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 HISTORY 
 
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 ILLINOIS 
 
 ELBERT WALLER 
 
 5> TAMAROA, ILLINOIS <£ 
 
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 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 

Many free countries have lost their 
 liberty, and ours may lose hers; but if she 
 shall, be it my proudest plume, not that I 
 was the last to desert, but that I never 
 deserted her. 
 
TO the sacred memory of 
 the brave pioneers who 
 made this Great State possible, 
 this little book is affectionately 
 dedicated by the author. 
 
WALLER'S 
 BRIEF 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 BY 
 
 ELBERT WALLER, Ph. B. 
 ii 
 
 TAMAROA, ILLINOIS 
 
 1910 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 PRICE 40 CENTS 
 
 WAGONER PRINTING COMPANY 
 GALESBURG, ILLINO IS 
 
%f^ 
 
 , Trtr* \ 
 
 COPYRIGHT 191^ BY 
 ELBERT WALLER 
 
 £CI.A280276 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Illinois has contributed so largely to American 
 history that we cannot fully comprehend the story of 
 our beloved country unless we know something of the 
 trials and triumphs of the people who have given to 
 Illinois its prominence in national affairs. 
 
 The author attempts here to present the import- 
 ant facts in Illinois history in chronological order and 
 in brief and tangible shape without making any at- 
 tempt at rhetorical display. 
 
 Grateful acknowledgements are du? to Ex-County 
 Superintendent Mrs. Emma M. Bryan, of Murphys- 
 boro, County Superintendent O. J. Kern, of Rockford, 
 County Superintendent Maurice A. Mudd, of Ches- 
 ter, County Superintendent C. L. Gregory, of Aledo, 
 County Superintendent C. F. Easterday, of Vandalia. 
 Dr. J. T. Marlow, of Tamaroa, Editor H. L. Farmer, 
 of Tamaroa, Hon. Henry Clay, of Tamaroa, and Mrs. 
 Jessie Palmer Webber, Sec'y 111. Hist. Society, Spring- 
 field, all of whom have made prompt and gen- 
 erous responses to inquiries ; also to Prof. C. E. Hef- 
 lin, of Viola, and Miss Edna Stallings, of Viola, each 
 of whom has given valuable assistance in preparing 
 the illustrations. 
 
 Whether this little volume will endure the keen 
 and relentless critical spirit characteristic of this age. 
 remains to be seen, yet it is certain that we are justi- 
 fied in being proud that our state history is such as 
 to allow us to record the facts herein contained. 
 
 The Author. 
 
WE ARE ININI" 
 
 While on his journey down the Mississippi, Mar- 
 quette discovered human footprints near the mouth 
 of the Des Moines and by tracing them a distance of 
 five or six miles he reached an Indian village. He 
 called out in the Algonquin tongue, ''Who are you?" 
 and received the reply, "We are Inini" This was in- 
 terpreted to mean real men as distinguished from the 
 Iroquois, whom they hated for their crueity. From 
 Inini it changed to Jllini; the adjective ending, ese or 
 ois, was added and it became Illincse and finally 
 Illinois. From that time on, Illinois was a general 
 term applied to all the Indians of this region. 
 
Cahokia Mound near East St. Louis— the Largest Pyramid in the 
 
 World— 102 feet high, 780 feet wide and 1080 feet long. 
 
 Erected by hand, probably as early as 500 B. C. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE ABORIGINES. 
 
 1. Who were the first men on Illinois soil and 
 whence came they? These are questions that are as 
 puzzling as the Sphinx's Riddle and questions that 
 wiil never be answered. They have left us their 
 graves and their mounds, their only history. Whether 
 these mounds were for the worship of a Supreme 
 Being or whether they were for defense, we know 
 not. As a race, whither did they go? Was each race 
 exterminated by a succeeding one or were they all 
 the ancestors of the Indians? These questions are 
 likewise unanswerable. They gave us their country, 
 but its history vanished with those who made it. All 
 we know is that the Indians were here when the 
 white man came. Of those who were here we shall 
 try to tell you. 
 
 2. Since the Indians were more or less nomadic 
 it is hard to classify them and to tell just what lands 
 
10 ILLINOIS 
 
 each tribe occupied. Early explorers arrange those 
 east of the Mississippi into three great groups; the 
 Muscogees, living in the south ; the Iroquois or Five 
 Nations (rather eight nations), inhabiting the coun- 
 try from New York to the St. Lawrence and west- 
 ward to the Great Lakes; the Algonquins, the most 
 powerful of them all, occupying practically all the 
 remaining territory. 
 
 3. When LaSalle came he found the Indians, lat- 
 er known as the Illini Federation, occupying most of 
 the region drained by the Illinois river and its trib- 
 utaries. This federation may be said to have been 
 composed of the following: the Kaskaskias, the Ca- 
 hokias, the Peorias, the Tamaroas, and the Mitchi- 
 gamies. 
 
 4. Next is the wise and daring Miami Federa- 
 tion. It was composed of the Miamis, the Eel-Riv- 
 ers, the Weas, and the Piankeshaws. They occupied 
 a broad expanse of territory to the eastward. 
 
 5. Other tribes not in federations were : the Win- 
 nebagoes, the Kickapoos, the Pottawatomies, the 
 Sacs and Foxes who settled together on Rock River, 
 and the Shawnees who were not Algonquins but 
 who came from Georgia and settled in the Ohio Val- 
 ley.* Of the Winnebago tribe, Blanchard in his His- 
 tory of the Northwest, says : "The Winnebagoes 
 
 * A Piankeshaw tradition says that they themselves al- 
 ways lived here and that the Shawneese just came up out of 
 the ground. 
 
ILLINOIS 11 
 
 were of the Sioux stock and may be set down as the 
 most heroic of all, they never having been con- 
 quered on the field of battle, either by other tribes or 
 even by the armies of the United States, as the fate 
 of Custer's army in 1879 gives melancholy experi- 
 ence." 
 
 6. Wars among these tribes were common, each 
 struggling for the best hunting ground. The most 
 noted will, alone, require our attention. The Winne- 
 bagoes from the west, the Sacs, the Foxes and the 
 Kickapoos from the north and the fierce Iroquois from 
 the far east, made such inroads on the Illini that they 
 became weak and discouraged. The Tamaroas were 
 followed to the Mississippi and after hundreds of the 
 "braves" were killed, 700 women and children were 
 carried away as slaves. 
 
 7. In 1679 LaSalle built Fort Creve Cour on 
 Peoria Lake, but while he was on an expedition 
 down the Illinois and the Mississippi rivers the fort 
 was destroyed. Not to be dismayed, he, in 1682, built 
 Fort St. Louis on what is now known as Starved Rock. 
 The Illini, with a rallying of their old courage, came 
 to him and built up prosperous villages around him. 
 
 8. In 1700 the Kaskaskias left Old Kaskaskia 
 (where Utica now stands) and founded a New Kas- 
 kaskia, near the mouth of the river then given that 
 name, (now called Okaw.) The Cahokias and the 
 Tamaroas made a settlement at Tamaroa, later known 
 as Cahokia, in what has long been known as the 
 
12 ILLINOIS 
 
 "American Bottom, v south of the city of East St. 
 Louis. The Peorias went to the lake which now bears 
 their name. Fear of the Iroquois seems to have been 
 the principal reason for moving and now. when they 
 were at peace, many of them concluded to go back to 
 their old hunting ground. Then other old but unex- 
 pected enemies appeared on the scene. 
 
 Starved Rock. 
 
 9. In 1769 a Peoria Indian, being bribed for a 
 barrel of rum, killed Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, at Ca- 
 hokia. This brought on a war from the tribes that 
 had so long been loyal to him. The Iroquois had 
 troubles at home and never joined in, but the Sacs 
 and Foxes, the Pottawatomies, and the Kickapoos 
 "never forgot" and in that same year, the last of that 
 noble Federation, took refuse on the site of old 
 
ILLINOIS 13 
 
 Fort St. Louis and there perished of thirst and hun- 
 ger. From this tragic incident, Starved Rock gets its 
 name. 
 
 10. The maps on the two succeeding pages will 
 show you about where they were when the white men 
 found them and where they were when their lands 
 came under the control of the United States of Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 11. Their further history is uneventful except as 
 they appear in the War of 1812 and in the Black 
 Hawk War. 
 
 "No more for them the wild deer bounds, 
 The plow is on their hunting ground ; 
 The pale man's axe rings through their woods, 
 The pale man's sail skims o'er their floods." 
 
LOQMTJOff 
 
 OF 
 I/JDIRNS 
 
 /68Z 
 
LOCATION 
 
 iriDlAN5 
 i '782. 
 
Marquette's First Glimpse of Illinois. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 EXPLORATION,, CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT, 
 
 1673-1818. 
 
 12. Father Marquette, a Jesuit priest and Louis 
 Joliet, a French fur trader, were the first white men 
 to set foot on Illinois soil. In 1673 they crossed what 
 is now Wisconsin, westward to the Mississippi River. 
 They sailed down that river and finally up the Illinois. 
 Crossing overland from the headwaters of the latter, 
 they returned by Lake Michigan to the mission at 
 Green Bay, whence they started. Joliet returned to 
 France and was given the island of Anticosti. Mar- 
 quette returned to the Ulini country, preached to the 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 17 
 
 Indians and established a mission — the first church in 
 Illinois. He soon became afflicted with that dread 
 disease, consumption, and started to return to Can- 
 ada. On the south shore of Lake Michigan he died 
 and was there buried. Later the Indians took up his re- 
 mains and, with great reverence, took them to the 
 mission at St. Ignace. Joliet had command of the 
 expedition and Marquette went along as a subordin- 
 ate. Public opinion honors Marquette the more and 
 why not justly so? He wanted nothing for his ser- 
 vices. He was a man of God "whose saintly char- 
 acter will long remain an inspiration to men of every 
 creed and calling." "Greater love hath no man than 
 this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." 
 
 Robert Cavalier de LaSalle. 
 
 13. The French now resolved to take possession 
 of the Illini Country and sent Robert Cavalier de La- 
 
18 ILLINOIS 
 
 Salle and Henry Tonti (an Itaiian) to build a line of 
 forts. In 16 79 they went to the south end of Peoria 
 Lake, where they built Fort Creve Cour, the oldest 
 fortress in the state. An enemy of LaSalle's told the 
 Indians that LaSalle was an Iroquois spy and caused 
 them to be unfriendly to his party. They sailed down 
 to the Gulf of Mexico, claimed all the country for 
 France- and returning, built Fort St. Louis on Starved 
 Rock, organized the Illini tribes and other tribes into 
 another federation (see 3) in 1682. "From this fort- 
 ress, inaccessible as an eagle's nest, LaSalle looked, 
 down upon the homes of more than twenty thousand 
 Indians." Leaving Tonti, he went to France and tried 
 to return by way of the Gulf of Mexico, but he could 
 not find the mouth of the Mississippi. He was fin- 
 ally assassinated by one of his own men. Thus died 
 in the prime of his manhood, Robert Cavalier de La- 
 Salle, "without doubt one of the most remarkable 
 explorers whose names live in history." "Never, 
 under the imperishable mail of paladin or crusader, 
 beat a heart of more intrepid mettle." Father Henne- 
 pin was with LaSalle and was sent to explore the 
 upper Mississippi. He got as far as the Falls of St. 
 Anthony, was captured by the Indians, escaped, re- 
 turned to France and wrote what is thought to be a 
 true account of his expedition. After LaSalle's death, 
 Hennepin wrote a different story, retracting his form- 
 er one and claiming to have been the first to explore 
 the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. The latter 
 story is an impossible one as his dates are badly mixed. 
 
ILLINOIS 19 
 
 14. Other Frenchmen came over bringing their 
 families. The Kaskaskias decided to abandon their 
 old village and, in 1700, they formed at the mouth of 
 the Kaskaskia River what has since been known as 
 Kaskaskia. Here with them some of the French 
 formed a settlement. Some of the white people also 
 went to the Tamaroa (now Cahokia) settlement. It 
 is thus evident that the first two white settlements in 
 Illinois, Tamaroa and Kaskaskia, were simultaneous 
 — 1700. Since they were going down the river it is 
 quite probable that the Tamaroa settlement was a day 
 or two the earlier. 
 
 15. In the year 1718 Louis XIV, King of 
 France, appointed Pierre Duque Boisbraint as Mili- 
 tary Commandant in the Illinois Country. About 18 
 miles up the Mississippi from Kaskaskia he built a 
 fortress and called it Fort Chartres. The stone of 
 which it was built was brought from the bluffs to the 
 east. It was not completed for about thirty years, 
 but it cost a miliion dollars and practically bank- 
 rupted the government of France. It was the greatest 
 structure of its kind on the Western Continent, but it 
 never fired a hostile shot. 
 
 16. In the year 1719, just a hundred years after 
 slavery was introduced into Virginia, Philip Renault 
 bought five hundred slaves in San Domingo and 
 brought them to Kaskaskia and Fort Chartres ex- 
 pecting to use them in mining precious metals, of 
 which the bluffs were supposed to be full. After this 
 hallucination disappeared the slaves were sold to the 
 
20 ILLINOIS 
 
 planters. These slaves were the forefathers of the 
 slave population of Illinois. 
 
 17. When the brave General Wolfe and his men 
 defeated the French at Quebec, the fate of the future 
 Illinois was practically decided, for it led to the sign- 
 ing of the Treaty of Paris September 3d, 1763, which 
 provided that France give all her territory east of the 
 Mississippi to the English. The English proceeded 
 with caution to occupy their new territory and it was 
 October 10th, 1765, when Capt. Sterling, with his 42d 
 Highlanders, took possession of Fort Chartres, which 
 we have said before was the seat of French govern- 
 ment in Illinois. On the above date the Lilies of 
 France came down from the flagstaff and the Union 
 Jack, (the flag of Great Britain adopted in 1707) 
 went up in its place. The people were guaranteed 
 religious freedom and all the rights of British sub- 
 jects if they would take the oath of allegiance to the 
 King of England and if they chose to remain French 
 subjects they were at liberty to go to French terri- 
 tory, taking along all their goods and chattels. Pos- 
 sibly as many as two-thirds of them went to St. Louis, 
 not knowing that region had been secretly ceded to 
 Spain. 
 
 18. On the 24th day of October, 1765, George III 
 issued a proclamation which forbade any of his "lov- 
 ing subjects" to acquire title to any of this territory 
 wrested from the French. That he intended to di- 
 vide the whole country west of the Alleghenies into 
 baronial estates and thus establish a government sim- 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 21 
 
 ilar to the old Feudal System in a vast inland empire, 
 cannot be doubted. 
 
 19. Hitherto the peopie had been content to al- 
 low the Priest to act as judge and jury in disputed 
 cases but the English wanted something different 
 and the jury system was adopted. The first court in 
 Illinois was convened at Fort Chartres December 9th, 
 1768. 
 
 Powder Magazine -the last relic of old Fort Chartres. 
 
 20. In 1772 the Mississippi overflowed its banks 
 and swept away a part of Fort Chartres. The British 
 had now an enemy that no bravery could daunt, so 
 thev built a fort near Kaskaskia and called it Fort 
 
22 ILLINOIS 
 
 Gage, in honor of General Gage who had command 
 of the British troops in Boston. 
 
 21. In the year 1774, the British Parliament 
 passed what was known as the "Quebec Act," which 
 annexed all the territory north of the Ohio to Canada. 
 By virtue of their original charters, Virginia, Massa- 
 chusetts and Connecticut claimed this territory. As, 
 might be expected, the people of these colonies did 
 not like this high-handed way of doing business and 
 resented it in words that forebode revolution. The 
 sequel to this resistance to British tyranny may be at- 
 tributed greatly to the character of the people and to 
 their manner of living. The soil was fertile and it 
 yielded abundantly to those who tilled it. Like-wise 
 the forest furnished plenty of game for the hunter. 
 So bountiful was the supply from field and forest 
 that many of the people were employed in taking flat- 
 boats filled with produce down to New Orleans. While 
 most of them were of a reverential turn of mind, yet 
 they were a "happy-go-lucky" sort of people and life 
 passed merrily among them. Frolics were common 
 and the Reverend Father was often the leading figure 
 among them. 
 
 22. On July 13th, 1775, the Continental Con- 
 gress which was then in session at Philadelphia, es- 
 tablished three Indian departments, viz: the Northern, 
 the Middle and the Southern. The Illinois Country 
 belonged to the Middle. This law never amounted to 
 anything but it is worthy of mention because it was 
 the first legislation in America concerning Illinois. 
 
ILLINOIS 23 
 
 23. George Rogers Clark conceived the bold 
 project of taking the Illinois Country from the British. 
 This pleased Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, 
 who on January 2d, 1778, commissioned him Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel, gave him orders to organize seven 
 companies of fifty men each and to proceed to take 
 the British post of Kaskaskia. The real object of 
 raising these companies was kept a secret and, in or- 
 der to delude British sympathizers, a public order was 
 given to proceed to Kentucky and protect the settlers 
 against the Indians. 
 
 24. Colonel Clark, with three companies, went 
 down the Ohio from Fort Pitt to Corn Island. Here 
 he was joined by about a hundred Kentuckians. For 
 the first time he made known the real object of the 
 campaign. About a hundred men deserted, leaving 
 him about the same number as before but undoubtedly 
 of better mettle. 
 
 25. While going down the river he was over- 
 taken by Captain Linn who bore a message that 
 France and America had formed an alliance. Smith's 
 History of Illinois says this was Providential. It 
 might be said to have been Providential also that a 
 party of hunters who knew the trails fell in with 
 them. 
 
 26. Believing the Mississippi to be fortified. 
 Colonel Clark chose to go overland to Kaskaskia, and 
 landed about a mile above Fort Massac. On the 29th 
 of June he started across the country. On the third 
 
24 ILLINOIS 
 
 day they got lost in what is now Williamson County. 
 Suspecting the guide (one of the hunters), they 
 threatened to kill him, but he found a trail and they 
 reached the bluffs overlooking Kaskaskia on the sixth 
 day, July 4th, 1778. 
 
 27. The attack was well planned. His little army 
 was divided into three divisions and under the cover 
 of darkness, the left one was to cross the Kaskaskia 
 River below the town ; the right was to cross above ; 
 both to await orders from Clark who led the center 
 into town. A big "frolic," for which Kaskaskia was 
 famous, was in progress and all were there, even the 
 garrison. Leaving his men outside, Clark boldly 
 walked in and stood, an interested spectator. An 
 Indian brave discovered him and gave a war-whoop 
 All was excitement but Clark tried to quiet them 
 bidding them to go on with the dance, adding that he 
 had "jest drapped in" to tell them that they wer 
 dancing under the flag of Virginia instead of the flag 
 of Great Britain. They were all ordered to give up 
 their arms, to go to their homes and not to attempt to 
 leave under penalty of death. The word was given 
 to all the soldiers who immediately took possession o: 
 the town. The Union Jack came down and the Stars 
 and Stripes went up. (See Clark's Memoirs). The 
 little army whose bravery had won this bloodless bat- 
 tle, paraded the streets all night, yelling like savages. 
 Nobody slept. 
 
 28. The next day "with fear and tremb! : ng," a 
 
ILLINOIS 25 
 
 number of the old men, led by Father Gibauit, begged 
 for mercy for their peopie. Never did a bright man- 
 hood shine more brightly through a rough exterior 
 than when Clark answered, "Do you take us for sav- 
 ages?'' and explained to them that their French breth- 
 ren were in alliance with the Americans and that Eng- 
 land was a common enemy. They all took the oath of 
 allegiance to the United States of America. Cahokia 
 and all the adjacent community promptly yielded and 
 Young. America became firmly established on Illinois 
 soil. 
 
 29. In the autumn of this year, Captain Helm, 
 with a small force, not enough for a corporal's guard, 
 went over to "Vincennes on the Wabash," persuaded 
 the people to place themselves under American rule, 
 and Captain Helm became Commandant. 
 
 30. On the 15th of the following December, Sir 
 Henry Hamilton (the hair-buyer), with eighty red- 
 coats and four hundred Indian braves, advanced upon 
 the fort at Vincennes and demanded its surrender. 
 Captain Helm demanded the honors of war. His 
 terms were granted, and the "entire garrison, consist- 
 ing of one officer and one man, walked out with colors 
 flying." 
 
 31. "I must now take Hamilton or he will take 
 me," said Colonel Clark. Accordingly, on February 
 10th, 1779, he started a keel boat down the Mississippi 
 with forty-six men and some supplies, to co-operate 
 with him in command of his old soldiers and a com- 
 
26 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 pany of Frenchmen, one hundred seventy in all, march- 
 ing overland to Vincennes. In a brief work we can- 
 not enumerate the hardships experienced on this expe- 
 dition. Crossing the drowned lands of the Wabash 
 would discourage anyone but men of mettle. By 
 wading, swimming and rafting, they got through, the 
 stronger helping the weaker, and on February 22d 
 they saw Vincennes. 
 
 Clark Crossing: the Drowned Lands of the Wabash. 
 
 (From Anderson's Grammar School History, published by Chas. E. 
 Merrill Co., Chicago and New York.) 
 
 32. The next day Colonel Clark sent in the fol- 
 lowing note: 
 
 To the Inhabitants of Vincennes: 
 
 Being now within two miles of your village with my 
 army, determined to take your fort this night, and not being 
 
ILLINOIS 27 
 
 willing to surprise you, I take this opportunity to request such 
 of you as are true citizens and willing to enjoy the liberty 
 which I bring you, to remain still in your houses and 
 those, if any there be, who are friends of the King, let them 
 instantly repair to the fort and join the hair-buyer general 
 and fight like men. If any of the latter do not go to the fort 
 and shall be discovered afterwards, they may depend upon 
 severe punishment. On the contrary, those who are true 
 friends to liberty, may depend upon being well treated and I 
 once more request them to keep out of the streets, for every 
 one I find in arms on my arrival shall be treated as an 
 enemy. Respectfully yours, George Rogers Clark. 
 
 33. As indicated, fire was opened on the fort that 
 night. The fire was returned. This continued all 
 night and practically all the next day. Late in the af- 
 ternoon Hamilton signed articles of capitulation and 
 the fort was formally delivered February 25th, 1779. 
 Colonel Clark's army, two hundred sixteen men, had 
 taken from Great Britain territory enough for an 
 empire. 
 
 34. Shall we follow this great man's career 
 further? We fain would do so but a few words must 
 suffice. It often happens that those whom God means 
 shall do good works are to be wrongly treated by the 
 very ones whom they are to benefit. This case was no 
 exception. Personally he was never paid anything 
 nor was he in any way rewarded. He suffered many 
 years with rheumatism contracted in his country's 
 service, and died neglected and in poverty, the same 
 year that the Illinois Country which he had gained 
 for America became a state — 1818. 
 
 35. In 1778, the Legislature of Virginia created 
 the office of Lieutenant-commandant of the Illinois 
 
28 ILLINOIS 
 
 Country and Governor Henry appointed John Todd : 
 of Kentucky, to fill the place. Todd arrived at Kas- 
 kaskia the next year and issued a proclamation organ- 
 izing Illinois County. He appointed a Magistrate at 
 Kaskaskia, one at Cahokia, and another at Prairie du 
 Rocher, to hold court at their respective places. He 
 also appointed a Captain of the Militia at each place to 
 assist the Magistrate in carrying out the laws. Among 
 the early settlers superstition held sway and many still 
 believed in witchcraft. One negro at Kaskaskia and 
 one at Cahokia were sentenced to be burned at the 
 stake and their ashes scattered. Mr. Todd signed 
 their death-warrant in 1779, and they were duly exe- 
 cuted. Doubtless there were others but these are the 
 only ones of which we have any reliable record. Mr. 
 Todd went to Kentucky in 1780 and was killed in a 
 fight with the Indians. For the next ten years, Illinois 
 was practically without any government. (See 41.) 
 
 36. France (not individual Frenchmen like La- 
 fayette) had agreed to help the United States in the 
 Revolution more on account of her enmity to Eng- 
 land than her good feeling for America, and when the 
 negotiations which led to a treaty of peace between 
 the United States and Great Britain were in progress, 
 it was plain that the French representative was warm- 
 ly supporting the claim of Spain to all territory west 
 of the Alleghenies. England, dreading the combined 
 power of France and Spain, did not prolong the con- 
 troversy and the treaty of peace was signed Septem- 
 ber 3d, 1783. This relinquished all of England's claim 
 
ILLINOIS 29 
 
 to territory east of the Mississippi River and con- 
 firmed the title of the United States. 
 
 37. This same year, 1783, Samuel J. Seeley taught 
 the first school in Illinois. It was at New Design in 
 what is now Monroe County. 
 
 38. After the close of the Revolution some of the 
 men who had been with Clark emigrated to the west 
 and settled in the Mississippi bottom above Kaskaskia. 
 From them it got the name "American Bottom," which 
 name it has ever since retained. 
 
 39. The states of New York, Virginia, Massa- 
 chusetts and Connecticut claimed the territory north 
 of the Ohio River. The first had but little ground 
 for its claim and gave it up in 1784. Virginia mag- 
 nanimously ceded her claim in 1784, with the under- 
 standing that the lands be sold to pay the war debts 
 of the states. Massachusetts followed the same yeai 
 and Connecticut ceded her claim in 1786. 
 
 40. On July 13th, 1787, Congress passed a meas- 
 ure proposed by Thomas Jefferson. It was a code of 
 laws for the government of the Northwest Territory : 
 and was known as the Ordinance of 1787. Some of 
 the principal provisions were: that Congress should 
 appoint a governor, a secretary and three judges to 
 administer the laws; that religious freedom should be 
 guaranteed ; that within its borders neither slavery nor 
 involuntary servitude except as a punishment for 
 crime should ever exist in any of the territory ; that it 
 should eventually be divided into not less than three 
 
30 ILLINOIS 
 
 states and never into more than five states, each of 
 which could be admitted into the Union when it had 
 sixty thousand free inhabitants. Nearly fifty years 
 afterwards Daniel Webster said, "We are accustomed 
 to praise the great law-givers of antiquity, we help tc 
 perpetuate the fame of Solon and of Lycurgus but I 
 doubt whether one single law, ancient or modern, has 
 produced effects more distinct, marked and lasting in 
 character than the Ordinance of 1787." 
 
 41. It may be said to have been three years after 
 the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787 before Illinois 
 had any government at all. On October 5th, 1787 : 
 General Arthur St. Clair was appointed Governor of 
 the Northwest Territory. He spent some time in the 
 present limits of Ohio and Indiana and reached Kas- 
 kaskia in 1790. On April 27th of the same year, he 
 organized St. Clair County with Cahokia as the 
 county seat, the first in the present state of Illinois. 
 It included all the Illinois country south of the Illinois 
 River and west of a line drawn from the mouth of 
 Mackinaw Creek near the present city of Pekin, to 
 Fort Massac near the present city of Metropolis. 
 
 42. Rev. Joseph Lillard founded the first Metho- 
 dist church in Illinois in 1793. It was at Shiloh in the 
 New Design settlement. 
 
 43. Randolph County was organized October 
 5th, 1795. It included part of St. Clair County, being 
 all of the Illinois Country south of a line drawn due 
 east from the Mississippi, through the New Design 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 31 
 
 settlement to the Wabash River. This division was 
 made as a result of a misunderstanding between two of 
 the officers. One was to be judge in Randolph County, 
 the other in St. Clair. 
 
 44. The first Baptist Church in Illinois was or- 
 ganized by Rev. David Badgley, at New Design, in 
 1796. 
 
 45. By act of Congress, May 7th, 1800, Ohio was 
 cut out of the Northwest Territory and the remainder 
 was called Indiana Territory. It was to be a territory 
 of the first class, in which all the officers were appoint- 
 ed by the Governor. This law went into effect July 
 4th, 1800. "Saint Vincennes" (Vincennes) became 
 the capital and General William H. Harrison was ap- 
 pointed governor. 
 
 Old Fort Dearborn— The Beginning of Chicago. 
 
32 ILLINOIS 
 
 46. Almost immediately after the close of the Rev- 
 olution, British subjects began to plan to annex the 
 territory, north and west of the Ohio, to Quebec, and 
 did all they could to create a hostile feeling between 
 the Indians and American citizens. Accordingly, the 
 United States Government thought it best to build a 
 fort in this region. A spot on the eastern shore of 
 Lake Michigan was selected at first, but the Chipewas 
 and the Ottawas objected. The next place chosen was 
 at the mouth of the "Chicagou River." Here Fort 
 Dearborn was built in 1804. It was named in honor 
 of General Henry Dearborn, who was then Secretary 
 of War. (See 51, 52, 96.) 
 
 47. Tradition says that Fort Massac was built by 
 Ferdinand DeSoto, the Spanish explorer, in 1542* 
 Whether this is true, we know not, but it is a fact that 
 the French occupied it as early as 1701. "Here Wilk- 
 inson, Sebastian, Powers and others, with Spanish. 
 French and Creole women plotted to dismember the 
 American Union. Here the gifted Aaron Burr rested 
 refreshed himself and planned his southern expedi- 
 tion ; his plot to make an empire out of the southwest 
 and if events favored, to set himself on the throne of 
 the Montezumas," (111. Hist. Library, Vol. 8.) 
 
 48. The first Masonic lodge in Illinois was organ- 
 ized at Kaskaskia, September 13th, 1806, by seven 
 pioneers who were bound by the mystic tie. The name 
 of this lodge was Western Star. 
 
 49. On February 3d, 1809, the State of Indiana 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 53 
 
 was cut out of the Indiana Territory and the re- 
 mainder was called Illinois Territory. Kaskaskia was 
 the capital. An old atlas gives the following picture of 
 the first capitol. 
 
 m 
 
 ! i 
 
 -TO 
 
 Capitol of Illinois Territory. 
 
 50. Illinois Territory was changed to the second 
 class on May 21st, 1812. This gave them the right 
 to elect all town and county officers. The same year 
 Gallatin, Johnson and Madison counties were organ- 
 ized. Ali these had a tendency to encourage immi- 
 gration and the country rapidly filled up. 
 
 51. Prior to the war of 1812, British agents had 
 been among the Indians of the Illinois Country and 
 poisoned their minds against the Americans. With 
 the declaration of war against England, the Indians 
 began. The Americans had not been asleep but had 
 built a line of forts or block houses from Alton to 
 Kaskaskia, another from Kaskaskia to the salt works 
 
34 ILLINOIS 
 
 in the Wabash Valley, another along the Wabash and 
 the Ohio, and one — Old Fort Dearborn — where Dear- 
 born Station, Chicago, now stands. The largest and 
 strongest of these, Camp Russel at Edwardsviile, was 
 made military headquarters for Illinois. 
 
 52. Captain Heald commanded a garrison of 
 seventy men at Fort Dearborn and was ordered to 
 evacuate it and go to Vincennes. He started, but on 
 the next day, August 15th, 1812, the men with their 
 women and children were attacked by overwhelming 
 numbers of Indians and most of them were horribly 
 massacred. This is known as the Dearborn Massacre. 
 
 53. Colonel William Russell, of Kentucky, or- 
 ganized a regiment of rangers, Kentuckians and Illi- 
 noisans. Governor Edwards ordered him to Peoria, 
 the Indian "hot-bed." Captain Craig went up the 
 Illinois River with supplies to co-operate with him. 
 The latter arrived first and received such a hot fire 
 from the Indians that he could not land until Colonel 
 Russell arrived. The Indians, seeing themselves con- 
 fronted by a superior force, fled. Captain Craig 
 landed, burned the town, captured the remaining in- 
 habitants, mostly Frenchmen, and took them to Alton. 
 (This last act was cruel and unnecessary.) The next 
 year they returned to Peoria and built Fort Clark, 
 burnt several Indian villages, then divided the force 
 into three parts, leaving only a small garrison. One 
 part went up the Illinois River and the other went 
 among the Sacs and Foxes on Rock River. 
 
ILLINOIS 3S 
 
 54. Lieutenant Campbell, with two boats, led an 
 expedition up the Mississippi, in 1814, and had a 
 deadly encounter with the Indians on what has since 
 been known as Campbell's Island. Later in the same 
 year, Major Zachary Taylor, the same man who be- 
 came president, made a similar expedition and had an 
 encounter with British and Indians. Neither expe 
 d.tion was a success, but the enemy won dear vie- 
 tones. 
 
 55 The experiences growing cut of this war 
 caused Congress to pass a law requiring all able- 
 bodied men to practice military drill once each month, 
 the days on which they met were called "Muster 
 days. After the officers had "bawled themselves 
 hoarse they would have a barbecue, meantime they 
 swapped yarns" and 
 
 "Sleights of art and feats of strength went round." 
 These old-time Muster days, after they had served 
 so good a purpose, degenerated into drunken 
 brawls, usually ending in a free-for-all fight When 
 Andrew Jackson became President he recommended 
 that musters be discontinued, and it was done. 
 
 56 On September 6th, 1814, Matthew Duncan 
 published the first copy of the Illinois Herald This 
 was at Kaskaskia, and was the first newspaper in the 
 state. There are now about two thousand. 
 
 57. The Bank of Shawneetown, the Bank of Kas- 
 kaskia and the Bank of Edwardsville were chartered 
 by the territorial legislature in 1816. This was the 
 
36 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 beginning of ''Wildcat Banks." Hitherto the settlers 
 never had much money, though it must be remem- 
 bered that anything of value served as a medium of 
 exchange. 
 
 58. The first Cumberland Presbyterian church in 
 the state was organized by Rev. James McGready at 
 Sharon, White County, in 1816. 
 
 59. In 1817, Rev. Samuel Wylie organized the 
 first Covenanter Presbyterian church in the state. 
 This was in a little grove just across the Kaskaskia 
 River from Kaskaskia. The well respected family of 
 Wylies in Randolph County are his descendants. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 % »;;* ■■■■' • %;-:■■ ;:- \i < 
 
 Up*- ■ 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 | A- • 
 
 ^ 3gt 
 
 "%^ '- \<*& ■""■ 
 
 A Train of Prairie Schooners. 
 
 (F'rom Woodburn & Mnran's American History, published by Long- 
 mans, Green and Co., New York ) 
 
ILLINOIS 37 
 
 GO. The quarter of a century immediately pre- 
 ceding and as long a time following the admission of 
 Illinois as a state (1818), we might properly call 
 "Pioneer Days." The complete story of the trials and 
 triumphs of the brave pioneers of those days will 
 never be written, but not even a brief work would 
 serve its purpose if it said nothing of them. When 
 the Englishman, the Scotchman, the Frenchman, the 
 Irishman and the Swede left the "OU Home," they 
 did not come at the rate of forty miles an hour on a 
 passenger train, but they came in a covered ("kiv- 
 ered") wagon drawn by oxen, "way cut west" to Illi- 
 nois. Those who came from the New England states 
 — New York, New Jersey and Delaware — settled prin- 
 cipally in the northern part. People of Pennsylvania, 
 Ohio and Indiana settled in the central part, while 
 people from Maryland, The Carolinas, Georgia, Ten- 
 nessee and Kentucky settled in the southern part. For 
 mutual protection several families came together and 
 they formed a settlement near some stream where 
 timber and water were plentiful. Every man had an 
 axe, a rifle, a frow (fro), a drawing-knife, and he 
 soon made a shaving-horse. Among them they would 
 own one or more whipsaws. Thus equipped, they 
 built their single-room log houses with "stick and 
 clay" chimneys, their puncheon floors and their clap- 
 board roofs. They made their furniture, for all the 
 furniture ( ?) they brought along was a skillet with 
 an iron lid. The Lord sent manna from heaven to 
 feed the Israelites and he was not less kind to the 
 
38 ILLINOIS 
 
 Pioneers. He rilled the forest with deer which might 
 be killed for food. Thus, through the help of Divine 
 Providence, they had venison to eat and, figuratively 
 and literally, kept the wolf from the door. Nor were 
 the women and children idle while this was going on. 
 They worked in the ''clearing" or did anything there 
 was to do. This is the "start'' these brave and good 
 people had when they came into a region filled with 
 wild animals and merciless Indian savages. 
 
 61. In the summers of the earlier days the feet 
 were not hidden, 
 
 "In the prison cells of pride" 
 for they all went barefooted. The clothing was made 
 of "buckskin" and they wore "coonskin caps. These 
 were their "everyday" and their "Sunday" clothes, 
 too, except that occasionally the girls were 
 
 "Decked in their homespun flax and wool" 
 
 which they had brought from the "old home back 
 east." The fashion scon changed and they grew 
 their own wool and cotton, they carded it, wove it, 
 spun it and, on a home-made loom, wove it into cloth. 
 Then it was made into clothes for all the family. 
 When "Father" went to a "log-rolling," "Mother" 
 went too and took her "knitting" along. The "husk- 
 ing-bee" and the "apple-cutting" were common forms 
 of sociability and of combining business with pleasure. 
 G2. The neighbors went into the forests and built 
 the rude log church. On one side they put seats for 
 the men and boys, and on the other they put seats for 
 
ILLINOIS 39 
 
 the giris and their mothers. The preacher was one of 
 their number who worked through the week, studied 
 his Bible at night and preached for two or three hours 
 on Sunday. 
 
 "At church, with meek and unaffected grace, 
 His looks adorned the venerable place ; 
 Truth from his lips prevailed with double sway, 
 While fools who came to scoff remained to pray.'" 
 
 The old "camp-meeting,'' once so great a factor for 
 good, is now a reality only in memory. 
 
 63. Smith says, "The teacher was like the sea- 
 sons ; he came and he went." He took anything of 
 ^alue for tuition and "boarded round." Though the 
 people, «ai| declared how much he knew," 
 
 it is evident that his scholarship, as a general thing, 
 "would not pass muster" now. Here is a copy set by 
 one of them, "luck at the coppy carefull." Often the 
 Bible was the only reader in the school. All were in 
 the same Arithmetic class. They used slates and 
 home-made soapstone (talc) pencils, home-made ink 
 and quill pens. 
 
 64. There were no fever thermometers and the 
 good old mother was the family physician, the neigh- 
 bors were the undertakers. 
 
 "Yet e'en these bones from insult to protect, 
 
 Some frail memorial still erected nigh, 
 With uncouth rhymes and shameless sculpture decked, 
 
 Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. 
 
 Their name, their years, spelt by the unlettered muse, 
 
 The place of fame and elegy supply, 
 And many a holy text around she strews, 
 
 That teach the rustic moralist to die." 
 
40 ILLINOIS 
 
 65. The following is taken from an atlas pub 
 lished in 1878: 
 
 ''A song for the early times out west, 
 
 And our green old forest home, 
 Whose pleasant memories freshly, yet 
 
 Across the bosom come ; 
 A song for the free and gladsome life, 
 
 In those early days we led, 
 With a teeming soil beneath our feet, 
 
 And a smiling Heaven o'erhead ! 
 Oh ! the waves of life danced merrily, 
 
 And had a joyous flow, 
 In the days when we were pioneers, 
 
 Some fifty years ago! 
 
 But now our course of life is short, 
 
 And as from day to day, 
 We're walking on with halting steps. 
 
 And fainting by the way. 
 Another land more bright than this, 
 
 To our dim sight aopears, 
 And on our way to it we'll soon 
 
 Again be pioneers. 
 Yet while we linger we may all 
 
 A backward glance still throw, 
 To the days when we were pioneers, 
 
 Some fifty years ago." 
 
Seal of the State of Illinois. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 A GREAT STATE WRESTLING WITH GREAT PROBLEMS, 
 
 1818-1860. 
 
 66. On April 18th, 1818, Congress passed what 
 was known as the Enabling Act. This law provided 
 that the boundary of Illinois should be as follows: 
 Beginning at the mouth of the Wabash River; thence 
 up the same and with the line of Indiana, to the north- 
 west corner of said state ; thence east with the line of 
 said state to the middle of Lake Michigan ; thence 
 north along the middie of said Lake to north latitude 
 42 degrees and 30 minutes ; thence west to the mid- 
 dle of the Mississippi River; thence down along the 
 middle of that river to its confluence with the Ohio 
 River ; thence up that river along the northwestern 
 
42 ILLINOIS 
 
 shore to the point of beginning. It further provided 
 that when this territory had 40,000 inhabitants, the 
 people were authorized to form a constitution and 
 that it might become a state. Nathaniel Pope was our 
 territorial delegate in Congress at the time and he 
 drew up the Enabling Act, making the northern 
 boundary 41 degrees 39 minutes. In that form it was 
 recommended by the committee having it in charge, 
 but when it was before Congress for passage he pro- 
 posed an amendment which made it 42 degrees 30 
 minutes north latitude. The amendment carried after 
 much debating and thus it remains. 
 
 67. The American Atlas published in Philadel- 
 phia a few years later says the population of Illinois 
 in 1818 was 35,220, but by a peculiar manipulation of 
 figures in taking the census, it was claimed that Illi- 
 nois had 40,000 people. Delegates were elected to a 
 constitutional convention. The constitution was drawn 
 up and agreed to by the delegates (August 26th, 
 1818), but was never voted on by the people. An 
 election was held for Governor, Lieutenant Governor. 
 Congressman (one), and members of the General As- 
 sembly (State Legislature). The Legislature met 
 at Kaskaskia, the capital, on October 5th, 1818, and 
 Shadrach Bond, the Governor-elect, was duly inaug- 
 urated on the next day. John McLean had been elect- 
 ed to Congress and the Legislature elected Jesse B. 
 Thomas and Ninian Edwards to the United States 
 Senate. McLean, Thomas and Edwards went to 
 Washington but Congress would not swear them in 
 
ILLINOIS 43 
 
 until it had approved the constitution. After stren- 
 uous opposition, a bill approving it passed December 
 3d and President Monroe signed it the next day. Illi- 
 nois thus became a state on December 4th, 1818. The 
 home of a French planter was used as the capitol. 
 
 G8. The advocates of slavery knew that Congress 
 would not admit Illinois to the Union unless the con- 
 stitution contained an anti-slavery clause. With this 
 in view they inserted a clause providing that, "Neither 
 slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be 
 introduced/' The trick in the word, "hereafter," was 
 discovered but men like William H. Harrison did not 
 believe it was so intended and it passed. Subsequent 
 events confirmed the views of the most pessimistic in 
 the matter. 
 
 G9. By studying the history of our flag it will be 
 seen that Congress had just adopted the present style 
 of flag, i. e. thirteen stars and thirteen stripes, with 
 one star added for each state added to the original 
 thirteen. Illinois' star appeared in the flag on July 
 4th, 1819. 
 
 70. In 1819, Governor Bond called the Legisla- 
 ture together and it passed a law locating the capital 
 at Vandalia. It also passed what was known as the 
 "Black Code." As the name might imply, it was 
 concerning the negro. It provided: That a negro 
 could not bring suit nor testify in any court; that if 
 he were found ten miles from home he could be taken 
 before a justice and whipped twenty-five lashes; that 
 
44 ILLINOIS 
 
 unless he had a certificate of freedom his services for 
 one year could be sold by the sheriff ; that he might 
 be sold on execution or mortgaged for his master's 
 debts ; that no person could legally bring a slave to the 
 state for the purpose of freeing him without giving a 
 bond of $1,000 guaranteeing that such slave would be 
 a law-abiding and self-supporting citizen. The negro 
 slave had a home and a master that would protect him 
 but the free negro was an outcast liable to all kinds 
 of indignities even to being kidnapped and sold down 
 the river. He therefore often made himself a volun- 
 tary slave to some master. 
 
 71. In the fall of 1820, at a cost of only twenty- 
 five dollars, a young man, Sidney Breese, who later 
 became United States Senator, moved the records to 
 the new capitol, a two-story frame building at Van- 
 dalia. As an incident of pioneer life it might be noted 
 that while Vandalia was the capital the members of 
 the Legislature became tired of venison and wanted 
 "civilized meat." 
 
 72. Banks everywhere in the country were falling 
 and times were extremely hard. In order to satisfy a 
 popular clamor, the Legislature, in 1820, passed a law 
 organizing a State Bank. It was to be at Vandalia 
 and to have branches at Brownsville near where Mur- 
 physboro now stands, at Edwardsville, at Albion and 
 at Shawneetown. State Bank bills were issued to the 
 amount of a haif million dollars. Several of our 
 wisest financiers were opposed to the state's going into 
 the "wild cat bank" business, but the masses wanted 
 
ILLINOIS 45 
 
 it. The bills depreciated to thirty cents on the dollar 
 and times were harder than before (except with 
 members of the Legislature. That body passed a law 
 that state officers should be paid in this money at cur- 
 rent value.) 
 
 73. In 1821, Timothy Burnett was hanged at 
 Belleville for killing Alonzo C. Stewart in a duel. This 
 was the only legal execution for dueling in Illinois. 
 
 Edward Coles. 
 
 74. In 1822, Edward Coles was elected governcr. 
 In his inaugural address he advocated the repeal of 
 the Black Laws, and this brought on a contest thut 
 lasted during his entire term. The slavery men 
 claiming to no longer be bound by the Ordinance of 
 1787, wanted to amend the constitution so as to legal- 
 ize slavery in Illinois. Accordingly, in 1823, the Leg- 
 
46 ILLINOIS 
 
 islature, after unseating Nicholas Hansen, who opposed 
 the amendment, and seating John Shaw, who favored 
 it, passed a resolution to submit to the people, the ques- 
 tion of calling a convention to revise the constitution. 
 Governor Coles spent his entire salary for four years 
 ($4,000), fighting this measure. Morris Birkbeck, i 
 liberty-loving Englishman, Rev. John Mason Peck, a 
 Yankee Baptist preacher, Hon. Henry Eddy, editor of 
 the Illinois Emigrant at Shawneetown, and many oth- 
 ers did valuable service in the fight. It was voted on. 
 August 2d, 1824, and the anti-slavery men won by a 
 majority of 1GG8. It might be added that Governor 
 Coles, like many other good men, was very unpopular, 
 in his lifetime, but his name will long live in history 
 as the one who did most to prevent the legalizing of 
 slavery in Illinois. 
 
 75. In 1824, a new capitol, a two-story brick 
 structure which cost $12,381.50, was built to replace 
 the one built in 1820 which had been destroyed by 
 fire. 
 
 76. The first law providing for a free school in 
 Illinois was proposed by Joseph Duncan, Representa- 
 tive from Jackson County. It passed on January 15th. 
 1825. About the same time the public-spirited citi- 
 zens of Edwards County built a schoolhouse with 
 "real glass windows." It was the first of its kind in 
 the state. 
 
 77. In 1825 General Lafayette visited the state 
 of Illinois and was received with great honor at Kas- 
 kaskia, at Vandalia and at Shawneetown. Reynolds 
 
ILLINOIS 47 
 
 says he was lame from a wound received in achiev- 
 ing: our liberties and it seemed that his lameness add- 
 ed to his noble bearing as it told to the heart the story 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 78. In 1825 Rev. George Wolf organized a 
 church not far from the hill known as Bald Knob in 
 Union County. It was dedicated to "Religious Lib- 
 erty" but was composed mostly of Dunkards and Uni- 
 versalists. 
 
 79. Ninian Edwards, a former territorial gov- 
 ernor, was elected governor in 1826. One of his first 
 acts was to openly charge the management of the State 
 Bank with wilful violation of the law. The Legisla- 
 ture "investigated" and as modern politicians put it, 
 the whole thing was "whitewashed." One member 
 of the Legislature, who was sent to Shawneetown to 
 examine the bank there said he found plenty of good 
 whiskey and sugar to sweeten it. Governor Edwards 
 was what might be termed an aristocrat. He wore a 
 coat trimmed in gold lace at his inaugural. 
 
 80. On New Year's day, 1827, Dr. John Mason 
 Peck organized "The Theological Seminary and High 
 School" at Rock Springs, St. Clair County. It was 
 the first seminary in the state. Later it was moved to 
 Alton and is now Shurtleff College. 
 
 81. The so-called Winnebago War, in 1827, is 
 one of the most disgraceful things recorded on the 
 pages of history. The Winnebagoes lived near Ga- 
 lena and the "Palefaces," by hundreds, were over- 
 
48 ILLINOIS 
 
 running their lands in search of lead. Some boatmen 
 from Fort Snelling, in a drinking carousal with the 
 Indians, forced their squaws on the boats and pulled 
 away, not returning until the next day. The Indians 
 had sobered up and in their righteous indignation at- 
 tacked them. Several on each side were killed in the 
 fight. Sixteen hundred soldiers came to the scene. 
 Several Indians were arrested, tried for murder and 
 executed. Ye Gods ! talk of Helen of Troy ! Had 
 American womanhood been thus disgraced, the 
 United States would have fought the world or the 
 cfTender — not the defender — would have been pun- 
 ished. 
 
 82. McKendree College was founded by Rev. 
 Peter Cartright in 1828. It is located at Lebanon. 
 
 83. In 1829 the Duncan Free School Law was 
 repealed and a new one passed providing for the sale 
 of the lands which had been donated by Congress for 
 the benefit of the public schools. The object in sell- 
 ing it was, not to help the schools, but to loan this 
 money to the state and heip the tottering State Bank 
 which had been the spoils of politicians for so many 
 years. 
 
 84. In 1830 John Reynolds was elected governor. 
 In the same year the Salt Works near Equality which 
 the United States had recently ceded to Illinois, were 
 sold and the first state penitentiary was built at Alton 
 with the proceeds. 
 
 85. After the state had lost a half million dollars 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 49 
 
 in "high-handed financiering," the State Bank went 
 out of business in 1831, its charter having expired. 
 
 Wfh 
 
 
 
 ' "^ §,'v 
 
 
 •"• $&$# 
 
 
 Wr 
 
 4 ^ £■ 
 
 V 
 
 | >■%> 
 
 i ! t" 
 
 
 14HI 
 
 
 11 
 
 Black Hawk. 
 
 86. The Black Hawk War occurred in 1831-2 
 Several years before some Indians of the Sac and Fox 
 tribes, while intoxicated, had transferred to the United 
 States most of the lands in the region of Rock River 
 belonging to the tribes, reserving it until the land was 
 sold to actual settlers. Black Hawk, the Sac Chief., 
 objected on the ground of fraud. Now that Keokuk, 
 a rival chief, had ceded all his lands east of the Mis- 
 sissippi, and that his own village had been taken while 
 
50 ILLINOIS 
 
 he was away hunting, he could no longer endure it. 
 His war-like spirit was for a while appeased by an ol4 
 friend, a fur trader at Rock Island. The people, who 
 were themselves usurpers, did not feel secure, and 
 called on Governor Reynolds for protection. Sixteen 
 hundred soldiers were soon on the scene. Black 
 Hawk and his famishing followers of men, women and 
 children, crossed the Mississippi westward. On Jan- 
 uary 26th, 1832, the troops burned his village. Four 
 days later he gave up all claim to Illinois soil. 
 
 87. In the spring of 1832 he started across the 
 northwest corner of Illinois, going to his friends, the 
 Winnebagoes, in Wisconsin, to beg a place to plant 
 corn, and was ordered back. He did not heed. Gov- 
 ernor Reynolds, with all the pomp of an Alexander 
 with eighteen hundred men, met him near Dixon. 
 Here a man named Stillman, while leading a recon- 
 noitering party, met a half dozen "Braves" under a 
 flag of truce and fired on them. "Black Hawk's spirit 
 rose high in his bosom" at such an act. He attacked 
 Stillman and killed twelve of his men, putting the rest 
 to flight. This disgraceful scene was the real begin- 
 ning of the war. 
 
 88. The time of most of the soldiers had now ex- 
 pired and they went home, but a new army of twenty- 
 seven hundred men was raised. This was in addition 
 to General Scott's army of one thousand men at Fort 
 Dearborn which did no service on account of the 
 cholera. Black Hawk, seeing this formidable force 
 arrayed against him, fled. He was pursued and in a 
 
ILLINOIS 51 
 
 series of conflicts more than a hundred of his men 
 were killed. He finally surrendered to the Winneba- 
 goes and was turned over to the United States au- 
 thorities, August 27th, and the war was over. 
 
 89. It had taken over seven thousand troops and 
 had cost over a million dollars to put four hundred 
 men with their starving families off the land of which 
 they had been robbed. The Federal Court decided 
 that nothing but honorable warfare could be charged 
 against him and he was released in 1833. 
 
 "Black Hawk is an Indian ; he has done nothing of which 
 an Indian need to be ashamed. He has fought the battles of 
 his countrymen against the white men, who came year after 
 year to cheat them and take away their lands. You know the 
 nnT, °, °k r m f; kln g war— it is known to all white men-they 
 ought to be ashamed of it. The white men despise the In- 
 dians and drive them from their homes, but the Indians are 
 w!l de f Ce i t - ful - T h | white men speak bad of the Indian and 
 look at him spitefully, but the Indian does not tell li~> In- 
 dians do not steal. Black Hawk is satisfied. He wilf go to 
 the world of spirits contented. He has done his dutv. His 
 Father will meet him and reward him.'— Extract horn a 
 speech delivered by Black Hawk when he was turned over 
 oy the Winncbagoes to the United States authorities. 
 
 90. In 1834 Governor Reynolds was elected to 
 Congress and on November 17th of that year he re- 
 signed the office of Governor, whereupon Acting 
 Lieutenant Governor William L. D. Ewing became 
 governor. 
 
 91. On December 3d, 1831, Joseph Duncan was 
 inaugurated governor. He advocated a free school 
 system, a series of internal improvements and a state 
 bank. The Legislature ignored the school question 
 
52 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 but the same year it passed a law to incorporate a 
 company to construct the Illinois and Michigan canal. 
 Then, in anticipation of securing loans from the gov- 
 ernment according to President Jackson's policy, they 
 passed other laws organizing the State Bank and to 
 revive the defunct Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown. 
 For political reasons these banks never got any money 
 that was distributed to "Pet Banks," though in 183G 
 Congress divided among the states, the money that 
 had accumulated in the national treasury. Illinois re- 
 ceived $335,000. It was to be added to the School 
 Fund and is known as the surplus revenue. This 
 was technically a loan but really a gift. The state 
 used the money and pays interest on it into the school 
 fund. 
 
 Last State House at Vandalia. (As it was.) 
 
ILLINOIS 53 
 
 92. On Christmas day, 1835, the first lodge of 
 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in the state was 
 organized at Alton. It was named Western Star 
 Lodge. 
 
 93. The state was beginning to need a new cap- 
 ital and several cities were rivals with Vandalia for 
 its location. Hoping to settle the matter for all time 
 to come, the public-spirited citizens of Vandalia, in 
 
 1836, tore down the capitol that had been erected in 
 1824, and built a commodious brick structure at a 
 cost of $16,000. It is now the Fayette County Court 
 House. 
 
 94. The people were wild on internal improve- 
 ments. Governor Duncan awakened to the situation 
 and strongly counselled economy, but to no avail. In 
 
 1837, the Legislature authorized the construction of 
 a series of railroads, canals, etc., that raised the state 
 debt from $217,276 to $6,668,784. 
 
 95. On November 7th, 1837, Elijah P. Lovejoy 
 was murdered by a pro-slavery mob at Alton, be- 
 cause he published an anti-slavery paper.. Several 
 presses had been destroyed and he was defending a 
 new one against an excited crowd when the fatal shot 
 was fired. Almost prophetic of his impending death 
 he had said only a few days before, "The present ex- 
 citement will soon be over ; the voice of conscience will 
 at last be heard and in some season of honest thought 
 you will be compelled to say, 'He was right' ". He 
 was the first to lay down his life in that awful strug- 
 
54 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 gle for liberty, and his martyrdom is spoken of as the 
 beginning of the end of slavery. 
 
 Lovejoy Monument, Alton, Illinois. 
 
 96. The city of Chicago was incorporated in 1837 
 and William B. Ogden was elected the first mayor. A 
 short time previous to this, the Pottowatomie band 
 consisting of over five thousand, visited Chicago for 
 the last time and found substantial buildings where 
 the grass had grown for ages. This war-like band had 
 already made a treaty to go west of the Missouri, and 
 now fully realized that they must take up the lot of the 
 exile. They engaged in a mimic war-dance, then 
 silently and sadly took their departure for the unknown 
 west. 
 
 97. The Great Northern Cross Railroad which 
 
ILLINOIS 55 
 
 had been planned to run from Springfield to Quincy 
 (see 94), was completed from Springfield to Mere- 
 dosia, a distance of about twenty-five miles. An en- 
 gine was brought from Pittsburg and put on it No- 
 vember 8th, 1838. This was the first in the state. 
 
 98. Thomas Carlin was inaugurated governor 
 December 7th, 1838. He became alarmed at the 
 financial difficulties confronting the State and, follow- 
 ing the example of his illustrious predecessor, he 
 "about-faced" and counselled economy. The Legis- 
 lature now saw that they were right and tried as hard 
 to save money as previous ones had to spend it. 
 
 99. In the summer and fall of 1838, a great epi- 
 demic of chills and fever raged in Southern Illinois. 
 For a period of over four months there was scarcely 
 any rain. The dews no longer fell and the sun was 
 mercilessly warm. In the meantime suffering and 
 death reigned supreme. In going through these re- 
 gions, travelers would often find homes in which 
 every member of the family was sick. What a bless- 
 ing it was that a stranger should be guided by Divine 
 Providence to the lonely cabin to give a cup of cold 
 water to the sick and the dying! It continued until 
 after the great eclipse of the sun on September 18th. 
 The Indians said the Great Spirit was angry and 
 many others thought the Judgment Day was at han I. 
 but the sun came out bright as ever and that was fol- 
 lowed by a good rain. The air was purified and the 
 pestilence vanished. 
 
56 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 100. The capital was moved to Springfield in 
 1831). The old Presbyterian Church was used as *i 
 • pitol pending the completion of the one being built 
 by the state. (The capitol built this year is now the 
 Sangamon County Court House.) 
 
 James G. Birney. 
 
 101. In the presidential canvass of 1840, other 
 things besides <4 iog cabin and hard cider" were 
 thought of. The martyrdom of Lovejoy had its re- 
 sults, the question of slavery was brought into national 
 politics and James G. Birney of Fulton County became 
 the first candidate for president on the Anti-slaverv 
 ticket. 
 
 102. Thomas Ford was inaugurated governor 
 December 8th, 1842. The state was in deplorable 
 
ILLINOIS 57 
 
 shape, financially. Many wild expenditures had been 
 made until in 1842 the Bank of Illinois at Shawnee- 
 town and the State Bank at Springfield became bank- 
 rupt. The state lost heavily in each of these and in all its 
 speculative schemes. The people awakened from their 
 delusive dream of munificence and splendor, found the 
 state $14,000,000 in debt, its credit to such a low ebb 
 that its bonds sold with difficulty at fourteen cents on 
 the dollar and nothing to show for it except a railroad 
 from Merodosia to Springfield (97) which was after- 
 wards sold for $100,000 in state bonds. There was 
 now open talk of repudiating the state debt but Gov- 
 ernor Ford took a very decided stand in favor of pay- 
 ing the whole of it without defalcation or discount. 
 His wise counsel prevailed and the credit of the state 
 was saved. 
 
 103. In 1844 the Secretary of State was made ex- 
 officio State Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 104. The Mormons, or Latter Day Saints, set- 
 tled at Nauvoo, in Hancock County, and became a 
 power in Illinois politics. They secured favors from 
 each party, Whigs and Democrats, until they became 
 so strong as to maintain their own militia and to defy 
 the authority of the state. Things came to a crisis in 
 1844 when Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith, his 
 brother, were arrested for counterfeiting, placed in 
 the county jail at Carthage and were murdered by a 
 ir.ob. A reign of chaos followed but in 1846 the Mor- 
 mons went to Utah and established Salt Lake City. 
 
58 ILLINOIS 
 
 There were sixteen thousand of them, and it is said 
 to have taken twelve hundred wagons. 
 
 105. In 1845 the United States Supreme Court 
 decided that the descendants of slaves brought to the 
 state prior to the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787 ; 
 could not be held as slaves. 
 
 
 4 
 
 General James Shields. 
 (Kindness of Dr. J. F. Snyder, Virginia, Illinois.) 
 
 106. On May 13th, 1846, President Polk called 
 for volunteers to serve in the war with Mexico. The 
 call on Illinois was for three thousands troops, but it 
 was met with six thousand of our brave men who 
 acquitted themselves creditably in every battle. They 
 were led by that great statesman and soldier, General 
 James Shields. "From Palo Alto and Resaca de la 
 Palma westward to Monterey the intrepid fighters 
 
ILLINOIS 59 
 
 marched, and then across and down to Saltillo, Vic- 
 toria and Tampico until they routed Santa Anna on 
 the field of Buena Vista. In the south of Mexico the 
 conquering host mowed a swath of glory from Vera 
 Cruz until they reached the heart and center and 
 camped within the capital of Mexico." 
 
 107. When the Mexican War was over, General 
 Shields came back to Kaskaskia and was elected to the 
 United States Senate. After he completed his term 
 he moved to Minnesota and was honored by that state 
 with the same office. He then went to California, en- 
 listed in the Civil War and, with the rank of Briga- 
 dier General, was assigned to the Army of The Poto- 
 mac. After the Civil War was over he went to Mis- 
 souri and was elected to the United States Senate. 
 When his term of office expired, he went to Iowa 
 where he died. 
 
 108. Wisconsin was admitted to the Union in 
 1846. This is worthy of note in Illinois history, be- 
 cause the former state tried to gain back the strip of 
 territory which had been added to the latter in 1818. 
 
 109. Augustus C. French was inaugurated gov- 
 ernor on December 9th, 1846. There were so many 
 problems before him for solution that it would have 
 frightened the faint-hearted. The Mexican War was 
 in progress. The state had out-grown the old consti- 
 tution and changed conditions made a new one neces- 
 sary. The internal improvement question which had 
 agitated the minds of the people for so many years, 
 was up for settlement and the failures of the past had 
 
60 ILLINOIS 
 
 made it extremely difficult to do anything now. Each 
 of these questions were met face to face and solved in 
 course of time, much to the credit of those who did 
 it. 
 
 110. In 1818 the Illinois and Michigan Canal 
 was completed. It had been under consideration for 
 twenty-five years and work had been carried on at in- 
 tervals for twelve years. The United States had 
 given each odd-numbered section in a strip of land 
 ten miles in width along its entire length to aid in its 
 construction, and it had cost the state over $5,000,000. 
 but after all, it paid and has since been deepened until 
 water flows through it from Lake Michigan down the 
 Illinois River. It is now the Chicago Drainage 
 Canal. This same year a railroad was builr 
 from Chicago, ten miles westward, by the Galena & 
 Chicago Union Railway Company. This was the be- 
 ginning of the great Chicago & North-Western Rail- 
 way System. 
 
 The Pioneer— First Locomotive in Chicago. 
 
 (Kindness of M. J. Clay, Chicago, Illinois.) 
 
ILLINOIS 61 
 
 111. By a vote of the people, a new constitution 
 was adopted March 6th, 1848. It contained a clause 
 prohibiting slavery and was the first state constitution 
 to prohibit imprisonment for debt. It also provided 
 that an election for state officers should be held that 
 year. Since Governor French had thereby been leg- 
 islated out of two years of his term, he was given a 
 second term practically without opposition. On Jan- 
 uary 8th, 1849, he was inaugurated the second time. 
 
 112. The trouble between the Flatheads and the 
 Regulators or what is sometimes called the "Carnival 
 
 o 
 
 of Crime" was carried on in Massac and adjoining 
 counties in the forties. In the early days most of the 
 immigrants to Southern Illinois came across or down 
 the Ohio River. That region then became the chosen 
 location of a band of outlaws, for there they could 
 easily trade or sell to the unsuspecting immigrant, 
 stolen horses or buy goods of them paying therefor 
 counterfeit money or forged warrants on the State 
 Treasury. They made it a business also to kidnap 
 free negroes, take them South and sell them into 
 bondage. These outlaws became so strong as to con- 
 trol elections and the courts. If people interfered, 
 their property was destroyed and sometimes they 
 themselves were killed. The law abiding citizens or- 
 ganized the "Regulators" and the outlaws were 
 given the name, "Flatheads." Finally, in 1849, 
 through the influence of Ex-Governor Reynolds, who 
 was again in the legislature, a law was passed where- 
 by persons accused of crime could be taken to adjoin- 
 
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VOIS 
 
 
 other tilings : : teachers ta pass an exa a- 
 
 tion in reading writing - g 9 
 
 g aphy. Strange as it ma seem to us now. the peo- 
 ple thought these re ots toe severe and they 
 s later. 
 11?. In 1856 the Republican party v. is 
 The anti-slavery people of Illinois wei e in this 
 ;. put in the field an entire state ticket which 
 though Tames Buchanan the 
 state for president. 
 
 Locomotive used bv the I. C. K. K. Co. i: 
 
 iM. The Dlii] s : . was completed in 
 
 roenc urage and help the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road •:>- to build it, the - : . granted all the 
 land given by the government for that purpose. (113). 
 There is a pop v. lion that the Illinois Central 
 
 Iroad Company pays no tax. but in lieu thereof 
 pays to the st - sent of the g ss 
 
64 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 Here are the facts as taken from their charter : it pays 
 no tax except to the state. It must pay five per cent 
 of the gross earnings and a state tax not to exceed 
 three fourths of one per cent of the valuation of ail 
 the assets, provided that if these do not equal seven 
 per cent of the gross receipts, the said Company must 
 also pay the difference to the state. It will thus be 
 
 
 Illinois State Normal University, Normal. 
 
 seen that the state is entitled to the alternative that 
 will bring the most money into the state treasury, 
 (153). Much censure was heaped upon the legisla- 
 ture for giving all this land to a corporation, but il 
 was a wise move, financially and otherwise. Land 
 through which the road ran was offered in 1851 at 
 
ILLINOIS 65 
 
 $1.25 per acre with no buyer. In 1856 the same land 
 sold at from $2.50 to $5.00 per acre. The money re- 
 ceived by the state was applied to its interest-bearing 
 obligations and in course of time the immense debt 
 of the state was paid (140). The above conditions 
 concerning taxes applied only to the original lines 
 and not to lines which have been bought or leased 
 since. 
 
 119. William H. Bissell was inaugurated gov- 
 ernor January 12th, 185T. This same year three im- 
 portant laws were passed. One provided for the es- 
 tablishment of a State Normal University, which was 
 located at Normal. Another provided that people of 
 any school district could vote a tax for school pur- 
 poses not to exceed two per cent, in addition to the 
 tax authorized by the law of 1855. The last one au- 
 thorized the building of the penitentiary at Joliet. 
 
 120. In 1858 Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. 
 Douglas became candidates for the United States 
 Senate. It would be decided by the legislature, many 
 of the members of which were to be elected that fail. 
 Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates. 
 The challenge was accepted and they debated at Ot- 
 tawa, Freeport, Jonesboro, Charleston, Galesburg 
 Quincy and Alton. Against the protest of his friends.. 
 Lincoln asked Douglas if he favored popular sover- 
 eignty. The latter answered in the affirmative. Lin- 
 coln had said, 'This may lead to my own defeat, bu^ 
 it will keep Douglas from ever being president." 
 (Can it be that Lincoln foresaw that this answer 
 
66 ILLINOIS 
 
 would split the Democratic party and open up the 
 way for the ultimate success of his own party?) The 
 Republican ticket received the majority, but by rea- 
 son of an unfair apportionment the Democrats had 54 
 in the General Assembly and the Republicans only 
 46. Douglas won, but Lincoln's sound logic and fore- 
 sightedness made him the successful candidate for 
 president two years later. This debate is sometimes 
 spoken of as "The Battle of the Giants," and was 
 probably the greatest event of its kind in the Nine- 
 teenth Century. 
 
 121. An event of which we are not proud now 
 requires our attention. In 1859 it was discovered that 
 Ex-Governor Joel A. Matteson had defrauded the 
 state out of about $250,000. His property was siezed 
 by the state and it thus regained most of the money. 
 He was never prosecuted, but his latter days were 
 days of sorrow and regret, and he died without money 
 or friends. 
 
 122. On March 8th, 1860, Governor Bissell died 
 and Lieutenant Governor John Wood became gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 123. From early days in Illinois, slaves from the 
 South fled northward and were pursued by the slave 
 catcher. While those who sympathized with slavery 
 assisted the pursuers, the anti-slavery men helped the 
 slave in his flight toward Canada and for that purpose 
 conducted what has been known as the underground 
 railway. It was a violation of the law, but they felt 
 
ILLINOIS 67 
 
 that unfair means had been brought to bear in the 
 elections and in the courts and that the slave-catcher 
 and kidnapper were daily violating the law in their in- 
 human traffic. Thus they felt justified in appealing to 
 a "higher law.'' 
 
 124. The southern terminus of one of these routes 
 was on the Ohio near Metropolis, another was at 
 Chester, another at Alton, and a fourth one at Quincy. 
 They came together near LaSalle. Here the negroes 
 either hired out among the farmers or made their way 
 to Lake Michigan and got aboard a steamer, where 
 they were purposely not discovered until they reached 
 a British port, then, with great show of indignation, 
 they were put off. By this plan hundreds of negro 
 men, women and children were taken from slavery to 
 freedom. 
 
 125. "The engineers, conductors, brakemen and 
 station agents upon these lines were God-fearing men. 
 who had the courage of their convictions, and, if oc- 
 casion required, did not hesitate, when on duty, to use 
 force to protect their passengers from the interference 
 of slave owners and slave-catchers, whom they loathed 
 and despised." 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 1860-1908. 
 126. On May 16th, 1860, the National Republi- 
 can Convention met at the Wigwam in Chicago and 
 nominated Abraham Lincoln for president. He was 
 elected over Stephen A. Dcuglas, his closest rival, the 
 following November and for the next five years — dur- 
 ing the trying years of the Great Rebellion — the his- 
 tory of Illinois becomes an important part of that of 
 the Nation. 
 
 "Not without thy wondrous story, 
 
 Illinois Illinois. 
 Can be writ the Nation's glory, 
 
 Illinois Illinois." 
 
 
 Richard Yates, Sr. 
 
 127. Richard Yates, the "War Governor," was 
 inaugurated January 14th, 1861. We were now en- 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 69 
 
 tering into a great conflict. On April 14th Fort Sump- 
 ter was fired on by the Confederates and the Civil 
 War had begun. The next day President Lincoln 
 called on each loyal state for troops and the men from 
 every hill and dale in Illinois responded, "We are com- 
 ing, Father Abraham." Acting under instructions 
 from the War Department, Governor Yates ordered 
 Cairo to be fortified, then removed thirty thousand 
 muskets, a number of cannon and a lot of other sup- 
 plies from the United States arsenal at St. Louis, at 
 that time a secession hot-bed, and without orders tele- 
 graphed the troops at Cairo to capture two boats of 
 supplies that the Rebels were taking down the river. 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas, the '• Little Giant.' 
 
70 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 128. When the clouds of war fell like a pall over 
 the land, Stephen A. Douglas was patriotic enough, 
 like Jonathan of old, to rise above blasted hopes and 
 disappointments, above partisanship and prejudice, to 
 help his successful rival and he came out for the Un- 
 ion, declaring: "There can be no neutrals in this 
 
 General John A. Logan. 
 
 war ; either patriots or traitors." Many who had voted 
 for Douglas ("Douglas Democrats") remained Demo- 
 crats and came out for the Union. A few who were seces- 
 sionists at heart voted with the Democrats but did 
 ail in their power to further the interests of the seces- 
 sionists, generally joining such an organization as the 
 
ILLINOIS 71 
 
 Knights of the Golden Circle, a band of organized 
 traitors. Still others of them became ''Lincoln Re- 
 publicans" (nicknamed "Black Republicans" because 
 they were opposed to the extension of slavery) and 
 were loyal to the Union. The author's father voted 
 for Douglas and became a Republican and more than 
 once did the Knights of the Golden Circle attempt to 
 t^ke his life. 
 
 129. General John A. Logan was in Congress 
 when the war broke out, but he resigned his office, 
 went back to southern Illinois, and, in defiance of op- 
 position, made speeches for the Union in localities 
 where it was unsafe for it to be known that he was not 
 in favor of secession. He did more than any other one 
 man to save southern Illinois for the Union. He 
 started from Cairo as Colonel, fought in more than a 
 hundred battles and by dauntless courage won the 
 rank of Major General. He later served his state in 
 Congress and the United States Senate and was the 
 candidate of the Republican party for vice president in 
 1884. He stands without a peer as a soldier, as a 
 statesman and as a man. 
 
 130. When President Lincoln called for volun- 
 teers, Ulysses S. Grant volunteered to serve the 
 country in any capacity and soon demonstrated his 
 ability as a military leader, inscribing on his banners 
 such victories as Donelson, Shiloh, Iuka, Corinth and 
 Vicksburg. By act of Congress he was then made 
 Lieutenant General. This office was created that he 
 might be placed in command of all the armies of the 
 
72 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 United States. He at once took command of the Army 
 of the Potomac in person because he wanted to fight 
 General Robert E. Lee, the ablest Confederate general. 
 The world knows the tragic story of the capture of 
 General Lee's army after four long, bloody years. 
 After the war was over, Grant served two terms as 
 President of the United States. 
 
 
 
 
 
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 General Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 131. More than two centuries ago, Andrew 
 Fletcher said, ''Give me the making of the ballads and 
 I care not who makes the laws of a nation.'' That his 
 logic is correct was never better demonstrated than in 
 the Civil War, but he might have added, "I care not 
 
ILLINOIS 73 
 
 who fights the battles." The patriotic songs: "King- 
 dom Coming," "Brave Boys are They," and "March 
 Through Georgia" were all written by Henry Clay 
 Work of Illinois and "Just Before the Battle, Moth- 
 er," "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp," and "The Battle Cry 
 of Freedom," were written by G. F. Root of Illinois. 
 If the battle went ill or well, when the soldier heard 
 these patriotic melodies his heart rose high in his, 
 bosom and he was eager to renew the conflict. 
 
 132. In 1863, the Legislature expressed itself de- 
 cidedly against the Union and Governor Yates ad- 
 journed it against its will. This reminds us of Oliver 
 Cromwell's dissolving the Long Parliament more than 
 two hundred years before. The war dragged miser- 
 ably on while the patriot mothers — bless their sacred 
 memory — bore the burdens at home. 
 
 133. On January lGth, 18G5, General Richard J. 
 Oglesby was inaugurated governor. On February 1st 
 of the same year President Lincoln signed the Thir- 
 teenth Amendment. The fact was telegraphed to 
 Governor Oglesby, transmitted to the General As- 
 sembly and adopted all in the same day. A few days 
 later the Black Laws (70) were repealed. The war 
 ended April 9th with the surrender of Lee's army and 
 Lincoln was assassinated April 14th. Thus ends the 
 story of slavery, so full of sadness yet so full of glory. 
 Illinois had furnished Abraham Lincoln, the Martyr 
 President; Ulysses S. Grant, the greatest military 
 strategist since the time of Hannibal ; John A. Logan, 
 the greatest volunteer soldier the world ever knew ; 
 
74 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 and 259,000 of her gallant "men behind the guns," who 
 carried their blcod-stained banner through the very 
 region that cradled and nurtured and from whence 
 sallied forth on its mission of crime, misery and blood, 
 the disturbing and disorganizing spirit of secession 
 and rebellion. 
 
 "Ah ! never shall the land forget 
 
 How gushed the life blood of her brave — 
 
 Gushed warm with hope and courage yet 
 Upon the soil they fought to save." 
 
 Geueral Kichard J. Oglesby. 
 
 134. England was much in sympathy with the 
 South, and, when it was evident that the Union would 
 be preserved, prophesied that such a vast army could 
 never be disbanded peaceably as each soldier, practiced 
 to the arts of war and unused to peace, would become 
 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 75 
 
 practically an outlaw, but he returned to the aban- 
 doned office or shop or farm when the war was over. 
 "And quietly took up the broken ends of love and life 
 as best he could, a better citizen for having been so 
 good a soldier." 
 
 135. To Dr. B. F. Stephenson, who had served 
 the country as surgeon of the 14th Illinois Infantry 
 during the Civil War, is due the honor of originating 
 the Grand Army of the Republic, he having organize I 
 Post No. 1 at Decatur, Illinois, April 6th, the fourth 
 anniversary of the battle of Shiloh. 
 
 
 Engineering: Hall, University of Illinois. 
 
 136. In 1867 a law was passed which established 
 the State University at Urbana. The expense of build- 
 ing it was greatly offset by a gift of 480,000 acres of 
 land which the government gave to the state for that 
 purpose. 
 
7n 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 Present State Capitol. 
 
 137. On October 5th, 1868, the corner stone of 
 the new State Capitol was laid. It took twenty years 
 to complete it and cost nearly five million dollars, but 
 it is one of the finest in the United States. (Briefly 
 reviewing : the Territory of Illinois had one capitol 
 though it never owned it ; the State of Illinois has had 
 three capital cities — Kaskaskia, Vandalia and Spring- 
 field and seven capitol buildings, five of which it 
 owned. See 67, 71, 75, 93, 100.) 
 
 138. General John M. Palmer was inaugurated 
 governor on January 11th, 1869, and on July 2d of the 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 77 
 
 next year our third state constitution was adopted. 
 Among many other good features, it contained a pro- 
 vision prohibiting the state or any political division 
 thereof from giving aid to any private enterprise and 
 another providing for minority representation. 
 
 Southern Illinois Normal University, Carbondale. 
 
 139. In the year 1870, the Legislature passed a 
 law to establish the Southern Illinois Normal Univer- 
 sity. After a spirited contest among different cities of 
 southern Illinois it was finally located at Carbondale 
 and its doors were opened four years later. 
 
 140. On October 8th and 9th, 1871, the great 
 Chicago fire occurred. It covered an area of 2200 acres 
 — burning nearly 16,000 buildings with a total valua- 
 tion of $200,000,000. The death roll was over 300 
 
78 ILLINOIS 
 
 and 200,000 were rendered homeless. Insurance for 
 about $100,000,000 was carried by 201 companies; 68 
 of these companies were forced into liquidation and 
 only about half the insurance was ever collected. 
 From the ruins of the old wooden city a "New Chi- 
 cago" immediately sprang up that has been the won- 
 der of the world. It is said that the fire was caused 
 by a cow's kicking a lantern over. It may seem strange 
 if we say that the smoke was seen over the entire state. 
 
 141. General Richard J. Oglesby was again in- 
 augurated governor on January 13th, 18.3. Eight 
 days later he was elected to the United States Senate. 
 He resigned the governorship and Lieutenant Gov- 
 ernor John L. Beveridge became governor. 
 
 142. Shelby M. Cullom was inaugurated govern- 
 or January 8th, 1877. During this administration the 
 last burdensome dollar of state indebtedness, which at 
 one time amounted to $16,000,000 was paid and Illi- 
 nois alone of all the states was out of debt until Gov- 
 ernor Altgeld's administration. Governor Cullom was 
 re-elected in 1880 and re-inaugurated January 10th, 
 1881. He was elected to the United States Senate in 
 1883 and Lieutenant Governor John M'. Hamilton suc- 
 ceeded to the governor's office. 
 
 143. General Richard J. Oglesby was for the 
 third time inaugurated governor on January 13th 
 1885. On May 4th, 1886, a mob collected on Hay- 
 market Square, Chicago, and when the police ap- 
 proached seven of the latter were killed by the explo- 
 

 ILLINOIS 79 
 
 sion of a bomb thrown among them. Eight men were 
 tried for this crime, four of whom were hanged and 
 three were sent to the penitentiary. The other com- 
 mitted suicide. 
 
 144. Joseph W. Fifer, popularly called "Private 
 Joe," was inaugurated governor on January, 14th. 
 1889. This year a law was passed for the construc- 
 tion of the Chicago Drainage Canal. It was to be 
 along the route of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and 
 was to be deep enough to allow the water to flow from 
 Lake Michigan into the Illinois River. 
 
 145. The Mississippi River had a number of 
 times overflowed its banks and was changing its 
 course in the region of Old Kaskaskia to such an ex- 
 tent that the site of that once proud metropolis of the 
 Mississippi Valley had almost disappeared and the 
 graves of those who had lived there in the early days 
 of Illinois seemed soon to be washed away. In 1892 
 the Legislature appropriated $10,000 for the purpose 
 of removing the remains from the cemetery to one to 
 be selected on higher ground. On account of objec- 
 tions raised by their descendants, the graves of a few 
 were left to be washed away, but there were probably 
 more than 2,000 removed to "Garrison Hill," a beauti- 
 ful site overlooking the Mississippi as it flows placidly 
 over the old. The exact number will never be known, 
 as the Mississippi had broken in and badly mixed some 
 of the graves and part of the removal was of neces- 
 sity a "wholesale" affair, however the work was done 
 with much credit to all concerned. In the new ceme- 
 
80 ILLINOIS 
 
 tery on Garrison Hill stands a beautiful monument, 
 bearing this inscription: 
 
 Those who sleep here were first buried at 
 Kaskaskia, and afterwards removed to this 
 cemetery. They were the early pioneers of 
 the great Mississippi Valley. They planted 
 free institutions in a wilderness and were the 
 founders of a great commonwealth. In mem- 
 ory of their service, Illinois gratefully erects 
 
 this monument. 
 
 1892 
 
 The original site of town and cemetery is now en- 
 tirely covered by the Mississippi River, but as we 
 view this "City of the Dead" our minds wander back 
 more than two centuries to the time when the 
 people of Kaskaskia laid the foundation of the "Grand 
 Old Commonwealth of Illinois." 
 
 146. John P. Altgeld was inaugurated governor 
 January, 1893. The World's Columbian Exposition 
 was held at Chicago during the summer of that year. 
 On June 2Gth, 1893, Governor Altgeld pardoned the 
 three Haymarket rioters (143) who were in the pen- 
 itentiary. This made him very unpopular, as they 
 were considered anarchists. 
 
 147. Through the efforts of County Superintend- 
 ent O. J. Kern, Winnebago County has combined a 
 number of its rural schools into Consolidated Graded 
 Schools. By this plan several districts unite and the 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 81 
 
 children are taken to and from school at public ex- 
 pense. It has gone beyond the experimental stage and 
 bids fair to revolutionize the rural schools of Illinois. 
 On January 30, 1904, Seward Consolidated School, 
 the first consolidated school in the state, was dedicated, 
 
 148. In 1894 the American Railway Union went 
 out on a strike in the city of Chicago. Chaos reigned 
 until President Cleveland ordered Federal troops to 
 the scene to preserve order. Governor Altgeld took 
 offense at this alleged usurpation of authority, but he 
 finally ordered out state troops to take their places. 
 
 Eastern Illinois Normal, Charleston. 
 
 149. The Legislature passed laws in 1895 creat- 
 ing two new normal schools. One is located at 
 
82 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 Charleston and is known as "The Eastern Illinois 
 Normal," the other is at DeKalb and is called "The 
 Northern Illinois Normal School." In completing the 
 history of Governor Altgeld's administration, one 
 thing, at least, must be said to his credit, i. e., that he 
 
 Hitlt rA t 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 %&& iSSf^ 
 
 m ^ .. - %*%* i 
 
 
 Northern Illinois Normal, DeKalb. 
 
 believed in substantial buildings and to such an ex- 
 tent did he enforce his opinions on the architects, that 
 the buildings erected by the State stand as monuments 
 to what is known as Altgeld architecture. 
 
 150. John R. Tanner was inaugurated governor 
 January, 1897. This year the Legislature passed a law 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 83 
 
 to establish "The Western Illinois Normal School." 
 It is located at Macomb. 
 
 Western Illinois Normal, Macomb. 
 
 151. In 1898 the Spanish-American War was 
 fought. Governor Tanner promptly offered the service 
 of the State Militia and within three days the entire 
 eight regiments were ready for the fray. Several other 
 regiments were organized and were anxious for a fight 
 hut the services of only one more regiment was needed. 
 
 152. Richard Yates, son of the "War Governor," 
 was inaugurated governor January 8th, 1901. This 
 same year a law was passed providing for Farmers' 
 Institutes. This law has already proven a great help 
 
84 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 to the farmers of the State and the wisdom of those 
 who favored it can no* longer be questioned. The 
 campaign for governor in 1004 was quite exciting. 
 Seven avowed candidates were in the field for the 
 nominaton on the republican ticket and there were 
 several so-called "dark horses." The State Conven- 
 tion lasted nearly a month. Finally, Charles S. De- 
 neen, of Chicago, was nominated and he was elected 
 over Hon. Lawrence Stringer, the democratic nom- 
 inee. 
 
 Charles S. Deneen. 
 
 153. Charles S. Deneen was inaugurated gov- 
 ernor January 9th, 1905. That year a Primary Elec- 
 tion Law was passed, but the next year the Supreme 
 Court declared it unconstitutional. Governor Deneen 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 85 
 
 then called the Legislature together in special session 
 and a new one was passed. 
 
 154. In 1907 the Legislature passed a Local Op- 
 tion Law which provides that the people of any cit\v 
 township or county may vote on the question of li- 
 censing the saloon. As a result of this the liquor 
 traffic has been greatly reduced. 
 
 Adlai E. Stevenson. 
 
 155. In 1908, the Legislature repealed the Primary 
 Election Law then on the statute books, and passed 
 another, but the Supreme Court declared it unconsti- 
 
86 ILLINOIS 
 
 tutional. This was another campaign year. The re- 
 publicans nominated Governor Deneen to make the 
 race again, and the democrats offered that deservedly 
 popular man, Adlai E. Stevenson, of Bloomington, 
 who* had honored the State by serving as the efficient 
 vice president of the United States from 1893 to 
 1897. This "battle of the ballots" was fought along 
 political lines and the former was re-elected. 
 
 156. On August 14th, 1908, a race riot broke out 
 in Springfield, almost under the shadow of the mon- 
 ument of the immortal Lincoln, and for nearly two 
 days, in fact until four regiments of militia were on 
 the scene, lawlessness reigned supreme. Seven people 
 were killed and more than fifty wounded, while prop- 
 erty valued at more than $100,000 was destroyed. 
 The next year, Miss Anna Pelley, of Anna, was mur- 
 dered by a negro at Cairo. He was arrested and put 
 in jail, but it became known that a crowd was being 
 organized to resort to "lynch law," and the sheriff 
 left with him, via the Illinois Central Railroad, but 
 was headed off near Dongola. The negro was taken 
 back and hanged in the heart of the city. Miss Pelley 
 was buried at her home and the public spirited citizens 
 of Anna and Cairo erected a beautiful monument to 
 her memory. Mob law is wrong, but back of it all 
 is the fact that the politicians catered for the negro 
 vote and did not enforce the laws against them. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 SOMEWHAT GEOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 157. The length of Illinois is 388 miles. It has an 
 area of 5G,000 square miles and contains nearly 6,000,- 
 000 people. It ranks third among the states of the 
 Union in the production of manufactured goods and 
 of iron and steel products ; second in the production of 
 coal; first in farm products. It contains more miles 
 of railroad than any other state. In the manufacture 
 of watches, farm implements, railroad cars and pack- 
 ed meats it leads the world. 
 
 158. There is now strong probability that the 
 Chicago Drainage Canal, the Illinois River and the 
 Mississippi River will be converted into a deep water- 
 way connecting the Lakes with the Gulf. The mater- 
 ialization of this enterprise would make a seaport of 
 every town along these rivers. There can be no rea- 
 sonable conclusion reached as to the vast possibilities 
 opening up before us. 
 
 IN CONCLUSION. 
 
 159. Attempting to give only the important facts we 
 have now traced the history of the great state of Illi- 
 nois from its discovery by Marquette and Joliet to the 
 present, telling of many brave deeds and brilliant 
 achievements of the men of Illinois with but few ref- 
 erences to the women of Illinois, and, without any de- 
 
88 ILLIXOIS 
 
 sire to detract from : g] ry due the men. we wish 
 here to direct attention to the sainted old mother who 
 out of unbounded love, read the Bible., the best of 
 ssics, to her sons and daughters, teaching them by 
 precept and practice to imitate that "Perfect Model" 
 of love and faith and duty. "Be a good boy. is what 
 she says to the little fellow each day as he starts to 
 school. Be a good boy. is what she says to the youth 
 as he leaves for college. Be a good boy is stili her 
 sacred charge, when, standing at the gate, she gives 
 him her blessing as he goes out into the world." 
 
 160. Xor would we forget the good and faithful 
 teacher., who takes the little urchins from a variety of 
 homes, teaching them how to be useful citizens, often 
 quelling miniature rebellions, giving them stories of 
 loyalty and patriotism, instilling in them a reverence 
 for our forefathers and a love for our country's flag 
 and ail it represents. 
 
 161. When the Civil War broke out, no less did 
 the "Woman of Illinois" expect of her son. h;r brither 
 or her lover than the Spartan mother did of her son 
 whom she told to come back bearing his shield tri- 
 umphantly or be brought back dead upon it. The 
 soldier "sang of love and not of fame" when he took 
 up the sweet refrain of "Just Before the Battle. 
 Mother." Well does the author remember that when 
 each regiment of Illinois troops went to the front in 
 
 Spanish-American War its band would play. 
 "The Girl I Left Behind Me." Such influences 
 
ILLINOIS 89 
 
 through childhood and youth and manhood would 
 make him feel happy to die fighting for his country. 
 The immortal Lincoln had these in mind when he 
 said : "Let reverence of the law be breathed by every 
 mother to the lisping babe that prattles in her lap ; let 
 it be taught in schools, seminaries, and colleges ; let it 
 be written in primers, spelling-books and almanacs ; 
 let it be preached from pulpits, and proclaimed in leg- 
 islative halls, and enforced in courts of justice : in 
 short, let it become the political religion of the nation/' 
 
 162. 
 
 "Through the long vista of departed years. 
 The kindling eye now gazes — dimmed with tears 
 And now with magic power behold it brings 
 The sweets of memory without its stings." 
 
 • When we view our great state in the light of 
 past, present and future events, witnessing its tri- 
 umphs of both peace and war, it makes us proud to 
 be an Illinoisan and there is added greater wealth of 
 pride than ever before to that beloved boast, "I am an 
 American citizen." As La Salle looked from his fort 
 on Starved Rock, "inaccessible as an eagle's nest." 
 over his thousands of Indian Braves that roamed over 
 valley and plain, little did he dream that instead of a 
 vast French Dominion, a state like ours would exist 
 with a name that had always been magic in his ears — 
 Illinois. 
 
Every acre of ground, every house and lot, every bit of 
 personal property in the State gets its value largely through 
 the development of standards of intelligent appreciation and 
 intelligent desires. When the savage roamed over this rich 
 land it was worthless, because he had not the intelligence, 
 not the education, not the training to understand the land 
 and its resources. The .safety of property depends upon the 
 honesty of the people. The honesty of the people depends 
 upon their respect for law and property. This respect for law 
 and property is largely a creature of education. I believe the 
 value and safety of property depend upon the universality and 
 soundness of our education. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 GOVERNORS AND LIEUTENANT GOVERN 
 ORS OF ILLINOIS 
 
 D., Democrat; R., Republican; ** Resigned; * Died in office. 
 
 Date Governor 
 
 1818— Shadrach Bond D 
 
 1822— Edward Coles D 
 
 1826— Ninian Edwards D 
 
 1830— John Reynolds* D 
 
 1834— William L. D. Ewing. . D 
 
 1834 — Joseph Duncan D 
 
 1S36— 
 
 1838— Thomas Carlin D 
 
 1842— Thomas Ford D 
 
 1846— Augustus C. French D 
 
 1848 — Augustus C. French D 
 
 1853— Joel A. Mattison D 
 
 1857— William H. Bissell**. . .,R 
 
 1860— John Wood R 
 
 1861— Richard Yates, Sr R 
 
 1865— Richard J. Oglesbv R 
 
 1869— John M. Palmer R 
 
 1873— Richard J. Oglesbv**. . .R 
 
 1873— John L. Bevcridge R 
 
 1S77— Shelbv M. Cullom R 
 
 1881— Shelby M. Cullom**. .. .R 
 
 1833— John M. Hamilton R 
 
 1885— Richard J. Oglesby R 
 
 1889— Joseph W. Fifer R 
 
 1893— John P. Altgeld D 
 
 1897— John R. Tanner R 
 
 1901— Richard Yates, Jr R 
 
 1905— Chas. S. Deneen R 
 
 1909— Chas. S. Deneen R 
 
 Lieutenant Governor 
 
 Pierre Menard D 
 
 Adolphus H ubbard D 
 
 William Kinney D 
 
 William L. D. Ewing. ...D 
 
 See 90 
 
 Alexander Al. Jenkins*. .D 
 William H. Davidson. ..D 
 Stinson H. Anderson. . . .D 
 
 John Moore D 
 
 Joseph B. Wells D 
 
 William McMurtry D 
 
 Gustave Koerner D 
 
 John Wood R 
 
 See 122 
 
 Frances A. Hoffman D 
 
 William Bross R 
 
 John Dougherty R 
 
 John L. Beveridge R 
 
 See 141 
 
 Andrew Shuman R 
 
 John M. Hami.ton R 
 
 See 142 
 
 John C. Smith R 
 
 Lyman B. Rav R 
 
 Joseph B. Gill D 
 
 William A. Northcott. . .R 
 William A. Northcott. . .R 
 Lawrence Y. Sherman . . . R 
 John G. Oglesby R 
 
92 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 U. S. SENATORS FROM ILLINOIS 
 1818— 1909 
 
 "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
 two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature 
 thereof, for six years." ' No person shall be a Senator who 
 shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been 
 nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
 when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he 
 shall be chosen." 
 
 * Died in office; ** Resigned; D., Democrat; R., Republican ; Ind., 
 Independent. 
 
 Name Residence In Out 
 
 Ninian Edwards D Kaskaskia 1818 1819 
 
 Jesse B. Thomas D Kaskaskia 1818 1823 
 
 **Ninian Edwards D Edwardsville 1819 1824 
 
 Jesse B. Thomas D Edwardsville 1823 1829 
 
 John McLean D. . . .Shawneetown 1824 1825 
 
 Elias Kent Kane D Kaskaskia 1825 1831 
 
 * John McLean D Shawneetown 1829 1830 
 
 David J. Baker D Kaskaskia 11-12-30 12-11-30 
 
 John M. Robinson D Carmi 1830 1835 
 
 *Elias Kent Kane D . . . . Kaskaskia 1831 1835 
 
 John M. Robinson. ...D. ...Carmi 1835 1841 
 
 W. L. D. Ewing D Vandalia 1835 1837 
 
 Richard M. Young. . .D. ...Jonesboro 1837 1843 
 
 *Samuel McRoberts. ..D. .. .Waterloo 1841 1343 
 
 Sidney Breese D. . . .Carlyle 1843 1849 
 
 James Semple D.... Alton 1843 1847 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas . . .D . . . . Quincy 1847 1853 
 
 James Shields D . . . . Springfield 1849 1855 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas . . .D . . . . Chicago 1853 1859 
 
 Lyman Trumbull D. .. .Belleville 1855 1361 
 
 ♦Stephen A. Douglas.. D.... Chicago 1859 1861 
 
 Lyman Trumbull R. . . .Chicago 1861 1867 
 
 O. H. Browning. R. . . .Quincy 1861 1863 
 
 W. A. Richardson D. . . .Quincy 1863 1865 
 
 Richard Yates R . . . . Jacksonville 1865 1871 
 
 Lyman Trumbull R . . . . Chicago 1867 1873 
 
 John A. Logan R... .Chicago 1871 1877 
 
 Richard J. Oglesby .... R ... . Decatur 1873 1879 
 
 David Davis Ind Bloomington 1877 1883 
 
 John A. Logan R... .Chicago 1879 1885 
 
 Shelby M. Cullom .... R ... . Springfield 1883 1889 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 93 
 
 Name 
 
 *John A. Logan 
 
 Charles B. Farwell.. 
 Shelby M. Cullom. . . 
 John M. Palmer. .. . 
 Shelby M. Cullom... 
 William E. Mason . . 
 Shelby M. Cullom... 
 Albert J. Hopkins. . . 
 Shelby M. Cullom. .. 
 W. R. Lorimer 
 
 Residence In Out 
 
 R Chicago 1885 1886 
 
 . R Chicago 1887 1891 
 
 .R Springfield 1889 1895 
 
 . D Springfield 1891 1897 
 
 .R Soringfield 1895 1901 
 
 ,R Chicago 1897 1903 
 
 .R Springfield 1901 1907 
 
 R Aurora 1903 1909 
 
 .R Snringfield 1907 
 
 .R Chicago 1909 
 
 INFORMATION ABOUT THE COUNTIES OF 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 The star indicates that the county is not under township 
 organization. 
 
 Name Organized Sq. mi. Pop. 1910 Origin of Name 
 
 Adams 1825.. 830.. 64588. .. J. O. Adams 
 
 Alexander* .. 1819.. 220.. 22741 .W.M.Alexander 
 
 Bond' 1817. . 380. . 17075. .Shadrach Bond 
 
 Boone 1837.. 288.. 15181. . .Daniel Boone 
 
 Brown 1839 . . 306 . . 10397 .... Jacob Brown 
 
 Bureau 1837.. 840.. 43975 P. de Buero 
 
 Calhoun* .. ..1825.. 251.. 8610. . J. C. Calhoun 
 
 Carroll 1839 . . 450 . . 18035 .... Chas. Carroll 
 
 Cass* 1837.. 460.. 17372 Lewis Cass 
 
 Champaign . .. 1833. .1008. . 51829. .A Co. in Ohio 
 
 Christian .. ..1839.. 702.. 34549. . ..A Co. in Kv. 
 
 Clark 1819.. 513.. 23517... Geo. R. Clark 
 
 Clay 1824.. 466.. 18661 Henry Clay 
 
 Clinton 1824.. 487.. 22832. DeWitt Clinton 
 
 Coles 1830.. 520.. 34517. ..Edward Coles 
 
 Cook 1831.. 890. .2405233.... Dan P. Cook 
 
 Crawford .. ..1816.. 470.. 26281.. W.H Crawford 
 
 Cumberland .. 1843.. 350.. 14281 .. Cumberl'd R'd 
 
 DeKalb 1837.. 650.. 33457. .Baron DeKalb 
 
94 
 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 
 Name 
 
 Organized 
 
 Sq. mi. 
 
 Pop. 1910 
 
 Origin of Name 
 
 DeWitt . . . 
 
 ...1839. 
 
 . 440. . 
 
 18906, 
 
 DeWitt Clinton 
 
 Douglas . . 
 
 . . .1857. 
 
 . 410.. 
 
 19591. 
 
 .S. A. Douglas 
 
 DuPage . . 
 
 . . .1839. 
 
 . 340. . 
 
 33432. 
 
 .DuPage River 
 
 Edgar . . . 
 
 ...1823. 
 
 . 640. . 
 
 27336. 
 
 . . . John Edgar 
 
 Edwards* . . 
 
 ..1814. 
 
 . 220.. 
 
 10490 Ninian Edwards 
 
 Effingham . 
 
 . . 1831. 
 
 . 486.. 
 
 20255. 
 
 .Ed. Effingham 
 
 Fayette . . . 
 
 .. .1821. 
 
 . 720.. 
 
 28001. 
 
 .... La Fayette 
 
 Ford 
 
 . . .1859. 
 
 . 580.. 
 
 17096. 
 
 . . . Thos, Ford 
 
 Franklin . . 
 
 ...1818. 
 
 . 430. . 
 
 25943. 
 
 .Benj. Franklin 
 
 Fulton . . . 
 
 . ..1823. 
 
 . 864. . 
 
 49549. 
 
 . . Robt. Fulton 
 
 Gallatin . . 
 
 ...1812. 
 
 . 3±u. . 
 
 14628. 
 
 .Albert Gallatin 
 
 Greene .... 
 
 ..1821. 
 
 . 540.. 
 
 23363. 
 
 . . Nath. Greene 
 
 Grundy . . . 
 
 . ..1841. 
 
 . 440. . 
 
 24162. 
 
 . Felix Grundy 
 
 Hamilton . . 
 
 ..1821. 
 
 . 440. . 
 
 18227. 
 
 . . A. Hamilton 
 
 Hancock . . 
 
 ...1825. 
 
 . 780. . 
 
 30638. 
 
 . John Hancock 
 
 Hardin* . .. 
 
 ..1839. 
 
 . 180.. 
 
 7015. 
 
 . .A Co. in Ky. 
 
 Henderson* 
 
 . . 1841. 
 
 . 380. . 
 
 10727 
 
 Henderson R'vr 
 
 Henry .... 
 
 ..1825. 
 
 . 825. . 
 
 41736. 
 
 .Patrick Henry 
 
 Iroquois . . 
 
 ...1833. 
 
 .1100. . 
 
 15543. 
 
 . . Indian name 
 
 Jackson . . 
 
 ...1816. 
 
 . 580. . 
 
 33143 Andrew Jackson 
 
 Jasper . . . 
 
 ...1831. 
 
 . 484. . 
 
 18157. 
 
 .Sgt. W. Jasper 
 
 Jefferson . . 
 
 ..1819. 
 
 . 466. . 
 
 29111. 
 
 . . . T. Jefferson 
 
 Jersey .... 
 
 ...1839. 
 
 . 360. . 
 
 13954. 
 
 . . . New Jersey 
 
 Jo Daviess 
 
 ...1817. 
 
 . 650.. 
 
 22654. 
 
 .... Jo Daviess 
 
 Johnson* . . 
 
 ..1812. 
 
 . 340. . 
 
 14331. 
 
 .R. M. Johnson 
 
 Kane 
 
 .. .1836. 
 
 . 540. . 
 
 91862. 
 
 .Elias K. Kane 
 
 Kankakee * . 
 
 ..1851. 
 
 . 680. . 
 
 40752. 
 
 . . Indian name 
 
 Kendall . .. 
 
 ...1841. 
 
 . 321.. 
 
 10777. 
 
 . Amos Kendall 
 
 Knox .... 
 
 . ..1825. 
 
 . 720. . 
 
 46159. 
 
 . . Henry Knox 
 
 Lake 
 
 .. .1839. 
 
 . 394.. 
 
 55058. 
 
 .Lake Michigan 
 
 LaSalle . . . 
 
 ...1831. 
 
 .1152. 
 
 90132. 
 
 ..LaSalle, Exp 
 
 Lawrence . . 
 
 ..1821. 
 
 . 362. 
 
 22661. 
 
 .Jas. Lawrence 
 
 Lee 
 
 ...1839. 
 
 . 728. 
 
 27250. 
 
 R. H. Lee 
 
 Livingston . 
 
 .. 1837. 
 
 .1026. 
 
 40465. 
 
 .Ed. Livingston 
 
 Logan .... 
 
 .. .1839. 
 
 . 620. 
 
 30216. 
 
 Dr. Jno. Logan 
 

 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 95 
 
 Name 
 
 Organized 
 
 Sq. mi. 
 
 Pop. 1910 
 
 Origin of Name 
 
 Macon . . 
 
 ..1829. 
 
 . 580.. 
 
 54186. 
 
 . Xath. Macon 
 
 Macoupin . . 
 
 ..1829. 
 
 . 864. . 
 
 50685. 
 
 . Indian name 
 
 Madison .. . 
 
 ..1812. 
 
 . 740. . 
 
 89847. 
 
 . Jas. Madison 
 
 Marion . . . 
 
 ..1824. 
 
 . 576.. 
 
 35037 ] 
 
 7 rancis Marion 
 
 Marshall . . 
 
 ..1839. 
 
 . 350.. 
 
 15679. 
 
 John Marshall 
 
 Mason . . . . 
 
 ..1841. 
 
 . 518.. 
 
 17377. 
 
 .A Co. in Ky. 
 
 Massac* . . 
 
 ..1843. 
 
 . 240.. 
 
 14200. 
 
 . Fort Massac 
 
 McDonough 
 
 ..1826. 
 
 . 576. . 
 
 26887, 
 
 T. McDonough 
 
 McHenry . . 
 
 ...1836. 
 
 . 612.. 
 
 32509, 
 
 Wm. McHenry 
 
 McLean . . . 
 
 ..1830. 
 
 .1161. . 
 
 68008. 
 
 John McLean 
 
 Menard* . . 
 
 . ..1839. 
 
 . 311.. 
 
 12796. 
 
 Pierre Menard 
 
 Mercer . . 
 
 ..1825. 
 
 . 550. . 
 
 19723. 
 
 .Hugh Mercer 
 
 Monroe* . . 
 
 ..1816. 
 
 . 380. . 
 
 13508. 
 
 . Jas. Monroe 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 ..1821. 
 
 . 740. . 
 
 35311 R. Montgomery 
 
 Morgan* . . 
 
 . .1823. 
 
 . 563. . 
 
 34420, 
 
 Daniel Morgan 
 
 Moultrie . . 
 
 ...1843. 
 
 . 340. . 
 
 14630. 
 
 Wm. Moultrie 
 
 Ogle 
 
 ..1836. 
 
 . 773.. 
 
 27864. 
 
 . Joseph Ogle 
 
 Peoria 
 
 ..1825. 
 
 . 630. . 
 
 100255. 
 
 . Indian name 
 
 Perry* . . 
 
 ..1827. 
 
 . 432. . 
 
 22088. 
 
 ..O. H. Perry 
 
 Piatt 
 
 ..1841. 
 
 . 440. . 
 
 16376. 
 
 . . . Benj. Piatt 
 
 Pike 
 
 ..1821. 
 
 . 756. . 
 
 28622. 
 
 ...Z. M. Pike 
 
 Pooe* 
 
 ...1816. 
 
 . 360.. 
 
 11215. 
 
 Xathaniel Pope 
 
 Pulaski* . . 
 
 ...1843. 
 
 . 190. . 
 
 15650, 
 
 Casimir Pulaski 
 
 Putnam . . . 
 
 ..1825. 
 
 . 170.. 
 
 7561. 
 
 . Israel Putnam 
 
 Randolph* . 
 
 .. 1795. 
 
 . 560. . 
 
 29120 ] 
 
 im'd Randolph 
 
 Richland . . 
 
 ..1841. 
 
 . 380.. 
 
 15970. 
 
 .A Co. in Ohio 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 ...1831. 
 
 . 420.. 
 
 70404 1 
 
 sl'd same name 
 
 Saline 
 
 ..1847. 
 
 . 396.. 
 
 30204. 
 
 . . Saline creek 
 
 Sangamon . . 
 
 ..1821. 
 
 . 875. . 
 
 91029. 
 
 . Indian name 
 
 Schuyler . . 
 
 ..1825. 
 
 . 414. . 
 
 14852. 
 
 Philip Schuyler 
 
 Scott* 
 
 ..1839. 
 
 . 252. . 
 
 10067. 
 
 . . . A Co. in Ky. 
 
 Shelby .... 
 
 ...1827. 
 
 . 760.. 
 
 31693. 
 
 . Isaac Shelby 
 
 Stark 
 
 ..1839. 
 
 . 290. . 
 
 10098.. 
 
 . . . John Stark 
 
 St. Clair . . . 
 
 ..1790. 
 
 . 680.. 
 
 119870. 
 
 .. .A. St. Clair 
 
 Stephenson . 
 
 ..1837. 
 
 . 573. . 
 
 36821 ] 
 
 3enj. Steph'son 
 
96 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 Name 
 
 Tazewell . . 
 Union* . . . 
 Vermillion . 
 Wabash* . . 
 Warren .... 
 Washington 
 Wavne .... 
 White ... . 
 Whiteside . 
 Will .... . 
 Williamson* 
 Winnebago 
 Woodford . 
 
 Organized 
 
 . .1827.. 
 ..1818. . 
 ...1826.. 
 . .1824.. 
 ..1825. 
 . .1818. . 
 ..1819. . 
 ..1815.. 
 . .1836.. 
 ..1836.. 
 . .1839.. 
 ..1836.. 
 ..1841. . 
 
 Sq. mi 
 
 650 
 
 400 
 
 882 
 
 2550. 
 
 540 
 
 557. 
 
 720 
 
 500 
 
 676 
 
 850 
 
 440 
 
 540. 
 
 556. 
 
 Pop. 1910 Origin of Name 
 
 34027. L. W. Tazewell 
 
 21856 The Union 
 
 77996. . Vermillion R. 
 14913. . . Indian name 
 
 23133 Jos. Warren 
 
 18753.. G. Washington 
 25697. .Anth'y Wayne 
 23052.. Leonard White 
 34507. . . S. Whiteside 
 84371... .Conrad Will 
 45098.. A Co. in Tenn. 
 63153. . . Indian name 
 20506. ..A Co. in Kv. 
 
 Population of Illinois, 5,638,591. 
 
 STATE OFFICERS 
 
 GOVERNOR 
 
 Charles S. Deneen, Chicago, re-elected 1908. 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR 
 
 John G. Oglesby. Elkhart, elected 1908. 
 
 SECRETARY OF STATE 
 
 James A. Rose, Golconda, re-elected 19C8. 
 
 AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS 
 
 James S. McCullough, Urbana, re-elected 1908. 
 
 TREASURER 
 
 Ed. E. Mitchell, Carbondale, elected 1908. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 Francis G. Blair, Charleston, re-elected 1910. 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL 
 
 William H. Stead, Ottawa, re-elected 1908. 
 
 CLERK OF SUPREME COURT 
 
 J. McCan Davis, Springfield, elected 1908. 
 
ILLINOIS 97 
 
 JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT 
 
 First District — Alonzo K. Vickers. 
 Second District — William M. Farmer. 
 Third District — Frank K Dunn. 
 Fourth District — George A. Cooke. 
 Fifth District— John P. Hand. 
 Sixth District — James H. Cartright. 
 Seventh District — Orin N. Carter. 
 James H. Cartright is Chief Justice. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 University of Illinois, Urbana — Dr. E. J. James, President. 
 State Normal University, Normal — Dr. David Felmley, Pres. 
 Southern Illinois Normal University, Carbondale — Dr. D. B. 
 
 Parkinson. President. 
 Eastern Illinois State Normal School,, Charleston — Dr. L. C. 
 
 Lord, President. 
 Northern Illinois State Normal School, DeKalb — Dr. John 
 
 W. Cook, President. 
 Western Illinois State Normal School, Macomb — Dr. Alfred 
 
 Bavliss, President. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Aborigines, 1. 
 
 A. F. & A. M., 48. 
 
 Albion, 72. 
 Algonquins, 2, 5. 
 Alleghenies, 36. 
 Altgeld, John P., 142, 14G, 
 
 143. 
 Alton, 51, SO, 84, 120, 124. 
 Amendment, Thirteenth, 133. 
 American Bottom, 8, 38. 
 American Ry. Union, 148. 
 Americans, 51. 
 Anarchists, 143. 
 
 Badgley, Rev. D., 44. 
 Bank of Kaskaskia, 57. 
 Bank of Edwardsville, 57. 
 Bank of Illinois, 102. 
 Bank of Shawneetown, 57. 
 Banks, Private, 114. 
 Bank, State, 72, 83, 85, 91, 
 
 102. 
 Banks, "Wildcat," 57, 72. 
 Baptist Church, 44. 
 Beveridge, John L, 141. 
 Black Hawk War, 11, 86, 89. 
 Birney, James G., 101. 
 Birkbeck Morris, 74. 
 Bissell, Wm. H., 119, 122. 
 Black Laws, 70, 133. 
 Block Houses, 51. 
 Boisbraint, Pierre Duque, 15. 
 Bond. Shadrach 70. 
 Boundary of Illinois, 66. 
 Breese. Sidney, 71. 
 British, 20, 21~ 51, 54. 
 British Sympathizers, 23. 
 
 (Numbers refer to paragraphs.) 
 
 Brownsville, 72. 
 Burnett, Timothy, 73. 
 Burr, Aaron. 47. 
 
 Cahokia, 3, 8. 
 Cairo, 113, 127. 
 Campbell's Island. 54. 
 Campbell, Lt., 54. 
 Camp Russell, 51. 
 Canals. 91, 110, 144, 158. 
 Capital, 67, 70, 71, 100. 
 Capitol, 48, 67, 71, 75, 93, 
 
 100, 135. 
 Carlin, Thomas, 98. 
 Carbondale, 137. 
 Carthage, 91. 
 Cartright, Rev. Peter, 82. 
 Carnival of Crime, 110. 
 Charleston, 120, 149. 
 Chartres, Fort, 15, 17, 20. 
 Chester, 124. 
 Chicago, 46, 51, 96. 
 Chicago Fire, 140. 
 Church, Baptist, 44. 
 Church, M. E... 42. 
 Church, Cum. Pres., 58. 
 Church, Cov. Pres., 59. 
 Civil War, 126, 133. 
 Clark, George Rogers, 23, 38. 
 Coles, Edwarld, 74. 
 Congress, 40, 45, 66, 83, 110, 
 
 113. 
 Connecticut 21, 39. 
 Consolidated Schools, 147. 
 Constitution, 67, 74, 109, 111, 
 
 138. 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 99 
 
 Corn Island, 24. 
 Counties, see appendix. 
 Court, Federal, 89. 
 Court, U. S. Supreme. 105. 
 Court, First in Illinois, 19. 
 Counterfeiting, 104, 112. 
 Craig, Capt, 53. 
 Cullom, Shelby M., 142. 
 
 Dearborn Massacre, 51. 
 
 Debt, State, see State Debt. 
 
 Debt, War, 39. 
 
 DeKalb, 146. 
 
 Deep Waterway, 158. 
 
 Democrats, 104. 
 
 Deneen, Charles S. } 150. 
 
 Dixon, 77. 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 120, 128. 
 
 Dueling, 73. 
 
 Duncan, Joseph, 7G, S3, 94. 
 
 Duncan. Matthew, 56. 
 
 Dunkards, 78. 
 
 East St. .Louis, 8. 
 Eddy, Henry, 74. 
 Edwards Co., 76. 
 Edwards, Ninian W., 115. 
 Edwards, Ninian, 79. 
 Edwardsville, 79. 
 Eel Rivers, 4. 
 Enabling Act, 66. 
 England, 33, 36, 51, 134. 
 Epidemic, 99. 
 Ewing, L. D., 90. 
 Exposition, 146. 
 
 Farmers' Institutes, 152. 
 Federal Court, 89. 
 Fifer, Joseph W., 144. 
 Flag, 27. 69. 
 Flatheads. 112. 
 Ford, Thomas, 102. 
 Fort Chartres, 15, 20. 
 Fort Clark. 53. 
 Fort Creve Cour, 7, 13. 
 
 Fort Dearborn, 46, 51, 52, 88. 
 
 Fort Gage, 20. 
 
 Fort Massac, 47. 
 
 Fort Pitt, 24. 
 
 FortSj 51. 
 
 Fort Snelling, 81. 
 
 Fort St. Louis, 7, 9, 13. 
 
 Fort Sumpter, 127. 
 
 Foxes, 5, 6, 9, 53. 
 
 France, 17, 36. 
 
 Fraud, 121. 
 
 French, A. C, 109, 111. 
 
 Galena, 71, 9S. 
 Galesburg, 120. 
 Garrison Hill, 145. 
 George III, IS. 
 Gibault, Father. 2S. 
 Grant, U. S., 130 133. 
 Great Northern Cross R. R. 
 97, 102. 
 
 Hamilton, John M., 142. 
 Hamilton, Sir Henry, 30, 33. 
 Harrison, William H., 08. 
 Haymarket Riot, 143. 
 Heald, Capt, 52. 
 Helm, Capt., 29. 
 Hennepin, Father Louis 13. 
 Henry, Patrick, 23. 
 Homestead Exemption, 114. 
 
 Illini, 3, 6, 7, 9, 13, 41. 
 Illinois, 12, 13, 15, 35. 41, 
 
 51, 66. 
 
 Illinois and Mich, see canal. 
 Illinois Cen. R. R., 114, US. 
 Illinois Herald, 56. 
 Illinois Territory, 49, 50. 
 Indiana, 41, 49. 
 Indiana Territory, 45. 
 Indians, 1, 14, 23, 27, 30, 51, 
 
 52, 54. 
 
 Internal Improvement, 94, 
 109. 
 
100 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 I. O. O. F, 92. 
 Iroquois, 2, 6, 9, 13. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, 55, 91. 
 Joliet, 119. 
 Joliet, Louis, 12. 
 Jonesboro, 120. 
 Juries, IP. 
 
 Kaskaskia, 8, 14, 15, 16, 20, 
 23, 2G, 27, 35, 38, 41, 56, 
 GT, 77, 145. 
 
 Kaskaskia Cemetery. 145. 
 
 Kaskaskia River, 14, 27, 51. 
 
 Kaskaskias, 14. 
 
 Keel Boats, 31. 
 
 Kentucky, 23, 52. 
 
 Kentuckians, 24, 53. 
 
 Keokuk, 86. 
 
 Kickapoos, 5, 6, 9. 
 
 Kidnappers, 112, 123. 
 
 Knights of Golden Circle, 
 128 
 
 Lafavette, Gen., 77. 
 
 Lands, Indian, 86. 
 
 Lands, Railroad, 113, 115. 
 
 Lands, School, 83. 
 
 Latter Day Saints, 91. 
 
 LaSalle, 113, 124. 
 
 LaSalle, Robert, 3, 7, 13, 162. 
 
 Lebanon, 82. 
 
 Legislature, 59, 70, 72, 74, 
 
 94, 112. 132, 145, 153. 
 Lillard, Rev. Joseph, 42. 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 120, 126, 
 
 128, 130, 133. 
 Linn, Capt, 25. 
 Liquor, 114, 151. 
 Logan, John A., 129, 133. 
 Louis XIV, 15. 
 Love joy, Rev. Elijah P., 95. 
 
 Macomb, 147. 
 Marquette, Father, 12. 
 
 Masonic Lodge, 4S. 
 
 Matteson, Joel A., 115, 121. 
 
 McGready, Rev. James, 5S. 
 
 McKendree College, S2. 
 
 McLean, John, 67. 
 
 M. E. Church, 42. 
 
 Meredosia, 97. 
 
 Metropolis, 41, 124. 
 
 Mexican War, 106. 
 
 Miamis, 4. 
 
 Michigamies, 3. 
 
 Minority Representation, 13S. 
 
 Mormons, 104. 
 
 Monev, 57. 
 
 Monroe, James, 67. 
 
 Mounds, 1. 
 
 Murphysboro. 72. 
 
 Muscogees, 2. 
 
 Muster Days, 55. 
 
 Nauvoo, 104. 
 
 Neeroes, 16, 40, 68, 70, 74, 
 
 101, 105, 115, 123, 125, 133. 
 New Design, 37, 42, 44. 
 Newspapers, 56. 
 New York, 39. 
 Normal, 119. 
 Normal, Eastern, 149. 
 Normal, Northern, 149. 
 Normal, Southern, 139. 
 Normal, State, 119. 
 Normal, Western, 150. 
 Northern Cross Road, 97, 
 
 102. 
 Northwest Territory, 45. 
 
 Odd Fellows, 92. 
 Ogden, W. B., 96. 
 Olesby, Richard J., 133, 
 
 141, 143. 
 Ohio, 41, 45. 
 
 Ordinance of 1787, 40, 74. 
 Ottawa, 120. 
 
 Palmer, John M., 138. 
 
ILLINOIS 
 
 101 
 
 Peck, Rev. John M., 74, 80. 
 Pelley, Anna, 156. 
 Penitentiary, 84, 119. 
 Peoria, 53. 
 Peorias, 3, 8, 9. 
 Pet Banks, 91. 
 Piankeshaws, 4. 
 Pioneers, 60-65. 
 Polk, James K., 106. 
 Pope, Nathaniel, 66. 
 Pottawatomies, 5, 9, 96. 
 Primary Elections, 152, 155. 
 
 Quincy, 97, 120, 124. 
 Quebec Act, 21. 
 
 Railroad Lands, 113, 115. 
 Railroads, 89, 97, 102, 113, 
 
 114. 118. 
 Randolph County, 43. 
 Rangers, 53. 
 Rebellion, 126, 133. 
 Regu 1 ator.s, 112. 
 Reugious Freedom, 40. 
 Renault, Philip F., 16. 
 Republicans, 117, 126. 
 Reynolds, John, 46, 84, 86, 
 
 90, 110. 
 Rock Island, 86. 
 Rock Springs, so. 
 Russell, William, 53. 
 
 Sacs, 5, 6, 9, 53, 76, 86. 
 Salt Works, 84. 
 School Lands, 83. 
 Schools, 37, 76, 83, 91, 103, 
 
 115, 116, 119. 
 Scott, Winfield, 88. 
 Seeley, S. J., 37. 
 Sharon, 58. 
 Shawnees, 5. 
 
 Shawneetown. 57, 72, 77, 79. 
 Shields, James, 106, 107. 
 Shiloh, 42. 
 
 Shurtleff College, 80. 
 Sioux, 5. 
 
 Slavery. 16, 40, 68, 70, 74, 
 101, 105, 123, 124, 125, 133. 
 Smith, G. W., 25. 
 Smith, Joseph, 104. 
 Songs, 131. 
 Spain, 36. 
 
 Spanish-American War, 151. 
 Springfield, 97, 99. 
 Starved Rock, 9, 160. 
 State Bank, 83, 85, 91. 102. 
 State Debt, 94, 102, 142. 
 State Normal, 119. 
 State University, 136. 
 St. Clair, Arthur, 41. 
 St. Clair County, 41, 43. 
 Stephenson, B. F., 135. 
 Stevenson, A. E., 155. 
 Stewart. A. C, 73. 
 Sterling, Capt, 17. 
 Stillman, 87. 
 St. Louis, 17, 127. 
 Supt. of Schools, 103, 115. 
 Supreme Court of U. S., 105. 
 Surplus Revenue, 91. 
 
 Tamaroa, 8. 
 Tamaroas, 3, 6, 8, 14. 
 Tanner, John R., 149. 
 Tavlor, Zacharv, 54. 
 Teachers. 64, 116, 161. 
 Theological Sem. and H. S., 
 
 80. 
 Thirteenth Amendment 133. 
 Thomas, Jesse B., 59. 
 Todd, John, 35. 
 Tonti, Henr-. 13. 
 Township Organization, 114. 
 Treaty of Paris, 17. 
 
 Underground Railway, 123, 
 
 125. 
 L T nion Jack. 17, 27. 
 Universalists. 7S. 
 University, 136. 
 Urbana, 136. 
 Utica, 8. 
 
102 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 Vandalia, 70, 71, 77, 93. 
 Venison, 60, 71. 
 Vincennes, 29, 31, 52. 
 Virginia, 21, 23, 35, 39. 
 
 Wabash River, 29, 31, 43, 51. 
 War Debts, 39. 
 War of 1812, 11. 
 War Governor, 127. 
 Weas, 4. 
 Whigs. 104. 
 Wigwam. The, 126. 
 Wildcat Banks, 57, 72. 
 
 Winnebagoes, 5, 6, 81, 87, 8S 
 Wisconsin, 12, 87, 108. 
 Witchcraft, 35. 
 Wolfe, Rev. George, 78. 
 Wolfe, Gen. James, 17. 
 Women, 132, 160, 161, 162. 
 Wood. John, 122. 
 World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, 146. 
 Wylie, Rev. Samuel, 59. 
 
 Yates, Richard, Sr., 127. 
 Yates, Richard, Jr., 152. 
 
HISTORY OF 
 
 COUNTY, ILLINOIS 
 

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