in connection with bottom lands. One-third of the county is prairie, in small strips intervening the timbered streams and of a greater acreage in the southwest one-half. Soil is two to three and one-half feet in depth of a black prai- rie vegetable mould and land sells at $40 to $50. Near Stanberry and King City, owing to location it occa- sionally reaches $80. Long rolling hill land defines the largest amount of any single kind. In depth of soil it varies slightly more than the prairie, but in price it ranges the same. Best farm improvements are mainly in the southwest part of the county. The average house is worth $800, with other improvement in proportion. At Albany a canning factory puts up corn and tomatoes; a flouring mill does a local business; monu- ment works and a wagon shop. At Stanberry, a well- boring machine factory and a flouring mill contribute the bulk of the manufacturing. Cattle, C. a. Comstock and Son. Alhany; Cattle, G, W. Hadley. 390 ACRES FKOUUCT VALUE Corn 98,793 4,149,306 * $1,306,030 Wheat 1,515 30,300 * 17.425 Oats 5,1)40 196,020 * 50,965 Hay 45,210 7(5,855 t 384,275 Forage 7,7.35 10,315 32,000 ;: 51,575 Broom Corn 60 910 Clover Seed 80* 440 Grass Seed 6,670 * 10,340 Tobacco 8 7,200 \ 720 Potatoes 819 98,280 * 23,590 Vegetables 890 45,360 I $1,891,630 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER I VALUE 45,460 13.173 1,375 98 18,710 69,027 173,1991 6.420 ! 4,.328 ( 3,028 J 3,435 114,500 t 80,200 \ 3,097,068 § ( .599.430 X f 1,004,460 II *1 ,477,450 878,200 103,125 9,800 62,365 690.270 1.56,940 10,,575 14,315 14,365 201,495 125,560 f3,744',460 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading: GENTRY COUNTY. 391 Railroads: — Stanberry is the location of railroad repair shops and freight division end, adding considerable importance. Taxa- ble roadbed within the county: Wabash, Omaha to St. Louis, 24.76; St. Joseph & Des Moines, 18.13; Leon, Mount Ayr & South- western, 7.60; Grant City & Southern, 12.28. Schools: — Besides well improved rural school systems, there are two city systems headed with high schools approved by Uni- versity of Missouri, and a normal school. Approved high schools are located at Albany and Stanberry. Stanberry Normal School, private institution founded 1881, enrolls 250 students. Faculty members, 16; grounds, buildings and equipments value $100,000; academic, commercial, musical, and short- hand departments. It maintains dormitory for young women. Water: — Hard and soft water wells. Live stock supply is supplied through streams and wells, the latter 20 to 40 feet. At Gara is a mineral water spring upon , _ which has been established a hotel costing $30,000. Towns: — Stanberry, largest town, supported by schools, railroad interests and farming. Has electric lights, waterworks, telephone. Albany, county seat, electric lights, waterworks, telephone. King City, Darlington, McFall and Gen- try are farming centers. Population: — White, 20,538; colored, 16; American born, 20,191; foreign born, 363; total, 20,554. Farm homes owned, 1,809; rented, 867; town homes owned, 1,073; rented, 743; total families, 4,492. Finance: — County tax, including road and bridge, 55 cents; school tax from 10 cents to $1.25; average, 4 J cents; total assessed valuation, $7,661,810; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 40 per cent; no county debt; no township debt. Newspapers: — Albany Capital, Ledger, King City Chronicle, Democrat; Dar- lington Record; Gentry Sentinel; McFall Mirror; Stanberry Headlight, Herald, Democrat, Owl, Advocate. loading hay by machinery. FRUIT, agriculture, live stock, wholesale inter- ests, manufacturing, rail- i-oads, and schools are found in the category of Greene's chief interests. The county has what some of its neighbors await- — development. It is situated in southwest Missouri, two hun- dred and thirty miles southwest of St. Louis, upon a plateau of the Ozark mountains. Thus climate and land lay are conducive to suc- cessful horticulture, agriculture, and live stock engagement. Next came the railroads which made Springfield, county seat, a transpor- tation center, lent impetus to in- dustries in immediate connection with the land, and were forerunners to wholesaling, manufacturing, and to the establishment at Springfield of one of the best colleges in the west — Drury College. Ozark border soil is red limestone clay, moder- ately flinty, and adapted eminently to wheat. This called for the estab- lishment of flouring mills, for which the county is known. At Re- public is located a mill with a daily Photos in heading: Frisco Freight Ya Street, Springfield; Oreene County Orchard; ing, Springfield; Lime Works, Ash Orove. GREENE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 80.526 3,231,040* $1,014,625 Wheat 70,990 1,384,305* 761,370 Oats 16,306 619,330 * 164,200 Hay 25,360 43,110 t 323,325 Forage 1,045 1,395 t 6,975 Broom Corn 20 11,000 J 305 Clover Seed 1,400* 7,840 Grass Seed 480* 770 Tobacco 38 24.700 t 2,470 Potatoes 1,186 142,320 * 49,810 Vegetables 3,270 100,140 Total 1 1 1 12,431,830 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 25,581 S 831,385 Horses 11,515 767,665 Mules 2.570 179,900 Asses and Jennets 63 6,800 Sheep 5,294 15,880 Swine 33,713 337,150 Chickens 172,5691 Turkeys Geese 6,824 ', 3,126 , 183,250 Ducks 3,440 J Swarms of Bees 2.185. 6,300 Honey 72,133 :: 22.800 :: 9,105 Wool 3,800 Milk Butter 4.,349,910 § ( 844,4117 t t 330,090 Eggs 1,100,110 11 137,515 Total 1 1 »2,808,240 * Bushels'. 1 Pounds. || Do? en. t T.ns. § Gallons. rds; lUtuil District, Siiringfleld; East Wahnit ■ Model Mills, Springfield; Y. M. C. A. Build- 392 GREENE COUNTY. 393 flouring capacity of 2,000 barrels. It has a storage capacity of 500,000 bushels and its exports reach Eu- rope and Sout'i America. The flour and feed exporta- tion of Greene county amounts to 5,000 cars an- nually. Postoffice depart- ment operates ten rural free delivery routes in Greene county. Population : — White, 49,415; colored, 3,298; American born, 51,045; for- eign born, 1,668; total, 52,- 713. Farm homes owned, 6,020; rented, 1,318; other homes owned, 3,003; rent- ed, 3,937; total families, 14,278. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on the one hundred dollars; school tax, average, 52 cents; total, as- sessed valuation, $14,917,275; assessed valuation is two-thirds actual valuation. County debt, $200,000. Land:— County contains 688 square miles of land, equal to 440,320 acres, of which 278,721 acres are included in improved farms. There are 4,320 farms of an average size of 85.4 acres, valued, according to present selling prices, at $8,277,325. Total products in agriculture, horticulture, and value of live stock amount to three-fourths of the worth of the land where grown. Excepting along the streams the land is practically a broad stretch of undulating surface. Best improved farms sell at $25 to $40, situated upon the table lands. Ridge farms of equal fertility are always slightly less salable, and bring from $3 to $5 less on the acre. Some improved lands may be had at $15 to $25 an acre. In the creek bottoms land may be had at $25 to $35 an acre. Adjoining Springfield farm land reaches $75 to $90 an acre. Fruit: — Strawberries, apples, peaches, and grapes are grown in greatest quantities. At Springfield is the headquarters of the Ozark Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation, organized to further the interests of fruit growing in southern Missouri. Manufacturing:' — Lime, furniture, wagons and carriages, cooperage pro- ducts, brewery products, brooms, harness and saddles, stoves, vinegar, fruit but- ters, ice, cedar leadpencils, and products of evaporators and canning factories are included. Manufacturing amounts to $8,000,000 a year. Colleges: — Drury College, Springfield, member of College Union, which is to say that it is one of the strongest institutions of education in Missouri. Lo- retto Academy and St. Joseph's school are Catholic institutions of strength, hav- ing local patronage. Springfield Normal School and Business College, and two other business schools. Springfield High School is articulated with the State University. Transportation: — Frisco, five divisions, and the Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield center at Springfield. Division offices and shops are also located here. Towns: —Springfield, 23,267; Ash Grove, 1,039; Republic, 856, are the in- corporated towns. All derive large business from horticulture, live stock and agricultural interests. Ash Grove has the additional feature of lime kilns, and Republic is location of flouring mills. Newspapers: — Springfield: Daily and Weekly Leader-Democrat; Daily and Weekly Republican, Express, Sunday Tradesman, Practical Fruit Grower, Sunny South, The Triple Link, The Policy Holder, Opportunity, Baptist News. Ash Grove: Commonwealth, Advance. Republic Monitor. Walnut Grove Eagle. GRUND^^ GRUNDY COUNTY'S:i903 CROP Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. RUNDY is a north Mis- souri county of widely varied interests. It is located 60 miles north- east of St. Joseph, 20 miles south of Iowa. General agri- culture, live stock, railroad, and coal mining activities are most prominent. In cattle and corn product it an- nually crosses the two million dollar mark. At Trenton, county seat, an annual fair, established in 1S67, is held in encouragement of agriculture, horticulture, and live stock. Another event — one attended by breeders from north Missouri and southern Iowa — is the semi-annual sale of registered cattle. An immense pavilion, erected for this purpose, is also used for periodical sales of pure bred horses and hogs. Coal mines at Trenton employ two hundred men, supply from which mines is consumed by individuals and by Rock Island railroad, which maintains car shops and a division end at Trenton. Poultry represents a large income to farmers who are also rapidly increasing facilities for private dairying. Population: — People from every State. In last two years influx of farmers from north and east has been large. White, 17,600; colored, 232; American born, 17,447; foreign born, 385; total, 17,832; farm homes owned, 1,552; rented, 661; other homes owned, 950; rented, 920; total families, 4,083. Finance: — County tax, 28 cents; school tax, aver- age, 49 cents; total assessed valuation, $6,105,970; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40; county debt, $60,000, recently issued for court house. No township debt. Land: — Square miles of land, 460, or 294,400 acres, of which 197,384 acres are under cultivation. Number of farms, 2,298; average size, 118.6 acres, including land of arable, pasture, and other character. Grundy county is drained to the southward by a fork of Grand river and several other small streams. Between these streams are found prairie ridges. Uplands are black, vegetable-mould soil, twelve to twenty inches in depth, underlaid with yellow, porous clay. Bottom lands are a heavier black soil which originally was covered with heavy, wild prairie grass. When cultivated it becomes lighter weight, and is underlaid at twenty-foot depth with sheet water. Farm improvements equal those of southern Iowa. Numerous farm homes cost $1,500 to $2,000 each; better in east half of county. Valley land sells at $30 to $50; prairie, $40 to $65; around Trenton, up to $75. Cheapest land in county is in small creek- bordering patches, selling at $35. Factoby PitODUCTs: — Axe handles, flour and corn meal; cigars are manufactured. A machine shop and a canning factory operate at Trenton. A'ocA- Island Marhine Shops; Pure Bred ITereford Ctilllc. E. .U. fJorhcr. 394 1 ACRES PRODUCT VALL'E Corn 70,425 3,380,400 * SI ,064,825 Wheat 2.9t>8 81,620* 46,930 Oats 3.706 110,946 * 28,845 Hay 47,S52 S6,135 t 430,675 Forage 7,610 10,145 t 50,725 Broom Corn 85 46,750 1 1,2S5 Clover Seed 100* 550 Grass Seed 5,900* 9,145 Tobacco 25 22,500 t 2,250 Potatoes 925 115,625 * 27,500 Vegetables 815 36,245 I $1,698.97 LIVE STOCK. AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER Cattle 34.136 §1,109,420 Horses 10,392 686,185 Mules 1,379 imA-ih Asses and Jennets 71 :,ioo Sheep 12,009 49,080 Swine 37,6T6 376,760 Chickens 144,1891 Turkeys 4,245 ' 3,288 1" 112,120 Geese Ducks 1,651 J Swarms of Bees 2.598 7,235 Honey 86,600 t 10,825 Wool 56,590 t 9.430 Milk 2,540,6;« § ( 470,3e3 X i 147,915 Butter Eggs 839,390 II 103,675 I $2,714,070 X Pounds. § Gallons. II Dozen. Photos in heading: GRUNDY COUNTY. 395 Tkan.si'ortatiun: — Rock Island, main line, Kansas City to Chicago, 26.73; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Kansas City to Chi- cago, 12.64; Burlington, to Quincy, 24.03 miles of taxed roadbed. Rock Island divis- ion shops at Trenton, employ to extent of $50,000 monthly salaries. Schools: — Trenton High School. Avalon College, one hundred pupils enrolled, at Tren- ton. In this connection may be mentioned a $50,000 library, gift to the city by a former citizen. Wells and Water: — In bottom lands wells are driven; sheet water at eighteen to twenty-five feet in inexhaustible quantity. In higher portions cisterns are numerous, be- cause cement is unnecessary for holding the water. Stock water is supplied from creeks and deep windmill wells. A's' WHEAT. Duck Shooting: — Gangs of ducks inhabit rivers and creeks in spring and fall seasons. Snipe shooting is good. Quail, squirrels, and prairie chicken are also found. Pjsh:— Carp, buffalo, bass, crappie, channel catfish, are plentiful, though they average less than one and one-half pounds, in all streams. Towns: — Trenton, electric lights, telephone system, waterworks, all private ownership. Rail- road shops, cattle interests, and farming support it. City owns twenty acres well-kept park. Spick- ard, Gait, Laredo, Brinson, Dunlap, are all sup- ported by farming and live stock. For further information, address Trenton Com- mercial Club. Newspapers: — Trenton Times, Republican, Tribune, Country Editor; Spickard: Grundy County Gazette, North Missouri Poultry Life; Gait Herald; Laredo Herald; Brinson Banner. Timber:— Originally forty per cent; one-tenth white oak; one-tenth walnut; balance hickory, elm, ash, cottonwood, hard and soft maple. Three-fourths now cleared. Coal: — Production, 34,936 tons a year. Depth, 170 feet; vein, thickness 18 inches; men employed, 160. uKl'.h.N I'AblUUtS. IX cattle, Harrison ranks among the State's first counties. It borders Iowa; the fourth county east of Nebraska. Total value of beef cattle exceed t-wo millions of dollars, besides the large value to breeders of pure bred Shorthorn, Hereford and PoUed-Angus cattle. Horses and mules are lead- ing income products, and, for supplying the immense amount of stock finished for market, one and one-half million dollars worth of corn is produced each year. County contains 730 square miles, 467,200 acres, of which 328,598 acres are now in cultivation. Farms, in number, 3,836, containing on an av- erage of grain lands, pasture, and feed lots, 117 acres each. They are estimated to be worth $12,608,502. An annual event of importance is tlie Flower Parade at Bethany, county seat, a vigorous farming town. PoPT."XATiox : — White, 24,347; colored, 51; Ameri- can born, 24,049: foreign born, 349; total, 24,398; farm homes owned, 2,637; rented, 1,093; other homes owned, 969; rented, 614; total families, 5,313. Fixa::^ce: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax, aver- age, 50 cents; total assessed valuation, $8,540,319; one-fourth of actual value of land. No county debt; no township debt. One-tenth of the original one-third surface cov- ered with hardwood timber has been cleared and re- duced to farm lands. Timber was black oak, white oak, hickory, elm, linden, walnut, along Grand river and creeks, which flow southwardly. Several portable saw mills supply rough board hardwood timber for local purposes, $2 per hundred feet. Sawed posts. 10 cents; cordwood, $3.50. Large limestone deposits exist along Trail creek. Stone is used only for local foundation work. Ll.\m): — As a whole, the surface is that of a bil- lowy prairie. The levelest, a strip of average ten miles in width, extending entirely through the cotinty from north to south, is defined on the east by a line four miles from the east border and parallel with it, together with the northwest one-fourth of the county's square area. Southern half of the first strip brings $60 to $70. This land is probably no more productive than the balance, but its undulating slope is seductive Haying in Harrison County: Harrison Uerefords. S9« HARRISON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES PKODfCT VALUE Corn 125.192 5,007.680 * $1,577,420 Wheat 2.13-3 42,640 * 24,520 Oats 9,613 317,427 * 82.530 Hay 6«5,5«j5 99,850 t 499,250 Forage 13,690 18,255 t 91,275 Broom Corn 36 19.8001 545 Clover Seed 150* S-25 Grass Seed 18,800* -39,140 Tobacco 1-3 10,800 t 1,080 Potatoes 984 1-33,000 * 29,5-30 Vegetables 1,365 59,765 Total 1 $2,395,870 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER i VALUE Cattle 64.137 $2,084,450 Horses 17.916 1.194.400 Mules 2,53S 190,:J50 Asses and Jen nets 12-3 1-3.-300 Sheep 16,233 54,110 Swine 69.601 696,010 Chickens 224.9121 Turkeys Geese ' 9.175 r 5,351 1 200,810 Ducks 3.7;i7 ; Swarms of Be es 4.808 13.265 Honev 143.000 t 17,950 Wool 0.960 t 11,825 Milk 4,5i 63.685 § 1 38,937 X i 201,000 Butter t Eggs ] .380,80011 172.525 Total 1 1 »4.S48,S95 • Bushels. t Poun ds. II Doz en. t Tons § Gallo ns. Photos in h€adinif: HARRISON COUNTY. 397 STATE OF IOWA to the eyes of the immigrants from east or north who have for three years been pouring into Harrison. Balance of the prairie, lying mainly as above and in narrow strips between the streams, brings $40 to $50; an occasional find- ing at $30, and an equal number at $60. Soil is black prairie loam, from two to three feet deep, over clay subsoil. Bil- lowy prairie brings $40 to $55. Hill land of precipitous lay along the creeks brings $25. Soil is same as on prairie except that it is less deep on ridges. Within a mile of Bethany land has re- cently sold for $100. Grand river bot- tom land sells at $55 to $65 an acre. Vegetables and Fruit: — Soil is peculiarly adapted to vegetables and fruit. Corn, tomatoes and pumpkins are grown for canning factory located at Bethany. Apples, pears, and berries are sure crops, as tested in the year 1903. Half a dozen orchards measui'e fifty to sixty acres. Manufactured Products : — Flour is chief. Mills are located at Bethany, Mt. Moriah, Hampton, and Eagleville. A factory at Gainesville makes imple- ment handles; brooms, and marble monuments are made at Bethany. Transportation: — Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, 11.02; Leon, Mt. Ayr & Southwestern, 35.293; Keokuk & Western, 3.01. Churches: — Represent all Protestant denominations of Christian religion. Christian denomination has thirty churches in the county. Saloons are not allowed. Water is obtained in living supply at twelve to forty feet below surface. It is largely limestone. Stock water is supplied from wells by windmill means. Mineral Springs: — There are two: Crystal Spring and Heilbron Springs, the latter being well improved; location of Heilbron Sanitarium, in city of Bethany. A public spirited citizen of Bethany maintains a private park to which the pub- lic is invited. Towns: — Bethany: county seat, lighted by electricity; waterworks. Gaines- ville, Ridgeway, Gilman, New Hampton, Blythedale, Eagleville, live stock centers. Newspapers: — Bethany Democrat, Republican; New Hampton Herald; Gil- man Guide; Ridgeway Journal. ATURE pre- destined Henry coun- ty for agri- culture and stock raising and in addition gave It material which has builded its ex- tensive and distinct industries of tile working and pottery moulding. In phys- ical position the county is third south of the Missouri river and second east of the Kansas line. It is noted for pure-bred cat- tle and horses, and as the location of three of the largest and best known flouring mills in this section of the State. Educational advantages are worthy of mention. Clinton High School and Windsor High School head public school systems, the work of which Is approved by the State University. Baird College for Young Women is located at Clinton. Rail- road facilities are advantageous. Kansas City is but two hours away by rail, and Springfield equally close. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas erlves direct lino to St. Louis. Poimi.ation:— White, 2fi,9(;2; col- ored, l.nou; American born, L'7,:{12; foreign born, 742; total, 28.054. Farm homes owned, 2,207; rented, 1.147; other homes owned, 1,497; rented. 1.349; total families. 0.200. Pholot in heading: Clinlun tiliincicare Co CUntun; Itnnnrr iUllH. i'liulnn. 3BK HENRY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACKES I I'KomCT I , VALUE Corn Wheat Oats Hay Forage Flax Hroom Corn Clover Seed (irass Seed ■{"obacco Potatoes X'eRetables 1^4,767 23,590 11.404 .•{9.():."> 8,.V^.') 3,190 22 799 1,800 5,177.830 *, 483,.'>!»5 * 378.:M0* CS..^ : 99,Hr.'-> * SI Total »8.6i0,l.'i0 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS Kl NI> NIMIIKR VALIIK Tattle 37,136 .11 ,200. 920 Horses 18.873 818,200 Mules 3.800 2sr).(»iK) .Vsscs and Jcnncls HO 9,lH)0 Sheep 3.000 11,1)00 Swine .M,.'>60 .'•4.'..09O Chickens \Ti,mi 1 Turkeys (Iccse C.3.'>5 1 .■5,0(12 1 104,31.'. Ducks L'.TOO J Sw.irins • .( Hecs 2.(Uil 0.38.098 5 ( .V.t 1.404 ; \ 250.070 j-.U-Ks I.OID.'.HKI II ri.t.S70 r.ii.ii • Hiislirlv ' I. .IIS. $:i.l«:t,4-.>.'> ; Pr.iimls. ^ (>.illonH. Doxen. While b'K-UM UilU. Clinlon; ArlCfion Lake. HENRY COUNTY. 399 Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; road tax, 15 cents on one hundred dollars val- uation; school tax, from 15 cents to $1.50; average, 50 cents; total assessed valu- ation, $8,953,427; real es- tate is assessed upon one- third basis; personal prop- erty at seventy per cent rate; county debt, $455,- 000; no township debt. Timbeb: — One - fourth of Henry county was orig- inally timbered, along the water courses. Indicative of the land's natural fertil- ity, the trees were of black walnut, hickory, wild cher- ry, maple, hackberry, and some black oak and elm varieties. Timber remains in sufficiency for firewood and rough board purposes. Minerals: — Upon the mineral resources are based two of the largest indus- trial Institutions of the county. Several different kinds of clays are found, one of which is admirably adapted to the manufacture of clay wares. At Calhoun, in the northeastern part of Henry county, for many years has operated a pottery making plant. It gives employment to a large part of the community. At Clin- ton, in the central part, is located a tile manufacturing plant, one of the largest in the western States. Its product is sold throughout the west and east to the ex- tent of several hundred car loads annually. Land: — The county contains 740 square miles of land surface, or 473,600 acres. In actual cultivation are 370,976 acres, devoted to the growing of grains common to the temperate zone. A large acreage is devoted to wheat, most of which is consumed by flouring mills within the county. Corn is cultivated in vast quantity. Notwithstanding the enormous live stock feeding within the county, more than one and one-half million dollars worth of corn is annually shipped out. There are 3,447 farms of an average size of 127 acres estimated to be worth, according to present selling figures, $12,253,050, Grain products and live stock values in aggregate on Henry county farms average in excess of two thousand dollars for each farmer, or $16 for every acre of land, cultivated, pasture, and timber. Topographically, the county is three-fourths undulating prairie. The exception is found in the stream-adjoining strips. Farms sell at $30 to $35 an acre. Three-fifths of the soil is black loam, wherein the land brings $35. Seven-twentieths is a lighter colored limestone loam where the land sells at $30. One-twentieth of the land is rough; sells at $10 an acre. Towns: — Clinton, population 5,061, county seat; three railroads; supported by agriculture, stockraising, flouring, clay-working, and mercantile interests. Windsor, population 1,502, agriculture and stockraising. Deepwater, population 1,201, agriculture and stockraising. Montrose, 613; Calhoun, 561; Urich, 445; Brownington, 407; all centers of agricultural districts. Transportation: — There are three railroads: Missouri, Kansas & Texas, which crosses the county from northeast to southwest; Frisco, and the Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield, which parallel, in right angle to the M., K. & T. Newspapers: — Clinton: Henry County Democrat; Evening Democrat; Eye; Tribune; Republican. Windsor: Review; Journal. Blairstown Times; Urich Herald; Deepwater World; Montrose Recorder; Calhoun Clarion. STRIKING about Hickory county is the beauty and low price of its prairie lands. It is characterized by four alternating strips of undulating prai- rie and rough lands, of north and south trend. Beginning at the west side of the county, prairie of undulating type extends one-fourth across, followed successively by strips of rough breaks of Pomme de Terre river, prairie, and foothills of an Ozark unevenness which break through the border of Camden county. Corn, hay, cattle, horses, hogs, and milk and butter are chief products from 1,768 farms, averaging 1,233 acres, embracing in aggregate 101,897 acres of cultivated land. County contains 415 square miles of surfcae, equal to 265,600 acres, valued at $2,349,940. Population: — White, 9,984; colored, 1; American boi'n, 9,793; foreign born, 194; total, 9,985. Farm homes owned, 1,248; rented, 472; other homes owned, 197; rented, 114; total families, 2,031. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to 90 cents; average, 42 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,224,366; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 60; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Two-thirds originally; one-fourth cleared. Hickory, black oak, post oak exist in commercial quantities, since timber has been little removed ex- cept in clearing land. White oak, elm, wild cherry, walnut, and black-jack are prominent varieties. Saw mills have ever been of size comparing to local demand. Minerals:' — Iron, zinc and lead, coal, limestone, and oil. First four are found in small pockets, zinc and lead principally near Pittsburg. Pockets soon ex- hausted have been worked at several points upon Pomme de Terre river. Oil excitement once prevailed, based upon indications near Quincy. Limestone for local foundations is found upon river and creeks. Land: — The two prairies, one upon the west side of Pomme de Terre river being twice the size of that upon the east side, embrace one-third of county. Soil is black, prairie loam, one to two and a half feet in depth. Prices range from $20 to $30 an acre, being highest in vicinity of Weaubleau, a railroad point. The western prairie is gently undulating; the eastern slightly less so. Prices in former exceed those for similar land of latter location, $2.50 to $5 an acre, ow- ing to railroad facilities of the western side of the county. Two-thirds of Hickory is timber land, three- fourths of which is now tree bearing. This three- fourths of two-thirds may be had at $7 to $10 an acre. Heaviest timber is upon the eastern border. Soil is clay, mixed with gravel and surface stone. Wheat is peculiarly favored of this soil. The cleared timber lands are creek and river bottoms. Soil is black or brown, endless depth, sometimes bearing few surface J^'jiry Barns and Cooling House of J. M. Knyhtmh Uermilage. 400 HICKORY COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACRES 1 F RODUC T 1 VALtE Corn 39,985 1,.S99.745* $ 412,845 Wheat 8,949 143.185* 78,7.50 Oats 5,645 169,350* 44,875 Hay 14,-<.'45 21,370 + 10(;,8.50 Forage 1,935 2,420 t 12,100 Flax 35 210 t 215 Broom Corn 13 0,,5no t ISO Clover Seed 220* 1,230 Grass Seed 660* 1,080 Tobacco 7 4.900 t 465 Potatoes 393 49,125 * 15,720 Vegetables 4T0 24,935 Total 1 i 1 $ 699,245 LIVE STOCK AND TRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 14,669 $ 403,400 Horses 5,176 310.560 Mules 1,018 66,170 Asses and Jennets 41 3,690 Sheep 5.745 17,23,5 Swine 20.201 202,040 Chickens 89,2591 Turkeys (ieese 1,632 ( 2,624 f 49,055 Ducks 805 1 Svvarins of Bees 056 1,1.30 Honey 31,867 2,735 Wool 18.250 3,040 Milk 1,2!J9,832 1 223,642 f 70,235 Butler Eggs 053,980 81,745 Total 1 1 $1,211,035 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do zen. t Tons. § Gallons. Photo in heading: HICKORY COUNTY 401 -K There is rock. Corn is principal product. Prices, $25 to $35. No damaging overflows. Manufactured Products : — Flour, railroad ties, and hard- wood lumber for demand within county. Transportation: — The Frisco railroad has 7.42 miles taxed roadbed. Gives direct service to Kansas City and Springfield. Ex- tension of Missouri Pacific from Warsaw to Springfield is feasi- ble, and likely. Pomme de Terre river is used for railroad tie transportation to Warsaw, mak- ing connection with Missouri Pacific railroad. Steel bridges cross river in most frequented points, no toll. Churches: — Weaubleau, Cross Timbei's and Hermitage have two each; Wheatland has three Protestant churches. Weaubleau Christian Institute is the leading educational institution; co-educational; enrolls one hundred pupils. Water: — On prairies, wells reach limestone water at 40 to 50 feet. In hills springs are used. Ponds are dug for live stock on prairies. Fish and Game: — Catfish weighing fifty pounds have been caught in Pomme de Terre river. This river and Little Niangua are stocked with buffalo, bass, drum, suckers, redhorse and jack salmon. Wild turkeys are largest game. Dairying: — Farmers are rapidly taking to dairying, owing largely to the adaptability of climate and land lay. Near the railroad on the west side of Hickory county are several farms contributing daily to Kansas City dairy markets. Fur Industry: — Otter and mink are trapped in winter, the fur industry amounting to considerable. Towns: — Weaubleau, largest railroad town; Hermitage, county seat; Wheat- land, Cross Timbers, centers of respective farming districts. Newspapers: — Hermitage Index; Weaubleau Leader; Hermitage Republican. ^^ ^^ ^Mki^ 1; -'^■^ saw mill, hickory coxtnty. Mo — 2fi HOLT COUNTY'S 1909 CROP Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. OVERTOWERING attainments of Holt county are intellectual, agri- cultural, horticultural. Art, music, literature hold high esteem. Corn production reaches a total value of one and one-half million dol- lars a year. Fruit never fails. Loess land bluffs of Missouri river insure against drought injury. Fruit is sold in orchards, made into cider, jellies and fruit butters. Cattle, horses and mules, hogs, dairy products, oats, hay, potatoes and poultry are large products. There are many poultry fanciers resident who hold at Oregon, county seat, an annual meet. Land area, 462 square miles, 295,680 acres, of which 224,996 acres are in a high state of cul- tivation. Number of farms, 2,256; average size, 117.9 acres; estimated actual valuation, $10,485,180. Population: — White, 16,945; colored, 138; American born, 16,473; foreign born, 610; total, 17,083. Farm homes owned, 1,395; rented, 809; other homes owned, 799; rented, 728; total families, 3,731. Foreign population is German, occupying property mainly in northwest and southeast section of county. Finance: — Tax for county purposes, 30 cents; road, 10 cents; special road and bridge, 15 cents; average school tax, 49 cents; assessed valuation, $7,555,854; average per cent valuation real estate, 30; personal, 40; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Originally covered two-thirds surface, along Missouri and Noda- way river bottoms and along bluffs of former. Less __, than ten per cent is now timbered. Cordwood, $4, de- livered. Present timber is in south and east sections. Walnut, locust, elm, sumach, willow, maple, box elder. Limestone and Sand: — Former in great quantities is deposited along Missouri river bluffs. No quarries. Sand is plentiful; used locally. Land:' — Three kinds: river bottoms, prairie, silt bluffs. More than one-third is river bottoms. That along the Missouri river is practically bounded by the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs railroad. Nodaway river bottoms are two to four miles wide. Soil is black, sandy loam, of endless depth. For one-half this land $50 an acre is asked. One-tenth, adjoining Missouri river, may be bought for $30; three-tenths of bottoms sells at $60; remaining one-tenth at $75. One- fourth of county is billowy prairie, where land now sell- ing brings $65 to $80. Adjoining Maitland and Mound City, where it lays levelest, farms are bringing $90 to $100. Some finely improved farms at outskirts of these towns have sold for $125 recently. A small per cent, say one-fifth of this prairie, approaching the once tim- bered hills, may be had at $50. Soil is two to four feet, adapted to cereals and grasses and vegetables. For ten miles up the Nodaway, beginning at its mouth and bounding the Missouri bottoms, are steep bluffs, with adjacent hills, little less precipitous. This land to ex- Panorama of Bolt Count]/. 402 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 113,449 5,105,205 * $1,608,140 Wheat 9,098 163,765 * 94.165 Oais 15,470 402,3-.i0 * 104,575 Hay 92,003 15,645 t 117,340 Forage 2,170 2,895 t 14,475 Broom Corn 40 3,200 t 605 Clover Seed 125* 690 Grass Seed 950* 1.475 Tobacco 55 49,500 t 4,950 Potatoes 1,108 138,500 * .33,240 Vegetables 1,390 39,750 12,019,405 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle 29,656 $ 963,820 Horses 9,266 617,7.35 Mules 2,617 196,275 Asses and Jennets 30 3.000 Sheep 4,345 14,485 Swine 98,886 998,860 Chickens 135,920 l Turkeys Geese 1,436 [ 2,.355 1 131,130 Ducks 3,2,55 J Swarms of Bees 2,572 6,165 Honey 85,733 1 17,600 t 10,717 Vi^ool 2,935 Milk Butter 2,314,523 § 1 404,028 t ) 128,360 Eggs 845,390 II 105,675 $3,179,157 : Pounds. ' Gallons. Dozen. Photo in heading: HOLT COUNTY 403 extent of one-tenth of county is to be had at $25 to $35 an acre. Strips defined shade into hill land which amounts to one- third the county, worth on aver- age $50 to $60. Close to Oregon it is higher in price, purely on account of location. Few farms adjoining Oregon have brought $100. Fruit thrives here. Acre- ages yield incredibly large dividends and are therefore prac- tically not on market. Farm homes frequently cost $5,000. Barns are large. Real estate sales amount to $1, 543,000, within the past year. Manufactures: — Canning factories at Oregon, Mound City, Forest City; put up corn, tomatoes, apples, pumpkins. Quality exceeds quantity. First prizes were won at Chicago Ex- position. Cider, jelly, and fruit butter plant, brick yard, cigar factory, flouring mill, sorghum mill, broom factory at Oregon. Mound City has flouring mill and cigar factory. Flouring mills at Forest City, Craig and Maitland. A TYPICAL THRESHING SCENE. Transporta t I o n : — Atchison & Nebraska, 2.90; St. Joseph & Nebraska (continuation), 5.86; Kan- sas City, St. Joseph & Coun- cil Bluffs, 59.46 miles taxed road. Dirt road grading is a feature. Churches and Schools : — Three lar- gest towns have fifteen churches, all denomina- tions. High Schools: Ore- gon, Mound City, Mait- eounty, 109; school houses. land. School rooms in 79. Mound City, because of mineral spring and Big Lake, near Bigelow, are favorite points for pastime. At Big Lake is crappie, bass and trout fishing; boat house; duck shooting. Towns: — Oregon, county seat, electric lights, waterworks, park; annual chrysanthemum show; Mound City, electric lights, waterworks, park; Maitland, prairie town; Craig, Forest City, New Point, Bigelow, Corning, Forbes, all farming cen- ters. Newspapers:— Mound City News, Jeffersonian ; Maitland Herald; Craig Leader; Bigelow Enter- prise; Forest City Star; Oregon Sentinel. AN artist WITH THE ROPE. O noMMw r:^'^* 1^^ HOWARD is one of Missouri's mother counties. It was early settled and from its borders have gone out men who laid and maintained the foundations of other counties in the State. It is notable for its great men produced, its schools and homes and fine live stock. The county is situated upon the north bank of the Missotiri river, mid- way the State east and west. Cattle is the chief item of export. There are more pure bred Aberdeen-Angus and Brown Swiss cattle in Howard than in any other Missouri county, and there are many Shorthorn and Hereford herds. Much wheat is grown. Three of the oldest colleges of the State are located at two leading towns. In square miles the county measures 450. There are three kinds of soils. Of the 288,000 acres, 213,894 acres are included in improved farms. Number of farms, 2,037, averaging 140.2 acres, worth in aggregate, ac- cording to present selling prices, $7,905. t>30. Popixation: — "White, 14.155; colored, 4,182; American born, 18,014; foreign born, 423; total, 18,337. Farms homes owned, 1,457; rented, 542: other homes owned, 763; rented, 1,085; total families, 3,847. FI^^A]^rcE: — County 40 cents on the one hundred dollars; school tax, 20 cents to $1.35, average, 49 cents; total assessed valuation, $6,857,716; thirty-five per cent of actual valuation. No county debt. Chariton township owes $15,000. Timber: — One-half of the county was originally timbered. Species indigenous are walnut, all the oaks, hickory, sycamore, linwood, elm, cottonwood and maple. Three-fifths of the timbered lands bore large growth trees; two-fifths of the trees were of the hoop-pole size. Mineral: — Coal has been mined for a great many years. Annual production is 4,350 tons. There are two veins, the upper, thinner one now being worked. It is from eighteen to forty inches thick. Limestone is found in the bluffs along the Missouri river. Salt W.\ter: — Ordinarily the water of the county is limestone seepage. In certain springs, however, is found water heavily charged with salt. For many years this was a means of salt supply. The water de- posits two tablespoonsful of salt to the gallon. Laxd: — There are three types of land, as well as three kinds of soil. One-tenth of the county is Mis- souri river bottom alluvium, deep, black, fertile. It HOWARD COUNTY'S 190:i CROP 1 .'^CKES 1 PRODUCT | VALUE Corn 55,503 8,608,641 * $ 769.550 Wheat 43,481 956,586 * 526,120 Oats 2.732 84,690 * 22.440 Hay 25,613 43.540 t 278,655 Forage 1,630 2.0:j5 t 10.17:> Broom Corn 11 5,500 t 150 Clover Seed 2,400* 13, HO Grass Seed 145* 200 Tobacco 69 48,300 t 4,590 Potaioes 561 75.735 * 24,235 Vegetables 740 44,530 Total 1 1 1 $1,694,145 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | V.\I.VE Cattle 25,S89 $ 841,395 Horses 8,019 534,600 Mules 4,321 324,075 Asses and Jennets 176 22,0tXi Sheep 11,627 34,8^0 Swine 41.460 414.000 Chickens 119,3851 Turkeys Geese 6,892 1 3,059 [ 110.5,'->5 Ducks 1,3-13 1 Swarms of Bees 1,35S 2,920 Honey 47,267 1 53.170 l 5,660 Wool 8,860 M.Ik 1, 902,8 JO § 1 136,515 Butter 348,718 t i Eggs 674,530 II 84,315 Total 1 1 § 2.520, ;175 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do ten. t Tons. § Gallons. Phofo ill hcailiiiti: At the Uour of Kve. 404 HOWARD COUNTY. 405 CHARITON COUNTY ! — > y '■ ^^JJ^AiTTislropg ^o^ • 'V---..., O /--n'mun p.. iH^O Tvm R ^ jW / / [^ FAYETTE^^L..^ ,„„, %.y^ i/^ (D 1\ ^~~~45. ^ji) £r .\ I _ / ' m^ \' '^ ^^^^r ^"""^^^^^^k^l- ^^"^5^ COOPER 1^ COUNTY ^^ seldom overflows, and never is injured by ovei'flow. Farms are well improved and sell for $50 an acre. One-fifth of the county is white oak land of loess char- acter, whereon fruit thrives. It interlies the alluvium along the river and the soil upon the prairie in the northeastern one- half. Farms here may be bought at $25 an acre, on the average. Seven-tenths of the county is upland which brings an average of $40 an acre. Most of it is prairie, though in some parts it was once covered with a dense growth of heavy timber. Blue grass is native to it all and will choke out all other grasses If the land be pastured. Flouring Mills: — The only manufactures of the county are flouring mills. There are many acres devoted to wheat growing, hence are found within the county several large and many smaller flouring and feed mills. Transportation: — Chicago & Alton main line, Kansas City to the east; Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas main line; Wabash connection is had by the town of Glasgow. Schools: — There are three first class colleges. Central College at Fayette, chartered 1855, twenty acre campus; 6,000 volumes in library. This school is the head of those educational institutions in the west under control of the Gen- eral Board of Education of the Methodist Episcopal church. South. It is a mem- ber of the Missouri College Union. Howard-Payne College, located at Fayette, is a boarding school for young women, and of high standing. Pritchett Institute and Observatory, located at Glasgow, is a well known college of reputation. It is co-educational, and is distinguished chiefly because of its observatory work. There are splendid high schools at Fayette, Glasgow, and New Frank- lin. Towns: — Fayette, county seat, school town, population, 2,717. Glasgow, river town, population, 1,672. New Franklin, railroad junc- tion, population, 1,156. Armstrong, 461. Roanoke, 147. These are all incorporated and are supported mainly by being trading centers of their respective live stock and gen- eral farming communities. Newspapers : — Fayette Adver- tiser, Democrat-Leader; Glasgow Missourian, Globe, Echo; Arm- strong Herald; New Franklin central college, FAYETTE. T NeWS. > THE largest peach growing county in Missouri is Howell, situated upon the Arkansas border, half way across the State. Its lay is uneven, soil clay and its surface, excepting the valleys, covered with small rocks. Agriculturally, 153,710 of its total 588,800 acres are under plow. "West Plains, county seat, population, 2,902, and Willow Springs, railroad junction, population 1,078, are trading centers and distributing points felt far beyond their county confines. Schools are a feature. Grapes are grown in vast quantities. Manufacturing thrives, incident to horticultural in- terests. Population: — White, 21,612; colored, 222; American born, 21,416; foreign born, 418; total, 21,834. Farm homes owned, 3,834; rented, 715; other homes owned, 599; rented, 738; total families, 5,886. Finance: — County tax 50 cents for general revenue and 10 cents for roads; school tax from 5 cents to $1.40, average, 71; total assessed valuation, $3,829,898; assessed valuation per cent of actual value, 50; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Formerly the entire surface was tim- bered, though never densely so. In northern one-fourth much pine was found; balance of land principally cov- ered with white, black, and post oak, black-jack and hickory. Mountain View is now the lumbering center. Wild timber is fast being succeeded by peach trees and grape vines. Minerals: — Carbonate of zinc, iron, silver and gold have been found. Carbonate of zinc exists in large quantities in southwest Howell, eighteen miles from railroad. Iron all over county. Mines central. Lime- stone deposits of worth exist in every township. Blue sandstone is found one mile from West Plains. Kaolin deposits seven miles northeast of West Plains; un- worked. Land: — Square miles 920; number of farms, 3,065; average acreage, 136.1; total value, $3,525,280. Located upon south slope of Ozark mountains. In stage of settlement and commercial development, in advance of most south Missouri counties. Land nearly all rock covered, but some of best valley lands are almost free therefrom. North half of county, together with that portion in south described by the three lower congressional townships adjoining Ozark county com- prises the roughest land Here are found most sur- HOVifELL COUNTY 'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 47,686 1,525,952* $ 572,230 Wheat 36,605 366,050 * 215,970 Oats 4,-322 108,050 * 86,015 Hay 11,822 17,735 t wo.eis Forage 1,125 1,310 t 6,5.50 Broom Corn 26 13,000 t 360 Clover Seed 85* 470 Grass Seed 30* 65 Cotton 520 150,000 1 72,420 I 11,700 Tobacco 102 7,240 Potatoes 733 69,635 * 33,425 Vegetables 855 36,500 Total 1 1 1 $1,080,140 LIVE STOCK AND PROD UCTS KIND • 1 NUMBER | VALUE C;Utle 15,360 $".384,000 Horses 0,295 377,700 Mules 2,275 1-36,-500 Asses and Jennets 42 3,780 Sheep 10,145 30,435 Swine 28,020 280,200 Chickens 82,031 1 Turkeys Geese 2.830 1 2.358 f 08,140 Ducks 1,777 ) Swarms of Bees 818 2,218 Honey 27,267 :: 31,-350:: 3,408 Wool 5,225 Milk Butler 2,196,528 § I 436,122 X f 1,50,290 Eggs 627,180 11 78,475 Total 1 1 $1„520„371 * Bushels. i Pounds. || D02 en. t Tons. § Gallons. Photo in heading: Howell County's Leading Crops. 40« HOWELL COUNTY. 407 face rock. Upon this character of land are located the largest and best orchards. It may be bought at $1.50 to $5 an acre, except it ad- joins the railroad, in which case it sells at $10 to $12.50. This land is timbered. Interspersing this land are found streamless valleys, comprising perhaps one-twelfth the surface, worth $15 to $25. In the balance of the south half not here- tofore included are found the farm lands of county. In Howell Val- ley and adjoining the Frisco, are ten thousand acres of farms rang- ing in price from $35 to $45 an acre. Suburb to West Plains land reaches $75 an acre. Good creek liottom lands elsewhere in the south half of county may be had at $10 to $20 an acre. Soil is univer- sally dark brown clay, with lighter colored subsoil. Manufactories: — Local in ca- pacity, and incident to fruit, min- ing and living necessities. Include, at West Plains, two large flouring mills, woolen mills, vinegar works, canning factory, feed mill, ice plant, distillery, two brick yards, machine shop, wagon and carriage factory, zinc oxide plant, cigar fac- tory, two planing mills. Transpoktation : — Frisco, 39.75; taxed roadbed. Schools: — West Plains has school system embracing three ward and high schools. West Plains College is an academic school with 75 enrolled. Willow Springs Academy, preparatory school; 50 enrolled. Springs: — Siloam and Cureall springs are of reputed medicinal value. Towns: — West Plains, on main line Memphis-Springfield Frisco railroad; good schools; twelve churches, small park, waterworks, electric lights, fine hotel; opera house, baseball park, social club rooms, public library, Chautauqua circle. Willow Springs, rail- J !^* ^ road town, junction of Frisco Springfield-Memphis line and Current River route; electric lights, waterworks, telephone. Siloam Springs; Burnham; Mountain View; Olden; Hut- ton. Horticulture and agricul- ture are main supports of each. Newspapers : — West Plains Gazette, Journal, News, Quill; Willow Springs Index, Republican; Mountain View Postman. ARKANSAS Frisco, Current river route, 18.97 miles BURKO an I) 1!0Y. IRON IRON county receives its name from the vast amount of iron ore which it has supplied. It is famous as the location of Pilot Knob, a mountain peak seven hundred feet higher than its valleys, from which two million tons of iron have been taken; for Shepherd mountain, eight hundred feet high; and for other high peaks which have furnished large quantities of iron. County is third south of Missouri river and fourth west of Mississippi river, and is adjacent to Missouri's greatest lead mining district. In Arcadia Valley is found the same geological formation which characterizes the district centering at Mine La Motte, one of the oldest and largest lead mines in the Mississippi valley. Granite is a second mineral asset of importance. Other claims to distinction are in both hardwood and pine lumber resources, and also in the fact that it is the location of many summer homes of people living chiefly in St. Louis. Three miles south- east of Ironton the United States government owns a tract of land used as a rifle range by troops stationed at Jefferson Barracks, suburban to St. Louis. In the city of Ironton, county seat, is erected a bronze statue of General U. S. Grant, commemorating the spot where he received his military commission. There are 550 square miles of land in Iron county, 352,000 acres, of which the farming area represents 44,784 acres in cultivated land. There are 880 farms embracing an average of 116.2 acres of lands of different descriptions. They represent an actual aggregate of $2,145,770. Population: — White, 8,468; colored, 248; Ameri- can born, 8,393; foreign born, 323; total, 8,716. Farm homes owned, 646; rented, 197; other homes owned; 401; rented, 442; total families, 1,686. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 15 cents to 60 cents, average, 40 cents; total assessed valuation $2,623,620; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 60; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Eighty-five per cent of county bears tim- ber, most of this acreage having timber of commercial Photo in heading: Broad Eddy and Bluff, Big Piney River, 408 IRON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 11,9T7 329,368 * 8 123,515 Wheat 2,717 35.320 * 20.840 Oats 1,393 30,045 * 10,215 Hay 8,219 12,330 t 117,135 Forage 405 540 t 2,700 Clover Seed 20* no Tobacco 23 16,3.30 t 1,635 Potatoes 281 25,290 * 11,1-10 Vegetables 215 9,780 Total 1 1 1 $297,070 LIVE STOCK AND PROC >UCTS KIND ! NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 8,245 8 185,512 Horses 1,66.5 99,900 Mules 780 46.800 Asses and Jennets 10 900 Sheep 3,075 9,225 Swine 8,446 84,460 Chickens 25,0321 Turkeys «8G 1 1.737 f 17,015 Geese Ducks 1,390 J Swarms of Bees 723 1,854 Honey 24,100 t 3,013 Wool 8.200 t 1,367 Milk 661.062 § * 60,909 Butter 127,673 t \ Eggs 138,510 II 17,315 Total 1 1 $528,351 * Bushels. t Pounds. || D02 en. t Tons. § Gallons. IRON COUNTY 409 size. From eleven to fifteen millions o f feet of hardwood lumber are shipped annually. Black oak represents forty per cent of timber stand- ing; white oak an equal amount; pine five per cent, esti- mated to represent $155,000 worth o f raw material; and the balance is small growth hickory, wal- nut along streams, sycamore and elm. Along the railroad the large size timber has been cut. Pine appears in extreme west- ern end of Iron county and borders the west side of the prin- cipal hardwood forest covering nearly the entire western length. Minerals: — Iron has been produced since 1847. Pilot Knob, Shepherd mountain. Cedar mountain, Buford mountain, Russell, and Shut-In are the chief sources. Indications spread over entire surface. Marble, granite, lead, copper, limestone, sandstone, fire clay and kaolin are deposited. In Belleview valley, in northeastern corner is found a superior granite in immense quantities. It is of the sort found in the new Wash- ington University buildings at St. Louis. Land: — For general agricultural purposes, the best lands are located in Belleview valley in the northeastern part of the county, west of Buford mountain and north of Graniteville. Area comprises thirty square miles of fertile, red limestone clay soil, free from the flint fragments so common in upland district. Another section of fertility same as above but of less area is famous Arcadia valley, location of Ironton and Arcadia. These valleys are merely lowlands independent, in point of origin, of the streams which may be flowing through them. Soils are alluvial. Good land for farming is located about the upper waters of Marble creek. In south and west, county is very broken and rocky. Best improved lands are bringing $25 to $40 an acre; ridge land $5 to $15. Unimproved, timbered, best, $3 to $5; remainder from 50 cents to $2.50. Government land, 8,242 acres. Manufactories: — Flouring mills, saw mills, hub and spoke factories, screen door factory and granite working plant. Transportation: — St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern, main line north to south. Mineral Springs: — At Annapolis, in south county. Arcadia, mile south of Ironton, is a summer resort of note, especially for St. Louisans. Summer homes are maintained here and at Ironton. Both towns are within the shadow of picturesque Iron mountain. Perquisite to life here are fishing and hunting. Towns: — Graniteville, 846 people, ships 500 to 600 cars of granite annually; Ironton, county seat, 797, mining, man- ufacturing and farming; Arcadia, sum- mer resort, schools and manufacturing; Pilot Knob, 455, mining; Des Arc; Belleview; Vulcan, Middle Brook, Sabula and Jordan. Schools: — Arcadia College, and Ursuline Academy at Arcadia. Newspapers :-■ — Iron Register. where the hill slopes down TO the water's edge. ■ PON the south bank of the Mis- souri river, at the western point where the stream begins its flow across the State, is Jackson county, Missouri. In the northwest corner of Jackson county is Kansas City, second city in size in the State and twenty-second among the municipalities of the United States. This suburban condition, coupled with the remarkable natural fertility of all soils and topo- graphies presented, encourages fancy farming in the north and west and general live stock feed- ing and stock breeding elsewhere in the county. An- other consequence of a great city within its borders is the location of many fine homes, 225 miles of rock roads and drives and electric lines linking suburb and city. Jackson county contains 630 square miles of land, 403,200 acres, of which 284,122 acres are under high state of cultivation. Number of farms, 3,681; average size, 97.5 acres; estimated actual valuation, according to market price, $22,642,725. Fine horses and cattle aggregate the amount of two and one-half million dol- lars. Farms produce a total of corn amounting each year to one and a half million dollars. Milk and but- ter amount annually to almost another million dol- lars. Population:— White, 176,053; colored, 19,140; American born, 175,140; foreign born, 20,053; total, 195,193. Farm homes owned, 2,097; rented, 1,536; other homes owned, 10,337; rented, 28,124; total fami- lies, 42,094. Finance: — County tax, 35 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from nothing to $1.10, average 46; total assessed valuation, $114,730,819; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40; county debt $150,000; township debt, $104,000. JACKSON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES ] PRODUCT 1 VAl-UE Corn 115,254 4,379,652 * 11,379,590 Wheat 24,981 624,525 * 359,100 Oats 8,382 276,606 * 71,915 Hay 36,181 54,270 + 379,890 Forage 5,995 7,995 t 39,975 Flax 1,960 19,600 * 20,385 Broom Corn 4 2,200 t HO Clover Seed 2,.500 * 13,7.50 Grass Seed 1,1.50* 1,785 Tobacco 13 11,700 t 1,170 Potatoes 2,508 363,660 * 87,280 Vegetables 3,215 188,790 Total 1 1 1 $2,543,690 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 50,091 $1,627,955 Horses 14,490 96G.O0O Mules 3,598 26;l,850 Asses and Jennets 151 15,100 Sheep 17,479 5S,265 Swine 74,409 744,090 Chickens 245,6901 9,314 i 3,485 f Turkeys Geese 17(;,800 Ducks 4,515 J Swarms of Bees 3,438 11,805 14,385 11,925 Honey Wool 114,267:; 61,540 :: Milk 6,570,662 § ( Butter 947,009 t f 821,425 Eggs 1,388,730 II 173,590 Total 1 1 $4,891,240 * Bushels. 1 Pounds. || Dos en. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos in heading: Boulevard. Country Place of Jat)ies Frazcr, Independence; An liidciinnlciice 410 JACKSON COUNTY. 411 Minerals : — Two miles southeast of city limits of Kan- sas City coal is mined. Shaft is 320 feet deep; annual production, 21,000 tons; vein is eighteen inches thick. Coal is underlaid by fire clay mining. Sixty men employed. Land: — Along the north line flows the Missouri river which gives Jackson many hundreds of acres of bottom land, rich, sandy loam. Two smaller rivers cut the county north and south ex- tending this acreage in two parallel strips. South from the north line the land is rolling and was at one time heavily tim- bered. Along the Blue river tim- ber still stands upon acreages to which is confined the rough land of the county. Ten miles south from the Missouri river begins the unbroken stretch of prairie, embracing one-half of the county area and every foot cultivable. Within five miles of Kan- sas City along the rock roads land is divided into gardens and is worth from two to five hundred dollars an acre. Prairie land within three miles of a rock road sells at $100 to $250 an acre. Average farm east of a line ten miles east of Kansas City will cost the buyer $125 an acre. Small acreage of rough land may be had at $40 an acre. Bottom lands are, of course, alluvial; hill lands are coated with a black soil of one to four feet, of remarkable fertility. Topog- raphy makes no material difference in price of land. Rock Roads: — Built of native limestone, twelve to eighteen feet wide, drive- way of dirt alongside. Roads built within past twelve years at a cost of $2,000,- 000. Rock preparation is sixteen inches thick. Independence is ten miles east of Kansas City, connected by two lines of rock roads. From this county seat town run, in every direction, seven trunk line roads, and from Kansas City south to county line are two other roads. County is now building a boulevard 100 feet wide from Kansas City to Swope Park, six miles out. Bridges are of solid masonry or steel. Hills are cut down and hollows filled. County is spending $275,000 a year in road building, anticipating in the near future a system of rock roads completely covering the county plat. Cities and Towns: — Kansas City, population 163,752; Independence, county seat, population G,974; Lee's Summit, 1,453; Blue Springs, 468; Oak Grove, 408; Buckner, 234; Greenwood, 230; Sheffield, Blue Springs. Newspapers: — Kansas City Daily: Star, Times, Journal, World, Presse; Independence: Jackson Examiner, Sen- tinel, Judge, The Letter; Zion's En- sign; School News; Assembly News; Lee's Summit Journal; Oak Grove Banner; Buckner Tribune; Blue Springs Sni-a-Bar Voice; Sheffield Press. 9 , .fill 11 iiiiiinii-ii 1 ■iiiiiiinTLniiuiiijiii 1 nimi iji iiiiixiii-ij:iiiri*iiiLiiiix'i-irrTi JASPER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons. JASPER is Missouri's one hundred million dollar county. It is reliably estimated that its vast resources are beyond this valuation. The county borders Kansas, and is fifty miles north of Arkansas. It is the greatest zinc mining district in the world. The ore supply is practically unlim- ited. This mineral, worked since 1873, is found mainly in the south half of the county. Lead ore has been profitably mined since 1848 and was the means of the zinc discovery. At the center of the county is found boundless deposit of white limestone, dressed production from which is shipped all over the United States and is of large industrial importance to the county. In the southeast corner horticulture is a heavy asset. Here are extensive nurseries and this is the location of the largest strawberry acreage in Missouri. From one point, alone, three hundred and sixty car loads of berries are exported in ordi- nary seasons. The northern half of the county is de- voted to agriculture and the feeding of live stock. Wheat is an important cereal and as a consequence this section is famous for flouring mills of large number and capacities. Jasper county has three cities with a combined population of 45,000. Joplin, largest city of southwest Missouri, has 26,023 inhabitants; Carthage, county seat, has 9,416, and Webb City, intervening, has 9,201. An electric line connects most towns of the south half of the county and there are 250 miles of gravel roads in splendid condition. County has a per- manent public school fund of $275,000. There are three high schools and Carthage Collegiate Institute doing work approved by the State University. Popiilation: — White, 82,576; colored, 1,442; Amer- ican born, 81,855; foreign born, 2,163; total, 84,018. Farm homes owned, 1,765; rented, 1,282; other homes owned, 8,880; rented, 6,067; total families, 17,994. Finance: — County tax: general revenue 50 cents, special road and bridge 15 cents, total 65 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax 10 cents to $1.70, average 62 cents; total assessed valuation, $18,863,871; real estate is assessed upon a basis valuation of forty per cent of actual valuation and personal property ap- praisement is upon a 60 per cent basis. No county indebtedness. Township debt, $80,000, for railway construction. Photos in heading: Beckoning the Harvesters; Mining Scene, Webb City, 412 . ACHES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 73,915 2,402,238 * % 756,705 Wheat 82,975 1,618,015* 889,910 Oats 17,009 510,270* 135,220 Hay 14,531 21,795 t 163,465 Forage 3.640 4,855 t 24,275 Flax 2,8'.l4 11.576* 12,040 Broom Corn 28 14,400 X 425 Clover Seed 320 * 1,790 Grass Seed 2,2)0 * 3,.585 Tobacco 2 1 ,300 t 130 Potatoes 1,094 109,400 * 38,290 Vegetables 1,570 80,965 I $2,106,800 LIVE STUCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBEK VALUE Cattle 23,750 $ 615,125 Horses 11,203 728,195 Mules 2,247 1.57,290 Asses and lenncts 38 3,420 Sheep 3, 179 9,,535 S w i n e 23,.502 235,020 Chickens 14.5,552' Turkeys Geese 2,483 1 l,.5.'-)7 f" 109,680 Ducks 3,866 J Swarms of Bees 2,830 7,.500 Honey 194,333:: 14,360:: 11,790 Wool 2,395 Milk Butter 3.633.146 § \ 707,594 X \ 380,970 EgKS 916,813 II 114,600 Total 1 $2,375,520 Pounds. Gallons. JASPER COUNTY. 413 Timber: — One-fourth timbered. Confined t o Spring river, Center creek and other less important streams. Consists of oak, elm, hickory, walnut, Cot- tonwood, hazel brush. Timber now found is prac- tically all second growth. Minerals: — Zinc, lead, limestone, clay, gravel, coal. One-fourth of the land is developed mineral land and is worth from $100 to $10,000 an acre. Another one-fourth is pros- pected sufficiently to de- termine mineral existence and may be bought at from $5 to $100. Mineral indications cover nearly all the county. There are many exceedingly large mines of zinc and lead and hundreds of small mines. Opera- tions are largely on leasing system, land owners receiving stated royalties upon outputs. Product is sold weekly at mines. Mineral is found in depths varying from surface to 275 feet. Fifty per cent of the zinc sold in recent years in the United States was produced in the Joplin district. Last year this district mar- keted about ten million dollars worth of product, seven million dollars worth coming from Jasper county. Land: — Aside from the piling of large mountains of gravel ore refuse upon comparatively small acreages, the mining does not detract from the agricultural value of the country. Much of the best mining is done upon some of the most productive land agriculturally. Jasper county is generally undulating of lay. It embraces 672 square miles, 430,080 acres, of which 270,236 acres are improved farm lands. There are 3,054 farms, average acreage, 112; aggregate valuation, $15,977,893. Soil is red limestone clay characteristic of Ozark border. The best farms may be bought for $50 to $60 an acre, many at $30 to $40. Fruit: — Strawberries are grown in vast quantities and are of especially large size and splendid flavor. Apples thrive in this soil and climate. Manufactories: — In connection with mining and smelters, white lead works, zinc oxide works, paint factories, foundries and machine shops. Corre- lating with wheat growth are the large flouring mills. In addition are wagon and carriage works, ice plants, planing mills, brick works, broom factories, breweries, cornice works, woolen mills, clothing factory, fruit canneries, fruit evaporators, plow factory, lime kilns, pottery plants. Transportation: — Five great railroad systems. Electric line interurban. Mines furnish road material ready for gravel roads at no cost except hauling. Miles of gravel roads, 250. Schools: — Permanent school fund. Joplin, Carthage, Webb City and Car- terville high schools. School districts, 121. Carthage Collegiate Institute and Webb City College. Several business colleges. Towns: — Joplin, Carthage, Webb City, Carterville, Sarcoxie, Jasper, Oron- ogo, Carl Junction, Alba, Neck City and Chitwood incorporated towns. Newspapers : — C a r t h a g e : Democrat, Press; Joplin Globe, Times, News-Herald; Webb City Register, Sentinel ; Carterville Journal ; Sarcoxie Record, Leader; Carl Junction World, Standard; Oronogo Index; Jas- per News. sarcoxie nurseries. M INING, manufacturing, dairying, horticulture and agriculture are all prominent in Jefferson county, just south of St. Louis. The largest plate glass manufacturing plant in the west is located at Crystal City. Extensive lead smelters are the life of Hercula- neum. At Kimmswick is an immense lime plant. Ninety per cent of Jefferson county's surface is indicative of mineral deposit. Zinc, lead, baryta, silica, pottery clay, tile clay and building stone are the min- eral products. Milk and butter are sent to St. Louis daily from all stations along the Iron Mountain railroad. Horticulture in this locality afford grapes, berries and other small fruits for St. Louis markets. There are 156,055 acres devoted to the raising of grain and vegetables. Jefferson county embraces 640 square miles of land, 409,600 acres, of which 2,596 farms include 132.6 each on the average. Farm lands are estimated to aggregate $5,869,924, in accordance with present sell- ing price. There are approximately one hundred miles of gravel roads in the county. At De Soto, the Iron Mountain railroad maintains machine shops and a di- vision point office. A Railroad Young Men's Christian Association is prominently associated with railroad in- terests. The town is also the location of a school which educates young men for Catholic priesthood. Population: — White, 24,593; colored, 1,119; Amer- ican born, 23,407; foreign born, 2,305; total, 25,712. Farm homes owned 1,967; rented, 672; other homes owned, 1,133; rented, 1,427; total families, 5,199. Peo- ple are about equally divided as to religious faith be- tween Protestantism and Catholicism. Finance: — County tax 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 15 cents to $1.30, average 54 cents; road and bridge tax 15 cents; total assessed valu- ation $6,157,680; assessed valuation 50 per cent of actual valuation. No county debt. No township debt. Timber: — White oak, black oak, post oak, hickory, walnut, traces of pine, black gum and cherry. JEFFERSON COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACKES 1 PRODUCT | VAI UE Corn 39,739 1,510,682 * * 566,2?n Wheat 30,701 614,020* 362,2'^ 367,0^^ O..00 •^•fio 40 89.280 55,7.30 Oais 3,652 127,820 * Hay 17,478 30,585 t Forage 2,260 3,105 t Broom Corn 7 3,500 t Clover Seed 600* Grass Seed 50* Tobacco 9 6,390 t Potatoes 1,860 186,000 * Vegetables 845 Total 1 1 1 $1,502,855 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 20,880 $ 522,000 Horses 5,808 348,4S0 Mules 2,545 178,150 Asses and Jennets 51 4,590 Sheep 4 ,63t; 13,908 Swine 23,6!I4 236,940 Chickens 148,8781 Turkeys Geese 1,919 ! 2,504 ( 2,847j 80,655 Ducks Swarms of Bees 1,054 2,684 Honey 35,133:: 15,100:: 4,392 Wool 2,517 Milk 3,302,440 § I 413,215 t I 311,285 Butter Eggs 897,330 II 112,16.'> Total , 1 1 $1,817,766 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Doz 5n. t Tons. § Gallons. Photo in lieading: City of DeSoto. 414 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 415 Minerals : — Southwestern portion of county is covered with mines, from Franliliu county to Ste. Genevieve county line. Lead and zinc are principal minerals. Lead- ing mines are the Plattin mines, Howe's, McCormick zinc mine, Frumet mines, and Valles mine, bordering St. Francois county. On the Mississippi river at Festus and Silica are the famous glass sand deposits. Cement rock is found near Kimms- wick. Land: — Generally high, rolling, much of it broken. There are large fertile bottoms adjoining the streams. The best of bottom land sells at $50 to $100 an acre, dependent upon improve- 'VQ. ment and location with reference to towns. Medium land on flats and hill sides sell at $10 to $15; ridge land, $5 to $10. Best lands are in northwest and mid- dle northwest parts of county. In the southeast section are the most broken places. Best of wild lands sell as high as $20 an acre. Average wild land brings $10 to $15. No gov ernment land. Manufactories: — Lime kilns, smelters, wine presses, creameries, glass works, hub factories, saw, flouring and planing mills, corn shredders, brick yards. Mineral Springs: — Sulphur Springs and Kimmswick Springs are noted for their medicinal value. In addition to above, local health resorts are located at Big Bend on Big river and the Shut-In near Plattin creek. Some of the most picturesque scenery in Missouri is along the Mississippi river bluffs which rise oftentimes to an extreme of two hundred feet above the river. Towns: — De Soto, population 5,611, Iron Mountain division point and shop location; has marble works, planing mills, large flouring mills, hub factory, brick works, corn shredder. Festus, 1,256, brick factory, flouring mill, near by glass sand deposits. Hillsboro, county seat, 254. Crystal City, glass sand industry. Morse Mills, Cedar Hill, Byrnesville, House Springs, and Hematite. Newspapers: — Hillsboro Jefferson Democrat; DeSoto Press, DeSoto Republi- can; Festus News. 'kikUU,. HEMATITE S.MELTEKS. m^-^"'.iiu,A::: v VnVnhim'!''iz JOHNSON is one of the great multi-interest counties of Missouri. State Normal School for the Second District of Missouri annually enrolls one thousand students at Warrensburg, county seat city; Pertle Springs is famous as a convention city and summer resort; white and grey sandstone quarries are of justly high repute; and second only to schools is the in- fluence of the ascending-rich agriculture acreage, basis for home and school and church and State. Lafayette county is on the north, lying between the Missouri river and Johnson, which is also second east of the Kansas-Missouri boundary. Coal mines operate mainly at Bristle Ridge, five miles south of Montserrat. Corn is the leading product in value, amounting to more than two million dollars an- nually. Cattle represent a total value to feeders of one and one-third millions; horses and mules a little in advance of cattle. Dairy- ing in small, individual way is becoming popular among farmers. Gravel road mileage is rapidly in- creasing to the appreciable aid of modern farm meth- ods. County area, 800 square miles, or 412,000 acres, of which 411,544 acres are improved farms. Number of farms 3,869, in average size 126.2 acres including cultivated, pasture, timber and character of land. Esti- mated aggregate value $15,074,166. Population: — White, 26,128; colored, 1,715; Amer- ican born, 27,232; foreign born, 611; total, 27,843. Farm homes owned, 2,409; rented, 1,375; other homes owned, 1,353; rented, 998; total families, 6,135. Finance: — County tax: revenue 30 cents; road, 20 cents; courthouse, to be satisfied this year, 10 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax 3 cents to $1.10, aver- age, 40 cents; total assessed valuation $11,158,779; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation 40; no county debt; township debt, $65,000. Timber: — Forty per cent, along streams, originally; one-half cleared. Consisted of black oak, white oak, walnut, hickory and ash. Portable mills operate for local needs. Native hardwood lumber $20 a thousand feet. Minerals: — Coal, building stone and clay abund- ant. Coal mines at Knobnoster, Montserrat, Warrens- burg and Holden; total annual output 8,500 tons. Photos in heading: Scene in Pertle Siblings Pail;; Johnson Goiinty Courthouse; Missouri Pacific Depot, Warrenshiiry, 416 JOHNSON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACkES 1 PRODl^CT 1 VALUE Corn 136,640 6,422,080 * 82,022,955 Wheat 52,7-16 1,265,905* 667,675 Oats 7,519 325,570 * 59,775 Hay 49,231 83,695 t 544,030 Forage 5,740 7,655 t 38,275 Flax 8,902 35,608 * 37,030 Broom Corn 137 75,350 t 3,o;o Clover Seed 3,890 * 23,290 Grass Seed 3,800 * 5,280 Tobacco 25 16'2.-0 t 1,625 Potatoes 1,084 151,760* 53,115 Vegetables 1,240 63,075 Total 1 1 $3,517,185 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 21,459 SI ,347,420 Horses 15.341 1,022,7;!5 Mules 4,648 348,600 Asses and Jennets 206 20,600 Sheep 11,0^9 33,235 Swine 6.'),956 659,560 Chickens 223.017"! Turkeys Geese 9.690 1 4,5;« ( 304,830 Ducks 2,233 J Swarms of Bees 2.812 6,365 Honey 94,733 : 11.840 Wool 43.1.50 : 7,190 Milk Butter 3,364.75(1 § ( 590,608 t f 214,990 Eggs 1,263.320 II 114,600 Total 1 1 $3,991,965 * Bushels. \ Pounds. || Do t Tons. § Gallons. sen. JOHNSON COUNTY. 417 White and grey sand- stone quarried from two deposits at War- rensburg, Saws are operated; stone finds market i n Missouri and contiguous states. State Normal School and Johnson county courthouse at Warrensburg are monuments to its beauty and value. Stone is found 90 feet thick. Clays claimed to be fireproof are ex- tensively deposited near Montserrat. Land:— Four-fifths o f county i s uni- formly a rolling prai- rie, broken only by timber fringed creeks. One-fifth defines a rough ridge extending from Montserrat southwesterly to the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad and another broken, precipitous strip near Pittsville. Seemingly in a chain northwest to southeast, a series of hills, slop- ing gradually upon all sides, take position in this section of Missouri. They are never closer than one mile, frequently ten miles apart and rise three hundred feet above valleys adjacent. They are called knobs, hence the name Knobnoster, applied to a leading town. Land prices are $30 to $40 the county over. By actual record of land sold in 1903, average price was $36.22 an acre, an increase of $9.35 an acre over the year preceding. Average price of town lots $391. Two per cent of county, near Centerview brings $65 to $75. Soil of county produces corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, timothy, blue grass, clover. It is limestone loam, black, averaging in depth two feet, over clay. In rough regions land sells at $10 to $20. Manufactured Pkoducts: — Brick, flour, overalls, broom racks and finished stone. Transportation: — Missouri Pacific railroad, Kansas* City to St. Louis, 37.01; Frisco, 10.39; Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 39.68; Rock Island, 37; Pertle Springs branch, 2.25 miles taxed road. Schools :^State Normal School, main building erected 1871; courses in Kindergarten, Primary, Teaching, History, Physics, Chem- istry, Biology, Agriculture, Manual Training, Drawing, Latin, hotel, pertle Greek, French, German, Physical Culture, Music, Mathematics, Psychology and School Management. Enrollment: normal school term, 781; summer school, 487; total, 1,268. Last Legislature appropriated $50,000 for modern gymnasium. Science building erected 1895 cost $30,000. Holden, location of Catholic College for girls. Commercial College at Warrensburg. Towns: — Warrensburg, school town, county seat, farming. Stone quarries; $50,000 waterworks system; $50,000 courthouse; $45,000 electric plant; $10,000 stone depot; three large flouiing mills are points of pride. Pertle Springs is mile and one-half away; Holden, second town commercially, supported by agri- cultural interests. Has creamery, flour mill, w^aterworks, electric lights; Knob- noster, coal mining, farming; Centerview, Chilhowee, Leeton, all centers of fine farming districts. Newspapers: — Warrensburg Journal-Democi'at, Standard Herald, Star; Hol- den Enterprise; Knobnoster Gem; Centerview Record; Chilhowee News; Leeton Times. Mo. — 27 SPRINGS. KNOX is in northoast Missouri. It lios thiitv-tlvo miles south of Iowa, and is the soi-oud oouuty west of the Mississippi rivor. Fanuinj; anii live stook raisini; are the ohief imlustiial ai-tivities. Cattle and eorn exports agiirejiate more than two millioi\ dollars annually. Horses and nuUts are sold to extent of a niillion dollars a year: hoi;s bring half a n\illion, and timothy and blue grass aiigregate a surplus worth the same. County eontains h\0 square miles, or o2i>.400 aeres, of whieh 252,085 acres are eultivated. There are 2,i;io farms ineludin.n 1 ir> a;'res on an average, .\etual value of farm lands. $(>.t>7T.12 I. rorrr.vriox :^ — ^Vhite. lo.oOS: colored. 17i>; native born. i;>,0o;>: foreign horn. 44l?: total. lo.471>. Farm homes owned. l.lUS; rented. 444; other homes owned, fiol^: rented. ;;2t;: total fami- lies, 2,927. Finanok: — Comity tax. 45 eents: school tax. 20 cents to $1.15: average. 4;>'-_. cetits; total assessed val- uation. $4,487,891: assessed valuation upon forty per cent basis: uo county debt; no township debt. TiiK L.vNu: — Fabins river tlows diagonally through the county from northwest to southeast. It is a many- forked stream, and has a large number of small trib\i- taries. Along these and Salt river, in the southwest corner, originally grew large trees of black oak, hick- ory, walnut, ash, linwood. maple, white oak and cotton- wood. Forty per cent of the county was thus tim- bered. Three-fourths of the trees have been removed. Portable saw mills make hardwood lumber enough for local demands. Walnut logs are yet a commercial as- set, being shipv^ed from Edina. Knox City, Hurdland, and Baring. Bottom lands adjoining the streams are generous of width, and soil is sandy, black loam. All lands set naturally in blue grass. Farms along streams, embracing both hill and bottom land, range in price from $20 to $40. according to improvement, and fur- ther depending upon whether little or much bottom land be inclmled. Overtlows are more frequent than along the Mississippi or Missouri rivers, but never are they seriously injurious. Long sloping hills, rarely reaching three hundred feet above the bottoms, often KNOX COUNTY'S IIWO CROP ACRKS »"ROl>l'CT V.\l.l'K Corn 7r,S60 3,Sit5.480 » fl,0l4,.^7.^ Wheat 7SS U^.^50 » 9,aso Oat:! T.W8 5tXi,7\;5 * .W.180 H;»v .^s..sn> «).0>S0 t 44,^,l.^o Foray;e (i.inio r.ios t S.^..^'-'.^ Flax" V m* 5(1 Hrooin Corn 42 aLiKKU .■.8ti Clover Seed l.^» ItV Grass Seed 54.850 * •,'o.:«to Tohafco 18 17,UX) t 1.510 IVtatoes (UO Tsi.rw * lit.i'40 W'Seiables SOa 36,78."^ IVnal j 1 1 $1,6.{4.14,-. LIVES rocK .4 iND PROD JCTS KiNn 1 ^ UMBKK 1 V.\Ll'K Cattle 1 S4.14S $l,109,l)4.'> Horses 1 11,153 ri.-i.jfo Mules e.A« Um.CxV. .■\sses and Jen nets 49 4.SHH1 Sheep 14,688 44,(X>o Swine 48,961 4S!l,(iI0 Chickens 147,0061 2,W9 [ 4,13i) ,' Turkeys lieese lei.iw Ducks l.iWO 1 Swarms of Be es S,f.l4 .•>,(>i1.i Honev 87,13.8 1 48.1HX1 1 I0,8!V Wool 8,lHH1 Milk l.t 00,4<.Hi § 1 Butter « 94.:80 J \ IIO.TW KgRs 839,IM0 II 103.740 Total i 1 R917,lt46 * Bushels. t Poun ds. II Dor en. * Tons. § Gallo ns. I'hotos ill lutttliiiii: Farm strnii FrCil H. i'ciijioiis. 41S K\()X c()\'\'vy. 4 1 U SCOTLAND \i<)\iu(i III': lall'-r. Hif/h'Hl, of t,h<;Hf; Ih al. K'liria, \iii.':\'. t'torri HoiiHi l''o(k of l''ablUH riv<:r. J{';t.wf;';n Hln-arnH aro paralN-liriK >ra';tH of uridulai iri^ j;rairi';, valu'id af. $:{0 to |r,0 an m-ri;. Hoi I Ih tilack vij-cciabl'; rnoiihJ, to a dopfh of thn;'! and ono-half ff;';l, ovo.r f.lay. Farm iniprov00 ;u'; ffjiirid. 'Di'-rf! aro thirty or thirt,y- flvo Knox oouniy I'arrnH whl'-li contain a tboiiHand aftroK .\: — MiloH of taxablf; rail- road : At':hiKon, Topfjka & Hania Fa, 17.75; Qulncy, Omaha & KanHaH City, 22.00. Itail- roadH pf;rniii f Hav 31.dt» , Forage s.no : Flax^ 8 Broom Corn 11 ' Clover Seea Grass Seed Tobiicco SO IVtaioes 657 Vegetables 460 Total Total Bushels. Tons. LACUEDE is in the "Land of the Big Ked Avn^le" Its 740 ssquare miles of land surface are located in the central v^J^rt of south Missouri, two hundred miles southwest of St. Louis, and chiefly uvmn a plateau of the O/.ark mountains. Apviles are its chief product. Many orchards number into hundi-eds of acres: the Frisco Oirhard Company has been euiijisied for moiv than a year in putting out what will be the largest apple or- chard in the world. It is to be five thousand acres, located northeast of Lebanon. ui>on the St. Louis & San Francisco railroad In the couitty are 4To.tUH"> acres, of which I0I.942 are cultivated. Farms number 2.t?14. including plow, orchard, and pasture land. 110.i> acres in average, aggreg^^ting a present market value of $2.- 9S4.504. Besides apples, peaches, apricots, pears and berries, cattle, horses and mules, hogs and corn are exported. PovrLAT^o^■ : — "White, li>.150; colored. oti4: Ameri- can Iwrn. 16,147: foi-eign born. 37G: total, lt>,523. Farm homes owned. 1.S7S: rented. 7oo: other homes owned, oiH>: rented, 311: total. o.ooS. Timiver: — Originally all. except approximately 15.- OOt^ acres. Consisting of the various oaks, hickory, ash. cherry, cedar, and in the river and creek bottoms, ma- ple, black walnut, sycamore, mulberry, and elm. The bottom land timber was large growth, hut the plateau land more frequently grows the scrub variety. Even the 15.000 aci^es of prairie, scattered in small tracts throughout the southern half, have at some time or other supported a scrub oak growth. Iix>n, lead, zinc, kaolin, and limestone deposits are believed to exist, though mining has never been fol- lowed in Laclede county. L.vnd: — Located upon the top levels of the Ozark mountains, the genei-al elevation is approximately one thousand feet above the Mississippi river at St. Louis. The county includes some fine lying land, both in river bottoms and on plateau. There is, also, some rough land, fit for iv\sture or orchard. The roughest is along the Niaugua. the Grand Auglaise, Osage Fork of Gasconade, and the Gasconade rivers, bold, precipitous mountain bluffs bordering the river on one side and river bot- toms on the opposite side. Lebanon, the county seat, is located upon a small body of land nearly level. Its Photo ill hcxiiliiii/: Fruit foiiit of E. H. Cloiigh, Lftmnon. 420 l,»T„^rT*: 144,AX1» SO.T.V. * 2,675 + IS* ISo* 21,0iX>: 6j>,;oo «; $ s:o,9S5 16.'>.5»0 SS,4lX> l.VS.TTo 1S,S75 t.V 8,1 S.^ ;iS,=> t,'.>i>o •21.03O 2S.130 I * T91,6S.5 LIVB STOCK AXD PRODCCrS KIND Nl'MKBK [ VALfK Cattle IT.STS $ 4;^l,j«. Horses 6,66;> 4lX»,140 Mules l.TltS llO.ftV. Asses and lennc'.s SO 7,vO^^ Sheep U\SS9 .St. 170 Swine 55,^74 255.740 Chickens :5.S7tl 1 Turkeys Geese a,6Si' 3,669,' 69,(ttV Ducks 1.563 Swarms ot" Bees 86$ i.ies Honev 99,9SJJ s.ei.'i Wool .'SO.TOO { S.li'i Milk Butter l,S:ii.7S4§» IS6,K5 Eggs 45!:),340 II 57,105 $1, so; ,565 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dore:i. i:aci.ki)k county. 421 looallon in ono. of Uio rrfifjtKinl i)la1,f!auH which an; rar)i'lly bfjiiiK trans- forrrnMl into ajjplf! orch- ariJH. OrchartlH liOKiri- nin^ lo l)oar aro worUi $ir.O lo $200 per aero, whi<;li is alioiit $:'. a troo. One - tiiird ol' tlif; iin- provod landH oiilsido ol' orciiardH, (;an Ijo boiif^ht. al $10; anollnir ono- Ihird al. $15 to $20; ono- foiirth at. $25; romain- iriK ono-twrdftli at $:'.0 to $40. A li:i.ir do/(;ii farmH adjoining liOlja- non are hold at $50 to $fiO. Sovon-twfiirths of the county is wild land, free live Block bincstcrn ran^e, whifth can bo bouj?ht at $2.50 to $10. One-half of this is own- ed by speculators and non - residents. Upland soil is a liKht colored clay over gravelly red fday. Uottorn land soil is brown clay alluvial. Soil and climate are the chief elements which make the section one of fruit. Laclede county, at the Paris Exposition, was awarded first prize for "The best disjday of Apples in the World." • Flour is the only manufactured product. Tka,\hi'oktatio.\: — Frisco main line, St. Louis to Springfield, is taxed upon 30. o5 miles of roadbed. Gasconade, Niangua and Osage Fork of Gasconade are of great value in transportation of railroad ties and logs. Lebanon High School conforms to i'our years' study, meeting requirements of University of Missouri. Living water is had at dejjths from '.!,'> to 00 feet. Springs are of a frequency general to mountainous localities. Mi.NKHAi, Si'Hi.Nos: — At Lebanon is a well one thousand feet deep. The water is said to contain magnesium properties. It is without price. Among the remarkable forma- tions of nature are a saltpetre cave and a natural bridge seven miles west of Lebanon. FisiriiNG Axo Hij.NTixo: — The rivers offer all kinds of game fish, including bass, jacksalmon, crappie, i>erch, redhorse, buffalo and catfish. There are a few deer; wild turkeys are plentiful, and squirrels, quail, rabbits and foxes are abundant. Tow.Ns: — Lebanon, county seat, is the only town larger than the village. It is a fourth-class city, known as the home of the late Richard Parks Bland. A bronze monument to Congressman Bland stands in the court house yard. Lebanon is 50 miles northeast of Springfield, on the Frisco rail- road. It has electric lights, waterworks, two flouring mills, and eight churches, including both Protestant and Catholic. Finance: — County tax, 51 cents; school tax, average 57 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,183,011; assessed valuation per cent of af;tual valuation 05; county debt, $55,000; no township debt. Nkwhi'ai'khs: — Lebanon Republican, Senlinel, Rustic; Conway liecord. A LA.NU OK AI'I'/.K OIU irAKDS. IN CITIZENSHIP; in agriculture; in schools; in coal, Lafayette is one of Missouri's first counties. It has always figured prominently in the history of the State; in agriculture it has been fertile; it is the seat of several leading institutions of learning; its coal output employs two thousand men and brings in a million dollars a year. Lafayette county is located upon the south bank of the Missouri river, thirty miles east of Kansas City. It contains G22 square miles, 398,080 acres, 326,718 acres of which are under culti- vation. There are 3,043 farms averaging 120.8 acres each, worth actually $16,- 071,645. Corn, cattle, horses and mules, hay and wheat afford large agricultural income. In bee raising the county has a distinction. Confederate Home of Mis- souri is located at Higginsville. Population: — Families long established. Population one-fifth German and German descent, located at Concordia and Napoleon; some at Wellington and Higginsville. White, 28,002; colored, 3,677; American born, 29,337; foreign born, 2,342; total, 31,679. Farm homes owned, 3,879; rented, 1,007; other homes owned, 1,733; rented, 1,672; total families, 8,291. Finance: — County tax, 75 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to $1.20; average, 40 cents; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 40; assessed valuation, $11,628,755; county debt, $535,000; township debt, $255,700. Timber: — Timber primevally embraced a two-mile strip along the Missouri river and less wide strips along other streams — total area, 33 per cent. Species were black oak, burr oak, hackberry, walnut, hard and soft maples, locust, white oak, catalpa, red elm, white elm, coffee bean, box elder, alder, and hickory. Growth was large and heavy; 75 per cent cleared. Few porta- ble mills. Coal: — Annual output, 539,612 tons, second largest coal county in Missouri. Mines have been operated sixty years. Vein is eighteen inches to two feet in thickness, forty-five to one hundred and twenty feet from surface. Mines operated at Alma, Bates City, Concordia, Corder, Higginsville, Lexington, Mayview, Odessa, Waterloo, Waverly and Wellington. Operating mines, 54. At Waverly vein is four feet thick. Limestone is taken from bluffs for local consumption; not considered commercially important. Land: — Approximately fifteen sections of rich, black, sandy, alluvial lands along Missouri river, priced at $50 to $60. Subject to overflow, averaging once in seven years. Adjoining these are limestone bluffs, pre- cipitous, rising two hundred feet on the river side but sloping gradually into prairie level upon the south. Soil is limestone, black, fertile. Improvements splen- did. Finest farm house in Missouri is located here, at a cost of $50,000, two miles southeast of Lexington. Enjoying the Bath; Artillery Drill, Wentworth Military 422 LAFAYETTE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACKES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn ]:M,308 5,-372,320 * ^1,692,280 Wheat 4.S,!I4.S l,2-.'3.700* 703,630 Oats 11.^)2 325,148* 84,,540 Hay 32,111 56,195 t 365,270 Forage 2,9fi0 3,945 t 19,725 Flax 86 860* 895 Broom Corn 29 15,950 t 440 Clover Seed 2.250 * 12,375 Grass Seed 260* 405 Tobacco 15 13,5iJ0 t 1,350 Potatoes l.aoti 175,840 * 42,200 Vegetables 1,810 76,320 Totiil 1 1 $2,999,4 30 LIVE, STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle ;^8,r4tj $1,259,245 Horses 12,981 865,400 Mules 5,109 8 Fruit Lands: — All up- lands are adapted to fruit raising. Climate, soil and surface are favor- able to fruit. Subsoil is porous. Strawberries are largely grown in vi- cinities of Logan and Marionville. In the latter vicinity are 5,000 acres of commercial apple and peach orch- ards. An average shipment of ap- ples is 24,078 barrels annually, and thirty-one thousand crates of straw- berries for the year. There are sev- eral small nurseries. Manufactories: — Flouring mills, planing mills, canning factories, saw mills, carding mill, distillery, creamery, brick plants, iron foundry, wagon factories, felloe factory, lime works. Transportation: — Main line and branch of Frisco, and White River Branch of Missouri Pacific give direct connection with St. Louis and Kansas City. There are twenty miles of fine gravel roads in the county. Springs: — Paris Springs, on Sac river, in northwest corner of county, and Spring River Head, near Marionville and Verona, are small local camping places. Water of former is claimed to be of mineral properties. TovPNs:^ — Aurora, mining town, population, 6,191; gravelled streets, electric lights and gas, waterworks. Pierce City, railroad town, 2,151; Marionville, 1,290, fruit center; Mt. Vernon, county seat, 1,206; Stotts City, mining, population 902; Miller, Verona. Bowres Mills, Friestatt, Lawrenceburg, Chesapeake, Paris Springs and Logan. Schools: — Aurora and Pierce City have school system headed by high schools, whose diplomas admit without examination to University of Missouri. One hundred school districts, each supplied with proper facilities. Marionville Collegiate Institute and an Industrial School for Boys are further educational institutions at Marionville. Lawrence County Sunday School Association: — Organized 1870, holds an- nual conventions; embraces 100 schools; 940 officers and teachers; 7,920 scholars (children of school age in county, 8,860) ; two whole municipal townships with ev- ery home, and sixty school districts with every member of each family connected. The famous Lawrence County Map shows every home in the county and its relation to the work. Newspapers:— Mt. Vernon Fountain and Journal, Record, Chieftain; Pierce City, Journal, Democrat; Aurora Adver- tiser-Herald, Argus; Stotts City Sun- apple packing, marionville, Lawrence beam; Marionville Free Press. county. GENERAL agriculture and pearl button manufacturing support Lewis county. Corn and wheat are raised; cucumbers are grown and pickled in immense quantities; tomatoes and other vegetables are preserved. Canton and LaGrange, located upon the Mississippi river, are important steamboat shipping points. They are also loca- tion of as many colleges. Western Lewis county is devoted to cattle and horse raising. County contains 510 square miles surface, 326,400 acres, of which 235,- 437 acres are improved farms. These number 2,277, averaging 136 acres in ara- ble, pasture, timber and waste lands. Farm properties are estimated at $6,987,- 420 actual value. Population: — White, 15,680; colored, 1,044; American born, 16,210; foreign born, 514; total, 16,724. Farm homes owned, 1,600; rented, 617; other homes owned, 891; rented, 657; total families, 3,765. Finance: — County tax, 45 cents; school tax, from 16 cents to $1.05; average, 60 cents; total assessed valuation, $5,330,646; 40 per cent of actual valuation; no county debt; township debt, $30,000. Timber:' — Originally covered eastern one-third and land elsewhere adjacent streams, total amounting to one-half surface; consisted of oak, hickory, sugar tree, walnut, ash, maple, two-thirds of which have been cleared. Most people burn coal, which saves wood sup- ply. Half a dozen portable saw mills dot county. Sawed posts sell at 15 cents; cordwood, $3 to $4. Land: — One-half the county area is prairie land, covering western one-third and ridges alternating with streams running northwest to southeast in whatever other portions of county found. One-third of county is hill land and shading into bluff land; the balance is bottom land, the Mississippi bottom growing to three miles in width north of Canton, and likewise widening as one goes south from LaGrange. Extreme width of latter is nine miles. Prairie land averages $40 per acre; from $25 to $40, with an occasional well improved farm at $65. Best hill land averages the same; from $20 up to $100 within a mile of Canton and LaGrange. First bottom land brings $20 to $50; second bottom, which is higher elevation, $50 to $100, quantity of first being in excess of second. North Fabius, Middle Fabius and Wyaconda rivers have narrow bottoms. Probably 5,000 acres of bluff land along Mississippi, which can be bought at $10 an acre. One-half of all the land in county may be had at $30. Manufactures: — At Canton are four button facto- ries, which make their product from mussel shells taken from the Mississippi river. Four hundred men are employed in pearl button mannfacture and in the ChvisHan Utnversity. Canton. 426 LEWIS COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 66,750 2,603,250 * 1 793,990 Wheat 6,800 160,540 * 96,325 Oals 7,753 294,615* 73,655 Hay 43,980 65,965 t 362,810 Forage 4,210 4,910 t 24,550 Broom Corn G 3,000 t 85 Clover Seed 200* 1,320 Grass Seed 2,350 * 3,390 Tobacco 18 17,100 % 1,540 Potatoes 565 67,560 * 16,890 Vegetables 935 30,4t;0 Total 1 1 $1,394,915 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Catt'e 28,483 * 925,697 Horses 9,681 645,400 Mules 1,870 140,250 Asses and Jennets 57 5,700 Sheep 16,083 48,2.-i0 Swine :^7,821 378,210 Chickens 139,4441 Turkeys Creese 4, .562 ; 2,' 45 r 137,680 Ducks 1.125) Swarms of Bees 2,1.% 4,4.30 Honey 71,000 1 58,200 t 8,875 Wool 9,700 Milk 2,034,886 § 1 Butter 357,616 1 \ 126,365 Eggs 857,890 II 107.235 Total 1 1 $2,537,792 * Bushels. 1 Pounds. || Doz en. t Tons. § Gallons. I'liolo in licadinu LEWIS COUNTY. 427 exportation of mussel pearl used for nicknack ornamentation. A plan- ing mill employs fifty men; a flour- ing mill sends flour to England and Scotland as well as into various cities of America; two salting SHELBY CO f MARION NOT FAR FROM THE MISSISSIPPI. plants preserve pickles and tomato pulp; a canning factory and glass bottle goods factory uses large quantities of cucumbers; one car load of artesian well water is shipped weekly, and Canton also has a wholesale lumber yard. LaGrange has a large flouring mili, four button blank factories, and one finishing plant. Transportation: — St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern; Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City. Ten miles of pike roads out of Canton; drag system on dirt roads is highly successful. Schools and Colleges: — Christian University, Canton, founded 1851; Col- lege of Art and Science, Bible, Commercial College and Conservatory of Music; co-educational; LaGrange College, at LaGrange, established forty years; under supervision of Baptists; 100 students; co-educational; academic and music. There are four high schools: Canton, LaGrange, LaBelle, and Lyon, the latter being a co-operative high school supported by districts of Lyon township. There are eleven churches in Canton and seven in La Grange. Artesian Wells: — Two artesian wells are located at LaGrange, and one at Canton. Water is bottled and shipped from all. Towns: — Canton, 14 miles macadamized streets and al- leys; public ownership water- works, horse fire department, electric lights. Ferry crosses river. Manufacturing, ship- ping, and farming. LaGrange location of LaGrange College; electric lights, public owner- ship; boat shipping point; manufacturing and farming. LaBelle, Lewistown, Monti- cello, all farming centers; lat- ter is county seat. Poultry interests are of considerable importance to towns. Newspapers : — LaGrange Tribune, Indicator; LaBelle Star; Lewistown Leader; Monticello: Lewis County Journal; Canton News, Press, Christian Educator. a north Missouri apiary. LINCOLN lies upon the west bank of the Mississippi river, forty miles north of St. Louis. Leading commercial and industrial activities are builded upon agriculture, live stock and horticulture. It is one of Missouri's leading wheat producing counties and also exports corn to the extent of a million or more dollars annually. Cattle, horses and mules and hogs are among surplus products of every farm; Buchanan College, at Troy, county seat, is a felt influence; and a distinguishing feature upon the east side of the county is that of the club house, several of which have been erected. County acreage is 382,720, equal to 598 square miles; improved farms embrace 2.52,984 acres of plow land. There are 2,7(53 farms, in average size, 92.9 acres. Valued at $7,726,050. Population: — ^ Estimated one-sixth German and German descent, mainly found in the south end of the county. White, 16,621; colored, 1,731; American born, 17,685; foreign born, 667; total, 18,352. Farm homes owned, 1,982; rented, 798; other homes owned, 630; rented, 503; total, 3,913. Finance: — County tax, $1.07; school tax up to $1; average, 38 cents; total assessed valuation, $5,445,454, one-third of actual valuation; county debt, $184,000; no township debt. Coal: — Underlies ten thousand acres in vicinity of Hawk Point and Truxton. Fields have just been opened. Burlington railroad building switch. Hereto- fore local demands have been supplied; mineral, wagon hauled. Near Silex are vast deposits of white sand, suitable for glass manufacture. Portland cement ma- terials are found in abundance near Elsberry. Neither sand nor stone is utilized. Land: — Beginning on the east with the strip of bottom land bounded by limestone cliffs traced by the St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern railroad, the land therein is of two classes: upper, protected; and lower, unprotected. Land levee-protected in north end sells at $50 to $75 an acre, owing to improvements and loca- tion. Behind the levee, near Winfield, land brings $50 to $60. In southeast section of the strip, low bottom I'lioto in hmdiiuj: In \\'(xl(rn Lincoln Voiintij. 4:;s LINCOLN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP | 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 79,175 3,562,965 * $1,086,705 Wheat 42,.'540 1.042,150* 625,310 Oats 16.330 636,830 * 159,210 Hay 19,880 29,815 t 223,615 Forage 1,100 1,285 1,000:: 6,425 Broom Corn 2 30 Clover Seed 150* 1,000 Crass Seed 35* 50 Tobacco 25 23,750 X 2,140 Potatoes 605 75,875 * 18,970 Vegetables 955 6.^,365 Total 1 1 1 *2,I88,820 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER \ VALUE Cattle 25,678 $ 834,535 Horses 10,111 674,065 Mules 1,752 131,400 Asses and Jennets 56 5,600 Sheep 10,827 32,480 Swine 48,534 485,340 Chickens 11)0,439 1 Turkeys Geese 6,704 I 6,370 f 161,9,30 Ducks 2,03H J Swarms of Bees 1,703 3,805 Honey 56,767:; 44,275 :: 7,095 Wool 7,380 Milk Butter 2,434,268 § ( 373,.S44 I \ 150,185 Eggs 1,099,260 II 137,405 'total 1 1 $2,631,220 * Bushels. \ Pounds. || Do? en. t Tons. ,030 115,230 1 576,150 For:ige 10,500 12,250 t 61,250 Broom Corn 75 37,000 t 1,020 Clover Seed 75* 495 Grass Seed 2,7.50 * 3,850 Tobacco 45 40,850 t 3.675 Potatoes 1,095 130,430* .30,115 Vegetables 1,225 59,325 Total $ 2,215,100 LIVE i STOCK AND PROI JUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 48,518 $ 1,576,835 Horses 15,869 1,057,935 Mules 3,724 279,300 Asses iind Jei inets 230 23,000 Sheep 16,608 49,825 Swine 42,206 422.660 Chickens 223,979 1 Turkeys Geese 6,912 ', 6,075 1 171,465 Ducks 3,031 J 1 Swarms of B ees 5,590 12,720 Honey 186,333 1 63,700 t 23,290 Wool 10,615 Milk 3, "65,304 § 1 1 342,835 Butter ?49,608 1 f 1 Eggs 1,239,460 II 154,930 Total 1 1 $ 4,025,410 * Bushels. t Pou Ids. II Do zen. t Tons. § Gall Dns. Photos in head in f) : Coal Mininn /Sccius, Macon County. 4.36 MACON COUNTY 437 /COUNTY for brick manufacture is used for building purposes witliin the county. Lime- stone is deposited along all the streams. Sand is avail- able along the Chariton river. Land: — In physical area the county contains 820 square miles of land surface, 524,800 acres, of which 364,444 are in a state of cultivation. The actual farming value of land in the county is esti- mated in aggregate at $13,- 586,963. This estimate does not consider the mineral value. Coal varying in thickness from three feet to four feet ten inches un- derlies the land and fore- stalls accurate attempt at general valuation estimate. Dealing with the purely agricultural value of the land, one-half of the coun- ty may be bought for $45 an acre, and the balance, lying mainly along streams and bearing numerous small strips of second growth timber, at $27.50. Macon comes within the blue- grass belt. Blue grass takes all pastures. The eastern half of the county is of comparatively level lay, and the soil is the vegetable loam common to the level prairie of northeast Missouri. It grows all grains of the zone. Soil is of a uni- form depth, two to four feet, over clay. The western half of the county is roll- ing. Along the streams are frequent cliffs, confined to a perpendicular height of forty feet. Owing to the rolling character of the land, soil depth varies more than in the eastern half, ranging from six inches on hilltops to six feet on lesser altitude. Blue grass is native. Manufactures: — These are not numerous, though they are of comparatively large individual size. At Macon is a large wagon and carriage factory, a scissor manufacturing plant, products of which are sold throughout this section of States. There are also flouring mills of considerable capacity, cold storage plants, cigar factories, brick making establishments. Tr.\n SPORT ation: — Hannibal & St. Joseph; Wabash main line; Iowa & St. Louis; Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe; Missouri & Louisiana short line. Towns: — Macon county seat, population 4,068; supported by mining, manufacturing, school and farming interests. La Plata, popu- lation 1,345, a cattle and agricultural center, situated upon high prairie. Bevier, population 1,808, mining and agriculture. Callao, 498; Ethel, 397; New Cambria, 325; Elmer, 236, and College Mound, 230, are supported mainly by agricultural and live stock interests. Newspapers : —Macon : Times-Democrat, Republican, Record; New Cambria Independent; La Plata Home Press, Republican; Bevier Appeal; Callao Herald; Atlanta News; Ethel Courier. MADISON COUNTY'S 190:^ CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons. INING of lead, nickel, cobalt, copper, granite, marble, and iron, consti- tutes the chief industrial interest of Madison county, seventy-miles due south of St. Louis. In the northern part of the county is located Mine La Motte, center of the district. This mine has been operated continuously for one hundred and thirty-two years and periodically for sixty-eight years prior to the commencement of its continuous oper- ation. It has yielded lead, nickel and cobalt in the main; it is now giving up copper in addition. Madison county embraces 492 square miles of land, equal to 314,880 acres. Second to min- ing in industrial importance is farming. Sixty-seven thousand, two hundred and twenty-five acres are under cultivation, the rest being timbered or mine properties. There are 1,163 farms, of an average size of 127 acres, of an estimated actual valuation of $1,968,770. Private dairying is increasing among the best farmers. Exports of milk and butter now amount to $67 a year for each farmer in the county. Population: — White, 9,732; colored, 243; Ameri- can born, 9,800; foreign born, 175; total, 9,975. Farm homes owned, 890; rented, 289; other homes owned, 283; rented, 527; total families, 1,989. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 40 cents to 80 cents; average, 60 cents; assessed valuation, $2,261,571; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 65; county debt, $4,800; no township debt. Timher: — Good timber is yet abundant. Hardwood lumber and railroad tie exports are considerable. White oak logs three feet in diameter find their way to the railroad. Fredericktown is a timber center. Along St. Francis river, in the western part, are large bodies of white oak in almost undisturbed state. White oak is the chief timber. Next to white oak in point of com- mercial value is pine, in southwestern corner of the county. Black oak, post oak, yellow oak, elm, sycamore and maple are other varieties. Photos in heading: Silrcr Dam, St. Francis River; La Motto District Lead Min- ing Scene; Plant American Lead Co.; Moulding Lead in Smelter. 438 1 ACRES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 15,961 606.518 * S 237,445 Wheal 10,218 183,9;i4 * 108,515 Oats 1.976 43,470 * 14,4S0 Hay 9,775 14,6ti0 t 131,940 Forage 1.005 1,170 t 5,850 Broom Corn 4 2,000 t 55 Clover Seed 190* 1,045 Cotton .3 990 t 17,7.50 J 75 Tobacco 2.T 1,T75 Potatoes 349 31,410* 15,075 Vegetables 500 18,935 $525,200 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER VALUE Cattle 8,995 $ 202,387 Horses 2,416 144,060 Mules 1,060 63,600 Asses and Jennets 17 1,.530 Sheep 4,751 14,2.53 Swine l;i.'.)7I 139,710 Chickens 30,027 1 Turkeys Geese '.m I a.822 f 23,120 Ducks 994 J Swarins of Bees 835 1,541 Honey 27.83;i t 15,824 l 3,479 Wool 2,637 Milk 856,884 § ( 07,790 Butter 174,467 t ( Eggs 174,700 II 21,840 §686,8 47 I Pounds. 5) Gallons Dozen. MADISON COUNTY. 439 ST. FRANCOIS Minerals: — Signs of minerals exist all over the county. Centering around Mine La Motte, is a lead district of large output. This main mine, worked for gener- ations, has yielded, besides enormous quan- tities of lead, nickel and cobalt to an ex- tent claimed to be ninety per cent of the output of the United States. Granite and marble are quarried at a point twelve miles southwest of Fredericktown and in southeastern part of county. A superior quality of white building stone is depos- ited near Fredericktown. Kaolin and pottery clay are shipped from south county railroad points. Land: — Rolling and mostly timbered; sometimes very rough. Soil is gravelly clay loam, with porous subsoil. Often it is stone-bearing in uplands. Bottoms are alluvial and of unsurpassed fertility. Eight to ten miles from railroad timbered land may be bought at $1.25 to $3 an acre. Improved uplands are selling at $8 to $15; bottom lands, improved, $15 to $20. Best farming lands of county are found in north central portion, near Freder- icktown. There are 6,187 acres of government land, awaiting homestead, at $1.25 an acre. This entire acreage is rock-bearing and rugged, but sustains a heavy timber growth. Fruit:— The red clay lands with subsoil of porous, gravel-laden subsoil are admirably adapted to fruit growing. Apples, peaches, plums, pears, and berries of all kinds may be profitably grown. The industry is in its infancy. Manufactories : — Saw mills, flouring mills, granite and rock crushing mills, stave factories, wool carding mills, distillery, ice plant, and planing mill. These industries are of local dimension. Transportation: — Frisco main line, St. Louis to Memphis, and Bel- mont branch of Iron Mountain rail- road. Mineral Springs: — White Spring located eight miles south of Freder- icktown, has medicinal value and is a health resort. Some of the most entrancing scenery of the State is along the St. Francis river near Sil- vermine. Towns: — Fredericktown, coun- ty seat, population 1,577; shipping point for lumber, mines' output and farm produce. Marquand, saw mills and live stock. Mine La Motte, mining town and farming center. Water: — Big and Little St. Francis rivers, Castor river dant. Newspapers:- — Fredericktown Democrat-News; Fredericktown Tribune. ^ly^fff COMPANY, attention! Springs are abun- MARIES COUNTY'S 1902 CROP. I ACHES I PRODUCT | VALUE Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. FOR greatest usefulness Maries county relies upon its mineral, agricul- tural and horticultural resources, rich and varied. At the present time but 92,440 of its 329,600 acres ai'e in a state of improvement. The balance is enshrouded in a heavy, coarse fibered cloak of timber, forty per cent black oak, twenty per cent white oak, a like percentage of post oak, and the balance of scrub oak, walnut, sycamore, maple, hickory, ash and hackberry. This immense timber area represents, in itself, an important commercial asset, and its removal, together with consequent pasturing of the lands, will create blue grass pastures and promote live stock interests. Maries is situated twenty miles south of Jefferson City, capital of Missouri. Its surface is rough, in rare places mountainous, but the county is crossed by the Gasconade and Maries rivei'S and tribu- taries, which account for forty-eight thousand acres of river and creek bottoms, black soiled and fertile. Total value of farms is estimated at $2,235,660. Num- ber of farms is 1,619, embracing an average of 153.5 acres, plow land and timbered. Last year there were $407 worth of cattle, horses and mules exported for each farmer in the county. Population: — White, 9,615; colored, 1; American born, 9,335; foreign born, 281; total, 9,616. Farm homes owned, 1,123; rented, 491; other homes owned, 117; rented. 111; to*al families, 1,842. German is the type of those foreign born. Finance: — County tax, 45 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, average, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $1,988,403; fifty per cent of actual value; no county nor township debt. Timbkh: — Main part of commercial timber is in the western half of county, where it has been little drawn upon. Railroad ties have been the leading timber pro- duct. Half a dozen portable saw mills provide rough board lumber for local demand. Minerals: — Lead, zinc, iron, copper, and limestone comprise the minerals. Wholly undeveloped. Fire In Au/wri ' Corn 29,966 898,980 * $ 265,200 Wheat 18,025 21H,565 * 119,110 Oats 3,5(J8 103,325 * 27,380 Hay ll,lfi2 16,745 t 117,215 Forage 1,030 l,!i85 t 6,425 Broom Corn 7 3,500 t 95 Clover Seed 350* 1,960 Tobacco 42 29,400 t 2,795 Potatoes 34(5 .39,790 * 12,735 Vegetables 335 20,060 $ 572,975 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KINU NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 12,.386 S 309,f.50 Horses 3,921 235,260 Mules 1,912 114,720 Asses anil J ennets 52 4,680 Sheep 7,422 22,265 Swine 2,137 211,370 Chickens 63,957 1 Turkeys Geese 1,2.57 i 5,785 f 35,670 Ducks 1,394 J Swarms of Bees 369 • ' 870 Honey 12,300 1 23,949 J 1,.540 Wool ' 3,990 Milk 916,400 § 1 149,587 t I 59,:W5 Butter Eggs 365,425 II 45,680 $ 1,045,060 Pounds. Gallons. Dozen. I'hoto in hiudimj : Dominion. 440 MARIES COUNTY. 441 clays, gravel, and sand offer an industry, with rail- road facilities extended. Land: — Soils of all up- lands are of limestone ori- gin and have a generous admixture of small frag- ments of flint. Subsoil is a red clay, usually rich in most of the mineral ele- ments necessary to plant growth. Valley lands are extensive, prcpoi'tionately. The largest bottom areas are abutting the Gascon- ade river. Big Maries creek. Little Maries creek, Bour- beuse, Peavinjs, Dry Fork, Long, Cedar, Springs, Fly, Dry, and Tavern creeks. Eighty-five per cent of the county's 515 square miles of area is hill land, three-fifths of which, with timber removed, would be arable land. Government, land, 2,100 acres. Best lands of the county are in the eastern one- half and along the Gasconade river and Big Maries creek. Those in highest cultivation bring $20 to $30 an acre; unimproved, best, $3 to $10 an acre; rough, $1.25 to $3. Best upland farms, partially in cultivation, may be bought at $5 to $15 an acre. Fruit: — One-half of the land is adapted to fruit growing. Flint hills and level plateaus are excellent locations for apple and peach orchards, and are close to market. Strawberries and tomatoes in those sections close to railroad may be made a profitable industry. The soil is well filled with gravel and overlies a gravelly clay subsoil, insuring bottom drainage necessary to best fruit results. Manufacturb:s : — Flouring mills, wool carding mills, and hardwood saw mills are the manufacturing base. Farmers are individually engaged in making railroad ties during the months unfit for farming. Transportation:^ — Maries county is situated between the Rock Island and the St. Louis & San Francisco railroads, which parallel its north and south boundary lines. The first road passes through a small part of the northeastern corner, skirting the balance of the border. Gasconade river, third in size in Mis- souri, affords log and railroad tie transportation. Fishing: — Gasconade river and lesser streams afford fine bass, trout, goggle- eye and catfish angling. River is largely contributed to by springs which ooze from the mountain sides. Scenery is picturesque and many fishing parties spend summer vacations along the streams. Deer are scarce; wild turkeys, quail and squirrels are plentiful. Towns: — Vienna, county seat; Belle, upon the Rock Island railroad, in northeast corner of county; Summerfield; Richey; Brinktown, and Paydown. Newspapers: — Vienna: Maries County Gazette, Times; Republican Star. V COUNTY A iMKssoiKI I'AH.M llO.Ml':. MARION A MARION COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 59,440 •2,074,890* $ 815,8(0 Wheat 17,ti80 38(1,120* S28,0:o Oais 4,580 174,080 * 43,520 Hay 38,700 48,890 t 268,895 Forage 1,230 1,435 t 7,175 Clover Seed 400* 2,610 Gra^s Seed 650* 910 Tobacco 20 19,000 t :,T10 Potatoes 555 69.250 * 17,315 Vegetables 565 30,970 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle 19,663 ? 639,045 Horses 8,560 570,665 Mules 1,961 147,075 Asses and Jennets 46 4.600 Sheep 16,560 49,680 Swine 31.683 316,830 Chickens 128.4961 Turkeys Geese 5.234 1 3 462 ( 108,030 Ducks 1.387 J Swarms of Bees 1.550 3.650 Honey 51,867 :: 60.100 :: r.,485 Wool 10,015 Milk 1,902,382 § / 182,320 Butter 354.670 i (■ Eggs 935,580 II 116,945 * Bushels. t Tons. : Pounds. Gallons. GRICULTURAL endowment, natural mineral resource and proximity to great markets account for Marion county being a felt force in northeast Missouri and surrounding territory. It is situated upon the Mississippi river ninety miles north of St. Louis. At its south- ern edge is Hannibal, seventh in size among Missouri's cities, and its northeast corner is straightway across the river from Quincy, Illinois. Marion is one of the largest lime and cement manufacturing counties of the State. The mineral is taken from the abundance of limestone forming the river bluffs. It is also the source of ma- terial for the making of rock roads, which contribute so much to modern farming methods largely in vogue in the county. Wholesale lumbering has long been a leading element of trade centering at Hannibal. These yards, receiving lumber by raft from both north and south timber districts, have thus been enabled to un- dersell market points less favored of transportation and have built up a large business west of the Mississippi river. Burlington railroad shops are located at Han- nibal, giving employment to large numbers of men and creating a market for farm produce. Population: — White, 22,974; colored, 3,357; Ameri- can born, 24,904; foreign born, 1,427; total, 26,331. Farm homes owned, 1,436; rented, 531; other homes owned, 2,013; rented, 2,240; total families, 6,220. The foreign population is German. Finance: — County tax: general revenue, 30 cents, county road, 10 cents; court house, 10 cents; special road, 15 cents; school tax, average, 35 cents on one hundred dollars. Total assessed valuation, $9,553,657; farm property is assessed upon a basis of one-third 1,417,045 I $2,155,340 Dozen. Photos in hciiiVing: The Old ^y(l1cr Whrrl, Iti/ R. L. Dohcrti/: People's Mills; Metho- dist Episcopal Church, t!outh; Residence of Dr. Alonzo M'hile, I'ulmyru. 442 MARION COUNTY. 443 -h.,^ COUNTY "■ ri~ _ MONROE COUNTY actual valuation, and town property at 40 per cent basis. County debt, $100,000; town- ship debt, $125,000. Timber: — There were orig- inally 258,000 acres of timber- ed land. Species indigenous are: Elm, white oak, hickory, cherry, walnut and hackberry. Sixty-eight thousand acres yet bear timber, generally of small second growth, along the Mis- sissippi river bluffs and the broken land along other streams. A few portable saw mills supply rough plank lum- ber for local demand. Minerals : — The Mis- sissippi river bluffs are of lime- stone formation. Percentages of composition vary. Stone found affords the different mineral substances neces- sary to Portland cement manufacture, besides in all cases being adaptable to lime making. Hannibal cement works are classed among the foremost in the United States. Lime kilns are also of extensive proportions. Land:— County area, 420 square miles, 268,800 acres, of which 199,145 acres are in a high state of cultivation. Number of farms, 2,022, of an average size of 132.4 acres; estimated to be worth in aggregate, according to actual selling price, $7,992,166. Along the Mississippi river the land is broken, but back thereof are rolling lands, part prairie and part cleared timber lands. There are twenty-five to thirty thousand acres of Mississippi river bottom, alluvial soil, and inex- haustible depth. Some of this land occasionally overflows. Twelve thousand acres are protected by levee. Westward are the bluffs, yielding much mineral and also adapted to fruit growing. Uplands west of bluffs embrace four-fifths of the county. Soil is a dark clay loam. Prices are as follows: Bottom lands, average, $25 an acre; twenty thousand acres of elm land, average, $80 an acre; thirty thousand acres of creek land, $40 to $50 an acre; fifty thousand acres of white oak land, $30 to $35. Prairie, $25 to $30 an acre. Manufactories: — Practically all located at Hannibal. Include the mineral working plant, railroad shops, and many factories of less extent. Transportation: — Hannibal & St. Joseph system operates three divisions within the county, and the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City comes into the county at the north line, crossing the river to Quincy. There are 100 miles of gravel wagon roads in the county. This mileage is rapidly extending, ow- ing to the availability of limestone material. It is constructed at a cost of only $800 a mile. High Schools: — Hannibal and Pal- myra each have high schools, work of the former being approved by the State University. Towns: — Hannibal, population, 12,- 780; manufacturing, railroad, and distributing center for lumber. Palmyra, county seat, population 2,323, agriculture and live stock. Philadelphia, 211. Newspapers: — Hannibal: Journal, Courier-Post; Palmyra Spectator, Pal- myra Herald. AT THE SITE OF OLD MARIO.N CITY. MERCER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs Total * Bushels. t Tons. nERCBR is fiftJi in position of the nine Missouri counties which l^order Iowa. Cattle are the largest source of income. Leading herds of stock cattle are Hereford, and Durham. Princeton, county seat, is headquarters of the Missouri Pure-bred Breeders' Association, and hence a live stock center. Corn is grown in vast quantities, export therein reaching close to the million mark in dollars. One variety grown was awarded a first premium at Chicago in 1893. Horticulture is successful. There are two orchards of two hundred acres each, and many smaller. Limestone is a natural resource now developing into activity. Quarries are opened along Grand river, south of Princeton, and the Rock Island railroad has recently established there a rock crusher, giving employment to three hundred men. In matter of telephones, the county is in front rank. A net-work of 537 miles of wire penetrate the four corners; 752 in- struments. County contains 484 square miles of land, 309,760 acres, of which 235,774 acres are improved farms. Number of farms, 2,507; average size, 116.4; total estimated valuation, $7,714,917. Population: — White, 14,648; colored, 58; Ameri- can born, 14,606; foreign born, 100; total, 14,706. Farm homes owned, 1,790; rented, 306; total families, 3,143. Finance: — County tax, 32 cents; school tax, aver- age, 42 cents on one hundred dollars; assessed valua- tion per cent of real value, 25; total assessed valuation, $5,014,485; no county debt; no township debt. Timbkr: — One-third of county surface was ofigi- nally timbered with oak, hickory, ash, elm, walnut, hackberry; seven-tenths of this has been removed. It occurred principally along streams. Minerals: — White limestone and coal. Quarries of former are just now attracting first operators. At Princeton a thirty-inch vein of coal is found at a depth of 340 feet. No mines. Land:. — In general direction, numerous streams, Grand river as chief, flow southward through the county. Between these water courses are prairie ACKES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 66,124 2,644,960 * 1 833,160 Wheat 1,674 28,460 * 16,305 Oats 5,206 130,150 * 33,840 Hay 48,192 67,470 t 303,615 Forage 10,444 13,920 t iu:^The soil map in this volume shows sixty per cent of Montgomery's soil to be that which is found upon northeast Mis- souri level prairie. It is mulatto loam, one to four feet deep. Blue grass is of spontane- ous growth. The south portion of the county is red limestone clay, moderately flinty, in- dicating mineral deposit. Immediately ad- joining the Missouri river is a narrow strip of alluvium. It Is estimated that this portion, plus the bottoms of Loutre river and tributaries, amounts to ten per cent of the county. It sells at $60 an acre. Ten per cent of the land is of white oak growth and may be had at $10 an acre; the prairie land, amounting to sixty per cent, may be owned for $45 an acre. Twenty per cent of the surface is rolling upland, selling at $45. The cheaper land is of the Ozai'k bor- der soil notably conducive to the commer- cial orchard's success. It all grows blue grass. Manufactories: — Flouring mills consti- tute the manufactories. They are located in the principal towns. Nearly every postoffice point has a feed mill. Schools: — Montgomery City, Wellsville, New Florence, and Jonesburg have graded school systems. Montgomery City system is headed by a high school, doing approved work, without examination to the State University. Health Resort: — Mineola Springs is a picturesque point on Loutre river three miles southwest of Danville. For many years it has afforded place for local summer gatherings, and within the past few seasons its guests have come from out-of-county points as well. Towns: Montgomery City, population 2,026, is located near the center of the county, upon the Wabash railroad. Wellsville, population 1,160, is upon the railroad in the northwest corner of the county. New Florence, 424; Jones- burg, 407; Middletown, 375. All are supported wholly by farming and live stock interests. Stock sales are held in all towns. Danville is the county seat. Newspapers: Montgomery City Standard, Tribune; Wellsville Record, Optic-News; Middletown Chips; New Florence Leader; Jonesburg Journal; Rhineland Sunbeam; Bellflower News. A diploma therefrom admits MINEOLA SPRINGS, PICTURESQl'E RESORT ON LOUTRE RIVER COAL deposit seventy-two feet thick is the substantiated boast of Mor- gan county. North of a center line land is of undulating lay, of high farming value. South thereof it is rough and rock covered. Morgan is second county south of the Missouri river and the fourth east of the Kansas line. Coal underlies, east to west, a large area through the center. Scientific and practical investigations reveal pockets of bituminous coal twenty-one to seventy-two feet thick, the latter record belonging to the Stover coal bank between Versailles and Eldon. Drift is entered with wagon and team, mineral loaded, outfit turned 'round and driven out. The new Rock Island railroad, St. Louis to Kansas City, opens this heretofore dormant district. Fire clay, kaolin, and other clays exist in large extent. Cattle, horses and mules demand chief attention of farming section. County area, 638 square miles; 408,320 acres; 139,649 acres cultivated. Number of farms, 2,013; 132.9 acres average size; estimated actual aggregate value $3,853,- 410. Population: — White, 11,737; colored, 438; Ameri- can born, 11,705; foreign born, 470; total, 12,175. Farm homes owned, 1,510; rented, 500; other homes owned, 245; rented, 251; total families, 2,506. Foreign popula- tion German, mainly in northwest. Finance: — County tax, $1,30 on one hundred dol- lars valuation; school tax, 10 cents to $1; average, 70 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,762,800; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40; county debt, $124,500, railroad bonds. No township debt. Timber: — Sixty-five per cent of surface, including south half of county and along streams of north half, was primevally timbered with all varieties and sizes of oak, walnut, hickory, sugar tree, elm, sycamore, in quantities according to precedence in enumeration. Twenty per cent of original timber lands are cleared. Minerals: — Coal: heretofore used locally and for blacksmithing purposes; field now opened commer- cially; deposits in pockets ten feet or more below sur- face. Fire clay and kaolin pits opened at Versailles, where utilizing plant has recently been installed. Lead and zinc findings on surface; no deep prospecting. Iron ore, surface mined, been little exported. Barite and onyx are available. Land: — Following line crossing county east to west through Versailles, dipping gradually to four or five Lead Minina, Morgan Coutit// : A Chnrniimj nil of St(ii(iy. MORGAN COUNTY S 1002 CROP ACRES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 46,292 1,. 501. 490* ? 443,825 Wheat 13,160 289,720 * 159,346 Oats 5,476 197,135* 52,240 Hay 19,348 29,075 t 159,915 Forage 4,175 5,220 t 26,100 Fhix 140 840* 855 Broom Corn loe 53,000 t 1,460 Clover Seed ;no* 1.7:^5 Grass Seed 600* 1,080 Tobacco 36 25,200 t 2.395 Potatoes 516 61 ,920 * 19,815 Vegetiibles 490 24,510 Total 1 $893,276 LIVES TOCK I \ND PROD UCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 20,2G8 $ .557,360 Horses 5,979 394.615 Mules 2,554 177,780 Asses and Jen nets 97 9,700 Sheep 10,862 32.585 Swine 19.809 198,090 Chickens 111,1651 Turkeys Geese 3,548 ', 3,822 r 69,330 Ducks 934 J Swarms of Be es 600 1,410 Honey 20,000: ;i5,280 : 2,.500 Wool 5,880 Milk 1,' •08,908 § ) 107,.560 Butter !93,179 t \ Eggs 629,140 II 78,680 Total 1 1 $1,635,490 * Bushels. t Pour ids. II Do ten. t Tons. § Gall ons. Photos in heading ]\IORGAN COUNTY 4.57 miles' extent to southward upon either side, is the watershed between Missouri and Osage rivers. North of this water- shed lies three-fifths of Morgan county, undulating prairie land of fine fertility, the evenness being broken only by friendly creeks which ideally drain. Here are farms, uniformly; good dwell- ings, woven wire fences, windmills, well stocked with blooded cattle, hogs, horses and sheep. Prices range from $20 to $40, with three-fourths worth $25 to $35 per acre. These farms are from eighty to three hundred and sixty acres. Within a mile of Versailles, chief town in county, prices reach $65. Ten per cent of prairie has small sur- face rock. Of the south two-fifths, only fifteen per cent is improved. Land is mountainous. Best farms are in Osage and Gravois river bottoms; worth $20 to $30, with a few asking $40 an acre. Hill farms, usually con- taining some creek bottom, are worth $8 to $15, according to extent of latter character of land. Eighty-five per cent is wild, timbered land with mineral in- dication; worth $6 to $12. Stock range is free. Bluestem grass and nut crop support live stock ten months a year. Fruit is the ultimate crop of this sec- tion. Clay Products and Handles: — Clay of widely diverse character underlies Morgan county. A deposit opened at Versailles is said to possess fire resisting qualities. Kaolin is included. Timbered portions of county supplies Versailles handle factory. Transportation: — Rock Island railroad, Kansas City to St. Louis, 26 miles; Missouri Pacific, main line, 7.30; branch, 12.76. Wagon roads include ten miles gravel, in several directions from Versailles. Churches: — Presbyterian, Methodist, Christian, Baptist, Episcopalian, Catholic and German Lutheran are represented at county seat. Mineral Water; Caves: — Water of iron property is bottled at Versailles. Caves abound in south Morgan county. Principal ones are Jacob's, Spears' and Dry Branch. Newspapers: — Versailles Leader, Statesman, Democrat. NEW MADRID COUNTY'S 1902 CROP To^al * Bushels. t Tons. NEW MADRID is in the southeast corner of Missouri. Its entire sur- face is of the lowland type. Originally the county was an unbroken forest, which flooded with the approach of spring. Along the pres- ent course of St. Louis, Memphis & Southeastern railroad is a strip of land four to five miles wide, averaging ten feet higher than the balance of the county. Farm settlements started here, and the timber was ruth- lessly removed to make room. Balance of the county has furnished hardwood timber to extent of making it foundational to the leading industrial activity. Eight large hardwood lumber mills and countless small ones operate within the county. Sixty-five per cent of land has been cut over; 90,635 acres are under plow. North of New Madrid corn and wheat are leading agricultural products; South thereof, cotton lands. Alfalfa is to become the leading crop. Farming acreage is rapidly increasing. Three drainage ditches, one extending from Morehouse south through Point Pleasant, and two taking same direction and lying between Hough and Laforge, have been constructed. On the west side drainage districts have been organized to build deep ditches north and south, paralleling one mile apart. Cost is to be $3.50 to $4 an acre. Timber:— Red gumwood, cypress, oak, ash, hickory, walnut, elm, hackberry, sycamore, pecan, cottonwood. Red gumwood is a close imitation of mahogany; is sus- ceptible of high finish. Largely shipped to Europe. Population:— White, 9,253; colored, 2,027; Ameri- can born, 11,170; foreign born, 110; total, 11,280. Farm homes owned, 303; rented, 787; other homes owned, 514; rented, 609; total families, 2,213. Finance: — County tax, 60 cents; school tax, five cents to $1.25; average, 73 cents; total assessed valua- tion, $3,064,101; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40; no county nor township debt. Land:— Square miles, 620; acreage, 396,800, of which 90,635 acres are cultivated; number of farms, 1,063; average size, 114.6; estimated actual valuation, $6,869,145. Underlaid at six to eight feet with sand, serviceable in removing surface water, in manner sim- ilar to tiling. A drain divide is described by course of St. Louis, Memphis & Southeastern railroad. It touches towns of Sikeston, Laforge, Lilbourn, New Madrid, Marston and Portageville. Soil is sandy mulatto. Here are best farms, representing one-fifth of the county in acreage; worth $40 to $50; in the immediate vicinities of New Madrid and Sikeston, $60 to $70. In the lower l'li(iti) ill lieudincj : Krir Madrid County Farm .Scrxr. 45S ACRES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 47,310 1,419,.300* * .532, 235 Wheat 20,155 423,208 * 249,690 Oats 280 8,400 * 2,800 Hay 1,907 2,860 t 37.180 Forage 705 820 t 4,100 Clover Seed 90* 495 Cotton 5,265 1.842,750 t 1.38,20.3 Tobacco 1 710 t 70 Potatoes 112 11,200* 5,375 VegelaDles 210 7,715 * 977,865 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 8,067 % 181,507 Horses 2,280 136,800 Mules 2,986 209,020 Asses and Jennets 30 2,700 Sheep 612 1,836 Swine 21,955 219,.550 Chickens Turkeys Geese 23,820 Ducks 2,644 J Swarms of P,ees 1,643 4,165 Honey 54,767 6,846 Wool 2,355 392 Milk Butter 6)7,860 §) 127.918 % \ 53,910 Eggs 176,360 II 22,045 * 862,591 X Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. NEW MADRID COUNTY 4.59 land section east of divide are a few highly improved farms, but bulk of land is unim- proved; all overflows. Soil is largely Missis- sippi deposit, is blacker and stiffer than that else where in county. Few improved farms sell at $25 to $35; bulk of land unimproved, $5 to $10. West lowlands represent one-half of county. Soil is brown deposit, of overflow from hills. Drainage districts covering 160,000 acres exist; proposed to vote $500,000 bonds, build ditches one mile apart. Money is forthcoming upon bonds due in three years, first payment, twenty-five cents per acre, increasing for twenty years. Cost per acre estimated to average $3.75. One-fifteenth now drained; cultivable land selling at $25 to $35. Transportation:- — Railroads: Frisco, 25.46; Iron Mountain, 3.67; Cotton Belt, 34.14; branch to New Madrid, 6.90; Frisco (St. Louis, Memphis & South- eastern), 31 miles taxed roadbed. Lee Line steamers, St. Louis to New Orleans, anchor at New Madrid, which is a heavy freight distributing point for surround- ing towns. Driven Wells: — Are the chief mode for obtaining water. Pipe point pene- trates sand, giving inexhaustible supply. Fisn AND Game:- — Lake Cushion, near Point Pleasant; Lake Como, and Lake Hubbard are bountifully stocked with fish; canals and Mississippi river like- wise. Black bass, crappie, rock bass, catfish and perch. Deer, wild turkeys, ducks, quail, rabbits, squirrels and other game. Duck shooting is superb. Towns: — New Madrid, county seat, electric lights, two lumber mills, grist mill, stave and heading factory; cotton gin; two white Protestant, one Catholic and two negro churches. Morehouse, hub and spoke factory, two hardwood saw mills employing 300 men; three Protestant churches; Portageville, two saw mills, two cotton gins, two Protestant churches. Point Pleasant, cotton gin and saw mill. Parma, two saw mills. Newspapers: — New Madrid Weekly Record, Southeast Missourian; Portage- ville Push. NEWTON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Toial * Bushels. t Tons. NEWTON, situated upon the Kansas border and separated by McDonald county from Arkansas, is known as the great tripoli county of Mis- souri, as location of the government fish hatcheries, and as a lead- ing zinc mining district. Its area is 648 square miles. Tripoli mines at Seneca have an annual output of over six and one-half million pounds of product. Zinc, including jack, silicates and dry-bone, yields twenty thousand tons a year. At Granby a mine has been in continuous opera- tion since 1854. A smelter is here located. Other prominent featurizing inter- ests are nurseries, woolen mills, mineral waters, gravel roads, and Grand Falls Park with summer theater and picnic grounds. Horticultural interests are ex- tensive. Near Neosho many strawberries, dewberries, blackberries and rasp- berries are raised. Elsewhere apples, peaches, grapes, and pears are profitably grown. Apple products average approximately sixteen thousand barrels a year. Strawberries are produced to the extent of twenty-five thousand crates an- nually. Of the county's 414,720 acres, 193,560 are devoted to agriculture, being under plow. Farms number 3,043, of an average size of 92.1 acres, estimated to be worth at market price, an aggregate of $8,032,400. Population: — White, 26,280; colored, 721; Ameri- can born, 26,427; foreign born, 574; total, 27,001. Farm homes owned, 1,917; rented, 1,155; other homes owned, 1,650; rented, 827; total families, 5,549. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to $1.60; average, 53 cents; total assessed valuation, $6,417,151; assessed val- uation per cent of actual valuation, 50; county debt, $30,000; no township debt. Timber: — Isolated bodies preserved for firewood and general farm purposes. Black oak constitutes sixty per cent of timber. Walnut and hickory are found in valleys. Small growth timber covers about half of the county. Minerals: — Mineral signs obtain nearly all over the county, but less than one-half have been earnestly prospected. Minerals found are tripoli, zinc, lead, lime- stone, sandstone, fire clay. Representative annual out- puts are: jack, 12,183 tons; silicates, 9,251 tons; dry bone, 198 tons; lead, 3,015 tons, tripoli, 6.660,000 pounds. Land: — Soil is a dark, fertile, gravelly, clay loam, underlaid by porous subsoil of deep, red or mulatto col- ored clay. All farm crops thrive. In some of the rougher districts soil is sometimes thin through erosion, and stony bearing. This soil is usually located by its dense growth of black-jack and post oak. Best lands are atrinrhnri/ FiiUI, »5 t 35,32.3 Forage 530 705 t 3,525 Broom Corn 3 1,650 X 45 Clover Seed r 80* 4.50 Grass Seed - 70* 110 Cotton 3,370 943,600 1 66,0.50 Tobacco 43 27,9.i0 J 2,795 Potatoes 394 39,400 * 13,790 Vegetables 200 12,035 Total 1 j 1 $486,615 LIVE STOCK AND PROD UCTS KIND 1 NUMBEK | VALUE Cattle 15,463 $ 386,.'j75 Horses 3,936 236,160 Mules 1,181 7'0,8ti0 Asses and Jennets 53 4,770 Sheep T.392 22,175 Swine 22,005 220,050 Chickens 42,6511 Turkeys Geese 1,055 1 2,196 ^ 25,180 Uucks 2,481 J Swarms of Bees 358 790 Honey 11,93'. t 19,400 t 1.490 Wool 3,235 Milk i,:»o,no§) ^28,643 X i 76,.590 Butter Eggs 220,070 II 27,510 ^Tolal ' -- 1 1 Si, 075,38.5 * Bushels. t l^ounds. || Uo /en. 1 Tons. § Gallons. I'hiilii ill liriiillnn : I'l III! Ili(/liisl I'liinI ill (liiiiii 4(;s Coiliilil St III. OZARK COUNTY. 469 ARKANSAS to table lands, heavily burdened with stone of all sizes and character; thirdly, the table lands, porous and almost free from small rocks; and the rugged moun- tain tops, stone-bearing and usually heavily timbered. Five hundred thousand acres unfenced range supports live stock nine months a year. In product total cattle, corn, horses and hogs lead; cotton is a leading crop. Churches: — There are fifteen church buildings: Methodist and Christian at Gainesville; Union churches at Bakersfield, Thornfield and Romance. The other edifices are located at various crossroads. Nearly every school house in the county is used for religious service. Transportation: — The Frisco railroad touches within twelve miles of the northeast corner and the White River Route Missouri Pacific within eight miles of the southwest corner. Daily mail hack plies between West Plains, on the Frisco railroad, and Gainesville, 47 miles distant. Springs: — Hodson Mill Spring; Double Spring at Lonsdale; Bratton Spring, near Isabella, and Rock Bridge Spring, are among the largest. Creeks are largely supplied by springs of countless numbers. Manufactories: — Grain mills, cotton gins and saw mills. Flour is made at Gainesville, Lutie, Theodosia, Thornfield, Rockbridge, Dora, Sycamore, and Bakersfield. Cotton gins are at Gainesville, Theodosia, Sycamore; two at Bakers- field and at crossroad postoffices. Fish and Game: — Bryant's creek and North Fork of White river afford abun- dance of jacksalmon, suckers, buffalo, drum, catfish. Wild turkeys, deer, quail, rabbits, squirrels are plentiful, and duck shooting, in season, is unsurpassed. Towns: — Gainesville, county seat; Bakersfield, Theodosia, are all inland towns, supported by farming. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents; school tax, from 25 cents to 50 cents; average, 40 cents; lotal assessed valuation, $1,344,- i;73; assessed valuation per cent of real value, 50; county debt, $500; no township debt. Newspapers: — Gainesville: Ozark County Times; Ozark County News; Bakersfield Boom- erang. OZAIIK CorMV WAIIi; MILLS. ■^Y«a^ -^ImiSr^ 4 ' ^ ^ « ^ *J. THI^i^ ^-*^, ';—f-^-- ■ .^- -^ PBMISCOT PEMISCOT COUNTY'S 1902 CROP MOST southeastern of Missouri's counties is Pemiscot. It is entirely lowland in character, five-sixths timbered, striding for agricultural position. Soil is alluvial, deposits of the Mississippi river. Indi- vidual timber growth is large and forest dense. Cypress trees attain twelve feet in diameter^ and cottonwood ten to twelve feet. Lakes existed; within two years the largest of these has been drained and has yielded sixty-five to one hundred bushels of corn to the acre. Alfalfa crop records are more striking. Four to six tons of hay are harvested annually after the first year. Cotton product aggregates a quarter of million dollars annually. Gins, cotton seed oil mills, and timber product plants are of largest proportion. Caruthersville High School is among the best in Missouri. It is approved by the University of Missouri. County contains 480 square miles of surface, 307,200 acres, of which 47,361 are in cultivation. Farms number 1,201, average size 71.5 acres, estimated actual value, $3,058,897. Population: — White, 11,253; colored, 862; Ameri- can born, 12,048; foreign born, 67; total 12,115. Farm homes owned, 462; rented, 729; other homes owned, 577; rented, 652; total families, 2,420. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 10 cents to $1.30; avei'age, 66 2-3 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,344,288; 65 per cent of actual valuation; county debt, $8,000; no town- ship debt. Timber: — Sycamore, cottonwood, red gumwood, wal- nut, ash, red oak, overcup oak, cypress. P^'our-fifths of acreage has been log cut; twenty thousand acres have been deadened. Estimated that mills are making 250,- 000 feet of lumber weekly from Pemiscot land. In south of county, east of bayou, where forest was densest, land averaged 8,000 feet cottonwood acre yield, in addition to other timbers. Local mills have capaci- ties of 25,000 to 40,000 feet of soft wood daily. Land: — Level, protected from river by levee ex- tending along entire river front. To carry away water from hills inland ditches have been constructed west and southwest from a point between Hayward and Stewarts to Elk Chute, thence southwesterly into Lit- tle river which flows into St. Francis river. No PIiolos in li((iiliii(/: Alfalfa, Second Crop, Third Year, Carulhcrsrillr : One llinidnil mid One Cny l,ii(ids iif Luinhcr on One Haft. ACKES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 25,480 764,400 * % 286,650 Wheat 0,620 113,540* 66,400 Oats 68 2,175* 725 Hay 515 900 t 11,2.50 Foriige 440 515 t 2,575 Cotton 8,685 3,256,875 t 4,260 t 144,205 Tobacco 6 425 Potatoes 131 13,100 * 6,290 Vegetables 190 11,170 *629,T50 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS PEMISCOT COUNTY 471 COUNTY ditches in extreme west and northwest, where water stands generally during Jan- uary, February and March. Three drain- age districts have organized to ditch through central part of county, which will drain practically all now undrained, ex- cepting the extreme northwest. Cost de- frayed through taxation system covering twenty years. Settlements are principally surrounding Caruthersville and Hayti and upon waterways. Estimated that less than five per cent of county is waste land. Tim- ber land, representing four-fifths of area, is selling at $10 to $20 an acre. One-fifth in cultivation sells at $30 to $40. Small acreage of it away from market may be had at $25; some immediately touching Caruthersville will reach $100; at Hayti, $90. Soil is rich, alluvial, seldom contain- ing too much sand. A good farm house costs $250, made of native lumber. Per- haps 60,000 acres of land are owned by for- eign corporations and co-partnerships, holding for sure advance in prices. Manufactures: Timber and cotton are the basis of manufactures. Timber ~~~~~" ' for hoops, staves, barrel heads and other such interests will be plentiful for twenty years. Much timber is being destroyed in order to make land agricul- turally available. At Caruthersville a mill gins cotton and utilizes seeds in oil making. Transportation: — Railroads: Frisco control: St. Louis, Memphis & South- western, 41.89; St. Louis & Gulf, 25.78 miles. Lee Line Steamers. Towns: — Caruthersville, county seat; Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist, Holiness and Catholic churches; two stave factories; heading plant: planing mill; cotton seed oil mill; money center for saw mills, paying $100,000 a month; electric lights; ice plant, cold storage, waterworks, wholesale hardware and saddle house; whole- sale grocery; annual | livestock and agri- <' , cultural fair. Hayti, railroad junction and division end; mill town, stave factory. Pascola, Holland and Steele are mill towns. Water : — Wells are driven gaspipe with pump attached. Water is iron flavor. One lake remains. Big Lake at Gayoso, 1,400 acres. Caruth- ersville Hunting and Fishing Club of 20 years have Big Lake under lease, build- ing club house. Newspapers : — Ca- ruthersville Press, Democrat; Hayti Ar- gus. LOG LOAUER at work. .-fit PBRRY .•1^ PERRY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total Total * Bushels, t Tons. PERRY borders upon the Mississippi river, sixty miles south of the city of St. Louis. Originally its 436 square miles of land surface were one vast forest of oaks and walnut and willow and gum, with an occasional cottonwood tree and eight hundred acres in the south- west largely bearing yellow pine. At the present time 139,945 acres are under cultivation. Agriculture, timber and minerals are bases for county commerce and industrial pursuit. Popcorn growing is an agricultural feature. Corn, wheat, hay, oats and potatoes are leading crops of farms which number 1,936, and are of an average size of 133.9 acres. Estimated actual valuation of farms $3,629,938. Lithographic stone is a valuable mineral deposit, found in thicknesses varying from two inches to a foot. Eastern edge of Perry county is generally Mississippi river bottom bounded by bluffs. The central portion is rolling and the west and southeast localities are rough. Silver Lake, situated in the west side of the county. Lithium Spring, in the north and Schenmer mineral springs, in the south, are points frequented by pleas- ure seekers. Population: — White, 14,694; colored, 440; Ameri- can born, 14,279; foreign born, 855; total, 15,134. Farm homes owned, 1,496; rented, 429; other homes owned, 590; rented, 389; total families, 2,904. Finance: — County tax 37i/4 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax average 40 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,308,770; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 40 cents; no county nor township debt. Timber: — Black oak, white oak, gumwood, wal- nut, post oak, hickory, pecan, willow and pine are the timbers indigenous. Present acreage 139,095. Black oak occurs to extent of forty per cent; white oak, twenty per cent; black gum, three per cent; 500 to 1,000 acres of pine. Minerals: — Lithographing stone, silica, iron, lead, copper, building stone are deposited. Lead mines are found in center of county, near Perryville. Lead in- dications in eastern and extreme western portions are very promising. County borders on the west the fa- mous southeast Missouri lead mining district. Build- ACKES PRODUCT VALUE Corn 26,858 872,875 * $ 327,330 W heat 51,919 994,317* 586,645 Oats 5,019 125,475 * 41,825 Hay 8,889 13,335 t 146,685 Forage 2,335 2,725 t 13,625 Broom Corn 7 3,500 t 95 Clover Seed 1,300* 7,150 Grass Seed 10* 20 Tobacco 15 10,6.50 t 1,065 Potatoes 564 56,400 * 27,070 Vegetables 305 19,050 I $ 1.170,.';60 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS NUMBER I VALUE Cattle 11,158 $ 278,950 Horses 4,331 259.860 Mules 2,517 176,1!)0 Asses and Jennets 27 2,430 Sheep 7.651 22,953 Swine 38,461 384,620 Chickens 106,206 "1 Turkeys Geese 2,743 ', 2, PHELPS COUNTY. 477 always high. Most productive farm lands are valleys of the Gasconade and Little Piney rivers, Dry Pork of Meramec and Bourbeuse rivers and their many tributaries. Soil is alluvial, ranging from black to tan. Uplands are clay, flint rock bearing. Prices: One-third at $10; one-third at $20; one- fifteenth at $40 to $50; latter being in vicinity of Rolla and St. James. Wild lands compose two-thirds of the county and sell at $2.50 to $7.50, owing to timber, mineral pros- pects or proximity to railroad. Nine-tenths are owned by local individuals and co-partners. The representative farmer lives in a com- fortable frame house, markets poul- try, vegetables, apples, wheat, eggs, and ofttimes minerals. Last year corn averaged thirty bushels and wheat twenty to the acre. Flour and railroad ties are manufactured. Steam mills are located at Rolla, St. James and Relfe; water mills at Yancey; Beu- lah, and Meramec. Railroad ties are made by farmers. Transportation: — Frisco railroad, main line, St. Louis to Springfield, 32.58 miles taxed roadbed in county. Schools: — School of Mines and Metallurgy; high schools at Rolla and St. James; seventy-seven rural districts, each having from six to nine months school a year. Meramec Springs: — These mammoth springs are situated in Phelps. They are the source of Meramec river and promise ultimately to become a water supply source for St. Louis. At these and the many other springs, numerous camping parties spend vacations in summer. Fishing in the three rivers. Wild turkej's, quail, and squirrels are the chief game. Towns:- — Rolla, school town; St. James, lo- cation Federal Soldiers' Home of Missouri; both centers of farming districts. Newburg is a new town, location of Frisco freight division. Newspapers: — Rolla Herald-Democrat, New Era. Sharpshooter: St. .Tames Journal. r^s PIKE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACRES I PKODUCT | VAI-UE Total Total * I5iishels. f Toms. LOCATION of the world's greatest nurseries, a center of Portland cement manufacture in the west, seat of large lime industry, wholesale lum- ber interests, pearl button factories; with a quarter thousand miles of turnpike roads; corn and cattle footing two million dollars. Pike is one of Missouri's first and most famous counties. It is situated upon the Mississippi river, half way between St. Louis and Iowa. Land em- braces 620 square miles, 396,800 acres, of which 294,947 acres are in a high state of cultivation. Number of farms, 2,873, averaging 138.3 acres each, worth in total $9,965,075. Population: — White, 21,503; colored, 4,241; American born, 25,231; foreign born, 513; total, 25,744. Farm homes owned, 2,102; rented, 809; other homes owned, 1,357; rented, 1,592; total families, 5,860. Finance: — County tax, 30 cents; school tax, 65 cents to $1.50; average, 38 cents; total assessed valuation, $8,966,840; forty per cent actual value. No county debt; township debt, $63,000. Timber:— Walnut, pecan, hickory, ash, elm, oak, Cottonwood, formerly covered nine-tenths. Commercial size white oak and walnut are nearly exhausted. Other species are yet found fringing streams. One tract specially preserved amounts to 3,000 aci-es. Stone: — Affords a leading occupation. Mississippi river bluffs comprise, in never ending supply, stone of silica, alumina and carbonate of lime, necessary to ce- ment manufacture and lime. White limestone for building purposes is also quarried at Love, Annada, Busch, Bowling Green, and Frankford. Lime and ce- ment plants are at Louisiana, where croppings excel both in quantity and natural proportion of composition the materials of Lehigh Valley. Mississippi Valley Portland Cement Company, capitalized $1,500,000, is in- stalling a plant of 5,000 barrel daily capacity, to require one thousand workers. Work began August, 1903; plant opens September, 1904. It covers fourteen acres. Marble Head Lime Company's plant covers sixty-five acres; employs 150 men; eight months' output 115.000 barrels of lime and 2,000 barrels of cement; established 1887, with branches at Hannibal, RiH-ingfiold, and Sar- coxie, Missouri. Lanh: — One-tenth is prairie, stretching west from Bowling Green, county seat, and in smaller strips else- where. It ranges from $25 to $50. Hough land is found Shirk's Xurscrirs^ LoiiiKunifi ; Miirhl( Hcml l.iiiic Ca., fy'iuiniinKi. •ITS Corn 86,915 3,470,600 * $1,060,365 Wheal 43,772 1,001), 765* 604,060 Oats 13.280 698,400 * 99,600 H;iy 38.725 (15,88r, t 329,17.^ Forage 3,000 3,500 t 17.500 Flax 35 255* 270 Broom Corn 28 14,000 1 385 Clover Seed 175* 1,155 (irass Seed 670* 940 Tobacco 45 42,750 t 3,850 Potatoes .572 71,500* 17,875 Vegetables 1,215 68,470 I 12,203,645 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle .•!2.989 $1,072,140 Hoises 1 1 ,895 793,000 Mules 3,3i4 250,0.50 Asses and Jennels 191 19,100 Slieep 21,100 63,300 Swine 44,0;0 440,700 Chickens 172,000 1 Turkeys 8.143 ^ 170,155 Geese 5,990 f Ducks 2,281 J Swarms )f Bees 3,0(;» 7.365 Honey 102,133 i 12. '65 Wool 73,709 J 13,285 Milk 2,714,706 § 1 195,311) duller 465,253 1 1 Kg«s 889.020 II lll,l:.'5 t Pounds. § Gallons. I $3,147,920 Dozen. I'liolo.s ill hi'iidh PIKE COUNTY. 479 along the Mississippi rivfer bluffs and in extreme southwestern corner. Land of this character embraces one-fourth and brings $15 to $25. Bottom land along the small streams and second bottom of the Mississippi river brings $45 to $50. In a few de- sirable localities, where farms are second bottom, highly im- proved, es- pecially near Annada, as much as $100 is asked. First bottom land, subject to overflow, brings as low as $30, the best of it $35. Balance of county area, embracing one-half, is hill land of gradual and long slope, all-round crop land, and favorable to fruit tree growth. Soil is brown silt, clay undersoil, and land brings $35 to $50. Blue grass is indigenous. Bottom land soil is heavy black alluvial in character. Nurseries: — In loess lands which border the Mississippi limestone bluffs are located the Stark Nurseries, largest in the world. Offices employ 100 men; field, 650 men; road, 6,000 men. At Louisiana the company owns 850 acres and at Starkdale, close by, 3,000, where apple and peach tree nurture is emphasized. En- terprise established 1825; capitalization, $1,000,000; territory covered by sales- men: United States, India, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Corea and China. Pearl Buttons: — Are made from mussel shells obtained from the Missis- sippi river. Nord-Buffum Pearl Button Company's output: sixteen hundred gross daily. One hundred people are employed; fifty blank cut machines and propor- tionate finishing machines. Other leading commercial activities are wholesale lumber yard, of LaCrosse Lumber Company, head of a syndicate of twenty-two yards in Missouri. Sash and door factory, putting out $100,000 annual product; Buffum Telephone Com- pany, operating 500 miles of toll lines in Missouri; flouring mill, saw mill, steam laundry, at Louisiana; vinegar factory, flouring mill, at Clarksville; water bot- tling plant at Bowling Green; flouring mill at Prankford; powder plant, employ- ing 700 men, at Lamotte. Railroads: — Main line Chicago & Alton, Kansas City to Chicago and St. Louis; Burlington to St. Louis; St. Louis & Hannibal. Louisiana is on the St. Louis freight rate. Turnpike Roads: — Builded forty years ago, maintained by toll, connect all towns. Bridges, steel and wood; rate of toll, one cent single and one and one- half cent double teams per mile. Schools:— Pike College, at Bowling Green; College at Paynesville; Louisi- ana High School. At crossroads, four miles northwest of Louisiana, churches occupy three corners. Towns: — Louisiana and Bowling Green are chief with modern lighting and sanitation equipment. Clarksville, Frankford, Eolia, Annada, Curryville. Newspapers: — Louisiana Times, News, Press-Journal, Herald.; Clarksville Banner; Bowling Green Post, Times; Frankford Chronicle; Eolia Voice. PLATTE COUNTY'S li:02 CROP I ACRES I PKODUCT | VALUE Total Total Bushels. Tons. EITHER its geographical location, character of soil or schools would en- title Platte to a place among Missouri's leading counties. All these and other elements enter in its description. The county lies between two large cities. It is adjacent to Kansas City on the south and its northern boundary line is within twenty miles of St. Joseph. It is bounded on the west and south by the Missouri river, and Platte river flows through the center north to south, their bottoms combining a large portion of alluvial lands, bounded by bluffs of loess character, which recede into hill land and prairie. Park College, at Parkville, is one of the oldest and best educational institutions in the west, under Presbyterian auspices. It is a member of the Missouri College Union. Its course covers eight years' work. Owned by this in- stitution is a large farm upon which students desiring financial aid may work in return for all expenses. Blue grass is indigenous to all soils of the county. Originally hard and soft maple trees grew wild and the county thus came to have a unique reputation for maple sugar. Population: — White, 15,098; colored, 1,095; Amer- ican born, 15,821; foreign born, 372; total, 16,193: Farm homes owned, 1,369; rented, 646; other homes owned, 748; rented, 705; total families, 3,468. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 20 cents to $1.30; average, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $7,018,843; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 33 1-3; county debt, $16,000; no township debt. Timber: — The present approximate area of timber is twenty square miles. It is in small scattering patches along the bluffs. It consists of black oak, elm, hickory, hackberry, linn and hard and soft maples. All large growth trees are found especially preserved for pasture shade. Minerals: — None developed, but the larger por- tion of the county, if not its entirety, is underlaid with coal. Platte county coal is taken from shafts in Kan- sas through tunnels underlying the bed of the Missouri river. It is soft coal, of unusually fine quality. Land:— Platte county contains 410 square miles of land surface, equal to 262,400 acres, of which 182,567 are under cultivation. There are 2,042 farms, of an Corn 7(1,820 3,328,540 * 81,018,490 Wheat 51,789 983,990 * 565,795 Oats 3,-J56 107,448 * 27,935 Hay 12,777 23,000 t 181,000 Forage 2,195 2,925 t 14,625 Broom Corn 1 550 t ll Clover Seed 410* 2,2.^5 Grass Seed 270* 420 Tobacco 64 57,600 t 5,760 Potatoes 877 131,550* 31,570 Vegetables 910 40,910 II 1.921.775 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 25,704 H 833,380 Horses 9,129 608.(UlO Mules 3,890 216,7.50 Asses and Jenne's 94 9,400 Sheep 6,764 22,r)45 Swine 62.134 621,340 Chickens 141,382 l Turkeys Geese 4,603 1 2,814 i 115,.575 Ducks 1,408 J Swarms < )£ Bees 1,866 4,850 Honey 62,200 t 28.950 I 7.775 Wool 4,830 Milk 2.047,203 § ( 136,.510 Butter 336,586 X i Eggs 828,240 II 103,530 L t Pounds, § Gallons. I * 2,687,085 Dozen. rhdtos in lirmliiifi : I'liilti Cniiulii Fiiriu ;'( chcs". ISO PLATTE COUNTY. 481 average size of 128 acres, of an actual valuation of $9,454,500. The largest farm crop is corn, products of which annually exceed a million dollars. The larger portion of this crop is grown in the bottoms of Missouri and Platte rivers where the soil is of unlim- ited depth, black and alluvial. Somewhat exceeding the river bottom land in extent is the long rolling hill land. Prairie is found. There is no difference in valuation of the threii characters of land, all things else, including loca- tion and improvements, being equal. Good tillable and pasture lands, well improved as to buildings and fences, $50 to $70 an acre. Finely improved farms, representing sixty per cent of the county, sell at $75 to $100 an acre. Along the silt land bluffs a small acreage is available at $30 to $45. Manufactures: — One canning factory, two distilleries, making whiskies and brandies, and five flouring mills. Transportation: — Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs, 40 miles of railroad; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 36 miles; Chicago, Great Western, 14 miles in county. Direct service into Kansas City and St. Joseph. Turnpike roads, 12 miles. Dirt roads, well graded and otherwise improved, 665 miles. Banks: — Eight State and one private bank with a total capitalization and surplus of $215,300, and deposits amounting to $1,272,718.34. Mineral Springs: — In the southeastern part of the county are located arte- sian springs of chalybeate waters, similar to one of the wells at Excelsior Springs in adjoining county. Clay. Fishing: — Bean Lake, Sugar Lake and Horseshoe Lake are well stocked with bass, crappie, and perch. In the summer the lake parks are the resorts of fishing parties and picnics. In season duck shooting is a sport afforded by the^e lakes. Towns: — Weston, population 1,019; Parkville, 931; Platte City, 744; Dear- born, Edgerton, Waldron, latan, Beverly, New Market. All these towns are sup- ported purely by agricultural interests, excepting Parkville, which is the seat of Park College, and Platte City, county seat. Newspapers: — Platte City Landmark, Argus; Dearborn Democrat; Weston Chronicle; Parkville Gazette; Edgerton Journal; Camden Point Home Bee. where hemp has gh'en way to hay. J-^^W WQ^. OLK encompasses six hundred and forty square miles of land surface. It is three counties north of Arkansas and is the third east of Kansas. Three-fourths of its area is developed horticulturally or agricult- urally. Within these industrial confines, it is of general utility. Corn, wheat, hay, apples, cattle, horses, hogs, and poultry are staple pro- ducts. Schools are a worthy feature. There are two high schools, two colleges, and the county school fund at present aggregates $64,000. County acreage, 409,- 600, of which 234,426 acres are cultivated. Farms in number are 3,673; average size, 98.2 acres, worth in aggregate, $4,232,270. Population: — White, 23,070; colored, 185; American born, 23,096; foreign born, 159; total, 23,255. Farm homes owned, 2,541; rented, 1,116; other homes owned, 689; rented, 489; total families, 4,835. Near Karlin is a small settlement of Bohemians, with a sprinkling of Germans. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on the one hundred dollars; school tax, five cents to $1.40; average, 35 cents; assessed valuation, $4,827,671; assessed valua- ation per cent of real valuation, 50; no county debt; no township debt. Timber: — Two-thirds of Polk county's surface was once timber covered. Seven-ninths thereof is now cleared. Small, portable mills supply hardwood, rough lumber for local demand, at $1.50 per hundred feet. Cordwood, $2.25, price indicating abundance. There are some floating Indications of jack and lead. There has been no deep prospecting. Tiff is plentiful; not com- mercially mined. Land: — The lay of the land is gently rolling, ex- cept for breaks of Pomme de Terre, Sac rivers; Wilson, Shules, Deer, Hominy, Dry Fork, O'Possum, McKin- ney's creeks. Average altitude is 1,050 feet and fully one-third of the county is prairie, three large and count- less smaller ones. Main prairies are centered at Hu- mansville, in the northwest corner; Bolivar, in exact center; and Half Way, upon the east side. Soil is widely diversified. A soil peculiar to this section is of a red color; predominates in quantity and is pre-emi- nently adapted to wheat growing. Last year a field near Bolivar produced 41^4 bushels of wheat to the acre. Tobacco, oats, corn, and vegetables are also 111 Pomiiic (Ic Tcrrc River BoUoin. 4S2 POLK COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn ■; 4,9(5 3,174,275* * 684,895 Wheat a;i,884 .567,195 * 311,955 Oais 13,898 486,430 * 128,905 Hay 27,140 43,425 t 282,265 Forage 2,400 3,200 t 16,000 Flax 75 300* 310 Broom Corn 60 33,000 X 915 Clover Seed 30* ITO Grass Seed 500* 800 Tobacco 49 31,850 t 3,185 Potatoes 8.57 81,415* 28,495 Vegetables 1,850 63,755 Total 1 1 1 $1,521,650 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 23,528 S 647,020 Horses 12,537 81 l,90r, Mules 2,760 193,200 Asses and Jennets 83 7,470 Sheep 12,683 28,050 Swine .32,920 329,200 Chickens 196,184" Turkeys Geese 7,853 1 5,699 / 130,070 Ducks 2,969 J Swarms of Bees 1,489 4,323 Honey 49,633 ; 46,650: 6,204 Wool 7,775 Milk 2,611,260 § ( U9.2G5 Butter 5-^8,837 X \ Eggs 928,640 II 116,080 Total 1 1 $2,444,462 * Bushels. t f'ounds. || Do/ en. t Tons. § Gallons. I'hoto in luuiUng POLK COUNTY. 483 favored of this soil. River and creek bottoms are black alluvial formation, once covered vi^ith heavy growth of linden, cottonwood, syca- more, box elder, mulberry, and paw- paw patches. Corn is the chief crop. Prairies range from black to ashy color and are best adapted to grass. All soils and land-lays are adapted to apple culture. One-third of farms are selling at $35 to $45 an acre; one-third at $20 to $30; one-fourth at $5 to $15, and the remaining one- twelfth, in vicinities of Humans- ville, Bolivar, Half-way, and Fair- play, at $45 to $55. County is long settled and farm improvements are better than the section's average. Manufactukes : — Are of a size commensurate with local needs. Brick, wagons, creamery products, native hardwood lumber are made. A bottling works at Bolivar and can- ning factories at Bolivar and Fair- play. Transportation: — Frisco rail- " road operates two lines north and south through county, connecting with Kansas City and Springfield, age, 65.41 taxed roadbed. Schools: — High schools are supported at Humansville and Bolivar. Mor- rison College, at Morrisonville, and Southwestern Baptist College, at Bolivar, afford local higher educational advantages. Churches are of Protestant denomi- nation. Water: — Living water is abundant in wells of fifteen to forty feet. No alkali. Streams are crystal clear and flow contin- uously, over gravel beds. Rod and Gun: — Graydon Springs is a summer resort of local importance. A small hotel accommodates fishermen and hunters. Eudora Springs is also a favor- ite sportsman headquarters. Streams are clear, swift, and are stocked with game fish. Small game is plentiful. Toavns: — Bolivar, county seat; Hu- mansville, Morrisonville, Fairplay and Aldrich are leading towns. Newspapers: — Bolivar Free Press, Herald; Fairplay Advocate; Humansville Star-Leader. Total mile- Mi ssouRi APIART. PUBi^SKI PULASKI is the center of that portion of the State lying south of the Missouri river. It is one hundred and ten miles southwest of St. Louis, on the Frisco railroad, and Waynesville, the county seat, is fifty miles due south of Jefferson City. The surface is mountainous. There are 520 square miles of land. Of the 332,800 acres, improved farms include 75,060. Farms number 151.2, embracing on an average 129 acres of cultivable, timber and pasture lands, of a total actual selling value of $1,720,080. Timber: — Excepting two thousand acres in the vi- cinity of Franks, all the land was formerly covered with timber. This consisted chiefly of white oak, black oak, post oak, scrub oak, and hickory, much of it small in individual size. Along the creeks were found sycamore, Cottonwood and walnut, of much larger growth. Two- thirds of the timbered lands have been cut over and bor- dering the railroad and creeks practically all merchant- able size trees have been made into railroad ties and rough board lumber. Mills are always small. Station- ary machinery is located at Kerr's, near Waynesville; Ott's, in the far southwest; and at Hooker. Portable mills are at work to the extent of eight or ten. Native undressed oak lumber is worth $1 per hundred. Owing to demand for walnut lumber, many farmers are propa- gating this timber. One three-acre walnut grove near Waynesville is due to this. Minerals: — Coal, iron, zinc, lead, tiff, pyrites of iron, and Missouri onyx are found. At twenty-foot depth coal is located, though not extensively mined, at Cookville. Iron ore is found upon the surface in nearly every part of the county. Tons of tiff and equal quan- tity of pyrites of iron are easily accessible. Along the high, rugged bluffs are many caves filled with most beautiful stalactitic and stalagmitic formations closely resembling onyx. Most of these caves are not fully Double-heading over Dixon Hill; Farm Scene near Wheeler. 4S4 PULASKI COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 27.607 966,245 * $ 285,040 Wheat 14,501 232,015 * 127,610 Oats 2,07.3 45,605 * 12,085 Hay 11,138 16,705 t 116,935 Forage 660 825 t 4,125 Broom Corn 4 2,000 t 55 Clover Seed 15* 75 Grass Seed 90* 160 Tobacco 15 10,500 t 1,000 Potatoes 291 34,920 * 11,175 Vegetables 340 18,580 Total 1 1 1 576,840 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 11,728 1 293,200 Horses 3,794 227,640 Mules 971 62,115 Asses and Jen nets 65 5,8,50 Sheep 8,803 36,410 Swine 20,271 202,710 Chickens 52,566 1 Turkeys 1,.336 1 2,.'?99 r 36,U75 Geese Ducks 1,241 1 Sworms of Be es 310 80,5 Honey 10..333 24,820: 1,290 Wool 4,135 Milk Butter 1,043,850 § / 205,422 1 ( 61,565 Kggs 307,703 II 38,465 Total 1 1 S 962,160 * Bushels. t Pounds. II Do zen. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos heading : PULASKI COUNTY. 485 explored. They are known to embrace ofttimes five or ten acres, and water covers most of the floor space. Land: — Pulaski county is located in the heart of the Ozark mountains. But one- fifth, the stream valleys, is susceptible of cereal growth. The four-fifths Is high, bro- ken, rock-bearing mountain land, whose wild picturesqueness has won for this country the title, "The Switzerland of America." The St. Louis & San Francisco railroad runs on a ridge across the north end of the county. Its average elevation is 1,462 feet above sea level. South of this come the precipitous bluffs of Gasconade river, a deep-set, swiftly flowing mountain stream. From the south this river has two chief tributaries, the Pi- ney and Roubidoux rivers; all are chiefly supplied by springs of great magnitude and number. Between the two tributaries in the south side of the county, is a post oak flat- woods district. This is high, comparatively level land, embracing the towns of Blood- land, Big Piney and Cookville. In the rough lands of the southwest there stands the for- est primeval. The general basic formation of the land is largely soft, porous, volcanic rock and irregular magnesium lime- stone, which easily disintegrates. In the Gasconade, Roubidoux and Big Piney bottoms, and north of the Frisco railroad, together with the few scattering farms, the cultivated land is located, amounting to one-fifth of the county's surface. Thirty per cent of this one-fifth can be bought at $3 to $8; fifty per cent at $10 to $15; eighteen per cent at $25, and two per cent at $40 to $50. The wild land, amounting to nearly four-fifths, is available at $1.25 to $5 an acre. Nine months a year it is coated with a growth of bluestem grass. Manufactories: — Flouring mills at Dixon, Richland, Waynesville, Blood- land, Schlicht. Railroad ties are a leading source of income to all farmers liv- ing within hauling distance of the railroad or rivers. Tkansportatjon: — The Frisco railroad has 36.16 miles of track within the county. Much timber product is rafted upon the rivers to market. Springs: — On every quarter section of land. Eight springs have proved each of sufficient power to move milling machinery. Towns :- — Richland, fruit, live stock and cereal market, and ship- ping point; Dixon, center of fruit raising district; Waynesville, county seat; Crocker; Swedeborg, a Swedish settlement; and Hancock, are lead- ing. Population and Finance : — White, 10,357; colored, 37; American born, 10,144; foreign born, 250; total, 10,394. Farm homes owned, 1,075; rented, 450; town homes owned, 262; rented, 248; total families, 2,035. County tax, 40 cents; school tax, aver- age, 65 cents; total assessed valuation. $2,177,220; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 50; no county debt; no township debt. Newspapers: — Waynesville Democrat; Dixon Echo; Richland Cyclone. A farming section, PULASKI COUNTY. PUTNAM AT the northern edge of Missouri, midway east and west, is Putnam county, where live stocli and mining and manufacturing tramp the treadmill of commerce. Cattle values reach a grand total of one and one-half million dollars. Horses and mules are second in importance. Hay is a farm product of extensive proportion. Private dairying and poultry raising are growing. The county is seventh in coal, annual output 125,543 tons. The largest manufacturing plant is Putnam Dye Works, Unionville, second largest establishment of its kind in the world. There is a permanent school fund, long established. In square miles the county measures 542, equal to 346,880 acres, of which 246,194 acres are in a high state of cultiva- tion. There are 2,596 farms, averaging 125.9 acres of cultivable, pasture and timber lands. Farm property is estimated at $7,210,074. Population: — White, 16,672; colored, 16; American born, 16,378; foreign born, 310; total, 16,688. Farm homes owned, 1,962; rented, 599; other homes owned, 453; rented, 431; total families, 3,445. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents; school tax, aver- age, 45 cents; total assessed valuation, $4,482,033; as- sessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 35; county debt, $11,000; no township debt. Timber :^ — One-third area of Putnam county origin- ally bore all varieties of oak, elm, walnut, hickory, sugar maple, soft maple, linden and hackberry. Very little commercial timber remains; removed, not for its own value, but in order to render land cultivable. Minerals: — Bituminous coal, high grade, -under- lies one-third of county. Annual production 125,543 tons. In output comparison, eight times in the past eleven years, Putnam has ranked seventh among the counties of the State. Only six mines, along the Chicago, Burlington & Kansas City railway, have been developed for shipping, but several new mines are open- ing along the new Iowa & St. Louis railroad. Some one hundred or more "banks" distributed over an area of 200 square miles are in operation. Limestone for foundation purposes. Land: — Chariton river forms eastern boundary. Locust creek parallels it, flowing southwardly, midway Coal from Mcndota Mines; Residence of F. If. Went worth, Unionville; Mendota Mines; Qcorgc Hitues, Aged 11, Prize Corn, Cultiriitcd !,0 Acres. GO Bushels to Aere, Timothy S Feet, t, Inches High. 486 PUTNAM COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 61,500 2,460,000 * $ 750,300 Wheat 1,669 36,720 * 22,030 Oats 4,875 170,590 * 42,6.o0 Hay 63,695 108,285 t 541,425 Forage 4,060 7,4.35 t 24,675 Broom Corn 5 2,500 t 70 Grass Seed 9,500* 13,.300 Tobacco 9 8,550 t 770 Potatoes 725 93,990 * 23,500 Vegetables 695 32,985 Totai 1 1 $1,450,705 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 43,521 $1,414,430 Horses 12,331 822,065 Mules 1,169 87,675 Asses and Jen nets 47 4,700 Sheep 13,708 41,135 Swine 28,792 287,920 Chickens 1<16,.3931 Turkeys Geese 6,020 ; 4,100 r 121,395 Ducks 2,620 J Swarms of Be es 2,474 6„325 Honey 82,467 ;: 52,495 :: 10,.310 Wool 8,7.')0 Milk 2,493,.346 § 1 515,223 X i 129,700 Butter Eggs 860,810 II 107,000 Total 1 1 13,051,995 * Hushels. t Pounds. II Doz en. t Tons. S Gallons. Photos in heading : PUTNAM COUNTY 487 the county east and west. Along these streams and their tributaries are alluvial lands of great fer- tility, bounded in most places by narrow strips of rough lands gradually toning into a rolling topography, of which general character the county is. All the cereals of this latitude are grown. Timothy hay, clover and blue grass rival in luxuriance and quality the most noted portions of the United States. For timothy seed the county has a distinct reputation. The great percentage of land sells at $25 to $35 an acre. Small acreages of rough land, fit chiefly for fruit or pasturage, is available at $10. Best farms, well improved in fence and residence and outbuildings, bring $50 an acre. Immediately adjacent to Union- ville or Lucerne, small acreages range higher, on account of location. Water- melons and cantaloupes are grown in the bottoms of Chariton river. Manufactures: — Putnam Dye Works at Unionville employ a large number of people. Several kilns produce sufficient brick of first quality for local de- mand. At Powersville is located a cheese factory, products from which cover large section in Missouri and Iowa. Wagon and hay stacker factory at Unionville. Schools: — Enumeration, 5,087. School terms range from six months, in the rural districts, to eight months in towns. Union- ville High School is approved by the State University. Transportation : — Three railroads traverse the county north and south: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Chicago, Burlington & Kansas City, Iowa & St. Louis. Total mileage 33.45. Miles of dirt road, 2,000. Towns : — Unionville, county seat, population, 2,050; waterworks, electric lights, location of mines; commercial and geographi- cal center of county. Lu- cerne, population, 292; Powersville, Mendota and Blackbird are mining towns. Agriculture contri- butes most of support to all towns. Newspapers: — Union- ville: Republican, Panta- graph. Democrat; Powers- ville Record ; Lucerne ^ Standard. PUTNAJt FADELESS DYE BUILDING, UNIONVILLE. MENDOTA COAL MINE, MENDOTA. //RALI.S <(t: RALLS is adjacent to the jVIississippi river, tialf way between ttie city of St. Louis and the Iowa line. While its topography is generally roll- ing, and along the river hilly, its soil is universally of that produc- tive type common to Missouri's undulating prairie district. The county is devoted to general agriculture, chiefly. There are 490 square miles of territory, three-fourths given to farming and in a high state of cultivation. A great many pure bred cattle and horses are raised and corn pro- duct amounts to almost a million dollars a year. A towering industry in Ralls is that of Portland cement and lime manufacturing. This county is famous for Bear Creek limestone, which tests 98 per cent pure lime. Peculiar to the northern portion of the county are some springs of salt impregnation, and an artesian well where the water spouts from the ground to the height of six feet. In a salt spring, three miles west of New London, have been found implements used long ago by the the French in securing salt sediment from the water. Good schools are the pride of the people of Ralls. There are two high schools and Van Rensselaer College, one of the oldest in the State. Population: — White, 11,360; colored, 927; Ameri- can born, 11,990; foreign born, 297; total, 12,287. Farm homes owned, 1,415; rented, 534;, other homes owned, 377; rented, 359; total families, 2,685. Finance: — County tax, $1.20 on one hundred dol- lars valuation; school tax, average, 38 cents; total val- uation, $4,971,094; assessment valuation is one-half the actual valuation of lands. County debt, $272,000; no township debt. Timiser: — The northeastern one-third along the Mississippi river, is original timber bearing land. The trees were black oak, white oak, red oak, walnut, elm, liackberry, hickory, and sugar maple. There is yet suf- ficient timber for local rough board and firewood pur- poses. Minerals: — Limestone is the greatest mineral. The Mississippi bluffs are of this material and along Bear Creek, in the northern part, are limestone bluffs almost of pure lime. At Oakwood are located the lime kilns for which Ralls is famous. From the same material is made cement. Quarrying is done mostly near Ilasco. Coal is mined in the southwest part of the county at Photos in heading: Atlas Portland Ce-ment Co.; Home of E. O. Matson, New London; Home of May Gill, Perry; ^yiUialn Wood's Farm, Near Perry; The Garth Farm. 488 RALLS COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 74,200 3,190,685 * 1 973,160 Wheat 14,395 823,845 * 11I4..305 Oats S,20.5 258,460 * 64,615 Hay 30,900 52,535 t 288,945 Forage 1,005 1 ,290 t 6,450 Broom Corn 102 51.000 t 1,405 Clover Seed 80* 530 Grass Seed 3,050 * 4,270 Tobacco 19 18.050 J 1,625 Potatoes 571 65,065 * 16,415 Vegetables 820 31,165 Total 1 1 1 $ l,.'i88,S85 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 27,224 * 484,780 Horses 8,891 592,735 Mules 2,132 1.59,900 Asses and Jennets 145 14,500 Sheep 5,412 16,235 Swine 31,685 316,850 Chickens 151,114 1 Turkeys Geese 4,820 V 4,700 I 95,900 LHicks 1,580 1 Swarms of Bees 1.861 4,490 Honey 62,033 :: 59.820: 7,755 Wool 9,970 Milk 1,865,784 § \ 134,725 Butter 345,535 t \ Eggs 575,910 II 71,990 Total 1 1 % 1,999,836 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Do t Tons. § Gallons. zen. RALLS COUNTY. 489 Perry. Seventy men are em- ployed in the mines. Shafts are about sixty feet deep; vein twenty-six inches thiclt. Most of the production is con- sumed at the cement and lime works, within the county. Land: — Total number of acres, 313,600, of which 230,- 319 acres are included in im- proved farms. There are 1,- 996 farms, of an average size of 144.3 acres, worth $6,910,- 400, according to present sell- ing figures. Two-thirds of the county is prairie, beginning billowy upon the eastern bluff border and gradually toning down to the undulating kind at the west edge of Ralls. Farms are well improved gen- erally, and sell at $25 to $60 an acre. That portion of the county which has been cleared of trees sells at an average price of $40 an acre. In the immediate vicinity of New London some finely improved acreages are held at $75 to $90. The remain- ing ten per cent, lying along Salt river and the Mississippi river bluffs, is rough and timber bearing and may be had at $15 to $20 an acre. This land is especially favorable to orcharding and live stock grazing. Manufactures: — Cement and lime are the chief manufactured products. Some flour and corn meal are made. Transpoutation : — Chicago & Alton, St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern, St. Louis & Hannibal, two divisions, Hannibal & St. Joseph. Schools: — Attendance enumeration, 3,556; number of schools, 69; number of high schools, two, at ew London and Perry. Van Rensselaer College, at the town of its name, is an old and respected institution. Springs: — Spalding Springs, Salt Springs, Saverton and Tremore's Lick are springs of water heavily charged with salt. At the first named place is also an artesian well and thereupon is founded a summer resort. Here are a two-acre lake and hotel. Towns: — New London, county seat, population, 881; Perry, population 624; Center, 300, are the towns incorpor- ated. Each is mainly supported by its live stock and general agricultural in- terests. Perry has coal fields of im- portance. Ilasco, on the Mississippi river, is location of cement manufac- turing center, and Oakwood is the home of lime manufacture. Newspapers: — New London: Ralls County Record; New London Times; Perry Enterprise. gabth residence, ralls county. RANDOLPH, half way between Kansas City and St. Louis, twenty miles north of the Missouri river, is a foremost county by reason of its coal, railroads and agricultural interests. It is the third coal producing county of the State. Coal measure underlies virtually the whole county to the extent of greater abundance than has any other. Railroad interests are large and must be accounted to for markets which greatly encourage agriculture, the third pillar of industry. Moberly, chief city, is one of the most important railroad centers of north Missouri. From five directions trains enter its union station. The main western shops of the Wabash railroad are located here where are also the offices of three main divisions of the road. Two divisions of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas meet here. At two other points in the county the Chicago & Alton main line from Kansas City to St. Louis and to Chicago crosses the Wabash and the Missouri, Kan- sas & Texas railroads. Vegetables and poultry are the source of support for many small farms which supply Moberly markets. Private dairying also is carried on. The larger farmers own cattle, horses and hogs to the extent of nearly two millions of dol- lars worth and grow a crop of corn which sells for from eight hundred thousand to a million dollars annually. Population:— White, 21,600; colored, 2,842; Ameri- can born, 23,435; foreign born, 1,007; total, 24,442. Farm homes owned, 1,863; rented, 574; other homes owned, 1,569; rented, 574; total families, 4,580. Finance:— County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax from 40 cents to $1.00, average, 65 cents; total assessed valuation, $7,784,588; assessment for taxes is based upon a valuation forty per cent of actual valuation. There is no indebtedness. Timber:— Originally was found along the two branches of Chariton river and other lesser streams. Comprised hickory, black oak, white oak, post oak, red oak, walnut, elm, cottonwood and hackberry. The com- mercial timber has been removed. Manufactories:— Railroad shops are the chief fac- tories. At Moberly are extensive brick kilns and brick is made at other towns for local purpose. Flour and cigars are manufactured. Photos in heading: Union Station; Wabash Hospital; Wabash Machine Shops; Railroad Younrj Men's Christian Association Building, Moberly. 490 RANDOLPH COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT | VALUE Corn 57,577 2,821,265^ ' $ 832,275 Wheat 3,809 82,725 ' k 45,500 Oats 3,302 115,570 •= 30,625 Hay 39,359 96,910 581,460 Forage 2,290 2,860 14,300 Broom Corn 8 4,000 Clover Seed 155 * 870 Grass Seed 225 * 405 Tobacco 6 4,200 X 400 Potatoes 41- 59,250 * 18,960 Vegetables 1,04E 53,425 Total 1 1 1 «l.-V'H.-iaO LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 29,774 $ 967,1)55 Horses 9,180 605,880 Mules 2,697 202,275 Asses and Jennets 146 18,250 Sheep 19.569 65,230 Swine 24,845 248,450 Chickens 119,6341 Turkeys 5,5'.i2 ' 118,945 Geese Ducks 947) Swarms of Bees 2,804 Honey 93,467 t 71,9.50 t 11,685 Wool 11,990 Milk 2,137,144 § t Butter 387,046 X I 186,920 Eggs 586,750 III 73,345 Total 1 $2,516,920 * Bushels. X Pounds. || Dozen. t Tons. § Gallons. RANDOLPH COUNTY. 491 Land: — From a standpoint of soil, Ran- dolph county is three-fourths vegetable loam, mulatto colored, found upon the undulating prairies of northeast Missouri and southern Iowa. The northwest corner, comprising the balance, is the same except- ing that it is deeper in places and less deep in others owing to the country being more rolling. Originally the surface was covered with a matter mass of tall wild prairie grass. Wherever the land is pastured blue- grass springs up to the crowding out of all other kinds of grass. There are 470 square miles of land surface, 300,800 acres, of which 224,515 acres are in a high state of improve- ment. There are 2,460 farms of an average size of 116.9 acres. Estimated valuation of farming lands, $9,043,005. Forty per cent, the black, loamy prairie land, sells at $45 an acre; ten per cent of the prairie at $35; ten per cent rough timber land at $12 to $15; forty per cent, rich soil, originally timbered land $40 an acre. Tkansportatiox : — Wabash, Missouri, Kansas & Texas, and the Chicago & Alton have main line roads intersecting the county. Moberly is division center for the first two named. The Chicago & Alton intersects the Wabash at Clark and the M., K. & T. at Higbea. The railroads touch the main coal camps. Minerals : — Annual production of coal approximates 450,181 tons. Other counties of Missouri have larger developed areas but none equals Randolph in coal deposited. Last year 21 mines were operated, employing one thousand men. Most extensive oper- ations were carried on at Higbee, Elliott, Huntsville and Ren- ick. Shafts are from 100 to 200 feet deep. Vein of coal averages four feet thick. Schools: — There are three high schools: MoDerly, Huntsville and Higbee. The first is articulated with the State University. Springs: — Randolph Springs on the Wabash railroad is a favorite excursion point. An improved park is here located in which is a spring of mineral water. Towns: — Moberly, population, 8,012, railroad town and central market. Huntsville, population, 1,805, county seat. Higbee, 1,151, mining town; Clark, 223; Renick, 196; Jacksonville, 195; Cairo, 173, Clifton Hill. All towns are centers of fine farming districts and derive large income as trading centers and as centers for live stock sales and shipments. Newspapers: — Moberly Monitor, Democrat; Huntsville Herald; Clifton Hill News; Higbee Rustler; Clark Chronicle. / BOONE MISSOURI HEREFORDS. RAY COUNTY'S 1903 CROP I ACRES I PRODUCT | VALUE Total Total * Kusliels. 1 Tons. RAY is agricultural, and it has extensive coal interests. It is upon the north bank of Missouri River, one hour and a half east of Kansas City. Corn, cattle, horses, hogs, blue grass, timothy and alfalfa hay, and mules lead, in order, in point of income. County has reputation in Irish potato production and in butter. It contains 584 square miles, 373,760 acres, of which 288,627 acres are included as cultivable. Farms number 3,321, average size, 102.6 acres, worth in aggregate, $11,171,973. Population: — American born, 24,241; foreign born, 564; white, 23,197; colored, 1,608; total, 24,805. Farm homes owned, 2,199; rented, 1,032; other homes owned, 946; rented, 1,104; total families, 5,276. Finance: — County tax, 99 cents on $100; school tax, 25 cents to $1.20; aver- age, 44 cents; total assessed valuation, $9,049,279; forty per cent of actual value. No debts. Timber: — Owing to high state of land develop- ment, far past commercial state. Originally surface was practically covered with large growth of all oak denominations, hickory, walnut, elm, ash and hack- berry. Fire wood timber is yet in quantity sufficient and a few portable mills find occupation in lumber manufacture. Coal: — "Not a foot of land in Ray county without coal under it," is a concise statement of this mineral resource. High grade soft coal is extensively mined at Richmond, Fleming, Swanwick, Rayville and Knox- ville. Limestone is within wagon haul of all points. Land: — The land which lends distinction to Ray as corn producing area, is that situated in the Missouri bottoms. At Camden, on the river, central point east and west, bluffs touch the river bank. From this point, they take directions northwest, and northeast at angles of 45 degrees, defining wide bottoms. Bluff line west of Camden runs north of Albany, this bottom being, therefore, two to five miles wide. East of Camden, bluff line follows due northeasterly until Morton is reached, whence hills range easterly, crossing county line into Carroll. First time in ten years, land south of Wabash railroad, across entire county overflowed last spring, and while enriched, may now be bought, west of Camden, at prices ranging from $45 to $75. Photos in heading : Oats High as a Man's Head, Farm of O. W. Folk, Richmond; Mules Owned by Whitmer Brothers, Richmond; Richmond Coal Shaft No. 17. 492 Corn 126.315 6,315,750 * $ 1,989,460 Wheat 11,976 299,400 * 172,155 Oats 3,023 75,575 * 19.650 Hay 40,279 64,445 t 451,115 Forage 3,480 4,640 t 23,200 Broom Corn 6 3,300 t 90 Clover Seed 740* 4,070 Grass Seed 510* 798 Tot)acco 28 25,200 t 2,530 Potatoes 1,517 327,550* 54,610 Vegetables 1,205 60,160 I $ 2,7 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER VALUE Cattle .38,595 .$1,254.33.") Horses l-',43n 829,365 Mules 4,464 334, 800 Asses and Jennets 142 14,200 Sheep 6,068 22,325 Swine 84,394 843,910 Chickens 206,444 1 Turkeys Geese 5,831 1 5,041 { 170.280 Ducks 2,046 J Swarms of Bees 2,353 7,385 Honey 78,433:: 29,190 :: 9,805 Wool 4,805 Milk 3,001,126 §1 213..32.'-. Butter 570,0.58 t ( Eggs 1,222,310 II 152.790 I $ 3,863,215 t Pounds § Gallons, Dozen. RAY COUNTY 493 East of Camden it sells at $50 to $75, with an occasional second bottom farm at $100, because of elegant improvements and loca- tion with reference to town. Soil of entire strip is rich, black loam. It is of inex- haustible depth. Corn is known to excel on this land after thirty years' consecutive yield. Wheat grows as luxuriously. Prairie embraces eight square miles to northeast, east and southeast of Lawson; a square strip of twenty square miles northeast of Knoxville; eight square miles centering at Georgeville; and for the most part in strips within that section in eastern part de- scribed by a circular line through points one mile south of Tinney's Grove, a mile east of Millville, and at Morton. Soil is black, light-weight loam, average three-foot depth, friendly to clover, blue grass and timothy. Sells at $35 to $60, averaging $50. Near Lawson it reaches $100, though rarely. Bulk of balance of Ray county is blue grass hill land, ranging in price from $35 to $70. Within half a dozen miles of Richmond, prices range $50 to $75, to $100 within a mile of town. Untillable land is practically unknown. A few farms adjoining Crooked river, three to five miles northeast of Vibbard, and some in extreme northeast corner of county contain this surface; selling as low as $20. Adjoin- ing land ofttimes sells at $40 to $50. Farm improvements are splendid, com- paring with best districts of Iowa or Illinois. Every farmer has orchard bear- ing apples, pears, peaches, apricots and berries. Manufactories: — Flouring mills at Richmond, Hardin, Orrick and Vibbard. Brick and tile factory at Lakeview. Soda waters bottled; vegetables canned in season at Richmond plants. Watkins' butter marketed at Lawson, said to be best in State. Transportation: — Three main line railroads to Kansas City; branch to St. Joseph. Schools and Churches: — Richmond High School, approved, heads county's splendid public system. Woodson Institute, co-educational academy, correlated with Central College, Fayette. All Christian churches represented. Water: — Drinking water in hills and prairies of limestone seepage; in bottoms, strongly iron impregnation. St. Cloud Springs, three miles north Richmond, is picnic ground. Sulphur spring near Millville. Towns: — Richmond, county seat, has waterworks, electric lights, telephone, business streets brick paved. Hardin, Lawson, Orrick, and Morton, have electric lights, telephones, and macadamized streets; Camden, Vibbard, Ray- ville, Elmira and Floyd are railroad towns; Millville, Knoxville, Russelville, Tinney's Grove and Georgeville are inland. Agriculture and stock raising sup- port all. Newspapers: — Richmond Conservator, Missourian, Democrat, Republican; Ray County Review, of Lawson; Hardin News; Orrick Star, Times. PURE BRED HOLSTEINS. REYNOLDS REYNOLDS COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES I PKODUCT | VALUE Corn Wheat Oats Hay Forage Broom Corn Clover Seed Tobacco Potatoes Vegetables Total Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms Honey Wool Milk Hulicr I'-KSS )f Bees Total * Bushels. t Tons. NATURE'S endowments to Reynolds comprise timber, minerals and a few broad river and creek bottoms for grain growth unexcelled The county is situated in southern Missouri, three counties north of Arkansas and five west of Mississippi river. Timber interests may be considered dual; those of yellow pine and of hardwood. Pme timber is native to 275,000 acres of the 531,000 acres included within county domains lying in the south and west. Pine lands have been cut up to eight lousancl feet'an acre; averaging five thousand. A Wayne county milling com- pany owned 180,000 acres, 30,000 acres of which it recently sold as land wit^h trmber removed Hardwood acreage grew white, black and post oak. It is us^d for railroad tie and lumber making. Mill -f^^^^^^f ^^^ ^'.^ i\^J- ton and Bee Fork, having a sawing capacity of 15,000 feet or less /iauy. ton, and i^e Railroad ties are floated down Black river; withm the year one tie drive represented 650,000 railroad ties. Acres of solid beds of red granite and of grey sand stone, and iron ore comprise chiefly the minerals, un- touched. Quality of granite deposited is seen m build- ings of Washington University at St. Louis and in street pavements. Ginseng in grown in eastern Rey- nolds. ^ , . „„ Population :-White, 8,161; colored, 0; American born 8 100; foreign born, 61; total 8,161. Farm homes owned,' 797; rented, 388; other homes owned, 192; rented, 129: total families, 1,506. Finance:— County tax. 47 cents; school tax aver- age 43 cents; total assessed valuation $1,804,513; two- thirds of real valuation; no counly debt; no township debt. . Land:— There are 8:'>0 square miles, making 5oJ,- 200 acres, of which less than one-tenth, 50,271 acres, is cultivable. Farms number 1.165. averaging 103.3 acres each in lands of various characters, valued at $2,220,- 866 actual worth. As a whole the surface is mountain- ous In a few localities there are quarter sections largely solid rock. Generally, however, surface bears small rocks. One-half the fifty thousand cultivable acres are river bottom land, rich, rock free, surpris- ingly well improved. Soil is clay, darker in bottoms. Black River near Lcstcrville; Johnson's 8hut-In. 494 15,503 2,782 898 7,457 1,275 3 41 328 380 410,830* 41,730* 17,960 * 10,440 t 1,485 t 1,500 t 40* 39,110 t 29,520 * $ 154,060 24,620 5,985 93,960 T,435 40 220 2,910 14,170 13,0«5 $316,45.5 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS 12.275 2,112 1,393 19 5,173 20,823 38,5531 83 2.840 ,' 3,414) 19,233 13,100 786,15.5 § 1 163,424 t I 224,180 « 276,187 126.720 77,5H0 1,710 15,516 208,230 15,025 939 2,404 3,183 58,190 38,025 $812,709 t Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading REYNOLDS COUNTY. 495 Corn, grass, wheat and oats are raised in bottoms of Black river, Logan's Creek, Bushy Creek, Doe Run Creek, locations of principal farms. Farm lands under cultivation will average ?20 an acre. With this a timber area of equal extent of land bought would be gratuitously given Recently a 1,000-acre farm sold for $6,000; 250 acres were under cultivation. The 250 acres were priced at about full extent of con sideration, the 750 acres of timber bringing a merely nominal price One-fourth of the improved, cultivable land can be bought for $10; about one fifth, in vicinity of Lesterville and Ell- ington $30 to $40. These latter farms are well improved, crops have been ro- tated intelligently and buildings and fences are trim. Farms around Centerville sell at $15 to $25. One-half the county acreage is owned by mill men. This can be bought with pine privileges reserved or timber already cut for 75 cents to $1 an acre. Government lands, 6,522 acres. Manufactories : — A hub factory, spoke and fel- loe factory at Lesterville; flour mills at Ellington, near Lesterville and Carter's Mill; several grist mills and lumber mills at cross roads. Tbakspobtation : — Missouri Southern Railroad, narrow guage, logging road with passenger accommodation, 37.17 miles tax- able road. Sabula, in Iron county, on the Iron Mountain is passenger point for Les- terville and Centerville, the county seat. Schools: — Fifty-three districts with school buildings and average six months term. Rod axd Gux: — Many people fish and hunt along Black river and tributary streams. Red perch, catfish, goggle-eye and buffalo fish are plentiful. Deer, tur- keys, squirrels, pheasants and other smaller game are found. Johnson's Shut- in is a favorite point for campers. Towxs: — Lesterville, Centerville and Ellington are chief. Trallaloo, fostered by Clarkson Saw Mill Company, of Leeper, has 200 inhabitants within a year of es- tablishment. Newspapers: — Centerville Outlook, Centerville Reformer. IX THE WILD WOODS. RIPLEY COUNTY'S 190-2 CROP Total I * Bushels. J Pounds t Tons. § Gallons THE Ripley county farmer is a manufacturer and a miner. In sup- port of Ills table he tills the soil and pastures live stock upon the free range. For clothes and luxuries he depends well upon his broadaxe, with which he makes railroad ties, and his pickaxe, with which he soon collects a wagon load of iron ore for market. Ripley is upon the Arkansas border, sixty miles west of the Mississippi river. Its northern one-third is situated within Missouri's yellow pine belt. The south two-thirds bears hardwood timber. Its surface is rough, excepting 20,000 acres at the southeast corner which is of lowland character. County contains 640 square miles of land, 409,600 acres, of which 63,496 acres are in cultivation. There are 1,740 farms, aver- aging 91.8 acres, including land of all characters. They are estimated at $2,585,848. Area of vacant land, 4,285 acres. Population: — White, 13,185; colored, 1; American born, 13,091; foreign born, 95; total, 13,186. Farm homes owned, 1,198; rented, 591; other homes owned, 309; rented, 504; total families, 2,602. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 40 cents to $1.25, average, 61 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,445,280; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 70 cents; county debt $8,000; no township debt. Timber: — Commercial timbers are yellow pine, white oak, black oak, red gum wood. These predomi- nate, with hickory, elm, and in the lowlands, corkwood. One of the largest pine lumber mills in Missouri is located at Grandin, Carter county, at the north edge of Ripley. At this point and Doniphan most of Rip- ley's log output is shaped into boards, dressed and un- dressed. Estimated that Ripley's pine timber will last five years. Three saw mills at Doniphan and seven or eight portable mills are helping to convert pine and hardwood into cash. Cord wood, $1.25; in the tree, free. Photo in heading: On Picturesque Current Rircr, not for from Doniphcii. 49G 1 ACRES PKODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 27,514 687,8.50 * $ 2.57,945 Wheat 7,0:51 77,340 * 45,630 Oats 2,031 5.3,945 * 18,650 Hay 3,266 4,900 t 49,000 Forage 1,310 1,530 t 7,650 Broom Corn 3 1,500 J 40 Grass Seed 75* 165 Cotton 565 192,100 t 14,510 Tobacco 23 16.330 t l,6-!5 Potatoes 234 23,400 * 11,230 Vegetables 405 20,580 I $ 427,035 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS K ND 1 NUMBEK 1 VALUE Cattle 9,140 $ 228,500 Horses .3,126 ]87'..560 Mules 1,514 90,840 Asses and Jennets 22 1,980 Sheep 3,929 11,787 Swine 21,313 213,130 Chickens 42,914 1 Turkeys Geese 787 1 3,335 { 24,430 Ducks 1,897 J Swarms o f Bees 809 1,964 Honey 26,967 1 9,370 t 3,371 Wool 1,562 Milk 1 ,093,404 § ) 90,2.55 liutter 233.420 t ( EgKS 296,220 II 37,0.30 I $ 892,409 Dozen. RIPLEY COUNTY. 497 Minerals: — Iron in every township. Also clay and limestone. Land: — Topography varies from lowlands in southeast to mountains in northwest. In the lowlands improved farms average $25 an acre; unimproved $5 to $10. Cotton and corn are chief products. Westwardly and northwest- wardly from lowlands hills are encountered. These grow higher and more abrupt until in the northwest they assume mountain importance. Wherever in vicinity of creeks they are rock covered. Eastern one-half is more thickly settled and better improved. Land in improved condition sells at $20 up to $30 in ex- ceedingly rare instances, and improved hill farms are to be found at $5 to $10 an acre. Unimproved mountain land in tracts of less than three or four hun- dred acres is had at $1.25 to $2.50 an acre. As the timber is removed, mining is increasing, and this with fruit raising is the hope of the county. Berries ripen one week in advance of crops even further south, owing to hill protection from north. Peaches grow perfect. Manufactured Products: — Railroad ties bring 26 cents in Doniphan, where annual shipments amount to half a million ties. Doniphan is location of two saw mills and one planing mill, grist mill, two roller flouring mils of 75 barrel capacities, small foundry, ice and cold storage plant and two stave factories. At Naylor is a 50 barrel flour mill; at King Bee a saw and planing mill. Transportation: — Frisco (Southern Missouri & Arkansas), 9.29; Iron Mountain (Doniphan branch), 15.93 miles of taxed roadbed. Schools and Churches: ^Doniphan has five churches; Naylor four. There are 68 school districts, averaging six months terms. Doniphan public high school of eight rooms contains laboratory for physics and chemistry and a refer- ence library. School term 9 months. Course comprises: four years English, four years Latin, three of history, one of science. It is approved by University of Missouri. Towns: — Doniphan, county seat, 1,500 inhabitants; new $20,- 000 court house; $15,000 water- works system. Naylor, Varner, Gatewood, Pine, Poyner, Fair Dealing, Ponder, Current View, King Bee; all supported by tim- ber and farming. Newspapers : — D o n i p h a n Hustler, Prospect-News. Mo. — 32 DONIPHAN, RIPLEY COUNTY. ST. CHARLES lies immediately north and west of the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Agriculture, manufacturing, horticul- ture and limestone are the elements of its commercial basis. Wheat and corn are the largest grain crops, and the county is first in onion production. St. Charles white corn for seed crosses the Atlantic an- nually. Best equipped car plant in the United States is located at St. Charles, the county seat. Three quarries ship immense quantities of blue limestone. In square miles the area is 520, or 332,800 acres, of which 220,491 are in actual cultivation. There are 2,297 farms, averaging 130.7 acres each in cultivable, pasture, and timber lands. Actual value of farm lands $11,127,188. Originally hard wood timber, white oak, black oak, hickory, ash, w^alnut, elm, covered two-thirds area. One-third this former acreage, in western part of county and along the Mississippi river, remains; portable saw mills are found in the locality. Large numbers of railroad ties are being cut. Building Stone: — St. Charles county court house is monument to stone resources. Blue limestone is quar- ried along the Missouri river immediately south of St. Charles and at St. Peters. Fire clay is mined for car and foundry works. Pits are located four miles west of St. Charles. Land: — One-third is rich, alluvial bottom land. It is defined by the rivers and on the opposite sides by the Wabash railroad from St. Charles to St. Peters, thence by the St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern to Old Monroe. It may be subdivided into three parts: first, high bottom, representing one-half of the land, worth $80 to $125 an acre, according to improvements and altitude; second, lower bottom drained, embrac- ing one-third of bottom land, $50 to $70; third, four thousand acres, approximately, of overflow land east of St. Peters, $20 to $25. If tiled, the latter division is as valuable as first. The next dividing line would be run through Melville, Wentzville, Mechanicsville and Hamburg, bounding the south and west land averaging $G0 an acre; this embraces one-third of the county. It is high-hill land, and the farms are in a high state of improvement. Perhaps a thousand acres within this strip are rocky, bluff land, and could be bought for $20 to $30; one-third would bring $75 or $80, best situated farms $100. South and west of the I'hoto in heading : St. Charles from the Miasouri River. 498 ST. CHARLES COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACKES 1 PRODUCT 1 V.\LUE Corn 59,550 3,156,095 * * 962,610 Wheat 75,530 2,039.310 * 1,223,58.5 Oals n,4C5 458,56(t * 114,640 Hay Ui,14.') 32,295 t 209,920 Forage 645 7.iOt 3,7.50 Broom Corn 8 4,000 t 110 Clover Seed 2,200 * 13,330 Grass Seed 50* 70 Tobacco 10 9..500 t a55 Potatoes i,'2;« 172,620 * 43,155 Vegetables 655 46,045 1 $2,618,070 Total 1 1 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 17,201 % 5.59,0.30 Horses 7,4*7 497,12.'-) Mules a,809 210,675 Asses and Jennets 77 7,700 Sheep 3,967 11,900 Swine :^7,137 371,370 Chickens 218,5111 Turkeys 2,333 ', Geese 2.261 {■ Ducks 2,6;!7 J Swarms of Bees 1.8.57 3,190 Honey 41,900 t 18,820 f 5,240 Wool ;i,i:i5 Milk Butter 2,146,182 § 1 346,975 1 (■ 156,220 Eggs 1.191,!S10 II 148,940 Total 1 1 $2,072,025 * Bushels. 1 Pounds. || Do zen. t Tons. i Gallons. ST. CHARLES COUNTY 491) last line drawn, the land varies more price and producing qual- creek bottom farms sell $65 an acre while adjoining it is land to be had for $5 or $10. Tax assessment at two- thirds valuation for this section is $15 an acre. Creek bottoms sell at $40 to $65 an acre. Population:— White, 22,332; colored, 2,142; native born, 21,874; foreign born, 2,600; total, 24,474. Farm homes owned, 1,360; rented, 903; other homes owned, 1,223; rented, 1,336; total families, 4,822. Finance: — County tax, $33,242.67; school tax average, 28 cents; total as- sessed valuation, $12,215,190; assessed valuation one-half of real valuation; no county debt; no township debt. Manufactories: — St. Charles is a manufacturing city. American Car & Foundry Co., employing 1,700 men, make I'ailway cars from the ground up. The plant covers seventeen blocks along the river and is thoroughly equipped. Wa- bash, and Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems are supplied from St. Charles shops. Cars are sent to every civilized country. Departments include brass and malle- able iron foundries, wheel foundry, gray iron foundry, pattern shop, iron and machine shop, freight paint shop, coach wood machine shop, coach cabinet mill, coach erecting shop, coach paint shop, upholstering shop, mirror department, glass etching department, brass machine shop, brass finishing shop, brass lacquer and finishing department, coach blacksmith shop, lumber drying kilns, mechanical engineering department; organized 1873 and transferred to present corporation March 1, 1899. Capacity, 650 freight or thirty passenger coaches a month. Compressed brick plant, two stone quarries, cob pipe factory employing 60 persons, five cigar factories, two steam laundries, three wagon and carriage shops; creamery at New Melle; fiouring mills at St. Charles, New Melle, Wentz- ville and O'Fallon. Transportation: — Wabash, 27.72; Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 43.80; St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern, 32.77; St. Louis & Hannibal, 5.77; St. Clair, Madison & St. Louis Belt Line, 2.80; St. Peters' branch St. Louis, Kansas City & Northwestern, 10.60 miles. Pike roads, 146; dirt, 660 miles. Schools: — Lindenwood College, Presbyterian school for young women, founded 1830; enrollment, 74; faculty, 15. Collegiate, music, elocution, and dra- matic art. Sacred Heart Convent, for young women; 65 enrolled. St. Charles Military Academy, for boys, preparatory school, St. Charles. Woodlawn Semi- nary, O'Fallon. High School. St. Charles. Seventy-one districts with one-third more schools. Newspapers: — St. Charles Banner-News, Cosmos-Monitor, Demokrat; Wentzville Union; O'Fallon Hausfreund. CI^AIR, mmmmim^'er^ 'yuwwui'mil iip— giWj 'V »- am- * 1 ST. CLAIR is situated on the west side of southern Missouri. It is fifty miles east of Kansas and seventy miles south of the Missouri river at Lexington. Agriculture, stock raising, and mining are principal occu- pations. Tomato growing, live stock ranches and lime manufacture give it feature. Ranch is applied in St. Clair county to half a dozen farms each of not more than five hundred acres, devoted to cattle or sheep rais- ing. The owner places the property in the hands of an overseer, who lives upon the place and conducts the feeding of stock. The owner resides in town. North- west one-fourth of St. Clair county is prairie, commercial and industrial inter- ests thereof centering at Appleton City, largest town, population 1,133. Osceola, upon Osage river, is county seat; population 1,037. Lowry City, in northeast, is best town in its section of the county. Lime is manu- factured at Osceola. Population: — White, 17,645; colored, 262; Ameri- can born, 17,590; foreign born, 317; total, 17,907. Farm homes owned, 1,925; rented, 866; other homes owned, 617; rented, 409; total families, 3,817. Finance: — County tax: general revenue, 50 cents; road, 15 cents; sinking fund, 15 cents; total, 80 cents; school tax from 12 cents to $2.40; average, 60 cents on one hundred dollars; assessed valuation: land and per- sonal, $3,521,545; merchants, $114,980; railroads. $511,- 640; total, $4,481,165.16; assessed valuation per cent of actual value, 50; county debt, $7,000, outstanding war- rants; no township debt. Timber: — Forty per cent of land originally tim- bered; white, black, and post oak, hickory, pecan, wal- nut, hackberry, mulberry, elm, sycamore, cottonwood, chiefly in east, southeast and along streams. Com- mercial size almost exhausted. Minerals: — Coal production, 3,139 tons annually; operated mines at Appleton City, Dottie, Lowry City, luka Springs, Monegaw Springs, Taberville, Tiffin and Osceola. Vein at Dottie, Taberville, Tiffin and vicinity of Lowry City is three to four feet thick; best deposits eight miles or more from railroad. Iron in northeast; RosemonI Ranch on Sac River. 500 ST. CLAIR COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES ! PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 88,913 3,111,955* $ 980,265 Wheat 10,710 198,-300 * 109,065 Oats 8,5(i6 231 ,380 * 61,2110 Hay 2T,057 43,290 t 231,095 Forage 3,480 4,640 t 23,200 Flax 1,578 18,.312 * 19,045 Broom Corn 745 409,750 X 11,370 Clover Seed 00* 335 Grass Seed 1 ,600 * 2,560 Tobacco 26 16,900 t 1,690 Potatoes 652 61,940* 21,680 Vegetables 1,230 56.185 Total 1 1 1 8 1,517,680 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 PRODUCT | VALUE Cattle 27,359 $ 820,770 Horses 9,953 663.535 Mules 1,711 110,770 Asses and Jennets 82 8,200 Sheep 5,022 15,065 Swine ;{2,8a5 328,250 Chickens 147,208 1 Turkeys Geese 3,760 1 2.853 [ 111,245 Ducks 2,637 ) Swarms of Rees 1 ,681 3,i)26 Honey 56,033 t 7,004 Wool 1!),9!)0 t 3,332 Milk Butter 2,780,584 § ) 457,2.57 t ( 1.53,825 Eggs 200.4 JO II 150,055 Total 1 1 $ 2,384,57 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Dozen. t Tons. § Gallons. Photo in heading ST. CLAIR COUNTY. 501 limestone and sandstone along Sac and Osage riv- ers. Whetstone deposits in pockets near Monegaw Springs; used for souve- nirs of the resort. Kaolin and earth paint in west half of county. "White clay analyzes 61 per cent silica and 28 per cent alumina. Land: — Area, 690 square miles; 441,600 acres; cultivated, 219,404 acres; number of farms, 2,- 851; average size, 121.9 acres; aggregate valuation, $5,467,725. Entering at dif- ferent points in the south- west corner of the county, two prongs of the Osage river very soon flow to- gether and thence con- tinue a northeasterly di- rection to the county line and into Benton county. At Osceola, this stream is joined by Sac river, which enters St. Clair county at a middle point on the south border. Osage has approximately 65 miles and the Sac 27 miles of bed within the county. Northwest one-fourth of the county is undu- lating prairie. It is crossed by small creeks with narrow timber strips. Soil is uniformly prairie loam, black, with clay undersoil. Thin limestone rock is found at shallow depth. Bulk of prairie brings $40 to $50. One-fourth of it, embracing more creek, timber strips sell at $20 to $30. Along the main streams are bottom lands averaging three-eighths of a mile in width. Estimated at 25,000 acres. Soil is black, sandy, bottomless loam. Prices, $40 to $50 an acre. One-fourth of the county east of Sac and Osage confluence is cultivable farm lands, worth $15 to $25. Balance ranges from $1.25 to $10 an acre. Three thousand three hun- dred and twenty-flve acres of government land are embraced. Wild land is clothed in blue stem grass. Manufactured Pkoducts: — Cheese, brick, and lime are manufactured. Ap- pleton City has three cheese plants and creameries; Osceola two lime kilns. Transportation: — Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 6.75; Kansas City, Osceola & Southern, 26.91; Kansas City, Clinton & Springfield, 29.91 miles of taxed railroad. Last two lines are operated under Frisco leases. County roads cross rivers by five large steel bridges. Schools: — Number of buildings, 114. High schools at Osceola, Appleton City. Appleton City Academy gives courses in primary, preparatory, academic, music, elocution, military and physical culture departments; 125 students. Mineral Springs: — White and black sulphur, magnesia and various chaly- beates, free and limestone waters. Monegaw Springs, Appleton City Springs, Taberville Springs, Chaly- beate, Salt Creek and County Line Sulphur Springs are points of min- eral water virtues. First two are provided with hotels which are pat- ronized during summers. Fishing is good. ' ' ' Newspapers : — Osceola Demo- osage river bridge, osceola. crat. Republican; Collins Advance; Lowry City Independent; Appleton City Trib- une, Journal. CENTER of the far famed southeast Missouri lead mining and smelter district, is St. Francois county, forty-five miles south of St. Louis. Last year seventy per cent of the output of lead in Missouri was from this county. The developed district extends along the line of the Mississippi River & Bonne Terre railroad from Doe Run to Jef- ferson county. Iron mining is likewise an important commercial and industrial factor of the county. Its location is in the southwest corner, centering at Iron Mountain, which has yielded large annual outputs for many years. Some copper is mined also and baryta is found in the lead district. In other things St. Fran- cois is not backward. All directions rock roads run out of Farmington, location of one State institution, the Hospital for Insane; Carleton College and Elmwood Seminary, and a thorough system of public schools. Bonne Terre, another lead- ing town, location of one of the largest concentrating plants in Missouri, is seat of a high school approved by the University of Missouri. County embraces 410 square miles of land, 262,400 acres, of which 97,765 are devoted to agriculture. There are 1,277 farms, averaging 162.6 acres each in lands of cultivated, pasture, and timber character. Total value of farm lands, $8,350,675. Population:- — White, 23,440; colored, 611; Ameri- can born, 23,136; foreign born, 915; total, 24,051. Farm homes owned, 900; rented, 390; other homes owned, 1,458; rented, 1,910; total families, 4,658. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; county road tax, 10 cents; school tax from five cents to $1.30; average, 54 cents; total assessed valuation, $6,357,942; based upon thirty per cent of actual value; no county nor township debt. TiMHEu: — Varieties: White oak, black oak, post oak, red oak, sugar maple, black walnut, elm, cherry, hickory, black gum, pine, pawpaw. Red and black oak comprise one-half. Wherever accessible to railroad the largest timber has been removed. White oak repre- sents one-fourth of timber growth, but has been cut over more than any other sort. Large growth white oak is yet found in rough regions touching Big river in north, and St. Francis river in south and south- western corner of county. In the western and south- ern portions, sugar maples are numerous. Pine equal to two per cent of timber remains in districts remote from railroads. I'lioldK ill hfiKlini/ ; /.(10 ; 1,007 J 540 18,300 1 13,170 } 833,1.30 § ) Uii,:o:i t i 337,080 II $ 257,350 215,160 61.560 1 ,S{IO 10,635 200,460 43,965 S41 2,375 2,195 63,940 42,135 Pounds. Gallons. J Dozen. $ 913,613 Photos in heading : STE. GENEVIEVE COUNTY. 505 near central part of county, ten miles from Ste. Genevieve. Glass sand deposit extends in a ridge seven miles long, near the eastern bound ary. Granite and kaolin are found on railroad betMreen Ste. Genevieve and Farmington. Red and gray granite and oolitic limestone are found in western part of county. Land: — Best land is adjacent to the Mississippi river and the Saline and Aux Vases creeks. It sells at $50 to $75, and vi'here close to market occasionally brings $100 an acre. Uplands are above the average hill land for gen- eral farm crops, but there is some land rough and too rock-bearing for profitable cereal culture. Best upland improved is priced at from $15 to $20; the next grade, $10 to $15 an acre. Best class of up land, timbered and unimproved, is yet to be had at $5 to $10 an acre. There are 2,092 acres of land owned by the United States government, awaiting homestead, at $1.25 an acre. It is located mainly in the south southeast and western portions. Fruit: — All land in Ste. Genevieve county except- ing the river and creek bottoms, is eminently adapted to fruit growing. Upland regions of Saline and Aux Vases creeks are specially favorable to apples, peaches, pears, grapes and berries. Frisco railroad, just opened direct to St. Louis, means development in this line. Manufactories: — Flouring mills are chief. About one hundred thousand dollars worth of surplus wheat is raised annually. Saw mills, brick yards, lime kilns, brewery, soda water factory, ice plant, cigar factories, creameries, are main supports of a large inhabitance. There are some small nurseries and every farmer grows grapes for table wines. TRAN.SP0KTATI0N : — Facilities have been trebled within the past year. Frisco has opened a road giving direct connection with St. Louis, broadening Ste. Gene- vieve markets. This is in addition to a branch line of the Missouri Pacific which connects with main line at Elvins. Steamboat service transports heavy freight from up and down the river, making Ste. Genevieve a distributing point for an inland area. Towns :^ — Ste. Genevieve, 1,707 population: two flouring mills, two cigar fac- tories, ice plant. St. Marys, population 576; flouring mills and general trading center. Bloomsdale, flouring mill, stock center. River Aux Vases, Offenberg, Weingarten, Avon, Lawrenceton, and Zell. Newspapers: — Ste. Genevieve Fair Play, Herald, News; St. Marys Progress, Times. ST LOUIS s city. ST. LOUIS COUNTY'S 190a CROP ACKES I PRODUCT | VALUE Corn 44,323 2,216,150 * $ 831.055 Wheat 51,891 1,349,165* 796.005 Oats 3,381 98,050 * 3i,685 Hay 24,652 49,315 t C90.270 Forage 7.405 8,640 t 43,200 Broom Co rn 8 4,000 t no Clover Seed 125* 690 Tobacco o 1,420 1 140 Potatoes 7,611 951,375 * 4.56,660 Vegetables 6,925 452,085 Total I $ 3,302,900 Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs TotaJ * Bushels. t Tons. T. LOUIS is a counly of liomes. It bounds the nortli, west and soutli lim- its of St. Louis city, metropolis of the Mississippi Valley, fourth city in size in the United States. The suburban feature is its first claim. Kirkwood, Webster Groves, Ferguson, Florissant, Maplewood, Clayton, are homes to an inhabitance having professional occupation in St. Louis DeHodiament, Wellston, Bridgeton, Valley Park, Fenton, Luxenburg, Glen- coe and Centaur are towns of agricultural and manu- facturing importance. Meramec Highlands is a sum- mer resort, having hotel and cottages. Truck gardens and small poultry farms are many. County has 250 miles of graveled roads. Population: — White, 46,511; colored, 3,529; Ameri- can born, 42,680; foreign born, 7,360; total, 47,040. Farm homes owned, 2,205; rented, 1,723; other homes owned, 2,877; rented, 2,817; total families, 9,622. Finance: — County tax, 35 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, 10 cents to $1.05; average, 39 cents; total assessed valuation, $36,016,799; two- thirds actual valuation; no county nor township debt. Land: — Area, square miles, 492; acres, 314,880; number of acres cultivated, 206,863; number of farms, 3,908; average size, 64.8 acres; estimated actual value of farms, $32,607,621. River bottom lands, approximat- ing fifty thousand acres, lie adjacent to confluence of Missouri and Mississippi rivers; on Missouri river, east of St. Charles, extending interiorward to Florissant; in a strip one mile wide adjoining for eight miles the Mis- souri river south and west of the city of St. Charles; and upon Meramec river, where bottom ranges up to a mile in width. Fertility of Meramec bottom land equals that of the other bottoms. Bluffs adjoin Mis sissipp i river south of St. Louis. Balance of St. LouTs" county is upland, shading to the mountainous in extreme I'hotoK in hcadhu) : Mcriimw llighlundii ; Kvvnlny i)i Ihc ifcromrc VuUrfi : Missnuri I'fiiific h'oihnij/ Stiilion. LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND I NLIMBEK | VAU 12,365 8,561 4,052 15 1,719 22,496 207,803 1 1,475 ' 1,49,5 f 2,806 J 1 ,201 40.033 ] 7.075 i 4,376,310 § ( 760,006 t \ 1,118,050 I ifi 401,862 570,733 283,640 ],.500 5,1.57 2-'4,960 114,190 3,093 5,(101 1,195 471,210 139,755 $ 2.222, •J9;i : Pounds Gallons Dozen. ST. LOUIS COUNTY. 507 southwest corner. Five townships: St. Ferdinand, extending across county on north; Carondelet, soutli of city of St. Louis; Central, Bonhomme and Meramec, in order from east to west through the center. S t . Ferdinand contains a large portion of the finest agricultural bottom lands along the Mis- souri and Mississippi rivers. It also adjoins St. Louis city. Prices are as fol- lows: One-fifth nearest St. Louis, $250 an acre; two-fifths at $150, and two-fifths at $100. Carondelet township adjoins St. Louis on south; embraces Mississippi bluffs and rolling surface back thereof. Prices: Nearest city, one-fifth, $300; three-fifths, $150; one-fifth, $75 an acre. Central defines highest priced land, ad- joining city on west and held in small lots by speculators; middle one-third oc- cupied by truck gardens; in extreme west strip are few forty to eighty-acre farms, cheapest at $100 an acre. Highest price yet paid, $7,000 an acre. Clayton, county seat, here located, surrounded by farm of 460 acres, which can not be bought in small tracts. Surface is that of long, rolling hill land. Bonhomme adjoins Cen- tral on west. Average price of land, $75 an acre. Embraces Creve Coeur lake, favorite resort for St. Louisans. In vicinity of lake good bottom farms bring $100 to $125 an acre. Few tracts adjoining Missouri river may be had at $35 to $45. General topography, high, clay hills. Meramec, extreme west, has eight square miles of Missouri river bottom, worth $55 to $65, all in cultivation. Mera- mec river bottom likewise improved, farms sell at same prices. Most of this township is broken to point of mountainous. Small acreage, $10 an acre; one- half of it unimproved, at $20; one-fifth valley farms, near railroad, $100; ordi- nary farm land, $30 to $40. Hills bear gravel. Location of peach orchards. Glass anu Ljme: — Plate glass is made at Valley Park; lime kilns burn at Glencoe and Centaur. On smaller scale dairy products, wagons and buggies, soda water plants, canning factories operate. Flouring mills use local wheat. Minerals: — Fire clay, kaolin worked extensively in central portion. Sand taken from Meramec is coarse and sharp; forms large industry. Stone taken from Mississippi bluffs made into cement. Lime is also made therefrom. Newspapers: — Clayton Argus, County Watchman-Advocate; County Waech- ter. Kirkwood Courier; Wellston Herald; Maplewood: Suburban Home .Journal. SALINE, land of agriculture, raises annually eight million bushels of corn crop and in use of this immense yield its local live stock re- quirements for feed equal those of any other Missouri county. Saline is situated in a broad bend of the Missouri river, upon the south side, sixty miles east of Kansas City. Accretions of years account for one hundred miles of continuous river bottom, estimated at 125,000 acres. There are 760 square miles of land surface, equal to 486,400 acres, of which 384,236 acres are cultivated. Farms average 120.7 acres; number of farms, 3,638; aggregate value, $18,974,190. Population: — White, 28,939; colored, 4,764; American born, 32,721; foreign born, 982; total, 33,703. Farm homes owned, 2,312; rented, 1,312; other homes owned, 1,835; rented, 1,561; total families, 7,020. Population of German and Ger- man descent largely in southwest and northeast sections. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax, average, 50 cents; total assessed valuation, $11,452,970; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 40; no county debt; township debt, $25,000. Timber originally skirted Missouri river in strips one hundred yards to one mile in width, and in narrower average along Blackwater and Saltwater cheeks. It occupied one-tenth surface in heavy growths of cotton- wood, oaks, walnut, hackberry, hickory, elder. Hill tim- ber was principally hickory and of less large growth. Near Napton coal mines supply local demands. Seam is too small for profitable competition. Land: — Basis of county's notable wealth. Consid- ered generally. Saline county is a high rolling prairie, with bottom lands on north, bounded by bluffs of lime- stone character. Bottoms range one to three miles in width, extending along river front of one hundred miles. Back of the first bottom is a second higher bottom land extending from Miami to Malta Bend, em- bracing twelve thousand acres, approximately. It is called Ptetesaw Plain. This plain includes the highest priced agricultural land in Missouri. Centered by the Chicago & Alton railroad, through the county east and west is an eight-mile strip of high prairie, exceptionally fertile. In southeast the streams cause land to be less level; even broken immediately upon the courses. Soil is here less deep — six inches on hill summits, to three feet upon less higher places — though still of "Saline fer- tility." Northwestern one-third of Saline brings $75 to $100 an acre, most of the farms selling at $80 to $90. Highest price yet paid was $131 an acre. East of this the per acre price is $60 to $70. South of the strip of ridge land centered by the Chicago & Alton railroad, prices range from $35 to $60; averaging $40 to $50 an On Farm of R. B. Wright, Mt. Leonard. 508 SALINE COUNTY'S 1903 CROP 1 ACRES i PRODUCT V.\Ll E Corn 169,400 8,046,500 * $2,373,720 Wheat 59,345 1.894,615* 767,035 Oats 7,755 232,650 * 61,650 Hay 31.684 63,370 t 443.590 Forage 4,430 5,5-J5 t 27,625 Flax 6 36* 35 Broom Corn 146 73,000 t 2,010 Clover Seed 440* 2,465 Grass Seed 180* 325 Tobncco 104 72,800 t 6,915 Potatoes 1,259 157,375 * 50,360 Vegetables 1,295 68,045 Total 1 1 $3,803,775 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 49,499 $1,608,715 Horses 14,776 985,065 Mules 6,713 503,475 Asses and Jennets 151 18,12(1 Sheep 4,820 14,4(;() Swine 91,103 911,030 Chickens 314.9531 Turkeys Geese 7,541 ', 4.064 ,'■ 176,580 Ducks 3,1 40 J Swarms of Bees 2,712 5.510 Honey 90,400 t 23,M0 t 11,300 Wool 3,725 Milk 3,311,895 § j 210.665 Butter 579,885 t ( Kggs 1,121,740 11 140.215 Total 1 1 $4,594,860 * Bushels. 1 Pounds, || Dozen. t Tons. § Gallons. Photo in heading : SALINE COUNTY. 509 acre. Representative farm home costs $1,800; fencing, wire; farm implements are modern; every farmer raises cattle, which account for an annual exportation exceeding one and one-half million dollars. Flour: — Constitutes the only mill product. Wheat aci'eage is vast, hence the location of flouring mills in nearly every town and village. Transportation: — Chicago & Alton, 38.808; Missouri Pacific, Lexington branch, 7; Missouri Pacific, Jefferson City & Boonville, 35.42 miles of taxed road- bed. Marshall, chief town, is within three hours of Kansas City; half a night of St. Louis, and one night of Chicago. Missouri Valley College: — Co-educational institution ranking with best colleges of the west. Auspices of Cumberland Presbyterian church. St. Xavier's Academy, conducted by Catholic church. Both schools located at Marshall. High schools are inducements offered by half a dozen leading towns. Sappington School Fund: — This is a fund established 1853 by Dr. John Sap- pington, a Saline citizen, for assistance to children in educational need. It now amounts to $53,700. Mineral Springs: — There are many salt springs. Sweet Springs, because of its salt water springs, is a popular summer resort; Big Salt Spring, seven miles west of Marshall, is seventy feet in diameter; McAllister Spring, on Blackwater, and Sulphur Spring, on Cow Creek. Towns: — Marshall, Miami, Gilliam, Slater, Sweet Springs, Blackburn, Arrow Rock, and Malta Bend. Marshall, county seat, population, 5,086; modern improve- ments, including asphalt streets, sewerage, waterworks, electric lights, gas. Sla- ter is Chicago & Alton division point; Sweet Springs is characterized by its salt springs. All towns are agricultural and live stock centers. Newspapers:— Marshall Index, Democrat-News, Citizen, Progress, Republi- can; Miami News; Slater Rustler; Gilliam Globe; Arrow Rock Statesman; Sweet Springs Herald; Blackburn Record; Malta Bend Qui Vive. u BORDERING Iowa, third west of Des Moines river, is Schuyler, county agricultural. In land and land production diversity is marked. It embraces prairie, and bluffs. It produces to- bacco, and coal. Chief among its values is live stock: cattle, horses and mules, swine, sheep, in order named. For comparison, however, sheep raising, dairying, tobacco and grass growing, pickle manufacturing and woolen mills may be mentioned. During the recent British-Boer war, Lancaster, county seat, became an important horse and mule market for a large section ex- tending into Iowa and Illinois. Apple orchards are an asset of every farm; one of these contains seventy-five acres. Farms are valued at $4,375,731. They num- ber, 1,645, of an average acreage of 120, including land of cultivated, pasture and timber types. The plow lands are 162,867 acres, out of a total of 215,040 acres embraced within the county's 336 square miles of land surface. Population: — White, 10,840; colored, 0; American born, 10,625; foreign born, 215; total, 10,840. Farm homes owned, 1,235; rented, 379; other homes owned 428; rented, 299; total families. 2,341. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax, average, 46 cents; total assessed val- uation, $3,171,126; assessed valuation one-third actual valuation. County debt, $99,500; township debt, $3,500. Timber: — Four-fifths originally; three-fourths thereof has been removed. Timber embraced all except the pz-airie ridge, which is now traced by Wabash rail- road. Species are elm, oaks, hickory, in the east half; western one-half was largely white oak, with scattering elms, birch, maple and walnut. Largest timber enclos- ures now to be found are forty acres. Threshing ma- chine engines operate saw mills in making firewood and occasionally lumber. Coal: — Two seams, forty-two to forty-six inches in thickness, twenty-five to forty feet beneath the surface. Last annual produ(!tion, 3,373 tons. F'ields have just re- cently been opened by Iowa Central railroad. This year's output will exceed beyond comparison. Chief mines are near Zola and Queen City, seeming to follow Chariton river. Sand for local building purposes is ob- tained upon Chariton river. Tobacco Fields and Tobacco Barn. 510 SCHUYLER COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 4-^,.590 1,831,415* * 585,.580 Wheat 2,475 56,935 * 34,1.55 Oats 4,340 115,035* 24,760 Hay 33,270 49,910 t 269,515 Forage 3,745 4,370 t 21,850 Flax ■> 14* 15 Broom Corn 2 1 ,000 t 30 Grass Seed 10,4:^5 * 14,610 Tobacco 164 155,800 J 14,020 Potatoes 343 42,875 * 10,720 Vegetables 585 20,340 Total 1 1 1 $995,595 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 22,195 S 721, 3:« Horses 6.985 4(;5,665 Mules 899 67,425 Asses and Jennets 15 1,500 Sheep 27.092 81,275 Swine 23,913 239,130 Chickens 88.920 1 Turkeys Geese 4,785 ', 2,958 f 101,810 Ducks 1,365 1 Swarms of Bees 1,583 4,935 Honey 52,767 1 107,2^5 I (),595 Wool 17,870 Milk Butter 1,.597,048§( 306,634 t * 90,625 Errs 538,660 II 67,3.30 Total 1 1 $1,865,485 * Bushels. t Pounds. || Doz en. t Tons. § Gallons. Photos MI headiny : SCHUYLER COUNTY. 511 STATE OF IOWA Land: — Prairie, crossing the county north to south along the longitude of the Wabash railroad, spreading in the vicinity of Queen City, together with considerable undulating land near Vinita, covers one- fifth of Schuyler county's surface. Ad- joining Queen City are some finely im- proved farms, which would bring $60 to $70; per cent, however, is small. Best im- proved hill farms, the higher one-half of the fifteen thousand acres of bottom land, and the representative, well improved prairie farm of more than a mile and one- half from town, may be bought for $40 to $50 an acre. Along the Chariton river, which bounds Schuyler on the west, twen- ty thousand acres include some land which would wash away if plowed. It originally grew a dense forest of white oak timber. Land may be bought for $17.50 to $22.50 an acre. Estimated that one-half of the farms in the county sell at $35 to $40 an acre. Blue grass is indig- enous. Soil on prairie is a vegetable loam, black, one to four feet in depth. On hills it is less deep, of much similar character. In valleys soil is, of course, allu- vial, caused from overflows of a day's duration. Manufactories: — Foundry, at Queen City, makes cane mills, stationary steam engines, and farm implements; a woolen mill, with $30,000 worth of ma- chinery, has operated for years: flouring mill and creamery. Lancaster has flouring mill and pickle factory; Downing a flouring mill and creamery; Glen- wood a mill. Transportation: — Wabash railroad, Moberly to Des Moines, 20.05; Keokuk & Western, 19.57; Iowa Central, 4.32, miles taxed roadbed within the county. High Schools: — Lancaster High School is approved by the University of Missouri. School building has seven rooms, modern; Queen City High School has six rooms; Glenwood and Downing have graded systems, employing four teachers each. Tow.Ns; — Lancaster, county seat, population 980; hill town; court house cost- ing $35,000, in ceflrter square. Queen City, 770 inhabitants; prairie town and shipping point, on main line of Wabash railroad. Downing, 501; Glenwood, 434; Green Top, 284; all are supported by farming. Newspapers:— Lancaster Excelsior, Republican; Queen City Leader, Tran- script; Glenwood Phonograph; Downing News. SCOTbAND -^S^:::.^ SCOTLAND COUNTY'S 1902 CROP ACRES 1 Corn 64,865 Wheat 755 Oats 11,615 Hay 47,340 Forage 4,900 Broom Corn 54 Clover Seed Grass Seed Tobacco 44 Potatoes 613 Vegetables 960 PRODUCT I VALUE ,789,195* 14,345* 360,095 * 71,010 t 4,770 t 27,000 t 15* 14,175* 41,800 t 88,885 * $ 850,705 8,605 90,0-,'5 385.455 23,850 745 100 19.815 3,760 22,200 36,115 Total Total L * Bushels. ^ Pounds. t Tons. § Gallons SCOTLAND is on the Iowa border, the second county west of the State line. While it is devoted to general agriculture, cattle raising and vegetable growing are marked industries. For each farm in the county $550 worth of cattle values exist. Twelve and one-half thousand horses, and mules are to be found upon the farms. Like several counties in this section, Scot- land grows and pickles a large quantity of cucumbers. There are 440 square miles of land surface, 281,600 acres, of which 222,498 acres are under plow or other- wise highly improved. There are 2,118 farms averag- ing in size 131.1 acres, of an actual valuation of $6,- 479,190. The live stock values and agricultural prod- ucts each year nearly equals the aggregate of farm values. The land is generally prairie. Population: — White, 13,152; colored, 80; Ameri- can born, 13,020; foreign born, 212; total, 13,232. Farm homes owned, 1,556; rented, 536; other homes owned, 612; rented, 312; total families, 3,016. Finance: — County tax, $1.10 on one hundred dol- lars assessed valuation, which is one-fourth of the act- ual valuation; school tax from 15 cents to 90 cents; av- erage, 41 cents; total assessed valuation, $4,479,972; county debt, $300,000; no township indebtedness. Timber: — White oak, walnut, hickory and elm were the principal timber, which grew along the stream-ad- jacent portions in narrow strips. Some commercial timber of these five varieties is yet to be had almost for the asking. A few portable saw mills make rough board lumber for home consumption. Minerals: — Coal and limestone are county depos- its. The former in 26-inch vein has been found, but is without development. Limestone for local, rough foun- dation work, is taken from the river bluffs. iherdcen-Angus Cattle; Pure Scotch Collie Doijs, W. IJ. Cone. $ 1,441,405 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER I VALUE Cattle 34,115 $ 1.108,735 Horses 11,0.39 735,9.35 Mules 1,440 108,000 Asses and Jennets 109 10,900 Sheep 14.724 44,170 Swine .38.092 380,920 Chickens 128,066 1 Turkeys Geese 43,660 ', 3,292 f 113,535 Ducks 1,793 J Swarms o Bees 2,112 5,055 Honey 70,400 t 60,180 t 8.000 Wool 10,015 Milk Butter 1,83 .960 §( 327,662 X f 98.190 Eggs 629,800 II 78,72.-) S 2,702,18 Dozen. Photos in heading : Memphis; Corn Qathering. 512 SCOTLAND COUNTY. 513 STATE OF IOWA Character and Price of Land : — The soil map of Missouri shows that Scot- land county soil and surface is of the kind general in the northeast quarter of Mis- souri. It is generally undulating in lay and the soil is the mulatto colored, vegetable loam of from two and one-half to four feet deep over a subsoil of clay. Along the creeks there is some deviation from the general topography. Two branches of the Fabius river, two branches of the Wyacon- da creek, and the south branch of Fox river flow southeasterly to the Mississippi. Along these streams is bottom land, level, alluvial soil, amounting in total to one- fifth of the county. It sometimes over- flows, though not to the extent of serious injury. Farms here are selling at an av- erage price of $40 an acre. One-twenty- fifth of the county is precipitous and grows white oak of a scrubby size. Here land brings $20 to $25 an acre. The more than three-fourths of the county is high prairie, bringing $42.50 an acre. Prices in the prairie are remarkably uni- form. Improvements are high class, as characteristic of cattle raising sections. Creeks mentioned furnish stock water to more than one-half of the stock farms; wells supply the balance. Farmers are within the last few years devoting con- siderable time to dairying in a small way. Four large markets are within few hours' run of local shipping points. Manufactures: — Axe handles, flour, wagons, brick, tile, and cucumber pickles are manufactured. Material is wholly of local production. Hickory is perhaps the most numerous timber growing upon the streams. Farmers have cucumbers to sell, and the brick and tiling are made from the clay which under- lies the rich, black surface dirt. The wagon factories sell the pi'oduct over a large territory, embracing northeast Missouri, southeast Iowa, and western cen- tral Illinois. There are pickle tanks in the county, with capacity for a thousand bushels of cucumbers. Schools:- — Good schools are within reach of every farm home, and the towns have school systems of merit. Memphis public school system is crowned with a high school doing work approved by the State University. Towns: — Memphis, county seat, population 2,195, is supported by farming and stock raising. Stock sales are held here, and the town is the leading trad- ing point in the county. Rutledge, population 292; Arbela, 169; Granger and Gorin, 87, are live centers of their respective farming districts. Newspapers: — Memphis: Scotland County Democrat, Reveille, Chronicle; Gorin: Argus, Missouri State News; Rutledge Record; Arbela Rural Route News; Granger Gazette. SCOTT FOUR million, nine hundred and thirty-five thousand watermelons and twenty thousand baskets of cantaloupes were grown in Scott county last year. Scott is situated upon the Mississippi river, fifth county south of St. Louis, and holds the State record for melons. Eight to ten thousand acres in the southeastern corner of the county are de- voted to melon growing. Yield per acre reaches six hundred melons — half a car load. One hundred and twenty-five thousand and ninety-four acres of the coun- ty's 277,760 acres are in a state of cultivation. There are 1,341 farms, averaging 135.6 acres each of land of different descriptions. Estimated actual valuation of farms, 4,517,063. Topographically, Scott county is both level and uneven, former character embracing lowlands in all places excepting in the northeast corner. Wheat is the largest cereal export and corn is second. Population: — White, 12,587; colored, 505; Ameri- can born, 12,765; foreign born, 327; total, 13,092. Farm homes owned, 606; rented, 745; other homes owned, 442; rented, 790; total families, 2,583. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars; road tax, 15 cents; school tax, 10 cents to $1.30; average, 54 cents; total assessed valuation, $4,274,120; farm lands assessed on one-fourth; town property on one-third basis; no county nor township debt. Land in three drainage districts is under a total Indebtedness of $180,571.88, each farm bound for its proportionate part. Timhkr: — Indigenous species are gumwood, white oak, black oak, elm, maple, cypress, cottonwood, poplar. Cypress has been mostly removed. Gumwood, now of most commercial value, exists in southern and western portions and originally amounted to 30 per cent of low- land timber. Acres timbered, total, 152,666. Minerals: — Iron, limestone, sandstone, pottery, brick and paint clays. Kaolin is found on west side of hills, near Oran. Yellow ochre also occurs here. Land: — Soils are of these classes: Gravelly clay loam, in hills; alluvial, along streams; lowlands, rich in vegetable matter, but water-soaked, and sandy Photos in hendiny: I.„iiilin 3,170 570 3,900 7,.595 15,215 ,115 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER I VALUE 10,939 3,914 1,183 51 4,4,56 18.736 64,5121 2,183 I 2,372 f 1,643J 50.S 16,8:33 t 14,215 t 1 ,080,.i:i6 § / 197,087 t f 402,3-30 II $ 27:3,475 2!4,840 70,980 4,860 13,:370 187,:3t;0 39,740 1 ,272 2.104 2,369 70,725 50,290 Photo in heading: A tilone County UiiUiile. 522 STONE COUNTY. 523 walnut, sycamore, maple, elm, ash and linden the balance. Minerals: — Marble, onyx, lead, zinc, tripoli, iron, clays. Lead is found all over county, but not as yet in pay- ing quantities. Most favorable indi- cations found are ten miles east of Ga- lena. Marble and onyx are found in caves along river sides. Limestone is abundant. No mineral development of consequence. Land: — Northern one-third is rough as a whole, but contains many gentle slopes and table lands and val- leys. In a general way the southern portion is very broken, the most moun- tainous being along the rivers. Along White and James rivers are valleys of alluvial soil, fertile enough to grow best of grain crops. Hill sides are generally too rough for cultivation but are clothed in a blue stem grass. In extreme southwestern coi'ner and also a section northwest of Galena land is suitable for general farming purposes. Soil the county over, excepting bot- toms, is limestone with a heavy admix- ture of flint fragments and a red lime- stone subsoil also containing flint gravel. Improved bottom lands are bringing $15 to $25 an acre; unimproved $8 to $12. Uplands may be had for $5 to $10 where under improvement and $1.25 to $7.50 unimproved, depending mostly upon individual size and quantity of timber. MANaFACTORiEs: — County boasts flouring mills run by water, canning fac- tories, broom factories, distilleries and saw mills. TRANsror.TATioN : — Missouri Pacific railroad, Kansas City to Memphis, just completed. White river is used for timber transportation. I'oNCE DE Leon Spring: — There are numerous springs welling from the mountain sides. Limestone and sulphur waters are found. A spring of the latter is located at Galena. The largest is at Ponce de Leon. River scenery and mountain air, fishing and hunting and spring water attract many camping parties in summer. Towns: — Galena, county seat; Crane, Ruth, are trading centers of respective farming districts. Newspapers: — Galena News, Galena Oracle. SULLIV^ SULLIVAN is in nortli Missouri. It lies fifteen miles south of Iowa, sixty- five miles west of the Mississippi river, and contains 656 square miles land area. Cattle raising and feeding, and horse breeding are main sources of revenue. Within the county are twelve pure-bred cattle herds, some of which are among the best Hereford, Shorthorn, PoUed- Angus, and Red Polled herds of Missouri. There are also several horse stables, one of which handles Percheron. Last year this stable sold eleven stallions and thirty-one mares under the hammer at an average of $514.37 per head. Regina, 28817, one of the number, brought $2,500. Dr. Horine, 28821, yearling stallion, sold for $1,100. There are 419,840 acres, of which 323,868 acres are improved farms. Number of farms, 3,101, average size, 129.9 acres of arable, pasture and feed-lot land. Estimated value of farm lands, $6,382,353. Okiginal Timber: — It was elm, white oak, black oak, hickory, maple, wild cherry, birch, walnut, box elder, pin oak, cottonwood, hackberry and sycamore. Eastern and western creeks grew more white oak, while abundance of elm in central portion gave strip extending north and south across the county the name of "Elm Woods." Two thirds timber has been removed as cordwood and rail- road ties. Former is now shipped from Greencastle and Reger. Sawed posts sell at fifteen to twenty cents; ten cents for hewn posts. Milan is seat of two stationary saw mills and there is one at Reger. Portable mills are many. Coal: — Thought to underlie half the county. At Milan a 42-inch vein was worked until 1895, when shaft burned; it has not been replaced. Limestone in great quantity is found upon the streams. It is used only for local foundation purposes. Land: — Topographically, Sullivan county is rolling, even broken along the streams, making the soil widely diversified. Here a rich bottom farm, adjacent thereto is one comprising hills and low-lying bluffs, and a third next adjacent of undulating prairie. Medicine, Yellow, Mussel, and Spring creeks parallel north to south and furnish abundant stock water. All lands grow grasses with native adaptability; hence Sullivan is a stock rais- ing county. Timber lands skirt the streams; it is bot- toms and bluffs. Then are the hills, one hundred and fifty feet higher than complemental valleys, rising gradually, and thirdly, high, rolling prairies, more ex- tensive and frequent in the western one-third and in the south half of the eastern one-third. Soil is black loam, ten to twenty inches deep over clay subsoil, both in prairie and hills. One-half the prairie can be Photos in headiny : SulUvan County Cattle. 624 SULLIVAN COUNTY'S 190'2 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 71,620 2,793,100 * % 8.il,S95 Wheat 741 14,820* 8,890 Oats 2,000 68,000 * 17,000 Hay 84,610 126,920 t 63»,600 Forage 9,600 112,0001 56,000 Broom Corn 4 2,000 X 55 Clover Seed 10* 65 Grass Seed 4,020 * 5,6.S0 Tobacco 20 19,000 t 1,710 Potatoes 784 117,600* 29,400 Vegetables 1,215 52,360 Total 1 1 1 $1,657,605 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 63,107 $2,050,975 Horses 14,201 946,735 Mules 1,657 124,275 Asses and Jennets 53 5,:^00 Sheep 15,3:i5 46.005 Swine 29,8:i5 298,350 Chickens 169,395-1 Turkeys Geese 9,011 ! 5,225 ; 171,130 Ducks ;i,it;oj Swarms of Bees ;i.i47 8,355 Honey 101,900 t 59,8i5 t 13,115 Wool 9,970 Milk 2,937,891 §, 1.52,280 Butter 525,604 \ \ Eggs 1,020,420 II 128.675 Total 1 1 13,955,165 * Bushels. t Pounds. 1| Doj en. t Tons. § Gallons. SULLIVAN COUNTY. 525 had at $30 to $37.50 an acre, up to $45 in case of high improve- ments. Timber land is at hand for $12.50 an acre, averaging $20, up to $35, for the best. Within a mile of Milan, $50. There are at least ten 1,000-acre farms. Fenc- ing mostly wire. Manufactories : — One wood- working plant in Milan employs twenty men, making sash, doors, door sash and other building sup- plies. A mill is maintained, in- cluding lumber sheds, dry kiln of 10,000 feet capacity. Flour is milled at Milan, Green City, Humphreys, Harris and Green Castle. Two brick plants are lo- cated at Milan. Transportation : — Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Kansas City to Chicago, 18.40; Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, 33.74; Burlington & Quincy, 26.30. Schools: — Milan High School conforms to course of study laid down by University of Missouri. It is capsheaf to ten rooms graded school with modern library. Building steam heated and otherwise modern. Humphrey's College, Green City, established fifteen years, private academic institution. Towns: — Milan, county seat, at intersection of two railroads, location of Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City railroad shops, employing 250 men. "Waterworks and electric light plants, owned by city. Green City, Newtown, Harris, Green Castle, Humphreys; all live stock centers. Population: — White, 20,168; colored, 114; American born, 20,059; foreign born, 223; total, 20,282. Farm homes owned, 2,294; rented, 749; other homes owned, 683; rented, 517; total families, 4,243. In Milan one person in three is a member of some church. Finance: — County tax, 75 cents; school tax, 42 cents; total assessed valua- tion, $5,544,812; two-fifths real value; county debt, $130,000; sinking fund loaned, $70,000; no township debt. Newspapers: — Milan Standard, Republican; Green City Press; Newtown Chronicle; Humphreys Tribune. V \ RIBBON, A SULLIVAN COUNTY HORSE. -sr-fSfeSSS*- TANEY COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACKES I PKODUCT | YAH E Corn 27,a81 Wluat 0.55G Oats 2,i:iS Hay 3.038 Forage 505 Flax 7 Bronm Corn 4 Cotton 2,010 Tobacco 54 Potatoes 3ia Vegetables 340 Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. TIMBER, minerals, wild game, fruit and picturesque ruggedness consti- tutes the wealth of Taney county. It has 660 square miles of moun- tainous land, 422,400 acres, of which 66,988 acres are included in im- proved farms. It has the largest game preserve in Missouri. It is rich in stone and granite. There are caves of onyx and deposits of zinc and lead and marble. Peaches, pears, grapes, apples and strawberries grow luxu- riously. Farms number 1,671, found along streams and adjoining hills, averag- ino' an aercage of 144.5, counting cultivated, pasture and timber lands. Total actual value of farm lands, $1,520,884; total farm production four times as much each year. PoPULATiox:— White, 10,125; colored, 2; American born, 10,030; foreign born, 97; total, 10,127. Farm homes owned, 1,372; rented, 380; other homes owned, 120; rented, 143; total families, 2,015. Finance: — County tax, 60 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 40 cents to $1.45; average, 65 cents; total assessed valuation, $1,331,466; assessed val- uation per cent of actual valuation, 55; county debt, $7,128.60; no township debt. Timber: — Black oak is chief, comprising thirty-five per cent of the timber which covered originally seventy- five per cent of county. White oak embraced twenty- five per cent of it, of best individual size in south half. It grew in groves, many of which have in recent years yielded to the tiemaker's axe, without, however, percep- tibly diminishing supply. It is estimated that half a million dollars worth of white oak timber is available. Post oak grows on ridges and flats. Twelve per cent of timber is black-jack. These two species are useful only for fuel. Pine in primeval quantity, eight per cent, stands in southwest corner. Cedar is an important scattering growth. It occurs upon bluffs of rivers mostly in southern half. Trees attain a height of forty feet. Minerals: — Signs of zinc, lead, granite, marble, onyx and building stones. Lead prospecting has been accompanied with some success along Turkey, Bylin Swan, Bull, Bear, Beaver, and Short creeks. Shaft on Caney creek is 100 feet deep. Lead and zinc are both tak«n therefrom. Marble deposit is found on Pine Tnvrii CniiTtty Virwa. ri2(; §2)9,210 8,MT5 ;i0 (iO 45.>'25 3,500 10.920 15,025 $444,520 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 15,144 * 378,(100 Horses 3,838 2311,280 Mules 953 .57,180 Asses and Jennets 57 5,130 Sheep 5,602 lfl,'.l85 Swine 21,iJ67 215,070 Chickens 44,941 ] Turkeys Geese 938', 2,050 f 31.830 Ducks 213j Swarms of Bees 245 687 Honey S.inr ;: 14,648:: 1,021 Wool 2,440 Milk Butter 940,840 § I 150,003 t f 63,110 RgRs 330,930 II 41,360 $1,044,299 I Pounds, § Gallons Phnfox m hernlinp : TANEY COUNTY. .)27 Mountain in south part of county; also granite, dolo- mite and limestone. Land: — Upland soils are limestone clay, admix- ed generously with gravel. Subsoil is red, gravelly clay. Surface is stony. Fruit may be grown on most all the land, and corn in the darkest places. Up- lands have yielded forty bushels to the acre in corn. Clover and other grasses grow here and tomatoes do well. Best land is in the northeastern corner, along Beaver creek, and else- where along White river. The bald knobs and rocky glades are common in the southeastern corner and to a less extent all over the south half. They are worth- less for farming. These places are caused by surface being underlaid by solid rock. They often cover whole hills or an elevated flat. Improved river bottom farms sell at $10 to $25 an acre. Best improved uplands, $10 to $1.5: unimproved, $1.25 to $5 an acre. Government lands, 13,474 acres. Manufactories: — Small saw mills, cotton gins, distillery, steam flouring mills and water mills, and corn crackers constitute the manufactories. Transportation: — White River Route, Missouri Pacific, Carthage to Mem- phis, has recently been built through the southwest corner of Taney county, giv- ing it railroad outlet. White river is used extensively for rafting timbers to market. Water: — White river winds through county for one hundred miles. It is clear, cool, countain stream and affords fishing unsurpassed. Striped and black bass, goggle-eye, jacksalmon, catfish and buffalo are caught. Sulphur springs are frequent, though wholly unimproved, through the county. Some of these are near Forsyth, where many parties camp in summer, bathing and hunting. Deer, wild turkeys, squirrels and other small game are killed. Towns: — Forsyth, county seat, situated upon White river, in center of a val- ley farming district; population 204. Cedar Valley, center of farming, location of water flouring mill and cotton gin. Lucia, in western part, is on new railroad. Pine Gap, west of Forsyth, is a lumberman's camp. Kirbyville has cotton gin, Walnut Shade, Day, Stow and Bluff are trading points. Newspaper: — Forsyth Republican. T&XAS LARGEST county in Missouri is Texas, with its 1,145 square miles of sur- face. It is in the heart of the Ozark mountains, second county north of Arl\;ansas, six counties east of Kansas State line. All the products of general farming are counted among its products. Six hundred thou- sand bushels of corn are produced; cattle, horses and hogs following in imporrance. Unique among its leading industries, however, is that of growing ginseng, used by Chinese as a great cure-all. Isolated gardens about the county total seven acres in plant. It grows beneath sheds covered with branches of young trees. Roots sell at $8 a pound. Of the 732,800 acres of land in Texas county, 185,681 are in cultivation. Farms number 3,729, of an average size of 135.5 acres, estimated at $3,953,426 in actual valuation. Population: — White, 22,187; colored, 5; American born, 21,849; foreign born, 343; total, 22,192. Farm homes owned, 2,990; rented, 756; other homes owned, 317; rented, 260; total families, 4,323. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars valuation; school tax average, 60 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,359,235; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 66 2-3; no county or township debt. Timber: — Over one-half a million acres yet in tim- ber. Of this, black-jack comprises thirty-five per cent; black oak, twenty-five per cent; white oak, twenty per cent; balance mainly pine. The last formerly was scat- tered throughout the county, but became predominant only in Jackson and Current townships, bordering the southwest corner of Dent county. It is valued at $5 to $7.50 an acre, making a total resource of approximately $100,000, rapidly being converted into money. Mills are portable. Mineral: — No developed mines. Indications of lead and zinc are found in eastern and southern parts; iron in north central; copper in extreme west. Iron is especially promising. Building stones and clays are abundant. Chalk is found. LAND:^Adjacent to principal streams, Piney river and tributaries, Current river, Roubidoux river and Jack's Fork, county is much broken and most of hills are very stony, but there are large areas which are in the nature of upland valleys and undulating plateaus. These are almost free from stones and may be farmed Photos in hcadivf) : Fruit ficrnr : Oivscnfi. r)2s TEXAS COUNTY'S 190i CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT VALUE Corn 54.362 1,6.30,860 * S 611,570 Wheat 24,800 324,800 * ]97,.530 Oats 4,551 91,220* ,30.405 Hay 22,974 34,460 t 223,990 Forage 2,330 2, .590 t 12,9:-.0 Broom Corn 10 5,000 t 135 Clover Seed 15* 85 Grass Seed 20* 45 Cotton fiO 18,000 t 1,350 Tobacco r,8 41,180 t 4,1-20 Potatoes (■>^2 65,200 * 31,295 Vegetables 715 23,820 Total 1 1 1 $1,137,295 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 18,699 f 467,475 Horses 7,695 461,700 Mules 2,175 141, .375 Asses and Jennets 83 7,470 Sheep 18,527 .55,581 Swine :^3,42:? 324,330 Chickens 93,84;n Turlteys Geese 2,867 ', 3,346 C 58,890 Ducks 2,201 J Swarms of Bees 734 2,005 Honey 24,467 t 54,185 t 3,058 Wool 9,030 Milk Butter 2,356,776 § ( 468,541 t i 138,860 Eggs 1,615,300 11 86,915 Total 1 1 $1,756,.589 * Bushels. i Pounds. || Do zen. t Tons. § Gallons. TEXAS COUNTY. 529 to profit. Soil is gravelly clay loam, of moderate fertility. Subsoil is uniformly of red clay in uplands, in bottoms a rich, sandy alluvium with wealth of humus. Bottom land is selling at $15 to $20 an aci'e; upland valleys, $5 to $15, these fig- ures being for improved lands. Unimproved lands and hills and plateaus bring $2 to $6. Fruit Lands: — Two-thirds of county is adapted to fruit raising. Soil and climate combine thereto. At present, plantings border railroad in south- west corner. Away from railroad peaches are fed to live stock, being so plentiful. Manufactories: — Several flouring mills, saw mills, stave factories, shingle factories, spoke and axe handle plants, a wool carding machine; small nurseries. Transportation: — Memphis route of St. Louis & San Francisco railroad cuts across the southwestern corner. Principal streams afford log transportation. Mineral Springs: — Blankenship mineral spring, located three miles north of Houston, is a local resort in summer. Very attractive scenery is found at the "Narrows," between east and west prongs of Piney river, three miles west of Houston. Unexcelled fishing is found in the three rivers, noted also for scenery. Towns: — Houston, population 514, inland town, is largest. Has flouring mill and planing mill; it is center of ginseng culture. Cabool, situated on railroad, has 471 population; it is a leading shipping point; has flouring mill. Licking, 193, in northeast part of county, has flouring mill and is purchasing point for that section. Summerville and Plato are trading points of importance. Ginseng: — Grown in specially prepared native soil of leaf mould and shaded by awnings of leaves and branches. Planting is only expense, except that of re- placing branch coverings each spring, which is slight. Four-year-old roots lose two-thirds weight in drying. Market is found in New York. Newspapers: — Houston Hei-ald, Star, Republican; Cabool News. Mo. — Si RPjoJE^erss VERNON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACKES 1 Corn 156,016 Wheat 14,338 Oats 9,814 Hay 51,346 Forage 4,425 Flax 9,172 Broom Corn 142 Clover Seed Grass Seed Tobacco 21 Potatoes 1,296 Vegetables 1,375 I'RODUCT 5,928,646 * 284,760 * 360,070 * 93,390 1 5,900 t 36,688 * 78,100 t 470* 2,850 * 13,650 X ICZfiOO * Total KIND Cattle Horses Mules Asses and Jennets Sheep Swine Chickens Turkeys Geese Ducks Swarms of Bees Honey Wool Milk Butter Eggs Total * Bushels. t Tons. VERNON is situated one hundred miles south of Kansas City. Among its products corn is king. Cattle and horses are next in rank with export surplus exceeding two millions of dollars annually. Hay and hogs add the third of the six and one-half millions of dollars worth of farm surplus. Coal is a prominent factor in income. In molas- ses nuts, castor beans and plums the county leads Missouri. Nevada, county seat of Vernon, is famed as a central market for these products, for its schoo s and colleges, location of a State Hospital for Insane, and for Lake Park, with its boating and bathing, summer theater, its flowers and walks and driveways and groves, enjoyed by hundreds of visitors during the summer ^eason^ Th^ P^J^ embraces 132 acres. Farm lands are assessed upon a basis of $12,029,59., fitty per cent of actual value. Area in square miles, 850, equal to 544,000 acres, of which 408 694 acres are included in improved farms. These number o,988, aver- aging 121.6 acres of land of different descriptions. Population:— White, 31,378; colored, 241; Ameri can born, 30,595; foreign born, 1,024; total, 31,619. Farm homes owned, 2,495; rented, 1,423; other homes owned, 1,493; rented, 1,286; total families, 6,697. Finance:— County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax from 15 cents to $1.20; average, 66 cents; county debt, $140,000; no township debt. Timber:— Originally one-eighth of surface, located in southeast corner; white oak, black oak, walnut, hick- ory, elm, ash. Cordwood, $4 on market; coal is cheaper fuel. Minerals:— Coal production, 207,125 tons a year; most productive mines south and east of Panama; vein four feet thick; depth, eighty to one hundred and fif- teen feet; Harwood and Moundville. Seventh county in coal output. Four hundred men engaged. Coal at banks as low as $1.25 a ton. Asphaltum in paying quan- tities located near Bellamy, in south central Vernon. University of Missouri analysis: petrolene, 88.51; as- phaltene. 10.23; organic matter, 1.14; mineral matter, 12. This encourages belief that petroleum underlies. Building stone for local rough work is found upon streams. L^Nir.- Three-fourths of county is undulating prai- rie. One-fourth is accounted for in breaks made by numerous streams, especially in southeast one-eighth part. Prairie soil is rich black limestone, which grows Railway Station, Nevada ; Lake Park. Nevada; Bananas Grow- l. Chtirchills Home Nevada, 5 30 81,867,535 l.iti,b20 68,920 551,340 29,500 38,155 2,150 2.630 4,560 1,365 56,700 61,035 $2,844,100 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS I NUMBER I VALUE 40,672 15,»43 3,;i92 07 5.469 50,840 194,703 1 5,127 1 2,886 ! 4,7<4J 4.844 161,467 1 27.970 ] 3,629,096 § / 746,158 t i 1,195,300 I 156,330 11,874 20,183 4,662 212,0.50 149,412 ~j $3,684,456 Pounds, i Gallons. Dozen. Photos in heading : imj in Open Ground at Dr. VERNON COUNTY. 531 - COUNTY corn, wheat, oats, flax, tame grasses and small fruits. Blue grass is native. Finest farms, outside those adjoin- ing Nevada, are selling at $40 to $50. Those excepted sell at $60 to $75. One-half of the farms may be bought for $35. Near Nevada are numerous truck and fruit farms of small acreage, for which would be asked fabu- lous figures. In river bot- toms land ordinarily brings $20 to $30; small percentage $15. These lands overflow; water subsides in five days at outside and without dam- age to land. In southeast section soil is sandy loam, selling at $25 to $35 for well improved farms. Unimprov- ed timber lands are to be had at $10 to $15. These are in southeast and are adapted to fruit growing and grazing. Traxsportatiox : — Railroad center. Miles of taxed track: Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 36.48; same, Eldorado branch, 10.59; Missouri Pacific, Lexington & Southern, 29.03; same, Nevada & Minden, 16.73; same. Ft. Scott branch, 18.51; St. Louis & Santa Fe, Rich Hill branch, .88. Gravel roads, four miles east and west from Nevada. Schools: — One stone, eight brick and 140 frame school buildings. Average teachers' salary, $42. Three colleges: Cottey College and St. Francis' Orphans' home and Convent School, at Nevada; and Cooper College, Moundville. First is Methodist school for girls; founded 1S84. Cooper College, non-sectarian, pre- paratory, academic, music and art; established 1892. Convent School, seventeen sisters; 35 boys and girls; Catholic church, Nevada, to which ninety families be- long; established 1894. Catholics also have parochial school, established 1904. Nevada Business College, five years old. Nevada High School articulates with State University. MixEKAL Spbixgs: — Iron Springs, White Sulphur Springs, Black Sulphur Springs, located in Lake Park, Nevada. Fair Haven Mineral Springs is small summer resort with hotel accommodations. Good fishing in lakes. Nevada has an organized fishing club. Tow?fs: — Nevada, junction of Missouri Pacific and Katy railroads, and ter- minal for other roads; electric line depot to Asylum and to Lake Park; electric lights, gas, waterworks, federal building, one mile brick street paving and four miles of gravel. In manufactures: two brick yards, two ice plants, candy fac- tory, foundry and machine shops; two cigar factories, zinc smelter, planing mill, 300-barrel flouring mill, two grist mills, two poultry packing houses. Schell City, Walker, Richards. Metz, Sheldon, ^loundville, and Bronaugh are farming centers. Newspapers: — Nevada Post, Mail, Herald; Sheldon Enterprise; Walker Her- ald; Richards Progress; Schell City News; Metz Times. WARREN COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACRES I PRODUCT | VALU Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. WARREN is forty miles east of Jefferson City and the same distance west of St. Louis, upon the north side of the Missouri river. Its natural adaptabilities lie in two directions: agricultural and min- eral. It embraces 435 square miles of land, 278,400 acres, of which 116,770 acres are cultivable. There are 1,358 farms, embracing in agricultural, timbered, mineral and pasture lands, 160.3 acres on an average, worth an aggregate of $4,075,225. Five-eighths of the land is timbered with white oak, black oak, walnut, linden, cottonwood, and cedar. Here are minerals, clays of all kinds. Vast deposits of clay occur near Bridgeport and along the river bluffs from a few miles east of Holstein to a point three miles east of Mar- thasville. This is shipped from Warrenton and Marthasville, and utilized within the county for ballast, after being burned. Clay is drift formation and forms immense hills. Surface mining is employed wholly. A spur of Wabash railroad opens up one section, running two miles southeasterly from Truesdale. Sandstone, cotton rock and brown granite are found along central section streams and in juxtaposition with clay deposits upon the river. Sand is plentiful along the Missouri river. Land: — Warren county land may be divided into four classes: first and most valuable is Missouri river bottom, varying in width, bounded upon north by bluffs traced by the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad track. Prices range according to improvement and elevation of land, from $40 to $100. Most farms bring $50, $60, and $65. North of this line, touching Bridgeport and Tuque, is a second line defining northern limit of most valuable bluff land. It is especially favorable to wheat and fruit. Price, $10 to $40, frequent creek bottom land being best. Water which falls upon Warren county drains in two principal directions. Northern side drains into the Mississippi river and that south of di- viding ridge flows immediately into the Missouri. Clay ridge occupies six miles of space, bounded on the south by the line through Bridgeport and Tuque, and on the north by one east and west through Warrenton. The clay surface is rugged and rocky. Prices are from $2 to $8; half a dozen farms adjoining Warrenton held at $30 because of location. Entire strip is thickly tim- bered. North of the clay ridge arc two kinds of land: first, which in character is like that lying immediately north of Missouri river bottom, is of like price. The Tnicf^/.?-^ wasteland, upon the dividin ridge. Hill land is favor- able to fruit trees and there are two commercial orchards near Warrenton. Manufactories : — A wagon factory at Wright City employs fifteen men; fire-clay pit, south of War- renton, twenty-five men; brick yard at Warrenton; fiouring mills at Warren- ton, Wright City and Mar- thasville. Tkansportation : — Three rail roads: Missouri, Kansas & Texas, 30 miles; Wabash, 25 miles; Burlington, 4 miles, paralleling through the south, middle and northern portions respectively; lines trending east and west Kan- sas City to St. Louis. Missouri river is the only navigable water- way. Central Wesleyan College: — Located at Warrenton; has enrollment of 335; under direction of German Methodist Episcopal church. Excepting theo- logical, all courses are taught in English. Established 1864; productive endow- ment, $75,000; five buildings, worth $75,000. Co-educational; twenty-seven pro- fessorships and instructorships. Military department, normal and business de- partments, besides collegiate and music. Population: — White, 9,297; colored, 626; American born, 8,818; foreign born, 1,101; total, 9,919. Farm homes owned, 1,022; rented, 325; other homes owned, 312; rented, 282; total families, 1,941. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents; school tax, 10 to 80 cents; average, 37 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,716,915; one-third of real valuation; no county debt; no township debt. Towns: — Warrenton, county seat, home of Central Wesleyan College; Mar- thasville, Wright City, Holstein, Peers and Pendleton; all supported largely by farming. Newspapers: • — ' Warrenton V o 1 k s - freund; Banner, Cen- tral Wesleyan Col- lege Star, Herald ; Marthasville Record. WASHINGTON COUNTY'S 1902 CROP Total * Bushels. t Tons. SOUTH of St. Louis, two hours' journey by rail, is Washington county, fifty miles south of the Missouri and scarce forty miles west of the Mis- sissippi river. It is a land of minerals. In shipment of baryta it is first of Missouri's counties. This mineral is found in many different places and in great quantities. Lead is mined. In 1797 a lead mine was oper- ator at Potosi, county seat. Lead furnaces followed shortly, under patronage of the Spanish government, which sought thus to encourage development of the fa- mous southeast Missouri lead district, about which even then fabulous tales were told. Topographically, the county is rough. Less than one-fourth is now devoted to culture of grain. Horticulture is gaining headway. Lumber interests draw upon both hardwood and yellow pine, the latter being in the western section and amounting to ten per cent of the timber. Another feature of which the county boasts is its rock road system, centering at Potosi. These roads spread in four directions and embrace sixty miles in length. County contains 780 square miles, 499,200 acres, in land sur- face, 93,743 acres devoted to the plow. There are 1,724 farms, embracing 123.6 acres each on an average, count- ing cultivated, pasture and timber lands. Population: — White, 13,622; colored, 641; Ameri- can born, 14,015; foreign born, 248; total, 14,263. Farm homes owned, 1,068; rented, 723; other homes owned, 350; rented, 661; total families, 2,802. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax, from 10 cents to $1.30; average, 46 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,146,020; assessed val- uation estimated to be one-half actual valuation, no county nor township debt. Timbkr: — Four hundred thousand acres are yet timbered with all varieties of oak, yellow pine, hickory, sycamore, ash, maple, walnut, elm. White oak repre- sents thirty-five per cent; most abundant in northeast- ern and southwestern corners. Black oak covers twen- ty-five per cent of the quantity; chiefly in western and southwestern parts; black-jack exists to approximately fifteen per cent; pine represents ten per cent, but is rapidly disappearing. It is in the western part, east of Fourche a Renault creek, and along some of its tribu- taries. Post oak amounts to five per cent in eastern part. Hard maple is a valuable timber along creeks in ■' certain localities. Maple sugar is made from the sap. Washington County Farm Scene. 534 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn a.,ajii 1,119,423* 1419,785 Wheat lU,»li) 413,110* 243,735 Oats «,oua 86,760 * 28,920 Hay iU,lU-f 17,220 t 154,980 Forage i,ooU 1,815 t 9,225 Broom Corn 1 3,500 t 95 Clover Seed .35* 193 Tobacco 2'J 20,590 J 2,060 Potatoes 449 53,680 * 25,860 V^egetables 525 24,485 $909,340 LIVESTOCK AND PKODUCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 15.422 $385,550 Horses 3,658 219,480 Mules 1,656 107,640 Asses and Jennets 21 1.890 Sheep 6,569 19,707 Swine 20.111 201,110 Chickens 52,034 1 Turkeys Geese 2,116 1 1,655 r .35,160 Ducks 1,424 J Swarms of Bees 455 1,190 Honey 15,167 : 18,710 :: 1,896 Wool 3,118 Milk Butter 1,309,205 § 1 273,427 t f 81,090 Eggs 316,350 II 39,515 I $1.097,376 I Pounds. § Gallons. Dozen. Photo in heading: WASHINGTON COUNTY. 535 Minerals: — Baryta, lead, zinc, iron, copper, brick and pottery clays, lime- stone, sandstone, marble and whet- stone. Developed districts are around Palmer, where lead is mined; Potosi, location of lead and tiff; Shibboleth, lead and tiff; Old Mines, lead and tiff; Richwoods, and Kingston, lead and tiff. Iron is found in northwest, south- west and southeast corners of the coun- ty. Copper is found in northeast. Zinc is mined near Potosi. Land:' — There are three general classes of lands: farming, mineral and fruit. The northeast is a tableland, which is best for farming purposes'. It sells at $20 to $30 an acre, under culti- vation. Tablelands also occur in the southeast and are valued at $20 to $25 an acre; likewise along the Potosi branch of the Iron Mountain railroad. Bottom lands in the interior, improved, are selling at $10 to $15; ridges at $3 to $5 an acre. In the northeast, south- east, and much of the east, the land is gently rolling, but is elsewhere gener- ally rough. All upland soil is gravel- laden and sometimes stony. Usually there is a red gravelly clay subsoil. Government lands to extent of 2,242 acres are available at $1.25 per acre. All the land outside bottoms, is adapted to fruit growing. Wild land near railroad may be had at $5 to $6 an acre; and same in interior at $2 an acre. Cultivated fruit land from $5 to $10 an acre. Transportation: — St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern railroad, main line and Potosi branch. Potosi rock road system. Water: — Big river, Indian creek, Big and Little Fourche a Renault creeks, Curtois and Mine a Breton creeks are chief water sources. Many springs con- CORN FIELD, WASHINGTON COUNTY. tribute to these streams. Fishing is afforded by all streams. Towns: — Potosi, county seat, population G38; has flouring mill, stave fac- tory, lead and baryta mines. Irondale, mining town; Caledonia, flouring mill and mineral interests. Belgrade, center of farming region; flouring mill. Richwoods, farming and mining. Palmer, mining. Undine, saw mill and shingle mill. Shir- ley and Blackwell have lumbering. Newspapers: — Potosi Independent, Journal; Irondale Gazette. WAYNE COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACRES I PRODUCT | VALUE Total * Bushels. t 'I'ons. YELLOW pine lumber has ever been the base for labor and commerce in Wayne county. Originally the quantity of pine timber exceeded that of oaks, cottonwood, elm, red gum, hard maple, or sycamore, other prominent varieties. Twenty saw mills operate within the county, one at Leeper and another at Greenville, having daily ca- pacities of two hundred thousand feet. One-fifth of the timber, 83,022 acres out of 512,000, has been clean cut and land subjected to the plow. Pine has nearly all been removed from the eight hundred square miles of county surface. Mills are now drawing material fromt surrounding counties in the pine belt of Missouri. Farms raise corn and live stock, latter having access to two hundred thousand acres of free, blue stem range. Actual value of farm lands, $2,261,298. Iron Ore and Building Stone: — Former is surface gathered and by wagon loads hauled to railroad towns, to market. Building stone is plentiful, both lime and sand. In towns are found business blocks and residences made of hand hammered stone from local quarries. It is not shipped. Land: — Wayne county's surface is for the most part exceeding hilly; even mountainous in the north- west. River valleys, 13,500 acres of lowlands fringing southeast border, and approximately two thousand acres of flatwoods immediately south of Greenville, con- stitute the exception. Wild mountain land can be bought, pine timber removed, for $1.25 an acre. Flat- woods, which is mountain plateau land with less tim- ber than hills, is worth $5. Swamp lands, comprising one-tenth of the county, bring $4 to $10 in the timber. River bottom farms adjoining St. Francois, Black and Castor rivers, well improved, bring $25 to $35, a very small acreage. Creek bottom lands, improved, run from $10 to $20; soil, mulatto alluvial. Hill soil is of two kinds: limestone, free from surface rock, centering around Patterson; and a gravelly clay, with surface rock. Former embraces some of the best farms, worth $10 to $20 an acre; uncleared, $2 to $5. The latter, post oak land, worth $3 to $6, cleared, and less when in timber. In the 2,500 acres adjoining Greenville, one- half is cleared. Best farms have sold for $50 adjoin- ing town. Within a mile, however are timbered lands at $1.50 an acre. Yellow Pine Lumber. — For many years Wayne led in shipment of yellow pine lumber. As other counties yielded to the saw it divided honors, in which position Saw Mill at Lccpcr; Waijne County Scoir. 536 Corn 33,335 970,720 * ¥ 364.020 Wheat 8,526 119,365 * 70,425 Oats 2, .375 65,310 * 21,770 Hay 8,36T 11,715 t 117,150 Forage 2,495 2,910 t 6,500 i 14,550 Broom Corn 13 180 Grass Seed 20* 45 Tobacco 33 23,4.30 X 2,34t Potatoes 515 46,350 * 22,250 Vegetables 685 34.050 $ 646,785 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS VALUE Cattle 14,261 S320,872 Horses 2,401 144,060 Mules 1,643 98,5X0 Asses and Jennets 32 2,880 Sheep 4,210 12,6.30 Swine 27,299 272,990 Chickens 65,5681 Turkeys 639! 37,265 Geese 5,;^87 f Ducks 3,227 J Swarms of Bees 1,:340 2,815 Honey 44,667 t 5,583 Wool 14,860 t 2,477 Milk 1,248,019 § / 106,240 Butter 2.59,891 t i Eggs 334,864 II 41,860 $1,048,252 I Pounds, i Gallons. Dozen. Photos in hvudtng WAYNE COUNTY. 537 BUTLER it stands to-day. Two large saw mill companies operate mills, cut timber in forests, employing 2,000 men. At Greenville lumber is planed, mill being of 150,000 feet daily capacity. Transportation: — Missouri Southern, 4.24; Iron Mountain, 32.34; Southern Missouri & Arkansas, 32.74; Williamsville, Greenville & Arkansas, 25 miles of taxed roadbed. Concordia College, at Gravelton, has an enrollment of 60. Springs and Caves: — Near Bruno, Patterson and Lick Valley Springs are outcropping streams of clear water, claimed to possess medicinal value. Holmes' Cave, ten miles north of Greenville, is eighty yards deep and twelve feet entrance. Towns: — Piedmont is largest, supported by Iron Mountain freight division point, farming and timber. Greenville, county seat, supported by milling; Wil- liamsville is a railroad junction; Leeper is a mill town. Population: — White, 15,194; colored, 115; American born, 15,183; foreign born, 126; total, 15,309. Farm homes owned, 1,239; rented, 538; other homes owned, 302; rented, 920; total families, 2,999. B'inance: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax, five cents to $1.30; average 59 cents: total assessed valuation, $3,304,638; thirty-three per cent of actual valua- tion, on improved lands; $1.25 an acre on wild lands. No county debt; no town- ship debt. Newspapers: — Piedmont Banner, Greenville Journal, Greenville Sun. WAYNE COUNTY TIMOTHY. WEBSTER is one of the foremost of those counties which won for south Missouri the significant title "Land of the Big Red Apple." Two hundred miles southwest of St. Louis, on the Frisco railroad, it embraces a vast acreage of table lands of the Ozark mountains. Apples afford the chief income. The Winans apple orchard, near Marshfield, contains 86,000 apple trees, 40,000 peach trees and 10,000 pear trees. Numerous orchards of eighty to three hundred acres are found. Estimated total number of trees, 800,000. Timber :^ — Originally ninety per cent of the land was timbered, consisting of white oak, black oak, and hickory. Thirty-five per cent is cleared and thirty per cent of the balance has been relieved of commercial size trees. A dozen portable saw mills operate, selling native hardwood lumber at $1 and $1.25 per hundred feet. Cedar, elm and sycamore timber borders creeks. Cordwood sells at $1.50; railroad ties are sold at 25 to 30 cents. Limestone, sandstone, tiff and lead exist, but no ac- tive mines operate. Population: — White, 16,524; colored, 116; Ameri- can born, 16,413; foreign born, 227; total, 16,640. Farm homes owned, 1,881; rented, 665; town homes owned, 425; rented, 357; total number of families, 3,328. Bo- hemian settlement three miles southwest of Marshfield. Land:- -There are 630 square miles, 403,200 acres of land, of which 143,960 acres are included in improved farms. These are in number 2,500, of an average size of 105.3 acres, and an estimated value of $3,280,194. Next to apples the leading products are corn, cattle, horses, wheat, hogs, and butter, in order. Webster occupies the highest average elevation of any county in Missouri. There extremes are 1,690 and 1,092 feet above sea level. It contains many acres of undulating, tillable, table- land, unimproved. One-half of the county is tableland. 1)1 (I ^ychs^cl■ county Orchard. 53S WEBSTER COUNTY'S 1002 CROP 1 ACRES 1 I'KODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 36,459 1,276,065* $101,960 Wheat 25.696 411,135* 226,125 Oats 7,085 230,265 * 61,020 Hay 20,143 30,215 t 176,185 Forage 1,485 1 ,980 t 9,1)00 Broom Corn 5 2,750 t 75 Clover Seed 270* 1,510 Grass Seed 75* 120 Tobacco 42 27,300 t 2,730 Potatoes 576 57.600 * 20,160 Vegetables 780 36,410 Total 1 1 $936,195 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER | VALUE Cattle 14,290 $392,975 Horses 6,050 363,000 Mules 2,193 142,545 Asses and Jennets 85 7,650 Sheep 13,201 89,6)0 Swine 21,015 210,150 Chickens 81,9011 Turkeys 3,410 1 70,700 Geese 3,148 1 Ducks 1,983 J Swarms of Bees 1.380 3.887 Honey 46,000 t 44,370 I 5,7.50 Wool 7,395 Milk 1,981,400 § 1 115,500 Butter 415,140 t f Eggs 525,280 II 65,660 Total 1 1 $1,424,822 * Bushels, t Pounds, || D02 en. t Tons. s Gallons. I'liolo in hcddintj : WEBSTER COUNTY. 539 CHRISTIAN ,l°>:X^COUNTY Soil here is dark, vegetable loam, from one to three feet in depth, over a red, gravelly clay. It grows clover, timothy, oats, wheat, corn, vegetables, and especially fruits and grasses. Bluestem grass grows wild and blue grass, when sown, easily crowds out all others. One-half of these lands are under cultivation; worth $10 to $15, occasionally $20. A large per cent of the unimproved tableland is held by local agents who are dis- posing of it to homeseekers upon time pay- ments. Ten per cent is bottom land, of creeks and rivers, worth $15 to $20. Here the soil is black loam of inexhaustible depth. Remaining forty per cent is moun- tainous, located mainly south of the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis railroad, and in the north and east parts of the county, along the streams. Hills are in instances 700 feet above adjacent valleys. Govern- ment land, 268 acres, is herein situated. Rough land sells up to $5 an acre. It is generally too rough for grain, but it is fa- vorable to apple trees. Surface of rough land bears small rocks. Tablelands gener- ally free from rock. Estimated acreage of land owned by foreign corporations and non-residents, seventy-five thousand. Dairies: — Four large dairies and several farmers sell $100,000 to $125,000 worth of butter and milk annually. Largest establishment maintains 80 to 100 cows. Butter, brick, and flour are the leading factory products. Transportation:^ — Frisco main line, St. Louis to Springfield, 25.20; Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis (Frisco lease), 23.71 miles within the county. Springs: — By actual count, Webster county has more than 2,400 living springs of clear water. Marshfield is 1,487 feet above sea-level, upon a level plain, yet there are six within a half mile of the court house. Dug wells are twelve to twenty-five feet deep. Towns: — Marshfield, county seat; Seymour, Fordland, Rogersville and Ni- angua are the chief towns, supported wholly by horticultural and agricult- ural interests. There are 31 postoflices, 17 of which receive daily mail, and 14 receive mail three times a week. The atmosphere in this section of Missouri is most exhilarating — a se- ductive factor. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax, aver- age, 38 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,000,000; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 40; no county debt; no township debt. Newspapers: — Marshfield Chron- icle, Mail; Seymour Flashlight; Ford- land Monitor. WORTH is situated upon the Iowa State line, seventy miles east of the Missouri river, at a point separating Missouri and Nebraska. In physical size it is the smallest county in Missouri. It embraces but 270 square miles, 172,800 acres. Farming, stock raising, poul- try, and dairying are the leading activities. At Grant City, county seat, a new thirteen-room high school building has been recently completed, illus- trating the basis of the remark that "Schools are a fad of Worth county." Im- proved farms include 119,169 acres of arable land. These number 1,549, average size, 106.4 acres, worth in aggregate, $4,212,080. Population: — White, 9,824; colored, 8; American born, 9,644; foreign born, 188; total, 9,832. Farm homes owned, 1,064; rented, 430; other homes owned, 376; rented, 217; total families, 2,087. Finance: — County tax, 40 cents; school tax, 25 cents to $1.50; average, 54 cents; total assessed valuation, $3,498,680; assessed valuation per cent of real valuation, 33 1-3; county debt, $25,000; no township indebtedness. Land and Appurtenances: — One-third of land was once timbered with oak, walnut, elm, linden, hickory, following streams and varying in width up to an ex- treme of two miles. Groves of walnut and oak existed in eastern half. One of these contained ten thousand acres. Three-fourths timber has been removed. Saw mills are portable. Native oak lumber, $2.50 per hun- dred feet, board measure. Cordwood, $3 on town mar- ket; $1.50 in woods; 50 cents in tree. Posts plentiful, worth 15 cents. Stone is available for foundation work. Found upon East Grand river. No other minerals. Sur- face is uniformly high, long-rolling prairie hill land, with deep-set streams of small size. Four small rivers traverse Worth county, paralleling to the southward. These have generous valleys adjoining. Next to this lies land of steep ascent, hills reaching in places one hundred and fifty feet above valley, gradually lengthen- ing as one travels from the river, until is reached the similar approach to the next stream. One-fourth of the land, which is more level on the prairie, sustains a soil of dark alluvial, one to three feet in depth. It is adapted to corn, oats, rye and grasses. Oak and hick- ory lands of the once wooded portion, have soil a shade lighter in color, less deep, and are adapted to fine J'holo in hcntJivfj: Farm Scene in Worth County. 540 WORTH COUNTY'S 1902 CROP 1 ACRES 1 PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 5-2,692 2,002,296 * 1630,725 Wheat 1,006 19 115* 10,990 Oats 4 765 142,950 * 37,lti5 Hay 20,449 30,750 t 153,750 Forage 5,540 7,385 t 36,925 Flax 2 20* 20 Broom Corn 42 23,100 t 635 Clover Seed 40* 220 Grass Seed ■ 2,700 * 4,185 Tobaccco 6 5,400 1 540 Potatoes 62:5 71,645* 17,195 Vegetables 575 23,360 Total 1 1 1 $915,710 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS EIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 23,994 $779,705 Horses 7.411 494,065 Mules 709 .■13,175 Asses and Jennets 41 4,100 Sheep 8,;)4l 29.805 Swine 37,351 373 ,,540 Chickenb 99,402 1 Turkeys 3.515 1 85 805 Geese 2,694 1" Ducks 2,285 J Swarms of Bees 1 ,584 4,195 Honey 52,800 : 43,500 :: 6,600 Wool 7,250 Milk 1,794,218 § / 89,890 Butter 348,4,50 t i Eggs 714,050 II 89,255 Total 1 1 $2,017,385 * Bushels. 1 Pounds. || D02 en, t Tons. § Gallons. WORTH COUNTY. 541 crops of wheat, clover, and fruits. They should be plow- ed deeply. Valley lands have an imperishable alluvial soil, loose and flexible, adapted to corn. Clay underlies all soils. Uplands west of West Fork of Grand river or within five miles of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy railroad, sell at $50 to $60 an acre. A little of the rougher land — not over one-tenth — can be bought for $35. Possibly there are one thousand acres that can be bought at $30. Bottom land near the railroad, sells at $60 to $70; elsewhere for $45 to $55. On one road leading out of Grant City, the first twelve farm homes will average a value of $1,000 each; all over the county the average would be approximately $600. East-county lands are a shade cheaper than same land in west Worth. Manufactured Products: — Include flour, corn meal, hardwood lumber, fence posts, cheese, brick, and tile. Transportation: — The railroads: Chicago & Great Western, 8.92; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 14.19 miles taxable roadbed. Drag system is used upon dirt roads. Churches: — Grant City, largest town, has five, representing four Protestant and one Catholic organizations. High School:^ — Grant City High School is conforming to courses of study approved by the University of Missouri. Water: — Stock water and water for household purposes comes chiefly from wells twenty to thirty-five feet deep. It is of limestone leaning. One mineral spring, located at Denver. Towns: — Grant City, built around court house square; waterworks, electric lights, new $26,000 high school building; Sheridan, Denver, Allendale, Worth, Oxford, Athelstan, all farm trading points. Dairying: — Within the last few years has enjoyed remarkable growth. Cream is shipped to St. Joseph. Newspapers: — Grant City Star, Times; Sheridan Advance. WEIGHT WRIGHT COUNTY'S 1902 CROP I ACRES I PRODUCT | VALUE Total Total * Bushels. t Tons. WRIGHT is in the heart of Missouri's "Land of the Big Red Apple." The county is situated one hundred miles east of the Kansas line and forty miles north of Arkansas. All the advantages of soil, subsoil and climate it has. A large acreage adjoining the Frisco railroad is horticulturally improved. The extreme northern side of the county awaits transportation facilities. Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station is located at Mountain Grove. Apples, peaches, strawberries, and pears are practically sure crops. Minerally, too, the county is wealthy. Onyx is found in caves. Lead, zinc, iron and limestone are deposited. More than three hundred thousand acres bear remarkable timber and everywhere is bluestem grass of value to stock raising. County contains 700 square miles, equal to 448,000 acres of sur- face; 139,272 acres being under cultivation. There are 2,726 farms, averaging 119.8 acres each, estimated to be worth a market price of $2,858,518. Population: — White, 17,091; colored, 428; Ameri- can born, 17,285; foreign born, 234; total, 17,519. Farm homes owned, 2,058; rented, 716; other homes owned, 336; rented, 348; total families, 3,458. Finance: — County tax, 50 cents on one hundred dollars; school tax, average, 50 cents; total assessed valuation, $2,985,196; assessed valuation per cent of actual valuation, 50; no county nor township debt. Timber: — Originally covered with white oak, black oak, post oak, black-jack, and elm, maple, ash, sycamore, redbud, linden, hickory and walnut along streams. Com- mercial white oak now remains in western part and along Gasconade river bluffs. Black oak is even more plentiful. Minerals: — Lead, zinc, copper, iron, onyx, lime- stone, sandstone, are the minerals found. Mining is only in small way developed in southwest corner of county, at Lead Hill, and vicinity, where lead and zinc are taken from the earth. Onyx has been found in the southern part and probably exists in unexplored caves elsewhere. Limestone and sandstone are found prac- tically everywhere. Showing Principal Products of Wriyht County. 542 Corn 37,020 110,600* 1(349,840 Wheat 17,764 266,460 * 146,555 Oats 3,969 .119,070* 31,555 Hay 17,415 21,380 t 158,470 Forage 1,985 23.645 t 13,335 Broom Corn 9 4,950 X l;i5 Clover Seed 15 t 85 Grass Seed 50* 80 Tobacco 60 39,000 X 3,900 Potatoes 427 38,430 * 13.450 Vegetables 725 30,480 I ^747.775 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 13,193 1329,825 Horses 5,744 344,640 Mules 1,546 92,760 Asses and Jennets 66 5,940 Sheep 16,686 .50,0C.0 Swine 19,953 199,530 Chickens 64,7601 Turkeys (ieese 2,462 ! 2,757 f 48,850 Ducks 1,494 J Swarms o f Bees 604 1,570 Honey 20,133 : 50,150: 2,517 Wool 8,;)5H Milk 1,380,520 § j 109,975 Butter 222.705 X \ Rggs 609,920 II 76,310 $1,270,265 \ Pounds. § Gallons. Photos in hcadiny : WRIGHT COUNTY. 543 Land : — County includes much good farming land. Soil is deep, grav- elly, clay loam of more than ordinary fertility. Subsoil is usually red clay with ordinarily a generous admixture of gravel, thus rendering it porous and giving excellent drainage to plant roots. Aside from the bottoms, the best agricultural lands are to be found in the center of the county, near Hartville; in the western and in the southwestern localities, and in the vicinity of Mountain Grove. Bot- toms are valued at $15 to $20 per acre, and improved ridge and table- lands, $5 to $10. The unimproved lands may be bought for $2 to $5. Government lands embrace 2,540 acres, which are subject to homestead at $1.25 an acre. This acreage is scattered over county in small tracts. Wright county is congenial to the growth of apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes and all of the berries. Best of fruit lands may be bought in northern part at $3 to $5, and in south end, close to railroad, for $5 to $10. Transportation: — Memphis route of passes through the southern side. Water: — Gasconade river flows through the county from south to north. Secondary streams are Beaver, Elk, Whetstone, Steens and Bryant's. Perhaps the most impressive mountain scenery in Missouri is at Cedar Gap. Towns: — Mountain Grove, population 1,004, fruit, farming and live stock center; has flouring mill, planing mill and canning factory; location of State St. Louis & San Francisco railroad WRIGHT COUNTY LANDSCAPE. Fruit Experiment Station; unusually good schools. Mansfield, population 494, railroad, mail and shipping point of importance. Hartville, 445, county seat. Norwood, Odin and Grove Spring each has flouring mill. Cedar Gap, Lead Hill, Astoria, Whetstone, and Macomb are supported by farming and timber interests. Newspapers :^ — Hartville Democrat, Progress; Mansfleld Mail; Mountain Grove Journal, Advertiser; Glenn's Sunday Clipper. 544 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. ..•^ ^.*H s# NEAREST '^ RAILROAD >/- .H B% DISTANCES BETWEEN MISSOURI TOWNS MISSOURI TOWNS u. > 2 a H M > ^_, Z a z o > z "C r o > > r Z Aurora Boonville Brookfield Butler Cameron CarroUton Carthage Chillicothe Clinton Columbia DeSoto Fulton Hannibal Harrisonville Independence Jefferson City Joplin Kansas City Kirksville Lamar Lexington Louisiana Macon Marshall Maryville Mexico Moberly Nevada Palmyra Pleasant Hill Poplar Bluff' Rich Hill Richmond Sedalia Slater Springfield St. Charles St. Joseph St. Louis Trenton Warrensburg Webb Citv 269 171 224 287 291 21 1 313 225 228 146 42 134 120 259 273 125 277 205 303 240 94 171 239 318 1 10 148 278 135 249 166 299 244 188 228 202 24 327 286 218 326 ^33 60 122 72 55 66 150 175 319 186 199 44 10 158 167 180 128 43 213 152 84 105 162 129 103 III 34 443 84 49 94 95 190 353 63 277 114 65 160 296 123 103 135 35 lOI 213 77 151 200 369 216 207 107 73 221 230 63 138 191 106 233 137 147 42 192 160 166 182 97 493 147 68 157 158 253 284 3^7 72 128 223 31 177 3 12 119 245 256 III 276 102 208 244 231 285 145 179 205 129 190 272 63 ^33 291 238 210 295 255 215 88 284 "55 107 239 142 221 226 253 202 304 186 124 173 389 98 35 118 189 130 104 289 99 242 95 149 171 222 146 133 233 137 280 18 150 130 ^53 40 183 "5 66 116 220 230 162 373 90 102 244 143 298 71 214 123 «5 228 157 63 128 218 155 298 94 199 167 130 89 285 "5 2,8 39 56 196 210 149 26 304 96 70 251 68 155 251 199 223 172 III 57 268 73 70 228 90 233 64 128 15 297 61 204 133 35« 286 341 109 252 «3 143 166 216 143 155 79 144 262 142 285 129 212 144 355 157 207 230 188 120 331 208 155 281 30 173 164 107 290 8 246 38 57 194 124 63 210 77 113 46 190 62 70 144 139 88 228 129 57 188 96 96 23 53 170 163 55 134 314 182 96 73 42 215 124 160 148 123 103 220 INFORMATION regarding various matters of interest in Missouri can not be properly classified in any of the preceding chapters. This information will be found in the pages of the present chapter. It relates to politics, laws, census statistics, history and other divisions which can best be gathered into a general chapter upon statistics and which will be supple- mentary to that which has been elsewhere presented. The State contains 69,415 square miles of land surface or 45,425,600 acres of which 33,997,873 acres are included in farms and of this area 22,900,043 acres are included in improved lands. There were in 1900, 284,886 farms of an aver- age size of 119.3 acres, which were valued, exclusive of buildings by the United States census at $695,470,723. The buildings were* valued at $148,508,490, making a total value for farm! lands and buildings of $843,979,213. There are listed for taxes 41,830,793 acres, valued by the assessors at $325,415,250, which is estimated to be only 40 per cent of the true value, which would make an actual value of $813,538,125. Square miles of land surface in Missouri, 68,431, or 43,795,840 acres; square miles of water surface, 706, or 451,840 acres. Total area, land and water, 69,137 square miles, or 44,247,686 acres. Ranks twentieth in size among the States and territories, including Alaska. Estimates have been made for this volume as to the amount of taxes paid by different citizens of the State. From statistics secured from one-half the coun- ties it is calculated that 37,670 persons pay over $100 a year taxes, 204,511 pay between $100 and $20; and 403,755 pay less than $20. If the first class is averaged at $125, there is a revenue of $4,708,750; from the sec- ond class, averaged at $50, results $10,225,550; from the third class averaged at $15, results $6,056,325; making a total revenue of $20,990,525. Missouri, a border State during the Civil War, was the scene of 244 battles of the 2261 engagements called battles, in which ten or more men were killed or wounded. The exact number of men in the Confeder- ate service is not known, though it probably exceeded 50,000, but the State is credited with 109,111 men in MISSOURI'S 1902 CROP ACRES PRODUCT 1 VALUE Corn 7,746,314 314,093,985* $ 99,727,2H5 Wheat 3.166,900 61,045,000* 34,490,000 Oats 759,134 23.867,169 * 6,374,795 Hay 2,940,600 4,828,005 1 29,428,870 Forage 370,725 462,070 1 2.310,350 Flax 85,402 366.849 * 380,940 Rye 25,550 459,900 * 229,950 Buckwheat 2,500 40,000 * 24,000 Barley 1.820 45,500 * 15,835 Broom Corn 8.765 4.661,600 ] 129,532 Clover Seed 58,737 * 394,698 Grass Seed 219,760 * 454,425 Cotton 67,658 23,'.) 16, 840 '. 3,356.460 ; 1,788,960 Tobacco 4,361 324,U40 Potatoes 93,915 11,510,451 * 3,870,435 Vefir.etables 114,853 5,153,958 Total |$185,098,U83 LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS KIND 1 NUMBER 1 VALUE Cattle 2.978,589 $ 89,910,496 Horses 967,037 62,415.660 Mules 283,519 20,087,915 Asses and Jer inets 8,777 879,61. i Sheep 1,087,213 3,.329,6'.l6 Swine 4.534,664 45,2It;,760 Chickens 14,903,601 1 Turkeys Geese 466,665 ', 428.307 / 11,430,300 Ducks 278.140 j Swarms of B ^es 205.110 615,330 Honey 6,153,300 : 4,145,137: 769,160 Wool 690,8.55 Milk Butter 25t 4J 5.207,755 § 1 >,509,110 1 \ 18,802,950 Eggs 85,203,290 II 10,6.-iO,410 Total 1 1 $264,799,147 * Bushels. t Poun ds, II Do sen. t Tons. § Gallc ns. Mo. — 35. 545 546 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. National teries. Boundary lines. the Union army, of which number 8,344 were colored. The State furnished six regi- ments of infantry and one battery, over 8,000 men, for service in the Spanish war. The 6th regiment went to Cuba and the battery to Porto Rico. It sent 9,288 regular soldiers to the war with Mexico. Its National Guard now numbers 2,800. MISSOURI GROWS MORE WHEAT THAN THE WHOLE OF AFRICA. There are three Na- tional cemeteries in the State — at St. Louis, with over 12,000 graves; at Springfield, with over 1,600, and at Jefferson City, with nearly 900. Missouri is bounded on the east by Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee, on the south by Arkansas, on the west by Nebraska, Kansas and Indian Territory, and on the north by Iowa. The boundaries of the State as named in the en- abling act are as follows: "Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi river on the parallel of 30 degrees north latitude; thence due west to the St. Francis river and up that river to the parallel 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude; thence west to a point where the said parallel is intersected by a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas river, where the same en- ters into the Missouri river; thence due north to the intersection of the parallel which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines to the Mississippi and down the Mississippi to the place of beginning." The northern boundary line was long undecided, and in the dispute with Iowa military force was repeatedly MISSOURI WHEAT CROP EXCEEDS THAT OF THE WHOLE OF AUSTRALASIA. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 547 threatened and once employed, and a Missouri sheriff was arrested and im- prisoned; several acts of Congress were passed to ascertain the true boundary, and finally, in 1846, the whole matter was referred to the United States Supreme Court and settled. By an act of Congress, June 7, 1836, the State was extended on the west to the Missouri river, its present western limit. WHEBE THE BATTLE WAS lOUGHT, BOONVTLLE. THE FIKST BATTLE OF MIS- SOUBI DUBIXG THE WAR BETWEEX THE STATES. The population figures given in this volume are from the Federal census reports of 1900. In 1904 the Federal Census Bureau issued a census bulletin, based upon authenticated calculations, of the increase made since 1900 in the population of cities of over 10,000. The figures for Missouri are: Joplin, population 1890, 9,943; 1900, 26,023; increase, 16,080; estimated for 1901, 27,631; for 1902, 29,239; for 1903, 30,847. Kansas City, population 1890, 132,716; 1900, 163,752; increase, 31,036; esti- mated for 1901, 166,856; for 1902, 169,960; for 1903, 173,064. St. Joseph, population 1890, 52,324; 1900, 102,979; increase, 50,655; estimated for 1901, 105,479; for 1902, 107,979; for 1903, 110,479. St. Louis, population 1890, 451,770; 1900, 575,238; increase, 123,468; esti- mated for 1901. 587,585; for 1902, 599,932; for 1903, 612,279. Sedalia, population 1890, 14,068; 1900, 15,231; increase, 1,163; estimated for 1901, 15,347; for 1902, 15,463; for 1903, 15,579. Springfield, population 1890, 21,850; 1900, 23,267; increase, 1,417; estimated for 1901, 23,409; for 1902, 23,551; for 1903, 23,693. Growth in popula- tion since 1900. Internal revenue paid in 1900 to the United States, $16,694,171, in a grand total of $295,316,107 by all the States, Missouri ranking eighth in the Union. Number of Federal pensioners in State, 53,775; amount paid them in 1900, $7,245,470; ranks sixth in the Union in number and payments. Total paj-ments in all States, $137,698,620, to 989,603 persons. The State has cast its electoral vote for president and vice-president as fol- lows: 1820 — Monroe and Tompkins, 3; successful; republican. 1824 — Clay and Jackson, 3; unsuccessful; republican. 1828 — Jackson and Calhoun, 3; success- ful; democrat. 1832 — Jackson and Van Buren, 4; successful; democrat. 1836 — Internal revenue receipts. Federal pensioners and pensions. How Missouri's electoral vote has been cast. 548 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri's electoral vote. Van Buren and Johnson, 4; successful; democrat. 1840 — Van Buren and John- son, 4; unsuccessful; democrat. 1844 — Polk and Dallas, 7; successful; demo- crat. 1848 — Cass and Butler, 7; unsuccessful; democrat. 1852 — Pierce and King, 9; successful; democrat. 1856 — Buchanan and Breckenridge, 9; success- ful; democrat. 1860 — Douglas and Johnson, 9; unsuccessful; democrat. 1864 — Lincoln and Johnson, 11; successful; republican. 1868 — Grant and Colfax, 11; successful; republican. 1872 — Hendricks and Brown, 6; unsuccessful; democrat. 1876 — Tilden and Hendricks, 15; unsuccessful; democrat. 1880 — Hancock and English, 15; unsuccessful; democrat. 1884 — Cleveland and Hendricks, 16; suc- cessful; democrat. 1888 — Cleveland and Thurman, 16; unsuccessful; democrat. 1892 — Cleveland and Stevenson, 17; successful; democrat. 1896 — Bryan and Sewall, 17; unsuccessful; democrat. 1900 — Bryan and Stevenson, 17; unsuccess- ful; democrat. SOME BUILDINGS OF OBURY COLLEGE, SPEINGFIELU. The governors of Missouri have been: Territorial — Benj. Howard, 1812-16 William Clark, 1816-20. State— Alex. McNair, 1820-24; Frederick Bates, 1824-25 John Miller, 1825-32; Daniel Dunklin, 1832-6; Lilburn W. Boggs, 1836-40 Missouri governors. Thomas Reynolds, 1840-4; John C. Edwards, 1844-8; Austin A. King, 1848-53 Sterling Price, 1853-57; Trusten Polk, 1857; Robert M. Stewart, 1857-61; Clai borne F. Jackson, 1861; Hamilton R. Gamble (provisional), 1861-4; Thomas C. Fletcher, 1864-8; James W. McClurg, 1868-71; B. Gratz Brown, 1871-3; Silas STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 549 Woodson, 1873-5; Charles H. Hardin, 1875-7; John S. Phelps, 1877-81; Thomas T. Crittenden, 1881-5; John S. Marmaduke, 1885-9; David R. Francis, 1889-93; William J. Stone, 1892-6; Lon V. Ste- phens, 1896-1900; Alexander M. Dock- - ery, 1900-05. The salary is $5,000 a year. Taxes are assessed annually, and must be paid before December 31, un- der a penalty of one per cent until paid. Taxes and penal- ties are liens upon prop- erty assessed, and suits to enforce payment can be instituted in one year after becoming delin- quent. The time of de- linquency is on January 1. The suit and sale of property for tax- es follow as in or- dinary course of law. '% The following able shows the COLUMBIA NOKMAL ACADEMY CIIILLICOTHli NORMAL SCHOOL. SPRINGFIELD NORMAL COLLEGE. population of the State at each census, together with rank among the States, density of square mile, slaves and per cent of increase each period: The population in 1900 was 149 times as large as it was in 1810, when the first census was taken. Of the 115 counties in the State, all but 20 showed an increase in 1900. Of the population, 65.1 per cent is rural, while 34.9 per cent is in the towns and cities. The State has 1,105,- 258 persons of school age, of whom 14,129 are foreign-born, 55,819 colored, and 554,448 male and 555,810 fe- males. There are 662,928 persons of militia age, of whom 53,282 are foreign-born and 38,312 are colored. Of the 856,684 voters, 113,025 are foreign-born and 46,887 Rank Density Slaves 1900 5 45.20 1890 5 38.98 1880 5 31-55 1870 5 25.04 i860 8 17.20 114,931 1850 13 9.92 87,422 1840 16 5.58 58,240 1830 21 2.13 25,091 1820 ^3 I .01 10,222 1810 22 •3^ 3,01 1 POPUL.'VTION Per CENT 3,106,665 16.0 , 2,679,184 23 6 2,168,380 26 1,721,295 45 6 I ,1 82,012 73 3 682,044 77 8 383,702 173 2 140,455 III 66,557 219 3 20,845 Assessment and collection of taxes. Growth of population. Population divisions. 550 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. are colored. Of the voting population, 7 per cent are il- literate. SEDALIA PUBLIC LIBRART. agreed on. An open account bears interest at time when demand of payment is made. The legal rate of interest is 6 per cent, but parties may contract in writing for any rate not exceeding 8 per cent. The penalty for usury is the forfeiture of the interest at ten per cent to the common schools and the recovery of costs by defendant. Judg- ments bear interest at 6 per cent per annum. If the con- tract sued on calls for a high- er rate of interest (not exceed- inging 8 per cent) the judg- ment thereon may be made to bear the rate of interest so per cent per annum from the There are 2,G43 fourth-class postoffices in Missouri, and the average annual coxcJirrioN conveat. salary of each fourth-class postmaster is $179. The aggregate receipts during rthe year of the 2,813 postoffices in the State, including the large cities, were $6,071,035 and the expense per capita of the postoffice sys- tem was $1.86. There are 1,165 rural deliv- ery routes. Taking Jefferson City as the center of the State, according to the twelfth census of the United States: The center of the area of farms in the United States in 1900 was 250 miles from the center of Missouri, or 150 miles east of the Mississippi river. The center of farm values was 150 miles from the center of the State, or 50 miles east of the Mississippi. The center of the total number of farms was 30 miles south by west of Jefferson City. The center of oats production was 175 miles from the center of the State, or 50 miles north of its northern boundary. The center of corn production was 125 miles from the center of the State, or just east of the Mississippi river. CABTHAGE COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 551 MAKYVILLE SEMINARY. The center of wheat production was 225 miles from the center of the State, or 75 miles north of its northern boundary. The center of improved farm acreage was 125 miles from the center of the State, or just east of the Mississippi river. The center of the production of six leading cereals was 125 miles from the center of the State, just on its northeast- ern border. The center of gross farm income was 125 miles from the center of the State, or just east of the Mississippi river. LIN DEN WOOD COLLEGE, ST. CHARLES. Center of cereal production. CENTRAL JEM ALE COLLEGE, LEXINGTON. If each inhabitant of Missouri were allowed six square feet of ground, the Densit)' ot population of the State, 3,106,665, could be placed upon one-third of a square '^°^" ^ mile, or 213 acres. In Missouri the average size of farms is 119.3 acres. In the United States 30.7 of the population live in towns of over 4,000. In Missouri 34.9 live in such towns. But outside of the three cities of St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Jo- seph, only 7.6 live in such towns. Missouri expends 12 cents a day for each pupil in her public schools. The deaths per thou- sand in the United States each year from alcoholism are 2.8; in Missouri 2.4. Bronchitis is more dan- gerous in other States than in Missouri. In the United States deaths per CARSALL PLACE, CARTHAGE. 552 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri honey the best. First in sorghum. Public holidays. i 1843 1873 1885 1892 1895 1904 ■ 59 ■ 369 1 312 ■■■ 550 ^■HH — ^^ ^^m 615 thousand population each year are 20.3, in Missouri, 16.5. NUMP.ER OF STUDENTS IN STATE UNIVERSITY. The highest priced honey on the market is made from Missouri white clover by Mis- souri bees. Missouri ranks first among the States in the production of sorghum. Public Holidays: — The first day of January, the twen- ty-second day of February, the thirtieth day of May, the fourth day of July, the first Monday in September, any general State election day, any Thanksgiving day appointed by the governor of this State or by the president of the United States, and the twenty-fifth day of December, are public holidays; and when any of such holidays fall upon Sundays, the Monday next following is considered such holi- day. For all purposes whatsoever as re- gards the presentment for payment or ac- ceptance, and of presenting and giving notice of the dishonor of bills of exchange, bonds, promissory notes or other mercan- tile paper, such holidays are treated and considered the same as the first day of the week, commonly called Sunday; and all bills of exchange, bonds, promissory notes, or other mercantile paper falling due on any such holiday or Sunday, are considered as falling due on the next succeeding day, unless such succeeding day be a holiday; in such case, it is considered as falling due the day previous. TRIBUNE BUILDING, JEFFERSON CITY. MISSOURI GROWS TWO-THIRDS AS MUCH WHEAT AS ALL CANADA. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 553 The Missouri weiglits and measures sliowin Wheat, beans, clover seed, Iristi potatoes, peas and split peas. . Rye, shelled corn and flax seed. . Unshelled corn Barley Oats Bran Onions Dried peaches Dried apples Buckwheat Hemp seed Blue-grass seed Timothy seed Castor beans Cotton seed Salt Mineral coal Coke and charcoal (cubic inches) pounds in bushel, follow: Sweet potatoes 60 Parsnips 56 Common turnips 70 Carrots 48 Rutabagas 32 Cornmeal and millet 20 Green peas, unshelled 57 Green beans, unshelled 33 Apples, peaches, pears and Hun- 24 garian grass seed 52 Malt 44 Top onion sets 14 Red-top seed and orchard grass 45 seed 46 Sorghum seed 33 Osage orange seed 50 Cucumbers 80 Tomatoes 2680 56 44 42 50 50 50 56 56 48 38 28 14 42 36 48 45 Terms of office of county officers — Presiding judge county court, term 4 years, elected 1902; county court judges, term 2 years, elected 1902; probate judge, term 4 years, elected 1902; clerk circuit court, term 4 years, elected 1902; recorder of deeds, term 4 years, elected 1902; clerk county court, term 4 years, elected 1902; prosecuting attorney, term 2 years, elected 1902; sheriff, term 2 years, elected 1902; collector, term 2 years, elected 1902; assessor, term 4 years, elected 1902; treasurer, term 2 years, elected 1902; coroner, term 2 years, elected 1902; public administrator, term 4 years, elected 1900; surveyor, term 4 years, elected 1900; school commissioner, term 2 years, elected April, 1902. Missouri weights and measures. Terms of office of county officers. 554< THE STATE OF MISSOURI. HAKDIN COLLEGE, MEXICO. For charity, Missouri gives $3,000,000 annually. The work is divided about equally, in extent of financial devotion, between public and private institutions. Missouri's expend!- Maintained at the expense of taxpayers are four State hospitals for insane, lo- ture for charity, p^ted respectively at Fulton, St. Joseph, Nevada, and Farmington; Colony for the Feeble Minded and Epileptic, at Marshall; School for Blind, at St. Louis; School for Deaf and Dumb, at Fulton; State Industrial Training School for Boys, at Boonville; State Industrial School for Girls, at Chillicothe; Federal Soldiers' Home, at St. James, and the Confederate Home, at Higginsville. There are 96 county infirmaries. City hospitals for the sick are maintained in St. Louis, Kan- sas City, and St. Joseph, and the first named has a city insane asylum and poor house. The official charity appropriations amount to $1,463,000, and private charity is estimated at $1,500,000. For one year the expenditures for public charity are; Four State Hospitals, Insane. .$536,493 Colony for Feeble Minded and Epileptic: for support 33,665 Special 51,214 State School for Blind 30,000 State School for Deaf 75,000 State Reform School for Boys.. 45,000 State Industrial School for Girls, for support 12,300 Special 12,000 Federal Soldiers' Home 11,000 Confederate Soldiers' Home. .. 8,000 City Hospitals for Sick, St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph 100,000 St. Louis Insane Asylum 150,000 St. Louis Poor House (chronic insane) 100,000 Ninety-six county Poor houses. 163,000 Outdoor relief in 114 counties.. 136,000 Total for city and county char- ities $049,000 Total for State Institutions. . .$814,672 STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 555 The private charity estimated, is: In St. Louis, 120 private insti- tutions $600,000 Three general relief associa- tions, St. Louis (Provident Association, Catholic and Jewish) 100,000 For the rest of the State, pri- vate institutions 600,000 Private Relief Associations. . . . 100,000 Private individuals 100,000 Private charities. Total private charities $1,500,000 Total official charities 1,463,000 Total for charities in Mis- souri, annually $2,963,000 Congressional districts number sixteen, thus divided: First. — The counties of Adair, Clark, Knox, Lewis, Macon, Marion, Putnam, Schuyler, Scotland and Shelby. Popula- tion 1900, 183,590. Second. — The counties of Chariton, Carroll, Grundy, Linn, Livingston, Mon- roe, Randolph and Sullivan. Pop- ulation 1900, 183,358. Third. — The counties of Caldwell, Clay, Clinton, DeKalb, Daviess, Gentry, Harrison, Mercer, Ray, and Worth. Population 1900, 182,960. Fourth. — The counties of Andrew, Atchison, Buch- anan, Holt, Nodaway and Platte. Popu- lation 19 0, 221,885. F i f t h.— The county of Jackson. Pop- ulation 19 0, 195,193. SPRINGFIELD HIGH SCHOOL. CARUTHEBS- VILLE HIGH SCHOOL. KIRKSVILLE HIGH SCHOOL. Sixth. — The counties of Bates, Cass, Cedar, Dade, Henry, Johnson and St. Clair. Population 1900, 162,620. Seventh. — The counties of Ben- ton, Greene, Hickory, Howard, Lafay- ette, Pettis, Polk and Saline. Popula- tion 1900, 218,666. Eighth. — Counties of Boone, Cam- den, Cole, Cooper, Miller, Moni- teau, Morgan, and Osage. Population 1900, 142,254. Congressional districts. 556 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. WILLIAM WOODS COLLEGE, FULTON. ^ j %« »it i^w » *( Mt._X'lMrlcb, mit '"'" t\> (iltlTiili- tlir «1:iy'i>l Aiiicritjii '"■'^ Itiiliixiuliiin . tlii-creutvriium- '."■" l,ill;ik'C. II PiciiKiblc ri«hls and p.rivi- .;i ■-. KliirliaNyitlay l\i('cu u::- r iIk ikail leaves of ibc i^tv.t T . iMiL it is He urc f.ir <>. l.tici.iii uithin tlieUuiicI S,.it<-M Col. I iinotliy Ky>\>y.}'restJ.,:t. 1„ America- ll.u ob.c.l ,,1 il«: i,,,,,r.,is SoUL.tr, £.!(,. I ,ic- tilizc,ii»to Iccure llu ir liKbts Irciidcui. aiii.!»)iiiilege!,a-,ari iml. iicimIcM' il.iv 'rec ixoplc; wluiitlicv luvcllir It,!, alteiiicil, they have rcarlird tr.c rei! tffinu.x ofa Kepublicau (iovcrn- , incut; Fellow Citizi iis ol Lou-"- iliana, luch Jii actiuilaioii will be ill pur iKittcr, but it mufi be Sc',(S al Anct'ton. TO, 7 T,,.- ninLLSEJj. ; ' ', :r:r.rA'l^n!tur\t, , 1 ,/ yl/. Ill ih- house ill the Tifuiii of The folrmliKi' s of ill c w( re uflicrcd 01., Jftei il c louiui,- Speeeli v.u>. ilCl, „ by John C. (iMh, Kfq. FlLl.OwCl 1 IZtMS, The memorable day uhieh is 'I )^°'^ of time, li; iIk occalioii of ouriticetiiiKupoii In'niliy coninuiuicii tills, « as iio doubt the i,io(l me- concern, is a ncctti nioiable ever rccofdc.l in the ''"= th^irartcr of ;\ii pages of ancient or niodeni hif- z<^'>s nluch ue uHn tory i we have met to celebrate "'•.' ''> '''c {Irictell ti, a day ill commemoration of ilic ""l' fnd Iratcin.il . ] IntUpcmlenc of the Ut.itcd States '^\'''^^' and rjf our IntUpcni .J ... _ of Amcnea : a day On -.hicli the '!'t E'fat work ol bbmy, di ■.^ , , . , rr ^ goddefs of liberty wivcl in the t'Tic 11 hen uc «crc noticed oiiK /.,,/,'y viihc liaiinical ■ni.'uBnm- r tbitri three t.nitn. t)n/ .ch YtheC'-iii tirut.i. n llJilXSON IS PRICE. St, Loins, 'Yiili/ 1 J, 1 1108. //. A \Ai;iKTYOK Sclici;! Books 1 OK.SALK, fair daiifjlitcrs of .America fellow citizen!, Icl the _.. rejoiced with glailened hearts, ample of our heroes iliji aio ill concert with their protecting KOnc, nnd thole that llill t .xift to patriotic heroes ; a ilav in which breathe the pure air ol peace and Great Britain was IcJii in lack lil'tfty. ih'- polar liar for our cloth nnd morning'; a day tlie 8ui the moll iiicmora'ic cventb ; a <','""'^-'i''- ^"' independence, urn v/ mo. daj- held lacrcd by every cilizcn li'"-'rty and our laleiy arc lound- ^olil, fetch of America, eiihtr by biith or ^'\ "" out" conllituti'oii, a work /o/,r ,i'/ra/ adoption ; it bcUovtij, it tie- o' ''i^" unprclident « ifdom of our volves iiotonly to toiilldcr that P'^''''.'--'','''?'^^- ■""' «liii;!i 'tiM relpcctduetu the day; hut to °"'" in;lilpcii! Jilc duty to lup- coullJcr it a-i citizens of the 1""'' i i'-- all" our indil'pcnralilc moll enlightened government '.''">''" f"uin>'Ji l uitii dimnty, tlic _ that ever cxilledriiH-c the creali- 'm-iH branch olilu great tn e ol onofm.m, and whilll wc have liberty, whu li wc have' the ho. met to celebrate the dav of our '><'r to bear in I.ouiHana , .mil indepcn 'h-mt their piaifc. equal diltiibution of priMlcgc !!< l-^' li-irmony and peace reign a- right, which every .■\nicricaii '"f'."8 "s, 'hat no jarriiij- may citizoi iscntiiled to, let us fur- •"■'''-" betweii the anrieiit ;mS thercoiitidcr our national Hand- "orthy inhabitants of the tcriifj- Auctiotecr, .', ISO«. ngrelpciilingloreignaflairs; Icl '7 •""' '^r late emigrants, Ave ' —" ■'e-firit adjullcd "'""'<■' be firmly u;iiteMiZmii" M n BATTLESHIP TESTIMONIAL 'WiLLK[[PI[, m m] pi'f'v^ Un-H « J r » El lAICAll , iiJCEEDS MRS. J. L. BLAIR nil? ' ^'HEHDtNT OF THE ST. LOUIS WOMENS CLUB 1 Mui^m Ruin Ctdtttt Iha I /uxC4i. WUlfeciv. His Putting Af [HI TO trtllEd !il«\OF«rHC|l ^•g°*'i BH e p ... -S!3B- CfilllJill^flO ROaMUSKS KSyM[iOOU HM!(mOPL[AS[ '^■'^'^^' '^ 9«, Mf IH[ R[IIIS, i..r-:- « — t— ^;--- U«». OCUIUMIi. Ilii> FAfST^ITLE REl'ROnT( TION OF FIRST PAGE OF ST. LOUIS REPUBLIC SUCCESSOR TO THE MISSOURI GAZETTE. Names and -_ ^ . , „ , organization ot Knox: Organized February 14, 1845. Called for General Henry Knox, of Missouri the Revolution. Died October 25, 1806. counties Laclede; Organized February 24, 1849. Called for Pierre Linguest Laclede, K-no" '" founder of St. Louis. Died June 20, 1778. Lafayette. Lafayette: First called Lillard and organized November 16, 1820, after 568 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. James Lillai'd, an old citizen. Changed to Lafayette, February 16, 1825, who died at Paris, May 20, 1834. Lawrence: Organized February 25, 1845. Called for Captain James Law- rence, of the "Chesapeake," in the war of 1812. Died, 1813. Names and organization c Missouri counties — Lawrence to Lincoln. IN A SOUTHEAST MISSOUR] LUMBEU CAMP. Lewis: Organized January 2, 1833. Called for Meriwether Lewis, of Lewis and Clark's expedition in 1805-6. Died September, 1809. Lincoln: Organized December 14, 1818. Major Christopher Clark, one of the first settlers, was a member of the legislature in 1818 and a genuine fron- tiersman and an earnest advocate of the establishment of Lincoln county. He made a speech in which he said: "Mr. Speaker, I'm in favor of the new county, 1 was born in Lincoln county. North Carolina; I lived a year or so in Lincoln county, Kentucky, and I want to live and die in Lincoln county, Missouri." His speech was loudly applauded and the county was organized and named as he desired. It was however in fact called Lincoln in memory of Gen. Benjamin A CAMPIiNQ PARTY IN SOUTHEAST MISSOURI. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 569 A LONE riSHERMAN ON A SOUTH MISSOURI STREAM. Lincoln, of Massachusetts, a distinguished officer and special friend of Washing- ton, who in addition to great heroism in several battles, was deputed to receive the sword of Cornwallis on his surrender at Yorktown on October 17, 1781. He died at Hingham, Massachusetts, May 10, 1810. Linn: Organized January 7, 1837. Called for Lewis F. Linn, United States Senator from Missouri, 1833-1843, who died at Ste. Genevieve, October 3, 1843. Livingston: Organized January 6, 1837. Called for Edward Livingston, Secretary of State under President Jack- son. Died May 23, 1836. a scott county farm house. McDonald: Organized March 3, 1849. Named in honor of Sergeant McDon- ald, one of "Marion's Men," in the Revolutionary war, Sergeants Jasper and Newton being the other two. Macon: Organized January 6, 1837. Named in honor of Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina, of the Seventh. Eighth and Ninth Congresses and United States Senator in the nineteenth and twentieth. Died June 29, 1837. Madison: Organized December 14, 1818. Called for James Madison, Presi- dent. Died June 28, 1836. Maries: Organized March 2,1855. Called after two of the principal streams in the county; is a French name and the plural of Marie or Mary. Marion: Organized December 23, 1826. Called for Francis Marion, of the Revolution. Died in South Caro- lina, 1795. Names and organization of Missouri counties — Linn to Marion. ON A DUNKLIN COUNTY FARM. 570 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Mercer: Organized February 14, 1845. Called for John F. Mercer, a soldier of the Revolution from Maryland. Died August 30, 1821. Names and organization ot Missouri counties — Mercer to Newton. LOGGING IN CALLAWAY COUNTY. Miller: Organized February 26, 1837. Called for Governor John Miller, of Missouri; was governor from 1825 to 1832. Died March 18, 1846. Mississippi: Organized February 14, 1845. Borders on the Mississippi river and called after the stream. Moniteau: Organized February 14, 1845. An Indian name, and doubtless a corruption of Manito, an Indian name for Deity or Great Spirit. Monroe: Organized January 6, 1831. Called for James Monroe, president. Died July 4, 183J. Montgomery: Organized December 14, Montgomery, of the Revolution. Killed in 1775. 1818. Called for General Richard the assault on Quebec, December, w% \ >lll ^ ^^ta ^^K^l ^ f w *^ *»^ *^,. OWNED BY E. T. LETTON & SON, WALKEE, VEK.NU.N H)UNTY. Morgan: Organized January 5, 1833. Called for General Daniel Morgan, of the Revolution, who displayed great bravery at the bat- tle of the Cowpens in the defeat of Tarlton and died in 1802. New Madrid: Organized Oc- tober 1, 1812. One of the four original districts and organized as a county on the day named by a proclamation of Governor Clark. Called New Madrid in contradis- tinction to Old Madrid, of Spain, the Spanish capital. Newton: Organized December 31, 1838. Called for Sergeant Newton, a comrade of Sergeant Jasper, at Ft. Moultrie during the Revolution. Its county seat, Neo- sho, is a corruption of the Indian name Neozho. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 571 Nodaway: Organized February 14, 1845. Named after its principal river, which in the Pottawattamie tongue, signifies "Placid," or "Placid Water," Oregon: Organized February 14, 1845. Named for State of Oregon. Osage: Organized January 29, 1841. Named for the Osage river, the principal stream of the county, an Indian name. Ozark: Organized January 29, 1841. Called for mountains of that name. Pemiscot: Organized February 18, 1861. Named for its principal bayou, Pemiscot, which means "Li- quid Mud," an Indian name. Perry : Organized November 16, 1820. Called for Oliver Hazard Per^-y, of Lake Brie naval battle memory. Died, 1819. Pettis: Organized January 26, 1833. Called for Spencer Pettis, member of Congress from St. Louis from 1829 to 18:31, who was killed in a duel by Major Thomas Biddle, August 27, 1831, aged 29 years. Phelps: Organized November 13, 1857. Called for John S. Phelps, of Springfield, Missouri, member of congress and governor. Died November 20, 1886. Pike: Organized December 14, 1818. Called for Montgomery Pike, com- mander of the expedition up the Mississippi river in 1806. Platte: Organized December 31, 1838. Named after its principal stream — an Indian name. Polk: Organized March 13, 1835. Called for James K. Polk of Tennessee; elected president over Henry Clay in 1844. Died June 15, 1849. GRAND BIVEU ( ol.l.l.i, I ;. (,AI,LATIN. Names and organization ot Missouri counties — Nodawav to Polk. 572 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Names and organization of Missouri counties — Pulaski to Stoddard. Pulaski: Organized December 15. 1818. Named for Count Pulaski, a Pol- ish general of Revolutionary fame, who feli at the siege of Savannah, 1779. Putnam: Organized February 28, 1845. Called for General Israel Putnam, of Bunker Hill fame, 1775. Died, 1790. Ralls: Organized November 16, 1820. Called for Daniel Ralls, a member of the legislature from Pike county, who died in 1820 while the legislature was in session, and whose casting vote elected Col. Benton to the United States Senate. Randolph: Organized January 22, 1829. Called for John Randolph, of Roa- noke, Virginia. Died May 24, 1833. Ray: Organized November 16, 1820. Called for John Ray, a member of the constitutional convention of 1820 from Howard county. Reynolds: Organized February 25, 1845. Called for Thomas Reynolds, of Howard, governor, who committed suicide while governor, February 9, 1844. Ripley: Organized January 5, 1853. Called for General Eleazer W. Ripley, of the war of 1812 and conspicuous for gallantry in defense of Fort Erie on August 15, 1814, and member of Congress from Louisiana, 1835-39. Died at West Feliciana, Louisiana, March 2, 1839. St. Charles: Organized October 1, 1812. One of the original districts; or- ganized as a county on the day named by proclamation of Governor Clark. Named in honor of Charles V., of France, who died 1380. St. Clair: Organized January 29, 1841. Called for General Arthur St. Clair, of the Revolution. SI. Francois: Organized December 19, 1821. Named after its principal stream. Ste. Genevieve: Organized October 1, 1812. Called after a female saint of France, hence the abbreviation of "Ste." One of the original districts, and or- ganized as a county on the day named by proclamation of Governor Clark. St. Louis: Organized October 1, 1812. Also one of the original districts, and organized as a county by proclamation of Governor Clark. Called St. Louis in honor of Louis XIV., of France, who died in 1715, after an auspicious reign of 52 years. Saline: Organized November 25, 1820. Named because of its salt springs. Schuyler: Organized February 14, 1845. Called for General Philip Schuy- ler of the Revolution. Died, 1804. Scotland: Organized January 29, 1841. Named after one of the grand divisions of the kingdom of Great Britain. Scott: Organized December 28, 1821. Called for John Scott, first member of Congress from Missouri, from 1821 to 1827. Died in Ste. Genevieve in 1861. Shannon: Organized January 29, 1841. Called for Judge George W. Shan- non, called "Peg Leg Shannon" because he had lost a leg. Died 1836. Shelby: Organized Janu- ary 2, 1835. Called for Gov- ernor Isaac Shelby, of Ken- tucky. Died July 18, 1826. Stoddard: Organized Jan- uary 2, 1835. Called for Major Amos Stoddard, U. S. A., who on March 10, 1804, in St. Louis, received on the part of the United States from France, authority to govern Louisiana as purchased the year before by Jefferson. At the siege of Fort Meigs, Ohio, in 1813, he received wounds of which he died. SIIKKI' OWNED IJY HOPSON GLASCOCK, OAKWOOD. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 573 HUNTING AND FISHING CLUB ON THE ST. FRANCIS RIVER. Stone: Organized February 10, 1851. Named after early settlers of that name, from east Tennessee. Sullivan: Organized February 16, 1845. Called for James Sullivan, of Rev- olutionary fame; a member of the Continental Congress of 1782. Died December 10, 1808. Taney: Organized January 16, 1847. Called for Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, of the supreme court, who in 1856 delivered the celebrated opinion in the Dred Scott case. Died October 12, 1864. Texas: Organized February 14, 1835. Called after the Republic of Texas. Vernon: Organized February 17, 1851. In honor of Miles Vernon, of La- clede county, a State senator. Warren: Organized January 5, 1833. Called for Joseph Warren, a Revolu- tionary patriot, who fell at Bunker Hill, under Putnam, June 17, 1775. Washington: Organized August 21, 1813. Called for George Washington. Died December 14, 1799. Wayne: Organized December 11, 1818. Called for Anthony Wayne, of Stony Point, of Revolutionary fame. Died December 15, 1796. Webster: Organized March 3, 1855. Named for Daniel Webster. Died Oc- tober 24, 1852. Worth: Organized February 8, 1861. Called for General William J. Worth, of the Florida and Mexican wars. Died at San Antonio, Texas, May 7, 1849. Name and organization of Missouri counties — Stone to Worth. ST. MARY'S SEMINARY, PEBRYVILLE. 574 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Wright: Organized January 29, 1841. Called for Silas Wright, United States Senator, of New York. Died August 27, 1847. Missouri laws — attachments, aliens, arbitra- tion, assign- ments. The laws of Missouri are just, wisely-drawn and fearlessly executed. Crime is punished and the individual is protected in his liberty and property. Certain provisions of the statutes relative to general matters are herewith given: Attachments: — Bonds for double the amount of debt must be filed, and there are many grounds to be assigned. Non-residents can attach non-resident's property. Aliens: — It is unlawful for any person not a citizen of the United States, or who has not declared his inten- tion to become one, or any corporation not created un- der the laws of some of the States, to hold or own real estate, except such as is ac- quired by inheritance or in collection of debts. All property held in violation of this law is forfeited to the State. Arbitration: — Parties to a controversy may, in writing, submit the same to the arbitrators. The award must be in writing, sub- scribed by the arbitrators and attested by a subscribing witness. The award may, upon the motion, be confirmed by the court designated in the submission, fifteen days' notice of the motion having been given. Provisions exist for the vacation of the award on various grounds. Upon the confirmation of an award judgment is rendered which may be enforced as other judgments. Assignments: — Are for the benefit of all creditors and the assignor's debts are only discharged to the extent of the dividends paid; the assignee holds court for three days within three months from date of assignment, to allow demands against the assignor's estate. All creditors who fail to present their demands for allowance at that time are excluded from participation in the estate. Any OWNED BY B. R. MIDDLETON, MEXICO. ON THE TRAINING GROUND OF JOHN H. HOOK, PARIS. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 575 judgment confessed by the assignor within thirty days prior to the date of assignment is void. Quarterly reports are required of assignee. Bills and Notes: — Three days of grace are allowed on bills and notes of exchange, except sight drafts and or- ders. Parties holding notes or bills of exchange for collection can sue with out naming the real owner. For all pur- poses whatever, as regards the presen- tation for payment Bills and notes. OWNED BY D. F. RISK, WEST ,N. DUROCK JERSEY. OWNED BY T. W. BAKER, MALTA BEND. A TYPICAL MISSOURI Hoo, "keepsake." or acceptance and of presenting and giving notice of dishonor of bills of exchange, bonds, promissory notes, or other mercan- tile paper, public holidays are treated and considered as Sunday. And all such paper falling due on a holiday or Sunday shall be considered as falling due on the next such succeeding day, unless such succeeding day be a holiday or Sunday; and in such case, it shall be considered as falling due on the date previous. Protest is evi- dence of a demand, and refusal to pay a bill or promissory note at the time, and in the manner stated in such protest. Bills of Lading: — Bills of lading and warehouse receipts are made nego- tiable by written indorsement and delivery in the same manner as bills of ex- change and promissory notes, unless the word "non-negotiable" be plainly writ- ten or stamped on the face thereof. Warehouse men are prohibited from Issuing receipts or other vouchers for goods and merchandise or other commodity with- out actually having received the same in the store or upon the premises of such warehouse. Chattel Mortgages: — No special limitation exists as to when a chattel mort- gage may be foreclosed. In this State the settled law, as declared by the su- preme court, in the line of decisions that a mortgage upon stock in trade, which is to remain in the possession of the mortgagor and be dealt with by him, is fraudulent and void as to creditors and subsequent purchasers. Mortgages and deeds of trust upon personalty are void as to the creditors of the grantors and purchasers without notice thereof, unless the property be delivered to and re- tained by the mortgagee or beneficiary in the deed of trust or trustee, or the in- strument recorded in the county where the grantor resides. Corporations: — Are created under the general laws. Private charters are prohibited. All corporations except municipal corporations must be formed under a general statute pertaining to the subject. The several classes of cor- porations are as follows: First, rail- road companies; second, macadamized, graded and plank road companies; third, telegraph and telephone compa- nies; fourth, savings banks and fund companies; fifth, manufacturing and type of Missouri cattle. Bills of lading. Chattel mortgages. Corporations. 576 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri corpo- ration law. A VIEW OF CAKTERVILLE. business companies; sixth, mutual, savings, fund, loan and building com- panies; seventh, benevolent, religious, scientific, educational and miscellane- ous associations; eighth, trust compa- nies; ninth, mutual savings societies; tenth, training schools; eleventh, po- lice and fire department associations; twelfth, booming and rafting compa- nies. Stockholders are only liable for the par value of the stock subscribed by them. Every corporation organized in Missouri must have a chief ofiice or place of business in the State and at least three resident directors. The amount of the capital stock of the cor- poration shall not be less than $2,000 nor more than $10,000,000. The articles of association must be signed and ac- knowledged by all the parties thereto and recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds of the county in which the corporation is located. A certified copy of these articles of association is filed with the Secretary of State, who issues a certificate to the effect that the corporation has been duly organized, and this cer- tificate is evidence of corporate existence in all the courts of the State. The State tax for issuing certificates of Incorporation is $50 for the first $50,000 or less of the capital stock of the associa- tion, and an additional sum of $5 for every additional $10,000 of capital stock. In addition to this tax there is a charge which goes to the school fund amounting to 25 cents on every $1,000 of the capital stock. Domestic corpo- rations, other than railroad or insur- ance companies, are required to make an annual report on July 1, to the Sec- retary of State, of the location of the principal office, the name of the presi- dent and secretary, the amount of its capital stocli, subscribed and paid up, the par value of its stock and the actual value of its stock at the time of making the report. This report must also show the cash value of all personal property and of all real estate owned by the corporation situated within the State on June 1 immediately preceding, and the amount of taxes, city, county and State, paid by the corporation in this State for the year last preceding the report. Foreign corporations, organized for pe- cuniary profits, doing business in the State, are required to maintain an office in this State for the transaction of business where legal service may be obtained. They are not permitted to mortgage or otherwise incumber their real or personal property situated in this State, to the injury or exclusion of any citizen or corporation of the State, creditor of such foreign corpora- tion. Foreign corporations doing business in this State must file in the office of the Secretary of State a certified copy of the charter or certifi- cate of incorporation and pay into the treas- ury of the State upon the proportion of its capi- tal stock represented by its property and busi- ness in Missouri. A fine of $1,000 and other ELKS CLUB HOUSE, CARTHAGE. IN A BUSY MISSOURI TOWN. STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 577 DAIRY HERD, HOLSTEINS, M. E. MOORE, CAMERON. severe punishments, including a denial of right to maintain any action or suit in any of the courts of this State, are provided for a violation of the law. Descent of Property: — When a person having title in real estate or per- sonal property undisposed of or otherwise limited by marriage settlement shall Descent of property, die intestate it shall descend and be distributed to his kindred, male or female, subject to the payment of his debts and the widow's dower, in the following course: (1) To his children or their descendants in equal parts; (2) if there be no children or their descendants, then to his father, mother, brothers and sisters, and their descendants, in equal parts; (3) if there be no children or their descendants, father, mother, brothers or sisters, nor their descendants, then to the husband or wife; if there be no husband or wife, then to the grand- father, grandmother, uncles and aunts and their descendants in equal parts; (4) if there be no children or descendants, father, mother, brothers, sisters or thfeir descendants, husband or wife, grandfather, grandmother, uncles and aunts and their descendants, then to the great-grandfathers, great-grandmoth- ers and their descendants in equal parts, and so on in other cases without end, passing to the nearest lineal descendants and their children and their descend- ants in equal parts. If there be no children or their descendants, father, mother, brothers nor sisters, nor their descendants, husband or wife, nor any parental or maternal kindred capable of inheriting, the whole shall go to the kindred of the husband or wife of the intestate, in the like course as if such husband or wife had survived the intestate and then die entitled to the estate. In all cases the heirs of half-blood take only half the share of like heirs of whole blood. If all heirs are in the same degree of relation to the decedent they take per capita. When the husband dies without issue the wife takes one- half of the estate. If the wife dies having had children born alive, the husband is entitled to courtesy in wife's real property. Debts are proven either by oral testimony given in open court, or by deposition. Non-residents arQ required to give security for costs before filing suit. The security may be by bond or by a deposit of money in court to cover the costs to acrue. Divorce: — The circuit court has jurisdiction in all cases of divorce, ali- mony or maintenance. Cases are tried without jury. One year's residence is required, unless offense was committed in the State, or one or both parties re- sided in the State. The charges must be: Adultery; conviction of felony after Divorce. marriage or before, without knowledge of other party; cruel and barbarous treatment, endangering life; desertion for one year; habitual drunkenness for one year; impotency, existing at time of marriage and continuing; intolerable treatment; pregnancy of wife before marriage by man other than husband and without his knowledge; vagrancy of husband. Estates: — Of deceased persons are administered upon and settled in the probate court, which issues letters of administration. In granting letters of ad- ministration priority in right is granted as follows: (1) To the husband or wife; (2) to one or more of the distributees of the estate, according as the dis- cretion of the court, or judge, or clerk, thereof in vacation may direct. Non-resi- Mo. — 37 Estates 578 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri law — exemptions. NEW BINDERS GOING FROM MEMPHIS TO SCOTLAND COUNTY WHEAT FIELDS. dents are not allowed to administer upon estates of deceased persons even through letters testamentary to them. Executors and administrators are re- quired to give bond with two or more securities, residents of the county issuing letters of administration. Such bonds are made to the State of Missouri for an amount double the estimated value of the estate. All claims must be presented within two years of notice of publication that the estate is in the hands of ad- ministrators. The classification and priority of demands against deceased persons are as follows: (1) Funeral expenses; (2) expenses of last sick- ness, wages of servants and claims for medicine and medical attendance during the last sickness of deceased; (3) all debts, including taxes, due this State or any county or incor- porated town or city therein situ- ated; (4) all judgments rendered against deceased in his lifetime and judgments upon attachments levied during the lifetime of the deceased; (5) all demands without regard to quality which shall be legally exhib- ited against the estate within one year after the granting of the first letters on the estate; (6) all de- mands exhibited and presented to the court for allowance after the end of one year and within two years after letters have been grant- ed, said two years being to run from the date of the letters where notice is published within thirty days after the granting of the same, and in all other cases said two years begin to run from the date of publication of notice. Exemptions: — Every householder or head of family may hold a homestead, with issues and products thereof, free from attachment or execution. If in the country such homestead shall not exceed 160 acres valued at $1,600, and if in the cities of 40,000 or more, shall not exceed 18 square rods of land valued to exceed $3,000; if in city or town less than 40,000 it shall not exceed 30 square rods of ground of value not exceeding $1,500. Wearing apparel of the persons, and the necessary tools and implements of any mechanic, are exempt from execution. The following property is also exempt to every head of a family: Ten head of choice hogs; ten head of choice sheep, and the products thereof in wool, yarn or cloth; two cows and calves; two plows, one axe, one hoe, and one set of plow gears, "and all necessary farm implements for the use of one man;" working animals to the value of $150, or two work animals; the spinning wheel and cards, one loom and apparatus necessary to manufacturing cloth in a private family; all the spun yarn, thread and wool not exceeding 25 pounds each; all wearing apparel of the family, four beds with the usual bedding, and such other house- hold and kitchen furniture not exceeding the value of $100 as may be necessary for the family; all arms and military equipments required by law to be kept; all such provision as may be found on hand for family use, not exceeding $100 in value; the Bibles and other books used in the family; lettered gravestones and one pew in a house of worship. In lieu of other property, lawyers and ministers may select such books as may be necessary to their profession, and physicians their medicines. In lieu of the property mentioned above each head of a family may select and hold exempt any other property, real, personal or mixed, or debts and wages, not exceeding in value the sum of $300. Wife may claim exempt personal property when husband has absented himself. Personal property, except in the hands of an innocent i)urchaser for value without notice, is subject to exe- cution against purchaser for the purchased price. No property is exempt from execution issued upon a judgment for not exceeding $90, recovered by a house servant or common laborer for personal services rendered to defendant, provided the suit is brought within six months after the last service is rendered. The mem- STATISTICS OF THE STATE. 579 uuiUlH liiniiiilllllllllllll ..a,.n, j,|„ teaaEaga»gtew»wjaiiwMawi>