■tin HED WEEKLY. DOUBLE NUMBER. PRICE lOc. $2 a year. Entered as second-class matter at the I'ostoflice, Washington, D. C. OL. I. WASHINGTON, D C, FEBRUARY 33-39, 1896. NO. 7-8. COMIVIANDERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. BY JOHN Mcelroy. (.Copyright, 1H90.) TABLE OF CONTENTS. Strength of Armv at Yarimis Dates Portrait of Gen. Josiah Harniar Sketch of Gen. Josiali Harmav Portrait of Gen. Arthur St. Clair Sketch ot Gen. Arthur St. Chiir Portrait of Gen. Anthony Wayne Sketch of Gen. Anthony Wayne Portrait oi'.(ien. Jas. Wilkinson Sketch of Gen. Jas. Wilkinson Portrait of Gen. George Wasliin<:ton Sketch of Gen. Geor^'e Wasliinjjiton Portrait of Gen. Alexander Hamilton Sketch of Gen. Alexander Hamilton Portrait of Gen. Henry Dearborn Sketch of Gen. Henry Dearborn Portrait of Gen. Jacob Brown Sketch of Gen. Jacob Brown Portrait of Gen. Alexander Macomb Sketch of Gen. Alexander Macomb Portrait of Gen. Wintield Scott Sketch of Gen. Wintield Scott. Portrait of Gen. Geo. B. McClellan Sketch of Gen. Geo. B. McClellan Portrait of Gen H. W. Halleck Sketch of Gen. H. W. Halleck Portrait of Gen. U. S. Grant Sketch of Gen. U. S. Grant Portrait of Gen. W. T. Sherman Sketch of Gen. W. T. Sherman Portrait of Gen. P. H. Sheridan Sketch of Gen. P. H. Sheridan Portrait of Gen. John M. Schotield Sketch of Gen. John M. Schofield Portiait of Gen. Nelson A. Miles Sketch of Gen. Nelson A. Miles THE NATIONAL TRIBUNE, 1729 New York Ave. Washington, D. C. Monosjapb Editor It. a THE UNITED STATES ARMY. Its strength at Various Dates as Fixed by Acts of Congress. T the conclusion of the Revolutionary War the men engaged in it returned to their homes, and June 3, 1784, the Continental Congress resolved, •' As it appears absolutely necessary to have 700 non-commissioned officers and men properly offi- cered, it is recommended to the following States as most convenient to the posts shortly to be vacated bv the British to furnish from their militia: Con- necticut, 165; New York, 145; New Jersey, 110; Pennsylvania, 260, to serve 12 months, unless sooner discharged." These were formed into a regiment of infantry of 8 companies, and 2 com- panies of artillery, under the command of Lieut.- Col. Josiah Harmar. All the officers bore State commissions. The force was subsequently changed by raising the number of artillery companies to 4, but the strength remained at 700, and by Act of Sept. 29, 1789, the First Congress "recognized to be the establishment for the troops in the service of the United States." The officers received com- missions from the United States, and the United States Army tlierefore dates from that day. The subsequent Acts of Congress, fixing the strength of the military establishment, were: Continental Infantryman. April 30, 1790 1,273 March 3, 1791 2,232 Miirch 5,1792 5,414 May 30, 1796 3,359 April 27, 1798 4,159 May 2H, 179M 10,000 July 16, 1798 14,241 March 3, 1799 51,691 May 14, 1800 4,436 March 16, 1802 3,287 April 12, 1808 9,921 June 26, 1812 35,752 March 3, 1813 57,351 March 30,1814 6-?.674 March 3, 1815 12,383 March 2,1821 6,126 April 5 and June 15 and 28, 1832 . 7,129 March 2, 1833 7,194 May 3 and July 4, 1836 7,957 July 5 and 7, 1838 12,539 May 13, 15, 19, June 18 and 26, 1846 17,812 Feb. 1 1 and March 3, 1847 .... 30,865 Aug. 14, 1848 10,317 March 3, 1855 12,698 July 23,29, and Aug. 3,1861 . . . 39,273 July 28, 1866 54,641 March 3, 1869 37,313 July 15, 1870 35,353 June 16 and 23, 1874; March2and3, 1875, and June 27, 1876 27,472 FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA ARCHIVES. BVT. BR10.-<^^^HN. JOSIAH HARMAR. BVT. BRIG.-GEN JOSIAH HARMAR. Commander from Sept. 29, 1789, to March 4, 1791. OSIAH HARMAR'S biography is meager in details. He was born at Philadelphia, in 1753, of Quaker parents. He first appears, at the begin- ning of the Revolution, as a Captain in the 1st Pa. Battalion. The next year he was Major of the 3d Pa., then Lieutenant-Colonel of the 6th Pa., and in command ; next, Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the 7th Pa. ; then in succession in the 1st and 3d Pa., and brevetted Colonel. As all these organiza- tions were hard-fighting ones, as he served with credit till the close of the war, and was selected as the rank- ing officer of the little peace establishment, he must have been an exceptionally faithful and zealous officer. When the small militia force of the Con- federation, consisting of 8 companies of infantry, and 4 of artillery — numbering 700 men — was adopted as the Regular Army of the United States, he was commissioned as " Lieutenant-Colonel Com- mandant of the United States Infantry Regiment," Sept. 29, 1789. He had been brevetted Brigadier- General, July 31, 1787. The Indians in Ohio and Indiana were giving trouble, and Harmar sent some troops to that country, who built Fort Har- mar, at the junction of the Muskingum with the Ohio River. This was the first military post erected in Ohio. In the Spring of 1790 he took the field in person, ami led a force of 100 Regulars and 230 Kentucky volunteers from Fort Washington (Cincinnati) to the Scioto Valley, but accomplished nothing. In September of that year he made a more formidable demonstration, with a com- mand of 320 Regulars, a battalion of Pennsylvania militia, and a mounted bat- talion of light troops, numbering altogether 1,453. He marched with these from Fort Washington, and in October came upon the Indians on the headwaters of the Maumee River, near the present City of Fort Wayne. He was defeated, and retreated to Fort Washington. He lost 183 killed and 31 wounded. He was tried by court-martial, but acquitted, and resigned his commission Jan. 1, 1792. He returned to Philadelphia, became Adjutant-General of the State, did very much to develop the efficiency of the militia, helped to furnish Gen. Wayne with troops for his successful campaign, and held the position until 1799, when age and infirmities growing out of his service compelled his retirement. He died at Philadelphia, Aug. 20, 1813. Artilleryman, 1789. FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA ARCHIVES. MAJ.-GEN. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR. MAJ.-GEN. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR. Commander from March 4, 1791, to March 5, 1792. RTHUR ST. CLAIR was born at Thurgo, Caithness, Scotland, in 1734. He studied at the University of Edinburg, and was indentured to the celebrated Dr. Wm. Hunter, of London, to acquire a medical education. In 1757 he bought his time from his tutor, and purchased a com- mission as Ensign in the Royal American regi- ment. He was a Lieutenant under Gen. Wolfe at the capture of Quebec. In 1762 he resigned, and eventually went to the Ligonier Valley, in western Pennsylvania, where he secured a large tract of land, which he improved by the erection of a fine residence, mills, etc. President John Hancock commissioned him Colonel of the 2d Pa., and he marched with it to Quebec, arriving in time to cover the retreat of the American army. Aug. 9, 1776, Congress elected him a Brigadier-General, and a Major-General, Feb. 19, 1777, and Wash- ington became very much attached to him. He was sent to command the important post of Ticon- deroga, and arrest the march of Burgoyne south. But, given neither men nor supplies, he did the wisest thing in evacuating the fort before the over- whelming British force, though this brought down upon him a storm of denunciation and even shook Washington's confidence. The court-martial convened to consider the matter honorably acquitted him of all blame. He joined Washington, was faithful to him during the intrigues of the "Conway Cabal," and commanded a division which rendered splendid service. After the discovery of Arnold's treason he was put in command of West Point, and was a member of the court which tried Maj. Andre. He was left behind to protect Congress, in session at Philadel- phia, when the array marched to Yorktown, but joined it there just as the capitula- tions were signed. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the last Continental Congress, of which he became President. He was made Governor of the newly- created " Northwest Territory," embracing what is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and after Harmar's defeat was made Commander-in- Chief of the Army, and took command in person of the force moving against the Miamis. In spite of his own experience, in spite of the injunctions of \Vashing- ton, and in spite of the recent misfortune of Harmar, he suffered his command to be surprised Nov. 4, 1791, near the Miami Towns — about half-way between Cin- cinnati and Toledo — and be cut to pieces. Washington was intensely indignant at him, and he resigned his commission. A Congressional investigating committee subsequently exonerated him. In 1802 he returned to Pennsylvania, and endeav- ored to get enough of the wreck of his great property to support his declining days. He sought in vain to have the Government pay him what it owed, but all that he could get was a Congressional pension of $60 a month, which was seized by his creditors. He died Aug. 31, 1818, and was buried at Greensburg, Pa. Infantryman, 1789. / FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA ARCHIVES. MAJ.-GEN. ANTHONY WAYNE. MAJ.-GEN. ANTHONY WAYNE. Commander from April 13, 1792, to Dec. 15, 1796. NTHONY WAYNE was born at Eastown, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745. His grandfather was born in York- shire, Eng., and migrated to Pennsylvania, where he bought a large tract of land. Anthony's lather was a farmer, soldier, and member of the Pro- vincial Assembly. Anthony was educated at an academy, and became a land surveyor, but subse- quently settled down on the homestead, and became a farmer. He went actively into politics, became a Whig leader, a member of the Colonial Legis- lature, and of the Committee of Safety. At the outbreak of the Revolution he raised the 4th Pa., and was elected its Colonel. He joined the North- ern Army, and distinguished himself at Three Rivers, where he was severely wounded. He was promoted to Brigadier-General, and assigned to Washington's array, then in New Jersey. He greatly distinguished himself in the campaign which drove the British from New Jersey, and par- ticularly at Germantown and Monmouth. In July, 1779, at the head of his Light Infantry Corps, be made a midnight assault upon the British strong- hold at Stony Point, which commanded the road into New England, and captured it by a brilliant bayonet charge, in which he was wounded. For this Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In January, 1781, when 1,300 Pennsylvania troops mutinied, he succeeded in persuad- ing them to return to duty. Ordered south to Lafayette, his splendid generalship at Green Springs, July 6, 1781, turned what was virtually a defeat into a decisive victory. He did much to secure the capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and then marched south to the relief of Gen. Greene. On the night of June 24, 1782, he was attacked by a large force of Creek Indians, but repulsed them with great slaughter and killed their ablest leader. Chief Guistersigo, in a hand- to-hand fight. Dec. 14, 1782, he took possession of Charleston, S. C, thus brilliantly ending his Revolutionary career. Oct. 10, 1783, he was made a Major-General by brevet and retired to his home in Pennsylvania, where he was elected to the General Assembly, and also Avas a member of Pennsylvania Convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. In 1786 he removed to Georgia, and helped to frame the first State Constitution. He wes elected to Congress and served a year. After St, Clair's disastrous failure with the Indians in Ohio he was commissioned a Major-General in the Army, and assigned to the duty of bringing the Indians to terms. He organized an army very carefully, pushed into the Indian country, and arrived at the point where Defiance, 0.,tiow stands in the Fall of 1793. In August, 1794, he gained a decisive victory over the Indians at Fallen Timbers, about 20 miles from Toledo, O. He next marched to the junction of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph Rivers, and built Fort Wayne, where the city of the same name now stands. He died of the gout at Presq' He, now Erie, Pa., Dec. 15, 1796. In 1809 his remains were removed to his old home at Radnor, Pa., where they now rest. Rifleman, 1794. MAJ.-GEN. JAS. WILKINSON. MAJ.-QEN. JAMES WILKINSON. Commander from Dec. 15, 1796, to July 13, 1798, and from June 15, 1800, to Jan. 27, 1812. AMES WILKINSON was born in Calvert Co., Md., 1757. He received a lair education, and at 17 began the study of medicine, which he relin- quished to enlist in the Army at the breaking out of the Revolution. He finally received a Captain's comriiission and joined Arnold's expedition to Que- bec, during which he became intimate with Arnold, and also Burr. He showed ability and gallantry, and was promoted through the grades to Colonel and Adjutant-General on the staff of Gen. Gates. His associations were thus constantly with the worser element in the Continental Army, and it is not surprising that these developed the bad fruit of his later life. He was one of the " Conway Cabal" against Washington, and through him the conspiracy was discovered. He had previously been recommended for the brevet of Brigadier- General, on the strength of fictitious services at the surrender of Burgoyne. He got his commission, but was forced to surrender it, and was not again employed until near the end of the war, when he was engaged in the Quartermaster-General's De- ])artment. At the conclusion of peace he went to the Southwest, and engaged in trade and specula- tion at New Orleans and Natchez. He was im- plicated in a treasonable conspiracy having for its object the erection of a separate Republic or Em- pire in the Mississippi Valley, under the protection of Spain, and was in receipt of a pension from Spain. He likewise kept the Southwestern frontier constantly embroiled in needless Indian wars, which he stirred up for his own profit. He failed in business, however, and in 1791 succeeded in getting reinstated in the Army as a Lieutenant-Colonel. He served under Wayne, and in 1792 became a Brigadier-General. He continued to receive his pension from Spain up to at least 1800. Upon Wayne's death, in 1796, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Army. In 1805 he was made Governor of Louisiana. It is alleged that be originated the plot known as "Burr's Conspiracy," which was a revival of his old scheme for a separate Nation in the Mississippi Valley. Gen. Jackson believed hira guilty of this. He was tried in 1811, by court-martial, for complicity with Burr, but acquitted. Evidence subsequently brought to light would have con- victed hira. The appointments of Washington and Hamilton superseded him in command of the Army, but upon the death of the former and resignation of the latter he again became the ranking officer, and was promoted to Major-General in March, 1813. He was sent to conduct operations on the Canada irontier, but was very unsuccessful, owing, he claimed, to lack of co-operation of Gen. Wade Hamp- ton. He was superseded, and tried by court-martial, but acquitted. He was dis- charged from the Army at the close of the war — June 15, 1815 — and went to Mexico, where he had much property. He died there Dec. 28, 1825. Light Infantryman, 1812. FROM THE TRJMBJLl PORTRAIT. LIEUT.-GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON. LIEUT. -GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON. Commander from July 13, 1798, to Dec. 14, 1799. EORGE WASHINGTON was bora Feb. 22, 1732, near Bridges Creek, Westmoreland Co., Va. His great-grandfather, John, a yonng Englishman, had migrated to Virginia about 1657, and become a fairly prosperous farmer in the "Northern Neck," between the Potomac and Rappahannock. His son Lawrence was the father of Augustine, who was George Washington's father. They were all thrifty, energetic men, and made some reputa- tion as leaders in expeditions against the hostile Indians. George was the eldest of five children by a second wife, and his father died when he was 11 years old. He got what education he could in an " old-field school," and picked up some knowl- edge of land-surveying. When he was 16 he was employed to survey some lands of Lord Fairfax in the Slienandoah Valley, and this occupied him about three years. He entered politics, was ap- pointed to office, and also Adjutant of a militia troop, with the rank of Major. The dispute be- tween the English and French as to the Ohio Valley was exciting some feeling. In October, 1753, Gov. Dinwiddle sent him to the Ohio country to ascertain the strength of the French there, and to formally order them away. The French paid no attention to this, and the next year a small force was sent to drive them otfi with Washington second in command, but really in charge. The French overpowered him, and after a sharp fight compelled him to surrender.. In 1755 Gen. Braddock was sent out with two regiments of British regulars, and Washington became an Aid on his staff. He was the only man who showed con- spicuous ability at the time of the massacre of Braddock 's forces. After the battle of .Lexington he was elected Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, then gatliering around Boston. He immediately organized a skillful siege, and finally drove the British out. C )n-i(lering the dis[)arity of forces, etc., this was a great achievement, and placed Washington's leadership on solid ground, which he was able to maintain through the whole struggle, until he crowned it by his masterly outmanuvering of the British commanders, which resulted in cooping Cornwallis up in Yorktown and capturing his entire force. He was President of the Constitutional Convention, and was elected the first President of the new Government. He was re-elected, but declined a third term. A war with France was imminent. Congress voted a large increase of the Army and Navy, and Washington was induced to accept command of the Army, with the rank of Lieutenant-General, which he did with the understanding that Alexander Ham- ilton should have the rank of Major-General, and bear the chief burden of the work. He was commissioned July 3, 1798, placed in supreme command Julv 13, and held this position until his death, Dec. 14, 1799. He caught cold while superintending his farm, and died of acute laryngitis. He was buried at Mt. Vernon. Infantryman, 1799. MAJ.-GEN. ALEX. HAMILTON. MAJ.-QEN. ALEXANDER HAMILTON. Commander from Dec. 15, 1799, to June 15, 1800. LEXANDER HAMILTON was born at Nevis, an island of the AVest Indies, Jan. 11, 1757. His father was a Scotch merchant and his mother of French Huguenot stock. He entered a mercantile house at Santa Cruz when but 10 years old, and remained there until he was 14, when his unusual intelligence caused some Iriends to send him to New York for better education than he could obtain on the Islands. He was in King's College, New York, when the troubles developed with Great Britain, and attracted great attention by his writ- ings and speeches. Washington took him upon his staff in 1777, as Military Secretary, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and he conducted all of the Commander-in-Chief's military correspond- ence, and was most invaluable to him in the man- agement of his dealings with Congress, the several States and the officers of the Army. He also dis- tinguished himself as a soldier. Dec. 14, 1780, he married Miss Elizabeth Schuyler, daughter of Gen. Phillip Schuyler, and this gave him most important family connections in New York. Shortly after he felt that Washington had rebuked him undeserv- ingly, and he resigned, and refused to withdraw his resignation, though Washington made the most satisfactory aj)ology. He became commander of a battery of artillery, and then of a battalion of New York troops, which he led in the assault upon and capture of one of the British outposts at Yorktown. At the conclusion of peace he went to New York City and began the practice of law, his business being much promoted by the passage of a law which excluded from prac- tice all those lawyers who could not show a clear record of attachment to AVhig principles, which disbarred most of the practitioners of the city. He early dis- tinguished himself as an advocate of a strong central Government, powerful enough to inforce the obedience of the States and command respect abroad, and eloquently urged the adoption of such a plan by the Constitutional Convention. The present Constitution did not go so far as he wished, but it was better than any other, and he labored successfully to have the States adopt it. This was the beginning of his lifelong collision with Jefferson, who favored giving the least possible power to the General Government. When Washington became Presi- dent he selected Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury, and his administration of that office has made a lasting monument to his ability. After six years of this work he returned to the practice of law at New York, but when the Army was increased, in 1798, for the war with France, Washington would only accept the command upon the condition tliat Hamilton be made a Major-General, and second in command, and given the task of organizing the Army. When Washington died Hamilton succeeded to the command of the Army, which he held until peace was assured, when he resigned his commission and returned to New York. He was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804, and buried in Trinity Churchyard, New York. Cavalryman, 1802. MAJ.-GEN. HENRY DEARBORN. MAJ.-GEN. HENRY DEARBORN. Commander from Jan. 27, 1812, to June 15, 1815. EKRY DEARBORN ^vas born at North Hamp- ton, N. H., Feb. 23, 1751. His ancestor, Godfrey Dearborn, had come from Exeter, England, in 1639. Young Dearborn began the study of medicine, but wiicn the news of the battle of Lexington reached his tdwn he gathered up 60 volunteers and marched uith them in a single day to Boston, i65 miles dis- tant, where he was commissioned a Captain in Col. k^taik's regiment, and took part in tlie battle of Breed's Hill. He marched with Arnold to the attack on Quebec, where he was captured. Upon his excliange he was promoted to Major, and dis- tinguished himself at Ticonderoga, Saratoga and INIon mouth. He was present at the sui render at Yorktown. At the conclusion of ])eace he went to JNIaine and engaged in farming on the banks of the Kennebec. Washington appointed him United Stales INIarshal. He served two terms in Consrress, and Jefferson took him into his Cabinet as Secre- tary of War, which position he held for eight vi ars, when he was ap])()inted Collector of Boston. At the outbreak of the War of 1812 he re-entered tl.e Army with a commis^sion as Senior Major-Gen- oral. He was assigned to the command of the Northern Department. His operations were at first successful, and he captured the important British stiongholds of York and Fort George, in Upper Canada. Owing to ill- health he was transferred to tlie command of the Military District of New York City. He resiL'ued his commission at the clo«e of the war, and in 1822 President Madison appointed him Minister to Portugal, where he remained two years. He died at Roxburv, Mass., June 6, 1829. Light Infantryman, 1810. MAJ.-GEN. JACOB BROWN. MAJ.-GEN. JACOB BROWN. Commander from June 1, 1821, to Feb. 24, 1828. ^^^ ACOB BROWN was born of Quaker parents in Bucks Co., Pa., May 9, 1775. He received a good education up to his 16th year, when his father lost his property, and he started out to earn his own livelihood. He taught Quaker schools in New Jersey until he was 21, then became a sur- veyor of lands about Cincinnati, and in 1798 was a school teacher in the City of New York. He began the study of law, but abandoned it, bought land on Black River, in Jeffeison Co., N. Y., and went to farming. In 1809 he became Colonel of a militia regiment, and in 1811 the Governor of New York commissioned him Brigadier-General of the State troops. As such he was in command of the first of New York's quota of the 100,000 men called into service by the President at the begin- ning of the War of 1812. He was charged with the defense of the frontier from Oswego to Lake St. Francis, a distance of about 200 miles. He showed such activity and skill in this that he was commissioned a Brigadier-General in the Army, July 19, 1813. In the ill-starred campaign of 1813 against Kingston .and Montreal, which Secretary Armstrong's blundering, Wilkinson's drunkenness and lack of zeal, and Wade Hamp- ton's utter incapacity brought to an ignominious conclusion. Brown was the only superior officer who showed ability and proper spirit. The army felt confident of taking Montreal if he were in command. He was promoted to Major-General, Jan. 24, 1814, and assigned to the com.niand of the Northern Army upon the retirement of Wilkinson and Hampton's quitting in disgrace. His vigorous administration resulted in the brilliant victories at Fort Erie, Niagara, Chippewa and Lundy'sLane, for which he received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. The City of New York voted him the freedom of the city in a fine gold box. He was severely wounded at Lundy's Lane. No enterprise that he planned ever failed. He was retained in the Army with full rank when it was put on a peace establishment at the close of the war, and June 1, 1821, became Commander-in-Chief. He died at the Headquarters of the Army, Washington, D. C, Feb. 24, 1828, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, at that city. His monument there stands near that to Gen. Macomb, his successor as Commander-in-Chief. Infantryman, 1816. MAJ.-GEN. ALEX. MACOMB. MAJ.-GEN. ALEXANDER MACOMB. Commander from May 29, 1828, to June 25, 1841. LEXANDER IMACOMB was born at Detroit, Mich., April 3, 1782. His fatlier was an immi- grant from Belfast, Irelanrl, and an employe of Astor in the fur business. He subsequently became quite wealthy, and bought 3,600,000 acres along the St. Lawre'jce, including a portion of the Thousand Islands. Young Macomb entered the Army in 17*J9 as a Cornet of Light Dragoons, and at the opening of the War of 1812 was a Lieu- tenant-Colonel of Engineers and Adjutant-General of the Army. At his own request be was trans- ferred from this to the Colonelcy of the 3d U. S. Art., and fought gallantly at Niagara and Fort George. He was promoted to Brigadier-General, Jan. 24, 1814, and at Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814, defeated a superior force under Sir George Prevost, and drov^e him back into Canada. He was brevetted a Major-General for this, and Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. At the close of the war he returned to duty in the Engineer Corps, became Colonel and Chief Engineer, was promoted to Major-General, May 24, 1828, and the next day designated as Com- mander-in-Chief of the Army, to succeed Gen. Brown. His last active service was performed in the campaign against the Seminole Indians, in 1835. He was the author of *'A Treatise on Martial Law and Courts-Martial in the United States," and "A Treatise on the Practice of Courts-Martial." He also edited Samuel Cooper's ^' Tactics and Regulations for the Militia." He died at Washington, D. C, June 25, 1841, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, at that place, where his monument still stands. Infantryman, 1838. \ .^ /:;■ FROM A WAR TIME PHOTOGRXPH. BVT. LIEUT.-GEN. WINFIELD SCOTT. BVT. LIEUT.-GEN. WINFIELD SCOTT. Infantry Orderly Sergeant, 1846. Commander from July 5, 1841, to Nov. 1, 1861. INFIELD SCOTT was born at Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1786, educated at William and Mary- College, and admitted to the bar. But he had a loudness for military life, and in 1808 obtained a commission as Captain of Light Artillery. The next year he was court-martialed and suspended lor one year for disrespectful language concerning Gen. Wilkinson. In 1812 he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel, and sent to the Niagara Iron- tier. Upon the breaking out of hostilities he showed himself one of the lew zealous and energetic supe- rior officers in that army. He won distinction at Queenstown, though finally taken prisoner. He was exchanged three months later, promoted to Colonel, Adjutant-General, and Brigadier-General. He showed the highest soldiership at Fort George, Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, and was severely wounded at ihe latter. He became a pcpular hero, and was offered a place in the Cabinet as Secretary of War, was thanked by Congress, given a gold medal, and brevetted a Major-Generalfur Chippewa and Niagara. He devoted the years of peace to tiie study and elaboration of military tactics. In 1835 he went to Florida to conduct the war against the Seminoles, was recalled two years later and tried by court-martial, which acquitted him of blame for the failure. In 1838 he removed the Cherokees irom Georgia to the Indian Territory. He was made a full Major-General July 5, 1841, and successor to Gen. Macomb as Commander-in-Chief. In 1842 he helped to peacefully settle the Maine bound- ary dispute with Great Britain. Polk's Administration, which was unlriendly to- him, did not want to put him into the field in the Mexican War, but was finally forced to do so, and he landed at Vera Cruz INIarch 9, 1847, with a force of 12,000 men, and 20 days later compelled the surrender of the city, with its garrison of 5,000 men. He then began his march upon the City of Mexico, and though constantly opposed by superior forces in strong positions, he was uniformly successful, and Sept. 14 took the Mexican Capital. The Administration tried to cloud the fame of his exploits, but the Court of Inquiry added to his reputation. He received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal, and was brevetted Lieuteu- ant-General, March 29, 1847. In 1852 he was the Whig candidate for President, and received the votes o\ Vermont, Massachusetts, Kentucky, and Tennessee, all the others voting for Pnrce. In 1859 he settled the dispute as to the boundary through the Straits of Fuca, between Washington and British Columbia. His age and infirmities pre- vented his going to the field, as he desired, at the outbreak of the War of the Rebellion, but he rendered good service in the organization of the Army. Oct. 31", 1861, he was retired from service, retaining his rank, pay and allowances, and died at West Point, N. Y., May 29, 18()6. tROM A WAR TIVE PHOTOGRAPH. MAJ.-GHN. G. B. McCLELLAN. MAJ.-GEN. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. Commander from November 1, 1861, to Marcn 11, 1862. EORGE BRINTON McCLELLAN was bom at Philadelphia, Dec. 3, 182(5. His father was a leading physician of that city. He was appointed to West Point and graduated from there in 1846, the second in a class ot 59, the first benig C. Sea- forth Stewart. In the same class were John G. Foster, Jesse L. Reno, D. N. , Couch, Stonewall Jackson, Truman Seymour, S. D. Sturgis, Geo. Stoneman, D. H. Mau'ry, I. N. Palmer, C. M.Wil- cox and Geo. E. Pickett. He was assigned to the Corps of Engineers, and received three brevets for gallant and meritorious conduct in battles in Mexico. After the war he was engaged in im- portant engineering and surveying work until 1855, when he was promoted to Ca{)tain in the 1st U. S. Cav. and sent to the Crimea as a member of the commission to study the art of war as practiced there. He made elaborate reports of his observa- tions. He resigned June 16, 1857, to become Chief Engineer of the Illinois Central R. R., and later was President of the St. Louis & Cincinnati R. R. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he was commissioned Major-General of Ohio Volunteer?,, and assigned to a Department consisting of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and the western portions of Virginia and Pennsylvania. His opera- tions in West Virginia were signally successful, and the rebels were quickly cleared out of that region. He received for this, July 15, 1861, the thanks of Congress. After the disaster at Bull Run he was called to Washington, made a Major- General in the Regular Army, to date from May 14, 1861, which made him out- rank all other officers in the Army, except Gen. Scott. He was appointed July 27, 1861, Commander of the "Division of the Potomac," and of the "Army of the Potomac" Aug. 20. Nov. 1 Gen. Scott was retired and McClellan appointed " General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States." March 11, 1862, he was relieved of this, and restricted to the command of the Army of the Potomac, with which he took the field, and conducted the Peninsular and Antietam Cam- paigns. Nov. 7 he was relieved of command and directed to proceed to Trenton, N. J., and await orders The Democratic Convention of 1864 nominated him for President, and he resigned his commission in the Army on the day of the election — Nov. 8, 1864. He received only 21 electoral votes — from Delaware, Kentucky and New Jersey. He lived in Europe for some years and then took up his resi- dence at Orange, N. J., and entered the practice of engineering. He was given charge of a number of important works and served awhile as Superintendent of Piers and Docks of New York City. He died Oct. 29, 1885. Cavalryman, 1859. } fROM A WAR TIME PHOTOGRAPH. MAJ.-GEN. H. VV. HALLECK. MAJ.-GEN. H. W. HALLECK. Commander from July 23, 1862, to March 9, 1864. ENRY WAGER HALLECK was born at Water- ville, N. Y., Jan, 15, 1815. He graduated from West Point in 1839, third in a class of 39, at the head of which stood Isaac L Stevens, and which included Jas. B. Ricketts, E. O. C. Ord, H. J. Hunt and E. R. S. Canby. He was appointed to the Engineers, served in Mexico, and received the brevet of Captain. He was sent to California, be- came Secretary of State under the Military Governors, and was a member of the Convention which formed the Constitution of the State. He also became largely interested in mining and other enterprises, and was Director-General of the New Almaden Quicksilver Mine. He resigned his commission in 1854, and became a lawyer at San Francisco, president of a railroad, and Major- General of Militia. He was also a voluminous writer on legal, mining, engineering and military topics, and was the author of several books. He was commissioned Major-General in the Army Aug. 19, 1861, and Nov. 9, 1861, was assigned to the command of the Department of the Missouri, with Headquarters at St. Louis. March 11, 1862, his command was made to include the whole West, and was designated the Department of the Mis- sissippi. After the battle of Shiloh he took the field in person, and conducted the Corinth Campaign. July 11, 1862, he was called to Washington, and July 23, made General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United vStates, with Headquarters at Washington. He exercised the functions of this office, and commanded all the Armies, until March 9, 1864, when he was superseded by the appointment of Maj.-Gen. U. S. Grant as Lieutenant-General. Halleck then became Chief ot Staff, United States Army, until April 19, 1865, when he was appointed to com- mand the Military Division of the James, with Headquarters at Richmond. Aug. 30, 1865, he was assigned to the command of the Military Division of the Pacific, with Headquarters at San Francisco. June 17, 1869, he was transferred to the command of the Department of tiie South, with Headquarters at Louis- ville, and died at that city, Jan. 9, 1872. Heavy Artilleryman, 1861. FROM A WARTIME PHOTOGRAPH, HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED. GEN. U. S. GRANT. GEN. U. S. GRANT. Commander from March 9, 1864, to March 4. 1869. LYSSES SIMPSON GRANT was bora at Point Y>- Pleasant, O., April 27, 1822. His parents were pioneer farmers in ordinary circumstances. Ap- pointment to the Military Academy was obtained for him, and he graduated from there in 1843, 21st in a class of 39; was brevetted for gal- lantry at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec ;, was promoted to Caj)tain, and resigned July 31, 1854, becoming a larn)er near St. Louis, real estate agent at that city, and finally a clerk in his father's leather store at Galena, 111. He raised a company at Galena on the news of the firing on Ft. Sumter, and took it to Springfield. He tried in vain to get a position on the staffs of McClellan and Fremont, and finally went to work as a clerk in the office of the Adjutant-General of Illinois. From there he was appointed Colonel of the 21st 111., and marched with that regiment into north Missouri. He showed so much ability that he waa a[)pointed a Brigadier-General of Volunteers to date back to May 17, 1861, and was assigned to a District embracing southwest Missouri, southern Illinois, and western Kentucky, with Headquar- ters at Cairo. Nov. 7 he fought the battle of Bel- mont, Feb. 6, 1862, captured Ft. Henry, and Feb. 16 took Ft. Donelson, with 14,623 prisoners. This first decisive great success of the Union arms gave him a National prominence. He suffered in reputation on account of the battle of Shiloh, and was kept under during the Corinth Campaign, but came to the front again when Halleck was called to Washington. His operations during the remainder of 1862 were incon- clusive, but in April, 1863, he left his camp at Milliken's Bend, and, by a series of operations of unsurpassed brilliance, crossed the Mississij)pi below Vicksburg, drove Pemberton's army into Vicksburg and Johnston's army off to the east, and captured Vicksburg, with its garrison of 31,500 men. In November he com- manded in the decisive operations around Chattanooga, March 2, 1864, was pro- moted to Lieutenant-General, and March 9 made General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States. He went into the field with the Army of the Potomac in the Spring, and personally conducted the Wilderness Campaign, the Siege of Petersburg, and the pursuit of the Array of Northern Virginia, and received the surrender of the forces under Gen. Lee at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. July 25, 1866, he was created a full General. He was Secretary of War, ad interim, for six months, and was elected President of the United States in 1868, and re-elected in 1872. After retiring from the Presidency he spent two years in a tour around the world, and was received with unusual honors everywhere. In 1884 a cancer developed in his throat, and, after a long period of intense suffering, he died at Mt. McGregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., July 23, 1885. During his illness Congress restored him to the Army as General on the Retired List. His remains were buried at Riverside Park, near New York City. Infantry Officer, 1865. .FROM C. M. BELL'S PHOTOGRAPH. GEN. W. T. SHERMAN, GEN. W. T. SHERMAN. Commander from March 8, 1869, to Nov. 1, 1883. ILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was born at Lancaster, O., Feb. 8, 1820, the sixth son of Judge bhernian, of the noted Connecticut family. He graduated from West Point in 1840, sixth in a class of 42, in \vhich were Stewart Van Vliet, Geo. H. Thomas, R. S. Ewell, and Geo. W. Getty. He was assigned to the 3d U. S. Art., and after some service in Florida, and elsewhere, was sent to California, at the beginning of the Mexican War. He assisted in the civil administration of the Territory, and was brevetted Captain. He was appointed Captain and Commissary of Subsistence, and resigned. Sept 6, 1853, to become a banker at San Francisco. He was Major-General of the ]\Iilitia during the Vigilance Committee troubles. The panic of 1857 rendered the bank unprofitable, he closed it up, practiced law awhile at Leaven- wortli, Kans., and finally became Superintendent of the Lousiana State Seminary. He resigned when Lousiana seceded, and May 14, 1861, was ai)pointed Colonel of the 13th U. S., one of the new regiments. He commanded a brigade at the first Bull Run, was commissioned a Brigadier-Gen- eral of Volunteers to date from May 17, 1861, and Aug. 28 succeeded Gen. Anderson in com- mand in Kentucky. He got into trouble there, was relieved from command, and sent to St. Louis. Dec. 23 he was assigned to the command of the District of Paducah, and commanded a division at Shiloh, where be was wounded. May 1, 1862, he was promoted to Major-General of Volunteers, commanded the forces at the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, Dec. 27-29, 1862, and was assigned to command the Fifteenth Corps, Jan. 2, 1863. Jan. 11 he captured Arkansas Post, and commanded his corps in the Vicksburg Cam- paign. He was promoted to Brigadier-General, U. S. A., to date from the cap- ture of Vicksburg, and commanded the forces which drove Johnston beyond Bran- don, Miss. Upon Gen. Grant's promotion he succeeded him as commander of the Array of the Tennessee, and commanded the Left Wing of the Army at Mission Ridge. March 12, 1864, he was placed in command of the Military Division of the Mississippi, which included the Armies of the Cumberland, Ohio and Ten- nessee, and conducted the successful campaign against Atlanta, and the Marches to the Sea and through the Carolinas. He was promoted to Major-General, \J. S. A., Aug. 12, 1864, received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal, and April 26, 1865, secured the surrender of the rebel army under Jos. E. Johnston. July 26, 1866, he was promoted to Lieutenant-General, L^ S. A., and upon Gen. Grant's accession to the Presidency, March 4, 1869, succeeded him as General. March 8 he became Commander-in-Chief He gave up the command Nov. 1, 1883, was retired Feb. 8, 1884, and died at New York Feb. 14, 1891. Infantryman, 1866. FROM C. M. BELL'S PHOTOGRAPH. GEN. P. H. SHERIDAN. GEN. P. H. SHERIDAN. Commander from Nov. I, 1883, to Aug. 5, 1888. HI LIP HENRY SHERIDAN was bom at Al- bany, N. Y., March 6, 1831, shortly after the arrival of his Irish parents in this country. They removed to Somerset, O., and Sheridan was ap- ])ointed to West Point, from which he graduated in 1853, 34th in a class of 52, in which were Jas. B. McPherson, Wm. P. Craighill, J. W. Sill, John M. Schofield, Thos. M. Vincent, W. R. Terrill, R. O. Tyler, W. McE. Dye, and John B. Hood. He was assigned to the 4th U. S., and did good service in Oregon. He was made a Captain in the 13th U. S., and assigned to duty as Chief Quartermaster and Commissary of the Army of Southwest Mis- souri, Dec. 26, 1861. May 25, 1862, he was ap- ]i()inted Colonel of the 2d Mich. Cav., and imme- diately began to disj)lay his remarkable soldierly qualities. July 1, 1862, he was promoted to Brigadier General of Volunteers and assigned to a brigade in the Army of the Ohio. He fought with this at Perryville, and was jiromoted to the com- mand of a division, which he led at Stone River, and was promoted to Major-General of Volunteers, to date from Dec. 31, 1862. He commanded the division in the campaign aganist Chattanooga, at Chickamauga and Mission Ridge, and was taken East by Gen. Grant and given command of the Cavalry Corps, Armv of the Potomac. He rendered brilliant services with this during the Wilderness Campaign, and Aug. 4, 1864, was assigned to the command of the Army of tlie Shenandoah. He won the splendid victories of Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Fnr these he received the thanks of Congress, and was promoted Brigadier-General, U. S. A., Sept. 20, 1864, and Major-General Nov. 8. He finally destroyed the forces opposed to him at Waynesboro, March 2, 1865, and returned with his troops to the Army of the Potomac, and took a leading part in the decisive operations by which the Army of Northern Virginia was forced out of its works at Petersburg, pursued to Appomattox Court House, and there compelled to surrender. Immediately after this event he was sent to Texas to complete the overthrow of the rel)el forces in that section and take com- mand of the troops sent thither with reference to a probable expulsion of the French from INIexico. Upon the retirement of the French from that country he was placed in command at New Orleans, and afterward transferred to the Dejiart- ment of Missouri, where he directed very effective operations against the Indians. Upon Lieut.-Gen. Sherman's promotion to General he was promoted to Lieutenaut- General, March 4, 1869. He succeeded to the chief command of the Army Nov. 1, 1883, and June 1, 1888, Congress revived for him the rank of General. He died at Washington, Aug. 5, 1888, and was buried at Arlington. Cavalryman, 1888. FROM C. M. GILBERT'S PHOTOGRAPH. LIEUT.-GEN. J. M. SCHOFIELD. LIEUT.-GEN. JOHN M. SCHOFIELD. Commander from Aug. 14, 1888, to Sept. 29, 1895. OHN McAllister. SCHOFIELD was bom ill Chautauqua Co., N. Y., Sept. 29, 1831. He graduated from West Point in 1853, seventh in a chiss ot 52, of which Jas, B. McPhersun was the ead and P. H. Sheridan the center. He was ap- pointed to the 1st U. S. Art., and after some service in garrison was detailed as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at West Point. In 1860 he was given leave of absence, ta accept tbe position of Professor of Physics in Wash- ington University, St. Louis, Mo. He was there when the troubles in Missouri began, and became Gen. Lyon's right-hand man. He mustered in the volunteers, became Major of the first regiment raised, and was promoted to Captain in the 1st U. S. Art. When Lyon was put in chief command he became his Chief of Staff and took part in all the actions of the campaign, ending with Wilson's Creek. He was promoted to Brigadier-General of Volunteers Nov. 21, 1861, and commissioned as Brigadier-General of Missouri Militia five days later, and commanded the District of St. Louis from Feb. 15 to Sept. 26, 1862, and the Army of the Frontier till April, 1863. This was a particularly trying position, owing to the internecine war that raged there, but he acquitted himself with credit. He was promoted to Major-General of Volunteers Nov. 29, 1862, and Feb. 9, 1864, was assigned to the command of the Department and Army of the Ohio. He commanded a portion of this in person on the Atlanta Campaign, and after the capture of that place went back with Thomas to head off Hood's northward raid. The forces under his command inflicted a severe defeat upon Hood at Franklin, Nov. 30, 1864, for which he was promoted to Brigadier-General, U. S. A. He commanded the Twenty-third Corps at the battle of Nashville, and in January, 1865, transferred that Corps to the Department of North Carolina, of which he took command, captured Wilmington Feb. 22, and marched to Golds- boro, where he united with Gen. Sherman, and was present at the surrender of Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, April 26, 1865. He was mustered out of the Volunteer service Sept. 1, 1866; was Secretary of War from June 1, 1868, to March 12, 1869; promoted to Major-General March 4, 1869; assigned to the Military Division of the Pacific May 4, 1870; sent on Special Mission to Hawaii, Dec. 30, 1872; placed in command of the Department of West Point March 2, 1877; President of the Fitz-John Porter Board of Inquiry June 20, 1878 ; was appointed Commander-in-Chief Aug. 14, 1888, and Feb. 5, 1895, was promoted to Lieu- tenant-General, by virtue of a special act of Congress reviving that grade during his life. He retired Sept. 29, 1895, upon reaching the age limit. Artillery Officer, 1889. "> MAJ.-GEN. N. A. MILES. MAJ.-GEN. NELSON A. MILES. Commander from Oct. 5, 1895. ELSON APPLETON MILES was born at Westminster, Mass., Aug. 8, 1839. He comes of old fi"-htin^r New England stock. He was a clerk in Boston at the outbreak of the war, raised a company, but was thought to be too young for a Captaincy, and was commissioned a First Lieuten- . ant in the 22d Mass., Sept. 9, 1861. He showed so much ability from the outset that be receiyed the unusual complimentof a much higher commis- sion i'rom another State, and May 31, 1862, be was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the 61st JS. Y He look part in all the fighting on the Pen- insula, at Second Bull Run and Antietam, and Avas promoted to Colonel, Sept. 30, 1862. He was soon in command of a brigade in the First Divis- ion of the Second Corps, and received a brevet as Bri^ TRIBUNE LIBRARY. ollowinjr numbers have been issued series ol The N.\tional Tribttne :y: 1. statistics of the War. 2. Words of Lineoln. 3. IVIiseellaneous Memoranda. 4. Pension Statistics. 5. History of Slavery. 6. The Monroe Doetrire. 7-8. Commanders U. S. Army. 9. The Story of Cuba. 10. Life of lVIa].-Gen. Ceo. H- Thomas. 11. Life of Hon. Wm. MeKinley. 12. Life of Gen. P. H- Sheridan. ' ..